Byte Magazine Volume 07 Number 04 - Human Factors Engineering (THIRD SCAN)

This book was produced in EPUB format by the Internet Archive.

The book pages were scanned and converted to EPUB format automatically. This process relies on optical character recognition, and is somewhat susceptible to errors. The book may not offer the correct reading sequence, and there may be weird characters, non-words, and incorrect guesses at structure. Some page numbers and headers or footers may remain from the scanned page. The process which identifies images might have found stray marks on the page which are not actually images from the book. The hidden page numbering which may be available to your ereader corresponds to the numbered pages in the print edition, but is not an exact match; page numbers will increment at the same rate as the corresponding print edition, but we may have started numbering before the print book's visible page numbers. The Internet Archive is working to improve the scanning process and resulting books, but in the meantime, we hope that this book will be useful to you.

The Internet Archive was founded in 1996 to build an Internet library and to promote universal access to all knowledge. The Archive's purposes include offering permanent access for researchers, historians, scholars, people with disabilities, and the general public to historical collections that exist in digital format. The Internet Archive includes texts, audio, moving images, and software as well as archived web pages, and provides specialized services for information access for the blind and other persons with disabilities.

Created with abbyy2epub (v.1.7.2)

A new small computer that won't limit you tomorrow

New Cromemco System One shown with our high-capability terminal and printer.

jmm gm^ MUM <^tKr ^H^r J^^V SHIR

Expandability

Here's a low-priced computer that won't run out of memory capacity or expandability halfway through your project.

Typically, computer usage tends to grow, requiring more capability, more memory, more storage. Without a lot of capability and expandability, your computer can be obsolete from the start.

The new System One is a real building-block machine. It has capability and expandability by the carload.

Look at these features:

■ Z80-A processor

■ 64K of RAM

■ 780K of disk storage

■ CRT and printer interfaces

■ Eight S-100 card slots, allowing expansion with

— color graphics

— additional memory

— additional interfaces for telecommunications, data acquisition, etc.

■ Small size

GENEROUS DISK STORAGE

The 780K of disk storage in the System One Model CS-1 is much greater than what is typically available in small computers. But here, too, you have a choice since a second version. Model CS-1H, has a 5" Winchester drive that gives you 5 megabytes of disk storage.

MULTI-USER, MULTI-TASKING CAPABILITY

Believe it or not, this new computer even offers multi-user capability when used with our advanced CROMix* operating system option. Not only does this outstanding O/S support multiple users on this computer but does so with powerful features like multi

ple directories, file protection and record level lock. CROMIX lets you run multiple jobs as well.

In addition to our highly-acclaimed CROMIX, there is our CDOS*. This is an enhanced CP/M^^type system designed for single-user applications, cp/m and a wealth of CP/M-compatible software are also available for the new System One through thirdparty vendors.

COLOR GRAPHICSAVORD PROCESSING

This small computer even gives you the option of outstanding high-resolution color graphics with our Model SDI interface and two-port RAM cards.

Then there's our tremendously wide range of Cromemco software including packages for word processing, business, and much more, all usable with the new System One.

ANTI-OBSOLESCENCE/LOW-PRICED

As you can see, the new One offers you a lot of performance. It's obviously designed with antiobsolescence in mind.

What's more, it's priced at only $3,995. That's considerably less than many machines with much less capability. And it's not that much more than many machines that have little or nothing in the way of expandability.

Physically, the One is small — 7" high. And it's allmetal in construction. It's only HVs" wide, ideal for desk top use. A rack mount-option is also available.

CONTACT YOUR REP NOW

Get all the details on this important building-block computer. Get in touch with your Cromemco rep now. He'll show you how the new System One can grow with your task.

*CROMIX and CDOS are trademarks of Cromemco Inc. tCP/M is a trademark of Digital Research

□

Cromemco

TM

280 BERNARDO AVE., MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040 • (415)964-7400

Tomorrow's computers today

Circle 469 on inquiry card.

CROMIX*—Cromemco's outstanding UNIX — like operating system

CROMIX is just the kind of major development you've come to expect from Cromemco. After all, we're already well-known for the most respected software in the microcomputer field.

And now we've come up with the industry's first UNix-lookalike for microcomputers. It's a tried and proven operating system. It's available on both 5" and 8" diskettes for "Cromemco systems with 128K or more of memory.

Here are just some of the features you get in this powerful Cromemco system:

• Multi-user and multi-tasking capability

• Hierarchical directories

• Completely compatible file, device, and interprocess I/O

• Extensive subsystem support

FILE SYSTEM

One of the important features of our CROMIX is its file system comprised of hierarchical directories. It's a tree structure of three types of files; data files,

*CROMtX is a trademarl< of Cromemco. Inc. tUNIX is a trademark of Bell Telepiione Laboratories

directories, and device files. File, device, and interprocess I/O are compatible among these file types (input and output may be redirected interchangeably from and to any source or destination).

The tree structure allows different directories to be maintained for different users or functions with no chance of conflict.

PROTECTED FILES

Because of the hierarchical structure of the file system, cromix maintains separate ownership of every file and directory. All files can thus be protected from access by other users of the system. In fact, each file is protected by four separate access privileges in each of the three user categories.

TREMENDOUS ADDRESS SPACE, FAST ACCESS

The flexible file system and generalized disk structure of cromix give a disk address space in excess of one gigabyte per volume — file size is limited only by available disk capacity.

Speed of access to disk files has also been optimized. Average access speeds far surpass any yet implemented on microcomputers.

'C COMPILER AVAILABLE, TOO

Cromemco offers a wide range of languages that operate under cromix. These include a high-level command process language and extensive subsystem support such as COBOL, Fortran IV, ratfor, lisp, and 32K and i6K basics.

There is even our highly-acclaimed 'C compiler which allows a programmer fingertip access to cromix system calls.

THE STANDARD O-S FOR THE FUTURE

The power and breadth of its features make cromix the standard for the next generation of microcomputer operating systems.

And yet it is available for a surprisingly low $595.

The thing to do is to get all this capability working for you now. Get in touch with your Cromemco rep today.

Cromemco

TM

incorporated

280 BERNARDO AVE., MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040 • (415)964-7400 Tomorrow's computers today

circle 470 on inquiry card.

In The Queue

Volume 7, Number 4

April 1982

Features

32 The Generic Word Processor, A Word-Processing System for All Your Needs by Philip Schrodt / You'll be amazed by this product's versatility.

40 Use Infrared Communication for Remote Control by

Steve Ciarcia / Texas Instruments' SN76832AN Infrared Remote-Control Receiver simplifies the tough job of receiving modulated infrared light.

50 How to Use Color Displays Effectively, A Look at the Elements of Color Vision and Their Implications for Programmers by John Durrett and Judi Trezona / Color is becoming an affordable option for personal computers, but like any new tool, it has special limitations and requirements.

56 A Human-Factors Case Study Based on the IBM Personal Computer by Robert G. Cooper Jr., Paul Thain Marston, John Durrett, and Theron Stimmel / Members of a human-factors evaluation team put the Personal Computer to the test.

108 A Human-Factors Style Guide for Program Design

by Henry Simpson / Design considerations that make programs userfriendly.

134 The Atari Tutorial, Part 8: Generating Sound with Software by Bob Fraser / The sound capabilities of the Atari 400 and 800 are influenced by the software technique used.

1 58 A Po(r)tpourrl of Ideas, Fifth In a Series by William Barden Jr. / Three inexpensive hardware and software projects for a tone generator, a telephone dialer, and an RS-232C output channel,

186 The Input/Output Primer, Part 3: The Parallel and HPIB (IEEE-488) Interfaces by Steve Leibson / An introduction to two common Interfaces between computers and other devices.

212 User's Column: The Osborne I, Zeke's New Friends, and Spelling Revisited by Jerry Pournelle / A seasoned computer user takes a look at new products and updates.

242 Designing the Star User Interface by Dr. David Canfield Smith, Charles Irby, Ralph Kimball, Bill Verplank, and Eric Harslem / The Star User Interface adheres rigorously to a small set of principles designed to make the system seem friendly by simplifying the human-machine interface.

284 Designing a Text Editor? The User Comes First by

Steven Jong / A system's power is measured in ease of use.

302 Managing Words: What Capabilities Should You Have with a Text Editor? by Craig A. Finseth / The ideal text editor is defined drawing on the experience of many users.

322 A Disk Operating System for FORTH, An in-depth Look at How a DOS Operates by Peter Reece / Develop a DOS for the FORTH language and gain an understanding on how all DOSes operate.

380 MOD Ml: TRS-80 Model ill Features for Your Model 1

by Joe W. Rocke / Add video line print, selectable cursor, and automatic key repeat to your TRS-80 Model I.

398 Binary-Coded Text, A Text-Compression Method by

Dr, Richard Tropper / You can trim text size by 40 percent by encoding common character strings.

439 Career Opportunities In Computing by Jacqueline

Johnston / Hobby-level Interest in computers can lead to a career in the computer Industry.

447 Converting Apple DOS and Pascal Text Flies by John B. Matthews / Now you can exchange Information between DOS 3.3 and Pascal Operating Systems.

464 A Simple Multiprocessor implementation by John

Harrington / A simple connection can be the start of a multiprocessing, multitasking system.

472 An Introduction to NSC Tiny BASIC, The Language of the iNS8073 by Jim Handy / National Semiconductor's unique version of Tiny BASIC combines the elegance and efficiency of assembly language with the convenience of a high-level language.

Reviews

76 The Hewlett-Packard Interface Loop-HPILby Robert Katz

96 Strawberry Tree's Dual Thermometer Card for the Apple by Dr.

William Murray

312 Two Word Processors for North Star by Edgar F. Coudal

371 Selector IV by Micro-Ap, An Information-Management Program by

Jack L. Abbott

Nucleus

6 20 102,

104

362 414 418 419 429 432,

435 482 489 490 491 542 542 544

Editorial: A Revolution in Your Pocket Letters

1 55, 240 Book Reviews: Software Psychology: Human Factors in Computer and Information Systems: The Mind's I: Handbook of Digital IC Applications

Product Description: The Epson HX-20, The First Byte-sized Computer

Technical Forum: MicroShakespeare,

BYTELINES

BYTE's Bits

What's New?

Ask BYTE

436 Programming Quickies: A BASIC Program for Home Cryptography: Base Conversion on the TRS-80 Pocket Computer Software Received

System Notes: Easy-Entry Program for Radio Shack's Color Computer

Clubs and Newsletters

Books Received

Event Queue

Unclassified Ads

BOMB, BOMB Results

Reader Service

Page 40

Page 50

" i"

i

;|:i., .

Sifrf"

a

1 iI ii *

Page 56

Page 76

April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 3

Editor in Chief Christopher Morgan

Managing Editor

Mark Haas

Technical Editors

Gregg Williams, Senior Editor;

Richard S. Sliuford: Curtis P. Feigel;

George Stewart; Arthur Little;

Stanley Wszola, Steve Ciarcia: Mark Dahmke

Philip Lemmons; Allan Lundell, Consulting

Editors; Jon Swanson, Drafting Editor

Copy Editors

Beverly Cronin, Chief; Faith Hanson; Warren Williamson; Anthony J, Lockwood; Ann Graves. Linda M, Evers; Hilary Selby Polk; Elizabeth Kepner

Assistants

Faith Ferry; Debe Wheeler; Beverly Jackson

Production

David R. Anderson, Assoc, Director; Jonathan M. Graves, Creative Consultant; Patrice Scribner; Damian Henriques;. Jan Muller; Linda J. Sweeney; Virginia Reardon; Sherry McCarthy, Chief Typographer; Debi Fredericks; Donna Sweeney; Valerie Horn

Advertising

Thomas Harvey, Director; Marion Carlson; Rob Hannings; Deborah Porter; Vicki Reynolds; Cathy A. R. Drew; Jacqueline Earnshaw. Reader Service Coordinator; Wai Chiu Li, Advertising/ Production Coordinator

Circulation

Gregory Spitzfaden, Manager; Andrew Jackson, Asst. Manager; Agnes E. Perry; Barbara Varnum; Louise Menegus; Pinky Krulis; Sheiia A- Bamford James Bingham. Dealer Sales; Deborah J. Cadwell, Asst. Linda Ryan

Controller's Office

Daniel Rodrigues. Controller; Mary E, Fluhr. Acct. & D/P Mgr.; Karen Burgess; Jeanne Cilley; Linda Fluhr; Vicki Bennett

Traffic

N. Scott Gagnon; Scott Jackson, Kathleen Reckhart

Publishers

Virginia Londoner; Gordon R, Williamson:

John E. Hayes. Associate Publisher;

Cheryl A. Flurd; Michele P. Verville, Publisher's

Assistants;

Officers of McGraw-Hill Publications Company: Paul F. McPherson, President: Executive Vice Presidents: Daniel A. McMillan, III. Gene W. Simpson; Senior Vice President-Editorial: Ralph R. Schuiz; Vice Presidents: Kemp Anderson. Business Systems Development: Harry L. Brown, Special Markets; Robert B. Doll, Circulation; James E, Hackett. Controller: Eric B Herr, Planning and Development; H. John Sweger, Jr.. Marketing.

Officers of the Corporation: Harold W, McGraw Jr., Chairman and Chief Executive Officer; Joseph L, Dionne, President and Chief Operating Officer; Robert N. Landes. Senior Vice President and Secretary: Ralph J. Webb. Treasurer.

In This Issue

As computer technology continues to make inroads into our lives, the man/machine interface assumes greater importance in the total system design. Human-factors engineering, our theme this month, is the discipline concerned with the need for friendly computers. Our cover, photographed by Paul Avis, features a new, user-friendly produa, the IXO Telecomputing System. For a detailed description of this hand-held terminal see Chris Morgan's editorial.

To help you make your systems user-friendly, we present "A HumanFartors Style Guide for Program Design" by Henry Simpson and "Designing the Star User Interface" by Dr. David Canfield Smith, Charles Irby, Ralph Kimball, Bill Verplank and Eric Harslem. In "A Human-Fartors Case Study Based on the IBIVI Personal Computer," Robert G. Cooper Jr., Paul Thain Marston, John Durrett, and Theron Stimmel discuss the Personal Computer from a human-factors perspective. Steve Ciarcia demonstrates how to use infrared systems, William Barden Jr. presents a collection of projects for the TRS-80 Color Computer, Gregg Williams treats us to a sneak preview of Epson's new portable computer, and Bob Katz reviews the Hewlett-Packard interface Loop.

BYTE IS published monthly by BYTE Publications Inc. 70 Mam St. Peterborough NH 03458. phone (603) 924-928 i, a wholly-owned subsidiary of McGraw-Hill, Inc, Address subscriptions, change of address, USPS Form 3579, and fulfillment questions to BYTE Subscriptions, POB 590, Martinsville NJ 08836, Second class postage paid at Waseca, Minnesota 56093 - USPS Publication No. 528890 (ISSN 0360-5280). Canadian second class registration number 9321, Subscriptions are S19 for one year, S34 for two years, and S49 for three years in the USA and Its possessions. In Canada and Mexico. S2I for one year. S38 for two years. S55 for three years. S43 for oneyear air delivery to Europe. S35 surface delivery elsewhere. Air delivery to selected areas at additional rates upon request. Single copy price is S2.95 in the USA and its possessions, S3.50 in Canada and Mexico, S4.50 in Europe, and S5.00 elsewhere. Foreign subscriptions and sales should be remitted in United States funds drawn on a US bank. Printed in United States of America.

Address all editorial correspondence to the editor at BYTE. POB 372, Hancock NH 03449, Unacceptable manuscripts will be returned if accompanied by sufficient first class postage. Not responsible for lost manuscripts or photos. Opinions expressed by the authors are not necessarily those of BYTE. Entire contents copyright © 1982 by BYTE Publications Inc, All rights reserved. Where necessary, permission is granted by the copyright owner for libraries and others registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) to photocopy any article herein for the base fee of S 1.00 per copy of the article or item plus 25 cents per page. Payment should be sent directly to the CCC, 21 Congress St, Salem MA 01970, Copying done for other than personal or internal reference use without the permission of McGiaw-Flill is prohibited. Requests for special permission or bulk orders should be addressed to the publisher.

BYTE'* IS available in microform from University Microfilms International. 300 N Zeeb Rd. Dept PR. Am Arbor Ml 48106 USA or 18 Bedford Row. Dept PR. London WCiR 4EJ England.

Office flours: Mon-Thur 8:30 AlVl - 4:30 PM, Friday 8:30 AM - Noon, Eastern Time

April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

" . . . stands well above other S-100 graphics displays in its price and performance range."

BYTE, Product Review

. better monochromatic . display.

ELECTRONIC DESIGN, 1981 Technology Forecast

RS-170 composite or direct drive output

Local or external sync generation

4Mhz Z80 microprocessor

60 hertz realtime clock

8 level interrupt tie-in

IEEE SlOO bus compatible

MICROANCELO

fflGH RESOLUTION GRAPHICS SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER

512x480 resolution black and white and vivid color displays

Light pen interface

Time multiplexed refresh

4K resident Screenware™ Pak I operating system

32K RAM

isolated from host address space

High speed communications over parallel bus ports

Screenware™ Pak I

A 4K byte operating system resident in PROM on MicroAngelo™. Pak I emulates an 85 character by 40 line graphics terminal and provides over 40 graphics commands. Provisions exist for user defined character sets and directly callable user extensions to Screenware™ Pak I.

Screenware™ Pak II

An optional software superset of Pak I which adds circle generation, polygon flood, programmable split screen for separate graphics and terminal I/O, relative coordinates, faster vector and character plotting, a macro facility, full UCSD Pascal compatibility, and more.

And now.. .COLOR!!

The new MicroAngelo™ Palette board treats from 2 to 8 MicroAngelos as "bit planes" at a full 512 X 480 resolution. Up to 256 colors may be chosen from 16.8 million through the programmable color lookup table. Overlays, bit plane precedence, fade-in, fade-out, gray levels, blinking bit plane, and a highly visual color editor are standard.

Ask about our multibus and RS-232 versions.

SCION

Circle 363 on inquiry card.

12310 Pinecrest Road • Reston, VA 22091 • (703) 476-6100 • TWX: 710-833-0684

Editorial

circle 146 on inquiry card.

foot-note, n. 1. a note or comment at the end of a page, referring to a specific part of tlie text on tlie page. 2. an essential program for the serious WordStar user.

FOOTNOTE'" brings full footnoting capabilities to WordStar™.

FOOTNOTEautomatically numbers both footnote calls and footnotes, and formats the text, placing footnotes on the bottom of the correct page. At the user's option, the footnotes can also be removed from the text file to a separate note file.

Footnotes can be entered singly or in groups, in the middle or at the end of paragraphs, or in a completely separate note file. After running FOOTNOTE the user can re-edit the text, add or delete notes, and run FOOTNOTE again to re-number and re-format the WordStar file.

The price is $125., and includes PAIR, a companion program that checks that printer commands to underline or set in BOLDFACE, are properly terminated. FOOTNOTEand PAIR require CP/M", WordStar, 48K RAM and a Z80 or 8080/85 computer.

SOFTK^RE SOFTM/^RE DIGIT/1L/V14RKETING

DIGML/VWRKETING"

2670 Cherry Lane • Walnut Creek • CA 94596

(415) 938-2880

Telex #17-1852 (DIGMKTG WNCK)

PRO/TEM

FOOTNOTE anO PAIR Irademarks o( PRO/TEM Sollwaie Inc WordStai Iradernark ol Mtctopto Inl'l CP/M Irademafk ol Digilal Research

A Revolution in Your Pocket

by Chris Morgan, Editor in Chief

Imagine a terminal that costs about $500 and can:

• access the Source, Compuserve, Dow Jones, or other remote database or computer services

• automatically handle the protocols to access these services so that you need only enter your password to be online

• have a full ASCII character set

• have a built-in modem with autodialer and full- and half-duplex capability

• be able to emulate other terminals

• have an uninterruptible power supply

• fit in your pocket

• operate from a battery

Sounds amazing, doesn't it? Yet it's not fantasy; the product does exist. It's called the IXO Telecomputing System (hereafter referred to as the Telecomputer), and it's featured on our cover this month.

Photo 1: The IXO Telecomputing System. It's a complete pocket terminal with built-in modem and autodialer that will sell for about $500. The phone number displayed is IXO's Access Center.

6 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

You Get More Out of Percom Disk Systems.

Expect It

At Percom, our business is mal<ing disl< storage systems for microcomputers — sometliing we've been doing riglit, since 1977.

From the design of rocl<-solid drive controller circuitry to quality controls that include 100% life testing of every dhve shipped, you can expect to get more out of Percom Disk Systems.

And Percom provides you with comprehensive after-sales service from our wholly owned, fully independent customer service center.

WINCHESTER 10-MEGABYTE DISK STORAGE SYSTEMS

Enormous storage capacity plus high speed. Percom SVa inch hard disk systems are 40 times faster than single-density floppy mini-disks, 20 times faster than doubledensity units. Systems include a smart, four-drive controller featuring state-of-the-art data encoding and separation, adaptable industry-standard disk interfacing. Plug-in-compatible version for

TRS-80* Model III computer, available now. Watch for IBM PC, Apple II, Atari, and H/Z-89 versions. Prices start at under $3000, including software. Also available with 5 or 15-Mbyte drives.

Coming soon! Ten megabyte removabledisk cartridge drive.

FLOPPY MINI-DISK STORAGE SYSTEMS

40 or 80-track drives, single or dual-head, flippy or nonflippy—all double-density rated, Available in 1, 2 and 5drive add-on units, 1 and 2-drive nternal units, with full documentation and software support. Add-on dhves from $399, complete systems from $459.95.

To learn more about quality Percom disk storage systems, mail the coupon today. Or, call toll-free 1-800-527-1222. Ask for booklet "D".

VES... I'd like to know more about Percom disk systems. Please rush me booklet "0".

Send to: PERCOM DATA COMPANY, INC. Dept BD1 11220 Pagemill Road, Dallas TX 75243

name

street

city

state zip

phone number

I'm Interested In floppy disk storage for my...

TRS-80 nMdl III DMdl I DIBM PC

n H/Z-89 DH-S DAIM/KIM/SYM DSystem-SO

I'm Interested In hard disk storage for my...

□ IBM PC DTRS-BO Mdl III DApple II nAtarl CZH/Z-BO

Other computer?

(□floppy disk or □hard disk?)

THE DRIVE PEOPLE

11220 Pagemill Road • Dallas TX • 75243 • (214) 340-7081

PRICES AND SPECIFICATIONS SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE.

•TRS-80 is a trademark of Tandy Radio Shack Corporation which has no relationshipito Percom Data Company, inc. 'c) 1981 Percom Data Company, Inc.

PROFESSIONAL PASCAL

l'«IS€ill/Z

SYMBOLIC DEBUGGER

This fourth generation version of our reliable, Z-80 native code compiler adds the two features professionals ask for:

♦ SWAT™—an interactive symbolic Pascal debugger that allows easy error detection.

♦ Overlays—that allow larger programs to run in limited memory.

A compiler for Professional programmers

Pascal/Z is a true Pascal. It closely follows the Jensen and Wirth standard with a minimum of extensions designed to aid the serious program developer in producing extremely compact, bug-free code that runs FAST

Pascal/Z generates Z-80 native code that is ROMable and Re-entrant. Permits separate compilation, direct file access, external routines and includes a relocating macro assembler and Microsoft compatible linker. And code written for Pascal/Z is fully compatible with I'PAS 8000, our new native code Pascal compiler for Z-8000, to guarantee graceful migration to 16 bit operation.

Get "The FACTS about Pascal"

Confused about which Pascal to buy? Pseudo-code... Native code... M, MT or Z? Compare the unbiased benchmarks \ in our new booklet. Don't buy a Pascal compiler until you've read it.

Call us for a free copy:

800-847-2088

(outside NYS]

or 607-257-0190

And ask your local fuJi-service computer dealer about our Pascal/Z demo package.

V*^Ithaca Intersystems Inc.

Micros for bigger ideas.

Ithaca Intersystems Inc.

1650 Hanshaw Rd • Ithaca, NY 14850 • TWX 510 255-4346

U.K. Distributor: Ithaca Intersystems (U.K.)Ltd.

Coleridge Road London N8 8ED Phone: 01-341 2447 Telex: 299568

Editorial.

I first saw the Telecomputer nearly a year and a half ago when I visited its inventors, husband-and-wife team Bob and Holly Doyle, at their Cambridge-based company, Macrocosmos. The Doyles conceived of a portable but powerful computer terminal, and with the aid of electronic-design wizards Michael Suchoff and Andy Barber, they built a limited number of prototypes. The Doyles later joined forces with former Mattel Electronics president Jeff Rochlis to form IXO Inc., the company that markets the Telecomputer. 1 received one of the prototypes for testing last year and I've been using it ever since. I'm still amazed at the features packed into its exceedingly small package.

This month's theme is human-factors engineering, and the IXO Telecomputer is an excellent example of a terminal designed with the user in mind. The Telecomputer, which will be generally available this summer, has a lot to offer in addition to its human factoring. It has, for instance, a sophisticated security-protection system and innovative, compact circuitry. I'll touch on these topics, but my main objective here is to discuss the implications of IXO's design philosophy.

r

Photo 2: The Telecomputer is powered by a built-in Polaroid Polapulse flat battery.

Photo 3: The FCC-registered Telecomputer is designed to attach directly to a phone using a standard modular jack. When in use, the terminal draws all of its power from the phone line.

Circle 219 on Inquiry card.

Circle 220 on Inquiry card.

circle 160 on Inquiry card.

Authorized Commodore service center Repair of the complete line of Commodore products In a huriy? Check our modular exchange program

HARDWARE:

SOFTWARE:

CBM 8032 Computer,

ozz

S299

80 Column S1095

Wordcraft 80

299

CBM 8050 Disk Drive

1340

Tax Preparation System

380

CBM 4032 Computer,

IRMA

380

40 Column

995

Dow Jones Portfolio

CBM 4040 Disk Drive

995

Management System

115

CBM 4022 Printer

649

Personal Tax

55

CBM VIC 20 Computer

263

Pascal

229

CBM VSlOO Cassette

68

Assembler Development

PET to IEEE Cable

33

Package

77

IEEE to IEEE Cable

39

Wordpro 4+

329

BASF Diskette, Box of 10

30

Order TOLL FREE T+800-527-3135

10 AM to 4 PM CDT Monday through Friday

Texas residents call I +214-661 -1370 VISA MASTER CHARGE, MONEY ORDERS, AND C.O.D. "Certified Check" accepted.

Units in stock shipped vMthin 24 hours, F.O.B. Dallas, Texas. All equipment shipped with manufacturer's warranty.

Residents of Texas, Louisiana, Oklahoma City and Tulsa, Oklahoma must add applicable taxes.

Eclectic shortly will be announcing products that are designed to vwrk w\\h CBM systems.

1. ROMIO: two RS232 ports-three parallel ports-26K EPROM

memory-managed alternate chararter set, software controlled-EDOS (extended DOS).

2. Terminal program (options with ROMIO)

3. EPROM programmer

4. Front-end processor

5. Additional firmware to be announced

Be sure to write tfie address below for more information; dealer inquiries welcome.

P.O. Box 1166 . 16260 IVIidway Road Addison, Texas 75001 • (^14) 661-1370

10 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Editorial

Photo 4: Four peripherals for the Telecomputer (clockwise from upper left): an acoustic interface (not the same as an acoustic coupler because the modem circuitry is already contained inside the terminal); the RS-232C interface, a video interface; and a 20-column printer.

The Telecomputer marks the beginning of a whole new "genus" of computer products: no-compromise portable computers that are truly user-friendly. Let's take a closer look at its features.

The Telecomputer comes in a small plastic case containing densely packed CMOS circuitry and a Polaroid Polapulse flat battery to drive it (see photo 2). The heart of the design is an NEC 4-bit microprocessor with IK bytes of CMOS RAM (random access read/write memory).

The keyboard, which is slightly too small for extended typing sessions, contains several unusual keys to help the naive user (and sometimes the not-so-naive user). These include the YES, NO, DON'T KNOW, HELP, and PfiONE keys. They are brightly colored to attract your attention. The HOLD, SLOW, FAST, KEPT, GO BACK, CLR CHAR, and CLR ENTR keys are dark blue. The usual BREAK, ESCAPE, and CONTROL keys are gray. The blue and gray colors tend to keep the more complex keys in the background in order not to distract or intimidate the beginner.

A Session with the Telecomputer

After you remove the Telecomputer from its box and turn it on, you then connect it to your telephone line by plugging your telephone cord's modular jack into the female socket at the back of the terminal (see photo 3). At this point the Telecomputer begins to draw all of its power from the phone line while the phone is "off hook," i.e., while the phone is in use (a clever arrangement by the machine's designers). Since the phone companies require all phone devices to draw 20 milliamps to prove that the devices are using the lines anyway, this becomes a perfect source of power for CMOS circuitry! In fact, telephone devices are allowed to draw 5 microamps while "on hook," so it becomes theoretically possible to tricklecharge a battery.

Circle 380 on Inquiry card. »

Every Apple Is Created Equal. But It Doesn't Have To Stay That Way.

An Apple'"^' is really something. But from now on, it's going to be something much more. How come? Simple. We're introducing three revolutionary new data communication packages, called lYansend'' ", designed especially to make your Apple 11'''^' rise above all others.

Our lYansend data communications software provides access to information utilities; complete file transmission of charts, VisiCalc reports, and entire programs; as well as all electronic mail functions.

Transend comes in three different versions. You can begin economically with the simplest form, Transend 1, an intelligent terminal/file transfer system. As your needs increase, you can move up to two other 'lYansend packages, without worrying about retraining or repurchasing. Transend 2 gives any Apple 11 intelligent terminal capabilities, plus file transfer with complete error detection and

automatic retransmission for demanding business applications. lYansend 3 incorporates electronic mail—with password security, text editing, mailbox with mailstop, unattended scheduling and receiving, automatic redialing, and much more.

The Transformation People

'lYansend's support of most popular Apple II "add-in" cards and modems lets you upgrade your Apple without hassle or unnecessary expense. And you'll immediately cut operating costs by as much as 30% with simple, easy-to-use menus, data compression and 1200-baud modem support.

Nobody on the personal computer scene today is offering the speed, flexibility, and reliability of lYansend in a single upgradable software system.

Don't miss this chance to uplift your Apple II. Contact us or your dealer for all the delicious details.

SSM Microcomputer Products, Inc., 2190 Paragon Drive, San Jose, CA 95131, (408) 946-7400, Telex: 171171, TWX: 910-338-2077.

Apple and Apple II arc trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. VisiCalc Ls a trademark of Personal Software, Inc. And Transend is a trademark of SSM Microcomputer Products, Inc.

Apple II is a registered trademark of Apple Computer Inc.

an advanced write protect feature that keeps your information wliere you put it, and an energy saving device tinat "powers down" when your disk drive is tal<ing a break.

We even took a bite out of Apple's price.

Our most popular model is 25% more economical per byte than Apple's, providing you with maximum performance, superior cost efficiency, and totally compatible styling. It also comes with a fi^ee diskette containing all the optional software and supports you'll need to enhance the capacity and performance. And it's all backed up with an efficient service

support system, and a full 90 day warranty.

The Rana System Floppy Disk Drive. Just plug it into your Apple and all those delicious extra bytes will be yours.

RanaSystems.

circle 353 on Inquiry card.

20620 South Leapwood Avenue. Carson, CA 90746 213-538-2353. For dealer information call toll free: 1-800-421-2207. In California only call: 1-800-262-1221. Source Number TCT-654. See our booth at the West Coast Computer Faire Show.

CALICO

CP/M®

LANGUAGES

Basic Microsoft Basic Compiler IVIicrosoft

diik

with /nunoil manual/ only

C-Basic CB80 COBOL 80 G Compiler Forth Fortran Fortran 80 muLISP Pascal/M PascalZ P/L 1-80 RATFOR Fortran S-Basic

Dig. Research Dig. Research Microsoft Supersoft Supersoft Supersoft Microsoft Microsoft Sorcim Ith. Intersys. Dig. Research Supersoft RATFOR fill lore AP

Tiny Pascal Supersoft

$289/$329/$110/20 $i37/37

$169/

$169/45

$209/30

$375/

$169/

$345/30

$349/30

$469/40

$85/

$289/35

$269/25

$79/25

ASSEMBLERS/UTILITIES

ACT! Despool Diagnostic II Macro 80 MAC QSORT SID ZSID

Sorcim Dig.Research Supersoft Microsoft Dig.Research Struc. Sys. Dig. Research Dig. Research

$152/25

$50/

$84/20

$162/

$85/15

$90/

$70/15

$90/15

WORD/TEXT PROCESSING

Edit 80 Letteright MagicWand Mail Merge NAD

Spellguard SgllStar

Textwriter III Word Star

TRS-80®/Mod,

Z-89

Z-90

Microsoft Struc. Sys. Peachtree MicroPro Struc. Sys. ISA

MicroPro Dig.Research

$90/$156/$289/45 $108/25 $90/$225/25 .$175/40 $100/10

Organic Softwr $110/—

MicroPro CP/M®

II (P & T)

$289/60

$169/

$140/

$140/

APRIL "82

Sp^lly fonnat

Most disk farmats available.

DATA BASE MANAGEMENT

dBASEII Ashton-Tate $594/50

Series 20-1 Condor $249/50

Series 20-2 Condor $509/50

Data Star MicroPro $245/60

FMS-flO-1 Systems Plus Call

FMS-a)-2 Systems Pips Call

INCOME TAX MICRO TAX

Lev. 1 (Indvl.) ' $225/

Lev.2(Prof.) Call

Lev. 3 (Partner) Call

Lev.2&3 Call

State Tax Call

ACCOUNTING

TPS

G/LorA/P

or A/R or Payroll $75/25

All four $250/99 ACCOUNTING PLUS'"

G/L $439/67

A/P $375/67

A/R $375/67

Payroll $375/67

Inventory $375/67

Sales Order $375/67

Point of Sale $375/67

Purch. Order $375/67 PEACHTREE-SERIESS

C/L

A/P A/R Payroll Inventory

Sales Invoice . ANALYSIS/MODELING

CalcStar MicroPro $229/45

Milestone Organic Softwr $269/—

muMATH/muSIMPMIcrosoft $225/—

Supercalc Sorcim $259/—

Worksheet Soho Group $185/—

WORD STAR REDUCED

software... with /ofs of technical support

CALICO (213)475-fll04 — ^ TO ORDER, CALL TOLL-FREE

(800)854-2003. exL75 (800)522-1500.6x175 in Calif.

CP/M - 86

Call us at (213) 475-8104 for available software.

APPLE

I.U.S.

Datadex

Easy Writer (40 col) Easy Mailer (40 col) Forth

Pro. Easy Mailer Pro. Easy Writer

MICROPRO

Mail Merge Super Sort I WordStar

Word Star + Mall Merge MICROSOFT

A.L.D.S. Basic Compiler Fortran-80 16K RAM Card Z-80 Soft Card

$105 $320 $175 $149 $295

PEACHTREE

G/L

A/R

A/P

Payroll

Inventory

Mail. List

HOWARD SOFTWARE

Income Tax

VISICORP

Desktop Plan tl

VisiCalc

VislDex

VislFiie

VisiPlot

VisITerm

VisiTrend/VislPlot

Call

$199 $199 $199 $199 $162 $149 $243

MASTER CHARGE/VISA

1746V2Westwood Blvd. Los Angeles. CA 90024 [213)475-8104

Add $3.50/item for stripping, handling. Overseas add $10. California residents add 6% sales tax. Allow time for checks to clear. Prices subject to change without notice. All items subject to availability. ®Registerecl trademark.

Editorial

After you hit the ON switch, the unit's liquid-crystal one-line display begins presenting a series of questions in menu format. The first query you see is "ACCESS CENTER?" The best way to learn about the unit is to dial the Access Center, a remote computer resource center maintained by IXO to service Telecomputer customers. You simply type in the telephone number and the unit automatically dials it. The Telecomputer senses whether yoiir phone line is Touch-Tone or rotary-dial and sends out the appropriate signals. Once online, you can experirnent with the simulated services offered by the Access Center, including a checkbook-balancing program, a travel-agency simulation that demonstrates booking airline flights, a television guide database to help you find TV show times, and so on. The main purpose of this exercise is to illustrate the advantages of services using plain English dialogue back and forth between the user and the computer. In time, real versions of such computer services will be available. When connected to the Access Center, you can always press the fiELP key if you get stuck and get a more detailed explanation of what to do next. You can also press the DON'T KNOW key if in doubt ^s to the correct reply to the computer's questions. (If only the existing databases had these features!) The Telecomputer's designers have been trying for some time to convince the people who run the databases to adopt these user-friendly approaches. Let's hope they do.

The most important feature of the Access Center is that it can download protocols for The Source, Compuserve, and Dow Jones into your terminal's RAM. (These were the three services available at the time I evaluated the unit; more will undoubtedly be added later.) Downloading protocols takes about 30 seconds and needs to be done only once because the information is permanently stored in the terminal as long as the battery holds up, which is at least a year—longer if you're "off-hook" frequently. Once you're connected, the Access Center asks you to type in a password that you must use in all future dealings with the Center and also asks for your name.

I was surprised the second time I called the center to find that it greeted me with "HELLO CHRIS. PASSWORD?" It's hard to convey the excitement of seeing a message like this on a miniature terminal connected directly to your phone line. Future shock, indeed.

The next time I used the terminal, I decided to get on the Dow Jones database and analyze some stocks. I powered up the Telecomputer, entered my password, and it immediately asked "DOW JONES?" The downloading had worked I Out of curiosity I pressed NO and the terminal stepped to the next item: "THE SOURCE?" NO again. "COMPUSERVE?" NO. "MANUAL ACCESS?" (The latter mode lets you dial any general database or computer by entering a telephone number.) I cycled around to "DOW JONES?" again and pressed YES. (Incidentally, you can type "yes", "Y", hit the YES key, or the ENTER key to tell the terminal yes. The designers have obviously thought of every possibility to

14 ApHl 1982 © BYTE PublicaHons Inc

Circle 71 on Inquiry card.

Circle 333 on inquiry card. ■

HOWTOUSE YOUR EPSON

WITHOUT WASTING COMPUTER

Your computer is capable of sending data at thousands of cfiaracters per second but the Epson can oniy print 80 characters per second.

This means your computer is forced to wait for the printer to finish one iine before it can send the next. A waste of valuable time.

THENEWMICROBUFFER"^ ACCEPTS DATA AS FAST AS YOUR COMPUTER CAN SEND IT.

Microbuffer stores the data in its own memory buffer and then takes control of the printer. This frees your computer for more productive functions.

PARALLEL OR SERIAL.

Microbuffer model MBP-16K is a Centronics-compatible parallel interface with 16,384 bytes of on-board RAM for data buffering.

The MBS-8K is a full-featured RS-232C serial interface with both hardware and software (X-On/X-Off) handshaking, baud rates from 300 to 19,000 and an 8,192 byte RAM buffer.

SIMPLY PLUG IT IN.

Either model fits the existing auxiliary interface connector inside the Epson MX-80, MX-80 F/T or MX-100 without modification, and is compatible with standard Epson cables and printer control software, including GRAFTRAX-80.

JUST $159.00*

When you think how much time Microbuffer will save, can you afford not to have one? Call us for your nearest dealer.

PRACTICAL PERIPHERALS, INC.

31245 LA BAYA DRIVE, WESTLAKE VILLAGE, CA 91362 • (213) 991-8200

'Suggested retail price for eiXher model.

Editorial

16 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 177 OH inquiry Card.

keep naive users from getting stuck.)

You've probably gone through the usual tedium of identifying your terminal, hitting carriage returns, and going through all the usual make-work dialogue required to get onto databases. The Telecomputer eliminates all that. Once the Access Center downloads its protocols to your terminal, your terminal automatically completes the dialogue with, say, Dow Jones. You need only enter your password and you're instantly online. It takes only a couple of seconds. If you regularly access several databases or electronic mail services, you'll appreciate not having to memorize a lot of annoying protocols. This sort of elegant engineering will help popularize computers.

Another useful feature is the pair of speed-control keys, labeled SLOW and FAST, that control the speed at which text scrolls across the display by sending XON and XOFF control characters to the remote computer. Every time you press one of the keys the display incrementally slows down or speeds up. You can slow the display down to transcribe messages or speed it up to quickly scan through material.

There's little more to add about the operation of the Telecomputer—it's that simple. The built-in autodialer remembers your local Tymnet and Telenet numbers after you enter them once. It even shuts itself off if not used for eight minutes, first giving you an audible warning. The machine is truly "goof-proof."

Peripherals for the Telecomputer (see photo 4), including an acoustic interface (not the same as an acoustic coupler because the modem circuitry is already contained inside the Telecomputer—therefore the price is lower); a 20-column thermal dot-matrix printer made by Olivetti; an RS-232C interface; and a video interface designed for use with both TV sets and video monitors, will be available by July.

Design Philosophy

It's no surprise that the Telecomputer takes a humanfactors approach. Its designers come from strong backgrounds in consumer electronics Bob and Holly Doyle have invented more than a dozen computer toys, including Parker Brothers' best-selling Merlin and Stop Thief. While at Mattel Electronics, Jeff Rochlis supervised the production of the Intellivision personal computer and hand-held games such as Brain Baffler (to which the Telecomputer bears a coincidental resemblance). Rochlis's four design goals were to make the Telecomputer cheap (it will sell for approximately $500 to $550); portable; easy to use (meaning both ease of access to databases and ease of use via plain English dialogues); and secure.

That last point deserves a volume in itself. Someone once said that today's electronic mail services are more like "postcard" services because the security measures are so lax that any half-competent programmer can crack them. The Telecomputer's three-way security keying system goes a long way to correcting this situation. The user

James Martin, data-processing and futures expert, offers the following predictions about the role of the pocket terminal ten years in the future. The following excerpt is from his book, Telematic Society: A Challenge for Tomorrow (Prentice-Hall, 1981).

Pocket terminals mushroom in sales and drop in cost as fast as pocket calculators did a decade earlier. Most people who carried a pocket calculator now have a pocket terminal. The pocket terminal, however, has an almost endless range of applications. It can access many computers and data banks via the public data networks. The pocket terminal becomes a consumer product (as opposed to a product for businesspeople) on sale at supermarkets, with human factoring that is simple and often amusing. The public regard it as a companion which enables them to find good restaurants, display jokes on any subject, book airline and theatre seats, contact medical programs, check what their stockbroker computer has to say, send messages, and check their electronic mailbox.

Public data networks are ubiquitous and cheap, and accessible from every telephone. Their cost is independent of distance within most countries.

rM ^ ,viiu- 1 nlO'il.llll IIK.<. I'lp,,^."" >" ..f,,,f,. ■

THIS AD MARKED THE BEGINNING OF A NEW ERA IN MICROCOMPUTER PROGRAMMING.

It announced PEARL':

PEARL ushered in the era where programmers could free themselves from boring, routine and repetitive tasks. Because PEARL handles 60-70% of programming details, which pennits programmers to spend their time more creatively, and more productively.

But that was two years ago.

Today, there's Personal PEARL - to be introduced at the West Coast Computer Fair. And it goes a giant step further. Personal PEARL makes the capabilities of the computer available to virtually anyone.

For its $295 price, even people without technical backgrounds can use it to visually create their own applications and reports on any computer.

So the ad you're reading now is announcing an even more important breakthrough in computer and personal productivity.

Just diink about the RELATIONAL SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL

possibilities. 1 hen contact our rq Bqx 12892/Salem, Oregon 973(»/(503) 363-8929

Personal PEARL Product Manager. ^,,,3 ,,,,

CPU International is the former name ofRelationa! Systems International. PEARL (Prtxliicing Error-Free Automatic Rapid Logic)

Emm

mm"

MM

Send today for our NEW full-color 56-page catalog with continuous checks, statements, invoices, stationery, envelopes, supplies and accessories. We will also send our FORMS SELECTOR GUIDE, to help you find the right forms for your software.

• Quality products at low prices

• Available in small quantities

• Fast Service

• Money-Back Guarantee

• Convenient TOLL-FREE ordering

Fast Service by mail or.. .PHONE TOLL FREE 1+ 800-225-9550

Mass. residents 1 +800-922-8560 8:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time IVIonday — Friday

Please rush a new computer forms catalog to:

CITY, STATE and ZIP

Hardware and Software being used.

78 Mollis Street, Grotot^, Massachusetts 01471 A division of New England Business Service, Inc.

CODE 22460

Editorial

has a password, the terminal has a built-in password (unknown to the user), and the host computer has a password. (This is the proposed standard. Presently, only the IXO Access Center computer adheres to it.) The host computer combines its password with both the user's password and the terminal password in complex, randomized ways to make it virtually impossible for someone else to emulate your terminal with another terminal or computer, even if he knows your password. It's an admirable approach to securing data. I hope manufacturers will pay serious attention to it.

The Telegraphic Age

Rochlis likes to compare today's computer age to the telegraphic age of the nineteenth century. In many ways, he says, the technique of talking to computers is still in its "telegraphic" stage. Back when the telegraph was the chief means for long-distance communication, telegraph operators were required as intermediaries for all transactions. Unfortunately, they "spoke" a different language than their clients: Morse code. Today, most of the public at large do not know how to operate computer terminals and must rely on computer operators. The latter are in effect the most expensive "peripherals" of all. To bring computing power to the people, we must supply them with cheap and easy-to-use computers and terminals.

There is a trend this year toward the development of briefcase-sized computers and terminals. (See the report about Epson's new HX-20 portable computer on page 104.) And that's just the beginning: watch for a series of new, small computers from both America and Japan. But size and cost alone will not guarantee the success of these machines with the general public. Human engineering has to be our paramount concern in the personal-computing field; the IXO terminal is a major step in this direction.

Piracy Addendum

Many people have asked me to comment on the issues of software piracy raised in Jerry Pournelle's January column. (See "User's Column: Operating Systems, Languages, Statistics, Pirates, and the Lone Wolf," January 1982 BYTE, page 132.) My only comment is that, while I sympathize with many of the opinions expressed by Jerry's "mad friend" Mac Lean, my overall attitude toward copying software has not changed since I spoke out in the May 1981 editorial. Nevertheless, I thirJc it's important to air opposing viewpoints in BYTE. The debate is healthy and being overly dogmatic serves no useful purpose. I'd like to hear more from readers about this issue.!

18 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 293 on Inquiry card.

Circle 285 on inquiry card. >

An Apple II®, a printer, a video screen, a modem, a disk drive,

nction, and

The CPS Multifunction card and cables are all you need to connect almost any printer, modem, or terminal to your Apple 11". It's really three cards in one. It provides the capabilities of a serial interface, parallel output interlace, and real-time clock/calendar. It saves you money, power, and slots. The CPS Multifunction is compatible with DOS, CPM, PASCAL, and BASIC. Suggested retail price $239, including software. Cables $24.95 each.

The RAMPLUS+ card allows you to expand the available memory of your Apple 11" to 80K. RAMPLUS+ has two 16K banks of RAM. The card is supplied with 16K of installed RAM, with an additional 16K of plug-in RAM available. It is compatible with DOS, CPM, PASCAL, and BASIC, also. Suggested retail price $ 189. Additional 16K RAM $24.95.

HOOHrAIH COKPUTtLR INC. 306 El. PtJEBLO fiOfkO scons UfltLEV. CftLIFOHHin

■*aft 43e-6fi36

CPS nittTIf-UHCTIOH

i

Letters

The Missing LINC

I keep seeing the "personal computer era" referred to as having begun in the mid-1970s, as if it required the microchip to make it possible to design hardware and software for a single-user computer. But there are important antecedents to this, dating back twenty years, and they were not hand-held calculators so much as proper computers with analog interfaces and mass storage— namely, lab computers.

In 1962, at MIT's Lincoln Labs, Wesley Clark and Charles Molnar designed the LINC (Laboratory INstrument Computer), to be used in a research lab in a manner analogous to an oscilloscope. It wasn't merely its display and analog-todigital converters (hence joysticks and Spacewar) which made it unique: its software was designed to enable the scientistuser to program without a professional programming staff. Much of the design rationale was process-control oriented (hence interrupts) so that online data analysis could be performed during an experiment, allowing modification to the experimental protocol. But having such a friendly computer in the room, shared only with the other users of the same lab, created the atmosphere of "personal computing" a decade before mass-market economics extended it.

The first 24 LINCs (with their small memories and dual small-reel magnetic tapes —so-called LINCtapes —which were the forerunners of the floppies) were built under a government research grant and distributed around the country in 1963 to various physics, chemistry, and life sciences labs (they were especially important in my own field of neurobiology). With the plans in the public domain, several computer manufacturers began selling them (Digital Equipment Corporation's version cost $54,000 —and in 1966 dollars, at that) and improving on the design (DECs LINC-8 and PDP-12 were the major extensions). In essence, thousands of users experienced the personal computer revolution in the 1960s and helped shape its present philosophy.

It is curious how this heritage has been forgotten in the great expansion. One consequence is an excessive amount of reinventing the wheel. The interactive software packages developed by LINC users

(especially at Washington University and the University of Wisconsin) were excellent—I have yet to see a statistics-andplotting package for microcomputers which equals LINDSY for the LINC, and the LINC's text editor and operating system (LAP) puts CP/M to shame. And— another forerunner of the present microcomputer situation—the really good general-purpose software came from small groups, not manufacturers.

Most people tend to compare new microcomputer software to fancier mainframe versions, but it is often more appropriate to compare it to the lab computer antecedents, which shared a similar philosophy. It is the design philosophy for microcomputers that so sets them apart from the staffed mini- and main-frame computers, and it is that single-user-asmaster philosophy that was so extensively developed by the LINC users.

William H. Calvin, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Neurophysiology Department of Neurological Surgery RI-20

University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195

Computer Scrabble*

We were pleased to see an article discussing the feasibility of a computer opponent for Selchow & Righter's popular Scrabble word game (see "Computer Scrabble," December 1981 BYTE, page 320). Others who are intrigued by this concept will appreciate knowing that the state of the art in microcomputer Scrabble has made a great leap forward. It is far beyond the boundaries that Mr. Roehrig tells us will not be broken by anything less than a new, superior generation of microcomputers.

"Monty plays the Scrabble Brand Crossword Game" (a computer-opponent program available on disk for the Apple II and TRS-80 Models I and III from Ritam Corporation for $39.95) demonstrates both speed and ability, within the constraints of today's microcomputers.

Monty spends an average of only iVi minutes per move at the highest skill level, and yet it uses an extensive word list (over 50,000), based in part on the Official Scrabble Players Dictionary.

As for memory, the program requires no more than 48K bytes for Apple and 32K bytes for TRS-80 versions, much of which is devoted to machine-language graphics, music, and other user-interface requirements. The dictionary is accessed from disk and is stored in an average of only two bytes per word (with an average length of 6 or 7 letters) by use of advanced compression techniques. In addition, Monty is capable of challenging other players' words, based on linguistic analysis, without accessing the disk.

To give Mr. Roehrig's efforts due credit, the "game's complexities" do offer a challenge I It took us several major design breakthroughs, over four manyears of programming (for three different computers), and a lot of determination to develop "Monty plays Scrabble" without conceding to "certain constraints" on word length, search, and placement.

Although his conclusion that "improved computerized Scrabble will require a faster host computer with more memory capacity" has been disproved by example, we thank Mr. Roehrig for his article. It makes our endeavor seem quite worthwhile when we learn that we've achieved the impossible!

By the way, Mr. Roehrig neglected to properly acknowledge that Scrabble is a trademark of the Selchow & Righter Company, and to disclaim, as does Ritam, any sponsorship or endorsement by Selchow & Righter.

Robert Walls, President Ritam Corporation POB 921

Fairfield, lA 52556

* Scrabble is a registered trademark of Selchow & Righter Company. We apologize for not acknowledging this in a prior article. . . . MH

More Commbat

I would like to thank George Stewart for his excellent and perceptive review, "Commbat: A Tele-Game for Two," in the December 1981 BYTE (page 100). He captured my motivation for creating Commbat in the first paragraph.

The problems he mentioned of synchronizing both systems upon initial start-up

20 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 426 on inquiry card.

897 N. W. Grant Ave. • Corvallis, Oregon 97330 • 503/758-0521

Introducing the Enhancer ][: a new Standard which is improving the relationship between Humans and Apples. The Enhancer ][ can help your Apple ]['s keyboard become more sociable by remembering words or phrases which can be entered into the Apple by the mere touch of a key. Life can become even easier because the Enhancer ][ can remember what you typed while your Apple was busy talking to your disc Cor doing other things). Naturally, it knows the difference between upper and lower case letters and what shift keys are supposed to do. It even knows to auto repeat any key held down. The Enhancer ][ replaces the encoder board making installation simple.

Suggested retail price: $149.00.

THE DAWN OF A NEW ERA FOR APPLE ][.= THE

ENHANCER H

VIDEOTERM

The time tested Videoterm 80 column card;

• 80 characters x 24 lines

• True decenders

• 7^3 character resolution

• Low power consumption

• Compatible with most word processors

• Softcard and CP/M compatible

• Modem compatible

• Most popular character set of any 80 column card

• Alternate character fonts available Suggested retail price $345.00

■ SOFT VIDEO SWITCH

The Soft Video Switch is an automatic version of the popular Switchplate. It l<nows

whether it should display 40 or 80 columns or Apple graphics. It does the tedious work of switching videoout signals so you don't have to. The Soft Video Switch can be controlled by software. Any Videoterm with Firmware 2.0 or greater may be used with the Soft Video Switch. The single wire shift mod is also supported. Package price is $35.00.

■ KEYBOARD AND DISPLAY ENHANCER

The original Keyboard and Display Enhancer is still available for Revision 0-6 Apples (on which the new Enhancer K will not fit). These Apples have memory select sockets at chip locations Dl. El S F1. The Keyboard and Display Enhancer allows entry and display of upper S. lower case letters witfi fully functional shift keys. It does NOT have user definable keys nor a type ahead buffer. The price is $129.00.

■ ACCESSORIES:

Videoterm Utilities Disc $37 00 (includes)

• Font Editor

• Pascal Mid-Res Graphics

• Applesoft Bead Screen Utility

• Top S Bottom Scrolling

• Pascal Vidpatch

• Graphics Template Character SetEPROMs $29.00 ea

• Half Intensity

• Inverse

• German

• Katakana [Japanese)

• Line Drawing Graphics (Expanded)

• Spanish

• French

• Math & Greek Symbols

• Super & Subscript Dvorak EPRQM

(Enhancer) $29.00 Lower Case Chip $29.00

Apple and Apple II are registered trademarks of Apple Computer Inc.

circle 218 on Inquiry card.

a Screen Oriented Relational Database, designed to put\tu in control of a powerful information management system: quickly, easily, and at a price you can live with).

Powerful

•User defined CRT entry screens speed data input and editing.

•IVIal<es full use of *GP/M 2.0* facilities for rapid access and retrieval.

•User controlled security access codes.

•Upto 32k records per relation witli up to 8k per record.

User Oriented

•A consistent system of help messages, menus, and prompts assits the user in all phases of operation.

•An English-like query format that is easy to use yet comprehensive.

Clear Documentation •Our manual is concise, easy to understand, and indexed.

$25 manual

VISA,MC and CODw/elcome

INNOVATIVE SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGIES INC 3990 VARSITY DRIVE ANN ARBOR , MICHIGAN 48104

(313) 996-1890

REQUIRES; CP/M 2.0+SYSTEM WITH ATLEAST 42K . 64-80 COLUMN SCREEN, ADDRESSABLE CURSOR AND, 8" DISK DRIVES.

^'CP/M IS a Irademark of Digital Research,Inc. ^

Letters ^—

and keyboard sluggishness are a result of accommodating the TRS-80 Model I's RS-232 port. It cannot interrupt the processor when it has a character, so it must be operated in a poUed-loop configuration in order not to lose data. As long as Model Is or their look-alikes are a significant part of the market this 'problem' will be necessary. I believe the first release of Commbat was the one reviewed. As a result of the synchronization problem, the current release, Commbat Version 2.1, has a split-screen dumb-terminal option that is presented to the user upon start-up. This mode can be entered without any particular worries as to timing by both participants, and when both are communicating they can exit to the game. This mode also allows communications to be established through some of the dial-up services that can handle pass-through communications between users.

At last report, the Atari version of this game was in production and should be available soon from Adventure International, and an Apple version is on the way. The major feature of these different versions is that they will all play against each other. My intention is to keep Commbat system independent; as other systems become a significant portion of the market thfey will get their own compatible version. Anyone who buys Commbat will be able to play anyone else who has ever bought it, regardless of equipment.

The second game of this planned series is finished and will be marketed in the near future, and the third is coming along well.

Robert A. Schilling 725 SE Vance Circle Palm Bay, FL 32905

No Contest

Despite the "battle" for dominance portrayed in the "Unix vs. CP/M" item in the November 1981 BYTELINES column (page 306), the position of the apologists for CP/M has become all but untenable. The implication that Unix and CP/M can be compared on the same terms is wholly misleading. Unix is a full-featured operating system which is widely regarded as the finest ever written, while CP/M is little more than a program loader.

The only reason for the continuing popularity of CP/M is summed up in the

column's last sentence: "CP/M appears to have much more public-domain and commercial software for it than does Unix." As the computer community recognizes that Unix is bound to become the standard 16-bit microcomputer operating system, commercial applications software for it will inevitably begin to appear. And, since most Unix software is written in the powerful C programming language rather than in assembly language or some dialect of BASIC, we can be sure that the commercial software which will eventually be available under Unix will be of higher quality than that found in the CP/M market.

John Lynn Roseman Urban Software Corporation 11 West 34th St. New York, NY 10001

Toward a Structured Assembler

I have just finished reading the two-part article "Toward a Structured 6809 Assembly Language" (November 1981 BYTE, page 370, and December 1981 BYTE, page 198). I found the article quite interesting, especially since I have been selling a structured assembler (STASM09) package since 1980. STASM09 uses a pre-/postprocessor to generate the appropriate internal labels and to modify the listing to provide automatic indentation of the listing. (The indentation of the code provides graphic display of the structure of the program module.)

STASM09 provides the IF. . .ELSE. . . ENDIF but not the WHILE. . .ENDWH or REPEAT. . .UNTIL constructs described by Mr. Walker in his article. Instead, STASM09 provides a more general DO. . .ENDO construct with several methods to BREAK out of the loop. This allows both the WHILE and REPEAT functions to be implemented. In addition, STASM09 provides a COUNT function that can be used to control the number of times a loop is traversed.

STASM09 is designed to run under the FLEX operating system from Technical Systems Consultants rather than the more industrially oriented Motorola operating system. STASM09 is available on a 5V'4-inch, single-density disk for $49.95, including shipping and handling, from Sansaska Systems, 3311 Concord Blvd., 1 Concord, CA 94519.

Our new guarantee covers two lifetimes.

A lifetime of performance. All Memorex® We'll help you isolate and correct any probdisc packs and cartridges are now warranted to lems that relate to the operation of our disc be free of defects in material and workmanship packs or cartridges for as long as you use them, and will perform according to read/write It's that simple.To find out more about our

capability for as long as they're properly used new* Comprehensive Guarantee of Satisfacand maintained. Any product that fails to do tion and Service, call or write: Marketing so will be repaired or replaced by Memorex. Manager, Memorex Rigid Media and No hassles, no excuses. Components Division, 1125 Memorex Drive

A lifetime of service. Second- H ilf H H^NrSi""X# MS-0064, Santa Clara, Calily you get a lifetime of technical |vltZilVl^^lltZl.^\. fof^'^ 95052. Telephone: assistance from Memorex. A Burroughs Company (408)987-0267.

Circle 479 on inquiry card.

© 1981 MEMOREX CORPORATION. MEMOREX IS A REGISTERED TRADEMARK OF MEMOREX CORPORATION. "Effective 11/1 /81

When You Have To Face A Deadline...

jjlnce its Introduction. Pascal/MT+ ■ has been used to produce tftousands o( I professional solutions to Industrial, business and systems level application I problems. In addition to implementing the complete ISO STANDARD, I Pascal/MT-f ' contains a host of powerful features and facilities which mal<e !lprogram construction a snap! Pascal/MT+ ■ is a total programming system including our native machine code compiler, linker, Pascal-level debugger, disassembler, run-time subroutine library and the exclusive SpoedProgramming'''' Package.

With the advent of 16-bit machines and increasing customers demands, you can no longer afford to write programs in anything txit a professionally constnjcted and professionally supported package like Pascal/MT -i- ■. MT MicroSYSTEMS has demonstrated Its commitment to keeping your programs and programmers productive with our recent Introduction ol PascaWfWT-f86 and Pascai/IWT-i-68K for the 8086. While Pascal/MT + • provides the capability to write non-portable programs when the need arises, true portability between radically different machines is a reality while still translating

into efficient, optimized native machine code.

Our Pascal/f^T-f' compilers and SpeedProgramming Package are available on a wide variety ol processors and operating systems, with more to come! We are continually working to provide innovative solutions to the ever present problem ol translating your ideas Into software solutions. ThePatctVMT-f' System Cofnptler;

Generates HOMable Native Code • Complete ISO Standard (superset of Jensen & Wirth). Powtrlul Extension* liwlud*:

Modular Compilation, Direct production of binary relocatable modules • Dynamic stnngs • Chaining • Powerful Overlay system • Address and Size returning functions • Bit manipulation (test, set, clear, shifts) • Byte manipulation (high, low, swap) • ImlMddad assembly language • Easy linkage to external assembly language • Full NEW and DISfHSSE procedures • Direct access to I/O ports • Fast floating point, Ijoth software and AMD 9511 • Accurate 18digit BCD (fixed point, 14,4) • Include files • Hex literal numbers • and more...

... Arm Yourself With Pascal/MT+®

'Hi

LInkw:

Combines relocatable modules into executable files • Can generate Hex formal for use with PROM programminfl. Inltraclhw Symbolic Dobugger:

Variable display • High-level breakpoints by procedure/function name • Tracing/single step by Pascal slatemenl • Procedure/lunclion entry and exit trace available. Olutumbier:

Combines a relocatable module with its listing file to produce inlerleaved Pascal and approximate assembly language code. The SpMdPrognmmlng Padne*"":

The SpeedProgrammtng Package is an integrated set of tools which allows you to create Paacal/MT-f-' programs, check them for correct syntax and undefined identifiers, format them to display flow of control, and do this all within the editing environment before you ever invoke the compiler. Programmers like SpeedProgramming because it frees them from the lime consuming chore of repeated compilations to correct simple syntactic and typing errors. Managers find that SpeedProgramming improves productivity, thereby reducing development costs. SpeedProgramming combined with our field tested Pascal/MT-k • package gives you a comfortable, powerful, interactive programming environment in which to create your professional quality software. Your products demand production quality tools. Order Pascal/MT-t' with SpeedProgramming today! SciMn Edilor:

User configurable • Standard random cursor movement, life access, search and replace, insert, delete, exchange, etc • Structured language editing features such as automatic indent, line adjustment, reading from and writing to a file, block text insertion and duplication. • Requires; 24 x flO CRT (or larger), ASCII Keyboard (7 bit data), random cursor addressing Interactive Syntax Scanner:

Finds syntax errors in text being edited • Enters SPEED, puts cursor at error, pnnts error text.

VtrliblaClwcliw:

Catches undefined and mis-spelled variables tiefore the compiler is invoked.

On-Llne fleformatler:

Beautify programs in seconds • Clearly shows structure and program flow Source Code Management Tods:

Automatic Modification Log and Backup utility program.

PRICINQ: 'Read carefully, some systems do not include the SpeedProgramming Package but do include the compiler, linker, disassembler, debugger and other utilities.

AVAILABLE NOW!

•8080/8085/Z80 without SpeedProgramming Price $360.00

56K or larger CP/M

8080/8085/280 complete including SpeedProgramming Prioe $475.00

56K or larger CP/M

80e0/8085/Z80 for special MP/M environments . Contact Factory

•8086/8088 without SpeedProgramming . Price $600.00

CP/M-86 01 MP/M-86, requires 116K program area 8086/8088 complete including SpeedProgramming Price $800.00

All 8086/8088 packages include 9511 and 8087 support and program to convert MT object flies into Intel OBJ 8086 files

Digital Research, Inc. Is now the sole distributor for Pascal/MT -i-, and Is proud to add It to the Digital Research family of operating systems, languages and utilities.

Available on 8" (3740) Single Density Disks. Contact Distributors For Other Formats Pascal/MT-f, CP/M, MP/M are trademarks of Digital Research, Inc,

Circle. 147 on Inquiry c^r^.

FOR: 8080/8085/Z80/8086 m DIGITAL RESEARCH

P.O Box 579 160 Central Ave. Pacific Grove, CA. 93950 Phone No. 408/649-3896 ^ TWX 910-360-5001

■All prices and speclflctlons subject to change without notice.

. CRT'S • PRINTERS • TELEPRINTERS «

MICROMAIL OFFERS

THE LOWEST PRICES AND PERSONAL SERVICE.

BETTER THAN EPSON!!

$499.00

C. ITCH 8510 PRINTER

^NEW*

^ DA...$849.00

^ DEC IA34AA $999.00

VTIOO $1399.00

VTlOl CAIX

131 CAU.

AWADIX X

DP 9500 * 1149.00

DV 9501 ... y^y -' $ 1149.00 DP 5000 K^ASX-- $749.00

LIMITED STOCK

$499.00

TEC 511 CRT

★SAVE*

IDEO

910 $569.00

912 $689.00

920 $725.00

950 $939.00

925 NEW! CALL

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS

810/2 $1299.00

(Includes upper/lower case option)

810/2 VFC/CP $1499.00

lltosilud^s u/1 case, tor

•TTER QUALITY PRINTERS

aUME

NEC

$1949.00

.630 KSR... CALL

. 1640 CALL

. 620 CALL

• SPRINT 9/45

$1849.00

• SPRINT 9/35 CAU FOR PRICE

. 7700 SERIES • 3500 SERIES CALL FOR OUR LOW PRICES

SOBOC

^y^TELETYPE 43

iai20 $675.00

la 135 $699.00

c.rroH

PF(rrL) $899.00

CIT101 ... Special ... $1399.00

K:ALL TOLL FREE (800) 854-6028j

To Oidw: Send check to MICROMAIL, P.O. Box 3397, Santo Ana CA 92703. Feisonol or companr checks require two wssks to cleoi. Vlso/MasterCord accepted CO.D. requlxes a 15% deposit Handling: Add 3% to C.O.D. oi credit card orders. Add 5% to 16% deposit on C/C and balance CO.D. NOTE: Hondllng charges are waived on orders pre-paid In advance by check. Shipping: We ship FSEISHT COLLECT via UPS or Motor Freight. Air and Express delivery Is available. Prices subject to change vrtthout notice.

. ,"'r^^ \^ ?,■( ,

tiUit

L INTERNATIONALLY

.:IVIJCRaiVlflJJ_.,

P.O. Box 3297 Santa Ana, CA 92703 Phone: 714/731-4338 TWX: 910 595 U4«

Letters

Incidentally, I have noticed a possible problem with the macros defined in part 2 of the article. When an error condition is recognized in a macro, a long branch to the EXBUG monitor is inserted into the code. Since this can occur in code that is entirely relocatable, the relative offset of this error jump will be wrong any time the program is relocated. If this happens, the results will be entirely unpredictable and possibly very hard to debug.

Derek Gitelson Sansaska Systems 3311 Concord Blvd. Concord, CA 94516

A Recipe for Standards

I have been involved with the microprocessor standards work of the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) Computer Society from its beginning (August 1977), so Chris Morgan's editorial in the November 1981 BYTE caught my eye. The question is "Can we agree on standards?" The correct answer is a qualified "Yes," and the "heated debate" usually occurs only when that qualification is violated.

What is this qualification? The standard must be done right. The right way to establish a standard, once the need for a standard is apparent, requires three steps:

• First define the objectives of the standard that the potential users can agree on.

• Examine the marketplace to see if there exist any widely accepted products that are designed to specifications that meet or are near the objectives. This examination can go four ways: (1) if there are no prod acts, establish a design team of competent technical people to design specifications; (2) if there is one product fully meeting the objectives, adopt its specifications; (3) if there are one or more products close to the objectives but in some way inadequate; establish a design team to adopt one (impartially, if possible) and to produce from it adequate specifications; (4) if there are several incompatible products whose specifications fully meet the objectives, establish an impartial selection board to choose one set. (In this case it is usually too late to define a standard, but sometimes the need for it will reshape the marketplace.)

• Write the specifications into a draft standard and take it out for public review. This is a necessary safeguard against per

26 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 273 on inquiry card.

DISCOUNT & BONUS COUPONS

No gimmicks! For BIG SAVINGS on top-quality products

from well-known suppliers, just circle (25Sj on your

Reader Service Card and mail it today, or send your name and address to:

NOTE: There Is absolutely nothing phony about this offer. The companies extending these unusual bargains want and appreciate your business. The least expensive method of Introducing top-quality products Is by direct mall. The companies save money... and so do you. No tricks, no obligation. Just good business ...

V y

for

PRINTERS, DISK DRIVES, DISKETTES, SOFTWARE, BOOKS

and MORE!

FREE COUPONS P.O. Box 32010 Cleveland, Ohio 44132

Letters

sonal bias and technical incompetence in the designers. All responses to this review step must be dealt with before the standard can be established. The draft standard need not be modified for every response, since some of them will themselves be biased or incompetent, but all responses must be considered.

The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the IEEE, as a member of ANSI, are set up to develop standards

by these procedures, and the standards so developed do receive wide public acceptance. Although it is still being reviewed and revised, the proposed standard for the S-100 bus is an example of such success.

What about the wrong way? Usually it is some variety of "Let's standardize on my way of doing it." A lot of standards are proposed this way, and some actually succeed. If they succeed, it is in spite of the attitude, not because of it, and then only because the proposer has done the

technical homework and controls the marketplace (for example, IBM, which is known for this attitude).

Fiow does DIP fit in? [Editor's Note: DIF, for Data Interchange Format, is a method for representing data in a program so that it can be transported directly to other programs. See "DIF: A Format Between Applications Programs" by Candace E. KaUsh and Malinda F. Mayer, November 1981 BYTE, page 174.1 Software Arts is promoting DIF as a standard, using the "let's do it my way" approach. It may succeed at this, because Visicalc happens to dominate the market. It may even be that DIF is a good technical proposal, but we cannot know this without the proper review procedures, which Software Arts has bypassed.

I think it is unfortunate that monopoly industries like IBM and Software Arts can wield such Machiavellian powers as to impose on the rest of the world standards like EBCDIC (extended-binary-codeddecimal interchange code) and (possibly) DIF without the benefit of good technical review.

Tom Pittman

Itty Bitty Computers

FOB 23189

San Jose, CA 95153

/ concur with Mr. Pittman's rational approach to the establishment of a standard. However, our industry does not always behave rationally. I take issue with the implication that IBM and Software Arts are necessarily Machiavellian or even monopolistic. To be monopolistic, by defiiiition a company must have exclusive control of the means of producing a product or service. Visicalc may be the bestselling microcomputer program of all time, but that hardly excludes competitors from offering their own types of spreadsheet programs. In the case of IBM, whatever its past record has been in the mainframe market, its behavior in the personal computing market has been remarkably open and nonmonopolistic, if I may use that term . . . CM

Multicolored Players, or The Atari Tutorial Debated

I enjoyed reading Chris Crawford's "The Atari Tutorial, Part 3: PlayerMissile Graphics" in the November 1981

THE

WHY DOES OUR SPELLING CHECKER COST LESS THAN THEIRS?

Maybe we goofed by not charging more for The WORD. Our customers tell us we must be crazy, giving away this much software for only $75.

Wtial's wrong with it?

Frankly, we're a little hurt when people ask us this question. We guess everyone must be getting used to paying $200 to $300 for decent software. Anything that costs less must be junk. Right?... WRONG!!!

The WORD is not only cheaper, it's better!

Available NOW for:

8" single GP/M' , CDOS™ XEROX 820 (8" oniy) Intertec Superbrain^*^

Apple"'"'^ with CP/M Softcard

(35.000 word diclionary)

North Star''"'^ Double/Quad with CP/M

CP/M IS a registered trademark of Digital Researcti

OASIS SYSTEMS

2765 REYNARD WAY, SAN DIEGO, CA 92103

The WORD gives you more!

The WORD gives you a 45,000 word dictionary that fits into iess than 140K of disk space.

The WORD works with your favorite text editor and marks mistakes in your document for easy, in-conlexl, correction.

The WORD'S one-touch word review lets you add new words to the dictionary with a single keypress. You can build your own custom dictionaries too!

The WORD will look up the correct spelling of misspelled words.

The WORD analyzes your writing, counting words and showing you how often eacti word was used.

The WORD has a special tiomonym tielper feature to deal with these pesky words.

The WORD will find rhyming words, solve crossword puzzles, and much more!

CALL TODAY!

(714) 291-9489

28 April 1982 © BYTE Publications !nc

Systems Group System 2800 computers. They're making people stand up and take notice.

But then Systems Group products have always appealed to those who appreciate sensible value, high performance, unmatched reliability and prompt, courteous service.

Through the years, Systems Group product acceptance in Z80 CPU, disk controller, I/O and memory boards have been the result of some very purposeful and carefully thought out engineering. Not to mention strict industrial quality production standards.

That same effort has made System Group's new family of. expandable System 2800 computers what they are today.

Fast, reliable and powerful.

System 2800 computer systems are designed for a single user with 64K of memory or for up to as many as six separate users with additional add-in memory. They can easily expand as your organization's needs grow.

You can handle up to 8000 customers and 24,000 inventory items in our lowest cost dual floppy model and much, much more in our 40M byte hard disk models. And you can connect up to 12 terminals or printers and other add-on Systems Group floppy, tape and hard disk single or dual drive subsystems.

Select CP/M! MP/M*or OASIS^operating systems to run all your word processing and

accounting programs. No matter what size organization you control, controlling will be easier from

now on.

See the System 2800 from Systems Group, they're what computers should have been in the first place.

t rc^isrcrL'ti rr;i(lfiiiiirk of Digilill RcSfiirch tt rcgisrcrcd tr;ulL'ni;irk of Phiisc Oik' S\-stcins

Dealer Inquiries Invited

For dealers only, circle 396. All other inquiries, circle 397.

Systems

ADiviMonoi MEASUREMENT systems &. conirols

incofportiiecl

1601 Oranpewood .'\venue Orange, California 92668. (714) 6:«-J4«U TWX/TELEX 910 59:i 1.S50 SYSTEMGRP 0R(;E

Be IVniiaiieiitly Impressed.

The Expandable Computer Family from Systems Group.

m □

m □

r3 □

1981

Today's Requirements

Dual floppy single or multi-user system

1983

Tomorrow's Requirements

lOM byte hard disk and floppy drive, single or multi-user system

1985

Your Future Requirements

40M byte hard disk and 20M byte tape back-up. single or multi-user system

Circle 313 on Inquiry card.

software

What does the Oryx, an African antelope, have in common with reiiable service? They are both

almost extinct.

Oryx Software vt/ants to bring trustworthy service back to life. We're here to stay!

GUARANTEED LOWEST PRICES!

To celebrate our opening, we will absolutely guarantee the lowest prices. We will match any advertised price. Just show us the ad.

ORDER TOLL FREE - Outside Wl 1-800-826-1589

SOFTWARE

Graphpower 299,00

Tax Preparer '82 127.00

Real Eslale Analyzer 127.00

Creative Financinq 127.00

Wori) Processor 1 425.00

Financial Projoclion 550.00

Mail Management 250.00

Micropro Wordstar 248.00

Mailmerge 90.00

Spellstar 169.00

Supersortll 159.00

Context Connector 180.00

Easywriler(Pro| 195.00

Easymover 45.00

Tollstarit 70.00

Easymailor 160.00

Daladex 249.00

Microplan Basic 419.00

Executive Secretary 212.00

Nevada CoBol 129.00

Visicalc(3.3) 209.00

Apple Panic 25.00

SpellGuard 239.00

Computer Air Combat 53.00

PFSSfleport 80.00

Sublogic Fligtit Simulator 28.00

SpeedSlar 115.00

Systems Plus Acc'tg. Module 425.00

MIcropainter 34.00

Zarklt 33 nO

Edu-ware |Apple| 35.00

Painter Povier 34.00

invoice Factory 148.00

Locl(smitli 99.00

flasler Blaster 25.00

SuperCalc 269.00

Visiterm 88.00

Visiplot 165.00

Visidex 209.00

Visitrend/Visipiot 249.00

Magic Window 79.00

int'l Grand Prix 25.50

Estimator 295.00

A-slat79 145.00

SuperVyz 95.00

Graptlic Soltware 19.00

CO.H P. I 235.00

Real Estate Ollice Mngmt 425.00

Electronic I. II. or lit 39.00

WordPro 3+ 295.00

Mailing List Program 50.00

Apple Doc 49.00

... AND MANY MORE!

Programs for popular microcomputers.

Quoted prices valid for stocl< on iiand and sub ject to change withiout prior notice.

Ask for our FREE catalog.

For Peripherais see our ollier ad. page 382

Please;

• Wisconsin residents ■ add 4% sates tax

• Foreign orders - please add 15%

• Add $2.S0 for shipping per softtware and small item. Call regarding other?.

We Welcome;

• Visa, MaslerCtiarge ■ (Add 4%)

• Ctiecks (Allow 1-2 weeks for clearing)

• COD (Add $1.50 per shipment)

TOLL FREE - Outside Wisconsin: 1-800-826-1589

For Technical Info & in Wisconsin:

715-848-2322 Oryx Softwar* Dept. A.

P.O. Box 1961 • Wausau, Wl 54401

30 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

BYTE (page 312). I believe, however, he has made an error. On page 319 he stated that multicolored players are not possible unless you use display-list interrupts. On the contrary, there is a way to produce multicolored players in BASIC very easily. If you look on page III.7 of the Atari Hardware Meinual, you will see that setting the fifth bit of GPRIOR ($26F) at location 623 decimal will cause a logical OR function of the colors of player 0 with player 1 and player 2 with player 3. The result is a choice of three colors in the overlapped region. The following program demonstrates this effect:

10 A=PEEK(106)-8:POKE54279,A:REM

SET UP PU^YER-MISSiLE GRAPHICS 20 POKE 559,46:POKE 53277,3:REM

DOUBLE-WiDTH RESOI-UTION 30 POKE704,26:POKE705,102':REM

PIAYER 0 & 1 COLORS 40 PMBASE = 256*A-1-512 50 FOR i = DT0 256:POKE

PlVlBASE + i,0:NEXTi 60 FOR i = 0 TO 7:READ A:POKE

PMBASE-f 48 + l,A:NEXT i 70 DATA 255,255,195,195,195,195,255,255 80 FOR 1 = 0 TO 7:READ A:POKE

PMBASE-H76-I-I,A:NEXT I 90 DATA 60,60,6P,60,60,60,60,60 100 L=100:R=148:POKE 53248,L:POKE

53249 R 110 FORT=0TO 1000:NEXTT 120 FOR i = 1 T0 24:L=L-I-1:R=R-1 130 POKE 53248.L:POKE 53249,R:NEXT i 140 FORT=0TO300:NEXTT 150 POKE 623,32:REI^ SET BiT 5 OF

GPRiOR 160 GOTO 160

Lines 50-100 POKE the player images into the player graphics buffer and set their horizontal positions. Lines 110-160 let you see the player images coming together and then the three colors being produced as one player. Remember that to move this three-colored player requires you to POKE the same horizontal position into the horizontal-position registers of both player 0 and player 1,

Peter Hecke 767 Bergen Blvd. Ridgefield, NJ 07657

Chris Crawford replies:

Thank you fcfr your program; it demonstrates the OR function of GPRIOR bit 5 very well. This technique, however, does not create a multicolored player. Instead, it creates a three-colored object using two players—certainly a useful technique for "getting more for your money" with two players. If you are not otherwise

using all your players, you can create a multicolored object by overlapping several players of different colors. With the technique you describe, you can get seven colors (the normal five plus two "overlap" colors), although you do not have full control over the overlap colors; without this technique, the most you can get is five colors (if you use all four players and the missiles as a fifth player).

The method I referred to in my article modifies the display list to execute an assembly-language display-list interrupt routine to change the color register of a given player while the video image is being drawn. This technique can produce one player that has multiple colors, but it has two disadvantages: first, it can only produce images striped horizontally with different colors; and second, unless you change the display list on the fly, the multicolored player cannot move vertically (display-list interrupts are tied to a certain horizontal line of the video display).

Thanks for sharing your letter and program with other BYTE readers and me.

Wanted: Education In Compjuterlzed Biislness Systems

Students interested in obtaining a university education in the development of business-oriented computer systems should investigate the programs offered by the business schools. Paul Brady in his article on "Bridging the 10-percent Gap" (see the October 1981 BYTE, page 264) identifies the need for this type of training, which combines courses on computers with coiu'ses on business organizations and management skills. However, his comments do not indicate '.viat such programs already exist. Rigorous computer science programs provide excellent technical and theoretical training but are not typically designed to produce business-systems analysts and application programmers. For further information on theeducational issues involved and a survey of programs offered, see the article by Jay F. Nunamaker Jr., "Educational Programs in Information Systems," Communications of the ACNl, March 1981, and the in-depth report on "the DPMA Model" in Computerworld, September 21,1981.

Hugh Howson Professor Invite

University du Quebec d Montf^al Case postale 8888, Succursale "A" Montreal P.Q. H3C 3P8 ■

A simple fact:

The considerable benefits of a personal computer like the Osborne 1® are often intangible, often exciting, and always expanding.

The value of the Osborne 1 is clear and sinnple: $1795. Complete.

$1795 includes this hardware:

Z80A™ CPU with 64K RAM □ Dual floppy disk drives witli 100K bytes storage each □ 5" CRT □ Business keyboard with numeric keypad and cursor keys □ RS-232C Interface □ IEEE 488 Interface □ Weather-resistant, portable housing □ Operates on European and American voltages □

$1795 includes this software:

□ CP/M® Operating System

□ WORDSTAR® word processing witli MAILMERGE

□ SUPERCALC™ electronic spreadslieet

□ CBASIC®

□ MBASIC®

Available at your local computer retailer.

Trademarks: Z60A 2iiog Corporalion

SUPERCALC Soicim Corporation

Regisleretl Trademarks;

OSBORUE 1 Osborne Computer Corporalior

CP/M Digital Hesearcti MBASIC. Miciosofl

CBASIC: Compiler Systems, Inc

WORDSIAH. MAILMERGE MictoPio Inlernalional

The Generic Word Processor

A word-processing system for all your needs.

You'll be amazed by this product's versatility.

Congratulations on your purchase of the GWP Inc. Generic WordProcessor System. We are sure that you will find this word processor to be one of the most flexible and convenient on the market, as it combines high unit reliability with low operating costs and ease of maintenance.

Before implementing the system, carefully study figure 1 to familiarize yourself with the main features of the GWP word-processing unit.

Initialization

The word-processing units supplied with your GWP are factory-fresh and

Philip Schrodt Department of Political Science Northwestern University Evanston, IL 60201

uninitialized. Before they can be used, they must be initialized using the GWP initialization unit (see figure 2). Because of the importance of this unit, we designed it with a distinctive shape so that it will not be misplaced among the voluminous vital papers on your desk.

To initialize a word-processing unit, carefully place the character insertion subunit into the left side of the initialization unit and rotate the word-processing unit approximately 2000 degrees clockwise while exerting moderate pressure on the word-processing unit in the direction of the initializer. Check for successful initialization by attempting a character insertion. If the insertion fails, repeat the initialization procedure. The word-processing unit will have to be reinitialized periodically; do this whenever necessary. (Warning: do not attempt to initialize the wordprocessing unit past its character deletion subunit. Doing so may damage both the word processor and the initializer.)

Operating the Word Processor

The GWP can perform all the basic functions featured in word processors that cost thousands of dollars more. Furthermore, because the GWP does

not require electricity, it can operate during power blackouts, electrical storms, and nuclear attacks. By conserving precious energy resources, it helps free our beloved country from the maniacal clutches of OPEC.

Basic functions of the word processor are listed below:

Inserting text: Use the characterinsertion subunit to write in the words you wish to insert, applying moderate downward pressure to the unit. Be sure to write clearly so that the typist can follow what you have written.

Deleting text: With moderate downward pressure, rub the character-deletion subunit across the text to be deleted. Repeat this procedure several times. The text will gradually disappear, whereupon you will be able tb insert new text.

Underlining: Using the characterinsertion subunit, place the unit slightly below and to the left of the first character you wish to underline. Move the unit to the right until you reach the last character to be underlined.

Bold face: Repeat the text-insertion procedure twice, pressing downward with greater pressure than you would normally apply.

Move to beginning of text: With the text you are working on in hand.

Editor's Note: Once in a while we come across a product that's so useful we feel compelled to bring it to our readers' attention. The Generic Word Processor System (GWP) is such a product, incorporating the essentials of a word processor in a sublimely simple form.

With the manufacturer's permission, we are reprinting the documentation for this product. After working with the GWP for several weeks, we're delighted by the feeling of total control that the system gives us and are certain you will be too. No more accidentally erased files, no damaged disks, no hardware problems . . . S]W.

32 April 1982 © BYTE Publicalions Inc

"Adding manpower to a late software project makes it later.'*

Brooks' Law: The Mythical Man-Month

Don't waste man-months: Try CRTFORM.

Programming deadlines aren't met by adding more programmers to the job, but you can increase productivity, and reduce errors, by giving programmers the tools they need.

CRTFoRM is a program which produces an interface between the programmer and the end user. It saves time by:

• Gathering application program specifications.

• Providing friendly and consistent runtime communication with the end user.

• Implementing CRT screen handling code.

• Assuring programmers that the infoiTnation which they receive is correct.

• Allowing screen modifications and specificaT tion changes without requiring recompilation of application code.

If you're writing applications code then CRTForm can save you time, as well as reduce errors and provide a terminal independent solution to your own custom programming problems.

The CRTForm system contains:

• A forms manager that manipulates a random access file of input specification forms.

• An editor that creates and modifies the specification forms.

• A print utility that produces hard copy of foiTns and their specifications.

• A terminal-independent runtime module in the machine language of your host processor.

• A code generator that writes source code skeletons in Pascal, FORTRAN, COBOL, PL/I, BASIC, C, and even (for advance planning purposes) Ada.

CRTForm is available for most micros and minis running under the CP/M-80, CP/M-86, UCSD, RMX-86 and Apple Pascal operating systems. Statcom will soon be releasing CRTForm under UNIX for both the 68000 and Z8000 processors.

Please call or write for further information on OEM licensing arrangements, or for information about Statcom's other productivity tools.

PRaC3RAMS WRITING PROBRAMS

CORPORATION 57BB BALCQNES SUITE 2D2 AUSTIN TEXAS T'S/'SI

PHONE 512/'"451-a221

^.^ Smcoin luld..CRTfQRM.,areJiadMnailti..Of Slalcom Corp. Olhcr Trade marks at, tellp^y^^^J'/M—Dieilal Research; UCSD-UC San Dicgoi RMX-tnlel; UNIX—Wesiern Electric; Apple—Apple Co: 68000—Motorola; Z8000—Zilqg

CHARACTER DELETION SUBUNIT

CHARACTER INSERTION SUBUNIT

Figure 1: The GWP System word-processing unit is composed of the character-insertion subunit (at right) and the character-deletion subunit (at left).

INITIALIZATION UNIT

Figure 2: The word-processing initialization unit, which should be operated over a wastebasket.

PASTE

NON-TOXIC AGES 6-ie

Figure 3: The block text extraction and replacement units, commonly run in unison.

SANSKRIT

AMHARIC

HIEROGLYPHICS

1 im^y^^'Tmm'nn

Figure 4: Sample type fonts illustrating the wide variety available with the GWP System. The manufacturer claims that if a language can be written, the GWP System can be adapted to it.

move the unit to the beginning of the text.

Move to end of text: Take the text

you are working on and move the unit to the end of the text.

Moving blocks of text: Block moves require use of the block text extraction unit and the block text replacement unit pictured in figure 3. By means of the block text extractor unit, sever the paper immediately above and below the text you wish to move. Instructions for operating the extractor unit are etched on the side of the unit in Korean. If you still have difficulty operating the unit, call our service department for consulting help at our introductory fee of $50 per hour, or ask any 5-year-old child.

After separating the text to be moved, open the lid of the block text replacement unit and, grasping the block text replacement medium application unit, spread the block text replacement medium on the back of the text. Move the text to the new location and affbc it to another sheet of paper with gentle but firm pressure. In a few minutes, your text will be permanently affixed in the new location.

Other Features

Page numbering: After writing your entire text, inscribe a 1 on the first page, a 2 on the second page, etc. When you finish, all of the pages will be numbered.

Centering: Determine where the center of the page is by looking at it. The center is usually near the middle of the page. Place the text to be centered evenly on each side of the center. It is now centered.

Special fonts: The GWP System is extremely versatile and easily adaptable to specialized type fonts such as Sanskrit, Amharic, and hieroglyphics (see figure 4). You will find these fonts valuable in business correspondence, particularly if you are in frequent contact with Vedic gurus, Egyptologists, or Ethiopian Airlines.

Saving files: Put the work you have finished in a safe place, one where nobody will find it or spill coffee on it. If it is not disturbed, it will be there when you return.

34 April 1982 © BYTE PublTcatloiu Inc

INTELLIGENT PRINTER INTERFACE

Free Your Computer from the Mundane Task of Printing

raa^ne being able to use your computer seconds after beginning an extensive printout.

Visualize your printout with page breaks, page numbering and titles, margins of your choice, indented carryover lines, on any size paper!

Appreciate the time and money you will save by not waiting on your printer.

SooperSpooler, a buffered printer interface, maintains control over your printer while you go on using your computer for more productive activities. Eliminate waiting while your printer pecks through a long document. SooperSpooler accepts information from your computer at up to 2500 characters per second and feeds it to your printer as fast as it can handle it—without using any of your computers memory or time! As soon as SooperSpooler has stored your document in its buffer, control of your computer is returned to you.

SooperSpooler features include:

16K IVIemory—Will handle most of your printing jobs (expandable, see options)

Buffer Status Readout—Lets you know just how much data is stored Space Compression—Makes the best use of memory on columnar documents

Pagination—Eliminates printout on

page perforations

Page Stops—For single sheet

printouts

Headers and Page Numbering— Give your listing a professional look Indentation on Carryover Lines— Easy to find the beginning of a line Self Test Routine—You instantly know that all is well All Features Software Controllable — Your program can take over Plugs into Most Computer Systems—Standard cables available $349.00! —16K parallel I/O unit

Options:

• Serial Board—$9. the option of any combination of serial or parallel input or output. Can also be used for modem transmission.

• Memory Expansion—$159.00— Additional 46K for a total of 62K

• Cables—Available per your application.

TM

SooperSpooler by Compulink —The missing link that gives your microcomputer mainframe printing.

COMPULINK

CORPORATION

1840 Industrial Circle, Dept. A

Longmont, CO 80501

(303)651-2014

Order line: 800-525-6705

Dealer inquiries welcome

Circle 96 on inquiry card.

SooperSpooler

INTELLIGENT PRINTER INTERFACE

POWER

55

BUFFER STATUS

RESET

SPACE PRESSI

SPACE COMPRESSION

PAGE

1i

We accept • Checks

• VISA • Money Orders

• MasterCard • COD

Add $3.00 per order lor po.stagc and handling COD add $3.00

Colorado residents add sales tax

Prices and Specil ications Subject to Change Without Notice

Deleting files: Take any files you no longer need and deposit them in the wastebasket. They probably will be gone in the morning. In most offices, this can also be accomplished by leaving the files in the open, forgetting to remove them from the copying machine, or writing CONFIDENTIAL on the file in bold letters.

Appending files: Place the first file on top of the second file. Treat the two files as though they were one file.

Justification: Most word processors have little justification. This word processor has no justification at all, as it does not even lend prestige to the office where it is used, which is the justification for most word processors.

Printing Files

A printer for the GWP must be purchased separately. For convenience of operation, we recommend an ordinary typewriter and a typist. Give the text to the typist and tell him or her to type it. Printing speed can be improved by increasing the wages of the typist, threatening to withhold the wages of the typist, kidnapping pets, plants, or children of the typist, instigating intimidating tactics, and other conventional office-personnel management techniques. Printing speed can be decreased by asking to see the text, making continual changes in the text, asking the typist to answer the phone, decreasing the typist's wages, and installing a conventional electronic word processor. You will soon learn to adjust the printing speed to the optimal level for your particular needs.

Copyright © 1981, Generic Word Processing Inc., Skokie, IL 60076

(WARNING:This system and accompanying documentation are fully protected under the provisions of the Galactic Copyright Convention, ser. B, Rigal system, Code 56-*ADF6 45932030: f. Duplication is strictly prohibited without the permission of copyright owner. Violators will be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law or devoured at the discretion of the copyright owner or such agents as the copyright owner may choose to designate.) m

CompuView

New!

CP/M'86 For

IB^^ PERSONAL COMPUTER

The first available implementation of CP/M-86 for the IBM Personal Computer has the features needed to run the fuO range of CP/M-86 application programs. Included are serial and parallel printer support, a 'smart' screen driver which can emulate most popular CRT terminals, and double density 193K/drive disk capacity. The Tecmar, Inc. Winchester hard disk & other peripherals are also supported.

Innovative features include built in horizontal scrolling and screen line editing which lets the user extensively edit or re-enter any line on the screen for CP/M and application programs. Besides editing the line being typed in, the cursor may be moved to any line on the screen, and the line edited by overtyping or inserting and deleting characters. Typing the 'Return' key will then send die line, as it appears on the screen, to CP/M. 'While common on mainframe systems, this screen line editing is new to CP/M and greatly reduces the amount of retyping necessary due to mistyped or repeated commands.

CompuView CP/M-86 for IBM Personal Computer. . . $325 VEDIT-86 with above purchase $100

8086 Software

• VEDIT full screen editor for CP/M-86, SCP 86-DOS, IBM Personal Computer and IBM Displaywriter. Disk and Manual $195

* CP/M-86 BIOS for popular S-100 disk controllers and SCP 8086 computer. Source Code $90

V-COM Disassembler

Finally a Z-80 disassembler for CP/M which produces easy to read code, a cross reference table and handles INTEL and ZILOG mnemonics. V-COM is exceptionally fast and produces an .ASM file direcdy from a .COM file. V-COM can accept two user created information files. One contains assignments of labels to 8 and l6 bit values; the second specifies die location of tables and ASCII strings. The resulting .ASM file will then contain labels and proper storage allocation for tables and strings. Each information file may contain nested 'INCLUDE' to other files. Each package includes a 30 page manual, sample program files and variations of V-COM compatible widi die TDL, MAC and two types of ZILOG assemblers $80

36 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Ire

SoftWQTO An Industry Standard for CP/M & 8086

FULL SCREEN EDITOR

Uniquely User Oriented

VEDIT is user oriented to make your editing for program development and word processing as fast and easy as possible. The customization (installation) process makes VEDIT die only editing package that allows you to determine your own keyboard layout and use any available cursor and function keys. Just think of the difference it makes in your ease of learning and usage to type cursor and function keys instead of memorizing obscure control characters. This customization is menu driven, extends to much more and takes only a few minutes.

Unequaled Hardware Support

The CRT version directly supports over 35 terminals (including ANSI standard) in its installation menu and utilizes 'smart' terminal features such as line insert/delete, reverse scroll, status line and reverse video. Function keys on terminals like the Televideo 920/950, Heath H19, and IBM 3101 are all supported. The memory mapped version is extremely flexible, supports bank select such as on the SSM VB3 and screen sizes up to 70 X 200.

Sophisticated Full Screen Editing

VEDIT gives you true 'what you see is what you get' full screen editing with an extensive set of features for creating and editing standard text files of up to one diskette in lengdi. Very large files are effortlessly handled by VEDIT's ability to edit up to 47K of a file entirely in memory without performing any slow and annoying disk accessing. And you can handle multiple files, insert a specified line range of another file anywhere in the text and even change diskettes.

User Oriented Features

You get die features you expect, like searching, a scratchpad buffer for moving and rearranging sections of text, complete file handling on multiple drives and flexible macros. For ease of use VEDIT has features you won't find elsewhere, like automatic indenting for use widi structured languages such as Pascal and PL/I. You are less likely to make a mistake with VEDIT, but if you do, one key will 'Undo' die changes you just made to a screen line. And if you run out of disk space widi VEDIT, you can easily recover by deleting old files or even inserting another diskette. It is therefore no surprise that VEDIT is the industry standard for program development editing.

Word Processing

VEDIT is suitable for simple stand-alone word processing, or it may be used in conjunction with a text processor. Its features include word wrap, adjustable left margin, reformatting of paragraphs, word oriented cursor movement and deleting, and imbedding of printer control characters. VEDIT can print any portion of your file and display the cursor's line and column positions.

Now for IBM

Personal Computer XEROX 820

Ordering

Please specify your microcomputer, video board or the CRT terminal version, the 8080, Z80 or 8086 code version and disk format.

VEDIT - Disk and manual

For 8080 or Z80 $145

For CP/M-86 or IBM MDOS . $195

Manual only $15

VISA and MASTER CARD Welcome.

Apple II Softcard • TRS-80 II and I SuperBrain • Heath H8/H89 ' Altos NorthStar • Vector • MP/M • IBM

1955 Pauline Blvd., Suite 200 Ann Arbor, Michigan 48103 (313) 996-1299

M and MI' M m' renislutwl inidemarki of Diiylal Kesearcli. inc Apple II is a regjslt;red Ifademark of .Apple tlompijlfr, Iiic Sjflcird is a inulemark u[ Microsoft TRS-80 Is a imdeiruirk of TaiiA' CorponUon

PRODUCTS, INC.

Circle 450 on inquiry card.

Here's Just a taste of our great prices.

To leally feast your eyes, send for our newcatalog.

Great prices are only one feature of our new catalog. More importantly, we think you'll find it to be a well-written, well-organized reference tool.

When you receive our catalog, you get with it our committment to help you keep it up to date.

Unlike most catalogs that are obsolete the moment they're printed, ours is designed to accommodate all the rapid-fire changes in micro-computer hardware and software. Its loose-leaf-binder format makes it a snap to add the new pages we'll send out on a regular basis.

Our new catalog was developed on exactly the same principles as our business — to offer you the lowest possible prices combined with the highest quality of service.

16K RAM KITS 13 95

Sel o( 8 NEC 4116 200 ns Guaranteed one (ull year

DISKETTES

ALPHA DISKS 21.95

Single sided, cerlilied Double Densily 40 Tracks, wilh HuD-nng Box ol 10 Guaranteed one lull year

VERBATIM DATALIFE

MD iJ'i Ol 10 IB 26 50

MD 550 01, 10, 16 44 50

MD 55? 0I 10 16 54 95

MD 577-01 10 16 34 BO

Fl) 3? or 34-9000 36 00

FD 32 or 34-8000 44 95

FD 34-4001 48 60

DISKETTE STORAGE

5V. PLASTIC LIBRARY CASE 2 50

8 PLASTIC LIBRARY CASE 3 50

PLASTIC STORAGE BINDER w/ Inserts 9 95

PROTECTOR 5V. (50 Disk Capacilyl 23 95

PROTECTOR 8 ■ 150 Disk Capacilyl 29 95

DISK BANK yw 5 95

DISK BANK 8' 6 95

NEC PERSONAL COMPUTERS

PC-8001A CPU 899 00

PC-8012A I/O 559 00

PC-8033A DISK I/O 125 00

PC-803IA DUAL DISK 899 00

ALTOS COMPUTER SYSTEMS

Call Al0ha Byte for our low Altos prices

ATARI COMPUTERS

ATARI 800 699 00

ATARI400I1BK1 339 00

ATARI 810 DISK DRIVE 449 00

ATARI 850 INTERFACE 449 00

ATARI 410 PROGRAM RECORDER 79 00

EPSON CABLE 35 00

MEMORY MODULE (16K1 89 95

JOYSTICK CONTROLLERS 10,00

PADDLE CONTROLLERS 19 95

STAR RAIDERS 35 00

MISSILE COMMAND 35 00

ASTEROIDS 35 00

INTEC PERIPHERALS RAM MODULES

48K FOR ATARI 400 279 00

32K FOR ATARI 800 135 00

ACTIVISION ATARI CARTRIDGES

LAZAR BLAST 21 95

SKIING 21,95

DRAGSTER 21 95

BOXING 21 95

CHECKERS 21 95

BRIDGE 21 95

KABOOM 21 95

HEWLETT PACKARD

HP CALCULATORS

HP-ltC LCDSCIENTIFIC 11595

HP-12C LCD BUSINESS 128 95

HP-37E BUSINESS 64 95

HP-32E SCIENTIFIC w/STATS 46 95

HP-33C Programmable Scientific 76 95

HP-41C Advanced Programmable 211 95

HP-41CV Advanced Ptng 2K mem 274 95

HP-41 PERIPHERALS

HP-82106A MEMORY MODULE 27 95

HP-82170A Quad Memory Module 89,00

HP-82143A PRINTER/PLOTTER 324,95

HP-82160A IL INTERFACE 119 00

HP-82161A DIGITAL CASSETTE 419,00

HPMATHPAC 29,00

HP STATISTICS PAC 29 00

HP REAL ESTATE PAC 39 00

HP SURVEYING PAC 29 00

HP STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS PAC 39,00

HP COMPUTERS

HP-85A PERSONAL COMPUTER 21,95

HP SINGLE 5V.' DISK DRIVE 12,95

HP DUAL DISK DRIVE 19 95

HP-85A 16K MEMORY MODULE 239,00

HP-7225B GRAPHICS PLOTTER 21 95

HP PLOTER MODULE 605 00

HP HP-IB INTERFACE 329 00

HP STD APPLICATIONS PAC 83,00

HP GENERAL STATISTICS PAC 83 00

HP GRAPHIC PRESENTATIONS 159 00

HP VISICALL PLUS 159,00

HP ROM DRAVllEfl 39,00

HP PRINTER/PLOTTER ROM 116,00

HP MASS STORAGE ROM 116 00

HP RS-232 INTERFACE 329.00

PRINTERS

ANADEX DP 9500 1295,00

ANADEX DP 9501 1295 00

C-ITOH 25 CPS PARALLEL 1440 00

C-ITOH 25 CPS SERIAL 1495 00

C-ITOH 45 CPS PARALLEL 1770 00

C-ITOH 40 CPS SERIAL 1870,00

C-ITOH PROWRITER PARALLEL 549,00

C-ITOH PROWRITER SERIAL 695 00

C-ITOH COMET I 289 00

EPSON MX-80 SCALL

EPSON MX-80 F/T SCALL

EPSON MX-100 GRAPHIC ICALL

EPSON GRAFTRAX 90,00

IDS-445G PAPER TIGER 779 00

IDS-460G PAPER TIGER 945 00

IDS-560G PAPER TIGER 1195 00

NEC SPINWRITER 3510 S RO 2095 00

NEC SPINWRITER 3530 P RO 2095,00

NEC SPINWRITER 7710 S RO 2545 00

NEC SPINWRITER 7730 P RO 2545 00

NEC SPINWRITER 7700 DSELLUM 2795 00

NEC SPINWRITER 3500 SELLUM 2295 00

OKIDATA MICROLINE 80 389 00

OKI0ATAMICROLINE82A 549 00

OKIDATA MICROLINE 83A 799 00

OKIDATA MICROLINE 84 1199 00

0UME 9/45 2149 00

MALIBU 200 DUAL MODE 2695,00

CORVUS

FOR S-100, APPLE OR TRS-80 MOD I, III

Conlroller, Case/P S , Operating System, A & T

5 MEGABYTES 3245 00

10 MEGABYTES 4645 00

20 MEGABYTES 5545 00

MIRROR BACK-UP 725,00

APPLE HARDWARE

VERSA WRITER DIGITIZER 259 00

AST APPLE KEYPAD 119 00

MICROSOFT Z-80 SOFTCARD 299 00

MICROSOFT RAMCARD 159 00

VIDEX 80x 24 VIDEO CARD 299 00

VIDEX KEYBOARD ENHANCER 11 129 00

VIDEX ENHANCER REV 0-6 99,00

VIDEX SOFT SWITCH 29 00 M &RSUPERTERM 80 x 24 VlDEOBD 315,00 SSM AlO BOARD (INTERFACE) A & T 165 00

SSM AID BOARD (INTERFACE! KIT 135 00

APPLE FAN 44 95

T/G JOYSTICK 54 95

T/G PADDLE 34,95

VERSA E-2 PORT 21,95

MICRO SCI A40W/CONTROLLER 479 00

MICRO SCI A40 W/0 CONTROLLER 409 00

MICRO SCI A70 W/CONTROLLER 629 00

MICRO SCI A70 W/0 CONTROLLER 549 00

THE MILL-PASCAL SPEED UP 329 00

PROMETHEUS VERSACARD 229 00

SUPERCLOCK II 129 00

LAZAR LOWER CASE + 59 00

MICROBUFFER II 16K 259 00

MICflOBUFFER II 32K 299 00 WIZARD 80 COL VIDEO , 279,00

MONITORS

NEC 12" GREEN MONITOR 199 00

NEC 13''COLOR MONITOR 399 00

SANYO 12''MONITOR (B&W) 249 00

SANYO 12" MONITOR (GREEN) 269,00

SANYO 13" COLOR MONITOR 469 00

ZENITH 13" HI RES GREEN MON 139 00

AMDEK COLOR 1 389 00

AMDEK RGB COLOR 859 00

AMDEK RGB INTERFACE 169 00

38 BYTE April 1982

Circle 17 on inquiry card.

MOUNTAIN HARDWARE

CPS MULTIFUNCTION BOARD 199 00

SUPERTALKER SD200 259 00

ROMPLUS W KEYBOARD FILTER 179 00

ROMPLUS W/0 KEVBOARD FILTER 130 00

KEYBOARD FILTER ROM 49 00

COPYROM 49 00

MUSIC SYSTEM 369 00

ROMWRITER 149 00

APPLE CLOCK 252 00

AD + D/A 299 00

EXPANSION CHASSIS 525 00

CALIF. COMPUTER SYSTEMS

S-100 BOARDS

2200A MAINFRAME 459 00

2065C 54K DYNAMIC RAM 539 00

2422 FLOPPY DISK CONT &CP/M- 359 00

2710 FOUR SERIAL I/O 279 00 2718 TWO SERIAL/TWO PARALLEL I/O 269 00

2720 FOUR PARALLEL I/O 199 00

2810 Z-80 CPU 259 00

APPLE BOARDS

7710A ASYNCHRONOUS S INTERFACE 149 00

77I2A SYNCHRONOUS S INTERFACE 159,00

7424A CALENDAR CLOCK 99 00

7728A CENTRONICS INTERFACE 105 00

VISTA COMPUTER CO.

APPLE VISION 80-80 COL CARD 329 00

APPLE 8'- DISK DRIVE CONTROLLER 549 00

MODEMS

NOVATION CAT ACOUSTIC MODEM 145 00

NOVATION D-CAT DIRECT CONNECT 165 00

NOVAT ON AUTO-CAT AUTO ANS 219 00

NOVATON APPLE-CAT 349 00

UDS 103 LP DIRECT CONNECT 175 00

UOS 103 JLP AUTO ANS 209 00

HAYES MICROMOOEM II (APPLE) 299 00

HAYES 100 MODEM (S-IOOl 325 00

HAYES SMART MODEM IBS-2321 249 00

HAYES CHRONOGRAPH 225 00

LEXICON LX11 MODEM 109 00

RACAL VADIC 1200 BAUD/212A 795 00

TERMINALS

TELEVI0E0 910 539 00

TELEVIOEO 912C 745 00

TELEVIOEO 920C 830 00

TELEVIOEO 950C 995 00

ZENITH Z-19 799,00

TRS-80 MOD I HARDWARE

PERCOM DATA SEPARATOR 27 00

PERCOM DOUBLER II 159 00

TANDON 80 TRACK DISK DRIVE 429 00

TANDON 40 TRACK DISK DRIVE 289 00

LNW DOUBLER W/DOSPLUS 3 4D 159 00

MOD III DRIVE KIT 649 00

MORROW DESIGNS

FLOPPY DISK SYSTEMS

Comroller, P S , Microsoll Basic, CP/M" A 8, T

DISCUS 20 (Single Drive - 500KI 869 00

DISCUS 2D (Dual Drive - 1 MEG) 1499 00 DISCUS 2 -f 2 (Single Drive - 1 MEG) 1099 00

DISCUS 2 + 2 (Dual Drive - 2 MEG) 1999,00

HARD DISK SYSTEMS

Conlrolier, PS, Microsoll Basic, CP/M' A & T

DISCUS MIO (10 Megabyles) 3099 00

DISCUS M26 (26 Megabyles) 3749 00

ISOLATORS

ISO-l 3-SOCKET 53 95

ISO-2 6-SOCKET 53 95

BARE DRIVES

TANDON 5'A INCH

100-1 SINGLE HEAD 40 TRK 219,00

100-2 DUAL HEAD 40 TRK 299 00

Circle 17 on inquiry card.

100-3 SINGLE HEAD80 TRK 299 00

100-4 DUAL HEAD 80 TRK 429 00

TANDON THINLINE 8 INCH

848-1 SINGLE SIDE 459 00

848-2 DUAL SIDE 549 00

MICRO PRO

APPLE CP/M

WORDSTAR- 249 00

SUPERSORT- M5 00

MAILMERGE- 90 00

OATASTAR- 215 00

SPELLSTAR- 169 00

CALCSTAfi- 169 00

CP/M

WORDSTAR 310 00

SUPERSORT 195 00

MAILMERGE 110 00

0ATA5TAR 245 00

SPELLSTAR 195 00

CALCSTAR 239 00

MICROSOFT

APPLE

FORTRAN- 165,00

BASIC COMPILER- 315 00

COBOL- 595 00

Z-80 SOFTCARD 299 00

RAMCARD 159 00

TYPING TUTOR 17 95

OLYMPIC DECATHLON 24 95

TASC APPLESOFT COMPILER 159 00

CP/M"

BASIC 80 299 00

BASIC COMPILER 319 00

FORTRAN 80 369 00

COBOL 80 595 00

MACRO 80 189 00

mu MATH/mu SIMP 219 00

mu LISP/mu STAR 175 00

APPLE SOFTWARE

MAGIC WINDOW 79,00

MAGIC SPELL 59 00

BASIC MAILER 59 00

APPLE PIE 99 00

DB MASTER 179,00

PES PERSONAL FILNG SYSTEM 79 00

PFS REPORT 79 00

Z-TERM- 89 95

Z-TERM PRO- 129 95

ASCII EXPRESS 63,95

HAYDEN APPLESOFT COMPILER 149,00

EASY WRITER-PRO 199 00

EASY MAILER-PRO 79 00 EXPEDITER II APPLESOFT COMPILER 73 95

A-STATCOMP STATISTICS PKG, 129 00

SUPER TEXT II 129 00

FINANCIAL PARTNER 199 00

LISA 2 5 59 95

SUPERSCRIBE II 99 95

CONTINENTAL SOFTWARE

G/L 199,00

A/R 199 00

A/P 199,00

PAYROLL 199 00

PROPERTY MGMT 399 00

THE HOME ACCOUNTANT 59 95

PERSONAL SOFTWARE

DESKTOP PLAN II 199 00

VISIPLOT 179,00

VISITRENO/VISIPLOT 239,00

VISIDEX 199,00 VISITERM , 79,00

VISICALC 199 00

VISIFILES 209 00

CP/M' SOFTWARE

THE WORD-SPELL CHECK 75 00

d BASE II 599 00

SUPER CALC 229 00

SPELLGUARD 239 00

P&TCP/M' MODIITRS-80 175 00

COMMX TERMINAL PROG 82,50

C BASIC 2 115 00

PASCAL Z 349 00

PASCAL MT-f 439 00

PASCAL/M 205,00 SYSTEMS PLUS G/L, A/R, A/P. P/R 1799 00

CP/M IS a reg IrarJemark ol Digital Research

CONDOR I 579 00

CONDOR II 849 00

DIGITAL RESEARCH

MAC 89,00

SID 69 00

ZSID 97 00

PL/ 1-80 439 00

SUPERSOFT

DIAGNOSTIC I 69 00

DIAGNOSTIC II 89 00

C COMPILER 179 00

UTILITIES I 59,00

UTILITIES II 59 00

RATFOR 89 00

FORTRAN 239,00

TRS-80 GAMES

TEMPLE OF APSHAl 34 95

HELLFIRE WARRIOR 34,95

STAR WARRIOR 34 95

RESCUE AT RIGEL 24 95

CRUSH, CRUMBLE AND CHOMP 24 95

INVADERS FROM SPACE 17 95

PINBALL 17 95

STAR TREK 3 5 17 95

MISSILE ATTACK 18 95

STAR FIGHTER 24 95

TRS-80 SOFTWARE

NEWDOS/80 2 0 MOD I II 139 00

LAZY WRITER MOD I II 165 00

PROSOFT NEWSCRIPT MOD I, 111 99 00

SPECIAL DELIVERY MOD I, III 119 00

X-TRA SPECIAL DELIVERY MOD I, III 199 00

TRACKCESS MOD I 24 95

OMNITEHM SMART TERM MODI, III 89 95 MICROSOFT BASIC COMP FOR MOD 1 165 00

LDOS 5 1 MOD 1, II 159 00

APPLE GAMES

PERSONAL SOFTWARE

CHECKER KING 21 95

GAMMON GAMBLER 2195

BRIDGE PARTNER 21 95

MONTY PLAYS MONOPOLY 29,95

ZORKI 32,95

ZORK II 32 95

MONTY PLAYS SCRABBLE 34,95

BRODERBUND

GALAXY WARS 20 95

ALIEN RAIN (AKAGALAXIAN) 20 95

ALIEN TYPHOON 20,95

APPLE PANIC 24 95

MIDNIGHT MAGIC 29,95

SPACE OUARKS 24 95

AUTOMATED SIMULATIONS

INVASION ORION 20 95

STAR WARRIOR 32 95

TUES MORNING OUARTERBACK 25 95

CRUSH, CRUMBLE AND CHOMP 24,95

THE DRAGON S EYE 20.95

MUSE SOFTWARE

ROBOT WARS 32.95

THREE MILE ISLAND 32.95

ABM 20.95

GLOBAL WAR 20.95

CASTLE WOLFENSTEIN 24.95

ON-LINE SYSTEMS

WIZARD AND PRINCES . 29.95

MISSILE DEFENSE 25,95

SABOTAGE 20,95

SOFT PORN ADVENTURE. .

24.95

TUnrcuni n

1 nnconuLi/ , , ,

, 31,95

JAW BREAKER

24,95

CROSSFIRE

16,45

TIME ZONE

69,95

H/R FOOTBALL

32,95

H/R CRIBB/'C:

20,95

PEGASUS II

25 95

oinlUb oUr 1 WARE

SPACE EGGS

24,95

nnnrriM

bUnuUN

32 95

SNEAKERS

24,95

EPOCK

29,95

BEER RUN

24,95

HADRON

29,95

PULSAR 1

24 95

EPOCK

29,95

Pr^l 1 VA/A DP

tUU-vvMnt

PERCEPTION PKG

19 95

LUMru-ntfiU

24 95

STORY TELLER

18 95

COMPU-MATH ARITHMETIC

39,95

COMPU-MATH FRACTIONS

34,95

COMPU-MATH: DECIMALS

34,95

COMPU-SPELL (RED DATA DISK)

24,95

COMPU SPELL DATA DISKS 1-4, ea

17,95

MORF RRFAT APPI F

HAM P<^

COMPUTER OUARTERBACK

32,95

TORPEDO FIRE

49 95

THE SHATTERED ALLIANCE

49 95

POOL 1 5

29,95

ULTIMA

33 95

RASTER BLASTER

24,95

FLIGHT SIMULATOR

27,95

INTERNATIONAL GRAND PRIX

25,95

SARGON II

28,95

SHUFFLE BOARD

29,95

FIREBIRD

24,95

SNACK ATTACK

24 95

THIEF

24,95

ROACH HOTEL

29,95

JABBERTALKY

24.95

1 nt WAnr PAL 1Un

32.95

UUoMU WlloolUN

24.95

SUPPLIES

AVERY TABULABLES

1,000 3'/! X 15/16

8.49

3.000 3'/! X 15/16

14.95

5.000 3'/! X 15/16

19.95

FAN FOLD PAPER

(Prices F.O.B. S.P.)

9'h X 11 181b WHITE 3.000 cl

,29.00

14 7/8x11 181b WHITE 3.000 cl

39.00

PRODUCTS

1b order, or for Information, call:

(213)706-0333

To use our 24-hour modem order line, call: (213) 883-8976.

We guarantee everything for 30 days. If anyttiing is wrong, return the item and we'll make it right. And, of course, we'll pay the shipping charges.

We accept Visa and Master Card on all orders; COD up to $300.00.

Add $2.00 for standard UPS shipping and handling on orders under 50 lbs, delivered in continental U.S. Call for shipping charges over 50 lbs. Foreign, FPO and APO orders, add 15% for shipping. Californians add 6% sales tax.

Prices guoted are for stock on hand and subject to change without notice.

31245 LA BAYA DRIVE, WESTLAKE VILLAGE, CALIFORNIA 91362

•Requires z-80 Sollcard BYTE April 1982 39

Ciarcia's Circuit Ceilar

Use Infrared Communication for Remote Control

The Texas Instruments SN76832AN Infrared Remote-Control Receiver simplifies the tough job of receiving modulated infrared light.

Two dozen images of Howard Cosell danced before my eyes. Suddenly there were two dozen images of acid indigestion, and then, just as suddenly, Howard Cosell was back.

Undaunted, I stood my ground, which happened to be in the television department of a large store a few miles from home. I was wielding a small box covered with push-button switches, trying out a display of

About the Author

fifteen years ago, Steve Ciarcia (pronounced "see-AR-see-uh") gave up a promising career as a security guard for the Famous Writers' School to become an electrical engineer and computer consultant. He has experience in nuclear instrumentation, process control, digital design, product development, and marketing. In addition to writing for BYTE magazine, he has published several books, including Build Your Own Z80 Computer (BYTE Books, 1981).

When he's not working in his Circuit Cellar, he enjoys cooking such foods as Eggplant Siciliana and Shrimp Proven>;ale and driving his DeTamaso Pantera sports car.

Steve Ciarcia FOB 582 Glastonbury, CT 06033

remote-controlled TV sets.

There has been a silent revolution going on in the TV remote-control business. Silent indeed. No longer do

Detecting an information-bearing infrared beam in an infrared-saturated environment is a signal-to-noise horror sliow.

the control boxes emit ultrasonic impulses that drive all the dogs in the household into hysterics. Today's remote-controlled TV sets receive viewers' instructions on beams of infrared light.

The silent revolution has also made controlling the sets easier. Ultrasonic remote-control units, because of their complexity and cost, usually have had only two or three control chan

nels, making channel changing a tedious, repetitive task and limiting the set functions that could be remotely commanded.

Infrared-light units are not only practical; they have become much more sophisticated, often making available thirty or more control channels for less than the cost of a pair of ultrasonic transducers.

To supply the demand for support circuitry to build remote-control systems, several semiconductor manufacturers (such as General Instrument, Hitachi, Signetics, and Texas Instruments) are producing integrated circuits that encode and decode the command information used in these TV remote controls. Most encoder chips are designed to accept a keyboard input and directly modulate an infrared light source. At the receiving end, the encoded data stream is decoded by a decoder chip and a few discrete components.

I decided to buy a pair of infrared encoder/decoder chips and build a

40 April 1982 ® BYTE Publications Inc

RELATIVE SPECTRAL CHARACTERISTICS

0-3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2

X-WAVELENGTH-;im ULTRAVIOLET BLUE RED INFRARED ►

Figure 1: Relative spectral characteristics of infrared light-emitting diodes and photodiodes.

quick and dirty remote-control unit. It was going to be so easy.

Not so fasti There was a missing link: detecting the beam of infrared light so it could be decoded.

To Find a Missing Link

Was 1 going to let a little thing like a beam of light stop me? Of course not. I started investigating how to sense a beam of infrared light.

Once again I found myself working on a topic about which I could find very little published information of use in practical experimentation. I suspect there have been few magazine articles dealing with infrared-light communication because of the difficulty in detecting an informationbearing beam of infrared light in an infrared-saturated environment. It's a signal-to-noise horror show! The sensitivities and dynamic ranges required are beyond simple amplifier-design techniques. My goal of building an inexpensive remote-control scheme using TV-set encoder/decoder chips therefore had to wait until I first designed a reliable infrared communication receiver.

This article contains both a discussion of optical communication and a construction project of a useful infrared-light transmitter/receiver interface for use with a personal computer. Along the way I attempt to answer some basic questions including the following: In what kind of applications can light transmission be

useful? Why use infrared rather than visible light? What is the best choice of optoelectronic components for each application?

Why Use Light?

Light is used in communication for two major reasons: the medium's immunity to certain forms of interference and the relative ease of providing security for the communications link. Electrically noisy motors and other equipment generate electromagnetic interference (EMI) that can play havoc with radio-wave transmissions, and ambient noise can disrupt ultrasonic communication. These problems do not bother light beams, and a protected line-of-sight beam path or waveguide provides fair security against unauthorized interception.

Light can also be used in providing physical security for premises; a prowler might step over a tripwire, but he wouldn't know to avoid an invisible shaft of infrared light aimed at a detector in an alarm system.

What Is Infrared Light?

The segment of the electromagnetic spectrum that we perceive optically as visible light is narrow. On both sides of this band of visible light are regions of radiation that we can't see but which otherwise exhibit similar optical properties. Radiation of wavelengths shorter than we can see is called ultraviolet (UV) light, while

wavelengths longer than we can see

form infrared (IR) light. Any warm object radiates some amount of infrared radiation.

(Some may quibble with my use of the term "light" to discuss radiation that cannot be seen. I feel that any radiation that can be manipulated optically [by lenses and the like] should be called light, and that's how I am using the term in this article.)

The spectral graph of figure 1 shows that the visible band has wavelengths between aboiit 400 and 700 nm (nanometers). Within the range of 400 to 700 nm, the different frequencies are perceived as different colors. For example, a light beam of 550-nm wavelength is perceived as green. What we perceive as white light contains all the visible frequencies.

Transmitting information on a beam of light is done much the same way as on a radio wave. The light must be amplitude-modulated at some carrier frequency, say 40 kHz. This allows the receiver to differentiate between the light coming from the transmitter and unmodulated ambient light. The data to be transmitted can be modulated onto the carrier in a number of ways, including amplitude and frequency modulation, pulsewidth modulation (PWM), and pulsecode modulation (PCM).

For my application of a simple optical remote-control system, the less complicated PCM technique seemed best. This merely consists of turning the 40-kHz-modulated light on and off. At the receiving end, the presence of light is interpreted as a logic 1 and the absence of light as a logic 0.

Why use so high a carrier frequency? We have to use a frequency high enough that the communication is not susceptible to interference. The operating environment of our infrared system may contain such sources of interference as fluorescent lights, which flash at 120 Hz, or television sets, whose screens emit light with interference patterns at over 15 kHz. For open-air optical communication, frequencies at or above 40 kHz are preferred.

Any electrically excited light source can be amplitude modulated, but not

April 1982 © BYTE PublicaUons Inc 41

EMITTED PHOTONS

' f ^DIFFUSED p L ^ / / Zn DOPED

Jli I

AVER

-p/n JUNCTION 25/im

6a AsP EPITAXY ;

GaP OR GoAsP SUBSTRATE - n DOPED ^ J ///////// ^ / y ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ / ^ ^ ^ / / ^•TT

J \_ 25/j.m

150um

1

^ AuSn BACKSIDE CONTACT

Figure 2: Cross section of the structure of a standard visible red light-emitting diode.

Blue LEDs at Last

Longtime readers of BYTE may recall Steve's article from several years ago on a self-refreshing LED graphics display (see reference 2). In it, he described how single-color graphic images can be formed on display panels containing arrays of many red lightemitting diodes and suggested that multicolor images could be displayed on a panel that contained arrays of triads of different-color LEDs. But his suggestion was ahead of technology. At that time, no practical method was known for making an LED that could emit blue light.

Now the blue-light barrier has been broken, and in a way eminently suitable to flat-panel graphics displays. In October 1981, the Sanyo Electric Company of Japan unveiled an LED lamp component that contains two separate LED chips, one of which emits blue light at a wavelength of 480 nanometers (see reference 3). The blueemitting chip is formed from two liquid-phase-epitaxial layers of silicon carbide grown on a silicon-carbide wafer. The other chip, made of gallium phosphide with four epitaxial layers, can emit both red light at 700 nanometers and green light at 565 nanometers. A single component that can produce all three additive primary colors makes possible a full-color, flatpanel LED graphics display.

The voltage potential dropped by the blue LED chip is about 3.5 V, producing 2 mcd (millicandelas) of light, while the two-color chip drops 2 V for 3 mcd of green light and 1.9 V for 3 mcd of red light. Thus we see that real components reflect the theoretical predictions of greater efficiency at longer wavelengths. . . . RSS

all of them at 40 kHz. Modulating a 100-watt incandescent light bulb at such a high frequency is out of the question: the thermal time constant of the filament is much too long. The only light sources capable of switching at such a frequency are electroluminescent devices, of which the light-emitting diode (LED) is the least expensive and most familiar.

In a light-emitting diode, shown in figure 2 on page 42, light is generated when a forward-bias current is applied. This causes electrons to be injected into the n-type (negativedoped, electron-rich) semiconductor material and holes (shortages of electrons) to be injected into the p-type (positive-doped, electron-poor) material.

When the injected electrons and holes recombine with the majority carriers at the p/n junction, energy is released in the form of photons. The pattern of radiation emission can be controlled somewhat by reflective surfaces within the mounting structure and by plastic lenses. Generally, a spherical dome lens with a narrow beam width is best for communication.

The color of the light emitted depends upon what semiconductor materials are used in the p/n junction and how they are doped (seeded with selected impurities): the amounts of energy released in the electron/hole recombinations of different materials vary, and the wavelength (and therefore the color) of light varies in a direct relation to the amount of energy contained in its photons.

Most of the semiconductor materials used in LEDs are com

pounds of gallium: gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP, which emits red, orange, or yellow light), gallium phosphide (GaP, green emitting), gallium aluminum arsenide (GaAlAs, red emitting), and gallium arsenide (GaAs, which emits infrared photons at about 900 to 1000 nm). The efficiency of an LED depends upon wavelength. The longer the wavelength, the higher the efficiency (see the text box "Blue LEDs at Last").

Operating at longer wavelengths, infrared LEDs are more efficient than visible-light red or green LEDs; IR LEDs are therefore preferred for lineof-sight beam breaking or communication. For a given power input, an IR LED produces a brighter light than a green LED. Many IR LEDs have radiant-power outputs of more than 10 mW (milliwatts)—for instance, the TIL39 component I have been experimenting with has an 11-mW output at 940 nm.

Efficiency is important, because an LED is almost a point source of light. The illumination it casts on a surface is proportional to its brightness and inversely proportional to the square of the distance to the surface. If we want our open-air communication link to operate over distances as great as 10 meters, our LED light source must be very bright to produce an acceptable signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio using an ordinary-sized receiving photosensor measuring perhaps 0.1 cm^ (square centimeter).

Other incentives for using IR light are reduced sensitivity to ambient visible light, greater ability to pierce through fog or smoke, and better reflection off most surfaces for a greater chance that the receiver will be able to see the light source.

Choosing the Light Detector

Choosing the proper light detector is as important as selecting the light emitter. Selectivity, response, and inherent noise are important considerations.

There are many materials which function as photoconductors. The simplest are bulk materials such as cadmium selenide (CdSe), lead sulfide (PbS), and cadmium sulfide (CdS).

42 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Photo 1: The TIL413 infrared-sensitive PIN photodiode (right) and the TIL39 infrared light-emitting diode (left).

Photo 2: Prototype of the infrared-light remote-control or communication receiver of figure 4.

Generally these materials exhibit poor temperature stability and are sensitive over a very broad range of wavelengths.

The familiar semiconductors germanium (Ge) and silicon (Si), on the other hand, are sensitive chiefly to the near-infrared (wavelengths close to the visible range) light radiated by IR LEDs.

Two types of devices that use silicon and germanium are photodiodes and phototransistors. Phototransistors are constructed in much the same manner as commonplace planar-diffused transistors. The base area is usually made large to provide an area into which incident light can penetrate and generate electron/hole pairs. Phototransistors are subject to the variation in performance typical of all transistors.

Many of the bad traits of phototransistors are eliminated in PIN photodiodes. The term PIN is an acronym meaning that the components are made from three layers of different types of semiconductor material: p-type, "intrinsic," and n-type. A PIN photodiode is one in which two heavily doped p and n regions are separated by a lightly doped region (which exhibits mostly properties intrinsic to the substance). Its large depletion region (interface region between the p-type and intrinsic layers) provides the PIN photodiode with much faster speed, lower noise, and greater efficiency at longer wavelengths.

Photo 1 shows a TIL413 infraredsensitive PIN photodiode (right) and a TIL39 infrared light-emitting diode (left).

Ready-Made IR Detector

Designing a reliable infrared-light detector/receiver is no simple task; it has been the major obstacle in designing any infrared communication system. The engineer must coax his receiver into extracting the transmitted data from a dismaying amount of background noise, and he must take care that his design will withstand the impairments to theoretical performance caused by deviations from ideal component values and manufacturing techniques. But there

is nothing conceptually complicated in the receiver, just a photodiode and a series of amplifiers and filters.

I haven't presented an infrared communication system before now because I couldn't design one that I felt readers could successfully duplicate. But recently I discovered that an integrated circuit has been de

veloped to do all the hard work. Texas Instruments recognized the need and designed a chip which eliminates all the frustrations in building the IR receiver.

The new component is the SN76832AN Infrared Remote-Control Receiver. This chip replaces a combination of several integrated cir

April 1982 © BYTE Publicatioiu Inc 43

J

C9

SUPPLY DECOUPLING

LIS

10

Dl

TIL413 PHOTODIODE

11

VCO TIMING

,C5

vcc

ycG

.Cl

TUNED INPUT STAGE

:c3

DECOUPLING CAPACITOR

13

02

COUPLING CAPACITOR

8

2

;c7

:c4

R3

; CIO

LOOP FILTER

:c8

DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER DECOUPLING CAPACITORS

14

; C6

/77

3

OUTPUT ENABLE

DATA OUTPUT

15

/77

OUTPUT FILTER CAPACITOR

VCO TIMING CAPACITOR [ VCO TIMING RESISTOR [ OUTPUT ENABLE DATA OUTPUT LOOP FILTER SECOND AMPLIFIER DECOUPLING [

SECOND AMPLIFIER INPUT SECOND AMPLIFIER DECOUPLING [

]VCC

] GROUND

] LOCK FILTER

] FIRST AMPLIFIER DECOUPLING ] FIRST AMPLIFIER OUTPUT

] FIRST AMPLIFIER INPUT

] AMPLIFIER SUPPLY DECOUPLING

] GROUND

Figure 3: Block diagram of the internal structure of the Texas Instruments SN76832AN

Infrared Remote-Control Receiver.

cuits and discrete components. It connects directly to a PIN photodiode and is designed to receive and detect digitally encoded information modulated on a carrier (typically 40 kHz). It has an open-collector gated output suitable for direct operation with a microprocessor. For the benefit of readers of BYTE, the Micromint will be distributing a kit that includes the SN76832AN (see page 49).

A block diagram of the SN76832AN receiver chip is shown in figure 3 . Inside the receiver chip, the signal from

the photodiode is connected to an amplifier with an input impedance of 220 kilohms and a typical gain of 1.6 million volts/amp at 40 kHz. The output of this first amplifier stage is fed to a differential amplifier coupled to the demodulator section.

The receiver chip demodulates the signal by comparing its amplitude and phase with that of reference signals produced by a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) and a frequency divider. The bandwidth and capture frequency are controlled by

external passive components. The demodulated output signal is filtered and gated by the output-enable control signal. (A high level on the output-enable line causes the demodulated signal to appear on the output line. If the demodulated signal is to be constantly present, the output-enable line should be tied high.)

Figure 4 on page 45 is a schematic diagram of the completed circuit for a very sensitive IR receiver which operates at a carrier frequency of 40 kHz. A prototype is shown in photo 2.

In the receiver circuit of figure 4, potentiometer Rl sets the frequency of the VCO, which is twice that of the capture frequency (the center frequency of the incoming modulated carrier signal). With the external oscillator-control components shown, this circuit can detect carrier frequencies from 20 kHz to 70 kHz. The rest of the components, however, are optimized for 40-kHz operation. The photodiode 1 suggest is a type T1L413, because it has a spherical lens that allows it to "see" over a wider angle.

44 Ainil 1982 © BYTE Fublka&ons Inc

j-^TTL ' ^OUTPUT

Figure 4: Schematic diagram of a remote-control or communication circuit based on the SN76832AN. This circuit is set up for use at 40 kHz, although the voltage-controlled oscillator can he adjusted from 20 kHz to 70 kHz. Any voltage from +S V to +28 V may power the circuit.

thus enhancing the effective sensitivity. In a pinch other photodiodes such as the TILIOO may be used.

The data output is permanently enabled in my design unless the external-output-enable line is brought to ground potential by external means. The output signal is buffered

and level-shifted through transistors Ql and Q2 to provide a TTL- (transistor-transistor logic) compatible output. The circuit runs at any voltage between 4-8 V (volts) and +18 V. I run it at +12 V.

When the circuit "sees" a 40-kHzmodulated infrared light beam, the

output goes to a normally high state, and the indicator light (LEDl) comes on. The output then changes state in accordance with the demodulated data, exactly duplicating the sequence of the logic levels of the input signal that was fed into the infrared transmitter.

Photo 3: Prototype of the infrared transmitter assembly, internal view.

Photo 4: The assembled infrared remote-control/communication system. On the left is the infrared receiver; the transmitter is to the right. The TIL413 photodiode is the small projection to the right of center of the receiver's front panel; the small projection on the left is a visible red LED that lights when the infrared carrier is detected.

April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 45

Rl

820K

I CI

CD40n

2 ° ^

*

CI

0.1^ F

C2 .

PBl

R2

390K

—vw

R3

200K

"4"

R4 lOOK

R5 470K —vwv—

CD4011

+9V

' R6 - IM

ICl

CD4011

Number

Type

I nil

+ 9V

GNU

1C1

CD4011

14

7

IC2

NE555

8

1

FREQUENCY ADJUST

R12 lOK

/77

IN 4148

R7 lOOK —wv—

f9V

C4

O.l^F

vcc

OUT

TRG

IC2 NE555

THR

CTLV

DIS GND

R8 8.2K

■

' 0.0022>xF

C5

O.OI/iF

+ 9V A

2NZ907

1.

C6

330/iF

JPl -INTERNAL CODE JP2 - EXTERNAL DATA

^MYLAR

LEDl TIL39

LED2 TIL39

RIO 47n 1/2 W

LED3 TIL220

Rll 22Cn

I

Figure 5: Schematic diagram of a handheld infrared remote-control transmitter. Four pushbutton switches actuate a NAND gate

wired as an oscillator; different frequencies may be selected for testing or in communicating simple command functions. Two highpower infrared and one visible indicator light-emitting diodes are modulated at a carrier frequency of 40 kHz; control signals are sent as q simple on/off modulation of the 40-kHz-modulated light beam.

Figure 6: A simple circuit that provides only a 40-kHz carrier modulation for an infrared beam. This may he used for simple beam-breaking intrusion-detection schemes.

A Matching Transmitter

After building and testing tiie receiver section, I argued with myself

about an appropriate transmitter. The "hardware" side of me wanted to follow up on the inspiration that got me started on the project by using one of those complex encoder/decoder chip sets previously mentioned. The encoder chip would be built into the transmitter, and the decoder would be cormected to the infrared-receiver circuit, providing parallel decoded outputs.

The "software" side of me (I do have one!) argued that anything these chips could do in encoding and decoding could be done by any fairly competent programmer in a few lines of code. The real challenge of the project was creating the infrared-light

communication link, not encoding and decoding the signal.

In the end, I decided that my inspiring vision was not worth the trouble, and I designed a relatively simple transmitter essentially consisting of a gated 40-kHz oscillator driving a pair of high-power infrared LEDs. As you can see in the schematic diagram of figure 5, jumper connections on the oscillator can be changed to allow modulation from an external signal source or to allow the communication link to be tested by your pushing one of the four pushbutton switches connected to the CD4011 NAND-gate component (ICl). The prototype transmitter circuitry is shown in photo 3 on page 45. The assembled transmitter and receiver are shown in photo 4 on the same page.

46 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

In the transmitter circuit, ICl is configured as a low-frequency oscillator. The four switches control the frequency of the oscillator. With the "1" button pressed, an 8-Hz, 50-percent-duty-cycle waveform is directed to the IR LEDs. Pressing "2" produces a 16-Hz waveform, pressing "4" produces a 32-Hz waveform, and pressing "8" produces a 64-fiz waveform (the exact frequencies may vary somewhat). By pressing two or more of the buttons together, a total of 16 distinct frequencies can be created.

System Testing and Use

To test the transmitter and receiver, aim the transmitter's IR LEDs in the general direction of the receiver unit and press the buttons. The output signal from the receiver should be the frequency corresponding to the switch operated on the transmitter.

The single-bit output of the receiver can be connected to any convenient input line on your computer (such as a game-paddle input), and a simple program can be written to count and determine the frequency of the input signal. While much higher frequencies can be transmitted by this system, I chose these low, pulsed frequencies so that even a BASIC program could count the frequency. Nevertheless, if the frequencies are still too fast, simply substitute a higher capacitance for Cl in the transmitter circuit of figure 5 on page 46.

The external modulation input of the transmitter is quite suitable for use in a wireless data link. Attach a serial output from your computer to the external data-input line, and connect the output of the receiver to another computer or to a remotely located printer.

In fulfillment of my original plan, I decided to configure the transmitter in my infrared remote-control system as a hand-held actuator.

If you simply want an infrared beam source for use as an intrusion detector in a security system, you don't have to build the entire datatransmission circuit; the simple

Photo 5: The familiar BSR X-10 handheld control unit. This was built to work using ultrasonic pulses, but it can be modified to use infrared light. The added infrared LED can be seen on top of the housing.

CUSTOM BSR

IC PIN 7

40-kHz oscillator in figure 6 on page 46 will work nicely.

TV-Set Controllers, Too

After building the IR receiver and transmitter circuits described, I discovered that signals from any of the commercial TV-set remote-control transmitters could be received just as easily as those from the transmitting device I had designed. Most set controls operate with carriers in the 38-kHz to 41-kHz range. Of course, the data output that you get is a coded bit stream, generally 5 to 12 bits repeating every half second, but this should be no obstacle.

While I haven't analyzed the coded TV-set-control data, they should be susceptible to differentiation by the same methods that worked for my simple frequency input. Perhaps you'd have to use a machine-language program to catch the fast data (about 25 milliseconds per word), but the results would be a professionalquality, very versatile remote interface to your computer.

BSR Goes Infrared

The remote-control transmitters for television sets are not the only means to an elegant remote-control

CUSTOM BSR 3.9K IC PIN 15 Q3>—'•^^^

TIL39 330/iF;

BLACK

BATTERY

LEAD

Figure 7: Modification of the hand-held ultrasonic transmitter of the BSR X-10 Home Control System that converts it to infrared-light operation.

system for your computer.

Perhaps you have on hand the hand-held transmitter from the BSR X-10 Home Control System. (Some of you may remember when I wrote about the BSR X-10; see reference 1.) This unit was made to work using ultrasonic sound, but it can be easily adapted for IR transmission to work with the receiver circuit in this article. Photo 5 shows the adapted BSR X-10 transmitter.

The modification is outlined in figure 7 and shown in photo 6 on page 48. Note that the ground connection should be the black lead directly connecting to the battery. The other two circuit connections are to pins 7 and 14 on the integrated circuit as illustrated. The BSR transmitter already operates using a carrier frequency of 40 kHz. The modification is simply to add an emitterfollower IR LED driver to the output section. The existing ultrasonic transducer can be cut out or used concurrently with the optical transmitter.

The message transmitted by the X-10 hand-held unit is approximately 100 milliseconds (ms) long and is composed of 13 eight-millisecond segments, each of which consists of a burst of 40-kHz signal. The reception

April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 47

Photo 6: Interior view of the modified BSR X-10 hand-held transmitter, modified according to figure 7.

of the 40-kHz carrier will be marked by a high logic level coming out of the infrared receiver board for the duration of the 40-kHz signal. The coded data is sent as a series of 1.2-ms and 4-ms bursts, representing logic 0 and 1 respectively. The complete 13-bit message consists of a start bit (logic 1), 5 data bits corresponding to the key being pressed, 5 bits representing the logical inversion of the first 5 data bits, and 2 stop bits (logic 1). The binary codes and the transmission sequence are shown graphically in figure 8 on page 49.

I'm sorry I was halfway through writing this article before I thought to use the BSR X-10 controller. After the idea struck home, I took a pizza break. Then I came back to the Circuit Cellar, added the modification of figure 7, and verified correct data

reception using an oscilloscope. I haven't actually written the code to interpret the BSR controller's signals yet. But considering the well-documented transmission protocol used in

The longer the wavelength of its light, the higher the efficiency of an LED.

the BSR, it may be easier to use this unit rather than figure out the unknown coding of a TV remotecontrol unit.

In Conclusion

Building a reliable infrared receiver has been a goal of mine for a long

time. Many of my first designs did eventually work, but they couldn't be easily duplicated. Since I believe that many other experimenters are equally interested in IR communication and have experienced similar frustrations, I have arranged with Micromint to make available a complete kit of the infrared-communication circuits shown in figures 4 and 5. Included with these kits is a complete data sheet on the SN76832AN should you care to configure it for another frequency range.

If you try infrared communication and are successful, you might develop applications for it that have previously been ignored. Certainly experimenters like myself have been looking for better types of man/machine interaction than presently exist. Until computer speech recognition becomes

48 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

COMPLETE MESSAGE

-START OF MESSAGE (LOGIC 1)

D8

D4

D2

Dl

F

08

D4

D2

Dl

F

—»| 8ms 1^—

EACH DIVISION IS Sms

D OR F LOGIC "1"

D OR F LOGIC "0"

—24ms -40kHz

8ms

Figure 8: Timing diagram and binary command-code table used by the BSR X-10 Home Control System.

CHANNEL NUMBER

BINARY

CODE

OR FUNCTION

D8

D4

D2

Dl

F

1

0

1

1

0

0

2

1

1

0

0

3

0

1

0

0

4

0

1

0

0

5

0

0

0

6

0

0

0

7

1

0

0

8

1

0

0

9

1

1

0

10

1

1

0

11

0

1

0

12

0

1

0

13

0

0

0

0

14

0

0

0

0

15

1

0

0

0

16

1

0

0

0

ALL OFF

0

0

0

0

ALL LIGHTS ON

0

0

0

1

ON

0

0

1

0

OFF

0

0

1

1

DIM

0

1

0

0

BRIGHT

0

1

0

1

practical, we shall have to be satisfied with pushing buttons to communicate with computers. But perhaps the infrared transmitter and receiver in this article can make the connection a little more convenient.

Next Month:

It's been a long time since I wrote about time, time as measured by a computer's real-time clock. Next month, we'll look at plans for connecting a versatile clock to a personal computer. ■

Editor's Note: Steve often refers to previous Circuit Cellar articles as reference material for each month's current article. Most of these past articles are available in reprint books 'from BYTE Books, 70 Main St., Peterborough, NH 03458. Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, Volume I covers articles that appeared in BYTE from September 1977 through November 1978. Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, Volume II contains articles from December 1978 through ]une 1980. Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, Volume III contains the articles that were published from July 1980 through December 1981.

Parts Source

The following is available from:

The Micromint Inc.

917 Midway

Woodmere, NY 11598

telephone (516) 374-6793

(for technical data) (800) 645-3479 (orders only)

Infrared Transmitter/Receiver Kit $42

Includes two printed-circuit boards (one for the transmitter and one for the receiver) and all components shown in figures 4 and 5. Does not include the cases and power supplies shown in the prototype photos. Assembly manual and specification sheets provided.

Please include $2 for delivery within the United States or $6 for foreign delivery. Residents of New York state please add 7% sales tax.

References

1. Giarcia, Steve. "Computerize a Home," BYTE, January 1980, page 28.

2. Ciarcia, Steve. "Self-Refreshing LED Graphics Display," BYTE, October 1979, page 58. Reprinted In Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, Volume II. Peterborough, NH: BYTE Books, 1981, page 109.

3. Cohen, Charles. "Blue-light LED joins red and green chip In pacl<age," Electronics, October 6, 1981, page 6E.

4. Hewlett-Packard Optoelectronics Division—Applications Engineering Staff. Optoelectronics Applications Manual. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1977.

5. Seippel, Robert G. Optoelectronics. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1981.

Copyrighit 1982 by Steven A. Ciarcia. All righits reserved.

To receive a complete list of Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar project kits available from tfie Micromint. circle 100 on the reader-service inquiry card at ttie back of the magazine.

April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 49

How to Use Color Displays Effectively

A look at the elements of color vision and their implications for programmers

Color is becoming an affordable option for personal computers, but like any new tool, it has special limitations and requirements.

John Durrett and Judi Trezona Center for Automated Systems in

Education (CASE) Southwest Texas State University San Marcos, Texas 786^6

Walk into a computer store these days and you'll be blitzed by color: games with vividly colored objects moving amid colored textual instructions; graphs representing many relationships at once, using a different color for each; and screens full of color-highlighted text. If you're a veteran of the black-and-white days of personal computing, youH probably feel like celebrating.

After spending some time with one of those colorful systems, however, your eyes may give you quite a different messeige. Where did those iJi^dows' on the screen come from?

About the Authors

John Durrett is a psychologist and the director of CASE, a.research center for human factors I'ri aut'oipation. Judi Trezona is a freelance writer based in New Braunfels, Texas.

50 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Why is the red fading in and out? Is that a purple enemy ship or a blue friendly ship?

Your eyes will be telling you that something is wrong with the color; it actually seems to interfere with the presentation of information. Misuse

Color vision is a complex process of three Interacting Variables: hue^ brightness and saturation.

of color is all too common in software

designed to take advantage of this new small-computer capability. Like all new tools, color has its own special limitations and requirements, many of which are based on human physiology and psychology.

Physiology of Color Vision

The eye receives light in an area known as the retina. An extension of the brain, the retina is the most complex component of the eye. The lightsensitive cells within the retina are called rods and cones. Rods respond to low levels of illumination, producing visual sensations of shades of gray but no color. They respond most to blue light and require about 30 minutes to totally adapt to changes in illumination brightness.

Cones respond to high illumination, producing visual sensations of color and detail. They require about 7 minutes to totally adapt to changes in illumination. Each cone is sensitive to red, green, or blue light; blue receptors are significantly less sensitive than are green and red.

Near the retina's center is a slight depression called the fovea. Here, light has unobstructed access to the

Photo 1: Green and yellow against a dark background can cause confusion-by producing the sensation of shadows and afterimages with color reversal. For a demonstration, stare at the center of the flag for 30 seconds, then look at a blank white surface.

cones, which cover this area and are responsible for sharply detailed vision. The number of cones gradually decreases from maximum concentration at the fovea toward the edge of the retina, where the concentration of rods is greatest. Because a high concentration of cones produces detailed visual experiences, the sharpness of an image decreases as the distance from the fovea increases.

Besides determining sharpness, the retinal area receiving light affects color perception as well. In the fovea, the eye is sensitive to all colors. Moving away from the fovea toward the edge of the retina, red and green become difficult to perceive. Even farther from the center, yellow and blue become difficult to perceive. At the extreme periphery of the retina, only black, white, and shades of gray are perceived.

Current Theory

The current theory of color perception is based on an opponent-process mechanism. Three opponent receptions—blue/yellow, green/red, and white/black—produce color sensation by increasing and decreasing neural firing rates. The theory emphasizes adaption, contrast, color appearances, and afterimages to explain color vision. For example, since it's impossible to see a mixture of red and

green in the same patch of light, these sensations are explained as results of opposite and incompatible activity in the same system.

The opponent-process theory has several implications for programmers setting up color displays. If the goal is to convey text or graphic information, opponent-color combinations should always be avoided. Yellow on a blue field and red on a green field produce the sensation of "shadows" on the display and afterimages with color reversal. This phenomenon is illustrated in photo 1. Certain other color combinations are undesirable because the colors tend to "vibrate" (imagine red on blue as an example).

These characteristics and limitations of the visual system lead to the following recommendations about color display organization:

• Since red and green areas of the color spectrum are reduced at the edge of the eye's visual field, don't use red and green outside the normal line of sight or place codes in these colors where they're likely to be overlooked. If they must be used at the periphery of the visual field, first get the user's attention by making the codes blink before beginning continuous display .

• For best viewing on a black background, always code alphanumerics in red, white, or yellow.

• Limit blue to large nonfoveal areas (i.e., nonfocal); blue characters are more difficult to read than other characters.

Psychop hysical Factors

Psychophysical factors also affect how we perceive color. Color vision is a complex process of three interacting variables: hue, brightness and saturation. Hue is what we normally think of as color (e.g., red and green are different hues). Brightness is related to the intensity of light reaching the retina. Generally, higherintensity light sources appear brightly

Guidelines for Using Color Effectively

Select compatible color combinations. Avoid red/green, blue/yellow, green/blue, and red/blue pairs.

Use high color contrast for character/background pairs.

Highly saturated colors are generally limited on inexpensive color displays, so stay within the primary hues of red, blue and green.

For casual users, limit the number of colors in one display to four. For experienced, long-term users, up to seven colors may be used.

Always code alphanumeric information in red, white, or yellow and confine light blue to large background areas.

Since red and green are not easily visible at the periphery of the eye's visual field, code signals to be perceived in this area in white.

Assign colors in ways that agree with the usual denotations. For example, use red for "stop" or "danger" and green for "go" or "all-clear."

Incorporate shape as well as color when possible. This redundant coding improves communication and makes the system usable by color-blind individuals.

When fast responses are needed, use highly saturated red or blue prompts rather than yellow.

If color coding has been used to teach relationships, use the same color coding when the individual is tested or expected to apply the learned relationships.

As the number of colors increases, increase the size of the color-coded objects.

April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 51

^BCDEF■GH IJKLMNOPQRRBCDEFGHIJKL

f.^[,j|-|r-,-, HBCDEt-IjHIJKL

If JOPQRhBCDEFGH I JKLMNOPQR

CDEFGHIJKLMNOPQR

'SI 11 II I ■' '

iBCDEFGHIJKLNNOPQ

I

,i i:i.:rKl..l1Nvir'i,!}-; MNOPQRRBCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQR

flBCOEFGHIJKLMNOPOra

RBCDEFGHIJKL

RBCOEFGHIJKL

I

■1N0PQRRBCDEFGHI JKLMNOPQR

RBCDEFGHI JKLMNOPQPni-M i ipF r t| 'LrirJOpOM- ;r:'rn^"F

,GHIJ1 i MNOPQf.

.RBCDEFGHI LMNuPL'k,

t Uii iPC'PRF:i f ' RBCDEFGHI U 1 MfJi ipi'M

QK.-r.irir-.-uiT tl^i MKinpnisI

I

Photo 2: Reduction in contrast lowers our ability to determine details, as illustrated in the various foreground and background color combinations.

Photo 3a: Common denotations used incorrectly: green shouldn't be used to show deficit.

Photo 3b: Common denotations used correctly to portray the same information.

colored while lower-intensity light sources appear more dull. The retina, however, is also sensitive to differences among various wavelengths in the color spectrum. For instance, yellow is perceived as the brightest spectral color, while red and blue are perceived as the least bright.

Saturation, which is produced by the interaction of hue and brightness, is diminished by adding white light. For example, a fully saturated spectral red becomes pink when you add white light. In terms of hue, it's still red, but a red of decreased saturation. Highly saturated colors are easiest to read. (Unfortunately, displays capable of producing saturated colors are among the most expensive.)

Contrast is another variable that interacts with the physiological components of the human eye. While brightness is essentially a measure of the intensity of a light stimulus, contrast is the relative brightness of signal over background. The greater the contrast, the better the readability of a display. In other words, darker colors (red or blue) are not as visible as light colors (white or yellow) when both are viewed on a dark background. By using higher contrast, you produce more readable graphics. This phenomenon arises from characteristics of the human visual system. Lower contrast reduces our ability to determine details, as illustrated in the various foreground/background combinations presented in photo 2.

Research has indicated that visual acuity depends on the size and color of a symbol as well as the type of background. In fact, symbol size must be increased as the number of colors increases.

Another factor affecting display visibility is the environment in which a task is performed. Artificial or natural lighting in the work environment can reduce foreground-tobackground contrast. Too, sensitivity to color increases as the eye adapts to darkness. Improper lighting can result in reduced performance, discomfort, and fatigue in addition to limiting the effectiveness of color changes. Illumination surrounding a color-display task can have a significant effect on the time required to re

52 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

GREEN GREEN RED ^REE

GREEN ^'^«<^ BLUE ORANGE ORANG

ORANGE RED

Photo 4: The words are easy to read, but try naming the colors!

spond to the displayed information. Response times range from fastest for red and blue to slower for yellow and yellow-orange. When programming games and other interactive tasks, consider the user's environment.

Remember that not all individuals have a perfect visual system. About 6 to 10 percent of the male population is color-blind, meaning that their eyes have defective color receptors and are unable to perceive certain colors. This factor affects less than .05 percent of the female population. Out of consideration for color-blind individuals, programmers can code redundantly, i.e., use both color and shape for coding.

For memory's sake, a limited number of color codes should be employed in most contexts. Users have recognized more than 50 colors with training, but the average user shouldn't be expected to remember more than 5 to 7 colors. This is the "magic number" usually associated with short-term memory (the memory you use to keep a telephone number in mind from the page to the dial). Novel displays should have no more than 4 colors, since this number is well below the average limit of short-term memory. This provides your brain with some memory space for other decision-making activities while the meaning of colors is being processed.

Color also influences attention

(where you are looking and what you are thinking about). By carefully using color to manipulate attention, you can partition material at key points, organize it, and code or give meaning to it. Again, the number of colors used is important; having too many can interfere with the attentiongaining potential of color. You pay attention to the first flash of red, but by the tenth, it's routine.

Our understanding of information can also be significantly affected by color. Material presented in color is generally processed faster than the same material presented in black-andwhite. Apparently, color helps the computer operator organize work by directing his or her attention to what's important. No differences in the interpretation of information presented in either color or blackand-white are observed // adequate study time is allowed.

Color can assist learning if used as a redundant cue or to highlight key concepts. However, the color coding of the concepts and responses must be matched for optimum performance.

Common denotations of color should be considered when you plan color displays. For example, most people assume that red denotes "stop," "danger," or "down." Usually, green indicates "go," "up," or "OK," and yellow means "caution," "slow," or "test."

Any application of color to a

specific task should employ these color denotations to achieve maximum performance. Graphics using red and green in ways contrary to accepted meanings interferes with information processing and can result in incorrect conclusions. Conversely, applying these two colors in agreement with their usual denotations actually assists information processing. For a clearer idea of this, compare photos 3a and 3b. Photo 4 illustrates the confusion that can result from improper color coding. Guidelines for the effective use of color in displays are summarized in the text box.

Conclusions

Color motivates. It gets attention. • If applied with its limitations and requirements in mind, color can be a powerful manipulator of our attention, memory, and understanding. ■

References

1. Borges, Marilyn A., Stepnowsky, Mary A., Holt, Leiand H. Recall and recognition words and pictures by adults and children. Bulletin of the Psyctionomic Society. February 1977, vol 9(2), 133-144.

2. Cahill, Mary Carol and Carter, Robert C. Color code size for searching displays of different density. Human Factors. June 1976, vol 18(3), 273-280.

S.Christ, Richard E. Review and analysis of color coding research for visual displays. Human Factors. December 1975, vol 17(6), 542-570.

4. Durrett, H. J. Color display systems: State of the art. Betiavior Research tJlethods and Instrumentation. April 1979, 11.

5. Dwyer, Francis M. Color as an instructional variable. AV Communication Review. Winter 1971, vol 19(4), 399-416.

6. Elio, Renee E. And Reutener, Donald B. Color context as a factor in encoding and as an organization device for retrieval of word lists. Journal of General Psychology. Ocotober 1978, vol 99(2), 223-232.

7. Farley, Frank H. and Grant, Alfred P. Arousal and cognition: Memory for color versus black-and-white multimedia presentation. Journal of Psychology. September 1976, vol 94(1), 147-150.

8. Katzman, Nathan and Nyenhuis, James. Color vs. black-and-white effects on learning, opinion, and attention. AV Communication Review. Spring 1972, vol 20(1), 16-28.

9. Knoll, Neal E. Effects of irrelevant color changes on speed of name decisions. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. May 1977, vol 29(2), 277-281.

lO.Schontz, William D., Trumm, Gerald A., Williams, Leon G. Color coding for information location. Human Factors. June 1971, vol 13(3), 237-246.

April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 53

ACCE

Why this operating system Ask the leading indeper

software vendors. They know

Intel's iRMX 86 weU

enough to know it's an industry standard; that it allows them to plug into VLSI technology, and to design in a heap of high-performance features.

Ask OEM's. They'll point out how it lets them tap a vast reservoir of massmarket application software. And how major software houses have already packed it with popular languages.

And both will tell you that iRMX 86's performance and cost advantages are flat out impressive. Which makes it a marvelous match for the industry's most widely used VLSI microcomputers—the iAPX 86 and iAPX 88.

How marvelous? iRMX 86 has two to five times the multitasking talents of any other microcomputer operating system. So users can perform various chores simultaneously—with blazing, realtime system response. Thanks to ultrafast context switching, task synchronization and memory-based message passing.

And iRMX 86 even supports multiprocessing. Not only overseeing our 8087 numeric processor and 8089 I/O processor, but going even further Often helping a whole team of 8086, 8088 microprocessors and 8087, 8089 processor extensions work together While you're reaping the rewards of multiprocessing performance—without

PTED WHERE

Company Microsoft

Microfocus Digital Research Intel

having to wrestle with multiprocessing software.

Most importantly, iRMX 86 is the only operating system taking full advantage of VLSI—already putting its advanced architectural virtues into silicon.

A prime example being our iAPX 80130 operating system processor It squeezes timing tasks, interrupt processing and key functions of the iRMX 86 nucleus all onto a chip. Marking the first' major chapter in our commitment to bring operating software into silicon—so performance goes up as the cost goes down.,

And when it's time to tie into a communications network, you won't have to get tangled up writing complicated software: built-in software drivers are already in place. In fact, iRMX 86 is the only microcomputer operating system to support Ethernet* the de facto standard for local area networks.

The leading software vendors have added the most popular languages to iRMX 86.

Incidentally, all these features are available for $130/unit in OEM quantities. Plus all are backed by extensive documentation, development tools, workshops, field support, software maintenance, and a company name that's liable to turn up anywhere.

Who knows, maybe everywhere.

For a free copy of our article "Choosing a Microcomputer Operating System," contact your local distributor Or write our Literature Department, 3065 Bowers Avenue, Santa Clara, CA 95051, (408) 987-8080.

Language Available

BASIC Interpreter BASIC Compiler COBOL

CIS COBOL CBASIC FORTRAN Pascal PL/M

Macroassembler

delivers solutions

Europe: Intel Intemarional, Brussels, Belgium. Japan: Intel Japan, Tokyo. United States and Canadian distributors: Alliance, Almac/Stroum, Arrow Electronics, Avnet Electronics, Component Specialties, Hamilton/Avnet, Hamilton/Electro Sales, Harvey, Industrial Components, Pioneer. L.A. Varah, Wyle Distribution Group, Zentronics.

Circle 211 on inquiry card.

'Ethernet is a trademark of Xerox Corporation.

A Human-Factors Case Study

Based on the IBM Personal Computer

Members of a human-factors evaluation team put the Personal Computer to the test.

Robert G. Cooper Jr. Paul Thain Marston John Durrett Theron Stinunel Center for Automated Systems in Education (CASE) Southwest Texas State University San Marcos, TX 78666

How user-friendly is the new IBM Personal Computer? How hard is it to learn to use? Will I get eyestrain from using it eight hours a day? Are the manuals complete, understandable, and easy to use? Does it operate efficiently for an experienced user? Are the error messages informative? These are some of the questions that a human-factors specialist would pose in evaluating any computer system. In this article we will use the IBM Personal Computer as an example in evaluating human-factors issues in microcomputers.

Microcomputers present a special challenge to the human-factors specialist because the group of operators is diverse and the machine is used for many different tasks. Thus, it's impossible to specify any single set of criteria by which to measure the computer's humanfactors performance.

We will examine here some of the features of the IBM Personal Computer that involve consideration of

About the Authors

The authors are psychologists at the Center for Automated Systems in Education (CASE) in San Marcos, Texas.

human factors to illustrate that the set of criteria fluctuates. A complete human-factors evaluation of the Personal Computer would be far too extensive to present here. Our discussion should not be interpreted as either a complete or a representative assessment of the Personal Computer's overall quality from a human-factors perspective.

We chose the IBM Personal Computer as an appropriate model for il

Expert users often uncover new humanfactors problems.

lustrating the process of humanfactors evaluation for two reasons. First, it is a new model and marks the entry into the microcomputer market by the largest computer manufacturer. Thus, it has generated substantial interest. Second, because it is a new model, it will almost inevitably exhibit some human-factors flaws despite the best efforts of the designers and engineers.

Evaluation Procedures

Two kinds of information go into any human-factors evaluation:

judgments made by human-factors specialists based on their knowledge of previous research and their experience with similar systems and observations of users operating the system.

The data collected often include:

• types of errors made •frequency of different types of errors

• frequency of consulting instruction manuals or seeking other kinds of aid

• user comments about strengths and weaknesses of the system

• user suggestions about needed additions or changes to the system

Most human-factors specialists prefer to draw conclusions based on empirical data collected from users of the specific system. However, because this way of evaluating a system is very time-consuming and expensive, most human-factors analyses, including those done at CASE, are based on a combination of the two methods.

For the evaluation of the Personal Computer, we asked several types of users to operate the system. Some had experience on other systems, including substantial progranmiing ex

56 Apifl 1982 © BYtE PublicaUons Inc

. 0 1

■ u

[ORE COMPUTER POWER MINIMUM REAL ESTATE

NOW! All ALSPA computers come standard with a CORVUS** hard disk interface. In less than 5 minutes you'll be up and running. In the space of a standard 8 inch drive, ALSPA computers have three RS-232, one parallel, and one hard disk port; 8 inch drives; and run CP/M software. Optional clock/calendar. ALSPA performance starts at S1995, list. DEALER/DISTRIBUTOR INQUIRIES

INVITED

Alspa Computer Jnc.

circle 22 on Inquiry card.

M 3 0 0

// -CP/Mis'

prav DfT's A N T A CRUZ, CA 95060 • (408) 429-6000

Tt/5L' RESEARCH, INC.

iyjjSSYSTEM3.!|tnc. ,

Circle 176 on inquiry card.

DISCOUNT LINE

1-800-528-8960

GUARANTEED LOW PRICES

AI>PL.E CARDS '9H

16K RAM-$120 Z80 CAFID - SSMM f^Videx.Gatd -^■Sa49aMCBSj|[M^ttM^SM

ALTOS

8000-2 — $2675 8000-15 — $3975 ANADEX

9500 — $1200 9501 — $ 1200

ATARI

400-16K-$349 800-16K-$669 §9

C-ITOM

25CPS-P - $1299 45CPS-P — $1459 DATASOUTH

DS120—$595 DS180 —$1259

" 'DIABLO'.''.' 630 —$1945 1640 —$2475

QiSKETTES/Boxes

EPSON WITH GRAPHICS

MX70 — $289 MX80 — $429

MX60FT —$519 MX100 — $689

GRAPHIC ROM — $79 RS232 — $69 HAZELTINE 1500 — $995 ESPRIT— $595: ,

LOBO

MODEMS

HAYS — MICROMODEM — $290

Novation — Cat — $149 Penril — 300/1200 (212A) — $795 MONITORS Teoo-BW $99 Teco-Green — $115 rffreen — $249 Color, reen^$l59 Col^i NORTHSTAR Advantage — $2995 HR64QD — $3025 NEC

8023 — $489 7710 — $2350 ' "•:'• MP|•^■'...'

88G —$569 99G —$659

SOROC 120—$659 135 —$689 TELEVIDEO

912 —$669 950 —$915 Tl

810 —$1240 820 —$1795 SOFTWARE All Major Brands — $GALL MOUNTAIN HARDWARE

OKIDATA

M80 —$325 SL125 —$3150

M82A — $459 SL250 — $4200

M83A —$729 M84 —$1179

XEROX 820 - $2399

FZENITH Z19—$669 Z8g-r'$2129 Arizona 1 -602-246-1783

EXPOTEK

In

2231R W. Shangri La Rd. Phoenix, AZ 85029

perience. Some were adults—like many in the target market for the Personal Computer—with little or no previous experience with computers. And some were children from age 10 to 14 with at least some experience programming microcomputers at home or in school.

An important group missing from this set of users was individuals who have had extensive experience on the Personal Computer. People with experience on a particular system often have the most informative comments. They often demonstrate that apparent problems can be minimized simply by changing the operating procedures. Because they are competent enough to use the full set of features a system offers, they often uncover new human-factors problems. However, because the Personal Computer is so new, we couldn't find such a group of users, and we didn't have the Personal Computer long enough at CASE to develop such a group. Also, because of limited time and resources we couldn't test using standard scientific methodology. Rather than following a carefully planned procedure, we made new procedures as we went along, responding to insights from the test group. This type of evolutionary process normally occurs before an actual human-factors experiment is conducted. Then a consistent procedure is established so that all participants are asked to do the same set of tasks.

Hardware Characteristics

We will begin our examination of the Personal Computer by looking at some of the human-factors characteristics of the overall packaging. In its simplest form it consists of three units: the computer, the keyboard, and the display. For many applications, it is irrelevant whether these three components are integrated or separate. For others, separatecomponent packaging is a decided advantage because it offers flexibility in choosing a display or the option of locating the main unit with the disk drive away from potentially destructive young hands (see also the discussion of the keyboard below). However, for a user who must move

the system from place to place, the benefits of one-piece packaging may bias him or her toward an integrated system like the Superbrain or TRS-80 Model III. For a school system, the separate units are at least a complication: three units rather than one must be anchored permanently to avoid accidental damage or pilfering.

A second characteristic, which has been the focus of substantial human

CASE

Researchers at the Center for Automated Systems in Education (CASE) at Southwest Texas State University conducted the human-factors research on the IBM Personal Computer discussed in this article. The staff of CASE is engaged in teaching, research, and development in the area of the humanfactors considerations associated with computer-based systems. Although much of the early work by CASE emphasized human-factors issues in the use of computers in educational settings, recent projects, including work for Control Data Corporation (CDC), Comshare, and Polaroid, encompass a much broader range of human-factors issues in computer systems.

The procedure at CASE is first to define the scope for a particular human-factors analysis. Once the issues are clarified, researchers collect data from previously published human-factors studies as well as more general psychological studies in the areas of perception, cognition, and learning. Occasionally, previous research is adequate, but more frequently it is used to further clarify issues and design the appropriate research study to answer the specific human-factors issue being studied.

In some ways the analysis of the IBM Personal Computer presented here is not characteristic of our usual research because no single task or user group is anticipated for the Personal Computer. As a result, researchers simulated a range of human-factors experiments that represent the kind of research which would be done in a fullscale human-factors analysis of a microcomputer. Thus, the general approach and analysis presented here typify work conducted by groups like CASE on human-factors issues and

58 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

ALL COMPUTE^ ARE NOTtREATED

NOT

^IIAL

ZE/u,S™ is a minicomputer AND a microcomputer.

Through multiprocessor technology, each user has a dedicated Z-80A-based single-board microcomputer module, housed in the system mainframe.

But users enjoy minicomputer performance and capacity. Including modular hard disk storage of 34 to 600 megabytes. Tape backup. Shared printers with spooling and queuing. Disk caching. Access to a common database.

Unequalled flexibility and reliability. The completely modular, stackable system can expand to 64 users. To add a user, add only a dumb terminal and an inexpensive user microcomputer module.

ZE/xS sounds powerful. Now prove It.

Name

Company

Address

City/State/Zip

Phone

Trademarks

ZE^S, MUSE: GSM Computer Corporation Registered trademarl<: CP/M: Digital Research

And ZE/u-S isn't fazed by lightning, voltage variations, or pov^er failures. Power for the entire system is "buffered" through a battery/recharger system that provides up to 20 minutes of operating power

Unequalled value. MUSE™ multiprocessor operating system is compatible with CP/M®. Minicomputer performance and capacity. New levels of reliability and flexibility. All at a per-user price that is shockingly competitive. If the coupon isn't fast enough, call.

OSM Computer Corporation

2364 Walsh Avenue

Santa Clara, CA9505I

(408) 496-6910 TWX 910-338-2099

Circle 317 on inquiry card.

BYTE April 1982 59

Tin Atpan Software Company Spoiling Clncker.

+

QRAMMATik

Beyond Spelling Checking

THE ONLY COMPLETE PROOFREADING PACKAGE

FOR ALL CP/M, MS-DOS, AND TRS-80 WORD PROCESSORS

We'll match Proofreader with any other spelling checker on the market. It has a big 38,000 word expandable dictionary, and can check even your largest documents in under four minutes. Proofreader looks up every word, and docs not use less accurate root word analysis like some others. Full interactive correction Is standard on CP/M and TRS-80 Model II systems, and is a low cost option for the TRS-80 Model I/UI,

Spelling checking alone is not enough! No one else has anything like Grammatik! It analy/es your document for common typos, punctuation errors, misused phrases, and poor writing style. Grammatik is receiving rave reviews from both critics and u.sers. Bob Louden in InfoWorld (12/7/81): "Grammatik is a surprisingly fast and easy tool for analyzing writing style and punctuation. If you are currently doing original writing on a word processor, you should consider this product." Eric Balkan in The Computer Consultant: "I'm impressed with the imagination that went into this product." A user: "Thanks for making my life easier!"

Grammatik and Proofreader are compatible witli all CP/M. MS-DOS (including IBM PC), andTRS-M word processors.

Current CP'M formats:

standard 8!. NorthStar. Omikron TRS-80. Please call or write for details of minimum system sizes, and availability of additional disk and operating system formats. Shipping costs included. Please specify your system configuration when ordering. Dealer inquiries invited. MS-DOS versions scheduled for March 1982 release.

Proofreader Gramnialik CP/M. MS-DOS S129.00 $149.00

TRS.80 Model II S99.00 S99.00

TRS-80 Mod. 1/III $54.00 $59.00

(Model I/III interactive correction option - $30.00}

Trademarks: CP/M: Uigitai Research; TRS-80: Tandy Corp.; Proofreader. Grammatik: Aspen Software Co.

P.O. Box 339-B, Tijeras, NM 87059 (505)281-1634

factors research, is the quahty of the display. This of course (depencis largely on the monitor usetd. The IBM monochrome monitor, the only monitor supplied by IBM for the Personal Computer, meets or exceeds all the standard criteria with respect to character size and clarity, screen brightness, freedom from flicker, etc. All the users we questioned were impressed by the display, even those who did not in general like greenphosphor screens. When evaluating a display for a large group of potential users (for example, for a school system), the criteria based on the results of published experiments are particularly useful because they were developed from data on a representative sample of users. When an individual evaluates a display for personal use, experience with the display may be more useful than reading published results because the published criteria are more stringent than many people require.

A third feature of the Personal Computer, on which a substantial amount of human-factors research exists, is the keyboard. Despite some of the advantages of alternate keyboard designs, it appears that American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard and related keyboards (sometimes called QWERTY keyboards because of the first row of letters) will continue to dominate the field because of conversion and retraining expense. Therefore, we will examine the IBM keyboard from within these standard constraints.

The keyboard "feel," the tactile sensation of typing on it, was highly praised by all who used it, particularly those who were familiar with other microcomputer keyboards. Frequently mentioned virtues included the ability to move and change the angle of the keyboard, the sculpturing of the keys, and the keyboard's curvedplane surface. Hpwever, every user complained about the Enter and the left Shift keys (see photos la-lf). The Enter key is about Vz inch farther to the right than most users expected, and the left Shift key is about Vi inch farther to the right with the backslash

key inserted between the Z and the Shift key. These unconventional locations caused errors initially, but extended practice usually eliminated such errors after about a week.

Again, the importance of the keyboard layout depends on the context in which the computer will be used. For occasional use by individuals who frequently type on other keyboards (e.g., by a secretary in an office or by someone at home who does a substantial amount of typing at work), the keyboard layout may be a major annoyance. For the individual who types mostly on the IBM keyboard, it should be no problem. Also, if the use of the computer involves nontext materials, as in financial planning or playing games, the layout may be less important than if the computer is needed for word processing.

The inclusion of an extra key between the Z and the left Shift key may become standard in the future. In Europe, many keyboards have this extra key to facilitate typing extra characters required in some languages. Some word processors in the U.S. are using this style keyboard to accommodate extra functions required in word processing. So what is a potential human-factors problem today may be an asset in the future. However, on several Japanese keyboards, it is the right Shift key that is moved to allow the addition of an extra key, illustrating that no standard exists for these additions.

The keyboard of the NEC PC-8001 suggests one near-term solution. On this computer the user can select, with a single button, either an almostANSI-standard keyboard (with the right Shift key out of place) or a keyboard with the letters in alphabetical order (which is helpful for young children). This flexibility could be expanded to let users program the arrangement of their own keyboards.

Documentation

Human-factors considerations are especially significant in the area of documentation. Minimally, documentation needs to fulfill three func

60 April 1982 © BYTE PublicaUons Inc

Winner Is... IBC Bv Four UsersL

When you are racing toward that finish line, beating the competition is everything. IBC is the choice of OEM's, system integrators and dealers throughout the world, because in benchmark after benchmark our small business computer systems finish first.

We finish first because we are faster, offer higher quality peripherals and can expand our system significantly beyond our nearest competitors. In fact, looking at the chart below, you can quickly see why knowledgeable resellers are choosing IBC.

IOC

anux

Oasis Operating System (Max. Users)

9

CPU Speed (MHz)

6

/j

4

Disl< Speed I/O (MB/Sec.)

.81

.OD

.54

Seek (Milli Sec.)

35

50

■S '"'i

Cache Disk Memory

Yes

No

No

Circle 199 on inquiry card.

Join us in the winners circle with high performance equipment and the best dealer plan in the industry. Call or write:

OUTSIDE THE USA

WITHIN THE USA

Integrated Business Computers

21592 Manila Street

Ctiatswortti, CA 91311

(213) 882-9007 TELEX NO. 215349

IBC/DISTRIBUTION

4185 Harrison Blvd., Suite 301 Ogden, UTAH 84403 (801) 621-2294

la

lb

O O m (3 Li tRF"

1^

m

HE

o w

m

»

O

Bi

1 •

a

a

L

B

c

V

|]

B

ii

«

9H is

Ml

r m K m " ^ ^

Pholos la-lf: Comparisons of keyboards. All have letters in the same position, hut note the variation in the placement of the Shift, Return, and other special symbols. Note also the various solutions to the problem of where to put all the keys not needed on ordinary typewriters.

tions: initial training in using the system, quick reference for momentarily forgotten information, and complete documentation of capabilities and how to access them. Ideally,

many other functions will be served, including guidance on uses for system features, information to aid in debugging (including common errors and their symptoms), etc.

The manuals for the Personal Computer have received very high praise. Gregg Williams in "A Closer Look at the IBM Personal Computer" (January 1982 BYTE, page 36) wrote.

62 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

I I

I

Your

computer.

Compute. Compute. Compute. Compute. Compute.

Compute. E

Compute. =

Compute. E

Compute. = Compute.

Yojir prmter.

r^_n .

I *5 1 I ■

1 • I

I I,

ifllHIfi

New Microbuffer II lets you use your printer ""♦hout tying up your computer.

with Applesoft, CP/M" and Pascal, comes with complete print formatting features as well as advanced graphics dump routines for most popular graphics printers.

The Snapshot™ option permits you to dump the text screen or graphics picture to the printer while any program is

/WICROBUFFER][

Mil

Time. As an important resource it shouldn't be wasted. One such waste is in printing, where your computer must wait for your printer. Now there's a way to eliminate this waste.

Introducing the fVlicrobuffer ](™, a buffered parallel printer interface for the Apple ir computer with 16K characters of memory (user expandable to 32K). It accepts data as fast as your computer can send it, allowing you to use your computer while the Microbuffer |[ is in control of your printing.

The Microbuffer ][, compatible

running — without interuption.

The 16K Microbuffer ][ is available for $259. And the 32K version, for $299. The Snapshot option is $69.

So why waste time while your computer waits for your printer? Ask your computer dealer for the Microbuffer]! or call us for the name of a dealer near you.

Microbuffer I and Snapsfiot are trademarks of l^actical Peripfierals, Inc.

CPIM is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc. Apple .I is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc

PRACTICAL PERIPHERALS, Inc.

31245 La Boya Drive

Westlake ViUage, CaUfomia 91362

(213) 991-8200

Circle 18 on Inquiry card.

"They will set the standard for all microcomputer documentation in the future." Our analysis of the manuals is less enthusiastic, although in many ways the documentation is excellent.

We will take a look at the BASIC manual first to illustrate some of the strengths and weaknesses of the documentation. The manual is for reference and does not claim to be a programming tutorial. For its stated purpose the manual is quite good. All users who had prior knowledge of BASIC had no difficulty programming on the Personal Computer, including using some of the special features of IBM's version of BASIC. The features of the manual that are most useful are the index and the brief and extended descriptions of every command, statement, and function. The extended descriptions are most complete for those features that are unique to IBM's BASIC and include informative examples.

There are five parts to each keyword description: format, ver

sion, purpose, remarks, and example. The only drawback is that some information is omitted, apparently because it does not fall neatly into any of the categories. For example, restrictions and probable error messages from mistakes are only included in some of the descriptions. For the FOR and NEXT statements, information about errors is given in

IBM has left the market for tutorial manuals to outside publishers.

the body of the remarks section, and no information is given at all about restrictions on the amount of nesting or about overflow in nesting, which will lead to an "out of memory" error. Despite these problems, the manual can be used effectively.

As adequate as this manual is for the experienced user, it does not fill the need of the novice for an instruction manual. General instruction

manuals do exist (e.g., Basic BASIC and Advanced BASIC), but the idiosyncrasies of different BASICs have led to a demand for instruction manuals for individual machines. According to our observations, novice IBM users had much greater difficulty with IBM's reference manual than do novices starting out on an Apple II Plus with Apple's instruction manual. IBM apparently made a conscious decision to leave the novice market to the independent producers of computer manuals and books. An IBM spokesperson assured us that such independent sources are already hard at work and their manuals should be out shortly, but until such manuals are written, a hole remains in the documentation from the perspective of the computer novice.

In the interim, IBM could make two simple additions to the current manual that would be helpful. One is a quick-reference card that could be removed from the manual; it would decrease the need to flip back and

Allenbach Industries is putting tomorrow on disks.

The future of the world is written in softwaie. And Allenbach disk duplication is making sure that the future is faithfully reproduced. We use our own Allenbach diskettes and state of the art equipment, with electronic surface evaluation of each diskette before use. Copies are 100% verified, track by track, and checked for readability on the appropriate computer.

For information and prices, please coll (800) 854-1515. In California, call (714) 438-2258 collect.

64 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 15 on inquiry card.

SYSTEM BUILDERS:

THINK SOLID.THINK PRICE.THINK CCS

Each month, CCS produces, tests, and ships over 3,000 board-level building blocks. About ten come back tor repair. And we're working on that.

Built like a commodity. Priced like a commodity.

Volume means we keep our prices down. Low prices and reliability mean our customers keep coming back for more.

High performance that works.

You get all the performance that most systems want. Benchmarks prove it. You get the reliability and low price that all systems need.

S-100 in quantity.

Whether you want to add capability to an existing S-100 system, or build a system from scratch, chances are you'll find a solution in the CCS product line.

Call or write for the CCS S-100 product catalogue.

• 16K STATIC RAM

• 32K STATIC RAM

• 64K DYNAMIC RAM

• SERIAL I/O

• PARALLEL I/O

• FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER

• HARD DISK CONTROLLER

• Z80*CPU

• PROTOTYPING BOARDS

• MOTHER BOARDS

• MAINFRAME / POWER SUPPLY

Z80 is a registered trademark o( Zilog Corpofation.

JfjP The computer you I^IB can build a business

around.

California Computer Systems, Inc.

250 Caribbean Drive Sunnyvale, CA 94086 408 734 5811 Telex 171959 CCS SUVL

Circle 76 on inquiry card.

1

3^^l ftp?".!* 11 iMth i. i c^.ier~c 6 Sf t»:S*rt*'"'. FfC'i:U:C*d this •diSPliy ^Of) 1 H ^'^ *'

eel ©f nmii tor. The iupp U' s 48-£l»aricter line uii <i€£iKf!#4 tSH^.* tie yss o-f TUs ifid in*Kf$r^siv* c*&l<?f Titrsit&rs uith thfir lower ri^so!«*n, fht lir?^^^ letters ire easier to fei4 ofi loMer resolution displiys,, 3ALSC8.. IIITHOUT THE LOUER-CASE ACmPTER THE ALL CAPITAL FORIIAT HSPROyES LESIBitlTY TOO. OF COURSE, hU .APPLE 11

mi BE EQuiPE? UITH m m-miutm

«D«PTER AND USED UITH ft HIGH f^ESOLyTlOW

riOIIITOR..,.

forth from the brief- to extendeddescription sections of the manual. Second, a comment could be added to the preface about the existence of Appendix D, which discusses the differences between IBM Personal Computer BASIC and other BASICs. None of our novice users discovered this appendix within the first hour of trying to learn to program in BASIC (we showed it to them after an hour), and such information would have been very useful in trying to use the general manuals for BASIC. Of course, these changes would be useful for more experienced users also.

IBM's Guide to Operations presents a similar problem. It appears to be written for novices and contains excellent illustrations and very clearly written instructions. However, crucial pieces of information are

IBM's monochrome monitor meets or exceeds all the standard human-factors criteria for video displays.

either left out or have odd locations in the manual. For example, we had several novices set up the computer from scratch. Perhaps because we were watching with notepad in hand, all followed the written instructions scrupulously. As instructed on page 2—6, they turned on the system for the first self-test after connecting the keyboard and power cord. Four out of five continued on to page 2—7 and began to connect the cables for the display and printer without first turning off the system, and would have done so had we not stopped them. Next, the manual calls for the use of the diagnostic disk on page 2—16 without any cautions about the handling of disks. This information is contained several pages later. None of our novices mishandled the disk. But if they had mishandled it and were looking in the problems section because the disk would not load, the warning there would obviously be too late.

Because the Personal Computer we used for our evaluations had a defect

2a

The ion Personal Cniputer Basic Uersion Al.BB Copyrisht IRI Corp. 1981 34849 Bytes froe Ok

18 print "This is the IBH Personal CaMputer Monochrone Monitor" 20print "All the screens froM the other conputers were photographed*' 38 print "at the saae distance fro* the screen." run

This is the IflH Personal Conputer MonochroMe Monitor

All the screens froa the other coMputers were photographed

at the sane distance froM the screen.

Ok

2b

B:ABC PAGE 1 LINE 8 COL 81 I — 1-—I.— 1.— I.—I.— 1.— !...-!,

This is the lonitor from a Xerox 820 Inforaation Processor Tht screen size is alaost identical to that of the IBH Ptrsonal Cooiputer. As is apparent in the photograph the color of the phosphor is different. Sone people prefer MM type over the other, but there is no clear consensus.

2c

Photos 2a-2e: A representative sampling of computer video displays.

66 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

This displa P«t Series

j-uias produced b\i a Conrnodor ;881. It IS represn"

i«S-.^V*^^'*^y 9f earlier generation microcomputers with integrated displays.! i

2d

Ihis display is from a Hicro-lerm I1itne-2fl terminal. It is representative of the quality of display that the users of large computer systems are accustoKd to seeing. Some microcomputer users connect a terminal like this to their system foi a variety of reasons, including the quality of the display.

in the power supply and disk system when first received, we noticed another documentation problem. We had decided to have a novice unpack and set up the system. He progressed through the setup procedures to the point of loading the diagnostic disk, which wouldn't load. In response to this failure he repeated all the previous steps, looping through the procedures twice. He then turned to the section "Problem Determination Procedures." This proved fruitless because, by the time he reached page 4—7, he was reassured that the system was working because it met the criteria of correct information on the screen and correct auditory response (one short beep). At this point our novice gave up. It took

another eight minutes for the "experts," who had been observing, to discover on page 4—8 the statement "Error messages may or may not remain on screen. So look quickly." An error message had flashed on and off shortly after the power was turned on.

Two documentation requirements illustrated here are that warnings, cautions, and other crucial information should appear very early in the manual before the relevant error can be made and that error conditions ought to lead to a permanent message that is terminated only by user action.

We discussed the problems described in the last two paragraphs with people from IBM and the local

Computerland store. Both commented that the Personal Computer is not being sold by mail order and that a purchaser would be given substantial training before taking the computer home. Although this may lessen the necessity of the above requirements in some ways, we do not believe it eliminates them. It is poor practice to leave the task of conveying such important information to a group over which IBM has little if any control. In addition, people other than the original purchaser may need to learn to use the computer. Instruction manuals should be complete and sufficient to allow one to learn and use the system in isolation, even if this is not the ideal context for learning.

All the IBM manuals fit in 8V2- by 5V2-inch, hardcover, three-ring binders. The advantages of this format include easy updating. Sections are added to the Guide to Operations each time a new option (e.g., communications interface or printer) is added to the system. However, there are some negative human-factors consequences of this format. Three times during our testing, a manual was dropped in such a way that the binder came open and pages fell out. For a home or business user, this would probably be only an occasional annoyance. However, in a school setting these manuals would not be acceptable. Something more durable is required. The specific use for which the system is intended will determine whether this is a significant human-factors failing.

IBM does have some humanfactors problems with its manuals for the Personal Computer. However, compared to documentation that other new computers have had when they were first introduced, the IBM manuals are outstanding. And they compare favorably even with the updated offerings from other manufacturers.

Operational Characteristics

A human-factors evaluation of the functional operation of the Personal Computer is the most difficult to do without a specific task in mind and

April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 67

#24 SOFTWUIE

ULTIMATE SOFTWARE PLAN

We'll match any advertised price on any item that we carry. And if yog find a lower price on what you bought within 30 days of buying it, just show us the ad and we'll refund the difference. It's that simple.

Combine our price protection with the availability of full professional support and our automatic update service and you have the Ultimate Software Plan.

It's a convenient, uncomplicated, logical way to get your software.

CNew Items or new prices)

CP/M users:

specify disk systems and formats. Most formats available.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE"

Medical(PAS-3) $849/$40

Dental (PAS-3) $849/$40

ASYST DESIGN*

Prot Time Accounting .$549/$40 General Subroutine. ,I269/$40 Application Utilities.... S439/$40

COMPLETE BUS. SYSTEMS'

Creator $269/$25

Reporter $169/$20

Both $399/$45

COMPUTER CONTROL*

Fabs(B-tree) $159/$20

UltraSort 11 $159/$25

COMPUTER PATHWAYS'

Pearl (level 1) $ 99/$25

Pearl (level 2) $Z99/54Q

Pearl (level 3) $84fl/»50

DIGITAL RESEARCH* CP/M 2.2

NortllStar S149/$S5

TRS-80 Model M

(P+T) $159/$35

Micropolls.. $169/125

PL/1-80 $459/$35

BT-80. . $179/»30

Mao J 85/$ 15

Sid $ 65/$ 16

Z-Sid $ 90/$15

Tex , $ 90/$ 15

DeSpool $ 50/$ 10

CB-80 $459/$35

CBasio-2 $ 98/$20

D.M.A.

Asoom $149/$ 15

Formula $639/$45

GRAHAM-DORIAN*

General Ledger $729/$40

Acct l^eceivabie $729/$40

Acct Payable $r29/$40

Job Costing $729/$40

Payroll II $729/$40

Inventory II $729/$40

Payroll $493/$40

Inventory $493/$40

Cash Register $493/$40

Apartment Mgt $493/$46

MICBO-AP*

S-Basic $269/$26

Selector IV $295/$36

SelectorV $495/$60

MICRO DATA BASE SYSTEMS*

HOBS $Z69/$35

MDBS $795/$40

DRS or QRS or RTI $269/$ 10

MDBS PKG $1295/$6b

MICROPRO"

WordStar $319/$6b

Customization Notes... $429/$na

Mail-Merge $109/$25

WoraStar/Mail-Merge.$419/$85

DataStar $249/$60

WordMaster $119/$40

SuperSortI $199/$40

Spell Star $175/$40

CalcStar $259/$na

MICROSOFT*

Basic-80 $298

Basic Compiler $329

Fortran-80 $349

Cobol-80 $629

M-Sort $124

Macro-80 $175

Macro-86 $259

Edit-80 $ 84

IvIuSimp/tvluMatti $224

MuLisp-80 $174 ■

Multi Plan Call

Manager Series Gail

ORDERS ONLY

DONT SAY UNCLE,' SAY "MICROTAX ■ TODAY!

Individual $ 250/$na

Professional $ 1000/$ na

Partnerstiip $ 750/$na

Package $1500/$na

ACRS, depreciation, batch computing/printing of over 30 forms/schedules, and much mpre.

ORGANIC SOFTWARE"

TextWriter III $1H/$25

DateBook II $269/$2S

f^ilestone $2e9/$30

OSBORNE*

General Ledger $ 69/$20

Acct Rec/Acct Pay. .. .$ 59/$20

Payroll w/Cost $ 59/$20

All 3 $129/$60

All 3 + CBASIC-2 $ 199/575

Enhanced Osborne ..$269/$60 PEACHTREE"

General Ledger $399/$40

Acct Receivable £399/$40

Acct Payable $399/$40

Payroll $399/$40

Inventory $399/$40

Surveyor $399/$40

Property Mgt $799/$40

CPA Client Write-up.. .$799/$40

PS Version Add $129

t^agiCalc $269/$25

other, less 10%

SOFTWARE WORKS*

AdaptICDOStoGP/M).$ 69/$na Ratfor $ 86/Jna

SOHO GROUP*

MatchMaker . . .$ 97/$20

Worksheet $177/$20

STRUCTURED SYSTEMS"

Business Packages, Call for Price

SORCIM"

SuperCalc $269/$na

Trans 86 $115

Act $157

GLorARorAPorPay. .$ 79/$25

All 4 $269/$99

Compiled each $ 99/$26

Inventory $ 99/$25

SUPERSOFT"

Diagnostic I $ 49/$20

Diagnostic II $ 84/$20

Disk Doctor $ 84/$20

Forth(8080or280)... .$149/$30

Fortran $219/$30

Fortran v»/Ratfor $289/$35

CCompiler $174/$20

Star Edit $189/$30

Other , .less 10%

UNICORN*

Mince $149/$26

Scribble ....$l49/$25

Both. $249/$66

WHITESMITHS"

"C" Compiler $600/$3d

Pascal Hncr'C") $860/$45

■PASCAL"

Pascal/MT-<- Pkg $429/$30

Compiler $315

Sp Prog $175

Pascal/Z $349/$30

Pascal/UCSD 4.0 $670/$50

Pascal/M $355/$20

DATA BASE'

FMS-SO

$649/$45

dBASE II

$595/$50

Condor II

$899/$50

Access 80 Level 1 .

$249

Access 80 Level 2

$429

Access 80 Level 3

$679

■ WORD PROCESSING '

WordSearch

$179/$ 50

SpellGuard

$229/$25

VIS en

$259/$66

Magic Wand

$289/$45

Magic Spell

$269/$25

Spell Binder

$349/»45

Select

$49g/$na

1^ The Word

$ 65/$na

OTHER GOODIES"

$419/$na

Plan 80

$269/$30

Target

$189/$30

BSTAM

$149/$na

BSTMS

$149/$na

Tiny'C''

$ 89/$50

Tiny "Z" Compiler

$229/$50

Nevada Cobol

$179/$25

MicroStat

$224/$25

Vedit

$130/$15

$449/$50

StatPak

$449/$40

Micro B+

$229/$20

Raid

$224/$35

String/80

$ 84/$20

String/80 (source)

$27g/$na

ISIS CP/M Utility

$199/$50

$199/$20

$ 96/$na

INFO UNUMIT'eD"

.$199

$249

EasyMailer

$128

Other

. less 15%

MICROSOFT*

Softcard (Z-80 CP/M)

$298

Fortran

$179

Cobol

$499

Tasc

$139

MICROPRO*

Wordstar

$269

MailMerge

$ 99

Wordstar/MailMerge

$349

SuperSort 1

$159

Spellstar

$129

PERSONAL SOFTWARE/

VISICORP"

Visicalc 3.3

$225

Desktop/Plan II

$225

^ Visiterm

$ 90

^ Visidex

$225

$180

$300

$225

PEACHTREE*

G/L,A/R,A/RPayor

Inventory (each)

$224/$40

"OTHER GOODIES"

VU#3R

(usew/Visicalc)

$ 79

Context Connector

(usew/Visicalc)

$129

Micro Courier

$219

Super-Text II

S127

Data Factory

$134

DB Master

S184

■ IBM PC SOFTWARE

Business/Med/WP

Call for Price

-CALL TOLL FREE VISA • IVIASTERCHARGE 1-800-854-2003 ext. 823 • Calif. 1-800-522-1500 ext. 823 Outside Continental U.S.-add $10 plus Air Parcel Post • Add $3.50 postage and handling per each item • California residents add 6% sales tax • AllovK 2 weeks on checks, C.O.D. $3.00 extra • Prices subject to change without notice. All Items subiect to availability • ®-Mfgs. Trademark. Blue Label $3.00 additional per item.

THE DISCOUNT SOFTWARE GROUP

6520 Selma Ave. Suite 309 • Los Angeles, Ca. 90028 • (213) 837-5141 InflTELEX 499-0446 DISCSOFT LSA • USA TELEX 194-634 (Attn: 499-0446.) TWX 910-321-3597 (Attn: 499-0446)

without a long period pf time in which to observe users tryiiig to accomplish this task. Also, an examination of the indi-vidual features of the Personal Computer reveals that many of the best features from rnicrocomputers of other manufacturers have been incorporated. A separate examination of each feature in terms of how it helps facilitate people's ability to use the system would start to sound like an IBM press release. However, the Personal Computer's versatility (in itself a humariTfactors asset) does entail human-factors costs. For example, many individuals have happily used their microcomputer for years without being bothered by lack of precision or by rounding errors. On the other hand, the use of some computers for business bookkeeping is problematic because of limited precision. The IBM

The error message appeared op the screen so briefly the operator never noticed.

Personal Computer (and several others) offers the choice of single or double precision. This is an advantage to business users but requires a decision by other users ("Is 6-digit precision enough, or do I need 17?"). Some users may find that they prefer the old situation in which they obtain 9-digit precision (sufficient for home bookkeeping) automatically and do not have to make the determination.

The system reset procedure on the Personal Computer provides a different perspective on the problem of assessing human factors without a specific context. For purposes of comparison, it is important to be aware of the human-factors problem with the system reset on the Apple II. On the Apple II, an operator would push the key labeled Reset, an extremely simple procedure. Unfortunately it was too simple, and because the Reset key was directly above the Return key, it often occurred accidentally. Apple corrected this problem on the more recently produced versions by giving the user the option of choosing to re

(& April Wffi! © B3erEP(*Hcaltoiis lnG

Circle 149 on Inquiry card.

= RETan.

How to chart your co

without spending one

y s fortune

It's a fact. A single chart or graph can tell you instantly what it takes hours to interpret from printouts or other raw data.

Now, with the Strobe 100 Graphics Plotter and Software package, you can create superb hardcopy graphics directly from your computer And you can do it for an investment of only $995.

The Strobe System transforms complex data into dynamic, colorful visuals with a few simple commands from your computer Charts and transparencies that once took hours to produce are plotted within minutes. Information can be presented as bar charts, pie charts, curves or isometrics in a variety of colors. And with a resolution of 500 points per inch, the Strobe 100 matches or surpasses the quality of plotters costing thousands of dollars more.

You can also save and modify your graphics through Strobe's menu-driven programs. A broad selection of software—including a VisiCalc *-compatible program— is now available.

When the Strobe Graphics System is interfaced to your computer, an 8-1/2 x 11 inch sheet of paper can speak anyone's language—visually Visit your local dealer and learn

how to start charting your fortunes today Because a perspective on the present can also be your window on the future.

Q

6TROBE/

strobe Inc.

897-5A Independence Avenue Mountain View, CA 94043

Telephone 415/969-5130

The Strobe Graphics System

Seeing is believing

circle 389 on Inquiry card.

•VisiCalc is a trademai1< of VlsiCorp.

quire a control key plus Reset for a reset to occur.

On the Personal Computer, the operator initiates a system reset by holding down the Control and Alternate keys and then pressing the Delete key. This procedure is certainly cumbersome enough that it is unlikely to occur by chance. Is it too cumbersome? Because the operator uses three keys, none of which is labeled Reset, will the procedure be forgotten by those whe need to use it?

Without considering a specific context we can't answer these questions, but we can consider the kind of criteria a human-factors specialist would use in answering them for some particular context. First, how frequently is a system reset executed? If it occurs extremely rarely (as might be the case for someone using already developed software), it probably is all right if the command is forgotten and the user has to look it up. If it is used quite frequently (perhaps in debug

ging complex programs), it will be remembered because of the constant use. If it is used occasionally, it may be hard to remember and yet be frustrating to have to look up each time. Second, what are the consequences of making a mistake when trying to execute a system reset? If delay in a reset or if some combination of related keys might lead to dire consequences in some application, then for that application the Personal Computer would have a major human-factors failing. Third, what alternatives are available and how do they interact with other humanfactors characteristics of the system? For example, a separate key could be used as on the Apple II, but that either adds another key to the keyboard or takes up a key that might have been used for some other function. Too many keys produce an added memory load on the human operator, just as multi-keystroke commands do. The human factors trade-offs here must be evaluated in terms of the way the system will be used.

The Personal Computer has ten special-function keys called "soft keys," which have a set of default functions but can be changed by the user. The "soft keys" are a very popular characteristic among the experienced users we questioned. However, because the keys can be redefined, they are labeled Fl through FIO—not very effective labels for remembering their functions. The Personal Computer solves this problem by displaying partial labels at the bottom of the screen (for all 10 keys on an 80-column display and for the first 5 on a 40-coluiim display). We expect that those operators using a television display (40 columns) and others not wanting the labels at the bottom of the screen will tape a list of the ten functions somewhere near the computer. In some ways it would have been nice if space had been left on the keyboard for labeling these keys. However, that would have had the undesirable effect of enlarging the keyboard. Again, there are always trade-offs.

The relation of the line-editor pro

70 April 1982 © BYTE PubHcatiora Inc

Circle 416 on inquiry card.

SANYC

When you're ready to stop playing around.

Maybe your home TV was OK as a display when all you were concerned with was blasting Klingons.

But if you spend more than a couple of hours in front of your TV screen, you'll start to pay the price in eyestrain. Maybe even headaches.

It's not worth it hot when you can get a Sanyo data monitor that's specifically designed for long-term, day-in, day-out use.

[.85 HLIK

m COLO

H I S35 HLIH np\ 536 COLOR

• 11 r •

4

HLIH P + 1 UThiB GH FI

Compare display quality of a typical home TU (left) w/th a Sanyo profe55lonal monitor (rlgtit).

5anyo monitors have been the industry standard for as long as there's been a personal computer industry—in fact they're recommended by computer dealers and manufacturers alike. That's because when you buy a Sanyo, you're notjust getting a stripped-down TV set. You're getting a truly professional display system.

Sanyo offers a complete selection of monitors for any application. You can choose from

9" models with either white or easy-on-the-eyes green phosphors. Or a sleek new 12" model with a special anti-reflec

tive screen (green or white), and an optional desk stand with adjustable tilt If color graphics are your thing, check our 15" fullcolor models—one with TVcompatible video input, and a new ultra-high resolution RGB model for computers like the IBM, NEC and Apple III.

Visit your computer dealer and find out how much better things look on a real, professional monitor from Sanyo.

Anything less isjust playing around.

© 1982 5anvo Electric, Inc.

Communications Products Division Sanyo Eiectric inc., 1200 W. Artesia Bivd,, Compton, CA 90220 (215) 537-5850

Circie 360 on inquiry card.

Circle 297 on inquiry card.

SD

p-Sys

IV-1

A superior implementation of the UCSD p-SYSTEM is available NOW for your IBM Personal Computer. Network Consulting has added many features which the professional programmer will find useful. These features are not available from any other sources. •Hard disk support for Corvus, Tall Grass Technology and others •25% more floppy storage, without adding or modifying hardware, retaining compatibility with standard IBM diskettes

• Double sided/double tracking/fast

stepping floppy disk drive support

• RAM disksupport (uses upto 512k RAM) •Adaptable system support for adding

custom I/O drivers

• Remote Terminal support

• XON/XOFF flow control for serial printers

• Disk write verification •and more!

Standard p-System features include:

• Program chaining

•Standard I/O redirection (including command files)

•Dynamic program overlays

•Support for asynchronous processes and concurrency primitives in Pascal

•Fast Pascal, Fortran and Basic compilers, all producing universal p-code programs

•A powerful screen oriented editor that runs in both programming and text

editing modes

• A Native machine Code Generator that processes your Pascal, Fortran and Basic programs to convert parts of them to Native machine code

• Dynamic runtime binding of separately compile programs and units.

•Turtlegraphics for easy graphics displays

• Print spooler for background printing •Symbolic debugger

•Extended memory support •A library of program modules and other utilities

48 HOUR DELIVERY — CALL NOW! UCSD p—SYSTEM from Network Consulting The only serious choice for business Dealer inquiries Welcome

TM The Regents of the University of California

(604) 738-3500

gram that is part of the disk operating system (DOS) to some of the characteristics of BASIC is another humanfactors issue. Using the hne editor, for example, the Personal Computer lists lines 100 to 200 with a command of the form "ICQ, 200 L" and deletes with a command of the form "100, 200 D". In BASIC, lines are listed with a command of the form "LIST 100-200" and deleted with a command of the form "DELETE 100-200". The difference in syntax adds a memory burden for no intrinsic reason to anyone who uses both capabilities of the Personal Computer. An experienced user who was asked to use the line editor had trouble with the syntax. On the second day he used it he made errors and had to go to the manual to check the syntax of the commands. This syntax problem is a relatively minor issue when considering the line-editor program and BASIC but is representative of the more general class of differences in syntax that can lead to disastrous mistakes (not necessarily on the IBM machine). Perhaps the best example of syntax-function problems is that of commands for copying: on some systems the source is first and the destination second, whereas on others the reverse is true. Errors that were the product of moving from one system to the other can and have resulted in the loss of crucial files.

Conclusions We have illustrated the process of

human-factors evaluation of microcomputers and its importance. Understanding that the user is part of the system is crucial to understanding the human-factors approach. Just as no single language is best for all programming, no single system design is best for all users. We have presented some general principles that apply to all systems but, for the most part, evaluations must take into account requirements of the specific, potential user. Groups like CASE, which perform human-factors evaluation, start by determining the requirements of the user, then they evaluate the human-factors characteristics of the

hardware, software, and documentation in terms of those requirements.

Because user needs vary so, it was almost certain that the IBM Personal Computer would have some humanfactors failings; it could not be all things to all people. Although we did not attempt to perform a complete evaluation, our overall impression of the human-factors design of the Personal Computer is veiy positive. IBM has begun to put substantial emphasis on human-factors design, and the IBM Personal Computer exMMts many positive results of the efforts of human-factors specialists. However, some of the simple and easily changed human-factors failings that we uncovered could have been detected from relatively simple observations of users.

If you are considering purchasing a microcomputer, these comments have two major implications. First, be clear about the use or uses to which the system will be put, and then concentrate on human-factors characteristics that are relevant to those uses. Do not buy a computer that will be used primarily for word processing on the basis of the enthusiastic recommendation from someone who uses his for home finance and playing games. Second, get as much information on the actual use of the system as possible. Use it yourself in the way you intend to use it; do not just go through a set of demonstration programs, even if they are designed to illustrate the features of the programs you will be using. Try to find someone who is already using the system in an application similar to the one you anticipate. As mentioned previously, we find experienced users to be one of the best sources of human-factors insights. If you make use of the insights of others, you may avoid being the source of negative human-factors insights about your own system. ■

Acknowledgment

BYTE would like to thank Computerland product manager Richard Mandel and the Austin, Texas, Computerland store for equipment and assistance provided during the preparation of this article.

72 April 1982 © BYTE PubBcaUpiu Inc

Circle 248 on inquiry card.

In an age when new standards are constantly emerging, one disk consistently meets or exceeds them all.

Maxell.The Gold Standard.

Not all disks are created equal. Some are better ttian others. To find out wtiat's best for you, lool< for Maxell disl<s. Thiey now carry ttie Gold Standard symbol of quality. It's your assurance Maxell disks meet or exceed every definition of quality. No matter wtio establisties it. We've earned thiis universal superiority by never relaxing our ■■^^■■■■■■■h uniquely demanding quality ...... _

control. Every aspect of manu- IHB facturing is checked, then iiwHH maxen. i checked again. ' ppi

Your benefits are many. 1-^--^-^^*^ Take the perpetual problem of " j maxBij ^ drop-outs. A drop-out is a tiny iS, }^'i)T W defect that wastes time and ^ degrades computer occur- I acy and performance. Now I that you understand what a ^ drop-out is, forget it. Maxell disks don't have any. Each disk comes to you certified

drop-out free at the time of manufacture. You can depend on this quality protecting your valuable programs and programming time, indefinitely. We've run disks over ten million passes under conditions designed to find weak points and wear. We couldn't. And you won't. ■HHBHB^^HH There js o Moxell dlsk for the floppy system you use, or plan J . to use. Check your computer's

,j instructions. Or write for our maxBii ', complete, highly informative

m?" brochure.

When you set the Gold Standard as your level of quality, you'll benefit from '^"^J improved disk performance,

immediately. Bonk on it.

maxelL

Maxell Computer Products Division, 60 Oxford Drive, Moonachie, N.J. 07074, 201-440-8020

STANDARD

• 64K internal memory. • Up to 1.5 Megabytes of dual disk storage — easily expandable to 10 Megabytes. • Twin RS-232 serial ports. • A CP/Mf disk operating system. • Two 4 MHZ Z80A Processors for faster response. • A Full 80 x 24 line display on a 12-inch non-glare screen. • Optional graphics capability.

SUPE^BRAIN

TM

It used to be that buying a microcomputer was a simple task. There were only two or three manufacturers offering them and comparing prices and specifications was easy to do. Today, Intertec is no longer one of a handful of microcomputer vendors trying to attract your attention, but... we think we're still the best. And for a good reason.

Consider pricing. Our customers tell us we're still the price/performance leader in single-user and multi-user microcomputer systems. Ask around. Most folks (and even some manufacturers) will concede that point. What a lot of people

*At parlicipating dealeri only. Refundt are prorated.

do not know is that Intertec may very well offer the best customer protection programs in the industry. What is customer protection? It's a totally new, comprehensive product and customer support program which virtually guarantees your long term satisfaction with every new Intertec product you buy. It means that if you are not satisfied with your Intertec purchase, you can get your money back at any time during the original factory warranty.* Or, in the unlikely event your equipment should become inoperative during the first few weeks of the warranty period, we will

■ lirtfaanrMiMii II iiiii iii>M*ni*iiiiMiiiiiiMiiiii

FEATURES

• True multi-user capability — network up (o 255 users. • Up to 1.5 Million bytes of local, off-line user storage. • Four models of user workstations available. • 64K Internal memory in each workstation. • A CP/Mf operating system.

• 10 — 384 Megabytes of auxiliary disk storage.

COMPUSTAR

TM

replace it for you! And we'll even provide a reimbursement allowance to cover your cost of returning the system to us.

Go ahead. Review the pricing and performance specifications of all the microcomputers available today. We think you'll agree with us. . . ours are still the best! If you want uncompromised performance, competitive pricing, sophisticated expandable products and just plain peace-of-mind, you'll want Intertec.

Ask your dealer about Intertec's SuperBrain and CompuStar microcomputer systems. Or, call or write us at the

tCP/M ii & ic^iXettd badcmark of Digital Reiearch, Inc.

address below and get more information on today's values in single and multi-user microcomputer systems.

INTERTEC DATA SYSTEMS

®

2300 Broad River Rd./Columbia, SC 29210 (803) 798-9100/TWX: 810-666-2115

Circle 214 on inquiry card.

Hardware Review

The Hewlett-Packard Interface Loop—HPIL

Unique Two-Wire System Allows Low-Cost Data Collection

Robert Katz 248 East 90 St. #3B New York, NY 10028

The most intriguing feature of the Hewlett-Packard HP-41C has been the multiple plug-in port on the unit's back (see Steve Leibson's "The Input/Output Primer, Part 3," page 186). Until now, four ports have been available for plug-in RAMs, ROMs, a card reader, a thermal printer, and a bar-code reader. Yet users have been begging for the chance to let the HP-41C talk to the outside world. Hewlett-Packard is very protective of its products and does not publish specifications of the connections to these ports. Justifiably, because the calculator's delicate CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) circuitry can be damaged easily ty improper connections.

The public demands and Hewlett-Packard responds. By announcing the Hewlett-Packard Interface Loop (HPIL), Hewlett-Packard has provided users with much more than they've been requesting. The HP-41C was a quantum leap beyond conventional calculators, and, remarkably, the HPIL is a quantum leap for the HP-41C.

The Loop Hardware

HPIL operation is powerful and sophisticated, but the hardware is simple, small, and easy to interconnect. A board called the HPIL Module (HP82160A) plugs into any of the four ports on the back of the HP-41C. The module receives its power from the HHC's internal batteries. Two 71-cm (28-inch), 2-wire cables extend from the module; at their ends are 2-pin male and female con

About the Author

Robert Katz, who prefers to he called "Boh, " is a recording engineer for records, TV, and radio. He also dabbles in computers.

At a Glance

Name

Hewlett-Packard. Interface Loop (HPIL)

Manufacturer

Hewlett-Packard

1000 Northeast Circle Blvd.

Corvallls, OR 97330

Price

HP82160A HPIL Module: S 125, available now; HP82W3 Extended I/O ROM: price to be announced, available summer 1982; HP82180A Extended Functions/Memory Module; $75, available now; HP82I8IA Extended Memory Module; 575, available now; HP82166 HPIL Converter; S395 for a prototyping kit Including 2 converters, test board, HPIL cables and manual, or S1250 in quiintities of 10 with no accessories, available spring 1982; HP82182A Time Module; S75, available mid-1982; HP82I6IA Digital Cassette Drive; S550, available now; HP82162A Thermal Printer/Plotter: S495, available now; HP3468A Programmable Digital Multimeter: 5695 plus S125 for battery option, available now; HP82938A HPIL Interface Card for HP Series 80 Personal Computers; S295, available now;

Description

HPIL is a complete software and hardware system that turns the HP-41C handheld computer/calculator into a general-purpose, data collection, measurement, and analysis tool as well as an equipment controller.

Other features

Simple 2-wire conneaors, "transparent" operating system Hardware options

Digital Data Cassette, Thermal Printer/Plotter, Programmable Multimeter, GPIO Interface, Computer Interface, among others

Audience

Original equipment manufacturers (computer-aided manufacturing), instrumentation manufacturers, hobbyists, others

76 April 1982 © BYTE PiibUcaUoiu Inc

^enjoy the problem-solving power of APL language on your Apple computer

Solve engineering, scientific, or business problems easily-write finished applications software in a fraction of the time you'd take to write similar programs in BASIC, FORTRAN, or COBOL . . and do it all with your Apple® right at your desk.

Test your language against APL/V80™

To compare APL/V80's clear concise code with the language you're now using to solve problems, take this short programming test. Here are three common problems, showing the APL/V80 solution for each. Program your best effort for each problem in the language you use now. Now compare the number of lines and keystrokes needed to achieve a solution in your language to the APL solution. Keep in mind the APL/V80 solution shown contains not only the computation commands, but also every instruction needed to input required data, as well as all the commands to print out the results.

Problem 1:

Write a program to input a list of values (List "A"), sort the list from lowest to highest values, then print all the values in list A in ascending order.

APL/VSO solution: Solution in your present language:

/3[li4-<-0] Usually this takes two loops and 15 to

20 statements.)

Problem 2:

Write a program to input a list of values (List "X") and compute the standard deviation for the list values.

APL/VSO solution: Solution in your present language:

((.*/{x-(.*/x)iN)*2)i-n-ii->-pX^D)* .i (Hint: This takes at least one loop and about

16 statements.)

Problem 3:

Write a program which will compress adjacent spaces to a single space, with possible multiple occurences, in a string of characters called TEXT.

APL/VSO solution: Solution in your present language:

(l,("l + r)ivnr-^' ' =TEXT)/TEXT-^a ?

Whether you're an engineer, scientist, educator, or businessman, now you can solve problems faster than ever using your Apple®. With APLAfSO'" from Vanguard Systems Corporation, search for solutions in a fraction the time you thought possible. Get the added benefit of creating programs which are not only easier to write, but also are easier to understand, modify, and explain. Solve your problems faster

APLA/aC" is the most concise powerful programming language available for computer solutions to scientific and business problems on Apples (or CP/M®-based computers). When you have APL/VSO, you can focus your attention moreon problem-solving, and concern yourself less with the details of program coding. APL/V8Q lets you develop functional software, and debug it, in about one-fifth the time you need to program a solution in other languages.

If you're an APL user already, you'll appreciate knowing we developed APL/VSO for the Apple with the ISO-ANSI proposed APL standard in mind. All future enhancements will be guided by developments in this standard, so APL/V80 programs maximize compatibility with other APL systems. More than a language: a new world of convenience

APL/VSO is more than a language. . .it's a whole new world of convenience for you and your Apple. A variety of special features and auxiliary processors give you problem-solving power unmatched by any other language available for the Apple. Powerful auxiliary processors included

The Graphics Processor gives you full access to Apple's high resolution graphics from APL. You can print to any ASCII device, including plotters, through arbitrary input and output modes. Our system variable quad-AV gives you all the characters any APL/ ASCII device can print, plus all 32 ASCII control characters, APL overstrikes, underlines, lower-case letters, and special control characters for full-screen applications. The Utility Processor gives you memory access and processor calls to both the 6502 and the Z80, so APL/VSO can access virtually any Apple system ROM or peripheral card. Our CP/M Input File Processor lets APL/VSO read and work with any CP/M file.

An Input Stack Processor lets you spool input commands for later execution. Our APL File Processor gives you an indexed file system. The WSFNS workspace makes APL/VSO compatible with common functions from standard mainframe APL versions, plus some non-standard functions such as stringsearching and extended formatting. Workspace FILEFNS gives you the most commonly used facilities of file systems found on large timesharing services such as LP. Sharp and STSC. Make your Apple a wizard of a terminal

Appropriate settings of APL/V80's system variable quad-TT, combined with your modem, let your Apple communicate with other computers. The APLTERM

■IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHIIIIIIIIIilllllllllllllllllllllllll

E Contact your local Apple dealer for a demonstration of APL/VSO and get your copy today. If you don't = i have a local dealer, use this coupon to order direct from us now: Please rush the items ordered below. = : I understand all items are normally in stock and available for immediate shipment =

Software PLUS Z SO SoftCard PLUS RamCard =

workspacegoes even further, transforming your Apple into a wizard of an APL terminal. WSIS uses the workspace Interchange Standard format to transfer application workspaces in from or out to other APL systems. This gives you the power to move APL programs developed in one version of APL into another.

Amazing APL power for your Apple

If you already use some version of APL on a mainframe, a time-sharing service, or a minicomputer, you may wonder how useful APL/V8G can be in an Apple-size workspace. Our answer: you'll be amazed! To give you utmost memory availability, APL/VSO's auxiliary processors occupy memory only when loaded. By using our )CSAVE and )CCOPY commands to move functions and variables into and out of a workspace, you can run applications far larger than your workspace. Also, APL/V8G makes auxiliary processors you develop more powerful. By offering a variety of supervisory services, APL/VSO lets your AP's write error messages, read input, convert data, do string search and compare, or even halt processing upon error discovery. Minimum hardware required

APL/VSO for the Apple requires a 4Sk Apple II with autostart ROM, or Apple ll-i-, one disk drive, a Z-80 SoftCard, and either the Language Card, RamCard, or some other compatible 16k memory extension card. To learn more, act now

No matter what problemsyou'resolving, APL/VSO™ can help you solve them faster, more easily. If you'd like to know more, send us the coupon below. APL/VSO does so many things, in a single page we can hardly begin to tell all the ways it can help you. Write today for the full story of APL/VSO for your Apple.

NOTE; Specifications subject to change without notice. Apple design, Apple II, Apple \\+, and Language Card are trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research. SoftCard and RamCard are trademarks of Microsoft.

□ More information about APL/VSO for Apple

□ APL/VSO"" User's Manual - Enclosed is $30.

□ Complete APL/VSO ■ Apple Software Package

Enclosed is $500. Please send me an enduser license, object code disk, documentation manual, and special APL character generator.

□ Software PLUS RamCard - Enclosed is $675.

□ Software PLUS Z-80 SoftCard - Enclosed is $850

Q

= Enclosed is my check for $

= OR Charge to. □ MasterCharge □

= Ship to: Name

i Address

= City

Card

Enclosed is $995

Complete Hardware • Software system - APL/ V80 • Apple Software PLUS Apple 11+ 4Sk computer with APL character generation card already installed PLUS Apple Disk Drive, PLUS NEC 12" video screen PLUS SoftCard PLUS RamCard. Enclosed is $3195. As above with second Disk Drive - Enclosed is $3695.

date

exp.

Visa

Signature.

-State.

Phone. _Zip.

lYiNGUARd SysTEivisi

■ ' 6901 Blanco Road =

%^^ClDll San Antonio, TX 78216 1

(512)340-1978 1

■iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiii

Circle 423 on inquiry card.

A Day in the Life of an HP-41C

/ prefer to call my HP-41C an HHC. That way I don't have to call it a "calculator" or a "computer." Hewlett-Packard calls it both a "calculator" and a "system." Actually, the versatile HP-41C can be treated any way the user desires. Its power and flexibility are illustrated by the following tour of the HP41C world.

It's morning and I find no cash in my pockets. No, the HP-41C cannot mint money, but its continuous memory can tell me how much I have in my checking account. Upon pushing RCL (recall), the legend RCL appears in the alphanumeric liquid-crystal display. To the right, two prompts (cursors) can be seen; these prompts are the HHC's signal to supply a two-digit number in response. Since data register 9 contains the amount of my checking account balance, I punch 0 and 9. The HP-41C answers with $127.59000.

I only need to display two digits after the decimal, so I push SHIFT for secondary key functions, then FIX and 2. Each key gives a satisfying "thunk" when pressed; tactile feedback has always been a HewlettPackard feature. The display is even more helpful by naming each button's function as it is pushed. It's also easy to cancel or correct a function if a mistake is made. By using the back arrow key '-, the screen unambiguously shows each correction, and HP-41C error messages appear in English.

I see that I have exactly $127.59 in my checking account. Before deciding to deplete the account, I run downstairs to check the just-delivered mail and happily discover the arrival of a check for $300. Pushing 3 0 0 STO + 09 adds the $300 to my checking account (at least within the calculator). In addition, I push L + and see the number 12, marking the twelfth deposit I have made since I began to count deposits in the Sigma registers. The Sigma registers can compute the mean (average) of all my deposits, the standard deviation, and other statistical functions. To find the mean, I push XEQ (for execute or run) and then spell out M-E-A-N. This ability to call a function by spelling out its name is very much a computer-like action.

After stopping at the bank, I head for the recording studio where I work as an acoustical consultant and maintenance man. Arriving at the studio, I discover a volume unit (VU) meter that reads too low. I apply a sine wave to the recording console's input; 2.0 volts (V) are measured across the output terminals, yet the meter reads 0 VU. Thanks to a program I've written, my HP-41C can talk to me in English and clue me in to the decibel error of the meter (see listings 1 and 2). I can call this program in two ways. One way is by name as above: XEQ d-B-V, and the program begins running. Since I use the dBV program a lot, I reduced the keystrokes to a single one via the USER mode.

In USER mode, the HP-41C is customized for individual use; programs or functions can be reassigned

to any keys. The entire keyboard can even be reconfigured if desired, then returned to normal by a second push of the USER key. An added attraction is a keyboard overlay which allows you to identify reassigned keys with stick-on labels. Thus, a small, uncluttered keyboard can call literally hundreds of functions.

Throughout the course of the morning, I will use several HP-41C functions and two other programs. When the job is done, I attach the HP-41C to one of many available accessories, a battery-powered thermal printer. With the aid of still another program, it prints out an invoice of parts and labor performed on this job.

On the way to the next job, a friend and I play a game of Hangman on the HP-41C. This game is included in the Games Pac, which is designed to help while away those between-business hours. More serious Standard Module Pacs are available to help perform engineering and scientific tasks, among others. The average application module price is $35. The COPY function permits copying any program from ROM (read-only memory) to RAM (randomaccess read/write memory) to allow customizing. For example, I have added personalized prompts to the game of Hangman.

Listing 1: A single key depression in USER mode executes the author's program dBV. The calculator first prompts for a voltage entry; response is 2.0 V, and the RUN key is pressed. The calculator asks for reference voltage; 0.775 V is assumed if RUN is pressed. The answer is 8.2 dB over 0.775-V reference. Next, the program is run with a different reference voltage (1.23 V, which is 4 dB above a one-milliwatt reference across 600 ohms). The answer is 4.2 dB over 1.23 V. Another key depression in USER mode executes the author's program VOLTS. The calculator indicates that 1.55 V is 6 dB over 0.775 V. The display is formatted to two decimal places but can easily be changed.

XEQ "dBV" VOLTS?

2.0 RUN REF?R>'S = STND RUN

8.2 dB^e.S V XEQ "dBV" VOLTS?

2.0 RUN REF?R-^S=STHD 1.23 RUN 4.2 dB>'1.2 V XEQ "VOLTS" dB?

6.00 RUN REF?R^S=STND RUN 1.55 Vy0.77

78 April 1962 © BYTE Publications Inc

Don't gamble wilhyoiir «» busiiiess! *

bivesi in an M Syston

"Okay, which entry-level, singleuser microcomputer should I own?" The BOS M System. "Which multi-user system should I own?"

The BOS M System.

"If I want a larger system with the ultimate in performance and capacity, what should I own?" The BOSM System Multiprocessor. "How much more does it cost to own a single-user set-up and upgrade it, than to start with a larger system?" Not a penny more. "Can I have diskette, tape, and large rigid disk storage?" Yes.

Dealer and OEM Inquiries Welcome

"How about really good accounting software?"

The MBSr package (GL, AR, AP, PR, OE/INV, Sales Analysis — all in Cobol) is probably the best available on any system.. .this is one you have to see to believe. "How about Word Processing?" WordStar™, and others. "Can I run all the other software I've seen?"

Yes, if it's CP/M* * * compatible, almost certainly!

"Will I have to change the operating system when I expand?" No, with BOS/TURBODOS* * * *, just upgrade it.

"Well, this is important...will service be available when I need it?"

Yes, with a large dealer network, strategically placed maintenance depots, and fast factory repair turn-around.

"Sounds great! But isn't it too good to be true?"

No...and it's not even expensive! So, why take a chance with somebody else?

"Okay, how can I get one?" Contact your dealer, systems house, or consultant — or call us toll-free!

circle 63 on inquiry card.

Business Operating Systems, Inc. 2835 East Platte Avenue Colorado Springs, Colorado 80909 In Colorado CaU: (303) 634-1541 ToU Free Number: 1-800-525-3898

APPUCABLE INDUSTRY STANDARDS: S-100 IEEE 696 • RS 232, HDLC, SDLC, Aaync, Sync • CP/M* * * TURBODOS" • * • . 8" aoh sectored diskettes • ANSI X3/B5/15 Tape Cartridge •Micro Business Soilware, Inc. • "•TradGmatle oiMicroproInt. Corp., San Rafael, CA • ""Registered Trademark of Digital Research • **'*SoItware 2000, Inc.

The powerful programming ability of the HP-41C is enabled by an extended version of the RPN language that Hewlett-Packard introduced to the public in 1971 with the world's first handheld scientific calculator, the HP-35. Over 130 scientific functions and 56 programmable flags are available, some of which keep track of the status of peripheral devices as well as control the peripheral's status. While all previously made calculators were hardware-intensive devices, the HP41C is a software-intensive device. As such, each plug

Listing 2: A single key depression in USER mode executes the author's program PTOF (pitch to frequency). The calculator asks for the note, and the operator responds with "B Flat," one octave below middle C. The answer is 223 Hz; the note and its octave are also given. Next comes a printout of the first 22 steps of the PTOF program. Note the compact nature of the RPN code. Each line's interpretation follows: 01—ALPHA Label; 02 and 03—store loop control number in register 00; 04 and 05—store ALPHA string in register 01; 06—display format with no digits following the decimal; 07 through 09—these steps display the PROMPT shown above; 10—the operator's note is stored in the X register; 11—clear flag 22, the digit entry flag; 12 through 14—these steps display the second PROMPT shown in the running program; 15 through 17—if flag 22 is clear, store 0 in register Z. Otherwise, store the octave number there; 18 through 22—some of the alphanumeric manipulations available to the HP-41C user. A complete listing of this program is available from Hewlett-Packard's Users' Library. Write to Hewlett-Packard, Corvallis Division, 1000 Northeast Circle Blvd., Corvallis,

in module adds completely new functions, giving the HHC a new personality.

Hewlett-Packard has taken a lot of care in naming functions so one can remember them easily, but if I forget the name of a function and don't have the instruction manual handy, I'm not helpless. I can call up a CATALOG, a directory of the many functions available. Three such catalogs exist in the HP-41C (see listing 3). Usually this list is enough to jog my memory.

The future of the HP-41C is virtually unlimited. If there were enough demand, a higher-level language such as FORTH or even BASIC could be implemented in a plug-in ROM. However, I find that the versatility of RPN eliminates the need of a higher-level language in most applications. A BASIC interpreter would run markedly slower than RPN. FORTH might be faster than BASIC, but the experienced user soon discovers that new functions can be added in a remarkably FORTH-like manner.

Listing 3: A printout of the HP-4lC's CATALOG 1 function, which lists all user programs in RAM, including the number of bytes required. Total room used here is 1148 bytes. Approximately 1064 bytes are free in the HP-41CV for more user programs, an astounding amount of storage ability for an HHC.

CfiT I

OR 97330 for information on

how to

ioin the Library.

LBL^HEX

EHD

268 BYTES

XEQ "PTOF"

07

"NOTE?"

LBL'FTOF

NOTE?

08

fiON

EHD

203 BYTES

BF

09

PROMPT

LBL'dBV

RUN

10

fiSTO X

LBL'VOLTS

OCTfiVE?Rx'S = e

1 1

CF 22

LBL'dBH

-1 RUN

12

"OCTOVE?

LBL'HflTTS

233 HZ. BF^

R^S=0"

EHD

292 BYTES

1

13

ROFF

LBL'Z

PRP " "

14

PROMPT

EHD

62 BYTES

15

FC?C 22

LBLTREQ

01+LBL "PTO

16

0

EHD

19 BYTES

F"

17

STO Z

LBL'PflR

02 .005

18

XEQ 05

LBL'RPOR

03 STO 00

19

ORCL Y

EHD

37 BYTES

04 "CDEFGR"

20

OSTO Y

LBL'HflNG

05 RSTO 01

21

fiSHF

EHD

262 BYTES

06 FIX 0

22

flSTO T

.EHD.

33 BYTES

Text continued from page 76

nectors. The cables are simple stranded wire; gauge is of little importance. Cable lengths can be up to 10 meters between devices when using simple stranded wire. Distances of up to 100 meters are possible with twisted, shielded, pair wire. Each HPIL peripheral (e.g., printer or data cassette) is equipped with two corresponding mating

connectors. Extension cables are available from HewlettPackard.

Plug the two loose cables into the side of the peripheral and you're ready to go. If there is more than one peripheral, connect the devices in a sort of daisy chain. In this loop, information passes from a sending device

80

April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

p.

1-4

The followlns ^—--^ add-ons are '\\\'\\\'^ available Immediately:

• 2 Dual Headed 40 TVack Drives — (appears as four) 640K of storage, software patch, easy Internal mount. $630.00

• Combo Card - Parallel printec ASYTIC communication (RS-232), and clock calendar functions, uses only one slot. $279.00

• 2 Single Headed 40 H-ack Drives - 320K of disk storage, easy Internal mount. $450.00

• 48K additional K\M - 27 chips plug Into master PC board $75.00

• Add-on i»1emory Card — (uses 64K dynamic KAn chips), 64K - $425.00, 128K $525.00, 192K - $625.00, 256K - $725.00

• Prom Blaster — Programs most IK to 4K EPROMS of 25XX and 27XX single or multlvoltage, personality modules, read/write

software. $149.00

• Apparat Qame Diskette $24.95

• Clock Calendar - Features seconds, minutes, hours, day of week, date, month and year, backup battery, leap year and crystal time base. $129.00

• Prototype Card — 3.5 by 8 Inch wirewrap holds 150-14 pin dips, $29.95

• RQB Color lionitors - Includes cable, 16 color modifications, PIEC - $1,095.00, AMDEK - $899.00, TECO - $699.00.

• 3rd and 4th Add-on Drives — Ex[>anslon cabinet and IBI^ compatible drives, cabinet and 1 drive - $499.00, two drives - $749.00

• 64K Hardware Print-Spooler — Parallel printer adapter, buffers 13 minutes of output at 80 characters/second. $399.00.

• EPSOM MX Printers - MX-80 (with dot

addressable graphics) — $499.00, MX-80 r/T - $575.00, MX-lOO $775.00 • Vertiatbn Datalife Diskettes - (5-1/4" 40 track, box of 10) $24.95 • 16K l^lemory Kits (9 chips) $25.00

• 5-1/4" nip-Sort - $2L95

• 5-1/4" Plastic Library Case - $1.95

Apparat will continue to develop add-on products for your IBM Personal Computer. Call today for more information. Dealer Inquiries welcome.

(303) 741-1778

IBM Personal Computer Is a trademark of IDN.

Apparat Jnc.

4401 So. T^marac Parkway, Denver, CO 80237 (303) 741 • 1778

X>n GOING SUPPORT FOR MICROCOMPUTERS'

Circle 33 on inquiry card.

T/l/kard'-SO

INSTANT so COUIMNAPPLf*

The miracle of the 80's... everything you want in an 80-column card.

STOP STARING AT 40 COLUMNS

WIZARD-80 lets you see exactly what you will get when typing 80-column format. It gives you a full 80-column by 24-llne display with all these features.

■ Fully compatible with Apple II"-" and Apple II Plus""*

■ Fullycompatiblewithmostword processors, micro-modems and prom programmers, plus all current Apple II expansion boards

■ Lists BASIC programs, integer and Applesoft

■ Fully compatible with Pascal

■ Uses software to switch between 40 and 80 column formats

Displays 7x9 matrix characters Provides upper/lower case characters with full descenders Fully edits...uses ESCape key for cursor movement Scrolling stop/start uses standard Control-S entry Retains text on screen while it is being printed Contains crystal clock for flicker-free character display Has low power consumption for cool reliable operation Leads soldered directly to board for maximum reliability 2K on-board RAIUl, 50 or 60 Hz operation

Inverse video selection standard

Available at all fine Computer Stores $295.00

h(^1iie.speh iqiCRii

Siistems

SUBSIDIARY OF WESPERCORP

^.i

'Registered trademarks of Apple Computer Inc.

Photo 1: The HPIL Module.

Photo 2: HP-41C connected to an HPIL Module. Digital Cassette Drive, and Thermal Printer/Plotter in the loop.

Figure 1: The HPIL is a continuous loop, with data and instructions traveling from an originating device back to that device for a complete, bit-for-bit error check.

through all the other devices. When data return to the source, they are completely checked for errors (see photos 1 and 2 as well as figure 1). Since each succeeding battery-operable device uses its own power to retransmit the data it receives, total power in the loop is shared equally, minimizing battery drain. All communication between devices is supervised by the HPIL Module, which is now available for $125.

Circle 431 on Inquiry card.

HPIL Specifications: The New Firmware

As mentioned earlier, plugging a ROM into the HP41C gives it a new personality. The HPIL Module is no exception. Within it are the routines essential for turning this portable, programmable calculator into a versatile "outside world" controller. Three types of HPIL routines are supported: printer-type operations (also suitable for video display and for controlling external devices); mass storage operations (for digital cassette or disk drive); and interface control operations (largely used for controlling external devices).

The HP-41C as controller can address each device in the loop by a unique number. The HPIL Module is capable of addressing up to 30 devices in the loop, certainly a quantity large enough to satisfy most users. If that's not enough, the addition of a module called the Extended I/O (Input/Output) ROM will allow the HP-41C to extend its address capability to a total of 961 devices on the loop. If still more devices are needed, loops can be connected through an HPIL Converter. (Each loop, however, must have its own controller.) The Extended I/O ROM has additional capabilities which I'll discuss later.

The calculator/controller designates which peripheral is to be a sending device (called a talker) because there can be only one talker at a time. The other devices on the loop become listeners. When so instructed, listeners can also act upon data passing through. For example, a printer can print information, a video display can display it, etc.

Hewlett-Packard does not intend to publish the actual voltage levels or the digital nature of the commands used within the two-wire HPIL loop. It has revealed that the HPIL communicates with the outside world through the HPIL Converter, a general-purpose interface board designed to be attached to the user's GPIO (generalpurpose input/output device) equipment. For example, an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) may wish to install an HPIL Converter within its electronic voltmeter, enabling the voltmeter to be programmed by an HP-41C or other computer. Hewlett-Packard intends to aid other manufacturers by providing all the details necessary for them to successfully communicate with the HPIL Converter. An overview of converter hardware connections will be presented in a later section.

An Asynchronous Communication Loop

Quite a few more essential details are known about the loop's protocol. The HPIL is an asynchronous communication loop whose speed self-adjusts to that of the slowest active device in the loop. For example, if a slow printer is connected within the loop but is not to be used, the controller can instruct the printer to ignore data/instructions and pass them on to the next loop device. That way the loop can operate at its fastest possible speed. The Extended I/O ROM will even allow a means for the Digital Cassette Drive to pass data to the printer through an essentially inert HP-41C. In this mode, the HP-41C

Circle 432 on inquiry card.

V/kard'ieVC

16K RAM APPLE MEMORY CARD

Unleashes your Apple ir and Apple II Plus* computer.

ON TO MAXIMUM MEMORY

Wizard-16K gives your48K Apple II or Apple II Plus the last bit of directly accessible add-on memory it can accept. And, it interfaces with all Z80** cards to give you CP/Mr**

■ Fully compatible with Apple II and Apple II Plus

■ Adds 16K bytes of Random Access Memory (RAM)

■ Fully compatible with Z80 microprocessor cards forCP/M

■ Used with Z80 card, it turns your Apple II into a twomicroprocessor system with 56K of usable memory

■ With a Z80 card, it lets you run BASIC-80****.

COBOL-80***: FORTRAN-BO***: BASIC Compiler****, and Assembly Language Development System***: plus Applesoft BASIC*, Integer BASIC*, Apple Pascal System: Apple FORTRAN* and Apple Pilot* Utilizes Apple DOS 3.3* 16-sector system to permit loading both Applesoft* and Integer BASIC* Compatible with VisiCalc***** Offers all features of Apple Language Card* (except Autostart ROM)

rd, it lets you Available at all fine '**: Computer Stores $149.00

h(^1iii:Si>eii n|ii;Hii

SSiistRms

'Registered trsdemerks el Apple Computer Inc.

■Registered trademark of Zilog

'Registered trademark of Digital Research

"Registered trademarks of fUllciosoft

"Registered trademark of Personal Software

SUBSIDIARY OF WESPERCORP

•i

will become a relay device rather than a controller and will not retard loop operation.

HPIL Speed

Just how fast is the HPIL loop? Depending on circumstances, it can approach speeds of 40,000 bps (bits per second). VVhile this is many times faster than most RS-232C serial links, the HPIL can be slower than the parallel-based IEEE-STD-488 bus. (Originally known as GPIB or HPIB for Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus, the present IEEE-STD-488 was developed by HewlettPackard.) The HPIL is intended to be a low-cost, noncompetitive alternative to IEEE-STD-488. The HPIL is competition, however, for the more antiquated RS-232C. Just the fact that the HPIL uses orjy two wires gives it a definite advantage; then there is the availability of an HHC as a controller.

Let's look at the speed of this asynchronous loop in more detail. Since instructions as well as data are sent around the loop, the instruction cycle of the controller may become a significant factor. In almost all cases, the loop controller will be the HP-41C portable calculator. While microcode (machine language) runs through the HP-41C at a speed of about 350 kHz, the practicalities of the Macro Instruction Interpreter effectively make an instruction cycle much slower. An instruction such as ENTER t, originally keyed into program memory by the operator, takes about 40 ms to execute. This includes the overhead of the Instruction Interpreter and the HP-41'C Operating System. Therefore, practical data throughput speed will probably average about 150 bytes per second (1200 bps). The 40,000-bps HPIL maximum could only be managed by, for example, an HP-80 series computer running a machine-language controller program or by controllers Hewlett-Packard is now developing.

Using the Loop

Operation of the loop can be completely transparent to the user. When a printer is in the loop, the operator (or a running program) simply executes a PRINT function; the HPIL searches for the first available printer to perform the function using a imique feature called ^n accessory poll. Optionally, the operator (or a program) may specify a particular printer by means of the SELECT function. In this case, the operator becomes only a little more involved with HPIL operation.

Manufacturing plants may wish to have the HPIL control a set of relays and read a number of indicators. The HP-41C is ideally suited to that task. Its alphanumeric capabilities and versatile keyboard allow programs to be written so that they can talk to the plant operators in plain English while performing complex uriderlyipg operations.

Efficient firmware in the HPIL Module is available, allowing a user to perform READ/WRITE functions onto a mass storage device (such as the Hewlett-Packard Digital Cassette Drive) or PRINT functions. Firmware supports either the Hewlett-Packard printer or any ASCII-compatible standard printer having a parallel port. Using less efficient instruction methods, the present firmware also allows the HP-41C to query and change the status of relays, monitors, voltmeters, or hundreds of other devices.

More Efficient I/O Operation

The Extended Input/Output ROM plugs into the back of the calculator and will add the following functions to the firmware:

• Extended addressing of up to 961 devices on the loop •User access tp all additional functions involved with

Terminal Patient.

Avoid computer disasters with anti-static protective covers.

Let's face it. Computer hardware can be subjected to many unexpected ills,.. .dust, grime, spills, static, pets and more.

Cover Craft Protective Covers are easily the best available. Our exclusive STAT-PRUF'" antistatic vinyl prevents damaging

static electricity. Double-fold stitching means unsurpassed life. Designed to precisely fit terminals, printers, drives, and more.

Give your sensitive electronic equipment a fighting chance. Visit your local computer dealer or write to Cover Craft.

Starting at ^8.95

^^^^

ANTI-STATIC PRODUCTS

COVER CRAFT

CORPORATION

RO: Box 555B, Amher$t, NH 03055 •(603)889-6811

84 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 129 on Inquiry card.

... describing the price performance leaders in table top computers.

Owning an SX from IMS I nternal ional is a joy no matter which model you choose.

Both f<,\\'v youWinchester performance and a lot more.

Our 5000 SX table top computer features either a 5.5 or 11 MByte Winchester subsystem, plus one or two o'A" lloppv drives.

And our 8000 SX offers a 10, 20 or 40 mefiabyte Winchester, plus one or two 8" lloppies, and a 17 megabyte

incremental cartridge tape drive subsystem.

Both high performance Winchester subsystems deliver awesome speed — ten times faster than floppies, on the average. You can load a 20 KByte system program in less than a second.

More importantly, IMS systems are engineered for reliability, so downtime won't take away the gains Winchester technology brings. They're strictly business, from their metal-not-plastic cabinets to their test-don't-guess circuitry.

Circle 203

And with our full 2-year warranty you have it in writing.

Software for the SXs includes either single user, or our new high performance multiuser/ multiprocessor operating systems, plus bask; FORTRAN and COBOL languages, and a host of compatibility-tested application programs.

Fbr complete information and specifications on the 5000 SX and 8000 SX, along with the location of your nearby IMS International dealer, just contact us. on inquiry card.

We'll tell you everything you ever wanted to know about SX.

Call (714) 978-6966 or (702) 883-7611 today or write:

INTERNAnOIMAL

WE BUILD COMPUTERS AS IT YOUR BUSINESS DEPENDED ON THEM.

2800 Lockheed Way, Carson City, NV 89701 -Telex: 910-395-6051

Lisdng 4: The DIRECTORY that leads every HP digital cassette. Owners of the Card Reader will be interested to know that file ALL is a WRITEALL file containing the complete status of an HP-41CV. This file loads in about 25 seconds as opposed to the several minutes and inconvenience of using over 10 magnetic cards. More than 50 files of this size can be stored on one

HflHE

TYPE

REGS

m

PR

39

STATUS

KE

I

TEST

ST

le

ALL

UA

336

PTO

PR

29

dBV

PR

42

Z

PR

9

control and query of external devices attached to the loop

• A routine to enable bar-code generation on the new HP82162A Thermal Printer/Plotter

•A routine to allow one or more cassette copies to be generated; especially valuable when distributing software or data for OEM use

• An external device will be able to "call" the controller for service requests

The HP82183 Extended I/O ROM will be available by the summer of 1982, with price to be armounced.

Extended Functions/Solid-State Mass Memory

The HP82180A Extended Functions/Memory Module adds firmware as well as additional read/write memory to the HP-41C. While this new product is not directly involved with HPIL operations, it is being introduced now in an effort to make the HP-41C a more "friendly," versatile controller and, of course, an even more powerful HHC. HP-41C owners not interested in controlling external devices can still make use of the Extended Functions/Memory Module. First, this device adds 47 new functions not included in the HP-41C mainframe. Second, the HP82180A and two companion Extended Memory Modules can increase the solid-state memory space of the calculator by 4.2K bytes to a whopping, handheld total of 6.2K bytes.

Many users will look forward to a programmable ASSIGN function, which will enable special-purpose keys to be automatically assigned and later cancelled within specific programs. Previously, key assignments had to be executed manually. Note that the softwareintensive design of the original HP-41C is what makes these post-production enhancements possible.

Another extended function allows alphanumeric manipulations previously manageable but relatively cumbersome in the standard HP-41C. For example, the leftmost character of an alphabetic string can be identified by a program and then acted upon. The 104-step program PTOF (partially described in listing 2) could be reduced to approximately 80 steps and would run faster with the new extended functions.

Additional memory of 889 bytes is contained in the

HP82180A; its companion, the HP82181A Extended Memory Module adds 1666 bytes. Two HP82181A units can be used at any one time. With all three modules plugged in, 4221 bytes of extended memory are available to the user. The additional 4.2K-byte memory is called extended memory to distinguish it from the resident memory of the HP-41C. Extended memory is not online in the sense that programs can be executed directly or that data can be used directly. Instead, the new read/write memory is organized in a file and register format, just as on a disk drive and with equivalent access speed.

For example, two completely different specialized calculators could be kept in solid-state storage and downloaded into the main RAM on demand. ASCII data of up to 4221 characters could be collected and stored in the field to be acted later on by the HHC, by a computer, or transferred to the new Digital Cassette Drive. It will not be necessary to "wipe" information in main RAM in order to move data from the extended memory to the Digital Cassette Drive. Data within the extended memory can also be sorted, alphabetized, or otherwise organized at disk-access speeds. The HP82180A Extended Functions/Memory Module is now available for $75, as is the HP82181A Extended Memory Module.

Industry Reaction to the HPIL

The HPIL is certainly a versatile system, but what's the catch? For now, there is one little catch: other manufacturers may design peripherals to attach to the HPIL, but the only loop controller presently available is a HewlettPackard product. Therefore, a turnkey system would contain at least two Hewlett-Packard products—the HPIL Converter and an HPIL controller. The company says that the converter hardware will support controller operation. Unfortunately, the software to run a controller is very complex, causing concern over possible improper HPIL operation. Nevertheless, manufacturers who wish to develop a controller for the HPIL may contact Hewlett-Packard for details. Despite the HewlettPackard monopoly on the controller, the HPIL will probably become popular with other manufacturers simply because the versatility of Hewlett-Packard's most powerful calculator makes it the ultimate controller.

HPIL Peripherals: The Digital Cassette Drive

To me, the most intriguing new peripheral is the Digital Cassette Drive. Using digitally certified magnetic tape, it is truly a mass storage device (see photo 2). Up to 131,072 bytes of online mass storage will fit into a small cassette similar in size to an audio microcassette. The drive itself is compact, and its flip-top cover contains a convenient storage space for two cassettes. The magnetic storage is 50 times the size of the HP-41CV RAM and, according to Hewlett-Packard, contains enough mass memory to accommodate all the programs from the 26

HP-41 Solutions Books onto one tape. If this is not enough online capacity, HPIL firmware even allows "chaining" of multiple drives. The user or a rurming pro

86

April 1982 © BYTE PublicaUons Inc

THE MULTI-USER FRIENDLY 256K MEMORY BOARD WITH

COMPRO

No Compromise in Performance

□ Main-frame type memory mapping for optima' BANK SWITCHED applications or 24-BlT extended addressing

□ Operates in any S-100 System IEEE/696+ or non IEEE

□ DMA operation fully supported+

□ 8/16 data transfer protocol+

□ Up to 6 MHZ witfi no wait states: Up to 10 MHZ with automatic wait state assertion

□ Parity error detection+

□ Double parity in 16-BIT operation

No Compromise in Features

□ All memory/refresfi cycle timing is generated ON BOARD providing easy CPU independent characterization

□ Ideal for use with the new generation of operating systems: CP/M-80'"' CP/M-86,'"- MP/M-ir- MP/M-86'"OASIS,"-- UNIX"—•

No Compromise in Quality

□ Multilayer board and bus signal filtering for noise-free operation

□ Thorough 100% final test and burn-in

No Compromise in Versatility

□ Manual provides source listing and complete installation guide for MP/M-II'"- BANK SWITCHED multi-user applications

□ For the CP/M-2.2'"- user:

Manual includes implementations of 'Virtual Disk' for solid state disk/file applications

No Compromise in Customer Support

□ Comprehensive technical manual

□ User hot-line

□ Full one year parts and labor warranty

tin accordance wilh IEEE-696 standard Registered trademarks of 'Digital Research, •"Phase I. and ■"Bell Labs

I

ORDER NOW

{■OH nmBn mpotm HnvH ■■mmk nanMi h^^m

- (213)887-5737

m If you wish, send a check or I money order for $1,379 (in California add 6% sales tax where applicable).

Manual available at $25.00 each refundable with order.

' MACROTECH International Corp., I 22133 Cohasset St„ Canoga Park, j^California 91303

III

MACROTECH International Corp., 22133 Cohasset St., Canoga Park, California 91303

Circle 244 on inquiry card.

Photo 3: With the HP-41, HP82160A, HPIL Interface Module, HP-85, and HP82938A HPIL Interface Card, portable data collection, direct data transfer, and sophisticated data analysis are made easy.

gram simply calls a file by its name. The HPIL firmware searches the directory at the head of each cassette until it finds the selected file, then loads the file from that drive into RAM.

The cassette drive is of digital quality. It records data with parity, and a VERIFY function is available to check for errors. Being HPIL compatible, it can be addressed by controllers yet to be developed for the loop. Powered by rechargeable batteries, the drive has a standby power mode feature, especially valuable where operation on batteries and without human intervention is expected for long periods. The controller automatically calls a POWER UP function when it wishes to access the cassette drive. As a result, this imit is truly field operable.

Using a two-track format, the cassette drive is bidirectional (one track per direction) with two speeds: 23 centimeters (9 inches) per second read/write speed and 76 centimeters (30 inches) per second search/rewind speed. For those concerned about potential head wear at these speeds, the company asserts that the tape-to-head pressure is so light that head wear is insignificant. Data density is 335 bits per centimeter. Format is 256 bytes per record, with 512 records available per cassette.

When a file is called, the machine first reads the directory at the head of the cassette for the location of the named file (see listing 4 for an example of a tape directory). Then the cassette rapidly (76 cm/s) winds to the file and reads it back to the HPIL. Before writing a file, the machine looks through the directory to see if the name already exists. If so, it will rewrite (record over) that file. If not, and if space is available on the medium, it will add the new file name to the directory, speedily jump to the free spot on the tape, then record the new file, all under HPIL control.

Seven different types of files may be recorded: Program, Data, Key Assignments, Status (condition of the HHC—useful for reestablishing conditions after a running program has been interrupted), Writeall (entire contents of the calculator), ASCII, and Unknown.

To check the effective speed of the cassette drive, I recorded and then read back a Writeall file (2352 bytes). I timed the machine from the moment I pressed the last key of the READ ALL command to the time the read was completed. It took 27.5 seconds; therefore, effective average speed of data transfer using cassette is 85.5 bytes per second (684 bps). The read/write speed on the medium is a respectable 963 bytes per second, but, as you can see, tape-cuing time must lower the real speed considerably. The same amount of information could be loaded from a typical disk drive in a couple of seconds.

New Thermal Printer

Probably the most important feature of the new thermal printer is its HPIL capability, which allows it to be addressed by future controllers and computers. The HP82162A Printer/Plotter includes all the features of the earlier HP82143 as well as the ability to print bar code. Since it too runs on rechargeable batteries, a standby power mode is included.

For those who are unfamiliar with the earlier printer, its features include: ASCII standard upper and lowercase characters and special characters, double-wide printing option, a 24-character line, user-definable characters, and plotting capabilities. HP-41C users should immediately see the potential of the HPIL interface plus printer plotting—an input signal can now be plotted in real time.

More HPIL Peripherals

The HP3468A Digital Multimeter (DMM) is programmable through the HPIL. Its 12-character alphanumeric display can output messages generated by the controller or by the DMM. Resolution is adjustable from 3 to 5 digits, with increased resolution resulting in a proportional trade-off in speed.

The HP82938A HPIL Interface Card shown in photo 3 plugs into the Hewlett-Packard Series 80 personal computer. The computer will then be able to take control of the loop. It can also be programmed to store and analyze data collected on the calculator. ROMs for the Series 80 machines are compatible with the HPIL Interface Card, allowing the computer to use the printer, cassette drive, and all future HPIL peripherals.

The HP82182A Time Module plugs directly into the HP41C. This will allow the unit to be turned off and then "awakened" automatically by the timer's programmable ALARM function. The program will start running the line at which the HP-41C was positioned when it was turned off (or when it turned itself off). Since OFF is a programmable function, the process can be repeated indefinitely. The timer becomes especially useful in a controller situation, allowing measurements to be taken at regular intervals, devices to be turned off, pressures regulated, etc. This module can also display time and date and provide calendar data over a 2738-year span.

The HPIL Converter The key to the HPIL's success will be the availability of

88 April 1982 © BYTE PublicaUons Inc

1>\KE A TEST DRIVE.

With a reliable TRAXX "100/200/300 series add-on drive system.

Our drives feature excellent engineering, and all of the advanced performance features you've come to expect from the nation's leading disk drive manufacturers. All systems are completely burned-in and tested. And, you'll see at least five quality assurance stamps on each and every drive, which is how we mal<e sure our drives will run and will continue to run past our optional two year extended warranty.

Our drive packages start at $250.00 and include a comprehensive operations manual and an attractive static free, dust free cover.

Systems available for Altos, 'Apple™, Atari. Heath™. North Star™. S-100. ^TRS-SOtm (Model 1.11. III. Color). Zenith™.

If one of our drives fails to meet your highest expectations Of how trouble free and reliable a disk drive can be. then return it to us for a complete refund.*

So. before you buy another drive, take a test drive with one of ours. We're sure that you'll findTRAXX to be the finest.

IT'S GUARANTEED!

circle 419 on Inquiry card.

COMPUTER CORPORATION

Call our toll-free TRAXX LINE: 1-800-6Z1-310E. In Illinois, call: (312) 987-1024. 10AM-6PM CST. Monday thru Friday. 'For full refund drives must be returned within 10 days of purchase.

' Apple IS a reatsteretl trademark of Ap ^TRS-80 IS 3 rpgisTerccJ trademark of Rai

Photo 4: The HPIL Converter (4.5 by 11 by 2 cm) connects the HPIL loop with the outside world.

the HPIL Converter. This component (see photo 4) is designed to interface the HPIL with the outside world. OEMs may wish to build HPIL capability into components such as measurement instruments, enabling programmable control by an inexpensive HHC rather than a much more costly computer.

BYTE readers who have connected hardware to computer input/output ports are probably familiar with a VIA (versatile interface adapter) or a PIA (peripheral interface adapter). Applying a similar philosophy, the HPIL Converter is a much smarter device. The converter contains the necessary firmware to recognize HPIL instructions and to convert specific instructions and data

from the serial HPIL format to a dual 8-bit parallel format. As a matter of fact, one of the sample schematics presented in the converter manual is an interface with a Centronics-style parallel printer connector.

Hewlett-Packard supplies a 34-pin printed-circuit-type mating connector; a standard ribbon connector will also work. Power for the HPIL Converter { + 5 V DC at 90 mA) is derived from the host device. All input/output lines are TTL-compatible and include two bidirectional 8-bit ports, three input handshake lines, three output handshake lines, and several special-purpose lines. The latter are used for triggering external devices and for communicating special conditions such as power down, power up, or service request. Complete hookup details for programming negative or positive logic strobes, full or half duplex operation, and more are furnished in the HPIL Converter documentation.

Some Revisionist Thoughts

The addition of all this hardware to the HewlettPackard arsenal poses a couple of logistical problems. The first problem concerns battery charging; there are too many plugs and not enough sockets. The HP-41C, printer, and cassette drive each come with identical-style power connectors. A power transformer and a charging cable are also furnished with each unit. It is certainly inconvenient to have to find wall sockets for all these devices. I hope that Hewlett-Packard relieves the conges

^ InfoWorld experts voted

SPGLLCUARD

SOFTWARE PRODUCT OF 1981"

The Spelling Checker for Professionals

• FAST. Proofreads 40 pages a minute on a floppy disk.

• EASY TO USE. Beginners can use almost immediately.

• FLEXIBLE. Dictionary is expandable and technical dictionaries can be easily created.

RELIABLE. Used daily by thousands and is guaranteed.

COMPACT. 20,000 word dictionary uses only 53K.

Spellguard requires CP/M operating system and a word processing program.

CP'U IS a registered trademarK ot Digi[<il Reseatcri. PaCilic Grove CA

innovATivG

so f r. w a re a,[j f > 1 i c a, t, i o ti s

Thu Pl.i/r.i 6uili|jiiij

11 "ifi fh. -T-mt lam. Menlii fiaii '

■ ??9V. Menio Pjik, CA S)"1U.;^

90 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 208 on inquiry card.

y ■ «( —I

' feacuRGS

4 , ■ ' 1

HIG.H RES9LUTION GRAPHICS* COLOR

The stunning 480 X 1 92 resolution gives you total .display control - in color or black and white. The choice of display formats is yours; 80,64,40 and 32 columns by 24 or 1 6 lines inany combination of eight colors.

.PERFORMANCE- Lift-off wit.h.a4MHz Z80A CPU for twice the performance. The LNW80 outoerforms all comouters in its class.

MODEL I COMPATIBILITY - The LNW80 is

fully hardware and software compatible withu the Model I. Select from a universe.of hardware accessories and software - from VisiCalc* to space games, your LNW80 will launch you into a new world of computing.

FULLY LOAQED - A full payload includes on-board single and double density disk controller for 5 Va"-. fnd 8" single or double sided disk drives. RS2-32C communications port, cassette and parallel printer interfaces are standard features and ready to go. All memory is fully installed - 48K RAM, 16K graphics RAM and 12K ROM complete with Microsoft BASIC.

Our down to earth^price won't send you into orbit

. LNW Research Corp.

(714) (541-8850 (714] '''•''^"'^''1^^^^^^

Monitor and Disk'drives not included ■ TM Personal Software. Inc.'

Circle 237 on inquiry card.

Photo 5: Hewlett-Packard's HP82163A Video Interface connects a monitor or TV to HP's interface loop. This permits handheld computers like the HP-41C—previously limited by a single-line display—to display information in a 16-line by 32-character video format. Aided by the new interface (available by the end of 1982), HP-41C owners can review up to 16 program steps at a time.

tion by introducing a charger capable of powering several peripherals at once.

The second logistical problem is more serious. HewlettPackard has supplied a "horn of plenty" in modules, but there are only four sockets to receive them. A user may very well need to operate several of these modules simultaneously. Hopefully, the company will soon supply a "piggyback module adapter" of some sort to relieve the problem. Outside of the above, very few complaints can be made about Hewlett-Packard's well-supported products.

The Future

With the introduction of the HPIL Loop, HewlettPackard has made a commitment to issue a series of new HPIL controllers, peripherals, and instruments. Expect to see in the near future a video/TV monitor interface (shown in photo 5), an 80-character/line impact printer, an HPIL/RS-232C converter, and a self-powered version of the GPIO board designed for the home hobbyist. No official corporate announcement has been made at this writing, but Hewlett-Packard probably will introduce these items before the end of the year.

I'm sure someone will ask about word processing with the HP-41C and the HPIL. It's conceivable but not without an external keyboard since the HP-41C is only good for "hunt and peck" typing. Its alphanumeric capabilities and portability will lend themselves to many other unique jobs in the very near future.

Conclusions

As usual, Hewlett-Packard's documentation is excellent. Prototypes of the new products must have been in use within the Corvallis, Oregon, plant for a considerable length of time because the style of the instruction manuals reflects much experience with the products.

With any new and complicated product, there are bound to be bugs. The ones I have found so far have been minor. My experience is that Hewlett-Packard's Corvallis Division will respond to consumer complaints quickly and efficiently.

The potentials of the HPIL loop are literally aweinspiring. As such, it is difficult for me to make an overall evaluation other than that the future looks bright. I suggest you read on to page 94 and delight in what's just over the HPIL horizon. ■

92 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

C- inn cTijTir MizMnou oocoi^Tijoni irij luu ^iniifL I iLi lui 11 ui iLi mini tuuui i

••• ••••• ••• ••••••

••••••••••• ••••••• ••• ••• ••••••

••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• •••

••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• •••

••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• •••

••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••••• ••••••

••• ••• ••• ••••••• •••••• ••••••

••• ••• ••• ••••••• ••• ••• •••

••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• •••

••• ••••• ••• ••• ••••••

••• ••• ••••••• ••• ••• •••••••

••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• •••

••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• •••

••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• •••

••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••••••

••••• ••• ••• ••• ••• •••••••

••• ••• ••• ••• •••

••• ••• ••• ••• •••

••• ••• ••• ••• ••« ••• •••

••• ••••••• ••••••• •••

••• ••••• ••••• •••

••• ••• •••

••• ••• ••• •••

••• ••• ••• ••

••• •••>•• •••

••• ••• •••••• •••••

••• ••• ••• ••• •••

••• ••• ••• ••• •••

•o* ••• ••• ••• •••

••• ••• «••••• •••

•e* ••• ••••••

••• ••• ••• •••

•••

••• ••• ••• ••• •••

••• ••• ••• ••• ••• •••

••• ••• ••• ••• ••• •••

••• ••• ••• ••• •••••• •••

•••••••••• ••• ••••••• •••

•••••• ••• ••• •••

••• ••• ••• ••• •••

••• ••• ••• ••• ••• •••

••••••• ••• ••• ••••<

••• ••• •••

••• ••• ••• ••• •••

••• •••

••••••• ••• ••• ••••• ••••••

••••••• ••••••• ••«•• ••••••

••• ••• ••••••• •••

••• ••• ••• ••• •••

••• ••• ••• ••• ••• •••

•••••

•••••••

••• •••

••• •••

••• •••

••• •••

•••••••

•••••••

•••

••• •••

••• •••

••• •••

•••••••<

••• •••

••• •••

••• •••

••• •••

••• •••

••• •••

••• •••

••• •••

••• •••

• * ••••••4

••• •••

• •• 1

• •• ' ••• • ••• • ••• I

•••••• ••• ••• <

••••• •••••• ••••• •••••• ••••••

' ••••••• ••••••• ••••••• ••••••

I ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• •••

I ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• •••

> ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• •••

» ••• •••••• ••• ••• •••••• ••• ••••••

I ••• ••• ••••••• ••••••• ••••••• ••• ••••••

> ••• ••• ••• ••• ••••••• ••• ••• •••

> ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• •••

I ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• •••

••••••

I ••••• ••• ••• •••••• ••••••••••••

••••••• ••••••• ••••••

• •• ••• ••• •••

• •• ••• ••• ••• •••

••• ••• ••• ••• •••

• •• ••• ••• ■•• ••••••

••• ••• ••• ••• ••••••

• •• ••• ••• •••

••• ••• ••• ••• •••

••• ••• ••• •••

••••••• ••• ••• ••••••

••••• ••• ••• ••••••

• •• ••• ••• •*•

16K S1ATIC RAM $169 64K S1ATIC RAM $795

32K PARTIALLY POPULATED $479 48K PARTIALLY POPULATED $659

Rnally, you can buy state-of-the-art S-100 static memory for your computer at unprecedented savings.

Memory IVIercliant's memory boards provide the advanced features, quality and reliability you need for the kind of operational performance demanded by new high-speed processors.

COMPLETELY ASSEMBLED These memory boards are not kits, nor skeletons—but top quality, high performance memories that are shipped to you completely assembled, burned-in, socketed, tested and insured w/ith one of the industry's best w/arranties.

SUPERIOR DESIGN & QUALITY

Memory Merchant's boards are created by a designer, well-know/n for his proven ability in advanced, cost-efficient memory design. Innovative circuitry provides you with highly desired features and incredible versatility.

Only first quality components are used throughout, and each board is rigorously tested to assure perfect and dependable performance.

SHIPPED DIRECT FROM STOCK

All Memory Merchant's boards are shipped direct from stock, normally within 48 hours of receipt of your order

NO RISK TRIAL

We are so convinced that you will be absolutely delighted with our boards that we extend a no risk trial offer. After purchasing one of our boards, you may return it (intact) for any reason within 15 days after shipment and we will refund the purchase price.

NEW 18 MONTH LIMITED WARRANTY!

The reliability of our boards, through quality controlled production and proven performance, has enabled us to extend our warranty to a full 18 months. This includes a 6 month exchange program for defective units.

HOW TO ORDER

Please send check, money order, VISA or MASTERCHARGE (add ICA#) with your order. Sorry, no C.O.DIs. Specify model number, and quantity desired. Shipping and handling charge is $5.00 per board. California residents add 6% Sales Tax. Credit card purchases may be telephoned to (415) 483-1008. OEM and DEALER inquiries invited.

UYI.. mcmon^ iMi merchant

14666 Doolittle Drive San Leandro, CA 94577 (415) 483-1008

64K RAM, Model MM65K16S

Cool running operation to 10 MHz

Ultra low-power consumption Fully loaded 64K board draws: Typ. 350 Ma. (Max. current 550 Ma.)

Bank Select Capability

Extended Addressing Capability

One 16K submodule equipped with a 2K window which may be located in any of the 2K segments

2716 (5V) EPROM Compatibility: Programmed 2716 EPROM's may replace any or all of the RAM

Four independently addressable 16K submodules on one board organized as two pair of independent 32K banks or as one 64K Extended Address Page. Each 32K bank responds independently to phantom. Bank Select logic is compatible with either Cromemco Cromix* or standard Bank Select software.

*Cromix is a trademark of Cromemco.

New 16K (2K X 8) 150ns Static RAM Runs on any S-100,8-bit system MPM Conversion Option: Write for details. 16K RAM, Model MM16K14

Bank Select Capability Extended Addressing Capability One 4K segment equipped with IK

windows Four independent 4K X 8 byte

segments Uses field proven 2114 (IK X 4) Low-power consumption (Typ. 1.3 Amps) Runs on any S-100 8080, 4 MHz

Z-80 or 5 MHz 8085 system.

Prices, terms, specifications subject to change without notice. Circle 252 on inquiry card.

The A113 Interface puts your Apple' Computer to work in the

Laboratory

For Only

$550

You can plug this powerful interface easily into your Apple Computer

and create a fast, flexible analog data acquisition system with all these features:

• 15 independent input channels

• Ranges from lOOmV to ± 5V, selectable by software

• I 2-bit precision, 0.024% accuracy

• Fast 20-microsecond conversion time

• Sample-and-hold circuitry captures changing signals

• External trigger mode responds to commands from remote equipment

• Software diskette included, to get you started right away

A I 13 comes with a I -year warranty and is backed by full technical support. It is part of a full line of IS analog and digital systems, all inexpensive and modularly designed so that you can select and pay for only the interfaces and functions you need.

Interactive Structures has been designing and producing interfaces for Apple Computers since 1977. Thousands of iS units are in use internationally. One is being used in the instrumentation for making analog readings aboard the NASA Space Shuttle.

Write or call now for more information on the A I 13 — the best investment you'll make in a research assistant.

'Recommended U S list price each Apple IS a registered trade name ol Apple^'^Computer Inr

Circle 464 on Inquiry card.

Interactive Structures, Inc. 112 Bala Avenue P.O. Box 404 BalaCynwyd, PA 19004 (215)667-1713

A Future Day in the Life of an HP-41C

It's morning (February 1,1983), and I find no cash in my pockets. No, the HP-41C cannot mint money, but it can call the bank for me and engage in a friendly conversation with the bank's computer. I plug the Modem Management Pack into a blank slot and connect the HP-41C to an HPIL converter which in turn has been hooked up to a telephone coupler. I quickly learn that the check from Detroit finally cleared, and my checking account is good for $1000.

Later, I arrive at the recording studio and discover a faulty VU meter (things haven't changed much). I am now carrying a powerful tool consisting of my trusty HP-41C attached to an HPIL Converter, an A/D (analog-to-digital) converter, and a long cable terminating in alligator clips. These components make up not just a programmable multimeter, but a complete measurement and analysis system customized by the user—mel

The HHC tells me that there is 2.0 V across the console's output terminals, which represents 4.2 dBs above the reference of 1.23 V. I suspect an intermittent connection, so I've programmed the HP-41C to beep whenever a change in level occurs (a high-frequency beep if the level goes up, low-frequency if it goes down) and to display the new voltage and dB level. When I wiggle a loose resistor on the circuit board, the HP-41C cheerfully beeps to signal the cause of the problem. Even in 1983, cold solder joints and bad connections cause the majority of service problems.

My next job is rather distantly located, but this time the HP-41C is not available to play Hangman. It has a much more important job to do—it's helping to fly my Beechcraft. You see, back in 1981, the HewlettPackard company produced a custom ROM for the Beech Aircraft Corporation, turning the HP-41C into a revolutionary flight-planning system capable of saving thousands of gallons of fuel a year. Well, today (1984?) this system has been updated so that the plane is equipped with an HPIL Converter. Since instrument data is now transmitted directly to the HP-41C, the pilot does not need to key in information about fuel flow, speed of descent, wind velocity, or air speed.

Of course, as soon as I get the money, the next step will be to purchase the HP-41C Auto Pilot. By 1985, I will be able to plan my flight at home on the portable HP-41C, carry it with me to the airport, and plug it into the control panel of my airplane. Thus, it will help me in the air and continue to serve me on the ground.

The preceding "science fiction" story is based entirely on components that are available today and on technology that is completely within reach. We have only begun to dream.

ELECTROHOMB

ELECTRONICS

ELECTROHOME LIMITED, 809 WELLINGTON STREET NORTH, KITCHENER ONTARIO N2G 4]6

Electiohome Distzibutors

Consumer Computer Mktg. Inc., Sudbury Mass (617) 443-5128 Components Unlimited Inc., Lynchburg, VA (804) 237-6286 EMES Systems Ltd., New York, NY (800) 223-1799

Anthem Systems Company BurHngame, CA (415) 342-9182 Mycrosystems Distributors Inc., Dallas, Ttexas (214) 669-9370 Computerland, SanLeandro, CA(800) 772-3545 (Ext. 118) Outside California (800) 227-1617 (Ext. 118)

Hardware Review

TRS-80 DISCOUNT BUY DIRECT

WE SELL THE FULL LINE OF TRS-80'S AT WHOLESALE PRICES *** PERSONAL COMPUTERS***

Strawberry Tree's Dual Thermometer Card for the Apple

MODEL II

26-4002 64K I Drive $3279

Ask About Hard Drives MODEL III

26-1062 16K S819

26-1066 48K with

2 Drives, RS232 $2049

COLOR COMPUTER

26-3001 4K $309

26-3002 16K Ext. Basic $455

26-3003 32K Ext. Basic $569

POCKET COMPUTER

26-3501 Pocket Computer $155

COLOR COMPUTER DISK DRIVES

26-3022 Color Disk Drive #1 $498

26-3023 Color Disk Drive #2, 3, 4 $338

•LARGE INVENTORY WRITE FOR YOUR

•FAST DELIVERY FREE CATALOG

THOUSANDS OF SATISFIED CUSTOMERS

I ORDER TOLL FREE I

1-800-841-0860

MICRO MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS, INC.

DEPT. NO. 1 115 C. SECOND AVE. S.W. CAIRO, GA. 31728

GA. 912-377-7120

TM . TANDY CORPORATION FREE COPY OF WARRANTY UPON REQUEST

Dr. William Murray

RD #3, Box 363 Montrose, PA 18801

If you've ever needed to monitor temperatures over an extended period of time, then Strawberry Tree's Dual Thermometer Card is for your Apple. Actually, the card is part of a complete package that also contains a disk, two thermometer probes, and a user's manual.

The thermometer card has an internal clock that can be set when the system is loaded, or, if a clock/calendar card is present in the system, the clock can be set automatically. This feature enables your Apple to record the time at which temperature data is taken. Data-sampling intervals can also be set to occur at any preset time by means of the internal timer. The current temperature, along with the maximum and minimum, can be recorded for each probe and stored on disk or sent to a printer as output.

Everything in the package (see photo 1) is first class, which helps justify the retail price of $260. The card has fully socketed integrated circuits (ICs) and gold-plated edge connectors. The 83-page manual covers virtually every topic from installation to software modification. The software is a refreshing departure from many Apple peripherals on the market today. It is usable, understandable, and can be modified if necessary.

Photo 1: Strawberry Tree's complete package of temperaturemonitoring equipment for the Apple.

96 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 265 on inquiry card.

THE $595* SMART TERMINAL

The Heath 19 Smart Video Terminal gives you all the important professional features you want in a terminal, all for under $600.* You get the flexibility you need for high-speed data entry, editing, inquiry and transaction processing. It's designed to be the backbone of your system with heavy-duty features that withstand the rigors of daily use. Standard RS-232C interfacing makes the 19 compatible with DEC \/T-52 and most computer systems. And with the 19, you get the friendly advice and expert service that makes Heath/Zenith a strong partner for you.

Sold through Heathkit Electronic Centerst nationwide (see your white pages for locations). Stop in today for a demonstration of the Heath 19 Smart Video Terminal. If you can't get to a store, send for the latest Heathkit® Catalog. Write Heath Co., Dept. 052-894, Benton Harbor, Ml 49022.

HEATH/ZENITH

Your strong partner

Completely addressable blinking cursor lets you edit anywhere on

Reverse video by character lets you emphasize words, phrases or paragraphs.

l-1igh resolution CRT gives you sharp, easyto-read image, reduces eye-strain.

Complete ASCII character set includ ing uppercase, lowercase with descenders, and special graphic symbols.

80 character by 24 line format, plus 25th line for operator messages and prompts.

Professional quality keyboard, standard typewriter layout, 72 keys, including 12 special function keys.

Z-80 microprocessorcontrol makes the 19 capable of multitude of high-speed functions. It's the only terminal with ROlVl source code readily available.

Insert and delete character or line plus erase to end of line and end of screen make the 19 ideal for sophisticated editors like WORDSTAR.

Cursor and special functions are accessible by keyboard or computer, using either DEC VT-52 or ANSI Standard protocols.

Keypad in calculator format permits fast, easy entry of numeric data.

tHeath Company and Veritechnology Electronics

, ,. , ^„ „ „ ,, , ... ., ^. ^ , . , J^ Corporation are wholly-owned subsidiaries of Zenith

•In kit form, F.O.B. Benton Harbor, Ml. Also available the completely assembled Zenith Z-19 ^3^,^ corporation.The Heathkit Electronic Centers

at $895. Prices and specifications are subject to change without notice. are operated by Veritechnology Electronics Corporation.

CP-202C

At A Glance

Name

Dual Thermometer Card for the Apple II Use

Long- and short-term temperature measurements

Manufacturer

Strawberry Tree Computers 949 Cascade Drive Sunnyvale, CA 94087

Price

S260

Features

Two temperature-sensing probes, Apple hardware board, software contained on a 5'/i-inch disk, user's manual

Capabilities

Reads present temperature of each probe, keeps track of maximum and minimum of each probe, and records temperature difference between probes. Also records date and time when samples are taken and sends data to printer or to disk for storage.

Hardware required

Apple II Plus with 48K bytes of memory or Apple II having 48K bytes of memory with Applesoft; disk drive with DOS 3.2, 3.21, or 3,3 (will load on 13- or 16-sector machines).

Additional options

Will output with no modifications to almost all printers that have been correctly interfaced; will set the date and time directly from a Mountain Hardware card; otherwise, the internal clock can be set from the keyboard.

1982 VERSION IFR SIMULATOR Apple II Plus DOS 3.3

TOP 330 FROH SBl 0B£ BOT 1L£ « li: 4? GfiS=3 KI Hints REKAIHIHG

Features a lifelike panel that simulates the airplane instruments that are used for flying and navigating In clouds. FLY IFR LANDINGS, PATTERNS, and CROSS COUNTRY in several areas of The United States. $50.00 at your computer store or direct from:

PROGRAMMERS SOFTWARE 2110 N.2nd St. Cabot Arkansas 72023 (501) 843-2988

Hardware

The thermometer card contains 12 ICs that draw 70 mA (milliamperes) from the +5-volt supply and 30 mA from the +12-volt supply. If the need arises, up to 7 cards can be installed in an Apple II, permitting you to monitor 14 different temperatures. The probes come with 10 feet of wire but can be extended to 500 feet without loss of accuracy. The probes are electrically isolated from their 0.19-inch by 0.65-inch case but cannot be immersed in water or other conductive fluids. (Special probes are available upon request.) For noncritical applications, the probes could be enclosed in a boilable freezer bag. The accompanying loss in sensitivity wouldn't affect results where slow temperature changes are expected. The accuracy of the unit is 0.4° from -20° to 50°C and within 1° from -50° to -20° and 50° to 100°C.

The thermometer card contains two major sections—a timer and an analog-to-digital converter. Its dataacquisition is similar to that used by the Apple's game paddles: resistance changes from the probes are used to alter the timing of a latch. The precision of the timing circuit is much more accurate, however, than the Apple's simple circuit and is fully described in the user's manual.

Because the system is set up to be slot independent, the card can be located anywhere (yes, even slot 0) without major modifications. External devices such as fans or heaters can be controlled using the data obtained from the dual thermometer board with the addition of the necessary interface hardware. This makes the device helpful not only for monitoring temperatures but also for controlling them.

Software

The software will load on 16- or 13-sector machines (DOS 3.3 or 3.2) without modification. When the disk is loaded, the time must be set from the keyboard if a clock/calendar is not available. This shouldn't be much of an inconvenience once the equipment is up and running. The internal clock of the dual thermometer is triggered by the Apple's crystal-controlled clock, so accuracy shouldn't be a problem.

The second thing that must be done upon starting the system is to set up the data-measuring parameters. The program gives you the ability to:

• choose one or two probes for temperature measurement

• monitor maximum and minimum temperatures of both probes

• set alarms for temperatures above and below the preset maximum and minimums

• record the difference between the two thermometers

• specify output in Fahrenheit, Celsius, or absolute (Kelvin)

• record data at predefined intervals on a printer or disk

If the same setup is used frequently, it too can be recorded on disk, eliminating the necessity of entering the same information each time.

98 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 338 on inquiry card.

SEATTLE COMPUTEirS NEW IIAM+ GIVES YOU THE MEMORY YOU NEED AT A PRICE YOU CANT FORGET.

A great new machine, the IBM personal computer, just got better. With RAM+, the new expansion memory from Seattle Computer.™

RAM+ can change your personal IBM from a pony to a workhorse by adding up to 256 K of memory. RAM+ is expandable, reliable and is made by Seattle Computer, the people who created the operating system for the IBM personal computer.

To make your IBM work even better, each RAM + card has a RS-232 serial port which uses IBM supplied software. And RAM+ comes fully assembled, tested and with a 90 day guarantee.* The RAM+ is available in 64 K, 128 K, 192 K or 256 K, with affordable prices ranging from $475. to $1,075. Expansion kits are also available.

How to order: Cal I Anna Ford at (206) 575-1830 for the

location of the nearest RAM+ dealer.

The RAM+ —a great addition to your IBM personal computer. At a great price.

Dealer inquiries welcome.

1114 Industry Drive, Seattle, Washington 98188

Circle 366 on inquiry card.

'Extended warranty available.

(la)

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10

(lb) 90 80 70

60 50 40 30 20 10

"Lower curve = Probe 'Upper curve = Mercury

Thermometer

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 TIME (MINUTES)

1 r 1 r 1 r —i 1 1 1

*

+ * 'Lower curve =

Probe

^ ^ ♦ * *Upper curve =

Mercury Thermometer

rill

123456 789 10

11 12 13 14

TIME (MINUTES)

Figure l:Tracking Strawberry Tree's thermometer probe versus a laboratory mercury thermometer. Figure la shows responses

to an 8.89°C/minute rate of change; figure lb shows responses to a 4.57°C/minute rate of change.

One missing feature, however, is a method for obtaining an average temperature for the collected data. If desired, the software can be modified to accumulate the sum of all temperature samples taken and divide that sum by the total number of samples. This should be an easy modification since the disk is not "copy protected," and the software is fully described in the user's manual.

Limitations

One of the major limitations of the Strawberry Tree Dual Thermometer card is the stabilizing time necessary for accurate measurements. The manual states that the probe requires 4 minutes to stabilize to within 0.1° for a 100° change. For comparison, a laboratory-grade mercury bulb thermometer will stabilize over the same temperature change in approximately 10 seconds. This would limit application of the device where large temperature variations can occur in relatively short time intervals.

Appendix E of the user's manual addresses this issue and offers several suggestions for obtaining greater accu

racy. Figure 1 shows two experimental plots. Each plot contains two curves, one of the probe and one of a mercury bulb thermometer. In figure la, the average rate of change is 8.89°C per minute, while that of figure lb is 4.57°C per minute. The rapid change in temperature with respect to time in figure la produces as much as a 4° error between probe and mercury thermometer. When the rate of change is slowed by a factor of 2, the two devices give about the same reading. This drawback won't be a problem where temperature variations change slowly. Indeed, given the required stabilization time, I found the probes to be well within their rated accuracy.

Applications

The possible applications of this dual thermometer board are many because of the careful attention given to writing the software. With the ability to record data on a printer or disk, many long-term temperature studies can be undertaken.

An engineer could use the dual-thermometer board in a solar heating experiment. One thermometer probe would monitor the internal temperature of the solar collector while the other would record the surrounding temperature. The data collected would help determine the best angle for the collector, the best collector coating for maximum heat gain, etc. With the card, readings for an entire day could be gathered automatically.

A homeowner might want to do a long-term energy study by monitoring the temperature difference between the inside and outside of the house. After keeping track of temperature differences and the amount of oil, gas, or electricity used per month, the most efficient temperature setting for the house could be determined by plotting a curve of temperature difference versus fuel consumption.

A scientist desiring to monitor the temperature of a microscopic culture might wish to record the information on a printer as it is gathered. A further possibility would be to have the computer sound an alarm if the culture got too hot or cold (this could be done by setting the alarms for the probe at the maximum and minimum limits).

Conclusions

The hardware and software of the Strawberry Tree

Dual Thermometer board are excellent, with all operations fully supported and documented. Any modifications to the BASIC program should be straightforward and require only fundamental programming skills.

The temperature probes can be located at distances up to 500 feet, offering great flexibility in probe placement. Special probes can be ordered for immersion in liquids. Two probes can be used at the same time, each recording its present temperature, maximum, minimum, and the temperature difference between the two.

The software permits readings to be calibrated in Fahrenheit, Celsius, or Kelvin. Data can be recorded on a printer or disk at preset intervals. An alarm can be set for each probe to indicate when a preset maximum or minimum temperature has been passed. ■

100 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

SUPERFILE

SOLVES YOUR FILING PROBLEMS

SUPERFILE makes your information files an ASSET!

tm

Menu driven

Customize

program

included

CLIENT RECORDS SALES LEADS CORRESPONDENCE JOURNAL ABSTRACTS PERSONNEL RECORDS MAILING LISTS CARD FILES LEGAL CONTRACTS ALMOST ANYTHING!

Learn in minutes

Ready to run Demo data base included

The USERS MANUAL tells you how to use SUPERFILE

to index and retrieve information for these and other practical uses.

IF YOU CAN TYPE, YOU CAN TEACH YOURSELF TO USE SUPERFILE IN MINUTES.

You Need

Computer with Z-80® cpu and at least 48K memory

CP/M® operating system

2 or more floppy disk drives or hard disk

Disk Formats

8" single density 5" including: Osborne, Xerox, North Star, Intertec, Apple (cp/m). Vector.

Technical Specifications

SEARCH SPEED: 100 records per second* RECORD ENTRY: your own text processor or easily convert your present files

# RECORDS PER DATA BASE: max. 8,000

on 8" SD (depends on disk capacity) RECORD LENGTH: variable to 256,000 char, (free format - no fixed length fields)

# KEY WORDS PER SEARCH: max. 64 using

"and", "or" & "not"

# KEY WORDS PER DATA BASE: max. 3,000

alpha-numeric plus 32,000 integers

# KEY WORDS PER RECORD: max. 250 KEY WORD LENGTH: max. 64 char, each

# FILES PER DATA BASE: no limit FILE SIZE: max. 256,000 bytes SORT: alpha-numeric by record MERGE and/or SPLIT: records and files

Where

Your Dealer Call FYI, INC. Write FYI, INC. Reader Service #

SUPERFILE costs only $195 (including DEMO data base, manual and 30 day money back guarantee)

MANUAL only: $50 (applies to purchase)

Special Dealer DEMO free, on request from qualified Dealers and OEM's.

SUPERFILE (TM) trademark of FYI, INC.

Z-80* registered trademark of Zilog

CP/M* registered trademark of Digital Research

' Using Z-80, 4mhz, 8" DD, av. 10 keywords/record.

Please add $10 outside the US, Canada, Mexico

FYI, INC.

P.O. BOX 10998 #615 AUSTIN, TX. 78766

(512)258-6310 mc/visa

IT'S WHAT YOU CAN FIND THAT COUNTS!

Circle 182 on inquiry card.

I

Book Reviews

Software Psychology: Human Factors In Computer and Information systems

Ben Shneiderman

Winthrop Publishers Inc. Cambridge, MA, 1980 320 pages, hardcover S24.95

Reviewed by Bruce Robert Evans 16 Marwin Road Pickering Ontario Canada LIV 2N7

Until recently, computers have been the domain of professionals. With the advent of personal computers, information networks, and dedicated controllers in equipment, programmers and designers must be aware of the impact of software on end users and vice versa. Much has been written about human engineering, but nothing has ap

peared about humanizing software. Software Psychology will help the systems engineer and programmer remedy this deficiency.

The layout of the book reflects the author's background in the psychology of learning. At the beginning of each chapter, there is a list of the section headings, followed by an explanation of what is to come. Two summaries, one of practical points for the programmer and one of possible leads for the psychology researcher, follow the body of the book. The repetition distressed me, but with time it became obvious that it was achieving the desired purpose—I was retaining the material.

Shneiderman starts by analyzing what programmers do. Using one of the key tenets of management analysis, he delineates tasks and their performance. Without generalizing, the author dissects some of the wellentrenched "truths." Do comments clarify a program? Do symbolic variable names help? Expect your prejudices

to be challenged. The author insists on measuring as he attempts to assess a programmer's output. Many commonly held beliefs topple. For example, while the number of lines produced may be acceptable criterion for one program, the efficiency of style may be better in another.

Chapters seven and eight, in which Shneiderman discusses database systems, should be read by all programmers. In them, the author explores possible sources of friction between programmers and nonprofessional users. Ways of dealing with irate nonprofessional users (Why is my credit card bill different from what I think it should be?) are discussed.

In chapter nine, Shneiderman discusses programming languages, emphasizing the attempts to create new languages that will correct some of the faults of existing ones. (Does a month go by when someone doesn't come up with the "perfect language"?) The author stresses that because no one language

covers all situations, programmers should consider the advantages and disadvantages of each when writing for a nonprofessional.

Chapter ten, "Interactive Interface Issues," justifies the entire book. In it, Shneiderman indicates the need for more study of the psychologic impact of computer programming on the end user, fie discusses computer systems from the user's point of view and points out user demands of which the programmer may be completely unaware.

In summary, Ben Shneiderman guides the systems engineer in deciding what a customer wants and needs, suggests how the software should be written, and assists in its evaluation. At the same time, the author shows the programmer what the software user wants and how the end user looks at a computer system. Often the user is very different psychologically and intellectually from the programmer; the successful programmer must be aware of this. ■

Ihe Graphics Family.

the most versatile, easiest-to-use graphics available for your Apple II.

The A2-3D1/3D2 with A2-GE1 Graphics Editor package lets you put simultaneous multiple images on your screen ... where you want, in the size you want, in your choice of orientation, complete with upper and lower case text. Because the most important part of your computer system is you. $119.85

mbiDGlC

Communications Corp. 713 Edgebrool< Drive Champaign, IL 61820 (217) 359-8482 Telex: 206995

Apple" lb the rogibt(;t(Ml iriidomark ol Apple CompLii

102 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 390 on Inquiry card.

Start talking business

with your Apple

COBOL is the most effective business language, Apple II is thie most friendly business computer. CIS COBOL with FORMS-2 brings together the best features of COBOL and Apple to enable you to deliver the most effective, user-friendly applications.

Business Programmers: Take the COBOL expertise you have acquired on big business mainframes, and use it on Apple II to create friendly applications that will talk directly to your users where it suits them best, on their own desks.

CIS COBOL's dynamic module loading gives you big application capability and the FORMS-2 source generator lets you build and modify conversational programs from visual screen formats, creating much of the code automatically.

Application vendors: CIS COBOL with FORMS-2 steps up the pace for your development of the high quality professional application packages needed today And creating them in COBOL makes them more maintainable.

Over half the Apple H's now being sold are going to business or professional users so demand for quality applications is growing fast, creating big business opportunities for you.

Stability proven by the US Government.

CIS COBOL has been tested and approved for two consecutive years by the US General Services Administration as conforming to the ANSI 74 COBOL Standard. Apple II under CP/M is included in CIS COBOL's 1981 GSA Certificate of Validation (at Low-Intermediate Federal Standard plus Indexed l-O and Level 2 Inter-Program Communication).

Get your hands on CIS COBOL at your Apple dealer.

Talk business with him now!

Micro Focus Inc., 1601 Civic Center Drive Santa Clara, CA 95050. Phone: (408) 248-3982.

MICRO FOCUS

CIS COBOL with FORMS-2 for use on the Apple II with CP/M is an Apple Distributed Product. CIS COBOL and FORMS-2 ore trademarks of Micro Focus, CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research, Apple II is a trademark of Apple Computer,

Circle 264 on inquiry card.

Product Description

5^

ALL IT NEEDS IS THE PERSONAL COMPUTER CONNECTION FROM NETWORK DATA

SYSTEMS.

Tliis printed circuit, small enough to fit inside the case of an IBM Model 50, 60, or 75 electronic typewriter, will interface with any RS232C computer system. Ihe typewriter is still a typewriter, and an electronic communications system as well, with:

• User-selectible baud rates . XON—XOFF protocol

• Four parity options

• FijII or half duplex modes

Yet for little more than the cost of the typewriter alone! For information call

Network Data Systems of Fla., Inc.

1500 N.W. 62nd St., Suite 308 Fort Lauderdale. FL. 33309 (305) 772-9320

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

The Epson HX-20

The First BYTE-sized Computer

104 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 298 on Inquiry card.

Gregg Williams Senior Editor

Unfortunately, no monthly magazine can be completely up to date on a given subject—some new product or idea always appears between the time we send the magazine to the printer and the day you see that same

issue. However, we did get a chance to preview a product so exciting that we "stopped the presses" to get it into this issue.

The Epson HX-20 microcomputer (see photo 1) is a remarkable unit that might be dubbed the first "notebook computer"—larger than a pocket computer and smaller than a briefcase computer, it is about the size of a notebook. It weighs in at 1.73 kilograms (3 pounds, 13 ounces) and measures 28.9 by 21.6 by 4.44 centimeters (11.375 by 8.5 by 1.75 inches)—somewhat lighter than but almost the same size as two issues of BYTE. The HX-20 has a full version of Microsoft BASIC, 16K bytes of memory, a standard-size and standard-configuration keyboard, a 24-character-per-line printer, a built-in cassette interface, and a 20-character by 4-line liquidcrystal display. The product will be officially aimounced at the National Computer Conference in June. Epson plans to have its distributors fully stocked with HX-20s by the time it is officially introduced.

The unit was lent to us for a few days by Chris Rutkowski of Epson America Inc. Since this was a sneak preview of the HX-20, Chris told us some but not much about it. Most of the details below are a result of our physical inspection of the unit. For example, executing the BASIC statement "PRINT FRE(X)" produces the answer 12,832. This leads me to believe that the urut has 16K bytes of RAM (random-access read/write memory),

Circle 239 on Inquiry card.

Appje Logo

has arrive

» »

» m

• *

the sophisticated yet simple to use language you.have been reading about is now avaiTabie for your Appie //.\ • Contact your Apple deafer today.

222 Brunswick Blvd. . Pointe Claire, Que.

Canada (514) 6^4-2885

computer

systems inc

989 Avenue of the Americas New York, N.Y. ♦ U.S.A.

(212) 564-6020

(RiRegislered Trademark, Apple Computer Inc.

Product Description

Photo 1: A prototype of the HX-20 microcomputer. The final unit will have a different keyboard layout.

Photo 2: The HX-20 printer and a printout of its character set. The Japanese katakana characters will be replaced in the U.S. version of the unit by geometric symbols that can be combined to make larger graphic images.

Photo 3: The liquid-crystal display of the HX-20, which gives four rows of 20 characters each.

12,832 of which are free for BASIC programs and data.

The unit we saw is a prototype of the final unit, which may be packaged somewhat differently and which will have a typewriter-style keyboard layout. Aside from the layout, the present keyboard is very good—it is standard-sized (a very important feature if the computer is used for programming, word processing, data entry, or similar applications) and the keys have a good feel. The printer can display 24 characters per line, each in a 5 by 7 dot matrix (see photo 2). The LCD (liquid-crystal display) provides four rows of 20 characters, each displayed within a 6 by 8 dot matrix (see photo 3). Both the printer and the LCD can show graphics, numbers, punctuation, and uppercase and lowercase letters. The LCD is ultimately 120 dots by 32 dots, each of which can be controlled by BASIC. Because Epson is a subsidiary of Seiko (the watchmakers), you might suspect the HX-20 to contain a clock; it does. The clock is accessed from BASIC by reading the variable TIME$. Setting the clock is just as easy.

The cassette interface is said to transfer information at about 2400 bits per second (about 300 bytes per second) onto a standard dictating machine microcassette. This area of the unit appears to be detachable, which may indicate other storage options and/or telecommunication potential.

The unit has several interesting sockets. The rear of the unit contains a socket for a power supply (the unit is estimated to run 50 to 100 hours on the internal nicad batteries), as well as two DIN sockets marked SERIAL (with holes for five pins) and RS-232C (with holes for seven pins). The left side contains a long, narrow, recessed plug containing two rows of 20 pins each (perhaps a system bus of some kind), and the right side contains plugs for an external cassette recorder, as well as a small phono jack marked BARCODE (which means that the unit is capable of reading bar codes). In addition, the right side of the unit contains a recessed Reset key and an on-off switch. (The unit, however, is never really "off"; this switch turns off the LCD display, but retains the program currently in memory.)

Few details on the internal organization of the machine are yet available. It contains CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) memory to keep the power consumption low. The HX-20 also uses the 6301 microprocessor, a CMOS version of the Motorola 6801 microprocessor.

The price? Epson hadn't decided at the time this was written, but I was led to believe that it would be under $1000.

I hope you are as tantalized by this information as I am. More information will be available after the unit is introduced at the NCC in June. Until then, it is enough to know that microcomputers are becoming more portable, more powerful, and cheaper at the same time, a trend that will probably not stop with the HX-20. ■

106 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

1 CMC Targa

■■■I

5-10-20 Megabytes in an add-on hard disk for:

IBM Personal Computer • Xerox 820 Apple • SuperBrain • Heath-Zenith TRS-80 Models II & III

Targa, a truly high perfor- Targa 5 mance design, whether by Porsche or by CMC. Targa hard disk system, a significant extension to the stor- Targa 10 age capacity of your microcomputer, at an unheard of price/performance ratio. Suggested list for 5 mb: Targa 20

6.38 Mbytes unformatted, 5 MB formatted. Upgradeable to 10 MB 12.8 Mbytes unformatted, 10 MB formatted. Upgradeable to 20 MB formatted

20 Mbytes formatted, 25.6 MB unformatted

Our Targa Winchester-type, hard disk drives are offered in desk-top dimensions of 15" X 51/4" X I3V2". It comes complete with cables, software and interface. Call or write for complete specifications and/or the dealer nearest you. Dealer inquiries invited.

Circle 86 on inquiry card.

only $2895.

CMC INTERNATIONAL

A Division of Computer Marketing Corporation 11058 Main • Suite 220 • Bellevue, WA 98004 • Phone (206) 453-9777 • Telex: 152556 SEATAC

Call Toil-Free 1 ■800-426-2963

A Human-Factors Style Guide for Program Design

Taking the user into account in the design of software.

Human factors is a small but growing discipline which seeks to provide a method for taking into account human strengths and limitations during the design of computer hardware and software. In this article, I'll present a brief introduction to human factors and discuss its application to program design. I'll define six humanfactors design principles and show how they can be applied to three areas of program design: data entry, display-screen design, and sequence control.

Human factors can be applied to any area in which a human being interacts with a machine. The discipline applies, or at least can and should be applied, to many aspects of man's interaction with computers. The most obvious area, and the one most people think of when considering human factors, is hardware design. Human-factors specialists often design video displays and controls.

More recently, human factors has been applied to software design. Research has led to the development of human-factors guidelines that programmers can use to make their programs easier to use and less prone to error. Human factors is also important to the design of computer operating systems, programming languages, and documentation, although the discipline has received less attention in those areas.

Henry Simpson Anacapa Sciences Inc. P.O. Drawer Q Santa Barbara, CA 93102

Human factors matter because people must operate machines. If you fail to take people into account during design, then your machine (or system or program) may be difficult or impossible for people to operate. As obvious as it seems, this point is often overlooked. Consider some recent examples. No brand names are mentioned in what follows, but you may recognize some of the players:

• The microcomputer whose nonstandard keyboard made it awkward for touch-typists—all keys were there, but they were the wrong kind

of keys and in the wrong locations.

The more serious the error consequences, the more designers shouid consider human factors.

(The keyboard has since been redesigned.)

• The minicomputer whose operating system identifies program errors with numeric codes that are contained in three separate manuals. (This machine was recently discontinued.)

• The computer program whose

screen displays are cluttered and confusing, whose data-entry sequences permit input errors that cause the program to interrupt, whose menus can lead the operator down blind alleys and into stable program states from which he or she cannot escape. The documentation for this program consists of three smudged photocopies of an original that displays creative spelling and grammar and omits many important details.

We often blame human error for disasters and near disasters, from nuclear near-meltdowns to bank errors in checking account balances. Equally often, we blame "the computer" for some ill fate that befalls us. Seldom do we recognize that neither man nor machine alone is completely responsible. In today's complex world, man and machine work together interactively. The "system" is the combination of both.

When we design things, it is usually fairly easy for us technically oriented people to take into account the limitations of our hardware. However, we are likely to forget that the operator or maintainer of our system has limitations. We can design much better systems—more workable and more maintainable—if we accurately take human limitations into account.

What are human limitations? First and most obvious, no two human be

108 April 1982 © BYTE PiiblicaUoiu Inc

MORE BANG

Qantex Impact Printers 150 Characters Per Second 136 Columns Per Line

The microprocessor controlled Series 6000 is packed with standard features. True lower case descenders and underlining. Bidirectional logic seeking. Built-in test capability. Rugged 400 million character print head. Beautiful 96 character set in a 9x9 matrix. Parallel, or up to 19,200 baud serial interfaces supporting RS-232, X-ON, X-OFF or Current Loop. Full operator controls. Quietized, sleek enclosure to enhance your system. Delivery from stock.

Qdntex* Division of

North Atlantic Industries

60 Plant Avenue, Hauppauge, N.Y. 11788 (516) 582-6060 TWX 510-227-9660

(800) 645-5292

For more information call your local distributor:

ARKANSAS

Hemco Electronics (501) ARIZONA

The Plioenix Group Inc. (602) CALIFORNIA

Basic Systems Corp, (213) Basic Systems Corp. (714) Basic Systems Corp. (408) ILLINOIS

Electro-Tech Marketing Assoc. (312) Engineered Sales (312) INDIANA

Audio Specialists (219) LOUISIANA

Micro Computer of New Orleans (504) MARYLAND

Systems International Inc. (301) MASSACHUSETTS

S & S Electronics, Inc. (617)

Circle 342 on inquiry card.

(612) 831-0349 (612) 645-4647

(314) 997-1515

MINNESOTA

663-0375 Integrated Peripherals

Vikeland Sales 967-1421 MISSOURI

ESC Sales & Leasing 673-4300 NEW YORK

268-8000 Washington Electric Co.(212) 226-2121 / (800)221-5416

727-1800 Daily Business Products, Inc. (516) 543-6100

(800) 645-5556 / (212) 594-8065

588-4535 Synchro Sound Enterprises (516)484-1852 832-8425 PENNSYLVANIA

QED Electronics (215)674-9600

234-5001 TENNESSEE

Southland Video Distributors (800) 238-3274

885-5883 TEXAS

Datanet, Inc. (214) 669-1758

977 0100 VIRGINIA

Nine Associates, Inc. (703) 273-1803

458-4100 Distributor inquiries welcome!

*Registered Trademark of North Atlantic Industries. Inc.

AUSTRALIA

Mitsui Computer Systems CANADA Computer Markets DENMARK T.M.S. Dataudstyr ENGLAND Northamber Limited FRANCE Gepsi

GERMANY

Technitron HONG KONG Computerworld Ltd. Hong Kong Equipment ITALY

Eltron s.r.l. (030) 55026-41554-44414 NETHERLANDS

Compudata Benelux B.V. 31-73-215700 SPAIN

21 Ingenieria Informatica 204-2099

02-9299921

416-445-1978

(45) 2-911 122

(44) 372-67646

(33) 1-554-9742

49 (89) 692-4141

5-44033 5-4538 70

ings are alike. They vary in size, strength, acuity, intelHgence, education, and level of motivation. The general requirement for considering human factors in the design of your system, whether hardware or software, is to recognize the needs of the users. The type of user varies with the application. If you are designing an arcade game with a coin slot and two push buttons, you are aiming at a different sector of the population than if you are developing a computer-based econometric model to predict the gross national product in 1985. Either of those programs can be written for specific, definable, homogeneous groups of users.

More often than not, however, the hardware or software we design will be used by a varied group that ranges widely in sophistication. Knowing your system users and recognizing their needs are the first two steps in taking human factors into consideration during system design.

In general, the rules for designing a system with the user in mind parallel

those for good writing: define your system users, know their limitations, and find the simplest way to get your message across.

That which separates good programs from bad cannot always be described in terms of simple, obvious things such as bad keyboard designs or cumbersome error-handling procedures. I can name some general qualities to look for, however. First, programs that consider human factors are generally easier to learn and use than those that do not. They usually have simpler displays, are less likely to "bomb," and are supported by good user documentation; they appear to be written for less specialized users and not for computer experts. These programs also refrain from trying to make the machine behave as if it were a human being. Poorly designed programs lack some or all of these features.

To illustrate when human factors matter I'll limit my discussion to software design and, more specifically, to microcomputer software in which the

operator controls the computer and interacts continuously with it. This scope includes such applications as games, business and scientific programs, computer graphics, and computer music but excludes most control, robotics, and other minimally interactive applications.

A human-factors purist might say that serious consideration of human factors always matters, but this simply isn't true. You can decide in each case how important human factors are by looking at four different aspects of your program: (1) number of people who will operate the program, (2) diversity of the operators' backgrounds, (3) complexity of the program, and (4) consequences of operator error.

Obviously, the more people who will operate your program, the more time and energy you will invest in its development. If you are running a business, you want to assure that your A/R (accounts receivable) program works efficiently and effectively because it will cost you money and

DATAFACE GRQ SERIES INTERFACE

TURNS YOUR ELECTRONIC TYPEWRITER INTO A PRINTER/TYPEWRITER

The Dataface GRQ-11 interface expands your Olympia ES Series or Rem

mington 200 Series electronic typewriters into a letter press quality printer for your personal or business computer. And, you still have a fully featured electronic typewriter —two machines in one. The GRQ Series Interface features:

1. Standard EIA RS-232-C Serial Interface and Parallel (Centronics compatible).

2. Standard asynchronous ASCI! code, 7 bit data; 1 start bit; accommodates 1 or 2 stop bits automatically; accommodates odd, even or absence of parity bit.

3. Fifty thru 9600 Baud data rate options.

4. Two K buffer; supports X-on, X-off protocol as well as RTS signals.

5. Circuit board Is Installed inside typewriter back panel along side logic board. The connection between boards accomplished by 40 pin jumper cable using existing socket. No soldering required. Power is provided to the GRQ thru two pins of the 40 lead cable. Installation in 10 minutes.

GRQ-10 — CALL FOR SPECIAL WHOLESALE PRICE. SUGGESTED RETAIL $349.50.

DfiTPiFflCE knC.

2372 A WALSH AVE., SANTA CLARA, CA 95050 (408) 727-6704

110 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 136 on inquiry card.

At Hayes, we don't believe in second best. Or planned obsolescence. We believe in taking the state of the art to the limit. Our new Smartmodem, for example, is the most sophisticated 300-baud originate/answer modem you can buy And yet, it is perhaps the easiest-to-use modem ever.

RS-232C Compatible. Smartmodem lets any RS-232C compatible computer or terminal communicate by phone with other computers and time-sharing systems located anywhere in North America. You get full and half-duplex operation with both Touch-Tone* and pulse dialing.

Auto-Answer/Oial/Repeat. Smartmodem can answer the phone, dial a number, receive and transmit data, and then hang up the phone- automatically! If desired, Smartmodem will even repeat the last command. You can depend on Smartmodem for completely unattended operation.

Completely Programmable. Smartmodem can be controlled using

Microcomputer Component Systems

any programming language. Over 30 different commands can be written into your programs or entered directly from your keyboard.

Smartmodem also includes several switch-selectable features that let you tailor performance to your exact needs. You can "set it and forget it" for the ultimate in convenience.

Built-in Audio Monitor. Thanks to an internal speaker, you can actually listen to your connection being made. You'll know immediately if the line is busy or if you reached a wrong number

and you don't even need a ptione!

Status at a Glance. Seven LEDs indicate Smartmodem's current operating mode: auto-answer, carrier detect, off hook, receive data, send data, terminal ready and modem ready You're never left in the dark!

Direct-Connect Design. Smartmodem is FCC registered for direct connection to any modular phone jack- there's no acoustic coupler to cause signal loss and distortion.

Smartmodem, Smart Buy. Professional quality features. Versatile performance. A full two-year limited warranty A suggested retail price of only $279.

What more could you want? Perhaps the matching Hayes Stack Chronograph, an RS-232C compatible calendar/ clock system.

Check out the Smartmodem wherever fine computer products are sold. And don't settle

for anything less I A 1 LJoifAO than Hayes. 11 J plCiyCO

Smartmodem. The ultimate concept in modems is now a reality.

perhaps your credit rating if it doesn't.

If that same program must serve a wide group—ranging, say, from clerk^ to company president—then you must assure that the program serves all levels well. This takes special effort during program design.

The more complex the program, the greater the chance of error, and the more you must strive to reduce the likelihood of error by carefully considering human factors.

Last, and probably most important, are error consequences. The more serious these are, the more important the human element becomes. If the reactor core will melt down, the navigator will get lost, or the names and addresses of all the people who owe you money will disappear, then the consequences of error are very serious indeed. If the worst that can happen is that the bouncing ball in your game program may disappear from the screen, then the conse

quences are not quite so serious (unless you depend upon the program for your livelihood).

In sum, if you are writing programs purely for your own use and are not tracking important data, then you have probably spent too much time on this article already. On the other hand, if you are writing programs for a wide and varied group of users to track things that matter to them, then human-factors considerations are important.

Design Principles

If you decide to apply human factors to your program design, where do you begin? Probably the best way is to familiarize yourself with some general human-factors design principles. Six such principles are presented below. These principles grow out of behavioral research conducted over the last several decades, although their application to program design is recent. Later in this article I'll give

specific examples of how these principles may be applied.

Provide Feedback: People need to know that an action they have taken has had an effect. When you turn the wheel of your automobile, you receive feedback in the form of resistance from the wheel, centrifugal force on your body, and movement of your visual field. In turn, you adjust the rate at which you turn the wheel to conform to the feedback you are receiving. Without this feedback, you would find it much more difficult to control your automobile.

The user of your program also needs feedback. If he makes a keyboard entry and nothing appears on the screen, then he has no way of knowing that his action has had an effect. In consequence, he may repeat his action or try another, possibly causing something unintended to happen.

Feedback should be immediate and obvious. Show it on the screen in a place where it is expected.

Be Consistent: Mention "consistency" in a group and someone will probably quote Emerson to the effect that it is the "hobgoblin of little minds." Emerson may have been able to get along without it in certain trivial matters, but computer programmers cannot. The tools and programming languages with which they work are based on rigid adherence to rules of syntax, the order of programming operations, and the laws of mathematics. Rigid adherence to these "laws of the machine," which are internally consistent, reduces uncertainties and makes it possible to program the machine exactly. Human beings can tolerate more ambiguity than machines, but ambiguity reduces people's effectiveness. If we paid half as much attention to consistency in our programs' interactions with human beings as we do in the interactions between programs and machines, most of our programs would be improved.

What, exactly, do we mean by "consistency"? One way of defining it is as a set of rules that you, the programmer, establish for yourself and follow compulsively. These rules per

Go To The Head Of Your Class

Polish off your Apple""" with a disk drive from A.M. Electronics!

Now there is an affordable, high performance, S'/t-inch disk drive that is fully compatible with your Apple — and compatible with your pocketbook.

The A.M. Electronics drive comes complete with an Applebeige case and connecting cables. It's fully tested with Apple's disk operating system and software.

Just plug it in — it's ready to run. You also receive a 90-day limited warranty and a 10-day money back guarantee.

Order Today. The Apple-compatible disk drive is now available direct from A.M. Electronics for only $395 (40 track) or $495 (80 track). Upgrade your Apple with our disk drive today and increase the fruit of your labor

m

A.M. ELECTRONICS, INC.

"Appif, Co!nni.iiiif w. 3446 Washtenaw Avenue 'Ann Arbor, Ml 48104

313/973-2312

Attention Dealers & Distributors: For information on attractive pricing and sales opportunities, call us today. Key territories are still available.

^Sl^ ^^^^ r

112 April 1982 © BYTE Publicalions Inc

Circle 2 on inquiry card.

64K at 8A/IHZ Static RAM

. . .PLUS HIGH STANDARDS

The bus standards are theirs (the IEEE's 696/S-l00). The quality standards are ours. The combination of price, performance, and versatility sets NEW standards unmatched by any other EPROMcompatible memory on the market. Compare these features:

■ Fully static 150ns 2K x 8 RAM's for performance to 8MHz

■ Extended 24-bit addressing (page address switch-selectable)

■ Bank select (port address switch-selectable) for compatibility with Cromemco (including CROMIX*), MP/M**, North Star, others

■ Two separate banks configurable as 64/0, 48/16, or 32/32K

■ Base address of 16K segments within a bank may be set to any 16K boundary

■ Automatic bank select/deselect on Reset (for each bank)

■ Up to eight 2K segments may be disabled to create windows for memory-mapped I/O — makes optimum use of available RAM

■ Phantom capability

■ Solderless field configuration

■ Any number of RAM's may be replaced with 2716 EPROM's

■ Low power consumption (3.0 watts)

All these features PLUS the reliability you expect from first quality components, the confidence of a 12-MONTH WARRANTY, AND an absolutely fascinating price. All boards are sold assembled, burned in (48 hrs.), and rigorously tested. Available partially populated to 48K or 32K. *CROMIX is a trademark of Cromemco. **MP/M is a trademark of Digital Research.

NO RISK TRIAL

All Indigo Tech products are sold on a norisk basis. If not completely satisfied return board within 15 days and the full purchase price will be promptly refunded.

Ml 2/64 64K $725.00 Ml 2/48 48K $645.00 Ml 2/32 32K $595.00 Shipping and handling S5.00 per board. Visa or Mastercard accepted. California residents add 6% sales tax.

ViijliWIIlii

indigo tecin

670 NUTTMAN AVENUE, SUITE 110 SANTA CLARA, CA 95050 • (408) 727-4710

Circle 204 on inquiry card.

mit the operator to learn one part of your program's operation and then to apply the new knowledge to other parts of the program. For example, you might make a rule that all of your error messages will appear on the bottom line of the display screen. When the operator sees one error message displayed on the bottom line, he expects all others to be displayed there, too. If they are, then the rule is adhered to, and the operator will not have to learn a new rule for each new display. If not, then the operator's learning task is that much more difficult.

Minimize Human Memory Demands: Psychologists have determined that human beings possess two types of memory—short-term and long-term. A vast amount of research has been conducted on the subject, most of which will interest only the specialist. About human memory, the computer programmer needs to recognize two things. The first of

these is obvious, the second less so.

First, computers have better memories than people. (We said it was obvious.) Data stored on magnetic media are never forgotten.

Second, computers always remember things exactly as they were stored. People usually do, but sometimes they get things mixed up.

What follows from these two points is that, when designing programs, you should rely on computer memory as much as possible. Suppose, for example, that your program has many subprograms. How should the operator select a subprogram— from a displayed menu or by entering a memorized mnemonic? Although selection with memorized mnemonics (used in "program-like languages") has advantages in some situations, the displayed menu depends much less on operator memory and is generally preferable. (Some players of Star Trek games may recall the frustration with which they

attempted to master the game in the absence of displayed menu options.)

Keep the Program Simple: Simplicity in programming, as in writing, does not come easily or painlessly. You must work to achieve even the appearance of simplicity. Simplicity usually results from paring down or editing. In programming, as in writing, simplicity is an ideal that one strives to achieve by conscious design, by trial and modification, by cutting away the unnecessary, and by reorganizing and rearranging.

Match the Program to the Operator's Skill Level: You must determine the operator's skill level before you write your program. Determine also if operators of differing skill levels will use the same program. Human-factors specialists do these two things systematically by conducting a task analysis. There are several ways to do this, but usually it involves defining what mission a system must perform, what functions are involved in this mission, and what tasks are required to accomplish the functions. Conducting task analyses is time-consuming, technical, expensive, and probably beyond your needs or interests. Still, you do need to think about operator tasks as you write your program and ask questions like the following:

• What will operators be expected to do?

• What decisions must they make?

• What must they know to make the decisions?

• What skill levels will be required?

Consider these questions before you write your program. Then design your program so that it matches the skill level of your system users.

Sustain Operator Orientation: If you have ever been lost then you know what not being oriented is. Anyone who has ever used a computer has had the experience of getting into some new program and not being able to find the way out. This often happens when you try the program without first reading the manual (as all of us are prone to do).

You have an obligation as a pro

ADD A 5 MBYTE WINCHESTER

TO YOUR COMPUTER ARSENAL FOR$299S.OO

INTERFACES WITH:

• S-lOO BUS (CP/M)

• Heath H89, H90 (CP/M, HDOS)

• Zenith Z89, Z90 (CP/M, HDOS)

• TRS 80 Model ill (CP/M, TRS DOS)

• Xerox 820 (CP/M)

• IBM Personal Computer (CP/M 86, IBMDOS)

AMTs EZ8X5 is a connplete, ready to plug in Winchester Hard Disk Subsystem. Featuring easy implementation, enhanced system interface cards, an extensive disk test package. The EZ-8X5 delivers a fijll 5,10, or 20 megiibytes. Dealer and Distributor inquiries are being accepted

Route 30 West

Greengate Professional Building Greensburg, PA. 15601 412/837-7255 or call Toll Free 1-800/245-6908

If s What*s Inside That Counts.

114 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 38 on inquiry card.

/viicno

BUSINESS WORLD INC. Information Line (213) 996-2252 TOLL FREE MAIL ORDER LINES (800) 423-5886 outside caiii

JN • CCS • SHARP • CASIO • HP • VERBATIM • MEMOREX • SOROC • CORVUS • ADDS

Tl-99m

home computer^

294.95

SEC S PRINTER

fsHARP

BUSINESS COMPUTER 64K SYSTEM \^

• 5.25" diskette

• 284K byte per disk drive ' 2 disk drives per unit

• Expandable up to 4 units ncluding SHARP'S FDOS (Floppy

• Disk Operating System)

MSL OUR PRICE (^rSS

^^^^"$3995.00

HEWLETT mlcM PACKARD

Our ^

List

Price

HP-125 Microcomputer

3750.00

2750.00

HP-85 Microcomputer

2750.00

19«5.00

HP-83 Microcomputer

2250.00

1777.00

16K Exp Memory Module

295.00

255.00

Griptiics Plotter 7225

2450.00

Z075.00

Personality Mot). For 7225

750.00

665.00

2631B ImpacUPrinler;

Hvy Dty

3950.00

3250.00

Option 020 For 263IB

150.00

125.00

8 Drives to Choose

from 82902S

1300 00

1125.00

9895A 8" Dual Drive

6850.00

5500.00

Griptiics Tablet 9111A

2050.00

1678.00

HP-llC Slimline Advanced

135.00

119.00

HP-12C Slim-Line Financial

150.00

129.00

HP-<1 CV New 2-2

Bytes Mem

325.00

250.00

HP-41.C Calculator

250.00

115.00

Cari) Reader For 41CV/C

215.00

162,00

Printei For 41CV;C

385.00

289.00

Optical Wand For 41 CV/C

125.00

97.00

Quad Ram Equals

4 Mem Mods

95.00

81.00

Memory Modules For 41C

25.00

HP-97 Programble Printer

750.00

595.00

HP-67 Programble

Calculator

375.00

295.00

HP-34C Programble

Scientific

150.00

117.00

HP 38C Programble

Bus r;e

150.00

117.00

HP-32E Adv Scicntilic

55.00

48.00

kHP-37E Business Mgmt.

75.00

57.00^

'H commodore

UsI

Our^ Price

8U32-32K 80 Col Crt

1495.00

1097.00

4032-32K 40 Col Crt

1295.00

989.00

4016-16H 40 Col Crl

995.00

788.00

8050-DU3I Disk 950K

1795.00

1344.00

4040 Doal Disk 343K

1295.00

989.00

C2N-Casselte Drive

95.00

77.00

4022-80 Col Printer

795.00

639.00

B024-Mannsman TaFiey

1995.00

1545.00

ZSCPS-Starwrilei

1895.00

1399.00

CBM IEEE Modem

279.00

225.00

Voice Synthesize!

395.00

325.00

VIC 20

299.00

255.00

PET to IEEE Cable

39.95

34.00

JEEE to IEEE Cable

49.95

39.00^

List

Our PT

Xeiox 820 1 5-1/4- Disk

2995.00

2399.00

Xeioi 820 2 8" Disk

3795.00

2995.00

1 CP/M Operating System

200.00

169.00

I Word Processing Software

500.00

429.00

^Super Calc

295.00

249.00^

TATWil 1

List

Our Price

400 16K Bytes of Ram

595.00

337.45

800 16K Bytes of Ram

995.00

699.00

410 Progfam fiecortJer

90.00

77.00

810 Disk Dfive

600.00

457.00

825 Printer (80 c.l

Centronic 7371

999.95

7(9.00

S20 Printer (40 col

impacl)

450.00

3S3.ni

830 Acoustic Modem

200.00

155.00

350 Interlace Module

22O00

IS.W

Alan Visicalc

200.00

1H.0(K

'texas instruments

List

Price

Tl 99;4A Console New i ,

Impioved ^' 4 10" Color Monitor Higll^-^^Resolution

950.00

3S9.M

399.95

339.S5

32K Memory Module

399.95

312.95

Speech Synthesizer

149.95

127.95

Disk Memory Drive

499.95

390.95

RF Modulator

49.95

42.50

Telephone Coupler IModemI

224.95

185.95

^Printer (Solid State)

399.95

315.95^

•NEC PC 8001 A Coinpuler ■NEC PC 8012 A Expansion •NEC PC 8031 A Dual Drive 12" Grn. Phs. Video Monitor

PRINTERS

EPSON MX 80 FT MX 80 IMPACT MX 70 IMPACT MX 100

ANADEX 9501 NEC

5510 5515 3510 3515

OKIDATA

MICROLINE 80 MICROLINE 82 MICROLINE 83

Our

UsI Price S 745.00 ! 549.00 645.00 447.00 500.00 369,00 995.00 725,00

1650,00 1299,00

3195.00 2445.00

3295.00 2545.00

2495.00 1795.00

2545.00 1849.00

545.00 395.00

649.00 549.00

1050.00 769.00

445G with Graphics 795.00 695.00

460G with Graphics 1.394.00 899,00

560G New full size 1.695,00 1,139,00

DIABLO (LETTER QUALITY)

630 R102 bi-directional tractors

1640K109 keyboard tractors

630 RO Receive Only 1650K 136 keyboard ^tractors

2.965.00 2.450.00

4.000.00 2,899.00 2.710.00 2,250.00

4,000,00 3.100,00_^

BMC

12" Grn, Phs KQ 115 Hz)

12- Grn, Phs EO (18 Hz)

12" Grn Phs (20 Hz)

12" Colour Composite Hi Res,

Grn, Phs 12"

NEC Grn, Phs 12"

Zenilli 12

LE IMONITOR

• 9" B 8 W

• 9" Green Plis

• 12"B&W

• 12" Green Pits, " 12" Green Plis,

' Anti Reflective Screen ** T.V, Graile Screen SANYO IMONITORS 13" Color (new) high quadty 12" Green Phs. 12- B S W 15- B S W

9 - B i W The Best Seller! 9" Green Phs.

219.00 S249.0O 279.00 439.00 275.00 225.00 159.00

179.00 , 189.00 209.00 229,00 199.00

S550,00 360,00 340,00 370,00 235,00 275,00

Our Price

165,00 185(X1 209 00 319,00 165,00 179 00 119,00

159.00 165.00 185.00 199.00 159.00

399.00

269 00 239.00 255-00 159.00 199.00_^

AVINGS ERVICE ELECTION ATISFACTION

XEROX 820

WORD PROCESSING SYSTEM (INCLUDES SOFTWARE)

OUB PRICE ^ ojic nn MSL 52649.00-^ 8*^°°

3495.00

TELEVIDEO

910 912C 920C 950C

List

1699,00 5 599,00

950,00 699,00

995,00 795,00

1.195.00 949.00

104/1 5- SOFT SECTOR 104(1D =- DBL.

DEN. SOFT SEC. 3740/1 8" SOFT SECTOR 3740/lD 8- DBL.

OEN.-SOFT SECTOR MAXELL MD-l 5" SOFT SECTOR/DBL. DEN. MD-2 - SOFT SECT0R/D8L SIDE/DEL.

DEN.

FO-1 8" SOFT SEC./DBL. DEN

FD-1 8- SOFT SEC./DBL ^SIDE/DBL. DEN.

DISKETTES sold in boxes of lo (Min. Purchase) $100 y^, ^["J,

DYSAN PRICE PER DISKETTE

6.00

6.40 7.25

3.99

4.60 4.75

EXPANSION BOARD

Q STAR

16K RAM BOARD LIST OUR PRICE 199.00 129.00

SOFTWARE

FOR APPLE II

Language System with Apple Pascal

BPl General Ledger System Visidex Visicalc

Desktop Plan II Microlab Database System Stoneware DB Master Muse Supertext II ^Softape Magic Window

495 00 395.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 150 00 229 00 150.00 99 00

399.00 319.00 159.00 15900 159.00 11900 189.00 119.00 72.00

'' Qcommodore^

CfllOR COMPUTER

Vic-TV Modual J19.00

Vic Cassette J69.00

Vic Disk Drive Uall

Vic 6 Pack program J44.00

MSL 299.00

OUR PRICE $255.00

44.00

SOFTWARE

FOR COMMODORE

Qzz-The Information tAfizard Wordcraft 80

Imta-info Retrieval & Mgmt AkI Dow jones Portfolio Mfimt. Pascal Development Pkg. Ehs-Receivables. Inventory Bpl-General Ledger Word Pro 3-40 Column Word Pro 4-80 Column ^ord Pro 4 Plus

List

395.00 395 00 495.00 149.00 295.00 750.00 395.00 250.00 375.00 450.00

Our Price

1289.00 289.00 389.00 119.00 219.00 569.00 389.00 175.00 25900 31900^

MOOEMS,

NOVATION CAT MODEM NOVATION D-CAT NOVATION APPLE-CAT HAYES MICROMODEM HAYES SMARTMODEM

Our

'List Price

189.95 140.00

199.00 150.00

389.00 329.00

379.00 295.00

279.00 239.00^

^CALCULATORS

CASK)

HR-10 Paper Feed

FR-100 Paper Feed Zi

FR-1210 Paper Feed -

PQ-20

LC-785

LC-3165

FX-68 Scientific

FX.81 Scienlilic

FX-3600P Scientific

FX-60ZP "Computer Tafk" 88 Memories Pro gramming Upper & Lower Case Dot Mattii 512 Step 129.95

FX.702P Solves Problems with AlphaNumeric Clarity, uses Basic ^Language 199.95

Our

List

Price

49.95

39.00

54.95

42.00

79.95

59.00

129.95

99.00

29.95

23.00

12.95

10.00

1295

10.00

29.95

23.00

19.95

17.00

39.95

29.95

TELE. ANSW. DEVICES

PHONE MATE

900 Economy

905 Remole Dual Tape Sys, 910 60 Calls Per Side 920 C Vox

925 Remote Call Monitor 930 Remote Twin Cass. 950 Remote

960 Remote Built In Tele ^ Microcompuler Controlled

WAREHOUSE 18720 Oxnard. #108 Tarzana. CA ^nfifi OUTSIDE CA CALL TOLL FREE 1 (8D0) *23-5aa6 IN CA (213) 996-2252

Name (Please print)

Address ^ :

Cily State Zip

Qty Make Model

DeEcription

Price Total

Telex: 182852 Answer: MICKO TZNA

'California residents add 6% sales lax. "Add 3% Shipping & Handling - Add 3% sufctiarge lor credit cards. Orders cannot be shipped unless accompanied by payment, including shipping, tiandling and lax where applicable,

TOTAL ORDERS

TAX IF APPLICABLE

SHIPPING & HANDLING"

TOTAL ENCLOSED S

Li Certified Check or M.O. □ Allow 2 weeks clearance tor : □ Bank Wire Transfer personal check

CREDIT CARD** ^

ExD. Date Signalure

VISA

MAXELL • DYSAN • EPSON • CCS • SHARP • CASIO • HP • VERBATIM • MEMOREX • SOROC • CORVUS • PERSONAL SOFTWARE • CCS

Circle 257 on inquiry card.

BYTE April 1982 115

1. Date

DATA COLLECTION FORM Daily Mon-hour Availability

-f 7

MAN-HOURS

NAMES Available Direct Overtime

DATA ENTRY SCREEN Daily Man-hour Availability

1. I 1 Date CMonth/Day/Year)

MAN-HOURS

NAMES Avail. (0-12.0) Direct (0-12.0) Over. (0-4.0)

2. I I I I (III

3. I III I I I I

4. i III I 1 I I

Figure 1: A data-collection form and the data-entry screen that goes with it. The dataentry screen resembles the form. Prompts shown in parentheses on the screen make clear the expected data formats and give range limits. The brackets serve as field delimiters, showing the maximum length allowed for each entry.

grammer to minimize the possibility

of disorientation. Provide your operator with signposts that tell him where he is and how to get back to where he came from. Menu-driven programs often do this by providing a main menu which serves as a home base. The program begins with this menu from which the operator can select various subprograms, perform them, and then return.

Some game programs are intentional mazes, consciously designed to disorient the operator. If that's your intention, all well and good. But if it's not, remember that an unwanted maze is about as much fun as an inaccurate road map on a dark and rainy night.

The six principles described above

reduce to one idea: know the needs of your system users. Recognize that they need feedback to avoid confusion, consistency to ease the learning process, minimal strain on memory capacity, simplicity rather than complexity, demands gauged to their skill levels, and constant, clear orientation.

The remainder of this article will focus on three areas of computer programming: data entry, display-screen design, and sequence control. Data entry concerns how you get data into a database; display-screen design concerns layout of video-terminaldisplay screens; and sequence control CQ^cems how you interact with your

program to get it to do something.

I'll show how the six human-factors principles apply in each of these areas. In most cases, recommendations made are based on research that has shown that the suggested feature permits more effective man-machine interaction. In a few cases, recommendations are based on prevailing practice. None of these guidelines should be applied blindly, and all of us will find it necessary to ignore them from time to time. But most of these are simple things to do, and if you follow them, you will write a better program.

Data Entry The following guidelines apply

mainly to programs in which data are entered through the keyboard to build a database which the program accesses later. Typically, the data entry process consists of the following sequence of steps:

• presentation of a prompt

• data entry by the operator

• display of entered data on the screen

• error test

• presentation of an error message if entered data fail error test

• editing of data

• acceptance of data into database

Prompting: If data are to be

entered into the computer from a standardized data-entry form, then the data-entry screen should resemble that form as closely as possible. The cursor should move from field to field as the operator fills in the form. It is easier to write a program consisting of a series of INPUT statements that cause the screen to scroll. However, the operator can more readily orient himself to a screen that looks like a data-entry form. Figure- 1 shows a data-collection form and a data-entry screen designed to elicit the necessary data. The screen presents prompts, states acceptable ranges, and delimits fields.

The program should provide a prompt for every data input. The prompt should be brief and specific, and show the range limits and entry

116 April 1982 © BYTE PublicaHoiis bic

Circle 345 on Inquiry card.

Qualify Computer Services presents..

Hard Disl^Systems

See local dealer or call:

Quality Computer

Services

178 Main Street

Metuchen, New Jersey

201-548-2135

free number: 800 631 5944

For TRS: Apple: Heath", 6,12,20,40and 00 Megabyte syster

Completely assembled and tested subsystem including:

• Switching power supply

• Winchester drive

• Host adapter card

• Sealed case

• Expansion

The encloser, controller and power supply have been designed to allow for future backup hardware or increase storage

• Software . Auto attach CP/M*

• Hard disk utilities , ^

• Real time clock «^i!^^S=

• Formatting program

Assigns alternate sectors for any weak sectors detected during formatting assuring the lowest possible error rate

• Warranty: The system has a full oi warranty on all parts and workman!

• Also available: attach for TRSDOS OASIS*, Apple DOS

Optional 5%" floppy (shown

• Quantity discounts available. Distributor, Dealer and OEM inquries invited.

■OASIS Is a lr«dem«rk ol Phase Ore Systems, CP/M Is trademark ol DIollal Research

r ^

I 2/31/1979 I Date (Month/Ooy/Yeor)

DATA ENTRY ERROR; Date contains invalid DAY--re-enter date

V /

Figure 2: A sample error message, The message is specific and helps the operator correct the error identified.

format of data to be entered. Range limits or entry format can be shown parenthetically after the prompt. For example, a date entered in the form of month-day-year could be prompted as follows: "Enter Date (Month/ Day/Year)." If there is a length limit, then this length should be shown on the screen using an underline, pair of brackets, or other visual cue. If certain data entries have default values (i.e., values that the computer will assign unless the operator enters others), then display the default values—do not rely on operator memory. If there are similar or identical data-entry requirements in different parts of the program, prompt consistently. One way to do this is to put data-entry statements into subroutines that can be called from various parts of the program.

Entering Data: You do not always control the length of the data to be entered, but when you do, keep length to a minimum. This saves keystrokes and time and reduces errors. Provide feedback by displaying entered data on the screen. If data being entered consist of logically related groups, then permit the user to enter several fields together, rather than requiring him to enter each item separately.

Error Check; Check all entered data for errors. The types of checks you must make depend upon the data and what will be done with them. An

ticipate possible errors, check for them, and protect against them. For example, if the entry is supposed to be a number, anticipate what will happen when (not if) the operator enters a letter. Many programmers protect against this by taking all inputs as character strings and then converting them to equivalent numeric values.

Analyze the situation and be ready for errors. Are there range or length limits to what is acceptable? Is it possible for the operator to enter something that will cause an illegal program action to take place—for example, dividing by zero or attempting to take a substring of illegal length?

When an entry error is detected, alert the operator, identify the error, and tell him how to recover. In other words: alert, identify, direct. Alerting signals must differ from the customary background. An audio tone—a beep—is alerting but meaningless if the program is already emitting a continuous stream of beeps. Similarly, a flashing message can effectively alert, provided that the screen is not filled with other flashing messages. Many programmers reserve the use of both sound and flashing messages for those conditions that truly require an alert.

The error message itself should be placed consistently from screen to screen. Ideally, it should appear near the erroneous entry. The content of

the message must tell what is wrong—

for example, that the entered value is too long. If error identification will permit the operator to figure out what to do next, then that is all the message needs to contain. However, if many possible actions may be taken, then the message must also tell the operator which to take. If prompts to the user are adequate, then it should be possible in most cases for the operator to figure out what corrective action to take based solely on definition of the error. Figure 2 shows a helpful error message.

Editing: Editing is an important part of the data-entry process, and no data-entry program is complete without editing capability. Being human, operators will make data-entry errors that they may not recognize until later. You should therefore permit them to edit entries before the program accepts data into a database. Many programs permit data to be edited at three stages: during initial data entry (while being typed in), after a block of related entries has been made, and after the data have become part of the database.

The first editing capability is routine and in fact most people probably do not think of this as editing. If you make a typing error, yoij can usually back up the cursor before data are stored. The last capability, editing the actual database, varies in importance, but in many programs with large databases it is considered as necessary as utility programs for copying files, purging files, or the main menu itself.

Less routine, often ignored, yet very important is the block editing capability mentioned above. Often the program user will not recognize an error until after he has made several data entries. If he cannot go back and correct the error at that point, it may be uncorrectable, or he may have to use a separate database editing program to make the correction. The way block editing typically works is that after the operator has made a set of related entries, the screen presents a prompt asking if he wants to edit any earlier entries. If he

118 ^>ia 19S2 © BYTE Publicatioiu Inc

"My computer helped me write The Final Encyclopedia. I wouldn't trust anything less than Scotch^ Brand Diskettes to make a long story short"

Gordon R. Dickson, Science Fiction Author, IVIinneapolis, IVIinnesota

Gordon Dickson: a small businessman whose product is his own imagination. He's written more than 40 novels and 150 short stories; his newest work is The Final Encyclopedia. He uses his personal computer and word processing software to maximize his production. All his words—his productare stored on diskettes. He calls up sentences and paragraphs on demand, and gets more rewrite out of the time available. So he depends on Scotch diskettes to save himself production time. Dependable Scotch media can work just as hard for you. Each Scotch diskette is tested before it leaves our factory, and certified error-free. So you can expect it to perform exactly right. Scotch 8" and 514" diskettes are compatible with computer/diskette systems like TRS-80, Apple, PET, Wang and many others. Get them from your local 3M distributor For the one nearest you, call toll-free: 800/328-1300. (In Minnesota, call collect: 612/736-9625.) Ask forthe Data Recording Products Division. In Canada, contact 3M Canada, Inc., Ontario.

If it's worth remembering,

it's worth Scotch

Data Recording Products.

3M Hears You...

3M

Circle 414 on inquiry card.

ORANGE MICRO JUST TURNED A PAGE IN PRINTER HISTORY.

OUR PRICES, SELECTION & SAME-DAY SHIPPING MAKE US COMPETITIVE...

NEC 8023 Outstanding Graphics, Print Quality & Performance

\

144 X 160 dols/inch • Proporlional Spacing

• Lower case descenders • Nx9 dot matrix

• 8 character sizes • 5 unique alphabets

• Greek character set • Graphic symbols

• 100 CPS print speed • Bi-directional logicseeking • Adjustable tractors • Single-sheet [riciion leed • Vertical & horizontal tabbing

NEC 8023 ^Poll

Dot Matrix List $795 OvdII

IDS Paper Tiger 560/Prism 80/132 Affordable Color, Speed

Dot Resolution Graphics • 9-wire staggered printhead • Lowercase decenders • Over 150 CPS • Bi-directional. logic-seeking

• 8 character sizes • 80-132 columns

• Hi-res dot graphics • Proportional spacing

• Text lustifications

Prism 80 List $899 S700

IDS Paper Tiger 560G . . .List $1395 SHOD Prism 132 {Color) List $1995 SI895

NEC Spinwriter 7700 & 3500 Daisy Wheel Quality Leader

High speed, letter quality • 55/33 CPS • Typewriter quality • Bi-directional plotting & proportional spacing • Quiet • OCR quality print • Hi-res plotting/graphing • Ouick change ribbon • Optional cut-sheet feeder, horizontal or bidirectional tractors • Prints up to 8 copies. NEC Spinwriter RO

Serial Parallel 77xx List $3055 S2575

35xx List $2290 S1975

The Epson Series. High-Quality Printers at a Low Price.

Epson IVIX70

Super low priced dot resolution graphics

• 5x7 dot matrix • User repiacable prinlhead

• Top ol lorm • 80 CPS optional friction feed

• 10" paper width ^OOH Epson MX70 List $450 OvSlU

Epson MX80/MX80FT

9x9 dot matrix • Lower case decenders

• 80 CPS • Bi-directional • Logic seeking

• 40. 66. 132. columns per line • 64 special graphic characters: TRS-80 Compatible

• Forms handling • Multipage printing

• Adjustable tractors ii Epson MX80 List $645 vUdll

Epson MX80FT List $745

$Call

Epson MX100

Same basic features as the lv^X80 • Plus friction feed for single sheets • Plus 15" wide carriage • Dot Resolution Graphics ^f^^ll MX100 List $995 plfdll

Full Line of Epson Accessories

Anadex 9501 High Speed, Commerical Duty Plus Graphics

Dot graphics • Wide carriage '11x9 dot matrix • Lower case descender • Dot resolution graphics • Bi-direcitonal. logic seeking • Up to 200 CPS • RS 232 Serial & Parallel • Forms control • X-On/X-Off • Up to 6 part copy Cllt^fl Anadex 9501 List $1650 V lOuU

INTERFACE EQUIPMENT

Complete stock of options, cables and accessories.

GRAPPLER APPLE INTERFACE $175

CCS APPLE SERIAL Interface & Cable $150

ORANGE INTERFACE for Apple II

Parallel Interface Board and Cable $110

NOVATION D-CAT direct connect modem $180

COMPLETE STOCK OF EPSON ACCESSORIES $Call

CUSTOM PRINTER CABLES FOR Apple, Atari, IBM,

TRS-80 (all models) $Cali

HAYES MICROMODEM $300

PRINTER STANDS: Large $99

Small $25

PRINTER RIBBONS-Most Types $Call

WE'RE NOW

Red Baron

COMPUTER PRODUCTS

OUR PEOPLE MAKE US EXPERTS.

Malibu 200 Dot Matrix & Letter Quality in One Printer

200 CPS standard • Letler qualily font • 12 optional fonts • Bi-directional logic seeking • 19x 18 dot matrix • Expanded characters (2x. 4x) Optional • Dot resolulion graptiics of 144x 120 • Underlining

Malibu 200 List $2995 V^DUU

Okidata 82A Hi-Res & TRS-80 Block Graphics

120 CPS • Bi-directional printing • Logic seeking • Double widlti & condensed printing • Friction & tractor feed standard • Font selection, character pitch & line spacing are program controllable ^f^«sll Okidata 82A List $799 yvall

Centronics 739 Crisp Dot-Matrix Characters

Graphics & word processing print quality

• N X 9 dot matrix • suitable for word processing • Underlining • Proportional spacing • Right margin justificaiton • Serif typeface • 80/100 CPS • 9'/2" pn feed/friction

• Optional 2 Color Kit Cf^lll Centronics 739-1 List $695 pUdll

Centronics 739-3 List $795

$725

Our People, Our Product: Both Are Specialized.

Because our salespeople are printer specialists, they know tlie capabilities of each printer—and how to match one to your exact need. Red Baron's volume stocking assures a low, low price on a wide array of major brands. We're sure you'll like the product and services you get from Red Baron, and we know you'll love our Customer Benefit Package; an exclusive at Red Baron.

Customer Benefit Package

1. Free Expert Consultation. Before you buy, after you buy. 2. Toil-Free Ordering. There's never a toll charge when you place your order at Red Baron. 3. Free Catalog. Get your informative catalog with printer comparison chart and character samples today! 4. Warranty. The manufacturer's warranty applies where applicable. 5. Same-Day Shipping. Your order is sent the same day when you call before 11:00 a.m. 6. Free/MasterCard & Visa. Call us toll-free and charge your printer to your credit card. 7. We Stock What We Sell. No bait and switch, no hassle. We make every effort to keep a large stock of our advertised products.

Televideo CRT's Price, Performance & Reliability

Here's how to order.

Phone orders are welcome; same-day shipment on orders placed before 11 00 a.m Free use of IvlasterCard and Visa, CCDs accepted. Personal checks require 2 weeks clearance Manufacturer s warranty included on all equipment. Prices subject to revision

Orange Micro Retail Stores Sherman Oaks: 13604 Ventura Blvd. (213) 501-3486 Anaheim: 3150 La Palma. # I (714) 630-3622 Santa Clara: 3216 ScotI Blvd. (408) 980-1213

Circle 309 on inquiry card.

91OC List $699

920C List $995

9250 List $995

950 List $1195

$600 $770 $750 $970

CALL FOR FREE CATALOG

TOLL FREE

Red Baron

COMPUTER PRODUCTS

1100 N. TUSTIN ANAHEIM. CA 92806

1-800-854-8275 ^4)630^22

« * WARNING * *

You hove selected the 'PURGE FILES' progrom. If you use it, your data files will be purged.

Do you wont to continue with the PURGE program P I Y/N |_

Figure 3: A message that protects the operator against a serious error. The operator must confirm the decision to purge the data files before the program will proceed.

indicates that he does, the program asks him to define the entry he wants to correct, usually by line number. Then the cursor moves to the appropriate data-input field to permit reentry of data, and the edit prompt reappears to permit corrections. When the operator indicates that he has no more changes to make, the program moves on to the next step.

Certain data entries have farreaching effects. A "profound, irreversible data entry" is one that will significantly affect the database or a phase of program operation. How profound the data entry is depends, of course, on the situation. Consequences of data-entry errors in these cases vary from inconvenience (you are delayed because you must print a report) to disaster (you just purged six months' worth of data).

Clearly, it is important to protect the operator from such traps by providing "fail-safe" devices. The general idea is to make the operator action more complex than for usual data entry. One way is to make data entry require two stages. For example, when the operator selects the "FIRE ICBM" program from the menu, firing does not occur immediately but causes a message to appear on the screen that tells what will happen next. This is accompanied by a prompt that permits the operator either to continue or to back out.

Protect your operator against himself. The programmer who writes a program that will purge all files at the stroke of a single key deserves no

mercy and will receive none from program users. Figure 3 shows a message that provides sufficient warning to the operator before beginning to purge data.

Display Screen Design

Screen layout design is partly art and partly science but all programmers can profit by observing the guidelines in this section.

Designing a good screen requires planning. Many experienced programmers find that a screen design aid, consisting of a paper matrix that identifies all possible character locations on the screen, is useful. This permits design of the screen with paper and pencil. The design can be perfected before it is committed to code. (It is much faster to make pencil erasures than to change a series of tab settings.)

As a general rule, access screens by paging, not by scrolling. Keep in mind that people find it easier to read stationary pages than moving pages. The only people who like to read scrolling information are those at the end of hot news wires. Unless your program has that sort of application, clear the screen before you put up a new display.

Most displays need a title to tell the operator what he is looking at. The title should be centered at the top of the screen.

Display screen designers center displayed information primarily for aesthetic considerations, although centering assumes more practical im

portance with large screen displays.

With large screens, if information is not centered, the operator will spend his time turned to the left side of the screen instead of along a more natural line of sight—straight ahead.

Your screens will probably contain a variety of different types of information: title block, numerical information, prompt line, error-message line, operating-mode indicator, etc. Analyze your needs and determine how many different categories apply. Then allocate a screen area for each information category.

Assure that information on screens does not stray from its assigned area. This is an application of the consistency principle discussed earlier. The more complex your screen displays, the more important it is to allocate areas. If you have complex screens and do not design them consistently, you will confuse the operator.

If possible, separate each area of the screen from the next by at least three rows or columns of blank spaces. Different blocks can also be separated by lines, which will make the separation more distinct. More effective still is to color-code different screen areas.

"Keep it simple" has become a cliche but is valuable and important advice. Unfortimately, keeping it simple is, to use another cliche, easier said than done. What, after all, is "simple"? And when is something "not simple enough?"

Finding the answers to these questions requires you to take a close look at the information needs of your program users at each point in your program. Present no more information than necessary.

Some programmers use the "one logically connected thought or step per screen" rule. Where much information must be conveyed, these programmers break it up into logical thoughts or steps and present each one on a separate screen. This is like the rule of presenting one idea in each paragraph of prose.

Programmers in the "densely packed display" school of thought hold the view that if they can get

122 Acta, 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

IBM

COMPATIBLE

BOARDS

BY

K MEMORY WITH PARITY Limited time only! $393 ^^Sl^^

HARD DISC SUBSYSTEM FOR

IBM AND S-IOO $ S4S5

HAB2 IBM BUS HARD DISK INTERFACE FOR WD-1000

^SP 4 SERIAL PORTS FOR IBM

PB PROTOTYPING BOARD FOR IBM

EB EXTENDER BOARD FOR IBM

s-noa

BOARDS

ZOBEX CPU

Z-80A CPU WITH 4 SERIAL AND 3 PARALLEL PORTS

ZOBEX DDFDC

DOUBLE DENSITY DISK CONTROLLER

ZMS-iac

64K RAM

HDCI

S-100 HARD DISK INTERFACE FOR WD-1000

ZOBEX

7343 J. RONSON RD. SAN DIEGO, CA. 92111

ZOBEX is trademark of ZOBEX CORPORATION

IBM is trademark of International Business Machines Corporatior

Circle 446 on inquiry card.

BYTE April 1982 123

NOT THIS

THIS

Personnel Directory

NAME

Knuth Soms Lien Bowles

King Grogono Lif fick

0

Personnel Direclory

NAME

Bowles Grogono King Knuih

Lien

LIffick

Soms

Figure 4: The same list presented in random order and in alphabetical order. Recognizable orderings—e.g., alphabetical, numerical, and chronological—make data easier for the operator to comprehend.

everything onto one screen they are saving something. What, exactly, they are saving is unclear, although they must gain a certain satisfaction by rising to the challenge of making everything fit. This satisfaction resembles the exultation of the first guy who engraved the Declaration of Independence on the head of a pin. Judge for yourself how useful that was.

In designing screen displays, it is important to follow prevailing conventions. Because of experience with written language, people have certain built-in expectations for the way information will be presented to them. If you don't follow convention in displaying information, you make things more difficult for the operator.

Think of your display screen as the page of a book. In a book, informa

tion is normally presented in lines that are read from left to right and from top to bottom. Numeric information is usually presented in tabular format, i.e., beneath column headings and from top to bottom. Certain obvious things you should avoid are printing numeric information from left to right or presenting very wide columns of text. If in doubt, recall how you have seen such information portrayed in books.

You should display information in a recognizable order. Some screens present directories or lists through which the operator must search. A menu is one such list, although it is usually short, with the most frequently called options listed at the top and the least frequently at the bottom (more on this later). Long directories or lists should be presented in an order that the operator will recognize, for example, alphabetic, numeric, or chronological order. This simplifies the search and saves time. Figure 4 shows the same information presented in random order and again in alphabetical order. Judge for yourself which ordering makes it easier to find the name "Grogono."

Long strings should be broken up. A "long" string is one that has more than about five independent characters. By "independent" we mean characters that do not unite to form a recognizable whole such as a person's name. A telephone number without the separating hyphen would be such a string. People have difficulty recognizing and separating the individual characters of long strings. If you have

'owerful Z-80® communications software toois are now avaiiable. Fiil ttie void between your microcomputer and mainframe.

^1

Z-80 is a registered trademark of Zilog.

PHOflE 1

1011 River Lane • Loves Park, Illinois 6111V 815/877-9008

124 April 1982 © BYTE Publicalions Inc

Circle 330 on inquiry card.

I learned that 1 could get specific advantages when purchasing from A.E.I.

A.E.I, has valuable knowledge gained from selling millions of dollars of computer equipment, and will take the time to discuss which equipment is right for me.

Based on its vast experience, A.E.I, sells only reliable equipment.

A.E.I, can test and configure equipment to match my system.

A.E.I, will initalize my software to match my system, saving me valuable time.

A.E.I, slocks repair parts and can answer my

"I found out why V.I.P.'s call A.E.I."

technical questions, and expedite repairs to my equipment when necessary.

A.E.I, is price competitive even when compared to NoService sales companies.

I learned that 40% of all A.E.I, sales are to public and semi-public institutions,* such as the Universities of Nebraska, Virginia, Kentucky, California, M.I.T., the U.S. Air Force, Princeton; as well as scores of major corporations.

Calling A.E.I, is the smarf thing todo.

*A.E.I. does not wish to imply that any of these fine organizations endorse A.E.I., merely that A.E.I, is proud to have them as customers.

A PARTIAL LIST OF PRODUCTS AVAILABLE AT A.EL

TELEVIDEO COMPUTER

List Sell

TS-flOO Us9t Station 1795 1450

TS-801 Compuler 3295 2650

TS-802 Com put/Terminal 3495 CALL

TS-802H Compul/Termin. 6995 CALL

TS-806 Mulli User Proc. 7195 5749

TELEVIDEO TERMINALS

List Sell

910 Term!

659

912 Termi 920 Termi 925 Term! 950 Termi

995

995

NEC PRINTERS

Sell

List

3510-t 30CPS Serial 2450 7710-1 55CPS Serial CALL CALL 7720-1 KSR Serial CALL CALL

Forms Tractors CALL CALL

NORTHSTAR HORIZON PRODUCTS

List Sell

HRZ-2Q-64K 3599 CALL

HRZ-1Q-64K-HDS 6695 4999

HRZ-10-64K-H018 9270 6749

Nof IhStar is discontirtuing many ol their horizon products. Call for availabilily and price of any product nol listed.

□ l

NORTHSTAR SOFTWARE

List : Northword DIQ . 399 Mallmanagef DIQ 299 Infomanager D/0 499 General Ledger DIQ 599 A/R DIQ 599 A/P 0/0 599

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS PRINTERS

List Sell

Tl-dIO BASIC 1645 1396

Tl-aiO Full ASCII 1745 1479

TI-aiO Package 1945 1649

TI-«20 R/0 BASIC 1995 1625

Tl^20 KSR Package 2395 1950

NORTHSTAR ADVANTAGE COMPUTER

ADV-2Q 64K SIO Board PIO Board FPB Board Graphics Option

Sell CALL CALL CALL CALL CALL

Cat Modem D^Cat Auto-Cat Apple-Cat

DC Hayes Uicro-tOO DC Hayes Smart Modem

EPSON PRINTERS

List Sell

MX 80 645 CALL

MX80 FT 745 CALL

MX-100 995 CALL

Call lor pricing on interfaces and cables We will beat .iny advertised price.

MORROVi/ DECISION COMPUTER

List

Sell 1350

Decision 1 BASIC 65 K Static Ram 1000 780

Switchboard I/O 259 210

Select drives from Morrow disc systems for desired configuration.

MORROW DISC SYSTEMS

Discus 2D t Drive Discus 2D 2 Drive Discus 2-1-2 1 Drive Discus 2 + 2 2 Drive M26 Hard Disc

Sell

List

1095 849

1875 1389

1395 1075

2495 1859

4495 3395

CP'M & Microsoft Basic Included

LINE PRINTERS

Okidala 82A Okrdala 63A Anade)! 9500 Anadex 9501

—SEE THESE PRODUCTS AND MORE IN OUR SHOWROOMPRICES CHANGE DAILY—CALL OR VISIT FOR CURRENT PRICING

AUTOMATED EQUIPMENT, INC.

18430 WARD STREET. FOUNTAIN VALLEY. CALIFORNIA 92708

SYSTEMS GROUP

2800 Computer DM-6400 Memory DMB-&400 Memory CPC-2813 CPU + I/O FOC-2801 Controller

MICROPRO SOFTWARE

List Sell

Wordstar 495 330

Apple Wordstar 375 275

Spellstar 250 190

Mallmerge 150 100

Datastar 350 250

Supersorl 250 190

DISC-CABLES

List Sell

Memorex B ID Verbatim 5' 2D Verbatim 5 ' 2D Dysan 5" 2D RS-235 5- Cable RS-232 10' Cable

Calif and International

(714) 963-1414

Toll Free

(800) 854-7635

Circle 44 on inquiry card.

ISEisan International Consortium of the World's Leading Software and

Consulting Firms, Representing

Over 5,000 Professionals

Around the World

Major companies around the world are joining ih\s consortium to provide mainframe-quality software for microcomputers.

ISE provides professional application developers witti tfie finest array of integrated software tools available anywfiere, tfirougfi:

• Data Base Management

• Data Communications

• Programming Languages

• Screen Management

Also available a full spectrum of tfie most advanced office systems yet available for an integrated approach to office management and control.

These fine products are distributed in most countries through ISE. For more information, contact;

In as.;

ISE-aSA

P.O. Box 248

Lafayette, Indiana 47902

Tel: (317) 463-2581

In Germany:

ISE-ADV/ORGAGERMAMY

Lipowskystr. 26

8000 Munich 70

Tel: (089) 776 023-4

In England:

ISE-PACTEL

Rochester House

33 Greycoat Street

London SW1P2QF

Tel: 01-828 7744

In France:

ISE-CEQOS

Tour Chenonceaux

204, Rond-Point du Pont de Sevres

92515 Boulogne Billancourt Cedex

Tel: 620-61-04

In Switzerland and Austria:

ISE-ADV/ORGA SWITZERLjAMD

Mainaustra|1e 17

CH-8008 Zurich

Tel: (01) 32 02 70-1

Elsewhere:

ISE-INTERNATIOINAL P.O. Box 248 Lafayette. Indiana 47902 Tel: (317)463-2581

P.O. Box 248 Lafayette, IN 47902' For more on one of our fine products, see page 314 '

ACCOUNT REPORT

DESCRIPTION

Account #: 3281 name : Budget

STATUS

This account is not currently up to date. Last payment was made 12 months ago.

ACCOUNT INFORMATION

Balance : $ 31,000.00 Payment : 292.89 Ami Lost Pmt : 3.69

Figure 5: Standard methods of presenting text and numbers on the screen. Text is easier to read if left-justified. Numbers are easier to read if right-justified and aligned on the decimal point (if any).

ever tried to count over to, say, the 15 th character of a 40-character string, you know the problem.

Elements of the string can be more readily located if you display the string as several short strings, (i.e., consisting of five or fewer characters) separated by spaces. (Better yet, find an explicit, uncoded method to present your information.)

According to standard practice, text is normally justified to the left side of the screen or to a defined tab value. Numerical information is normally justified to the right. Where the number of decimal places may vary on successive lines, decimal points on all lines should align at a particular tab value. These conventions are carry-overs from mainframe practice, where the availability of sophisticated formatting statements makes alignment easy. Justifying numbers to the right and aligning decimal points are more difficult with most microcomputer BASICS, although subroutines for performing these functions have appeared in publications, and most moderately skilled programmers can write their own. Figure 5 illustrates conventional alignment of information on the display screen.

Sequence Control

Sequence control is the manner in which the operator controls the se

126 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

quence of program operations. In menu-driven programs, the operator exercises sequence control through menu choices. These let the operator select the subprograms he needs to do his job.

An operator can exercise sequence

control in many other ways. Control simply requires an interaction or "dialogue" with the program. The menu-driven program permits a particular type of dialogue. Other common dialogue types are question and answer, query, program-like language, and action code.

In question-and-answer dialogue the program displays a question and the operator responds with an answer. The expected answer is one of a limited set of alternatives, such as "yes" or "no." Example: Program asks whether output should be displayed on video terminal or printer.

Query dialogue is an extension of question and answer: a question is posed but the number of alternatives is large. Example: Program requests the number of the file it should display.

Program-like language dialogue uses a defined set of commands to control the program. Valid commands are usually brief mnemonic abbreviations of action words. Example: Command words used to control the Star Wars game.

As inevitable as evolution,

Mainframe solutions at micro prices.

A new era has begun. With computer prices down and computer power up, micro's are already more powerful than

five-year old mainframes. Professional demand was inevitable. Software unavailable. The solution: ISE. The new kind of computer company...offering mainframe-quality software at micro-software prices. For more information on this significant breakthrough, phone (317)463-2581.

Professionals know the difference, i

P.O. Box 248 Lafayette, IM 47902 I Circle 261 on inquiry card. '

How to stay hot with the leading programming languages.

I

Diagnosticsn

Su

When you're hot, you're hot. And SuperSott's language series keeps you that way Out front with the most advanced capabilities for microcomputer programming.

SuperSoft's Language Series

Ada* Required by the Department of Defense for all its programming, Ada is the language of the 80's. SuperSoft Ada is a native code, fully recursive two pass compiler which generates ".COM" files. It currently supports most features of the standard Ada language, (requires 48k CP/M) Ada: $250.00. Manual only: $25.00.

C Version 1.1 of SuperSoft's widely used C compiler has now been released. With this release SuperSoft's C, a two pass compiler which produces assembly code, now includes all the most widely used features of the C language, (requires 48k CP/M) C: $200.00. Manual only: $15.00. C for 8086: $500.00.

LISP SuperSoft LISP is a complete implementation of an EV-LISP type interpreter It is fully recursive and also supports the much needed PROG functions. LISP for TRS-80 cassette: $75.00. (requires 16k level II) LISP for TRS-80 disk: $100.00. (requires 16k disk) LISP for CP/M: $150.00. (requires 32k CP/M) Manual only: $15.00.

BASIC SuperSoft BASIC Compiler is a superset of Standard BASIC which accepts the most popular syntax and also supports many extensions to the language, (requires 48k CP/M) BASIC: $200.00. Manual only: $25.00. BASIC for Z8000: $500.00.

FORTRAN IV and RATFOR The SSS FORTRAN Compiler is fast, efficient, and complete (full 1966 ANSI standard with extensions), (requires 32k CP/M, Z 80 only) FORTRAN: $275.00. RATFOR: $100.00. FORTRAN and RATFOR: $350.00. FORTRAN manual: $25.00

FORTH The production code of Stackwork's FORTH (1977 FORTH Standard) is capable of compactness approaching and frequently smaller than the size of equivalent assembly code, (requires 48k CP/M) FORTH: $200.00. Manual only: $25.00.

Also Available From SuperSoft:

System Maintenance Series

Diagnostics II, Disk Doctor, System Checker

Rnancial Planning Series

Scratchpad, Data-view, Stats-graph, The Optimizer System Utilities

Term II, Utilities Packs I & II, Elink, Disk Edit, Encode/ Decode II, BCD

Entertainment Series

Nemesis, Dungeon Master Analiza II

Word Processing

Star-Edit, TFS

Available from fine dealers everywhere, or directly from SuperSoft. U.K. and European Distribution: Digital Devices, 134 London Road, Southborough Kent, Tunbridge Weils, TN4 OPL, England. Tel. Tunbridge Wells (892) 37977/9 Telex. 95582.

Japanese Distribution: ASR Corporation International, 3-23-8, Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-Ku, Tokyo 105, Japan, Tel. (03)-437-5371, Telex. 0242-2723.

Required by the Department of Defense for Ada copyright protection: "This compiler is presently an incomplete implementation of the Ada programming language. It is intended that this compiler will be further developed to enable implementation of the complete Ada programming language, and then to be submitted to the Ada Joint Program Office for validation."

*Ada is a trademark of the Department of Defense (Ada Joint Program Office)

CP/M registered trademarl'; Digital Researcli SSS FORTRAN copyright Small Systems Services Unix registered trademark Bell Laboratories

circle 392 on Inquiry card.

( ^

PROMPTING LEVEL SELECTION MENU Please select desired level of prompting-.

1. Full

2. Portiol

3. None

Enter Choice #_

V )

Figitre 6: Menu which allows the operator to choose the prompting level. Features like this accommodate operators who differ in skill.

Action code dialogue usually involves the use of specially defined and labeled function keys for calling up displays or programs. User-defined function keys are not widely available on microcomputers, but we will see more of them in the future. The new IBM Personal Computer has 15 or more user-defined function keys.

Beside these methods, sequence control can be exercised in a number of other ways—in fact, via any channels that permit the operator to enter data into the computer and receive feedback. Possibilities include trackball, joystick, optical device, human voice, and whatever else creative minds can invent and implement.

The Old Standby—

the Menu-Driven Program

In this article I cannot cover sequence-control design principles that apply to all dialogue types. For one thing, there isn't room. But more important, the research with many of these methods is limited, and 1 can offer few definitive recommendations. For these reasons, I will focus on that old standby, the menu-driven program. Though its origin is traceable to the earliest days of computing machinery, the menu-driven program remains the principal means by which people carry on dialogues with computers. Until people perfect ways of talking with computers, the menudriven program will probably remain the mainstay.

There are good reasons for its popularity and success. First, it makes no demands on human memory. Menu options are displayed on the screen and the operator picks the one he wants. This makes a menudriven program easy to learn. Second, menus help the operator orient himself because they explicitly display the available "roads" (subprograms) from each "crossroad" (menu).

Menu-driven programs have certain drawbacks as well. Storing and generating menus cost memory and time overhead. Once familiar with a program, operators may find that layers of menus impede progress more than they help.

For all that, the menu-driven program is a good vehicle for our discussion of sequence control because most people are familiar with it. Many of the design principles I will discuss in relation to it can be extended to other types of dialogues as well.

Your menu-driven program should be self-explanatory. The operator should not have to refer constantly to a manual to figure out how to make something happen. Obviously, you carmot explain everything within the program, but you should provide screens that describe special sequence-control features. For example, suppose that your program has several subprograms, each containing sub-subprograms, and so on, and that different program levels are accessed through layers of menus. Suppose further that you have designed certain sequence-control features to shortcut some menus so that the experienced operator can move quickly around to different parts of the program. Special features such as these should be explained within the program, either on separate screens which precede menus or, if the explanation is brief enough, on menus themselves.

Your program will function, of course, without built-in screen documentation. However, the operator will learn the intricacies of your program much more quickly if you do your explaining when and where he needs it—within the program itself.

If the operators using your program will vary in skill level, attempt to build in features that will accommodate skill growth. For example, let the operator select the level of prompting—full, partial, or none. This will help the inexperienced operator gain skill and confidence and save the experienced operator a lot of time. Make the choice of the prompting-level convenient, as shown in figure 6.

Your program may have one menu or several, depending on complexity. If it is a complex program with many options, analyze how each subprogram will be used. Determine which subprograms are functionally related. Estimate how often each menu choice will be made. You may be able to make a very long menu into a number of short ones.

Functional relationships and frequency of use of the subprograms are the two most important criteria to consider in designing a menu. List functionally related subprograms on the same menu. If possible, list frequently called subprograms on the same menu. If these requirements conflict, let functional relationships rule menu design. Avoid desigiting very long menus that contain a grab bag of unrelated options. This only makes sense if all programs are equally likely to be called under all conditions. That is seldom the case.

Make menu choices brief, explicit, and distinct from one another. To make up the label, consider exactly what each subprogram does and then label it accordingly.

Use terminology consistently. For example, don't call subprograms that do essentially the same thing by different names in the same program— don't call a program "edit" in one place and "modify/delete" in another.

The menu itself has three essential parts: (1) title, (2) list of menu choices, and (3) prompt line. Some menus also contain a statement that directs the operator to "select one of the menu choices." This feature is useful to operators unfamiliar with computers and can be considered optional.

130 April 1982 © BYTE PublicaUoiu Inc

Circle 111 on inquiry card.

"DISCOUNT PRICING ON QUALITY PRODUCTS"

FAgT^EUVER^J^^JAJO^RAND^^ACCESSOR^

ORDER TOLL-FREE! 1-800-854-2833^Vv

ACCESSORIES

Vtc Dalassc'lte (6-pack) 68

Vic Disk Drive (6-pack) 489

Vic Graphic Prmier 389

Vtc 8K Memory Expander 52

Vic RS232C Inlerface 43

Vic IEEE-488 Inlerface 84

Game Paddles 19

Joystick 19

Vic Super Expander 53

Vic Pfograrnmers Aid Cartridge 44

Vic Mon Machine Language Monitor 44

SOFTWARE

Recreation Pfogram Pack A 44

Home Calculation Program Pack A 44

Superslol 23

Avengers 23

Super Alien 23

Super Lander 23

Draw Poker 23

Vicalc 14

Vilerm A 19

Vic Modem CALL

24K CALL

VI Check 24

VPM 18

includes 48K &

Disk Drive / Controller

ACCESSORIES

16K RAM (Language Compatible) 99

A10-II by SSM CALL

CCS #7720A 99

Corvus Hard Disk Drive CALL

CPS Multifunction Card by Mtn Comp 185

D-CAT Modem by Novation 169

Joyport 69

Joystick by TG 47

Metacard by Melamorphic 895

Micromodem II ■ by Hayes 295

Mioro-Sci Drives CALL

Music System w/Software by Mtn Corp 319

Smartmodem*^ by Hayes 239

Video Term (80 coL card) by Videx 249

Z-80 Card by Microsoft 289

Micro-Sci Drives CALL

Sooper Spooler by Compuline Corp CALL

NEW

Disk Drive / Conlroller (100% Compatible) 519

32K by Saturn 209

lUllcrobufler 11 by Practical Periptierals. Inc CALL

FREE CATALOGUE 1-800-854-2833

Bcommodore

CBM 8032 $1095 I

4016N Pet 769

4032N Pet 969

SP9000 Super Pet 1550

8032 1095

8096 1569

4022 Dot Malrix Printer 599

4040 Duaf Disk Drive 985

8050 Dual Disk Drive 1299

2031 Single Disk Drive 529

830QP Letter Quality Printer 1790

IEEE-IEEE Cable 38

PET-IEEE 33

WordPro 3 Plus .^P.'^TVy.*?.^ 229

WordPro 4 Plus 329

Commodore Tax Package 399

Visicalc 149

BPI General Ledger 329

OZZ Information System 299

Dow Jones Portfolio 114

Pascal 229

Legal Time Accounting 449

Word Craft 80 289

Create-A-Base 249

CALL FOR COMPLETE SELECTION!

SOFTWARE

Business Pkgs by Continental 199

CONTINENTAL SOFTWARE CALL

DB Master by Stoneware 169

Desktop/Plan by Visicorp 189

Enhancer II by Videx 129

Home Money Minder by Continental 29

Lowercase Adapter (Rev) 29

Magic Window by Art-Sci 88

Numeric Keypad (23 Key) by the Keyboard Co 119

Peach Tree Accting Pkgs CALL

Personal Filing System 69

Sup R Mod 35

Super Scribe I! 99

TASC by Microsoft 159

The Last One 449

Visifile 199

Visicalc 155

Visisclieduie by Visicorp ...189 Visitrend / Visi Plot 199

ENTERTAINMENT

Alkemstone 34

Apple Panic 24

Castle Wolfenstein 24

Gorgon 35

Olympic Decalhalon 24

Raster Blaster 29

Soflporn 27

Space Eggs 25

CP/M

Basic 80 284

Basic Compiler 299

Calcstar 166

FMS-80 649

Mailmerge - 79

Spellstar 159

T/Maker 229

Wordstar 239

CALL FOB COMPLETE SELECTION! •APPLE IS A REGISTERED TRADEMARK.

WE HAVE IT ALL . . . JUST CALL IF YOU DON'T SEE IT!

SALE! EPSONS

MX8 CALL IV1X80 FK CALL IVIX70 $359 IVIX100 CALL

WE STOCK A HUGE SELECTION OF MAJOR BRANDS OF

PRINTERS PAPER TIGERS, C. ITOL & QUME

MONITORS AMDEK, SANYO, NEC & ZENITH TERMINALS ZENITH, HAZELTINE & MORE MEDIA

DYSAN, VERBATIM, ETC. S-PRISM ... CALL FOR BEST PRICE!

ACCESSORIES

TecMate Expansion Chasis by TecMar 839

Time Master by TecMar 89

Device Master by TecMar 199

IEEE 488 interface by TecMar 355

64K Ci-PCM Ram Expansion 499

12aK Ci-PCM Ram Expansion 575

256K Ci-PCM Ram Expansion 790

APPARAT Inc. Acces for IBM P/M CALL

CALL FOR MORE SOFTWARE ViSICALC by Visicorp 175

CALL FOR COMPLETE SELECTION!

NEC

PC-8001A

32K

NEC I/O Unit 32K RAM 595

NEC Add-on dual Mini Drive CALL

The WEDGE I/O Unit 32K RAM 549

32K Memory Board for use with the WEDGE 179

WordStar configured for IvIEC 299

SuperCalc configured for NEC 279

NEC Wordprocessor & Accounting Software CALL

CALL FOR COMPLETE SELECTION!

AATARr80016K$695

Atari 400 W/16K 319

410 Program Recorder 79

810 Disk Drive 449

825 80 col. Dot Matrix printer 699

830 Accustic Modem 155

850 Interface Ivlodule 159

22K Ram Module 129

Asteroids. Missile Command & Star Raiders 35 ea

ACTIVISION — Complete Selection

HOW TO ORDER

Ordering information: Phoneorders using VISA, MASTERCARD, AMERICAN EXPRESS. DINER'S CLUB, CARTE BLANCHE, bank wire transfer, cashiier's oroertified check, money order, or personal check (allow ten days to clear)Unless prepaid with cash, please add 5% for shipping, handling and insurance, (minimum 5.00) California residents add 6% sales lax. We accept CODs. OEM's. Institutions and corporations please send for a written quotation. All equipment is subject to price change and availability without notice- All equipment is new and complete with manufacturer's warranty {usually 90 days). Showroom prices may differ from mail order prices.

(714) 579-0330 MAILTO:1251 BROADWAY EL CAJON, OA. 92021

Circle 32 on inquiry card.

A0 C4 C9 D3 CB A0 D5 D4 C9 CCC9 D4 D9 A0 A4 B5 B0 A0 AO AO

Disk Utility ^4 D3 for Apple DOS 3.3 d3

D4

CF D2 C5 AO C4 C5 CC

C3 D4

LOST PROGRAM RECOVERY

CB AO C4 C9 D3 DO CC CI

(=5 If you haven't

C5 written over that a6

program accidental

AO \ J', ... DO

C6 ly deleted, this ci

software can recs cover it for you. cs

D3 ' AO

AO D5

AO Also, it can d4

AO - J- 1 C9

reorganize your disk C5 and inform you of C9

D8 ^. .

ci the remaining space available.

CE

And, it allows ci you to patch any ^4 sector: display in AF Hex and ASCII on 02 standard Apple AO screen.

DO

D4 D9 AO CD

CI CE D5 C6 CI C3 D4 05 D2 C5

C4

CI AO

Menu driven and

C8 easy for the novice ao '^^ while still efficient

CE for the professional. d3 ^2 Compatible with

C4 M & R Superterm. d2

C9 ■ AO

D3 C3

For more information or

to place your order call: ^

" [208] 263-1213 ao

AO AO AO Cl

D2 Cost: S50

AO We pay first class postage end

insurance. You may use VISA or AO

A(j MasterCard. (-p

C4 C6

C9 TO ORDER: Send us your D4

D3 check, money order or credit cord D7

number and expiration dote. Cl

A® Certified checks avoid clearance ^"^

delay. C5

AO

ANSWER Corporation

D4 Cl 04

DS 502A IMorth Second Ave. CF

Sandpoint, Idaho 83864 CC

AO ' AO

A0A0C2D9A0CAC5D2D2D9A0D4C9C6C6D4A0A0

132 April 1982 © BYTE PubUcations Inc

MAIN MENU

Select one of the following programs by entering its number

1. ENTER DATA

2. GENERATE REPORTS

3. EDIT DATA BASE

4. START NEW FILE

5. PURGE FILE

6. QUIT

Enter Choree

Figure 7: Menu showing the three essential menu parts: title, list of choices, and prompt line. Some menus also have a directive to prompt operators unfamiliar with the system.

Center the menu title at top of the ciisplay and put the word "menu" at the end of the title. If you are providing the (optional) directive line, print this next, offset to the left, so that it is recognized as an instruction and not a title. Center the prompt and the data input field at the bottom of the screen. The prompt should be brief and explicit, for example, "ENTER CHOICE #," as shown in figure 7.

Menu selection can be done in several different ways: by entering the number of a menu option, by entering a letter, by typing in the menu choice, and by moving a cursor to the choice. Typing in the menu choice label usually requires several keystrokes and should be avoided. Most microcomputer software is not set up to permit cursor selection of menu choices.

The most common selection method is to type in a number or letter. In general, short menus should permit selection by letter—preferably the first letter of the choice label. (This can present problems if different menu choices start with the same letter.) On longer menus, numbered menu choices are more convenient.

If you do use numbers, then any list of numbered items appearing on one of your display screens will resemble a menu. This may cause confusion. Minimize confusion by titling menus as menus and titling other displays appropriately. Avoid numbered items on nonmenu displays, if

possible. If you are presenting a list of instructions, for example, precede each instruction by a bullet instead of a number.

Conclusion

This brief excursion into the world of human factors covered areas of interest to the average microcomputer programmer. Much more is written on the subject, and those interested should consult the references listed at the end of this article.

Note that application of humanfactors considerations to software design is immature as a technology and that much research still needs to be done. At present there is no single source to which the reader can refer to find all the important answers. (Martin's book is comprehensive but aimed primarily at the mainframe user.) Much of what is now available comes as technical reports that present recommendations cautiously labeled as "preliminary" or "tentative" findings.

In this article, I have attempted to congeal this somewhat indefinite material into a form that is useful to the average reader. Much has been left out because of inapplicability to microcomputers or because the material was of a specialized nature and would probably not be of interest. In general, what was presented is based on the references, although at some points I have condensed and simplified things. I hope that I have not distorted any author's intentions in the process.!

References

1. Anacapa Sciences Inc. "Fundamentals of Human Factors for Engineering and Design—Session 22: Human-Computer

Interface Design" (classroom notes from seminar), Santa Barbara, CA: 1981.

2. Engei, S. E., & Granda, R. E. Guidelines for Man/Display Interfaces, Technical Report TR 00.2720. Poughkeepsle, NY: IBM, December 19, 1975.

3. Martin, J. Design of Man-Computer Dialogues. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: PrenticeHall, 1976.

4. Smith S. L. Man-Machine Interface: Requirements Definition and Design Guidelines—a Progress Report, Project No. 572R. Bedford, MA: Mitre Corporation, February 1981.

COMPUTERS

INTERSYSTEMS

DPSl , DPS! A. DPS2A CALL FOR PRICES

DYNABYTE List Less 30%

ALTOS List Less20%

IMORTHSTAR

Horizons & Advantages CALL

TELEVIDEO COMPUTER SYSTEMS CALL

SUPERBRAIN

64K DD $2639

64K QD $2949

DSS-IOMEG Hard Disk $3195

CROMEMCO

CS-1 Lisl $3495 OUR PRICE $3195

CS-2 Lisl $4695 OUR PRICE$3549

CS-3 Lisl $7995 OUR PRICE $6349

Z2H Lisl $9995 OUR PRICE $7995

data systems

Z-89 Lisi

S2895

OUR PRICE

$2099

TERMINALS

TeleVideo

Televideo 9100 CALL

912C CALL

920C CALL

925C CALL

950C CALL

INTERTUBE $725

Emulator $725

OKI DATA

MicrolineSO , , $359

l\/licro!ine82A $469

Micro!ine83A $749

C.ITOH CALL FOR PRICES

SOROC

SoroclQ120 $679

IQ130 $585

IQ135 $719

IQ135 w grdiJhics $789

IQ140. ..." $995

HAZELTINE

1420 CALL

1500 SAVE

1510 CALL

ZENITH Z19 $639

Prices quoted are for prepaid orders only, and reflect a cash discount. C.O.D.'s and chatge cards slightly higher.

Musi .(ems in slock for imrnediale delivery, faciory sealed cHrtons vtf full factory warraniy NYS residents add appropriate sales tax. Pnces do not include shipping, CO.D, orders require 25% deposii Prices subjeci to change without notice.

PRINTERS

CENTRONICS

749-1 PAR $699

739-3 SER $619

704-11 parallel $1569

704-9 (RS232) $1519

Tl 810

810 Basic $1289

810 Full Option $1599

820 RO Basic $1545

820 KSR Basic $1739

NEC 7710 (RS232) SERIAL $2395

7730 PARALLEL $2395

Qume CALL FOR PRICE

Diablo 630 RO $2049

1640 KSR $3495

1640 RO $3095

Paper Tiger 445G $739

560G $1099

Epson

IVIX-80 $465

MX-80FT $548

MX 100 $745

DISKSYSTEMS

MORROW

Discus 2D

$835

Dual Discuss 2D

$1385

Discuss 2-1-2

$1089

M 5 5meg Hard Disk . ,

$3750

Wl 10 10 meg Hard Disk ,. ,

$2999

IV126 26 meg Hard Disk

$3349

CORVUS 5 meg Hard Disk

$3109

CORVUS 10 meg Hard Disk

$4439

CORVUS 20 meg Hard Disk

$5349

COMPUTERS WHOLESALE

P.O. Box 1.^4 Camillus, N.Y. 13031

f;#|fC^gub|eci, jo charlgfspl^

The Atari Tutorial

Part 8: Generating Sound with Software

The sound capabilities of the Atari 400 and 800 computers are influenced by the software technique used.

Bob Fraser 1639 Martin Ave. Sunnyvale, CA 94087

The sound system in the Atari 400 and 800 niicrocomputers can be used in two basic ways: static and dynamic. Static sound generation is the simpler of the two. The program sets a few sound generators, turns to other activities for a while, and then turns them off. Dynamic sound generation is more difficult. The computer must continuously update the sound generators during program execution. For example:

SOUND 0,120,8,8

generates a static sound, while:

FOR X=0 TO 255 SOUND 0,X,8,8 NEXTX

generates a dynamic sotmd.

This article appears in slightly different form in De Re Atari, published by Atari Inc., and is reproduced with its express permission.

Static Sound

Although static sound is normally limited to beeps, clicks, and buzzes, there are exceptions. Two examples are the programs given last month as special effects in the sections on highpass filters and 16-bit sound. Another way to obtain interesting effects is to use interference, as in this example:

SOUND 0,255,10,8 SOUND 1,254,10,8

The strange effect is a result of closely phased peaks and valleys. Figure 1 shows two charmels independently running sine waves at slightly different frequencies and their sum. The sum curve shows the strange interference pattern created when these two charmels are added.

Figure 1 also shows that, at some points in time, the waves are assisting each other; at other points, they oppose each other. Adding the volumes of two waves whose peaks coincide will yield a wave with twice the

strength or volume. Similarly, adding the volumes of two waves while one is at maximum and the other is at minimum will result in a cancellation of both of them. On the graph of the sum curve, we can see this effect. An interesting project would be writing a program to plot interaction patterns of two, three, and four channels; the program would display graphs like that of figure 1. You might discover some unique sounds.

The slighter the difference in frequency between the two charmels, the longer the pattern of repetition. To understand this, draw some graphs similar to figure 1 and study the interaction. As an example, try the following BASIC statements:

SOUND 0,255,10,8 SOUND 1,254,10,8 SOUND 1,253,10,8 SOUND 1,252,10,8

As the difference in frequency grows, the period of repetition decreases.

134 April 1982 © BYTE Publications bic

From CMC Internationa^ world's largest Intertec distributor...

SUPERBRAIN and COMPUSTAR - YOUR CUSTOMERS WILL NEVER NEED ANOTHER SYSTEM!

CMC International is trie largest distributor In ttie world of Intertec Data Systems products -the SuperBraIn and CompuStar - Intertec's Incredibly expandable microcomputers. No matter how small or large your customers ore or become, we doubt that they'll ever outgrow these computers. Both SuperBraIn and CompuStar offer the Industry-standard CP/M disk operating system and 64K of dynamic RAM. Both are expandable to 10 megabytes of storage with the CompuStar disk storage system. CompuStars con be linked together to form a 255-user network.

Dealers benefit from the service and support offered through CMC. Like advertising co-op, software and hardware support, module replacement. And o tollfree line so you can call from anywhere in the continental United States.

The bottom line Is profitability, Our dealers benefit with a combination of quality Intertec products and CMC international's pricing.

Contact us today. We deliver.

nAT?^ For Information Call (206)453-9777

1-800-426-2963

CMC

m m

A Division of Computer Marketing Corporation

11058 Main Street, Suite 220 Bellevue, Washington 98004

TELEX 152956 SEATAC

SuperBraIn and CompuStar ore registered trademarks

of Intertec Data Systems Corporation iilM iJ 9 registered trodemork of Digital Researcti

circle 87 on Inquiry card.

BYTE April 1982 135

Minicomputer performance in

Multi-user. Multi Tasking. Decision Y" memory management hardware includes a memory map that is similar to the IBM 360," and IBM 370." It supports up to 16 tasks or 15 users and a supervisor without swapping. And, more with swapping. Each task or user enjoys complete memory protection and dynamic memory allocation. One task may be delegated as a supervisor to privileged system functions forbidden to ordinary tasks or users. Such functions (I/O calls, unauthorized memory access, etc.), will trap to the supervisor. If supervisory functions are not required the system can be configured for turnkey multi-user operation.

Multi-purpose IEEE696/S-100. Decision I utilizes the Morrow Designs IEEE Standard S-100 Wunderbuss:"' That means you can configure it to your specific applications. Add a floating point processor, add memory (to a full megabyte), add I/O, add controllers...add boards from dozens of manufacturers. And S-100 has a major advantage over single-board computers: If a board goes down, you sim ply replace it. And keep running. If you want to expand your system. Add boards and terminals.

An unmatched software base.

Decision I runs on the M/OS™ operating system. M/OS supports all system calls source

compatibly with UNIX." Thus, UNIX programs will compile directly and UNIX documentation is almost totally applicable. Morrow CP/M" has been configured to run under M/OS and communicate with both CP/M and UNIX standard media for maximum portability. Languages available include BASIC, COBOL, FORTRAN, RATFOR, Pascal and C. That means Decision I offers you a software base unmatched in its price/performance arena.

The OEM machine. A basic multi-user system at $5,225 includes the Decision I, 4 Mhz Z80A-based CPU, sophisticated memory

IBM 360 and 370 are trademarks of IBM Corp. Wunderbuss is a registered trademark of Morrow Designs Decision 1 and M/OS are trademarks of Morrow Designs UNIX is a trademark of Bell Laboratories, Inc. CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research Corp.

ION I

a multi-user Microcomputer.

boards, controllers and software allow you to configure your system your way...through a single supplier.

The decision is yours. Compare the Decision I, feature-for-feature with mini or microcomputers on the market today Compare capabilities. Compare flexibility Compare utility. Then, compare price. We think Decision I will change the way you think about microcomputer systems.

Complete information? See your computer dealer.

Or, write Morrow Designs.

LOOK TO MORROW FOR ANSWERS.

management hardware, CP/M 2.2, M/BASIC 5.2, 3 serial and 2 parallel I/O ports, 14 I/O slots with S-100 connectors, supervisor control in both hardware and software, 128K of RAM and two quad-density disk drives (800K) with DMA controller. Plus, cabinet (either desk-top or rack-mount), and power supply. The same system with 8" floppies and a full Megabyte of formatted storage costs $5,659. And, we offer OEM pricing.

A better microcomputer. Whether you're building a single or multi-user system, the Decision I offers you a hardware/software combination unmatched in the field. Decision I is not simply an improved 8-bit microcomputer. It's a breakthrough. In both computing power and price.

Systems your way. Morrow Designs' full range of hard and floppy disk memory, add-in memory boards, I/O

MDRRDW DESIGNS

5221 Central Avenue, Richmond, CA 94804 (415) 524-2101

Circle 284 on inquiry card.

POSITIVE + NEGATIVE • ZERO NEGATIVE + NEGATIVE • DOUBLE NEGATIVE POSITIVE + POSITIVE » DOUBLE POSITIVE

Figure 1; Complex waveform generation from the addition of waveforms.

Listing 1: Using machine language to assist BASIC in generating multiple-note chords on the Atari 400/800. This demonstration program uses a short machine-language program placed in the BASIC string SIMUL$ (see lines 25 and 9999) to specify the frequency- and control-register values of up to four of the Atari sound generators. It is done quickly enough to make all the generators seem to start simultaneously (BASIC is too slow to do this). Note the use of the string SIMUL$ to store the machine-language program and the USR call in line 50 to execute it.

10 SOUND ,0,0;0,0;DIMSIMUL$(16)

15 REM read in machine lang. program

20 RESTORE 9999:X = 1'

25 READ Q: IF Q<> -1 THEN SIMUL$(X) = CHR$(Q):X=X+l:GOTO 25

26 REM read and then play sound data

27 RESTORE 100

30 READ F1,C1,F2,C2,F3,C3,F4,C4

40 IF Fl = - 1 THEN END

50 X = USR(ADR(SIMUL$),F1 ,C1,F2,C2,F3,C3,F4,C4)

55 FOR X = 0 TO 150 :NEXT X

60 GOTO 30

90 REM sound data

100 DATA 182,168,0,0,0,0,0,0

110 DATA 162,168,182,166,0,0,0,0

120 DATA 144,168,162,166,35,166,0,0

130 DATA 128,168,144,166,40,166,35,166

140 DATA 121,168,128,166,45,166,40,166

150 DATA 108,168,121,166,47,166,45,166

160 DATA 96,168,108,166,53,166,47,166

170 DATA 91,168,96,166,60,166,53,166

999 DATA -1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0

9000 REM

9010 REM

9020 REM this data contains the machine lang. program,

9030 REM and is read into SIMUL$

9999 DATA 104; 133,203,162,0,104,104,157,0,210,232,228,203,208,246,96, -1

Dynamic Sound

More complex sound effects normally require the use of dynamic sound techniques. Three levels of dynamic sound generation are available to the Atari 400/800 programmer: sound in BASIC, 60-hertz (Hz) interrupt sound, and sound in machine code.

BASIC Sound

BASIC is somewhat limited in its handling of sound generation. As you may have noticed, the SOUND statement negates any special AUDCTL setting. [The audio-control register AUDCTL was discussed in last month's installment of "The Atari Tutorial." . . . GW] This problem can be avoided by poking values directly into the sound registers, rather than using the SOUND statement.

In addition, the use of BASIC to control sound generation is somewhat limited because of its slowness. If the program is not completely dedicated to sound generation, there is seldom enough processor time to do more than static sound or choppy dynamic sound. The only alternative is to temporarily halt all other processing while generating sound.

Another problem can occur when using the computer to play music on more than one channel. If all four channels are used, the time separation between the first SOUND statement and the fourth can be substantial enough to make a noticeable delay between the different channels.

The program in listing 1 solves this problem. SIMUL$ is a tiny machinelanguage program that pokes all four sound chaimels very quickly. A BASIC program using SIMUL$ can rapidly manipulate all four channels. Any program can call SIMUL$ by putting the sound-register values inside the USR function as in line 50 of the demonstration program. The parameters should be ordered as shown, with the control-register value following the frequencyregister value for each channel; this ordering is followed one to four times, once for each sound channel to

138 April 1982 © BYTE FubUcatians Inc

8086 Super-micro

8 Mhz. - 16-bit - S-100 bus - 128K 70 nsec. RAM

Computer Benchmarks - All systems running the same BASIC program.

Manufacture - Model

Class

Operating

Language

Run Time

System

(Type*)

(Seconds)

IBM 3033

Mainframe

VS2-10RVYL

Stanford BASIC

10

Seattle Computer System 2

Micro

MS-DOS

Microsoft BASIC (C)

33

Digital Equipment PDP 11/70

Mini

n/a

BASIC (I)

45

Prime 550

Mainframe

PRIMOS

BASIC V16.4 (I)

63

Digital Equipment PDP-10

Mainframe

TOPS-10

BASIC (I)

65

IBM System 34

Mainframe

Release 05

BASIC (I)

129

TEI System 48

Micro

MAGIC 1.0

Microsoft BASIC (C)

178

Hewlett-Packard HP3000

Mini

Time Share

BASIC (I)

250

Seattle Computer System 2

Micro

MS-DOS

Microsoft BASIC (I)

310

Alpha Micro AM-IOO/T

Micro

AMOS 4.3a

Alpha BASIC (SC)

317

Digital Equipment PDP 11/45

Mini

n/a

BASIC (I)

330

Data General NOVA 3

Mini

Time Share

BASIC 5.32

517

Ohio Scientific C4-P

Micro

OS65D 3.2

Level 1 BASIC (I)

680

North Star Floating Point

Micro

NSDOS

NorthStar BASIC (I)

685

Radio Shack TRS-80 II

Micro

TRSDOS 1.2

BASIC (I)

792

Apple II +

Micro

DOS 3.2

Applesoft II (I)

960

Cromemco System 3

Micro

CDOS

32K BASIC (I)

1074

Commodore Pet 2001

Micro

n/a

Microsoft BASIC (I)

1374

IBM 5100

Micro

n/a

BASIC (I)

1951

Vector M2

Micro

n/a

Micropolis BASIC (I)

2251

* C = Compiler; I = Interpreter. Times (except for Seattle Computer) taken from August 1981 issue of Interface Age.

Seattle Computer System 2 consists of 8 Mhz. 8086 CPU set, 128K of 70 nsec. static RAM, doubledensity disk controller, 22-slot TEI constant voltage mainframe, a cable for two 8' drives, and MS-DOS operating system (also called 86-DOS, IBM PC-DOS, Lifeboat SB-86). The system is fully assembled and tested and ready to run with the addition of disk drives (we can supply) and terminal. Price: $4185. 8087 Adapter also available.

Call for location of our nearest dealer

Software

We have the following Microsoft high-level languages running under MS-DOS.

• BASIC-86 Interpreter $400

• BASIC-86 Compiler $400

•Fortran-86 $600

•Pascal-86 $600

•Cobol-86 $900

• Macro-86 Assembler $300

Check for new additions

1114 Industry Dr. Seatde WA 98188

Informadon Hotline 206/575-1830

Circle 367 on inquiry card.

BYTE April 1982 139

\\^' "V STOCK ^ ^ TOLL FREE

LOW PRICES FAST DELIVERY

THIS MONTH'S TOP TEN

TITLE

MANUFACTURER

LIST

NOW

WordStar

MicroPro

495.00

299.00

WordStar w/MailMerge

MicroPro

645.00

385.00

dBase II

Ashton-Tate

700.00

499.00

Supercalc

Sorclm

295.00

210.00

Pascal MT +

D. Research

475.00

425.00

CalcStar

MicroPro

295.00

185.00

CB80

D. Research

500.00

420.00

FMS 80

Systems +

995.00

649.00

Pascal M

Sorcim

395.00

295.00

Select w/Superspell

Select Info Systems

595.00

395.00

MOVING UP

THE CHARTS

Spellguard

ISA

295.00

225.00

Pascal Z

Ithaca

395.00

335.00

Supervyz

Epic

100.00

90.00

Spellbinder

Lexisoft

495.00

295.00

Condor II

Condor

595.00

450.00

Condor III

Condor

995.00

725.00

GREAT HARDWARE BUYS!

C. ITOH COMET I Dot Matrix Printer-faster than Epson! Features: 125 CPS, Bi-directional print, tractor feed, parallel or serial interface (specify), 4 character sets/sizes, 80/132 column. Exceptional styling and rugged design. List $495.00 Special Introductory price ^295.00

C. ITOH F10 STARWRITER Daisy-wheel Printer-incredible 40 CPS printer with all the features of Diablo, NEC, and Qume, at half the price!

Parallel (Centronics Interface) unit: List $1995.00 $1450.00

Serial (RS-232) irrterface unit: List $2595.00 CALL

Smith-Corona TP-I Daisy-wheel printer-Letter quality printing at an unbelievable price! 120 WPM, parallel or serial interface (specify), lOor 12 pitch (specify). List $896.00 $750.00

Hayes SmartModem- List 279.00 $235.00

Call lor similar savings on ZENITH, ALTOS, OKIDATA, HAYES, NORTHSTAR, TELEVIDEO, NEC, XEROX ANADEX, OUME. XCOMP, IDS, CENTRONICS, AMDEK, NOVATION, SANYO, ,

MORE SOFTWARE HITS.

ART INTELLIGENCE

Denial 750 00 Medical ?50 00 BUS. PLSN. SYS. Plan 80 240 00 DIGITAL BESEARCH

420,00 125 00 135 00 85 00

PL/' CBasic CP/MZ 2 MAC ECOSOFT Microstal 250 00 FIN PLAN ASSOC Mini Model 375 00 FOX & GELLER Ouiekscreen 140,00

FRIENDS SFTW.

Accessed 240.00 Access 80II 405.00 GRAHAM DORIAN

Apl Mgml C Reg , Inv I Pay, I. each 485 00 GLedg, Inv, II, OE/lnv , Pay II, Jooc ,each 710 00 KEY BITS

Wordsearch 1 75 00 MARK OF UNICORN Mines 148,00 Scrilible 148,00 Both 245,00

MICRO-AP

Selector III Selector IV Seledor V

Gleclorlll Giecloi IV SBasic MICROPRO Cysl Notes DalaSlar SuperSort I SpellSlar

HicnosoiT

Basic 80 Compiler Fortran 80

165 00 235 00 395 00 170 00

250 00 255 00

350 00 225,00 170 00 165 00

275 00 310,00 398,00

575 00

175 00 110 00 220 00 170 00 135 00

MICROSOFT

COBOL 80 Macro 80 EdilSO MuMalh MuLisp MSorl SYSTEMS PLUS Arcl Plus

1 Module 425 00

2 Modules 785 00

3 8, Up CALL MIDW, MICRO TEK Cross Assem

6800 250-00 Others CALL

STO MICROSYS,

Ouic-n-Easi 299 00 Mailman 105 00 STRUCT SYSTEMS G L , A Rec A Pay, Payroll lnv,OE,ea 850 00 Analysl 225 00 Linght 175,00 SUPERSOFT Disk Doclor 95 00 Forlh 175 00

SSSPorlran 210 00 Tiny Pascal 80 00 C Compiler 174,00 SlarEOit 189,00

This is jusi a sample ol the CP/M sollware availatile from DATASOURCE Call us for greal savings on Ifie' package you're looking lor APPLE TOO! 'He carry many ol Ihe lisled software packages in Apple lormals, as well as almosi every other sollware package available lor Ihe Apple II Call lor the latest low price

24 HOUR ORDER LINE: 1-800-328-3890 ext,6oi4

IN MINNESOTA: 1-800-682-3816 ext.som

TECHNICAL HOTLINE: 1-612-944-7907

ORDERING INFORMATION

Cashier's check, money order. Charge cards add 3%, COD: Cash or cashier's check only. Shipping: $3,00 per software Item, 2% per hardware Item, Mn res, add 5% sales tax. Pricing and avail, subj, to change, DataSource is a registered trademark ol DalaSOurce Systems Corporation

SSPataSnurce Siistems

□ □P.a. BOX 3saa7 □ tviiiMi\iEAPoLis,MiM 5543S □ eiB-saa-7sa7

140 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

be set. As a speed consideration, as well as a convenience, SIMUL$ allows you to specify sound for less than four channels (i.e., channels 1 through 3, channels 1 and 2, or just channel 1). Simply omit the unused parameters from the USR function.

SIMUL$ offers another distinct advantage to the BASIC programmer. The AUDCTL register is reset upon execution of any SOUND statement in BASIC. However, using SIMUL$, no SOUND statements are executed; thus, the AUDCTL setting is retained.

Another method of sound generation in BASIC is impractical. This method uses the volume-only bit of any of the four audio-CGntfol registers. Type in and run the following program:

SOUND 0,0,0,0 10 POKE 53761,16:

POKE 53761,31:

GOTO 10

This program sets the volume-only

bit in channel 1 and modulates the volume from 0 to 15 as fast as BASIC can. Although it uses all the processing time available to BASIC, it;pt@>duces only a low buzz.

60-Hz Interrupt

This technique is probably the most versatile and practical of all methods available to the Atari computer programmer.

Precisely every 1/60 second the computer hardware automatically generates an interrupt. When this happens, the computer temporarily leaves the main program (the program running on the system— BASIC, Star Raiders, etc.). It then executes an interrupt service routine, a small machine-language routine designed specifically for servicing these interrupts. When the interrupt service routine finishes, it executes a special machine-language instruction that restores the computer to the interrupted program. This all occurs in such a way (if done properly) that the program execution is not affected. In fact, it has no idea that it ever stopped!

The interrupt service routine currently resident on the Atari 400/800

Announcing the Printing Breaicthrough of the Century: Smith-Corona:TP-l Text Printer

LOW Cost

Daisy Wheel Printer

^845

• Microprocessor Electronics

Serial or Parallel Interface

Simple, Reliable Mechanism

ACT NOW: Limited Supply, low, low Cost

Smith Corona, one of the largest manufacturers of small printers in the world, gives a whole new perspective to printing with their electronic text printer—TP-1. The TP-1 is a microprocessor controlled, high quality daisy wheel printer. It produces perfectly formed, executive quality printouts at the speed of 120 words per minute. Typewriter quality printing at dot matrix prices.

Simple, durable and dependable, TP-1 may be used with word processing systems, microcomputers and most small business systems. Compact and attractively

iMicro Printer iMariceting

Circle 267 on inquiry card.

Additional daisy print wheels $4.95

Additional ribbons S2.95

styled, the TP-1 blends well with any setting.

Now, all your letters, documents forms and reports can have the crisp, professional look you demand—for business or personal use—at an affordable price. TP-1, the electronic text printer.

Don't delay. Order your TP-1 TODAY at the low price of $845.

IMicro Printer Marketing offers same day shipping, nationwide service and invites dealer inquiries. Catalogues available. No shipping charges on pre-paid orders.

Call Micro-Prfnter Marketing

1^800-523-9859

CALL TOLL FREE

in PA Call collect 215/433-3366

MasterCard and Visa Accepted

MostMCwd

computers maintains timers, translates controller information, and performs other chores requiring regular attention.

Before the interrupt service routine returns to the main program, it can be made to execute any user routine— for example, your sound-generation routine. This is an ideal situation for sound generation since the timing is precisely controlled, and especially since another program can be executing without paying heed to the sound generator. Even more impressive is its versatility. Because it is a machine-language program, the interrupt sound program will lend itself equally well to a main program written in any language—BASIC, assembly language, FORTH, Pascal. In fact, the sound generator will require few, if any, modifications to work with another program or even another language.

A table-driven routine offers maximum flexibility and simplicity for such a purpose. Table-driven refers to a type of program that accesses data tables in memory for its information. In the case of the sound generator, the data tables would contain the frequency values and possibly the audio-control-register values. The interrupt service routine would simply read the next entries in the data table and put them into their respective audio registers. Using this method, notes could change as often as 60 times per second, fast enough for most applications.

Once such a program has been written and placed in memory (for example, at location 600 hexadecimal, the beginning of the page of memory reserved for the user), you need to install it as a part of the 60-Hz interrupt service routine. This is accomplished by a method known as vector stealing.

Direct control of sound registers with a dedicated maciiineianguage routine opens new doors in sound generation.

Memory locations 224 and 225 hexadecimal contain the address of a small routine called XITVBL (eXIT Vertical BLank interrupt service routine), which is designed to be executed after all 60-Hz interrupt processing is complete, restoring the computer to the main program as previously discussed.

The following procedure shows how vector stealing can be used to install your sound routine:

1. Place your program in memory (e.g., 600 hexadecimal).

2. Verify that the last instruction executed is a JMP $E462 (since location E462 hexadecimal is

the XITVBL routine, this will make the main program continue).

3. Load the X register with the high byte of your routine's address (a 6 in this case).

4. Load the Y register with the low byte of your routine's address (a 0 in this case).

5. Load the accumulator with a 7.

6. Do a JSR $E45C (to set locations 224 and 225 hexadecimal).

Steps 3 through 6 are required to change the value of the pointer at locations 224 and 225 hexadecimal without error. The routine called is SETVBV (SET Vertical Blank Vectors), which simply puts the address of your routine into locations 224 and 225 hexadecimal. Once installed, the system works as follows when an interrupt occurs:

1. The computer's interrupt routine is executed.

2. The computer jumps to the program whose address is in locations 224 and 225 hexadecimal, which is now your routine.

3. Your routine executes.

4. Your routine then jumps to XITVBL.

5. XITVBL restores the computer's state previous to the interrupt and makes it resume normal operation.

GRAPHIC

SOFTWARE

GRAPHIC SOFTWARE FOR MICROCOMPUTERS—This self-teaching guide will show you how to write your own graphics software. 61 programs for 2D and 3D graphics: interactive input, translations, rotation, isometric views, perspective, scaling, stretching, clipping, surface intersections, shading, hidden line removal, tablet software, animation and more. Applications to science, engineering and business. "One of the most outstanding books on computer software"— A. Grund, U. Illinois; "Tfie best book available on microcomputer graphics"—Creative Computing Feb, 1982. Book-$21.95; Dlsl(-$18.95.

ENGINEERING SOFTWARE

ENGINEERING SOFTWARE FOR MICROS - A self teaching guide to developing software for engineering applications of microcomputers. Emphasis Is on combining graphics with engineering problem solving. Programs included to interactively create engineering drawings, store on disk file, recall, modify and merge. Other programs for simulation, mechanisms design, heat transfer, circuit analysis, optimizations and Including Monte Carlo techniques. Programs for Fourier analysis display frequency spectra graphically. This is a valuable collection of modern engineering analysis software for students and professionals. Book-$28.50;Dlsk-$19.95.

Books contain fully documented program listings in BASIC with theory and equations. Disks contain the same programs as the books but without documentation. When ordering disks, please specify APPLE II Plus48K DOS 3.3 orCP/M.

142 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 229 on inquiry card.

lAn elusive and infuriating "bug" may occur when a 60-Hz interrupt routine involving arithmetic operations (ADC and SBC op codes) is used as part of a BASIC program. The Atari BASIC floating-point routines set the 6502 decimal flag and cause add and subtract operations to be done in binary-coded decimal (BCD) instead of binary. If the 60-Hz interrupt occurs during a BASIC floating-point operation, the interrupt routine will be in decimal—not binary—mode unless you execute a CLD instruction at the beginning of the routine. My thanks to Chris Crawford of Atari for pointing out this bug. . . . GW/

If you do not wish to implement such a program yourself, one is available from the Atari Program Exchange. The package is called INSOMNIA (Interrupt Sound Initializer/Alterer). It allows creation and modification of sound data while you listen and is accompanied by an interrupt sound generator that is tabledriven and compatible with any language. For more information, contact the Atari Program Exchange, 155 Moffett Park Dr., POB 427, Sunnyvale, CA 94086.

Machine-Code Sound Generation

Direct control of sound registers with a dedicated machine-language routine opens new doors in sound generation. The technique is as follows: write a program similar to the 60-Hz interrupt routine in that it

is table-driven. However, the only routine now being executed by the Atari is dedicated to sound generation. By expending much more processor time on sound generation, you can produce higher-quality sounds. Consider, for example, the output of a typical 60-Hz interrupt music routine; its output will look something like figure 2a.

The volume-only bit offers a tremendous capacity for accurate sound reproduction.

Since much more processing time is available with a dedicated machinelanguage routine, you can change the frequency at very high speed during the note's playing time. For example, suppose you discover that whenever any piano key is struck it produces the characteristic sequence of frequencies shown in figure 2b.

The graph in figure 2b is called the piano envelope. To simulate a piano, the idea is to apply the piano envelope very quickly to the "plainvanilla" square-wave beep. The note is thus slightly modified during its playing time. For example, a piano simulation of the three notes in figure 2a would be modified to look like figure 2c. This is essentially the same sound produced by the standard music routine of figure 2a, only the

(2a)

1 NOTE

(2b)

TIME

(2c)

TIME

Figure 2: Complex waveform generation under computer control. Figure 2a shows a frequency-versus-time plot of three simple notes generated by one of the Atari sound generators. If the complete resources of the computer are used to modulate the frequency (or other parameters) of the notes while they are being played, the computer can produce highly complex sounds. For example, if we find that a frequency envelope such as figure 2b simulates the sound of a piano, the envelope can he superimposed on the generated notes of figure 2a to give a modified set of notes that has a graph like that of figure 2c.

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS SOFTWARE

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS ON MICROS-Thisself teaching guide contains a series of programs which calculate stresses and deflections in beams, plates, trusses and frames using conventional and matrix techniques. Theory, equations and program listings fully documented. Written for the non-specialist who wants to use his micro for structural analysis with minimum investment in time. tJse the programs as is or modify for your own applications. Bool(-$39.95;Disk-$19.95.

DATA

PLOTTING

DATA PLOTTING ON MICROS—A collection of programs to process and display all types of data: bar charts, stock market charts, engineering and scientific data, 3D views of surfaces, pie charts, sorting, filtering, running averages, curve fitting, and more. Application to business, engineering and science. All programs fully documented and keyed to theory. Use as is or modify for your own applications. Book-$24.95; Disk-$B.95.

To order, send check drawn on U.S. bank, money order in US funds, Visa or Mastercard number wilh expiration date to KERN PUBLICATIONS 190 Duck Hill Road, P. O. 1029A, Duxbury, MA 02332. Add $2 per book 4lh cl postage in US and Canada; $3 1st cl or UPS in US; $4.50 1st cl Canada; $12 air Europe and Central America; $18 elsewhere. Call (617) 934-0445 tor taster delivery. "

.1.

J F H M I .1 fl S O N D

KERN

PUBLICATIONS

190 Duck HilIRd Duxbury.MA 02332

Circle 230 on Inquiry card.

April 1982 © BYTE PublicaHoru Inc 143

Introducing the premier award of the software industry.

THE Atari^ Star

Win $25,000 in cash, ,

plus prizes and an ATARI STAR :

by entering your software in k the ATARI"AS7\P competition.

ATARI is looking for some of the greatest software from the brightest stai's in the software field. "Aid naturally, we're willing to reward you for it.

Eveiy three months, ATARI will be presenting ATARI STARS to the writers of software programs judged first, second and third place in the following categories: consumer (including entertainment, personal interest and development); education; home business (personal finance and record keeping); and system software. The decision of the ATARI judges is final.

Quarterly prizes wiO be from $750 to $3,000 worth* of selected

ATARI products and an ATARI STAR, The annual Grand Prize will be the coveted Super Star trophy and $25,000 in cash**

To be eligible, your software idea must be submitted to and published in the ATARI Program Exchange cata log. Submit your pro gram on the official entry form which we'll rush to you if you send in the attached coupon.

The ATARI STAR Awards are in addition to the percentage of re\ enues you wiU automat ically be entitled to as

AIASt PROGRAM

Koxr moestiM

KlUa' PROGEAM

«MfI-i PBOGRAM

a result of sales of your software programs in the ATARI Program Exchange.

If you're a star, ATARI wants to reward you. Send in the coupon today or call toll-free 800-538-1862, in Caliibrnia 800-6721850, and you could be the proud winner of an ATARI ASAP STAR Trophy, and some great ATARI prizes.

"Based on manufacturer's suggested retail price.

"Taxes are tlie sole responsibility of the winner Void where prohibited by law. Winners will be notified by mail. ATARI employees and their families are not eligible. For more contest details, call the toll-free numbers.© 1981 ATARI, INC.

Circle 42 on inquiry card.

For more contest details, call 800-5381862, in California 800-672-1850.

Send to: ATARI Software Acquisition Program, Dept. CIE, P.O. Box 427, Sunnyvale, OA 94086 Yes, I want to enter the ATARI ASAP competition. Please rush me my entry form.

Name

Add ress

City

State/Zip_

A

ATARI

A Wamer Communicalions Company

We've Brought The Computer Age Home'

I

«

Listing 2: A machine-language program that uses the waveform mode of the Atari 400/800 to generate tones with a sine wave amplitude envelope (tones normally produced by the Atari have a square-wave amplitude).

0100 0110 0120 0130 0140 0150 0160 0170 0180 0190 0200 0210 0220 0230 0240 0250 0260 0270 0280 0290 0300 0310 0320 0330 0340 0350 0360 0370 0380 0390 0400 0410 0420 0430 0440 0450 0460 0470

VONLY

Bob Fraser 7-23-81

volume-only AUDCl-4 bit test routine

AUDCTL = $D208 AUDF1=$D200 AUDCl =$D201 SKCTL = $D20F

TEMPO MSC

*=$B0 .BYTE 1 .BYTE 0

*=$4000 LDA #0

STA AUDCTL LDA #3 STA SKCTL LDX #0

LOO

LDA #0

STA $D46E ; disable vertical blank interrupt STA $D20E ; disable nonmaskable interrupts STA $D4b0 ; disable screen DMA

LDA DTAB,X STA MSC

0480 0490 LO 0500 0510 LI 0520 0530 ; 0540 ; 0550 0560 0570 0580 0590 0600 0610 0620 0630 0640 ; 0650 ; 0660 0670 0680 ; 0690 ; 0700 NC 0710 ; 0720 ; 0730 VTAB 0740 0750 0760 0770 0780 ; 0790 ;

0800 DTAB

0810

0820

0830

0840

LDA VTAB.X LDY TEMPO STA AUDCl DEY BNE LI

dec most significant counter

DEC MSC BNE LO

new note INX

CPXNC BNE LOO

wrap note pointer LDX #0 BEQ LOO

.BYTE 28 ; note count

table of volumes to be played In succession

.BYTE 24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31 .BYTE 30,29,28,27,26,25,24 .BYTE 23,22,21,20,19,18,17 •BYTE 18,19,20,21,22,23

this table contains the duration of each entry above

.BYTE 1,1,1,2,2,2,3,6 .BYTE 3,2,2,2,1,1,1 .BYTE 1,1,2,2,2,3,6 .BYTE 3,2,2,2,1,1

notes now have a piano tone and they sound much prettier than just unmodulated beeps. Unfortunately, all other processing had to be sacrificed to get that piano tone. The sound channel is no longer updated only once every note; it is now done perhaps 100 times within the note's duration.

Volume-Only Sound

As indicated earlier, the AUDCn

volume-only bits aren't of much use in BASIC. This is due entirely to the fact that BASIC is too slow to effectively use them. However, this is not the case with machine language.

As mentioned last month, the volume-only bit of the AUDCn registers offers a tremendous capacity for accurate sound reproduction.

True waveform generation (within the time and volume resolution limits of the computer) is made possible with this bit. Instead of just putting a piano flavor into the music, you can now make it closely replicate a piano sound. Unfortunately, it can never precisely duplicate an instrument. Four bits (16 values) is not enough volume resolution for true highquality work. Nevertheless, the technique does generate surprisingly good sounds. The program in listing 2 demonstrates the use of one of the volume-only bits. If you have an assembler, type it in and try it. Surprisingly, speed is not really a problem here. The wave has almost sixty steps, and the program can still be made to play the wave at up to 10 kilohertz.

Remove lines 390 through 410 and try the program once more. It will sound quite broken up. The cause is the 60-Hz interrupt discussed in the previous section. You can actually hear the interrupts taking place since all sound stops during that time.

Line 410 disables screen DMA (direct memory access). By disabling screen DMA, the ANTIC chip within the Atari 400/800 no longer "steals" time from the 6502 processor to get data from screen memory in time to display it on the video display. This is why the screen goes to a solid background color when the program is executed. Disabling screen DMA serves two purposes: to speed up the 6502 processor and to make the timing consistent, since screen DMA steals cycles at odd intervals.

146 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

1

GET ON

Get Irak

51/4" & 8"

Roppy Drives

TRAK Drive Systems are ready to plug in and usecomplete with power supply and cable.

TRAK —the way to go in floppy disk drives.

Whether you are just buying your computer system, adding to it, or up-dating it—make it TRAK.

TRAK features the finest industry-standard 5/4" and 8" drives, custom compact packaging, custom power supplies, ventilating fans with multi-drives and unique control facilities for your convenience and protection.

Complete control is yours with deluxe TRAK Systems. System control panels feature lighted "Sentinal" power switch so you always know when your TRAK drive is powered up. And individual "Protector" (write-protect) switches guard your stored information.

TRAK offers you the widest choice—singles or multi-drives—5y4" or 8"—double sided—single/double densities—3 to 8 ms access—from 125 K-Bytes to 4.8 Megabytes storage—choice of colors (office brown, silver gray or oyster)—optional door locks, front bezels, write-protect switch, extender card, optional 220V/50 Hz power supply for international use—and more.

System compatibility. TRAK drive systems are compatible with more than just one or two popular computer systems. TRAK drives are compatible with Apple II®, TRS-80®, IBM, Xerox, Heath/Zenith and other micros and minis. And more compatible systems are added continuously.

Circle 451 on inquiry card.

TRAK is committed to making a significant contribution to the world-wide computer industry by providing the latest products at the best prices. We invite you to join us in this common goal and get on TRAK.

For price, order information and the name of your nearest dealer call TRAK toU-free.

1-800-3234853

I collect 1-312-968-1716).

Microcomputer Corp.

1511 Ogden Ave.

Downers Grove, IL 60515 TWX 910-222-1848

Distributorships, dealerships available. International and OEM inquiries invited for TRAK drives, cabinets, power supplies and computer systems.

New TRAK products coming soon. 5Vi" & 8" Slimline floppy drives, SVi" & 8" Winchester systems, multi-user networking, special Controller and host system adaptor boards.

$25

INTRODUCTORY FACTORY REBATE

Buy from your TRAK dealer, then mail copy of sales receipt with TRAK serial number and this coupon I to TRAK. We will rebate $25 direct to you as our way of ' welcoming you to the TRAK drive family. I

Name |

Address

I City State Zip |

I

L

Offer expires /Way 30, 1982. Limit one rebate per customer. Offer void wfiere prohibited.

J

@ TRS-80 is a registered trademark of Radio Shack, a Tandy Company (R) Apple II is a registered trademark of the Apple Computer Company

FREE SHIPPING *

*On all prepaid cash orders ■ Continental US Only

PRINTERS

Epson MX-80 or MX-80 FT

CALL

Anadsx9S01w/2K Buffer 1349

C. Itoti Staiwrlter 25 CPS dalsywiieal 1449

C. Itoh Starwrilar 45 CPS dalsywiiaal 1849

Epson MX-70 CALL

Epson MX-80 & MX-ao f^ CALL

Epson MX-100 CALL

NEC 8023 Impact Dot Matrix 829

NEC Spinwrlters (Latest models) CALL

Paper Tiger IDS-460G w/graphlcs 899

Paper Tiger IDS-SGOG w/graphlcs 1099

Oume Spring Dalsywheels(Lateat models) CALL

i>ibls630Dalsywhsel40CPS , 1795

VIDEO MONITORS

AmdeWLsedsx video 10012" B&W 129

Amdek/Lesdex Video 100G12" Green Phosphor 149

Amdek (Hitachi) 13" Color wfaudlo output 389

NEC 12" Green Phospher Display JB-1201M CALL

NEC12"L0'Res Color Display CALL

NEC 12" Hl-Res RGB Color Display CALL

Sanyo 9" B&W Display 18S

Sanyo 9" Green Display CALL

Sanyo 12" B&W Display 289

Sanyo 12" Green Phospher Display 285

Sanyo 13" Color Display 449

Zenith 12" Green Phospher Display 139

ZENITH

12" GREEN

$139

IBM

"''""Jo*/ ACCESSORIES

BY TECMAR

256 Dynamic Ram Card

Hl-Speed Parallel I/O Card ^^^J-j

Hl-Spaed Serial I/O Card f°'L

Real-Time System Clock DoTrPc

Card Expansion Chassis PRICES

Ordering Information: Ptione orders using VISA, MASTERCARD, AMERICAN EXPRESS, DINER'S CLUB. CARTE BLANCHE, bank wire transfer, cashier's or certified check, money order, or personal check (allow ten days to clear). Unless prepaid with cash, please add 5% for shipping, handling and insurance (minimum 5.00). California residents add 6% sales tax. Foreign customers please call or write for shipping Information and charges. OEM's, institutions and corporations please send for a written quotation. All equipment Is subjecct to price change and availability without notice. All equipment Is new and complete wllh mfinufacturer's warranty (usally 90 days). Showroom prices mey differ frchi mall order prices.

Send Orders to:

8338 Center Drive La Mesa, California 92041

VIC ACCESSORIES

8K Ram Cartridge for VIC-20 S50

3K Ram Cartridge for VIC-20 $34

Superslot $24

Super Allen $24

Jupiter Lander $24

Draw Poker $24

VICSoltwareBpack'A' $49

VICSoHwaroSpack'B' $49

□stasetis Cassette I/O Unit $69

VICIEEE-488 Interlace $79

Vicmon Machine Lang Monitor $47

VIC Super Expander $54

VIC RS232C Terminal Interlace $39

Voice Synthesizer CBM/PET $319

Pgrm Char Sat/Game Graphics ED $13

3D Invaders $31

Spiders of Mars $39

Outworld $32

Satellites and Mslsorltas $39

Allen Bllt2 $32

R5-232 Communicator Interface .. .$40

18 In. Communicator Cable M/M $13

38 In. Communicator Cable M/M $15

3K RAM Expander for VIC-20 $85

8K RAM Expansion for VIC-20 $99

VICr26 Reference Card $4

VICTermA $16

Vicalc for VIC-20 $11

VIC Portlollo Mgml.(VPM) $19

VICHECK $19

PAC It In $15

Amok $15

Don't Fall $11

Simon $7

Biasloids $16

Superadditon ,. $7

Supersubtraction $7

Skymalh $12

Space Division , $12

Long Division .$12

Super Hangman $17

BK ROM/RAM 25

Alien Blitz $19

Clobber $19

The Alien (Req. 6K memory) $19

invader Fail (Req. 6K memory) $17

SlarVi/ars $13

3D Maze $11

Breakout $11

Carom $11

Raceway $11

LazerWar $14

Dragon Maze $13

Shape Matcher $9

Doggy Maze $9

16K RAiVIBOARD by ConComp for Apple II Computers

FOR ONLY

APPLE II ACCESSORIES

16K RamBoard by ConComp Industries 99

Hayes Mlcromodem 11 299

Hayes Smanmodem 369

H ayes Chronograph 199

Novation Apple-Cat 339

Novation Cat Modem 169

Novation Expansion Mod 39

Novation Handset 29

Novation BSR 19

VIdexVldeolerm 80 column card 249

VIdex Keyboard Enhancer (Rev. 6) IIS

VIdex Keyboard Enhancer (Rev. 7) 99

VIdex Keyboard Enhancer II (Rev. 7 & up) 129

VIdex Switchpiate 15

VIdex Soft Video Switch 29

Z-80So(tcard by Microsoft 299

Applesoft Compiler 149

Typing Tutor ii 20

Microsoft Adventure 25

Olympic Decathalon 24

16K RamCard by Microsoft 159

Thunderclock clock/calender card 129

Thunderclock X-10 Inter/Scheduler 49

Smarterm 80 col card 299

Corvus Winchester Disk Drives CALL

ALF 3 Voice Music Card 199

ALF 9 Voice Music Card 149

Alphasyntaurl keyboard system CALL

Lazer Lower Case-I- 65

Lazer Keyboard Plus -I- 99

23 Key Numeric Keypad by Keyboard Co 120

Joystick by Keyboard Co 45

6809 CPU Card (The Mill) by Stellatlon 319

AlO Serial & Parallel Interface by SSM A&T 189

DB Master by Stoneware 189

Music System (16 voices) .299

A/D + D/Alnterfao» 279

Expenslon Chassis (8 slots) 566

lntrol/X-10 Controller card. 169

Clock/CalendarCard 225

CPS Multi-function Card 175

SuperlaikerSD-200 159

Rompius + card 135

Romwrlter card 149

Symtec Hi-Res Light Pen 210

Sup-R-Fan 45

Sup-R-Termlnai 329

SVA ZVX4 Megabyter 8" Disk Controller 649

SVA 2 + 2 Single Den. 8" Disk Controller 345

Speechiink 2000 by Heuristics 249

Versawriter Digitizer Tablet 229

Asynchronous Serial interface card by CCS 139

Centronics Parallel interface card by CCS 119

VIsiCaic version 3.3 189

VisiFlie (NEW data base manager) 199

VislTrend/VislPiot 219

VIsiDex 169

VislTerm 99

Desktop Plan Ii 169

Wordstar (Apple 80 col version) 299

VlslPak (Calc, Trend, Plot, File) 550

Easywriter Word Processor 199

Tax Preparer'81 version 89

Real Estate Analyzer 129

Creative Financing 139

Personal Filing System (PFS) 79

PFS...Report 79

Datastar{Applell-80col) 249

Spell Star (Apple 11-80 col) 219

Super-sort (Apple 11 - 80 col) 179

Peachtree Accounting Software uALL

BPI Accounting Software CALL

Systems Plus Accounting Software CALL

CALL OR WRITE FOR

FREE CATALOG

NO RISK* MAIL ORDER DISCOUNTS

*Call for Details

ORDER TOLL FREE in California and i'7t/»\ J^OO QAfifi Telex 695-000 800-854-6654 o«t.ld. contl«.ntal U S. * O^'O-^W** B... CCMO

circle 126 on inquiry card.

Qcommodore

CBM

Business i?*- Computer

CALL FOR BEST PRICES

73 Key Typewriter Style KeyboarcJ

80 X 25 Column/Line Video Display

Integrated 9" Green Ptiosphor Monitor Standard

Inverse & Overstrike Ctiaracters

Full Screen editing capability Built-tn

Built-in Parallel 1/0 Port

IEEE-488 Bus Interface Capability Standard!

2 Cassette Ports

18K ROM BASIC (Version 4.0)

9 Digit Floating Point Binary Arithmetic

Soptiisticated Disk & Tape Handling Software We couldn't tell you all ttie things the Commodore CBM system could do for your home or office, but think about hiring a secretary, an accountant, and a financial advisor all for the price of a Commodore CBfi/l 8000 Computer! Just add the Commodore 4040 or 8050 dual floppy disk drive, and a printer of your choice, and youve got a fully integrated system, ready to bring the computer revolution into your home or business! Start your revolution now at Consumer Computers.

MASS STORAGE DISK DRIVES AVAILABLE ACCOUNTING SOFTWARE AND SPECIALIZED MARKET SOFTWARE TOO!

Personal Computer

CALL FOR BEST PRICE

Introducing the Commodor PET! All the things you need to start computing today are built right in- Things like 18K PET BASIC. 9" Green Phosphor Video Monitor, 74 key professional keyboard, numeric keypad, and more. As if this weren't enough, the PET comes has a parallel I/O port that is just waiting for a printer, and the industry standard IEEE-488 bus for expansion.

40 X 25 Column/Line Video Display Integrated 9" Green Phosphor Monitor Standard Inverse & Overstrike Characters Full Screen editing capability Built-in Built-in Parallel 1/0 Port IEEE-488 Bus Interface Capability Standard! 2 Cassette Ports 18K ROM BASIC (Version 4.0) 9 Digit Floating Point Binary Arithmetic Sophisticated Disk & Tape Handling Software Other PET accessories and equipment available at great prices.

At Consumer Computers we're experts in the business of selling computer products by mail. We have become one of the leaders not only because our prices are better, but because of the reputation we've worked hard to earn. Over the years we have learned what you, the customer, want and need from a mail order company. If we offer any merchandise that you're in the market for, you should seriously compare what we have to offer over the others. Here are just a few of the reasons.

Our helpful salespeople are prepared to meet any currently advertised price on anything we sell (call for details...it's Toll Free!). We pay shipping and insurance charges on prepaid cash orders (with destinations in the continental US). We accept major credit cards for your convenience. If the product you receive is defective, even up to 30 days after you purchase it, we'll repair or replace it and pay for shipping back to you.

Consumer Computers carefully selects the hardware and software it offers to insure that quality is maintained in everything we sell. Our attention to quality is why we can stand behind our policy, because we stand behind our products.

You'll never regret becoming a member of our growing customer family. You have our word.

A ATARI

ATARI 800 16K

CALL FOR BEST PRICE

Atari 400 W/16K 349

410 Program Recorder 65

810 Disk Drive 449

825 80 col. 7x8 Dot matrix impact printer 699

822 40 col. Quiet Thermal Printer ... 349

850 Interface Module 159

Atari 16K Ram IVIodule 69

Axlon Ramcram 32K Module .. 189

Asteroids. Missile Comand and Star Raiders 35 ea.

consumen

SEC

Microcomputer

CALL FOR BEST PRICES

It you're considering a computer, consider this:

4 Mtiz Z-BOA Operation

80 or 40 column modes STANDARD Built-in Centronics printer port Full ASCII keyboard with Shift lock Real Time Clock STANDARD RGB Color Output Mixed text and graphics Numerica Keyboard STANDARD CP/M Compatibility

5 programmable Function keys

24K Microsoft NBASIC in ROM with enhanced color graphic commands

The NEC PC-8001A has all these features and much more. Expandibility you want, expandability you get. Through the use of the PC-8012A I/O unit, total system RAM can be extended to 160K. The PC-8031 Dual Disk Drive puts 286K of floppy disk storage at your comand.

The NEC PC-8001A has so many things that are options on other computers built right in that you may never have to buy another accessory! The quality that the NEC name has come to sand tor has been built-in, too.

Compare the competition, and then call Consumer Computers for the NEC PC-8001.

NEC COMPATIBLE SOFTWARE

CP/M Operating system with graphics control CALL

SUPERCALC Financial & Scientific Modeling (requires

CP/M) CALL

WORDSTAR Word Processing System (requires CP/M)

CALL

SYSTEMS PLUS Complete Accounting System (requires

CP/M) CALL

MICROSOFT BASIC-80 (requires CP/M) CALL

MICROSOFT FORTRAN-80 (requires CP/M) CALL

MICROSOFT COBOL-80 (requires CP/M) CALL

Mail

pfCTJ^i||iTin^ Order

ORDER TOLL-FREE — 800-854-6654 -c.,,,,.

In California and outside Continental U.S. 714-698 8088 Details

Please refer to ordering instructions on preceding page.

Circle 127 on inquiry card.

TIME

Figure 3: An amplitude-versus-time graph of the sine wave sound produced by Ustingl.

JONATHAN WINTERS COULD BE YOUR SALESMAN OF THE YEAR. ..

... if you sell small computers, word processing systems, software, media and supplies or computer services.

COMPUTER SHOWCASE EXPO

is coming to these cities in 1982

Because Johnny is our top salesman

for COMPUTER SHOWCASE EXPO-a new concept in end-user computer shows. These sales events cater to your most serious prospects—small businessmen, doctors, lawyers, accountants, educators—and personal computerists excited about putting computer power to worl< at home.

How does Johnny bring in the buyers?

He is featured in an all out media blitz—

• Prime Time TV

• Drive Time Radio

• IHigh Visibility Newspaper Ads

• Targeted Direct Mail

You've never seen an end-user computer show promoted like COMPUTER SHOWCASE EXPO-because it's never been done before.

And you've never seen buyers at an enduser show before like you'll see at COMPUTER SHOWCASE EXPO! But don't take our word for it. Here's what exhibitors said:

AMERICAN COMPUTER NETWORK—

"Our average configuration is about $42,000. We sold about 20 systems and probably have 300 good leads to follow."

RADIO SHACK—"100% most successful business show we ever attended."

ALTOS COMPUTERS-"Very enthusiastic and serious buyers. The most professional computer show ever produced in San Francisco..."

ATLANTA

March 25-27 • Georgia World Congress Center

ST. LOUIS

April 15-17 • A.J. Cen/antes Convention Center

BOSTON

April 15-17 • Commonwealth Pier Exhibition Hall

MIAMI

April 23-25 • Miami Expo/Center

ANAHEIM

May 7-9 • Anaheim Convention Center

NEW YORK

September 23-25 • New York Coliseum

SAN FRANCISCO

September 30-October 2 • Brooks Hall

MIAMI

October 28-30 • Miami Expo/Center

CHICAGO

November 4-6 • McCormick Place

LOS ANGELES

November 18-20 • Los Angeles Convention Center

So if you want Jonathan Winters on your sales force, write or call today for information on COMPUTER SHOWCASE EXPO.

Call toll-free (800) 225-4620

Ask for Fred Stern

(In Massachusetts, (617) 879-4502)

THE INTERFACE GROUP

PO Box 927, l&O S|>i?i.r Slreel, rr.iminnh.im, MA 01701 (6171 879-4502, Ouliide Mjss (flDOl 225-4620 Producers of

INTERFACE FEDERAL DP EXPO COMDEX COMDEX/SPRING COMDEXIEUROPE THE COMPUTER SHOWCASE EXPOS

In this demonstration program, the sound created is a close approximation to a sine wave. A graph of the waveform is given in figure 3.

The Role of Sound in Programs

This article and last month's installment of 'The Atari Tutorial" have discussed the technical aspects of sound generation with the Atari 400 and 800 computers. However, the programmer must also understand the broader role of sound in the complete software package.

Moviemakers have long understood the importance of mood-setting background music. The recent Star Wars movies by George Lucas are excellent examples. When Darth Vader enters the room, you immediately fear and hate him because of the menacing background rhythms accompanying his entry. You know to gleefully applaud when Luke Skywalker saves Princess Leia because gallant music plays in the background. Likewise, horror films can frighten you merely by playing eerie music, even though the action may be completely ordinary.

Tatio America's Space Invaders program for the Atari 400/800 issues a personal threat to the player with its echoing stomp. As the tempo increases, knuckles whiten and teeth grind. When you fire a photon torpedo in Atari's Star Raiders game, the computer gives you a "launch" sound that decreases in frequency as the torpedo speeds away from you. The effective use of sound can increase your involvement with a game or other program.

Impressionistic sounds affect our subconscious and our state of mind. This may be due to the fact that sounds, if present, are continuously entering our mind whether or not we are actively listening. Visual inputs, on the other hand, require the user's attention. If we are distracted from the TV set, we cease to concentrate on the picture and the image leaves our mind. Sound therefore offers the programmer a direct path to the users' minds—bypassing their thought processes and zeroing in on their emotions. ■

150 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 213 on inquiry card.

In this age of runaway inflation...

Look what $825 will buy

The ideal input device for the smali system user.

The HIP AD™ digitizer

Inexpensive input to your computer

The HIPADTM digitizer can be used for both converting graphic infornnation into digital values and as a menu. Utilizing either the stylus or the optional cursor, the operator can input graphic data into the computer by locating individual points on the digitizers 11" x 11" (28cm x 28cm) active area. In the "stream mode" a continuance of placements of coordinate pairs may be input.

Not a kit, the HIPADTM comes complete w/ith both RS-232-C and parallel interfaces and has its own built-in power source. The origin is completely relocatable so coordinates may be positive or minus for a true reference value and oversized material may by input by simply resetting the origin.

Accurate positional information, free form sketches, even keyboard simulation

All can be entered using the multi-faceted HiPADTW digitizer. Its capabilities and low price make the UL listed HIPADTM a natural selection over keyboard entry, inaccurate joysticks, or expensive approximating light pens. It's perfect for inputting isometric drawings, schematics. X-rays, architectural drawings, business graphs, and many other forms of graphic information, as well as creating your own graphics.

Use it with Apple 11™ , TRS-80 Level II™, PET™ or other

popular computers

The HIPAD'sTM built-in RS-232C and parallel 8 bit interfaces make it aii possible. (For Apple II order DT-11A, for TRS-80 or PET order DT-11). Furthermore, you get English or metric scaling, data format (Binary/BCD/ASCII), selectable baud rates, and resolution of either .005" or .01".

Available with optional display. "U.S. Suggested retail price

For complete information, contact Houston, instrument. P.O. Box 15720, Austin, Texas 78761. (512) 835-0900. For rush iiterature requests, outside Texas caii toll free 1-800-531-5205. For tectinicai information as* for operator #5. In Europe contact Houston Instrument, Rochesterlaan 6, 8240 Gistel, Belgium. Pfione 059127-74-45. Telex Bauscfi 81399.

TM HIPAD IS a trademark of Houston Instrument TRS-80 is a trademark of Tandy Corporation APPLE is a trademark of Apple Computer Inc PET is a trademark of Commodore Business f^actiines, Inc.

Circle 195 for literature.

Circle 196 to have representative call.

INSTRUMBsnS & SYSTEMS DVISION lbgettier...we1l create tomoiTDw

BAUSCH S. LOMB (IT)

Introducing the Sinclair ZX81

If you're ever going to buy a personal computer, now Is the time to do It.

The new Sinclair ZX81 is the most powerful, yet easy-to-use computer ever offered for anywhere near.the price; only $149.95* completely assembled.

Don't let the price fool you. The ZX81 has just about everything you could ask for in a personal computer. A breakthrough in personal computers

The ZX81 is a major advance over the original Sinclair ZXBO-the world's largest selling personal computer and the first for under $200.

In fact, the ZXSI's new 8K Extended BASIC offers features found only on computers costing two or three times as much.

Just look at what you get;

■ Continuous display, including moving graphics

■ Multi-dimensional string and numerical arrays

•Plus shipping and handling. Price includes connectors for TV and cassette, AC adaptor, and FREE manual.

■ Mathematical and scientific functions accurate to 8 decimal places

■ Unique one-touch entry of key words like PRINT RUN and LIST

■ Automatic syntax error detection and easy editing

■ Randomize function useful for both games and serious applications

■ Built-in interface for ZX Printer

■ 1K of memory expandable to 16K

The ZX81 is also very convenient to use. It hooks up to any television set to produce a clear 32-column by 24-line display. And you can use a regular cassette recorder to store and recall programs by name.

If you already own a ZX80

The 8K Extended BASIC chip used in the ZX81 is available as a plug-in replacement for your ZX80 for only $39.95, plus shipping and handling—complete with new keyboard overlay and the ZX81 manual. So in just a few minutes, with no special skills or tools required, you can upgrade your ZX80 to have all the powerful features of the ZX81. (You'll have everything except continuous display, but you can still use the PAUSE and SCROLL commands to get moving graphics.)

With the 8K BASIC chip, your ZX80 will also be equipped to use the ZX Printer and Sinclair software.

Order at no risk**

We'll give you 10 days to try out the ZX81. If you're not completely satisfied, just return it to Sinclair Research and we'll give you a full refund.

And if you have a problem with your ZX81, send it to Sinclair Research within 90 days and we'll repair or replace it at no charge.

"Does not apply to ZX81 kits.

j

1

lib..—

NEW SOFrWARE:Sinclair has

published pre-recorded programs on cassettes for your ZX81, or ZX80 with 8K BASIC. We're constantly coming out with new programs, so we'll send you our latest software catalog with your computer.

ZX PRINTER: The Sinclair ZX Printer will work with your ZX81, or ZX80 with 8K BASIC. It will be available in the near future and will cost less than $100.

16K MEMORY MODULE:

Like any powerful, full fledged computer, the ZX81 is expandable. Sinclair's 16K memory module plugs right onto the back of your ZX81 (or ZX80, with or without 8K BASIC). Cost is $99.95. plus shipping and handling.

ZX81 MANUAL: The ZX81 comes with a comprehensive 164-page programming guide and operating manual designed for both beginners and experienced computer users. A 510.95 value, It's yours free with the ZX81.

1

Introducing the ZX81 kit

If you really want to save money, and you enjoy building electronic kits, you can order the ZX81 in kit form for the incredible price of just $99.95* It's the same, full-featured computer, only you put it together yourself. We'll send complete, easy to-follow instructions on how you can assemble your ZX81 in just a few hours All you have to supply is the soldering iron

How to order

Sinclair Research is the world's largest manufacturer of personal computers.

The ZX81 represents the latest technology in microelectronics, and it picks up right where the ZX80 left off. Thousands are selling every week.

We urge you to place your order for the new ZX81 today. The sooner you order, the sooner you can start enjoying your own computer.

To order, simply call our toll free number, and use your MasterCard or VISA

To order by mail, please use the apupon. And send your check or money \ order. We regret that we cannot accept \ purchase orders or CO.D!s.

CALL 800-543-3000. Ask for operator #509. In Ohio call 800-582-1364. In Canada call 513-729-4300. Ask for operator #509. Phones open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Have your MasterCard or VISA ready.

These numbers are for orders only. For information, you must write to Sinclair Research Ltd., 2 Sinclair Plaza, Nashua, NH 03061.

■ ■ ■

iiridam

Bison Takes the Bite Out of High Prices

Epson Eradication

Espon MX 80 Epson MX 80 FT Epson MX 100 Epson Graftrax Roms Epson Replacement Cart Interface to Apple

Monitor Munch

Amdek 13" Color Monitor Amdek Color II RGB Monitor NEC 12" Green Screen NEC RGB Color Monitor Zenith Green Screen

Peripheral Portion

D.C. Hayes Micromodem II D.C. Hayes Smartmodem Microsoft RAM Card

IMicrosoft Z-80 Card Paddle Adapple Smarterm 80 Column Card Thunderclock X-10 Interface ThunderclockCard Tandon Drive TM 848-2 Visidex Videoterm 80 Col N S' M M

FORTH 79 Fit

starting FORTH FORTH Programming Aids Nautilus System Cross-Compiler System Guide to Fig-FORTH Micromotion FORTH 79 for Apple Micromotion FORTH 79 for 280 CPM

$405 $515 $695 $ 74 $ 11 $ 84

S346 $895 $166 $945 $134

$295 $239 $149 $295 $ 24 $286 $ 42 $116 $475 $277

$ 14 $135 $179 $ 22 $116 $116

Software Scrunch

dBase II8"

dBase II5"

DB Master

Wordstars"

Wordstars"

SpellstarS"

SpellstarS"

Visicalc

Vislplot

Vislterm

Visitred/Visiplot

Personal Filing System

Personal Report System

Data Capture 4.0

Data Capture 4.0/80

Game Gnaw

David's Midnight Magic Red Alert Space Eggs High Res Soccer Gamma Gobblins Robot Wars Sargon II Alien Typhoon Bug Attack Castle Wolfenstein Computer Baseball Computer Bismark Cops and Robbers Epoch

Phantom Five President-Elect

Circle 53 on Inquiry card,

$595 $540 $179 $310 $227 $189 $164 $146 $145 $123 $214 $ 71 $ 71 $ 52 $ 77

$ 26

$ 31

ORDER FORM

Address City

Slate

Zip

Visa/MC#

Expiration Date Signature

Item

Price

California res. include

6° o stale sales tax

Total

Send cashier chiecl<, money order or charge order on Visa or Master Card. Please allow 4-6 weeks for delivery. Shipping C.O.D. based on weight. Free shipping on all orders over $500. No C.O.D. orders. Prices and availability subject to change without notice. Phone orders welcome.

Mail to: Bison Products

P.O. Box 9078-184 "SSP Van Nuys, CA91409

FOR FAST SERVICE CALL (213) 891-5702

PRODUCTS

16709 Roscoe Boulevard, Sepulveda, OA 91343

Book Reviews

The Mind's I

Douglas R. Hofstadter and Daniel C. Dennett, Basic Books Inc., New York, 1981. 50] pages, hardcover SI 5.50

Reviewed by Lloyd Milligan 8604 IVlaywood Dr. Columbia, SC 29209

This book is designed to provoke, disturb, and befuddle its readers, to make the obvious strange and, perhaps, l9 lite $^mtge obvious.

(from the Preface)

Most people take considerable pleasure in being astonished. Witness the popular television show That's Incredible. For those who are less easily astonished, but who enjoy a special kind of challenge, Douglas R. Hofstadter and Daniel C. Dennett have "composed and arranged" The Mind's I, a splendid collection of essays on mind and consciousness, "self and soul." Each essay concludes with a "Reflection" based on the editors' own thoughts and reactions.

Of all the pursuits of man, science has been the most productive. In the present century, the so-CcJled neurosciences (neurobiology, neurochemistry, neuropsychology, etc.) have contributed significantly to our understanding of how the human brain works. Paradoxically, however, deep issues of both historical and enduring interest have been on the whole ignored by these new sciences. The denial of mind and consciousness as valid topics of scientific inquiry may be traced to the influence of

logical positivism, operationahsm, and behaviorism. The Mind's I could be said to be about those things that behaviorism denies.

A recurring theme or device in many of these essays is the "thought experiment." In a thought experiment. One imagines all the procedures and conditions of an experiment and attempts to imagine or deduce what the outcome would be. The power of a thought experiment — and also its weakness —comes from imagining procedures which cannot be carried out in reality. The key to distinguishing whether a thought experiment could be realizable is to decide if the conditions of the experiment are possible "in principle." In reading these essays 1 was sometimes reminded of Mark Twain's satire on facts and miracles: ". . . if it is a Miracle, any sort of evidence will answer, but if it is a Fact, proof is necessary." It is often difficult to know whether a suggested condition is merely technically infeasible or impossible in principle. Fortunately, fiofstadter and Dennett provide some assistance in this regard, but there is still a danger — thought experiments that support your point of view will seem more likely to be realizable than those that oppose it.

Thus far it may not be obvious why The Mind's I has special interest to computer enthusiasts. That it does is partly due to a new breed of cognitive psychologists — called computer scientists — whose major research interest is artificial intelligence (AI). If your concept of AI is based on the Eliza program, then you probably need to be brought up to date. Current AI research involves topics such as simulating human

ability to understand stories (Roger Schank et al.; discussed by John R. Searle in "Minds, Brains, and- Programs," page 353). Such projects shed new light on the meaning of "understanding," and at the same time expose the awesome complexity of human knowledge database design. In one sense, the ultimate goetl of AI research is to give objective mesming to concepts that have heretofore been understood only in the subjective sense.

The brain's hardware, which at the very least "supports" thought, cannot be ignored. Several thought experiments in this book focus on the neural-circuit description of brain functioning. It is easy to slip from this focus to the assumption that the brain is purely a digital machine. This assumption is unwarranted even at the cellular level. For example, synapses (connections between nerve cells) are not strictly analogous to logic gates. ThouSctnds of axon terminals may impinge upon the dendrites of a single cell. The events that transpire there (at the synapse) are more analog than digitsd in nature. One may even speculate that it is not possible "in principle" to model these processes sequentially in real time.

While reading these essays I found myself formulating point-by-point replies. More often than not, Hofstadter or Dermett expressed my approval or misgivings more clearly than I could have done. Their comments not only reflect on the essays themselves, but go on to present new variations on related themes. The reader is compelled to reflect on the reflection, and so on, until intellectual fatigue sets in.

A common thread nms

through this collection, but it is not easy to discern. Various conceptions of mind, self, and soul are set up, exposed, scrutinized; the idea is to inquire which, if any, of these are possible models of mind, self, or soul. The mind as a program of immense intricacy, involving deep 'levelcrossing" structures (e.g., how can a thought influence a synapse?) and Gbdelian loops, is one idea that emerges.

The Mind's I does not explain the mind's I. Perhaps it aims to describe what such an explanation would be like. In one reflection, Hofstadter is careful to distinguish emulation of the mind from simulation. Explanation is at least one step further removed. And while this book does not pretend to "explain" self or soul, the impression emerges that, with thoughtful consideration, these problems of the ages may be tractable, after all.

At another level, The Mind's 1 expresses a tone of personal warmth and enthusiasm. The authors inquire of one of Stanislaw Lem's essays, "Is this poetry, philosophy, or science?" I asked myself the same question about the book as a whole and concluded that it is a combination of all three. One thing that the book is not is hocus pocus. Hofstadter and Dennett eschew pseudoscience. Their views are completely compatible with the scientific world view. It's just that science has not yet made deep inroads into the problems that make up the main focus of this book. Perhaps this deficiency will yield in part to the union of computer science, neuroscience, cognitive science, philosophy, and linguistics. ■

April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 155

BRAINS-MAINFRAMES

SUPERBRAINS

SUPERBRAIN QD 64K

List $3995 only $2949

COMPUSTARS Available to Dealers

NORTH STAR

Minicomputer Performance

Green Phosphor Options:

Graphics + CP/M

List $3999

Only $3199

Z-89 48K

List $2895 only $2099

Z-90 64K DD 3195 ONLY $2489

ADVANTAGE

Monitor Green Phosphor $118

TERMINALS Z-19 $718

INTERTUBEm Super Smart $710

EPSON

MX-80 FT. $598

MX-80 $474

MX-100 $749

ANADEX9501 $1290

NEC Letter Qual Friction & Tractor call

ZENITH printer Z-25 list 1595 only $1256

STARWRITER letter qual FT $1824

A

ATARI

AMERICAN SQUARE COMPUTERS is organizing a World Wide Association of Computer Dealers. Open a Store or Start Work Out of Your Honne! We Charge NO FRANCHISE FEE! (Our Competitors charge a FRANCHISE FEE of from $15,000.00 to $45,000.00.) Be a Winner! Let US help YOU get started MAKING MONEY by HELPING PEOPLEto put COMPUTERS to WORK. Write or Phone today.

GODBOUTCOMPUPRO

Super Sixteen 8085/8088 is the fastest combo 8/16 CPU. LIST $3904 Special $3269

SEATTLE'S

16 bit COMPUTER is here! 8 MHz 8086 CPU the fastest S-100 computer! 128K Static RAM, DD Disk Controller, 22-slot Main Frame, 86-DOS, #2 128K

LIST $4185 ONLY $3349

#1 As above but 64K LIST ... $3190 ... ONLY 2649

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER 2210A

LIST $2350 ONLY $1895

Z80,64K, I/O, Disk controller + CP/M. Model 300-1A is the larger system: 2.4 Mb 8" Z80,64K, and optional OASIS, CP/M, or MP/M operating system. LIST $5695 ONLY $4995

SYSTEMS GROUP SYSTEM 2800 Runs CP/M or OASIS. Supports single user & multiuser & multi task. Up to 5 megabytes with 8" drives. Optional 10-megabyte hard disk.Optional tape back up #2812 $5035 ONLY $3775

ATARI 400 List $399 only $340

800 List $899 only $675

Wonderful Games—Education for your family

Main Frames - S-100 $200 up

Single Board Computer 64K $ 749

6800-CPU S-100 Call us Save cash!

TARBELL'S

Empire I&n have two 8" disk drives. The I is single sided, the n is double sided.

FREE Business Software

Empire I LIST $4888 Only

$3666

We sell The Finest Hardware ^ We sell The Finest Software

AMERICAN i ° > COMPUTERS

919-889-4577 4167 Kivett Dr. ▼ Jamestown, NC 27282 919-883-1105

CP/M Is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc.

LOWEST PRICE ■ BEST QUALITY

NORTH STAR Horizon 2

2-5V4" Disk Drives 64K Double Density Factory assem. & tested Factory guaranteed

A few left Low Price only

$2499

DECISION I

Powerful North Star BASIC Free

Superb for Business & Science

HORIZON STANDARD IS NOW HRZ-2-64K QUAD

Factory Assembled & Tested

List

Only

Horizon-2-32K-Double Density

. . . . tp^OH!?

Horizon-2-32K-Quad Density

Horizon-2-64K-Quad

$3599

$2699

Horizon-2-64K-QHD5

$5999

$4499

Horizon Ram ASM 32K=$374

fi4K=1;'i?4

Big Sale on Multi-User Time-Sharing

. . . . LtCLW

English to Basic Translator

.... $99

North Star Hard Disk 18 Mb

$5375

.... $3923

North Star Time Sharing Multi-User

.... call

Zbasic2to5timesfaster!

$350

.... call

Secretary Word Processor

.... $99

Wordstar Word Processor

.... $318

Floating Point Board

$399

.... $319

Oasis Multi-User Software

SAVE

.... call

CP/M for N* Extra features

$230

.... $220

Micro Mike Software

SAVE

.... call

Ecosoft Accounting $355 .. MICROSTAT

.... $265

Pascal-80

$600

.... $515

Extra Precision Basic

.... $50

Northword

$199

.... $179

Mailmanager

$299

.... $224

$399

.... $349

General Ledger

$499

.... $429

Accounts Receivable

$499

.... $429

Accounts Payable

$499

.... $429

Inventory

$499

.... $429

Order Entry

$499

.... $429

PROPAC

$1499

.... $1274

DOS + Basic 5.2

27

"The IBM-360 on the Z-80 & S-100 BUS!"

Sixteen Programs running simultaneously! Free CPM, Microsoft BASIC and WORDSTAR with Complete system! ^ist only

DECISION 1 + 65K Static + 8" Disks $4375 3500

DECISION 1 + 65K Static + 2-5" Disks 4195 3356

DECISION 1 + 65K Static + 5" Disk + 5 Mb Hard Disk 5990 4792

DECISION 1 3 user 195K Static + 5" Disk + 5Mb Hard Disk* MICRONIX 8036 6426

DECISION 1 — Z-80 + 1/0=Power 1725 1339

MORROWS " Disk

Discus 2D + CP/M 600K only $849

Discus2 + 2 + CP/M 1.2MEGAB. $1149

Add Drives 2D = $599 2 + 2 = $795

Discus 2D-dual + CP/M Only $1388

Free Microsoft BASIC from MORROW with Discus

system or hard disk

M-26 MORROW Hard Disk 26,000,000 Bytes!!

List $4495 Only $3395

Free CPM + BASIC M-20 List $4795.. Only $3835 M-10 List $3695.. Only $2955 M-5 List $2495.. Only $1995

InterSystems

Z-80A CPU 4 MHz 64K Dynamic RAM Front Panel

VI/0-1 - with Interrupts FDCn Disk Controller 20 slot motherboard

List $3795 Only $2839

Without front panel as above only $2716 Front Paneless Recommended for Business

Save on Memory and Programs

Systems Memory 64K A&T $459

Systems Memory 64K Bank S555

Microangelo S985

Corvus Hard Disk SAVE

SSM Video BRDVB3 kit $361

Spectrum Color ASM $326

Cat Novation Modem $169

Memory Merchant 16K $159

Which Computers are Best?—FREE. Insured Shipping at Low Rates. Call For Latest Prices, Details. We Beat Advertised Prices.

Factory Guarantees

AMERICAN

square:

919-889-4577

4167 Kivett Dr

Expert Advice

COMPUTERS

Jamestown N.C. 27282

919-883-1105

®CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc. Circle 27 on inquiry card.

A Po(r)tpourri of Ideas

Fifth in a Series

Three inexpensive hardware/software projects to let you use the

cassette port for a tone generator, telephone dialer, and

RS-232C output channel.

William Barden Jr. 28122 Orsola Mission Viejo, CA 92692

There's always an advantage in using existing hardware to interface external devices—there's no need to perform address decoding, to hook up to a multiline bus, or to design and implement controller functions. The cassette port is the most rudimentary input/output port in the TRS-80 Models I and III. It was originally designed to interface to an audio cassette recorder so that BASIC and machine-language programs and data could be saved and loaded. The cassette port, however, can be used in a variety of other ways. In this article, I'll describe three projects that use cassette-port output.

These projects will work with a Model I system without the expansion interface and with any Model III. The projects are a tone generator with volume control, a telephone dialer, and an RS-232C driver. A fourth use, controlling a nuclear fast-breeder reactor, was to be included, but still

About the Author

William Burden ]r. has written many books on microcomputer programming and design. He is a member of the Association for Computing Machinery and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,

needs a little polishing up. Perhaps in a later article . . .

Cassette Logic The TRS-80 Models I and III use

similar logic in the cassette output, as shown in figure 1. The REMote out

BIT 0

PORT

OFFH

BIT 1

put to turn on the recorder is slightly different in address decoding between ■ the Models I and III, but in both cases it simply closes a relay. Two normally open relay contacts go to pins 1 and 3 of the cassette jack, a 5-pin DIN connector. The relay output won't be used for these projects, since some of

C> CASSOUT

TO

"MOTOR ON" LOGIC

TO "REMOTE

PLUG

C> GND

REM

FRONT VIEW

REM

CASSOUT

-CASSIN

Figure 1: Model I/IIl cassette output is performed by a two-bit latch that generates three voltage levels. The three voltage levels can produce a square wave with a positivegoing pulse, a negative-going pulse, and a zero level. A motor relay connects two normally open contacts.

158

April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Port OFF Hexadecimal

Bit 1

BitO

CASSOUT Voltage (v)

1

0

= 0

0

0

= 0.4

0

1

= 0.8

1

1

sO.4

Table 1: CASSOUT voltages.

The two latch bits produce four voltage levels. The 11

configuration is reduhdant and is nqt used.

DATA PULSE IF "l" OTHERWISE 00 LEVEL

LF

+.8V +.4V

-2 MILLISECONDS BIT TIME( 500 BITS / SECOND)

Figure 2: The recording technique for 500 bps uses a clock pulse spaced at 2-ms intervals. A data pulse at the midpoint between clock pulses represents a 1; the absence of a data pulse represents a 0.

CASSOUT C>

+4 TO +I2V A

MINIATURE POTENTIOMETER

8-OHM "MINI" SPEAKER

Figure 3: In the TONOUT electronics, an LM386 audio-amplifier chip is driven by the CASSOUT signal. The output of the LM386 drives a small speaker.

the earlier relays were prone to "sticking" (especially when used to control the AC supply for milling machines).

Instead, what will be used is the output that normally goes to the Auxiliary input of the cassette recorder to write data on the tape. This is a single line connected to pin 5 (CASSOUT) of the DIN connector. This line is driven by two bits at I/O address OFF hexadecimal in both the Models I and III.

Three voltage levels can be output to the CASSOUT line, depending upon the configuration of the two least significant bits of port OFF hexadecimal (see table 1). A bit configuration of 01 binary produces about 0 volts (V), 00 produces about 0.4 V, and 10 produces about 0.8 V. Bit configuration 11 is redundant as it generates 0.4 V again.

The three voltage levels are used to write data onto the cassette in the

500-bits-per-second (bps) mode, as shown in figure 2. A single squarewave cycle is first generated to produce a clock pulse. Then, either another cycle is output, representing a 1 data bit, or no cycle is output, representing a 0 data bit.

The Model III also has 1500-bps capability. In this mode, continuous frequency-shift keying is used, with 1320-hertz (Hz) and 2680-Hz tones representing the data. Only the 0- and 0.8-V levels are used for this scheme.

In both cases, the major part of the logic is in the ROM (read-only memory) firmware. The electronics really just consist of the two output latches and a few resistors.

In the following projects, I'll use the two bits of port OFF hexadecimal to generate square waves for musical tones, telephone dialing, and RS232C output. The greater part of the design effort, as in the TRS-80 cassette functions, is in the software. The hardware will consist of three simple circuits with a minimum of parts.

(A note about connectors: For connecting all three projects to your TRS-80 cassette port, use a standard, thin-walled, 5-pin DIN plug, such as Radio Shack's catalog item 274-003.)

A Musical Tone Generator

Our first project produces six octaves of notes representing the first six octaves on the piano keyboard. The notes are square waves, rich in odd-order harmonics. Two volume levels can be output, one using the 0- and 0.4-V levels, and a second using the 0- and 0.8-V levels.

The circuit shown in figure 3 uses the CASSOUT output as an input to an LM386 audio amplifier. The LM386 requires only a capacitor and 8-ohm (Q) speaker to implement a complete audio amplifier. A miniature 10-kn potentiometer is used at the input for volume control. The power supply for the LM386 can be any convenient voltage from +4 to -I-12 V. A 6-V battery works fine for the power supply, or you can obtain a low-priced power-supply kit from Radio Shack. TONOUT (listing 1) is an assem

April 1982 © BYTE Pid>Iicalioiu Inc 159

Circle 263

Your

■ 0*°'* n «PI=

Beeps'"

'"^ mentation

Th^^^^'d orders write us

TOLL

orders.

FREE

Box 1140 2000 Center St., Berkeley,

mi„o "'"""^ dcvdepmoMs

Listing 1: TONOUT is a Z80 subroutine to output tones through the cassette port. The code is to be embedded in the BASIC program of listing 3.

9000

l,'.10 1 00

ORG

9000H

001 1 0

5 + * *- + h ►

* It *

♦:-*«** t*** «■«.*♦«**♦♦:■«*♦««♦♦*«♦**♦*«»«*»**»♦

(fllJI 1 ".'ih

Vi\a 1 ^:vJ

;* TONE

OUTPU

r.

OUTPUTS TONE

THROUGH CASSETTE PORT.

(71(711 "(Dl

»*

ENTRVi

HL

=> PARAMETER

BLOCK

*

171(711 4D1

■*

PARAM+0=DURATION CNT IN 2 BYTES

*

; *■

+2=FREQ CNT*(1B.04 MICRO&ECS MOD I

001 -j I

; -«■

15.79 1

1ICR0SECS MOD IIDi 2 BYTES

♦

00160

; *

+4=LEVEL:

2=L0Wi3=HIGHi ONE BYTE

*

;*

EXITS

AFTER TONE HAS

SOUNDED

*

001 80

;***«««♦«»**»*#**«**«#»**«♦#«********»*»*»«*♦*»»*«♦****«*

001'

CD7F0A

00200

TONOUT

CALL

0A7FH

;GET HL

9003

E5

00210

PUSH

HL

; TRANSFER TO IX

9i304

DDEl

00220

POP

IX

9006

i:)D4E04

00230

LD

C.(IX+4)

■PUT LEVEL IN C

9009

i:)D6603

002''i0

LD

Hi(IX+3)

;MSB FREQUENCY

900C

Dr)6E02

002'::)0

LD

L>(IX+2)

;LSB FREiJUENCY

900F

7C

00260

LD

AiH

iGET MSB FREQ CNT

9010

B7

OR

A

■TFC3T PDD 7FPrt

9011

2022

00280

JR

NZiLOWFRE

;G0 IF LOW FREQUENCY

W 0 9 0

FREQUENCY HERE

9li^ 1 S

4 f>

0 0.3 0 0

LI)

B > L

;GET FREQUENCY COUNT

9014

lJUoaWl

00.i 10

LD

Hi(IX+1)

!MSB OF DURATION

9017

£}D6c00

fiirai' ■■'■rji

810320

LD

Li<IX+0)

■LSB OF DURATION

901A

28

trs rn "j cji 130.330

DEC

HL

!FOR JR NC

9 0 1 [;*■

t 1. FTF" F

ll'?0 J'l 0

LD

DEi -1

5F0R FREQ LOOP

90 I Ll

/9

W 0 ,i J 0

HI010

LD

Ai C

!LEVEL TO A (4)

901F

E:, E01.'

fl 0 3 6i 0

X,OR

iNOW 00 OR 01 (7)

90'-'' L

■[)■ p.

OUT

(0FFH)1 A

!TURN ON (11)

LD

AiB

;6ET FREQ COUNT (4)

90'-*'4

iD

HI 020

DEC

A

;0N LOOP (4)

90:."'^

.■''0FD

00

JR

HI 1HI020

;LOOP TIL 0 (12/7)

902 /

'79

004 1 0

l.,..D

Ai C

;DUMMY (4)

90/8

:j;[-'0?

(,•104 ,.■0

LD

A1 2

;NOW 10 (7)

902A

D3Fr

00430

our

\ i£Jn r n / 1 M

iTURN OFF (11)

902C

78

00440

LD

A 5 B

iGET FREia COUNT (4)

902D

3D

00450

HI030

DEC

A

iOFF LOOP (4)

902F:

20 FD

00'H ^' .0

JR

NZiHI030

SLOOP TIL 0 (12/7)

90:30

I 9

00''l ,'0

ADD

Hl_ 1 DE

SDECREMENT DUR CNT (11)

9031

38EB

00460

JR

C,HI010

i<50 IF NOT 0 (12/7)

9033

1823

00490

JR

LOW090

fRETURN TO BASIC

00500

i LOW FRESUENCY

HERE

903'i

F'j

l/lltS 1 M

VAV }L vl

I.OWFRE

PUSH

HL

IFREQ COUNT TO DE

V 0 6>

J) J

00S ' '0

POP

DE

'j'0.3 /

CBB.i

W W J i.i W

REb

01 E

iMAKE EVEN

9039

UIJ4d00

00-f 40

LD

B,(IX+0)

iDURATION CNI TO B

903r

79

VJ|£J J IJ vJ

LOW010

L.D

Ai C

i6ET LEVEL <4)

90,^^1.'

f. E02

W03O0

A OR

SNOW 00 OR 01 (7)

0 ,i 1 '

D,.il' F

00 J / W

OUT

!0FFH),A

iTURN ON (11)

904 J.

/7i ra c: o

LD

HiD

iGET FREQ COUNT (4)

9 04.2

6B

LD

L1 E

i (4)

904Z?

00600

LOWB20

DEC

HL

iDECR FRE(5 CNT (6)

rn (» y. 1 (it

DEC

HL

i (6)

/ C

LD

AiH

iTEST HL (4)

*■? 0 '^H')

L'- '3

00f:).,i0

OR

L

; (4)

904 /

20rA

I.'10;»-I0

JR

NZ.LOW020

;G0 IF NOT 0 (12/7)

9049

/9

00650

I..D

Ai C

iDUMMY (4)

904A

3E02

00660

LD

A>2

iNOW 10 (7)

904C

D3FF

00670

OUT

(0FFH)iA

iTURN OFF (11)

904E

62

00680

LD

HiD

iGET FREQ COUNT ('i )

904F

6B

00690

1..D

L,E

; ( 4)

9050

28

00700

LOW030

DEC

HL

iDECR FREQ CNT '.hi

9051

2B

00710

DEC

HL

; <.b)

9052

7C

00720

LD

AtH

iTEST HL (4)

9053

B5

00730

OR

L

i (4)

9054

20FA

00740

JR

NZ1LOW030

;tiO ir^ NOT 0 );;/7)

9056

10E4

00750

DJNZ

LOW010

iSO IF D CNT NOT 0 >1i/

9058

C9

00760

RET

! RET URN TO e-ASIC

0000

00770

END

bly-language program that drives the

circuit to prociuce square waves from about 20 Hz to over 10,000 Hz. The extreme low and high frequencies won't come out very well (if at all) in the LM386, but for the middle range, tones sotmd fine. If you're a purist, you might consider using CASSOUT as an input to an amplifier with better fidelity.

TONOUT is designed to interface to a BASIC program. It is completely relocatable (more about that later) and requires three parameters from the BASIC code—a frequency count, a duration count, and a level.

The frequency count is a value from 1 to 65,535 that is used to control a timing loop. Each count causes a delay of 18.04 rnicroseconds (;ts) for

160 April 1982 © BYTE PubUcations Inc

Circle 406 on Inquiry card.

-"ON" STATE' 18.04 X COUNT* MICROSECONDS

01 —

00 —

10 —

* MODEL I

-I

■"OFF" STATE • 18.04 X COUNT* MICROSECONDS

PERIOD • 36.08 X COUNT* MICROSECONDS FREQUENCY* 1/PERIOD

Figure 4: A timing loop turns on the CASSOUT signal and then turns it off. The same frequency count is used for both the on and off delays; hence, the period of the tone is. twice the delay time, «

A'USR(B) B POINTS TO

PARAMETER BLOCK +0 + 1 +2 + 3 +4

DURATION

COUNT

1-65,535

FREQ

COUNT

1-65,535

LEVEL: 2 OR 3

Z80 FORMAT LSB, MSB Z80 FORMAT LSB, MSB

Figure 5: Three parameters are used to interface to TONOUT from BASIC. A duration count is held in two bytes, a frequency count in two bytes, and a level in one byte. The counts are in standard Z80 address format: least significant byte followed by most significant byte.

the Model I (15.79 for the Model III) on the "on" and "off" portions of the square wave, as shown in figure 4. Therefore, the frequencies of the square waves produced are 1/(36.08E-6) and 1/(31.58E-6), respectively.

The duration count of 1 to 65,535 determines the length of time the tone is played. In fact, the duration count is the number of cycles of the tone. Thus, the length of time the tone plays is dependent upon the tone's frequency. To play a "quarter note," the duration count would be 25 for a 100-Hz tone, 50 for 200-Hz, and so forth. The duration count is 1/frequency times the fraction of a second the tone is to be played.

The third parameter is volume level. A value of 2 is low and 3 is high. The level parameter is in one byte.

The main problem in TONOUT is how to get the "tightest" possible loop

to toggle port hexadecimal OFF bits on and off and still allow for lowfrequency notes with a longer duration. The approach used here is to split TONOUT into two segments of code, one for high-frequency notes, and one for low-frequency notes.

TONOUT is entered from BASIC by a DEFUSR call. The CALL 0A7FH gets the argument from BASIC and puts it into the HL register pair. The argument in this case is a pointer to a parameter block of the three arguments in 7 bytes (see figure 5). This pointer is transferred to the IX register.

The level parameter is put into the C register and the frequency count is put into HL. Next, the frequency count is tested for magnitude. If the H register is nonzero, the frequency count is greater than 255, and a lowfrequency note is played.

If the frequency count is less than 256, the high-frequency segment is

executed. The single byte of the frequency count is transferred to the B register. Also, the two bytes of the duration count are transferred to HL and decremented by one for the JR C loop. (C will decrement below 0 before the loop is terminated.) The DE register pair is loaded with —1 for a "tight" timing loop.

The output portion of the loop consists of two almost identical segments. Lines 350 through 400 are the "on" portion that turns on the "top" of the square wave. Lines 410 through 460 turn off the output. Both portions decrement the frequency count in a timing loop that determines the frequency. The voltage level for the "on" portion is determined by performing an XOR of binary 10 and the level parameter to produce either a 00 (low) or 01 (high).

After one complete cycle, the duration count in HL is decremented by an ADD HL,DE. If the result is not negative, another cycle is generated.

The code from line 510 through the end is a similar routine for lowfrequency notes. In this case, the frequency count is held in HL and decremented twice. The frequency count is first made even by a RES 0 ii\struction for a test of decrementing down to zero. The duration count is assumed to be 254 or less and is held in B for a DJNZ instruction.

Using TONOUT with BASIC

TONOUT can be used to generate tones other than musical notes. The precise frequencies generated are:

l/((42.49 -f 18.04 X count) X lO"")

for high-frequency tones and:

1/((41.15 -I- 18.04 X count) X 10"*)

for low-frequency tones. These formulas are for the Model I. Use (37 + 15.79 X count) and (36 + 15.79 X count) for the Model III. The 18.04 (or 15.79) represents the on/off loop times; the other constants represent the "overhead" for the frequency and duration timing.

BASIC can easily be used to build up a table of values for matching frequency counts to musical notes.

162 April 1982 ® BYTE PublicaUoiu Inc

^ 256KB IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER MEMORY!

SINGLE BOARD 256KB IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER MEMORY

Designed Specifically for IBM's PERSONAL COMPUTER is Chrislin Industries newest CI-PCM Memory Module.

FEATURES INCLUDE:

• On-board parity generator checker • Requires only one I/O expansion slot for 256K bytes

• Addressable as a contiguous block in 64K byte memory

increments through 1 megabyte • Power requirements are +5V at l.OA max.

• Access time of iS NSEC • Cycle time of 400 NSEC

SEE YOUR LOCAL COMPUTER STORE FOR DETAILS

OR CALL US.

DON'T ASK WHY WE CHARGE SO LITTLE, ASK WHY THEY CHARGE SO MUCH.

Chrislin Industries, Inc.

31352 Via Colinas • Westlake Village, OA 91362 • 213-991-2254 TWX 910-494-1253 (CHRISLIN WKVG)

Circle 84 on inquiry card. BYTE April 1982 163

Circle 356 on inquiry card.

NEW

for

the

SEC

PC-8000 Series

* AND MORE *

from Renaissance Technology

The Wedge

• Fully emulates all features of the NEC

PC-8012A module

• NEC PC-8001A Sl/O (terminal mode)

channel is brought out to a DB 25 connector

• Additional ports for 40 bits of digital I/O

and analog input including 2 Atari-type joystick ports; built-in 3 voice synthesizer with amplifier

• 32K RAM card included; also capable of

handling another 32K RAM = 96K of RAM

• 16 levels of interrupt capability

• NEC PC-8012A bus structure is imple

mented,

• Attaches easily to the bottom of the NEC

PC-8001A.

Ren Tec Wedge $595.00

RS-232-C Interface Card

for NEC PC-8012A or

Ren Tec Wedge 179.00

32K Memory Board

for NEC PC-8012A or

Ren Tec Wedge 199.00

RGB Color Converter

for NEC PC-8001A

(40 column only) 99.00

and

NEC Dot Matrix Printer 795.00

• 100 CPS

• Bidirectional printing

• Friction and tractor feed

• Parallel interface

• Single-ribbon cartridge

NEC Monitors

• 12" Green Screen 285.00

• 12" RGB Color 1095.00

• 12" Composite Video 430.00

* more *

■'ATARI 10-Key Accounting Pad . 124.95 Olympia Letter-Quality Printer

• Ren Tec ES Series Interface converts typewriter to letterquality printer

• for Apple, Atari, Commodore, NEC, Osborne 1. TRS 80 and others

Ren Tec Interface for . ES 100/101 295.00

r DEALER INQUIRIES WELCOME ^

RENAISSANCE TECHNOLOGY ^^CORPORATION

3347 VINCENT ROAD PLEASANT HILL. CA 94523 (415) 930-7707

Listing 2: A BASIC program to generate frequency-delay values that, when input to the TONOUT routine, will reproduce tones in standard pitch. Results are shown in table 2.

2-0 'PROGRAM TO FIND BEST FIT FOR El OCTAVES

4ia DIM NT«( 1 1 )

£.0 A»= "A A*tB C C»tD D#E F F#G G«"

80 FClR .1=0 TO 1 1

100 NT«(J)=MID$(A*,J«2+l,;

120 NEXT .1

140 FOR I=^-0 TO 7

160 REBTORE

1B0 LPRINT "OCTAVE " ; I + l 200 FOR J=0 TO 11 220 LPRINT NT$(J);"="; 240 N"(27. S^-Stl )»2t ( (J)/l; 260 CT=((1/N)-36.5E-6)/15. 280 LPRIN T "F CNT==" ; CT ji00 NEXT J 320 NEXT I

) :L.Pi 79E,--i

A

A#

B

C

C#

D

D#

E

F

F# G

OCTAVE : 27.5 29.1352 30.8677 32.7032 34.6478 36.7081 38.8909 41.2035 43.6535 46.2493 48.9994 51.9131

1

F CNT = F CNT: F CNT = F CNT = F CNT = F CNT = F CNT = F CNT = F CNT = F CNT = F CNT = F CNT =

2300.64 2171.39 2049.39 1934.23 1825.54 1722.95 1626.12 1534.73 1448.46 1367.03 1290.18 1217.64

Table 2: Calculating counts for musical notes. A short BASIC program can match TONOUT frequency counts with standard pitch values. Here are the results.

OCTAVE

1 2 3 4 5 6

OCTAVE

1 2 3 4 5 6

MODEL I

2013,1900.1793,1692,1597,1508,1423,1343,1268,1196,1129,1065

1005,949,896,845,798,753,710,670,632,597,563,532

502,473,447,421,398,375,345,334,315,297,280,265

250,235,222,210,198,186,176,166,154,147,139,131

124,117,110,104,98,92,87,82,77,73,68,64

61,57,54,51,48,45,42,40,37,35,33,31

MODEL III

2300,2171,2049,1934,1826,1723,1626,1535,1448,1367,1290,121£

1149,1085,1024,966,912,860,812,766,723,682,644,608

573,541,511,482,455,429,405,382,360,340,321,303

286,269,254,240,226,213,201,190,179,169,159,150

142,134,126,119,112,106,99,94,88,83,78,74

70,66,62,58,55,52,49,46,43,40,38,36

Table 3: Frequency counts for standard pitch. Six octaves of note values are represented by the values in the table. Models I and III use slightly different values because of the difference in clock rates.

164 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

If you don't know a baud from a floppy...

YOU NEED TO KNOW THE ea>P-100 MICROCOMPUTER

Most people who need computers don't have the time, or desire, to become full-time computer "wizards."

With the budget-priced QDP-lOO you get all the time-saving precision information you want from : a computer, now and in the future, without all the unnecessary complexity associated with less considerate computers.

QDP-lOO IS A FULL-SCALE 8-bit computer, readily upgradeable to 16 bits as your business or professional informationprocessing needs grow. It uses the IEEE S-lOO bus, compatible with CP/M and MP A/I disk operating systems.

QDP-lOO HANDLES BOTH floppy disks and hard disks to give you total software versatility.

QDP-lOO CONNECTS INSTANTLY to any standard terminal and printer. Both serial and parallel ports are available. Features most microcomputers can't match.

It does more, does it easier cold costs a lot less.

QDP-lOO HAS SINGLE BOARD . ■ . SIMPLIcrrY Eliminates the hassle of complex multi-chip, multiboard computers. QDP-lOO IS EASY to learn and to operate. Most owners use their QDP-lOO with professional skill and results in short order. Our instmction manual doesn't need an interpreter. If you'd rather be a wizard with computer results, than with computers, choose the QDP-lOO. CaU or write for literature and full details. QDP NEEDS A FEW MORE GOOD DEALERS. Attractive, profitable, protected dealerships are still available in several high-potential computer market areas.

Quasar

Data Products

1O330 Brecksville Road Cleveland, Ohio 44141 216/526-0838 Telex, 241596

CP/M and MP/M

are registered trademarks

©f Digital Research Corp.

Listing 3: The BASIC program to demonstrate tone generation with the Model I/III cassette port. The DATA statements contain the machine-language codes of the TONOUT subroutine.

HEM Sample tonou'i

DKIVI R 229, 221,

110,

221,

) 1 ^

229, 211, 121 IB 1,

DATA 205, 127, 10 DATA 102, 221, 52 OA PA 221, 102, 1, ii.l DATA 121, 23B, 2, 54 OATA 62, 2, 211, •iS DATA 235, 24, 35. 36 DATA 121, 238, 2, fi? DATA 181, 32. 250 38 DATA 43, 43, 124, m FOR 1=36864-65536 10 36' 62 READ A-.POKE I, A 64 NEXT I

100 DI';KUBf(0-=&H9000

110 INPUr L>,F,L

1 ?0 POKE, J<HA001, INT(D/256)

130 POKP: &MA0B3. lNT(F/256)

140 POKE flHAB04,l_

130 A~USR0(&HA000)

160 QOTO 110

225,

7, i:

1 I.W>

4, 183, M, '13, t 2'i5. 1/0. 61, 120, 61, 32, V! 209, 203, 131 255, 9B, 107, , 62, 2, 211, 32- 230, 16, 6952-65536

1, 3i /,

53,

43' 255' 228

3^, 6^/ 255, :;•:<

3,

1 /' 1

5^

;l, /0 43,

98, 201

124 107

POKE POKE

&HA000^ &HA002,

11-( F-(

1 NT (1!/ INT<K/

256

'I > « 256 ) ) »25/.

000

0 0 0 0

9—eo o

a—e

0000

Figtire 6: Radio Shack's Experimenter Socket project board uses a matrix of holes into which component leads can be plugged. The holes are organized into 46 sets of five plus two buses.

Listing 2 shows a Model III BASIC program for converting to standard pitch (A = 440 Hz). (The Model I version is identical except for the constants.) This scheme has 12 notes per octave: A, A# (A sharp), B, C, C§, D, D#, E, F, F#, G, and G#, each calculated by raising 2 to successive one-twelfth powers. The notes of each octave double in frequency over the preceding octave.

The first portion of output from the program of listing 2 is shown in table 2. Table 3 shows suggested integer counts for the notes for the Models I and III.

Listing 3 shows the TONOUT program incorporated into a BASIC program as DATA values. The DATA values are the machine-language bytes of TONOUT. TONOUT is relocatable and can be moved anywhere in RAM (random-access read/write memory). The program in listing 3 moves the bytes to 9000 hexadecimal by a series of POKEs. It then INPUTs a duration count, frequency count, and level value for experimentation.

Constructing the Electronics

All three projects in this article use a similar construction method. Radio Shack carries an Experimenter Socket project board, which is a matrix of 23 rows, each with two halves, as shown in figure 6. Each of the 46 row segments is connected electrically. Two buses run down the board on the extreme right and left.

Components can be plugged into the board with a minimum of fuss. The interconnections for the TONOUT electronics are shown in figure 7, along with the power supply, speaker, and cassette plug connections. Make the connections to the 5-pin DIN plug, as shown in figure 8.

To get precise frequencies for TONOUT, it's a good idea to disable the real-time clock interrupts in the Models I and III. If the real-time clock is running (and it may be, even without a display), the timing on tones may be off by 4 percent, and there may be some modulation on the tone. Add a disable interrupt (DI) instruction (243 decimal) at the beginning of TONOUT and an enable in

166 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 254 on inquiry card.

INTRODUCING MetaCard

The future for your

Apple II.

MetaCard will turn your Apple II personal computer into tomorrow's nigh performance machine. It triples the memory of your Apple, and at the same time, greatly increases the processing speed with an Intel 8088 16-bit microprocessor. The future for your Apple is built into MetaCard.

Enough Memory to get the Job Done

MetaCard has up to 128K bytes of onboard memor)' with parity. Adding

K-BYTES

Apple 6502 Intel 8088

Add-on Memory

MetaCard to your Apple's existing 64K b\tes of memory gives you three times the capacity, and opens the

door to applications never before possible on your system.

Faster Processing Speeds

Speed is just as important as memory. MetaCard is designed to handle all computing tasks at greatly increased speeds. The Intel 8088 operates at the full 5Mhz, running most applications at least 4 times faster than the Apple's iMhz 6502. And MetaCard gives you multiprocessing capabilities, allowing both the 8088 and 6502 to run simultaneously at fiill speed. Increased processing speeds, intcrprocessor mterrupts and a real-time clock enable your Apple to perform like the machine you want.

Compatibility and Reliability

Compatibility has been designed into MetaCard. Metamorphic's processor card runs CP/M-86, which is included with the card at no extra cost. And Metamorphic offers UCSD Pascal 4.0 and the operating system for the IBM Personal Computer as options. Full parit)' checking.

power-up diagnostics and a 48 hour burn-in will insure the reliable

performance of your MetaCard.

Find Out More

Not everyone needs greater memory and speed. If you're one of those who does, MetaCard is for you. At an introductory price of $980 for the 64K configuration, it's not the least expensive addition you can make to your system, but high performance products never are. Call us today and find out what Metamorphic Systems has in mind for your Apple's future. Dealer inquiries welcome. Metamorphic Systems, Inc., P.O. Box 1541, Boulder, Colorado 80306, (303) 499-6502.

Intel 8088 is a produa of Intel Corporation.

Apple II is a registered trademark of Apple Computer Inc.

CP/M-86 is a registered tradcmarlc of Digital Research Corp.

IBM Personal Computer is a registered trademark of IBM.

U.C.S.D. Pascal is a registered trade mark of the Univer^il^' of California.

METAMORPHIC SYSTEMS, INC.

ANOTHER CRATE IDEA FROM ALTOS!

The complete multi-purpose, multi-terminal desktop business computer system with a built-in tutor.

Now you can get everything you need to computerize your business. An ALTOS® Series 5 computer (including 5 MByte Winchester hard disk that stores over 1,800 pages). Three of our new smart terminals and a quality printer. Plus the ALTOS COMPUTER TUTOR, the selfteaching business software package that provides simple, self-paced, step-by-step instructions and training.

All for less than $4/day per user. Virtually overnight, your operators will become faster and more accurate since an Altos system is like having three computers In one. For example, while your bookkeeper prepares payroll, other users can check inventory, compute cost estimates, or produce i firror-free reports. All at *'the same time.

An Altos system lets you communicate with ^ other computers, maln\frames and networks. Need more? For less than another $1/day, .each user can have i>i:-Wordstar'" for word S'l 'V processing and / Microplan™ for busl.ness analysis. Plus

you can choose from hundreds of other popular CP/M®, MP/M 11'" and OASIS applications programs. There's also nationwide on-site service available from your dealer.

Join the thousands of businesses, professionals and institutions who already rely on Altos. Call our toll free number or write Altos Computer Systems, 2360 Bering Drive, San Jose, CA 95131 today. We'll put you In touch with your local Altos sales and service dealer who'll crate an Altos business computer system exclusively for you.

'Complete 3 user system for $4/day per user. Price approximate and may vary in your area. Daiiy lease based on 513,800 principal. 20% annual Interest, five-year term. Packaged system Includes Altos Series 5-5D computer with 5 IvlByte Wlnciiester hard disk, draft quality printer, three Altos smarl: terminals, and the ALTOS COMPUTER TUTOR software package. Price does not include tax. Installation, training and maintenance.

Packed with fresh ideas for business

|ALtC»|

COMPUTER SYSTEMS

800-538-7872

(In Calif. 800-662-6265)

ALTOS Is a registered tradennark of Altos Computer Systems. WordStar is a trademark of MicroPro International Corp, Microplan is a trademark of Chang Laboratories. Inc. CP/M Is a registered trademark and MP/M [I Is a trademark of Digital Research. Inc. OASIS Is a product of Phase One. Inc. ^■1982 Altos Computer Systems

Circle 23 on inquiry card.

circle 289 on Inquiry card.

MTI stocks 'em aU for faster delivery.

TO

CASSETTE PLUG

TO

SPEAKER

RADIO SHACK 276-175 EXPERIMENTER SOCKET

Figure 7: The TONOUT circuit is mounted on a project board. It uses three components. The lO-fcQ potentiometer am be adjusted for a comfortable volume.

Aik tbain our" QED " diieounti. VISA and MaittrCard ordari aecapted.

MTI

VIDEO TERMINALS Price

VT100 DECscope $ 1595

VT1SX Computing option 2400

VT101 DECicope 1215

VT 131 DECscope 1785

VT132 DECscope 1995

ADM 3A (dumb tamilnal) 595

ADM B (dumb with visual attributes) . 645

ADM 31 (two page buffer) 1095

ADM 21, 24, 32, 36, 42 •

Hazeltine Esprit 645

Hazeltine Executive 80 Model 20 1495

Hazeltine Executive 80 Model 30 1715

1410 (Hazeltine dumb terminal) 575

1421 (Consul 580 & ADM 3A comp.). 595

1500 (dumb terminal) 825

1520 (buffered, printer port) 1105

RETRaGRAPHICS TERMINALS

VT 100 with graph ics pkg 3250

VT125 (DEC graphics! 3280

ADM 3A with graphics pl(g 1795

ADM 5 witli grapfiics picg 1845

300 BAUD TELEPRINTERS

IJ* 34-DA DECwrlter iV 1045

LA 34-AA DECwrlter IV 1095

LA 36 DECwrlter li 1095

Diebio 630 RO 2295

Diabio 630 KSR 2695

Diebio 1650 KSR 2635

Tl 743 (portable) 1190

Tl 745 (port/built-in coupler) 1485

Tl 765 (port/bubble/b.i. coupler) 2595

600 BAUD TELEPRINTERS

Epson MX-80 645

Ti 825 KSR impact 1570

Tl 825 KSR picg 1795

1200 BAUD TELEPRINTERS

Epson MX-100 995

LA 120 RA (receive only) 2095

LA 120 AA DECwriter III 2295

Tl 783 (portable) 1645

Tl 785 (port/built-in coupler) 2270

Tl 787 (port/internel modem) 2595

Tl 810 RO impact 1545

Tl 810 RO pkg 1795

Tl 820 RO impact , 1850

Tl 820 RO pkg 2025

Tl 820 KSR impect 2025

Tl 820 KSR picg 2195

Lear Siegler 310 ballistic 1945

2400 BAUD

Dataproducts M200 (2400 baud) 2910

DATAPRODUCTS LINE PRINTERS

B300 (300 LPM band) 5455

B600 (600 LPM band) 6930

B1000 (1000 LPM band) 11330

BP1500 (1500 LPM band) 19700

ACOUSTIC COUPLERS

A/J A242-A (300 baud orig.) 242

A/J 247 (300 baud orig.) 315

Vadic VA 3413 (300/1200 orig.) 845

Vadic VA 3434 (1200 baud orig.) 845

MODEMS

GDC 103A3 (300 baud Beiil 395

GDC 202S/T (1200 baud Bell) S6S

VA 3212 (Bell 212A comp.) 825

VA 103 (300 beud modemphone) 235

VA 3451 (orig/ans triple modem) 885

VA 3455 (1200 baud orig/ans.) 770

VA 2450 (Bell 201 comp.) 725

CASSETTE STORAGE SYSTEMS

Techtran 816 (stora/fonTOfd) 735

Techtran817 (store/for/speed up) 915

Techtran 818 (editing) 1226

Techtran 822 (duel) 1640

FLOPPY DISK SYSTEMS

Techtran 950 (store/forward) 1385

Techtran 951 (editing) 1995

'Please call for quote.

Dlitributora; New York, New Jeraay and Ohio. NewYork:

51B/482-3500,212/895-7177,518/449-5859 OuUide N.Y.S.:800/645-8016 New Jersey: 201/227-5552 Ohio: 216/464-6688

terrupt (EI) instruction (251 decimal) right before the 201 decimal for the RET; modify the POKE loop accordingly. The DI and EI were omitted from TONOUT to give the user some flexibility in using the project in different configurations.

A Telephone Dialer

Our second cassette-output project is a pulse-type telephone dialer (TELDIL). Most telephone lines, even those using tone dialing, will accept dialing by a series of break/make pulses, spaced at defined intervals—similar to those created by a rotary-dial telephone. See figure 9 for an illustration of pulse dialing.

The circuit for TELDIL is shown in figure 10. Put simply, the circuit opens and closes a relay to generate

(FRONT VIEW)

Figure 8: Two wires are connected to the

5-pin DIN plug for the cassette port. Shielded wire is preferable, but any wire will suffice.

pulses, which are then transmitted to the telephone line through a special Data Access Arrangement (DAA) required by and available from the telephone company. The TELDIL

170 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 310 on Inquliv card.

The Grappler^*^ is the moiiiPintelligent Apple interface available. Simple commands from the Iceyboard or user program, are all you need to dump screen graph ics to your printer. The Grappler's exclusive EPROM chip makes high resolution graphics that easy. There are Grappler versions to accommodate the Anadex, Epson Series * IDS Paper Tigers, Centronics 739, NEC 8023, C. Itoh Pro-writer, Okidata 82A,* Malibu 200, and future graphic printers.

'Requires Graphics Upgrade.

mm

*]i*r- ■ill*

mm

i_rn_j

MAKE BREAK

4 PULSES REPRESENT DIGIT "4"

Figure 9: Standard rotary dialing outputs a series of evenly spaced pulses to represent the digits 0 through 9.

+ 6V

CASSlOUT

RADIO SHACK MINI RELAY 1275-004)

FROM

TELEPHONE DATA ACCESS ARRANGEMENT

Figure 10: The telephone-dialing circuit uses an operational amplifier to trigger a small relay. The relay opens and closes the telephone line through the Data Access Arrangement to simulate a rotary-dial pulse.

"INTERDIGIT" DELAY OF 830 ms

jj MAKE

BREAK

61,5 ms

h—100 ms/PULSE (10 PULSES/sec)

Figure 11: TELDIL breaks the circuit for 38.5 ms. Pulses are spaced at 100-ms intervals, representing 10 pulses per second. An interdigit delay of 830 ms separates the pulse trains for each digit.

B = VARPTR (A$) B POINTS TO

LOCATION

OF A$

50io

«10

Z80 ADDRESS FORMAT LSB.MSB

DISIT" 1 DieiT= 2

DIGIT" 1

DIGIT = 6

TERMINATOR IS NOT ASCII

Figure 12: BASIC passes a painter to TELDIL. The pointer references a list of ASCII digits representing decimal values; the list is terminated by any non-ASCII value, e.g., binary 0.

relay is driven by an LM3900 operational amplifier (op amp), which in turn is driven by the TRS-80's CASSOUT line.

Whenever the CASSOUT output level is greater than or less than 0 V, enough current flows through the 220-Q resistor to turn on the LM3900, bringing the output on pin 5 to 0 V. This closes the relay and breaks the connection to the DAA. The diode (Radio Shack's lN4000-series diode, catalog number 276-1102) across the relay coil is necessary to prevent high-voltage "spikes" from the inductive load of the relay coil from damaging the LM3900.

The software for TELDIL is also a relocatable assembly-language program that interfaces to BASIC (see listing 4). Although the version shown here uses a delay loop for the Model I, there is enough "leeway" in the constants to use the same code for the Model III as well. The "make/break" rate for digits is limited to 10 pulses per second for most telephone systems. The circuit is broken for about 38.5 milliseconds (ms) for each pulse, and then made for 61.5 ms, as shown in figure 11. Interdigit delay is about 830 ms. These delays can be adjusted for faster dialing on an experimental basis.

BASIC passes a pointer to TELDIL in the USR call. The pointer references a string of ASCII decimal digits, such as "17145551212." Any number of digits can be used. The last byte of the string is a non-ASCII digit, such as binary 0 (see figure 12).

TELDIL uses two loops. The outer loop from lines 250 through 480 picks up the ASCII digit from the string, tests it for valid ASCII decimal codes of 0 through 9, converts the digit into a stream of 1 through 10 pulses on the line, and increments the string pointer. It also delays 830 ms for the interdigit delay.

The inner loop at lines 330 through 430 pulses the line for each digit. The line is broken by outputting binary 01 to port OFF hexadecimal and then delaying 38.5 ms. The line is then reconnected for 61.5 ms. The number of pulses is held in the B register, and the DJNZ repeats the loop for the number of pulses required.

172 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

BEAUTIFUL PROGRAMMING

WTTH THE BRIDGE 3C ' COMPUTER,

Develop two programs fkir the time of one.

Sounds too good to be true? With the new BRIDGE 3C Compiler System you can easily do it! This new fully integrated BRIDGE system is designed for the professional who needs a powerful computer for software development. Our 3C System includes Pascal, C, and ... a completely structured FORTRAN compiler package. What's more, you utilize the full 256 K of memory with MEMDISK ™ and overlay linker

Check the capabilities it offers, and plan to make your work more pleasant and productive with the BRIDGE 3C.

UNIQUE SOFTWARE

• CPM 2.2 enhanced by Cache BIOS ™ performing disk buffering, and MEMD7SK,™ virtual disk, speeding operations 4 to 10 times.

• Operating utilities and diagnostics (all source code included).

• Interrupt driven console with type-ahead buffering.

• BMATE ™ screen oriented text editor/word processor

• R80 ™ RATFOR preprocessor, FORTRAN compiler, true overlay linker and symbolic debugger for fast structured application programming.

• Enhanced FORTRAN library, including. . .

STRLIB^" string manipulations subroutines, system function calls, EASYPAK™ math library including vector and matrix operations, and an extensive scientific library.

• Pascal-Z ™ generating efficient ROM-able and reentrant Z-code. Pascal package includes S Wi4r ™ symbolic debugger and overlay linker.

• C compiler generating assembly language source code.

3C, MEMDISK, BMATE, R80, STRLIB and EASYPAK are trademarks of

BRIDGE Computer Company, Division of Sea Data Corporation

Cache BIOS, SWAT and Pascal-Z are trademarks of Ithaca InterSystems, Inc.

INTEGRATED HARDWARE

InterSystems mainframe including . . .

• Powerful 1 Mbyte memory management system.

• 256 K of memory including parity check (expandable to 1 Mbyte).

• Two serial ports plus four parallel.

• Dual 8" double sided, double density floppy disc drives with DMA disk controller for fast data transfer

• S-100 Bus follows IEEE 696 standards.

• Complete prioritized interrupt system.

• Choice of Zenith or Tele video terminal.

EXTENSIONS - OPTIONS

FPP - System calendar, 3 interval timers, one additional serial

port, and a 9511 Floating point processor with complete

software interface. ROM - EPROM development package including programmer

and dual port memory for emulating 2716's. GRX - High resolution graphics package. AD - Hardware and software drivers for 16 channels A-D

converters (30kHz throughput) and 4 channels D-A

converters. MEM - Additional 256 K memory.

HD - Hard disk drive (30 Mbyte) with interface and all necessary software updates.

And what about support? BRIDGE offers monthly seminars (BRIDGE User Group) plus 90 day hardware warranty and software support, wath optional 2-year extension. If you need a truly professional computer, start thinking about the BRIDGE 3C Compiler System. For complete information and prices, call us at (617) 244-3203 or write today.

k 1 Computer Company

. DIVISION OF SEA DAEA CORPORAHON ONE BRIDGE STREET NEWTON, MASS. 02158 U.S.A.

Circle 59 on inquiry card.

Listing 4: TELDIL is a Z80 subroutine to simulate a rotary telephone dialer.

OlA'AUi

iiJVi 1 \£jVj

ORG

9000H '

;♦****«««*♦»«**♦*»♦«****«**«*♦♦*»*»♦»«♦♦♦♦«»*«*♦«»****«*»

;» TELEPHONE

DIALER. DIALS

ANY NUMBER OF DIGITS FOR »

00130

;* ROTARY-TYPE PHONE THROUGH CASSETTE PORT. ♦

00140

ENTRY:

HL=> STRING OF ASCII DECIMAL DISITSi TERM- ♦

00150

i *

INATED BY NON

-ASCI I *

00160

EXIT:

AFTER NUMBER

HAS BEEN DIALED «

00170

i #♦*«*♦*»*»*««*»♦«♦»«*♦♦♦«*«#♦♦♦♦♦*♦♦«*♦«**»»»#*♦*#«♦««»*

00180

0604

00190

Dl 0 ctr

EG'U

097C

00200

WAITl

EQU

2460

;10 PULSES PER SECOND

7B14

00210

WAIT2

ESU

30740

!S30 MS INTERDIGIT

9000

CD7F0A

00220

TELDIL

CALL

0A7FH

;GET ARGUMENT IN HL

9003

^5

PUSH

HL

;MOVE TO IX

DDE 1

00240

POP

IX

SIX POINTS TO STRING

9006

DD7E00

00250

TEL005

LD

Ai(IX)

?GET NEXT DIGIT

9009

D630

00260

BUB

30H

900B

2002

00270

JR

NZ1TEL010

!60 IF NOT 0

900D

3E0A

00280

LD

Ai 10

;0-USE 10 PULSES

900F

3828

00290

TEL010

JR

C,TEL090

iRTN IF LT 30H

9011

FE0B

00300

CP

11

;TEST FOR GT 10

9013

3024

003 i0

JR

NCiTEL090

;RETURN IF GT 10

9015

47

00320

LD

Bi A

;# OF PULSES IN B

9016

3E01

00330

TEL020

LD

Ai 1

!0N CODE

9018

D3FF

00340

OUT

<0FFH)iA

iTURN ON RELAY

901 A

210406

00350

LD

HL,PULSE

iDELAY CONSTANT

901D

0E00

0C1"^6I71

LD

Ci 0

;RETURN FLAG

90 IF

1819

00370

JR

DELAY

;DELAY

9021

3E02

00380

TEL030

LD

A, 2

;OFF CODE

9023

D3FF

00390

OUT

(0FFH)>A

;TURN OFF RELAY

9025

219C09

00400

LD

HL,WAITl

;BETWEEN PULSE DELAY

9028

0E01

00410

LD

C, 1

;RETURN FLAG

902A

1S0E

00420

JR

DELAY

!DELAY

902C

10E8

00430

TEL040

DJNZ

TEL020

SLOOP IF MORE PULSES

902E

21147B

00440

LD

HLiWAIT2

SBETWEEN DIGITS DELAY

9031

0E02

00450

LD

C.2'

;RETURN FLAG

9033

1805

00460

JR

DELAY

!DELAY

9035

DD23

TEL050

INC

IX

;BUMP STRING POINTER

9037

IBCD

00480

JR

TEL005

SLOOP FOR NEXT DIGIT

9039

C9

00490

TEL090

RET

;RETURN TO BASIC

00500

; DELAYS 24.

81*CNT IN MICROSECS + OVERHEAD

903A

2B

00510

DELAY

DEC

HL

!DECREMENT DELAY COUNT

903B

ED5F

00520

LD

A. R

3TIME WASTER

903D

ED5F

00530

LD

A, R

iTIME WASTER

903F

7C

00540

LD

A,H

STE8T HL

9040

B5

00550

OR

. L

9041

20F7

00560

JR

NZiDELAY

SLOOP IF NOT DONE

9043

CB49

00570

BIT

l.C

STEST FOR RTN PNT 2

9045

20EE

00580

JR

NZ,TEL050

!G0 IF RTN PNT 2

9047

CB41

00590

BIT

0,C

STEST FOR RTN PNT 1

9049

20E1

00600

JR

NZ>TEL040

SGO IF RTN PNT 1

904B

18D4

00610

JR

TEL030

SRTN PNT 0

0000

00620

END

Listing 5: A BASIC program to demonstrate telephone dialing via the TRS-80 cassette port. The DATA statements contain the machine-language codes of the TELDIL subroutine.

40 REM SAMPLE TELDIL DRIVER . 60 A=0:B=0:C=0:A$=""

80 DATA 205, 127, IB, 229, 221, 225, 221, 126, 0, 214

100 DATA 413, 32, 2, 62, 10, 56, 40, 2'34, 11, 48

120 DATA 36, 71, 62, 1, 211, 255, 33, 4, 6. 14

140 DATA 0> 24i 25, 62! 2i 2,111 235:. 33> 156i 9

160 DATA 14, 1, 24, 14> 16, 232, 33, 20, 120< 14

180 DATA 2, 24, 5, 221, 35, 24, 205, 201, 43< 237

200 DATA 95, 237, 95, 124, IBl, 32, 247, 203) 73. 32

220 DATA 238, 203,, 65, 32, 225, 24,212

24.0 CLEAR 500

260 DEFUSR0=&H9000

280 FOR 1=36864-65536 TO 36940-65536 300 READ a:POKE IiA 320 NEXT I

340 INPUT A$: A«=A«+CHR»(0) 360 EJ=VARP1R(A*)

380 C=PEEK(B+1)+(PEEK(B+2))»256 400 A=USR0(C-65536) 420 GOTO 340

DELAY is a simple time-delay routine that delays 24.81 /ts times the HL count. To keep the code relocatable, DELAY is not entered via an ordinary CALL, which would have a nonrelocatable address, but is called with a code for the three return points.

Listing 5 shows the machinelanguage code of TELDIL incorporated within a BASIC program. In this case, it is moved to 9000 hexadecimal, but it could be relocated to any convenient area in memory. The ASCII string is INPUT and a CHR$(0) is concatenated to the string for the terminating character.

VARPTR is used to find the string location. Make certain that VARPTR is used immediately before the USR call because string variables move. The "C-65536" adjusts for addresses in the upper 32K bytes of RAM; for a 32K- or 48K-byte system, this would normally be the area in which string variables would be located. String variables within a BASIC program line, however, have addresses that represent the location of the program line, and the argument in the USR call must be adjusted accordingly .

Constructing the TELDIL Circuit

TELDIL uses the project board discussed earlier (see TONOUT). The components are connected as shown in figure 13. Power-supply voltage should be more than 6 V; the relay shown will not work well with a 5-V supply. The cassette plug is connected as shown in figure 8.

A Serial Driver

Our third project using the cassette output is an RS-232C output port that can be used to drive a serial printer, modem, or other serial device. Standard rates of 300, 600,1200, and 2400 bps can be selected with 10 bits per character.

RS-232C signals appear as shown in figure 14. A voltage level below — 3 V represents a 1 bit; a voltage level above -|-3 V represents a 0 bit. Although the number of bits in a transmission varies, a common convention used with the TRS-80 is shown in figure 14.

174 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

As your business grows.

grow with

Our new HORIZON computer lets you make beautiful music.

HORIZON® is our multi-user system that supports up to five simultaneous users at a cost per user that is the best in the industry.

With it, you can use up to five terminals performing word processing, accounting activities and information man agement—in perfect harmony.

Two packaged systems are avail able—the TSS/5, a 5Mb version and the TSS/18, an 18Mb version. Solo HORIZONs can expand to duets, trios, quartets or quintets with North Star's TSS/A Application System or North Star's TSS/C Multi-user CP/M®

When you purchase the HORIZON multi-user system, you receive worldwide service, support and the most widely used small business computer in the world. (There are some 30,000 HORIZONs conducting

The North Star logo and HORIZON are trademarks or refiistered trademarks of North Star Computers. Inc. CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research. Inc © 1981. North Star Computers, Inc.

business around the world.) To find out how you can orchestrate your own kind of beautiful music, clip and mail this coupon, or call TOLL FREE 800-447-4700. (Illinois 800-322-4400.) North Star Computers, Inc. 14440 Catalina St., San Leandro, CA 94577 USA (415) 357-8500 TWX/Telex (910) 366-7001

Yes, I'd like more information on North Star^ multi-user system performance.

NAME

COMPANY

ADDRESS

CITY

STATE

ZIP

PHONE

FOLLOW THE STAR Jfe^

iNoithSlari

circle 300 on Inquiry card.

BYTE April 1982 175

Authorized Dealers For:

W/St HEWLETT mLUM PACKARD

Rockwell International

^^npphz'oompubQf

DISKETTES

DYSAN DISK MEMOREX DISK

CORVUS DISKS

Winchester Disk in 5, 10, and 20 megabyte.

CONSTELLATION DISK NETWORK OMNINET MIRROR

MODEMS

NOVATION CAT NOVATION D-CAT HAYES SMARTMOOEM

MONITORS

SANYO MONITORS

9" Sanyo green screen 12" Sanyo B/W 12" Sanyo green screen 13" Sanyo Color

XEROX

commodore

PRINTERS

NEC SPINWRITERS-We have

all models ROthruKSR. NEC 3500 Spinwiriters—33

cps, hardware word processing package, bi-directional 370,000 character ribbon and much more. NEC 7700 Spinwriter—55

CPS, printer; pitch is 10, 12, and also new 15 and proportional spacing. Twin sheet feeder and word processing package.

INTEGRAL DATAIDS PRISM PRINTER-Afford

able COLOR copy. True four color technology Ship from stock! IDS 560 Matrix Printer—

14V2 paper, 132 col. graphics.

■ ID Day Free Return — No Questions Asked

■ Choose From Largest Product Line In Industry

■ Imnnediate Shipment From S Multimillion Stock

■ Expert Service

■ Technically Knowledgeable Sales Staff

■ Serving Industry And Education Since 1971 NO ONE ELSE HAS IT ALL

Call Our Experts For Immediate Configuration Service

COMPUMARWiiS^d

65BentStreet. Dept. 104

PG Box 568, Cambridge, MA 02139

TELEX: 921401 COMPUMART CAM

800-343-5504

In Mass call 617-491-2700

if you prefer, call our Ann Arbor Michigan store

[3133 994-6344

WRITE:

YOUR CHOICE OF FREE CATALOGS WITH LETTERHEAD OR BUSINESS CARD

SOFTWARE

PERSONAL SOFTWARE

Visi-Pack—Includes Visi-Calc, Visiplot/Visitend, Visifile. Visicaic-For HP, APPLE, COMMODORE and ATARI.

MICRO CATALOG

The most complete catalog of micro computers, peripherals and accessories.

DEC LSI-11/

PDP-11

CATALOG

Includes compatibles from Control Data, C-ITOH and others.

ccishffzr

0^

9^

BEST WORD PROCESSIIMG IIM THE WORLD-WAIMGWRITER

Compumart is proud to announce the addition of Wangwriter to our product line. The finest word processor in the world. The Wangwriter is actually four products in one—a typewriter, a word processor, a CP/M personal computer, and an intelligent terminal. You'll find these outstanding features on the Wangwriter:

• Dual disk

• Up to ISSK memory

• CP/M

• Advanced word processing

— Math, merge, sort and auto pagination

• 75 pages of text on each SV^" disk

• Supercalc

• Communications option

— Connects to RS232 interface -Or Wangnet.

It's no wonder that Wang, with 65% of the shared logic word processing market is the number one company in the field. When you think of word processing, think of the Wangwriter. You could free up to 20% of your secretary's time! And when you need a typewriter, CP/M computer, and an intelligent terminal, think of the \)Vangwriter too. Call Compumart today for configuration help.

PHONES; open eST Mon,-Thurs. 8:30-7:00, Fri. 8:30-6:00. PURCHASE ORDERS: Accepted from Dun and Bradstreet rated companies—shipment contingent upon receipt of signed purcliasB order,

SALE PRICES: Valid for month of magazine date only—all prices subject to change without notice. ANN ARBOR RETAIL STORE

HOURS: Tues.-Fri., 11:00-7:00, Sat. 10:00-5:00, closed Mon.

HELP IS COMING FOR ALL PERSONAL COMPUTER OWNERS:

Stop going broke buying software and hardware to find out it's not what you wantt

The Personal Computer Owners Directory can eliminate a lot of wasted time and aggravation. Through the use of the directory, you can become aware of people In your area and nationally who have the same system or interests. Find out what is worth buying before spending your $$$$. The directory will be listed by cities and interests (e.g.) Games, business, art, robotics, education, etc.)

To have your information listed and place your order for the Directory, SEND $19.95 ppd (check or money order) plus the following:

Name, Address, Computer Type, Interests, will you help others, are you willing to trade inforrnation?

Plus any other vital information.

If you want your name entered, but do not wish to receive a directory, send $1.00 and the above info.

The directory will be open for listings until May 1, 1982, at which time it will go to print.

MASS. residents add 5% sales tax.

PERSONAL COMPUTER OWNERS, INC.

P.O. BOX 426 FEEDING HILLS, MASS. 01030 ^ (413) 789-1555

TO CASSETTE PLUG

NO

NC

RELAY

COIL

COIL

COM

RADIO SHACK 276-175

EXPERIMENTER SOCKET

WIRING DIAGRAM (SEE FIGURE 6)

TO

TELEPHONE DATA ACCESS ARRANGEMENT

Figure 13: The TELDIL circuit is mounted on a project board. The relay leads can be trimmed, "built-up" with solder, and pushed into the project-board holes.

-10 BITS/CHARACTER TYPICAL.— CHARACTER SHOWN IS ASCII "1"

-START BIT =0 1 0 0

+ 3 TO +15V (0 LEVEL)

y////////J^////y^////4///////^^^^

-3 TO -15V (1 LEVEL) ^

-3V TO +3V SIGNALS

NOT RECOGNIZED

STOP BIT

Figure 14: Logic is inverted in standard RS-232C signals. A 1 is represented by a negative voltage; aObya positive voltage. Voltage levels from —3 to +3 Vwill not be recognized as legitimate values.

178 April 19B2 © BYTE Publlcatioia Inc

VVESTICO-The Software Express Service that really delivers:

IIIIISOFTWARE

IIIIIIFOR

IIIPROFESSIONALS

The day is fast approaching when computers will be as commonplace OS the office water cooler. The Westico software specialists offer a variety of programs to meet the needs of the professional looking for efficient solutions to a variety of tasks. In addition to quality software, you can count on the Westico experts for help and advice, Here's just a sample of the more than 150 quality programs currently in stock:

MicroGANTT — Sophisticated project planning system which uses Critical Path Method analysis. Interactively defines tasks which comprise a project and displays a Gantt chart of the resulting plan. Budget costs and work hours are also calculated and displayed automatically An entire project can be included in a more global project as a single task. All data is easy to modify and con be displayed or printed. Available for IBM Personal Computer and CP/M compatible computers. $395/$25. PTA — Professional time accounting for billing based on time. Maintains client master files, work in progress files, employee history files and detailed job files. Produces detailed accounting reports for management. $595/$40.

MILESTONE'" —Critical Path Method project management. Displays and prints project plan in a summary cost/time table, by task or as Gantt charts. Project assumptions are easily revised to make "What if?" analyses. $295/$30. STATPAK — Statistics software library in Microsoft BASIC. Performs probability calculations, one independent variable statistics, discrete distribution functions, continuous distribution functions, regression analysis, means testing, survey data/contingency tables, non-parametric statistics and analysis of variance. Includes plotting and file management modules. $500/$40.

LEGAL BILLING AND TIMEKEEPING

— For low offices with up to 25

attorneys and a total of 35 timekeepers (including paralegals, secretaries, etc.). All time and expenses ore distributed to client accounts or other designated overhead accounts. Produces monthly client review sheets and ready-tomail itemized bills. $895/$40. SUPERCALC ■ — Makes it possible to manipulate numeric data quickly and easily. Spreadsheet simulator lets you examine and alter numbers and text within a grid that can cover up to 63 columns and 254 rows of data. Produces hardcopy reports. $295/—.

MINIMODtiL"' — Financial planning tool. Does big financial planning jobs at micro prices for cash flow projections, financial forecasting, venture analysis, project planning and risk analysis. Models limited only by disk space. Report content and format totally under user control. $495/$50.

MICRO-TAX— Provides the tax practitioner or serious investor with an in-house computerized tax planning and preparation facility Level 1 for individuals $250, level 2 includes state tax interface $1000, level 3 includes partnership forms $750.

TARGET'" Planner — Interactive modeling and planning program. Features include matrices up to 1000 elements and IF, THEN, ELSE, GREATER and LESSER conditionals. Commands for MINIMUM, MAXIMUM, AVERAGE and SUM, $195/$25.

fc'T Interchange — Enables TARGET Planner to read and write from and to other data bases. $139/$15.

TARGET Task — Integrates the procedures of Performance Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) and Critical Path Method (CPM). Manipulates a project schedule to reach a desired completion date, or predetermined expense budget, $329/$25.

The Westico 24-Hour Computer Hotline (203) 853-0816 (300 baud) for detailed information and quick access ordering. _

• Westico has more than 150 programs for professionals and businesses that use o wide variety of microcomputers including: TI?S-80 Model II, Apple, Vector Graphic, Cromemco, North Star, Micropolis, Ohio Scientific, Altos, Dynobyte, IBM, Intertec, Xerox, Zenith, Northern Telecom, AVL Eagle and more.We're working hard to be your software company.

COD, MasterCard arid VISA accepted. Prices do not include stiipping and ore subject to change. In CT add 7V2% sales tax. All sales final.

Manual price may be credited toward purctiase of software.

Dealer inquiries invited. WES-45

Copyright © 1982 Westico. Inc.

4 WAYS TO ORDER

• Write Westico, Inc., 25 Van Zant Street, Norwalk, CT 06855.

• Call (203) 853-6880.

• Telex 643-788.

• Dial-up our 24-hour computer (300 baud) (203) 853-0816.

WESTICO

The Software Express Service

25 Van Zant Street • Norwalk, Connecticut 06855 (203) 853-6880 • Telex 643-788

Circle 480 on inquiry card.

Each byte to be transmitted occurs at asynchronous, or irregular, times. The line is normally at a 1 level. A start bit leads the output and signals the receiving device that data are coming in. Eight data bits follow, with the least significant bit first. A

stop bit puts the line at the 1 level after transmission, in preparation for the next character.

The spacing for the 10 bits depends upon the transmission rate. Rates of 300, 600, 1200, and 2400 bps (bits per second) represent "bit times" of

3.333, 1.666, 0.833, and 0.416 ms, respectively.

The chief problem now is to convert the low voltage levels of CASSOUT into the two RS-232G voltages. This is done with an LM741 comparator, as shown in figure 15. The supply voltages used with the comparator are +6 to + 12 V and —6 to —12 V. Batteries will work fine, and the voltages are not critical.

The voltage-divider input to the plus (" + ") input of the LM741 is biased at about (220/15000) X V+, where V-l- is the positive supply voltage. This puts the plus input at about 1/10 V for a +6-V supply, or about 1/20 V for a +12-V. The output of the 741 will be -6 to -12 (1 level) whenever CASSOUT is greater than the plus input level, and -|-6 to +12 V (0 level) whenever CASSOUT is less than the plus input level.

BASIC initializes the port controlling CASSOUT to binary 00 (0.44 V), and so the TD (transmit data) line at reset is normally —6 to —12 V. By toggling the CASSOUT line at the appropriate rate, you can generate the RS-232C signals,

SEROUT (see listing 6) is a relocatable assembly-language program called from BASIC by a USR call. Two parameters are passed: the byte to be transmitted and the transmission rate to be used. The byte can be any value from 0 through 255. If seven data bits are to be transmitted (as in data-communications applications), make the eighth bit 0.

SEROUT first picks up the transmission-rate code and puts it into the HL register pair. The code is a delay count for the DELAY subroutine. The byte to be transmitted is moved to the D register.

Line 260 turns on CASSOUT to generate a start bit. A delay of one bit time is then done. The loop from lines 320 through 410 outputs the eight data bits, from least significant to most significant. A 1 bit is generated by sending a 01 to port OFF hexadecimal, and a 0 bit is generated by sending a 10. A duration of one bit time is used for «ach bit.

A stop bit is generated in line 430 after the eight data bits. This leaves the TD line at the 1 level in prepara

+ 6V TO +12V +6V TO +12V

CASSOUT nz>

,^START BIT = 0 8 DATA BITS

TD

jikxxxxxxxl!

J- »«• SGND *

"7 STOP BIT = 1^-^

-6V TO -12V

Figure 15: The SEROUT project uses an operational amplifier to generate a positive and negative voltage representing RS-232C data signals, Any convenient positive and negative voltage may be used.

Listing 6: SEROUT is a Z80 subroutine to perform RS-232C output through the Model I/lII cassette port.

00100

om

9000H

00110

;**********#********«*********************#####*##*###**

00120

SERIAL OUT

THROUGH CASSETTE

PORT.

00130

i* ENTRY!

H=BYTE TO BE

TRANSMITTED

00140

;«

L=BAUD RATE!

300

=201.600=100.1200=51.

00150

;*

2400=23 (MOD I)/ 230,115.

00160

; *

58.

26 (MOD III)

00170

i« exit:

AFTER OUTPUT

00180

i♦♦*«♦**»♦*♦»»»♦♦♦♦**»»»♦♦»♦*♦*«♦»♦*♦»«»♦«♦♦♦»♦»»»»«♦***

00190

90130

CD7F0A

00200

SEROUT CALL

0A7FH

;GET PARAMETERS

9003

54

00210

LD

D, H

;MOVE DATA TO D

9004

2600

00220

LD

H, 0

;HL NOW HAS DELAY CNT

9006

E5

00230

PUSH

HL

;TRANSFER CNT TO lY

9007

FDEl

00240

POP

lY

9009

3E02

00250

LD

A>2

!START BIT

900B

D3FF

00260

OUT

<0FFH),A

SOUTPUT

900D

FDE5

00270

PUSH

lY

5 DELAY CNT TO HL

900F

El

00280

POP

HL

9010

0E00

00290

LD

C.H

5FLAG FOR RTN

9012

1820

00300

JR

DELAY

iDELAY ONE BIT TIME

9014

0608

00310

SER040 LD

B>8

;SETUP DATA BIT LOOP

9016

3E02

00320

SER050 LD

A, 2

50 BIT TO A

9018

CB3A

00330

SRL

D

;SHIFT OUT DATA BIT

901 A

3001

00340

JR

NC,SER035

;G0 IF DATA BIT=0

901C

3D

00350

DEC

A

;DATA BIT=1

901D

D3FF

00360

SER055 OUT

(0FFH)>A

iOUTPUT

901F

FDE5

00370

PUSH

lY

■DELAY CNT TO HL

9021

El

003B0

POP

HL

9022

0E01

00390

LD

C, 1

;flag for RTN

9024

180E

00400

JR

DELAY

;DELAY

9026

10EE

00410

SER060 DJNZ

SER050

SLOOP IF MORE BITS

9028

3E01

00420

LD

Ai 1

SSTOP BIT

902A

D3FF

00430

OUT

(0FFH).A

iOUTPUT

902C

FDE5

00440

PUSH

lY

!DELAY CNT TO HL

9a2E

El

00450

POP

HL

902F

0E02

00460

LD

0.2

;FLAS FOR RTN

9031

1801

00470

JR

DELAY

!DELAY

9033

C9

00480

SER070 RET

iRETURN TO BASIC

00490

; DELAYS 14.6*CNT IN MICROSECS

(MOD I) + OVERHEAD

9034

2B

00500

DELAY DEC

HL

iDECREMENT DELAY COUNT

9035

7C

00510

LD

A.H

STEST HL

9036

B5

00520

OR

L

9037

20FB

00530

JR

NZ,DELAY

;LOOP IF NOT DONE

9039

CB49

00540

BIT

11 C

;TEST FOR RTN PNT 2

903B

20F6

00550

JR

NZ> SER070

;G0 IF RTN PNT 2

903D

CB41

00560

BIT

01 C

STEST FOR RTN PNT 1

903F

20E5

00570

JR

NZ.SER060

iSO IF RTN PNT 1

9041

18D1

00580

JR

SERO40

SRTN PNT 0

0000

00590

END

180 April 1982 © BYTE Publicattons Inc

tion for the next start bit.

The DELAY subroutine is called by relative jumps with a return flag to keep the code relocatable.

Listing 7 shows a sample BASIC driver that contains the machine code for SEROUT as DATA statements.

The code is relocated to start at 9000 hexadecimal. For demonstration, an ASCII 0 is continually output at a user-specified rate.

The actual BASIC code to be used depends a great deal upon the application. If you are using SEROUT

Listing 7: A sample BASIC driver for the SEROUT subroutine. The DATA statements contain machine-language codes for the subroutine. This program outputs a continuous stream of ASCII zeros.

110

J ;-:0 i:50

I A0 150

J 60 I /H

iBia

190 200

;• 10 :-:--B

23B 240 250

REM SAMPLE SEROUT DRIVER DATA 205, 127, 10, 84, 38, 0, DATA 2, 211, 255, 253, 22'^, 22 DATA 6, 8, 62. 2, 203. 38. 48.

.i^:::>. 14, 0, 24, 1, 61, 211

DATA 255, 253, 227, 225, 14, 1, 24, 14, 16, DATA 62, 1, 211, 255, 253, 229, 225, 14, 2, DATA 1, 20J, KU 124, 181, 32, 251, 203. 73. »ATA 246, 20;.), 65. 32, 229. 24. 209 FOR 1=36864 TO 36930 READ A:POKE I-65536.A

ne:xt I

DEFUSR0=&H9000 INPUT "RATE?"!RT CH=4a

B=USR0(CH*256+RT) SOTO 240

62

J38

24 32

TO

CASSETTE PLUG

+6V TO + 12V

RADIO SHACK 276-175 EXPERIMENTER SOCKET

Figure 16: The SEROUT circuit is mounted on a project board. Two sets of powersupply connections are required.

MIcroGANn is a sophisticated project planning system winich uses Critical Patli Metirod (CPM) techniques and PERT to determine tasi< dependencies and project completion dates. The user creates tasl<s, assigns costs and defines task dependencies. The interactive system immediately redisplays the project plan as data is entered, Projects are displayed as Gantt charts, labor time summaries and financial summaries.

IVlicroGANTT features: l= : Time scale of days, weel<s, months, quarters or years can be varied at any time to present more or less detail. ■ Accommodates unlimited number of tasks in a project plan. 17? Detailed sub-projects can be included as tasks in a project model. : Assumptions are easily modified to make "What if?" analyses. ■ Single key-stroke commands page through tasks and calendar of events on display screen. W Single key-strokes sv\/itch the display from Gantt chart to labor time summary to financial summary. '" Partial allocation of manpower to tasks. Partial completion of prerequisite tasks. ■ All charts, reports and plans con be printed.

Available for IBM Personal Computer and CP/M compatible computers. Software and manual $395. IVlanual alone $25.

''■ - ''^'-^ order;

• Write Westico, Inc., 25 Van Zant Street, Norwalk, CT 06855

• Call (203) 853-6880

• Telex 643-788

• Dial-up our 24-hiour computer (300 baud) (203) 853-0816

copyright © 1982 Westico, Inc. WES-44

WESTICO

The Software Express Service

April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 181

tgEC

CABLE

FROM

SEROUT

CIRCUIT

TIE THESE PINS TOGETHER

RD

GND

SGND

4 5 3 6 8 20 7

Figure 17: / connected an NEC Spinwriter to the SEROUT circuit with two wires and some "jumper" interconnections on the Spinwriter side. Other RS-232C devices will require similar connections.

as a printer driver, you'll have to make certain that the printer can accept characters at the rate you'll be transmitting. This is usually not a problem except on carriage return/line feeds where the print mechanism is busy for relatively long times as the carriage returns. If a character is output during this busy condition, it may be disregarded and lost.

The bit-delay times shown are

values obtained by trial and error with the real-time clock active. You may have to adjust these on an experimental basis, depending upon your system. Output a line of characters continuously at different bit rates. Find the high and low values at which you start to lose characters and choose a midpoint value for your standard bit rate. For high bit rates, turn off the interrupts using DI and EI as described in TONOUT.

Constructing the Electronics

Figure 16 shows the project-board layout for SEROUT. Two sets of power-supply leads connect to the positive and negative supplies. The TD line and ground connect to the serial device.

The serial device may require other signals to be tied high to simulate a "ready" condition. Again, this depends upon the device and can't be detailed here. A typical connection to an NEC Spinwriter is shown in figure 17.

The projects presented here show what can be done with the cassette output port on a lowly 16K-byte TRS-80 Model I without an expansion interface. I'll cover transmission in the opposite direction—CASSIN— in another article. Perhaps by then the breeder reactor program will be working for CASSOUT. Hmmm . . . I keep getting these "Coolant Temperature Critical" indications. . . . ■

Expand Your IBM Personal Computer

O Memory Expansion Board.

Datamac's Expansion Board offers 4 TIMES the amount of memory offered by the IBM PC. Configurations can be set at 64K, 128K, 192K and 256K bytes. Board can be upgraded at 64K capacities.

O Winchester D/sIr System.

Priced 30% lower than competitive systems, Datamac's Winchester Disk System is housed within the IBM chassis and Is easy to install directly Into the floppy disk slot.

The Datamac Memory Expansion Board for the IBM Personal Computer Is available through participating Computerland Dealers. Peripheral Products Division, eSO AImanor Ave., Sunnyvale, CA 94086, (408) 73S-0323

182 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 137 on inquiry card.

IT TAKES A HOT COMPUTER

TO RUN NON-STOP IN A DEEP-FREEZE

Smoke Signal's Chfeftain"^" computer series; Tlie Icind of tougli reiiabiiity you need today on your business team.

Chieftains are preferred by discerning buyers when extra performance has to be delivered under less-than-ideal operating conditions. The Uack record this computer has achieved in hundreds of demanding installations worldwide is proof that a Chieftain can meet any challenge your business environment has to offer.

ft

H

li

B

Seiect from a family of field-proven systems.

Chieftains range from floppies to tliis 5V4-inch Winchester hard disic system with 20-megabyte tape streamer option.

It's available with the new OS-9 Level I and II, nuilti-iiser, UMIX comparable operating system for mainframe-like perlormance.

6809-based Chieftains deliver six montlis of continuous operation at Arctic Circle

Two Chleflalits accompanied an Adak research expedition during the frigid winter of 1981. The computers fulfilled a vital support roie for an earthquake prediction study. In sub-zero temperatures, rain, snow, ice and lulnd-driuen weeds and dusi, the e.\-traordinary Chieftains — supported by Smo/te Signal's factory-based staff — proved they loere up to the challenge.

Chieftains are so cost-effective and advanced, they obsolete most other systems available today at any price.

Whether you select an upward-compatible 5Vt- or 8-inch floppy disk system, or S'A- or 8-inch hard disk configurations of 4- to 60-megabyte capacity, you'll receive Chieftain's widely acclaimed quality — plus value that makes your dollar go a lot further. Smoke Signal's huge software array begins at comprehensive business programs, and expands Into esoteric applications for rare and specialized tasks.

Here's a .sampling of the latest additions to the Chieftain hard disk computer systems that are destined to change the way you think about data processing:

□ THE CHICmiN 95W4

4-megabyte, 5'/t-iiich Winchester with a 360-k floppy di.sk drive

□ THE CHIEFTAIN 98W15

15-niegabyte, S'-vinch Winchester with a 1 megabyte 8 inch floppy disk drive

□ THE CHIEFTAIN 95XW4

4-megabyte, S'A-inch Winchester with a 750 k octo-denslty floppy disk drive

□ THE CHIEFTAIN 9W15T20

15-megabyte, 5'/»-inch Winchester with a 20-megabyte tape streamer

WRITE OR CALL TODAY FOR DETAILS OM THE TOTAL CHIErTAIN SERIES ... AMD OM DEALERSHIP OPPORTUMITIES STILL AVAILABLE Smoke Signai Broadcasting • 31336 Via Colinas, Westlake Village, CA 91362 • (213) 889-9340

I

SMOU SOAL

Chieftain Computers

For dealers only, circle 375 All other Inquiries, circle 455

Name.

Title .

Company . Address —

City_ State

.Zip.

Telephone

Because we put what you want into it, you get what you want out of it.

We unwrapped our package for you, bit by bit.

It's all here. And you're looking at it.

From the 8088 microprocessor and the Macro Assembler that give you speed and capacity to the RS232C interface that gives you the world.

All told, no other personal computer offers as many advanced capabilities. Read all about them in the Technical Reference Manual available at your IBM Personal Computer dealer.

Software? IBM Personal Computer DOS. The UCSD p-System. Plus a documented set of our device driver routines. For high level languages, exactly what you want. Enhanced BASIC in ROM. Pascal. FORTRAN. But our software story is still being written.

Maybe by you.

If you're interested, start by writing to: IBM Personal Computer Software, Dept.765, IBM Corporation, Armonk, New "Vbrk 10504.===

The IBM Personal Computer

circle 200 on inquiry card.

The Input/Output Primer

Part 3: The Parallel and HPIB (IEEE-488) Interfaces

An introduction to two common interfaces between computers and other devices.

This article is the third in Steve Leibson's six-part series, The Input/ Output Primer. The series describes problems involved in communications between computers and the outside world and explains how some of these problems have been solved. The three remaining articles will discuss BCD and serial interfaces; character codes; and interrupts, buffers, grounds, and signal degradation. "An I/O Glossary," which defines many terms used in these articles, appeared with the series' first installment (February 1982 BYTE, page 122).

Last month, in addition to describing interrupts and DMA (direct memory access), I presented general information about interfaces. In this article, I'll examine two specific types of hardware interfaces: the parallel and the HPIB or GPIB (IEEE-488) interfaces (see Robert Katz's review of the Hewlett-Packard Interface Loop, page 76).

First, however, let's briefly review why these interfaces are necessary.

Steve Leibson Auto-Trol Technology Corporation 12500 North Washington St. POB 33815 Denver, CO 80233

As information-processing machines, computers require paths for raw data to enter and for processed information to exit. A common computerdesign technique is to create one universal path leading both into and out of the processor. That path is the

Data Inversion occurs In software, not In the Interface.

I/O (input/output) bus.

This concept simplifies computer design but introduces a complication: whatever the design of the I/O bus, the computer will be incompatible with many I/O devices. Some older devices use different signal levels; other devices have different data formats. Most devices will be slow enough to degrade the computer's performance seriously if it must wait on every data transaction.

The complication is solved through the use of interfaces, which act as transformers of voltage levels, data formats, and transaction speeds, In

terfaces enable the computer to communicate with a vast array of peripheral devices.

The Parallel Interface

Simple peripherals often have interface requirements much like those of the computer's I/O bus. Data is transferred over a set of data lines (usually 8); a signal line indicates when the next chunk of information is ready. On a second signal line, the peripheral indicates its readiness to accept another piece of data.

This type of interface is a parallel interface, so named because the data lines are parallel, and multiple bits of data are simultaneously transferred in parallel. The HP 98032A is a parallel interface designed for HewlettPackard's 9800-series computers. The I/O bus described in earlier installments of this primer was taken from the 9800 computer. I'll use the 98032A 16-bit interface as an example of parallel interfacing.

Keep in mind that the I/O bus has 16 bidirectional data lines. Data is handled in 16-bit chunks and flows

186 AprU 1982 ® BYTE PubllaUoiu Inc

THE FORMULA™ allows the computer professional to

focus on the most important part of business: the needs of the client. Customized systems for any business application can be created in a fraction of the time required by conventional methods.

Interactive data entry, file updating, and maintenance routines are automatically generated from a definition of the fields.

Reports can be created through a unique full screen editor simply by typing asample

format.

Menus and job streams are defined through a preprogrammed parameter-driven procedure.

Fast response time is insured because each routine can be interpreted directly by the computer and data management is controlled by an efficient ISAM algorithm.

THE FORMULA™ is a complete system language which brings the process of developing applications closer to the user's description of his needs. That's THE FORMULA™ for success.

Disk and manual, $595. Manual only, $60.

THE FORMULA™ will run on any 8080 or Z80 computer with CP/M,* 48K RAM, 300K total disk storage, and a CRT

DMA • WE SPEAK YOUR LANGUAGE.

THE FORMULA™ For Success can help you build systems. Now, the General Accounting System, created with THE FORMULAJ" is available at no extra charge.

The General Accounting System includes:

• General Ledger: Journals, Trial Balance, Income Statement, Balance Sheet, etc.

• Accounts Payable: A/P Journals, Checks,

Aged Payables, Vendor Report, etc.

• Accounts Receivable: A/R Journals, Aged

Receivables, Customer Statements, Customer Activity Report, etc.

In addition, two new optional packages have been developed for use with THE FORMULA™:

Professional Time Management $80 Label Option Pak $80

Manager's Billing Report, Employee Name Inversion, Multiple Up Labels,

Production Report, Client Invoices, etc. Customized Label Size and Format, etc.

Circle 150 on Inquiry card.

DYNAMIC MICROPROCESSOR ASSOCIATES • 545 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10017 • (212) 687-7115 We ship prepaid and COD orders. Shipping & handling charges extra: $5 UPS areas; $7 non-UPS areas, Mexico, Canada; $10-*- elsewhere. MasterCharge and VISA accepted. New York State residents add appropriate sales tax. *CP/M Is a trademark of Digital Research.

Circle 210 on inquiry card.

Main/Frames

• 30 Models of Enclosures

• Assembled and tested

• Quosl-Coax Motlierboards

• Power Supply

• Card cage and guides

• Fan, line, cord, fuse, power & reset switct>es

8" Floppy Main/Frame

8" Disc Enclosure

Phase/80 8" Floppy Mainframe

Pt)ase/80 Desk + Mainframe

Write or call for our brochure which includes our application note: "Building Computers — A Recipe"

INTEGRAND

8620 Roosevelt Ave. • VIsalla, CA 93291 209/733-9288 We accept BankAmericard/Visa and MasterCtiarge

16

TO

BIDIRECTIONAL PERIP

ECTIONAL (~\

OUTPUT REGISTER

u

u

7^

■A 0U1

V LIN

TPUT ES

16

16

-p \ INPUT /' P 7 INP

_L / REGISTER \, ^-J i LIN

STROBE • I/O FLAG STATUS

7^

tPUT

CONTROL CIRCUITRY

DATA LINES

^ PERIPHERAL ADDRESS LINES"

Figure 6: Block diagram of the Hewlett-Packard 98032 parallel interface. The parallel interface consists of registers and buffers. One register is for output, the other for input. The 32 unidirectional lines can be used as one set of bidirectional lines. If a peripheral has a bidirectional interface, these two sets of lines can be connected to form a bidirectional peripheral bus. Control circuitry in the interface accepts information from the computer and then sends the information to the peripheral. The same control circuitry can also, at the request of the computer, request information from the peripheral, then signal the computer when the information has been acquired.

over these lines either into or out of the computer, but not in both directions at the same time.

The 98032A interface splits the I/O bus into two sets of data lines: 16 output lines and 16 input lines (see figure 6). This configuration is more compatible with unidirectional peripherals. Excess lines are left unconnected. Out of 32 data lines, only 8 might be used by a unidirectional, 8-bit peripheral.

As mentioned above, interfaces sometimes serve to transform the signal voltage levels used on an I/O bus to those required by a peripheral. Our sample I/O bus uses TTL (transistor-transistor logic) levels, meaning that a low logic level is represented by a voltage between 0 and + 0.7 volts (V). A high logic level is represented by a voltage between + 2.0 and +5.5 V. The input lines of the 98032A parallel interface connect to TTL circuitry in the interface, so TTL levels are required from the

peripheral. The data output lines of the 98032A are driven by transistor circuits that can withstand +30 V for a high level. The low level is still between 0 and +0.7 V for TTL compatibility.

Remember that when discussing logic signal lines, only two signal levels are allowed. One level corresponds to a logic 1 and the other to a logic 0. If the higher voltage corresponds to a logic 1 and the lower level to a logic 0, the signals are said to be positive-true. If the lower voltage level corresponds to a logic 1 and the higher voltage to logic 0, the signal is called negative-true.

To sum up:

1. I/O bus lines are the conductors used to transfer data between the computer and the interface.

2. Interface input and output lines are the conductors used to transfer data between the interface and the peripheral.

188 April 1982 © BYTE PublicaHons Inc

IBM'S DOS or CP/M-86?

Confused about operatins system options for your IBM Personal Computer? HAVE IT BOTH WAYS WITH LIFEBOAT S, CP/EMULATOR™. CP/EMULATOR solves the problem by permitting you to use all the software written for IBM's PC for both DOS and CP/M-86.

This high performance, low cost DOS utility allows you to fully integrate and mix programs. You can use a DOS editor to write a program,

compile it under a CP/M-86 compiler and execute the finished application under DOS.

CP/EMULATOR extends the scope and capacity of all of your software. With CP/EMULATOR, CP/M-86 programs run quicker with faster file access than with CP/M-86 itself.

Additionally, your program will enjoy all the other DOS advantages, such as large file size, dated directory displays, and more. The DOS peripherals are already installed and DOS commands are fully available. The package even contains a utility program to transfer programs and data files from a CP/M-86 disl<^iet® a standard DOS diskette.

NO NEED TO LEARN A NEW SET OF UTILITIES

AND COMMANDS;

NO NEED TO END UP WITH TWO INCOMPATIBLE SETS OF DISKEHES; NO NEED TO SPEND HUNDREDS OF DOLLARS ON CP/M-86, WHEN CP/EMUL^TOR COSTS S75.

NO NEED TO WONDER WHICH OPTION IS FOR YOUR IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER.

PMATE: Editor-in-Chief

Perform miracles of manipulation on your keyboard with Lifeboat's PMATE.

This new generation text editor is the most sophisticated text editor available today and is bristling with features previously

unavailable on microcomputers, making it ideal for virtually any program or data file editing.

PAAATE's command set includes full screen single keystroke editing, horizontal scrolling, automatic disk buffering, macro command language,, text formatting, expression evaluation, conditional branching, I/O with prompting, and other programming language constructs. PAAATE makes use of 11 buffers for storage, and includes commands permitting work on more than one text at a time. Unique to PMATE is the facility for user customization. Keystroke functions can be redefined, and sequences can be programmed to directly execute macros. Video commands can be changed, and macro functions can be written, to emulate any other editor with which you may be familiar. PMATE provides full side-scrolling, and can be used with virtually ANY video terminal on the market. IF you use an editor, you need PAAATE.

PMATE is the only text editor you'll ever need.

PMATE-86 is available for IBM's Personal Computer DOS, 56-86^^ and MS-DOS™. Also available is PAAATE for SB-80 and other CP/M-80<ompatible operating systems.

Lifeboat Worldwide offers you the world's largestlibrary of software from its offices in the U.S.A., U.K., Switzerland, France, West Germany and Japan.

For more information, send tO:

Lifeboat Associates

1651 Third Avenue New York, New York 10028 Tel: (212) 860-0300 TWX: 710-581-2524 (LBSOFT NYK) Telex: 640693 (LBSOFT NYK)

2101

SB-80 and SB-86 are trademarks of Lifeboat Associates PMATE and PMATE-86 are trademarks of Phoenix Software Asso. Ltd. MS-DOS is a trademark of Microsoft, Inc. CP/EMLUjMOR is a trademark of Lifetraat Associates. CP/M-80 and CP/M-86 are reaistered trademarks of Digital Research, Inc. This ad was dcsisned by DocuSet™. Copyright © 1981, by Lifeboat Associates

LIFEBOAT HAS THE ANSWER

(la)

Input Registers

Register Code

Function

R4

Ua Let II l|JU L

R5

Interface Status

R6

High Byte Data Input

R7

(Not Used)

(lb)

Output Registers

Register Code

Function

R4

Data Output

R5

Interface Control

R6

High Byte Data Output

R7

Data Transfer Trigger

Table 1: Interface definitions for the 98032A parallel interface. Table la defines the input registers, and table lb defines the output registers.

Register Architecture

I stated earlier that each interface would have a unique address oi\ the I/O bus and would be selected by the

peripheral address line on that bus.

Each interface is divided into registers that are individually addressable by means of a register code. The register

model divides the interface into eight different registers. Four of these are output registers that take data from the computer (the computer outputs to them). The other four are input registers, supplying data to the computer (the computer gets input from them).

Let's now assign a function to each

of these interface registers. The 98032A interface uses the definitions shown in tables la and lb.

R4 registers are the primary means of data transfer between the computer and the interface, and in turn, the peripheral. The R4 output data register is directly connected to the output signal lines of the 98032A. The R4 data input register is connected to the interface input lines. The R6 input and R6 output registers allow the 98032A to be used as two 8-bit interfaces instead of one 16-bit interface. The R6 registers read or control the upper eight data lines when the interface is in the byte mode, that is, when the interface is handling data in 8-bit

Olympic Sales

^ SERVING YOU SINCE 1947

Company

CABLE:"OLYRAV LSA

Main Showroom & Offices: 216 So. Oxford Ave.

Los Angeles, CA 90004 Telex: 67 34 77

We carry i lirge inventory of sohware, & accessories

TexQs Instruments

TI.QQ/AA fulltvpmritir-stYlikeyboiid, II SSiyf* U/L aw » more!

Home Computer

$329.95

10" Color Monitor 319 J5

R F Modulator (TV Adapler) 38.95 Peripheral Expansion Box" . RS-232 Card"

Disk Controller Card"

EKpansion Box Disk Drive Card" Memory Expansion Card" (RAM) P-Code Card"

Solid Stale Speech'" Synthesizer Telephone Coupler (Modem) RS-232 Accessories Interlace' Disk Drive Controller' (One Disk Maragei m with eacn Disk Conuoiieij 229.50 P-Code Peripheral' 314.00 Disk Memory Drive 368.50

Solid

State Primer

194.00

298.95

136.00

194.00

Memory

299.00

Expansion'

234.00

(32K RAMI

194.00

288.95

114.50

169.50 169.50

WE HONOR VISA and MASTERCHARGE

VISA

SANYO MONITORS 13"color w/RGB hi res 1295.00 995.00 13 " Coloi high quilily [ibO 00 419 95 12" Gieen phosphoious 360 00 259 95 12" Black & while 340 0 0 239.95 15" Black & white 370 00 199.00 9" Black 8i while ?35 00 169.95

ORDER DESKS open 6 days a week! 7:00 am to 7:00 pm Mon thru Sat Order Desks: (213) 739-1130

TOLL-FREE TOLL FREE

(outside Calif.) (within Calif.) 800-421-8045 800-252-2153

Pricn shown are for mall or phone orders; Wiik-iii iliglitlY hiiiher.

Goods subject to availability; OSC will meet or beat almost any advertised price as long as the competition has the goods on hand: not responsible for typographical errors; prices & specifications subject to change without notice; this ad supercedes all previous ads min shpg & hndig SS.9S;Send $2 for 112-pg catalog I

TI S? Prog, scientific 39.95 TI'SSC 480 step prog. 89.95 TI.59 960 step prog."169.95 '(also Free $60 value Tl library coupons with purchase thru

June 15,1982) PC'IOOC Print/plotter 149.95

InvnI. Aiulvn MJS Bus. (^rd TI'MAili. LCQScienajS 31JS na-l NEW MJS MSA LCD Progiammar SI.9S 54JS

mm COMPUTER

Xerox

820 1 i%" Disk Drive $2995.00 $2399.00 820-2 8" Disk Drive 3795.00 2799.00 Mmy initable options-call! ImmnHm Dolivery

AMDEK(Leedex) Quality Monitors

300 0 12" Green IB MHl 249 00 199,95 Color I 13" Color, NTSC comp. input, 449 00 339,95 Color I113" RGB hi res

1195.00 799.95

.■l—I 1196,00 7!

hpsonr

m X 500.00 $3i

Paper Tiger

445 895.00 599.00

445G graphics 894.00 699.00

4B0 995.00 799.00

4S0G graphics 1094.00 899.00

560 1295.00 999.00

560G graphics 1394.00 1099.00^

PAPER TIGE R-New Prlsm Printer for Apple Computers Imimdiate prints in 3-4 zone colors Retail Your Cosi lltlhlMY- 132column 1996.00 1795.00

80 column 1196.00 999.00

MX 70 -L 500.00 $349.95 MX SOwgraftrax 700.00 449.95 MX SOFT 745.00 599.00

MX 100 995,00 749.00

Optional graftrax chip 89.00

Wim/Appla softwiro (« must) 58.95

ATARI Color

Video TV Game Programmablei

Your Cost: *139'^

Retail $225 00

iNtElUViSiON

STOCI^'

$229.95

MATTEL INTELLIVISIDN Most •nimited TV game Large nlection of cartrlilges

HealliSSlS.OO

HEWLETT PACKARD

HP125 HP 85 A HP.82903A HP.7225B (opt. 020) HM7G0IA

64K CPU/Terminal/Keyboard Computer

16K Memory module GRAPHIC PLOTTER (option 885) Adrls USASCII high density print (Option 0851 PERSONALITY MOO a MUST for HP-7225B Printer, dot mtrx (ask for optns} 80 col printer, dot matrix Letter quality prter, daisy wheel Dual master (256KB disk drive) 2x8" disk HP.9895A-010 1 x 8" disk HP-9134A 4.6 Mh Winchester" HP-9135A Winchester + 5%" floppy* HP-9138A Winchester -^ 8" (loppy*

*Hafd disks avail. April '82 Graphics Tablet 9111A

Retail Your Cost

S2750.00 1999.00

2750.00 1999.00

195.00 174.95 2750.00 150.00 750.00

1999.00 139JS

mas

HP.2631B HP82905A HP.2601 A HP.82901M HP-9895A

3950,00 945,00 4600,00 2600,00

2995,00 755,00 3399,00 1999,00

6830,00 4499.00

4500.00 3499.00

4400,00 3496,00

5500,00 4299.00

8600.00 6599.00

2050.00 1699.00

HP41CV 325 00 249.95

Card Reader for 41CV 215.00 169.95 Printer for 41CV 385.00 294.95 Quad Ram 95.00 64.95

Optical Wand for 41 CV 126.00 99.95 HP 41C Calculator 250 00 188.95 Memory mod. for 41C 26.95

Accessoiiei tot HP-41CV

HP-82180A HP-IL Inteiface Module (multipart)

HP 97 Piogrmble printer 750 00 579,95

HP 34C Ptogrmble scient 150 00 117,95

HP 3BC Ptogrmhiehus R/E 150 00 119 95

HP 32E Advanced screnl 55 00 48.95

HP 37E Susrness managemi 75 00 58 95

HP-11C Adv prog scien LCD 130.00 114.95

HP-12C Adv prog (inan LCD 150.00 129.95

Reuil Your Cost

125.00 107.50

HP-82161A Digital Cassette Drive (131K or 18K regliteis per ass) 550.00 HP-82162A New printer/plotter, right 8i left justification, on/oR 4SS.00

switch & stand by witch; thermal printer. HP-82180A Extended function/memory modulelavail. Spring) 75.00 HP.B21B1A Extended memory module (aviiL Spring) 7S.00 HP-821B2A Time module (avail. Spring) 76.00

4SS.9S 409JI5

HP-7470A High-speed color Graphic Plotter w/lnterface

RetBihSlSSO.OO Your a,Sf. $12B9.00

6B.9S

Ba.95

HP-IL Accessories Retail Your Con

HP-82I76A Data mini-casttttas (10 pac) 95.00 99.95 HP-82I67A .5 meter HP-IL cable . 12.00 HP-B21E7B 1 meter HP-IL cable 15.00 HP-82167D 5 meter HP-IL cable 20.~~

We carry a complete rnventory of Libraries, accessorres & supplies.

ATARI'

Immediate Delivery!

COMPUTERS

Model Retail Your Cost

800 16K 1080.00 689.95

800 48 K 1280.00 789.95

BID Dlskilrive 600.00 469.95 Atari VisiCalc 200.00 169.95

825 Impact Ptr 1000.00 779.95 SUPER SPECIAL-ATARI 400 (16K) Retail:$595.00 Your Cost: 319.95 400 Lang, lard opt. $49.95

APPLE

COMPUTERS Apple II49K+

Disk w/controller Disk w/o

Pascal language system Graphics tablet Silentype Family System Apple III 128K Profile 5Mb

Retail Your Cost SI 530.00 $1139.00 645.00 549.00

525.00 495.00 795.00 395.00 2495.00 3495.00 3495.00

459.00 389.00 669.00 339.00 1999.99 2995.90 279S.00

Software & accen. at similar discounts

190 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 303 on inquiry card.

Circle 99 on Inquiry card.

Invest in Your Children's Future Send Them to CQinPlJTER CfllTIP

Computer Camp makes learning fun! Your children will spend three hours per day zooming through basic BASIC, sailing through PASCAL, or tinkering with ROBOTICS in our electronics lab.

Following formal instruction, your youngsters will have the opportunity to spend up to three hours of "free-time" on the computers. For the advanced computer camper we offer assembly language. Advanced Electronics and Artificial Intelligence.

FACTS

• Who attends:

Girls and Boys, 7-16 years.

• Program:

Learn to program in BASIC, PASCAL and other languages. Complete Electronics Lab, Artificial Intelligence, ROBOTICS, Graphics, and a complete recreational program.

• Locations:

Santa Barbara, CA; Lake Tahoe, CA; Cape Cod, MA; London, England.

• Price:

$795 per child, per session.

• Dates:

Two-week sessions beginning June 13 and ending August 20, 1981.

There is a complete recreational program that compliments the academic schedule ... swimmi^ng, tennis, sailing, fishing, hiking, field sports, group activities, day and overnight pack trips, and more.

At Computer Camp, we have been teaching children how to program microcomputers for several years now and we would like to use this experience to help your children grow mentally and physically.

Give your children a fun-packed summer they'll always remember. Invest in their future by making a reservation at COMPUTER CAMP, now.

DEALERS

Computer Camp application and Information "packets" are available at /our local computer dealer. (Dealer Inquiries are Invited.)

SOFTWARE

Computer Camp, Inc. has a v^^lde variety of educational software available for sale. We v^lll also market your software. Call today for more details.

ADULTS

Now there Is a computer training program designed especially for adults. Learn while having fun! Call Computer Camp for complete details.

We're the original Computer Camp as featured on The Today Show on NBC, in the Wall Street Journal and the Los Angeles Times.

Computer Camp Cape Cod

c 1982 Computer Camp, Inc.

» 805*969-7871 80O235-6965

1235 Coast Village Road, Suite G, Santa Barbara, California 93108

California Computer Camp

R5 Input Register (Interface Status)

Blt#: 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Bit Name: INT DMA 1 0 IID lOD STIl STIO

Table 2a: R5 input register. This register contains interface and peripheral status information.

R5 Output Register (Interface Control)

Blt#: 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Bit Name: INT DMA RESET AHS X X CTLl CTLO

Table 2b: R5 output register. This register is used to control the interface and peripheral devices.

units instead of 16-bit units.

When the computer places data in the R4 output register, the pattern of that data appears on the output signal lines. However, when the computer reads the R4 input register, the data reflects only the contents of the R4 input register; it may not reflect the current state of the interface input lines. (To clarify this difference, I'll look closely at how the interface communicates with a peripheral. First, however, I'll finish discussing the remaining registers.)

Control and Status Registers

The computer uses the R5 input

and R5 output registers to control the interface and to read the interface and peripheral status. The R5 input register contains several pieces of important status information. Only the lower 8 bits of this register are used. The meanings of these 8 bits are listed in table 2a.

The INT and DMA bits are used for interrupts and direct memory access, both of which were discussed last month. Bits 5 and 4 are interface identification bits. The 10 pattern (bit 5 set to 1, bit 4 set to 0) identifies the 98032A interface as a type 2 interface (10 is 2 in binary). Software in the computer uses the interface ID bits

(bits 3 and 2) to decide how to communicate with the interface. The proper software driver must be selected to operate the interface. Other types of interfaces have different ID patterns and call for different drivers.

Computer software can also use the IID and lOD bits. IID stands for invert input data; lOD stands for invert output data. These bits allow the computer to interface with peripherals using either positive-true or negative-true signals. The IID and lOD bits are set with jumper wires in the 98032A interface.

It's important to note that data in

THE BETTER BOARD

SB-80 Single Board Computer

^rJ.fe?StegJ!- . Z-80-A

64K RAM

99

r iilly Asseniblecl iiiicnestnd

Si/TB 16x13' Same as 2 8" floppy drives. Requires •5V 15 Amp •5V 10 Amp ■ 12V 1 5 Amp

$695.

00**

CONSTflUCTION

• Sockets for all integrated circuits.

• SO pin connector allows access to system lor future expansion.

PROCESSOR

• Z80A with 4 MHZ system clock with no wait states.

MEMORY

• 64K of 200ns dynamic HMH is standard 4116 IC's

• Parity protectionis standard.

ROM

• 256 bytes bootstrap ROM

2 PARALLEL l/O'l 2 SERIAL l/O'l COUNTER TIMERS FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER

OPTIONS:

• Character video board 80x2'ttor use with black and white monitor using a stand alone

keyboard $215.00

• Winchester Host Adapter board forShugarlSA-IOOOorCorvusHard Disk Includes cables $315 00

• Stand alone keyboard and cable plugs i nto computer board for 80 x 24 video option , $190.00

18"Wx19"Lx8"H

CPU - DISK DRIVE CABINET ACCOMMODATES:

• SB-80 • BRI2000

• DIGITAL RESEARCH The Big Board "

• OTHER SINGLE BOARDS

Metal cabinet with proportionately balanced air flowconvection cooling AC power cord connector; lighted power switch; Fuse assembly; 0L65 Dual drive power supply (Will also power single board CPU) All hardware included to mount 2.8" disk drives Includes space area to mount any single board computer Fully assembled and tested

SB - ... Cabinet Kit $646.00

SB- Bare Cabinet $145.00

SS/OD DISK DRIVE SYSTEM

SB Assembled tested with 2.8"

drives $1425.00

OD/DD DISK DRIVE SVSTEM

SB Assembled tested with 2.8" drives

. $1850.00

8'FLOPPY DISK DRIVES

Single Sided/Double Density Double Sided/ Double Density

Shugart80O/801R S395 00.2/5780.00

Shugart850/851R S590 00,2/$1170 00

CP/M-22&BI0S

CP/M' 2.2 & BIOS modified by S & M systems to run on single board is available lor $200.00

HOVIf TO ORDER Phone orders using American Express. Visa. MasterCharge. Bank wire transfer. Cashier's or Certified check. Money Order, or Personal check (allow 10 days to clear) Please add 5% for shipping, handling and insurance minimum $500 00 Conn residents add 7 5% sales tax All equipment is subject to price changes and availability without notice. All equipment is new and comes complete with manufacturers warranty Showroom prices may differ from mail-order advertisement

' CP'U isa irademaik ol Digilai Reseaicn Coip ■■ 110 4 piece domeslic U S piice

(203) 268-2524 • Telex: 956014

Colonial Data Services Corp.

105 Sanford Street Hamden, Conn. 06514

192 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 89 on Inquiry card.

Circle 37 on Inquiry card.

ALPHANUMERIC or GRAPHIC?

If high resolution required, inslall BMC color/green monitor in your system.

RGB Interface Board for

Apple-ll is available now.

BM-12A

I Phosphor CFfT leo Signal Linfis

BM-1400CLU

13" Composite Video Signal 40 Char. X 25 Line8

BM-1401RGB

13" RGB Separate Video aignal 6X7 Dots,40 Char, X26 Lines

BM-1402RQB

13" RGB Separata Video Signal 5X7 Dots, 80 Char. X 25 Lines

BMC USA, INC.

L06 ANGELES

20610 Manhattan Place Suite 112, Torrance, CA, 90501

T.^lev 1^38641 BMC USA TRNC Phonf ?1 "^-''-Cn-nnRn, QBRI

NEW YORK OFFICE

450 Barell Avenue, Carlstadt, N.J. 0707;

TrIpx- 1:13?;'I RMC NYrARI. Phoiifj- :

I/O BUS FLG LINE

PCTL

CONTROL CLEAR

CONTROL SET BUSY

PFLG

READY

INTERFACE

ACKNOWLEDGES

REQUEST

COMPUTER REQUESTS TRANSLATION

PERIPHERAL

ACKNOWLEDGES

REQUEST

REQUEST FULFILLED

Figure 7: Representation of the handshake between the HP 98032 parallel interface and a peripheral device. When the computer requests a transaction, the interface uses the FLG line on the I/O bus to signal the computer that it's busy. Then, the PCTL (peripheral control) line is set to request an operation by the peripheral. Later, the peripheral acknowledges the request by setting the PFLG (peripheral flag) line to busy. When the peripheral completes the transaction, it sets the PFLG line to ready, causing the interface to lower the I/O bus flag line and thereby tell the computer that the transaction is complete. This sequence governs both input and output. Direction lines between the computer, the interface, and the peripheral determine the direction of the transaction.

version occurs in software, not in the interface. The computer may choose to ignore these status bits for certain classes of I/O operations. Other interfaces may implement data inversion in hardware so that, if selected, the inversion will always occur.

The two remaining bits in the interface status register, STIl and STIO, are status inputs brought out on two signal lines. The peripheral can call on these for any user-defined function. Unlike the R4 input register, the STIl and STIO bits reflect the current state of the STI signal lines.

Interface control is through the R5 output register. Table 2b lists the bit pattern for this register. The INT and DMA bits are used in the interrupt and direct memory access modes mentioned earlier. The RESET bit is used to place the interface in the initial power-up state. It can also be used to reset the attached peripheral to a known state if the peripheral has a reset input. I/O processes often stall, for example, when the printer runs out of paper or a disk drive door is left open. A reset capability allows the computer to change its mind and stop what it has started.

The AHS bit enables auto-hand

shake. When this bit is set, the datatransfer trigger (R7 output) isn't needed. This characteristic is convenient for high-speed transactions and is habitually used with DMA. Bits 3 and 2 are unused in the R5 output register.

CTLl and CTLO are general-purpose control bits. These register bits are connected to two signal output lines and can be used to control the attached peripheral device. A signal over these output lines can be given to latch a printer door shut while printing is taking place.

Peripheral Handshaking

Note that the R7 output register is called the data-transfer trigger. When used in conjunction with the R4 input and output registers, the data-transfer trigger forms a handshake mechanism that synchronizes the fast computer and the slower peripheral.

Placing data on the output lines or reading the levels on the input lines connecting the interface to a peripheral device isn't sufficient for smooth data flow. A set of signals indicating "new data available" and "ready to accept data" is needed.

These signal lines are called hand

shake lines. The interface and the peripheral each control a handshake line. The meaning of the signal for each line depends on the direction of data flow. If the computer is sending through the interface to the peripheral, the line controlled by the computer means "new data available." The line controlled by the peripheral would then signify "ready for new data." If the data flow is reversed, the signal meanings are also reversed.

Let's call the line controlled by the interface the peripheral control (PCTL) and the line controlled by the peripheral the peripheral flag (PFLG). With the addition of these two lines, the foundation is laid for discussing the handshake mechanism.

Data Output

Output is simpler than input. As has been mentioned, the computer can set the state of the interface output lines by placing information in the R4 output register. The handshake is started when the computer performs a write to the interface's R7 output register.

The interface recognizes the datatransfer trigger and responds by changing the state of PCTL from "clear" to "set," which indicates to the peripheral that "new data is ready" on the interface's output lines. The peripheral is expected to acquire the data now. The peripheral responds to "new data ready" by changing PFLG from the "ready" to "busy" state. This means the peripheral is busy accepting the data.

From the time the computer performs the R7 output register write until the time the peripheral returns to a "ready" state after processing the data, the interface is busy carrying out the transfer. It's extremely important that the computer not change the R4 output register during this time. Otherwise, there's no way to tell what data the peripheral will get. For this reason, the interface and the computer also have a handshake mechanism. While the interface is busy sending the information to the peripheral, the interface indicates this situation to the computer on the interface flag line. Figure 7 illustrates the peripheral-interface handshake.

194 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Toughest Boards in Town... IEEE696/S-100. Systems too!

256 Kb Dynamic Memory

Available now from Dual Systems: DMEM/ 256 memory boards. Put the most density of memory ever available on your IEEE/ S-100 bus. Get industrial-grade quality with this ruggedly built board: it's been burnedin for 168 hours.

□ FULL 256 Kb on a single board.

□ Two independently addressable 128 Kb blocks.

□ Runs in 8 MHz system.

□ Runs at 4 MHz bus speed (no wait states).

□ Runs in 8 or 16-bit systems with 8 or 16-bit wide data paths.

□ Extended 24-bit addressing.

□ Parity error or detection-generates either interrupt or bus error signals on error.

□ DMEM/256KP (Parity)... S1345

Static Non-Volatile Memory

The Dual Systems CMEM memory boards combine high speed CMOS memories with new 3-10 year lithium batteries to give you the nonvolatility of an EPROM board while retaining the instant writability of a high-speed read/ write RAM.

□ Runs at 6 MHz (no wait slates).

□ 8 or 16-bit with 8 or 16-bit wide data paths.

□ Extended 24-bit addressing and bank select.

□ CMEM/32K... $895

□ CMEM/16K ... S795

□ CMEM/8K ... S695

Non-Stop Clock

Keeps time with power off. Our industrial clock utilizes a new lithium battery for 3-8 years use. Easiest clock to program you1l ever see. Runs in all S-100 systems.

□ Year, date, hrs., mins., and sees.

□ Uses new LSI CMOS chip.

CMEM/32K

A/D Converter

IEEE696/S-100 AIM-12 industrial standard module designed for industrial analog-todigital use.

□ Runs in all S-100 systems.

□ 32-channel, 16-differential.

□ 12-bit resolution/accuracy.

□ 25-microsecond conversions.

□ Instrumentation amplifier.

□ BASIC program provided.

□ AIM-12 w/1-1000 gain transducer amplifier... S785.

□ AIM-12B... S695.

D/A Converter

AOM-12 IEEE696/S-100 industrial level digital-to-analog (D/A) converter.

□ 12-bit ± 1/2 L.S.B. accuracy over full 0-70°C temperature range.

□ Outputs 0-10, ± 5, or ± 10 volts.

□ Short circuit protection, all outputs.

□ Switch-programmable for multiple boards.

□ AOM-12: S575.

VIC 4-20

Standard output for industrial control 4-20 mA D/A converter. Used in conjunction with the D/A board.

□ VIC4-20,S445

A new and powerful computer has been born... the System 83. The versatile UNIX* operating system pilots the System 83's raw power through a myriad of software such as "C", FORTRAN, PASCAL, BASIC, COBOL, and even Networking. Step into a bold new frontier with more power than you ever dreamed possible.

□ UNIX V7 configured by UNISOFT" □ Full IEEE 696/S-100 Compalabillty □ MC68000 8MHz Processor □ 32-Bit Data Operations ^ with 32-Bit Internal Registers □ 16-Bit Data

Transfer Operations □ Memory Management Allows Concurrent Use of Mapped and Nonmapped Address space □ 16 Mb of Main Memory Directly Addressable □ 7 Vectored Interrupt Levels □ 256 Kb of RAM with Parity Per Board Slot * UNIX is a trademark of Bell Laboratories and is supported on the

DUAL System 83 by UNISOFT •"UNISOFT is a trademark of UNISOFT Corporation of Berkeley, CA.

OEM and Dealer pricing is available.

DUAL SYSTEMS CORPORATION

DUAL 77 Data Acquisition and Control System

A Z-80 based system built to industrial standards, designed for severe environments. BASIC language makes programming easy. Access to hundreds of sensors. Expandability to meet your increased needs. Non-volatile memory. Power interruption recovery with automatic restart. DUAL 77 includes AOM-12, AIM-12, CLK-24, 64Kb (2-CMEM/32K), 2-SI/O ports (SIO-2) and twin 8" 1 Mb drives with CP/M* BASIC and choice of video or printer terminal: 512,495. DUAL 77C basic controller only without drives, software and terminal: 36,310.

*CP/M is a registered

trademark of

Digital Research Corp.

Sales representatives in most metropolitan areas.

system reliability/system integrity

Circle 154 on inquiry card.

720 Channing Way • Berkeley • CA 94710 • (415) 549-3854/3890 • Telex: 172029 SPX

BUYING?

You can save on computers and software using our commercial buying service. We buy wholesale for you. Our fee is one fourth of what we save you off list. We offer you:

• Access to over 500 Manufacturers • 1500 Satisfied Clients

• Leasing • Exporting Services

Examples of prices paid by our clients (including fee) are:

Computers

Adds Multivision $ 3,075,00

Addsfvlullivisionl 3,074.00

Alpha Micro 1030 12,047.00

Alpha Micro 1051 17,634.00

Altos 8000-02 2,629,00

Altos 8000-10 6,141.00

Alios 8000-15 3,585.00

Altos 8600-10 7,586,00

Apple2 + 48K 1,208.00

Archives Model I 4,700.00

CCS Series 300-1A 4,414.00

Cromemco System 1 2,946.00

Cromemco System 2 3,462.00

Dynribyle 30% OFF

IBM I'ersoiial CALL

Micromation CALL

NEC 8001A 750.00

NEC8012A 490.00

NEC 8031A 750.00

North Star Advantage 2850.00

North Star Hoz 1164KDD 2,995.00

North Star Hoz II64KQD 3,140.00

Onyx 5001 MU-6 7,350.00

Osborne CALL

Seattle System 2 3,251.00

TelevideoTS-802 2,600.00

TelevideoTS-802H 5,000.00

TelevideoTS806 5,100.00

ToshibaT-200w/Printer 4,099.00

ToshibaT-250w/Printer 5,099.00

Toshiba EW-1000/4 6,799.00 Toshil VI FW. !000'2 w Pir •'.Vf 00

Vector 2600 4,221.00

Vector 3005 6,458.00

Vector 5005 7,308.00

Wicat CALL

Xerox8205'/4 2,300.00

Xerox 820 8 " 2.900.00

Printers

Anacoml50CPS 1,112.00

C.ltohF-10 1,400.00

C.ltoh 40 CPS Serial 1,500.00

C.ltoh45CPSPar 1,675.00

C.ItohCometll 800.00

Diablo630 1,965.00

IDS 560 1,099.00

IDSPrism 132Column 1,395.00

Malibu200 2,320.00

NEC 3510 1,830.00

NEC7710R/O 2,250.00

NEC 7720 KSR 2,700.00

NEC 8023 603.00

Olivetti231 2,104.00

Oume9/35 1,795.00

Oume9/45 2,095.00

Sellem I 2,725.00

Tally CALL

Others

Anderson Jacobsen 641.25 Houston Instrument DMP-2 1,147.00 Houston Instrument DMP-4 1,460.00

Hou.stonlnstnimeninMP-7 2,077 00

For latest wholesale prices and to order Call Toll Free 800-227-2288. In California call 415-376-9020. Assembly, integration and testing also available from our service department.

Ask about our Leasing Program. We are buying agents for overseas computer dealers. EXPORT SERVICES avaUable. International Ttolex 470851.

Mastercard, VISA at 3% handling fee. Prices subject to change without notioe. Minimum lee $100. 15% cancellation fee.

THE PURCHASING AGENT

1635 School St., Suite 101, Moraga, OA 94556

Data Input

Data input from a peripheral is more complex. Three steps are involved. First, the computer reads the R4 input register to let the interface know that a data-input operation is pending. (The computer throws away the data obtained.) The interface recognizes this and indicates the situation to the peripheral with a data-direction line (this line tells the peripheral which direction the data is to go).

Next, the computer writes to R7 output, giving the data-transfer trigger. This causes the interface to go busy and to place the PCTL signal line in the "set" state, signifying to the peripheral that data is requested.

The peripheral then goes busy until it has acquired the data. It signals its busy state on the PFLG line.

After the peripheral performs the operations necessary to get the requested data, it places the data on the interface input lines and returns PFLG to the ready state. When the peripheral returns to the ready state, the transition of the PFLG signal from "busy" to "ready" causes the data on the input lines to be placed or "latched" into the R4 input register. This causes the interface to signal the computer that the interface is now ready with the requested data. The computer then performs another read from the R4 input register to get the data.

Note that the R4 input register contains the information present on the input lines at the busy-to-ready tran- ■ sition of the PFLG line. Any changes on the input lines after that transition will not be reflected in the R4 input register. Notice also that the peripheral-interface handshake for input is the same as that for output.

Some peripherals, by the way, are so simple that they can't perform a handshake. An example of this would occur if the 98032A were used to drive signal lights directly. Lights have no handshake lines. They always follow their data (power) inputs. In these instances, you can connect the PFLG and PCTL lines to each other so that the 98032A handshakes with itself. This results in 16 "latched" output lines and 16 input lines that

196 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 341 on Inquiry card.

The Guesswork Is Gone!

Thanks to Strictly Soft Ware.

Consider the care you invested in buying your computer. We've done the same for your software.

How many times have you wondered: Is the package right? The price? The service?

We've cleared a course for you to the

best software — quahty and price.

Strictly Soft Ware brings you the best in entertainment, education, performance, and price.

Take a look at the offerings below. And call now (toll-free) for our free catalog.

$19.95 SPECIALS

$19.95 SPECIALS

• Track Attack

• Red Alert

• Apple Panic

• Midnite Magic

• Space Eggs

• Sneakers

• Beer Run

• Dark Forest

• Ulysses

• Jawbreaker

• Crossfire

• Sabotage

• ABM

• Castle Wolfenstein

• Robot War

• Three Mile Island

Arcade Games

ABM

Apple-oids Apple Panic Autobahn Beer Run Bug Attack Compucube Computer Air Combat Computer Baseball County Fair Crossfire Cyber Strike Dark Forest Dogfigtit Epoch Firebird

Flight Stimulator Gamma Goblins Genetic Drift Gobbler

Golden Mountain Gorgon Hadron

Hi Res Soccer IntI Gran Prix Missle Defense Mouskattack Olympic Decathalon Orbitron Outpost Pool 1,5 Pegasus II Phantoms Five Pulsar II

Above titles are partial selection. Call for prices and catalog.

Raster Blaster

Southern Command

Magic Window

Reversal

Space Adventure

The Mail Room

Robot War

Swordthrust

The Merger

Ruski Duck

Talawa's Last Redobtd

Menu Generator

Snack Attack

Stone of Sisyphus

Micro Courier

Sneakers

Tarturlan

PES

Super Invaders

Temple of Apshai

PES Report

Star Thief

The Terrorist

Real Estate Analyzer

Space Eggs

Time Zone

Spellstar

Space War

Ulysses/Golden Fleece

Superscribe II

Space Quarks

Ultima

Super Text II

Thief

Wizard/Princess

TASC Compiler

Three Mile Island

Wizardry

Tax Manager

Threshhold

Zork

Tax Preparer

Track Attack

Business

Versaform

Trick Shot

Visiblend

Warp Attack

Accounting

Visicalc 3,3

Adventures

BPI

Continental

Visidex Visifactory

Adventures 1-12

Peachtree

Visifile

Alkemstone

Broderbund

Visiterm

Akalabelh

The Apple Speller

Visitrend/Vislplot

Adventure to Atlantis

ASCII Express

Wordstar

Castle Wolfenstein

Creative Financing

Z-80 Cards

Crush, Crumble. Chomp Cyborg

Data Capture Data Factory

Home/Personnel

Galactic Empire

DB Master

Decision Master

Lords of Karma

DB Master Utility

The Correspondent

Creature Venture

Desk Top Plan II

Diet Planning

Mystery House

Easywriter

Financial Management System II

I^Japoleon's Campaigns

Eduware

Home Money Minder

Oldorfs Revenge

Financial Partner

Mastertype

00 Topos

Graphtrix

The Prisoner

Letter Perfect

Race for Midnight

Magic Spell

VISA

We take Master Card or VISA (include card # and expiration date). Ohio residents add 5.5% tax. Include $2.00 for postage.

Send for free catalog. Prices subject to change.

Strictly Soft Ware

Post Office Box 338 Granville, Ohio 43023 order by phone 800-848-5253 in Ohio 614-587-2938

Circle 388 on Inquiry card.

BYTE April 1982 197

may be read on demand.

Most peripherals using the parallel interface use only 8 bits. This allows 256 combinations (2*) on the data lines. If these combinations are treated as codes representing characters, then 8 bits can represent numerals, upper and lower case letters, punctuation marks, and other printable characters. Most peripherals communicate this way, but there are exceptions. A floppy-disk drive may require the full 16-bit interface. Some plotters use 12 bits. Analog-to-digital converters come in

10-, 12- or 16-bit sizes. A single 16-bit interface can serve all these kinds of peripherals.

The IEEE-488 Standard Interface

Computer designers strive to incorporate the latest parts and the fastest logic in new and different configurations. In addition, designers of computer peripherals are always creating new classes of devices. The result has been a multitude of interfaces, each optimized for a single kind of computer or peripheral. Few of these in

terfaces are compatible with any of the others.

. This situation is similar to that of the American railroads during the early 1800s. Because dozens of track gauges existed, cars of one railroad couldn't travel on the tracks of another. Reminiscent of the speed with which railroads standardized track gauges, the computer industry quickly agreed on an interfacing standard, published in 1975 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). It was the first comprehensive, nearly universal interfacing standard for computers and instrumentation. The first version, IEEE Standard Digital Interface for Programmable Instrumentation (lEEESTD-488-1975) was slightly revised in 1978 and is now IEEE-STD-488-1978.

This standard defines a generalpurpose interface, one designed for instrumentation systems requiring limited-distance communications. The intent of IEEE-STD-488-1978 (hereafter, "IEEE-488") is to pin down as many variables of an interface as possible while still maintaining good flexibility and wide applicability. The interface is also defined without reference to the hardware circuitry required to implement the interface. This allows new products to take advantage of new technologies, resulting in faster and less expensive construction of instruments, peripherals, and systems.

The HP 98032A parallel interface has two separate groups of data lines: 16 for input and 16 for output. This allows interfacing to a wide variety of peripherals with varied interfaces. Devices with 8, 10, 12, or 16 data lines can be accommodated. A popular version of the 98032A has a cable with no coimector attached. The system builder must select a connector and assign the pin numbering since there are no standards as to how to coruiect this type of interface.

By contrast, the IEEE-488 standard precisely specifies signal levels (both voltage and current) and signal timings. Building a system can be as simple as removing components from their boxes and plugging them in. Intercoimection hardware is defined so that two interconnected instru

^ ★ ★ ★ FEATURING 8 and 16 BIT S-100 SYSTEMS* ★ ★

c

1 WE OFFER A WIDE RANGE OF CRTs, PRINTERS, GRAPHICS EQUIPMENT, SOFT■ WARE FOR ALL SYSTEMS. EACH SYSTEM IS COMPLETELY TESTED, 1 INTEGRATED AND READY FOR PLUG-IN OPERATION WHEN YOU RECEIVE IT. H WE TAILOR & CONFIGURE SYSTEMS TO MEET YOUR BUDGET AND NEEDS. WE 1 WELCOME YOUR REQUEST FOR TECHNICAL INFO BY PHONE OR LETTER.

OHN D. OWENS

3 CROMEMCO: Salel 25% off systems/software; 15% off boards/components.

1 SYSTEM I: Low priced small system with 5MB hard disk $5,246.

a SYSTEM I W/O hard disk.. .$2,996. Cromix multi-user systems starting at $4,713.

ASSOCIATES !

1 NEW SYSTEMS FROM IMS 2 yr warantee on boards! Intej^ated system with 1 built-in monitor, detached keyboard, SVi' drives. Systems w/8' drives, optional 10,20 1 or 40 MB Winchesters, built-in tape back up, multi-user capability (TURBODOS or 1 MP/M). Z-80, S-100 bus. Over 150 configurations to match your specific needs. On site ■ service contracts for NY tri-state area.

INC. JOHN D. O

1 SEATTLE 8086 SYSTEMS Featuring 86-D05, the IBM PC Operating System.

i System I: 8MHZ CPU set w/1 serial, 1 parallel I/O (additional I/O option) 64KB 16 bit

Li •JLaLlX. 1\/^1V1, laiUCll W!_/ (.UIILIUIICI, 1 Lil OIKJI llldil 111 al 1 ItT W / l„ VJl Is Icli 11 vUlldgt: Li calls

1 former $2,695. System II: with 128K Static RAM $3,550.

a Interfaced to dual Shugarts 801 $1,275. or dual QUME DT-8 $1,680.

WENS ASSOCIATE

1 CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS 2210A High quality, low price. Z80

1 CPU, 1 serial port, disk controller w/CP/M 2.2 64K RAM $1,650.

1 Add ottt^litei^f^M^^pic^!^ 1 parallel.

:S INC. JOI

i LOMAS DATA 8088 SYSTEMS same CPU & Operating System as IBM PC. 1 Complete LOMAS card set in TEI 12 slot mainframe, 86-DOS, dual Shugarts,

z z

p

0

i

j| GODBOUT: Complete product line now available. Discount prices.

z

w

I MAX BOX DISK DRIVE SUBSYSTEM mfg by John D. Oii^ens Assoc. Dual drive a cabinet w/regulated power supply, fan, complete internal cabling. Will hold Shugarts, H Qumes, Tandons and/or 8' Winchester, horizontally mounted. Excellent design and i engineering. 17V2 X SVi X 22. Attractive buff color.

1 W/2 Shugart 801 $1,275. W/2 QUME DT-8 dble sided drives $1,680.

ASSOCIATES INC.

1 TECMAR 8086 and Z80 Video Digitization systems 5% ofFlist.

d IBM PC boards and accessories produced by TECMAR also discounted.

JOHN I

!| GRAPHIC SYSTEM: Advertising»Architects»Designers*Package includes powerful a Interactive graphics software + MicroAngelo Graphics Subsystem + M9900 16 bit, 1 S-100 w/dual 8" floppies, + HIPAD Digitizer + Plotter $10,200.

). OWENS ,

^ PER SCI: Model 299B $2,760. Model 277 $1,495. Slim line cabinet $325.

tOGSV

3 TURBODOS: Spectacular CP/M Compatible Multi-user Operating System. Z80 J Code, interrupt driven. Up to 6X faster than CP/M; up to 35% increased disk capacity. 3 Now available for IMS, TRS 80 Model 11, CCS & Tarbell controller.

CIATES INC

1 Prices sul>icct to change without notice 1 Wrile or call jor jiee catalogue

JOHN D. OWENS Associates, Inc.

12 Schubert Street, Staten Island, New York 10305 ^ 212 448-6283 212 448-2913 212 448-6298

d

198 April 1982 © BYTE Publicatioiis Inc

ments can communicate. Their understanding each other, however, is not guaranteed by the standard.

Using the IEEE-488 standard is like using the international telephone system. You can call anywhere on earth because a compatible communications network, the telephone system, exists. Sounds you make can reach the other end of the connection, and you can hear the sounds made by the person at that other end. The hardware for communications is all in place, but there's no guarantee that you'll understand what the other person is saying or vice versa. Hardware compatability does not guarantee language compatibility.

Hewlett-Packard has an implementation of the IEEE-488 standard which it calls the HPIB or Hewlett-Packard Instrumentation Bus. HPIB is a combination of the hardware interface specified by the IEEE-488 standard and a communications technique that makes it possible for instruments to communicate with each other. The standardization also allows the system designer to communicate what's going on in the system.

The IEEE-488 standard is so general that almost any peripheral or instrument can be purchased in an HPIB version. Voltmeters, power supplies, signal generators, printers, plotters, and disk drives are only a few of the devices available. All may be connected on the same bus.

Unlike the parallel interface, which connects a single device with the computer, the HPIB interface makes it possible to connect as many as 15 devices (including the coirtputer). HPIB is indeed a bus, similar in concept to the I/O bus of the computer.

Controllers, Talkers, Listeners

Only two entities reside on the I/O bus: the computer and the interface. The computer is always in control of the I/O bus, and the interfaces are slaves, doing the computer's bidding.

Three types of devices exist on the HPIB: controllers, talkers, and listeners. These types are actually attributes and may exist alone or in combination within any given peripheral. For example, the HPIB in

terface allows a computer to be a talker, listener, and controller. A voltmeter may only be a talker limited to supplying the system with information, while a printer may only be a listener limited to accepting data from the system. Further, any of the HPIB attributes may or may not be active at a given tiihe.

Figure 8 illustrates how an HPIB system might be structured. The lines on the right of the figure represent the HPIB's 16 signal lines. The 16 signal

lines are divided into 3 groups, the first of which is composed of 8 data lines. Forming the data bus, these bidirectional signal lines carry information and messageis between devices on the bus. The second group, the data byte transfer control group, is composed of 3 lines: DAV (data valid), NRFD (not ready for data), and NDAC (not data accepted). As the names imply, this group is used to sequence the flow of information over the data lines. The 5 remaining

★ ★GREETINGS TO OUR FRIENDS IN WEST GERMANY * ★

HOUSTON INSTRUMENTS PLOTTERS Standard & Intelligent models

w/surface areas of SVz'Xll' to 11'X

17". Front panel electronic controls.

DMP-2 . . .$ 935. DMP-3 $1,195.

DIVIP-4 . . . $1,295. DMP-5 ... .$1,455.

DMP-6 . . . $1,685. DMP-7 $1,865.

HAYES MICRO MODEM 100 $359.

Smartmodem . .$251. Cronograph . .$224.

EPSON MX 80 $475.

MX80F/T $630.

MX 100 $725.

RS232 INTERFACE $70.

GRAFTRAX . .$ 95. 2K BUFFER . $140.

3M SCOTCH® Diskettes In storage box 5 box minimum, price per box.

740, 8" ss/sd $29.00

741,8"ss/dd $35.50

743,8" ds/dd $45.50

744-0, 5Vi" soft sectored or 744-10, hard

sectored, single sided $28.50

Head cleaning kit $28.00

TEI MAINFRAMES, S-lOO

MCS112 . . .$ 620. MCS 122 . . .$ 745.

RM12 $ 655. RM22 $ 790.

OEM & Qty. discounts offered

TARBELL Z80 CPU $395.

New I/O card 4S -t- 2P $347.

Double Density Controller $435.

CENTRAL DATA MULTIBUS:

Z8000 $940.

PMMI S-100 Modem $385.

Compatible w/telex & Twx. 51 to 600

baud. On board pulse dialer.

HAZELTINE 1500 $ 885.

1510 $ 980. 1520 $1,210.

ESPRIT $ 695.

1 yr. on-site serviceGontractI... .$ 49.

TELETYPE

Model 4320 AAK $1,140.

Model 43ASR, 8 level, 1' tape.. .$2,595.

MICRO ANGELO Price Lowered SUBSYSTEM W/LIGHT PEN $2,300.

Includes S-100 graphic card, 15" monitor, detached keyboard, light pen.

Without light pen $1,930.

Graphics card alone $ 975.

Screenware Pak II $ 350.

TEKEM: Tektronix emulator $ 350.

Color systems from 4 to 256 colors. Basic color system (4 colors) $2,330.

IDS PRISM COLOR PRINTER .. .$1,795.

Enhanced 560 w/software selectable colors; high speed printing at 200cps.

CORVUS: New Lower Prices! 6.7MB . . .$3,005. 11.3MB . . $4,655.

20.5MB $5,595.

For S-100 and most other systems.

EMULATOR Z80/8086. Will permit an 8086 using 86-DOS or CP/M-86® to run CP/M® programs w/ no modification $150.

FORMULA: ALL-IN-ONE information manager+data base-l-w/p-)-accounting software $595.

KONAN SMC-100 hard disk controller.

S-100, 2400MB control $1,469.

Complete KONAN line available

COMMUNICATIONS SOFTWARE

Enables communications from a micro to a terminal or to another micro, mini or maxi computer. Source code $500.

MICROSOFT COBOL-80 $560.

BASIC-80 (interpreter) $270.

BASIC COMPILER: $305.

FORTRAN-80 $380.

X-MACRO-86: $275.

muLISP/muSIMP: $190.

MICROPRO WORDSTAR: $320.

MAIL MERGE: $110.

QUICKSCREEN $149.

Use CRT as scratch pad, produce quality

screens, create reports & forms.

Complete software $595.

dBASE II demo package $75.

lAir T'-vr»/^r>T' Overseas Callers: WE EXPORT ph„„, 212 448-6298

WF.NSASSOC

JOHN D. O

SEE OUR AD ON FACING PAGE

April 1982 © BYTE Publicaa™ Inc 199

Performance, Reliability:

Pictured: CompuPro System Enclosure, Dual Disk Drive Enclosure, Disk 1, MPX, Selector Channel, and RAM 16.

Quality,

CPU 808618087

Since its introduction in early 1980, CPU 8085/88 the first board to combine 8 and 16 bit processing — has become an industry standard. No other single board lets you run today's 8 bit software on an 8085 CPU, and tomorrow's 16 bit software on the popular 8088 CPU.

Now CPU 8086/87 delivers ultra-efficient 16 bit operation, with 8 MHz* clock speeds (10 MHz* CSC). This ground-breaking CPU board teams Intel's 8086 16 bit processor with sockets for their 8087 math co-processor (adds number-crunching capability rivalling many minicomputers), and the 80130. CPU 8086/87 is compatible with all 8 bit IEEE 696/S-100 memory and peripherals, as well as with more efficient 16 bit memories. There's even an optional 8 bit CPU board available for use with this, or any other, CompuPro 16 bit processor to preserve 8 bit software compatibility.

CompuPro products stand out above the crowd. For business, scientific, and industrial solutions contact your CompuPro Systems Center.,

ompuPro

J

CPU 8086/87: $695, CSC $850. With 8087: price upon request.

CPU 8085/88: $425, CSC $525.

*8086 alone; 8087 requires lower clock rates

CompuPro division Godbout Electronics, Oakland Airport, CA 94614-0355 (415) 562-0636

Circle 457 on inquiry card.

GENERAL DATA BYTE

INTERFACE TRANSFER MANAGEMENT CONTROL

BUS

DEVICE A ABLE TO TALK LISTEN, AND CONTROL

COMPUTER)

DEVICE B ABLE TO TALK AND LISTEN (e-9-. MULTIMETER)

DEVICE C ONLY ABLE TO LISTEN (e.g., SIGNAL GENERATOR)

DEVICE D ONLY ABLE TO TALK

(e.g., COUNTER )

Figure 8: Sample configuration of the IEEE-488-1978 interface bus. Devices on the bus can be talkers, listeners, or controllers. Controllers manage the bus, activating and deactivating listeners. Talkers place data on the bus. Listeners accept data from the bus. A device connected to the bus can be a talker, a listener, a controller, or any combination of the three. Most computers, like device A, are talker, listener, and controller so that the computer can configure the bus, then send and receive information. Device B, a multimeter, can talk and listen, sending readings and receiving set-up information such as range and function. Device C, a signal generator, listens only. Printers are usually listeners. Device D, a frequency counter, talks only, placing readings on the bus. The IEEE-488-1978 bus is divided into three sets of signals. The data bus carries the information being transferred. Data byte transfer control lines sequence the flow of information. The general interface management lines have special functions: IPC (interface clear) resets the bus interfaces; ATN (attention) sends bus commands; and SRQ (service request) signals bus interrupts.

lines form the third group of signal lines: the general interface management group. These lines carry control and status information about the devices connected to the bus.

Assigning Roles

Figure 8 shows 4 devices attached to the HPIB. Device A has the talker, listener, and controller attributes. As a controller, device A may assign the

role of active talker to any device on the bus capable of undertaking that role, including itself. As a talker, device A can supply information to other devices on the bus. As a listener, device A can accept information from the other talkers on the bus. A computer is likely to have all three attributes.

Although device A is the only controller shown in figure 8, more than

one controller is allowed in an HPIB system. To prevent conflicts, however, only one controller can be active at a time. Control may be passed from one controller to another by means of a sequence defined in the standard. A controller designated the system controller becomes the active controller when the system is turned on. All other controllers must remain passive until control is passed to them.

Device B in figure 8 is both a talker and a listener. It can be addressed by the controller and made an active talker or listener. An active talker controls the DAV signal line in the data byte transfer control group. An active listener controls the NRFD and NDAC signal lines.

Device C can only be a listener. Device D is limited to being a talker. Either of these devices may be made active by the controller. A data transaction is controlled by both the active talker and the active listener. The talker drives the bus with data, while the listener accepts the information transmitted by the talker. To avoid conflict, only one talker can be active at a time. However, several listeners can be active at once.

Transferring Information

The possibility of several active listeners receiving data simultaneously presents a problem because those listeners may not accept data at the same rate. Data-transfer speed must be paced by the slowest active listener, or that listener may lose data.

The data transfer rate on the HPIB is controlled by an electronic voting system called the open collector. This voting system requires unanimous agreement among active listeners and the active talker before the data transaction is completed. Information transfer takes place as follows:

1. All active listeners indicate on the NRFD line their state of readiness to accept a new piece of information. This signal line is usually connected to -1-5 V through a resistor. If an active listener is not ready, it pulls the NRFD line down to 0 V by turning on a transistor con

202 April 1982 © BYTE PublicaHons Inc

Before you C.ITOH, see us.

When you see us we'll tell you about the line of quality printers available from C.ltoh, one of the largest manufacturers of computer peripherals in the world. C.ltoh has a printer to fit your needs.

C.ITOH STARWRITER

C.ltoh's line of letter-quality Daisy Wheel Printers offers an unnnatched connbination of price and performance. Since the Starwriter is available in two versions — the 25 cps Starv^riter I and the 45 cps Starwriter II — you don't have to buy more printer than you need. If you don't need high print speed, the Starwriter I offers you more for your printer dollar. The Starwriter prints up to 136 columns of sharp letter-quality printing using cloth or film ribbons; its Automatic Bi-Directional printing mode assures the highest possible throughput.

The Starwriter uses industrystandard 96-character print wheels and ribbons, so there are no supply problems to worry about. Plug compatible with all major daisy wheel printers, it requires no changes in software or hardware and is available with a Centronics Parallel or RS 232C Serial interface. Optional Accessories: Bi-Directional tractor, Single Sheet Feeder.

The Starwriter is backed by C.ltoh's one-year warranty (90 days parts and labor, 9 succeeding months parts).

STARWRITER I Parallel 25 cps. . 1440.00

STARWRITER I Serial 25 cps 1540.00

STARWRITER II Parallel 45 cps. 1770.00 STARWRITER 11 Serial 40 cps, . .1795.00

Bi-Directional Tractor 239.00

Single Stieet Feeder 1395.00

C.ITOH PRO/WRITER

The C.ltoh Pro/Writer offers professional quality at a very low price. Compare the advanced features that are standard on the Pro/Writer with what other printers in its price range offer, and you'll find that none offer so much value for the money; you won't have to buy 'options' to get the performance you want. The Pro/Writer uses the latest in dot-matrix printing technology to provide a productive, cost-effective solution to all your printer needs.

Some of the Pro/Writer's Advanced Features:

N X 9 MATRIX

BI-DIRECTIONAL PRINTING PROPORTIONAL SPACING DOT ADDRESSABLE GRAPHICS SPECIAL GRAPHICS CHARACTERS ENHANCED PRINTING FRICTION & TRACTOR FEED

100 CPS PRINT SPEED LOGIC SEEKING

PICAS (10 PITCH) & ELITE (12 PITCH) 5 ALPHABETS

8 TOTAL CHARACTER FONTS DOUBLE-WIDTH PRINTING OPTIONAL RS 232C W/ X-ON & X-OFF

PRO/WRITER Centronics Parallel 549.00

PRO/WRITER RS 232C Serial 599.00

We built a reputation on our prices and your satisfaction.

We guarantee everytliing for 30 days. If anyttiing is wrong, return tlie item and we'll make it right. And, of course, we'll pay ttie sliipping ctiarges.

We accept Visa and Master Card on all orders; COD orders, up to $300.00. ^—^—^^ Add $2.00 for standard UPS sfiipping and l^rE™^^ tiandling on orders under 50 lbs. delivered in conIv'l I I tinental U.S. Call for stiipping ctiarges over 50

— — _ I* \^ i, lbs. Foreign, FPO and APO orders, add 15% for

^^^^^^^■l^^kl B^^^^BT^^ stiipping. Californiana add 6% sales tax. l^B^CM Jl IK _ I ^^fc Prices quoted are for stock on tiand and are ■ I m^^m^\^^^ m subject to cliange witliout notice.

To order, or for information3_call:

(213)706-0333

31245 LA BAYA DRIVE, WESTLAKE VILLAGE, CALIFORNIA 91362

Circle 19 on inquiry card.

Basic

Betting

is your basic guide to winning!

If you understand BASIC programming and enjoy a sporting wager, this new paperback can help you turn your fun into profit. Drawing on years of experience with both computers and gambling, James Jasper, a professional computer consultant, gives you

• Actual, tested programs— complete and ready to run

—for picking winners in horseracing, football, baseball, and basketball.

• A wealth of professional tips, like the mistake (in your favor!) often made in calculating basketball odds.

• Sources for your data bases, including descriptions and addresses.

• Instructions for developing new programs for your favorite sport!

Even if your winnings are all imaginary you'll discover new dimensions in sports and new pleasure in using your computer Look for BASIC Betting at bookstores, or use the coupon to order direct.

I Please return the coupon to: 1st. MARTIN'S PRESS

176 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y 10010 Attn: JW

Please send me_

_copy(ies) of BASIC Betting

at $10.95 delivered. My checl< or m,o. is enclosed in

the amount of $ I may examine it for thirty

days and, if not 100% satisfied, I can return it for a complete refund.

Name_

AddressCity

I Stale

_Zip_

DATA LINES

FALSE

DAV

NRFD

NDAC

FALSE

Figure 9: Diagram of timing on the IEEE-488-1978 bus. Data transfers occur with a unique 3-wire handshake. First, the active talker waits for all active Usteners to release the NRFD (not ready for data) line. When this happens, the signal rises to a positive level. The talker then places the data on the data lines, waits 2 microseconds, and drives the DAV (data valid) line low, indicating that the data should now be accepted. Recognizing the transition in the DAV line, the active listeners drive NRFD low. The active listeners have as much time as necessary to release NDAC (not data accepted). When all active listeners do release NDAC, its voltage rises to a positive level. This tells the talker to release DAV. At the release of DAV, the listeners pull NDAC low again. This restores the bus to the original state, where it is ready for another transfer.

nected to the signal line. The activated transistor acts as a short to ground, pulling the voltage on the NRFD line to ground potential or 0 V. When the listener is ready to accept data, it turns off this transistor. When all active listeners turn off their transistors, the resistor connected to -|-5 V pulls the NRFD signal line up to around -f 5 V. The active talker observes the state of the NRFD line and will not start the data transfer until the signal line reaches a high voltage level.

2. The active talker observes that the NRFD line has gone high. It places a data byte on the data lines and waits 2 microseconds (0.000002 seconds). It then asserts DAV by pulling it low to 0 V. This 2-microsecond wait, called settling time, allows the data to reach valid logic levels on the data lines. The assertion of DAV is a signal to the active listener(s) to read the information on the data bus. The

listeners acknowledge the assertion of DAV by immediately pulling back down on NRFD.

3. Until now, the active listeners have held NDAC low. When DAV is asserted and all of the active listeners accept the data on the data lines, they will release NDAC. As the slowest active listener releases NDAC, the pullup resistor will cause the signal line to go high.

4. The active talker observes the NDAC line in a high state. It acknowledges the listeners' acceptance of the data by releasing DAV. The release of DAV signals the listeners that the data transfer is complete; they again pull NDAC low in preparation for the next transfer.

Figure 9 shows a timing diagram of the complete handshake. Note that control of the data transfer is effected by the active talkers and listener(s). Once the controller has configured the bus, it takes no part in subsequent

204 April 1982 © BYTE Publicalions Inc

Whitesmiths, Ltd is now shipping Pascal Compilers for 10 (count em ten) different operating system families:

isis-ir

Idns/BSO

VERSAdos

ldns/S68K

UNIX/32V*

'Available in source form only.

Idris is a trademark of Whitesmiths, Ltd. ■ UNIX is a trademark of Bell Laboratories 1 CP/M is a trademark of Hieital Reseatch ■ RSX-1IM. RSTS/E. RT-11. and VMS are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation ■ VERSAdos is a trademark of Motorola Inc.

All implementations support the full ISO Pascal (Level 0). All pass the Tasmanian Validation Suite with flying colors. And all are free of those tempting non-standard extensions—because we added the only extension you need.

Separate Compilation.

You can partition your Pascal program into separately maintainable files. You can write library functions to add to the extensive set we give you (about 100 of them). And you can mix in modules written in other languages, like assembler (if you must) or C (to preserve portability).

In fact, C language support comes with every Pascal Compiler we sell.

Our native Pascal Compilers are only $950, including shipping in the continental U.S. Cross Compilers, for most combinations of host system and target machine, $1350. Interested? Write or call.

Distributors: Australia, Fawnray Pty Ltd., Brighton-Le-Santis 522 5574 Japan, Advance Industries, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 03-258-0839 United Kingdom, Real Time Systems, Newcastle upon Tyne 0632 733131

Whitesmiths, Ltd.

P.O. Box 1132 Ansonia Station New York, N.Y. 10023 (212) 799-1200 Telex 645 592

Blt#

Information Type

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

Bus command

X

0

0

C

C

C

C

c

Listen Address

X

0

1

L

L

L

L

L

Talk Address

X

1

0

T

T

T

T

T

Secondary Address

X

1

1

S

S

S

S

S

Table 1: Interface definitions for the 98032A parallel interface. Table la defines the input registers, and table lb defines the output registers.

transactions until reconfiguration is desired.

Configuring It Out

Now that data transfer on the HPIB has been covered, let's consider how the bus is configured. One of the general interface management lines is called ATN (attention). The active controller manages this line. ATN signifies whether the data transfers on the bus are data or control information. The active talker controls data transactions, as explained above, but

the active controller supervises control transfers.

When the controller wishes to configure the HPIB, it asserts the ATN line. This causes any active talker to relinquish control of the DAV line. Transtnission of control information occurs in the same manner as transfer of data. The difference is that when ATN is asserted, the active controller takes the place of the active talker, and both talkers and listeners accept the information. All devices, whether active or not, accept information

transmitted by the controller when ATN is asserted.

The active talker and active listeners may be designated during the transmission of control information. The data lines carry control information after ATN has been asserted. Table 3 lists the meanings of the control data bits.

Note that bit 7 is not used. Bits 6 and 5 serve to classify the control information as to command type. A control transfer with bits 6 and 5 set to 0 is a bus command that directly controls devices on the bus. Triggering a function and passing control from the active listener to a passive one are two examples of bus commands.

Transmission of a control byte with bit 6 set to 0 and bit 5 to 1 activates a listener. A listener that observes its address in the lower 5 bits of a listen address control byte becomes active. When ATN is negated, it will assume control of NDAC and NRFD. Listeners that

Blocks for Microcomputer Systems, Dedicated Controliers and Test Equipment.

R'l/O S-100 ROM, RAM & I/O BOARD

ECT's R2|/0 is an S-100 Bus I/O Board with 3 Serial I/O Ports (UART's), 1 Parallel I/O Port, 4 Status Ports, 2K of ROM with the 8080 Apple Monitor Program and 2K of Static RAM.

$295.00

RM-10 S-100

RACK MOUNT CARD CAGE

ECT's RM-10 Is a rack mount 10 slot Card Cage with Power Supply, consisting of an ECT-100 rack mount Card Cage (19"W x 12.25"H x 8"D), the MB-10 Mother Board (with ground plane and termination) all 10 connectors and guides and the PS-15A Power Supply (15A @ 8V, 1.5A @ ± 16V).

$295.00

ECT

Specij^izing in Quality Microcomputer Hardware T„ Industrial • Educational • Small Business • Personal

Card Cages,'Power Supplies, Mainframes, CPU's, Memory, IIO, OEM Variations

ELECTRONIC CONTROL TECHNOLOGY

763 Ramsey Ave., Hillside, NJ 07205

(201) 686-8080

206 April 1982 © BYTE PubBcaUoro Inc

Circle 166 on Inquiry card.

GP-100A; US$389

COMMAND PERFORMANCE.

Seikosha gives you all the best features—including economy and super-clear graphics.

Unlike some graphic printers, Seitcosiia's new GP-IOOA Clni-Hammer Graphic Printer puts full dot addressable graphic at your command. The GP-IOOA lets you repeat a column of data as many times as needed with just one command. Software control enables double-width character output, and the positioning is both character and dot addressable. Designed for simple operation, it ranks among the most cost-efficient graphic printers on the market. Command performance technology that not only works for you now, but takes you well into the future.

Distributed by AXIOM CORPORATION 1014 Griswold Avenue San Fernando, Calif. 91340 Piione (213) 365-9521 TWX (910) 496-1746 Ivlanufactured by SEIKOSHA SYSTEM EQUIPMENT DIV. 4-1-1 Talliei Sumida-l(U ToRyo Japan. Plione: 03-623-8111 Teiex: 262-2620

Circle 368 on inquiry card.

Other valuable features: •Graphics, regular and double width character modes can be intermixed on the same line.

• Automatic printing. When the text exceeds the maximum line length, there is no loss of data due to overflow.

• Self-test printing is a standard feature. •Centronics type parallel interface. •Paper width is adjustable up to 10 inches. •Optional lnterface:RS232C,IEEE488,apple li.etc.

Graphic Prinlser ^ Beriea

don't observe their listen addresses in a control transfer don't change state, remaining as they were before the controller asserted ATN.

Deactivating Listeners

The HPIB provides a way to deactivate all active listeners. The 5 bits of

the listen address allow 32 listen addresses. These addresses range from 0 to 31. Address 31 is the "unlisten" address. Active listeners observing the unlisten address in a listen command's address field will go inactive. The definition of talk addresses is similar to that for listen addresses—with one exception: any active talker that observes a talk command to another device will go inactive. As a result, activating one talker guarantees deactivation of any other active talkers. This prevents confhcts on the bus. Talk-address 31 is the "untalk" address. When the controller issues an untalk command, no active talkers are left on the bus.

Secondary addresses are used to address subunits within a device. Some HPIB instruments are actually clusters of devices, but secondary addressing allows addressing of a device within such a cluster.

The remaining four lines in the general interface-management group serve to control the interface sections of the HPIB devices. IFC (interface clear) may be called on by the active controller to override all bus activity and to place the bus in a known state. This signal aborts any data transfers in progress and is used only when something has gone wrong.

The REN (remote enable) signal allows the HPIB to control a device. The active controller uses the REN line to indicate to an active listener whether or not the listener will use the information sent to it by a talker.

EOI (end or identify) is applied in two ways. First, the active talker may assert it to designate a data byte as the last in a message. EOI is also part of a serial poll, which will be discussed later.

The SRQ (service request) signal enables a device to get the active controller's attention. This signal is a request, not a demand. The controller may ignore SRQ as long as it wishes.

When the controller finally does acknowledge SRQ, it has to determine which device is requesting service. Since SRQ is shared by all devices on the bus, the requester isn't identified immediately.

Polling Along

A controller can employ two methods to determine the address of the device requesting service. Both methods are called polls. A poll is the controller's request for status information. The controller may request the status of any device individually by addressing the device as a talker and sending that device a serial-poll enable command. This constitutes one of the bus commands a controller

Once the controller has configured the bus. It takes no part in

subsequent transactions until reconfiguration Is desired.

can send when it asserts ATN. Using the serial poll, the controller can obtain 8 bits of status information from the addressed device. The controller then sends a serial-poll disable command to the device, returning it to data mode.

Serial polling's advantage lies in the fact that 8 bits of poll information are obtained from each device polled. One bit can be used to indicate whether or not the device is requesting service. The remaining 7 bits are available for other purposes. A disadvantage of the serial poll is speed. Each device on the bus must be polled in turn, since more than one device may be requesting service.

A faster method of polling is the parallel poll. The parallel poll is performed when the active controller asserts both ATN and EOI. Up to 8 devices may respond, each on a different data line. The only information obtained in a parallel poll is whether or not a device is requesting service. Since each device has only 1 bit to respond with, obtaining further information is impossible.

You Don't Have to Know

One of the IEEE-488 standard's best features is that a system user doesn't have to know any of the information presented in this article. The standard, if followed by all the manufacturers of the devices put on a bus, guarantees that devices can talk to each other. This assumes that the system builder doesn't violate the standard by placing two devices at the same address, or by cormecting two system controllers to the bus.

What then does the system user need to know7 The standard does not specify the messages and data formats, both of which depend on the application. For example, if a voltmeter wants to tell the computer that it detects +1.234 volts at its input, what does it send to the computer as data? Most computers and computer languages prefer ASCII characters. HPIB specifies that ASCII is to be used. Next, the data format must be determined. Will the digits be sent most significant or least significant first? Again, most computers and languages prefer the digits just as you might type them, from most significant to least.

Thus, the voltmeter might send the following sequence of characters:

+ 1.2 3 4 <CR> <LF>

The <CR> and <LF> characters

stand for carriage return and linefeed. These characters are often used as message terminators in computer communications. <LF> alone is usually sufficient.

The definition of messages and message formats leaves the lEEE-488 standard and enters the realm of HPIB. This higher-level implementation removes yet another layer of interface problems from the shoulders of the system user.

Next month, I'll discuss two other major types of interface: the BCD interface, often used when a computer receives data from scientific instruments, and the serial interface, used to transmit data over a single wire. We'll see how each evolved to deal with specific problems in communications. ■

208 April 19a2 © BYTE PubUcaUoiu Inc

Circle 409 on Inquiry card.

ANNOUNCING ANOTHER NEW IDEA

FROM TELEVIDEO:

THE SMART 910 PLUS.

Our new ideas have a way of sweeping the market. In just a few years, TeleVideo has come from nowhere to become the No. 1 independent in CRT terminals. The reason: we offer exceptional quality, reliability and usability at a price no one can beat. (In fact, we use the same high quality modules, from keyboards to monitors, throughout the entire line.)

The smart 910 Plus Block Mode terminal is our latest innovation. For the money you'll find nothing that outperforms it. For example, simply by touching a key you can activate its gated printer port.

Another point: since service is a

major concern, we have ours handled nationwide by one of the best: General Electrics Instrumentation and Communication Equipment Service Centers. Right now, we have the new 910 Plus ready for immediate delivery To order or have questions answered call 800-538-8725 (toll-free outside California.) Since it's priced at just $699 per unit, your decision should be very easy.

TeleV'.deo Systems, inc.

1170 Morse Avenue, Sunnyvale, CA 94086

800-538-8725 (toO-freeoutside California)

910 Plus Features

• Block mode

• Off-line editing

• 10 programmed function codes

• Cfiangeable codes

• Protected fields

• 5 screen attributes (blink, blank, reverse, underline, half intensity)

• 15 baud rates (50b to 10.2Kb)

• Gated printer port

• Typewriter-style keyboard

• Typewriter tabs

• Erase to end line

• Erase to end of page

• Self-test

• Monitor mode

• 4 strappable languages

CALIFORNIA Santa Ana 714/557-5095; Sunnyvale 408/745-7760 • GEORGIA Atlanta 404/255-9338 • TEXAS Dallas 214/980-9978 • ILLINOIS Chicago Area 312/351-9350 MASSACHUSETTS Boston 617/658-6891 • NEW YORK/NEW JERSEY 201/267-8805 • UNITED KINGDOM West End Surrey 44-9905-6464

ATARI HOME COMPUTERS

Texas Instruments

A

ATARr

ATARI 800

16K ... $679 32K ... $749 48K ... $819

410 Recorder $76.00

810 Disc Drive ; $449.00

822 Printer $269.00

825 Printer $629.00

830 Modem $159.00

820 Printer $269.00

850 Interface $169.00

New DOS 2 System $29.00

PACKAGES

481 Entertainer $83.00

482 Educator $130.00

483 Programmer $57.00

484 Communicator $344.00

ATARI HOME COMPUTER PROGRAMS

Home Office

CX404 ATARI Word Processor $119.00

CX8102 Calculator $29.00

CX412 Dow Jones Investment Evalualor $99.00

CX4109 Graph it, Joyslicl( optional $17.00

CX4104 Mailing List ...' ■. $20.00

0X4115 Mortgage & Loan Analysis $13.00

CX406 Personal Financial Management System ... $59.00

CX4103 Statistics 1 $20.00

0X8107 Stock Analysis $20.00

CXL4015TeleLink1 ...' $23.00

Home Study

CX4101 An Invitation to Programming 1 $20 00

CX4106 An Invitation to Programming 2 $23.00

CX4107 Biortiyttim ,'. $13.00

Conversational Languages (ea.) , $46.00

0X4121 Energy Czar $13.00

CX4114 European Countries & Capitals $13.00

CX4108 Hangman. Joystick optional : $13.00

CX4102 Kingdom $13.00

CXL4007 Music Composer $47.00

CX4123 Scram, uses joystick $20.00

CX4112 Stales & Capitals $13.00

CX4110 Touch Typing $20.00

Home Entertainment

CXL4013 Asteroids $35.00

CXL4004 Basketball $27.00

CX4105 Blackjack $13.00

CXL4009 Computer Ciiess $33.00

CXL4012 Missile Command $35.00

CXL4008 Space Invaders $35.00

CXL4011 Star Raiders $42.00

CXL4006 Super Breakout $33.00

CXL4010 3-DTic-Tac-Toe $27.00

CXL4005 Video Easel $24,00

Programming Languages and Aids

CXL4003 Assembler Editor $47.00

CXL4002 ATARI BASIC ... .> $47.00

CX8126 ATARI Microsoft BASIC $70.00

CXL4018 PILOT $72.00

GX405 PILOT $105.00

ATARI 400

16K.... $329 32K.... $478 48K.... $555

CX30 Paddle $18.00

CX40 Joy Stick $18.00

CX853 16K RAIVI $89.00

Microtek 16K RAM $75.00

Microtek 32K RAM $159.00

RamdiSk (128KI $539.00

One year extended warranty $50.00

THIRD PARTY PROGRAMS ATARI Program Exchange:

Eastern Front '41 $25.50

Avalanctie $15,50

Outlaw $15,60

747 landing Simulation $15.50

Babel $15.50

Dog Daze $15.50

Downhill $15.50

Allacki $15.50

Blackjack-Casino $15.50

Reversi II $15.50

Domination $15.50

Solitare $15.50

Disk Fixer $15.50

Supersort $15.50

Data Management,. ,. .... $15.50

Chameleon ,. $15.50

Instedii $15.50

Insomnia $15.50

My First Alptiabet $25.50

Mapware $18.00

Number BlasI $11.50

Family Cash Flow $15.50

Weekly Planner $15.50

Bowler's Data Base $13.00

Banner Generator $11.50

Visioalc $169.00

Letterperfect (Word Processor) $109.00

Ricochet $14.50

Crusti Crumble & Chomp (cassette or disk) $24.00

Star Warrior (cassette or disk) $29.00

Rescue at RIoel (cassette or disk) $24.00

Datestones (cassette or disk) — $16.00

Invasion Orion (cassette or disk) $18.60

Mission Asteriod $22.00

MouskATTACK $31.00

The Next Step $34.00

Softporn $27.00

WIzzard & Princess $29.00

K BYTE Krazv Shoot Out (ROM) $39.00

Protector (Disk 32K) $32.00

Jaw Breaker (on line disk) $27.00

Ghost Hunter (cassette) $24.00

Ghost Hunter (disk) $30.00

COMING SOON

PAG MAN (May) $35. CENTIPEDE (June) $35 CAVERNS OF MARS (April) $32

TI-99/4A 5359

PHP 1600 Telephone Coupler

PHP 1700 RS-232 Accessories Interlace

PHP 1800 Disk Drive Controller

PHP 1L50 Disk Memory Drive

PHP 2200 Memory Exoansion (32K RAMI

PHA 2100 R F Modjlalor

PHP 1100 Wired Remole ConiroiiersiPai.i

32K Expansion

PHP Printer Solid State

PHM 3006 Home Financial Decisions PHM 3013 Personal Record Keeping PHD 5001 Mailing List PHD 5021 Checkbook Manager PHM 3008 Video Chess

PHM 3010 Physical Fitness

PHM 3009 Foolball

PHM 3018 Video Games I

PHM 3024 Indoor Soccer

PHM 3025 Mind Challengers

PHM 3031 The Attack

PHM 3032 Blasto

PHM 3033 Blackjack and Poker

PHM 3034 Hustle

PHM.3036 Zero Zap

PHM 3037 Hangman

PHM 3038 Cviiii'i 1 Fniii

PHM 30,19 -/<•■■■■

$179.00 $179.00 $239 00 $389 00 $319 00 $43 00 $31 00 . $329.00 . $319,00 $26 00 $43 00 $60 00 $18 00 $60 00 $26 00 $26 00 $26 00 $26 00 $22,00 $35 00 $22 00 $22,00 $22 00 $18 00 $18 00 S18 nq

PRINTERS

Centronics 739-3 $619.00

Centronics 739-t $519.00

Diablo 630 Special $1799.00

Epson

MX70 $359.00

MX80 $469.00

MX80FT Call

MX100 Call

NEC

8023 $549,00

7730 Call

7720 Call

7710 Call

Okidala

82A

83A

84

Ciloh Starwnler

F10-40CPS $1469,00

FlO-55 CPS Call

Paper Tiger

445G $699,00

460G $899.00

660G $1129.00

Talley

8024-7 $139900

8024.L $1629.00

$499 00 $769 00 $1129 00

HOW TO ORDER: Phone orders invited or send check or money order and receive free shipping in the continental United States. PA and NEV. add sales tax.

computer mail order west

Franco Hables

Espanol

800-648-3351

IN NEVADA, CALL (702) 588-5654

P.O. BOX 6689, STATE LINE, NEVADA 89449

210 BYTE AprU 1982

Circle 108 on Inquiry card.

¥Ao% HEWLETT mflLM PACKARD

HP«85 M999

80 Column Printer $799.00

HP«125 $1999.00

HP'83 $1699.00

HP«85 16K Memory Module $169.00

S'/i" Dual Master Disc Drive $1929.00

Graphics Plotter (7225B) , $2079.00

NEWIHP.87 $1999.00

Hard Disk w/Floppy $4349.00

Hard Disl< $3440.00

"Sweet Lips" Plotter $1149.00

HP41CV Calculator $259

11 C. $189.00

lie $119 00

12 C $129.00

34 C $117.00

38C , $119.00

HP«41 PrinlBf , . ,,., $340.00

HPIL CiftLCULATOR^ERIPHERALS

IL Modual $104.00

Digital Cassette $449.00

Printer(Plotler $419.00

Card Reader $164.00

Optical Wand $99 00

CALL FOR SOFTWARE INFORMATION

XEROX.

Xerox 820

System I 5'/,.- $2450.00

System II 8" $2950.00

GPM 5V, ■■ $169.00

Word Processing ... $429.00

Super Calc $269.00

^commodore

BUSINESS MACHINES

CBM 8032

M069

SOFTWARE

Word Pro 5 Plus $319.00

WordPro3 Plus $199 00

WordPro4 Plus $299.00

Commodore Tax Package $589.00

VIsicalc $169.00

Medical Billing $449.00

The Source $89 00

OZZ Information System $289.00

Dow Jones Portfolio $129.00

Pascal $239.00

Legal Time Accounting $449.00

Word Craft 80 $289.00

Power $79.00

Socket-2-Me $20.00

Jinsam $Call

MAGIS $Call

The Manager $209.00

Sottrom $129.00

Real Estate Package $799.00

BPI Inventory Control $319.00

BPI Job Gosling $319.00

BPI Payroll $319.00

BPI General Ledger $329 go

Creative I SAM $79.00

Creative General Ledger $229.00

Creative Accounts Receivable $229.00

Creative Inventory $229.00

Vic 6 Pacit Program $44 00

V1C1530 Commodore Ddlasselle $69 00

VIC'1540 Disk Drive $499 00

VIC1515 VIC Giaphic Printer $339.00

VIC12103K Memory E«Dander $32 00

VIC 1 no 8K Memory E«pander $53 00

VICIOn RS232C Terminal Inierlace $43 00

Vicn 12 VICIEEE 488 Inlerlace $86 00

ViCi2n VIC 20 Super Expander $5300

VT232 VICTerm I Terminal Emulator $9 00

'*032 $969.00

■■OIB $769.00

8096 Upgrade Kit $399 00

SuPe' Pet $1599.00

???' $529.00

. $1299.00

'•040 jggQ

8300 (Letter Quality) ' ' $1799.00

$769.00

T'^^ $599.00

Petto IEEE Cable $37 00

IEEE 10 IEEE Cable $46 00

Tractor Feed for 8300 $240 00

8010 Modem $229^00

VIC 20 $259

COMPLETE

VIC1212 Programmers Aid Cartridge

VIC1213 VICMON Machine Language Monitor

VIC1901 VIC AVENGERS

VIC1904 SUPER5L0T

VIC1906 SUPER ALIEN

VIC1907 SUPER LANDER

VIC190B DRAW POKER

VIC1909 MIDNIGHT DRIVE

VT106A Recreation Pack A

VT107A Home Calculation Pack A

VT164 Programmable CharacterfGramegraohics

$45 00 $45 00 $23 00 $23 00 $19 00 $23 00 $23 00 $23 00 $44 00 $44 00 $12.00

New VIC Software

Household Finance $27.00

VIC Games $19.00

VIC Home Inventory $13.00

VICRec/Edll $13 00

VLlOl Introduction to Computing $19.00

VL102 Introduction to BASIC Proqramming $19 00

■.■.r I'-i \'IC ?f' Pi. .;: ,n,"i.ws p,.', ,..|, .. Guirl-- 'M ^ 00

Terminal $13.00

Un Word $13.00

Grafix Menagerie $1100

VIC PICS $15.00

Ticlier Tape $13.00

Banner Headliner $1300 P'-i •' S39 O'O

Modems

IMovalion Auto $239.00

0 Cat $169 00

Cat $159.00

Hayes

Smart $239 GO

Livermore Star $119.00

Terminals

Televideo

9'0 $579 00

912C $699 00

920C $749.00

950 $939 00

Call for computers

Zenith Z19 $749.00

AOOs $549.00

Monitors

Amdex 12" B&W $139.00

12" Green $149.00

13" Color $349 00

Sanyo 12" B&W $259.00

12" Green $269.00

13 Color $449.00

Tl 10" Color $349.00

Above are cash prices, add 3°/ii lor Master Card and Visa purchases

computer mail order 800-233-8950

IN PA. CALL (717) 327-9575

477 E. THIRD ST., WILLIAMSPORT, PA 17701

Patricio Hables Espanol

Circle 108 on inquiry card.

BYTE April 1»82 211

User's Column

The Osborne 1, Zeke's New Friends, and Spelling Revisited

A seasoned computer user looks at new products and updates.

"It's the great software drought," said my mad friend Mac Lean. "Have you noticed? There's no good new software. Just updates and revisions and new versions of old programs."

"Not true," I protested. "Just yesterday I got Sorcim's Supercalc."

"Sure. The CP/M version of a year-old Apple program. Good stuff. Useful. Excellent. But not new."

"Hmm. Maybe you're right. Well, at least they're improving old programs. I have an update for Spellguard."

"Aha," said my mad friend. 'Tell me, are you still using Spellguard?"

"Yep."

'Thought you had a whole mess of

new spelling programs."

"I do. Here's one of them." I held up Microproof. "But I don't use them. Better to stay with Spellguard. Especially now, with its improved dictionary."

Jerry Pournelle c/o BYTE Publications FOB 372 Hancock, NH 03449

Which is true. 1 suppose it comes as no surprise that I am very interested in spelling and editing programs.

After ail, words are my business ... I need good spelling programs.

After all, words are my business, and I am, according to Robert Heinlein, one of the "worst spellurs" he has ever encountered. 1 need good spelling programs, and I have to use them a lot, which means I'm interested in speed and convenience, which is why I stick with Spellguard despite its lack of certain features.

Example: in my previous Spellguard review [see November 1981

BYTE, page 449], 1 said "it corrects spelling." BYTE's editors, in the interest of accuracy, changed that to "finds and marks spelling errors." Other programs, such as Microproof, correct spelling errors. All true, but irrelevant. The job to be performed is spelling correction, and Spellguard does that [also see "Five SpellingCorrection Programs for CP/MBased Systems" by Phil Lemmons, November 1981 BYTE, page 434].

Example: Microproof's specifications make it sound far better than Spellguard. (Let me call them MP and SG from here on.) MP has a 50,000word dictionary compared to SG's 20,000. MP knows about plurals and prefixes; you can tag a word as a noun or an adjective or an adverb, and MP will take the root and add suffixes and prefixes and such like. Finally, MP lets you correct the word and will then go off and put that

212

April 1982 © BYTE PublicaUons Inc

Circle 25 on inquiry card.

word in your text file, while all SG does is mark it for you to go fix using your standard editor.

Sounds great, doesn't it?

The trouble comes when you use it. That's presuming you even try; the manual was enough to cause me to leave MP in the box for over a month.

(Digression. The Microproof manual, which, according to its interior blurbs, was written by "an acknowledged expert in the field of programmed learning," is a generalpurpose thing, intended for several versions of the program; and because it's never made clear what version you have, it's unutterably cor\fusing. And that sort of thing happens all the time.

TO ALL SOFTWARE PUBLISHERS: look, if you want to charge $100 and more for programs, you can darned well furnish a manual tailored for each program!)

In Microproof's favor, I have to say that when you actually start using the program—as opposed to trying to figure out how to use it—it gets simple. The prompts are clear and the procedures are simple.

But it's slow. Ye gods, it's slow to work with. Instead of leaving the instructions on the screen and using the same entry line over and over again, as SG does, MP clears the screen and rewrites it, prompts and instructions and all, for each word it didn't recognize—dozens of them. Eventually you get through that, after which MP reads your text file and corrects it. That, however, takes about as long as it would have taken to load your editor, bring in the file, and search for the marked blocks; and because, if you're like me anyway, you'll want to see the corrected text and possibly reformat it before printing it and sending it out, you'll have to load the editor and text file anyway.

Now about those prefix and suffix "features." I suspect they have something to do with the fact that I CAN

NOT get Microproof to believe that "index," "kilobyte," "milestone," "undoubtedly," "Unix," and "automatic" are words. I went through my third "User's Column" (the one reviewing Spellguard!) as a test file four times and each time I patiently entered those words into the MP dictionary; and next pass 1 got them read back to me as misspellings.

(To make the test fair, I used Microproof on this text too, and not only won't it admit that the above are words after two passes, but until I entered it, it didn't recognize Microproof! Meaning, I would suppose, that they didn't use the program on their own manual. If they won't use it, why should anyone?)

There's worse. MP doesn't know about apostrophes. It gives me the "weren" of "weren't" as a candidate word. It does the same with "doesn." And if you use dashes! Spellguard understands dashes and hyphens, but if you have a double hyphen (which represents a typeset dash) in your text, SP thinks that is two separate words and examines each. Microproof offers me the "program—as" and "it—it" that 1 used above as candidate words. If you use many dashes in your text, you will, I assure you, go quite mad after about the third pass Microproof makes at your text.

Finally, Microproof doesn't know much about error handling. It takes forever to go through a 6500-word text file; and if you've left insufficient space on your disk for the original file plus a backup (.BAK) file, then when Microproof finds that out, it simply dumps the job, leaving you either in CP/M or the monitor, depending on just how confused MP got. Either way, you've lost aU the work you just did.

So. Microproof is a herdic effort to make a more convenient spelling program. They tried to do right. The concept was good. The execution, though, leaves something to be desired.

There's a version geared to work

CALCULATOR EPROM MEMORY for

Hewlett-Packard 41C/CV

EPROM memory with custom keyboard overlay also produced by DDS.

• Plugs into any port of the HP-41C or -41CV calculator.

• Provides non-volatile program storage formatted and accessed as if it were a custom HP calculator ROM.

• Uses standard 2716, 2732, and 2764 EPROMs (Eraseable Programmable Read Only Memory).

• Holds calculator programs in 4K, 8K, or 16K segments.

• Completely portable and requires no external power supply or battery.

USES

• Field testing of software

before the ROM is manufactured.

• Low volume production runs where a custom ROM would be prohibitively expensive.

$299.95

DALLAS DEVELOPMENT SYSTEMS

7410 Stillwater Drive Garland, Texas 75042 C214) 238-1776

April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 213

User's Column,

with either Electric Pencil or Scripsit for the TRS-80 Model I (and III) and TRSDOS. (Microproof has recently fixed most of the problems, partly because I sent a preliminary copy of this review to them. See next column for details; Microproof is now competitive with Spellguard.)

Which, incidentally, has been greatly improved. Now there's an explicit way to remove misspelled words erroneously entered into the dictionary. Also, the updated version packs the dictionary into half the space and runs about twice as fast. It took me just

about an hour, using Microproof, to shape up a 6500-word column; with new Spellguard, the whole job (including looking up and entering into the program's dictionary about 100 new words) took fewer than 20 minutes.

The Spellguard documentation remains excellent, as clear and precise as anything I've seen in the field. Still highly recommended.

Zeke's New Friends

A few minutes ago, Arthur C. Clarke called me from Sri Lanka. (He

lives there. I think the nation has declared him a national treasure; I know that when Robert Heinlein visited him. Dr. Clarke was able to arrange for a Sri Lanka air force helicopter to take Robert about the country.)

Arthur had seen some of my computer articles, and what he wanted to know was what everyone nowadays wants to know: what do you buy for a first computer?

Unfortunately, the answer is, it depends. But let's look at the problem. It's not unrelated to a second difficulty, one I have myself.

COMPUTERS

NECe023A S495

Epson MX-80 $444

Okidoto 82A S469

Epson MX-100 $719

Okidoto 83A w/troc $749

Okidoto 64 ^(200c.p,s.) $1059

HIGH SPEED ]

DotoSouth DS-180 $1269

Anodex9501 $1244

TiaiODosic $1359

Molibu 200 coi!

IDS560G $1129

IDS Prism 80 $935

LETTER QUALITY J

Printmoster 40 c.p.s $1449

Printmoster 55 c.p.s $1649

NEC 3510 $1895

NEC 7710/7730 $2340

NEC 7720 $2695

LOW COST

TELEUIDEO

We now pretest every Northsrar we sell and bock them with our own fosf worronry service. New low Horizon price.

Advonroge call

Horizon li 64K Quod S2895

T55 18/4 f S6295

The new oll-in-one thot s bocked by G.E. Built in CRT. detachable keyboard, 750K (ormotred. dual floppys, 64K. CP/M? and more. Five software business modules S695.

TelevidGo 802 S2795

Tele 806, w/10 Meg.. Most. S5395

ALTOS

Our tech s favorite system - 6 floppy, hard

disks, ond multi-user under MP/M or Oasis. ^ehiitli Coming soon - 16 bit systems. ZE.IwlTH

6000-2 W CP/M S2749 ^'^^ oll-ln-one ihot s backed by your local

artrtn a f\ Ar\ Zenith-Heoth Service center. Green Screen.

8000-1 0 w 1 0 Meg., cP/M ■, S„pe,colc, and Desk incl.

$6375 7 89 w/46K $2135

8000-15.12,14 coll 2-90-82 W/64K $2395

XEROX 820 m/Dual 5 1 /4" SS349 OYNABYTE Call

Scottsdole Systems

6730 E. McDowell Road, Suite 1 -10, Scottsdole, Arizona 65257

S (602)941-5856

Coil 8-5 Mon.-Fri. (We Export) TWX 910-950-0082 (IMEC SCOT)

Ltd.

Adds Viewpoint $544

Televideo910 $579

ADM3A $569

Soroc IQ 130 $589

TELEUIDEO^

Televideo912 $699

Televideo920 $726

Televideo 925... $775

Televideo 950 $927

TERMINALS^

Ampex D80 $925

Diologue 80 Amber.. $969

Mime Act 5A $799

Soroc IQ 120 $729

Volker Croig 404 $599

SOFTWARE

Wordstor D. Dose li

Moilmerge SuperColc Colcstor Systems Plus

Spellstor ond more

Sofrwore sold only wirti systems/not worronried for suifobilify. Alt sofrwore soles finol.

ORDERIIMG

MAIL ORDER ONLY ■

2% cosh discount included/chorge cords odd 2%. Prices subject to chonge, produa subject to Qvoilobilify. Arizono residents add 5%. F.O.D. point of shipment Scottsdole. 0-20% restocking fee for returned merchandise. Worroniies included on all products. Personal checks toke 0 weeks to cleor, CP/M ond MP/M are registered trademarks of Digiioi Research.

Your guide to the

world of microprocessors.

The Micro-Professor™ -a low cost tooi for

learning, teaching and prototyping.

Here in one attractive package and at a price of only $149.00 is a Z80* based microcomputer to lead you step by step to a thorough knowledge of the world of microprocessors.

The Micro-Professor is a complete hardware and software system whose extensive teaching

■ Z80 is a trademark of Zilog Inc.

manual gives you detailed schematics and examples of program code. A superb learning tool for students, hobbyists and microprocessor enthusiasts, as well as an excellent teaching aid for instructors of electrical engineering and computer science courses.

But the Micro-Professor is much more than a teaching device. With it you can do breadboarding and prototyping, designing your own custom hardware and software applications with Z80, 8080 and 8085 compatible code.

The standard 2K bytes of RAM is expandable to 4K, and the standard 2K bytes of ROM can be increased to 8K.

All this plus a built-in speaker, a cassette interface, and

Mult:it;ech Electronics Inc.

sockets to accept optional CTC/PIO. Bus is extendable.

As well as being an exciting learning tool, the Micro-Professor is a great low-cost board for OEM's. Call for details.

SSB-MPF

Speech Synthesizer Board $129

A

vocabulary of up to 400 words based on the TMS 5200 chip.

i

EPB-MPF EPROM

Programming Board $169

For all -f 5V 1KB/2KB/

4KB EPROMs.

Read/Copy/List/Verify ^ Capability.

BASIC-MPF

Tiny Basic $19 ^

2KB BASIC interpreter with hardware y control capability. Machine-code y subroutine accessible. ^

I'm ready to enter the world of microprocessing

Call toll free to order.

Card No.

□

^ Check or money ^ order enclosed □ Visa □ Mastercharge

Expires

MPF-I Micro-Protessor SSB-MPF Speech Synthesizer Board EPB-MPF EPROM Programming Board BASiC-MPF Shipping and Handling

$14100

$12100

S169.00

S 19.00

S 4.95

Otv.

California residents add sales tax.

TOTAL

Amount

Signature

Name (Please Print)

' City Circle 291 on inquiry card.

State

Zip

In U.S. ind Canada mall to:

Multllech Electronics Inc. 195 West El Camino Real Sunnyvale, CA 94086 California Tel. (408) 773-8400 Elsewhere (800) 538-1542

Outside ol Nortli America mall to:

Mullitech Industrial Corporation 977 l^in Shen E Road. 105 Taipei, Taiwan, ROC Tel. 02-769-1225 TWX 19162 MULTIIC, 23756 MLLTliC

I was talking with Ezekial, my friend who happens to be a Cromemco Z-2.

"I'm getting old, boss," he said.

"You were built in 1977!"

"Yeah. In this business, that's old. Look, we've written five books and dozens of columns and hundreds of letters. I do all your taxes and accounting. I compile all your programs, in twenty languages. I even play games with you."

"OK, OK, so what do you want?"

"Some rest. A bit of help. Look, I'll make you a deal. I'll help you write books, same as always, but you go get something faster, something new, to do all that compiling and calculating."

"Never thought I'd hear you say it," I said. "Better is the enemy of good enough. And you're plenty good enough!"

"Could use help, boss. Big responsibility, being the only computer around here. Especially now that you're so

busy with the Citizen's Advisory Council on National Space Policy stuff and the L-5 Society." (Plug: if you're interested in helping the space program, join L-5. It's $20 a year; send fee to L-5 Society, 1060 E. Elm, Tucson, AZ 85719. Contributions tax deductible within the framework of the law. Secretary this year: Jerry Pournelle.)

"What happens," Zeke continued, "if I get sick?"

I thought about it a long time. He's right, of course. He is getting old; and he's utterly spoiled me. I can't conceive of writing without a computer. I live in terror that Zeke is going to quit on me. Actually I don't; he's rarely given cause for alarm. A couple of times in the early days we had glitches that brought Tony Pietsch out— always in the middle of the night; nice chap, Tony—but they always got fixed without having to take Zeke away. But not long ago something gave out in the disk power supply.

keeping Zeke shut down for nearly a week. True, I was out of town at the time, but it could have been a disaster.

I needed a second computer. But what?

In the middle of the dilemma, Adam Osborne sent me his new Osborne 1.

That darned near solved my problem. Osborne's machine is good. The first models had some faulty characteristics, but Adam is an honorable man—and also smart enough not to risk his reputation by sharp practices. They're planning retrofits to take care of all major difficulties and most minor ones.

The worst of these was the shift lock, which was worse than useless. Then, too, with that tiny screen you needed smooth vertical scrolling (it already had good horizontal scrolling). There have been some other minor annoyances, but as I said, Adam's been fixing them. The new Osborne 1 computers—out by the time this is published—will incorporate the improvements, including true three-key rollover and a decent shift lock, and various other fixes. Those who have already bought the machines will be able to get them retrofitted absolutely free.

One thing I thought would be a pain turned out not to be. That's the tiny video screen. Adam has sent me his larger video monitor, which you can connect to the Osborne 1 with a cable, but I find I don't use it. The little screen turns out to be just at the right focal distance when I sit at the console; and for someone like me, who wears bifocal glasses, that's a real boon.

I carried the Osborne 1 out to Cal Tech's Jet Propulsion Laboratories for the Voyager 2 encounter with Saturn. There were over a hundred members of the science press corps packed into JPL's Von Karman Center (the press facility). Most had typewriters. One or two had big, cumbersome word processors. At least one was a terminal connected through a network to the parent system in New York. Nobody had anything near as convenient as the Osborne 1, which is quiet and fast responding.

COPIES WITHOUT PROBLEMS:

FAST: Turnaround time in hours and days, not weeks. You get your disks when you need them.

ACCURATE: Each copied track is checked bit by bit. If it doesn't match your original, it isn't shipped.

FLEXIBLE: Standard, double-boot, and copyresistant formats. 50 copies minimum, no maximum.

REASONABLE: Set-up as low as S10 per disk. Copying only from SDcJ:, copying and 3M disk from S2.00. Dther disks and services also available.

RELIABLE: Years of disk duplication experience insures a problem-free shipment on time — time after time.

For all your Apple® compatible copying needs.

THE ALF COPY SERVICE.

\ W W7 144B EsCes Denver. CO B0215 |3Q3] 234-Oa71

216 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

How To Sell More Software

With Better User Manuals

An intensive one-day seminar on Writing User Manuals That Sell

If you're an individual software author or a software company in the business of publishing and selling software, or if you'd like to be, you can benefit fronn this seminar. Unlike seminars that concentrate on the academic do's and don'ts of technical writing and formatting, this seminar gets down to the business value of the user manual as a marketing and sales tool that helps you get more users and keep them.

Developed and conducted by software marketing professionals with over 50 years of collective experience in writing software manuals for the commercial market, this seminar is loaded with facts and ideas on these subjects: Manual Design

How to make content, organization, page layout, and document format work to your sales advantage. How to publish attractive manuals that speak well of your software without spending a fortune. Training vs. Ref erenca Can one manual do both?

How to implement the techniques of tutorial writing into a well organized reference format that provides easy access for later questions. Packaging That Controls Point of Sale

How to make your manuals work for you at the point of sale to help the dealer present your software in its most competitive light--both on the shelf and on the demonstration machine. Automated Manual Writing

How to let the software document itself wherever

possible, and how to use word processing systems effectively to obtain maximum value from automated publishing tools. Seminar Manual All attendants will receive a detailed How To manual on writing and producing user manuals for commercial use. Many past attendants have praised the manual and other handout materials as being worth the price of attendance by themselves.

Schedule: Chicago May 21

Boston May 18 Dallas May 25

New York May 1 9 Los Angeles May 26

Philadelphia May 20 San Francisco May 27

Only $125 With Our Guarantee

Price includes lunch and materials. We offer a 10% discount for companies sending more than one person.

Get Details at Computerland Today!

Space is limited so make your reservation now. To get enrollment details, simply call [303] 471-9875, or, visit your nearest participating Computerland Store and pick up a complete Seminar Information Packet including an agenda, an outline of the seminar manual, seminar authors' and instructors' resumes and a brochure on Context, Inc.

B33 West Colorado Avenue Colorado Springs, CO 80905

1

User's Column

Everyone came to look at it. "How can you stand that tiny screen?" asked Eric Burgess, senior science correspondent present. (Eric's the chap who first thought of the message plaque to be attached to the space probes. I was there when he got the idea. But that's another story.) He stared over my shoulder. "It's so small."

"Try it," I invited. I got up to give him my place and watched as he realized that when you're sitting at the machine you can read it at least as easily as you can a book. Before the encounter was over, a dozen science writers were ready to go buy an Osborne 1.

I also took it to the meeting of the Citizen's Advisory Council on National Space Policy (which I chair) and used it to take notes during the meeting. It was amazing: I was able to type notes and suggestions and ideas into the Osborne 1 without disrupting the

meeting at all. The Osborne 1 is quiet and efficient and not at all distracting.

In other words, I like the Osborne 1. You can't beat it for the price, under $2000 bucks with over a thousand dollars' worth of software. An Osborne and an Epson printer will put you in the computer/word-processing business cheaper than anything I can think of, and the Osborne 1 is a real computer, using the CP/M operating system and adult software like Wordstar and Supercalc and dBase II; it's not a toy.

So. For those who haven't a lot of money to spend and want to get going in computers, I don't hesitate to recommend the Osborne 1—as a first system. However, it is a limited system. It wasn't designed for lots of expansion capabilities, and it's never going to be able to use them. But as a first machine, it has a lot going for it, and not just the price.

When I first got the Osborne 1, I thought I'd solve one of my problems, which is, how can I have someone entering letters and files and old books while I'm using Ezekial? I certainly am not going to have a multiuser microcomputer, which defeats the whole concept of decentralized computing. Our TRS-80 Model I with Omikron's CP/M conversion will do the job, but it's often in use as the boys check out new games and educational stuff; worse, the TRS-80 keyboard is plain awful, driving my editorial associates crazy. Even the boys get weary of it.

No, I needed a second machine, with a good text editor. Aha, says I. I'll use the Osborne 1. Of course the Osborne 1 has only 5V4-inch disks, and Ezekial has 8-inch disks, but that's all right. The TRS-80 has both 5V'4-inch and 8-inch Lobo disks, and those work fine, and under CP/M we can copy files from the little disks to

The Is Mee.

*2425

Basic system with: 600K bytes L^tmXJ* • 1.2 megabytes: List $3650. • 2.4 megabytes; List $4650.

Single Board Technology

AZ80A CPU combined with the CP/M" operating system opens new

vistas to software availability for eight-bit micros FORTRAN. COBOL. BASIC. APL, PL/1 and Pascal are available now to accommodate today's scientific, educational, sophisticated small business and personal system users

• 4 MHz Z80A CPU • 2-serlal ports

• CP/M 2 operating system • 2-parallel ports

• 64K 200ns main memory • 4-counter/timers

• 8-inch dual floppy drives • Hard disk options

• 50-pin expansion connector available.

floppy aiid Winchester MicrocomiMitei* System

An 8 inch floppy and an 8 inch Winchester hard disk microcomputer

system all packaged in a compact, stylish cabinet We've combined all the line features of the SB-80 and added the speed of a

Winchester to offer you the storage of almost 12 million bytes. The SB-80/10 comes complete with controller, power supply, and the single board computer to give you the total system for less money

• SB-80/10 Sub-system List $6500.

Add-on to the SB-80

10m byte Winchester disk storage

• SB-80A/10 ListS8500,

SB-80 Microcomputer System

600K byte floppy disk storage 10m byte Winchester disk storage

• SB-BOB/10 List $8900

SB-80 Microcomputer System 1.2m byte floppy disk storage 10m byte Winchester disk storage

Substantial OEM and Dealer discounts available

Colonial Data Services Corp.

105 Sanford Street Hamden, Conn. 06514 (203) 288-2524 • Telex: 956014

Mid Atlantic Disliitnitor COIVIPUTER APPLIED SYSTEMS, INC. 497.H1II Slreel York Pennsylvania 17403 • (717) 848-2431 ■CP/M IS a registered trademark ol Digital Research, IncHHBBHi^^^H

New England Distributor S&M SYSTEMS. INC.

P O Box 1225 • 2 Washington Si Haverhill

MA 01830 • (617) 373-1599

218 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 90 on inquiry card.

THE DAWN OF A NEW ERA "THE COMPUTER-LINE""

V

I

APPLE

L N O E B c

E P S

O T NH

EPSON

[Inec|

Our Volume Sales Are So High That Our Prices Are The World's Lowest

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS

7710 Async. Serial Int. $135 7490 GPIB(IEEE-488) Int. $239 7470Ana. to Dig. Converters 99

7711 Async. Serial (Term) $135

7712 Sync. Seriallnt. $149 7721 Apple Parallel Int. $109 Caiendar/Clocl< Module $ 99 Programable Timer $ 99

PRINTERS

NEC

Spinwriter7710 8023 A EPSON MX 80 MX 80 Ft. MX 100

$ 2339 $CALL

$CALL SCALL SCALL

Prism 80

Prism 132 Color Printer MPI

88 G Printer 99 G Printer

VISICORP, INC.

Desktop Plan III Desktop Plan II Visifiles Visiplot

Visitrend/Visiplot Visidex Visiterm Visicalc 3-3 Visipak

BUSINESS SOFTWARE

STONEWARE

$229 DB Master

$189 DB Utility Pack

$189 MICRO PRO

$159 Apple CP/M

$229 Word Star

$189 Super Sort

$ 79 Mail Merger

$189 Data Star

$539 Spell Star

Call Star

INFORMATION UNLIMITED

Pro Easy Writer $169 Call For Continental, uakin b, Broderbund, Automated Simulations, AvantEdu-Ware, Denver, Howard, Sirius, Sensible, Synergistic Software, Etc.

N

I

O

R

Y

X h'^ I E

heW^

MBI"

tT

pA

.rD

Period!

MOUNTAIN HARDWARE

CPA Multi-Function Card $169

Tfie Clock $229

Supertalker $159

Music System $319

Expansion Chassis $599

Romwriter $139

Ram Plus (32K Board) $149

ANADEX

DP9500/9501 $ 1275

INTEGRAL DATA SYSTEMS

1195 1595

659 749

$169 $ 69

$219 $119 $ 79 $179 $119 $119

COMPARE!

WITH CONTROLLER

$459 ADD-ON $389

Hard Disks + 8" Disks for Apple, TRS-80 SCALL Apple Computer Prorducts $CALL

DRIVES FOR APPLE

®

PRODUCTS • PLEASE CALL OR WRITE FOR CATALOG.

MODEMS

Hayes Micromodem II $289

Hayes Smartmodem $229

Hayes Chronograpti $199

Novation Cat $145

Novation D-Cat Modem $165

Novation Apple Cat II $339

Novation Auto Cat $209

DISKETTES (Boxes of 10)

Verbatim Datallfe $ 24-95 Verbatim 8"

Double-Side/DD $39-95 RAM CARDS

RamexieKCard $ 119

Ramex 128 K Card $CALL

WesperlO KCard $ 119

Microsoft 16 K Card $ 139

Dana 18 K Card $ 119

MONITORS

Zenith ZVM-121 Phosphor

15 MHZ $119 NEC 1201 Phosphor

20 MHZ $179 NEC 0112 Composite

Color $335 NEC2112RGBColor $899 Amdek 300 Phosphor $199 Amdek Composite Color $355 Amdek IBM Compatible

Color $899

80 COLUMN CARDS FOR APPLE

WesperSOCard $259 Vision 80 Card (Vista) $299 VidexBOCard $259 MISCELLANEOUS APPLE PRODUCTS Enhancer II $ 119

Dana Apple Fan $ 39

Sup R Mod $27-95

IN COLORADO (303) 279-2727

CALL "THE COMPUTER-LINE" 7 DAYS

1-(800)-525-7877

IN COLORADO SUITE 108

THE GOLD OFFICES 607 10TH ST. GOLDEN, CO 80401

COmPUTERVifORLD INTERNRTIGNRL, INC.

SUITE 133, P.O. BOX 81, WHEAT RIDGE, COLORADO, U.S.A. 80034-0081

TERMS: RETAIUMAIL ORDER: MASTERCHARGE/VISA ACCEPTED. WE CALCULATE UPS FREIGHT.

Circle 121 on inquiry card.

the big disks using the PIP utility routine. So all we have to do is to take a disk from the Osborne 1 to the TRS-80 and. . . .

It doesn't work. The Osborne disk format is different from the Omikron's format. And, talking to Mike McCuUoch of Osborne Computer Corporation, I find there's no easy solution to the problem. If there were a "standard" SVi-inch disk format (as

there is a standard for 8-inch disks— the IBM single-density soft-sectored format), then Osborne would use it. Indeed, when Osborne goes to double density for disks, it'll use the new IBM 5V'4-inch double-density format. But Osborne can't use a standard until one exists.

Which means that the only way to get files from the Osborne 1 to Zeke is to send them out the Osborne I's serial

port. Now the Osborne 1 has such ports, both RS-232C and modem ports, so that's not impossible, and nowadays Osborne will furnish you with software lo accomplish the job (well, to accomplish the Osborne 1 end of the job; obviously you'll have to have appropriate software on the other end to catch what the Osborne 1 is pitching).

Moreover, the Osborne 1 format may yet become the "standard" for 5V'4-inch single-density disks. According to McCulloch, the major software houses have been given copies of the specifications as well as an Osborne 1 machine and have been invited to offer software on disks readable by the Osborne 1; Adam Osborne has no intention of cutting his users off from the vast marketplace of CP/M software. Just the opposite.

So. By now you get the idea. The Osborne 1 is as good an en try-level system as I have seen. The only products that come close to it are the new IBM Personal Computer and the Heath/Zenith H-89, and both come with only one disk drive and very little software at a price a good bit higher than the Osborne 1.

I did not, however, recommend the Osborne 1 to Arthur Clarke; and I never seriously considered it as the new machine Zeke wanted me to set up as his assistant. It's not that I won't keep mine and use it as a portable for a very long time; but I need more machine than can be bought for $2000, and so does Arthur Clarke.

Candidates

"Maybe," I said to my mad friend, "maybe I'll get an H-89. I can get it with CP/M and a printer and get a company to fit a case for it. I see advertised a board that will let it talk to 8-inch disks, which will solve the problem of communicating with Zeke. I can end up with a portable."

"Good thirJcing, as long as you think of it as a spare. Your real machine needs an expandable bus."

'True. But for a portable. ... In fact," I said in boyish enthusiasm, "maybe I'll get it as a kit and build it so

Stdlfff

THE FIRST AND ORIGINAL TRUE SINGLE BOARD S-100 BUSS COMPUTER; THE SDS MASTER

MPM CP/M' TURBOOOS*

*(SINGLE USER & NETWORKING)

• ZBOAorZBDB

• 4 TIMERS IZCTC)

• 64K RAM [64KX1 CHIPS)

• 2 SERIAL PORTS (ZSIOj

• 4 PARALLEL PORTS IZPIO)

• UP TO 16K EPROM |2732)

NEC FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER

lUP TO FOUR 8- DOUBLE SIOEO/OOUBLE DENSITY DfllUESI

INTELLIGENT WINCHESTER INTERFACE

ON BOARD EPROM BURNER lOOES NOT REQUIRE Z4V|

"beware of incomplete imitations"

CP/M is a trademark of Digital Researctt. TURBODOS is a trad8niarl( of Software 2000. ^^J^IERRA am SCIEIMGES

Fresno, California

sarrwuiE

Marketing Division

21162 Lorain Ave./Fairview Parl(/Ohio 44126/(216) 331-8500/TLX 980131 VJDMR

220 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 36d on Inquiry card.

BASIC for

68000

(Mow Hemenway Corporation brings you a BASIC Interpreter for 68000 systems.

Easy. Hemenway BASIC is easy to use because it allows interactive software development. Simple program modifications can be made through cursororiented edit commands. And debugging can be performed through tracing commands.

Accurate. Provides up to 16 digits of

precision.

Compatible. Implemented to provide compatibility with most 8-bit BASIC

programs. Now you can use existing software with 16-bit microcomputers.

Versatile. Access directories, listings, file manipulation, and other systems

functions without leaving BASIC. Simple linkage to assembly-language routines. Clean, uncluttered report formatting with the PRINT-USING statement. Dynamic string management with a complete set of string functions. Error trapping and handling without leaving BASIC.

File Support. Full file support for Random and Sequential files.

Hemenway BASIC is yet another highlevel language supported by the MSP/ 68000™ Real Time Multi-tasking Operating System. Other products are Pascal, Macro-Assembler Link Utilities, Text Editor 16-digit Floating Point Packages, and Scientific Functions Package. To be released are FORTH, FORTRAN, followed by COBOL. ■

For OEM terms and information contact: Jim Hemenway, Marketing Director Hemenway Corporation, 101 TremontSt., Boston, MA 02108 (617j 426-1931 TELEX 921735

HEMENWAY CORPORATION

User's Column,

I can understand the machine."

"Sounds like about as much fun as an appendectomy," said Mac Lean.

1 can always count on him to prick any silly bubbles like that.

In the middle of all that came another emergency. Dr. Stefan T. Possony, my long-time friend, associate, and collaborator, decided to get a computer. He'd seen Ezekial, and he wanted him. Or one like him.

Not long ago the solution to the problem would have been simple. We'd simply hand money to Tony Pietsch of Proteus Engineering, he would produce an updated clone of Ezekial, and all would be well. Unfortunately, Tony's in great demand as a consultant and has just about gone out of the systems-integration business.

So, what to get? For Stefan, and for me.

It didn't take much research to come to several conclusions. First, a professional system ought to have 8-inch floppy-disk drives. The little disks are fine for entry-level learning systems, but they're just not solid enough—and won't hold enough files—for professional work. Second, the system has to use Digital Research's CP/M operating system. With Xerox, Wang, and DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation) coming into the field, CP/M is more than a

de facto standard, it's a necessity. Third, the S-100 bus (in a quiet version and built to the IEEE standard, if at all possible) is still the most versatile small-computer system going and will be for some time. An S-100 with a Z80 processor is the way to go.

"But why not the new IBM Personal Computer?" one of my sane friends asked. "It has an expansion bus. Not the S-100, true, but a bus. And CP/M-86, and IBM maintenance and—"

And SVi-inch floppy disks, which even with IBM behind them are going to be a problem. Furthermore, as of right now (fall, 1981) the local people selling the IBM know nothing about software availability, although with Microsoft's support I expect that to change by the time you read this.

The IBM may sweep the field; heaven knows it's a handsome enough unit. I learned to write with an IBM typewriter keyboard, and I've found few computer keyboards up to the Selectric—and the new IBM computer keyboard is even nicer. Indeed, I'm thinking seriously of getting an IBM. But for all of IBM's prodigious reputation, it hasn't a lot of experience with small computers. Until it gains some, I think m wait. Besides, IBM Personal Computers weren't available back last

summer when Stefan wanted his machine.

So. What to get? And how to install it long distance? That really presented a problem. Possony knows nothing about computers, and there aren't too many off-the-shelf S-100 systems. I could get a Vector; although I've no direct experience with them, people I trust tell me they're excellent.

But then I remembered: I have a good friend. Dr. Colin Mick (Decision Information Services, POB 5849, Stanford, CA 94305, (415) 327-5797), in the Stanford area, where Dr. Possony lives. A quick phone call, and Colin foolishly volunteered to help Stefan. It turned out well. Colin installed a CCS (California Computer Systems) system with a Heath/Zenith Z-19 terminal in Stefan's house. He chose CCS because that's what he has, and he knows some of the CCS design team; the result has been so successful that Colin is now much in demand as a small-systems consultant.

Another result is that Possony, already one of the world's most prolific writers on foreign affairs and international politics, has more than doubled his output. He loves his new system; and when you consider that Stefan is a Viennese intellectual, who got his Ph.D. the year after I was bom

rPERSONAL COMPUTER" USERS YOU DESERVE THE BEST

'£ WHAT THE '$SIONALS* USE

nCH INC.

Circle, Suite B (714)540-1333 s Welcome

• 64KB-256KB Parity Memory

MP-064: $445; MP-128: $620

MP-192: $795; MP-256: $970

User upgradeable

Fullyassembled,tested& burned-in

1-year warranty ' ASYNC Communication

CC-032: $145; CC-132: $275

CC-032 offers 1 serial port

CC-132 offers 2 ports

Program compatible with IBM's

Serial Com. Card > SYNC Communication

CC-232: $295

2 RS232 ports

Capable of ASYNC, BISYNC,

SDLC, HDLC

• Combo Card

MC-064 to MC-256 Up to 256KB memory + 1 port of parallel printer port + 1 port of Serial port

• Direct Connect Modem

Model CC-323

1 port of RS232 Serial link

1 direct connect modem port auto

dial, originate/answer

• Hardware Prototype

WW-068: $75; WW-069: $55 WW-068 wire wrap card (13" x 4.2") WW-069 extender Get both for $95

*The following companies have chosen our products; Context Management, Information Unlimited Software, Network Consulting Inc., Spftech Microsystem Ina

222 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 3 on inquiry card.

Vista

nvisible or Invincible?

t all depends on your perspective.

"he Vision 80® is a video display card that lives your Apple™ terminal an industrytandard 80 column by 24 line display creen with a full 1 28 character set iniluding upper and lower case letters vith three dot descenders. It is compatDle with all existing Apple BASIC oftware and allows the use of 80 ;olumn lower case text with proirams written in BASIC, FORTRAN 'ascal, Microsoft CP/M"^ and ASSEMBLER. Full communications Iriver support allows the Apple II™ o operate as an intelligent terminal

)efinitely invincible. Ask Softalk nagazine editors, who rated /ision 80® the Best Apple'ideo display card on the narket.

Jut the Vision 80® card has an 'Apple" command vocabulary icluding H-tab, V-tab, HOME, ■EXT, PR# GRAPHICS).

No changes in operating or programming procedures are necessary to produce whatever sophisticated displays you require. And it doesn't interfere with the operation of popular Apple^**^ compatible peripherals. Except for the enhanced display,

it's as if you had never installed the Vision 80® in your Apple II™ computer.

Definitely invisible.

Ask your local computer dealer for a demonstration of the invincible, invisible Vision 80® video display card by Vista Computer Company. Or correspond with us directly: Vista Computer Company, Inc. 1317 East Edinger, Santa Ana CA 92705, (714) 953-0523. Toll free order line: (800) 854-8017.

■"«

Be sure to inquire about our new Vision 40, a softscreen programmable character generator for Apple II™ computers. It's great for graphics and perfect for foreign language applications.

Perceptive Perspective

circle 427 on inquiry card.

COMPUTER COMPANY, INC. 1317 East Edinger • Santa Ana, CA 92705 714-953-0523 800-854-8017

511981 Vista Computer Co., inc.

\pple and Apple II are trademarks of Apple Computer Inc.

mm

CP/M Is a trademark of Digital Research Inc.

circle 5 on Inquiry card.

more ...

SPECTACULAR OFFERS

w

BASF

M

MAXELL

WABASH

OPUS

We stock the complete line of BASF diskettes, reel-to-reel tapes, mag cards, disk packs and cartridges. We aiso carry MAXELL, OPUS and WABASH products. All are 100% certified and fuiiy guaranteed.

Box of 10 diskettes; 5^' 8"

OPUSss/sd $20 $21

BASFss/sd 23 24

WABASH ss/sd 23 24

MAXELL . TOO LOW TO QUOTE. CALL 5'/4"-10 sector-now available

Sectoring must be specified

SVi'or 8* Vinyl Storage Pages 10/$5

LIBRARY CASES

8" Kas-sette/IQ $2.90

Sy4' Mini Kas'sette/10 .. $^49

HARDHOLE DISK PROTECTORS Reinforcing rings of tough mylar protect disk hole edge from damage.

SV»"

Applicators $3

Hardhole Rings (50) $6

DISK DRIVE HEAD CLEANING KITS

Prevent head crashes and ensure error-free operation.

5V4"or8" $19.50

SFDC-10 CASSETTES 10;$7

(All cassettes Include box ana labels.)

Get 8 cassettes, C-10

Sonic, and Cassette/B Library-Album, as illustrated, for only $8

SNAP-IT POWER CENTER

Turns 1 outlet Into 6. Wall mount or portable. Circuit breaker, lighted switch and UL approved.

4"x3"x2" 7. $19.95

We also offer printer ribbons, print»(heels, type elements, equipment covers, power consoles, paper supplies, storage and filing equipment, furniture and many other accessories for word and data processing systems. Write for our free catalog.

VISA • MASTERCHARGE • IVIONEY ORDERS • CERTIFIED CHECK • FOR PERSONAL CHECKS ALLOW TWO WEEKS • C.O.D. REQUIRES A 10% DEPOSIT • CAL. RES. ADD 6% SALES TAX • MIN $2 SHIPPING & HANDLING • MINIMUM ORDER $10 • SATISFACTION GUARANTEED OR FULL REFUND

ABM

PRODUCTS

8868 CLAIREMONT MESA BLVD. SAN DIEGO. CALIFORNIA 92123

Toll Free 800.854-1555 Order Only For Informalton or California Orders

User's Column.

and who knows very little about machines, that's quite a statement. It's also a great testimony to Colin's patience and instructional capability.

Decision Information Services got one thing out of it. They're writing a book for first users. Given Colin's understanding of computers and Stefan's ability to ask penetrating questions, I wouldn't be surprised to see it become the best book ever done on the subject.

So. That was one candidate. CCS seemed a very good system, and certainly a lot of them are being sold.

Tony, meanwhile, was putting together a Godbout (Compupro), with the dual 8085/8088 8-bit/16-bit capability. And Richard Frank, of Sorcim, had told me he uses Godbout units for all his development work because he considers them the most rugged and reliable systems available.

I stewed for a while, then called Bill Godbout. The result is that Zeke's big brother is sitting in the next room.

Understand that I've nothing against the CCS system. Quite the opposite. It's an excellent system and one of those I recommend. But the Godbout is more than that. It's built like a Mack truck. You couldn't hurt it with a nine-pound sledge. When it comes to rugged reliability, Godbout is the way to go for my money; and Tony says the bus is the quietest he's ever worked with.

What we have is the Godbout (Compupro) S-'lOO box, Godbout's disk controller and interfacer board, his 8085/88 processors as well as the Z80 processor (obviously you can't use both at the same time), 128K bytes of Godbout memory, and his system support vectored interrupt board. The disk drives are Qume double-sided double-density 8-inch drives with a Vista box and power supply.

I confess to being a bit worried about double-sided double-density disks. Asking for trouble, I thought; but I was wrong. With the Godbout controller and Qume drives my disks are as quiet as the Icom drives ever were—and they're wonderfully fast.

We're still shaking down the God

bout system. When it's all done and checked out, I intend to get another set of Qumes and install them in Zeke. More on both the Qumes and the Godbout another time.

WRITE Arrives

So. Zeke has two new friends, the Osborne and the Godbout; and he's about to get new disk drives.

There's more happening here at Chaos Manor. Tony Pietsch's new text editor, WRITE, is done at last. I'm using it to do this column.

Write is much like Electric Pencil without bugs. It ought to be: back when I started writing with computers. Pencil was the best editor around, and we put together a system to work with it. Unfortunately, Pencil has bugs. One, the tendency to drop letters at the ends of lines, is notorious. Another is a needlessly complex handshaking routine to couple Pencil to the Diablo (that one's so severe we use a special CP/M BIOS [basic input/output system] reserved just for Pencil). There are other problems, and over the years my partner Larry Niven and I have been making lists of Pencil's faults. We've also made notes on just what we'd like in a text creation editor, features that Pencil never had.

Anton (Tony) Pietsch has been collecting those notes and writing an editor to fit. In these columns and in pieces for BYTE's companion onComputing, now called Popular Computing, I've several times armounced that it would be ready "real soon now." I'm happy to say that this time it's here and it works.

But this version will only work for systems with memory-mapped video display. For the Godbout that's simple enough: we use an Ithaca IA-1100 Write-Only Memory video output board addressed to hexadecimal address FCOO, and a separate keyboard. The system normally operates through an H-19 terminal, but it can be rigged up to think that Ezekial is its terminal—or to work with my regular keyboard, putting the output up on my big IS-inch monitor screen

224 ApiU 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

LOGO

Language of the 80's

Apple Logo and Logo introduce you to a dynamic new computer language tliat not only enables educators to make full and innovative use of tfie teaching potential of modern computers but also offers programmers an easy-to-use system of considerable power.

Readers of this book will see that the designers' vision of Logo as a virtually unlimited educational tool has now become a reality. Logo enables even young children to use the computer in rewarding, self-directed projects, while at the same time providing sophisticated users with a powerful and expressive general programming system. This book presents the reader with a complete guide to the exciting applications of this unique procedural language.

The author Introduces programming techniques through Turtle Geometry—a series of fascinating exercises involving both Logo programming and geometric concepts. Later chapters illustrate more advanced projects that utilize Logo's sophisticated listprocessing capabilities; these include the conversational DOCTOR program with its simulated psychotherapist and an INSTANT program with which parents and teachers can create a programming environment for preschool children. The book also contains reference material of enduring value to sophisticated users.

Get In on the ground floor of the burgeoning Logo movement with this comprehensive, detailed guide to the up-and-coming computer language of the Eighties!

This book is published in two versions: Apple Logo is for users of Apple Logo^*^ software (distributed by Apple Computer Company) and contains an appendix for users of Tl Logo^*^. Logo is specifically for users of Logo software developed at MIT for the Apple II computer (distributed by Krell Software and Terrapin, Inc.). Logo also contains appendices that enable users of Apple Logo^'^ and Tl Logo^'^ to carry out the projects in the book. Be sure to specify Apple Logo or Logo when ordering!

BYTE Books 70 Main St Peterborough, N.H. 03

Circle 67 on inquiry card.

User's Column,

through the IA-1100. This is one of the advantages of an S-100 bus system. You can configure it to do nifty things like that.

Anyway, back to WRITE. Why is it so good that I'm willing to overlay some of my memory with video and have special boards, and such like? Can it be as good as all that!

It depends on what you want an editor for. I have no doubt that some of the really fancy "window-type" editors based on the MIT EMACS editor or built around special display boards may be more elegant in theory. Moreover, Micropro's Wordmaster remains, in my judgment, the best programming editor ever invented.

But for just sitting down and writing I want something as nearly invisible as can be made. I don't want to think about my editor. I don't want it to natter at me about line numbers and column numbers and such. I don't want it drawing furmy lines across the screen to mark the ends of pages. I don't want it clicking disks at me, or running out of disk space and giving me no chance to change disks.

And if 1 want to pull some text in from another disk somewhere, I want to be able to do that. If I want to write some text out onto a safety disk, I want to be able to do that, too. If I

want to print out my text on paper, I don't want to have to double-space it on the screen in order to get it doublespaced on the manuscript.

And for heaven's sake, if I fiddle around with a paragraph and snip off words here and add some there, I don't want to have to reformat the text! My editor should do that forme, silently, easily, automatically.

And that's what I have in WRITE. A nearly invisible editor. Add to that a really powerful macro-command capability, with loops and global searches and deletes, and an ability to link disk files so that the program treats them as if they were one enormous file.

Add it all up and it's WRITE, Writers' Really Incredible Text Editor. I'm sure I'll have more to say about it another time. Meanwhile, if your system will nm Electric Pencil under CP/M, it will run WRITE, which will be able to read all your old Pencil files. (It will also read Wordstar and Wordmaster files.) If you do creative writing, you'll appreciate WRITE a lot. Highly recommended.

One more note on text editors. People ask me what I have against Wordstar. My aiBwer is simple. Lots of friends use Wordstar, and I use it on the Osborne. It's a good editor to run

on a terminal. Like all editors on terminals, the scrolling is ugly, but that's not Wordstar's fault. Micropro International continually works to add features and capabilities, and it's done well.

What Micropro can't do is correct the basic deficiency, which is the twokeystroke command system with delay in between strokes. When I want to delete a line, or scroll, or go from the beginning to the end of the text, I want to do that right now. I don't want to hit control-Q, then remember that "c" takes me to the end of the text unless I've hit the space bar in between, in which case—

Nor do I want a bunch of prompts and lines and menu items on the screen. OK, so you can suppress those menu descriptions—provided, of course, that you remember all the command items. But you won't. Wordstar has too many features. Now that would be all right if you could ignore most of them, but you can't. They take up single-stroke control characters so that there are none left for the functions you want to have happen fast. In contrast, WRITE's approach is to use the single-strokes for such things as toggling insert/delete modes, opening a hole in the text for long insertions, and marking blocks of

ilBASF

DISKETTES

BASF Diskettes at competitive price. Call TOLL FREE (800) 235-4137 for prices and information. Visa and Master Card accepted.

PACIFIC EXCHANGES

100 Fooihill Blvd San Luis Obispo CA 4:i401 (In Cal ca (805) .543-1037

Circle 319 on inquiry card.

226 April 1982 © BYTE Publicatinu Inc

command your own STARSHtP

with

Fleet: Maneuvers

19B2's hoccest new

play by mail game.

by

FgnTq^Tic ;>imuLqTion:>

p. o. box S45BB clGn\]>Gr Colorado SaSS4

re it for your hardware and software needs. MARCH SPECIAL

SuperCalc^^ «236

THE APPLICATIONS GROUP

i

214 ) 749-5513

i I III I

circle 48 on Inquiry card.

Circle 35 on inquiry card.

'**irtiiifc^irOliM

OOmPUTER UMRaKXJSE

CALL TOLL FREE

1-800-528-1054

ATARI

Special 32K 800 System

800 W/32K, recorder, star

raiders, joysticks Call

Above W/48K Call

INTERNATIONAL DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

800 (16K)

400

810 Disk Drive 825 Printer . . . . 850 Interface . 410 Recorder , 830 Modem .. .

$670 $340 $440 $590 $170 $ 75 $155

16K Memory 32K Memory

MODEMS

Novation

CAT

D-CAT

Apple Cat II . , Auto Cat

PRINTERS

C. Itoh

F-10 - Parallel . F-10 - Serial . . 55CPS - Series Prowriter

Datasouth

DS 180

$70 $125

$140 $155 $349 $235

Call Call Call Call

$1260

Diablo

630 RO w/Tractors . , $2260 630 RO wo/Tractors . $2050

Epson

MX-80

MX-80 F/T

MX-100

Infoscrlbe

500

1000

Call Call Call

Call Call

NEC

PC-8023A .

3510

7710

7720

Call $1690 Call Call

Okidata

Microline 80 ,,, Microline82-A Microline 83-A Microline 84 ,.,

Paper Tiger

560G

$330 $455 $740 Call

$1050

Texas Instruments

810 Basic

$1275

MONITORS

Zenith

12" Green Screen Amdek

Video 100

Video 300

Color I

Color II

$115

Call Call Call Call

VTA Di® Texas Instruments

Novation

yTECHNOLOCY, INC.

M Tfel^ldeo — —

/ OKIDATA 3|U|

COMPUTER SYSTEMS EPSON AMERICA, INC. ■^HfiIcECSiSji3

SPECIAL WORD PROCESSING SYSTEM

Altos 8000-2, Televideo 950, Diablo 630RO, Word Star, Cables above w/TELEVIDEO 910

S5830 S5500

$630 Call Call Call

VIDEO TERMINALS

Adds

Viewpoint $530

Altos

Altos I Call

Soroc

IQ 120

IQ 130

IQ 135

IQ 140

Televideo

910C

912C

920 C

925 C

950 C

Zenith

Z-19

DISKETTS Elephant

5^" 0. Sector (100). Scotch 5%" O.IO.ieSector

(100)

8" 0.32 Sector (100)

$570 $675 $735 $730 $915

$680

$215

$250 $260

UMREHCXJSE

COMPUTERS

Altos

ACS 8000-15 $3850

ACS 8000-2

w/CPM" $2650

Alspa

ASCi-1 Call

ASCI-2 Call

California Computer Systems Call

IBM

Personal Computer Call

NEC Call

Northstar

Advantage $2990

Horizon II 64K QD . . $2690

Televideo Systems

System I

System II

TS-802

TS-802H

Zenith

Z-89 48K w/CPM"

Z-90 64K w/CPM"

Both above w/supercalc DISK DRIVES Lobo

Apple 1st Drive . .

Apple 2nd Drive . .

$2255 $5045 $2700 $5050

$2160 $2385

$400 $350

2222 E. Indian School Rd. • Phoenix, Arizona 85016 Order Line: 1-800-528-1054 'mtk Other Information: 602-954-6109 NPP! bhh

Store Hours: Tues.-Fri. 10-5 MST Saturday 10-2 MST

Prices reflect 3% cash discount. Product shipped in factory cartons with manufacturers warranty. Add 2% a minimum of $5 for shipping and handling.

Personal checks will delay shipping two weeks Prices & availability subject to change without notice

User's ■

text and moving them; and, much as

Wordmaster does, it allows you to use the macro-command capability for all the really complicated stuff. WRITE also has the menu available at any time: simply hit Escape and you'll see a whole list of instructions, pages of them if you like. But you don't see them unless you want to. I wish Wordstar had taken that approach.

I do recommend Wordstar for some purposes. First, it works on a terminal. Because it knows where the ends of pages are, it can do indexing. It formats on screen; what you see is what you get, an intolerable disadvantage when what you want is a simple double-spaced manuscript (who wants his on-screen text double-spaced?) but a real boon if you're publishing a newsletter or other matter requiring holes for illustration. It has a good mail-merge utility. If you can use any of those features, Wordstar is the only program that has them.

Incidentally, there are a couple of candidates for Wordstar's crown, one of them being MINCE (acronym for MINCE Is Not Complete EMACS) which emulates EMACS, the MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) full-screen editor and is certainly the best editor if you want to

write LISP programs. MINCE works

on terminals (but not with memorymapped video; at least I've never been able to get it running on Zeke). Now that the Godbout with the H-19 is up and running, we'll have a more thorough report. But when it comes to creating text, you won't beat WRITE. Or so say I.

muSimp / muMath

Some time ago, I got a copy of muSimp/muMath from the Soft Warehouse. Marketing of these programs has since been taken over by Microsoft, which has probably enhanced the documentation—at least it usually does.

There's nothing quite like muMath

[For another review see 'The muSimp/ muMath-79 Symbolic Math System" by Gregg Williams, November 1980 BYTE, page 324]. The basic concept comes from MACSYMA, the symbolic-algebra programs continually under development at MIT's computer laboratories, which run on the DEC PDP-10. Obviously, there is no way to put the full power of a PDP-10 into a microcomputer—although the Godbout 8085/88 comes closer than I would have thought possible a few years ago.

MuMath consists of a core plus a

whole series of auxiliary routines. The programs are written in LISP, but you don't have to know LISP to use them. (It would help, though. Boy would it help.) MuSimp is another package of routines which will also work with muMath. Together they will do a surprising lot of useful work. You could, for example, write a Visicalc in muSimp/muMath, and I suspect it would work quite well. There are also examples of how to write a database system using them.

In other words, muSimp/muMath have a lot more power than appears on the surface (or, indeed, is hinted at in the advertisements).

Their primary purpose, though, is to do symbolic math. And here I have to confess a fault. When I first got muSimp/muMath, I tended to compare them to MACSYMA, and of course these programs written for 8-bit microprocessors came up wanting. How could they not? What I should have done was find someone who never had access to MACSYMA and ask what she thought of them, and recently that's what I did.

"Wonderful," said my lovely friend. "I've never even suspected you could do things like that on a computer.

J RAM

New 512K RAM card for the IBM Personal Computer. Parity and paging hardware. Gp to one and a half megabytes per system using 3 JRAM's. Included is floppy with software to allow any portion of memory to be used as simulated floppy drive. Ail RAM locations are socketed and partially stuffed cards are available on special request.

$1500

Tall Tree Systems

1036 Los Altos Avenue Los Altos, CA 94022 (415) 941-8748

THE MISSIIMG LINK

Adapt IBM ET50,60, or75 to Applell or III

with our Missing Link for word processing quality output.

• Does iiot affect nornial typewriier operation

• Typewriter still qualifted for IBM maintenance contract

• Interface isolates the Apple from the typewriter

See iKjf full twyti in Mny 1980 BVTE

Check with your local Appie dealer or to order call: 1-800-845-2712 (In S.C., call 1-800-922-5528)

If you need word processing software, we offer ManuSaipter in two versions Beginner S95, Advanced SI95 'S C residents add 4".. sales lax

|Ml(g(o)iMjp)iiDSystems

Hon I ?301 DEVINE STREET . PO BOX

FOR UCSD PASCAL* SYSTEMS $650 - PDBASE an Entity Relational Data-base. Complete with English query language, formated screen, procedure language, data security, multiple users, validity checking and example relations. $300 - Program interface for

PDBASE $ 25 - PDBASE users manual $125 - Interactice spelling checker $100 - Complete LISP interpreter. lOTC Inc. 910 SuUy/Laiamie, WY 82070 •Trademark Regents Univ. of Calif. (307) 72!-581S

Circle 404 on Inquiry card.

228 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 98 on Inquiry {Sard.

Circle 215 on Inquiry card.

Made by Seikosha, AXIOM'S new GP-IOO is the finest printer a little money can buy. It uses standard 8-1/2 x 11 paper and lias AXIOM'S fabulous graphics interfaces for Apple,TRS-80, Atari, PET, HP and morel See the GP-lOO at your AXIOM dealer today!

Seikosha is the leading company of the worldwide Seiko Group.

AXIOM CORPORATION

1014 Griswold

Avenue, San ftrnando, CA 91340 • Telephone: (213) 365-9521 • TWX: 910-496-1746 Circle 47 on inquiry card.

Circle 436 on inquiry card.

STARTING YOUR OWN MICROCOMPUTER BUSINESS

Starting your own microcomputer business is easy if you know the right steps to take. Two volumes of the new book Your Fortune In The Microcomputer Business describe the things you should know to start right and to build your business successfully.

Many people have good ideas for a successful microcomputer business. But they don't know how to put their ideas into action. These people are plenty smart. That's not the problem. The problem is in knowing simple things: How to analyze the market. How to select the right product or service. How to get enough startup money. How to plan your growth and success. The answers to these problems are not hard to understand. All you need is the right information. Your Fortune In The Microcomputer Business gives you the knowledge tools to start right, grow and prosper.

This practical reference manual has no hocus-pocus. It does not tell you how to do astrology or dating services. It does give you clear, complete, step-by-step instructions on how to get started right and insure your success!

Volume I Includes:

■ The hottest trends in the market

■ The seven best test markets

■ How to read hetween the lines at a trade show

■ 107 ways to reach your market

■ Examples of the best ads in the business

■ How to get free advertising

■ The 21 steps to set up your business

■ How to start a manufacturing business

■ How to write a newsletter

■ How to give a seminar

■ How to start a service business uiitraiinu)

■ How to package software for the mass market

■ How to be a highly paid consultant

■ Franchising—the good, the bad and the ugly

■ Interviews with six successful microcomputer businesses

■ How to use the RLC factor to be street smart, lean, mean and successful

Volume II Includes:

■ strategies for growth

■ Straight facts on incorporation

■ How to build your organization

■ How to manage cash flow

■ How to develop your accounting system

■ How to manage employees, wages and sakiries

■ How to survive a cash crunch

■ What to do if things get really bad

■ How to maximize your profits

■ How to grow by acquisition

■ How to value your business

■ How and when to sell your business

WRITE OR CALL-DONT WAIT!

m mm

Volume I Getting Started

Volume II Growth, Survival and Success

bv VICTOR WILD

Wildfire Publishing, P.O. Box 420-DK Carpinteria, CA 93013 Ph. (805) 684-1489

Please send the following book(s) by return mail. 1 understand if 1 want to return them for any reason within 30 days of receipt, I can do so and get a prompt full refund.

□ Your Fortune In The Microcomputer Business Vol. I, Getting Started, $20.00. (Postpaid)

□ Your Fortune In The Microcomputer Business

Vol. II, Growth, Survival and Success, $20.00. (Postpaid) Calif, residents please add $1.20 each sales tax.

Name Street City _

-State .

Zip .

Enclosed is _

Card #

Ex. Dt

Signature _

_ or charge my MasterCharge □ or Visa □

MCInterbank #

.® 1982 Wildlire Pub.

User's Column.

Items Reviewed

Ashton-Tate

Suite 1510

3600 Wilshire Boulevard Los Angeles, CA 90010 (213) 204-5570

WRITE

(Writers' Really Incredible Text Editor)

$395

California Computer Systems

250 Caribbean Drive Sunnyvale, CA 94086 (408) 734-5811

Model 2210A S-100

$2350

Compupro-Godbout Co.

Oakland Airport, CA 94614 (415) 562-0636

8085/8088 Dual Processor

6 MHz 8 MHz

$425 $525

Cornucopia Software

FOB 5028

Walnut Creek, CA 94596 (415) 524-8098

Microproof TRS-80 Model I or III TRS-80 Model III or

CP/M Optional Correcting Feature

$89.50 $149.50 $60

Innovative Software Applications

260 Sheridan, Suite 300 Palo Alto, CA 94306 (415) 326-0805

Spellguard 2.0

$295

Micropro International Corp.

1299 Fourth Street San Rafael, CA 94901 (415) 457-8990

Wordstar 3.0

$495

Microsoft

400 108th Avenue NE, Suite 200 Bellevue, WA 98004 (206) 828-8080

muSimp/muMath CP/M and Apple BASCOM BASIC

Compiler CP/M and Apple

$250 $395

Osborne Computer Corp.

26500 Corporate Avenue Hayward, CA 94545 (415) 887-8080

Osborne 1 portable computer

$1795

Workman & Associates

112 Marion Avenue Pasadena, CA 91106

PDATA Minimum Data Base

(postpaid) $84.50

230 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

One Concept 1000 Supports 16 CP/M User Stations

hi.

I

Expandable,Multi-Processor, Multi-User, Multi-Tasking Microcomputer System

Here's computer power from Columbia Data Products that grows as your requirements grow. It's the new Concept 1000 ., featuring a wide variety of computer resources. Expandable RAtvl and ROM storage,data communications interfaces, floppy and Winchester disk drives and printers .. .all shared by up to 16 users via a host processor system in a master/satellite configuration. Each user works with a fully-dedicated Z-80A, 64K microprocessor system with dual RS-232 or RS-422 serial ports in a complete CP/M*^virQn- _ ment, fvlulti-processing is managed by Digital Research's MP/IVl'' and CP/NET operating systems. You can start with the Concept 1000 ... and stay with it. It grows with you. Contact us for more information on our newest Concept—the 1000.

COLUMBIA

0990 RoulB ii'i '1)1 MacArlhiir BlucI PC Box 1118

Columbia, MO. I '. ,,iijt(i2l\ •toso MoanBhongladbach 1

Telephonn 30| .9BX Li'iuQ Nowporl BBoch, CA 92660 WesI Germany

rvvx 710-862.1B01 TeloiJhono 7 U-7S2-5245 Telephone 021-61-33159

Telex 692 310 Telex 852 452

TIME MANAGER

FOR APPLE' II AND II PLUS LIST 150.00

125.00

MICROPRO

WORDSTAR' 245.00

SUPERSORT' 130.00

MMLMERGE' 85.00

DATASTAR* 207.00

HAYDEN

APPLESOFT COMPILER. 145.00

APPLE' SOFTWARE

MICROSOFT

CP/M^

BASIC COMPILER ...... 315.00

TASC APPLESOFT» COMPILER 150.00

FORTRAN 30 165.00

COBOL 80 550.00

ALDS 105.00

ADVENTURE 24.95

OLYMPIC DECATHALON 21.95

Microhouse continues to feature the best savings on tine best software.

TERMINALS

TELEVIDEO

950 CALL

925 CALL

920 CALL

912 CALL

910 CALL

PRINTERS

C.ITOH

PRO/WRITER SERIAL ... 650.00 PRO/WRITER PARALLEL 535.00 STARWRITERI SERIAL .... CALL STARWRITERI PARALLEL . CALL ALL C. ITOH PRINTER ACCESSORIES CALL

EPSON

MX-100 CALL

MX-aOFT CALL

MX-80 CALL

EPSON GRAFTRAX CALL

ALL EPSON PRINTER ACCESSORIES CALL

ANADEX

DP-9501 CALL

DP-9500 CALL

DP-9001 CALL

DP-9000 CALL

DP-8000 CALL

DP-aOOO for APPLE CALL

ALL ANADEX PRINTER ACCESSOFIIES CALL

APPLE" ACCESSORIES

MOUNTAIN COMPUTER

MULTII/0 178.00

CP/W SOFTWARE

ASHTONTATE

dBASEII

Version 2.0 599.00

VIDEX

VIDEOTERM 290.00

KEYBOARD ENHANCER. 105.00

MICROSOFT

Z-aOSOFTCARD 299.00

16KRAMCARD J 50.00

VISICORP

VISICALCi CALL

VISIDEXi 159.00

VISIFILEi 200.00

VISIPLOTi 149.00

VISITERMf 128.00

VISITREND-VISIPLOTf. . . 220.00 DESKTOP PLAN in 160.00

MODEMS

HAYES

CHRONOGRAPH

RS-232 COMPATIBLE CLOCK/CALENDAR FOR SMALL COMPUTERS. ADDS DIMENSION OF PRECISE TIME-KEEPING TO ALL RS-Z3Z-C COMPA TIBLE COMPUTERS. USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH USER-DEVELOPED SOFTWARE. THE CHRONOGRAPH CAN LOG REPORTS AND PROGRAMS BY DATE AND TIME. COMPUTER ALARM FEATURE. STAND ALONE UNIT, POWERED INDEPENDENTL Y.

BATTERY BACK-UP AND WRITE PROTECT SWITCH. LIST: 249.00

208.00

SMARTMODEM 230.00

MICROMODEMII (APPLE) 307.00

SUPERSOFT

TERM II 131.00

DIAGNOSTICS II 84.00

DISK DOCTOR 84.00

FORTRAN 218.00

SSSFORTRAN

with RATFOR 285.00

TINY PASCAL 74.00

MICROSOFT

BASIC 80 285.00

BASIC COMPILER 315.00

COBOL80 .....568.00

FORTRAN 80 345.00

muSIMP-muMA TH 215.00

MACRO 80 140.00

OKIDATA

MICROLINE84 CALL

MICROLINE 83A CALL

MICR0LINE82A CALL

MICROLINE 80 CALL

NOVATION

APPLE-CAT 325.00

, LIST: 389.00

AUTO-CAT 213.00

D-CAT 156.00

MICROPRO

WORDSTAR 3.0* 299.00

SUPERSORT* 170.00

MAILMERGE* 105.00

DATASTAR* 244.00

The Microhouse Order Center is Open from 9:00 AM until 8:00 PM Eastern Time Monday tlirougti Friday.

Visa and MasterCard Welcome.

FORORDERS-PRICEQUOTESAVAILABILITY

f ^i^j ^ggj fjglf^ 4gJ f f

* Trademarks of MicroPro International.

t Trademarks of VisiCorp. CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research. APPLE is a registered trademark of Apple Computers.

VISICORP

VISICALC

NEW FOR APPLE' AND IBM

CALL

IN PENNSYLVANIA

ICID OOU'UcID BETHLEHEM, pa 18016

PRICES AND SPECIFICATIONS SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE

ALL ITEMS SUBJECT TO A VAILABILITY

C. ITOH

F-10

DAISY WHEEL PRINTER (REPLACES STARWRITERII PARALLEL AND SERIAL)

16 INCH WIDTH. FRICTION FEED OR OPTIONAL BIDIRECTIONAL TRACTOR. ETX/ACK. X-ON/X-OFF PROTOCOLS. LOW PROFILE DESIGN... ONL Y 6 INCHES HIGH!

40 CPS. PARALLEL OR SERIAL

CALL

SORCIM

SUPERCALC

LIST: 295.00

Microhouse

Presents

219.00

CALL FOR THE LATEST MICROHOUSE SA VINGS ON THE COMPLETE LINE OF MAXELL DISKETTES.

Hour Ordering

With

Microline

NEW

C. ITOH

PRO/WRITER

SERIAL

120 CPS. BUSY READY. X-ON/X-OFF.

CURRENT LOOP LIST: 885.00

Tfie Microcomputer People from Microhouse introduce yet another innovation to computer shopping: Microline.

Microline is a computerized order-entry system, similar to accessing time-sharing systems. Microline is easy to

use. All you need is a computer, a modem, a phone, and

to follow these easy steps:

PREMIUM PACKAGE

650.00 1 Dial 215-868-1230.

2 Microline will answer in one ring. (If not already In use)

3 A tone will be transmitted through the phone. 4 Connect your modem to your phone.

5 Hit the 'RETURN' key on your computer. A self-explanatory sign-on message will appear on your screen. QFollow the instructions to shop and order through Microline. YPayments by check, money order, C.O.D., MasterCard, or 619.00 Visa only.

□ 16K RAMCARD r. Z-aOSOFTCARD ^ VIDEX VIDEOTERM n INVERSE CHARACTER SET □ 40-80 COLUMN SWITCH n CP/M- USER'S GUIDE by Tom Hogan

LIST: 775.00

The Microcomputer People. Microhouse

Circle 272 on inquiry card.

ircle 442 on inquiry card.

systems

68000

BIB

1

A»Counts'^"accounting and inventory. Bizgraf """^ business color graphics. Tektext™ scientific word processor. TeleSoft-Ada™ to DOD specifications.

• UNIX''**of Bell Laboraiohas

• CP/WM of Digital Hesearch

• MuhibusTMot Iniel Corp.

• Ada"* Oapt. of Oafansa

Representatives worldwide.

IMMEDIATE ATTENTION!

Please send specifications on:

□ System 1 ($2,000) (board only. 128KB RAM)

□ System 2 ($8,500) (with 10MB Winchester)

Name

Company

City State

Zip Phone

Phone: Cable: (319)344-0550 XAVAXCORP

XAVAX Corporation 300 Northwest Tower Bettendort, Iowa 52722

B482

User's Column

How long has this been going on?" I shrugged.

'Tou mean I went through three semesters of calculus and did ALL THOSE PROBLEMS while you had a computer program that would do differentiation and integrals? And I mashed through Physics I and II and solved problems with a hand calculator when all that time Ezekial could have done my homework?" By now she was screaming.

"Uh, well—" Under the circumstances I did the only sensible thing a man could do. I hid behind my wife.

But my lovely friend did have a point. True, muSitnp/muMath are limited in what they can do, but they can do differentiation, integrals, and algebra. They can factor and expand polynomials. They can do matrix operations and simplify equations, and do it all symbolically, the way you'd mess around with the equations using pencil and paper.

The programs aren't perfect. They tend to run out of memory easily. The way to escape that is to set up a kind of subprogram consisting of those elements of muSimp/muMath that you need for your particular problem, leaving out all the parts that won't affect what you're doing. For example, you can configure a system that understands trigonometry and complex numbers but doesn't know that matrices and integrals exist. And so forth.

There are other limits. The documentation isn't exactly encrypted, but it's pretty dense. You really have to want to use the programs to dig your way through that stuff, and as I said earlier, it would help a lot if you understood LISP. The authors of the muSimp documents plainly do understand LISP, and although they don't expect you to, they keep hoping you will.

Still in all, there's no real competition for muSimp/muMath. If you want to do symbolic algebra, if you want to use your computer to help you get through Calculus 102 and Physics 203, then you probably need muSimp/muMath.

Recommended for those who need it, with reservations as noted.

BASCOM Improves More good news. Microsoft has

done it again. It has improved its BASCOM BASIC Compiler.

What Microsoft has done is twofold: it's added program CHAINing with COMMON storage, meaning that you can break A program apart into pieces and execute it in parts, passing variables to each chunk as called. This greatly reduces the size of the program code that must be in memory at a given time, which means that it saves free memory and that you can run bigger programs with more variables.

Second, Microsoft has greatly cut down on the run-time package, so the total size of the programs is—or can be—smaller, and also larger programs can be compiled and linked.

More good news. Microsoft has partially dropped the restrictive licensing provision that made you pay a royalty on any program you sold that had been compiled with BASCOM.

The bad news on that front is that it has dropped the royalty requirement only for the old BASCOM; if you want to use the new, with the CHAIN and COMMON keywords and smaller run-time package and all that nifty stuff, you still have to pay for each copy you sell. Alas. But I suspect free enterprise will end that; it's only a matter of time.

Meanwhile, the new BASCOM is viery nice indeed. Take a trivial example: an old Star Trek game I've been playing with. As you might suspect, my Star Trek is the ultimate game, with invisible Romulans, and shields for the Klingons, and enemy bases, and attacks on Federation bases, and Federation trading ships, and black holes, and—well, you get the idea.

The game was originally written in EBASIC, a public-domain precursor to Gordon Eubanks' CD ASIC. I added to it and translated it into CBASIC, but eventually the program outgrew that. Besides, it was getting awfully slow. What I wanted to do, therefore, was

System 2

System 2 includes:

• 68000 processor at 8MHz

• 32 bit registers, operations

• 7 vectored interrupt levels

• 256KB parity checking RAM

• 1GMB Winchester hard disk

• 960KB floppy disk

• Graphics display monitor

• Multibus""/IEEE architecture

• XVX multiuser operatirig system

• Option: UNIX™. CP/M™

• Screen editor, filer, linker

• Language: (Pascal, C, COBOL, FORTRAN, BASIC, or Assembler)

• Option: add 10MB Winchester with 10MB tape backup

• Option: on site service

Software:

234 April 1982 © BYTE PubUcaHons Inc

CP/M

®

AlUYOlUE CAN USE CP/M WITH SUPERVYZ

SUPERVYZ is a revolutionary software concept that serves as a mediator between the user and CP/M, requesting information in plain English and translating the response into the form CP/M recognizes. Users are led from one application to another in a courteous and step-bystep sequence of menus. Aided by descriptive error messages and computer-assisted tutoring, the operator avoids mistakes and is advised of the next step in a polite and friendly manner.

EXPAND YOUR MARKET AND LOWER COSTS

As a Dealer, SUPERVYZ allows you to sell CP/M computers and application software to non-technical markets, without the added expense of teaching the operating system. EPIC supplies the menus or you create your own to meet the exact needs of your customers. Because SUPERVYZ is compatible with over 2,0G0 programs and 300 computers, you can bundle software from different suppliers and SUPERVYZ does the teaching. This eliminates costly after-the-sale handholding.

For further information about EPIC SUPERVYZ, call or write us today.

Plenac etiiei- the nutnliur- of ihe besrctl futx;liwi (Q it iiotw, ? for I Tins '3 LMu opuralor/fnochine taivLTsationul Li!»l erea

o oa-iity udapLaljlu Lo your siiccid:: i i.'Muir'i!

Supervyz is a trademark of Epic Computer Corporation. CP/M is a Trademark of Digital Research.

Circle 172 on inquiry card.

SOFTWAHE

Epic Computer Corporation 7542 Trade Street San Diego, CA 92121 Tel. 714-695-3560

NOW SOLD THROUGH DISTRIBUTORS IN POPULAR FORMATS 800-421-0814

DEALERS ONLY PLEASE

A Great Price For A Great Printer

Results of the ALPHACOM 42 Thermal Printer

Quality graphics and symbols for business and pleasure.

FAST-OUIET-LOWCOST

The remarkable ALPHACOM 42 high speed 40 column thermal printer Is now available through this mail offer for only $199.95.* For Apple, Commodore, Atari and other home computer users, this is the opportunity to own one of the most reliable printers ever introduced. It's a fool-proof printing mechanism that is bacl<ed by field experience with more than a million similar units in industry, government and education, plus a 90 day warranty. Fast, quiet and easy to operate, the ALPHACOM 42 prints up to 120 text lines ' per minute! Dump a 24 line CRT in 14 secondsl!

Order your ALPHACOM 42 today using the convenience of Master Card or Visa. Call for Immediate action, or mail your check to ALPHACOM.

800 ■ 538 • 7047

"Interface Cables available for as little as $24.95.

Visa

HIphacom

12323 S. BasGom Avenue, Campbell, CA 95008 MasterCard

User's Column.

translate it into Microsoft BASIC and compile it; but I couldn't because the program was just too large. I could break it into pieces for the Microsoft interpreter, but that was even slower than CBASIC.

Comes new BASCOM and I've done it. Now I have a setup program which invents the game universe and makes the maps; then it calls in another program which processes commands; and every now and then still another program comes in and massages the data. It all works, letting me have a Star Trek so complicated that even I am beginning to think it's finished.

Anyway, that's how the new compiler works. On a more serious note, it will compile my tiny database.

And here I have a problem. Should I review software that I have written? Certainly I have an obligation to tell you it's mine. I try to be objective, but certainly I could overlook flaws in my own programs.

Minimum Data Base

Minimum Data Base grew like Topsy. It started a long time ago with a thing called the People's Data Base by Yogesh Gupta and others. It was, in fact, the very first program I ever got running. When I bought Zeke, Mac Lean and Tony Pietsch handed me Debbie (a Microsoft-like BASIC that came with the Icom disk drives and, ugh, FDOS operating system); and they handed me a listing of the People's Data Base.

"Get that running," they ordered.

So I tried. Lord I tried. And I certainly learned that semicolons are not colons, that single quote marks are not double quotes, that BASIC has a very precise syntax and improvements are not tolerated, and that I needed to keep my temper well enough so as not to throw anything heavy at Ezekial.

Eventually I got it ruruiing. It wasn't a bad little program; more to the point, it was well structured, with a main routine and a series of subroutines, some of which themselves called other subroutines. There were no GOTO statements except within sub

236 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 20 on inquiry card.

TRN EPROMS

PROM IT APPLE II EPROM PROGRAMMER

Two year warranty.

PROM IT Apple II EPROM PROGRAMMER — Powerful. Versatile. Best value for your money.

UNBEATABLE PRICE —

Thie RomWriter sells for $175. The Apparat sells for $149. PROM IT is yours for $129.50. BURN EPROMs! Not money!

Circle 287 on inquiry card.

VERSATILITY — MPC Peripherals proudly introduces PROM IT, the most versatile EPROM burner in the market today for your Apple computer. Unlike other burners that program only a single type of EPROM, PROM IT programs 8K, 16K and 32K EPROMs such as the 2508, 2516, 2532 and 2732 with a simple change of a personality module.

NO COMPUTER POWERDOWN — The Zero Insertion Force socket and EPROM power-down switch permits EPROMs to be easily installed or removed without powering the Apple down.

FLEXIBILITY — The powerful disk-based software manipulates memory blocks, disk files and EPROM code to provide a flexible EPROM programming environment.

"Apple II is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. RomWriter is a registered trademarl< of f^lountain Computer, Inc. Apparat is a registered trademarl< of Apparat, Inc. Prom It is a registered trademarii of fVIPC Peripiierals Corp.

MEMORY READABILITY —

Unlike some competitive brands, the PROM IT'S memory mapped design allows use of EPROM for machine code routines executable by the Apple's 6502 microprocessor.

CODE STABILITY — The

switch selectable Write Protect feature ensures code stability by preventing accidental overwriting of EPROMs.

VARIETY OF APPLICATIONS

— Apple owners can run EPROMs for several applications including custom character generators, custom system monitors, custom driver software, product emulators, operation testing, energy and instruments control, data acquisition, software security

MPC Peripherals Corp. 9424 Chesapeake Drive San Diego, OA 92123 Tel: 714-278-0630

SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT TOOLS FOR INDUSTRY

CP/M CROSS-ASSEMBLERS

Fast, comprehensive cross-assemblers to run under CP/M.* Extensive pseudoops include full listing control, nested conditionals, mnemonic synonyms, and inclusion of external source files. Generate object file, assembly listing, and symbol table from source code for nine popular microprocessor families.

XASM05 6805

XASM09 6809

XASM18 1802

XASM48 8048/8041

XASMS1 8051

XASM65 6502

XASM68 6800/6801

XASMF8 F8/3870

XASM400 COP400

Assemblers... $200.00 each Manual only... $ 25.00

8048 DEVELOPMENT PACKAGE

Now/ you can use the 8048 family of single-chip microcomputers without buying expensive equipment. Develop 8048 softw/aro v/\\.h the XASM48 crossassembler. Then plug our EPR-48 board into your S-100 system to program the 8748 EPROM version. 8048 Development Package... $574.00 EPR-48 alone $449.00

EPROM SIMULATOR BOARD

Debug dedicated systems quickly. Our PSB-100 PROM Emulator Is an S-100 board with up to 8K of RAM. Cable with 24-pln plug replaces 2708 or 2716 EPROM(s) in your target system for Instant program testing PSB-100 EPROM Simulator... $445.00

W/2K RAM

'Trademark ot Digital Rasaarch

1^

DOVER. DEL. 19901 302-734-0151

visa and Mastercharge accepted. We ship 8" singledensity and Softcard+ 5.25" diskettes. Ask us about other formats. OEM AND DEALER INQUIRES INVITED.

+ Trademark ol Microsoft

User's

routines. None of this grasshopper jumping about that so ruins BASIC'S reputation.

The program was limited, and soon I ran into the limits. So I began to improve it. The sort algorithm used was a bubble sort. That wouldn't do, so I put in a Shell-sort algorithm. There were no disk operations. I fixed that. The command menu was processed inefficiently, so I rewrote that and renamed most of the commands. The "delete entry" system was asinine, and 1 set up an entirely new way to handle that. And so forth.

Year after year the silly thing grew—and 1 found I was using it for everything. It keeps phone numbers and addresses. It keeps the list of members of the Space Council and the L-5 Board. When the Boy Scouts go hiking, a PDATA (after the original People's Data Base) lets me make lists by meal (what are we eating for Thursday dinner?), or by who is carrying what (who's got Friday's lunch?), and all that. When I do an anthology, a PDATA file keeps track of who has how many shares and what they've been paid. When new royalties come in, it calculates what the new payment is and then writes the cover letter, makes mailing labels, and writes the checks.

Versatile. And darned easy to use.

"You ought to sell it," said Barry Workman of Workman Associates. "Let me handle it for you. It won't make you rich, but what do you care? People out there need the program."

"Maybe," said I. "What if—gulp— what if someone reviews it and doesn't like the documentation? I can stand not being thought an elegant programmer, but—"

"Don't worry about it. I learned to use it, didn't I?"

I shrugged. "Also, look, there's very little new in there. True, I didn't steal it from Gupta and the People's Data Base; there probably aren't ten lines of code left from their original. But it's all very straightforward code. Nothing elegant at all."

"That's the value," Workman said. "Look, lots of people want a generalpurpose do-all program, which is what

this is. I notice that when you did all that statistical analysis, you used your PDATA thing." 'Yeah."

"And your Christmas cards are on it, and you used to keep your checkbook balance—"

"I don't do that any more. I use a Journal now."

"Yeah, but you used to," Barry said.

Eventually he wore me down. So. I mention PDATA, a small database and do-all, available from Workman Associates. If I didn't already have it, I'd probably buy it; I can't conceive of living without it, and I wouldn't have time to write it again.

It is useful. And it's in both CBASIC and Microsoft BASIC, with the Microsoft version compilable by BASCOM—except that BASCOM will not compile the general program because it won't compile anything with arrays defined by variables. PDATA creates databases and dimensions them according to the number of fields you've specified, but BASCOM wants to know those dimensions in advance. This means that you can compile FONES (the telephone program) or NAND (name and address) or any set whose structure you know in advance, but you can't just compile PDATA.

On the other hand, one reason PDATA is so useful is that you can run it interactively in interpreted Microsoft BASIC and write your own special-purpose routines (such as the one that determines what my contributors ought to be paid, given the total royalty). If you know BASIC at all, you can do a lot with PDATA.

So. Useful, yes. But it is not a rival to dBase II and doesn't claim to be. All it claims to be is a very useful little general-purpose data handler that provides a structure to let you mash data. And it will do all the statistics taught in elementary stat courses: sums, averages, standard deviations, medians, means, and correlations between two variables.

I've always liked it, and I'm happy to share it.

Next time, more on Zeke's new friends and a lot more on financial programs. ■

238 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Ire

Circle 62 on inquiry card.

Screen Director

1

Screen Director™ retrieves and displays any standard image file on your Apple's video monitor, large screen TV or color printer. For only SI 50, Screen Director™ gives you a filmmaker's finesse in .,....==." boardroom presentations, management briefings 111 i

and demonstrations '% IJ

for clients.

With Screen Director™ you can scroll forwards and bacl<wards through any color displays, with dissolves or cuts from one image to the next—all at the touch of two buttons. You can even enhance your - I Apple Business Graphics ' with title slides in a variety

rPJ, of fonts and

colors.

Spice your Apple with cinema.

Screen Director™ includes both the two-button controller and all necessary software.

For information on dealers of Screen Director" in your area, call (617) 491-3377.

^ Business & Professional Software, Inc. 143 BInney Street Cambridge, MA 02142

Screen Director'" is a product of Business & Professional Software, Inc., creators of Apple Business Graphics.

Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

Book Reviews

Handbook of Digital IC Applications

by David L. Heiserman Prentice-Hall Inc. Englewood Cliffs, NJ 1980, 428 pages, $2'.95

Reviewed by

Clifford R. Mosley

Network Test

and Training Facility

Building 25, Code 850.2

Goddard Space Flight Center

Greenbelt, MD 20771

Ordering a book without first reading the fine print is a

risky thing to do. I have found that getting what you order is not always the same as getting what you want. When I first saw the title of this book, I thought, naturally enough, "This is a book full of digital IC application projects." Because I'm always anxious to build new gadgets, I promptly ordered the book. When it arrived, I tore open the package, flipped open the book, and found myself totally let downl It was not a collection of projects, but a book about basic digital concepts and devices.

But I had paid good money for the book, and the least I could do was give it a closer

Telecommunications package to Interface most microcomputers to the Western Union Telex 11 (TWX) network. TXL allows your computer to function as an intelligent telex station — replacing the conventional paper tape telex machine. You edit your telex messages to perfection using your text editor. TXL automatically formats and sends them. Incoming telex messages are received, displayed, stamped with date and time, and then written to disk storage.

TXL outperforms the conventional paper-tape telex machine!

TXL: Telex Link is available in two hardware software packages;

TXL: S-100 and TXL: RS-232. Bolll packages require Z-80 cpu and CP M.

TXL: Telex Link: links your computer to the world of Telex communications

Trademarks Z-60 - Z1LOG CP M - Dtgilat Research TXL Telex Link ■ Cawllion Scientilic Group

Cawthon Scientific Group

24224 Michigan Avenue ^ Dearborn, Michigan 48124 Phone: 313-565-4000 Telex: 810-221-1365 Cawthon Drbn.

look. When I overcame my initial prejudice, I discovered that it did, in fact, have some very good characteristics.

Handbook of Digital IC Applications appears to have been primarily designed as a textbook for a technical school or intermediate engineering course in digital design. At the end of each segment, Heiserman has included an exercise on key points to encourage further study. Answers to selected exercises are included in the back of the book, allowing readers to check the accuracy of their quiz answers. Despite the fact that the book is targeted for a technical audience, I feel that a serious hobbyist with a fair math background could learn a great deal. The text is supported by many helpful illustrations and is written in a pleasantly explicit style.

Basic combinational logic (AND, OR, INVERT, etc.) and Boolean algebra are the dominant subjects of the beginning chapters of the book. These fundamentals are discussed in a little greater detail than in most books of this type. Heiserman then moves into a discussion of digital hardware, detailing the design aspects of interfacing TTL (transistor-transistor logic) and CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) logic with some of the more common input and output devices. He also discusses some of the problems encountered when combining TTL and CMOS logic within the same system and describes flip-flops, counters, timers, code converters, display drivers, AOI (AND-ORINVERT) circuits, and other similar digital devices.

In the final chapters, Heiserman introduces more

complex devices such as data selectors, data multiplexers/ demultiplexers, parity generators/detectors, arithmetic circuits, and memory circuits.

One of the greatest strengths of the book is Chapter 11, where Heiserman uses a refreshing approach to present an application of the basic theory of the earlier chapters. He leads the reader through the design of a simple digital measuring system (in this case a frequency counter), developing each unit of the system as a separate block, then illustrating the process of integrating all of the blocks into a complete system.

The book has some weak points. It lacks a glossary, and the index is a little skimpy. Both are important in a technical book in order to quickly locate information. These faults reduce the overall effectiveness of the book as a learning aid.

Also, some minor technical (or possibly editing) errors tend to confuse the reader. One example can be found in the first chapter, where the typical power consumption of a CMOS gate is listed at 10 ns (nanoseconds). As it is standard practice to measure power consumption in units of watts, I assume that Heiserman intended the text to read 10 nw (nanowatts).

Conclusion

Handbook of Digital IC Applications is well written and superbly illustrated and would make an adequate digital-design textbook or tutorial for a serious hobbyist. Although it wasn't the book I thought I had ordered, I am nevertheless pleased to have it as a part of my reference library. ■

240 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

1982 NATIONAL COMPUTER CONFERENCE

JUNE 7-10. ASTRODOMAIN • HOUSTON, TEXAS

L

Computer Image Processing' Universilv of Southern Cali'ornio Institute for Physics and Imaging Science

ADVANCING PROFESSIONALISM

Dramatic strides tiave been made in computer teclinology, and at NCC '82, you'll have a unique opportunity to learn about them. Eighty technical sessions will highlight nine specialized areas, and plenaries will feature four of this country's most distinguished speakers.

You'll also see the most impressive display of modern computer technology in the world. More than 650 companies in some 3,200 exhibit booth units will provide you with a panorama of the industry's newest products and services!

And the 17 Professional Development Seminars, constituting a conference within a conference, will probe five subject tracts of vital interest to you.

So, call 800-556-6882 today to pre-registerwith a major credit card. You'll save time and money and you can get help with your airline reservations as well.

Then, attend the 1982 National Computer Conference and advance your professionalism.

CALL

800-556-6882

Monday—Thursday, 9:00 am to 8:00 pm [EST] Friday 9:00 am until 6:00 pm In Rhode Island and outside the continental U.S., call 401-884-9500.

Sponsored by

American Federation of Information Processing Societies, Inc.; Association for Computing Machinery: Data Processing Ivlanagement Association; IEEE Computer Society; Society for Computer Simulation,

Designing the Star User Interface

The Star user interface adheres rigorously to a small set of principles designed to make the system seem friendly by simplifying the human-machine interface.

In April 1981, Xerox announced the 8010 Star Information System, a new personal computer designed for offices. Consisting of a processor, a large display, a keyboard, and a cursor-control device (see photo 1), it is intended for business professionals who handle information.

Star is a multifunction system combining document creation, data processing, and electronic filing, mailing, and printing. Document creation includes text editing and formatting, graphics editing, mathematical formula editing, and page layout. Data processing deals with homogeneous, relational databases that can be sorted, filtered, and formatted under user control. Filing is an example of a network service utilizing the Ethernet local-area network (see references 9 and 13). Files may be stored on a work station's disk, on a file server on

About the Authors

These five Xerox employees have worked on the Star user interface project for the past five years. Their academic backgrounds are in computer science and psychology.

Dr. David Canfield Smith, Charles Irby, Ralph Kimball, and Bill Verplank Xerox Corporation 3333 Coyote Hill Rd. Palo Alto, CA 94304

Eric Harslem Xerox Corporation El Segundo, CA 90245

the work station's network, or on a file server on a different network. Mailing permits users of work stations to communicate with one another. Printing utilizes laser-driven raster printers capable of printing both text and graphics.

As Jonathan Seybold has written, "This is a very different product: Different because it truly bridges word processing and typesetting functions; different because it has a broader range of capabilities than anything which has preceded it; and different because it introduces to the commercial market radically new concepts in human engineering." (See reference 15.)

The Star user interface adheres rigorously to a small set of design principles. These principles make the system seem familiar and friendly, simplify the human-machine interaction, unify the nearly two dozen functional areas of Star, and allow user experience in one area to apply in others. In reference 17, we presented an overview of the features in Star. Here, we describe the principles

behind those features and illustrate the principles with examples. This discussion is addressed to the designers of other computer programs and systems—large and small.

Star Architecture

Before describing Star's user interface, several essential aspects of the Star architecture should be pointed out. Without these elements, it would have been impossible to design an interface anything like the present one.

The Star hardware was modeled after the experimental Xerox Alto computer (see reference 19). Like Alto, Star consists of a Xeroxdeveloped, high-bandwidth, MSI (medium-scale integration) processor; local disk storage; a bit-mapped display screen having a 72-dots-perinch resolution; a pointing device called the "mouse"; and a connection to the Ethernet network. Stars are higher-performance machines than Altos, being about three times as fast, having 512K bytes of main memory (versus 256K bytes on most Altos), 10

242 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Price

Performance Reliability

CMC IS MEETING TODAY'S HIGH STANDARD OF EXCELLENCE WITH TOSHIBA, CMC'S OWN SUPERFIVE AND SUPERTEN, 5- AND 1G-MBYTE MICROCOMPUTERS, AND OTHER FINE PRODUCTS

TOSHIBA DESKTOP COMPUTERS

CMC International offers dealers ttie new Tosliiba computer line, CP/M® -based micros with lots of flexibility...your choice of one or two drives, either 5V4 or 8 inch. Toshiba computers come with C/PM, Microsoft BasicSO and CBasic® . We're proud to offer a system with day-in, day-out dependability, backed by one of the world's largest electronics manufacturers. And, we offer a comprehensive dealer program including parts and module inventory, and prepaid freight for warranty repairs (if you ever need it).

ALSO DISTRIBUTING:

•Corvus •Tandon •C.ltoh

•NEC •Seagate •MicroPro

•Dysan *MPI •Accounting Pius

•Epson •Superbrain •Peachtree

•Verbatim •Compustar •dBase ii

YOUR STOCKING DISTRIBUTOR

1^^^ A Division of Computer Morlotlng Corporation

T-200 phosphor screen, complete with GP/M, MBasicSO and CBasic.

Modti 2

Modtl 3

One 5V4"280k Disk Drive

List '3700

Two 5V4" 280k Disk Drives

List '4500

64k RAM, 80x24 12" screen, T-ZdO complete with CP/M, MBasic80 and CBasic.

Modtl 3

One 8" Imbyte Disk Drive

List*4760

Modal 2

Two 8" Imbyte Disk Drives

List *5750

CMC

EXCELLENT DEALER DISCOUNTS

To Order Call Toll Free

1-800-426-2963

11058 Main, Suite 125 Beilevue, Vl/A 98004

PHONE (206) 453-9777

TELEX:152 556 SEATAC

Circle 452 on inquiry card

Circle 26 on inquiry card.

DONT PAY MORE !!!

TRS-80 MODEL III

MODEL III WITH 2 DISK DRIVES {48K RAM) $1749.85

MODEL III WITH 1 DISK DRIVE (48K RAM) S14M.95

MODEL Itl WITH 4SK MEMORY [EXTENDEDBASIC]....tS49.S5 MODEL III WITH 16K MEMORY (EXTENDEDBASIC)....1825.00

DISK DRIVES FORTRS-80'S MODEL III

40 Track 40 Track Dual Sided ao Track SO Track Dual Sided

DRIVE 1 DRIVEO INTERNAL

S729.9S S720.05

40 Track 40 Track Dual Sided 80 Track 80 Track Dual Sided

DRIVE 2 DRIVES EXTERNAL EXTERNAL «iS9.95 .S259.95

1369.95 1360.95

e« MODEL I

199.95 8499.95 $259.95 40TRACKTEACORTANDON DISK DRIVES WITH POWER SUPPLY ANDCA8INBT

Color Computer Disk Drives By Radio Shack..$470

AW...WHAT THE HECK

RAM Memory Cliips fortlie TRS-80 Appit

It <s Iha pQiicv ol Amai Buiinau Compulari to oMor marcnandiM ar ina totMMi pfiea p«ui

mantn» back, wa fiagan tailing RAM Memory Cnips lor me rRS'80 '□' US 00 par lei Somsoni eige loid criips lo' S44 00 Wa Mid mam (or f3a DO Tttay Mkt lltani Is/ S37 H So wt lay -*W WHAT THE HECKI

a ai ins wnm AiS^ AC SBCOrid chtpt ara nbla Sawaral $1 /.SO compaitbia wiin all '

PER 16K SET

LbI'»

the

EPSON PRINTERS

ALMOST EVERYONE WHO CALLS ABOUT EPSON PRICES BUYS A PRINTER. THERE ARE TWO REASONS FOR THIS; 1. WE USUALLY HAVE THE LOWEST PRICE IN THE COUNTRY. 2. WE ALMOST ALWAYS HAVE THE PRINTER THEY NEED IN STOCK. SO...CALL US TODAY!

32K EXPANSION INTERFACES

32K EXPANSION INTERFACESFOHTRMOMODEL 1

BY RADIO SHACK 1329.95

COLOR COMPUTERSBV RADIO SHACK

16K WITH EXTENDED BASIC 1487

THS-80 MODEL II

64K, ONE DISK 13269.95

* * * *NEWTRS-eOMODEL1B* ** *

128K, ONE DISK H750.00

128K. TWO DISK SS398.fl5

OKIDATA PRINTERS

82A SB2S.0O

83A $789.00

packet man game for trs-m computer... s24.9s

, - _ SmaU

rAIVIERICAN Bvsi^s^

COMPUTERS 118 S. MILL ST. PRYOR, OK. 74761

PLEASE ADO 3% FOR CHARGE OR COD ORDERS. ABOVE PRICES DO NOT INCLUDE SHIPPING. CALL FOR SHIPPING CHARGES AND CURRENT AVAILABILITY. DEALER

INQUIRIES INVITED.

918-82^-4844

f

Photo 1: A Star work station showing the processor, display, keyboard, and mouse.

Photo 2: The Star keyboard and mouse. Note the two buttons on top of the mouse.

or 29 megabytes of disk memory (versus 2.5 megabytes), a IOV2- by ISVi-inch display screen (versus 10% by 8 inches), and a 10-megabits-persecond Ethernet (versus 3 megabits). Typically, Stars, like Altos, are linked via Ethernets to each other and to shared file, mail, and print servers. Communication servers connect Ethernets to one another either directly or over telephone lines, enabling internetwork communication. (For a detailed description of the Xerox Alto computer, see the September 1981 BYTE article 'The Xerox Alto Computer" by Thomas A. Wadlow on page 58.) The most important ingredient of

the user interface is the bit-mapped display screen. Both Star and Alto devote a portion of main memory to the screen: lOOK bytes in Star, 50K bytes (usually) in Alto. Every screen dot can be individually turned on or off by setting or resetting the corresponding bit in memory. It should be obvious that this gives both computers an excellent ability to portray visual images. We believe that all impressive office systems of the future will have bit-mapped displays. Memory cost will soon be insignificant enough that they will be feasible even in home computers. Visual communication is effective, and it can't be exploited without graphics flexibility.

244 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

I

reasons

why your floppy disk

should be a BASF FlexyDisk.

More than four decades of experi ence in magnetic media - BASF invented magnetic recording tape, the forenmner of today's wide range of magnetic media, back in 1934, and was the first independent manufacturer of IBM-compatible floppy disks.

Tough Tyvek sleeve - no paper dust, no static electricity.

Special self-cleaning jacket and liner help eliminate data errors and media wear and tear.

Bi-axially oriented polyester substrate - for uniform and reliable performance year after year.

Cross-linked oxide coating-for low head wear and long troublefree media life.

Total capability - one of two manufacturers in the world that makes both 8" and 5.25" models, has tape and disk experience, and manufactures flpppy disk drives.

Double lubrication-lubricants both in the formula and on the disk surface, to minimize media wear due to head friction.

Packaging to suit your requirements - standard flip-top box, Kassette 10® storage case, or bulk pack.

100% certification—every single disk is tested at thresholds 2-3 times hi^er than system requirements, to be 100% error-free.

For the name of your nearest supplier, write BASF Systems, Crosby Drive, Bedford, MA 01730, or call 617-271.4030.

31

BASF

Floppy Disks Mag Cards Cassettes Computer Tapes Disk Packs Computer Peripherals

Circle 49 on Inquiry card.

Circle 104 on inquiry canl.

SITTDIG PRETTY

You can use just about any desk for a computer terminal stand. But with CF&A, you're sitting pretty. Our full range of desks, workstations, and terminal stands are designed to accommodate a variety of computer equipment. Choose from our Classic Series desks, DR Series desks and enclosures, specialty Items like our Apple II desk, or a universal printer stand. You'll be sitting pretty with attractive color selections, durable construction, versatile configurations, useful options, competitive prices, quick delivery, and personal service. It's our way of doing business.

CF*A

Computer Furniture and

Accessories, Inc. 1441 West 132nd Street Gardena, CA 90249 (213) 327-7710

There must be a way to change dots on the screen quickly. Star has a high memory bandwidth, about 90 megahertz (MHz). The entire Star screen is repainted from memory 39 times per second, about a 50-MHz data rate between memory and the screen. This would swamp most computer memories. However, since Star's memory is double-ported, refreshing the display does not appreciably slow down processor memory access. Star also has separate logic devoted solely to refreshing the display. Finally, special microcode has been written to assist in changing the contents of memory quickly, permitting a variety of screen processing that would not otherwise be practical (see reference 8).

People need a way to quickly point to items on the screen. Cursor step keys are too slow; nor are they suitable for graphics. Both Star and Alto use a pointing device called the mouse (see photo 2). First developed at Stanford Research Institute (see reference 6), Xerox's version has a ball on the bottom that turns as the mouse slides over a flat surface such as a table. Electronics sense the ball rotation and guide a cursor on the screen in corresponding motions. The mouse possesses several important attributes:

• It is a "Fitts's law" device. That is, after some practice you can point with a mouse as quickly and easily as you can with the tip of your finger. The limitations on pointing speed are those inherent in the human nervous system (see references 3 and 7).

• It stays where it was left when you are not touching it. It doesn't have to be picked up like a light pen or stylus.

• It has buttons on top that can be sensed under program control. The buttons let you point to and interact with objects on the screen in a variety of ways.

Every Star and Alto has its own hard disk for local storage of programs and data. This enhances their personal nature, providing consistent access to information regardless of how many other machines are on the

network or what anyone else is doing. Larger programs can be written, using the disk for swapping.

The Ethernet lets both Stars and Altos have a distributed architecture. Each machine is cormected to an Ethernet. Other machines on the Ethernet are dedicated as "servers"—machines that are attached to a resource and provide access to that resource.

Star Design Methodology

We have learned from Star the importance of formulating the fundamental concepts (the user's conceptual model) before software is written, rather than tacking on a user interface afterward. Xerox devoted about thirty work-years to the design of the Star user interface. It was designed before the functionality of the system was fully decided. It was even designed before the computer hardware was built. We worked for two years before we wrote a single line of actual product software. Jonathan Seybold put it this way, "Most system design efforts start with hardware specifications, follow this with a set of functional specifications for the software, then try to figure out a logical user interface and command structure. The Star project started the other way around: the paramount concern was to define a conceptual model of how the user would relate to the system. Hardware and software followed from this." (See reference 15.)

In fact, before we even began designing the model, we developed a methodology by which we would do the design. Our methodology report (see reference 10) stated:

One of the most troublesome and least understood aspects of interactive systems is the user interface. In the design of user interfaces, we are concerned with several issues: the provision of languages by which users can express their commands to the computer; the design of display representations that show the state of the system to the user; and other more abstract issues that affect the user's understanding of the system's behavior. Many of these issues are highly subjective and are therefore often addressed in an ad hoc fashion. We believe, however.

246 April 1982 © BYTE PublicaHons Inc

WICAT 68000 MULTI-USER SYSTEM 150

STANDARD EQUIPMENT

68000 Processor

256KB RAM

10MB Winchester

S'A" Floppy Disk Bacl<up

5 RS-232 C Serial Interfaces

Parallel Port

Multibus™

WICAT Operating System Ctioice of One Language

HARDWARE OPTIONS

GraphiicsCRT Up to 1.5MB RAM Communications: Auto Answer

and Auto Dial (1200 Baud) Local Networking Videodisc Interface

SOFTWARE OPTIONS

UNIX™ V/7 CP/M™ Emulator

LANGUAGE SUPPORT

PASCAL C

FORTRAN BASIC APL* COBOL ADA™ LISP

Assembler

J||||||||||||||||^^

WICATsystems

that more rigorous approaches to user interface design can be developed. . . .

These design methodologies are all unsatisfactory for the same basic reason: they all omit an essential step that must precede the design of any successful user interface, namely task analysis. By this we mean the analysis of the task performed by the user, or users, prior to introducing the proposed computer system. Task analysis involves establishing who the users are, what their goals are in performing the task, what information they use in performing it, what information they generate, and what methods they employ. The descriptions of input and output information should include an analysis of the various objects, or individual types of information entity, employed by the user. . . .

The purpose of task analysis is to simplify the remaining stages in user interface design. The current task description, with its breakdown of the information objects and methods presently employed, offers a starting point for the definition of a corresponding set of objects and methods to be provided by the computer system.

The idea behind this phase of design is to build up a new task environment for the user, in which he can work to accomplish the same goals as before, surrounded now by a different set of objects, and employing new methods.

Prototyping is another crucial element of the design process. System designers should be prepared to implement the new or difficult concepts and then to throw away that code when doing the actual implementation. As Frederick Brooks says, the question "is not whether to build a pilot system and throw it away. You will do that. The only question is whether to plan in advance to build a throwaway, or to promise to deliver the throwaway to customers. . . . Hence plan to throw one away; you will, anyhow. " (See reference 2.) The Alto served as a valuable prototype for Star. Over a thousand Altos were eventually built. Alto users have had several thousand work-years of experience with them over a period of eight years, making Alto perhaps the

7 working day RUSH service FREE demo samples Quality design Very COMPETITIVE PRICES Personalized assistance

FREE shipping - In continental U.S.

COMPLIMENTARY quotes on

custom forms

O/CES

.anTfany other continuous form you may need!

Currently providing forms support for:

Systems Plus • Vector • ICS • Alptia Micro Radio Shack • InsotI • IMS • Continental • DIBS Libra • Structured Systems Group • Peachlree Anchor • Accounting Plus • BP! • Designer • MCS Graham Dorian • MCBA • Durango • Dynabyte

Call NOW for FREE sample forms packet. Your customer service representative is waiting to assist you with your continuous forms needs!

I Checks 8384 Hercules St. 1 Tb-Go La Mesa, CA 92041,

largest prototyping effort ever. Dozens of experimental programs were written for the Alto by members of the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center. Without the creative ideas of the authors of those systems. Star in its present form would have been impossible. In addition, we ourselves programmed various aspects of the Star design on Alto, but all of it was "throwaway" code. Alto, with its bitmapped display screen, was powerful enough to implement and test our ideas on visual interaction.

Some types of concepts are inherently difficult for people to grasp. Without being too formal about it, our experience before and during the Star design led us to the following classification:

Easy

Hard

concrete

abstract

visible

invisible

copying

creating

choosing

filling in

recognizing

generating

editing

programming

interactive

batch

The characteristics on the left were incorporated into the Star user's conceptual model. The characteristics on the right we attempted to avoid.

Principles Used

The following main goals were pursued in designing the Star user interface:

• familiar user's conceptual model

• seeing and pointing versus remembering and typing

• what you see is what you get

• universal commands

• consistency

• simplicity

• modeless interaction

• user tailorability

We will discuss each of these in turn.

Familiar User's Conceptual Model

A user's conceptual model is the set of concepts a person gradually acquires to explain the behavior of a system, whether it be a computer

CALL TOLL FREE: (800) 854-2750; (800) 552-8817 in CA

248 April 1982 © BYTE Publications inc Circle 82 OH Inquiry card.

WHEN AMERICAN BUSINESS HITS THE ROAD, AMERICAN BUSINESS MEETS AT HILTON.

AMERICAS BUSINOS ADDRESS

20,000 Programs

Per The IBM

Baby Blue CPU Plus and Baby Blue are trademarks of xedex corporation.

Are NOW Available Personal Gomnuter!

INTRODUCING

BABY BLUE CPU PLUS

Baby Blue CPU Plus Is an accessory printed-circuit board for your IBM Personal Computer and special software on disk.

As far as normal PC DOS operations are concerned, Baby Blue acts just lil<e any other normal, mild-mannered 64K byte random-access memory board.

But when you Invoke a CP/M-SO* program, Baby Blue becomes a second computer within your computer, letting you run thousands (literally thousands) of programs written for the CP/M microcomputer operating system.

CP/M, the first microcomputer operating system to gain wide acceptance, has been around since 1975. Not only has it played host to a lot of programs, but those programs are among the most useful, most sophisticated, most thoroughly tested and debugged, most proven programs ever written. More than 200,000 computers were fieldtesting those programs for you before the IBM Personal Computer even existed.

The total CP/M library is immense. It Includes the best efforts of thousands of professional and advanced-amateur programmers. There are time managers, spreadsheet manipulators and professional-office packages. Languages — BASIC, of course, ALGOL, FORTRAN, C, Pascal, LISP, COBOL, PILOT, and FORTH, to name a few. Text editors, text formatters, full-blown word processors, spelling checkers and indexers. Utilities that will massage problem files so that they lie back and purr. Games, including chess, Reversi, Adventure and tournament-level Star Trek. Database managers. Accounting packages that can run a milliondollar business... Just about anything you can imagine.

The net result is an integration of CP/M programs into the PC environment that's so smooth, so transparent that you won't need to know or care which operating system a program was originally written for.

Special Baby Blue Features:

■ Additional 64K memory, fully available to PC DOS — looks just like the IBM 64K board to the system.

■ Will accept CP/M programs on any of several popular 51/4" soft-sectored diskette formats.

■ 63K of user memory is available for CP/M programs — 7K more than on any other popular machine.

■ Files can be shared — CP/M and PC DOS programs can be mixed in a menu-driven system with common data files.

■ IBM Personal Computer peripherals are supported — including keyboard, video boards, printer, Asychronous Communications Adapter.

ONLY

$600

For only $60 more than the cost of the IBM 64K Memory Board ($540) you get 64K of Memory PLUS an interface to over 20,000 programs!

For more Information call (212) 247-1400

or write XEDEX corporation

1345 Ave. of Americas, New York, N.Y. 10105

S^EXdMHE.TXT »«t 1 Lint 1 »l 11 IKEKI («

< < ', n « 1 « n E» u 1 >) S chat UH "8 duf rlikt 1*6 ek«r i '1 W Ulm I llr™ o

« M>fi le'i r mrt 7i,%t mi ekr lit V imn m/m n m, ■» i

Uiit> at imt IT-oH tll'l nrf1.,k« iliUi'll bid

—•Miitar- i'V liw IIECRin M finirirkl'O Oucrns

~Z liKe ar H lini Ian I i H Iiurl < Itnin I

~C screflw >tf *l scfttve imnt { "S Stop ■ cowW I

WordStar*, the popular CP/IVI word processor Is among thousands of programs that can now be run on the IBM PC with Baby Blue.

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research,

WordStar is a trademark of MicroPro international Corporation.

Circle 443 on Inquiry card.

system, a physical system, or a hypothetical system. It is the model developed in the mind of the user that enables that person to understand and interact with the system. The first task for a system designer is to decide what model is preferable for users of the system. This extremely important step is often neglected or done poorly. The Star designers devoted several work-years at the outset of the project discussing and evolving what we considered an appropriate model for an office information system: the metaphor of a physical office.

The designer of a computer system can choose to pursue familiar

analogies and metaphors or to introduce entirely new functions requiring new approaches. Each option has advantages and disadvantages. We decided to create electronic counterparts to the physical objects in an office: paper, folders, file cabinets, mail boxes, and so on—an electronic metaphor for the office. We hoped this would make the electronic "world" seem more familiar, less alien, and require less training. (Our initial experiences with users have confirmed this.) We further decided to make the electronic analogues be concrete objects. Documents would be more than file names on a disk;

they would also be represented by pictures on the display screen. They would be selected by pointing to them with the mouse and clicking one of the buttons. Once selected, they would be moved, copied, or deleted by pushing the appropriate key. Moving a document became the electronic equivalent of picking up a piece of paper and walking somewhere with it. To file a document, you would move it to a picture of a file drawer, just as you take a physical piece of paper to a physical file cabinet.

The reason that the user's conceptual model should be decided first

More Financial Planning . . I from Sup6TSo^t

Good management decisions are crucial to ttie success of any business But frequently, business problems are too complex for off-the-cuff evaluation. These problems are often met with guesswork and inaccuracy.

The Optimizer, the newest addition to SuperSoft's Financial Planning Library, was designed for the businessman. It gives him the power to make quantitative decisions which previously could be made only by large companies using mainframe computers.

The Optimizer is based on the Simplex algorithm for solving linear programming problems, the details of which are transparent to the user. Many business problems can now be solved by optimizing an objective subject to some number of constraints.

An investment broker may try to maximize a client's return subject to the risk that client is willing to take. A manufacturer may try to minimize production costs while maximizing output. These are exactly the kinds of problems the Optimizer can solve, and the solution to these problems often means the difference between profit and loss.

The Optimizer

for CP/M APPLE TRS-80

IBM Personal Computer

Requires 48K GP/M Optimizer $200.00 Manual only $ 20.00

Software available for virtually all CP/M ' systems. Also available for Apple and TRS-80 models I & III. Specify your system.

The Optimizer from SuperSoft. . .

an invaluable tool for business planning.

First in Software Technology

Available from fine dealers everywtiere or directly from: SuperSoft, Inc. P.O. Box 1628 Ctiampaign, IL 61820 217-359-2112 Telex: 270365 Technical Hot Line: 217-359-2691

■CP w siCisiEBiD imcEwiH" Dir.iiai B[SE*ncH

DIGITAL DEVICES 134 LONDON ROAD SQUTHBOHOUGh, KENT TUNBRIDGE WELLS TN-1. OPL ENGLAND

Tel, Tunbiidgo Wells (0892137977/9 Tele< 9b532

ASR CORPOFIATION INTERNATION 3-23 8 NISHI.SHIMBASHI. MINATO \ TOKYO 105 JAPAN

Tel 03-437 5371 Tele> 0242 2723

252 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 393 on inquiry card.

I IHILNTINeirCN C€/HIPILirilNe I

n

0 B D B

18 B

0

B

0

B

0

B

0

B

0

B

0

B

0

B 0 B 0 B 0 B 0 B 0 B 0B 0

NEW

Computer Stocks & Bonds (Avalon Hill)

Star Blazet (Broderbund)

Tax Beater (Datamosl)

REAP iDatamost)

Time Manager tMiCfOSOft)

Foosball (Sinus)

Twerps (Sinus)

Snake Byte (Sinus)

Audex (Sinus)

Pholar (Sotlape)

Aulo Atlas (CPU)

Worm Hole (DakjnS)

Electric Duet (Insoft)

CalcStar (Micro Pro)

Wordstar Training Guide (book)

Marauder (On-Line)

Stierwood Forest (Phoenix)

Zoom G'afix (Phoenlit)

The Queen o( Phdbos (Phoenix)

GBS (Quality)

Compucube (Stoneware)

DB Utility #2 (Stoneware)

DB Master Slat. (Stoneware)

Planetary Guide (Synergistic)

Adanlis (Synergistic)

Soft Seventy (Synergistic)

Castles of Darkness (Logical Choice)

Ceiling Zero (Turnkey)

The Gauntlet (Turnkey)

Survival Adv. (USA)

Apple Spice (Adv. Inten)

$!«.••

$iia.««

$16.*9 $16.9« . $16.**

$a4.*«

$«>.••

$a*.M

. $!•.•• .$IT*.*« . $lf.M . $30.*« . $30.** $3».9« $30.9* $S9«.00

$•«.«< $S«.9« $30.M $3*.«« $*•.••

. $3e.*« . $aa.««

. $36.99 . $31.99 . $3«.99

#4801 #4804 #4805 #4810

#3257 #3255 #3250 #3251 #3252 #3253 #3254 #3256

#7360 #7367 #7362 #7368 #7364 #7365

#2253 #2254 #2262 #2259 #2263 #2260 #2264 #2261

# 1120 #1104 #1126 #1119 #1128 #1109 #1103 #1123 #1129 #1125 #1113 #1111

# 1149 #1121

# 1124

# 1 122 #1127 #1112 #1100

#1068 #1065 #1067 #1062

# 1061 #1069 #1070 #1055 #1056

AURORA

Executive Secretary

Hebrew II

QuiGktrace

Veraacaic3.3

BEAGLE BROS.

Alpha Plot

Doss Boss 3.2

Doss Boss 3.3

Game Pack #1

Game Pack #2

Game Pack #3

Game Pack #4

Utility City

CONDUIT

Algebra DnII & Practice I

Demo-Graphics

Group Velocity

SAMP - Survey Sample

Satellite Orbits

Scatter-NudearScatter

MICRO LAB

Crown of Arthain —

Madventure

Merger

Palace in Thunderland

Roach Hotel

SAT-English 1

Tax Manager

U.S. Constitution

ON-LINE

Cranston Manor

Ciosstite

The Dictionary

Expediter II Compiler

General Manager

Hi-Res Cribbage

Jaw Breaker

Lisa

Lisa Educational Pkg

MMSII

Missile Defense

Mouskatlack

Pegasus II

Soft Porn Adventure

Speed ASM

Threshold

Time Zone

Ulysses

The Wizard & the Princess ....

SIRIUS

Beer Run

Cops & Robbers

Dark Forest

Epoch

Gorgon

Hadron

Joyport

Phantoms Five

$3 ia.se

. $30.99 . $43.99

. $aa.99

. $34.49 . $34.39 . $30.39 . $30.39 $34.39 . $30.39 $30.39 $33.49

$133.99 $91.79

$T0.I9 . $3439 . $34.49

.. $19.49 . $31.19 . $43.39 $31.19 $34.*9 $35.49 $131.99 $33.49

$19.69 %it.19 $87.89 $44.09 . $47.49 . $31.19 . $34.39 $47.49 $103.49 $43.49 $35.39 $35.09 $35.39 $35.39 $33.89 $33.49 $47.49 . $39.49 . $14.49

$36.39 $39.69 $36.39 $39.69 $33.49 $30.69 . $67.39 . $14.39 . $3S.*9

By Fred Huntington

Time for our latest new program for tfie Apple", Computer Almanac. Written by Davici Carman, an honest-to-goodness weatherman, Computer Almanac is a idiverse collection of well ttiougtit-out programs. It contains sunrise and sunset times, weather forecasts for any year, a wind chill chart, lightning safety rules, a super-duper extra easy to use loan amoritization program that will print out in 80 columns, health chapter (including a nifty calorie counter), a vacation planner, a biorythm chapter (needs printer) and more.

We're very proud of this program and think that at $24.95, it's one of the best bargains in the software market today. Also, don't forget our other new program for the Apple", Understand Yourself, also $24.95. Dealer inquiries welcome.

Speaking of good programs, we d like to recommend for either home or school use Crossword Magic by L&S ComputenA/are. A super outstanding program with nothing else even close, we thought the ohginal price of $79.95 was a little steep. So we were able to convince them to lower it to $49.95, which is still a little steep for a crossword program, no matter how fantastic. So, to prove a point, we've set the price at $39.99. Now it's a bargain.

It will work with most graphic printers, including the Epson, with or without the Grappler.

GREAT GRANDMA HUNTINGTON

Great Grandma Huntington told me when I

was a lad that I should always buy my computer media as a diskcount. She also said that a single density disk in the hand was better than a double density disk in the bush.

Great Grandma Huntington said a lot of things, many of which I can t remember. So we re having a contest to see who can come up with the best Great Grandma Huntington sayings. All entries must be postmarked no later than June 30, 1982 and should be addressed to:

GREAT GRANDMA HUNTINGTON CONTEST P. O. Box 787 Corcoran, CA 93212

The top two entries will receive genuine Epson LC Digital Quartz watches (yep, made by the same people who make those great printers). Winners will be used in future Softlights columns. All entries become the property of Huntington Computing and will not be returned. The worst ones may be used in future advertising.

DISKS

Elephant Disks 10/24.99

Verbatim 10/28.99

(With plastic box) Maxell 10/36.99

*676l #6758 #6759 #6760

#7555 #7552 #7554 #7550 #7561 #7560

# 1014 *1012 *1002

# 1016

# 1015 « 1007

#2651

#6100

#3360

#5780

#3700

#6707

#5453

#2008

#3200

#3702

#6101

#2752

#4401

#2294

#3452

#4750

#218

#2290

#2059

#22

#1408

#4250

#6080

#7401

#5920

#1476

#2210

#4300

#6102

#3391

#7975

#2058

#5800

#5806

#2400

#2402

#2403

*1804

#1816

#2211

#90

#3300

#3301

#6240

#6709

#7100

#6710

#7970

#1900

#4701

#2355

#7008

#3400

#2751

#91

#1150

#1403

#7006

#2701

#7101

#3701

#4251

#3482

#1020

#3511

#2061

#2750

#7102

#5900

#2804

#4700

#3461

#4350

#18

#2655

PENDULUM PRESS

20.000 Leagues Under The Sea $39.69

Time Machine $39.69

Tom Sawyer $39.69

Treasure Island $39.69

SPECTRUM

Action Adventure Game Senes $35.39

Color Calendar $35.39

Home Finance Pak I $43.39

Microaccountant $43.49

Numerical Analysis $17.49

Statistical Analysis I $17.49

STRATEGIC SIMULATIONS

Battle Of Shiloh $33.49

Computer Baseball $33.89

Computer Quarterback $35.99

Napoleon s Campaign $53.69

Tigers In The Snow $33.09

The Warpfaclor $33.89 MISCELLANEOUS

Apple Doc (Southwestern] $43.99

Apple Grade Book (J&S) $16.49

Apple Letter Perfect (LJK) $117.49

Apple Word Processing (book) (Que) $17.49

Asteroid Field (Cavalier) $33.49

Astronomy I (Ed. Courseware) $34.09

Basic Scientific Sub-Routines Vol II (t»ok).. $31.07

Beneath Apple Manor (Quality) $17.49

Brain Surgeon (Nikrom) $43.39

Bug Attack (Cavalier) $36.39

Computer Chemistry (JiS) $139.99

Creative Finance (Howardsoft) $137.49

Cyborg (Senlient) $34.99

Datadex(IUS) $354.69

Decision Master (Syntonic) $33.09

Disk Prep (Sympathetic) $31.19

Dosource 3.3 (Lazer) $33.49

Easy Writer Pro (lUS) $319.00

Empire of the Overmind (Avaton Hill) $39.69

Enhancer II (Videx) $131.09

Escape (Sublogic) $36.39

Falcons (Piccadilly) $35.39

Firebird (Gebelli) $35.39

Fractions Concepts & Operations $50.99

Free Lance Software Mariteting Kern (book) $36..44

Game Paddles (TG) $33.49

Goblins (Highland) $33.39

GRAN PRIX (Hivettank) $33.39

Hi-res CtiemisttyU&S) $1«V.99

Mastertype (Zwieg) $35.09

Investment Decisions (Mesa Research) . $44.99 Maior League Baseball (Avalon Hill) .... $35.«»

Micro Apple I (Micro Ink) $11.19

Micro Apple II (Micro Ink) $31.19

Micropainter (Datasofl) $31.99

MicropainterRelill #1 (Datasoft) $16.89

Micropainter Refill #2 (Datasoll) $16.89

Monty Plays Monopoly (Personal) $31.99

Monty Plays Scrabble (Personal) $33.89

Mummy's Curse (Highland) $36.39

Music System (Mountain) $349.00

PFS (Software) $40.49

PFS-Report (Software) $47.49

Paddle-Adapple (So. Calif. Research).. , $36.89 Physics I - Free Fall (Ed. Courseware) .. $38.09

Pool 1.5(IDSI) $39.69

Population (Ed. Courseware) $31.09

Portfolio Master (Investors Software) $43.69

Prisoner (Edu-Ware)

Pro Football (SDL)

Programmers Handbook (Comp, Sta.) Race lor Midnight (Avant Gard) . .

Raster Blaster (Budge Co)

Real Estate Analyzer (Howardsoft) ...

Romwriter (Mountain)

Sargon II (Hayden) .

$34.95

$36.96 $35.39 $35.39 $137.49 $144.49 $39.69

Saturn Navigator (Sublogic) $31.19

Sentence Diagramming (Avant Gard) .

Sexoscope(AGS)

Shuflleboard (IDSI)

Star Thief (Cavalier)

Suicide (Piccadilly)

Super Sound (Rainbow)

SuperCalc (Sorcim)

Tablet Sha|3e Maker (Rocky Mountain) . Tanktics (Avalon Hill]

$11.19 $16.»« $35.39 $35.39 $36.39 $14.39 $350.69 . $44.09 . $34.59

Tax Preparer'82 (Howardsoft) $131.99

Trickshot (IDSI) $33.09

Using 6502 Assembly Lang, (bk) Datamosl . $14.09

Valdez (Dynacomp) $16.49

Win At The Races (SDL) $44.89

Wizardry (Sir Tech) $41.39

Word Star (Micro Pro) $349.00

ZCard(ALS) $339.00

Z-Temi (Southwestern) $44.99

Call Toll-Free 800-344-5106 (outside California)

Post Office Box 1297 Corcoran, California 93212

Foreign Orders 209-992-4481 In California 800-692-4146

ING We take MasterCard, American Express or VISA (Include card # and

Apple" is a registered lrademarl< of Apple Computer, Inc. expiration date). California residents add 6% tax. Include $2.00 for postage. Pet'is a registered trademark of Commodore. Foreign and hiardware extra. Foreign (excluding Canada): remit US, cur

■TRS-SO- is a registered trademark of Tandy Corp. rency, checl<s on U.S. banks, use listed ctiarge cards, or make direct wire s a registered trademark of Atan, Inc. transfers through Security Pacific Bank, CoriS>ran, for a $6.00 charge. All

Outside Calif 800-344-5106 overseas orders shipped by air. Send for free catalog. Prices subject to

change without notice

0

li

IS B

n n

B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B 19 B B

CIrcie 197 on Inquiry card.

BYTE April 1982 253

OUT

'i'i*i'i'i'i'i't'i'i'i'i'i*i'i'i'i'i*i'i'»'i*i*i'i'i*i'»'i'i'i'i'i't'i'i'i

Figure 1; In-basket and out-basket icons. The in-basket contains an envelope indicating

that mail has been received. (This figure was taken directly from the Star screen. Therefore, the text appears at screen resolution.)

youthA^6

The DS120 Termiiial Controller makes your LA36 perform like a DEOiiter® m.

The Datasouth DS120 gives your DECwriter® II the high speed printing and versatile performance features of the DECwriter® III at only a fraction of the cost. The DS120 is a plug compatible replacement for your LA36 logic board which can be installed in minutes. Standard features include:

• RS232 interface

• 20 mA Current Loop interface

• Top of Form

• Adjustable Margins

• Double wide characters

• Parity selection

• Optional APL character set

• 165 cps bidirectional printing

• Horizontal & Vertical Tabs

• Page Length Selection

• 110-4800 baud operation

• 1000 character print buffer

• X-on, X-off protocol

• Self Test

Over 5,000 DS120 units are now being used by customers ranging from the Fortune 500 to personal computing enthusiasts. In numerous installations, entire networks of terminals have been upgraded to take advantage of today's higher speed data communications services. LSI microprocessor electronics and strict quality control ensure dependable performance for years to come. When service is required, we will respond promptly and effectively. Best of all, we can deliver immediately through our nationwide network of distributors. Just give us a call for all the details.

data@®[u](^[A] computer corporation

4740 Dwight Evans Road • Charlotte, North Carolina 28210 • 704/523-8500

when designing a system is that the approach adopted changes the functionality of the system. An example is electronic mail. Most electronic-mail systems draw a distinction between messages and files to be sent to other people. Typically, one program sends messages and a different program handles file transfers, each with its own interface. But we observed that offices make no such distinction. Everything arrives through the mail, from one-page memos to books and reports, from intraoffice mail to international mail. Therefore, this became part of Star's physical-office metaphor. Star users mail documents of any size, from one page to many pages. Messages are short documents, just as in the real world. User actions are the same whether the recipients are in the next office or in another country.

A physical metaphor can simplify and clarify a system. In addition to eliminating the artificial distinctions of traditional computers, it can eliminate commands by taking advantage of more general concepts. For example, since moving a document on the screen is the equivalent of picking up a piece of paper and walking somewhere with it, there is no "send mail" command. You simply move it to a picture of an outbasket. Nor is there a "receive mail" command. New mail appears in the in-basket as it is received. When new mail is waiting, an envelope appears in the picture of the in-basket (see figure 1). This is a simple, familiar, nontechnical approach to computer mail. And it's easy once the physicaloffice metaphor is adopted!

While we want an analogy with the physical world for familiarity, we don't want to limit ourselves to its capabilities. One of the raisons d'etre for Star is that physical objects do not provide people with enough power to manage the increasing complexity of the "information age." For example, we can take advantage of the computer's ability to search rapidly by providing a search function for its electronic file drawers, thus helping to solve the long-standing problem of lost files.

254 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 139 on inquiry card.

IT'S CRISP. IT'S CLEAR, IT'S COMPATIBLE.

Amdek's \/ideo-300 green phosphor monitor is the easy-reading choice for almost any system — including IBM and Apple.

18MHz band width 900 lines Ccenter) resolution

Everything about our 12" Video-SOO monitor was designed to be easy. Easy to read. Easy to use. And easy to match up with practically any computer or word processing system, including the popular Apple and IBM personal computers. So it's easy to see why you should choose Video-SOO for your text display needs.

Amdek's \/ideo-300 monitor features:

• Non-glare screen to eliminate distracting reflections

• P-31 green phosphor display for no-strain viewing

• 80 X 24 character display

• Built-in carrying handle for portability

• Light-weight, industrial-grade cabinetry [only 17 lbs.)

• UL, FCC approved

• Full one-year warranty covering

parts and labor

So ask your dealer about Video-SOO — part of Amdek's complete line of color, green phosphor and black and white monitors. Then match Video3G0's performance and price against any other display monitor For quality and value, you'll choose Amdek.

Amdek Corporation, 24S0 E. Oakton St., Suite E, Arlington Heights, IL 60005. (312] 3E4-1180 • TLX: 25-4786

Circle 24 on inquiry card.

BYTE April 1982 2 55

The "Desktop"

Every user's initial view of Star is the "Desktop," which resembles the top of an office desk, together with surrounding furniture and equipment. It represents your working environment—where your current projects and accessible resources reside. On the screen are displayed pictures of familiar office objects, such as documents, folders, file drav/ers, inbaskets, and out-baskets. These objects are displayed as small pictures or "icons," as shown in figure 2.

You can "open" an icon to deal with what it represents. This enables you to read documents, inspect the contents of folders and file drawers, see what mail you have received, etc. When opened, an icon expands into a

larger form called a "window," which

displays the icon's contents. Windows are the principal mechanism for displaying and manipulating information.

The Desktop "surface" is displayed as a distinctive gray pattern. This restful design makes the icons and windows on it stand out crisply, minimizing eyestrain. The surface is organized as an array of one-inch squares, 14 wide by 11 high. An icon can be placed in any square, giving a maximum of 154 icons. Star centers an icon in its square, making it easy to line up icons neatly. The Desktop always occupies the entire display screen; even when windows appear on the screen, the Desktop continues to exist "beneath" them.

The Desktop is the principal Star

technique for realizing the physicaloffice metaphor. The icons on it are visible, concrete embodiments of the corresponding physical objects. Star users are encouraged to think of the objects on the Desktop in physical terms. Therefore, you can move the icons around to arrange your Desktop as you wish. (Messy Desktops are certainly possible, just as in real life.) Two icons cannot occupy the same space (a basic law of physics). Although moving a document to a Desktop resource such as a printer involves transferring the document icon to the same square as the printer icon, the printer immediately "absorbs" the document, queuing it for printing. You can leave

,ir-Tv,

. ■ rvi-r:;:, id «.,-,)ict.,„'. i ■ - - ■

Ql.:i,:..||P,„„v.| ^ _ . _ ^ , i)

11 ^ 1^^^ II • 1

B 1

BBS

C'irecti.iv

EL

XERQX STARUser-lnterfacej,

DOCUMENT OBJECTS Page

Text

characterparagraph

Frame

■jraphic^

line

;ymtac.l

nil art Table Equaticr, Tea

Field

Footnote

DISPLAV

■ ■ L

□

UNrVERSAl COMMANDS

Oelete ropy 1,1 (ve ■

;li.:.vv PtMii.citie;

'lofjy F'fC'pertie;

.^.(jain

i.indo

Help

Record File Folder

File Drawer In- and L'ut-Basl-.ets ■ Pririter Floppy Di;l Orive '.':er and "J;er 'jroup i:alci.ilaf.i;.r Ter-rtiiria! Emulators sr

C'ireaoiv

Select Adjust

Mem.: Form

'.I If I rfi 5

□■■''■■I ^jM' □

Figure 2: A Desktop as it appears on the Star screen. Several commonly used icons appear across the top of the screen, including documents to serve as "form-pad" sources for letters, Memos, and blank paper. An open window displaying a document containing

an illustration is also shown.

256 April 1982 © BYTE PublicaUons Inc

The revolutionary Discovery multiprocessor is the only system that allows the total integration of powerful 16 bit 8086 processors with the more standard Z-80 user processors. The DISCOVERY system may be configured in any 8 bit/16 bit combination, or as a totally exclusive 16 bit system only to provide the ultimate in performance and flexibility in advanced micro systems.

Ultimate performance. The dpc-186 is the most sophisticated single board microcomputer available today offering more power and faster processing time through the 8086 CPU for bigger, more complex programs. Memory starts at 128 K (compared to the Z-80's 64 K), and is expandable to 1 megabyte. And the dpc-186 is fully compatible with the standard DISCOVERY multiprocessor system permitting efficient upgrading as future needs develop, without sacrificing any of your extensive hardware and software investment.

World's best multiprocessor system. The DISCOVERY system provides separate processors and memory for each of its 16 users. It offers full CP/M^and CP/M-86~compatibility, interprocessor communication, and shared and private files. Each user can take advantage of shared peripherals and cross submitting of tasks between processors. The system is controlled by a unique, two board dpc-280 service processor and dpc/os distributed processing operating system. By the board or by the system.The DISCOVERY multiprocessor is ready for immediate delivery as a complete system, as processor boards, and everything in between. It offers exclusive technology in multiprocessing, yet is fully compatible with existing standards including CP/M and S-100, It is quite simply unmatched in performance, capabilities and offers a far greater degree of flexibility, DISCOVERY—offering a whole new world of possibilities.

For the first time, 8 and 16 bit processor intermixing.

Action Computer Enterprises, Inc.

The Multiprocessing Company

56 West Del Mar Boulevard. Pasadena. CA 91105 USA (213) 793-2440. TWX 910-588-1201

Circle 9 on inquiry card.

Dealer and OEM inquiries invited.

*CP/M is a registered TM of Digital Researcli, Inc.

We Were Here Yesterday... We Will Be Here Tomorrow With Support & Service For You!

SUPE^BRAIN

64k D/D 64k QD

'2565 '2945

■P^'. NORTHSTARhoiiizonii

|64kQD«3275 ^l,

ADVANTAGE'3125

HARD DISKS

5mb for IBM, Superbrain, S-100, Zenith, TRS-80 II & III, Xerox, Apple.

$

2795

CORYUS

Call For Prices

5V4" DISK DRIVES

TANDON S/S D/D

IBM COMPATIBLE '225

TANDON D/S D/D . *350

TANDON 100-4 80 track . . .^600

SUPERBRAIN ADD-ON

S/S, D/D w/power supply, cable, case, software, one drive.

$

365

TERMINALS

Many brands available. Call for prices.

COMET II '^'^'''^^'^^ $795

EPSON MX80 parallel $479

EPSON MX100 $740

CItoh F10 40 cps parallel * $1550

NEC 7710, 7730 ★ $2395

NEC 3510 rsZ32 ★ $1895

DATA SOUTH laocps $1355

OKIDATA 82A $530

MPI 88G I20cps $550

MPI 99G L.C. decenders $650

★ Tractors Available $220

★

DISKETTES DYSAN

5Va" S/S, D/D

^34.70

BOX OF 10 ★

SUPERBRAIN

S-1D0 Bus Adapter

LIST $595 »475

LIST $90

SUPERBRAIN .-Parallel Port 19

SBE Prom

LIST $205

M55

SOFTWARE

C Basic il '98

M Basic 80 '275

MT Pascal '430

Fortran 80 '480

Cobol 80 '860

M Basic Compiler.. .'329

ACCT. Plus '3n

Word Star >30B

Supercalc '288

D-Base II '800

GRAPHICS

For SUPERBRAIN

Graphics Board '896

Symbol Generator.. .'200

Graphics Plotter '200

3-D Graphics '400

Surface Plotter '480

Graphics Terminal Emulator '480

Toil-Free Ordering 1-800-426-2662

For Information CalMZOB) 453-8159 Mail and telephone orders only. Mastercharge, VISA add 3%. COD Certified check under $1000. All prices FOB origin. Sand for catalog. Mail all correspondence to P.O. Box 3952, Bellevue, WA 98009

PACIFIC COMPUTER BROKERS

P.O. Box 3952, Bellevue, WA 98009

documents on your Desktop indefinitely, just as on a real desk, or you can file them away in folders or file drawers. Our intention and hope is that users will intuit things to do with icons, and that those things will indeed be part of l:he system. This will happen if:

(a) Star models the real world accurately enough. Its similarity with the office environment preserves your familiar way of working and your existing concepts and knowledge.

(b) Sufficient uniformity is in the system. Star's principles and "generic" commands (discussed below) are applied throughout jiiiB system, allowing lessons learned in one area to apply to others.

The model of a physical office provides a simple base from which learning can proceed in an incremental fashion. You are not exposed to entirely new concepts all at once. Much of your existing knowledge is embedded in the base.

In a functionally rich system, it is probably not possible to represent everything in terms of a single model. There may need to be more than one model. For example. Star's recordsprocessing facility cannot use the physical-office model because physical offices have no "records processing" worthy of the name. Therefore, we invented a different model, a record file as a collection of fields. A record can be displayed as a row in a table or as filled-in fields in a form. Querying is accomplished by filling in a blank example of a record with predicates describing the desired values, which is philosophically similar to Zloof's "Query-byExample" (see reference 21).

Of course, the number of different user models in a system must be kept to a minimum. And they should not overlap; a new model should be introduced only when an existing one does not cover the situation.

Seeing and Pointing

A well-designed system makes

everything relevant to a task visible on the screen. It doesn't hide things under CODE+key combinations or

258 April 1982 © BYTE PubUcaUons Inc

Circle 318 on inquiry card.

X a total business system

f JOB COSTING MENU }

'\. TRANSACTION ENTRY/DATE

2. JOB/TASK TABLE MAINTENANCE

3. JOB COST FILE MAINTENANCE

4. JOB COST REPORTING

, 5. EMPLOYEE TABLE MAINTENANCE

6. RETURN TO MASTER MENU I SELECT (1-6|?

J

W/^ SYSTEMS II EX ^ ly MASTER MENU ^

f|l. INVENTORY 7. CHART OF ACCTS. 12. PAYABLES B. VENDOR MAINT. I 3. RECEIVABLES 9. CUST. MAINT. I 4. PAYROLL ID. CHANGE OATE 15. LEDGER ll.SYS./BACKUP lis. JOURNAL 12.ST0PPRQCSS'G. i\ 13. OPTIONAL PROCSS G. SELECT 11-131?

NU ^

LEDGER SYSTEM MENU

FILE MAINTENANCE BAL SHEET/INCOME STATEMENT YEAR END PROCESS RETURN TO MASTER MENU SELECT (Ml?

J

TRANSACTION FILE MISC. PAY/DEDUCTION FILE EMPLOYEE MASTER FILE CALCULATE/PRINT CHECKS

PRINT ms

RETURN TO MASTER MENU SELECT 11-71?

SYSTEMS II EX — EX for EXTENDED PERFORMANCE. Westware brings you the most completely integrated and simplest to use business software for your Apple Computer. The SYSTEMS II EX is complete with an integrated Database. Yes! The DBII Database can move your system's files into Database format for customized reports or labels.

Although the SYSTEMS II EX is a fully integrated system, you may purchase

individual modules and later add additional modules, such as Job Costing for contractors. The power of our system is in the KSAM Firmware card that plugs into the Apple. This card permits high speed searches and eliminates running sort routines to get your files in order.

SYSTEMS II is available on 5'A" drives, and also on the Corvus hard disk. A Corvus based system will give you the power and capacity that challenges larger computers.

COMING SOON — Cash flow analysis with graphics. Database II with graphics, and Bill of Materials for small manufacturers.

CURRENT OPTIONS AVAILABLE — Job Costing, Cycle Invoicing, Order entry, and Layaway.

All Checks, statements and invoices use NEBS forms.

Dealer and OEM inquiries invited.

Apple is a trademark of Apple Computers.

Systems E€x

2455 S.W. 4th Ave. Suite 2

Ontario, OR 97914 (503) 881-1477 Circle 435 on inquiry card.

□ Yes, I would like to sample your software. Please send me the Systems II Demo Package. My check for $25 is enclosed.

2455 S.W. 4th Ave. Suite 2

Ontario, OR 97914 (503) 881-1477

Name

Title

Company Name. Address

City

State.

Zip_

force you to remember conventions. That burdens your memory. During conscious thought, the brain utilizes several levels of memory, the most important being the "short-term memory." Many studies have analyzed the short-term memory and its role in thinking. Two conclusions stand out: (1) conscious thought deals with concepts in the short-term memory (see reference 1) and (2) the capacity of the short-term memory is limited (see reference 14). When everything being dealt with in a computer system is visible, the display screen relieves the load on the

short-term memory by acting as a sort of "visual cache." Thinking becomes easier and more productive. A welldesigned computer system can actually improve the quality of your thinking (see reference 16). In addition, visual communication is often more efficient than linear communication; a picture is worth a thousand words.

A subtle thing happens when everything is visible: the display becomes reality. The user model becomes identical with what is on the screen. Objects can be understood purely in terms of their visible characteristics. Actions can be

understood in terms of their effects on the screen. This lets users conduct experiments to test, verify, and expand their understanding—the essence of experimental science.

In Star, we have tried to make the objects and actions in the system visible. Everything to be dealt with and all commands and effects have a visible representation on the display screen or on the keyboard. You never have to remember that:, for example, CODE + Q does something in one context and something different in another context. In fact, our desire to eliminate this possibility led uS to

For The Best In Price, Selection and Delivery,

Call Now TOLL FREE

800-368-3404

(In VA, Call Collect 703-327-8695)

AMPEX*INTERTEC*TEXAS INSTRUMENTS*GENERAL DATA C0MM.*AND£R$0NJAC0BS0N*C.IT0H«QUME - BEEHIVE* DATASOUTH»DIABLO«CENTRONICS • NEC • PRENTICE

MICROS

INTERTEC:

Superbrain QD $2995

PRINTERS

DATASOUTH: $1235

NEC:

7710 $2196

7715 Call for Special Price

7730 $2196

7720 Call for Special Price

7725 Call for Special Price

Std. Forms Tractor ... $ 2p0

Bi-Dir. Forms Tractor $ 30Q

CENTRONICS:

739-1 (Parallel) $ 649

739-3 (Serial) Call for Special Price

QUME:

Sprint 5,55RO $2339

Sprint 5,55KSB Call

Sprint 9,45RO,

Limited Panel $1845

Full Panel $1969

Std. Forms Tractor $ 199

Bi-Dir. Forms Tractor $ 199

DIABLO:

630-R102RO

TERMINALS

.$1995

AMPEX:

Dialogue 30 $ 775

Dialogue 80 $ 939

BEEHIVE: (SMART DISPLAY)

DM5 $ 745

DM5A $ 930

DM310 (3101 Emulator) . . .$1095 NOTE; IBM and Burroughs compatible terminals available. Please Inquire. C. ITOH

CIT101 $1350

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS:

745 Standard $1390

810 Basic $1249

810 Package $1439

820 Package RO Package .$1610

820 RSR Package Call

840 RO Basic $ 795

840 RO Tractor Feed Pkg. . $1059

COUPLERS

STAR:

300 Baud

.$ 149

DISC DRIVES

QUME:

Data Trak 5 Data Trak 8

. . $325 or 2 for $599 .$549 or 2 for $1049

SOFTWARE

BISYNC-8bRJE $ 769

Wordstar $ 319

Data Star $ 215

Cobol $ 789

Forms 2 (Cobol Gen.) $ 179

Mail Merge $ 99

Spell Guard $ 229

Plan 80 $ 249

SuperCalc .$ 249

Milestone $ 249

Most items are In stock now. In addition, we can make El A RS232 or RS449 cables to your order, and supply you with ribbons, printer stands, print wheels, thimbles for all printers listed. And many, many more items. CALL NOW.

Add 2% for shipping and insurance. Superbrain shipped fraight collect. VISA and MasterCards welcomed; add 3% for credit card purchases. Virginia residents, add 4% Sales Tax. For fastest delivery, send certified checl<, money order or bank-wire transfer. Sorry, no C.O.D. orders. All equipment Is In factory cartons with manufacturers' warranty, ('rices subject to change without notice.

TCRniflBLS flHlVfi

rzzz]

Terminals Ten-lfic, Incorporated, P.O. Box 490, Falls Church, VA22046,800-368-3404 (In VA, Call Collect 703-237-8695).

260 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 412 on inquiry card.

"We provide business programs as individual as your business needs."

"Allow me to introduce myself. I'm a Vector computer, dedicated to the advancement of society. And I'd like to tell you how a computer can help you manage your business more efficiently Especially if that computer is a Vector, like me. Because we're probably the most flexible and cost-effective computers you can find.

"Our programs are the key Because they enable me to handle sales forecasting, budgeting, job costing and proposals, commissions, personalized mass mailings, charts and graphs. We Vectors can even talk to each other and to other bigger computers.

"Unique combinations of our individual programs can actually customize me to meet your specific requirements. Any combination of our software packages can be assembled right off the shelf, to help you realize your full potential as a salesman, merchant, stockbroker, clergyman, contractor, real estate or insurance agent or whatever your business.

"Choose from Memorite III for word processing and mail list management, Execuplan for financial planning and forecasting, Business Accounting, Data Management for filing and sorting information. Communications and a host of others. And, of course, all we Vectors come with the popular CP/M operating system.

"For more information and your local dealer, call us at (805)499-5831 or (800) 235-3547. In California, call (800) 322-3577. Or write to us at 500 North Ventu Park Road, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320.

"We'll show you how we small information systems can mean big business for you'.'

Circle 424 on inquiry card.

Vector Graphic, Inc. COMPUTERS FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SOCIETY.

Sold and supported by 400 dealers worldwide

Vector Products are approved on General Services Administration authorized ADP scheduled price list.

Circle 278 on inquiry card.

MAR. SPECIAL SALE ON PREPAID ORDERS

(CHABGE CARDS, C.0.1). OR P.O'S NOT AVAIUBLEI

MEM-4 INTRDDUCTOnY SALE 65K STATIC RAM/DOM. OSES USES TMS 4016/TMM 2016 RAM OR 2716 EPflOMS EHENDED ADDRESSING. AVAILABLE END OF APRIL

PCBD {39.95, KIT LESS MEMORY $89.95

A&TLESS MEMORY.. $129.95

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS

SI 00

2032 32K STATIC RAM A & T 200 NSEC $629,00

2065 64K DYNAMIC RAM A & T $548.95

2200 S-100 MAIN FRAM AST $37995

2422 FLOPPY DISC WITH CP/M 2.2'" $329 95

2IIOAZ80 CPU AST $249.95

2710A4 SERIAL 1/0 A & T S291.95

2718A 2 SERIAL, 2 PARALLEL AST $305.95

2720A4 PARALLEL A&T $214.95

PHOTO BOARDS WW $39.95

APPLE PRODUCTS

7I14A 12K ROM/PROM $68.50

7424A CALENDAR/.CLOCK $106.95

7440A PROGRAMMABLE TIMER $98.50

7470A A TO 0 CONVERTER $105.95

7490A GPIB (IE 488) INTERFACE $265.95

7710A ASYNC SERIAL $125.95

7712A SYNC SERIAL $153.95

7720A PARALLEL STANDARD $98.95

7720B PARALLEL CENTRONICS $98.95

781 IB ARITHMETIC PROCESSOR W/DISC.... $342.95 7fl1IC ARITHMETIC PROCESSOR W./ROM.. .. $342.95

7500A WW BOARD ,.. $22.95

7510A SOLDERTAIL BOARD $23.95

. S269.95

MICROCOMPUTER PRODUCTS

SI 00 PRODUCTS CB-2 280 PROCESSOR BOARD, KIT $198.95. A&T...

VBIC 64 X 16 VIDEO. PCBD $32.95

KIT $153.95. A&T $199 95

VB3 80 CHARACTER VIDEO 4MHZ.

KIT $345.95, A&T $425.95

104 2 PARALLEL, 2 SERIAL. PCBD $32.95

KIT $155.95. A&T $194.95

PB-I 2708, 2716 PROGRAMMER BOARD.

KIT $135.95. A&T $.185.95

APPLE PRODUCTS

AlO SERIAL/PARALLEL INTERFACE.

KIT SI25.95. A&T $155.95

ASID SERIAL I/O

KIT $87.95, A & T S97.95

APID PARALLEL 10 W/0 CABLES

KIT.......... $67.95 A&T $87.95

inc. WAMECD INC.

BOARDS WITH MIKOS PARTS

MEM-3 32K STATIC RAM, PCBD $36,95

KIT LESS RAM $95.95. AST $135.95

CPU-2 Z80 PROCESSOR. PCBD $32.95

KIT LESS ROM S10995. A&T $149.95

EPM-2 16K/32K EPROM, PCBD $32.95

KIT LESS ROM $65.95, A&T $99.95

FPB-I FRONT PANEL, PCBD $48.50

KIT $144,95. A&T $184.95

OMB-12 13 SLOT MOTHER BOARD, PCBD $39.95

KIT $95.95, A&T ,,..$135.95

m

MONDAY-FRIDAY, 8:00 TO 12:00, 1:00 TO 5:30 THURSDAYS. 8:00 TO 9:00 P.M.

(415) 728-9121 P.O. BOX 955 • EL GRANADA, CA 94018

PLEASE SEND FOR IC, XISTOR AND COMPUTER PARTS LIS! VISA ot MASTERCHARGE Send account number, mlerbank number, expiration date and sign your order Approx postage will be added OfcJers with check or money order will be sent post paid in U S If you are not a regular customer, please use charge, cashier's check or postal money ordei Otherwise there will be a two-week delay tor checks to ciegr Calif, residents add 6% tax. Money back 30-day guarantee. We cannot accept returned IC's that have been soldered to. Prices subject to change without notice S20;0O mlifnunt oiHir SZ.OD imlci Ghiiti oil ordiri liii thin $20.00.

}i:H,i,F:.A':TEB pbupeftie; J - -^

Display

CHARACTER

P.i.RAGF:.APH

TAB SETTINGS

Font size Face Pujition

Clsiiic

Modern

Titan Bold Lettenjothlc Scientific|scieritificThin |.>:eJ

8|1U 14

-A

bold|

1

ITALICS

|iJNDEF:LINE| | STRIKEOUT

X

□

X

□

XX°xX

Xx^Xx

S'THER

T

Figure 3: The property sheet for text characters.

abolish the CODE key. (We have yet to see a computer system with a CODE key that doesn't violate the principle of visibility.) You never invoke a command or push a key and have nothing visible happen. At the very least, a message is posted explaining that the command doesn't work in this context, or it is not implemented, or there is an error. It is disastrous to the user's model when you invoke an action and the system does nothing in response. We have seen people push a key several times in one system or another trying to get a response. They are not sure whether the system has "heard" them or not. Sometimes the system is simply throwing away their keystrokes. Sometimes it is just slow and is queuing the keystrokes; you can imagine the unpredictable behavior that is possible.

We have already mentioned icons and windows as mechanisms for making the concepts in Star visible. Other such mechanisms are Star's property and option sheets. Most objects in Star have properties. A property sheet is a two-dimensional, formlike environment that displays those properties. Figure 3 shows the character property sheet. It appears on the screen whenever you make a

text selection and push the PROPERTIES key. It contains such properties as type font and size; bold, italic, underline, and strikeout face; and superscript/subscript positioning. Instead of having to remember the properties of characters, the current settings of those properties, and, worst of all, how to change those properties, property sheets simply show everything on the screen. All the options are presented. To change one, you point to it with the mouse and push a button. Properties in effect are displayed in reverse video.

This mechanism is used for all properties of all objects in the system. Star contains a couple of hundred properties. To keep you from being overwhelmed with information, property sheets display only the properties relevant to the type of object currently selected (e.g., character, paragraph, page, graphic line, formula element, frame, document, or folder). This is an example of "progressive disclosure"; hiding complexity until it is needed. It is also one of the clearest examples of how an emphasis on visibility can reduce the amount of remembering and typing required.

Property sheets may be thought of as an alternate representation for ob

262 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

'THAT WORKS GREAT!"

Planning an on-time, on-budget project has always been hard work. But our new VisiSchedule^'" program can help you and your personal computer make short work of it.

The VisiSchedule program is a fast and easy way to control projects, level resources, meet deadlines, and beat cost targets.

The VisiSchedule program instantly shows you the critical path among your project's tasks. It allocates all costs and personnel, and specifies earliest/latest start dates, slack times, holidays, prerequisites and deadlines for each task. And it produces summaries, time charts, and milestone reports for management.

You can actually develop your project as you enter data, investigate tradeoffs between manpower, costs and time. Ask "what if?"... add, move, slip or change any task, skill level or cost, and the VisiSchedule

«)1982VisiCotp

program automatically displays the impact of your changes. This makes it a snap to keep schedules and costs current, too.

While the VisiSchedule program does a lot by itself, it can do even more for you when used with other Visi"' programs. That's because they're all inter-related, just like your needs and tasks, to give you a fully integrated solution. For example, automatically transfer the cost data to our VisiTrend/Plot"'program and analyze cause-and-effect relationships. Then instantly plot the results in charts and graphs for better communication.

In addition, our series includes the ^ . VisiCalc® VisiFile,'" VisiDex,"' VisiPlot,"' VisiTerm"'

and Desktop/PLAN"' programs.

Ask your retail computer store salesperson for a demonstration of the VisiSchedule program. Discover how easy it is to make short work of planning and budgeting all your work.

VisiScheduleTkom

VlSlCORP~

PERSONAL SOFTWAPi"

circle 56 on Inquiry card.

Microline 84 (Parallel) $1059''

DELIVERED

□ 200 cps bidirectional printing

□ 50 cps proportional mode

□ Enhanced/emphasized print

□ Dot-addressable graphics

□ Tractor/friction feed up to 16"

□ Program-selectable character size

Microline Printers

MicrolineSO $3698«

Microline 82A $484»»

Microline 83A $749"'

Okigrapm ROM—adds Hl-Res capabilities to 82A and 83A Printers $89™

NEC Printers

NEC PC-8023A-C $499»

Epson Printers

MX-80 w/Graftrax ....

MX-80/F-T

AAX-80/F-T w/Graftrax.

MX-lOO

Graftrax

Centronics Printers

Centronics 739 (Parallel) $539"

Centronics 739 (RS-232-C) $644«»

2-Color Adapter $69"

C.ltoh Printers

C.lTOH Comet I $284^'

ClTOH Pro Writer w/3K buffer

(parallel and serial) $639"

C.lTOH F-10 Daisy Wheel

(40cps) $1564°°

Cables and Interfaces available for the Apple, Atari, CBM/PET, and TRS-80

microcomputers

Orders & Information: CALL (603)-673-8857

Orders Only: CALL (800)-343-0726

We accept COD's-No surcharge for credit cards-No charge for UPS shipping Stock shipments next day-All equipment factory fresh w/MFG warranty

HIGH TECHNOLOGY AT AFFORDABLE PRICES

HE BOTTOM »LINE

12 Johnson Street, Milford NH 03055

264 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

$474"

$569" $619" $719" $89"

T

□ E .±1]

Search Tor J

By matching TEXT AN D PBOPERTIE

In

IGNORE CASE

ENTIRE DOCUMENT

REST OF DOCUMENT (SB

CHANGE IT

Change to U By altering

TEXT AND PROPERTIES

i

rlil»»N

KfiWaWANGE

r

Figure 4: The option sheet for the Find command showing both the Search and Substitute options. The last two lines of options appear only when CHANGE IT is turned on.

jects. The screen shows you the visible characteristics of objects, such as the type font of text characters or the names of icons. Property sheets show you the underlying structure of objects as they make this structure visible and accessible.

Invisibility also plagues the commands in some systems. Commands often have several arguments and options that you must remember with no assistance from the system. Star addresses this problem with option sheets (see figure 4), a two-dimensional, form-like environment that displays the arguments to commands. It serves the same function for command arguments that property sheets do for object properties.

What You See Is What You Get

"What you see is what you get" (or WYSIWYG) refers to the situation in which the display screen portrays an accurate rendition of the printed page. In systems having such capabilities as multiple fonts and variable line spacing, WYSIWYG requires a bit-mapped display because only that has sufficient graphic power to render those characteristics accurately.

WYSIWYG is a simplifying technique for document-creation systems. All composition is done on the screen. It eliminates the iterations that plague users of document compilers. You can examine the appearance of a page on the screen and make changes until it looks right. The printed page will look the same (see figure 5). Anyone who has used a document compiler or post-processor knows how valuable WYSIWYG is. The first powerful WYSIWYG editor was Bravo, an experimental editor developed for Alto at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (see reference 12). The text-editor aspects of Star were derived from Bravo.

Trade-offs are involved in WYSIWYG editors, chiefly having to do with the lower resolution of display screens. It is never possible to get an exact representation of a printed page on the screen since most screens have only 50 to 100 dots per inch (72 in Star), while most printers have higher resolution. Completely accurate character positioning is not possible. Nor is it usually possible to represent shape differences for fonts smaller than eight points in size since there are too few dots per character to

1 LK

2200 SERIES

DUAL TRACE OSCILLOSCOPES

1 nt rLnrUnlVIAlNL't/ PRICE STANDARD

Introducing a direct line to a 60 MHz Tektronix scope built for your bench!

From the world's most respected name in oscilloscopes: a new scope, plus a new direct order number, that finally makes it practical to put Tektronix quality on your bench... at work or home.

Among professional engineers and technicians there is no substitute for the performance and reliability of Tektronix oscilloscopes.

Now, for the first time, Tektronix is offering an advanced scope at an unprecedented low price— and has a direct order line that lets you get your order processed today!

The scope: the 2213. Its radical new design brings you Tektronix quality for well below what you would pay for

lesser-name scopes.

The 2213's practical design includes 65% fewer mechanical parts, fewer circuit boards, electrical connectors and cabling. Result: a lower price for you plus far greater reliability

Yet performance is pure Tektronix: there's 60 MHz bandwidth for digital and high-speed analog circuits. The sensitivity for low signal measurements. The sweep speeds for fast logic families. A complete trigger system for digital, analog or video waveforms. And new highperformance Tektronix probes are included!

2213 PERFORMANCE DATA

Bandwidth: Two channels, dc—60 MHz from10V/div to 20 mV/div (50 MHz from

2mV/divto10mV/div), Sweep speeds: Sweeps from 0.5 s to 50 ns (to 5 ns/divwith XlOmag). Sensitivity: Scale factors from 100 V/div(1 OX probe) to 2 mV/div(1X probe). Accurate to ± 3%. Ac or dc coupling.

Delayed sweep measurements: Standard sweep, intensified after delay and delayed. (Need dual time-base performance and timing accuracy to ± 1.5%? Ask about our 2215 priced at $1400.)

Complete trigger system:

Modes include TV field, normal, vertical mode, and automatic; internal, external, and line sources; variable holdoff. Probes: High perform

ance, positive attachment, 10-14 pF and 60 MHz at the probe tip.

The price: Just $1100 complete*. Order direct from Tektronix National Marketing Center. Phones are staffed by technical people to answer your questions about the 2213. Your direct order includes a 15-day return policy and full Tektronix warranty

Now it's easier than ever to get your hands on a Tek scope!

ORDER TOLL-FREE

800-547-1845

Ask for Department 100

(In Oregon, Alaska and Hawaii: 1-503-627-5402 collect.) Lines are open from 8 am EST to 5 pm PST

•priceFO.B,, Beaverton, OR.

IbktFonix

COMMITTED TO EXCELLENCE

Copynght©1982 Tektronix, Inc. All rights reserved. 121

i-iose m Paginate

<^:A.iiii.i..;;.i.i..t.jA..^i.v......j

XEROX

8010 Star Information System

User-Interface Design

To make it easy to oo mpci text and graphics, to do eleotronio filin;?;, printiii;5;, and mailinii: all at the same '^'urkstation, requires a revolutionary user-intert'aoe de3i4;n,

Bit-map dispkvy - Eaoh of the 827,392 dots on the screen is mapped to a bit in memory; thus, arbitrarily oomplex in"Lai;es oan be disjjlayed, 3Tx"iR. disjjlays all fonts and :-:;raphio3 as they ■rill be printed, In addition, familiar office objects such as documents, folders, file dra'Ters and in-baskets are portrayed as re CO g;ni3able im age s.

Tki- iv;.ow-3s - A unique puintin;:; device that allo'FS the user to quickly select any text, graphic or office oljject oji the disjiday,

See and Point

All Star functions are visible to the user on the keyboard or on the screen. Tlie user does filing; and retrieval by selectin;;; them vith the mouse and touchinfj; the MOVE, COPY, DELETE or PROPERTIES command ke,ys. Text and graphics are edited-idth the same keys,

8

OISPIAY: fami office objects

MOUSE: select objects, menus

Productivity under the old and the new

1979 1 980 1981 1^82

Shorter Production Times

E>::}5eTience at Xerox witl-i prototv]:ie workstations has shu'^'n shorter production times and lo'^yer costs, Tlie follov/in|s; equation exjjresses thisi.

1=1

Star users are likely to do more of their o-*'n composition and la,70ut, controlling the entire process including printing and distribution,

Text and Graphics

To replace ty^nesetting;. Star offers a choice of tj,i:ie fonts and 3ises,from 3 point to 24 point,

H>ir4 is a saitaice of 10 -jiomt t>±:d; Here is a sentence of 12-point text, Here \s a xentence of 14-poin t text.

Here is a sentence of 18-point text.

i

Figure 5: A Star document showing multicolumn text, graphics, and formulas. This is the way the document appears on the screen. It is also the way it will print (at higher resolution, of course).

266 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 140 on inquiry card.

e great masters?

lix print(2r may not exactly rate as a work of an. our customers ha\'e a ven.year, we have shipped thousands of DSISO printers to customers throughout ' in the fomt of repeat business —a strong testimonial to the acceptance of

■ompetitive market did not happen by accident: rather through our sensitivity ivity we cany through research and development, production and qualitv.- cond sei\ice.

ements to make the DSISO printer even more versatile. Do_t addressable raster ?uter generated chans. maps and graphs at a resolution of / 5 \ 72 dots per I allou's printing at 10. 12

uide printing at 5. b or BlHHIij^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H d2K FIFO print buffer ^^^VHHIH^^^^H

to ^XiOO baud vuthout de- ^B^y^^^^^^^^^^B msparent mode for isolat- ^Bli^!^:^H' . " ^^^^^B

APL users, the dual ASCII ^S^^H ' ^^S^- ^ ^^^^Lmm

youmllagreethattheDSlSO ■pffl^>P-ai^bl---^^^^^^^l

package in matiix printers. W 1

ornON.AL FEm'RES f ~ "

. H;;r'R.io...a.-n

.ie Ki!..r; . API ASCII C:-.i:v!c;^; St-:

)(o)[iaGGi]

^mputer corporation

P.O. Box 240947 • Charlotte, NC 28224 • 704/523-8500

be recognizable. Even 10-point ("normal" size) fonts may be uncomfortably small on the screen, necessitating a magnified mode for viewing text. WYSIWYG requires very careful design of the screen fonts in order to keep text on the screen readable and attractive. Nevertheless, the increase in productivity made possible by WYSIWYG editors more than outweighs these difficulties.

Universal Commands

Star has a few commands that can be used throughout the system: MOVE, COPY, DELETE, SHOW PROPERTIES, COPY PROPERTIES, AGAIN, UNDO, and HELP. Each performs the same way regardless of the type of object selected. Thus, we call them "universal" or "generic" commands. For example, you follow the same set of actions to move text in a document and to move a line in an illustration or a document in a folder: select the object, push the MOVE key, and indicate- a destination.

(HELP and UNDO don't use a selection.) Each generic command has a key devoted to it on the keyboard.

These commands are far more basic than the commands in other computer systems. They strip away the extraneous application-specific semantics to get at the underlying principles. Star's generic commands derive from fundamental computerscience concepts because they also underlie operations in programming languages. For example, much program manipulation of data structures involves moving or copying values from one data structure to another. Since Star's generic commands embody fundamental underlying concepts, they are widely applicable. Each command fills a variety of needs, meaning fewer commands are required. This simplicity is desirable in itself, but it has another subtle advantage: it makes it easy for users to form a model of the system. People can use what they understand. Just as progress in science derives from sim

ple, clear theories, progress in the

usability of computers is coming to depend on simple, clear user interfaces.

MOVE is the most powerful command in the system. It is used during text editing to rearrange letters in a word, words in a sentence, sentences in a paragraph, and paragraphs in a document. It is used during graphics editing to move picture elements, such as lines and rectangles, around in an illustration. It is used during formula editing to move mathematical structures, such as summations and integrals, around in an equation. It replaces the conventional "store file" and "retrieve file" commands; you simply move an icon into or out of a file drawer or folder. It eliminates the "send mail" and "receive mail" commands; you move an icon to an out-basket or from an in-basket. It replaces the "print" command; you move an icon to a printer. And so on. MOVE strips away much of the historical clutter of computer commands. It is more fundamental than the myriad of commands it replaces. It is simultaneously more powerful and simpler.

Much simplification comes from Star's object-oriented interface. The action of setting properties also replaces a myriad of commands. For example, changing paragraph margins is a command in many systems. In Star, you do it by selecting a paragraph object and setting its MARGINS property. (For more information on object-oriented languages, see the August 1981 BYTE.)

Consistency

Consistency asserts that mechanisms should be used in the same way wherever they occur. For example, if the left mouse button is used to select a character, the same button should be used to select a graphic line or an icon. Everyone agrees that consistency is an admirable goal. However, it is perhaps the single hardest characteristic of all to achieve in a computer system. In fact, in systems of even moderate complexity, consistency may not be well defined.

A question that has defied consen

BYTEWRITER DAISY WHEEL PRINTER

LETTER QUALITY PRINTER AND TYPEWRITER

IN ONE PACKAGE

The BYTEWRITER is a new Olivetti Praxis 30 electronic typewriter with a micro-processor controlled driver added internally.

$795

plus shipping

Dealer Inquiries Invited

FEATURES

• Underlining • 10, 12, or 15 characters per inch switch selectable • 2nd Iteyboard with foreign grammar symbols switch selectable • Changeable type daisy wheel

• Centronics-compatible parallel input operates with TRS-80, Apple, Osborne, IBM and others • Cartridge ribbon • Typewriter operation with nothing to disconnect

• Service from any OUvetti dealer • Self test program built in.

BYTEWRITER

125 NORTHVIEW RD., ITHACA, N.Y. 14850 (607) 272- II32

Praxis 30 is a irademari^ of Oiivetti Corp. TRS-80 is a lrademarl< of Tandy corp. BYTEWRITER is a trademark of Wiiiiams L.alX)ratorIes. <■

268 April 19S2 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 70 on Inquiry card.

Circle 294 on inquiry card.

Give your system some NEC, and watch its performance soar.

NEC's crisp, clear, high-performance JC1202 NEC's classic green monitor, (JB1201), one of RGB color monitor, an industry standard. Also computing's performance legends. Non-glare available: the JC1201 composite video version, screen, easy on the eye. And the checkbook.

immm l. tad the kbu C::.

2, tvrffcer of s?;: -^o prHs stnw.

- To Iesi.e rErKH prrji i.

Vow fiitfs HI I ifo start Jt the teainninj. type r.

. New lEKH WBKS

. Hw to nm M W!R

, Hon to CBffllE 1 iKcuMlt

t. «;•« to w ne amii like

to set POiUftfij h;j to ItOVt ii. Hou to copy

21. Ha-a to

22. to« to ffllPU!

23. Ho< to b9 IE

24. Ho« to .'U iirt

25. Ho« to « HEIF 2i. Ho» U «) I

. , I- • •• - r

The impressive new NEC dot matrix printer. Parallel interface, 100 cps, 2K buffer, pin or friction feed. Stunning performance and versatility in the hottest new peripheral of the year.

Peripherals from NEC can make almost any computer system better.

Owners of Apple ?, Radio Shack , Atari" , IBM", and many other personal computers will find their equipment to be compatible with NEC's famous monitors, as well as our highly-featured new PC-8023A dot matrix printer. (Some configurations may require a different interface.)

Ask your dealer for a demonstration.

fir

Productivity atyour fingertips

NEC

NEC Home Electronics (USA) i^rsonal Computer Division

1401 Estes Avenue

Elk Grove Village, IL 60007

sus in Star is what should happen to a document after it has been printed. Recall that a user prints a document by selecting its icon, invoking MOVE, and designating a printer icon. The printer absorbs the document, queuing it for printing. What happens to that document icon after printing is completed? The two plausible alternatives are:

1. The system deletes the icon.

2. The system does not delete the icon, which leads to several further alternatives:

2a. The system puts the icon back where it came from (i.e., where it was before MOVE was invoked). 2b. The system puts the icon at an arbitrary spot on the Desktop. 2c. The system leaves the icon in the printer. You must move it out of the printer explicitly.

The consistency argument for the first alternative goes as follows: when you move an icon to an out-basket, the system mails it and then deletes it from your Desktop. When you move an icon to a file drawer, the system files it and then deletes it from your Desktop. Therefore, when you move an icon to a printer, the system should print it and then delete it from your Desktop. Function icons should behave consistently with one another.

The consistency argument for the second alternative is: the user's conceptual model at the Desktop level is the physical-office metaphor. Icons

are supposed to behave similarly to their physical counterparts. It makes sense that icons are deleted after they are mailed because after you put a piece of paper in a physical outbasket and the mailperson picks it up, it IS gone. However, the physical analogue for printers is the office copier, and there is no notion of deleting a piece of paper when you make a copy of it. Function icons should behave consistently with their physical counterparts.

There is no one right answer here. Both arguments emphasize a dimension of consistency. In this case, the dimensions happen to overlap. We eventually chose alternative 2a for the following reasons:

1. Model dominance—The physical metaphor is the stronger model at the Desktop level. Analogy with physical counterparts does form the basis for people's understanding of what icons are and how they behave. Argument 1 advocates an implicit model that must be learned; argument 2 advocates an explicit model that people already have when they are introduced to the system. Since people do use their existing knowledge when confronted with new situations, the design of the system should be based on that knowledge. This is especially important if people are to be able to intuit new uses for the features they have learned.

2. Pragmatics—It is dangerous to delete things when users don't expect it. The first time a person labors over

a document, gets it just right, prints it, and finds that it has disappeared, that person is going to become very nervous, not to mention angry. We also decided to put it back where it came from (2a instead of 2b or 2c) for the pragmatic reason that this involves slightly less work on the user's part.

3. Seriousness—When you file or mail an icon, it is not deleted entirely from the system. It still exists in the file drawer or in the recipients' in-baskets. If you want it back, you can move it back out of the file drawer or send a message to one of the recipients asking to have a copy sent back. Deleting after printing, however, is final; if you move a document to a printer and the printer deletes it, that document is gone for good.

One way to get consistency into a system is to adhere to paradigms for operations. By applying a successful way of working in one area to other areas, a system acquires a unity that is both apparent and real. Paradigms that Star uses are:

•Editing—Much of what you do in

Star can be thought of as editing. In addition to the conventional text, graphics, and formula editing, you manage your files by editing filing windows. You arrange your working environment by editing your Desktop. You alter properties by editing property sheets. Even programming can be thought of as editing data structures (see reference 16). m Information retrieval—A lot of

The HOMEBRAIN™ is a ded

icated microcomputer system in a stand-alone package. HOMEBRAIN'S™ I/O potential exceeds 300 channels.

ACHIEVE TOTAL HOME CONTROL

• Energy Management

• Home Security

• Lighting Control

• Safety Monitoring

• Appliance Control

THE HOMEBRAIIM^"* is evaluate the homebrain™

32 Channels Buffered Input •8 Relay Output -Uninterruptable Power Supply -CPU, Comnnunications, 256 Channel AC Wireless Control

the First Total Home Control Computer

• Communicate with llie HOMEBRAIN using your personal computer RS232 Interface

• HOMEBRAIN ™ controls your home using your define logic sequences

• Logic diagrams, timers, counters, alarm clocks, caler\dars, are directly Implemented by the HOMEBRAIN ™ microprocessor

• HOMEBRAIN ™ logs controlled operating times for the month

The HOMEBRAIN'" operates totally Independent of your personal computer. Crashing your computer will not crash HOMEBRAIN » leaving your home defenseless.

Order Now By Calling Toll-Fne 1-800-228-2028 EXT. 332

Lines Open 8 Al^ To 6 PM C.S.T.

Just give us your Nanne, Shipping, Address and Visa or MasterCard number and snb will charge the $750.00 purchase price, plus $20.00 shipping (N.J. residents add 5 % sales tax) to your account. Or, SEND* your CHECK* or MONEY ORDER* to:

HYPERTEK, INC

30-4 FARM ROAD SOMERVILLE, NEW JERSEY 08876

'Sending your check will qualify you for an INTRODUCTORY REBATE of 10%. Allow &8 weeks for delivery.

270 April 1982 © BYTE PublicaUota Inc

Circle 198 on Inquiry card.

i!i;!ijii|ii|MiiiMiA.|i)!iAiyi^

k e vb 0 a r d I nt e rp ret at i o n

1 i.u

n

m

4 lAI

2

HI

^ i?i

vm

■s (1)

X

II01

n

ff

TM

TEL

Fr

Pt!

1[

t

IF;1

I'lji

II

V2

V3

2/3

V4

3/4

iHIFT

.9o

Cr I

iHIFT

Figure 6: T/je keyboard-interpretation window serves as the source of characters that may be entered from the keyboard. The character set shown here contains a variety of office symbols.

power can be gained by applying information-retrieval techniques to information wherever it exists in a system. Star broadens the definition of "database." In addition to the traditional notion as represented by its record files. Star views file drawers as databases of documents, in-baskets as databases of mail, etc. This teaches users to think of information retrieval as a general tool applicable throughout the system.

• Copying—Star elevates the concept of "copying" to a high level: that of a paradigm for creating. In all the vari

ous domains of Star, you create by copying. Creating something out of nothing is a difficult task. Everyone has observed that it is easier to modify an existing document or program than to write it originally. Picasso once said, 'The most awful thing for a painter is the white canvas . . . To copy others is necessary." (See reference 20.) Star makes a serious attempt to alleviate the problem of the "white canvas" by making copying a practical aid to creation. For example, you create new icons by copying existirig ones.

Graphics are created by copying existing graphic images and modifying them. In a sense, you can even type characters in Star's Z^'-character set by "copying" them from keyboard windows (see figure 6).

These paradigms change the very way you think. They lead to new habits and models of behavior that are more powerful and productive. They can lead to a human-machine synergism.

Star obtains additional consistency by using the class and subclass no-'

VORK10

BASF-DPS

WORLD STANDARD TAPE

ONE BOARD CP/M SYSTEM!

only $750 Assm., Tested & Burned-In for one week

Features;

• 8'/! by 12 inches

• 10 MHZ 8085 CPU

• 64KRAM

• 3 RS-232 channels

• 8272 Floppy Disk Controller

• Handles Single/Double Density

• One to Four Drives. 801R or 850R.

Documentation S15. CP/M Hoppy Disk Operating System $150 Check or Money Order

c

autocontroll

11400 Dorsell Rd. St. Louis, MO 63043 (314) 739-0055

PRICE BREAK

EPSON IVIX-80

CARTRIDGE RIRBONS

^95

EA.

$107.46 per dozen

Minimum Order 3 Ribbons Price Includes Shipping

We accept Mastercard and Visa

m:check-mate

P.O. BOX 103, RANDOLPH. MA 02368 Call Toll Free -1-800-343-7706 In MassachusBHs - 617-963-7694

Circle 444 on inquiry card.

Circle 238 on Inquiry card.

Circle 80 on inquiry card.

272 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

'DE\'CINEERINC APPLE n-Edition

An

- Introduction To Microcomputers: Volume 0— The Beginner's Book, Third Edition by Adam Osborne and David Bunnell

One of our most popular titles.Volume 0 has been expanded and revised to include new sections on software and communications. Written for the complete novice, this book introduces the construction and operation of microcomputers. Paper $7.95.

6502 Assembly Language Subroutines by Lance Leventhal and Winthrop Saville

This book includes over 50 indispensible, ready-to-use subroutines. A boon to every 6502 programmer, it will save hours of programming time. Includes array, bit and string manipulation, sorting and searching operations, much more. Paper $12.99

Assembly Language Programming for the

Apple IF" by Robert Mottola

This comprehensive, easy to understand introduction provides solid groundwork for getting started in assembly language programming on the Apple II. Many subroutines written in assembly language are provided, and most explanations are shown with equivalent examples in BASIC. Paper $12.95.

Discover FORTH: Learning And Programming the FORTH Language

by Thom Hogan

Using a friendly approach, the author explains the history and uses of FORTH, as well as how to program to an intermediate level. Includes notes on logical extensions and alterations to the current standard FORTH syntax. Paper $14.95.

Your

Atari® Computer: A Guide to Atari® 400/800^" Personal computers by Lon Poole with Martin McNiff and

Steven Cook

Your Atari® Computer provides invaluable reference material for Atari® home computer users. This "how-to" guide written for the novice covers all the common external devices, including disk drives and printers. The reader can also learn to program in Atari* BASIC. Paper $15.00.

Trade Secrets: How to Protect Your Ideas and Assets

by James Pooley

Attorney James Polley provides legal advice on a "hot" topic: who owns your ideas in today's business world. Employers can learn to tighten company security systems and protect their intellectual assets. Employees can become familiar with their rights to take "commercial" ideas to new jobs or start competing businesses without being sued. Cloth $19.95.

A User Guide to the UNIX^" System by Rebecca Thomas and Jean Yates

Designed to ease the novice through the difficult learning stages, this volume is also an excellent reference for those already familiar with the UNIX' " operating system. Computer-side tutorials teach forty basic commands plus there's a list of UNIX'^" system resources, and a bibliography for further study. Paper $15.99.

VisiCalc®: Home and Office Companion by David M. Castlewitz and Lawrence Chisausky with Patricia Kronberg. Illustrated by L. D. Chukman

Contains 50 models that can be used immediately for personal and business applications. Provides models for loans and investments, advertising and sales, inventory control, personnel, household aids and more. Designed to accomodate most micros and every version of the VisiCalc® program. Paper $15.99.

Now at your dealer, or write Osbome/McGraw-HiU, 630 Bancroft Way, Berkeley, CA 94710. Phone orders: CALL TOLL FREE 800-227-2895. In California call 415-548-2805. Canadian orders

contact L.A. Varah (416) 561-9311, McGraw-Hill-Ryerson (416) 293-1911.

h

Osborne/McGraw-Hill m

Atari*400/800'''^'are trademarks of Atari, Inc. PET ™ is a trademark of Commodore Business Machines. Inc. CURSOR*'"^' is a trademark of The Code Works. Unix ' '-' Is a trademark of Bell Laboratories. Apple II® is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. VisiCalc* is a registered trademark of VisiCorp.

Circle 315 on inquiry card.

tions of Simula (see reference 4) and Smalltalk (see reference 11). The clearest example of this is classifying icons at a higher level into data icons and function icons. Data icons represent objects on which actions are performed. Currently, the three types (i.e., subclasses) of data icons are documents, folders, and record files. Function icons represent objects that perform actions. Function icons are of many types, with more being added as the system evolves: file drawers, in- and out-baskets, printers, floppy-disk drives, calculators, terminal emulators, etc.

In general, anything that can be done to one data icon can be done to all, regardless of its type, size, or location. All data icons can be moved, copied, deleted, filed, mailed, printed, opened, closed, and a variety of other operations applied. Most function icons will accept any data icon; for example, you can move any data icon to an out-basket. This use of the class concept in the user-interface design reduces the artificial

distinctions that occur in some systems.

Simplicity

SimpHcity is another principle with which no one can disagree. Obviously, a simple system is better than a complicated one if they have the same capabilities. Unfortunately, the world is never as simple as that. Typically, a trade-off exists between easy novice use and efficient expert use. The two goals are not always compatible. In Star, we have tried to follow Alan Kay's maxim: "simple things should be simple; complex things should be possible." To do this, it was sometimes necessary to make common things simple at the expense of uncommon things being harder. Simplicity, like consistency, is not a clear-cut principle.

One way to make a system appear simple is to make it uniform and consistent, as we discussed earlier. Adhering to those principles leads to a simple user's model. Simple models are easier to understand and work

with than intricate ones.

Another way to achieve simplicity is to minimize the redundancy in a system. Having two or more ways to do something increases the complexity without increasing the capabilities. The ideal system would have a minimum of powerful commands that obtained all the desired functionality and that did not overlap. That was the motivation for Star's "generic" commands. But again the world is not so simple. General mechanisms are often inconvenient for high-frequency actions. For example, the SHOW PROPERTIES command is Star's general mechanism for changing properties, but it is too much of an interruption during typing. Therefore, we added keys to optimize the changing of certain character properties: BOLD, ITALICS, UNDERLINE, SUPERSCRIPT, SUBSCRIPT, LARGER/SMALLER (font), CENTER (paragraph). These significantly speed up typing, but they don't add any iiew functionality. In this case, we f§lt the tratealf was worth

$

00

Model II

26-4002

3288

8 Megabyte

Hard Disk

$

(Primary) 26-4150.

3994

00

DISCOUNT TRS-80® Computers

We have the Largest Inventory in the Central United States. Discount prices on all software and accessories for your TRS-80 computer needs.

BUY DIRECT Toll Free Order: 1-800-835-9056

Kansas Residents: 1-800-362-9091

Jimscot, Inc.

P.O. Box 607 - 1023 N. Kansas Liberal, Ks. 67901

' TRS-80 is a Registered Trademark of Tandy Corporation

* No out of state Taxes

* Immediate Shipment

* Several Payment Methods -k Direct Buying

WRITE TODAY FOR YOUR FREE CATALOG!

274 April 1982 © BYTE Publicattons Inc

Circle 226 on Inquiry card.

The Alternative

BASIS 108

Hardware and Software compatible with Apple H'"

Standard Features

# 6502 and Z80 Microprocessors

# 64K RAM, expandable to 128K

# 2K Monitor ROM, plus sockets for 10K additional ROM

# RGB and Composite Video Output

# Selectable 80 or 40 column text display

# High Resolution Graphics: 6 colors, 280x192 or 280x160 with four lines of text

# Color Graphic Mode: 15 colors, 40x48 or 80x48: 40x40 or 80x40 with four lines of text

# 8 bit Parallel I/O

# RS-232C Serial I/O

Detached Keyboard: All standard keyboard functions, Upper/Lower case characters. Numeric keypad. Cursor block, and 15 Programmable special function keys

Built-in mounting for two 5-1/4 inch floppy disk drives

Six Apple compatible slots for plug-in peripherals

Game paddle I/O

Built-in loudspeaker

Two switched accessory power outlets

Mounting for up to six DP-25 plugs

$1949

00

INCORPORATED

• •••

• ••••

without disk drives. 23116 Summit Road

Los Gatos, CA 95030

TM-Apple and AppiR II are trademarks I 408 > 353-1102

of Apple Computer, Inc. j^y^. 910-590-8000

1982 BASIS, INC.

Circle 50 on inquiry card.

In fact, we prototyped and tested six different semantics for the mouse buttons: one one-button, four twobutton, and a three-button design. We were chagrined to find that while some were better than others, none of them was completely easy to use, even though, a priori, it seemed like all of them would workl We then took the most successful features of two of the two-button designs and prototyped and tested them as a seventh design. To our relief, it not only tested better than any of the other six, everyone found it simple and trouble-free to use. This story has a couple of morals:

Bravo. In Bravo, the main typing

keys are normally interpreted as commands. The "i" key invokes the Insert command, which puts the system in "insert mode." In insert mode. Bravo interprets keystrokes as letters. The story goes that a person intended to type the word "edit" into his document, but he forgot to enter insert mode first. Bravo interpreted "edit" as the following cpmmandsi

E(verything) select everything in

the document D(elete) delete it I(nsert) enter insert mode t type a "t"

it because typing is a frequent activity. "Minimum redundancy" is a good but not absolute guideline.

In general, it is better to introduce new general mechanisms by which "experts" can obtain accelerators rather than add a lot of special onepurpose-only features. Star's mechanisms are discussed below under "User Tailorability."

Another way to have the system as a whole appear simple is to make each of its parts simple. In particular, the system should avoid overloading the semantics of tfie parts. Each part should be kept conceptually clean. Sometimes, this may involve a major redesign of the user interface. An example from Star is the mouse, which has been used on the Alto for eight years. Before that, it was used on the NLS system at Stanford Research Institute (see reference 5). All of those mice have three buttons on top. Star has only two. Why did we depart from "tradition"? We observed that the dozens of Alto programs all had different semantics for the mouse buttons. Some used them one vyay, some another. There was no consistency between systems. Sometimes, there was not even consistency within a system. For example. Bravo uses the mouse buttons for selecting text, scrolling windows, and creating and deleting windows, depending on where the cursor is when you push a mouse button. Each of the three buttons has its own meaning in each of the different regions. It is difficult to remember which button does what where.

Thus, we decided to simplify the mouse for Star. Since it is apparently quite a temptation to overload the semantics of the buttons, we eliminated temptation by eliminating buttons. Well then, why didn't we use a one-button mouse? Here the plot thickens. We did consider and prototype a one-button mouse interface. One button is sufficient (with a little cleverness) to provide all the functionality needed in a mouse. But when we tested the interface on naive users, as we did with a variety of features, we found that they l\ad a lot of trouble making selections with it.

• The intuition of designers is errorprone, no matter how good or bad they are.

• The critical parts of a system should be tested on representative users, preferably of the "lowesit common denominator" type.

• What is simplest along any one dimension (e.g., number of buttons) is not necessarily conceptually simplest for users; in particular, minimizing the number of keystrokes may not make a system easier to use.

Modeless Interaction

Larry Tesler defines a mode as follows:

A mode of an interactive computer system is a state of the user interface that lasts for a period of time, is not associated with any particular object, and has no role other than to place an interpretation on operator input. (See reference 18.)

Many computer systems use modes because there are too few keys on the keyboard to represent all the available commands. Therefore, the interpretation of the keys depends on the mode or state the system is in. Modes can and do cause trouble by making habitual actions cause unexpected results. If you do not notice what mode the system is in, you may find yourself invoking a sequence of commands quite different from what you had intended.

Our favorite story about modes, probably apocryphal, involves

The entire contents of the (^ocument were replaced by the letter "t." This makes the point, perhaps too strongly, that modes should be introduced into a user interface with caution, if at all.

Commands in Star take the form of noun-verb. You specify the object of interest (the noun) and then invoke a command to manipulate it (the verb). Specifying an object is called "making a'selection." Star provides powerful selection mechanisms that reduce the number and complexity of commands in the system. Typically, you will exercise more dexterity and judgment in making a selection than in invoking a command. The object (noun) is almost always specified before the action (verb) to be performed. This helps make the command interface modeless; you can change your mind as to which object to affect simply by making a new selection before invoking the command. No "accept" function is needed to terminate or confirm commands since invoking the command is the last step. Inserting text does not even require a command; you simply make a selection and begin typing. The text is placed after the end of the selection.

The noun-verb command form does not by itself imply that a command interface is modeless. Bravo also uses the noun-verb form; yet, it is a highly modal editor (although the latest version of Bravo has drastically reduced its modalness). The difference is that Bravo tries to make

276 April 1982 © BYTE PublicaHons Inc

THE ULTIMATE IN COMPUTER CHESS - THE

MATE

THE MATE FOR YOUR MICRO

PMK Associates, one of the world's largest dealers of computer chess systems, is pleased to introduce an extraordinary new product for the computer chess enthusiast. The Mate is a strategy game peripheral for your Apple II', TRS-80t or PETt (TRS-80 and PET versions not available until June '82).

It comes complete with the strongest chess program, by far, ever available for a microcomputer (requires 32K), plus a true, magnetic sensor chessboard with magnetic pieces. All you do is move the pieces. The Mate senses your move, enters it into the computer, shows the move on its high-resolution graphic display and responds by lighting two LEDs. There are no distracting codes to type in during a game, and no need to apply pressure on the squares of the board.

UNPRECEDENTED FLEXIBILITY

Developed by Applied Concepts, Inc., whose $600 MCT chess computer was ranked number one in playing strength in Chess L//e's January '82 issue. The Mate also incorporates a wide variety of features: 9 levels of play, opening library of over 6,000 moves, computer thinks on opponent's time, Best/Randomize move selection, move suggestions, audio On/Off, move erasing, change sides dur

ing game, reverse board, watch replay of finished game, printout entire game. And for hobbyists who want to write their own chess programs, full documentation of the interface software is provided.

* Apple IITM ol Appk Compuler Inc.

t TRS-aO TM o( Tandy Coip

As ACl continues to develop new, stronger chess programs your system can be easily upgraded. And additional programs for checkers, Reversi and other strategy games will soon be available. The Mate comes complete with sensory board, magnetic chess pieces, plug-in computer interface card, interconnecting cable, game program on cassette or disk and operation/programming manual for just $269.95.

FREE BONUS BOOK

Each unit is covered by our 15-day home trial, money-back guarantee. And

t PET TM ol Commodore Builneas Mochlnei

Circle 332 on inquiry card.

we will promptly exchange any defective unit still under the manufacturer's 90 day warranty. We maintain a large inventory, and most orders are shipped within 48 hours of receipt. Order before August '82 and we will include, free of charge, the chess classic Bobbi) Fischer Teaches Chess developed in cooperation with Xerox Learning Systems.

There is no game for your micro more stimulating than chess, and in computer chess there is nothing more powerful than The Mate.

To order, mail your check to: PMK Associates, PO Box 598, East Brunswick, NJ 08816 (please include $5.00 for shipping; NJ residents please add 5% sales tax; include $10.00 extra for disk format). Customers in Alaska, Hawaii and foreign countries please contact us for shipping charges. For fastest service, credit card holders may use our 24 hour Toll Free order number

1-800-83S-224B ask for Carol

Please call (201)246-7680 for technical questions and further information.

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

PALMER, M^BRIDE

ASSOCIATES

COMPUTER AND ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS FOR THE HOME

P.O. BOX 598 EAST BRUNSWICK NEW JERSEY 08816

(201) 246-7680

21 HOURS A OAV

t t

Ac tual Size

11 £ fi ^ ? e

Double Size

i ffi ' ^ ? e

Copy Copy Properties Menu Illegal Graphics

mode mode selecting destination

the Star to indicate the state of the system. The cursor is a 16-by 16-bit map that can be

Normal Move mode

Figure 7: Some of the cursor shapes used by changed under program control.

one mechanism (the main typing keys) serve more than one function (entering letters and invoking commands). This inevitably leads to confusion. Star avoids the problem by having special keys on the keyboard devoted solely to invoking functions. The main typing keys only enter characters. (This is another example of the simplicity principle: avoid overloading mechanisms with meanings.)

Modes are not necessarily bad. Some modes can be helpful by simplifying the specification of extended commands. For example, Star uses a "field fill-in order specification mode." In this mode, you can specify the order in which the NEXT key will step through the fields in the document. Invoking the SET FILL-IN ORDER command puts the system in the mode. Each field you now select is added to the fill-in order. You terminate the mode by pushing the STOP key. Star also utilizes temporary modes as part of the MOVE, COPY, and COPY PROPERTIES commands. For example, to move an object, you select it, push the MOVE key that puts the system in "move mode," and then select the destination. These modes work for two reasons. First, they are visible. Star posts a message in the Message Area at the top of the screen indicating that a mode is in effect. The message remains there for the duration of the mode. Star also changes the shape of

the cursor as an additional indication. You can always tell the state of the system by inspection (see figure 7). Second, the allowable actions are constrained during modes. The only action that is allowed—except for actions directly related to the mode—is scrolling to another part of the document. This constraint makes it even more apparent that the system is in an unusual state.

User Tailorability

No matter how general or powerful a system is, it will never satisfy all its potential users. People always want ways to speed up often-performed operations. Yet, everyone is different. The only solution is to design the system with provisions for user extensibility built in. The following mechanisms are provided by Star:

•You can tailor the appearance of

your system in a variety of ways. The simplest is to choose the icons you want on your Desktop, thus tailoring your working environment. At a more sophisticated level, a work station can be purchased with Or without certain functions. For example, not everyone may want the equation facility. Xerox calls this "product factoring."

• You can set up blank documents with text, paragraph, and page layout defaults. For example, you might set up one document with the normal text font being 10-point Classic and

another with it being 12-point Modern italic. The documents need not be blank; they may contain fixed text and graphics, and fields for variable fill-in. A typical form might be a business-letter form with address, addressee, salutation, and body fields, each field with its own default text style. Or it might be an accounting form with lines and tables. Or it might be a mail form with To, From, and Subject fields, and a heading tailored to each individual. Whatever the form or document, you can put it on your Desktop and make new instances of it by selecting it and invoking COPY. Thus, each form can act like a "pad of paper" from which new sheets can be "torn off."

Interesting documents to set up are "transfer sheets," documents containing a variety of graphics symbols tailored to different applications. For example, you might have a transfer sheet containing buildings in different sizes and shapes, or one devoted to furniture, animals, geometric shapes, flowchart symbols, circuit components, logos, or a hundred other possibilities. Each sheet would make it easier to create a certain type of illustration. Graphics experts could even construct the symbols on the sheets, so that users could create high-quality illustrations without needing as much skill. • You can tailor your filing system by changing the sort order in file drawers and folders. You can also control the

278 April 19S2 © BYTE PubUcaHons Inc

TRS^SO* COMPUTING EDITION

©1981 Percom Data Co., Inc. ^fje ^etCOttt J^eript^tal 35 cents

Percom's DOUBLER11 tolerates wide variations in media, drives

GARLAND, TEXAS — May 22, 1981 — Harold Mauch, president of Percom Data Company, announced here today that an improved version of the Company's innovative DOUBLER'^ adapter, a double-density plug-in module for TRS-80' Model I computers, is now available.

Reflecting design refinements based on both theoretical analyses and field testing, the DOUBLER II , so named, permits even greater tolerance in variations among media and drives than the previous design.

Like the original DOUBLER, the DOUBLER II plugs into the drive controller IC socket of a TRS-80 Model I Expansion Interface and permits a user to run either single- or double-density diskettes on a Model I.

With a DOUBLER II installed, over four times more formatted data — as much as 364 Kbytes — can be stored on one side of a fiveinch diskette than can be stored using a standard Tandy Model I drive system.

Moreover, a DOUBLER II equips a Model I with the hardware required to run Model III diskettes.

(Ed. Note: See "OS-80®: Bridging the TRS80' software compatibility gap" elsewhere on this page.)

The critical clock-data separation circuitry of the DOUBLER II is a proprietary design called a ROM-programmed digital phase-lock loop data separator.

According to Mauch, this design is more tolerant of differences from diskette to diskette and drive to drive, and also provides immunity to performance degradation caused by circuit component aging.

GARLAND, TEXAS — The Percom SEPARATOR" does very well for the Radio Shack TRS-80' Model I computer what the Tandy disk controller does poorly at best: reliably separates clock and data signals during disk-read operations.

Unreliable data-clock separation causes format verification failures and repeated read retries.

CRC ERROR-TRACK LOCKED OUT

The problem is most severe on high-number (high-density) inner file tracks.

As reported earlier, the clock-data separation problem was traced by Percom to misapplication of the internal separator of the 1771 drive controller IC used in the Model I.

The Percom Separator substitutes a highresolution digital data separator circuit, one which operates at 16 megahertz, for the lowresolution one-megahertz circuit of the Tandy design.

Separator circuits that operate at lower frequencies — for example, two- or four

Mauch said "A DOUBLER II will operate just as reliably two years after it is installed as it will two days after installation."

The digital phase-lock loop also eliminates the need for trimmer adjustments typical of analog phase-lock loop circuits.

"You plug in a Percom DOUBLER II and then forget it," he said.

The DOUBLER II also features a refined Write Precompensation circuit that more effectively minimizes the phenomena of bitand peak-shifting, a reliability-impairing characteristic of magnetic data recording.

The DOUBLER II, which is fully software compatible with the previous DOUBLER, is supplied with DBLDOS'^ a TRSDOS'compatible disk operating systyri.

The DOUBLER II sells for $2>C5, including the DBLDOS diskette «J*|L*|.^!

megahertz — were found by Percom to provide only marginally improved performance over the original Tandy circuit.

The Percom solution is a simple adapter that plugs into the drive controller of the Expansion Interface (El).

Not a kit — some vendors supply an untested separator kit of resistors, ICs and other paraphernalia that may be installed by modifying the computer — the Percom SEPARATOR is a fully assembled, fully tested plug-in module.

Installation involves merely plugging the SEPARATOR into the Model I EI disk controller chip socket, and plugging the controller chip into a socket on the SEPARATOR.

The SEPARATOR, which sells for only $29.95, may be purchased from authorized Percom retailers or ordered directly from the factory. The factory toll-free order number is 1-800-527-1222.

Ed. note: Opening the TRS-80 Expansion Interface may void the Tandy limited 90-day warranty. Circle 326 on inquiry card.

The Percom DOUBLER II is available from authorized Percom retailers, or may be ordered direct from the factory. The factory toll-free order number is 1-800-527-1222.

Ed. note: Opening the TRS-80 Expansion Interface may void the Tandy limited 90-day warranty. Circle 327 on inquiry card.

All that glitters is not gold

OS-80® Bridging the TRS-80* software compatibility gap

Compatibility between TRS-80* Model I diskette.s and the new Model III is about as genuine as a goldplated lead Krugerrand,

True, Model I TRSDOS* diskettes can be read on a Model III. But first they must be converted and rerecorded for Model III operation.

And you cannot write to a Model I TRSDOS* diskette. Not with a Model III. You cannot add a file. Delete a file. Or in any way modify a Model I TRSDOS diskette with a Model III computer.

Furthermore, your converted TRSDOS diskettes cannot be converted back for Model I operation.

TRSDOS is a one-way street. And there's no retreating. A point to consider before switching the company's payroll to your new Model III.

Real software compatibility should allow the direct, immediate interchangeability of Model I and Model III diskettes. No read-only limitations, no conversion/re-recording steps and no chance to be left high and dry with Model III diskettes that can't be run on a Model I.

What's the answer? The answer is Percom's OSSO'--" family of TRS-80 disk operating systems.

OS-80 programs allow direct, immediate interchangeability of Model I and Model III diskettes.

You can run Model I single-density diskettes on a Model III; install Percom's plug-in DOUBLER«>. adapter in your Model I, and you can run doubledensity Model III diskettes on a Model I.

There's no conversion, no re-recording.

Slip an OS-80 diskette out of your Model I and insert it directly in a Model III.

And vice-versa.

Just have the correct OS-80 disk operating system — OS-80, OS-80D or OS-80/III — in each computer.

Moreover, with OS-80 systems, you can add, delete, and update files. You can read and write diskettes regardless of the system of origin.

OS-80 is the original Percom TRS-80 DOS for BASIC programmers.

Even OS-80 utilities are written in BASIC.

OS-80 is the Percom system about which a user wrote, in Creative Computing magazine, "... the best $30.00 you will ever spend."t

Requiring only seven Kbytes of memory, OS-80 disk operating systems reside completely in RAM. There's no need to dedicate a drive exclusively for a system diskette.

And, unlike TRSDOS, you ccm work at the track sector level, defining and controlling data formats — in BASIC — to create simple or complex data structures that execute more quickly than TRSDOS files.

The Percom OS-80 DOS supports single-density operation of the Model I computer — price is $29.95; the OS-80D supports double-density operation of Model I computers equipped with a DOUBLER or DOUBLER II; and, OS-80/III — for the Model III of course — supports both single- and double-density operation. OS-80D and OS-80/II1 each sell for $49.95. Circle 328 on inquiry card.

Circuit misapplication causes diskette read, format problems.

High resolution key to reliable data separation

PRICES ANDSPECIFICATIONS SUBJECTTO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. PRICES DO NOT INCLUDE HANDLING AND SHIPPING.

PERCOM DATA COMPANY, INC. 11220 Pagemill Road Dallas, Texas 75243 (214) 340-7081

^Trademark of Percom Data Company, Inc. *TRS-80andTRSDOSare trademarksofTandy Corporation which has no relationship to Percom Data Company. tCreativeComputing Magazine, June. 1980, page 26.

Circle 6 on inquiry card.

The Birth of UNIX™ for CP/M™!

-Brings to CP/M

> Some of the

> BEST FEATURES < ^ of UNIX! <

micrcShell

The...

• POWER of UNIX •POPULARITY OF CP/M

Available for adoption by: CP/M SOFTWARE DEVELOPERS

CP/M SOFTWARE USERS

CP/M

Compatibility

Console

Input/Output

Redirection

Automatic Command File Search Path

IVIuttlple Commands Per line

Direct

Command File Execution

Additional ,, FAalures

• L6atlS''and'Executes as a rlofmal program under CPIM.. installing itself under the CP/M operating syslem

• Ottier CP/M programs - editors/word processors/appitcation programs/compilers/ assernbiers - may then be run using all MicroSheii fealures

• CP/M. compatibility is generally not affected by MicroShell's pre&ence " AddS'Uf^l'X-Power without losing CP/M Compatibility

• Send console Output to a File instead of or in addition to the screen

Example: Stat *.' > status - sends "stat" output to file "status""' ' ■ * ■

•Take Console Input from a File Instead of the Keyboard Example: ed filename < script - takes "ed" commands from the file "script"

• Indispensable for: graphic debugging, saving exact Screen Output tor documentallon. etc.

• MicroSheii finds your program. User concentrates on the big tasks. MicroSheii does the details Perrhits development or data files on one drive and all programs on another

■ User-specified file types for Automatic Search. Example; ".com", ".Int", etc.

■ User-specified Search Path- Example: Current Drive let, then Drive A, etc.

• User types a logical group of commands to be executed Example: compile file; link file; file

• MicroSheii executes the commands one at a time

• Files of CP/M or MicroSheii commands are executed by MicroSheii simply by typing file name

• User-specified Command Filetypes. Example: ",sh", ".sub", etc.

• Argument substitution ($1, $2, etc.) as with CP/M SUBMIT/XSUB

• User definable prompt with Disk Drive and/or User Number optional ■ Install program to customize MicroSheii to user's needs & system ,

• Others.- ORpER MANUAL FOR FULL DETA(L$

CP'M 2.2/32K with 8080'80B5/Z80 CPU RequneU

★ ADOPTION FEE: $150.00 Manual Only: $ 25.00

(VA residents add 4% sales tax) VISA, MC, Check or Money Order

X NEW <m GENERATION xj SYSTEMS, inc.

Mail or Phone Adoption Requests to: 2153 Golf Course Drive Reston, VA 22091 (703) 476-9143

filing hierarchy by putting folders inside folders inside folders, to any desired level.

• You can tailor your record files by defining any number of "views" on them. Each view consists of a filter, a sort order, and a formatting document. A filter is a set of predicates that produces a subset of the record file. A formatting document is any document that contains fields whose names correspond to those in the record file. Records are always displayed through some formatting document; they have no inherent external representation. Thus, you can set up your own individual subset(s) and appearance(s) for a record file, even if the record file is shared by several users.

• You can define "meta operations" by writing programs in the Cl/Stomer Programming language CUSP. For example, you can further tailor your forms by assigning computation rules expressed in CUSP to fields. Eventually, you will be able to define your own commands by placing CUSP "buttons" into documents.

• You can define abbreviations for commonly used terms by means of the abbreviation definition/expansion facility. For example, you might define "sdd" as an abbreviation for "Xerox Systems Development Department." The expansion can be an entire paragraph, or even multiple paragraphs. This is handy if you create documents out of predefined "boilerplate" paragraphs, as the legal profession does. The expansion can even be an illustration or mathematical formula.

• Every user has a unique name used for identification to the system, usually the user's full name. However, you can define one or more aliases by which you are willing to be known, such as your last name only, a shortened form of your name, or a nickname. This lets you personalize your identification to the rest of the network.

Summary

In the 1980s, the most important factors affecting how prevalent computer usage becomes will be reduced

280 Apdl 1982 © BYTE PublicaUons Inc

circle 299 on inquiry card.

For PDP-11 RSX, RSTS/E, and RT-11 users

We can save you time because our Pascal-2 compiler matches or beats the run-time performance of any high-level language on the PDP-11. The same is true for the size of code generated.

We can save you time because Pascal-2 has excellent error reporting and recovery, because our interactive, source-level debugger helps detect deep-rooted logical errors, and because our package includes a number of other programmer-oriented utilities.

We can save you time because the structured methods of Pascal encourage problem solving the first time round. Team members can understand one another's code, thus improving communication and protecting you against the disruptive effects of staff changes.

We can save you time, and money, because you can take your standard Pascal programs with you to a new computer. You may even find our Pascal-2 compiler running on that new machine. We're working on a VERSAdos compiler and a stand-alone system for the MC68000. We're field-testing a crosscompiler from RSX to VERSAdos and a Pascal-2 for UNIX on the PDP-11. We're also developing a Pascal-2 for VAX/VMS (where our RSX product already runs in compatibility mode).

Call or write. We'll send benchmark details, a product description, and a distributor list. We'll also send a Pascal-2 manual (free in the U.S.)

Pascal-2. It's about time.

Digital Equipment Corporation trademarl(s: PDR VAX, RSX, RSTS/E, RT-11; Motorola inc. trademarks: MC68000, VERSAdos; Beii Labs, trademaric UNIX.

2340 S.W, Canyon Road Ponland. Oregon 97201 (503) 226-7760 TWX: 910-464-4779

Oregon Software

Circle 311 on inquiry card.

Circle 277 on inquiry card.

iMew software

Wordlndex II™ $195

Automatic generation of subject Index

Wordlndex commands placed in any document produced by WordStar™ automatically number chapters and 8 levels of sections; create tables of contents, figures, and tables, and a sorted subject index with page references,

.Wordlndex 11 is loaded with new

featurps:

Multiple files. Wordlndex II supports the WordStarTM .(j dot command.

Free choice of page number format. Multiple choice of layout of all tables. No limit on size of subject index. Automatic generation of headings and footings.

Alternating page offset for even and odd pages simplifies printing procedures.

for owners.of all previous versions of Wordlndex: return your original Wordlndex diskette directly to us and receive Wordlndex II at a nominal cost of $50.

100% Tektronix Plot-10 ICS compatible graphic package.

Previously available on minis and mainframes only.

Supplied with the original Tektronix™ documentation, MicroPlot fully implements the entire Tektronix Terminal Control System on your 8080/Z80 based microcomputer at a fraction of the original cost.

This package enables you to run "even mainframe-developed software for the Plot-10 TCS on your microcomputer using Tektronix compatible peripherals.

MicroPlot is supplied as Microsoft''''^ .REL files to be used with Fortran-BOTM.

MenuMaster"

stop messing around with CP/M ' commands, MenuMaster makes all

your software menudriven.

Simply create your own menus directly on-screen using any text editor, The menu dispenses of long and hard-to-remember CP/M^^ commands. The user may simply select programs from the menu using simple commands of his own choice.

Order your copy today directly from us by phone, telex, or mail. Please send cashier's check or state Visa or Master Charge account no.

Detailed descriptions may be requested at no cost. Just circle reader service. Dealers may apply for free demo-versions of all programs.

BORLAND Ltd.

69, Upper Georges Street

Dun Laoghaire Dublin, Republic of Ireland Pfione 1802514. Telex 25105 GSOP ATTN. BORLAND

cost, increased functionality, improved availability and servicing, and, perhaps most important of all, progress in user-interface design. The first three alone are necessary, but not sufficient for widespread use. Reduced cost will allow people to buy computers, but improved user interfaces will allow people to use computers. In this article, we have presented some principles and techniques that we hope will lead to better user interfaces.

User-interface design is still an art, not a science. Many times during the Star design we were amazed at the depth and subtlety of user-interface issues, even such supposedly straightforward issues as consistency and simplicity. Often there is no one "right" answer. Much of the time there is no scientific evidence to support one alternative over another, just intuition. Almost always there are trade-offs. Perhaps by the end of the decade, user-interface design will be a more rigorous process. We hope that we have contributed to that progress. ■

References

1. Arnheim, Rudolf. Visual Thinking. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971.

2. Brooks, Frederick. Tiie Mytliical ManMontli. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1975.

3. Card, Stuart, William English, and Betty Burr. "Evaluation of Mouse, RateControlled Isometric Joystick, Step Keys, and Text Keys for Text Selection on a CRT." Ergonomics, vol. 21, no. 8, 1978, pp. 601-613.

4. Dahl, Ole-Johan and Kristen Nygaard. "SIMULA—An Algol-Based Simulation Language." Communications ol tiie ACM. vol. 9, no. 9, 1966, pp. 671-678.

5. Engelbart, Douglas and William English. "A Research Center for Augmenting Human Intellect." Proceedings of llie AFiPS 1968 Fail Joint Computer Conference, vol. 33, 1968, pp, 395-410.

6. English, William, Douglas Engelhart, and M. L. Berman. "Display-Selection Techniques for Text Manipulation." IEEE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics, vol. HFE-8, no. 1, 1967, pp. 21-31.

7. Fitts, P. M. "The Information Capacity of the Human Motor System in Controlling Amplitude of Movement." Journal of Experimental Psychology, vol. 47, 1954, pp. 381-391.

8. Ingalls, Daniel. "The Smalltalk Graphics Kernel." BYTE, August 1981, pp, 168-194.

9. Intel, Digital Equipment, and Xerox Corporations. The Ethernet, A Local Area Networl<: Data Linl< Layer and Physical Layer Specifications. Version 1.0, 1980.

10. Irby, Charles, Linda Bergsteinsson. Thomas Moran, William Newman, and Larry Tesler. A lylethodology for User Interface Design. Systems Development Division, Xerox Corporation, January 1977.

11. Kay, Alan and the Learning Research Group. Personal Dynamic /Wed/a. Xerox Palo Alto Research Center Technical Report SSL-76-1, 1976. (A condensed version is in IEEE Computer, March 1977, pp. 31-41.)

12. Lampson, Butler, "Bravo Manual." Alto User's Handbook, Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, 1976 and 1978. (Much of the design of all the implementation of Bravo was done by Charles Simonyi and the skilled programmers in his "software factory.")

13. Metcalfe, Robert and David Boggs. "Ethernet: Distributed Packet Switching for Local Computer Networks." Communications of the ACtVt, vol. 19, no. 7, 1976, pp. 395-404.

14. Miller, George. "The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information." In The Psychology of Communication, by G. Miller, New York: Basic Books, 1967. (An earlier version appeared in Psychology Review, vol. 63, no. 2, 1956, pp. 81-97.

15. Seybold, Jonathan. "Xerox's 'Star'." In The Seybold Report, Media, PA: Seybold Publications, vol. 10, no. 16, 1981.

16. Smith, David Canfield. Pygmalion, A Computer Program to Ivtodel and Stimulate Creative Thought. Basel, Switzerland: Birkhauser Verlag, 1977.

17. Smith, David Canfield, Charles Irby, Ralph Kimball, and Eric Harslem. "The Star User Interface: An Overview." Submitted to the AFIPS 1982 National Computer Conference.

18. Tesler, Larry. Private communication: but also see his excellent discussion of modes in "The Smalltalk Environment." BYTE, August 1981, pp. 90-147.

19. Thacker, C. P., E. M. McCreight, B. W. Lampson, R. F. Sproull, and D. R. Boggs, "Alto: A Personal Computer." In Computer Structures: Principles and Examples, edited by D, Siewiorek, C. G, Bell, and A. Newell, New York: McGrawHill, 1982.

20. Wertenbaker, Lael. The World of Picasso. New York: Time-Life Books, 1967.

21. ZIoof, M. M. "Query-by-Example." Proceedings of the AFIPS 1975 National Computer Conference, vol. 44, 1975, pp. 431-438.

282 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Colors: Almond or English Oak.

Adjustable for: • IBM PC. • H.R 125 • Apple II, III • Xerox 820 • NEC PC-8000 • Most other personal, micro,/ mini computers and terminals •The Compucart is the first ergonomically designed mobile computer workstation. The keyboard shelf adjusts to meet the requirements of the computer and the operator. When not in use or running unattended the keyboard is returned to the closed position, the roll-down tambor door is closed and the whole workstation, hardware and software, is secured with one lock. The Compucart is available now at the listed dealers or ask your dealer to contact us as dealer inquiries are invited.

COMPUCART DEALERS: INTERNATIONAL Zofarry Enterprises Ply, Australia • Dabus AB, 16111 Bromma, Sweden NORTH Wollson Eleclronics Inc.. Soulhfield, Ml

• Micro'Legal, Inc.. Minneapolis. MN NORTHEAST Calculator & Computer Center, New Rochelle, NY • Cyborg. Boston, MA • Microsource Financial, Inc., Watertgwn. MA • Robert E. Ramsdell. Rockport, MA • Super Business Maciiines. New York. NY SOUTH AMF Microcomputer. Inc . Tampa, FL •Central Florida Office SupB^ Gainesville. FL. • Compulerland ol Boca Raton, Boca Raton, FL • Computerland o( Tampa, Tampa. FL • Computerland ol St. Petersburg, SI. Petersburg. FL Cornputerland ol Clearwater, Clearwater. FL • Dolan Enterprises. Miami. FL • Micro Computer Systems, Tampa, FL • Micro Business Systems, Shreveporl, LA Micro Distributors, Inc., Tampa, FL WEST Winchester Data Systems, Lander. WY • Computer Shop, Torrance, CA • Huntington Computing. Corcoran. CA • Mod Logic Sysloms, Tustin, CA • Computer Potentials, Inc.. Sunnyvale, CA • Value Sales, Lawndale, CA • Vitek, San Marcos, CA • Wordmovers, Inc., Lawndale.cA

• Computer Center, Pleasanton. CA • Tucson International Bilporl. Tucson, AZ SOUTHWEST C.C.E. Inc., Las Vegas, NV • Computer Crad, Houston, TX MIDWEST Personal Computer Center, Overland Park, KS WEST Ryder Data Systems, Encinco, CA.

COMPUCART, 201 N. Rome, P.O. 2095, Tampa, FL 33601, Phone (813) 251-2431

Circle 114 on^lnaulrycard.

Designing a Text Editor? The User Comes First

A system's power is measured in ease of use.

In choosing or designing any computer system—hardware or software—the most important consideration is the human interface: if a system doesn't work for the user, it's not a working system. This article presents observations on the crucial relationship between human factors and the design of text editors for video-display terminals. These observations are drawn from my experience with a number of editors on computers of various sizes and from software-design and human-factors literature. All the features described here exist on at least one editor. My aim is to give you some things to look for if you want to buy—or write—an outstanding text editor.

The first and most important design goal is ease of use. This should surprise no one. James Martin (see reference 7) pointed out back in 1973: 'To be effective [in the next decade], systems will have to be designed from the outside in. The terminal or console operator, instead of being a peripheral consideration, will become the tail that wags the whole dog." Text editors are, to most users, the outermost layer of their computer system—the layer they deal with most. Timesharing users spend over half their time using a text editor, and

About the Author

Steven Jong, a principal software technical writer, holds a master's degree in science communication from Boston University.

Steven Jong 38 Riverhurst Road Billerica, MA 01821

editing commands account for about fifteen percent of all commands they enter. Personal-computer users may exceed those figures. Ease of use, therefore, weighs most heavily on editor design.

What, then, makes a good text editor? Human-factors literature suggests many characteristics of the laudable text editor. Different authors espouse perfectly reasonable but totally contradictory principles. You'll have to evaluate your needs when designing one feature in and another out (see text box on page 298.)

Screen Display Features

Let's consider what you want or need to see on the text display.

The top or bottom display line (but not both) should provide program and system status information, such as the file name, the current file line number, the last command invoked, the time, and program prompts. This keeps you informed as to the system state and is well worth the overhead. Another line could display the current tab stops anH margins, if they are to be controlled by the user (see figure 1).

When you enter a keystroke in the middle of a line of text, one of two things may happen. The character at the cursor position may be overstruck by the new character; or the new character may be inserted at the cursor position and characters from the cursor position on move to the right to accommodate it. Existing editors use both modes, but overstrike

editors require a separate insert/stopinsert function and don't prevent you from accidentally replacing text. From the user's viewpoint, a display mode that allows accidental erasure of text is undesirable.

A screen-editor window is limited by the size of the screen. To minimize the effects of this limitation and allow you to browse through text, there must be a command to scroll text, both vertically and horizontally (see figure 2). (An editor that allows horizontal scrolling can display overlong lines as truncated, with the ends of the lines offscreen, which seems most natural.) You should be able to scroll through the file continuously and stop whenever you want. This suggests that scrolling should continue as long as some particular key is depressed and stop the instant the key is released.

How fast should the display scroll? The Honeywell WP 6 word processor lets you scroll at the rate of about ten lines per second. This allows browsing, but is slow if you want to traverse several screens' worth of text. It also limits scrolling to the text within the current page of memory. The scrolling function built into Radio Shack Model II computers gets you from one end of a file to the other very nicely, but too quickly to read anything. It would be nice to scroll and also maneuver using some other mechanism, such as "go to string," "go to page," etc.

You may want to mark blocks of text for movement, reproduction, or

284 April 1982 © BYTE PublicaUoiu Inc

COMMODORE wmi

THE WONDER COMPUTER OFTHE1980$.UNDER^0:'

—WILLIAM SHATNER

" The best computer value in the world today. The only computer you'll need for years to come;

d|. WHi Uta I CYK ' Pi)« CftN ELU TU -I: ? IS • 1 ; «r

caw«Mt=»T--^UJ 1 ni=n»>» ,

• -■ o - -1 - 1 - _ _r _ -1 ^ ) 1..

La

VIDEO CABU I

VIC-20® VS. OTHER HOME COMPUTERS

I

Product Fealurt's

Commodore VlC-20

Atari" 400™

•,.|,„. 99/4A

TK.S-80

Color Computer

S299.95

$458.95

$499.00

$399.00

Maximum RA M Memory

32K

I6K

I6K

32K

Keyboard Style

Full-Sizc Typewriter Style

Flat Plastic Membrane

Hair-Size Typewriter Style

Calculator Style

Number of Keys

66

57

40

53

Programmable l-unction Keys

4

0

0

0

Graphic Symbols On Keyboard

62

0

0

0

Displayable Characters

512

256

64

256

Microprocessor

6502

6502

TI990

6809

Accessible Machine Language

YES

YES

NO

YES

Upper/Lower Case Characters

YES

YES

NO

NO

Operates with all Peripherals (Disk. Printer and Modem)

YES

NO

YES

YES

hull Screen Editor

YES

YES

NO

NO

Microsoft Basic

Sl^indard

N/A

N/A

$ 99.00

Telephone Modem

$109.95

.11.199.95

$450.00

$1.54.95

(i.\MtS

WORD l"RI5Ct;S- EXPENSE -SOR S TYl'INr; CALENDAR PRACTiCi

WAN St HOIKE MORTGAGE INVENTORY CALCUUTOR

L-li!

UIOHMYTHM/ Ill.UIi MliANIB COMPArAUlLITV I ROM tlUTER SI'ACH

'MsnufaclurerS &uggesied retail price Jon. 1.1982. Includes BASIC cartridge required forproj^rRmming.

Read the chart and see why COMPUTE! Magazine' calls the VIC-20 computer "an astounding machine for the price." Why BYTE^ raves: ".. .the VIC-20 computer unit is unexcelled as a low-cost consumer computer." Why Popular Mechanics' says "... for the price of around $300, it's the only game in town that is more than just a game." And why ON COMPUTING INC.'' exclaims: "What is inside is an electronic marvel... if it sounds as if I'm in love with my new possession, I am."

The wonder computer of the 1980s. The VIC-20 from Commodore, world's leading manufacturer of a full range of desktop computers. See the VIC-20 at your local Commodore dealer and selected stores,

I April'81 iHsuc 2 May'Kn.sbue 3 November'81 issu^

Commodore Computer Systems 681 Moore Rd.. King of Prussia. PA 19406 I Canadian Residents; Commodore Computer Systems I 3370 Pharmacy Ave.. Agincourt. Ont., Canada. M1W2K4

commodore

COMPUTER

circle 92 on Inquiry card.

m

S. ..!... .1,

Dear.Mosi, -*

► My.lirst.day.at.the.computer.camp.has.been.just.swell...You. wouldn't.believe.what.these.computers,can.do!..And.all.the.kids. get.their.own.systems.for.their.very.ownI..1'm.so.happy.you.and. Daddy. decided . to. send. me . here. •<4

► The.bunks.are.kind.of.lumpy,.but.I.guess.I'11.get.used.to. them...There's.also.lakes,.and.woods,.and.we.can.play. volleyball.and.baseball.in.the.afternoons...The.food.is.pretty. good,.and.we.had.ice.cream.today!

► I'm.going.to.spend.a.few.days.in.the.LISP.class,.so.I.can. find.out.how.to.do.artificial.intelligence...Then.I.can't. decide.whether.to.take.data-base.managemet.or.word.processing..

home . to.you . every. day!

► My.friend.Bobby.wants.me.to.go,play.Space.Invaders.now,..I. bet. I. beat. him!

LETTER

Love, Harold PAGE 1

LINE 16 Press DEL to delete, or RETURN to cancel.

Figure 1: An idealized screen-editor display. The larger the display area, the better. Spaces, tabs, and carriage returns are indicated by special symbols. "5" in the tab line indicates single spacing; indicates that the line length is 64 characters; "I" indicates a tab stop. Besides showing its user a windoip of text, the screen highlights selected blocks, prompts for action, and displays program and system status.

deletion. Text editors on some minicomputers display plain text in

low-intensity characters and mark blocks using high-intensity characters. Microcomputer-based word processors tend to use inversevideo characters for the same function. .

A useful, advanced feature is multifile editing. The best way to display multiple files on the screen is to use multiple windows. The screen can, for instance, be bisected by a line of dashes, with one file displayed above and the other below. Some editors dedicate a portion of the screen as a message window for prompts and error messages. This window should not be too large, of course; three or four lines is typical.

Many text editors employ the beep signal, a simple and powerful atten

tion-getting device that, unfortunately, is often misused. More than one word-processing system uses the signal in an inconsistent and annoying way: beeping when users enter some things right (sign-in lines, for instance), and yet also beeping when users enter some things incorrectly (a function key during a search); often they remain silent during many other kinds of errors. In my opinion, the beeper is best left to signaling errors.

The coming flood of color computers will soon bring a generation of full-color software. Four colors—red, green, blue, and yellow—are probably sufficient for text displays; green is generally acknowledged as easiest on the eyes. Color could highlight a search string, an error message, or a prompt. Color could also mark portions of a file. For instance, various

parts of a document could be marked in green (draft), yellow (comments), red (technical questions), and so forth. However, color should not be the only distinguishing feature of important messages, because four percent of the population are color blind.

Word-Processing Features

Certain functions apply strictly to word processing. One is a dot-filled display in which each space character is represented by a dot smaller than a period. The dots simplify counting spaces and aligning text vertically. One might argue that a dot-filled screen appears too "busy," but most users of Wang and Lanier word processors, which feature dot-filled screens, are happy with them.

A good word-processing editor should perform "word wrapping".

286 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

cnC4qi_ CARD , i.iN (Ti

Turn your Apple into the world's most versatile personal computer.

The SoftCard™ Solution. SoftCard turns your Apple into two computers. A Z-80 and a 6502. By adding a Z-80 microprocessor and CP/M to your Apple, SoftCard turns your Apple into a CP/M based machine.That means you can access the single largest body of microcomputer software in existence. Two computers in one. And, the advantages of both.

Plug and go. The SoftCard system starts with a Z-80 based circuit card. Just plug it into any slot (except 0) of your Apple. No modifications required. SoftCard supports most of your Apple peripherals, and, in 6502-mode, your Apple is still your Apple.

CP/M for your Apple. You get CP/M on disk with the SoftCard package. It's a powerful and simple-to-use operating system. It supports more software than any other microcomputer operating system. And that's the key to the versatility of the SoftCard/Apple.

Circle 275 on inquiry card.

BASIC included. A powerful tool, BASIC-80 is included in the SoftCard package. Running under CP/M, ANSI Standard BASIC-80 is the most powerful microcomputer BASIC available. It includes extensive disk I/O statements, error trapping, integer variables, 16-digit precision, extensive EDIT commands and string functions, high and low-res Apple graphics, PRINT USING, CHAIN and COMMON, plus many additional commands. And, it's a BASIC you can compile with Microsoft's BASIC Compiler

More languages. With SoftCard and CP/M, you can add Microsoft's ANSI Standard COBOL, and FORTRAN, or

Basic Compiler and Assembly Language Development System. All, more powerful tools for your Apple. Seeing is believing. See the SoftCard in operation at your Microsoft or Apple dealer. We think you'll agree that the SoftCard turns your Apple into the world's most versatile personal computer.

Complete information? It's at your dealer's now. Or, we'll send it to you and include a dealer list. Write us. Call us. Or, circle the reader service card number below.

SoftCard is a trademarl< of IVIicrosoft. Apple II and Apple II Plus are registered tradennarks of Apple Computer. Z-80 is a registered trademark of Zilog, Inc. CP/M IS a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc.

V CONSUMER^ products"

Microsoft Consumer Products, 10700 Northup Way, Bellevue, WA 98004 . (206) 828-8080

i.e., a word being typed in that exceeds the specified Hne length is carried down to start a new line. This relieves you of having to decide when to end a line. Word wrapping is one of the two most useful features of a word-processing editor (the other is character deletion). It is possible both to break lines and justify them at the same time; Micropro International's Wordstar microcomputer-based editor does this.

When characters are inserted into the middle of a line, a wordprocessing editor should reformat the rest of the text automatically. In practice, this proves difficult. Some editors, for instance, temporarily clear the screen from the cursor position to the end of the screen during text insertion (see figure 3). New text can be entered and formatted; when

the user signals that insertion is finished, the rest of the text is reformatted. The ideal editor would reformat text continuously during insertion, but I have seen no editor that does. Instead, most include a separate "reformat" command to reformat the current paragraph after insertion is finished.

Navigating Through the File

Now that we know how to display text, we must deal with the problem of finding our way through it. Addressing text is a prerequisite to manipulating text. The more power and flexiblity you have in addressing, the better.

The basic cursor movement is "quadridirectional," or up/down/ left/right, universally offered by screen editors. Boundary conditions.

however, may vary from one editor to the next. For instance, if the cursor is in column 1 (the left extreme of the Screen) and you try to move the cursor to the left, one screen editor might treat your action as an error; another editor might oblige the request by moving the cursor to the last character of the previous line.

What happens when you try to move the cursor past the end of a line? Usually, editors will not allow cursor movement, or at least text insertion, past the end of a line. In practice this proves a limitation, and there is no ease-of-use justification for it. It could, in fact, imply an attempt to enter spaces (perhaps the user is trying to make columnar text column by column).

Commands that move the cursor a single character at a time are not enough. There should also be commands to move by word, line, sentence, paragraph, screen, page image, and column; the ability to go to the top or the bottom of a file at a single keystroke is also useful. Combining cursor-movement commands with a Repeat key is also very important (an advanced video terminal may include an automatic-repeat function if a key is held down). An alternative for terminals without repeat functions is to allow commands to accept numeric arguments so that a user could, for instance, skip four sentences.

Signaling Commands

Now we turn to the mechanism by which you signal that you are entering a command (the nature of which is not yet important). Single-character command names are best for fast typing. Screen editors must use nonalphanumeric characters, because alphanumeric keystrokes must always appear as entered. The next simplest arrangement is to use control characters, because the CTL (Control) key is standard on most computer keyboards. CTL-W, then, might mean "write file." Of course, entering some command sequences would require two hands.

Designers of some computer systeins, thinking of novice users, in

288 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

AH-HA!

EUREKA!

ALL-RIIIGHT

Introducing "Popular Computing," the key to understanding*

Now you don't have to be a computer professional to unlock all the mysteries, potential, and pleasures of home and small business computers. Popular Computing, the new monthly magazine from McGrawHill, is the key.

Created in response to growing demand for our informative quarterly onComputing, Popular Computing explores every aspect of personal computers and their use. All reported in easy-tounderstand nontechnical language.

POPULAR.

POPULAR

COMPUTSNG.

Business Asimov

Reviews Asimov

HomeCanputer Games

The answer to

*' Computerphobia. *'

Even the most computerunsophisticated reader will find Popular Computing interesting and stimulating. Every issue will contain straighttalking product reviews.

special news briefs, and feature articles by famous guest contributors (like Isaac Asimov). There'll even be a helpful glossary of computer jargon we couldn't avoid using, and much, much more.

Special

Introductory

Offer,

Send in this coupon today, and take advantage of Popular Computing's Special Introductory Offer.

o

COMPUTING

THE KEY TO UNDERSTANDING

P.O. Box 397, Hancock, NH 03449

INTERESTED?

LET'S TALK

CONCEPT: PRIVATE COMPUTERS

Our marketplace is maturing. Those of you that were around in 1977will remember what it took then to make a sale...(anything that worked!)

The two beautiful faces at the left are evidence that changes have occured in the industry!!!

Besides an excellent, well proven S-100, CP/M, Z-80 4MHZ computer system, we have a few extra things to offer. (Not the model!)

Delta specializes in something called a Private Computer . It's for those of you systems integrationists that have matured with the market. You stopped assembling systems in your garage a long time ago, but still need a totally flexible computer line that your customers won't find at Wards or Sears.

1

A Private Computer means you will never see one of our computer

systems on the shelf of your local department store or computer shop. We only sell to systems integrationists who add value to our product.

A Complete Range of Products is available. No other micro company in the world offers a more complete line of equipment to satisfy your needs.

* We have everything from low end single user systems to the top of the line 64 user distributed processing networks.

The DP Software Library is growing every month. We supply Accounting, Business Management, Code Writing, Medical, Dental,

* Chiropractic, Word Processing, Property Management and other programs. We have the source code in most cases and can negotiate customization if needed. Video taped training cassetts to aid you and your customers in learning how to use the programs and run the hardware are available.

^ Factory Support and Service is available in most large cities. There are 66 yW fully stocked factory maintainance centers in the U.S. and 12 outside the

* U.S. In more remote areas, our 24 hour fast turnaround component pool can be used to insure reasonable response times to satisfy customers. We have a customer service Hotline independent of sales or service. We have a 24 Hour Modem Engtrteering Advisorif Billboard.

^ Our Engineering Assistance and Software Development Program

^ can make headaches turn into profits. We maintain a staff of Engineers and

* Programmers whose services can be leased to expand your range of services. Problems from something as simple as hooking up a new printer or modifying an existing software program to customize a screen display can be resolved with this service.

Financial Assistance is available through a flexible credit program that can not only get the product to you quickly but keep your cash busy where it

* will do the most good. 30 - 60 - 90 day flooring plans can be arranged to allow you to collect your money before you have to pay us.

Sherry Starkey is on line right now at Delta to direct you to your area representative. If you have a half inch Beta or VHS video machine, ask Sherry for a sales demonstration in your own home or office. See the Plant, the People and the Program.

DELTA PRODUCTS INC. • 15392 ASSEMBLY LANE, HUNTINGTON BEACH, CA 92649 (714) 898-1492 • MON to FRI - 8 AM to 5 PM • TELEX: 681-367 DELTMAR HTBH

circle 145 on inquiry card.

Figure 3: Text insertion on a typical minicomputer-based word processing editor. The screen is cleared from the point of insertion: new text is displayed in proper format. The display logic is simpler than for reformatting the screen after every character is entered^ In the illustration, inserted text is highlighted.

variably turn to special-function keys for signal commands. They feel the simplest possible arrangement is to give each function its own labeled key, reinforcing the what-you-see-iswhat-you-get nature of screen editors. But before assigning all functions to dedicated keys, a designer should consider what adjustments skilled typists must make to reach function keys located on the periphery of a keyboard, and whether certain functions are too important to be invoked with single keystrokes. The rush toward function keys in the business market may slow as human-factors specialists research these questions. In the microcomputer marketplace, function keys are uncommon, and a general-purpose screen editor would be fatally limited if it required function keys.

Ease-of-use considerations suggest the use of prompts for procedural commands. If you press the Search key on a Wang word processor, the system prompts: "For what?" in the message window. It searches for whatever is typed in response to the prompt. Press the Delete key; it prompts: "Delete what?" Mark text for deletion, and press the Execute key to actually delete it. This prompting helps beginning users, though in time they become conditioned to ignore the prompts.

Commands can be assigned to individual keys mnemonically, physically, or symbolically. For example, to signal quadridirectional cursor movement, a mnemonic assignment scheme could be U, D, L, and R (for up, down, left, and right); a physical assignment scheme could be W, Z, A,

and S (spatially simulating a cursor

keypad—try it on your own keyboard!); and a symbolic assignment scheme could be ^, V, <, and > (symbolizing arrows). There are other possibilities: another mnemonic could be F, B, P, and N (forward, backward, previous, and next); and another physical scheme could be I, J, K, and M (for the right hand instead of the left). All of these arrangements are used on various systems. Whatever the scheme, commands must be logically arranged, even at the expense of leaving out a function because there is no reasonable key to which it can be assigned. A command that is hard to call will be hard to remember and, ultimately, hard to use.

If key assignments are not completely logical, the results may be

292 April 1982 © BYTE PublicaUons Inc

Can any camera make you a better photographer?

We think the answer is "yes"

While talent, admittedly, comes first, equipment comes second. And there's a world of difference between cameras.

The moment you hold a Hasselblad in your hand you'll sense that difference.

When you look into the view ing hood you'll see a big, bright T^A" X 21/4" image projected onto the ground glass screen. You'll find this experience considerably more satisfying and stimulating than peering with one eye through the tiny eyepiece of a 35mm. The Hasselblad viewing system brings you closest to what your finished photograph will actually look like, which will help improve your results.

Formats approx. haff actual size

It helps you shape the camera configuration to suit your own ideas, so the camera and your mind's eye can work together as

one.

Hasselblad's interchangeability is another great creative stimulant.

For a start, you can interchange the film magazine with other magazines, permitting changes in film types, film capacity and even formats. And you can switch magazines even in mid-roll, without wasting a single shot and that includes a Polaroid back.

You can also interchange the lens with other Carl Zeiss lenses.

for a wide range of optical options. These lenses greatly extend the vision of the camera and open up an exciting range of creative possibilities.

You can further adapt your Hasselblad to your own creative needs through a wide number of accessories, including specialized viewfinders, bellows extensions, grips—even an underwater housing.

Considering the extraordinary scope and versatility of the Hasselblad, the uninitiated might be inclined to conclude that this is a complicated camera. But nothing could be further from the truth. The Hasselblad is designed to be easy to operate enabling the photographer to concentrate on the subject and not on the camera.

So if you're looking to improve your photography, look into a Hasselblad.

See your Hasselblad dealer or write for our comprehensive brochures, to: Victor Hasselblad Inc., 10 Madison Road, Fairfield, NJ. 07006

HASSELBLAD When you shoot for perfection

Circle 425 on inquiry card.

BYTE April 1982 293

circle 255 on Inquiry card.

(inductive

COUPLED MODEM

Eliminates noise, vibration problems. Originate/ Answer. Bell 103. Cassette port saves data.

Monea back if not delighted

95

129

MFJ-1230 INDUCTIVE COUPLED MODEM eliminates room noise, vibration caused by acoustic coupling. Gives more reliable data transfer. Used like acoustic modem. 0-300 Baud, Bell 103 compatible. Originate/Answer. Half/Fuli duplex. RS232, TTL, CMOS compatible. Use any computer. Cassette tape ports save data. 110VAC or 9V batteries. Crystal controlled. Carrier detect, power LEDs. 9x11/2x4". MFJ-1231, $39.95. Optional cable, software for Apple 11,11 Pius. Plugs into game port. No serial board needed.

95

MFJ-1108, AC POWER CENTER. Adds convenience, prevents data loss, head bounce, equipment damage. Relay latches pow/er off during power transients. Multl filters Isolate equipment, eliminate Interaction, noise, hash. VarIstors suppress spikes. 3 Isolated switched socket pairs. 1 unswltched for clock, etc. Lighted power, reset switch. Pop-out fuse. 3 wire 6 ft. cord. 15A/ 125VAC, 1875 watts. Aluminum case. Black. 18x2%)(2". MFJ1107, $79.95. Like 1108 less relay. 8 sockets, 2 unswitched. Other models available.

79

95

MFJ-1240 RS-232 TRANSFER SWITCH.

Switches computer between 2 peripherals (printer, terminal, modem, etc.). Like having extra port. Pushbutton switches 10 lines (pins 2,3,4,5,6,8,11,15,17,20). Change plug or cable to substitute other lines. Pushbutton reverses transmit - receive lines. LEDs monitor pins 2,3,4,5,6,8,20. PC board eliminates wiring, crosstalk, line interference. 3 RS-232 25 pin connectors. 7x2x6 inches.

Order from MFJ and try it. If not delighted, return within 30 days for refund (less shipping).

One year unconditional guarantee.

Order yours today. Call toll liee 800-647-1800. Charge VISA, MC. Or'mall check, money order. Add $4.00 each for shipping and handling.

CALL TOLL FREE ... 800-647-1800

Call 601 323 5869 for technical information, order/repair status. Also call 601-323-5869 outside continental USA and in Mississippi.

ENTERPRISES, INCORPORATED

MFJ

^21 Louisville Road, Starkvllle, MS 3975^

294 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

catastrophic. I recall a Boston University student who some years ago ran afoul of the RAX line editor written for the school's IBM 360/50 system. He went to a computing center adviser and explained that he was searching for what he thought was the next line of his file. Although he had checked most of his file, he couldn't find the elusive line. When the adviser examined the file, she discovered that most of it had been deleted. When asked what commands he had been using, the student replied that he didn't know much about the editor, but that U meant go up, and didn't D mean go down? It was a perfectly reasonable assumption; unfortunately, while U did mean up, N (next) meant down, and D meant delete.

The first commands to assign should be the basic ones given in table 1. They form a simple, symmetrical, and complete set of editing functions. Note that the Search command requires some sort of command sequence to signal the editor that the search string has been specified. The Return key is natural for this purpose (at the cost of making the Return character a difficult string to search for).

Unless the editor handles routine

file I/O (input/output) operations— creating, deleting, reading from, and writing to files—expect it to work only with an operating system. These operations must be invisible to the user.

Idiot-Proofing

Designers, preoccupied with establishing responses to correct keystrokes, often neglect incorrect ones. Because editors are used so extensively they should never abort, no matter what you enter. The process of "idiotproofing" interactive programs was described by Anthony Wasserman in 1973 (see reference 11). It involves anticipating incorrect entries, missing input, inadvertent keystrokes (e.g., BREAK, CTL, and ESCape), and transmission errors (which are rare in personal computer terminals). An example of non-idiot-proof hardware is found in sojne versions of the Apple

II computer keyboard. The Reset key

is in a hard-to-miss location—just above the Return key; many applications packages carry warnings never to press it while using their programs. One magazine printed a letter suggesting that Apple users place a itil>ber grommet beneath the key, to make it harder to push. A software example of non-idiot-proofing Is the Electric Pencil I's tendency to drop keystrokes entered by fast typists. The very point of word processing is to increase throughput; a program that drops keystrokes invokes paranoia in its users and slows them down.

The use of "kill rings" is a nice, practical application of idiot-proofing. Deletions larger than single characters are not discarded, but stored temporarily in a stack. If text is deleted by accident, it can be retrieved by a command. This truly protects users from themselves. Editors with kill rings actually make it difficult to lose text.

Power versus Ease of Use

In general, the more powerful a system is (i.e., the more capabilities it has), the more difficult it is to use. There are two reasons for this: first, the sheer number of commands makes them hard to remember; second, it becomes impossible to assign commands to keys or names in a consistent manner. Many editors have forty or more commands; for them, any single-key naming scheme soon collapses. Editors on the market today delete text at the keystrokes D (delete), G (gobble), W (wipe), and K (kill). Some compromise between power and ease of use is needed.

Function keys are a liability for a powerful editor. Consider the Atex typesetting system, on which all functions are visible as function keys. There are, however, 32 function keys, and each can be prefixed with the shift key and/or a "supershift" key—making a total of 128 functions, assigned four to a key. Given the complexity of typesetting systems and the desire to provide an easy-touse system, this end was inevitable. What is needed is a hierarchy of

Circle 269 on inquiry card. >

MICRO-SCI IS IN THE GAME FOR ALL THE APPLES...

A.

.WITH A FULL HOUSE OF S>/4' DRIVES

Micro-Sci has ttiree disk drives and two controllers so you can configure your Apple 11'" or Apple II Plus ^systenn to fit your Individual budget and performance requirements.

THE FIRST ACE—A2

TTie new/ A2 is tfie price/compatibility substitute for ttie Disk 11,'" Intended as tt)e second drive on an existing controller, or as a full A2 subsystem. The A2 drive or A2 subsystem is an ideal choice when the drives will be primarily used for entertainment or prepackaged software programs. THE SECOND fiCE—A40

The A40 is a price/performance alternafive fo the Disk II. With 40 tracks, you get on additional 20K bytes, and faster track-to-track access. The A40 is intended for use in dedicated DOS, CP/M and Pascal applications, and as a companion drive for the ATO.lhe A40 is MicrorSciS most Mst-eBectiye

disk subsystem for the Apple lis.

THE THIRD ACE—A70

The A70 is the price/capacity alternafive. At over a quarter million bytes per drive, tfie A70 has the capacity of two Disk lis or an eight-inch floppy but costs only slightly more than a single Disk II. One A70 supports a DOS tile as large as 270K, 0 CP/M file up to 254K, and 560 blocks in Pascal.

THE PAIR—MICRO-SCrS CONTROLLERS

The A2 comes with a unique new controller This controller supports any combination of A2s or Disk lis, you have complete flexibility.

The A40 and A70 shore a common controller. Mix A40s and A70s in any fashion, one A40 with one A70, two A40s or two A70s—all on ttie same controller

, You mngye a Disk II orMntrayef WiL<-

Disk II or A2 drives and still add an A40 or A70 subsystem. Ttiofs full system-level compatibility. THE PAT HAND

Versatility, reliability, capability are assured when choosing Micro-Scl. Pick trie drive, pick the controller, pick the copacily and function. Whatever your need, DOS 3.2,3.3, Pascal, CP/M, gomes or pre-packaged software, Micro-Sci has the drive. Start wherever you choose with the knowledge that you con expand witbouf concem. All Micro-Scl products are backed by a full 120-day won^onty (parts and labor).

Our complete line of Apple compatible products mokes us the dealer's choice. We're always looking for good dealers. Intemotional dealer Inquiries: Intemotional Mori<ets Co., Telex: 69-6191. TELEX QO.LSA^. _ .;.. . , _

/y-sci

MICRO-SCI

17742 IRVINE BOULEVARD . SUITE 205 .JUSTIN, CALIFORNIA 92680 . 714/731-9461 .TELEX: 910-346-6739

MICRQ-SCIISADIWONOFSJAI^puitCQNTROLS,^^ .. _

• -APPLE II, APPLE II PLUS • 'DISK II . 'APPLE, APPLE II AND DISK II ARE REGISTERED TRADEMARKS OF APPLE COMPUTIRS, CUPERTINO, CALIFORNIA

DID YOU KNOW THAT THE BEST MEDIA AVS^LABLE IS NOWAU^LABLE NEAR YOU?

Well, it is. • For years, we've been supplying discriminating data processing professionals worldwide with the finest magnetic media made anywhere...Dysan diskettes, mini-disl<ettes, disc pacl<s, disc cartridges and single rigid disks.

Is there any reason why you should have to settle for second best?

Now you can buy Dysan precision diskettes and mini-diskettes direct from the Dysan sales office or authorized dealer near you. And they're not just any diskettes. They're certified 100% error-free both on and between the tracks to insure you of flawless performance. That means no lost data. No need to re-program. Or de-bug again. Dysan diskettes work the first time, every time. Think , about how much time, energy and aggravation you can save.

Why wait for problems to occur to convince you that a bargain diskette is really no bargain? Call the Dysan office nearest you. Or stop in your nearest authorized Dysan dealer. Once you experience the Dysan difference you won't settle for anything less.

B Dysan.

^CORPORATION

Our Media Is Our Message

5201 Patrick Henry Drive Santa Clara, CA 95050

CALL

YOUR

LOCAL

DYSAN

OFFICE

St. Louis, Missouri (314)434-4011

San Francisco, California Sunnyvale, California (408) 730-2145

Sherman Oaks, California (2T3) 907-1803

McLean, Virginia (703) 356-6441

Irvine, California (714) 851-9462

New York, New York (212) 687-7122

Schaumburg, Illinois

(312) 882-8176

Fair Oaks, California (916) 966-8037

Glendora, New Jersey (609) 939-4762

Bellevue, Washington (206) 455-4725

Atlanta, Georgia (404) 952-0919

Arlington, Texas (817) 261-5312

Burlington, Massachusetts (617) 273-5955 1617)229-2800 (OEM)

Rocky River, Ohio

(216) 333-3725 (Cleveland)

(412) 261-0406 (Pittsburgh)

Livonia, Michigan

(313) 525-8240

Dysan Flexible Diskettes are also available from all ComputerLiind Stores, Sears Business System Centers, and independent computer outlets nationwide.

For the location of the Dysan

sales outlet nearest you,

contact Dysan at:

(408) 988-3472;

Toll Free: (800) 538-8133;

Telex 171551 DYSAN SNTA;

TWX: 910-338-2144.

eirole 1S9 on Inquiry card.

READ (file) read a file into the edit buffer at the current cursor loca

tion—implies file insertion, concatenation

WRITE (file) save the contents of the edit buffer—innplies file creation, over

writing; if file name is not given, write to current file

DELETE (object) delete the character to the left, to the right, or at the cursor and reformat the spreen; for advanced use, object can be a character, word, sentence, block, screen, etc.

SEARCH (object) move the cursor to/past the string "object", which can be defined explicitly or, for advanced use, defined using metasymbols

Cursor movement move by character, or, for advanced use, by word, sentence,

(scroll) block, screen, etc.; moving the cursor past the edges of the

screen can imply vertical/horizontal scrolling

QUIT terminate the edit session; prompt for confirmation if changes

have not been saved (abandoning changes may be intended)

Table 1: These basic editing commands form a logical and symmetrical set of commonly used functions. Character insertion is always permitted. Note that the read and write functions imply file creation and deletion functions that an operating system or the editor must perform automatically.

commands, divided into a basic group and an advanced group. The basic commands, v^hicli by definition are used most often, must be the easiest to signal. Some other signaling mechanism can be used for more esoteric functions.

The command hierarchy of the EMACS screen editor is an interesting attempt to reconcile the need for simplicity and logic in commands with the power of a large command repertoire. EMACS is a general-purpose tool that runs on a number of mainframe systems (a microcomputer version, called MINCE, is available from Mark of the Unicom, POB 423, Arlington, MA 02174). It was originally developed in 1974 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology by Richard Stallman (see reference 10). Since then, many userwritten extensions have been added to the basic package.

The EMACS hierarchy has four levels, using the prefixes CTL (control), ESC (Escape), CTL-X (press the Control and X keys simultaneously), and ESC X (press the Escape key and then the X key). The first two prefixes are for simple commands; the second two are for more advanced commands. For instance, CTL-B moves the cursor back one character, while ESC B moves the cursor back one word; CTL-D deletes the current character, while ESC D deletes the preceding word.

Simple funictions are simply named and thus simple to remember. CTL-X

precedes some actions considered too important for single keystrokes; the sequence CTL-X CTL-C, for instance, is required to quit the editor. (Requiring multiple keystrokes to exit an editor is one of the simplest and best applications of idiot-proofing 1 have encountered.)

More powerful functions are called by entering ESC X and a string; for instance, "ESC X fillon" turns on word wrapping. This hierarchy allows an unlimited number of editor functions at the cost of forcing you to learn the hierarchy. EMACS can grow in power without compromising on the integrity of the fundamental command structure.

Text-editing Commands

The simple functions thus far described would be useful for editing any kind of sequential file. Other functions are more suited to editing text.

First, consider searching for a character string. Two popular display mechanisms are display results and incremental search. In display-results searches, the editor moves the cursor to the end of (and perhaps highlights) the string being sought only after you signal the end of the search string with some sort of escape sequence. This is the more common mechanism.

In incremental searching, the editor searches as each character of the string is entered. In theory, you need enter only the minimum string necessary to locate a desired point. If I

April 1982 ® BYTE Publications bic 297

Design Guidelines

The literature abounds with contradictory guidelines for text-editor design, but the following summaries of various sources present widely supported principles for promoting ease of use.

In designing a system, minimize the need for memorization. Optimize operations—common operations should execute rapidly. Also, change the display as little as possible. Engineer for errors: design out common ones, provide good error messages, allow user actions to be reversed, and ensure data structure integrity.

Hansen (1971)

Minimize the need to learn about the system. Provide online help messages for the novice and built-in short cuts for experienced users. Provide a response for every possible user input.

Wasserman (1973)

Keep the system simple and responsive with immediate, unambiguous feedback. The user should initiate all actions and be able to quit at any time. The system should be flexible, allowing abbreviations, command files, prompting, and subsetting of the command structure.

Cheriton (1976)

In the command language, provide a complete and symmetric set of functions as well as convenient and consistent abbreviations for commands and command arguments. Simple functions should be simple to do, and in general the language should do what a reasonably intelligent user would expect. The system should prompt for confirmation before allowing irreversible actions (e.g., deleting files).

Muchnick (1976)

Allow browsing through text, and let the user see corrections as they're made. Provide status messages that give evidence of the system state.

Gebhardt and Stellmacher (1978)

Keep in mind that different users prefer different types of text editors; i.e., sophisticated users prefer a powerful editor, while beginners prefer a simple one. Also, different kinds of text require different editing commands (e.g., "forward paragraph" for editing text as opposed to "forward procedure" for editing PL/I programs).

. Stallman (1979)

were searching through a text file for the word "there," I would certainly not enter just "th." Using incremental searching, though, I could safely try it and see if it would suffice; if not, I could continue typing characters until I got where I wanted. Though incremental searching is not as useful in practice as it sounds, the display algorithm is useful for highlighting blocks (see below).

Line editors usually have very powerful string-search functions that use metacharacters (characters used to describe or delineate other characters). The usual convention is to use * (caret) for the beginning of a line, $ (dollar sign) for the end of a line, . (period) for "any character," and * (asterisk) for "any number of the preceding character." Thus the search string ^the.*fox$ is interpreted to specify a line beginning with "the," ending with "fox," and having any number of arbitrary characters in between. Metacharacter searches are powerful and precise. Sophisticated

users find metacharacter searching almost indispensable. But searching for a metacharacter itself requires using an "escape sequence" (pressing a series of keys to escape from one mode of operation into another), a concept beginners find hard to grasp. Ease of use compels- us to abandon metacharacters, however reluctantly.

One function built around character searching is search-and-replace. There are four logical variations: replace once, replace-ri-times, replace interactively, and replace globally. In interactive search-and-replace you should have, at every replacement point, the option of replacing, skipping, or quitting. In practice, all but replace-«-times prove useful and should be available.

Most line editors cannot locate strings that span lines. This is a severe limitation, often forcing you to enter text in some artificial manner (such as having every sentence on a separate line). A screen editor should not be so limited.

The basic text-editing command set should include an interactive routine for moving and copying text blocks. Three locations are required: the first and last characters of the block to be operated on and the location the block will be moved (or copied) to. Ease of use suggests that the routines prompt you for this information and highlight the text block.

The Honeywell WP 6 text editor provides a powerful mechanism for outlining text blocks. You position the cursor to the first character of the block and press, for instance, the Copy function key. The system prompts, "Copy What?" in the message area and highlights the character at the cursor position. The system then enters a single-character search mode; you can move the cursor to any character by entering that character. Entering three spaces advances the cursor three words; entering a period, carriage return, or page mark advances the cursor one sentence, paragraph, or page, respectively. The

298 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

This is a picture of all the printers in the world that outsell the MX-80.

Epson.

The one thing you can't beat in the marketplace is value.

And there simply isn't a better combination of reliability, print quality, features and price in an 80-column printer than the Epson MX-80. Anywhere on earth.

But while we're pleased to make the best-selling 80column printer in the world, we're hardly surprised. Because we decided a long time ago that the way to succeed in this business is to build a good product, sell it at a fair price, and stand behind it.

So we built our MX-80 with features like a choice of 24 different type faces, graphics that rival plotters, logical seeking, bidirectional printing and the world's first disposable print head. We priced it at under $650. And if it breaks, well be here to fix it.

That seems like a straightforward enough policy. But when we first introduced the MX-80, the competition

3415 Kashiwa Street, Torrance, CA 90505 • (213) 539-9140

laughed. Now they're cutting prices, introducing "new" models, and running splashy color ads, all in an effort to catch up. And they're not laughing.

But you don't have to take our word for it. You've got a choice: you can buy the printer that's been embraced by

several hundred thousand computer fanatics all over the world. Or you can buy something else. And take your chances.

EPSON

EPSON AMERICA, INC.

Circle 174 on inquiry card.

BYTE April 1982 299

quadridirectional keys also work, either extending or reducing the block. Since the block is highlighted, you know exactly what is being copied. Once the block is marked, you press the Execute key, and the system prompts, "Copy it to where?" Position the cursor to the character before which the block is to be copied and press Execute again to complete the operation.

Messages to the User

System messages are, historically, coded as an afterthought. But because messages are among the most visible aspects of the software they are among the most important, especially for inexperienced users. Time is well invested in good system messages.

Messages should be polite, not imperious; straight, not funny; neutral, not personal. There are good and well-known reasons for this statement. For instance, how many times would you endure an error message like "YOU BLEW IT, BUD III" before becoming thoroughly annoyed? Human-factors research involved with large systems has shown that users are uncomfortable with computers that appear to be too lifelike, ordering them around or controlling them instead of vice versa. Ben Shneiderman (see reference 9) cites the Library of Congress database computer, which is available for public use. The programmers had to change prompts like "ENTER NEXT COMMAND" to "READY FOR NEXT COMMAND" because many people felt uncomfortable being ordered around by the computer.

Error messages are often written from an internal point of view and couched in terms of software interfaces, as if the author were peering out at the world from the port of a disk drive. Useful messages can only be written from the user's point of view. Ideally, an error message should say what went wrong, what has happened as a consequence of the error, and how to correct the error. For example, infinitely better than "HOLD BUFFER OVERFLOW," which describes an error in terms of an internal software event, is "LINE

TOO LONG; REJECTED. REENTER LINE." The latter succinctly tells what the user did wrong, what happened, and how to rectify the situation.

Help messages, which programmers would never think of providing for themselves, are an important aid to using any computer system. EMACS provides an elaborate, tabledriven help system that provides a one-line description of what each keystroke does, a multiline help message for the same command, or a summary of related topics gathered through substring retrieval. Much is possible on a microcomputer system as well. Wordstar boasts an impressive online help facility with four levels of detail. Everyone from an experienced user to a rank amateur can obtain an appropriate level of assistance. It also has a HELP function, which describes the use of each key.

One grace note that seldom appears is the "in progress" message, which notifies you that some function is underway. EMACS, for instance, uses the messages "Reading. . . ," "Read," "Writing. . . ," and "Written" for the common I/O commands. I always include such messages in the command files I write; the system on which I work is subject to great fluctuations in load, and users tell me it's comforting to know their jobs haven't "curled up and died."

Multilingual Editors

Word-processing editors are specialized to the needs of editing English language text; they word-wrap lines and recognize constructs such as words, sentences, and paragraphs. A more generalized editing tool would be more useful to, say, Pascal programmers if it could format Pascal programs, balance parentheses (move the cursor between one parenthesis and its corresponding partner), recognize constructs such as procedures, and insert comment lines in the proper format. One can imagine the utility of an editor that recognizes PL/I, BASIC, FORTRAN, COBOL, LISP, etc. In fact, EMACS does this, making it a general-purpose tool and not just a word-processing editor.

Conclusion

Software designers make many decisions about how their software will behave. There are several reasons for choosing one form of behavior over another, based on established humanfactors principles. An inefficient editor with a smooth user interface will be better received, and ultimately more useful, than an efficient editor with an ill-planned user interface. In the long run, software should be designed—and selected—not on the basis of what is most machine-efficient, but on the basis of how well people can use it. ■

lO.Stallman, Richard M. "EMACS: The Extensible, Customizable, Self-Documenting Display Editor." A.I. Memo No. 519. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, June 22, 1979.

11 .Wasserman, Anthony I. "The Design of 'Idiot-Proof Interactive Systems." AFIPS Conference Proceedings, Vol. 42, Proceedings of the National Computer Conference. Montvale, NJ: AFIPS Press, 1973, pp. M34-M38.

References

1. Boies, 8. J. "User behavior on an interactive computer system." IBM Systems Journal, Vol. 13, No. 1, 1974, pp. 2-18.

2. Cheriton, David R. "Man-Machine Interface Design for Timesharing Systems." Proceedings of ttie ACf/ National Conference, 1976, pp. 362-380.

3. D£Csysfem 10 TECO Text Editor and Corrector Program Programmer's Reference Manual. (Version 23 of TECO) Maynard, MA: Digital Equipment Corp., 1972.

4. Gebhardt, F., and Stellmacher, i. "Design Criteria for Documentation Retrieval Languages." Journai of the American Society for information Science, Vol. 29, No. 4, July 1978, pp. 191-199.

5. Hansen, Wilfred J. "User Engineering Principles for interactive Systems." AFIPS Conference Proceedings, Vol. 39, Fail Joint Computer Conference. Montvale NJ: AFIPS Press, 1971, pp. 523-532.

a.Kernighan, Brian W., and P. J. Plauger. Software Tools. Reading, MA: AddisonWesley, 1976.

7. Martin, James. Design of l^an-Computer Dialogues. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: PrenticeHail, 1973.

S.Muchnick, Steve S. "The Command Interpreter and Command Language Design of the Corn-Share Commander II System." Proceedings of the ACM National Conference, 1976, pp. 367-379.

9. Shneiderman, Ben. Software Psychology. Cambridge, MA: WInthrop Publishers, 1980.

300 April 1982 © BYTE PublicaUom Inc

• ANNOUNCING •

CI 1220

TWO MEGA-BYTE FLOPPY DISK SYSTEM FOR LSI-11 BASED SYSTEMS DUAL DRIVE — DOUBLE DENSITY — DOUBLE SIDED

• DEC RX02/RX01 COMPATIBLE

• COMPATIBLE WITH LSI 11/2 OR LSI-11/23

• DUAL WIDTH DMA CONTROLLER

• BOOTSTRAP, DIAGNOSTICS PROVIDED, RACK MOUNT ENCLOSURE

• 3 MONTH WARRANTY, PARTS AND LABOR

TWO MEGABYTES FOR LESS THAN THE PRICE OF ONE.

The CI 1220 is completely compatible with DEC operating systems using DEC RX03 protocol and DEC standard DY handler. Compatible with RX01/RX02 media, IBM 3740 format. Dual width controller operates at -t-5VDC @ 2.7A supplied from LSI-11 backplane and is compatible with any Shugart interface floppy drive.

DON'T ASK WHY WE CHARGE SO LITTLE, ASK WHY THEY CHARGE SO MUCH.

J 31352 Via Colinas • Westlake Village, OA 91362 • 213-991-2254 TWX 910-494-1253 (CHRISLIN WKVG)

Circle 85 on inquiry card. BYTEi^WBZ 301

Chrislin Industries, Inc,

Managing Words

What Capabilities Should You Have with a Text Editor?

The ideal text editor is defined, drawing on the experience of many users.

When moving from a typewriter to a computer-based text editor, you will encounter a bewildering array of new capabilities—some worth more than others. This article will single out the useful features (i.e., those capabilities that make a text editor more powerful or easier to use) from mere gadgetry. Although many of the features described here are often overlooked at first, they will be appreciated long after the first thrill of a new machine has worn off.

When you move from a typewriter to a text editor, expect to spend some time learning the new capabilities available to you. Among text-editor manufacturers, the temptation to cut the learning period short at the expense of providing more sophisticated editing capabilities is ever present. By simplifying, the manufacturer can demonstrate and teach people how to use all of the capabilities in a few minutes. Unfortunately, after these first few minutes there is no more to learn and no easier way of doing editing than by the few, simple operations that have been taught. As a rule of thumb, anything as easy to

Craig A. Finseth Mark of the Unicorn Inc.

FOB 423 Arlington, MA 02174

learn as a tj^ewriter is as useful as a

typewriter.

The following is a list of features desirable in a text editor. Not all features, however, will be useful to everyone. If you're planning to buy a text editor, you might want to check

Study the features of a text editor carefully before you decide to buy it.

the list carefully, noting which features would serve your purposes best.

Screen Editor: The editor should be a screen editor. This means that the video display is used as a "window" onto the file, showing its current state. Thus, you are quickly given feedback about what your text looks like. You can then immediately see where something needs to be changed.

A screen-oriented editor usually uses some sort of cursor to indicate the active editing point. In general, the cursor must be moved to the text that is to be changed before any

changes can be made. There are (usually) a number of commands that move the cursor to different points in the text. For example, one command will place the cursor at the end of a line, another will place it at the beginning of a paragraph, and so on depending on the capabilities of a given unit.

Backup Copy: A good editor allows you to edit a copy of the file and not the file itself, thus creating an implicit backup copy to which you can return if you accidentally destroy the file. Yet this backup copy will not clutter up precious space on your disks.

A good editor will let you read in a file and write it out to several other files, perhaps after making minor changes, without exiting the editor. This capability is much easier to provide (and thus more common) in editors that edit a copy of the file.

Large Files: A good editor will be able to handle very large files smoothly and elegantly. When the file that is being edited becomes too large to fit in memory, parts of it should be stored on disk until needed.

302 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Chart your financial futuie with MicFoFinesse"^

In this fast-paced business world, the best way to stay competitive is to be able to see your financial alternatives clearly and make decisions fast.

That's why P-E Consulting Group Ltd. developed MicroFinesse, a complete package providing professional financial forecasting PLUS full highresolution color graphics support, including pie charts, histograms and graphs, for the financial projections you create.

Now this evolutionary financial resource planning tool eliminates the timeconsuming reprogramming required for financial model

consolidation or expansion. MicroFinesse's menu-driven command format can also generate up to 15 userdefined reports per model, with visuals, without reprogramming.

Previously available only for mainframe applications, the MicroFinesse program can now be purchased at

leading Dealers nation-wide. MicroFinesse is specifically designed for the 48K Apple IPwith the Apple Language Card.

So when your variables are many and your time is limited, take a good look at the financial artistry of MicroFinesse.

MicioFinesse

Distributed by: ^^OSBORNE/McGraw-Hill

630 Bancroft Way, Berkeley, CA 94710, (415) 548-2805

Apple II is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

Circle 316 on inquiry card.

However—and this is most important—none of the internal "breaking into pieces" should be visible to the user. Specifically, you should not have to manually break your file up into pieces, nor should there be commands to "edit the next section of the file." You should always be able to edit any part of your file on demand and never be in a position where backing up before a certain point in the file is impossible.

Multiple Buffers and Windows: When using a typewriter, you can easily switch back and forth between tasks, or you can look at several documents at once. You don't want to give up these abilities when you move to a computer. Thus, an editor should have multiple buffers and multiple windows.

Multiple buffers store each document separately and allow you to switch back and forth between them at will. Any changes that have been made to any of the documents will still be there, intact, if you should

switch away from a buffer and then back again.

An editor with multiple windows

will "split" your video screen so that you can look at parts of two or more documents at the same time (or two parts of the same document). With this ability, you can make changes in one file based on what you are reading in another one.

Speed: The editor should be fast enough so that it doesn't slow you down. This means that it should scan the keyboard often enough to retain all the characters that have been typed and that there should be little or no delay between a command and its execution. Response time is most important on the frequently executed commands, such as those that move you around in the file or window, and less important on the infrequently used ones, such as those that read or write files.

If two commands are entered quickly, or a second one is entered while the editor is updating the screen

after executing the first, it is more efficient if the screen update is aborted and the next command executed immediately. Thus, executing sixteen "next-screen" commands in quick succession will show the sixteenth screen of text only, not all fifteen in between. Note that on some operating system/hardware configurations, it is not possible to detect the second or later commands, so this feature is not always available.

Large Screen: The video-terminal screen should be as large as possible. A standard screen has 24 lines and 80 columns. An 80-column display is usually wide enough for text, but 24 lines represents only about a third of a sheet of paper. This small size can produce a feeling of "blindness" in users because their attention is focused on such a small part of the text. Unfortunately, 24 lines is by far the most common size. However, larger screens do exist: for example, the Ann Arbor Ambassador terminal will display up to 60 lines at once

Best Price •

COMPUTER

CHOMEMCO 26% off System & software

April Speciel 15% off boards ^

& components V

CSl 6'/.■■ Floppy 2,956

Z2H hard disk system.... 7,396

CSS e4K, 8" 6,916

Zsnfth Z 90-BO new,

64K 2,290

Z 90-82 64K.

1 5S, DD 2,490

Z 89 4eK,

1 floppy 2,130

SWTPC S/09 12aK.

6809 3,200

69/K kit, 6809,

8K 830

68/09 48K.

6809 1.350

/09 64K 1,700

ATARI 400 16K 340

800 16K 695

NORTH STAR HORIZON, 2

qued drive, 64K, . . . 3,200

ADVANTAGE, 2

qued drive, 84K 3,100

Tl 99/4 18-bit 389

DYNABYTE B200 64K,

I MB 3,300

661B 64K,

II MB herd disk 8,000

TERAK BBIOAQrephIc,

320 X 240, DD 8,000

8600 Graphic, 640 x480.

Color, 00 17,000

LNW 80 Z80A Graphic,

aSK 1,375

XEROX 820 I6K" . 2,399

II B". . 2,996

ADDS, ALTOS, DEC. DELTA, DU/M.

CONTROL ♦CAU

TERMINAL

ZENITH Z 19 700

ZENTEC Zephyr 1,060

TELEVIDEO 912C 706

BEEHIVE, ESPIRIT, HAZELTINE «CALL

Video Gemes , $CALL

Disk Drives , , $GALL

Good Quality • Swift Delivery • Export

MONITOR

ZVM121 12"

B/W

1 2" green

12" coior

13" color

170 340 445

PRINTER (Q-w/graphlc taatural

Integral Data System

PRISM 80,80 column,

84x84 G

DATA SOUTH Printer Cable

I560GI new

model G

132. color.

132 column G,,.

200 letler quality/

1 65 cps G

910 144x144.

200 cps G

920 144x144,

340 cpe G

MX70 G

MX60

MXlOO

Z26 160 cps

WH14 76 cpa

Starwrltsr

46c parallel

26o Serial.......

COMET I

DS 180

below

$

780 1,100 1,595 2,380 »CALL

$CALL 305 445 735

1,260 400

1,650 1,460 360 1,298 $ 30

DIGITIZER/PLOTTER

HOUSTON INSTRUMENT HI PAD DIGITIZER DT-11 11" x 11 ■

DT-11A w/APPLE Interface. . ,

HIPLOT DMP-2 8',4"xll"

COMPLOT DP-11 4000 steps/sec. B41 1A PRINTER/PLOTTER

72B

750 975 4.000 6,200

SOFTWARE

database dBASE It Ashton-Tate.

CONDOR I

II.

Ill.

675

250

450

860

financial (AR, AP, Inventory etc.)

Accounting Plua 460

Peachtree ♦CALL

other

VISICALC 160

MICROSOFT aoftcard 330

FORTRAN 80 346

BASIC 80 285

BASIC Compiler 310

SUPERCALC Sorcim 260

Micro Pro WORDSTAR 296

MAILMERG 105

SUPERSORTi 166

CP/M 2.2 Digital Research 130

COMPUTER SYSTEM & TECHNOLOGY, INC.

Z80ASEM 280 t^acro Assembler 130

ZeOBUG Z80 Symbolic Debugger. 130

68ASEM 6800 Cross Assembler. . . . 200

68BUG 6800 Debugger & board. . . 360

Prices subject to change, Visa/Mastercard add 3%. F.O.B. point of shipment.

20% restocl<ing fee for returneij merchandise. Personal checks take 3 weeks to clear. COD on certified check only. N.Y. residents add sales tax.

CALL (212) 937-2900 free consultation, catalogue

CABLE: COMSYSTEC NEW YORK

TELEX: 429418 CSTNY 21-55 44th Road L.i.C, NY 11101

304 April 1982 © BYTE PublicaUons Inc

Circle 453 on inquiry card.

Circle 256 on inquiry card.

CASH FLOW PROBLEMS?

; NICE TO KNOW SOMEONE WHO HAS THE SOLUTION.

MicroAge is your Solution Store . . . ttiot means at MicroAge Connputer Stores we tiave a wide selection of time-saving computerized business systems designed specifically to solve ttie daily casli flow problems every businessman faces.

MicroAge hias computerized business systems ttiot quicldy and offordobly allow you to regain control of your critical accounts receivable... at lost maldng it possible for you to carry out effective collection procedures on a consistent basis. MicroAge tios accounts receivable program packages to automatically display and update account information; prepare trial balance includingabalance<lueand delinquency aging

report, and take care of dozens of othier tasks tliat eat into your time and profit!

Computerized business systems from the MicroAge Computer Store ore available in the $5,000 to $15,000 range, to suit the individual budget of your small business or professional practice. MicroAge backs up every system with personalized service, warranty service and repair, installation, systems consulting, even customer troirv ing. Visit the MicroAge Computer Store in your area soon with your business problems, and let us help you with the solution.

>V1icrQ/4ge.

ccvMPUTer store

"The Solution store" ^"^

VISIT THE STORE IN YOUR

El Paso, Texas (916) 591-3349 Rockvllle. Maryland (301) 762-7585 Tucson. Arizona (602) 790-6959 Albuquerque. New Mexico (505) 883-0955 deasant Hill. Calilornia (415) 680-1489

AREA:

Aurora. Colorado (303) 696-6950 Rochester. New York (716) 244-9000 Hurst. Texas (817)284-3413 Salina. Kansas (913) 823-7596 Oriond Park. Illinois (312) 349-8080

Milwaukee. Wisconsin

(414) 257-1100 Mountain View. California

(415) 964-7063 Scotlsdole. Arizona (602) 941-8794 Anctiorage. Alaska (907) 279-6688

San Diego. California (714) 278-0623

Rictiardson, Texas (214) 234-5955 Minneapolis. Minnesota (612) 338-1777 Omotia. Nebraska (402) 339-7441 Ptioenix. Arizona (602) 26&0065 Columbus, Ohio (614) 868-1550

Indianapolis. Indiana (317) 849-5161 Portland. Oregon (503) 256-4713 Norwalk. Connelicut (203) 846-0851 St. Louis. Missouri (314) 567-7644 Oklatwmo City. Oklatioma (405) 728-1837

FOR FRANCHISE OPPORTUNITY INFORMATION CALL (602) 968-3168

Houston. Texas (713) 440-7547 W. Palm Beach. Florida (305) 683-5779 Toronto. Canada (416) 487-5551 Houston. Texas (713) 270-9647 Wilmington. Delaware (302) 368-3672

Allentown. Pennsylvania (215) 434-4301

FMS-80. THE TWO DOOR DATA BASE PLUS .

Door # 1: Reports you'll use today. Door #2: The sky is the limit.

Te've split the proven, bestselling FMS-80 micro data base manager into two parts. And we've split the price.

Part one (FMS-81) gives you the essential file and reporting features. You can quickly create programs with input questions a cleric can understand, and with reports a manager can use.

And FMS-81 with its new manual, is so easy to use, you'll be generating reports the first day. FMS-81 sells for $495.

Part two (FMS-82) has all the fancy stuff Including an Extended File Maintenance language that lets you perform virtually unlimited manipulation on up to 19 different data files simultaneously.

Using FMS-82, you or your computer dealer can make FMS-80 do just about anything. FMS-82 sells for $495.

Naturally, FMS-82 is fully compatible with all the files and functions you generate with FMS-81.

FMS-81 is so useful, it might seem like you'll never need FMS-82.

But as you expand your use of computers, isn't it nice to know it's there?

The FMS family runs under CP/M, MP/M, CDOS, and Turbodos. Call or write today for a brochure detailing the extensive capabilities of the Two Door Data Base Manager, and the name of your nearest dealer.

You'll be impressed.

Rus, Inc.

1120 San Antonio Road Palo Alto, CA 94303 (415) 969-7047

Q O^V product

DJR Associates, Inc. 2 Highland Lane North Tarrytown, NY 10591

Circle 400 on inquiry card.

FMS-80, FMS-81, FMS-S2

TM DJR Associates CP/M,MP/MTM Digital Research CDOS TM Cromemco Turbodos TM Software 2000, Inc.

Circle 217 on inquiry card

(almost a full sheet of paper).

Due to the 24-line size of most screens, it is important that the editor devote as much of the screen as possible to displaying text and minimize the space devoted to unchanging status displays. A video terminal is very good at displaying things that change, and that capability should be used to advantage by a text editor.

Physical Keyboard Characteristics: The physical characteristics of a keyboard are important, too. First and foremost, the keyboard and screen should be in separate cases (commonly called a "detachable keyboard"). By separating the two, the keyboard can be adjusted to fit the user, instead of forcing the user to adapt to the keyboard. This capability is important if you are using the terminal eight hours a day.

A keyboard should have a comfortable, solid feel and should not miss or double type characters (i.e., if you type "forty," it should not send a "orty," "fforty," or "fgorty"). In addition, the Shift and Control keys should work smoothly with the rest of the keyboard so that you indeed get a "Forty" and not a "forty," "FOrty," or "fOrty." Finally, there should be no sharp edges or other nuisances to annoy you. The basic question is "Will I be comfortable typing my next ten million characters on this keyboard?" (Ten million characters is about a year's worth of typing and editing.)

Keyboard Setup: The editor should be set up for use by touch-typists. If you cannot touch-type, the specific arrangement will make little difference to you. If you can touch-type, you should look for an editor with a set of commands that will rarely require your fingers to leave the "home position" (the A,S,D,F,J,K,L, and semicolon keys).

Unfortunately for touch-typists, special-function keys (usually located above the number keys or to the right of the basic keyboard) are inefficient. It can take one or two seconds to move a hand off to one side and back again. This amount of time is unacceptably long for a touch-typist, who can easily type ten characters within that time.

Unfortunately for beginners, it takes somewhat longer to learn to use an editor that has all of its commands on the "basic keyboard" than it takes to learn an editor with rows of keys, each carefully labeled with its use. On the other hand, after three weeks, the typist will be able to use the basickeyboard editor much more quickly than the special-key editor, and the extra learning time will be paid back many times over. (Just think how much longer those ten million characters would take to type if you had to move your hands around to type them.)

Mnemonic Commands: Regarding basic-keyboard editors, there are two

schools of thought. One school holds that commands should be mnemonically bound (e.g., ForwardCharacter is on F, BackwardCharacter is on B, NextLine is on N, and PreviousLine is on P). The other school holds that commands should be positionally bound (e.g., ForwardCharacter on D, BackwardCharacter on S, NextLine on X, and PreviousLine on E—a glance at the keyboard will verify that these are indeed arranged in some sort of order).

The arguments for and against these systems are similar to the arguments about function keys. The positionally arranged commands are quicker to learn for a nontypist. However, the mnemonically arranged commands are easier to learn for a typist (who never looks at the keyboard and must stop and think for a while to realize that the E key is, indeed, above the S and D keys). In addition, the mnemonically arranged commands tend to be more evenly spaced around the keyboard. Thus, they are typed with both hands and can be typed quickly.

Commands Should Match What Is Being Edited: The commands given to the editor should match the material being edited. Everything that is edited has characters, lines, and regions (arbitrary blocks of text) as elements. A text file (or document) also has words, sentences, and paragraphs. A computer program (say, in Pascal) has tokens, statements, statement groups, and procedures. There should be commands to move over

F2P/F2

New B'FD subsystems for CROMEMCO* and other general systems

GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS

• DRIVE : Ultra-compact NEC FDll 65X2(8"doiiblesided dual-density, direct drive motor), fully compatililc with Shugarl SA850R

• ENCLOSURE : 160WX230HX580D(niii). poiver supply and noise filter included

• PRICES :

■s!rF2P (signal compatible with Persci299)

$2,580.00(in<:luding FSC-1250) ■;rFSC-l250 (I/F for 16FDC & Shugart type drives

(no modification required of CDOS) £550.00

■irFZ (pin compatible with Shugart drives - $ 1,990.00

SBC-488

Single-board comouter conforming to IEEE-488 specifications

GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS

• CPU:Z80 •MEMORY : 2716/2732/6116 •I/O: 6 parallel ports (8255X2), 1 RS-232C port (8251 X1), 75-19,200 bauds • STANDARD : IEEE-488 1975/ 1978 (TMS9914) • EXT. BUSS : 8 data lines, 4 address decode outputs, 12 control lines.

• DIMEIMSIONS : 210m«XI20min •POWER : 0.8A at -I-5V •PRICE : $488.00

GPIB-100

S-lOO multifunction board meeting IEEE-488 sDecifications.

GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS

• GPIB : IEEE-488, 1975/1978(TMS9914)

• TIMER : lOOfis to 18 hours (8253) •INTERRUPT :

Universal interrupt control 1 er (AM 9519) •CLOCK: Real time, battery-backup (MSM5832) •BUSS: IEEE S-100 •SOFTWARE : All necessary handler programs included on 8'diskette • PRICE : $550.00

«CROMEMCO is a trade mark of Cromemco Inc.

ALL PRICES ARE FOB TOKYO AND SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE

(Dealer inquiries invited)

International Systetns & Autortiation

ISA CO.,ltd.

HEIAN BLDG. 2-6-16 OKUBO SHINJUKU-KU, TOKYO 160 JAPAN PHONE : 03-232 - 8570

TELEX : 2324496 ISATOK, CABLE : ISAHEIAN

April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 307

and to delete any of these units.

Insert vs. Overwrite: Whether to insert or to overwrite characters is yet another controversy. To enter text, a typed character could overwrite (replace) an existing character. This is useful if you are editing a table of numbers. Another option would be to insert the character between the two surrounding characters. (Think about proofreaders' marks. There are marks to delete and marks to insert, but no marks to overwrite text.)

Consider the basic editing operation of replacing one word with another completely different one. The easiest way to do it is to delete the old word and type the new one (inserting it, of course). The overwrite way is to type the new word. If the new one is shorter, the rest of the old one must be deleted. If the new one is longer, this situation must be noticed in the middle of typing it, and you must enter some sort of "insert mode" in order to finish the word. This is most inconvenient for touch-typists, who think of words as indivisible objects.

The ideal editor has available both ways of entering text and allows you to select between them. However, it should be tailored for inserting new text, as that is more useful for the bulk of editing.

Control Characters: A good text editor should use control characters for commands. By using them as commands, the "ordinary" characters are kept free for what they are most useful: text.

Recovery from Deletions: Assume that you have learned the editor well and are typing away, giving it move and dele-te commands and merrily inserting text. Suddenly, you realize— too late—that you didn't really want to delete that sentence. What do you do?

A good editor will have some sort

of "undelete" operation to bring back the last object or objects that were deleted, thus saving you from having to remember and reenter the deleted text.

State Save: Although you'll probably spend most of your time in the

editor, you occasionally must leave it and do something else. However, if you are using multiple buffers to advantage, it can take quite a while to write each buffer to disk and then read them all back in again. Thus, an editor should have either the ability to save what it knows and so pick up quickly where it left off (called state save) or the ability to temporarily escape to the operating system and allow you to do some work. The crucial point is that you can resume editing without having to manually reconstruct where you left off.

Modifiability: Even if an editor has all of these features and seems right in every way, there are probably ways to change it to make using it just a little bit easier. You should be able to make modifications in two areas.

First, you should be able to tailor the editor's default values for controlling parameters such as the right margin. By having the editor match your tastes immediately, you will save quite a bit of time and annoyance by not having to reenter

308 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 385 on Inquiry card.

part of MicroFazer's beauty. But just one part.

All the proper credentials. Our u niversal parallel in/parallel out data buffer works with all popular microcomputers and parallel printers and plugs in directly to the printer's input port. MicroFazer uses standard 64K RAM

A^--^ Chios, standard Centron

_ . y V i T r L

^ power directly from the

NlCrOFaZer VOU printer (separate 9

j_ ^ volt, 300 mA power C0rripUI6 supply available where T PI Pi reouiredV All this in

Wniie you print, a compact package

3.5 inches by 7 inches by 1 inch. Simple. And simply beautiful.

At a price that won't faze you. Retail pricing for 8K model ($159); 16K ($189); 32K ($225); and 64K ($299).

What we promise, we deliver. MicroFazer isn't somebody's idea of what an inexpensive printer buffer should available right now

For further information and the name of your nearest dealer, call (404) 923-6666 or fill in this coupon and mail to: Quadram Corporation, 4357 Park Drive, Norcross, Georgia 30093.

Name . - .

Company. Address _ City

."Titia-:

.State.

-Zip.

Circle 343 on Inquiry card.

•"'v "liiMiitii^if'iiirffiiiiiilliill^^

Farewell to the Florida oanther.

No one knows how many Florida panthers are still alive. Perhaps fewer than TOO. If these mountain lions die, another creature will be gone from the earth forever. . . the victim, first, of predator elimination programs, and more recently, ■ of ever-shrinking habitat. But we don't have to bid fare; well to the Rorida panther.

■■•■The National Wildlife Federation has awarded a grant to researchers '■■to study the panther and its future .. . Sod to draw up a plan for saving it. That's just one small example of how the National Wildlife Federation is working to save endangered species from extinction. You can be a part of the effort. Join the rSational Wildlife Federation, Department S 108, 1412 16th Street, NW, Washington, DC 20036.

3 Great Memory Boards From S.C. Digital

64K DYNAMIC RAM Uniselect: 2' features: Model 64KUS • 16 or 24 bit address. • 8 bit data. • Bank select by SW settable port, bits in two bloclcs. • Two 32kb (128kb) addressing. • Transparent refresh - same as M:266KE. • Fast access time - 220nsec, will nin with Z80, Z8000 to 4mhz, 8080,8085,8086,8088 to Smhz without Wait States. • Can be configured to various imiltiHsera OS's. • Expandahle to 2SBIffi using 4164's.

256K DYNAMIC RAM

features: Model 256KE

• 16 01 24 bit address. • 8/16 bil wide data. • Transparent refresh with unlimited DMA, immune to Wait States, halts, resets. • Fast access time 1 SOnsec from Smemr or Fsync high, will run with Z80, Z8000 to 4mhz, 8080, 8085, 8086 to Smhz without Wait States. • Accepts 4116, 4064's.

m

ICf

Mortal

Prices

Assembled & Tested

2S6KE

S79S

266KB

2S6KE-128

$535

128KB

64KUS-128

S515

128KB

B4KUS-64

S395

64KB(4164's)

64KUS

S395

64KB|4irB's

e4KU-16

S285

16KB

32KUS

S399

32KB

32KUS-16

$269

16KB

32KUS-N

SI 49

No Memory

32KUS-B

$ 72

Bare boani with Doc

32 STATIC RAM Uniselect 3' features: Model 32KUS • Fully Static using 2k by 8 NMOS chips. • 16 or 24 bit address. • 8/16 bit wide data. • Bank Select by port and bit in 32K block. • Two 16K block addressing with window capability in 2k increments. • EPROM can be mixed with RAM. • Fast access - 250nsec from editress valid - will run with Z80, Z80GO lo 4mhz, 8080, 8085, 8088, 8086 or 680G0 to Smhz without Wait States. • Provision for Battery Backup using NMOS or CMOS.

All boards conform to IEEE696/S100 specHiGatlons, fully socketed, legends, masks, Gold contacts. Guaranteed One

Full year.

Delivery is within 3 woridng deys. MC, Visa or COD orders accepted. Illinois residents edd 5M% sales tax.

O.E.IH. & DEAUER PRICING AVAIUBLE

S C. DIGITAL

P.O. Box 906, Aurora, Illinois 60507 Phone (312) 897-7749

your preferred values each time you use the editor (this point is slightly less important if the editor has state save).

Second, the people who created the editor have their own ideas about

how they think an editor should work. You might not like some of them. Thus, you should be able to change the editor in a basic way. (Perhaps you'd like the StringSearch command to leave you at the end of the file if it can't find the string, instead of leaving you where you were when you gave the command.) To make this sort of change, you need access to at least a portion of the source code. This code must be well written so as to be easy to change, and there must be thorough documentation so that whoever is actually making the changes can make them with a minimum of fuss.

Final Note

The list of features presented here is not the product of any one person's thinking. It was created item by item over a period of several years through the interaction of a large community of users, all of whom had their own ideas about what an editor should be like.

These users were largely at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and the editor that is the result of their ideas is called EMACS. Several versions of this editor exist: the original EMACS on DEC PDP-10 and DEC-20 computers, Muitics EMACS on Honeywell Muitics systems, ZWEI on LISP machines, and MINCE on CP/M systems.*

References

Finseth, Craig A. "Theory and Practice of Text Editors." MIT Laboratory for Computer Science Technical Memo 165. Cambridge, MA, June 1980. Greenberg, Bernard S. "Muitics EMACS: An Experiment in Computer Interaction." Proceedings, Fourth Annual Honeywell Software Conference, March 1980. Mark of the Unicorn. MINCE User's Guide. Arlington, MA, October 1980. Stallman, Richard M. "EMACS: The Extensible, Customizable, Self-Documenting, Display Editor." MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, A.I. Memo #519. Cambridge, MA, June 1979.

310 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 357 on Inquiry card.

Express yourself past check-in lines onTWA.

With TWA's Round-Trip Check-In and Advance Seat Selection you can express yourself past check-in lines.

Express yourself straight to the gate and.

express yourself straight to your seat.

Ifs easy withTW/Vs Airport Express.

Nothing gets you past check-in lines and through the airport faster than TWA's Airport Express." And that's because with TWA's Round-Trip Check-In* Connection Check-In"" and Advance Seat Selection you can get boarding passes and seat assignments for your outbound, connecting and return flights before you depart.

So on your trip home you can go straight to your seat on the plane. Instead of straight to the back of a check-in line.

Next trip, ask for TWA's Airport Express. And express yourself past check-in lines. Call your travel agent, corporate travel department or TWA. Express yourself with the American Express*^ Card.

Traveling is easy when you carry the

American Express Card. Use it to charge your TWA tickets, car rentals, hotels, meals, theatre, shopping, almost

anything you need while traveling.

If you are not already a Cardmember, call toll-free 800-528-8000 for an application.

The American Express Card. Don't leave home without it?

You're going to like us

1

Software Review

Two Word Processors for North Star

Edgar F. Coudal Coudal and Associates 627 South Crescent Ave. Park Ridge, IL 60068

Two new word processors for the North Star DOS (disk operating system) offer broad capabilities that rival the leader among CP/M word processors, Wordstar. Each sells for just under $500 and provides highperformance word processing, text editing, and print formatting, although they take vastly different approaches to these tasks.

In brief, the Benchmark word processor, from Metasoft, was seemingly designed for someone who needs retraining after every coffee break. There is a starting command menu, which branches at the touch of a key to six different subsystems (create, revise, view, print, merge, and disk procedures), and each subsystem has its own detailed menu. The user can enter a 7 almost anywhere along the way and get two screens of concise command information.

At a Glance

Software

Benchmark

Language Used

Assembler

Type

Word processor

Documentation

108-page loose-leaf manual

Manufacturer

Metasoft Corporation

71 1 E. Cottonwood. Suite E

Casa Grande, AZ 85222

Price

S 499.95

Audience

Secretarial, especially for offices with large volumes of routine and repetitive material, such as law offices

Format

North Star DOS 5'/4-inch double density and quad density; Nortin Star CP/M; CP/M 2.2 8-inch single density; Zenith Z-89; NEC PC-8000; Vector; Superbrain

The other word processor, Lettergo, from Datek Systems Inc., provides one menu for disk operations and a 10-command print-formatting line at the top of the working screen. The remaining user information is contained in the manual, not the program.

Both programs give a general-purpose computer (the North Star Horizon or another S-100 system) the power of a dedicated word processor costing $7500 to $15,000. (A dedicated system is one that performs one job well, but can't do anything else.) Of course. Benchmark or Lettergo programs cannot be used simultaneously with other software (business, scientific, or recreational applications), but they can be used sequentially.

Upon order from the publisher or distributor, both Benchmark and Lettergo can be configured for various manufacturers' hardware or reconfigured to accom

At a Glance

Software

Language Used

Lettergo

Assembler

Type

Documentation

Word processor

84-page loose-leaf manual.

26 pages devoted to begin

Manufacturer

ner tutorial, tfie rest to the

Datek Systems Inc.

reference manual; appended

4786 Lee Highiway

11-page manual (same for

Arlington. VA 22207

mat) for IVIaillVlerj mailing-list

program

Price

S495

Audience

Secretarial and general word

Format

processing

North Star DOS 5'/4-inch

double density and quad

density [CP/M 5/4-inch and

8-inch coming)

312 April 1982 © BYTE PubUcatioiu Inc

Circle 184 on Inquiry card.

Who in theWorld is Joe Larson?

Joe is president of a computer software business. He has been, and still is, in the retail computer hardware business. It was here he recognized the need for more comprehensive software. Joe and his experienced staff developed a software system that is easy to use and understand. Software designed especially for small business accounting and management. Software that won't accept information that isn't logical. Software that takes advantage of the new, more powerful computers. Great Plains Software offers

critical, indepth management information including profit by product, profit by salesperson, profit by customer and much more.

What makes Joe Larson's Great Plains Software so different? The Great Plains Software system was created on a hardisk from the ground up for today's multiple uses and tomorrows business expansion. Some special features include a complete data base of every journal entry posted during the fiscal year. The ability to reverse or adjust entries in any general ledger account at any time during fiscal

year...a CRT display of accounts payable and receivable,..the ability to display any customer or vendor records at a moments notice. The built-in password security system keeps company financial information completely confidential.

Get the most out of your computer investment. Ask your local computer store about the advantages of Great Plains Accounting Software or call (701) 293-8483.

Great Plains Software anticipates the future creating software for today and tomorrow.

VERALL

Password privacy system standard

Written in UCSD Pascal* Hard disk oriented

*m UC Regents

G/h

All entries on line entire fiscal year

- Flexible format financial statements

- Comparative income statements

A/R

- Up to 9999 customers

- Profit by customer, customer type, salesman and state

- Open item or balance forward

- Instant screen inquiry

- Automatically posts to G/L

A/P

- Up to 9999 vendors

- Instant screen inquiry

- Automatically posts to G/L

PAYROLL

- Up to 9999 employees

- Up to 25 deductions per employee

- Withholding computed

- Prints W2, 941 & checks

INVENTORY

- FIFO, LIFO, standard cost, weighted moving average or serial number valuation

- 5 price levels per pai't

- Concise report including profit by part and line

- Point of sale "cash register" program included

Editing: Benchmark Lettergo

Cursor movement

bottom of document ' Y Y

next block or paragraph N N

next screen Y' N'

next sentence Y N

next word Y N

top of document Y Y

up, down, right, left Y Y

Copy block Y Y

Copy from another file Y Y

Delete

block Y Y

character Y Y''

Find text Y Y

Find and replace (once) Y Y

Find and replace (all occurrences) Y Y

'Help'screen or aid Y N Insert

block Y Y

character Y Y

Move block Y Y

Video display

change margins Y Y

change tabs Y Y

Printing: Justification

left justified Y Y

left ragged N N

right justified Y Y

right ragged Y Y Line spacing

set to single or double Y Y

set to triple or more Y Y Page layout

go to new page Y Y"

set bottom margin Y Y

set indentation Y Y

set right and left margins Y Y

set top margin Y Y

maximum charaQters per line 155 78

Page numbering

basic Y Y

varying position or format Y Y'

Printer control allows pause for positioning

form Y Y

print draft copy Y ?

feed single sheets Y Y

bidirectional printing Y Y

Text variations

bold face Y' Y

centering Y Y

columnar output Y Y

footers Y Y

headers Y Y

subscripts Y Y

superscripts Y Y

underlining Y Y

All features changeable in

middle of document Y Y

Miscellaneous Features: Attach phrases of 2000 vi/ords

to a single key Y N

Notes:

1. Next page

2. Delete to end of line

3. Delete entire line

4. Force end of page

5. Eight positions, including alternate sides

6. "Shadow" print, darker than bold

Table 1: Comparison of the features of Benchmark and Lettergo. "Y" stands for Yes and "N" for No.

modate user changes in hardware. Review copies of each system came ready to run on my double-density North Star and were configured to accommodate my Soroc 120 terminal and Diablo 1610 printer. All I had to do was boot, load, and edit. The Lettergo system is designed to work on a variety of different terminals, printers, and Z80-based computers. The manual has detailed instructions for such printers as the NEC 5500, Diablo 1610/1620, and Anadex 9500/01, and for such terminals as the TVI-900, ACT-V, and Hazeltine 1500. Datek configures, the software for a particular user's hardware. The Benchmark system arrives as a "configurator disk," which produces a data disk and a program disk. The configuration disk allows the user to configure Benchmark for various hardware, including Diablo, NEC, TI, Centronics, and Qume printers, and Soroc, Hazeltine, Heath, Televideo, Adds Regent, IMS WP, and Tandy II terminals.

After seeing these two systems in action and using them almost interchangeably for a couple of months, I have the same complaints about both, but they are complaints that extend to many other word processors as well. First, neither shows right-hand justification on the screen, leaving it up to you to imagine what the printed text will look like. Second, neither will spool-print, which means that printing a long manuscript with my relatively slow Diablo can occupy the computer for a long time.

COLOR VIDEO PROCESSOR

• Text, Graphics, Animation • 16 Colors • 256x 192 Resolution • NTSC Composite Video Output • Uses TMS 9918

• Includes I/O Mapped 16K Video Memory • 3D Simulation with 32 Video Sprites • 2 Byte X-Y Positioning • Real Time Clock • 8 Level Interrupt Selection • Inexpensive RF Modulator allows easy connection to any color TV • Video over Video and Extended Graphics II Mode with TMS 9918A •

PROGRAMMABLE SOUND GENERATOR

• Music, Sound Effects,ToneSignaling,Ultrasonics • 27Hz to 111 KHz Range • 3 Programmable Analog Channels with Separate Frequency, Volume and White Noise Control • 10

Selectable Envelope Wave Shapes under Software Control

• Two 8-Bit Programmable I/O Ports for use as External Keyboard/Display Interface • Power Amplifier for driving External Speaker •

Texas residents add 5% sales tax. Prices include complete documentation with programming examples, PC board is solder-masked with gold contacts. Add $100 tor assembled and tested units. Send 514.60 lor 120 page manual, refundable with order. Compatible with Z80. 8085 and 8080 at 2 or 4 MHz on S-100 buss.

UTIA ELECTRONIC DESIGN ASSOCIATES

P.O. Box 94055 Houston, Texas 77018 (713) 999-2255

Circle 467 on inquiry card.

Circle 167 on inquiry card.

April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

315

PROTEUS:

a totally new concept in 16 bit microcomputer systems

$4,860 L

One other complaint is the excess of riches. With either system, you can direct the printer to overstrike, boldface, and underline simultaneously. This may be useful for someone drafting legislation or revising a contract, but it seems like overkill; the added complexity gets in the way.

Although both Benchmark and Lettergo were designed with the same mass market in mind—the high-production office secretary—each reflects its origins. Benchmark (according to distributor R & B Computers, of Tempe, Arizona) originated in a lawyer's office, and certain functions, capabilities, and examples in the manual reflect that background. Lettergo, on the other hand, was written by Gregory Heise, owner of a computer shop and a high-class hacker of long standing. Heise had watched many novices struggle with unnecessary complication and poor documentation and, as a result, tried to simplify Lettergo as much as possible.

Both word processors do everything that leading word processors should do: automatic line wraparound on input, block moves, global search and replace, rightmargin justification, automatic pagination, automatic headings and footings, underscoring, subscripting and superscripting, and so on (see table 1).

Both can generate personalized form letters with their merge capabilities. Benchmark uses either an internal pattern/letter, keying in the necessary changes from the terminal, or a letter and mail list generated by a separate software package. Mail List, which is a list manager with print capability (suggested retail, $399). Lettergo uses a BASIC language MailMerj program, which is included on the word-processing disk, to produce form letters.

Word-processing packages have evolved to the point where certain specific features—many of them mentioned above—should be taken for granted. When considering a new package, the prospective user should ask, "What can it do that's really useful that the others can't?" and "How easy is it to learn, use, and adapt?"

Benchmark

Designed for use by someone "who doesn't know a byte from a bite," Benchmark merits praise for the time and effort that went into its menus and safeguards. One of the processor's features is that it does not use control characters, except on the least capable of terminals. To instruct the processor to do something, the user enters the command mode and hits a single key: F for Finish, I for Insert, J for Jump to a page, D for Delete, and so on. When you use a command that can make irretrievable changes, such as killing a document or quitting at the wrong place. Benchmark asks if you really mean it. And if you do, you must hit the Rub or Execute key.

Benchmark's Hallmarks

Now, for the especially nice things about Benchmark. It automatically maintains a remarkably detailed directory of what is on the data disks, including titles of up to 30 characters, initials of the author of each document and the operator of the system at the time the document was produced, time and date of last revision, number of K

Package price includes:

5V4" Floppy Drive (Double density 80 track), 320 K formatted, Systems Software (Bi-Terminal operating system), Terminal Configurator, Pro-basic converter, CP/ M File Handler & Microsoft Basic - 8000 (Not included are terminals& printers). F.O.B.-Factory

A powerful, compact 2-user system that can be expanded to any capacity you require

Proteus is the first-ever 16-bit single board microcomputer, based on the Z8001 microprocessor It offers 128K of dynamic RAM for user memory, three serial ports, one parallel port and a real time clock. It can be used in conjunction with existing terminals and printers... providing a remarkably fast and powerfui system for two separate users. But that's only the beginning... because Proteus is also the central module in a system you can expand to meet your future needs!

lET's exclusive design allows up to 256 Proteus modules to be linked...to provide simultaneous access to 512 users, with no loss in speed or memory capacity for the individual user. The basic 2user system is available at surprisingly low cost... and you'll save even more in the future by adding toyourProteus system, ratherthan buying new equipment. Grow with Proteus—the microcomputer system of the future! For a complete information package, write:

Innovative Electronics "Technology Ltd.

P.O. Box 5188, Vancouvei; B.C., Canada V6B 4B5 Tel. (604) 430-5166 Telex: 04-356776 lET HO VCR

316 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 207 on inquiry card.

NEECO

WHY BUY FROM THE BEST?

Service... Support... Software...

MULTI-CLUSTER

For Commodore Systems, allows 3 CPU's (Expandable to 8) to access a single Commodore Disk.

MULTI-CLUSTER (3 CPU's) S 795

Each Additional CPU (up to 8) ... S 199

commodore

16K B (16K RAM-40 Column) - Lim. Qty $ 995

32K B (32K RAM-40 CIm.) - Lim. Qty $1295

4016 (16K RAM 4.0 Basic-40Clm.) $995

4032 (32K RAM 4.0 Basic-40 CIm.) $1295

8032 (32K RAM 4.0 Basic-80 CIm.) $1495

8050 Dual Disk (1 Meg Storage) $1795

4040 Dual Disk (343K Storage) $1295

8010 IEEE Modem $ 280

C2N Cassette Drive $ 95

CBM - IEEE Interface Cable S 40

IEEE - IEEE Interface Cable $ 50

VIC 20 Home/Personal Computer $ 295

EPSON PRINTERS

MX-80 PRINTER $ 645

MX-80 FT $ 745

MX-100 $ 945

MX-70 $ 459

INTERFACE CARDS

8141 (RS-232) $ 75

8150 (2K Buffered RS-232) $ 150

8161 (IEEE 488) $ 55

8131 (Apple Card) $ 85

8230 (Apple Card) $ 25

8220 (TRS-80 Cable) $ 35

DIABLO 830 PRINTER

DIABLO 630 - Serial - RS-232 $2710

Tractor Option $ 250

AMDEK MONITORS INTERTEC COIIPIITERS

CALL NEECO FOR ANY OF YOUR COMMODORE COMPUTER NEEDS

NEC SPINWRITffiVltlNTERS

5530 (Parallel) $3055

5510 (Serial) $3055

5520 (KSR-Serial) $3415

Tractor Option $ 225

tappiG

APPLE

16K APPLE 11+ $1330 I

32K APPLE IK $1430

48K APPLE 11+ $1530

APPLE DISK w/3.3 DOS . $ 6501

APPLE DRIVE Only $ 4!

APPLE III 128K - In Stock! w/Monitor + Info Analystpak $47401

Video 100 12" B+W $ 179

Video 30012" Green $ 249

Color 113" Low Res $ 449

Color I113" High Res $ 999

64K Superbrain

(360 Disk Storage), CP/M™... $3495 64K 00 Superbrain

(700K Disk Storage). CP/M™.. $3995

*CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research

ATARI COMPUTERS

Atari 400 (16K RAM) $399

Atari 800 (32K RAM) - good thru 8/31 $1080

Atari 410 RECORDER $ 89.95

Atari 810 DISK DRIVE $ 599.95

NEECO carriesall available ATARI Software and Peripherals;

PROFESSIONAL SOFTWARE

WordPro 1 8K $ 29,95

WordPro 3 (40 Clm.)16K .... $ 199.95

WordPro 3+ $ 295

WordPro 4 (80 CIm.) 32K.... $ 375 WordPro 4+ $ 450

JUST A SAMPLE OF THE MANY PRODUCTS WE CARRY, CALL US FOR OUR NEW 60-PAGE CATALOG.

NEECO

679 HIGHLAND AVE.

NEEDHAM, MA 02194

(617) 449-1760

Telex: 951021

MON-FRI 9:00 - 5:00

MasterCharge and VISA Accepted

Circle 295 on inquiry card.

BYTE April 1982 317

bytes of disk space used by each document, a running total of the amount of disk space used, and a warning when a disk is getting full. All together, this can be a super filing system. And once the user knows the system, he or she can bypass all the menus and prompts. (The literature claims that the entire system can be learned in one day, but real facility takes longer.)

Printed line length of up to 155 characters is supported, which is useful for spread sheets and other financial documents.

Cursor control includes nine movements: left, right, up, down, home, next word, first character next line, first line any page, and next screen of text.

Finally, the best for last: a simple set of commands allows the user to attach up to 52 separate "phrases" to single-letter keys. Each phrase can be up to 2000 characters long, and it can be called and inserted at the cursor position with the preset key. This is an excellent feature for repetitive jobs involving such projects as legal documents and form letters. It's hard to understand why Metasoft doesn't place more emphasis on this feature.

On the less positive side. Benchmark operates with a program disk and a data disk, using two drives. (Files can be saved to the program disk, but there isn't much room there.) The program is disk buffered, text is read into RAM (random-access read/write memory), then sent to the printer. With my North Star system, which has 56K bytes of memory, the drives are constantly active on long

318 April 1982 © BYTEPublicatiom toe Circle 456 on inquiry card.

documents and that slows the printing process. Metasoft. comments that "64K is nice" for long documents.

Another drawback is that simply having all those menus tends to make the user reliant on them, and as a result slows use of the program. This is probably not a legitimate complaint for an office situation where a secretary is running hard for four or five hours a day and uses the facilities and capabilities until they become second nature, but it can be a problem for those who spend most of their time creating text and very little time formatting and printing.

Finally, as noted earlier. Benchmark provides no spool printing or on-screen right justification.

Lettergo

If Benchmark is the high-performance secretary's ultimate weapon, then Lettergo is for users who rely on a word processor, but not necessarily for high volumes of routine work. Lettergo has one menu, disk-operation commands—and that's it. The menu is so spartan (Save, Load, Directory, Kill, Quit, Merge, and Free) that Heise used part of it for the copyright.

The Control key gets a Workout on the Lettergo system because Lettergo uses control characters for editing functions (Control B returns the cursor to the begirming of the document. Control E scrolls toward the end. Control X reverses scrolls. Control P starts output to the printer from the cursor location, and so on, through all the letters of the alphabet). Even after using Lettergo extensively, I'd hate to take a test on the functions of all the keys. About 99 percent of the work can be performed with fewer than half of the control keys, so the demands on human memory are not as great as they seem.

Lettergo's Goodies

For all its versatility, Lettergo is remarkably easy to learn and operate. While Heise's excellent manual does not make any untoward claims about ease of learning, my wife, when faced with the sudden realization that a truly massive work she'd undertaken would require at least one full rewrite and a final retype, learned to use Lettergo (with no previous computer experience) in one long afternoon.

Although simple and chatty, the manual doesn't talk down to the user. It presumes virtually no previous computer knowledge and is a basic, step-by-step tutorial, followed by a complete reference manual that expands on the first section, and concluding with a section on how to set up the various types of hardware that can be used with Lettergo.

Lettergo drives the printer from system memory, rather than off the disk, which means that print speed is limited ordy by the speed of the printer. And the system makes it easy to format for printing by providing a format line across the top of each text screen. The line contains 10 single letters followed by two numbers each, so that a maximum of 30 characters provides full control over what the printer will produce. The formatting commands include L for line length, P for lines to a page, and

Unravel the complexities of Medical Data Management.

MED2000 is the complete medical data management system. MED2000 can handle a comprehensive array of tasks^ from billing, insurance form preparation and fmancial summary reporting to medical records processing appointment scheduling and word processing. Designed as an integral part of MED2000, the word processing package is directly interactive with the medical data base and features an electronic medical dictionary.

MED2000 is designed for use on a 8080/Z80 microcomputer with 80x24 CRT and 8" disks. The package is available by itself or as part of a complete hardware/ software package. MED2000 runs in either single or multiuser (CPM/MPM) environments. Use of rigid disk technology is recommended but not required. A brochure is available on request. Dealer inquiries invited.

mm2000

The Complete Medical Manai^pment Sfstem TxansOhio Building 1640 Franklin Ave. Kent, Ohio 44240 216/678-5202

'CPM/MPM are registered tmdemarks of Digital Research

Esprit,

When youJL compare value in low-cost terminals, there's no comparison.

Hazeltine

ADDS

Televideo

Feature

Esprit™

Viewpoint

TVI-910

Screen

Matrix

7 X 11

5x8

8 X 10

Display set

128

96

96

Keyboard

Numeric pad

14 l<eys

11 keys

14 keys

Function l<eys

14

3

10

Display color

Green

Whiite

Green

Operation

Horizontal tabs

Yes

No

Yes

Insert/Delete

Yes

No

No

Page mode

Yes

No

No

Transmit field

Yes

No

No

Buffered

Yes

No

No

Warranty

*

90 days

90 days

Hazeltine Esprit, ADDS Viewpoint and the Televideo TVI-910 are all competitively priced at the low end of the market. Esprit is at the high end in value.

* Hazeltine, in cooperation with Western Union, offers two warranty options, effective on Esprit terminals purchased after February 1, 1982, for service rendered through December 31, 1982:

1. Return to factory for repair at no cost for materials and labor.

2. On-site service contract through 1982 in any Western Union Zone 1 area for a onetime charge of only $49.95 per terminal

For more information call your local distributor, or Hazeltine Corporation Computer Terminal Equipment Greenlawn, NY 11740 National Sales: (516) 549-8800 Telex: 96-1435 For additional sales office locations, please call our toll-free number: (800) 645-5300.

Esprit

by Hazeltine

An editing terminai at a conversational price.

Circle 462 on inquiry card.

S for line spacing—an arrangement that is quick and easy to use. Any of the formatting commands can be changed at any time or any place in the document, through the use of dot commands—a period at the left margin, followed by the letter indicating which formatting command is to be changed. For instance, .L78-58 will shorten the line length of text following the command by 20 characters, while .L58-78 will return the text to the original length. This is not a unique system, but many word processors do not show the changes on the screen, as Lettergo does.

If a revised file is longer than the space allotted for the original version of the file, Lettergo will save the new version further along on the disk and kill the original, without telling the user. When disk capacity is reached, the program will automatically compact the disk (rewrite all the disk files in a contiguous manner), thus eliminating all those holes along the way. The user can control this housekeeping if he or she wants, though Heise did not include the command in the disk-operations menu. (Nor did he include the information that you can direct output to devices other than the video display or printer, though that capability is provided in a single control character from the disk menu. This capability is handy if you have a homebrew spooler sitting around in high memory, disguised as another device.)

Among the disadvantages of Lettergo are that two operations are necessary to move a block of type: one to move it to the new location, the second to kill the block at the old location. A command that automatically

deletes at the old location while moving to the new location would be more useful. Heise describes the two-step operation as a safeguard.

Another drawback is that maximum output Hne length is 78 characters. If you are printing at a pitch of 12 characters per inch, that is a bit restricting. Most financial documents are too wide for Lettergo.

Finally, as noted earlier, Lettergo has no spooling capability and no on-screen right-hand justification.

Conclusions

These two systems provide truly flexible, powerful, and complete screen-oriented word processing, something that was previously unavailable to the North Star DOS user. The prices are not excessive (each costs $500), considering the word-processing power that these software packages provide, and each system has advantages for different users. Benchmark is beautifully suited to the office environment, while Lettergo can serve in the office provided there is no need for wide margins. It is even more useful in such word-processing applications as freelance writing.

Neither demands much computer knowledge beyond knowing how to turn on the machine, and both have been thoroughly tested in working environments: Benchmark in legal applications and Lettergo in government offices. Field proof is important in a time when some high-priced software does not deliver anywhere near what is promised. Both of these systems do.B

PRODUCTS FOR YOUR RADIO SHACK

MICROTEXT COMMUNICATIONS VIA YOUR MODEM!

Now you can use your printer witfi your modem! Your computer can be an Intelligent printing terminal. Talk to timeshare services or to other personal computers; print simultaneously through a second printer port; and re-display text stored In memory. Download text to Basic programs; dump to a cassette tape, or printer, or both. Microtext can be used with any printer or no printer at all. It features user-configurable duplex/parity for special applications, and can send any ASCII character. You'll find many uses for this general purpose module! Available in ROMPACK, ready-to-use, for $59.95.

SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM

The Micro Works Software Development System (SDS80C) is a complete 6809 editor, assembler and monitor package contained in one Color Computer program pack! Vastly superior to RAM-based assemblers/editors, the SDS80C is nonvolatile, meaning that if your application program bombs, it can't destroy your editor/assembler. Plus if leaves almost all of 16K or 32K RAM free for your program. Since all three programs, editor, assembler and monitor are co-resident, we eliminate tedious program loading when going back and forth from editing to assembly and debugging!

The powerful screen-oriented Editor features finds, changes, moves, copys and much more. All keys have convenient auto repeat (typamatic), and since no line numbers are required, the full width of the screen may be used to generate well commented code.

The Assembler features all of the following: complete 6809 instruction set; complete 6800 set supported for cross-assembly; conditional assembly; local labels; assembly to cassette tape or to memory; listing to screen or prinfer; and mnemonic error codes instead of numbers.

The versatile ABUG monitor is a compact version of CBUG, tailored for debugging programs generated by the Assembler and Editor. It features examlne/chanoe ol memory or registers, cassette load and save, breakpoints and more. SD98OC Price: $89.95

THE

GAMES

Star Blaster — Blast your way through an asteroid field in this action-packed Hi-Res graphics game! Available in ROMPACK; requires 16K. Price: $39.95 Pac Attack — Try your hand at this challenging game by Computerware, with fantastic graphics, sound and action! Cassette requires 16K. Price: $24.95 Berserk — Have fun zapping robots with this Hl-Res game by Mark Data Products. Cassette requires 16K. Price: $24.95 Adventure — Black Sanctum and Callxto Island by Mark Data Products. Each cassette requires 16K. Price: $19.95 each.

ROIi/ILESS PAK i — is an empty program pack capable of holding two 2716 or 2732 EPROMs, allowing you up to 8K of programi The PC board Inside comes with sockets Installed, ready to go with the addition of your custom EPROMs. Price: $24.95

2-PASS DISASSEMBLER — with documentation package. 16K; cassette. 800

Disassembler Price: $49.95

CBUG — Macliine language monitor. CBUG Cassette Price: $29.95

CBUG ON 2716 EPROM: Can plug into Romless Pak I. CBUG ROM Price:

$39.95

PARALLEL PRINTER INTERFACE — serial to parallel converter allows use of all standard parallel printers. PI80C Price: $89.95 Assembly Language Programming, by Lance Leventhal. Price: $16.95 MEMORY UPGRADE KITS: 4-16K Kit Price $39.95. 16-32K (requires soldering experience) Price: $39.95

PARTS a SERVICES: SAMs, 6809Es, RAMs, PIAs. Call for prices.

,_-n^r^^ iumfir-- WE SHIP FROM STOCK!

^D©[Sl9) GOOD STUFF! Master Charge/VIsa and cod Accepted

WI(&)\°>J\Z^ P.O. BOX 1110 DEL MAR. CA 92014 714-942-2400

320 April 1982 © BYTE Publicatioiu Inc

Circle 270 on inquiry card.

Now NRI takes you inside the new TRS-80 Model ill microcomputer to train you at home as the new breed rfiomputer specialist I

NRI teams up with Radio Shack advanced technology to teach you how to use, program and service state-of-tibe-art

microcomputers... It's no longer enough to be just a programmer or a technician. With microcomputers moving into the fabric of our lives (over 250,000 of the TRS-80"' alone have been sold), interdisciplinary skills are demanded. And NRI can prepare . you with the first course of its kind, covering the complete world of the microcomputer.

Learn At Home in Your Spare Time With NRI training, the programmer gains practical knowledge of hardware, enabling him to design simpler.

Training includes new TRS-80 Model III microcomputer, 6-function LCD Beckman muldmetei^ and the NRI Discovery Lab with hundreds of tests aadaqfeiimiata.

(TRS-80 is a tiademark of the Radio Shack division of %.aiy Corp.)

more effective programs. And, with advanced programming skills, the technician can test and debug systems quickly and easily.

Only NRI gives you both kinds of training with the convenience of home study No classroom pressures, no night school, no gasoline wasted. You learn at your convenience, at your own pace. Yet you're always backed by the NRI staff and your instructor, answering questions, giving you guidance, and available for special help if you need it. You Get Your Own Computer

to Learn On and Keep

NRI training is hands-on training, with practical experiments and demonstrations as the very foundation of your knowledge. You don't just program your computer, you go inside it.. .watch how circuits interact... interface with other systems... gain a real insight into its nature.

You also work with an advanced hquid crystal display hand-held multimeter and the NRI Discovery Lab, performing over 60 separate experiments. You learn troubleshooting procedures

and gain greater understanding of the information. Both microcomputer and equipment come as part of your training for you to use and keep.

Send for Free Catalog... No Salesman^ Call Get all the details on this exciting course in NRI's free, 100-page catalog. It shows all equipment, lesson outlines, and facts on other electronics courses such as Complete Communications with CB, TV/Audio and Video, Digital Electronics, and more. Send today, no salesman will ever bother you. Keep up with the latest technology as you learn on the latest model of the world's most popular computer. If card has been used, write to:

NRI Schools

McGraw-Hill Continuing Education Center

3939 Wisconsin Avenue Washington, D.C. 20016.

We'll train you for the good jobs!

A Disk Operating System

for FORTH

An in-depth look at how a DOS operates

A disk operating system (DOS) is the heart of any computer system. Without a powerful and easy-to-use DOS, creating and maintaining programs and data on the system can be cumbersome if not impossible. This is because the DOS offers utilities of various types which manipulate files and, in general, perform all of the "housekeeping" chores essential to the system's smooth operation. In addition, most DOSes attempt to be user-friendly. That is, they are designed to make operation of the computer as simple and foolproof as possible.

This article describes the creation of a DOS for the FORTH language. FORTH is powerful, but it lacks a DOS in the usual sense. That is, it does not come with utilities to handle the normal operating-system constructs common in computer systems. For example, no options are available to have named files, to query disk space, to run named programs, and so on.

The DOS described here, appropriately called FORTHDOS, allows creating and deleting named files, maintaining directories of named files, listing statistics on disk usage, generating files by type (sequential, random, or block), listing files, allocating disk space, adding named utilities, getting help with

Peter Reece 152 Hillcrest Ave. Dundas, Ontario Canada L9H 4Y2

commands, write-protecting any disk or file area, file copying, giving error messages, and many other features. FORTfiDOS is a powerful, efficient, and easy-to-use DOS for single-user FORTH systems.

A complete listing of FORTHDOS is given in listing 1. Before discussing this listing, however, let's look at some of the rationale involved in producing this or, for that matter, any DOS.

FORTHDOS is a powerful, efficient, and easy-to-use DOS for single-user FORTH systems.

Features of DOS Packages

All DOSes contain-commands for file manipulation. These commands usually invoke primitive operations or "primitives" responsible for: sequential and random-access file control, commands for creation and deletion of files, file space allocation algorithms, and similar types of file access controls.

Another class of DOS commands contains commands descriptive in nature and used mainly to display information. Examples of this class are those which list a directory of system or user files, show the system status.

generate file listings, or alter the write- or security-protection status of files.

A third class of DOS commands concerns program control. These commands are exemplified by compiler calls (the compiler calls the DOS to determine how and where to place compiled files) and by commands allowing you to add primitives to your own software or even to add your own pseudo-DOS commands. An example of the latter is in the CP/M disk-operating system, which allows you to create custom commands via the use of .COM files.

A final class of DOS functions consists of utilities. While not strictly part of the DOS structure itself, utilities are often available as part of a DOS package. For example, a file copy utility such as PIP in CP/M or COPY in TRSDOS may be considered as a separate class of DOS commands.

Table 1 lists by command class FORTHDOS features usually found in typical DOS packages. Note that all of the common commands, ranging from creating a file to allocating disk storage space for random access, are available in FORTHDOS. As this article will discuss, all of these commands depend ultimately on a very simple structure—the bit map and the priinitives that manipulate it.

322 April 1982 © BYTE Pablicalians Inc

Cjrcje 438 on Inquiry card.

for a 40 CPS

Word Processing Printer?

C. ITOH F-10 Printmaster 40 CPS Daisy Wheel Printer

IS THIS THE C. ITOH STARWRITER III?

The C. ITOH F-10 Printer is manufactured by Tol<yo Electric Co., Ltd., (TEC), the same company that made the 25 CPS Starwriter |,.and the 45 CPS Sitarwriter II, and you may even see other people calling it the Starwriter III, TEC 40 CPS, or just simply C. ITOH 40 CPS Printer. By any name this may be the best word processing printer value on the market today. When you compare the standard features with any printer on the market today, we think you will agree.

INDUSTRY STANDARD FEATURES

Plug compatible with Diablo, Qume, and NEC Printers. Uses standard 96 character plastic print wheels, and the new dual-plastic print wheels that, unlike metal wheels, provide superior print quality over the entire print life of the wheel. Software control characters that are standard for all major word processing packages.

CONSTRUCTION

Built on a cast aluminum base with high quality metal parts, the unit stands just 6" high, yet will feed paper from the bottom as well as the rear. The solid construction makes the unit low noise and ideal for office or home.

INTERFACE

RS 232-C interface with XON/OFF and ETX/ACK protocols. Baud rate selectable to 1200 Baud.

APPLICATIONS

Compatible for use with Apple, Radio Shack, IBM, NEC, Xerox, Vector Graphics, North Star, Altos, etc.

OPTIONS

Bi-directional tractor feed, printer stand.

SPECIFICATIONS

Print Speed Character Spacing Line Spacing Paper Width Print Wheel

Ribbon Interface Dimensions Weight

Power Requirements Reliability Data

40 CPS

1/120" (minimum)

1/48" (minimum)

16" (maximum)

Industry standard 96 character

wheel

Multi-strike, or fabric cassette RS 232-C

22.5"Wx 15.9"D x 6"H 30.8 pounds

115V±10%, 50/60 Hz, 70W MTBF is lyear with a 75% duty cycle

WARRANTY

90 day factory warranty. We pay shipping both ways.

SATISFACTION GUARANTEED

If, for any reason, you are not satisfied, you may return the unit to us within 30 days for a full refund.

SHIPPED BY UPS

Prepaid or COD by money order or cashiers check.

Prices quoted are for stock on hand and are subject to change without notice.

^^yy^niton, inc.

1703 Stewart Street, Santa Monica, CA 90404 TO ORDER OR FOR liSIFORMATION, CALL:

(213) 829-6871

Class 1: File Manipulation

WBLK

RBLK

MAKE

READ

WRITE

RREAD

RWRITE

MOUNT

REMOVE

—Primitive to write a record. This primitive contains machine-language code to access a given sector from a given track on a given drive. (System

specific.)

—The read-record primitive corresponding to WBLK. —Primitive to enter/create a file in the directory. —Primitive to perform a sequential-access file read. —Performs a sequential-access write to a file. —Primitive to perform a random-access file read. —Performs a random-access file write. —Loads a dish; directory into RAM. —Writes a disl< directory from system RAM to disk.

Class 2: Examples of Informative Commands

FREE —Reports on disk and RAM space used/remaining.

HELP —Lists information on DOS commands and their uses.

FSIZE —Reports on the size and status of any file.

FILES —Types a full directory of the disk plus relevant information.

BLOCKS —Types a list of all records active for a given file.

Class 3: Examples of Commands for Program Control

NAME —Enters a file name into the DOS for future use.

RUN —Compiles and executes a program.

LOOKUP —Checks to see if a given file name is on disk.

COPYALL —Copies a file to another file from a program.

DINIT —Initializes a new directory.

PROT? —Sees if a given file is write-protected.

DPUTNM —Saves a given file name into a directory.

KILL —Deletes a file under program control.

Class 4: Examples of DOS utilities

FCOPY —Copies a file to another (old/new) file.

XCOPY —Like FCOPY but copies to a non-current disk.

BCOPY —Copies records grouped by contiguous record numbers.

PROTECT —Declares a file as wrlte-protected.

UNPROTECT—Declares a file to be read/write accessible.

TYPE —Types a file to the console device.

PTYPE —Prompts for format information, then prints on printer.

RENAME —Gives a new name to an old file.

ASSIGN —Forces DOS to assign a given record number to a file.

LOCK —Prevents DOS from accessing read/write a record number.

KILL —Deletes a file from the directory.

TIME —Prints current time of day.

TIMESET —Sets time of day.

Table 1: FORTHDOS commands divided into classes of commands found in typical DOSes.

Bit Maps

Although a DOS designer has

many strategies to choose from in setting up a system, almost all DOSes use a bit map approach to regulating file activity on a disk. A bit map is a small byte array in which each bit represents the smallest logical grouping of bytes on a disk. Such a grouping is typically called a record or, in a FORTH-based system, a block.

Suppose we are designing a DOS using a 5Vi-inch, 35-track disk. We could format this disk in many ways (by writing EOR or end-of-record marks onto the disk). We might use

the TRSDOS scheme where EOR marks are written to yield a record size of 256 bytes or one record per sector. Since there are 35 tracks per disk and 10 records per sector, this equals 350 records per disk containing 350 times 256 or 89,600 bytes of storage.

We now need some scheme for keeping track of whether or not a given record is available for use, or if it is part of an existing user file. If we used the TRSDOS scheme mentioned above, a simple way to do this would be to create a bit map 350 bits long (just under 45 bytes) in which the first

(high-order) bit represents the first record on the disk and the last (loworder) bit represents the last (350th) record on the disk. If a given record were in use, we would set the appropriate bit in the bit map to 1; otherwise we would set the bit to 0. This simple scheme would allow a DOS to keep track of all available records. Notice that since only a small amount of storage would be necessary (45 bytes), the entire activity of the disk could easily fit into free memory in a section reserved for system use. We will use a modified version of this scheme based on the traditional unit of storage in FORTH, the block.

In "FORTHDOS, since records (blocks) are 1024 bytes long, a 35-traek disk having 89,600 bytes of storage would require only 11 bytes of storage plus 1 bit (1 bit represents 1024 bytes):

11 bytes X 8 bits per byte -I- 1 bit — 89 blocks per disk

In practice, this value is actually 86 blocks per disk, since a formatted disk has fewer available bytes for data than does the unformatted disk described above. This means that 11 bytes are easily enough to contain information on every data record available to the user. Figure 1 shows how FORTHDOS uses this simple scheme to map disk activity. Having developed this scheme of mapping record activity on the disk (given a specific disk format), we now need to develop a method of mapping file activity (i.e., activity of groups of records).

Bit Maps for User Files

Once we have settled on a format for each disk, we must determine

whether or not to allow a file to use all records on the disk if they are available. This will determine the length of a file's bit map. If we refer again to the 35-track disk formatted as discussed above, a possible 86 blocks are available for use by any one file. For simplicity, let's allow files to be 86 blocks long. This would mean that, like the disk activity bit map, each file bit map would be 11

324 April 1982 © BYTE Publication Inc

The Lightning One

8086/8087/8089 CPU Board

Features:

□ 4j 5j 8 or 10 MHz operation jumper selectable

□ 8086 or 8088 main processor

□ Independent I/O and memory waitstate generator

□ Up to 16K bytes of onboard EPROM

□ 9 vectored interrupts expandable to 65

□ EPROM monitor with diagnostics and disk utilities

□ 8087 and 8089 co-processors available onboard

□ CP/M-86* and MS-DOS** software support

*CP/M-86 is a trademark of Digital Research. '*MS-DQS is a iradeitiark of Microsoft.

Lightning One is a trademark of Lomas Data

Produas, Inc.

The Lightning One™ is the fastest processor board available on the SI00 bus today. It contains not one processor, but three processors all working in parallel. It uses the Intel

8086 as the main processor. The math capability is augmented with the 8087 math processor and the I/O handling capabiUties are augmented with the 8089 dual channel I/O processor. The board complies with all IEEE-696 specifications.

If you have an 8 bit system presently, don't despair. The Lig/itnitig One is available with the 8088. The 8088 is fiiUy software compatible with the 8086, but utilizes an 8 bit bus allowing use of your present 8 bit memories. When you are ready to upgrade to full 16 bit operation, you need only to unplug the 8088 and plug in an 8086 in its place. When using an 8088, the

8087 and 8089 may still be utilized.

In addition to the Lightning One, Lomas Data Products has a full line of SlOO bus support cards including: memory, disk controUerSj and serial and parallel I/O.

Prices for the Lightning One start at $395.

Coming Soon: New Product Announcements:

□ 128 K byte non-volatile static RAM

□ M DRIVE for CP/MS6 and MS-DOS

□ Dual CP/M-86 and CP/M 2.2 support

□ Winchester hard disk controller

For 16 bit computing on the SlOO bus, come to the leader. . .

LOMAS DATA PRODUCTS, INC

729 Farm Road, Marlboro, Massachusetts 01752 □ Telephone: 617-481-2822

Circle 240 on inquiry card.

DOS rr

BIT MAP UL RECORD NUMBER CORRESPONDING 1 TO BIT POSITION

86 1]

10

86

Figure 1: Sample FORTHDOS disk bit map. Alin the bit map indicates that the corresponding record number is in use. In this sample, records 2, 3, 4, and 6 are in use.

BIT

DOS

BIT MAP

FILE 1 BIT MAP

FILE 2 BIT MAP

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

•

•

•

86

|o

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

1

•

•

•

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

•

•

•

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

•

•

•

Figure 2: FORTHDOS hit map and file activity hit map. FILEl is shown as using blocks 2, 3, and 6, while FILE2 is shovm using blocks 4 and 9. The DOS bit map indicates which blocks are in use regardless of what file the blocks belong to; blocks 2, 3, 4, 6, and 9 are therefore indicated by the DOS bit map as being in use.

BIT

DOS BIT MAP INEXT FREE RECORD IS 13 ) FILE 1 BIT MAP (CURRENT RECORD IS 10)

FILE 2 BIT MAP (ADDS RECORD 13 FROM DOS)

1

• •

•

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

■

•

•

86

1

• •

•

1

1

1

0

0

1

1

1

|o

•

•

•

°l

• •

•

1

:

1

0

0

hi

0

0

0

•

•

•

"1

IN

USE

• •

•

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

•

•

•

Figure 3: Using DNXT to find the next free record. As indicated in the DOS bit map, the next free record is 13. DNXT will scan the DOS bit map, find the free record, and change its corresponding bit to a 1.

DOS BIT MAP AREA (11 BYTES)

DOS COMMENT FIELD AREA (64 BYTES)

FILEl NAME (10 BYTES) FILE 2 NAME (10 BYTES I FILE3 NAME (10 BYTES)

FILEl BIT MAP AREA (11 BYTES I FILE2 BIT MAP AREA (11 BYTES) FILE3 BIT MAP AREA (11 BYTES)

DOS I/O BUFFER AREA ( 1024 BYTES

Figure 4: FORTHDOS buffer area. FORTHDOS places all file bit maps and the DOS bit map in a common buffer area. ThiS' allows you to have as many files open at one time as you need.

bytes long. Figure 2 shows our bit

map structure so far—one disk activity bit map (called DOS bit map) and multiple file activity bit maps.

What of space contention, though? If each file bit map can map any record in the system, how does the DOS determine the file assignment of each record? The answer is very simple. A FORTHDOS primitive ( DNXT ) scans the disk-activity bit map from high- to low-order bits until it finds a 0 (unused record). That

bit is changed to a 1, thereby marking

the corresponding record as being in use. DNXT then marks the same bit in the CURRENT file (i.e., the file requesting a free record) as also being in use. In figure 3, record 13 of both the DOS bit map and the FILEl bit map is initially 0.

When FILE2 in figure 3 requests a free record, a call to DNXT causes the DOS bit map to be scaimed. The next free record found by DNXT in this example would be record 13. This

record's corresponding bit is then set to 1 in both the DOS and FILE2 bit maps (see figure 3). In this way, free records are allocated on a first-come, first-served basis by the DNXT primitive in the DOS.

Two points are important here. First, note that DNXT does not care if the record number returned is the next consecutive record in the bit map, but it will return consecutive records if possible (i.e., if the record is not in use). This means that DNXT will produce contiguous records for a given file wherever possible. This shortens head-seek times across the disk.

A primitive discussed below— KILL , which deallocates records— may be used by a clever DOS designer to ensure that a maximum amount of contiguous space is available. (Many DOS packages have disk cleanup utiHties which periodically remap bit maps so as to maximize the amount of contiguous record allocation per file. For small systems, this is not needed.) A second point to note about this file bit map scheme is that it provides a simple method for inserting both sequential- and random-access file primitives into FORTHDOS.

Sequential and Random Access

In a sequential-access file, data records are accessed one after the other, without any gaps in the numeric sequence of records in the file. The ninth record cannot be accessed after the tenth has been read "■without starting over at the first record and reading up to the ninth again. In a random-access file, on the other hand, data from any record number may be accessed at any time. The ninth record may be accessed after the tenth or, for that matter, after any other record. Relative pointers are used in a random-access file. The record which the DOS has mapped in the bit map as record 341 may be relative record 10 to the user. That is, it may be the tenth record relative to the first record in the file. The DOS takes care of the correct translation of this relative record 10 into absolute record 341 on the disk.

To minimize access time and max

326 April 1982 © BYTE PubUcadoiu Inc

YOUR COMPUTER HEADQUARTERS

SUPER SPECIAL!

THE NEW APPLE III

• Apple III plus 138K , , • Apple III SOS package •12" High Resolution Green Monitor

S2999'"'

HIGHLY RATED BY TAX PROS!

• Apple II plus 48K

• Apple Disc Drive 11 w/interface DOS 3.3

• 12" High Resolution

Green Monitor I HOWARD Tax Preparer , 1982

81999°"

WORD PROCESSOR SYSTEM

• Apple II plus 48K I • Apple Disc Drive II w/DOS 3.3|

• 12" High Resolution Monitor i* OKIDATA Microline 80 Printerj • Printer cable vii/interface • lUS Orig. Eosywriter

>9<">

ACCESSORIES FOR APPLE

Videx Videoterm - 80 Col - '279" Videx Keyboard

Enhancer II '119"

DCHayesMrcromodemll '298" Microsoft Z-80CP/M Card '289" Microsoft 16K Ram Card .'159" Saturn 32K Ram Card ...'200" VC Expand for Saturn Card '85" Mountain CPS

Multifunction Card '189"

Mountain Clock .'239"

Keyboard Company Numeric Keypad Apple Language Systei

witfi Pascal

Apple Higfi Speed Serial Interface Dan Paymar Lowercase Chip R.H. Superfan II

WORD PROCEI

lUS-ProEasywriter lUS - Pro Easymailer

Orig. Easywrlter

Apple Pie(W/P40Col LJK Letter Perfect .

Supertext II

Superscribe II

Executive Secretary, Magic Window ....

EDUCATIONAL F/APl

Edu-Ware Math/Fractions .'3

Math/Decimais '34'

Arittimelic Skills '43'

Algebra I '34

Compuspeli System '28

Data Disc Lev, 4-5-6-7.8 . ea. '18"

CMA Teactier Pius '44"

CMATeacfier Pius Pack ..'60" PDI New Step-by-step '69"

SOFTWARE FOR APPLE

Fortran 80 ■154"

A.L.D.S W

Basic Compiler '295"

Tasc Compiler '149"

Cobol-80 '595"

Context Connector '145"

MICRO PRO

Wordstar 3.0 '269"

SpeiiStar "ITO"

Mail Merge : .'K

Super Sort-1 "139"

MICROLAB

Data Factory '120"

Invoice Factory '159"

HOWARD SOFTWARE

fiieparetjvlew 1982 . .'120" ajate Artalyzer '129"

SOUTHEASBMROFrWARE

Data Capture 4.0 40 Col. . .*49« Data Capture 4.0 80 Videx. W

SOFTWARE PUIUSHING

PFS 'TT"

PFS Report 'TT*'

PHOENIX SOFTWARE

Zoom Grapfiics '35"

Master Diagnostic

(Formerly Brain Surgeon) .'42"

STONEWARE

DB Master Vers. 3 '179"

Utility Pack I W

Z-Term(GP/IUI) •80"

ASCII Express3.3 *65"

Brodebund Payroll..... .•300"

GAME AND HOBBY

Temple of Asphai '32"

Hellfire Warrior '32" '

Rescue at Rigei '24"

Crush, Crumple & Chomp , '25"

Jabber Talky '24"

or League Baseball ... 26"

Alitiveain '21"

nic '24"

;tacl< '24"

ker '24"

uarks '24"

Drift '24"

rt »24"

•32"

ief •24"

tack ^24"

in II •SO" I

,5 •SO"

.huffle^fioard '24" '

Trick SJioK •32"

Dog Fight >x "24"

OlvmplageeaHiion '24"

■slanlk, "32"

■2100 '32" 924'o •32" •32" •24"

leer Run •30"

Raster Blaster ^24" ,

Space Eggs ^24"

Gorgon •Si"

Cops and Robbers •SO"

Tigers in the Snow '32" '

The Battle ofShiloh '32"

The Shattered Alliance ... '48"

Computer Baseball '32"

Computer Quarterback '32"

Sneakers ^24"

TG Joystick '48"

TG Game Paddles •34"

NEWI LOGO for Apple .. .'149"

BUSINESSMAN'S SPECIAL

• Apple II plus 48K

• Apple Disc Drive II 'w/interfoce DOS 3.3

• 12" High Resolution

Green Monitor

• Visicalc 3v3 Software

52039'"'

IE COMMUNICATOR^ PACKAGE

• Apple II plus 48K • Apple Disc Drive 11 w/confroller DOS 3.3 • DC Hayes Micromodem 11 ' 12 ' Green Monitor Source Telecommunicatioriiy

82255°°

'THE FAMILY SYSTEM" NOW ONLY

^2099"°

NEW! FIBERBUILT CASE FOR APPLE!

^« Fits Apple 8 2 Disc DrivesV

S79B5

Qz. cammodore

J^VTexos Instruments

PERSONAL COMPUTER

VIC 20 W/5K memory, and RF Modulator

PRICE TOO LOW TO PRINT

8K Mennory Expansion 53.95

Phone Modem 1I\I\C by Bizcom 152.95

DATACORDER (f/Cass. Prog.) 69.95

Jupiter Landers (cart.) 24.95

Super Alien (cart.) 24.95

Midnight Driver (cart.) 24.95

Household Finance (cass.) 29.95

Car Cost (cass.) 13.95

Loan Analyzer (cass.) 13.95

Home Inventory (cass.) 13.95

Amok (cass.) 15.95

Alien Blitz(cass.) 21.00

VT106A Recreational Program A. Consists ot: 6 Pack of (Cassettes) (1) Biorythem (2) Car Chase (3) Black Jack (4) Space Game

(5)Malh(6)Slittier 49.95

VT.107 49.95

Tl 99/4A COMPUTER

$32998

W/FREE! RF Modulator

Full line of Hardware, Software & Accessories IN STOCK! CALL FOR LOW PRICES.

m Buy any 4 Tl modules from us ^VEE I S gel the New MUNCHMAN ■ ARCADE gome free from Tl.

OFFER EXPIRES 5/15/82

ATARI 800 W/16K »719'"'

ATARI 400 »329°°

810 Disc Drive «459'»

410PFogrammableRecorder .. .'79"

MOST POPULAR ATARI GAMES IN STOCKI

HEWLETT ^.V^ PACKARD

HP-85A

A Complete Computer System In One Small Package.

Tlie HP85A is a povirerfui BASIC language computer, complete wittt keyboard, CRT display, printer and disc drive ali In one self contained 20 lb. unit. 16K RAM memory, expandable to 32K. Ttie HP-85 has been designed for your needs of today and tomorrow with a wide range of peripherals. General and customized software available.

HP-85A New Low Price

si 98200

PLUS! 2 Free Software Application Packs M90°° Value!

(WHILE SUPPLY LASTS).

HP-125 New Low Price HP 82091M 6y." Disc Drive.... M 650°° HP7225B Graphics Plotter ... .M939°° HP 82905B Serial Prinltir =749°°

We carry the full line of Tl and HP Programmable Calculators.

PRINTERS

OKIDATA 82A 'Graphics, 120 CPS, Bidirectional, Friction and Tractor Feed, 80/132 Columns 499.95

OKIDATA 83A Graphics, 120 CPS, Bidirectional, Friction & Tractor, 136 Columns, Takes 15" Paper 729.95

CENTRONICS 739 Graphics, 100 CPS Monospaced Mode, Right Justification, Friction and Tractor 525.00

XEROX Diablo 630 with word process

ing enhancement 2399.00

Bi.directionalTractor(optionai) .205.00

NEWI C.ITOH F10-40 Daisy Wheel, Letter Quality Printer 1595.00

C.ITOH 8510 Pro Writer, 120 CPS, 136 Columns, Parallel , Bidirectionai, T/F, High Resolution Graphics 519.00

NEC 8023 Pro Writer, 100 CPS, 136 Col. Parallel, Bidirectional, Tractor and Frlc^ tion. High Resolution Graphics . .5t9.00

EPSON

MX-70, MX-80, MX-80FT, MX-100FT IN STOCK! CALL FOR LOW PRICES

MONITORS

SANYO VM-4509 9" B&W 169.95

SANYO DM-8112CX12" Green .., .269.95

SANYO DMC-601313" Color 449.95

NEC JB120112" Green 179.95

NEC JC120112" Color 349.95

CORPORATE ACCOUNTS WELCOME

OPEN SUNDAY

©tW2

(212)260-4410

TOLL FREE OUT-OF-STATE

800-221-7774 800-221-5858 800-223-5661

itoms on sale for limited time only, and are subject to limited availability. Not fesponsibie for ty[)ographicai errors. This ad supersedes all other ads prior to April '82. Prices efiective as of February 28, 1982, and are subject to change without notice. All orders subject to verification and acceptance, tvliniinuin shipping and handling $4.95

67 West 47th Street, New York, N.Y. 10036 115 West 45th Street, New York, N.Y. 10036 MAIL ORDER ADDRESS: 36 E. 19tll St. New York, N.Y. 10003

Circle 1 on Inquiry card.

BYTE AptU 1982 327

FORTH and Puncfuation

FORTH uses punctuation in some of its words, which makes representing them in text a difficult problem. For example, one FORTH word is ("), which could he taken to mean one of several character combinations. (For your information, the word has three characters and is made from a left parenthesis followed by a double quote mark and a right parenthesis.)

To decrease the chance of confusion while trying not to clutter text unnecessarily, we will sparingly use braces, { }, to isolate the character string within as a FORTH word or phrase. (For example, the above word would be written { (") } .) Braces will be used only under the following situations:

• When the material being quoted is a phrase of FORTH words (e.g., { 26 LOAD }or{ 3 5 -\- } ) mwith the FORTH words { . ] (period), { , } (comma), { : } (colon), { ; ] (semicolon), { ? } (question mark), { ! } (exclamation point), { ' } (single quote mark), and { " } (double quote mark) •with any word using the above punctuation marks (e.g., { $. }or{ ." }).

All other FORTH words will be set apart by a space on either side of the word; braces will always signal a FORTH word or phrase. The braces are not part of the word or phrase, and FORTH words will never use braces within the body of a figure or listing. . . . GW

FORTHDOS on Floppy Disk

The author has agreed to make listings 1 and 2 available for a fee of $8 plus a floppy disk and a self-addressed return envelope. Due to the author's Canadian address and the expense of cashing foreign checks, tlie $8 must be paid with an international money order. Also, do not put postage on the return envelope; Canadian postage is included in the $8 fee.

imize use of contiguous blocks of disk space for sequential and (particularly) random access, many DOS implementations utilize complex memory allocation techniques. FORTHDOS, however, uses multiple-file bit maps, a single DOS bit map, and a common I/O (input/output) buffer to avoid these complications without sacrificing speed or ease of use for small systems. Before describing how this is done for sequential- and random-access files, we must first look at file device control blocks.

File Device Control Blocks

It is common DOS design practice to build OPEN and CLOSE primitives (e.g., OPEN and CLOSE commands in BASIC). The OPEN primitive creates a device control block (DCB) area in memory; this contains information on the file (its size, bit map, etc.) for use by the DOS until the CLOSE primitive writes the information back to the system area of the disk. In addition, OPEN creates a buffer area of RAM (random-access memory) within the DCB into which data is swapped back and forth from the fUe to other (user) areas of memory. This last point means that as the number of open files increases (as might be the case in a complex program), the amount of memory used by the file DCBs grows very rapidly. This is why many DOS systems limit the number of files which may be open at any given time. This manifests itself as the OUT OF FILE SPACE messages you get while executing a favorite program.

Suppose we use a different method. Suppose that instead of using a DCB area for each file containing file statistics plus buffer space, we use a common small buffer area for all files and keep all file bit maps in memory at one time (they're only 11 bytes long). This allows you to have as many files open at one time as you wish without using up more than 11 bytes per open file (for 35-track disks). Figure 4 illustrates this.

In other words, FORTHDOS uses two buffer areas. The first contains the file bit maps for all files in the system as well as their names and the

DOS bit map. I've made this area 1024 bytes long, but it may be any length desired or even swapped in and out of memory as wished, with only current files kept in the buffer. The second buffer area is the one used for file I/O (which I have also made 1024 bytes long). Again, this may be of any length the user wishes.

Since FORTH is a virtual system using a 1024-byte buffer (i.e., FORTH blocks can be seen as virtual memory that is swapped into memory when needed), I have set up the DOS to use this same buffer for all file I/O. Therefore, the total cost to the system for implementing FORTHDOS without a DCB structure is only 1024 bytes of buffer space regardless of the number of open files per disk buffer.

Armed with the conceptual tools of bit maps and DCB usage, let's examine the way in which sequentialand random-access files are accessed through FORTHDOS.

Bit Maps for Sequential and Random Access

Notice in figure 5 that five files are in use (open) and that the record number that would be returned by the next use of DNXT is 53. Suppose we wish, to add data to the next record available in the file, labeled ORANGE in figure 5. Assume that ORANGE is a sequential-access file. By using the DOS primitive WRITE , we would add our data from the buffer to ORANGE at record 53. WRITE would work as follows:

1. Call DNXT to calculate where the next free record is on disk (scan DOS bit map). Return with 53.

2. Set bit 53 in the DOS bit map to a 1 (i.e., in use).

3. Set bit 53 in ORANGE bit map to a 1.

4. Write any previous data from BUFF (the FORTHDOS I/O area in memory) if necessary.

5. Write the data from BUFF to record 53.

Note the following points: the file bit map, ORANGE bit map, is filled according to the next available free record in the DOS bit map, not from

32S April 1982 © BYTE PubUcatloiu Inc

If it flies on aerospace software, Kearfott—and you... may well help create it.

As a company engaged in dozens of major projects that depend on software advances in flight, orbiting, command, communications or controls, we can offer you the opportunity to work in a DP complex that's as sophisticated as the ring laser gyroscope system we're developing for the Tomahawk-2 MRASM Cruise Missile. Or as advanced as our JTIDS communications terminal.

In engineering and scientific programming, your realtime software designs w operate airborne computers and support everything from aircraft navigation systems to inertial measurement units on the Space Shuttle... guidance controls for the Trident missile... ASW ...scanning beam landing systems...and much, much more. Have a background in simulation, linear systems, firmware for SW validation. Kalman filtering or FORTRAN? Then find out about our firmware projects.

In MIS—the expanding sphere that helps give Kearfott's rarefied environment a very

solid basis—you'll run the gamut. Accounting, Finance. Payroll. Inventory and manufacturing controls. All involve COBOL programming, CICS, MVS, IMS, and data base design and telecommunications.

At our Data Center, you'll be joining an

elite software systems group that maintains IBM and Amdahl mainframe computers with supporting software that includes MVS/SE-2, SE/A, JES 2, IMS DB/DC, CICS, TSO, WYLBUR, ACF/VTAM, ACF/NCP. SAS, information systems. And more.

So whatever your software specialty may be, there's a career path for you at Kearfott. You'll need at least 3 years experience in a large-scale IBM environment or HP 2100 MUX. If you're looking to accelerate your career, please send your resume to: Carol Batte, Singer Company, Kearfott Division, 1150 McBride Avenue, Little Falls, NJ 07424.

Kearfott

a division of The SIN C E R Company

An equal opportunity employer, m/f. who creates opportunities.

circle 371 on Inquiry card.

BYTE ^ifl 1982 329

BtSsale

i6K...$i4g.g5

32K...$ 199.95 48K... $249.95 64K... $299.95

New JAWS-IB

The Ultrabyte Memory Board

Due to the tremendous success of our JAWS I, we were able to make a special purchase of firat-quality components at below-cost prices for JAWS-IB. And we are sharing our cost saving with you. But don't be surprised if the next time you see this ad the prices have gone up substantially. Better yet, order now, and get the best memory on the market at the best price on the market ONE CHIP DOES IT ALL

|aws-IB is the Rolls-Royce of all the SlOO dynamic boards. Its heart is Inters single chip 64K dynamic RAM controller. Eliminates high-cunent logic parts ., delay lines... massive heat sinks... unreliable trick circuits. JAWS-IB solves all these problems. LOOK WHAT JAWS-IB OFFERS YOU Hidden refresh ... fast performance ... low power consumption ... latched data outputs ... 200 NS 4116 RAM's ... on-board crystal... RAM Jumper selectable on 8K boundaries ... fully socketed ... solder mask on both sides of board... phantom line .. . designed for 8080, 8085, and Z80 bus signals ... works in Explorer, Sol, Horizon, as well as all other well-designed SlOO computers.

lO-DAV MONEV-BilCK THAI: Tnf a fully Mml and Misled board for lOdays—inen eltlief keep It. return it lor Idl.orslinplyreiiini II In HDrUng

Coniinenlal U.S.A. Credit Card Buyers Outside Connecticut: TO ORDER CALL TOLL FREE 800-243-7428

Prom Connecticut Or For Assistance: (203) 354-9375

Please send the items ciheched below: JAWS-IB kit:

016K $149.95*

□ 32K $199.95*

□ 48K $249.95*

□ 64K $299.95*

JAWS-IB Fully Assembled, Wired & Tested:

□ 16K $179.95*

□ 32K $239.95*

□ 48K $299.95*

□ 64K $359.95*

□ EXPANSION KIT, IBK RAM Module, to expand JAWS-IB in 16K blocks up to 64K. $59.95

All pririK plii.s $2 pmUize and insurance ($4.00 Canada). Conrutcliciil r(!si(i(!it(s (iddsalfis (ax.

Total enclosed: $

P Pemmal Check O Money Otrder or Cashier's Check InVlSA □MasterCard (Bank No. )

.Exp. Date.

Signature . Pinit

Name

Address.

City

Slate

-Zip .

1^ NETRONICS R&D Ltd.

IKII 333 Ulcnneld Road, New Milford, CT 067781

F/l£ NAME

ORANGE

PEAR

APPLE

BANANA

TREf

(3 RECORDS) (5 RECORDS) (5 RECORDS ) (25 RECORDS) (14 RECORDS)

RECORDS USED IN BIT MAP

2, 10, 14,

I. 3, 4, 5. 6 7, 8, 9. 11. 12

13.17, 18 —► 40, 41

II, 15. 16. 19. 42—►SI, 52

A CAUL TO /VfJfT WOULD RETURN RECORD 53 (i.e., LAST RECORD USED WAS 52 IN FILE Wff). AFTER A SEQUENTIAL WRITE TO FILE ORANGE, ITS BIT MAP WOULD CONTAIN:

ORANGE (4 RECORDS )

2, 10. 14, 53

Figure 5: Adding records to a sequential-access file.

RELATIVE RECORDS 1

RECORD NUMBERS IN THE BIT MAP FOR FILE PEAR

45 72 67 68 84

RECORD 84 IS CURRENT RECORD

RECORD 34

-SEQUENTIAL READ

■ RECORD 84

Figure 6: Random-access record retrieval. To sequentially read record 72, you would have to start at record 34 and go forward. A random read of record 72 would be done by calling BREAD to relative record 3, then doing a direct head move to that record.

the ORANGE bit map. No other files are affected, regardless of how many are in use. Step 4 above is carried out only if the DOS has not previously taken care of writing the FORTHDOS I/O buffer through prior processing.

Reading such a sequential file is extremely simple. If we look again at figure 5, we see that the ORANGE bit map shows the file ORANGE to consist of records 2,10, and 14. The DOS primitive READ scans the ORANGE bit map from high- to low-order bits, moving the next record whose corresponding bit is 1 to the I/O buffer BUFF.

Since the ORANGE bit map contains Is in positions occupied by corresponding record numbers used by the sequential file ORANGE and Os elsewhere, it is unnecessary to mark the file on disk with an EOF (end-offile) marker. It's easier and just as efficient to total the number of ones in ORANGE bit map and have the DOS read only that number of records from the file. Because only 11 bytes are involved, this can be done very rapidly. The only data that gets written to a file is user data without the need for EOR or other such markers. Random access is handled in a slightly different manner.

Random Access

In figure 6, the bit map for PEAR shows that records 34, 45, 72, 67, 68, and 84 are in use. If this were a sequential-access file and we wanted to read record 72, it would be necessary to go to the beginning of the file and scan through until record 72 was found.

By designating the file as random access, however, you can go immediately to record 72. Do so by entering a call to the FORTHDOS primitive RREAD (random-access read) with a relative pointer 3. This tells the DOS to scan PEAR bit map for the third 1 (i.e., the "in-use" bit) encountered. The record number corresponding to this bit will then be read by the same primitive used to read a disk record for a sequential file. Tlie only difference between random and sequential access in FORTHDOS is that the former scans a file bit map prior to an access to locate the absolute record number desired, while the latter must access the DNXT available record.

Scanning is performed (in this example) over 11 bytes only—clearly much faster than forcing the DOS to sequentially read through as many as 86 blocks (an entire disk) before arriving at the desired record. This

330 April 1982© BYTE FubBcaHonsInc

IFOR ONLY$129.95 Learn Computing 1 :From The Ground Up

1

: Build a Computer kit lliat grows : with you, and can expand to 64k : RAM, Microsoft BASIC, Text Edi: tor/Assembler, Word Processor, ; Floppy Disks and more.

j EXPLORER/85

■ Here'Rlhelowcoslwaytoleanithefundainentaliofcon]

* puling, ihe all-important baaics you'll need more and " more as you advance in computer skills. For jual S129.B5 g you get (he advanced-design Explorer/B5 motherboard, a wilh all ihe features you need lo learn how to write and

■ use prof{rams And it can f;rT>w inlu a system thai is a

■ match for any pt-reonal computer on the maritet. Look al

■ these reaturt;s HOHf, CcnirnI Prrincssinji Unll. the

■ microprocessor heart of the Explurer/85. (loin Ihe ! millions who will buv and u^e the 1)060/8065 this vear g alone!)...Four H hiipfrisnnn(i-hii iniMji/outputporlsIrom B which you can mpm and output your programs, as welt as

■ control exterior switches, nitays, lights, etc. . a cassette

■ interface lhal lets yiiu store and reload programs you've

■ learned lo write , . dvluxe 2.000 nyte operuling

* syslem/monflor makes it easy to learn computing in ^ several important ways. • It allows simpler, faster wrilp ing and entering of programs • It permits access by you

■ to all pads of thr system so yuu can check on Ihe status uf

■ any point in ihc program • It allows tracinj^ each pro

■ gram step hy sttip. with provision for displaying all the

■ coments of the CPU IrcRisit-r. fliiffs He ) • and il

■ does much more'

P You gel all ihis in Ihe starling level (Level A] of the B Explorer/as for only S12a9S. Incradiblel lb use. iual a plug in your 6VDG power lupply and liBmlnal or

■ keySoard/display — if you don'l nave them, see our

■ special offera oelow

' □ Level A computer kit (Terminal Version) ... S12B.flS ' pIus$3P&l.*

Z a Level A kil (Hex Keypad/Display VRrsion). . lI2S.fl8

■ plusS3P&l.*

■ LEVELS—This "building block' converts the mother' board into a two-slot SlOO bus (industry standard) com

1 puter. Now you can plug in any of Ihe hundreds ofSlon

■ cardi available.

■ □ Uvel B kil.. .S49.9S plus $2 P&l.*

■ O Siao bus connectors (two required)

■ postpaid

2 LEVEL C — Add still mor<f

■ computing power ihis "build

■ mg block'* mounts directly on

* the motherboard and expands " the 5100 bus to SIX slots. Z □ Level C kit .S3e.9S ptu5S2l

1 PftL' <

■ □ SlOO bus conneclors (five

■ required) ... 14.05 each,

■ poslpaid.

■ LEVEL D— When you reach Iht^piimt in learnmglhal n'

■ quires more memory, wp r,[fi r n^u choices ciihiT add-Ik

■ of a memory directly on ihti niuthivlmart!. or add Uik lo

■ B4kof memory by means uf ,i sinyle SltKli^ml. our famous

■ lAWS

• l>;vdnkit.((;Hf-;t;KONE). n ^k.)n l^oara «9.9S

2 plus sz v&r. a lek siiw "jAws'. $149.95 plus $2

■ PMVD 32kSlQO '|AWS " $199.95plusS2 P»1*:D

■ SlOO ' lAWS " 1249.95 plus $2 PAI*. D 64k SlOO

■ "jAWS ■ S29B.gS plus S2 P&l*

_ LEVEL E — An important "building block." it activates H theflkROM/EPROMspai pon the molherboard. Now just

■ plug in ouj Bk Miiirosiift BASIC or your own CilStOm

■ programs

■ □ Level E kil $5.95 plus 5DC P&I.*

J,Micro!H)fi BASI^; — li s the language thai allows you lo ^ lalk English to yiiur computer! It is available three ways: B □ Bk cassette version of MicroBOf) BASIC: (reyuires Level B B and 12k of RAM minimum: we suggest a 16k SlflO

■ JAWS" — see above)... fUM poslpntd.

■ u Bk ROM veniohof Microsoft BASlQ(require3 Level B

■ & tfvel Eand4k RAM: just plug into your Level E sockets ' Ufe suggest either Ihe 4k Level DRAM expansion or a Kik

■ SIX-TAWS,"). . seaas plus S2 pai.'

p □ Disk venion of Microsoft BASIC: (requires Level B. a 32k of RAM. floppy disk controller. R" floppy disk drivd)

. M.SS each.

B tBXr EpnOR/ASSEMBLER — The editor/assembler

■ ba scAwirelool (a program] designed to simplify Ihe task

■ of writing pragratns. As your programs become longer ' and more complex, the asstAnoler can save you many ' hours of programming time. This software includes an 2 editor program that enters the programs yuu write. mak(<s g changes.«idsaveslheprogramsuncasseties Theassem

■ bier performs ihe clerical task of translating symbolic m code inio the computer readable obi<K:t code. The editor/

■ assembler program is availahlf either in cassette or a

• ROM version

■ n Editor/Assembler (CassGlic vprsiim: requiref Level J "B" andflk (min.) of RAM — we suggest 16k "jAWS" — p see above).. SBftas plus S2 PAL*

■ □ Ediior/AssemUar (ROM venkm. supplied on an SlOO

■ card: requires Level Band4k RAM (mm.I — wesugsest > either Level D or 1M "|AWS"| $BB.95 plus $2 PftP

2 8" FLOPPY DISK — A mmark.ibl.' building block " m Add our (I fiiijipy disk whrn ynu nerd f;ister operation.

■ mure convfiiicni prfjgr.im stur.iKi:. |HT)i.ips a business ap

• plicatiiin, ,tnd ,ii:i,i'ss ti) the litor^illy ihnusands of programs ' and priiMnim LinKun^t's iivailaliii' lotlay You simply plug

■ Ihem into ycur Kxplii«'r/fi.S disk .sv-item — it aca;pts all J IBM-forjn.if.il(;p/\+^n>firams

g □ 8" Floppv Disk Drive .. $499.99 plus SlZ P&l'

■ □ Floppy Controller Card... S199.9S plus S2 P&l.*

■ □ Disk Drive Cabinet & Power Supply $6^95 plus

■ S3 P&I'

■ □ Drive Cables (set up for two drives) ... $25.00 plus

■ 50 PAL*

2 □ CP/M 2.2 Disk Operating System: includes Texl B Editor/Assembler, dyiiamic debugger, and other features B lhal give your Exp]orer/B5 acct^s to thousands of existing

■ CP/M-based programs Slfii) 1X1 poHlp.iid

J NEED A POWER SUPPLV Cnnsidi-r uur AP-1. Il can g supply all the [wwer you nci'd for j fully expanded Ex

■ n|orer/H5 (note, diskdrivi's have Ihi-irown pow(?r.supplv)

■ I'/us the AP-1 fits neatly mlo the iiltrnctive Explorer stw-!

• cabinet |si% below).

■ □ AP I Power Supply kil (8V 0 5 " cabinet .. 130.08 plus S2 PAI.*

• NEED A TERMINAL? We

■ offer you choices: Ihe least ex

• pensive one is our Hex ''Keypad/Display kil lhal disp plays Ihe information on a B calculator-type screen. The a other choice is our ASCII

■ Keyboard/Computer Terminal

■ kit. that can be used wilh either

•i f'liig in lj:v

— rvnts Microsoft HA.S'lf," n

I Plug in Ni^lrornc s lU-x tjiitnrlAssi-mhlv.r in HOSi

KcypdiilUisphiy 5 Add livo-SlOOhoords

2. Add Level B In innvorI In B. Add ynu own cwilom cii SlOO ailts (prnintyping tirratj

3. Add 4k RAM 7- fJinnecl (ermimil

a CRT monitor or a TV set (if you havi □ Hex Keypad/Display kit $6J

M TERMINAL KIT feaU:nnQ n d6 k^y J. >2B ctia'acter set upper and lowei case.

ca 150 to19.200|switch select utpul. 32 or 64 character by 16

O FASTERM

ASCII Kt'vboa 75 ohm output, 8 hnuC n able). RS2:)2/C oi 20 MA line lormais, complete wi Deluxe Sleet Cabinet and

Power Supply $199.95

plus SSPftL*

□ RF Modulator kit (allows you to use your TV set i monitor]... SB.95 poslpaid.

□ 12" Video Monitor (lOMHz t.,in(1wiilihl SI39.95

SlusSSPAl.* I DeluxeSleel Cabinet fonhe Ex^larer/85 ... M9.SS plu

□ F^n for cabinet... sis.oo I plu3$l.»)P&L*

ORDER A SPECIAL-PRICE EXPLORER/85 PAK—THERE'S ONE FOR EVERY NEED.

□ Be^ei Pak (Save $26 00) — You gel Level A (Terminal Version) wilh Monitor Source Listing (S25 value) AP-1 5-amp power supply. Intel fi085 Users Manual IRnS. $199.95) SPKCIALS1B9.35 plus 54 P&l *

□ EipcrimcDiei Pak (Save S53 40) — You get Level A {Hex Keypad/Display Version) wilh Hex Keypad/ Display. Intel 8085 User Manual. L*!vel A Hex Monitor Source Listing, and AP-1,5-amp pciwer supply ... (Reg. SZ79.95) SPECIAL $219.95 plus Sfi Pa! '

- Special Microtoh BASIC Pik (S.i\t S103 00)—You get l.i-vf!ls A ('IVrmin.i! Version], li, D (4k RAM). E, flk Microsoft in ROM. Inlel SOBS tisiir Manual. Level A Munitor Source Listing, and AP I 5-amp. power supply , (Reg. $439.70) SPECIAL$32939 pluB$7 P&L*

□ Add a Rom-Veision Tm Edicor/Assembler (Requires levels Band O or SIDO Memory). . 199.95 plus $2 P&I*.

Stsrter 8'" Disk Sjntm - Includes b'vel A. B floopy disk i^mlroller. one CDC 8" disk-dnve. Iwo-drivc ciibli- two SlOO connectors: jusi add your nwn powt^r supplies cabinets and hardware . . □ (Reg $1065.00) SPECIAL S0e9»plUB$13 Pftl*.. .□ 32k Starter System. $1045.95

?luB S13 P&I.* □ 48k Starter System. $1095.95 plus $13 »1.' n 64k Starter System. $1145.95 plus $13 P&I,'

□ Add lo any of above Explorer steel cabinet. AP-1 five amp. power supply. Li^vel C with two SlOO connectors, disk drive i-ihinet .ind power supply, two sub-D connectors for (ainni^ciinK your printer anil terminal (Reg S225.951SPF.CIAL$199,95 plus Si:t I'M '

□ Compleic MK Syiiem Wir.-d \ Tesled S1650.00 plus S26 P&l *

□ Speciall Complete Qusine.ss Software Pak (Save $625.00) — Includes CP/M 2.2 Microsoft BASIC, General Let^. Afxnunls Rectivable. Acoounis Payable. Payroll Package . (Reg. $1325) SPEaAl. $B99.9S poslpaid.

•Phl MNrulv f.ir

Continental Credit Card Buyers Outside Connecticut:

TO ORDER

Call Toll Free: 800443-7428

To Older Froin Connecticut, ot For Technical Assistance, CaU (203) 354-9375

(Clip mill nl^ll^7ll(l-■i»f)"J^'

SEND ME THE ITEMS CHKCKEU ABOVE

Tola) Enclosed (Conn. Residunts ,(dd salirs lax(: S

Paid by:

□ Peraonal Check □ Cashier's Check/Money Order D VISA □ MASTERCARD IDimli No

- Exp Dale

a^|NETRONICS Research& Development Ltd

ANNOUNCING TWO NEW TERMINALS

Smart* Fast • Graphics • Matching Modem and $295 Printer

Netronics announces a slate al ihe art breakthrough In terminals. Now at prices you can afford, you can go on-line with data-bank and computer phone-line sarvicea. It's all yours, "electronic newspapers," educational services. Dow-Jones stock reports, oames, recipes, personal computing with any level language, program exchanges, electronic bulletin boards . .. and more every day!!!

Neironics oilers two new terminals, both leature a full 56 key/12B character typewriterstyle keyboard, baud rates to 19.2 kilobaud, a rugged steel cabinet and power supply. The simplest one, FASTERM-64, is a 16 line by 64 or 32 character per line unit, with a serial printer port tor making hard copy ot all incoming data, and optional provisions (or block and special character graphics. The smart ' version. SMARTERM-80. features either 24 line by 80 characters per line or 16 by 40 characters per line, ft oilers on-screen editing with page-at-atime printing. 12,000 pixel graphics, line qraphlcs, absolute cursor addressing, underlining, reverse video, one-half intensity and mucn more... simply plug them into your computer or our phone modem and be on-line Instantly. Use your TV set (RF modulator required) or our delux green-phosphor monitor pictured above. For hard copy just add our matched printer.

Price breakthrough!!! Own the FASTERM-64, a complete terminal kit. ready to plug in for just $199.95 or order the SMARTERM-80 kit for Just $299.95, {troth available wired and tested.) Be on-line with the milMon-dollar computers and data services today ... we even supply the necessary subscription forms.

More good news: AM the components in our terminals are available separately (see coupon), so you buy only what you need!!!

FASTERM-64 ... DISPLAY FORMAT: 64 or 32 characters/line by 16 lines ... 96 dtsplayable ASCII characters (upper & lower case) ... 8 baud rates: 150, 300, 600, 1200, 2400, 4800 9600, 19, 200, (switcti sel.) . . . LINE OUTPUT: RS232/C or 20 ma current loop . . . VIDEO OUTPUT: IV PIP (EIA RS-170) . . . CURSOR MODES: home & clear screen, erase to end of tine, erase cursor line, cursor up & down, auto carriage return/line feed at end of line & auto scrolling , . REVERSE VIDEO ... BLINKING CURSOR ... PARITY: off. even or odd ... STOP BITS: 1. 1.5. 2 ... DATA BITS PER CHARACTER: 5, 8, 7 or 8 ... CHARACTER OUTPUT: 5 by 7 dot matrix in a 7 by 12 cell... PRINTER OUTPUT: prints all Incoming data... IK ON BOARD RAM ... 2K ON BOARD ROM . . . CRYSTAL CONTROLLED ... COMPLETE WITH POWER SUPPLY ... OPTIONAL GRAPHICS MODE: Includes 34 Greek & math characters plus 30 special graphics characters . . . ASCII ENCODED KEYBOARD. 56 key/128 characters.

SMARTERM-80 . . . DISPLAY FORMAT: 80 characlers by 24 lines or 40 characters by 16 lines 128 displayable ASCII characters (upper & lower case)8 baud rates: 110, 300, 600. 1200, 2400. 4800, 9600. 19, 200 . . . LINE OUTpUT: RS232/C or 20 ma current loop .. . VIDEO OUTPUT: IV pp (EIA RS-170) . . EDITING FEATURES: insert/delete line, insert/delete character, forward/back tab . . . LINE OR PAGE TRANSMIT . . . PAGE PRINT FUNCTION . . . CURSOR POSITIONING: up, down, right, left, plus absolute cursor positioning with read back ... VISUAL ATTRIBUTES: underline, blink, reverse video, hall intensity. & blank ... GRAPHICS: 12.000 pixel resolution block plus line graphics . . . ON-SCREEN PARITY INDICATOR ... PARITY: oil. even or odd ,,. STOP BITS: 110 baud 2, all others 1 ... CHAR. OUTPUT: 7 by 11 character in a 9 by 12 block ... PRINTER OUTPUT ... 6Q OR 50 Hz VERTICAL REFRESH ... BLINKING BLOCK CURSOR ... CRYSTAL CONTROLLED ... 2K ON BOARD RAM ... ASCII ENCODED KEYBOARD: 56 keyn28 character... 4K ON BOARD ROM ... COMPLETE WITH POWER SUPPLY.

TELEPHONE MODEM 103 O/A ... FULL DUPLEX, FCC APPROVED ... DATA RATE: 300 baud ... INTERFACE: RS232/C and TTY ... CONTROLS: talk/data switch (no need to connect and disconnect phone), originate/answer switch on rear panel ... NO POWER SUPPLY REQUIRED.

ASCII KEYBOARD ASCII-3 ... 56 KEY/128 CHARACTER ASCII ENCODED . . . UPPER &. LOWER CASE . , . FULLY DEBOUNGED , 2 KEY ROLLOVER . . . POS OR NEG LOGIC WITH PCS STROBE . REQUIRES -I-5 & -12V DC (SUPPLIED FROM VIDEO BOARDS) PRINTER COMET I... SERIAL I/O TO 9600 BAUD ... 60 CHARACTER COLUMN (132 COMPRESSED)... 10*' TRACTOR FEED ^ ... UPPER/LOWER CASE ... INDUSTRY STANDARD RIBBONS ... 4 CHARACTER SIZES ... 9 BY 7 DOT MATRIX ... BI-DIRECTIONAL PRINTING

Continental U.S.A. Credit Card Buyers Outside Connecticut

CALL TOLL FREE 800-243-7428

To Order From Connecticut Or For Tecli. Assist. Call (203) 3S4-937S

NETRONICS R&D LTD. D.pt.

333 Litchfield Road, New Mlllord. CT 06776

Please send the Items checked below:

D COMPLETE FASTERM.64 TERMINAL (Includes FASTVID.64 video board ASCII-3 keyboard, steal cabinet and power supply)... kit $199.95 plus $3 P&l ... wired & tested $249.95 plus $3 P&l... graphics option: add $19.95 to eacli of above

□ COMPLETE SMARTERM-SO TERMINAL (includes SMARTVID-80 video board, ASCII-3 keyboard, steel cabinet and power supply)... kit $299.95 plus $3 P&l... wired and tested $369.95 pigs $3 P&l

□ FASTViD-64 VIDEO BOARD (requires -f 5 & -12V DC)... kit $99.95 plus $3 P&l... graphics option add $19.95 ... wired & tested $129.95 plus $3 P&l... graphics option add $19.95

□ SMARTVID-80 VIDEO BOARD (requires -f 5 & -I-/-12V DC)... kit $199.95 plus $3 P&l... wired & tested $249.95 plus $3 P&l

□ DELUXE STEEL TERMINAL CABINET ... $19.95 plus $3 P&l

□ ASCII-3 KEYBOARD (requires -(-5& -12VDC)... kit $69.95 plus $3 P&l... wired and tested $89.95 plus $3 P&l

□ POWER SUPPLY (powers ASCIi-3 keyboard & video boards)... kit only $19.95 plus $2 P&l

□ ZENITH VIDEO MONITOR (high resolution green phosphor)... wired & tested $149.95 plus $6 P&l

n TELEPHONE MODEM MODEL 103 O/A... wired & tested $189.95 plus $3

P&i

□ DOT MATRIX PRINTER Connet I... wired & tested $299.95 plus $10 P&i

□ RF MODULATOR MOD RF-1 ... kit only $8.95 plus $1 P&l

□ 3FT-25 LEAD MODEM/TERMINAL OR PRINTER/TERMINAL CONNECTOR

CABLE ... $14.95 ea plus $2 P&l

For Canadian orders, doubie the postage . Conn. res. add sales tax.

Total Enclosed $

□ Personal Check □ Cashier's Check/Money Order

□ VISA □ MasterCard (Bank No )

Acct. No . Exp. Date

Signature ,

Print Name

Address

City

State

Zip

BYTE April 1982 331

Circle 143 on Inquiry card.

What's Better

Ttian Basic?

Delphic Systems has merged its Z80 BASIC with FairCom's . MICRO B + ™ to produd'* BASIC B + ™, the first all purpose interpreter featuring a B-TREE file structure implemented using NEW commands. No more messy CALLs or difficult assembly language interfacing! Instead, use the following BASIC B+^'*'functions to manage an index without ever reorganizing the file:

BOPEN BCLOSE NEWS KILLS: FINDS QETB NEXB PREVB STATS

In addition, BASIC B-f ™ was written using Z80 code in order to minimize size and enhance speed performance.

Features & Requirements

• Search a 10,000 entry index In one second

• No index reorganization needed

• Uses fast and compact Z80 code

• CP/M-" Versions 1,4 or 2.2 3* 12 Digit precision

• Program Chaining

• Read only file protection artdom flies

TM

BRSIC B+

with documentation

$325.00 Delphic Systems

2260 Compton Avenue St. Louis, MO 63104 314/773-6753 Coming Next INVENTORY B-I-TM VISA MasterCard MICRO B+TM is a Trademark of FaifCora

RELATIVE RECORDS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8«»»

TO BE ACCESSED: |72|

FILE PEAH IP 4^ [721 67 68 84 ii 87 • • •!

RECORD NUMBERS CI — L^l—— '

Figure 7: Interchangeable random/sequential accessing. To change from a sequentialto a random-access read, FORTHDOS would save the value of the current record number being read (84) in the variables TMP and NBLK. FORTHDOS would then call RREAD to read relative record 3 and change the value of NBLK to 72. Then NBLK would be restored to the value of TMP (84), and the sequential read would continue.

SYSTEM RAM GETS SWAPPED AS DIFFERENT DRIVES ARE USED.

• RAM ■

DOS BIT MAP (22) NAMEl FILEl BIT MAP (111

NAME2 FILE2 BIT MAP (11)

DOS BIT MAP MAY BE REPEATED ON EACH DRIVE OR RESIDE ON ONLY THE SYSTEM DRiy£.

DOS BIT MAP = 2 X 11 = 22 BYTES

-DRIVElDOS BIT MAP (22) NAME3 FILE3 BIT MAP (11)

NAME4 FILE4 BIT MAP (11)

DRIVE2 :

DOS BIT MAP (22) NAME6 FILE6 BIT MAP (11)

NAME? FILE7 BIT MAP(ll)

Figure 8: Swapping disk directories. As each disk is accessed, the disk directory is read from the disk and placed into RAM.

scheme works quite well and even has a side benefit that adds extra versatility to the DOS; a given file can be sequentially or randomly accessed at any time!

To further clarify this scheme, suppose you are accessing the file PEAR through the FORTHDOS primitives DNXT and READ (sequential read) at record 84. As figure 7 shows, no indicators are present in PEAR bit map to tell us that the file is sequential; only the variable NBLK is associated with current file activity. This variable stores the current record number being accessed from the current file. In figure 7, NBLK contains an 84 (i.e., record 84 is being accessed). If the file is accessed again (refer to figure 7) but this time by the DOS primitive RREAD to access record 72, the DOS will set NBLK to 72 and retrieve that record. Also, if the value of NBLK (72) had been saved prior to invoking RREAD , you can restore this value at any time and continue with sequential access by using the sequential READ again.

As you can see, any FORTHDOS file may alternate between sequentialand random-access read without destroying the integrity of the bit

332 April 1982 © BYTE PiiUicatioro Inc

map! This may also be done with write access, but more variables are

involved. Consult listing 1 for the names of these variables.

FORTHDOS

Having discussed the basics of the DOS structure, we can now look at the actual implementation in more detail. Table 2 (on page 348) gives an abbreviated listing of the table 1 commands. All are available in FORTHDOS, with special provisions in the DOS for bypassing terminal interaction when you wish to issue the commands under program control. Some of the functions of the commands change and require parameter passing when accessed through a user's program. Let's briefly step through a few of these commands.

Loading a Directory

Enter the MOUNT command whenever a new disk is inserted into a drive, and enter REMOVE when the disk is taken out. The former reads the file names and bit maps into the DOS memory (1024 bytes, as mentioned earlier). The latter writes this FORTHDOS RAM area back to disk. Figure 4 gives a simplified version of Text continued on page 348 Circle 384 on Inquiry card.

THE LAST MEMORY™

OFFERS MORE FOR LESS

THE LAST MEMORY''''r static RAM/EPROM boarci, sets the irtdfjstfy stsndafd inoQ&t and performance^ That's why it's the choice of system integrators, research iaboratones, srnali bustnesses, large oorporattons, untvers^tfes, and hobbyists from Dayton to Tasmansa

Now, how could we make the standard tn S100 memory boards better'? ftY tOWERtNG THE PRICE!!

Board Without RAM

16K

64 K

M «ti»ac$ ^i^uiett vim i 5<)»s Pfiia Ait fAfE&s jr<^ P 0 & Pf^^i^ft ti.

KIT

..mm. 99 00

j^ii^ i9y,uo

»18.9&.. 45"^* 00

ASSEMBLED & TESTED

■ .&mm 239,00

static memory systems mc.

15 So, Van Burer> Ave. Suite 209

Freeport, Illinois 61032 (815) 235-8713

MastwCord

VISA'

■5 TS

^ in

» 01 i

c

S _

^ "3 tu O

2! ^

u cu o

(M r*

■ft s

>) -S ^

Vi *^ in

u .a

O .a C

:3

o -a

S < .S

> lU

-< e

C (9

O C

Ul

•U 13

I 111 'H I .H

I Xi

. T >

I

I *> U

in L

; -> IS

u m

E II <C

z

o

HI

<£ u •■

U LU

II > 111 <r

« E W

u a -I IJJ u. —

Z th

U. (? z U £0

" + « Z

u rj li. I I—

+ ra

111

0

4J in

IE

u

Z

+J Q

•H <r

u.

X Q

01

o z

M U

111

U 1-1

6

ra

C 03

O. 1 o

■3 O

^ 0.

0 3 O

0

Jew

» _i

LlJ I

Z

o

LU >

Ul

_l

LU H Z Ul

■>

r

O

_1

E

_1

3

>i

a:

111

U

L

Ul

□

H

+

0)

Z

!?

M

u

Ul

Z

HI

Z

Ul

L

u

•rt

CD

Ul -0

<I

t!

1

E

Cu

cn

II <E Ul

A in

01

" z

z Ln

C

X

O U- -J

Ul

+

+J

LU +

UJ

O E

z

<I

z

a

> m

Ls

UJ

Z

+j

Q N

I

■3

h

Z Ul

-0

01

Ul

_l

E

V m a

z

Q- >~*

It

_i

□ U.

a

c

UT a: tn

a

a

I u

01

Ul cc

Q

_i»

1

r-j Ul Q

■rt

-1 <i

o

H

a. M Q

3 u.

M

U

3

ii Ul

i-i

0

01

a » in

o

c

O J

Q

_| = UI

_l

Hi

E U.

■n z M

c: 3

D.

» o

z

Ul

I

H

Ul

u <[ a. tn

Ul

T)

E

Ul

<C

E

+

z

III

UJ

C

o

J

N

in H

III

E U.

•-I

^Ul

■H

i: :

4

« >

^ Ul

01

■J) E

4- «

f?i SI

Q.

u in

m tn

Cl

0

w ■!

V _i

E E

3 _l

m

ai-i

a

IL

c u. ■

m

+ <r

■i-i

e

E

• in 1

01 ij-^ m Q

U « D

i-i

in M

i: Ul

N

1-^ O

ID Ul Q

4

E X

Q.

i. <I Ul

01

3

0 z

il

in z

4- u. n

JJ o

a:

O Q IX

c

_l

<t 3

Q. Ul

a a

e o E

fO

IL

0 <!

4J

■X

u.

L Ul Z

i3

E

n

Q. E U.

O 1

<I

CO

» z o

W O

ID 0

c a

0 4J

M- 01 c m

oi 0

a <t 4J

ro r .c

E 01 u c

4J o ■-1 -H c

J3 4- -rt 4J ■I-I

13 Ul 4J

C •■-I X +>

H X Q] 3

4- -u c a

Ql .

E

_

IS

—• SO

c

4

Cl Ul

<I Q_ ^

3 a D

L

V in E E

0

Q

4

w 1- N

1 in Cl in

T>

Q <r IL

a

(9 3 <r

01

o z in E

L

o

N Q (E <3i O

4J

E O

mo. z u

0

3 o tn

+J

H Q U cl _l

X <r u/

z ra cl E

U

Q (J <r £3

0

E

CL -1 O O

n

d E

Em z

It

H UJ

Q U. I

T]

Q 1

3 ■•E

XI Q <I Q <I

IS :s

Q) c

— IS

'" c a

o

bp ai

a Q

P

£i o S5. u.

bo "i:

a. Q) D "a

Q 00

6C o

;21

O

3 ^

■S

tn C

— O

•a's;

~ SI

Q> K 1

S .-5

-J ^

bo 3 C

g §

1-1

L « >

L

*

C

m

XI 01 L

01 -i: L

01 It

L

0

Ul

0- I

N e

It -1 01

4- U It 01

L

%

01

u

c

r-i Ul

»v ■>-i t

u

jj n 4

4- a L CP

It

a 01

XI

Q

a

LL

Ul L

0 in

It 4

li 0 It

>

a c

6

a

Tii

■4

Ul #

in

a 4-1 =i

J3 n a L

L

U

J

It

■D

0

0 j:

u a

-u 0

n 0

It n

E 0

It

Ul e

C

e

a

0

0

44 U

~ <z

U 01 Ql

L

e 0.

> 13 01 44

L >

E

0 L

44

01

44

4J

0

a

It CP Tl

> a

4-1 ID cr Ul

L ^ H U!

01 u

0

4-1 01

4-1

£

C -4

01

L -I

L

■ri e c L

□ Ul

■Q

L

44

.5

44

J3

-r4 X]

U UJ

+J 0 >

0 >

n 4-1 ri 01

4j in ^ —

e 0

'4

□ 01

.□

u

u

II O

01 o

4-1

4J -fj a

■rt -O 4

U 01

d 4-1

4-1 tJ

01

01

□

□

0

* W II

01

^ 4

U It

£ J3 4

111 U rJ

c

4^4

m

£

44

44

I-I

CC CL

in Ul 0

OJ S

01 0 J

L U E

Ul

u

C-1 0

4J

It

XI

-D

u XI e

a.

H 01

L th -U

4-1 01 £ £1

■I-I It m

It 0

It

+1

TJ

Ul

a

L CL

Tj > in

■H -LI -H

in ^

13 0.

4J

L

01

L

in

0

It

It

gi

-rt 1.

13 3 -Q

>- rt >. 01

>UI E

01

■W

in 13

0

ro

c

44

i3 -a 01

•M -I

4- L 13

in 4- L E

t- _J H

au

XI

•M 01

u

01

n

44

44

a Ul

01 X

0 13 It

4-4-4

□ m

□ -p n

>.13

3

10 Ul

01

L

c

01

01

4- in I-I

0 0 a

01 111 4J C

c <r >

1- <i tn a: 3

1. U 1

■rt

to

CO

M 3 01

"-UJ

* 4-.1J

4J -P U

■ij 01 » c:

0 L

Ul in 01

ig A 01 01

L L oc q:

01 It

L L M

01 01 L >-<

K L <[ K

u

IS**I

T3 13 ■«

i. 1. 'H -rt

4J 3 >«

1

3 ID

<X <E in U U Q U.

tn u tj u

Q

E -■

E

U

Ul I Ui I

z »

OKI C H rpi

H tn

44 Z >

II O Q

L U #

01 U

a I

0 o

Ki

^ > t-4 O

in <i X m UJ -I cc -J. a 13 cc o tn M a: o Q >

It U iH

I-1

1 •• » z z

-0 H IUT tn CD

o -1

<I

E

z a

I- Q

; in c

I z E

I o I

U M

U CD

O Q I

a. —.

a in u

u- a a:

Q cc

= H

— ■■ *

-J _1

01 CO cc X I-I 3

+ >

<r ic

- IC

a □ «E <r n in u u w iH CO u

■ -- cc IC

a <i

■> >

UJ Ul <

-1 _l

IS IB '

■I <r

-0 *

CO n

M M

tn tn

^ Q

10 <I

Q E

UJ

E

<r

d

lC CC

d tn u cc

Q

in d

Q

(L U

d U- Ul

E 3 Ul _J

□ m E QQ

Q d d

> Z I-I

d > U- cc

o: d d

cc o: > >

d cc d

U d IC UCJ IC u.

M d 3

tn * u Hi

Cl N Q

do*

E -rt O O

tN E

£0 -4

Z

UJ

_1 Ul

il -J

d III

« d

o: i-H

d cc

> d

u >

-I E Hi III

z z

UJ

Ul .J Ul

-I Oti _l

m d m

d M d

M q: I-I

IT d cc

d > d

> u >

o o o

_J 1-4

w CD CM

u u

3

in

CL

> + I

r-4 a

in cc

Q

d I

E O

cc

a.

d CL

- d d

3 3

Ul in in

(L

□ Ul

oc tn ^

I- H Q _J Z E 3 A O O UJ UJ I- Q

# IC q: U. X M

" I- m

m ra re

# u u M o m

# Q- U. " O LL 3 n CL 3

« Q Q 3 i; Q

Q Z

- ■ - O i

h4 ID

Q Q

Q

CC U

0. CL 3 d

a E

H

Q. IH

d m

3

tn CL

, i

tn

Cl d 3

tn

u f? Q

u z Cl d d CL E <L I I- E

I-I 1— re

flj M u

cn

CL N

d - E

3 U (Q

0) .

CM in IT E in

O 10 tM

I

tD Q

* + I I-I I- U U M

d 3

tn

Ul

I

Cl E CQ I- II

in o UJ a in

CL -J CL □ Ul 3 tE Q Q CL

a

- 0. o: o d Q

3

r i tn UE >-•

CQ Q Z O d

L -H N !31

£ i- E U

•tJ cr J3

-> 0! 4

II! 01 ■iJ a

01 C 44 1-1

c L -rt c: ■

■n 4

I

U X 0! U 01 L

-~ > a a

>. L in m

L 0 E E

0 -M 44 44 44 U -4 U 01 X3 -Q

01 L

L ■H 01 OJ

■rt XI x: i;

T) 44 4J 01

•O jj 13 01

^ IB -H ID >

L 01 L 01 lU

0 q: 3 in

4

4- ^

3 XI

01 >-44

44 L 44

44 0 01 "

01 44 Jli

.i: u Ul

Ul 01

•H L TJ ■

TJ ■

13 01

■p > ■

C 01 0 .

3 > E •

o n 01

E in K ■

T3

3

It

Ul

C

+4

in

3

1

in

X

31

l_

Ul

44

i

U.

rj

tn

L

UJ

z

■■4

o

CC

>

to

ISI

Ul

Hi

Q

r

1

Q

2

z

Ul

Ul

-1

o

UJ

£

>

>

Ul

_l

Q

Q.

? "■ ■

a

□

>

o

E

E

O

u.

Q

o

0 ^ J

E

Z

_J

lC

L _i m

M

M

Ul

Q

d

X Ul 3

tn

UJ

CC

CM

Q

z

+4 cc

Cl

CL

O

I.I

Ul

«

I-I

re

d

d

r4

I

o

171

E

E

1

■3

L

a

cc

isl

U

0 ii _1

CL

13 tr.

u

10

u

Ul

u

-p _i m

d

a

tn

>

X)

u m q:

E

in

X

ac

tn

ffi

d

It

01 (C M

H

a: o

in

a

o

tn

UJ

E

0!

L 11 Q

l-H

Q d Ul 3

d

_1

IS

L

■H Q

a

« Ul J- _1

Q

u

X

U IT*

Q DC

u.

so

u

1-4

t

re

o

Q

CC

o

m

Cl

01 tn

CL

3

Ul

iJ

E

4^

X tn u:

re

d i'

O

>

1

E

Hi

44 cc Q

E Z

z

Ul

E

Q d

in

1- o

CC

to

3

_i

re

03

re

Ul d Q

cc

I-I M

3

a

O

m

u

u

1

Ul Q

Q

Hi Q

D

E

d

1-4

z

01 Ul

d

Ul

rj

Ul

U Q H

a

•D 1

Ul

>

1

cc

1

E

u.

E U

X

U d w

z

>

o

d

X

0)

ffl

1-4

H

d UJ CC

Q

cc 3

d

E

Z

>

Z

IC 3

CC

3 O

tn

UJ

u

o

» Q C3

a

Q E

Q

IC

Q

o

«■

334 April 1982 © BYTE PubBcatioiB Inc

Computer Exchange

m P.O. Box 1380, Jacksonville, OR 97530

Ad# 930B

APPLE SUPPLY CENTER

HARDWARE k^e SOFTWARE

lor

' Apple ll/IK

Direct Substitute for Apple Drives

MIcro-Sci A2 Is a direct substitute for Apple II drives. Save $300 on a dual disk system. Micro-ScI 5" Drives lor Apple II SAVE

A2. 143K, 5 'Drive $395 18%

A2 Controiler and DOS $ 95

A70. 286K, 5" Drive $489 A40, 160K. 5" Drive $369 Coniroller Card lor A70 and A40 $ 79

15% 20% 18% 21%

320K RAM •ubstltule for Disk Syslam

AXLON,

RAMDISK 320K Memory System

$1145

20%

SorrsntD Valley

8" Disk Drive Controller

$199

60%

MONITORS:

Ncu i£ uoior

$359

24%

12" Grsen

$ 169

22%

9" B&W

$ 149

31 %

oAHTU. 9 ureen

$ 159

31 %

1 ii DiSuVV

$ 219

30%

12" Green

$ 229

30%

13" Color

$ 399

28%

rjtw ij Hud uoior

$ 899

25%

$ 119

20%

DISKETTES, 5", box of 10:

Maxell

$ 39

33%

Memorex

$ 25

45%

80 COLUMN VIDEO CARDS:

Videx VIdeoterm

$249

18%

M&R Sup R Term

$295

22%

ALS: Smarterm

$269

30%

MISCELLANEOUS:

Apple:

Graptiics Tablet (CLOSE OUT)

$650

20%

CCS: Serial Interface 7710A

$139

22%

Parallel Interface 7720A

$ 99

20%

Other CCS Cards In Stock,

CALL

CALL

Hayes: MIcromodem II

$289

25%

Smart modem

$229

20%

Keyboard Company:

Joystick II

$ 45

10%

Game Paddle

$ 25

Numeric Keypad

$ 119

21%

M8iR: RF Modulator

$ 25

27%

SUP R FAN

$ 39

25%

4r Microsoft: Z80 Softcard

$279

33%

16L RAM Card

$159

20%

Mountain:

CPS Multifunction Card

$209

13%

Clock/Calendar

$ 239

15%

Novation Applecat Modem

$329

16%

Orange Micro Grappler

$ 129

21%

Dan Paymar LCA (NEW)

$ 34

33%

Saturn System 32K RAM Board

$ 149

36%

SSMAIO Serial/Para. Interlace

$ 159

20%

if ALS: Smarterm 80 Col Card

$ 269

30%

■*• Z-Card (Z-80)

$209

22%

'^Addram ISKCard

$ 119

20%

^Synergizer Package NEC

$549

27%

16K Expansion Chips for Apple II

$ 39

35%

LETTER QUALITY PRINTERS:

Qume Sprint 9 45BO

$2195

23%

SprinI 5 45RO

$2395

20%

Olympia (Typewriter/Printer)

ES-100,1BCPS

w/full interface to Apple II

$1695

22%

PRINTERS:

Epson, See special Epson section at right Intergral Data

445 Tiger w/Graphics & 2K S 595 23%

460 Tiger w/Graphics $895 20%

560 Tiger w/Graphics $1095 22%

Prism coior printer w/Graphlcs $1695 16%

Okidata Microlin82A $495 25%

ORDERING INFORMATION:

Minimum order $100. Money Orders. Cashier Checks welcomed. Visa and MC orders add 3%. Personal or company checks accepted {allow 20 days to clear). Add 3% for shipping, handling and insurance; UPS ground is standard. 6% total for UPS Blue or 10% total for APO or US Parcel Post. Include your telephone number. No COD'S. Prices are subject to change without notice. Call to verify prices; ad errors do occur. Order desk tiours are 8 to 6 POT, 10 to 3 Saturdays.

REFERENCES:

We have been a computer dealer since 1978. Our bank

reference is First Interslale Bank (503) 776-5620 We

Apple Software:

Apple Fortran _» < Apple Pilot Apple Plot

Dow Jones News & Quotes

Dow Jones Portfolio Eval.

Microcourier

Many others Artsci Magic Window ■yf Ashton-Tate

dBase II for Apple M Aurora Systems

Executive Secretary-WP Broderbund Software

Payroll

General Ledger

Apple Panic

Arcade Machine

Red Alert

Space Warrior

Many Others In Stock Budgeco, Raster Blaster Call. Pacific, Ultima Central Point Soltiware:

Copy 11 Plus ver. 4 Will copy most copy proteetedsoftware lor your backup in 45 seconds! NEW Continental Software

on disk for

Apple 11/114^^

$149

25%

$ 119

27%

$ 49

30%

S 69

28%

$ 40

20%

S 189

24%

CALL

GALL

$ 75

25%

$495

30%

$189

25%

$269

30%

$349

30%

$ 21

30%

$ 32

30%

$ 21

30%

$ 18

30%

CALL

CALL

$ 22

27%

$ 30

25%

$ 35

10%

Home Accountant

$ 56

25%

Home Money M inder

$ 26

25%

Data Most

Snack Attack

$ 22

25%

Thief

$ 22

25%

Denver Software

Financial Partner

$185

25%

Epson, MX 80 Graphics Dump $ 9

30%

Hayden, Sargon II (chess)

$ 29

22%

High Technology

Store Manager

$ 189

25%

Job Control System

$469

40%

Howard Software

Tax Preparer 1982 ver.

$115

25%

Real Estate Analyzer

$115

25%

Creative Financing

$115

25%

Into Unlimited,

Easywriter (PRO)

$189

25%

innovative

Apple Speilguard

$219

26°/.

'ff Insoft:

Electric Duet NEW

$ 25

20%

ALD System II or III

$ 110

10%

TransFORTH II or III

$ 110

10%

Insoft Accountant

$355

66%

A lullprotessiorjal quality

ntegrajed GL,

A/R.

A/P. Payroll package. Hovine support available.

Send lor tree sample phnlouls. Requires Z80

and 16K RAM card.

ISA Speilguard

$219

25%

Micro Lab

Data Factory, ver. 5.0

$249

20%

Invoice Factory

$129

35%

Tax Manager

S 95

38%

Micro Pro

36%

Caic Star

$ 189

Word Star

$ 239

36%

Super Sort

$ 129

36%

Mail Merger

$ 79

36%

Data Star

$189

36%

Spelt Star

$159

36%

Microsoft

10%

A.L.D.S.

$110

BASIC Compiler

$299

25%

Cobol 80

$559

25%

Fortran 80

$149

25%

Olympic Decathlon

$ 24

24%

TASC Compiler

$159

22%

Typing Tutor II

$ 19

30%

Muse

Super Text II

$ 113

25%

Castle Wolfenstein

$ 23

25%

Robot War

$ 29

25%

On-Llne

Expediter II

$ 75

25%

Superscribe II

$ 95

27%

Lisa 2.5

$ 59

26%

Pegasus II

$ 22

25%

Tlireshoid

$ 30

25%

Cranston Manor

$ 26

25%

Mission Astrold

$ 15

25%

Mystery House

$ 19

25%

'^Osborne (Diskand Book)

Some Common Basic Programs, 75 Business, Statistics and Math programs for the Apple $ 49 Peachlree Software

Magic Wand $ 250

Gl, AR,AP, PRorinv $189

50%

37% 38%

3101-10

^=~i Terminal

SAVE

$1195 20%

HEWLETT PACKARD

H/P85A $1,995

SAVE

$ 1.995 27%

HP-85A Microcomputer with built-in

printer and monitor HP-125New! Microcomputer

64K CPU/Terminal/Keyboard/Monitor $3095 18%

HP-87 New! CALL CALL

HP.41CVNew!2.2KMemoryCalculator $ 245 25%

HP-41C Calculator $ 165 26%

Memory module tor HP41C $ 25 25%

Call for other HP equipment, software and accessories!

^ commodore

VIC 20 Home Computer $249 16%

CBM 8032 Computer $1059 20%

CBM 4032 Computer $ 959 22%

CBM 4040 Disk Drives (2) 343K $1019 21%

CMS 8050 Disk Drives (2) 1 Meg $1295 28%

COMPUTER SYSTEMS

8000-15 208K, 4 User, 2 Disks 8000-10 208K, 4 User, 10 Meg MTV-1 HD Mag Tape Backup Others in stock

$3995 20%

$6495 25%

$2795 25%

CALL CALL

SUPE^BRMN

=ilIf=INTE?TEC While . _ FDATA „ They Last SlIS SYSTEMS*

Superbrain 64K QD $ 2895 28%

EPSON

PRINTERS

MX 70w/Qraftrax

$

359

20%

MX80

$

449

31%

MX80F/T

$

666

25%

MX100 FIT w/graphics

$

729

27%

70/80/100 Apple Interface and Cable

$

95

15%

MxaOFriction feed adapter

$

59

22%

MXao Graftrax

$

79

20%

MX80/100 Atari Cable

$

29

22%

MxaonoosmmMi/iB,

t

m

-32%

Microcompuiaf

32K Computer PCeOOi: $750 25%

286K Total Dual Drive PC8031 S 750 25% 32Kaddonandl/OUnitPC8012$ 495 24% NEC PC Software CALL CALL

5 Meg Hard Disk $2995 21%

/-»-._,,„_ 10 Meg Hard Disk $4345 20%

OOlVUS 20 Meg Hard Disk $5245 20%

Omnl-Net, Constellation,

Mirror, in Stock CALL CALL

XEROX « 820 System II

Complete system Includes monitor,

keyboard, CPU and two disk drives SAVE

With S'/a inch dual drives $2495 18%

With 8 inch dual drives - $3095 19%

Personal Software/VlsiCorp

VlslCaic3.3

$189

25%

VisiDex

$189

25%

VIsiFile

$189

25%

Desktop Plan II

$189

25% ;

VisiPlot

$169

20% i

Desktop Plan III

$209

30% 3

VisiSchedule

$239

20% '

VisiTrend and VisiPlot

$239

20%

VisiTerm

$ 79

20%

Zork

$ 33

20%

Softech int'l

Slocklile

$250

60%

Stocksetler

$423

30%

Software Publishing:

PFSIIorlil

$ 69

26%

Report II or III '

$ 69

26%

Sorcim Supercalc

$219

25%

Stoneware,

OB Master (new version) $ 179

22%

Sub Logic Flight Simulator S 28

20%

Ad# 930B

Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

NO SALES TAX

Oregon Order Desk (503) 772-3803

TOLL FREE

NATIONAL ORDER DESK

(800)547-1289

Circlis 103 on Inquiry card.

01

in z

z I

01 I

01 z

£ Ul

■U X

Tl Ul

111 cn

•M _1

U Ul 01

+> w 0

L U.

a>

10 II

-r4

O 01 N

4

U

01

JZ +

*J

Ki M- ^ •H

(»

z

in

c c k z 3 Ul

01

St: u.

in

in

I- D

Q ^

K O

o. □

n

01 m

+■ -u

-ri u

> a

o in •a

a

e

«

c

ile

H

01

4J

0

-p

-J

m

in

3

0

*t

0. 0

A d a

c

3 o:

o

o in a

1.

II 0. O Ul

01

O 3 Ul

4

Q -H _l

(V. z Ul

z

3

s

Ul

□ a u.

X

oc <n M

1

01

a. Q

z

-M

UJ

■rt yj

-• u.

I

t. H

1

K Z

* 3

o

4J

*

I U

: 01

I V. 01

I >

Q. fO

0 -1 0 01

Io z

o

Ul (9 >

u c

UJ

_l

_ Oi -■ 07 O

O -■ Z a I

-■ U U " z UJ

T< N -H U. I

in

u r- 'I z

rH O U.

Z U. M

HI 0

II

N Ul 0

H3

0 jj

Ul 0

_1 m

e I o Z I

"D

C Q 0. tC Z 3

o: M Q u.

D Q _l

U (9 0 U

n z

Oi Q

L Z Ul 1-1 01 •

e u. _j

o o UJ z

■□ UJ

c Q u. I

m <r M h

w a:

>-T3

m OJ

o nt u

4- □

»H IB

II

+J >

•H Tl

X fl 01 01 L 1-1

N « 01

0 ^ 4J U □

n XI

3 0

a 01

Q Z

4J -1

^ i;

1-4

■° !r 01

01 Ul

+J 3 -I

1. 4J

J It

r

s JJ 0

■o OJ

c -P

m □

q: z

» w

ai

^ z

—

I

a o z

Q. a. Ill

o (n

® £ -J _

m

O Ul z

Z lU

a

u. z

Z

Ul •-• 1

1-1

ai

u.

-1

cc o

Ul

Ul u. i-i

cc

3

0

g

Ul

tu

«

vl

Ul

* j

u

11

4J

0

I.

a

01

4J

•H

I.

U

—.

01

+

u

j:

■p

+

■0

L A

A. lO

01 V

a

V -0

■u

in z

bl !3i

It in

in

r-i

n

N Z

in

■a CL

fl. O

1. 3

3

0 ^

Z

3 o

Z

V- O Z

o

UJ

U D UJ

01 1- _1

lC Z

LU J CC

Z

in u

LJ

1

Ul

01 UJ 111

U- I

D UJ U.

I

HI- z.

1-1 K

CC Z n

1

0. ^

-§i

z z

3

Ol ~

Ul

□ 01

0

a ^

r

+"

_i -1

in

(E

+J

4

0

C

4J

z

ig

UJ rt

L

X

c

0

1- c

CI

4

„ <"

H

a. a

E

4

01

O 0

0

3

A

u

K ^

u

L

n

V

ig

XI

Q 01

0

II

a

U)

o

tu

o

Ul

Ul le

n

is

x:

ai oi

Q.

1-1

*•

>

4J

-1 L

0!

O

u

01

UJ u

CC

4- •»

0

rt

□

Ul

Ul

4J

Q

N

HI

c

r ii

U

>

Oi

Q.

■rt

£0 -1

01

<L ■«

c

d

CO

L

Ul

■-1

3

r- CC

_l

in

Ul

+

01

■D

Oi

Ul

U -1

□ a

01

Q

Ul «

E -1

m A

u. u

U 01

in

Z

01 <t

to A. rt

c V

■p

r

<t

L -0

C V U- U.

4

c>i

IC

z

m

13

4- U.

rt

z o

u

D

m i:

a

17^

Hi

o o t

A

^ m

0

Lj_

-1 z

rt

u

u

C Q -0

i:

-I UJ

1—1

1

e

u -■

01

•rt ra

M

cn C9 tn

U- 3

LL

u

-P

CJ 1^ C^

u

0) -■

Z -I

m

1-1 CL

<I

ri

■t z

■a a

rt UJ

o

Q

c

Z

Z CI

01 o r-i 2

U rt

01 X

— z

2

cS

a

A

■H

G

m z

3

6 A z N

Q -J

+

Ul

01

V Ul

U +

« V N m z o

5§

ffl

u.

X

o

oi

01

0.

o"

3

c to n z

t9 Z

ii •-"

1

r-t

in

1

Ul

■H CO

in y Ul E

_1

-1

z

3

a. 01

« c^

01 in 01 z u. z z

+1 <n

ii O

Z 19

4

m

0.

4

tn

a _i

U

rt tM Q O 1-1 t- Ul

X E

_l

Ul z

3

a: Ul

rt u. a:

01 H

0) u.

I

z

0.

Q U

01

1

Q z

0 (a

4- CL CL

C IS

z •-■

1- rt

01

<E

X

cg

3 <I rt £L

Q

i:

z

(L oa

4J

o

01

01 H Z D

01

z

H

3 OJ

M 1

01 CC

j: oho o

JZ —

rt

16

CD

O

4

CL

C Q

-P a CD Q _J

4J

IS

Q

Q

a o

■rt

3

■rt tr

_l Q Z

tH

Ul

z

01

Q

■P.Q

rt UJ

Tl Z

m

u z

ii

u

01

3

rt Ul U. X

n

Ul

"it

in

U]

01

r

0 z

•rt _J Z w H

01 a u.

X

z

h

tn

z

CC z

i; _j <c

1

cn

z <r

o

UJ

rt z

»

m z

» u.

» Cd

»it

» IT

4- U O

01 rt

r m

■n

>■

n Ul

A u

T) <£

01 O IL

Ul 01

3 !?

u + »

in o u I

U A I>J z rt lij

□ V 01 m z u rt X m d

J3 rt 01 CV- £L I Q Z rt z 01

4- O UJ

o t9 — u. u. I a

U U Ml- tJ * rt rt " D rt

3 Sa ~. xtB~n i'^'SCTrt Q. "5" ' ' ajzzo oz

s i: z a. iQ 4J o u. X oi oi kz □ oi z r m to q .in

•c_,i-3oi Ml- aiccxoHoo.- j:— M jj

C t S ° 4- CL CQ -P a CD Q _J +1 tD Q CL O Z

0,O_ ■rt3 rttr_IQ Z rtUI Z -PC Ul

.... — _ .._ czu. I

•rt UJ I- M I

opzh-rjiicnz ccz i;_j<c o:<Cm h [L"Q

.gcnzdo ujrtz Ul tn

■g^rtcazK-u. " »cc»i!: »ir •- »u.

336 Ainil 1982 ©BYTEPublicatiDnibe

THE FORTH SOURCE

Specializing in the FORTH Language

TM

FORTH MANUALS, GUIDES, S DOCUMENTS PRICE

□ "SJarting FORTH" by Brodie. Prentice Hall. Best

user's manual available, (soft cover) $16.00

□ "Starting FORTH" (hard cover) 20.00

□ "Systems Guide to fig-FORTH" by Ting. Excellent

guide to inner mechanisms. 25.00

□ "Using FORTH" by FORTH, Inc. Guide to concepts 25.00

□ "A FORTH Primer" by Stevens. In-depth self-study

manual 25.00

□ "Caltech FORTH Manual" by Ewlng. Overview and Structure. 12.00

□ "Threaded Interpretive Languages" by Loellger. Byte Booi<s. FORTH adapted for Z80 20.00

= "Invitation to FORTH" by Katzan. Petrocelll Books.

Limited introduction. 20.00

□ "PDP-11 FORTH User's Guide" by James. 20.00

□ "AIM FORTH User's Manual" by RockwellInternational 12.00

□ "APPLE FORTH-79 User's Manual" by MicroMotion 20.00

a "TRS-80 fl/IMSFORTH User's Manual" by Milier

Microcomputer Services. 18.50

C "FORTH-79". Latest FORTH Standard. 15.00

Z "FORTH-79 Standard Conversion" by Smith.

implementation aids. 10.00

"METAFORTH" by Cassady. Cross compiler with

8080 code. 30.00

□ "Tiny PASCAL In fIg-FORTH" by ZImmer. 10.00 Proceedings of Technical Conferences

□ "1980 FORML" (FORTH Modification Laboratory) 25.00

□ "1981 FORML" Two Volume Set 40.00

□ Volume I, Language Structure 25.00

□ Volume II, Systems and Applications. 25.00

□ "1981 Rochester University" 25.00

FORTH HARDWARE

□ AIM65 Microcomp by Rockwell. 4K RAM, FORTH IC's ^d mantiSts (plus $20.00 handling and shipping) $530.00

INSTALLATION DOCUMENTS

\J Installation Manual for fig-FORTH, contains FORTH model, glossary, memory map, and instructions Source Listings of fig-FORTH, for specific CPU's and computers. The above installation manual is required for Implementation. Each

$15.00

15.00

a 1802 a 8080 a PAGE

□ 6502

□ 8086/88

□ 6809

□ 6800

□ 9900

□ NOVA

□ AlphaMicro

□ APPLE 11®

□ PDP-11/LSI/11

FORTH DISKS WITH DOCUMENTATION

fig-FORTH Model and Source Listing, with printed Installation Manual and Source Listing

□ APPLE 11® ay. □ 8080/Z80® 8

□ 8088/8088 8 □ H89/Z89 5%

□ APPLE ii/ll +® by MicroMotion. Version 2. FORTH-79 Standard, editor, assembler, 200 pg manual, 5%

□ Option 1 - floating point and HIRes Turtle Graphics

□ Option 2 - DBMS, DOS/FORTH, modem utilities

□ Combo Package - All of the above

□ APPLE II by Kuntze. fig-FORTH editor, assembler, source listing and screens, 5%

□ ATARI® by Pink* Noise Studio. fig-FORTH, editor, ■ assembler, missile graphics, sound and handle

drivers, 5'/.

□ CROMEMCO® by Inner Access fig-FORTH editor, assembler, 5% or 8

□ PET® by FSS. fig-FORTH editor and assembler, 5'/.

□ PET® wm floating point, strings, disk I/O

n TRS-80/1® by Nautilus Systems. fig-FORTH, editor and assembler, 5'/,

□ TRS-80/i or III by Miller Microcomputer Services. MMSFORTH, FORTH-79 subset, editor, assembler, dbl-preclslon, arrays, utilities & applications. 210 pg. manual, 5'/,

□ HP-85 by Lange. fig-FORTH, editor and assembler, 5

□ H89/Z89 by Haydon. fig-FORTH, CP/M® source, editor,assembler, & tutorial on disk, Sy,

□ CP/M® , Z80 by MicroMotion. Version 2.x, FORTH-79 Standard, editor, assembler, 200 pg manual 5y,

□ Enhancement Package - floating point, DBMS &

modem utilities.

□ Combo Package - all of the above

□ 8800 by Talbot Microsystems. fig-FORTH, editor, assembler, disk I/O, FLEX® 5y. or 8

□ 8809 by Talbot Microsystems. fig-FORTH, editor, assembler, disk I/O, FLEX® 5y. or 8

□ 6809 Enhanced 2nd screen editor, macroassembler,tutorial, tools and utilities, FLEX

□ Z80® by Laboratory Microsystems. Editor and assembler, GP/M, 8

□ Z80 floating point

□ Z80 w/ith AMD 9511 support

□ Z80 by inner Access. Editor, assembler and manual, CP/M, 8

□ 8080 by Inner Access. Editor, assembler, and manual, CP/M, 8

□ 8086/88 by Laboratory Microsystems. Editor, assembler, CP/M-86'- , 8

□ 8086/88 with floating point, CP/M-86

□ 8086/88 with AMD 9511 support CP/M-86

PRICE

$65.00

$100.00

50.00 50.00 $180.00

$90.00

$90.00

$100.00

$90.00 $150.00

$90.00

$130.00 '/, $90.00

$175.00

$100.00

$70.00 $150.00

$100.00

$100.00 $250.00

$50.00 $150.00 $150.00

$100.00

' $100.00

$100.00 $200.00 $200.00

Cross Compilers by Nautilus (NS), Talbot Microsystems (TM), Laboratory Microsystems (LM)

and Inner Access (lA).

Allows extending, modifying and compiling for speed and memory savings, can also produce ROMable code.

□ CP/M (NS) $200

□ H89/Z89 (NS) $200

□ Z80 (LM) $200

□ 6809 (TM) $250

□ CP/M (IA) $450

□ TRS80/I (NS) $200

□ Northstar (NS) $200

□ 8086 (LM) $300

□ Cromemco (lA) $450

ORDERS ONLY (415) 961-4103 DEALER & AUTHOR INQUIRIES INVITED

Ordering Information: Check, Money Order (payable to MOUNTAIN VIEW PFIESS), VISA or MasterCard accepted. No COD's or unpaid PC's.

California residents add 6V2% sales tax. Shipping costs in US included in price. Foreign orders, pay in US funds on US bank, include for handling and shipping by Air; $5,00 for each item under $25,00, $10,00 for each item between $25,00 and $99,00 and $20,00 for each item over $100,00, Mininnum order $ $10.00. All prices and products subject to change or withdrawal without notice. Single system and/or single user license

agreement required on some products.

i\/IOUNTAiN VIEW PRESS, INC.

PO BOX 4656

MOUNTAIN VIEW, OA 94040

(415)961-4103

Circle 286 on inquiry card.

BYTE AptU 1982 337

X X

<E <I

IS Q

3 >

a a.

I a

cn u

0. ai

u Hi

in 3 L

HI

c

2

a a

J3 w UJ

II CO

0 iL _i cc

ii O UJ u

I cc

# Q Z

^0. Ui

U 3 U. I

0 Q 1-1 F

tn z

u :^ □ u -I o _i

o z

a z

HI

in

3

Hi CL

r u

4J

0 u *|

Id >•n cc ao e H o u

L UJ

ao: a o ■

> 3 UJ

- *

Ul ^ 11 u 0

u u

01 I1. Q.

s

01 o G

Ul (0 _J 1

u .

a

3 (£

•U Q 01 I- : Ul UJ

cn

r-1 Q

ns ,-1 01 >J3

o

1- 4J ■P u Ul 01 111 ^ •no

L

a

111

a L

■P 3 Z U " 01 : «

■h CC UJ

■o U U <r

S I- CL

OJ i-H cn c z

-0

_i

_i ra

U- CD

cc

<t Q . <l <L

a

UJ

r: cc

cc 3 Z Q U.

z o o

Q

z

t-1 CL C9

a ii

o a u i£

Q -J o -J

_i m ct:

U Q

o

c

0 o

4J LLi O. > ■ H H O

L u j:

U UJ

Ul CL 'S

01 X <i ■n hi

(9

01 <!■

+J -0 z

01 UJ Ul

^ j: x:

in <i <i UJ

^ z z >

Q IJ- U- <I

u

s O O O

a a

cc

w Q ... H Ul

ii: CO u »

Z IOJ UJ

I □

H uC O U.

Ui

tn

o a

OJ E

in

c ■"■ 2

01 CM C I

u

01

i-H

■rt z

4- llj ■D UJ

0 <r

c cn a

UJ

01 z > <t

z

Q Ul

CC UJ

UJ

>

D

z

Q II Z

D I U.

Q. I

3 O

i.' Z O

O »

_l _

UJ

Z Ul <I u

Z <1 CL

: tn

3..

3 CS UJ

z z

I Ul UJ <c

" ? a ii.

0.

tn o

z UJ

z z

UJ <i

cc z

UJ

tn _i

UJ

UJ

a

3

cn

A UJ

V Z <E 111 Z 111 U

UJ

X UJ 1- tn

Ul

z a z

Ul

Z Ul

UJ i: I <r

H Z Ul

a u Q

Itl o □

4J -J

-I

><£ a>o CL

I

3 C

•■c s o

■a

I.

L

3

01

c □

0 o

o

01 cn t?

J] ii u -■

E tn +

3 Q r-i u

c z

-. m

01 u z

ji r-- m

+1^2.

z Q " z

Ul at Q Ul 4J u. z

c O M " h

1. Ul o

0. UJ Q

cc » u.

01 cr 01 u

i*

I

Ul cn u ^ <i tn CL Q

cn

Ul

« u h- <i 0.

I cn

z +<

CD 3

0

tn =

Ul UJ Q U

a. <E

O cc tL

o u to -I

u r

1' z ;< O 01 U.

0

■+ a CC

Q u

6 O Z

a Ul

C N I

OJMK

■« CD CL

4- Q O O

C CE _1 01 CJ

> z

H U. Ul

oil-" I

V Q

I <z

in o

Ul UT _i 0) t-i

■rt CL

a3 u.

0 o

u o A

_J V

I

Ul o in z

T! <t 1^

It z u

0

_j z r i

3 Z

« CC PJ

UJ

to J

Ul

CL O CC

a

II

o

IL 3 D

Z CD

LU » 01 N

E 11 Z

Hi to UJ

c Ul X

H- I

- u.

w Z

C Ul

•rt A X

V I

■o

01 111 CL

£ in a

It c-( a

c _J

OJ 3 a

4- Q cc

_J

01 □

r UJ u

+j z Q

<z >-<

V z :>

Ul

3 CD

_i a Q I

« U) o

Ul CL = >

a <■

U

01 +

UJ

Ul CL

z >

z

Ul

I =

I- 4- ...

0

cc cc

U Ul u 01

-• jj r U

J3 01

Ul

ra z <r -I z z u.

^ t9 I ut

.rt U) ■

-.V Q CC

>- Q

L = d

0 Q JJ □

U H CC

OJ CL tJ I

L I

.-H CC

•a r i o

cn o CL

j: o '

JJ Ul o

-I -I E u

□ □

L - I

4- U

.H Ul UJ

Ul Z Z Ul

01 w _|

E + I'-) O UJ

It ^ Q C CD I

r I o G »

01 ■-' Q

.rt C5 O

4

UJ * II cc

j: p

4J d O

Q ICl

III 1! 4L

0 U- 13

01

UJ : 4J

cn u

J Ul 01

U U +J

a: 0

□ Gl L

1 cn a u

UJ « 0<

H 4J

UJ

u <i:

(3 Ul

N I L C-l s

o -. a I

U IL

M

M 01 z .> (0 =

cc

u Ul Ul

U- CL cc I-H Q UQ

II _l =

cc I-H

u

II

Ui Ul

.r, UJ \0

Ki r-..

Z H

m o cc

O CL

ra + □

u e

01

n z E z

CO * =

-0

Ul UJ

N Z U

" UJ <r

tn I cl

u. I- Ul

Ul Q

ctq c I

I -H I

acc

^ -. >-o

It 01 p u. : L

c

01

T! . •rt 4J Ul

3 i. 01

01 OJ Ul r jz 3

OJ n

V 4J

01

_ . 4- Ul £

11 L "o 0 01 4J

4J 0 ai 01 Ul L

OUCLiQitOnj

:^ 0 -rt 01 L jj

.i-i Ul L 01

3 Ul

i-l >^ -rl

U E .1 c

•« 0 in

4J Oi

+J .«

0 L 4-1

C It -rt

11

0 01

4J 'H +■ Ul '.4

E -<

It .H L +J CJi 3

□

L ^

a

It

0 Ul

It

4-1

E

0

C Ul "D

0

11

in

0

Ul

44

Xl

E

> L

Ul

Ul

aj

01

OJ Tl

01

4-1 4J

OJ

Tl

+J

L Ul C

•tJ

■H C

E

c

+4

11

m

It .rt It

Ul

0

0

L

Ul

r E

>

.rH U

4J

.rl

01

3

>-!- E

Ul

4J

44

>

.1-1

11 Cl

3 Ul

U

01

44

01

01

£ U

u

c:

Tl

c

44

3

s

L.

4J .

X

01 L.

c

3

□

X

01

U!

j; 3

It

4

01

c

o5b

•U 4J

44

3

u

>

ID

e

01

□

Ul

e >■

□

in L

-H

£

01

C

OJ 4J

t.

01

01

01

t.

£

L

01

□

01 £ 'H

4- -U TJ

e

i:

10 44

3 £

U JJ r4

3 c

4-1

0 4J

Ul

rt -rl

>

U It

44

01

C

>

01

a Ul +J

■P

01

01

i.

•H

cn

•l-t

Ul ^ 3

•H

~A

U

01

u

c

+J

01 01

c

jr

c

Tl

•H

.14

u It 01

c

1

01

It

u j;

P

- 0

C

Ul

>

0

It +J

3

^ TJ

C

•rl

>.

+J

-M L

Ul

cn

e

Dl

1-1

3

11 4

01

-r-l C

Ul

c

Oi

•rt

0

Ul Ul 0

r

T3 OJ

Ui

44

44

Ul

4

C

11 3

4J

n

It

44

Ul

0

It

0

.H 01

01 2

Ul

>

c

OJ

4J 11 e

Ul

4J

Ul

n

UJ

■-H jr It

T3

It 01

4-1

11

L

^ +J c

It

-H L

It

L

L

It

m

01

0

L 0

r.

Ul

01

10

E

a

SI

-L" Ul ai

Q. U

44

+4

a

3 Ul n

0

X

H

3

I

E

01 4-1

c

L E

01

4J

a

u

□

1

0

11 ,1

01

a 0

+J

E

■H

>

oc

L

i= c c

r

a L

a

c

□ j:

u.

2

u

3

£

• 3

01

I. 01

01 r

X 44

IT Ul

C Tl

It

44 0

t- rt It

44 Tl

Ul L

Ul

cn o

Q

I

I- JZ

g

U.

3 □

>

Q Ul <I II □

_l

44

.H 4

J CD □

C X It 3 C

Tl

■D X <L 3

<n

« 13

X X 3 3 3 CC

X d icr tD

3 CD CD

■a (.-J IB rt r i

_j

o cc Ul _l " z <r ^ a<x>

U I- Z IL

a UJ UJ a -I to K u

X

3 X <x 3 CD <I

□ n * r-..

Ul

>

0. u D O U -J U. ffi

338 April 1982 © BYTE PublkaUon Inc

Circle 288 on Inquiry card.

■4 -«

Letterhead? Multicopy cut forms? Plain bond paper? Ditto masters? Try the Easy Feed ^^^^^^ single sheet paper load option with ^^^^^ MPI's 88G and 99G printers. Just

^^^^^1 feed the paper in the front and watch

^^^r J it come out the top. No round plat

Wfr ens to bend around or complicated

W paper paths to \noxx\/ about. All this in

addition to the standard adjustable width /j^ tractor drive, dot graphics, 1,000 character ^ buffer, dual parallel/serial interface, dual fonts and much more. Another good reason to select

^ an MPI printer.

^V^^ H Micro Peripherals,

^^^d^ ■fl 11 H '''^^^ ^o^Vn Century Drive, Salt Lake City, Utah 84107

^t^Bm ■ 11WM ■ Telephone (8011 263-3081

™ The Printer People

Ariiana PLS Associates 16021 246-6477 • CaKfernla VITEK I7I4I 744-8305 • Computer Potentials 14081 738-1740 • Calerade PLS Associates 13031 773-1218 • Florida Computer Village (305) 266-5965 • eaergia Micro Graphics (4041 790-5 771 • filinoii CW Electronic Enterprises (312) 298-4830 • MaiMChuiatts Butler Associates (617) 965-1080 • Consumer Computer Marketing (617) 443-5128 • Minnaioia Botilig & Associates (612) 922-7011 • Naw Jartay Hansen & Hughes 1201) 652-7055 • Ohio EOS 12161 729-2222 • Oragon Microware 1503) 620-8150 • Panniylvania QED Electronics (2151 674-9600 • Taxai Computer Wares (214) 373-4443 • Thorson Distributors (2l4r233-5744 • Utah PLS Associates (801) 466-8729 • Waihington Microware (206) 451-8586 • Intarnational: luropa Russet Instruments, Ltd. (0734) 868147 Telex: 849721 • Auilralla Oatatel Pty. Ltd. 690-4000 Telex AA30906 • Canada Norango (416) 498-5332 Telex: 06966710 • Maiiico, Cantral and South Amarica Siscom-trol (905) 689-02-09

. o a

UJ

J -1

/\ N Z

V cn Ul

M w o;

UJ I ■

1- u. u

■V.

O CD 1

« Q

01

>>*■-•

z

C9 CL Q z r

UJ

U <I Ul

in

CC (D

I

UJ

■H

CC UJ Q_

H

M I 2

C 1

<I -I

EH UJ

-rl W

U 1- z

—.

CCi z -■ I

U- Q.

+

ii: 1

>t 1- *

= 1

-0

CD

z o z o

Ol

Cl

□ Q

lE CD

H " #

U_ t- Ul

U CC

Z _l

^

z o cn

O

r?i ^ _1

H U_

cr

cc

CL Ul

CC

llj CC rri

u

1- Ul o

CJ 3

_J U Cl

o:

CC CL CC

Q

u

UJ

cc

<r > Q

1- I

C cn

u

u

h- H U_

CJl

i-i c

1

cr

CL cn >

U Cl

SI

u

Cl

o

O ^ UJ

^ 01 -P

UJ

cn

I

O Z -0 ii

□

> UJ L

Cl

u

_1 >-•

ra ...

CD 13

X

c

u

CD CL O M

I- <t -P

Ul

cc Ul a I cn

u. cc

ic Cl. m

CD

a

u ca a: u ii

" u

B a. tN

o UJ cn

1- z =

>0

a

A Z

UJ

+ Q UJ c^

V UJ

* Cd

Ul

01

Cl

<t z o

«f

UJ u

□1 >

H UJ 1-1 cc

_l =

1

IS

1

Z I _l U 1

in

ca 01 -■

Cl

ii cc

N -•

<l CP

1

- ■ cc a:

M 0) U

-a

w G U h

CL CC

[£ aCL

1- m

D O

<I V to

U

UJ

D z r - i cc

ii m

> m

UJ

_i

Q ii e: u -■

a o:

01 z

u

H

cn +

O D

O C M

<I

M

o u.

-1 u

•rf *

LL

H

1-1 M 1

CD -J

ISl

(9 H CC

Ul <1

: CT = UJ C ■■

_l CC -rt HI

m u u -1

M « a

cc I- cn H

<c Ul

> CD = =

- cc □

CJ U Q

I- Q Cl Cl

z I cn o

ii u cn

UJ o _i -0

Q a u

a: o H

UJ H z o U

X M CD M

<i i: N 1- <r 01 z

D

T-i 3 I

a u z X UJ

UJ cn X (t m 1— »'-I

i: z

O Ul

cc

U_ Ul

_l

UJ 111

ii -1 <!:

cn m i-i

<: <! cc

H >-■ <r

cc > .. <i

> o

b o o' cn H 0- -■

Ul

ii _i

~ CO

u I <r * cc

01 C l <L

u o >

01 -1 01 o cc *

I

L ^ X

01 r-i H -p o

01 -H V CL <L

cc

1 ic: ■* <c >~r-i u □.o

0 T-l M

u cn

1 X

ii a o Q z

0 <i

_1 CL M

m CJ) cn X

01 d

> z

L ii 1

Q Z

Ul <I

OJ -1 1

-H 111 cn

cn<i: 2

c M a

-H cc u cn <i

> ra

- O i£

Q Z UJ

CL CC Ul

1

X + Z 1- Ul t9 -■

cc j: +

UJ □ = z

H CC ii □

Z Z U. Ul E H

UJ -rt CC

j; Q □

: CC U_

z ic r

. □ Ul

1-1 Q_ □ I- H

d O

z z -

Ul u_ H cc

Q Ul

Ul

u □ r

LE Z

D a: z cn

0 □ UJ cn II cr p

U

L (9 u _

01 1- 01 HI E CL Ul o i: Q era I-I cc o M c-i

u. i: = N =

-H V -■

D

I Q U 2 UJ Ul

2

1-1 V f CJ * C

M r -i u tn o CJ

I- X

Cl a: Cl z ■ ■

O _l O -J 3

^ z

D Cl

o +

u w z

UJ X

<: *

Z N

ra -1

U 01

C9

I t=i

3

□

cn Ul

_i _i z _i

u M o u z 1

I o: X

Q 3 U. H- O H CC 3

U I ii

o cn _i ti a H

E

Q O H Z CC 111

Ul u. o cc

... : O

IL

Q cc Q z u z > Ul UJ Cl

CL -■ O

-■ u -• z cn

D D *

z cc i

Lj.

o z

z 1-1 cc

I- 1-1 * u 3 «

Q = * 01

cc # ii c:

ii U 0

Z U O Q

cc O _1

O _l CD >

la CD a cc Z 0

Ul H O u LL cc 1-1 Pj

a III 1- <I = A cn z

« = I- _1 cn CJ

0 U UJ

I- I- Q UJ

£L J C? = CJ

o > ii cc CJ

llT G

u

_i cn -■

w _j -ji

1 G Q 3 Z +

> UJ Ul Cl 1^

_1 o z

U U " o

> m # H u »

01 Ul L

C - 01 Ul

01 r -p

U -P -1

Ul

UJ

O H

z z

Ul □

z

UJ

z i: □ <I

3 -p

01

c

It rH

Ul ^

w

Ul

O

z

H

4

3 X

E —

E

u.

Z

-H

XI +"

H- 11

d

UJ

UJ

0

Z

CC

o

>

w »^

Ul

o

Ul 1

H

Ul

z

UJ

JJ

□

E

"5

>

a Cl

H

UJ

<n

111

<c

D

z

"O

cn

ii

o

Ul

p cc

0 O

^

E

Z

u

Ul □

UJ

Ul

CC

Q

Z UJ

J

G

z

UJ H :

<C

Q

ai

u.

1

11

I M -0

E Ul

CL

>

cr

H (K UJ

<L E

cn

Ul

o

o

z

111

3 4J

CC cr

G

z

I—1

in

E 01

z

Ul

CC

Cl

H

Cl

Z O -H

>

D

un

E

cn

h- UJ a

H :

z

Q

D

H

UJ

Cl

D P E

E E

E

cn

cl

Q

p

LL 1-1 0

•rt 0 CC

C5

E

P > G

CD

+> OJ CL

L UJ G in

4- H

Z -1 Ul

>- Ul Z E

Hi cr 2

UJ o

0 =

>- U UJ

a _J

0 = " u U

Ul

Ul G I

_j cr G

n Cl 3

u. cn cn

01 UJ o > > H

■H cr

L cn » ■o P = I

OJ >

E 0. U.

Hi o 1-1 cn u

X

N

1-1 O O

cn Q u. Ul

z o Ul cr

> Z ffl

cc Ucn ^ p o z

yj tn

L PC

01 o cr 01

Ul UJ Ul

c UJ cc c

M E 1^

cr o

= Z W :

U. Q

q: w q:

u o > u

UJ 0

u. I u

1-1 1- X

cn J u

IL O

o _1

Q U

CD CC D U

> CL

a u

z u I

i~)

UJ

->

UJ o ■> E □

E in

Ul Ul E CL <1 E 2

UJ >

o z

in

o o

Ul Ul E E

d <n

Z 2

U- .D

UJ E

cr Lu

p 2 I

<C U. "

UJ etc

cc O 3

a CL a

UJ E UJ

Q H a

o o > o >

cn

LL

UJ =

d

CL 0 cc

>

> -P U

CL

H

o

■0 UJ

u

liT 01 Cl

CL

n >

O

Ul at

1

a

E 0

Ul

_i

d u in

CD

z

CC

O = Ul

O

E

U.

O Ul d

G Z

_l

cn d u

_l

-J Cl

d

u cn o

;dpy

□

2

_1

_l Z d

> > IL

a =

G

01

C9

2

•a

E -H

□

1

ui cn

E

d UJ

— Z CC ■>

L UJ -• O

01 = H E

£ E Z iH

0 UJ z in

Q U

C 4- = (9 Ul

ru Ul U E

>-_l d

0 Qi-i ^ 2 ■P 0 U. E O

u cn I c

I = U UJ ,1 H Nl UJ

4- UJ cn 1-1 E u cn d

01 d □ u. 2

C CL 2 U. O (Jl UJ

«-.cn o >> _i a Cl : UJ 0 o

U G U. U.

01

CL 01 P > _1 0 _l

= d

~ >.>

01 aiL

II .H a a

■H u u

in u.

in cB

N S =

01 rH

0. z a: z z

D - U Ul ii U. I

D = UJ 1-1 I

o cn _i cc _i G UJ :

UJ I

>

£L O

G

: UJ

CD

a: ..o

z^

,UJ > Z CL I- O

u u.

A

HI

V

E

IS

c

Ul

UJ

01

G

G

u

d

d

Cl

CM

cl

14

cn

E

cn

C

dl

#

01

r

1

>

oi

z

■1-1

Ul

a

Z

CJl

3

u.

UJ

u.

I

IS

C

i—1

IH

1

A V Ul

Ji o 111 U Q Ul 0 M rt O

p

o cc cn

CD G Q

~ CO

. n

u ^ -p

01 01

u OJ

L 01

01 cc a

E •

3 IL C

>u ai

N

■H =

Ul " 01

cku to IL

am

■. UJ L -1

01 n •□ d

fd I-I

111 q: r <t ■>

I

o

cn

01 N

c cn

'.1 UJ

cn

+j CD

3 d

u

0 CL

o

L

_l

UJ

in

L -J

z

K

01 in

UJ

JJ d

I

H

C 1-1

1

Ul

H u:

lE

CD

L d

G

CC

Cl >

O

U.

cn o

o

C

p

M

I ■'•

H

U

K 1

□

O 1-1

J

U. CL

o

340

April 1982 © BYTE Fublicatioiu Inc

Improve Your Memory With a Free Scotch^ Brand Data Cartridge.

Buy One, Get One Free!

We want you to try our Scotch Brand DC100A Certified Data Cartridge. We're so sure you'll like it that we'll send you a free one when you order one data cartridge at the regular price of just $18.00. No strings attached. Two of these superior data cartridges for the price of one.

Scotch Brand Data Cartridges are compatible with all HewlettPacl<ard minicartridge computers, inciui They also fit the Savin Veritext® 950 word processor, the TI-770 terminal, Telctronix models 4041 and DAS-9100 and many others. \Ne invented the certified data cartridge and our^cial back treatment process makes our tape extra durable and longer lasting. Enlarged end-of-tape sensor holes are provided for improved end-sensing reliability. Scotch Data Cartridges are quiet, too, and come with a one year warranty.

Order Now! Get a Free Protective Case.

Order now and we'll send you a rugged, heavyduty protective shipping and storage case that holds two data cartridges. But don't wait, quantities are limited. (Offer limited to one free data cartridge per customer) HOW TO ORDER: Send check or money order for $18.00 (plus applicable state sales tax) or charge to your N/laster Card or VISA account. Rll out the coupon and send to the address shown. Rease allow 6-8 weeks for delivery. Offer expires September 30,1982.

1

SHIP TO;

Name.

Company. Address_ City

.State_

.Zip_

Phone_

Signature.

. Computer Type.

. ($18 plus state sales tax).

□ Total enclosed $

Make check or money order payable to 3M.

□ Charge to □ Visa orD MasterCard. Card No Expires.

SEND TO: 3M, Dept. Plvl-E3, DATA RECORDING PRODUCTS DIVISION/3M, RO. Box 33133, St. Paul, MN 55133

I I 1 J

3M hears you.

3M

The FORTHDOS Demonstration Program

The FORTHDOS demonstration program (see listing 2) enables you to easily familiarize yourself with oB the primitives (and two utilities—by way of example) described in the artir cle on FORTHDOS. In addition, it illustrates how the basic primitives can be configured to use a shorter record length (here, 64 bytes per record) in a very simple manner. The demonstration program is an application program that illustrates some of the ways to issue calls to FORTHDOS and then deal with the results of those calls. The program has been designed for use on the TRS-80 Model I with 48K bytes of memory running the MMSFORTH system version 1.8. (If you have version 2.0, this program may require modification.)

Applications Programs

Before using the demonstration program, it is important that you realize the role of FORTHDOS in programming. FORTHDOS is a list of primitives that perfomi various functions in response to calls from a userwritten program. Most primitives return status flags for use by the applications software. The software then uses those flags to determine subsequent action following the FORTHDOS call.

The demonstration program given here is an example of a very simple means of issuing calls to FORTHDOS and viewing the, results. It is a straightforward applications program.

The program has been kept simple for ease in following the logic of accessing FORTHDOS. It should be noted, however, that the resulting limitations of the program are not limitations of FORTHDOS.

For example, upon selecting a sequential-write option from the command menu, the demonstration program makes a call to FORTHDOS to write the appropriate record to the file currently opened (i.e., in FNAME). FORTHDOS does so, returning status flags regarding the success of the write

operation. It is the demonstration program, not FORTHDOS, that puts the entire block just accessed on the screen, ignoring end-of-file marks, for you to see more clearly what is going on. The DOS acts normally; it is the demonstration program that performs the apparently strange task (as a learning aid) of displaying an entire block of data—even if the block contains data from another file.

The demonstration program is designed as a simple and easy-tofollow application program that calls FORTHDOS primitives. As such, its simplicity may be misleading. Look carefully at the apparent mistakes you discover in the program. They exist for a reason—namely, to illustrate various approaches to calling the primitives. Remember, FORTH-DOS primitives perform transparent actions and return flags (in most cases) to indicate the results of those actions. What your applications program does with the results of FORTHDOS calls or how it uses them (as illustrated by the demonstration program) is strictly up to you.

How to Use the Program

To use this program, first make a backup copy of your MMSFORTH disk. Then type in and save this program (listing 2) on that disk. To use the disk, place it in drive 0 and boot the system. Load the demonstration program by typing { 20 12 LOAD }, then type FORTHDOS and press ENTER. The demonstration program command menu will be displayed on the screen (see figure 12).

Begin checkout by selecting item 1 on the command menu. This option will cause FORTHDOS to read the directory. When this has been done, select item 14 from the menu. This will list the files available for use by the program.

Records vs. Blocks

A word is in order regarding the program's ability to access and deal with 64-character records. FORTHDOS is

quite versatile. It is really a series of subroutines callable by a user-written drive program (e.g., the demonstration program). As such, the record length is external to the primitive subroutines and may be controlled totally by the READ and WRITE calls from the user's program. For example, the routines DSKIO and WRITEl in the program use a 64-character record and count 16 of these records per 1024-byte block (via the variable RREC). This record length could just as easily have been 16 bytes, with RREC counting 64 records before a neiv block is called into memory by FORTHDOS.

The exarnples in the program should enable the careful reader of both the article and code to configure his or her system for any record size or even variable record sizes. The program allows you to familiarize yourself with the innards of FORTHDOS. It also allows you to make mistakes and see the results of incorrect calls (potentially by your own software) to the FORTHDOS primitives.

For instance, if in reading to the end of a sequential file you forget to reset the file (item 18 in the menu), you will not be able to read an earlier record (unless you first CLOSE or RESET it). (Note that LIST, item 7, automatically resets the file prior to a list, then returns it to its original state once the listing is completed.) Experimentation will be the best teacher here.

Finally, unlike the wealth of comments and structured code of FORTHDOS as presented in the body of the artcile, this program (listing 2) has a very compact version of FORTHDOS. This is meant to be a run-time package for direct implementation on your system. To incorporate it directly into your own software, eliminate the menu and associated routines by deleting the following words and recompiling:

MENUl MENU FORTHDOS TITLE

This will leave you with a core of FORTHDOS primitives compactly squeezed into a minimum number of screens and ready to use.

342 Apiil 198Z © BYTE PtiblicaUons Inc

i

Making small printers for people who think big.

OKIGRAPH"

Dot Addressable Graphics

Prints Circles

Around The Competition

Or squares. Or charts. Or graphs. Or illustrations. Or any graphic data your computer tells it to print. M with superb clarity and resolution.

OKIGRAPH™ is standard equipment on the MicroUne 84 and the Model 2350. It's an easily added option

to the Microline 82A and 83A. So don't settle for the plain old text you get with other printers. Be creative. With Olograph.

Interested? Contact us at 111 Gaither Drive, Mount Laurel, N.J. 08054, or call (800) 257-7768 for the name of your local authorized Oiddata distributor.

Okidata is a subsidiary of

Oki Electric Industry Company Ltd.

OKIGRAPH™ I includes two plug-in PROMs and

an instruction manual on Assembly language programming.

OKIGRAPH™ n includes a floppy disk for additional graphics printing features and an instruction manual.

Microline 84

Circle 302 on inquiry card.

BYTE April 1982 343

be u o ^

a;

O ,

o

c o £

. - 3 «

S £ tn ^ P 1

tl) —»

^ :5

a.

O bo

ui "nil

s

-E O

bo S

C i3

bo

a.

3

a. u -H

O 3

■S

3 O

0)

Ul

u

0~

01

U f5 0} U 111 II

a: Ul

E a u k. <i □ III z -<

4J li- + E

01 a

<L o w

~ ra (9 I u u

- z Ul

« M

I (9 -J

Z U UJ

— Ul -■

0 u z u z; <i

Ul ^ z

Q z u. z: m m

(n "

Q 1-1 Q I □

1 Q U.

^ «H IH

o □

_1 w

D

a Q u

o

II

z *

in m in

N a- -■ o

w o z ii -I o + □ z

_l Ul 00 I C4 O >- -> O

Ul (3

o >

■1 U3 * Ul cc

— _l Q

<I

- -■ a u

Z U•n 1-1 + Z

m II

-m

[N 1-1 in

0 w n

CJ Ul n

z tn Ul 3

tn oc ic

Q - o

z <i + o

Ul Q _i

1 z H D. Z

3 <r z

O.M-0 IO □ 3 O O U. 0.

-1 _j >-< a

Ol

0 z

a UJ +

-11

I- o Z N Ul Z

1 Ul + I- I

1- »

+ -■ >0

Z Z <9

u

-0 N -< E

Ul CD ffi

tn tn -I z + Ul a

GD

-• = r-i

_i z _i

O LL

cn

Ul Ul ir

> u a ■I a <r Ul Q. a -1 tn

u.

Ul Ul •-■

> _i o w />. z U. V

llT = 111

CD r-i ra cn

z Q

Z 3

UJ 1-1 □

z o

■I ■ ■ _i

Z V u. 0. o <t

o z: a Iu. 10

" Z Q

Ol <E Z

Q .»

D- Z <E Ul 3 I

tn II- o

CD

Q Ul

cn z _i

□ UJ Q

o

Cl u D

Q -1 Z UJ

(3 m u u a:

Ul IL

w > tn z o pa z +

U. Ill (9 1-1 U

■ r. A fa

z ^ z

Ul — I I IL

I- <n ts z Ul u o

D n o z z

CD -.

in u

X CL

a. z <E

a: Q z z a

13 a.

<t CL

o z <t

I- 3

-• CD tn o

z q:

Q O

0- 9

3 <t (9 Q Q U

U Ul

m z cn UJ

Q *

£C H N U : ■■

^= B -I m

n

o

z ■

UJ ' Q •

cn □ a I Iir

O I U.

z

Ul X

II H

O

0. U O

it «

o z cs

CL

<C Q 3

cn n. o

Q DC. Z Q <E

Ul

cn u _i

Ul

CL

Z <I z Z Ul

+ a I 1

« CL * <I •O 3 U

ID (S N GHZ

CD Hj

~^ a z Ul

m a. cn 3 _i + Q Ul

DO u. t\i •-« u

V CM « Z -0 IQ

cn m iE o

a D.

« n Q.

Cl Q o IT

z r- Q z z Ul a u.

It u. >-i

z e Ul c ra

I 01 u ■rt r-i

Ul 4- Z

in m , a -M _i c r

(9 U z u L o _l (L u. N _l Z 1-1

z -a a

U.-t9

+

z u

Ul

I

I- z Z flj Ul CD I to I- z

u u.

CD

tn IT z z u Ul u I » I- = tn 4J

4- n

Ol -0

cc in u -D o L z

0 z (9 U H U

01 Q

1. CM

= z 01 z m

o z -1

. Ul z

m ir cn m

CL O OL D

<r o u.

z _l Ul 1-.

H 0.

tD Z >

Q Ul I- V

I

u. I- in -rt

w w 1 U.

A u. UJ (9

V O Z U

Q <n

llT Z -1

111 C9 Ul Z

N O OQ O

CL M Q.

D Z Ul <E

i: ill u z

o <i I

O U. Q- ID

_i 1-1 tn Q

_1 , \ Z i-.

_l V Z M

i-i H U)

id O Q U.

Ul Ul

tn a:

J u o 4- cn Ul o

(9

o m u

0. = C'l

0 z a # at

S H Z [D Z

UJ tn □

1 Z Q

I

(9 1-1

-• u u o

w Q Z

u. m o 1-1 u. in

+ II — u o u

Z M Z

Dj tn CD

Ul _

UJ

IL l-J UJ

1-1 1-1 UJ

tn cc

A u. U.

ii o o u.

D

UJ -1 " CJ CQ <t Q CL U. P

cn o

o

# H

I- tn m i-i m tD _i in u. z = w

» U

O H V CL

I O 111

CM CM

(9

U CM t?

a

-H tn

Z -I

muz m

111 r00 tn CL i£ <i CL u z D a 1

□ -1 ID

-I m Q

in

U. ii w u o _1 m

CL C O

■rt a _i

ti z • □ Ul X

in J3 H

■H

TJ 4J CL

in □ E a:

0 a

= 4- 01 Ul

-4 CD tn

00 T3 _i i> s. — UJ w o

U Ul

0) 01 (9 >

U L U <I

01 Ul Ol 0! N _l CC Z

>- m -■

L J3 U

01 I ^• 4J * z CO HI o □ tn a. u- ^ n

G -o It o

01 Q m I i- a

o ir

-0 in

01 111 CL C CD 3 Q

UJ 4J 0. Q 3 <£ U. Q Z 1-1

tn L 1

0 ID A Q 01 Q v

1 in

I- 01 ii o

cc s: Ol

O I- I- 0.

u. cn 3

» -1 Q

o z ■

UJ z tn UJ _i I

UJ 1

z

— Ul

m z tn m UJ z

Q I CJ

CC I- _

C9 --i -1 U -1 CL 3

A rj o U

V Z CE

CQ o ii: -I tn

I U. -■ 1-1 1-1 Q

C9 Z U A =

" 1 ID

z o tn m u. z

f9 1-1

0- b u.

<I A M

z w

1- z n A

CD m CD

Q in r- t9 00

- z o z +

z u. -1 z

t9 (9 Ul I

y z I

Oi CQ

Q Z O Q CC 1-1 CC

CD -■

UJ + O CQ CQ 1-1

a :^ a: u. tn ID H w a

z

UJ

I

u. o

Ul

z z

UJ

T- _.

CJ •

i u. z

OQ □ Ul

Q Ul I

CC I

tO ^

z

— U. Ul

+ 11 X

u a.

u Si

pj

Q . CC

CL

o

CC

a Ul

0. Ul >

_1 o

(9

S «

Q

a: o

ra .

U + U

U

UJ u

CC UJ

CC IT

o:

UJ

tn -1 _i

UJ

in

_ z I a z I- I

t-i r9 -• Z U

a

z U

U Ul □ UJ I 111 It K

cc

u.

o a u. en Q

UJ 1-1 w Ul z u w II - ■ I

U. u [L A M rv

C'l u o UJ

CC "t ^ (9 IE -J

t9 U

U (9 O ID

u tn u CE cn z UJ u. a: CC CC o 1- o CE UJ C Z C 0. Ul IHflS

IN bo

tn

Q

u

H

SL

c -a

8 t/i -= O

:S O 2

bp a,

bo's

o c

cs

bo .

c

£ 2!

bo J)

^ a s

so

bo C

.cs

cs

O

1^ a ^

bo

O

>5 .

bo f p

E .O

S g

"is «u

1/1 ^

?

O ;2

V) TS

K O S

TS

O

Q

a.

ill

ts

bo

c o

£

P

60 Ts"" B

3 o

K

(J tu

: .bo

"Si 1

OO

—. ^ij

TS

s

o 1/1

IN bo c

5 ^ o

tJ w

TS

bo 00 S ■E -S 3

TS

u .S

o

CM

U O _l

m

4- TD .i: 3 L U XI U 0 01 ^

>- i. n

— 0) L

Ul E O 4J V

D. U +1 C C

m 10 C U 01 01

E 01 01 I. I.

3 +> 1. I. L

3 -rH -H .1-1 3

) J3 4- Tl U

X ■ ID I

Q.

^ ^ 0

4- 4- ^ E

3 01 ~ 01

iz n ^ c o a -a

■1 w +1 E s

4- 4- C 01 Ol

0 4- X! TJ N

4- 01 in >>-Xl+iOTILL4

E E L O D EE-l-'H't3>-4-4-k.

3 3 Ul 4J C 01 0

in Ul L

> >

U'DT3'-»Ulfll^UiUI401 01

I 11 I I I n > IS E E E

UlUUIIflUlltUIUIIIIIIIOlEEE

aoooDoooodaL.3 '

I I

aoooaoooooaL.33S (CQOOQaQQCiciQinacia

w UJ

01 a o>

-I £L

o

01 0.

u tJ 01-1 Ul cn N

Ol X IL iC IE Z

!L a 3 3 0)

UJ z z

L Q Q Ul Ul Ul

01 a -I _i -1 UJ

4J u >- CD m 00 _i

m <! <L <L <L m

Q_ OL H M 1-1 <t

— (E CE CC CC 1-1

+ I <L <L <l CC

U U >>■> <L

- I L) U U >

in

I I- o o o o

z -1 <c

a U3 Q.

z z a

Ul o z

Q L3 I

U 1-1

cn m

Q O

Q >

X >- 1

1- <I IE

(E IE CC

O IE <I

u. <r u u

= in

u. u

Ul 3 Ul

z Hi

<r Q IE z

U. >- Ul

<r _i

> CE ID <I IE <I IE d 1-1

q: CJ IE <t 1 a t>

M U

in o

w ^ O

ca z

a m IE z Ul

Ul -I Ul

_l P3 _i

m <x m

<i M cr

M IE 1-1

CE <I IE

<E > «

> IJ >

cn

IE

o •x

Q

Ul 00 _1

cn CQ -1 d

1-1 Ul CC

_l 1

m > <x

1-1 u.

IE 3

<i m

> Q

cr

U. UJ

O CC

UJ m

Ul H

_i z

m <L

<L H

1-1 cn

CC z

<r o

> u u

o o o o o o n

UJ

_l

00

<x

l-l

CC

<c >

0 N IE

y: <r

m > -11

01 IE "I CC

1-1 a: o: u

> * •o

u.

CL IE

<r UJ

Ul _l

_l > 00

CQ <n cr a CC "

1-1 IE CC

IE a <r

<x u >

> u >t

o -o o

u ^ o

01 ^ u

r q: UJ Ul

= -p <t u

<r o

IB 4- O CL n

c> o in

^ _i u

E O O h

01 0 X CL

U 4J CC u

01 JJ d Ul o

01 0

CC XI Ni o 111

L 01

01 s:

to

U D h- X IL U UJ

u 01 Ol in w

— OlO

10 □ u

I Ul _1 » I

in tn CL M 01 a

E X Ki O

Lj ^a

10 UJ *

U -rt L O 1

10 tj- CL CC

tn 01 UJ

D r-l O h

Cl u o z

X Q Ul

I- JJ

CC 3 O tD

a 0. ID tn

u. «in z

» m z u

o z

Ul

a

10 -~

L H D J3 4

01 n

Q.

■ >. 01 Ul I- Q 01

01

CD to

m - z u

Iu

Ul 0. X UJ

in

T-l

[D

tn Ul z z

4J 4J =

u u Ul 10 m 1

L L. H

+> +1 Ul T3 XI X3

■O 3 3 03

10 m Ul 1-1

Q

01 0) T3 +J -M L Z

> > □ a m pa 3 1-1 t

w <t

o: =

I- 01

in u

Z Ol

a 01

Z IE Ul • a a.

Ul —

O CJ

o X

... o u

I.

01 0.

c o

01 Ul o

Di 0 i

> 01 1- a

E Q

0 A

Ul # o

01 tn o ■-■ * o

* in

01

L # >

01 V <E

I _1

w Ul » I- Q

u. o

n Ul

u •a

UJ Q

z tn <r

z = u_ ■■

UJ

o z d _l z

00 Ul

_1

Ul 1-1

z u.

u u

DQ. d d 3

3 tn

tn

I

+

II- o a CC

CC

(9 tJ

CL IL 3 3 Q Q

U. I

IL O

<E u in

3 I

tn tL o

+ I

u u

I rj »

-1 01

I

a o w

CC Ki

C9 _i u

CJ I- IN

Cl Ol C^ 3 Ul

Q -1 n ■■

h- ri

— H iC

-1

ta

z

m

X H

Cl . o t o _l i

OD tf

■ CC u

£L

d II

z o I

1-1 fl.

OQ a o:

0. Q

d

3 !L

tn d

3

■ Q U]

z

d Q

z I d

C9

U Z _l UJ ... _l

f .. ri X 1-1 z z I- i; Ul

O pj _l

Q tD in 111

CL tn 3

M o z

O U O Ol

O _l <t

Q = (9 Z

01

0. Ul

tn

" _i

U Ul

I "

■ a.

01 CC

o > a z -1

Ul -p u.

Q 1-1 E

to --I II OLO

a a

X Q.

I- Ul 3

a: 0 Q a a u.

CL a. 3 d !9 ra

Q Z U U

I

CL 11 N Q.

d m z d

3 00 Z

tn a. H

d Ul 11 I 3 ill Ci

tn f l

» Cl

tD (E t9 d

O LJ 3

H cn

a (9 Cl

a: u d H

Z CD

I- a. I- Q

o d M

o: z 00 a.

H 3 Q- w - Q

3 m u

Q

D- C t U

^ d z

3 m n 03 tn z

I- PO 0. 1- ID 3 CD Q O Q Q

u. r

H 2 U. Z ID O O □

n o a a

« Ul

I

111 K

00

Ul - > U d

Ul

_1

z

CQ -.

I- Z

_l tn "

3 o: P3 u. Q

d o Q Q

d o

Ul Ul

IE I- ii

X 11 z

I- a: o

3 l-J

= Q Q

ID .. ..

to z

Q 11 -■

u

" u.

z

Q OQ

z z

Ul d 1 X I

I

Ul Ul

> >

o o

z z

IJl ill

IE 3

Q CD 03 IE Z

°"

Ul 3 > 0 d C 03

a .xz a a

■■ -1 N

■a a

01 -1

> -1

o "

£ U01

IE ■*

ri

U t9

u

N

Z (Q £Q 03

Ul

03 M _l

Ul II

o

0

O f9 CC U Q

CM U. Z

w (a

U. X

11 _l m IE a: o

o

II

o 1:9

C9 03

u q:

Q

d

Z Q CQ

Q A d v' Ul

IE O D

CL t9 d

z in

I- IE

H Q

00 d Q

tL (9 d

Z 03 ICC 11 Q 00 d

Q O Q IE Q O

ID

Q 03 19

0: Z

Q 03 I CC Q 03 Q d 3 d Ul _l Q IE U. Q O Ul

> hZ d z a 03 3 M Q D

a z

Ul

H > H

2 o "

3 z 2 a Ul •-•

Z OC Q

344 Apia 1982 © BYTE PublicaUons Inc

Introducing . . .

THE TEC-86 SERIES OF 16 BIT MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEMS

TEC-86 - COMPLETE 16 BIT 8086 MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEM — $4390

FEATURES

• Two 8 Inch DD Floppy Disk Drives (1.2 MB Total)

• ROM Boot for MP/M-86m

• 64K Bytes of Memory

• Vectored Interrupts

• 16 Bit 8086 CPU

• Heavy Duty Power Supply

• IEEE 696 S-100

TEC-86 W —$10990.

TEC-86 SYSTEM WITH WINCHESTER 31 MegoBYTE HARD DISK

ONE YEAR WARRANTY

Two RS232 Serial Ports Baud Rates from 50 to 19200 Baud Independent Baud Rate for each Serial Port 24 Parallel I/O lines (Three 8 Bit Pprts) Attractive Industrial Quality Enclosure

TEC-86M4 — $7595.

FOUR USER TEC-86 SYSTEM WITH V2 MEGABYTE OF MEMORY

TEC-86M4W —$12990.

FOUR USER TEC-86 SYSTEM WITH Vz MEGABYTE OF MEMORY AND 31 MegoBYTE WINCHESTER HARD DISK

TEC-86 OPTIONS

CP/M-86tm Single User Operating System • MP/M-86rM Multi-User Operating system • Concurrent File Access File Password Protection • File Time and Date Stamping Print Spooling • Additional Memory, 64K and 256K byte increments • up to 0 system total of one full Megabyte • Languages

BASIC-86n«v FORTRAN-86r«i, PASCAL-86r«v CBASIC/86t^ PASCAL/M86ii^ FORTH, CIS-COBOL and other High Level Languages

ANALOG TO DIGITAL DIGITAL TO ANALOG

DATA ACQUISITION AND CONTROL BOARDS AND SYSTEMS

Double sided double density floppy disks (2.4 MB total)

31 Megabyte Winchester Hard Disk

Attractive Wood Grain Desk Top Enclosure

Rack Mounted enclosure

Alphanumeric terminals (80 chars x 24 lines)

Matrix, correspondence {|ua|ity, letter quality, and

graphics printers

APPLE A/D $695 w/Tlmer-Counter

ANALOG TO DIGITAL Converter with

Timer/Counter

12 Bit Accuracy, 16 Channels, 30 KHz Conversion, Three programmable Timer/Counters to:

Trigger Conversions

Count Conversions

Count External Signals

Count Bus Clock Options: Programmable Gain; 14,16 Bit Accuracy; 40,100, or 125 KHz; Expansion to 256 Channels

DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTERS

12 Bit Resolution

3 Microsecond Conversion

Jumper Selectable Outputs

±2.5V, ±5V, ±10V, Oto

+5V, Oto +10V Each operates independently Each DAC holds previous value until an entire new word is presented to it Fully assembled and tested

circle 407 on Inquiry card.

S100 A/D $765 Analog to Digital Converter with Timer/Counter

12 Bit Accuracy, 16 Channels, 30 KHz Conversion, Five Programmable Timer/Counters for: Time of Day Triggering Conversions Counting Conversions Counting External Signals Interrupting the CPU Options: Programmable Gain; 14, 16 Bit Accuracy; 40, 100, 125 KHz Conversion; Expansion to 256 Channels

OTHER FINE SI00 and APPLE PRODUCTS AVAILABLE, INCLUDING: ANALOG to DIGITAL CONVERTERS (12, 14, 16 bit accuracy, 30, 40, 100, 125 KHz Conversion rates, 16 to 256 Channels, programmable gain, timer/counters). DIGITAL to ANALOG CONVERTERS (12 bit accuracy, 3 microsecond conversion rate). 8086 CPU Board, I/O Boards 64K/256K Memory Boards, Real-time Video Digitizer and Display. Complete Systems also available for Data Acquisition, Video Digitization, and General Purpose Applications.

REQUEST OUR CATALOG FOR COMPIETF LISTING, AND SPECIFICATIONS ON THF FNTIRE TFCMAR PRODUCT lINi.

O I

z cn

V

<i m

>; §

Ul a

r.

Q Ki Z Ul

<: Y _l m

V cc

uj

-• (9 > I o

ii z a a

a in E d:

A o lU

•o z o M <r

n z a u.

z o

Cd

liJ o r) -I Ul ir " OC <I X 111

3 a. o

tn _i u

in

IE

I— z

I 0.

i£ N

m M a —

sc. ■r^ m z >

- <r o

+ _i

Ul

M Q U

> m

Q # Ul

q: I- o UJ

u o

ii Ul CD

lij m > in

> Q O Z D CC Z U

z

= in =

llT W Q ^ U Ul O U) 1Ul _l Z Ul

z m <t _i

<r ZD.

Z Z 11- z U- o o

Ul

u ■I

Q. 0)

(E ■

O h_

<L CD

cn o z

■ >

IT a.

<r o (J

■ Q "

Z CD

UJ CD

a. z

r-i

* CD cn JJ z u u .. OJ

HI '.. in Q a ■■ o « _i u

n CM an III

n

5t P U Q E

IO Ui 1- □

ir

cn

Z 01

u o J to

Ui

U

>

UJ

<L

u

Q.

r.i

a

tn

U

i

>

[/]

= EU

tJ

lL

lU <-)

o

UJ

D

fU

r-H

:H

£r

1

■d

-i-J W

-0

U -rt

M

4

Oi

Q

I

4

N

fS

Q_ =

(C

ut

E

3

H

0

4

O 0 U i_

Q cn

u

"D

2

i—

£ i— flj

01

<E t-<

0

C

0 T3

■r^ £0 Ol J3

Ui _J

*-l

(S

x:

^ E

a.

(0

IX

J3 UJ

tn

' 3

o

1 N 3

0!

1

s:

0

t

0.

= n C

L

cr

h

i

<E

1

r.

CL

□) o

U

01 N

tn

Z

1

c M N x:

[fi

Ui

N

■H «~l U

_!

Dl

r

c = -«

00

□

!

-4 - c

0

u

I

i

o

cr LJ L 3

1(1 z

I H Ul

I 13 Q.

I O I IE

I

CJ

s- =

0

o ^ z

UJ

_l I

H H " 3 I- O

z

3 Z Z 3 UJ z =

in H

0- CD u • = H ■

O = LL U :

I- m CJ CM

0. H Ki ( = CL 1 Q OJ -0 C

r -j

* -rt M = ■:

M- T3 = llT L I

an! □

ri = U :

■p4 Ul ^ 0) '

1- a s. i-i o

IS a: +> re

3 111 Ul Q

cn a o <E

0 01 +J U] -J cn IT u le: 1

I d E i

1 UJ c: •

>0 -I T3 i

>t u c : = t

u =

U I- II I- (L Ul !

IL u a- : t^ <L 1 N M Q. = I

n in

u o

(0 4J

I a in > a.

J£ O

in u

-H

■□ I

u in

UJ

ai 1

£ti CL

1- 0 n

£L *J Kr

-I U. = HI

= cr ^

: 111 at -•-<

i in tu

0 I- n

r-l Ul

U 0) h

Ul L)

^ q: Ul

<l! I

•M I O

+J It

C CD CL

m ^

3 a

13 = E

3 a

C CO

z

u

OJ

L 3

z

IT UJ 01 Z

in

I- T! Z L

Ul a a. u q: m

3 L

u

II cn <i _i

r-i

HI

m u

I- :

UJ CL

u

<I o Q.

in o

I

UJ CM

u n 0

a. o in =

t

0. I

O M

u □

a

<£

Ul Q

Oi I

in o 01 z

; CD

> cn Ui z

U : U Q- 1- Z

cn o UJ

u I

E 01 iZ L

I- -1

Q 4-1 UJ C 1ID OJ i-f

cn ^ o:

Z L 3

IB Li — IE U H O Z -P 0- IE

tNl M- <E

□

- 01 .H

u

u -u r J

UJ L 3

01 CE I

z z

Q- !-(

M «

IE U

<t H

w Q

-0

_l -I

rcn

>

= 3 LL u.

oca

ED -0 <t X U UJ ■rt N tn U. 3

m

Ul m 03 \n I'S i- UJ z •H r j -1 _i u. £C M o 3 U- UI

O UJ !J

-0 * M CI UJ LiJ

« r-i Ui g: a:

CC u_ z

UJ

'UJ

z z

• Ul

01 z

1. <t

01 z

j: Ul

in o

w _i 01 n I

Q

U «!■ I

£L

■0

Ul

NO Z

•rt M Ui « I

Z i

<I UJ i

Z IE i

Ch UJ UJ -I > H !

> _i :

1. CL '

O (J TJ

CD

llT U) CD CC

z cn <[ z

I- H O 1-1 UJ u. Q ID O N

z UJ Ul n

111 OC 3 w

c: cn

rt o

E Q

E I

O I

U IE

a

3

z

UJ UJ Z Ul <L

z u ta

Ul

m

Z lC

Ul 3

iC CC

o m

- - Q

Ln LiJ

N Q CC

C> CD (E

CC

o u.

Ul

o

Si

z

Ul

Ul

cn II =

UJ

CC 111 u

I K

Ul Q

-1 o

U- Z -1 £L

a m z

Ul (0 to -I <E U

u

Q

z

UJ

o

Z I

UI Ul

-J -1

in ffi il <L

l-H 1-1

CC CC

> >

IE X +

UJ I

Q i i ..

z ^ u

Ui Q Q lC

CL Z Z - U

Ul 21 Z

z i a =

= !E Q Tl iE »

j o - z c u- »

in u. T UI UJ

.rt CC CL C5 :

£0 ... 0

cn « ^

<I Q

UJ UJ CC Q D CE CJ UJ —

r—

UJ Cl +

.1 X

> (

Q- Z

o <:

□ H

ii z

C- < i- Q

o z

w > UJ

<r

■v. CC UJ

CC _J

sf a aa

r -i u <t

Ul ■

CC

z

U

iL

z

£C Z

i z

a

Q

Z U UJ

1

in IE

z

□

1

a.

•o Ul

<c

IE

1

z

II

Ul z o

UJ UJ

U Cl

S '

p

QC

cn

IE U- Z

3 Q

r

U!

3 "

O Z

a

Z *

1 cn <i

z

Q -1

0

LJ

a *

01

LO i

I Z 0

Ui

> >

1-1 <E

Tt U

M CC = CC o

tn <E u

Q X > O M

<C <t X (9 -1 0. E O U

Ul o

z +

M UJ

N Z

U " *

M t- N C l

w CL in o

X X - ■

a: z o a

z o z iC

CC O -J

I V I- y. - r? a

Z CC

■ Ul CE Ul 01 Z

SI

CD O X X -I

u z

UJ

rs

Ki

N Z

CJ UJ K -J CL -1

I

O 3

CC u

O O D U

CM CC m

Ul

Q. 4J ■

+ II ni

,\ +1

z cn

»

u C

a 0

^- □

CC »

c-i o

G 1- U 1—

so. d ^ ~

2 Ui HI

4^ ED

«-( c a

-M

4-1 UI

in J

01 u

Q >

_ u . _

lc ui CC u a;

01 cn o u UJ <! z a; _i z

O *H Q M O

(£ U IE <[ X IE a <I UJ 3 U.

> (9 > a:

tn

J ^ Q

3 U Z

UJ UI H K w Z IE Ul 3

- - O i« O '

: UJ

CC

H Uj □

Ul i- t> \i_ I- -J IE Z

X U <I •-' O H

I- > K « 1- IE

urn <t

3

u

Ul

a.

IE

z

+

a

IE

Ul

0.

Q

O X

« .

3

_r

, U

tJ 1

+

Q

Ln

Ll

^ CD

Z

n

•- Q

C!

Ui

» cn

Z

LU

T

z

-0 z

«

13

4

u z <:

1

-4 CJ

OJ

UJ

IE

\

in

E

U X A

U

lE

-0

ra z

a

m

UJ H

U

U

U Z Ul

c

(9

IE O

Q

1

CO

01

IE 0.

M

U

3

1-1

-4 Q in

Z

o a

O

z

u z

1 CC Ll

in

UI

X

a

ffi UI

01

(3

o

Q

cn

Q

U U CD Z

a

U

Cl -I

Cl <L

Ui

IE

UJ

<E UJ Z

Z

o a

CC

X

0

3 cn cn

ir

CC cn

CC

UJ

1—

IE

cn _i

CD

UT

Q

CO

in

a

CD

Ui II

Ui

jii

*

_l

CC

0

cn

H o

03

ffi

Ui

Ui

1-1

z

D CL

CD

M

G

z

u

CC o -4

cn

E

til

cn r

CD

z

01

z

o

O Nl

_i

Z

Z

U U

in

Ui

u

1

Q

» -J cn

^

c?

D

7"

01

a

Ul

~o u.

CL UJ

u

p

01

z

-4 iC

u

Q

ffi

CC

CD

r-i

CD U

ffi

L

o

Q =

Q

CL

CL

cn

tlT

a

CL Q -4

t

01

_i

_l *

IE

O

L

z

3 CC

cn

4-1

ffi

IE

01

a CD

Z in

Q

4-1

rTi

Ui .-1

01

U

CD

UJ

L

CJ

X

L

LL

z

UJ

cn

^ 4- m

u

a

1- TS

01

4

Ol

z

-0 n

q:

-4

L

13

0

1

X

-4 i: N

u

Oi

U

Ui 0

E

01

G

Ul

UJ

m

Ul

C9

n

> u

>

CL Q IL

IE

4-1

<r 0)

C

4J

CM

a

3 IE 3

CC

Ol

Ui c

in

ffi

1

z

Q it:

01

_i

T3

n

Q

C?

111

-4 o

Q

-w

L

0

IE

-■ o

Z

XI

— in

0

z

IE

w

O _1

Ul

It

IS

u

(9

O

<I

UJ

^ Q

c

iiC -J

01

z

0.

sa Ul

a IE

UI

o

IE CD 0!

Ul

<I

O Z

Q O Z

a

DC

cn

Q

z

<z

IE <L

Q

z

1

IE

z

u. z

II

U- CD

u

cn

CD

<r

u

(9 1-4

CD

1-1 cn

CD

U

a

a

u o

iii

tn

z

tn

tJ

p

t--i

■ - tn

Q

z

cn

11

z

UJ

I

hi

■Jj z

CC

U

CD

IE

Z

Ui

cn o

Ui

N cn

Q

IE

<r

tj

LC

-1 3

_i

ri z

■1

O

z

a

<r

Cl O

u.

-H h

UJ

LL

C?

Ll

Ul

LL

CD 3 I

Cl

>

u.

o

D CE

D

CC

cn

IE Q cn

Ui

Cl

Ui

ra UI

IE

Ul

CL

u

UJ

a. >

CL Ui

> z I- <I

St. =

3 13 Ul

M OJ UI

3 +J i

O U IL

_l !D

4-1 LU

= 0 >

LI L O

TD a Z

UJ t >

: -a D

Z :

{9

i cn -4

! CC ' Q Ul

a z

z

CC U- I

u

o ■

L O *J

u u

01 1-1

L Ul 3 Z

<r = z

Ui ULl CO

a Ul o

CO 1 CM LL CC « CT <E

in

-1 !? Q U

cn I o

Q ■ I

CM O O CM

■ _l CC

111 Q

•0 U. Dw 1-1 o O

II _j

u

o —

-4 N +

Z -4

ffi M

U- u *

M -0

+

II z O Ki Ul -D I

-4 h

1-4 a

tn z

U- Z UJ

I

CO z K Ul z u Ui CC

<C CC u Cl

CO 0. z

a UJ

O CC X ^4 Q H

in

H +13

"ill tn

z u o z

" <t u a LL

CO (9 = '3 ii

cn : cn CO

Z .. CC 11

c Q Q

cn □ <r

_l -1 Q d

U 4J I

a ri c

U- H * Q

U Ui L

1- in > CC

o 0! o UJ

z Q z cn

> tD :

cn 4

= Z CD

> tn L -J <i z

0 _i *j "

u u. Ul

01 Ul Q

L * IE in ■t4 M a •a o <t ..

-4 Q

01 171 -4

C IE Z Ul <I Ul IS IE I

O

X z

U UJ

UJ .. I

h-1

Ki z a

N UJ Z

X u

CO H Z

3 ^ + U I- >

UJ rj

u- tn u. -0

MOM

l?»

in Q U Ul

N + 1-1

3

0 d N 1-1

H

(9 1-4

01 2

IE Z

Q 3 <L

Vi O

CM z tn z z Cl Ul u

3 £C

Q ■D d -1 Q

I- cn

z Ul

3 U

O UJ 3 O d

■ Z 0

cn

CL Ui

Z X

= O Ui Ui Q >

CD O d

Ul -4 -0 01 Z Q

Z -4

1- O CC 3

Ul Q d 3 Ul 1-4

Q O O U

3 IE ffi U

IE

O Ul UI

ami

3 3 1

ui

z =

Z - Ul

I- U 3

0 1-1 H- U.

4J Ki I

U <1 U

01 3 4J !9 CO

a

L z a Cl Z o

= N =

I -4

CD CD

cn z Ul z z z

Ul

I- CC UI

a Di

IE U. 3

0. !-• UI

□ -1

Ul IE

I- Ul

— a

' u z

tc.

u

(9 UI

(» 4. 3 X UJ

in a

DC Z O r?

Ill A

f

" o IE

3 a.

: 1- a B u CD Ui z z Cl H U X *•

4-1 U X "i£ IE

01 u. i> 1-1

m e -4

L.

o C9 I

M- Ll 1

ffi UI

tn IE

IE

I

I Q- *4

: 3 IE

a <c

I

Q O I Q

d 3

Q O

01 4J

L L 3 3

ID CD Ul 01

z z

lC 44 ir. CC Ll 1)1

d m z

-1 -- 0. Ui

N I Q = H

Ul

U <9 ID Ui

d U! H

0- Z 11

Ul la IE

Q U. 3 = CE 1-1

>•

= d ■ H *

U

H

CN

Ki

L

5f

T

'X

UJ

m

a

01

LL

cn

tJ ?

■a

E

1

a

3

3

5

c

J

r9

II

iii

G

Ui

G

Ti

o

UI

n

X 4-1

U

E

11!

cn -1

01

c

m

o

ffi

3 L

LC

in

5

z

+

a

i:i

in

3 3

a

a

Ul

4-;

3

ij

c_

jj

Q

-4

U

t9

z

tD

o

U

f9

Llj

a

U

3 '

ID

Ui

tn

c

Q

m

L

Ui

19

CO

a CD

CO

_L

>

0!

Z

o

ffi

4

I Ul

z

Ki

Ul

a

01

01 z

3

T

in

C9

Ki

3

UJ

1

CC

01

1

01

3

LU

-0

Ul

L

cc

-C

Cl

□

iC H

Ul

0

3

<t

o

H

a

ffi

C9

3 "

q:

cn

z

Z

C'l

U

U

IE

in

lE

Q

ffi CC

3

U- 3

Ui

«• 3 a 3 3 IE

Z 3 3

IE

1-4

Ul

44

Z

u a -I a

00 or

01

IE

Ul > □

z

in m

w a: I

« 2

(E IL

d N

u

« 01

U -4

a u

Z 01

Ul L

Q u

Ul L

a 0 a

X c

H 01

CE a

a a u.

. Ul

(Q z H m <E tn T" 2

ri TJ U.

Ul

-• gi oii ui 6 dz

<C IE Z d U l» d z Ul -1 -• UCC -HU (C HI o

— ^ u. o M d a -4

M- 3 U LC Z Ui d

z L a o

I- 01 o 3 i: = -■

CL 4J Ui U Ul

a 0 3 > c " CO a Ul 10 u- m z

z -4

d 0 > m

Z 4J CL O

o

- - 01 Ll

■ CM IE

: d

01 CD \ O

-1 IB cn

Z ■<! UJ

O > — K

a > d

UJ o CL r- z

M u O U- U

d u a

z w u. Ul o

346 April 1982 © BYTE PublicaUoni Inc

E

CQWPIJTHQWICS

N

C.

EVERYTHING FOR YOUR TRS-80* • ATARI* • APPLE* • PET* •

*TRS-M K i tiidemitk of the Ridio Shack Dhflslon of Tandy Corp. - *ATARI is a trademark of Atari Inc. - 'Apple is a liademark of Apple Corp. - *Pet is a trademark of Commodore

BUSINESS PAC 100

100 Ready-To-Rim Business Programs

thin 24-H<»"^^

-Sojtware

(ON CASSETTE OR DI8KETTE).....Indude8110 Page Users Manual.....5 Cassettes (Or Diskettes)

Inventoiy Control.....Payroll.....Bookkeeping System Stock Calculations.....

Checkbook Maintenance.....Accounts Receivable.....Accounts Payable

1

R0LE78

2

ANMGl

3

DATE

4

DAYYEAR

5

LEASEINT

6

BREAKEW

7

DEPRSL

8

DEPRSY

9

DEPRDB

10

DEPRDDB

1 1

TAXDEP

I p

CHECK2

13

CHECKBKl

14

MORTGAGE/A

15

MCILTMOM

16

SALVAGE

17

RRVARirS

18

RRCOMST

19

EFFECT

20

FVAL

21

PVAL

22

LOANPAY

23

REGWTTH

24

SIMPOISK

25

DATEVAL

26

ANNUDEF

27

MARKUP

28

SIMKFUND

29

BOMDVAL

30

DEPLETE

31

BLACKSH

32

STOCVALl

33

WARVAL

34

BONDVAL2

35

EPSEST

36

BETAALPH

37

SHARPEl

38

OFTWRrrE

39

RTVAL

40

EXPVAL

41

BAYES

42

VAL PRIME

43

VALj\DIMF

44

UTlinY

45

SIMPLEX

46

TRANS

47

EOQ

48

QGELIEl

49

CVP

50

CONDPROF

51

OPTLOSS

52

FQUOQ

NAME

53 FQEOWSH

54 FQEOQPB

55 QUEUECB

56 MCFANAL

57 PROHND

58 CAP!

100 PROGRAM LIST

59

60

Vv'ACC COMPBAL

Weighted average cost of capital

True rate on loan with compensatinQ bol. required

61

DISCBAL

True rate on discounted loan

62

MERQANAL

Merger analysis computations

Interest Apportionment by Rule of the 78's

63

FIN RAT

Financial ratios for a firni

Annuity computation program

64

MPV

tSet present value of prefect

Time between dates

65

PRIMDLAS

Laspeyres price index

Day of year a particular date falls on

66

PRINDPA

Paasche price index

Interest rate on lease

67

SEASIND

Constructs seasonal quantity indices for company

Breakeven analysis

68

TIMETR

Time series analysis linear trend

Stiaightline depreciation

69

TIMEMOV

Time series analysis nrK)ving average trend

Sum of the digits depreciation

70

FUPRINF

Future price estimation with inflation

Declining balance depreciation

71

MAILPAC

Mailing list system

Double declining balance depreciation

72

LETWRT

Letter writing system-links with MAILPAC

Cash flow vs. depreciation tables

73

SORT3

Sorts list of names

Prints NEBS checks along with daily register

74

LABEL 1

Shipping label mal<er

Checkbook maintenance program

75

LjABEL2

Mame label maker

Mortgage amortization table

76

BCISBUD

DOME business bookkeeping ^tem

Computes time needed for money to double, triple, etc.

77

TIMECLCK

Computes weeks total hours from timeclock info.

Determines salvage value of an investment

78

ACCTPAY

In memory accounts payable system-storage pemnitted

Rate of return on investment with variable inflows

79

INVOICE

Generate invoice on screen and print on printer

Rate of retum ori investment with constant inflows

80

INVENT2

In memory inventory control system

Effective interest rate of a loan

81

TELDIR

Computerized telephone directory

Future value of an investment (compound interest)

82

TIMUSAN

Time use analysis

Present value of a future amount

83

ASSIGN

Gse of assignment algorithm for optimal job assign.

Amount of payment on a loan

84

ACCTREC

In memory accounts receivable system-storage ok

Equal withdrawals from investment to leave 0 over

85

TERMSPAY

Compares 3 methods of repayment of loans

Simple discount analysis

86

PAYNET

Computes gross pay required for given net

Equivalent & nonequivalent dated values for oblig.

87

SELLPR

Computes selling price for given after tax amount

Present value of deferred annuities

88

ARBCOMP

Arbitrage computations

% Markup analysis for items

89

DEPRSF

Sinidng fund depreciation

Sinking fund amortization program

90

UPSZONE

Finds GPS zones from zip code

Value of a bond

91

ENVELOPE

Types envelope including return address

Depletion analysis

92

ACJTOEXP

Automobile expense analysis

Black Scholes options analysis

93

INSRLE

Insurance policy file

Expected retum on stock via disccxifils dhridends

94

PAYROLL2

In memory payroll system

Value of a warrant

95

DIUVNAL

Dilution analysis

Value of a bond

96

LOAISAFFD

Loan amount a borrower can afford

Estimate of future eamings per share for company

97

RENTPRCH

Purchase price for rental property

Computes alpha and beta variables for stock

98

SALELEAS

Sale-lea setback analysis

Portfolio selection model i.e. what stocks to hold

99

RRCONVBD

Investor's rate of return on convertable bond

Option writing computations

100

PORTVAL9

Stock maritel portfolio storage-valuation program

Value of a right Expected value analysis Bayesian decisions

Value of perfect infomnation Value of additional information [drives utility function

Linear programmirig solution by simplex method TranspwrtaUon method for linear programming Economic order quantity inventoiy nmdel Single server queueing (waiting lifie) model

Cost-volume-profit analysis Conditional profit tables Opportunity loss tables

Fixed quantity economic order quantity model DESCRIPnON

As above but with shortages permitted As above but with quantity price breaks Cost-benefit waiting line analysis Net cash flow analysis for simple investment Profitability index of a project Cap. Asset Pr. Model ana^is of pmject

Circle 191 on Inquiry card.

□ CASSETTE VERSION $99.95

□ DISKETTE VERSION $99.95

□ TRS-SO" MODEL n VERSION $149.95

ADD $3.00 FOR SHIPPING IN UPS AREAS ADD $4.00 FOR C.O.D. OR NON-UPS AREAS ADD $5.00 OUTSIDE U.S.A, CANADA & MEXICO

iCQniPUTHQUlCSf

50 N. PASCACK ROAD SPRING VALLEY, NEW YORK 10977

HOUR OA ORDER LINE

425-153^

circle 296 on Inquiry card.

Buy with Confidence

from the best

GREAT PRICES, GREAT SERVICE. GUARANTEED COMPinERS, PRINTERS, TERMINALS . cM

I* p^A^ Xerox

COMPUTERS:

Altos Apple Atari

Commodore Hewlett-Packard B.M.C.

Intertec/Superbrain N.E.C. Northstar

Onyx Point Four Sharp

Televideo Vector

llnppkE

VIDEO TERMINALS & MONITORS:

ADDS

D.C, Hayes Modems at great prices.

THERMAL

Apple Trendcom DOT MATRIX

Anacom Anadex Centronix Commodore

Epson

I.D.S./Paper Tiger Microline/Oktdata M.P.I. We have IBM

Novell software. Texas Instruments LETTER QUALITY Diablo/Xerox .

80 COLUMN VIDEO CARDS

Double Vision

Srnart-Term

VIdex

LOWER CASE ADAPTERS

Dan Paymar INTERFACE CARDS

Apple

California Computer Mountain Computer Microsoft S S M Products

Thiinderciock

CP/M Fortran Pascal Vanguard AP/L OTHER PRODUCTS Bar Code Readers Card Readers Game Controls Graptiics Tablet Music System Numeric Keypads Programming Aids Type-and-Talk Video Digitizers Voice Entry

MONITOHS

BMC A NEC GrMn Serean NOW IN STOCK

EDUCATORS

we have the CORVUS systems lo hook up several Apple computers at once'

NEC A DIABLO PRINTERS

Anadex. Paper ' Tiger CALL lor latest prices

The new 136 column Epson p^jnIe^ with graphics and the Friction/tract or MX 60 are m stock. WE HAVE THE GRAPHIC PACKAGE FOR MX 80 call. SILENTYPE PRtNTER ONLY 5284.00

Call for catalog.

Spfcuil''PFS nna PFS Reporle' loi

ApplB

Reo $99 00 Onty $ea.00 aaeh

c 3 3 .

S159 Reg S199

299/Reg 399 PLOTTERS 139 Rfg 150 BauschiLoml r.Howa'dsoll 125/Beg 150 lor your CQmput

BPI GL/IN 1,1. Prop,!.

Real Esiaii

Crealive Financing, Howardsotr 12S/Reg, 150 Houston tnstroments

ASCII Esp'ess II by SOS 55/Req- « CALL'

Accoimlint) Plus Call nctifrhmatii Word PioCesS'ng

y(\C*>' 20'ft OFF RETAIL ALL SOFTWARE

II you don't las II. call us and we ll gol II' Mall orders ONLY: NET PROFIT COMPUTERS 2908 Oregon Court, Bid Gl Torrance, Ca 90503 1(800)421-1520

in Cal: 213 320-4772 QQ

Visit our retail store: Net Profit Computers 521 W. Chapman Ave Anaheim^ Gal. 92602 714 750-7318

FORTHDOS COMMANDS

Help

type this listing

Setdir...

set up directory

Mount

mount disk

Assign..

.set start for file

Remove..

.remove disk

Run

compile a file

Files

.show all files

Read

sequential read

Make

. create a file

Write....

sequential write

.set up a file

Read

random read

Kill

.delete a file

Rwrlte...

random write

Fsize

. get size of file

Copyall.

.copy a file

Type

.type a file

Lookup.

.does a file exist

Rename..

..rename a file

Prot?

is it protected

Lock

lock out records

Dinit

initialize a directory

Free

print free space

□save

save a directory

Fcopy

on disk file copy

Mount

get a directory

Protect...

.write protect

Dputnm

.save a file name

Unprotect.unwrite protect

Xcopy...

off disk file copy

Ptype

.format, then print

Blocks?

. list files record numbers

Time

print time of day

Timeset

.set time of day

Bcopy

copy by record

DADD

add record to file

numbers

bit map

T#...type formatted number

Table 2: An abbreviated list

of FORTHDOS commands

Text continued from page 332;

the part of FORTHDOS memory which contains the file names and bit maps. This layout may be adjusted by the DOS to contain as many files and file bit maps as will fit into 1024 bytes. For example, if there are 11 bytes per bit map, 6 bytes per file name, and 11 bytes for DOS bit map, there is space for a maximum of 64 ((1024-11)/17) open files per 35-track disk. To simplify the layout of the following DOS program, I have lowered this value to 14 files per 35-track disk (86K bytes). This number has proved to be sufficient for my own needs.

While there is room to have a single DOS memory area contain files for up to four 35-track drives, you can at your option have a separate "DOS directory" area on each drive. That area is swapped into memory when the pertinent drive is accessed. In the program discussed below, I have followed this latter scheme for ease of explanation. Figure 8 illustrates this swapping.

Building a Directory

The SETDIR command is a FORTHDOS utility which interactively allows you to customize the setup of a directory. It then allocates space on disk for the directory (at a default record number) and initializes the DOS RAM and bit maps.

One interesting function of the SETDIR command allows you to lock

out any records which you do not wish to be available to FORTHDOS for later use. This may be done in two ways. SETDIR will first prompt for any record numbers which you wish to be locked out. It will then prompt for a record number below which FORTHDOS is not to be allowed to use for files. This latter feature can be used to automatically lock out whole areas of the disk or, in a multidrive system, entire drives.

This is done in a remarkably simple manner. Suppose that during directory creation (via SETDIR) you indicate that all records below number X are to be locked out. FORTHDOS simply uses the DON primitive (see "Determining Record Status" below) to set Is into the corresponding record numbers of DOS bit map. Any future calls to DNXT will find these records to be in use already. To protect an entire file, however, FORTHDOS uses a different approach.

Write-Protecting a File

A bit in a file bit map is assigned to indicate the write-protect status of all record numbers active in that bit map. All FORTHDOS primitives that write information to files first check the status of this bit before attempting a write operation. If the bit is 1, no information will be written to the file. (FORTHDOS will return an error indication to the user program if the file has been write-protected.) The UN

2% shipping and 3% lor charge cards348 April 1982 © BYTE Publicatioiu Inc

Tired Cf Tcur

GENEI^AL LEDGER?

■k THE ULTIMATE PERSONAL CHECK REGISTER •k A PROFESSIONAL ACCOUNTING SYSTEM

★ A PERSONAL FINANCIAL MANAGER

★ A SMALL BUSINESS ACCOUNTING SYSTEM

★ A COMPLETE GENERAL LEDGER

[?(DB mm m%-m mmi

mi

n€>v IT wccrs

VERSALEDGER is a complete accounting system that grows as you or your business grows. To start, your VERSALEDGER acts as a simple method of keeping track of your checkbook. Just enter your check number, date and to whom the check is made out to. As you or your business grows, you may add more details to your transactions .... account number, detailed account explanations, etc.

VERSALEDGER

• VERSALEDGER can give you an instant cash balance at anytime. (IF YOU WANT IT TO)

• VERSALEDGER can be used as a small personal checkbook register. (IF YOU WANT IT TO)

• VERSALEDGER can be used to run your million dollar corporation, (IF YOU WANT IT TO)

• VERSALEDGER prints checks. (IF YOU WANT IT TO)

• VERSALEDGER stores all check information forever. (IF YOU WANT IT TO)

• VERSALEDGER can handle more than one checkbook. (IF YOU WANT IT TO)

• VERSALEDGER can be used to replace a general ledger. (IF YOU WANT IT TO)

• VERSALEDGER HAS AN ALMOST UNLIMITED CAPACITY ...

(300 checks per month on single density 5'-V' disk drives such as the TRS-80 Model-I)

(500 checks per month on the Apple II)

(2400 checks per month on the TRS-80 Model III)

(6000 checks per month on the TRS-80 Model II)

(3000 checks per month on single density 8" CP/M)

• VERSALEDGER will soon have an add-on payroll package. (IF YOU NEED IT)

~ CAN BE USED WITH 1 or MORE DISK DRIVES —

INTRODUCTORY PRICE $99.95

VERSALEDGER HAS REEN CREATED WITH THE FIRST TIME COMPUTER USER IN MIND

iCQWPUTHQMICSi

SO N. PASCACK ROAD SPRING VALLEY, NEW YORK 10977

* ADD $3.00 FOR SHIPPING IN UPS AREAS

★ ADD $4.00 FOR C.O.D. OR NON-UPS AREAS

* ADO $5.00 TO CANADA AND MEXICO

★ ADD PROPER POSTAGE OUTSIDE U.S., CANADA & MEXICO

HOUR

24 ORDER LINE

(914) 425-1535

NEW TOLL-FREE

ORDER LINE

(OUTSIDE OF N.Y. STATE)

(800) 431-2818

*** ALL PRICES & SPECIFICATIONS SUBJECT TO CHANGE '

Circle 192 on Inquiry card.

5 • • •

err numbers

DOS BIT MAP;

1 1 CALL DJVXr TO DETERMINE THE NEXT FREE RECORD AVAILABLE. O/fXr RETURNS RECORD 2.

2) CALL ffOM TO SET THE RECORD NUMBER RETURNED BY O/fXT TO A 1 <Le., 'IN USE'). BIT MAP NOW:

3) CALL \DON? \ WITH A 2 AS THE ENTRY VALUE. \DONP\ RETURNS A 1, INDICATING THAT RECORD 2 IS IN USE. CALL \DONP\ WITH A 3 AS THE ENTRY VALUE; AND \DON?\ RETURNS A 0, INDICATING THAT RECORD 3 IS AVAILABLE.

4 ) CALL DOFF WITH A 2 AS THE ENTRY VALUE, AND RECORD 2 IS FREED FOR FUTURE USE:

Figure 9: Using DON, DON?, and DOFF.

ORANGE:

100, 101, 102, 105

a )

RECORDS IN USE

PEAR:

96, 97. 98,99

AT FIRST

APPLE:

90, 91, 95

DOS:

0. 1-*100

ORANGE:

100. 101, 102, 105

bl

AFTER KILLING

APPLE:

90, 91, 95

THE FILE PEAR

DOS;

0, 1—^gs, 100

ORANGE:

100, 101, 102. 105, 96

cl

AFTER P/IDOmS

APPLE:

90 . 91. 96

TO ORANGE

DOS:

0, 1—»-96, 100

Figure 10: Killing a file. This shows the results of removing the PEAR file from the disk.

F/LEJ

LINK BYTES (TO/FROM)

TRACK HEAD MOVEMENT

RECOnO 4 RECORD 8 RECORD 72 RECORD 20 RECORD 10 RECORD 22 RECORD 85

(e.g., RECORD 4 LINKS TO S) 8

72/4

20/8

10/72

22/20

85/10

22/4

2

LITTLE

4

LITTLE

30

LOTS

IS

LOTS

7

SOME

17

SOME

35

LOTS

Figure 11: Link-listed file chains. To read FILEl. the disk head has to cross over 43 tracks for only 3 records.

PROTECT command writes a 0 to the write-protect bit for the appropriate file. Since this bit is checked before any other write operations are performed, the delay time to check for write-protect status is negligible while the benefits of being able to writeprotect individual files at wiU are many.

Printing a Directory and Determining File Size

The write-protect status of all files on the disk is always reported whenever the FILES command is used to print a directory Usting to the terminal. In addition, other DOS information such as file name, size, free disk space, disk comment field, and amount of RAM is also given.

Calculating file size for a directory listing is straightforward. First, the number of Is in a file bit map are added. The sum is the number of records (or size) of the file. Similarly, to calculate the number of free records remaining on disk, the number of Is in the DOS bit map are summed. This number is then subtracted from the variable DSKSZ to determine the number of free records remaining. DSKSZ is in turn calculated by the following formula:

R = INT((r*S)/100*D

where R is the number of records per system, T is the number of tracks on the disk, S is the record size, and D is the number of disk drives. The INT function in the formula rounds down the quotient (r*S)/100 to an integer.

Now! An Acoustic Coupler for $125

The Omnitec Model 715 (originate only) has the necessary features, needed to expand any business or home computer systems capability: 0-450 baud data rate, RS232 compatibility and carrier detect at a low factory-direct price of $125. Or, select the Model 770 at $179.00 for originate or answ/er communications. ^ ^ Both models carry a one year warranty.

OMNITEC DATA

\JH|y 2405 South 20th Street • Phoenix, Arfiona 85034 ^ ^. ^ ^

PRICES INCLUDE SHIPPING i HANDLING WHEN PRE-PAID

350 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 306 on inquiry card.

Put your business forms on an Apple II

An innovative software system that speeds the processing and analysis of common business forms on a personal computer. VersaForm applications include:

• Invoicing • Order purchasing Hard Disk

• Purchase orders • Sales analysis Vierslons

• Client billing • Personnel records Available

• Mailing lists • Inventory records

VersaForm

Business Form Processor

Applied

Software

Technology

15985 Greenwood Rd Monte Sereno, Califor (408) 395-1541

wood Rd.

lo, California 95030 41

circle 39 on Inquiry card.

The manner in which FORTHDOS determines whether a given record bit in the file bit map is a 1 is interesting, given that FORTH is a high-level language which lacks bit manipulation capability. To do this, FORTHDOS makes use of three primitives— DON ,{ DON? } , and DOFF . ["Primitive" here means an MMSFORTH word that performs an elementary function frequently used by later words in the system. . . . GW] Since these three primitives are used by practically every other primitive in FORTHDOS to determine record status, it will be useful to investigate their use.

Determining Record Status

Look at the DON, DOFF, and DON? primitives in the program listing; then look at figure 9. In the example, DON (disk access on) turns on the bit in the bit map which corresponds to the record number being accessed by the file. This means that

the file now "owns" that record, and no other file may write to it unless it is reclaimed by the DOFF (disk access off) primitive. DON? is used to return the record's status (on or off) to other primitives. For instance, DNXT makes frequent use of DON? to scan the DOS bit map when seeking a free record to give to a file.

These three primitives translate the calling record number according to the following formula:

2[niod r/n]

where r is the record number, n is the number of bytes in the file bit map, and [mod {r/n)] is the remainder of dividing r by «. This has the effect of translating the calling record number into a power of 2 and hence into a bit position within the 11 bytes of the bit map. (In the FORTHDOS listing, 8 bytes are used simply because that is how my own personal system is set up.)

You might argue that it is easier and faster to resort to machine language and simply use a bit rotation command to access more rapidly the status of the appropriate bit. However, for the purposes of maintaining generality in this article 1 have instead given a high-level language solution in the listing. It works almost as well as a machine-language implementation of this part of FORTHDOS. You can translate the command to the lower-level language of your choice if you wish to increase the overall speed of FORTHDOS through these central primitives.

File Deletion and Allocation

Having followed the development of FORTHDOS thus far, you should have a pretty good idea of the strategies used, but let's review a couple of points for further clarification. As mentioned earlier, many DOS systems use an allocation scheme to adjust file space periodical

S-100 INNOVATORS:

c I

T

R 0 N I

C S

I

N G.

REMOTE CONTROLLER-lniiovative Features:

*Complete 256 address control—not just 16 *No ultrasonic link—prevents erractic operation

* 120,208,240 and 277\/AC control-tor single & 3 phase operation *HardwarB driven—requires minimal software *Complete line of industrial switches avaiiabie—to 5.5KW

REAL TIME CLOCK-lnnovative Featuers:

* First to use LSI OKI clock chip

* Crystal controlled for .002% accuracy *4 software selectable clock generated interrupts *Fuli ciocl< and calendar data

* Lithium battery backup good for 6000 hours'.

See your local computer dealer from SciTronics Inc.,

ENERGY WATTCHER^-lnnovative Features:

* First microcomputer based energy monitor *Clip on probes for easy installation

* Monitors Real Power, not volt-amps

_ , „. *Peak Power and continuous power readings

* Single and 3 phase operation

or contact SciTronics directly for more information. Watch for future innovative products 523 So. ClBwell St., P.O. Box 5344, Bethlohem, PA 18015 (215) 868-7220

352 April 1982 © BYTE PubBcaUons Inc

Circle 364 on inquiry card.

m/mnmr makes it across!

...FROM ONE OPERATING

SYSTEM TO ANOTHER!

A VITAL WAY TO PROTECT YOUR

SOFTWARE INVESTMENT FOR

THEFUTUREII

The KM/t'OBML language runs on more

diCfcrc/il f^pci'i'ilinf^ Systems and more

(lilTerenl-sized computers than any olher similar language. For slarlers, it runs on NCR and Tl minicomputers and, in the micro field, on the CPIM\ MPIMK CP/M86^ MP/M-86^ TRSDOS^ OASIS", MOASIS". and UNIX=. (ONYX version) Operating Systems... to mention only a

l(!VV.

IMV/COUOLand (RT!™'from CYBERNETICS ARE GOING STEADY...

.AND YOU'RE GONNA LOVE 'EM TOO!!

Use your computer to program itself. <RT! (Cobol Reprogramming TooHl from Cybernetics is a program generator for IM\/i;OIHM- that produces error-free KA\/i:0IMll, source programs for data input, file maintenance, and report printing programs.

A full feature interactive program generator, not a subset! Call Now! 714/848-1922.

Until now, serious business software of the scope and flexibility seen in the minicomputer world has not been available on micros, KiU/COBOl/ now allows transfer of such software with a minimum of fuss.

We have participated in such a mini-tomicio transfer of a major set of general business software . . . using KA\/i:OKOI. as the transfer mechanism, of course. Running on literally thousands of minicomputers, these refined, enhanced, and proven software pacl<ages cover A/R, A/P, G/L, P/R, Order Entry (with Invoicing and Inventory Control) as well as Sales Analysis. The Packages define a new level of achievement for features and flexibility in micro applications software and offer top quality at a reasonable price.

For immediate information, call 714/848-1922 for your complete product descriptions.

Trademarks of:

1-Ryan-McFarland Corp.; 2-Digital Research, Inc.; 3-Tandy Corp.; 4-Phase One Systems, Inc.; 5-BeIl Telephone Laboratories, Inc.; 6-CybernetieSj Inc.

8041 NEWMAN AVE., SUITE 208 HUNTINGTON BEACH, CA 92647 714/848-1922

ly so as to maximize contiguous blocks of records. Another reason for periodically using such an adjustment is to clean up empty records.

To understand what this means, look at parts a, b, and c in figure 10. Figure 10a shows the file ORANGE containing four entries in its bit map; records 100, 101, 102, and 105 are in use. The DOS bit map indicates that all records below 100 are in use by other files. The file named PEAR occupies records 96 through 99, and the file APPLE takes records 90, 91, and 95.

Now look at figure 10b. Here, the FORTHDOS command KILL has been used to reclaim records 96, 97, and 98, thereby effectively deleting the file PEAR from disk. (KILL also deletes the name from the directory and performs a number of other housekeeping chores.) In figure 10c, a sequential write is being made to the file ORANGE by issuing a call to the FORTHDOS primitive WRITE. WRITE in turn calls DADD to find

the next free block on the disk (through the DNXT primitive) and then return this value to WRITE for I/O transfer of the data in BUFF to disk. A problem arises if we stick to the scheme described (using the first record with a bit-map bit of 0). DNXT will return the value 96 to WRITE, since this was the first free block it found when scanning the DOS bit map, seeking a bit whose value is 0 (i.e., record not in use). This would mean that WRITE would write to record number 96, then 97, 98, 99, and finally 106 as more information is written to the disk.

If this scheme were used, the ORANGE bit map would look like this following the deletion of the file PEAR and five calls to the WRITE primitive:

96 97 98 99 100 101 102 105 106

In addition, this is the order in which records would be read from the file. But this would be incorrect. The true

record order is:

100 101 102 105 96 f7 iS 99 106

There is no way that a simple bit-map scheme can know that record 96 comes after record 105.

FORTHDOS avoids this problem by specifying that no new record added to a FORTHDOS file can have a record number lower than the highest record number already allocated to that file. This ensures that the correct, logical order of records will be given by a series of increasing record numbers. The CVARIABLE named ISB makes sure this occurs.

Even this method can, however, lead to a more subtle problem. To understand why, let's study a different approach to preserving continuity in a file, that of link-listed record chains.

Link-Listed Records

Link-listing in this context means that whenever a record is written, 2 of its bytes are used to point to the previous record number, and 2 point to the next record (if any). Hence, for a 350-record disk, we are looking at an extra 1400 bytes of storage per disk to maintain the linked chain (or 344 bytes for FORTH, where there are 86 records (blocks) per disk.

While this concept is relatively simple, it is important in any type of link listing to keep the chain from spanning too many different tracks. Otherwise disk-head movement can become excessive as more and more files are killed and created. The disk's seek action across tracks to follow a chain can become slow and "chunky," as figure 11 demonstrates. Linked pointers tend to cause a lot of disk-head movement when the physical distance between the linked records is large, as is the case when several files are killed between writes to the current file.

The scheme outlined so far for having FORTHDOS maintain logical integrity of a file handles two of the link-listed scheme's three problems. First, FORTHDOS requires fewer bytes on disk to handle record allocations. It therefore avoids the problem of needing extra storage. Second, in a

multiuser

WICAT system 150

The WICAT 150-Vys set a new standard of price/performance with its powerful Motorola 68000 processor, large memory, hard disl<, floppy disk, and complete system software.

Now there is a flexible efficient multiuser System 150. Memory and resources are assigned dynamically to each user as needed. Program code is ^ared to avoid multiple copies. Backround processing can be initiated, All of the power of the top of the line WICAT System 100 is here.

Concurrent Corporation will be adding full network database and screen management software as

well as applications soon. We can discuss your needs with you and help select the proper configuration. Please write or call (513) 281-1270.

$8500

WICAT System 150-WS (single user) Motorola 68000, terminal. 10MB Winchester. 960KB lloppy. 256K memory. 1 parallel andZserial

ports, system software $8500

WICAT SYSTEM 150-3 (tfiree user) Motorola 68000, terminal. 10MB Winchester, 960KB floppy. 256K memory, memory management. 1 parallel and 2 serial ports, system software $10850

WICAT SYSTEM 150-6 (six users) Motorola 68000, terminal, 10MB Winchester, 960KB floppy, 512K memory, memory management, 5 serial and 1 parallel ports, system software $12850

TM

Concurrent

1870 Madison Road Cincinnati, Ohio 45206

Corporation

354 April 1982 © BYTE PublicaUons Inc

Circle 125 on Inquiry card.

In Los Angeles, your great escape coulotake place in minutes.

As a Data Processing specialist at Northrop, you'll surround yourself with the benefits of a climate and location that lets you enjoy it all - the arts, educational opportunities and the great outdoors. Every day. All year round.

Located in Southern California, Northrop offers the professional opportunities you seel< plus the flexibility of lifestyle that mal<es hours off the job exceptionally pleasurable. And, you'll appreciate our location witti easy access to beach, desert, and mountains.

If you're up for the challenge of membership in a department that supports corporate information systems activities at every level, look into career opportunities at Northrop.

Make the Great Escape that could last a life time.

Low Desert- 45 min. High desert- 98 min. Beaches -10 min. Forest - 25 min. Mountains- 30 min. Big mountains-40 min. Very big mountains - 240 min.

Skiing - 70 min. Better sitiing- 180 min. Sailing - 15 min. Golf- 17 min.

Running - change your shoes Cricket - 23 min. Disneyland - 45 min.

Hollywood Bowl-45 min. Universities-30 min. Surfing - 1 0 min. Knotf s Berry Farm - 45 min. Rollerskating

change your shoes again Universal Studios- 50 min..

Scientific Applications Programmer Analysts

Experience with IBM 3033, Engineering and Graphics Applications, FORTRAN.

MVS Systems Programmers

Using SMP4, TSO and SPF maintenance tools.

Computer Operations Personnel

Console Operators, Control Clerks, Tape Librarians.

Business Applications Programmers

To design and maintain business, finance, and manufacturing applications on large scale IBM computers.

Documentation Control Analysts

Analyze, coordinate and develop programmeir and operations ddcurnentatidn for business applications.

We will arrange a personal interview for you. We will fly you to California, travel and accommodations paid, or we will send a representative to your location. Investigate the opportunities outlined above by sending your resume to:

Barbara Nettles, Dept. NDP-BY2851 P.O. Box 4625, Long Beach, OA 90804

Numerical Control Systems Support

Knowledge of IBM, APT-AC systems, FORTRAN, ASSEMBLY and familiarity with numerical control environment

Data Base Analysts

Experience in IMS Data Base and Data Communications.

NORTHROP

Making advanced technology work

Northrop Corporate Data Processing Center

Equal Opportunity Employer M/F/H / Proof of U.S. Citizenship Required

Circle 301 on Inquiry card.

BYTE April 1982 355

FORTHDQS DEMONBTRflTION DISKETTE IC) P.Reece

On Converting FORTHDOS to fig-FORTH

Since a large part of the FORTH community uses the version standardized by the FORTH Interest Group (fig), 1 have included some notes about MMSFORTH that would help you convert FORTHDOS to fig-FORTH or other versions of FORTH. Peter Reece's thoughtful design has minimized the number of FORTH words that might not be in other FORTH dialects, but here is some information that might not be obvious to nonMMSFORTH users:

• CCONSTANT and CVARIABLE are like CONSTANT and VARIABLE except that they store a simple 8-bit value (rather than a 16-bit value). CONSTANT and VARIABLE can probably be substituted without harm.

• ARRAY defines a one-dimensional array of 16-bit values, CARRAY defines a one-dimensional array of 8-bit variables. Both of these can easily be simulated using the { < BUILDS ... DOES> ] construct in FORTH.

• The MMSFORTH word { " },when used at the beginning of a string to be printed, is replaced by { ." } in figFORTH.

• The{ NCASE ... "... CASEND } construct is best explained by example. The FORTH phrase { NCASE 22 60 114 " WORD22 WORD60 WORD114 CASEND }. // the number on top of the stack is 22, the word CASE22 is executed; if it is 60, CASE66 is executed; if it is 114, CASE114 is executed. If the number is not any of these, control passes to the word after CASEND . One simple though inelegant substitution is a series of riested IF staterninfs.

• The MMSFORTH { BEGIN ... END } construct is equivalent to the fig-FORTH { BEGIN... UNTIL } construct.

• The MMSFORTH word Y/N prints "(Y/N)?" and waits until either the Y or N key is pressed. In the former case, a 1 is put on the top of the stack; in the latter, 0 is put on top of the stack.

I hope the above information fnakes the conversion easier....GV<I

I nUUNr a disl

■J. - OF-'FJN (or create) a iile 5 - Seq READ s f1 J e 7 ■ 1 I'B r ,s file (l-:LEfAR ta stop) 9 - R^indDni READ a record

II - [(ENAME a tilt?

IZ - S3how FREE d]st BpacG 13 - LORY to another file 17 - PRINT a file 19 - Write PRDTECT a file 21 - CURRENT Eeq rec number 23 - Write EOF mark

Which number: 7

2 -- UNMOUNl a disk

4 ■- CLj:}SE .-1 file

6 ■ 'JfKl WR1 IE .1 file

H - LlSj r bi DC) 5

10 - Randnm WRITE a rprnrd

12 - H;ILL a file

14 - Shnw dist UlRECTUHY

16 ■ t:GtV sequential blocks

18 - i;E15El Seq I-i 1 e to Begininq

20 •- Show file SIZE

22 - Find LAST record

2A - END thi s demo

Figure 12: Screen display of commands for the FORTHDOS demonstration program.

link-listed chain, if one record in the chain is lost (the unhappily common lot of small systems) the entire chain integrity is lost. FORTHDOS keeps all file-record pointers in a memoryresident bit map (a copy of which is stored on the disk), thereby largely avoiding this problem.

The third problem: excessive head movement occurs if files are killed as described above. The solution is to reallocate space on a disk. As figure 11 indicates, the head-movement problem seems likely to occur with most DOSes. Mainframe vendors have hit upon the solution of periodically reallocating disks to decrease the number of noncontiguous records.

The method, used by mainframe computers, involves gathering records scattered throughout the disk into an unused portion of that disk. (These portions are contiguous.) Then the original file(s) is destroyed, and the new file, now in a contiguous area, is used. (Actually, more complex methods are applied, but this is the essence of the scheme.)

FORTHDOS uses a similar system. If the disk heads seem to be moving excessively (listen to them) while typing a file, or if FORTHDOS returns from a disk-write operation with the THREAD FULL message, it is probably time to use the FORTHDOS utility FCOPY (or XCOPY or BCOPY; see table 1). Reallocating with FCOPY is simple enough. Assuming enough contiguous records are on the disk to hold the file you are copying, FCOPY will pull all the records from a scattered file and neatly place them within the new file area in close physical proximity. It will then KILL the old file. The file will have been reallocated to a contiguous

area on the disk, which will probably relieve disk-head movement and filefull problems.

This very simple technique can be done to all files on a disk by simply FCOPYing a disk full of files to an empty disk. The new disk will then consist of files whose records are all in contiguous areas. This solution to the allocation problem is easy to perform and memory efficient; if done periodically, it will speed up you* disk operation.

FORTHODS in Use

By now, you should have a sufficiently good idea of how FORTHDOS works to be able to use the listing to understand the workings of other commands and features. We can now look at an actual application of FORTHDOS.

Assuming FORTHDOS has been loaded into RAM, you would first MOUNT a formatted disk and interactively initialize it by issuing the SETDIR command. Next, you might create a file for further use by issuing the MAKE command either from the terminal or through transparent calls from a program. Having created some files, you might next write information to one of them sequentially by filling the I/O buffer BUFF and making repeated calls to WRITE. This would probably be done through calls to FORTHDOS from within a user program.

To look at the contents of the file(s) just written, issue a TYPE command from your program or directly from the terminal. To get a formatted listing on the system printer, you can make a call to the PTYPE utility, which would output the file to the printer with page numbers, titles, etc.

At this point, you may wish to

356 ^iril 1982 © BYTE PublicaUons Inc

Circle 410 on inquiry card.

Bright Idea.

BATTERIES AND BULBS is just one of the many bright ideas developed by Alfred Bork and the staff of the Educational Technology Center at UCI. This computer-based learning program makes extensive use of graphics to lead the student through an empirical investigation of electrical circuits using observations simulated on the computer. The computer dialogs for Batteries and Bulbs, as with other UCI-developed course material, is designed to work for students of all ages. Some build intuition, some aid reasoning capability and some increase understanding of science.

The material was developed on a Terak 8510/a, a complete black and white graphic computer system that is compatible with DEC's PDP-11 series of minicomputers. The 8510/a offers a high degree of interactivity, flexibility of display format (characters and graphics can be mixed and controlled independently) and animation capability. In fact, no other graphic computer system offers the combination of features that UCI found in the Terak 8510/a.

So, if you're in the market for bright ideas, we'll be happy to send you a list of the computerbased learning material available from UCl's Educational Technology Center. Or, if you're creating your own, we'll send you complete information on Terak graphic computer systems.

The Leaders In Instructional Computer Graphics

c a R F=> a F=^/^TI a M

141,51 North 7(ith Street, Scottsdaie, Arizona 85260 •( 602) 998-4800

query the disk contents so far. To do this, you type FILES; file names, sizes, space allocations, comments, free space, RAM usage, time of day, etc. will appear on the terminal. To protect any files from subsequent inadvertent writing by a program, you could type PROTECT plus the file name. No further writing could then be done to the protected file until UNPROTECT was issued for that file.

Suppose a disk hardware error occurred during a WRITE, putting bad data and checksums into a record. To prevent FORTHDOS from accessing that record in the future, the LOCK command could be given. This would lock out that record from any subsequent read/write operations by FORTHDOS. To make a backup of a file, you could issue the FCOPY command (or XCOPY if copying to a different disk on the same drive), which will prompt for information prior to automatically performing the copy. Now that a copy has been made, you might wish to rename some of the old

files. To do so, you would issue the RENAME command for a given file. At this point, you might wish for help with the FORTHDOS commands. Assistance can be obtained at any time by simply typing HELP on the terminal or from within a program.

The preceding discussion should give you some idea of the actual usage of FORTHDOS. The other commands in the system are just as easy to use. Some are issued from user software, some by you directly, and others transparently without your knowledge. At the end of the session, you must type REMOVE (or have your program call the primitive DSAVE) to ensure that the directory will be saved to disk.

Conclusion

FORTHDOS is a simple but effective single-user DOS. Since it is modular, only the modules required for a given application need to be stored in RAM. This makes FORTHDOS a "tight" and straightforward

system. For all its simplicity, it gives the FORTH user all of the capabilities found in most microcomputer DOSes but without the disadvantages of complex structures or high system overheads.

I have been using FORTHDOS for over a year now. Most of its use has been as an integral part of a word processor (which I used, among other things, to write this article). Even after a year of considerable use, I have found no errors in the software, and it gives me all the advantages of a conventional DOS with none of the disadvantages of the traditional "blocks" storage system in FORTH. An added feature: this system remains compatible with the concept of blocks. At any time, I can still edit any block of a file with a conventional FORTH block editor.

FORTHDOS is easily understood (after a little study and experimentation) and easily modified to suit your needs. I hope that you will find it as practical and enjoyable as I have. ■

INDUSTRIES, INC.

In Texas Orders Questions & Answers 1-713-392-0747

21969 Katy Freeway Katy (Houston) Texas 77450

To Order 1-800-231-3680 800-231-3681

SAVE BIG DOLLARS ON ALL TRS-80" HARDWARE & SOFTWARE

TRS-80*BY RADIO SHACK. Brand new in cartons delivered. Save state sales tax,Texas residents add only 5% sales tax. Open Mon.-Fri. 9-6, Sat. 9-5. We pay freight and insurance. Come by and see us. Call us for a reference in or near your city. Ref: Farmers State Bank, Brookshire, Texas.

WE OFFER ON REQUEST

Federal Express (Overnight Delivery) B

Houston Intercontinental IZI Airport Delivery (Seme Day)

U.P.S. BLUE (Every Day) El

References from people who heve El bought computers from us probably in your city

In •tock TRS-80 Modal II and ill

No Tax on Out of Texas Sfaipmentsl

^TRS-80is a Registered Trademark o( Tandy Corp

ED McMANUS

10% 15%

OR MORE

We Specialize In Overseas Shipments

Telex 77-4132 (Fleks Hou)

WE ALWAYS OFFER

El NO extra charge for Master Card or Visa.

El We use Direct Freight Lines. No long waits.

El We always pay the freight and insurance

El Toll free order number

El Our cepability to go to the giant TRS-BO Computer warehouse 5 hours Bway, in Ft. Worth, Texas, to keep you in stoclt.

JOE McMANUS

ViSA

358

April 1982 © BYTE PublicaUoiu Inc

Circle 247 on Inquiry card.

Programmers

The Environment is the Message

Our Climate Encourages Creativity... Inside and Out

At TTI, our environment inside and out stimulates the creative technical thinking that sets us apart from the rest We can't of

course, take credit for the year-round sunshine and the warm (K t'an Ijreezes What we can take credit for is the careful construction of an internal climate that does ft)r the professional spirit what sunshine does for the personal one

Backed by Citicorp, with over $100 billion in assets, our resources enable the development of sophisticated systems, create access to the most advanced equipment available, and provide individual computer terminals.

If you're a professional seeking a change of climate inside and out consider working on the design and development of advanced computer systems and networlcs at a comfiany thafs revolutionizing the banking industry all over the world

PROGRAMMING ANALYSTS

Will design and devekip oivline transaction pnx^essing systems, years exiX'rieiK e in .several of the following areas required: operating systems, structured system design: on-line transaction processing (e.g., CICS. ENVIRON/I. GEMCOS): distributed networks (eg,. Tandem, HP, PE DEO; or systems documentation. Assembly language or COBOL preferred

DATA BASE PROCESSOR DEVELOPERS

Design and develop a high throughput high reliability Data Base Management System The Data BasePrxx;essor consists of multi-super-minrs and various intelligent peripherals utilizing PASCAL Requires 5-8 years e.xperience in several of the following iireas: data base management systems; operating systems; compiler development: or system utilities.

SOFTWARE ARCHITECTS

Design architecture for an on-line real-time transaction-oriented system. Expertise in the design of a large-scale, multiple relea.se. software system such as ticketing, reservations, financial tran.sactions. and/or information network systems - especially in a distributed mini-communications network environment

COMMUNICATIONS SOFTWARE DESIGNERS

Will design front end processors and communication networks. RequiresS-l- years experience in telecommunications software, both networking and protocol definition.

TEST AND INTEGRATION ANALYSTS .

A background in software and systems testing methodology lor large-scale s^tems Prefer 2 years orvline programming experiewe.

MICROPROCESSOR DESIGNERS

Design and implement iii>plications on microprocessors or home computers. Requires .S-ll) years design and programming experience; minimum one year experience with mkrro processors, (preferably 6,502 or KOao/280/8(»6 assembly language).

rn offers one of tlie finest salary. f>enefits and vacation plans in the industry, rekx:ation assistance, medical and dental insurance, financial services, a van pool from most outlying Los Angeles areas, and a special health club membership. Forward your resume to:

Professional Staffing TRANSACTION TECHNOLOGY INC 3100 Ocean Park Blvd. Dept BY-4/82 SanU Monica, CA 9040S

TTJ- Designing the future of banking . . . for the world

TTI

An Equal Opportunity Employer M/F/H

CITICORPO

Circle 403 on inquiry card.

BYTE April 1982 359

Noiv you can do oil occountino ivith...

the filing,typing and

Silicon Office is the latest microcomputer jftware program from the Bristol Software Factory.

Designed specifically for use with the ommodore PET 8096, it'll help you run your office ith the minimum amount of effort and maximum IBdency.

Think of it like three normal software packages I one, each separcnte package totally interactive with le other.

For around $7,000, you can have the complete ectronic office, the solution to practically all your usiness problems. The price includes Commodore m&ware, a high quality daisy wheel printer and ilieon Office software.

Silicon Office is made up from a flexible [formation management system which lets you

create and maintain an extensive filing arrangement. Allowing you to search quickly through your records, making cross references between files in order to gain the facts you require.

A highly sophisticated word processing program allows you to generate letters, documents and reports. Letting secretaries get on with the more important tasks.

And a fully comprehensive calculator means you can handle all the number crunching you're ever likely to do in a business situation. Leaving the

accounts department to concentrate on more profitable things.

But that's not all by any means.

Silicon Office also has a special programmability feature which means you or your dealer can expand and tailor the Silicon Office program to your business.

When Silicon Office is used in an everyday business situation, certain command sequences are inevitably repeated. By writing short, very simple programs which are entered into the computer's memory, Silicon Office can perform the necessary tdsks, automatically.

And last, but by no means least is an optional communications facility.

It doesn't take much imagination to see the potential of Silicon Office in virtually any line of business.

So to get a better grasp, send away for our brochure. It'll only cost you a stamp. And it could save you a fortune. Or talk to your local Commodore dealer who has all the facts at his fingertips.

You'll soon see how you're much better off with Silicon Office. Than without.

circle 60 on Inquiry card.

I can't wait to get my hands on a free copy of the Silicon Office brochure.

Name

Position

CompanyMdress

A-BY1

I own a Commodore PET (Please tick box)

YESn NOD

Send to: The Bristol Software Factory, do Associated Marketing Systems Inc., 55 Central Drive, Farmingdale, New York NY 11735

SILIEDN DVriE

Technical Forum

MicroShakespearca

Andrew Kalnik 3201 Wamath Drive Charlotte, NC 28210

The substitute instructor walks into your programming class wearing a ruffled collar. You enrolled in evening courses at Avon Community College hoping that the sessions would be intellectually stimulating. Your expectations are high; this instructor is, well—very interesting.

The spade beard is common enough, but his long, velvet-trimmed coat and high stockings resemble the garb Errol Flynn wears in the old movies.

Everything comes together when the instructor turns to sign his name for the class to see. You recognize the script with the ornamental scrollwork under it and realize that if you can only walk away with that autographed slab of chalkboard, you can sell it for millions. The substitute instructor has signed William Shakespeare.

He tells you to call him "Master Will." He says he comes from Stratford—just down the road. His opening remarks come in an Elizabethan accent. Master Will tries to encourage the class:

"...We were not born to sue, but to command.,.." {Richard II, Act I, scene i)

Continuing, he says he knows that you all have problems making your computer systems do what you wants "...I see your brows are full of discontent. Your hearts of sorrow...." {Richard II, IV, i) "...You know not what you do...." {Romeo and Juliet, I, i)

The instructor of Avon has no doubt that you can all put your systems in good order. He stresses that he doesn't want to make Much Ado About Nothing but that attention to detail is important. He's sure that you'll be careful not to write any self-destroying programs, and thus you'll avoid having your Love's Labour's Lost.

Master Will suggests the class talk over its programming difficulties. Bring on your problems, he says. He enjoys challenges:

"The bugs which you would fright me with I seek...." {The Winter's Tale, III, ii) Master Will's confident air makes you certain that hell be able to help. He assures you that he can show you useful programming techniques:

"...make that appear where it seems hid..." {Richard III, I, ii) His slightly bulging eyes seem melancholy and very wise as he inspects the flowcharts he has asked you to draw as an exercise:

"...leave these sad designs..." {Richard III, I, ii) You feel better after he marks your block diagram with a few strokes of his quill pen. Now, he says, "...What thou woulds't it do Is done into thy hand...." {Antony and Cleopatra, IV, xiv) As he leaves (erasing the chalkboard and with it your dreams of avarice), his words fill you with enthusiasm for the nearly limitless horizons of microcomputing: ".. .and the end of it Unknown to the beginning...." {Coriolanus, III, i) He leaves a little quiz scratched in that old-fashioned script. Let's see if you paid attention to what Master Will taught. We've collected some of his writings and translated them into modem computing terms.

All you need is a sharp quill and brain. Match each Shakespearean quote on pages 364 and 366 with the most pertinent modern phrase. Only you will know whether you have ended up As You Like It or in the middle of The Comedy of Errors. The answers and MicroShakespeare ratings are on page 374.

/Editor's note: Each of the items 1 through 20 matches one of the answers "a" through "t," so read through all the answers before you attempt a match..,PL]

362 AprO 1982 © BYTE PiiblkaHons Inc

Languages

BASIC Scientific Subroutines, Vols. 1 and

u

Valuable programs for professiorud and hobbyist

% Wred R. Rttckdeschel

Designed for the engineer, scientist, experimenter, and student, this series presents a complete scientific subroutine package featuring routines written in both standard Microsoft and North Star BASIC.

• Volume I covers plotting, complex variables, vector and matrix operation, random number generation, and series approximations.

• Volume II includes leastsquares approximation, special polynomial functions, approximating techniques, optimization, roots of functions, interpolation, difierentiation, and integration.

Volume I

ISBN 0-07-O54201-5 336 pages; hardcover 19,95

Volume n

ISBN M7-054202-3 800 pages; hardcover 23.95

Threaded Interpretive Languages

How to implement FORTH on your

Z80

by Ronald Locliger

This book develops an interactive, extensible language with specific routines for the Zilog Z80 microprocessor. With the core interpreter, assembler, and data type defining words covered in the text, it is possible to design and implement programs for almost any application and equivalent routines for different processors.

ISBN 0-07-038360-X 272 pages; hardcover 18.95

Beginner's Guide for the UCSD Pascal System

The most popular Pascal version explained by its creator

by Kenneth L. Bowles Written by the originator of the UCSD Pascal System, this informative book is an orientation guide to the System.

The

hard facts about Software

from

Byte Books

For the novice, this book steps through the System, bringing the user to a sophisticated level of expertise. Once familiar with the System, the reader will find the Guide an invaluable reference tool for creating advanced applications.

ISBN 0-07-006745-7 204 pc^es; softcover 11.95

The BYTE Book of Pascal

A powerful, structured language

f?;,ii«' W. Liffick, Editor

Based on articles, language forums, and letters from BYTE magazine, this work is a valuable software resource. Pascal continues to be popular as a structured programming language. Written for both potential and established users, this book introduces the Pascal language and examines its merits and possible implementations. Featured are two versions of a Pascal compiler, one written

in BASIC and the other in 8080 assembly language; a p-code interpreter written in both Pascal and 8080 assembly language; a chessplaying program; and an APL interpreter.

ISBN 0-07-037823-1 334 pages hardcover $25.00

Beyond Games: Systems Softuiare for Your 6502 Personal Computer

Creating programs for the Apple, Atari, Challenger and PET computers

by Kenneth Skier

At last, a complete programming guidebook. A selfcontained course in structured programming and topdown design, this book presents a powerful set of tools for building an extended monitor, disassembler, hexadecimal dump routine and text editor programs.

ISBN 0-07-057860-5 440 pages; softcover 14.95

Name Title Price Quantity Amount

Addrem

City State Zip

Check Amount Enclosed

Bill Vi>a/Master Card Number

Add 75* per book to cover shipping

Expiration costs' Date .

Total

BYTE Books 70 Main Street Peterborough, N.H. 03458 ORDER TOLL FREE 800/258-5420

Circle 64 on inquiry card. ^*

circle 262 on Inquiry card.

PRINTERS

ITOH MODEL 8510 or ADS 8001

PRINT FEATURES

Characters: 8 sizes, 5 different alphabets, upper/lower case descenders.

Print Mode: 9xN, exceptional quality combined with proportional spacing.

Graphics: 144x144 dots/in. and block

graphics.

Print Head: 9 pins, heavy duty

designed with air-cooled fans.

Number of Columns: 136 max.

Print Speed: 120 CPS.

Print Direction: Bidirectional logic

seel<ing.

Throughput: From 44 to 52 in./min.

Line Spacing: Variable to 1/144 in.

Print Width: 8 In. max.

Form: Folded/Sheet.

Form Feed: Tractor and friction,

bidirectional.

Width: 4.5 in. to 10 in.

Number of Copies: Original plus 3.

PRICE

Parallel Interface $550,00

RS232-C Interface 650.00

Apple 11 Interface 632.00

EPSON

MX-80 $449.00

MX-80F/T S50.00

MX-100 ,.... 750;00

INTERFACE

Available for 8510/Epson with Apple/ A1ari/I BiVI/Osborne/PET/TRS-80.

SOFTWARE MICROPRO

CP/M Version List Price Our Price

WordStar $495.00 $297.00

MailMerge 150.00 90.00

SpellStar 250.00 150.00

DataStar 360.00 210.00

SuperSort I 250.00 150.00

SuperSort II 200.00 120.00

WordMaster 150.00 90.00

GalcStar 295.00 177.00

Apple Version List Price Our Price

WordStar $375.00 $225.00

MailMerge 125.00 75.00

SpellStar 200.00 120.00

DataStar 295.00 177.00

SuperSort I 200.00 120.00

SYSTEM PLUS

Accounting Plus— CP/M Version. Apple Accounting Plus.

MDT

MICRO DATA TEK

A Division of International Antex, Inc.

2630 California Street Mountain View, CA 94040 (415) 941-7914

TWX 910-373-8500 "INTERAX PTVY"

APPLE™ EXPANSION BOARDS

PROMETHEUS

• MEM-1: Memory expansion module with quality 16K RAM. Fully buffered. Compatible with Microsoft Softcard™ CP/M™ and all Apple software.

List Price Our Price $169.00 $110.00

• VERSAcard'": Serial/Parallel interfaces. Quartz Clock/Calendar; BSR Control.

List Price Our Price $249.00 $199.00

ANTEX DATA SYS

• ADS PRT-1: Parallel interface card allows you to interface your Apple computer to any printer that has Centronics compatible interface.

List Price Our Price $120.00 $60.00

ADVANCE LOGIC SYS

• SMARTERM'": 80 column card. Expand your Apple to a full 80 columns with the software commands.

Automatic 80 to 40 and 40 to 80 column switching. Fully compatible with Apple, Pascal and CP/M software. Lowest power consumption of ail presently available 80 column cards on the market. 9 extra characters included that are not provided on the Apple keyboard: Back Slash, Underline, Accent, Left/Right Brace, Logical OR, TIdet Delete, Bracket, Carrot.

List Price Our Price $360.00 $288.00

• Z-CARD: Z-80 CPU with CP/M software.

List Price Our Price $269.00 $220.00

VIDEX

• Videoterm: 80 column display board. Expand your Apple to a full 80 columns with the software commands.

List Price Our Price $345.00 $270.00

• Soft Video Switch.

List Price Our Price $35.00 $30.00

ORANGE MICRO

• Grappler List Price our Price

$165.00 $140.00

PLOTTERS

HOUSTON INSTRUMENT HIPLOr"

List Price Our Price

DMP-3 $1085.00 $ 922.00

DMP-4 1385.00 1177.00

DMP-5 1485.00 1262.00

DMP-7 1985.00 1687.00

DMP-6 1685.00 1432.00

DMP-8 2185.00 1 857.00

PEN EXCHANGE KIT

DMP-442 6 PEN $356.00 DMP-593 8 PEN 456.00

Phone orders accepted.

Payment:

□ Check enclosed □ Visa D Master Charge 13 CCD.

California residents, please add 6% saies tax. All unit prices are f.o.b. Mountain View, California.

Technical Forum.

1. ( ) Well, go to—

there were no more comparison...

Troilus and

Cressida,

I,i

2. ( ) ni do and 111

do, and I'll do. Macbeth, I, iii

3. ( ) The search so

slowl

Cymbeline, I,ii

4. ( ) A block moved

with none...

Much Ado About Nothing, III, i

5. ( ) With character

too gross... Measure for Measure, Irii

6. ( ) Your memory is

bad....

Love's Labour's Lost, IV, i

7. ( ) I have lost com

mand.... Antony and Cleopatra, III, ii

8. ( ) On what condi

tion stands it and wherein...? Richard 11,

II, iii

9. ( ) ...corrupt cur

rent of the world... Hamlet,

III, iii

Well, GO TO; there were no more comparisons.

Oh, I see—the EQUAL flag is set.

What do you think of that function we're tracing on the screen?

It's not responding when you key in binary.

Let's see—it's two NAND's make an OR, and two NOR's make an AND—or is it?

I want to design a board that

uses nothing but NAND's and NOR's

Check where we've halted and what the stack has in it.

Make sure the 4 MPiz pulse is getting through.

It filled the area reserved for input with zeros.

364 ApiU 1982 © BYTE FublicaHons Inc

BOY IS THIS COSUNGYOU

It's really quite basic: time is money.

And BASIC takes a lot more time and costs a lot more money than it should every time you write a new business software package.

Especially when you could speed things vip with dBASE II.

dBASE II is a complete appUcations development package.

Users tell us they've cut the amount of code they write by up to 80% with dBASE II.

Because dBASE II is the high performance relational database management system for micros.

Database and file handling operations are done automatically so you don't get involved with sets, lists, pointers, or even opening and closing of files.

Instead, you write your code in concepts.

And solve your customers' problems faster and for a lot less than with BASIC (or FORTRAN, COBOL or PL/I).

dBASE n uses English-like commands.

dBASE II uses a structured language to put you in full control of your data handling operations.

It has screen handling facilities for setting up input and output forms.

It has a built-in query facility, including multikey and sub-field searches, so you can DISPLAY some or all of the data for any conditions you want to apply.

You can UPDATE, MODIFY and REPLACE entire databases or individual characters.

CREATE new databases in minutes, or JOIN databases that already exist.

APPEND new data almost instantly, whether the file has 10 records or tens of thousands.

SORT the data on as many keys as you want. Or INDEX it instead, then FIND whatever you're looking for in seconds, even using floppies.

Organize months worth of data in minutes with the built-in REPORT. Or control every row and column on your CRT and your printer, to format input and ou^ut exactly the way you want it.

You can do automatic calculations on fields.

records and entire databases with a few keystrokes, with accuracy to 10 places.

Change your data or your entire database structure without re-entering all your data.

And after you're finished, you can protect all that elegant code with our runtime compiler.

Expand your clientbase with dBASE II.

With dBASE 11, you'll write programs a lot faster and a lot more efficiently. You'll be able to write more programs for more clients. Even take on the smaller jobs that were out of the economic question before. Those nice little foot-in-the-database assignments that grow into bigger and better bottom lines.

Your competitors know of this offer.

The price of dBASE II is $700 but you can try it free for 30 days.

Call for our Dealer Plan and OEM run-time package prices, then take us up on our money-back guarantee. Send us your check and we'll send you a copy of dBASE II that you can exercise on your CP/M® system any way you want for 30 days.

Then send dBASE II back and well return all of your money, no questions asked.

During that 30 days, you can find out exactly how much dBASE II can save you, and how much more it lets you do.

But it's only fair to warn you: business programmers don't go back to BASIC'S.

Ashton-Tate, 9929 Jefferson, Los Angeles, CA 90230. (213) 204-5570.

Ashton-Tate

eiAshtan-Tatel9Kl

®CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research.

Circle 41 on Inquiry card.

BYTE AprU 1982 3 65

Technical Forum

10. ( )Lead off this

ground, and let's make further....

The Tempest,

I ii

11. ( ■) Against this

coming end thou shoulds't prepare.

Sonnet,

XIII

12. ( )Jump after the

inquiry on your own peril....

Cymbeline,

V, iv

13. ( )Four negatives

make two affirmatives....

Twelfth

Night,

V, i

m.

We're coming up with persistent errors during MEMCHK.

Even hitting "RESET" doesn't get us out of this loop!

You'll be in trouble if you follow the COMPARE with a GO TO.

OK, right here we get a reading of zero volts. Let's see where this line ends up.

ISO-1

Pat. #4,259,706

WARNING!

Electric Power Pollution. Spikes & Lightning HAZARDOUS to MICROCOMPUTERS!!

Patented ISOLATORS provide

protection from ... Computer errors caused by power iine interference Computer errors due to system equipment interaction

• Sp\ke damage caused by copier/elevalor/air conditioners Lightning caused damage

** FULLY GUARANTEED** iSOLATOR (iSO-1) 3 isoiated S prong socltets; Spike Suppression;

useful for small offices, laboratories, classrooms $69.95

iSOLATOR (ISO-2) 2 Isolated S prong socket banks; (6 sockets total); Spike Suppression; useful for multiple equipment Installations

SUPER ISOLATOR (iSO-3) similar to ISO-1 except double isolation & oversize Spike Suppression; widely used for severe electrical noise situations such as factories or large offices $104.95

• SUPER ISOLATOR (130-11) similar to ISO-2 except double Isolated socket banks & Oversize Spike Suppression; for the larger system in severe situations $104.95

• MAGNUM iSOLATOR (ISO-17) 4 Quad Isoiated Sockets; Multiple Spike Suppressors; For ULTRA-SENSITIVE Systems in extremely Harsh environments $181.95

• CIRCUIT BREAKER, any model (Add-CB) Add $9.00

• CKT BRKR;SWiTCH/PILOT(-CBS) Add $17.00

AT YOUR DEALERS MasterCard, Visa, American Express

ORDER TOLL FREE 1-800-225-4876 (except AK, HI, PR & Canada)

Electronic Specialists, Inc.

171 South Main Street. Nalick. Mass. 01760

Technical & Non-800: 1-617-655-1532

14. ( ) Assay the power you have....

Measure for

Measure,

I,iv

15. ( )Dost thou like

the plot?

The Tempest, II, i

16. ( )I would by

contraries execute all things....

The Tempest,

II, i

17. ( )Go, clear thy

crystals.... Henry V, II, 3

18. ( )Thou art too

base to be acknowledged....

The Winter's

Tale,

IV, iv

19. ( )That action,

hence borne out may waste the memory of former days....

// Henry IV,

I V, V

20. ( )Now I perceive

that she hath made

compare....

A Midsummer Night's Dream, III, ii

See answers on page 374.1

r.

...We get all sorts of garbage on the 115 V AC line whenever the dryer or refrigerator goes on.

Itll take all day to find a match.

...if you do that, youll erase your backup files.

Why don't you scope the output of the 7805?

You need to sum all the variables as you go along, so that you can get the final totals easily.

We need finer resolution than we can get with a 5 by 7 dot matrix.

Ill take care of those iterations in nested loops, in nested loops.

366 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 168 on Inquiry card.

STOP

SOFTWARE FAILURES

Using a micro in a product sounds easy... One piece of software can make the difference between success and failure.

What do you do when the software doesn't work? Over the years, we have seen many good products fail, either before or after they reached the market, because the rriicroprocessor software did not do its job.

WHAT WENT WRONG?

Many of the failures occurred because the people programming the micro did not know how to organize a large control program. Those responsible for the product implementation were wizards at hardware design and had easily coded small micro control programs before. But the programnning techniques that worked for less than 2K bytes of code simply fell apart as the program grew beyond 4K bytes.

Unfortunately, the loops and tests and flags that work so well for a small program get out of control very rapidly as the program grows. Pretty soon, some of the things the program must do are not being done fast enough.The code gets too complicated, difficult to modify and unreliable. The result: another software failure!

Fortunately, these problems can be avoided by using a program manager. You can divide your complex control program into a number of separate, more manageable programs, called tasks, each designed to do one job. For example, a Keyboard Task might handle user input; a Printer Task might generate reports. Each task can be written and tested separately and then combined to form a reliable, finished system.

The program manager, called a multitasking executive, supervises the orderly execution of these tasks, assuring that the mostimportantjobs always get done first.Tasks appearto be executing simultaneously It's almost like havingaseparate CPU tor each task!

That is why professional software designers are now turning to AMX as the starting point for their product and system designs. They know that AMX will shield them from the difficulties of managing the micro, freeing them to concentrate on their application.

AMX is our multitasking executive for

the 8080, 8085, Z80 and 6809 processors. We're rather proud of it. We made AMX com pact, very fast, and ROMableto meet our own application needs. Even

though the AMX nucleus is less than 1400 bytes in size, it features multiple task priorities, intertask message passing with priority queuing, external event synchronization, and interval timing with 32-bit precision. Each feature is clearly explained in the AMX Reference Manual.

REUABILITY BUILT IN

We don't know anyone who can write an executive without errors, so we thoroughly tested AMX in real applications before ever offering it as a product. That is why not one system malfunction has ever been attributed to AMX. That kind of reliability just isn't an accident.

HARDWARE INDEPENDENCE

AMX does not require a particular hardware configuration. Of course, it does need a microprocessor, but even there we offer you a choice. You control your environment. You pick the I/O method. You decide the most optimum interrupt service technique for your system. AMX will support your choice.

High level language interface modules are available separately to allow AMX to be used with most popular programming languages including PASCAL, C, PL/M and FORTRAN. Of course, you can also code in assembly language if required.

Users of the CP/M and FLEX Operating Systems can utilize our AMX interface modules to access information on diskette in real time.

COMPLETE DOCUMENTATION

AMX can be judged by the quality of oui- documentation. The positive response from our users has exceeded our expectations. Our manuals are especially valuable to those just being introduced to real-time multitasking. More experienced users will appreciate the fact that we deliver AMX source on diskette to permit AMX to be moved to the software development system of your choice,

HOW TO ORDER

A specification sheet and price list are available, 'free. Your check or money

order for $75 will purchase the AMX Reference Manual for immediate evaluation (specify 8080,8085, Z80 or 6809 processor). Add $25 for postage and handling outside USA and Canada. The standard AMX Multitasking Executive package, including source code; is available for $800 after signing our liberal license agreement. '

AMX is the choice of professionals the world over. Make it yours, today.

KADAK Products Ltd.

'^mmr 1847 West Broadway Avenue

Vancouver, B.C., Canada V6J 1Y5 Telephone (604) 734-2796 Telex 04-55670

CP/M IS J trademark of Digital Researcti Corp.; FLEX is a tradetnark ol Tectinical Systems Consultants, Inc.; ZQQ is a trademark ol Zilog Corp.

Circle 228 on Inquiry card.

Go with McGraw-Hiirs

-, ^ TAKE ANY 3 BOOKS «i-ffl FOR ONLY $100 EACH

IimII . . • ..1.

when you join the

COMPUTER PROFESSIONALS' BOOK CLUB (values up to »75.00)'

THE PASCAL HANDBOOK. By

Jacques Tiberghien. 471 pp. A single reference manual that tames

this unruly language. Every feature of Pascal isexplained in a brilliantly organized format that covers the major Pascal dialects, including Jensen and Wirth's original definition, with the CDC implementation . .. the proposed ISO Standard . . . UCSD Pascal ... Pascal 1000 (HPIOOO).. .OMSIPascal-1.. .and Pascal/Z.

582365-98 $35.00 (Counts as 2 of your 3 books)

MICROPROCESSOR APPLICATIONS MANUAL. By Motorola Semiconductor Products, Inc. 720 pp., ///us., X 11 format. With nutsand-bolts practicality, this manual bytheMotorola people (who should know) gives you detailed applications information on microprocessors. Assumes no prior knowledge on your part about MPUs.

435/278B $42.50 (Counts as 2 of your 3 books)

COMPUTER CAPACITY. By Melvin J. Strauss. 288 pp., tables and charts. The key purpose of the book is to provide both senior management and DP practitioners with a methodology for identifying and quantifying issues of capacity and demand within the data center without becoming entrapped by language problems 582317-9 $24.95

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF COMPUTER SCIENCE. E(jited by Anthony Ralston and C. L. Meek. J,500 pp., 60 illus., 100 charts, 7 x 10 format. This first ancJ only in-depth coverage of the entire field of .computer science in a single volume is comprehensive and completely up to date.

769/01XA $60.00 (counts as 3 of your 3 books)

BUILD YOUR OWN Z80 COMPUTER.

By Steve Ciarcia. 330 pp., diagrams, softbound. Written for people who don't need an introductory electronics handbook. Its admirably achieved objective is to present a practical, step-by-step analysis of digital computer architecture and trie construction details for a complete and functional microcomputer.

109/621 $15.95

DATA STRUCTURES USING PASCAL. By Aaron M. Tenenbaum and

Moshe J. Augenstein. 544 pp., illus. With its emphasis on structured design and programming techniques, this definitive work takes you on a trailblazing journey through Pascal. Separate chapters are devoted to the stack, recursion, queues and lists, Pascal list processing, trees, graphs and their applications.

582230-X $23.95

HOW TO BUILD YOUR OWN WORKING MICROCOMPUTER. By Charles K. Adams. 308 pp., 214 ///us. and tables. Everythlngyou need to know to build your own microcomputer with a handful of chips! The author takes you through the hardware ... assembly and running of the system ... and details the instruction set and mechanics of programming.

582267-9 $16.95

APPLE PASCAL: A Hands-On-Approach. By Arthur Luehrmann & Herbert Peckham. 426 pp., spiralbound. Finally, a how-to-usePASCAL book for Apple computer users that makes a complex language as easy as (forgive us!) applesauce. Takes you from "total ignorance" all the way up to very impressive competence in the use of that rather complex language, PASCAL.

491/712 $14.95

MICROPROCESSORS/MICROCOMPUTERS/SYSTEM DESIGN. By

Texas Instruments LearningCenter and the Engineering Staff of Texas Instruments, Inc. 634 pp., /7/us., outsized IVt, x lOVn format. The book takes you through the development of memory-to-memory architecture, shows you the components, and details programming methods and techniques. 637/58X8 $26.95 (Counts as 2 of your 3 books)

MINICOMPUTER SYSTEMS: Organization, Programming, and Applications. By Richard H. Eckhouse, Jr. and L. Robert Morris. 2nd Ed., 491 pp., illus. Updated, revised, and expanded, this Is a book for every systems programmer, systems designer, computer scientist, and application specialist who wants to know more about microcomputer hardware, software, and design, 787/026 $21.95

AUTOMATIC DATA PROCESSING HANDBOOK. Edited by The Diebold

Group. 976 pp., 269 /7/us. Written by a staff of internationally recognized authorities on ADP, this comprehensive handbook explains systems, programming and the languages, communications processes, and the design and installation of today's computers. 168/07SB $49.95 (Counts as 2 of your 5 books)

SOFTWARE DEBUGGING FOR MICROCOMPUTERS. By Robert C.

Bruce. 351 pp., illus. Takes you through the fundamental methods for finding errors, glitches, and faults in programs . .. goes on to techniques for tracking down and exterminating program bugs . .. then combines these techniques into a complete debugging plan. 582075-7 $18.95

EXPERIENCE!

THE DEVIL'S DP DICTIONARY. By

Stan Kelley-Bootle. 160 pp., softbound. This devilishly clever little book is guaranteed to fill anyone who has ever slaved over a hot terminal with savage delight. Some 500 computer words and terms are misdef ined, from abacus to your program.

340/226 $7.50

MICROCOMPUTER INTERFACING.

By Bruce Artwick. 352 pp., 117 illus. In this up-to-date, complete design guide you'll find the detailed descriptions and explanations necessary to enable you to select, build, and interface microcomputer systems to virtually all applications. Advanced interface devices and methods are thoroughly examined and illustrated. 789/436 $24.95

PERSONAL COMPUTING: Hardware and Software Basics. Electronics Book Series. 224 pp., 175 illus., SVi X 11 format. Gives you comprehensive guidance to the present state of the art in personal computers —an overall survey of the technology and methods available to perform various tasks, facts about the v^ork others are doing— and just how they are doing It. 191/514 $24.50

PROGRAMMING AND INTERFACING THE 6S02-With Experiments. By Marvin L. De Jong. 414 pp.. heavily illus., softbound. This guide not only teaches you all you must know about programming and interfacing the 6502, but it also carries you to a high level of understanding and proficiency quickly and painlessly.

582080-3 $15.95

Z80 USERS MANUAL. By Joseph Carr. 326 pp., with diagrams, charts and tables. Takes you through every opportunity the ZAP

can offer. It covers Z80 pin definitions. CPU control signals, support ships, interfacing peripherals, and much more. It also includes a 177page Z80 instruction set so you can study the instructions on a oneby-one basis.

582338-5 $18.95 ELECTRONIC GAMES: Design,

Programming, and Troubleshooting. By w. H.

Buchsbaum and R. Mauro. 335 pp., 338 illus. Information you need to design, program, and troubleshoot electronic games is right here in this widely popular handson guide.

087/210B $26.95 (Counts as 2 of your 3 books)

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES. By

Allen B. Tucker, Jr. 439 pp., illus. Gives you not only the principles of design but the applications of six major programming languages. Shows you their strengths and weaknesses in solving various representative "benchmark" problems.

654/I58B $28.50 (Counts as 2 of your 3 tioaksi

BIT-SLICE MICROPROCESSOR DESIGN. By John Mick and Jim Brick.

398 pp. All in one place —the crucial information you've been needing about the 2900 family of bitslice microprocessor components. This remarkable "first" designs right before your eyes not just one but two complete 16-bit machines! 417/814 $24.00

Be sure to consider these important titles as well!

6502 SOFnmRE DESICN. By L. J.

Scanlon

582138-9 $10.30

THE GIANT HANDBOOK OF COMPUTER PROJECTS. By the Editors of

73 Magazine

582012-9 $15.95

SYNTAX OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES: Theory and Practice. By

R. C. Backhouse

582064-1B $25.95 (Counts as 2 of your 3 booKs)

STRUCTURED PROGRAMMING: Theory and Practice. By R.C.

Linger, H.D. Mills, & B.I. Witt 788/537B $22.95

(Counts as 2 of your 3 tx>oks;

THE BYTE BOOK OF PASCAL. Edited by B. W. Liffick

789/673B $25.00 (Counts as 2 of your 3 tjooksl

THE Z-BO HANDBOOK.

784/914

MICROCOMPUTER

. By W. Barden, Jr.

$8.95

COMPILER DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. By A. Pyster 582026-9 $24.50

COMPUTER PERIPHERALS PGR MINICOMPUTERS, MICROPROCESORS AND PERSONAL COMPUTERS. By L.C. Hohenstein 294/518 $19.50

16-BIT MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE. ByT. Dollhoff 582003-X $24.95

PRINCIPLES OF INTERACTIVI COMPUTER GRAPHICS. By W. M.

Newman & R. Sproull

463/3878 $28.95

(Counts as 2 of your 3 books)

' If you join now for a trial period and agree to purchase three more books —at handsome discoimts—during your first year of membership. (Publishers' prices shown)

MAIL THIS COUPON TODAY •

Why YOU should join now!

■ BEST AND NEWEST BOOKS IN YOUR FIELD-Books are selected from a wide range of publishers by expert editors and consultants to give you continuing access to the best and lat(!st books in your field.

■ BIG SAVINGS —Build your library and save money too! Savings ranging up to 30% or more off publishers' list prices—usually 20% to 25%.

BONUS BOOKS —You will immediately begin to participate in our Bonus Book Plan that allows you savings of between 70 % — 80 % off the publishers' prices of many professional and general interest books!

■ CONVENIENCE—12-14 times a year (about once every 3-4 weeks) you receive the Club Bulletin FREE. It fully describes the Main Selection and alternate selections. A dated Reply Card is included. If you want the Main S,election, you simply do nothing — il will be shipped automatically. If you want an alternate selection —or no book at all—you simply indicate it on the Reply Card and return it by the date specified. You will have at least 10 days to decide. If, because of late delivery of the Bulletin you receive a Main Selection you 4o not want, you may return it for credit at the Club's expense.

As a C;lub Member you agree only to the purchase of 3 books during your first year of membership. Membership may be discontinued, by either you or the Club at any time after you have purchased the 3 additional books, other McGraw-Hill Book Clubs:

Accountants' and Controllers' Book Club • Architects' Book Club • Chemical Engineers' Book Club • Civil Engineers' Book Club • Electronics and Control Engineers' Book Club • Mechanical Engineers' Book Club

l-\ir nictrr infoniMttinn, write to: McGraw-HUl Book Clubs

1221 Avenue of the Americas, 26th fl., New Vork, NY 10020

McGraw-Hill Book Clubs Computer Professionals' Book Club P.O. Box 582, Hightstown, New Jersey 08520

Please enroll me as a member and send me either the ENCYCLOPEDIA OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, billing me only $3.00, or any three other books, billing me only $1.00 each, plus local tax. shipping and handling. I agree to purchase a minimum of three additional books during my first year of membership as outlined under the Club plan described in this ad. A shipping and handling charge is added to all shipments.

□ □

Check here if you want ENCYCLOPEDIA OF COMPUTER .SCIENCE (769/OlX).

Check here if you prefer three other volumes, and indicate below by number the books you want. * '-7 expensive books (noted in the description] count as than one choice.

A few more

Name .

Address/Apt._

City/State/Zip

Corporate Affiliation

This order subject to acceptance by McGraw-Hill. All prices subject to change without notice. Offer good only to new members. Orders from outside the U.S. cannot be accepted.

P39552

% V Announcing the new quick and easy way ZJK to write custom business applications

in liours instead of weeks.

At last, you can get a microcomputer business application development system tiial is designed for one purpose only . . . fast production of bug-free professional-looking custom business applications.

"Thinks" the Way Business Thinks

Quic-N-EasI is the revolutionary screenformat-oriented application development system ttiat thinks in terms of transactions, records and fields. The same way business thinks. Quic-N-EasI expects an application to include custom formatted key entry. It lets you set up the character, field, and record validity checks business wants by merely filling in the blanks. It automatically signals in real time when errors occur and "explains" what is wrong in plain English messages you select for each custom -application.

■Much Faster than BASIC

Quic-N-Easi programming is much faster than BASIC because the standard business applications (key input, file handling, and output reporting) are handled via pre-programmed parameter drivertsubroutines. To produce finished professional looking custom business programs, you merely:

Draw the business formats directly

'—^ on the CRT in minutes.

fil] Fill in the blanks for field attributes, —' validations, tables, etc.

Invoke tfie Quic-N-Easi interpreter to check fields against tables, check limits, access data files, and perform business calculations, etc.

fill Optionally define file and output l-—' formats right on the screen.

Pays for itself in a Week

By eliminating the coding drudgery of writing screen, field, file, and format programs in BASIC, programmers are free to concentrate on the unique business aspects of each custom application. No professional programmer can afford to develop one more business application without Quic-N-Easi. The savings are so significant with Quic-N-Easi, it can actually pay for itself in only one week.

Gives You Much More than a Screen Builder ... the Only Complete Business Development System for Microcomputers

Quic-N-Easi handles the entire application development job from key entry to final output. You get everything you need, including detailed docunientation to begin writing professional programs the first day. You get. . .

A singularly capable Quic-N-Easi

screen builder

A comprehensive parameter driven Quic-N-Easi content editor

A full Quic-N-Easi interpreter

language

A complete Quic-N-Easi file management system with Index Sequential, Random, and Sequential File Access Method

A complete Quic-N-Easi print format handler

A detailed Quic-N-EasI reference manual

□ H H

H H

A Quic-N-Easi self-teaching guide A Quic-N-Easi quick reference card An interface to other program files

ORDER NOW—Don't Waste One More Day Coding BASIC

Your time is too valuable to waste hours on end writing BASIC code. The first week you use Quic-N-Easi, your finished business programs will look better, run better, and return more dollars to you. Don't delay. Order Quick-N-Easi today. Phone ... 215 968-0689

nuic- n ■ Easi

STANDARD MICROSYSTEMS INC.

136 GRANITE HILL COURT. LANGHORNE, PA 19047

Pricing information

■ Complete Quic-N-Easi system $395

■ Manual only $60

■ Visa and Mastercard accepted

■ Dealer Inquiries Invited

Minimum System Requirements Z80 • 48K • Floppy Disc

• CP/M (except TRS80 Mod lii)

Disk Formats

8" Single Density • VECTOR GRAPHICS • iVIICROPOUS Mod 2 • TRS80 Mod 11 • TRS80 Mod III • APPLE

• OSBORNE • INTERTEC • ZENITH Apple, GP/M, Intertec, Micropolis, and TRS80 are trademarks of Apple Computer, Digital Researcti, Intertec Data Systems, Micropolis Corp., and Tandy Corp.

TM

370 BYTE April 1982

Circle 381 on Inquiry card.

Software Review

Selector IV by Micro-Ap

An Information-Management Program

Jack L. Abbott 8525 North 104th Ave. Peoria, AZ 85345

Selector, nationally advertised as an informationmanagement program, was developed by Micro-Ap of San Ramon, California. This is an overview of Selector's capabilities and limitations. You should look at the program with regard to your particular application before deciding whether to buy it.

For those of you who may be unfamiliar with database or data-management programs, here is a brief description of what they do. They accept data in a format that you establish, sort the data in the order that you wish, and excerpt, summarize, and mathematically manipulate the data according to your instruction. They then present the data in a report format of your design. Potential uses for database programs are limited only by the user's imagination: examples include programs for inventory, form generation, mailing lists, appointment calendars, library

At a Glance

Name

Selector IV Type

Database management program

Manufacturer

Micro-Ap

9807 Davona Dr.

San Ramon, CA 94583

(415) 828-6697

Price

S295

Format

5- or 8-inch floppy disk, or hard disk (running under CP/M 2.2) Language

CBASIC, version 2.05/35 or later Computer System

System with 52 K (or more) bytes of RAM running CP/M 1.4x or 2.XX operating system, with 24-line By 80<olumn cursoraddressable display terminal and a printer Documentation

Preliminary version, 210 pages in three-ring binder Audience

Everyone who has a microcomputer

document lists, check making, and check-book listing.

Selector IV, the current version of this program, succeeds version III-C2. Version IV represents a quantum leap forward, especially in its usefulness to someone who is not a skilled programmer. Selector IV lists at $295 and Selector III at $195. My comments in this article address version IV, but for those who have been using version III, Selector IV provides a program for convenient conversion of your data files to a suitable format for version IV.

Selector IV requires a CP/M-compatible (version 1.4, 2.0, or 2.2) operating system, CBASIC version 2.05/35 or later, and a 24-line by 80-column (or larger) videodisplay capability with absolute cursor addressing and erase-screen functions. Micro-Ap supplies two disks, one with the Selector IV source code and one with the compiled programs; No compilation is necessary, and the program as received runs under CBASIC2. Micro-Ap recommends using a printer: I would say one is essential.

You can adapt Selector to your terminal and computer by menu selection. Micro-Ap will provide Selector in any microcomputer disk format that is in general use, but I had to wait about six weeks to get a disk formatted for Micropolis Mod II (Vector Graphic) drives. Some of the printed descriptions furnished by Micro-Ap state that Selector IV will run in "48 K or more of user memory space" (i.e., 48 K bytes of random-access read/write memory). Micro-Ap interprets this statement to mean that additional memory is required for CP/M, etc., which means that a user needs at least 52 K, and operation is better with 56 or 64 K.

The program documentation is a preliminary version, but this is not a serious limitation. All the required information is present, although a large portion is included in addenda and is not listed in the index. The program explanations in the documentation are very good—the Micro-Ap writer does not presuppose extensive engineering or programming experience.

April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

371

Running Selector

To initialize the program, tell Selector what kind of equipment you are using, as well as company or personal information that you want the program to use in report headings. Next, define the format of the information you wish to enter. The written instructions are explicit and are supplemented by detailed prompts on the display screen. Configuration of the data "fields" (individual data items) making up one data record (a collection of related items) is simple, and there can be up to eighty fields in one record. These individual fields contain all the information about one subject. In a mailing-list program the subject would be one person or business; in an inventory program the subject would be one product or component. Record length cannot exceed 255 characters. All related records are stored in one file. There is no reasonable data-table format that Selector cannot generate.

After you establish the format of the data to be input, the program presents the format whenever requested and assists in making certain that no mistakes are made in entering the data. On completion of a data-entry session. Selector automatically merges the new data into the existing database and then asks for further instructions.

Once the input format has been defined and the data entered, tell Selector which records you want to select for printing or display by specifying select or sort requirements, called "definitions." Upon request, the program executes these "definitions" by going through the

database and picking and sorting the appropriate records.

The final step is to establish how you want the selected data to be presented. Selector provides two ways: "page reports" and "line reports." Selector can send these reports to either the terminal or the printer. A total of as many as 80 different fields from six different files may be presented. You can specify mathematical operations ( + ,—,/,*) and logical operations (equals, greater than, less than, etc.) on or between data fields. The data fields can be summed.

The page-report function, used to generate forms like invoices or purchase orders which require that data be placed on a specific place on a page, should be one of the most valuable features. However, defining the parameters for this function and troubleshooting its operation take so much time that much of the potential is wasted. Using a series of single-letter and number codes, you must tell the program exactly where each data field is to be placed on the form. Learning the codes is like learning another programming language and it takes a long time to get the report right.

The line-report function is easy to define. It consists of as many data fields as you choose, taken from the records you select, placed one after another on as many lines as required. The line-report function includes mailing-list processing. The mailing list label-printing subprogram is outstanding. It is easy to define, will print from one to

Give Your TRS-80* a Tremendous Boost with RACET COMPUTES Software

RACET COMPUTES utility Software makos tlie TRS faster, more efficient, and easier to use. Our programming aid; Improve your productivity. Our reputation Is lor products that are professional In design and work as advertisodlll

FIELD PROVEN HARD DISK DRIVES AND OPERATING SYSTEM

Now you can use RACET's Hard/Soft Disk Operating System (HSDS) witti the ARM Winctiester Disk Drive on the Model 11. This cost effective combination provides 15 Megabytes per drive Including ECC Error Correction Code and an advanced sequencer to further ensure data integrity. An incremental backup to floppy is provfdetlvso ttiat only flrose sectors that were changed from the last backup its saveo. A-lull monthly service contract is available at $30 per month per driye.

ThifttSDS Softwwe has more than One Year's FIELD Experience. The latest HSDS version adds several enhancements including maintenance of system files on the hard drive, files as large as the disk, the ability to segment the disk as logical drives, definable directory size, and many utilities including bulk copies between floppy and hard drives, multiple purge, Superzap, and Directory Catalog System. Full program compatibility with TRSDOS 2:0a is maintained. Mixed floppy and hard drive operation Is supported:

HSDS is available for the Caitieo, Cynthia Bull, Corvus, Data Peripherals, and Santa Clara Systems hard disk systems as well as the ARM Winchester Drive. ARM 1S MeoabvtKiBAft- Subsystem $3895. HSDS Software $400. Caiiieo 5/S Ca|4lg|fPve $5995. Cynthia Bull 10/10 Ilrlve S7995

NEW PRODUCT ★ Model II Fast Backup Utility * $75

5 to f 0 times faster backupslll Full disk backup (including verify) 55 secondslll on two drive system-* 2:15 on single drive SystB(ti;'ln:buslness, time Is money, and one BACKUP is worthl 000 tearsM

NEW PRODUCT * INTEGRATED BUSINESS SYSTEM ★

ISAM File Structure — Multi-Company Capability. Modular structure. Each module includes complete user documentation which guides the user through installation and allows "practice" using a sample data base. When ready, the user simply names his data base and begins. The Integrated Business System program set includes General Ledger, Accounts Receivable, Account!! Payable, Payroll, Inventory, General Journal, Asset Management and more. Business Programs $250/module Mod III. $300/module Mod II, $795 for all four Mod III, $995 for all four Mod II. General Ledger and Accounts Receivable available now. Accounts Payable and Payroll 1st Quarter 1982.

& RACET COMPUTES

^* 1330 N.GLASSELL SUITE M, ORANGE, CA926B7

CIRCLE READER RFSPONSE BELOW FOB FREE CATALOG CHECK. VISA. M/C. C.O.O.. PURCHASE ORDER

•TRS-80 IS A REGISTERED TRADEMARK OFTANDV CORPUKATION TELEPHONE ORDERS ACCEPTED (714) 99/-4950

GET THE MOST FROM YOUR NEC PC-8001 WITH RACET COMPUTES SOFTWARE!! RACET NECDOS $175

RACET NECDOS does more for your PC-SOOI than any other DOS. It s faster,

more ellicient and easier lo use. It's loaded with extra lealures lo let you stretch the limits ol your system. This advanced operating system works with the ROM NBASIC to give lull compallbility with color and other BASIC commands. USER FRIENDLY - Emphasizes Integrity. No MOUNT or REMOVE commands!!!

Excelleni protection Irom improper diskette swapping, AGAIN, HELP, FIND and REF commands. File password protection.

ADVANCED DESIGN. RACET NECDOS utilizes the computer in the 8031 for most disk I/O functions minimizing memory utilization in the PC-SOOI. The Dynamic Ti'anslenf Area (DTA) allows multiple transients to be scatter loaded and relocated in memory simultaneously. This unique capability optimizes use ol valuable memory, yet provides an almost limitless growth potential, ADVANCED FEATURES. All DOS functions and commands may be used directly in a BASIC prograhn!!! Special RUN option allows merging of programs, retaining all variables In memory. Fixed block spanned records. AUTO and DO commands. Machine language loads and saves. MATPRINT and MATINPUT to disk. Complete directory. ALL supervisory calls documented and available to the machine language programmer. Superzap utility included.

CONVERT TRS-80* PROGRAMS TO RACET NECDOS WITH 'PROTRAN' $99.95

COMPLETE utilities for file transfer and BASIC program conversion. Model III diskettes may be read directly. Model I and II via RS-232. Transfer BASIC programs, data files, or machine language files. NO support is provided (or conversion o(machine language flies of PEEK'S, POKE'S, or USR's to function on PC-80O1. Iricli}c(8s Mod 1, Mod II and RACET NECDOS Datadlsk with complete documentation on conversion requirements and syntax differences.

MULTI-KEY SORT'MKS' $60

SUPER FAST-'IMachin'B Language In-Memory Sorts. Three-key sort on 500 elements in 4Secondsl!! Simple one-line BASIC functions — SORTV and SORTC verbs. Mixed ascending and descending keys.

KFS-80 KEYED FILE SYSTEM $150

Machine language BASIC.ISAM utility provideS^ksygj^Mj^^^^^ccess to multiple files. Simple interface to BASIC. Binary triFK^ra^4(|g^ae'x system provides rapid access to records, ^"^^m

RACET COMPUTES software lor the NEC Is distributed by the Waybem Corporation and Is available from your local NEC Dealer.

IKWaybern Corporation

13911 Enterprise Dr,, Garden Grove, CA 92643 (714) 554-4520 • (213) 222-7514

CIRCLE READER SESPONaE BEIOW FOB FREE CATALOG

RACET COMPUTES

circle 474 on Inquiry card.

Circle 475 on Inquiry card.

LETTER PERFECT

T.M. UK

WORD PROCESSING

ATARI 400/800

APPLE II & 11+

EASY TO USE — Letter Perfect is a single load easy to use program. It is a menu driven, character orientated processor with the user in mind. FAST machine language operation, ability to send control codes within the body of the program, mnemonics that make sense, and a full printed page of buffer space for text editing are but a few features. Screen Format allows you to preview printed text. Indented margins are allowed. Data Base Merge with DATA PERFECT by LJK, form letters, accounting files and mailing labels only with MAIL MERGE/UTILITY by LJK. FEATURES - Proportional/ Incremental spacing * Right Justification * File Merging * Block movement * Headers * Footers * Print Multiple Copies * Auto Page Numbering * Scroll forward/backward * Search and Replaces * Full cursor control * Underlining * Boldface * Superscripts * Subscripts * Auto page numbering * Insert character/line * Delete character/line * Centering * Horizontal tabs/changeable * Multifunction format line (line spacing — left margin — page width — lines/page — change fonts — top/ bot margin adjust) MUCH MORE! $149.95

ATARI VERSION 2.0 #2001

Uses proportional font, right Justified with Atari 82S/Centronics* 737, 739printers. Uses BPSON ilAX* Series + Graftrax/italicized font. Can mix type fonts on same page; mix boldface and enhanced font in same line with justification. Can be used with 16K Atari/400.

"Compared to the price of many other word processors, this package is a steal. It does everything the advertisement claims and more. On top of this the software is very easy to use." A.N.A.L.O.G. MAGAZINE

APPLE VERSION 5.0 #1001

DOS 3.3 compatible — Use 40 or 80 column interchangeably (Smarterm — ALS; Videoterm-Videx; Full View 80 — Bit 3 Inc.; Vision 80 — Vista; Sup-R-Term — M&R Ent.) Reconfigurable at any time for different video, printer, or interface. USE HAYES MICROMODEM ll*LCA necessary if no 80 column board, need at least 32 K of memory. Files saved as either Text or Binary. Shift key modification allowed. Data Base Merge compatible with DATA PERFECT* by LJK.

"For $150, Letter Perfect offers the type of software that can provide quality word processing on inexpensive microcomputer systems at a competitive price." INFOWORLD

T.M. LJK

APPLE & ATARI

DATA BASE MANAGEMENT $99.95

Complete Data Base System. User orientated for easy and fast operation. 100% Assembly language. Easy to use. You may create your own screen mask for your needs. Searches and Sorts allowed. Configurable to use with any of the 80 column boards of Letter Perfect word processing, or use 40 column Apple video. Lower case supported in 40 column video. Utility enables user to convert standard files to Data Perfect format. Complete report generation capability. Much More!

T.M. LJK $29.95

ATARI

DATA PERFECT

EDIT 6502

This is a coresident — two pass ASSEMBLER, DISASSEMBLER, TEXT EDITOR, and MACHINE LANGUAGE MONITOR. Editing is both character and line oriented. Disassemblies create editable source files with ability to use predefined labels. Complete control with 41 commands, 5 disassembly modes, 24 monitor commands including step, trace, and read/write disk. Twenty pseudo opcodes, allows linked assemblies, software stacking (single and multiple page) plus complete printer control, i.e. paganation, titles and tab setting. User can mo,ve source, object and symbol table anywhere in memory. Feel as if you never left the environment of BASIC. Use any of the 80 column boards as supported by LETTER PERFECT, Lower Case optional with LCG.

LJK DISK UTILITY APPLE $29.95

This menu driven program allows the user to manipulate a variety of different file types. Binary, Text, and Source files may be easily converted into each other. The program may be used with APPLESOFT*, VISCALC*, and other programs. These program files may be readily adapted for multiple use including editing with LETTER PERFECT word processings.

MAIL MERGE/UTILITY

This menu driven program combined with LETTER PERFECT allows user to generate form letters and print mailing labels. With the Atari, you may CONVERT ATARI DOS FILES, or Visicalc files compatible for editing with LETTER PERFECT. Utility creates Data Base files for Letter Perfect.

LOWER CASE CHARACTER GENERATOR

T M

COMPUTER BASED SOFTWARE

ENTERPRISES

|iW>STUWMXWZ< )^

$24.95

Lower Case Character Generator for the Rev. 7, Apple II or 11+ computers. When installed, this Eprom will generate lower case characters to the video screen. Lower case characters set has two dot true descenders. Installation instruction included. Manual includes listing of software for full support and complete instructions for shift key modification. Compatible with LETTER PERFECT.

LJK ENTERPRISES INC. P.O. Box 10827 St. Louis. MO 63129 (314) 846-6124

DEALER INQUIRES INVITED

'Trademarks of: Apple Computer — Atari Computer — Epson America — Hayes Microcomputers — Personal Software — VIdex — Bit 3 Inc. — M&R Ent. — Advanced Logic Systems — Vista Computers

Circle 236 on Inquiry card.

BYTE April 1982 3 73

eight labels across, and prints slightly less than 600 labels an hour (using a Dynabyte 8/2 and an Epson MX-80 printer in a two-across format). Unfortunately, this subprogram works effectively only in batch mode (this in more detail later).

A Sample Application

Listing 1 shows the data-input format of the mailinglist program that I developed to meet my own requirements and to learn the program. In the "Type" column "A" is alphanumeric, "N" is numeric, and "K" is for key. The user can designate any field as key. The program will then have the capability of sorting or selecting data records based upon one or a combination of key fields. In the sample shown, you could select all the records for a state with a given zip code, then select all the people in that state whose last names begin with A, and so on. You could print as many of the individual data fields as you wished, in addition to the key fields, in a given record. My use of field 13 in listing 1 is a good example. I assign "B" for all business entries, "P" for personal entries, and "A" for entries that are both business and personal. When I print a maiUng list, I can select and print all the labels for personal entries by selecting "P", all the labels for business entries by selecting "B", and all those that are both business and personal by selecting "A". Based on the records I have selected I can then set up the report to include any other desired fields as well as the

key fields, e.g., home address, business address, and city.

A limitation of the Selector program is the inability to function in other than a "batch mode." It takes seveiral minutes to bring Selector up and load the program module that inputs data records. You can then enter data, records rapidly. When you exit the data-entry function. Selector will automatically merge the new data with the old and reload the operating program and menu. Before you output a report, you must run the select and sort

Listing 1: A Selector IV record-definition file. Fields are numbered and named in the first two columns. Key size is the number of characters taken from a key field that actually make up the key. The last column shows the "byte offset" for each field, i.e., the number of bytes into the record counting from the beginning to the first byte in the field.

Record de+inition -files Data -file drive: Data record length:

B:MALIST.DEF as of APR 23, '1 B Key/Support drive: B 2IB Key record Length: 19

1 « II 1 9 II

1 II

Name

Type

Data Size

Key Size

Byte Offset

1

FRSTNAME

A

25

1

LASTNAME

AK

20

10

26

TITLE

A

15

46

4

CMPNYNAM

AK

25

10

61

5

CMPNYADD

A

25

86

6

HOMEADDR

A

25

111

7

CI TY

A

20

136

8

STATE

AK

2

2

156

9

ZIPCQDE

NK

5

S

158

10

HOMPHONE

A

14

163

1 1

BUSPHONE

A

14

177

12

REMARKS

A

25

191

13

BPCODE

AK

1

1

216

An Improved Selector

As this article goes to press, we at BYTE find ourselves once again trying to catch up with an industry that changes faster than we do. The final documentation is now available for Selector IV and the package allows CODASYL-type record-accessing conventions (including one-to^many, many-to-one, and many-to-many record accesses).

Micro-Ap has also introduced Selector V, a machinelanguage database (compiled from BASIC code through Digital Research's CB80 package) that does not retjuire purchase of any additional language. According to Bob Goodman of Micro-Ap, Selector V works in the same way as Selector IV, but is 3Vz to 6 times faster. Added features include the extended record-accessing conventions mentioned above, a removal of the 256-byte record-length restriction of Selector IV, and file and record locking and unlocking capabilities (which can be used when Selector Vis used under the MP/M operating,system). Selector V lists at $495.

Answers to MicroShakespeare Quiz

l-a

6-j

11-r

16-f

2-t

7-k

12-1

17-h

3-0

8-g

13-e

18- d

4-i

9-n

14-q

19-p

5-s

10-m

15 - c

20-b

Number of MicroShakespeare Correct Matclies Rating

20 You're making the best of BYTE and

Bard.

17 -19 Software almost ready to bum into

ROM.

13 - 16 Something wrong with housekeeping;

GO TO ORG.

9-12 Make sure you have the right chips

installed.

5-8 Clear memory and start over.

4 or fewer Send for a new processor. ■

374

April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

introducing

caicstar;

ANOTHER INDISPENSABLE BUSINESS

MICROPRO. THE WORDSTAR PEOPLE.

Presenting CalcStar—another standardsetting software product in the WordStar tradition.

CalcStar is MicroPro's new electronic spread sheet and financial modeling program— a sophisticated, yet easy to use, calculating and planning tool for CP/M^based computers. The ultimate electronic spread sheet. CalcStar calculates solutions to complex ^^^^^U^mO mk ikH C^^^lim numerical problems in business and finance. m m%^0%BmmM%MWM m Im^^lWI Helps you make budget plans and sales forecasts with greater speed and accuracy. And projects figures into the future to answer the ' "what if' questions you face in business. And CalcStar also has a unique MicroPro advantage: It joins with WordStar to combine spread-sheet and word-processing capabilities in several powerful ways. CalcStar software eliminates the need to use ledger paper ever again. It turns your video screen into a "window" on a giant electronic ledger sheet, with up to 600 entries arranged the way you want. Then, by inserting formulas into CalcStar, you create financial models that simulate the future numerically. And predict the outcomes of your business decisions.

When you notice what CalcStar can do for your business, you'll wonder how you ever got along without it. (If you're now a WordStar user, you probably already know the feeling.)

The MicroPro Ijonus. Like WordStar, CalcStar is packed with innovative features that make it versatile and easy to use. Features like Automatic Forms Mode, which lets an inexperienced user enter data into a spread sheet quickly and with less chance of error

CalcStar s greatest innovation is its ability to join with WordStar Which means, for example, you can use WordStar's printing options, like boldface and underlining, to dress up financial documents. And you can insert sections of CalcStar's spread sheets into your WordStar documents.

This kind of flexibility should come as no surprise if you're already familiar with the MicroPro software family — a line of programs designed to work together to multiply your problem-solving power Visit your MicroPro dealer to find out just how big a difference all our products can make in your business. We predict you'll discover it's not just CalcStar or WordStar diat's indispensable. It's MicroPro

A glance at CalcStar features Runs on CP/M version 2.0 or above, with 80column screen, addressable cursor, and at least 48K memory. 56K or more is recommended for fullest utilization.

Highly user friendly: Call up full screen of help or use help menu. WordStar-like cursor commandU. User's guide shows you [he basics. Itwt^ firom menu OR a WordStar file.

Stores formulas and formats along with data, i^r convenience and less chance of error.

Math functions include average, minimum, maximum, logarithms, exponents, and regression analysis.

SOFTWARE THAT MEANS BUSINESS^

(inkfoPid)

INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION

1299 fourth Street, San Rafael, California 94901 (415) 457-8990; Telex: 340-388

C?/M is a trademark oi Digital Research, Inc. Dealer and distributor inquiries invited.

Circle 268 on inquiry card.

BYTE April 1982 375

Listing 2: A CBASIC program for printing a single label or envelope. The program pulls information about an addressee from the Selector IV database as soon as the user gives enough information to identify a record uniquely. If the user doesn't reference a data file, the program lets the user type an address onto an envelope in the system's printer.

REM ********************************************************

REM PROGRAM TITLE:TYPMAL.BAS

REM JACK ABBOTT, PEORIA AZ 6/16/81

REM THIS PROGRAM WILL TYPE ENVELOPES WITH NO OTHER PILE, OTHERWISE

REM PUT MALIST DATA ON B DRIVE, AND THEN RUN THIS PROGRAM.

REM THIS PRO. TYPES ADDRESSES, ENVELOPES, OR LABELS.

INPUT "PUT MALIST.DAT ON B DRIVE THEN PRESS RETURN-";LINE DUKBS

22 T%=0

OPEN "E:HALIST.DAT" AS 1

INPUT "NAME WANTED OR OWN ENVEL. ADDRESS(OWN)-"jN$

It' N$ = "OWN" THEN 150

28 READ HI;LINE MALIST$

T*=T%+1 A*=l

S5=WALISTS

If MflTCH(N$,S$,l)>B THEN 112 IF END Jl THEN 21

GOTO 28

21 INPUT "NAME NOT FOUND, MORE? Y/N";MS

CLOSE 1 ' It M$="Y" THEN 22 GOTO 7 77

112 INPUT "ENV. OR LABEL,E OR L?";F$ INPUT "EUSINESS OR PERSONAL? B OR P";Z$ IF FS="E" THEN 222 INPUT"PHONEil WANTED7V/N" ; ES INPUT "il OE LABELS WANTED?",-I% G% = 1

IF I%>1 THEN Q»=l% ELSE Q%=1

GOTO 666

150 A%=5

GOTO 222

444 CONSOLE

INPUT "MORE?Y/N?";P$

E$="N"

CLOSE 1

IF PS="Y" THEN 22

GOTO 777

666 LPRINTER

CS=25

FOR H=l TO 0%

670 If ZS="B" THEN 680

676 B$=LEtTS(SS,CS)

IF RIGHTS(B$,l)=" " THEN 446

PRINT TAB(G%) ;LEFTS(SS,C») ;" ";MI0$(SS,26,20)

PRINT TAB(G%);MIDS(SS,111,25)

681 PRINT TAB(G%);MID$(SS,136,20)

PRINT TAB(G%) ; MID$ (S$ , 156 , 2) ;CHR$(32) ,-CHRS(32) ;MIDS (SS , 158 , 5)

IE ES="Y" THEN 445 PRINT

677 PRINT NEXT

GOTO 44 4

680 PRINT TAB(G%);MIDS(SS,61,25) PRINT TAB(G%) ,-MID$(S$,86,25) GOTO 681

445 PRINT TAB(G%)fMIDS(SS,163,13) GOTO 677

446 C%=C%-1 GOTO 676

222 INPUT "LEGAL OR REGULAR?L OR R";K$ G%=20

IE K$="L" THEN G%=4B

INPUT "READY TO PRINT7Y/N"[D$

IF D$="N" THEN 444

LPRINTER 1

PRINT "JACK L. ABBOTT" PRINT "8525 N. 104TH AVE." PRINT "PEORIA, ARIZ. 85345"

PRINT:PRINT:PRINT!PRINT:PRINT!PRINT:PRINT:PRINT:PRINT

CONSOLE

IF A%>1 THEN 180 GOTO 666

180 INPUT "NAME-FIRST LINL7";LINE OS

INPUT "STREET ADDRESS-SECOND LINE?"fLINE J$

INPUT "CITY, STATE, ZIP? LAST LINE";LINE VS

LPRINTER

PRINT TAB (G%) !0$:PRrNT TAB (G«) J J$:PR1NT TAB(G«j,-VS

PRINT:PRINT

CONSOLE

GOTO 444

777 STOP

definitions on the updated database. These operations take several minutes. The overhead time is acceptable when you're processing lots of records, but unacceptable when you're processing just a few. This may or may not be a problem, depending on what you're using the program for. If you want to enter and then recall a record, as in the case of inputting the data for a single invoice or receipt and then printing it, the time overhead is too great. A printer is a necessity because you can print out data, mark changes on the sheet in pencil, and then enter all the changes at once. In the case of mailing-list information there is no way to pull out and print a single name and address other than to generate a report, and that takes several minutes.

One way to save time is to use the program in listing 2. This CBASIC program scans the data files created by Selector, picks out individual addresses, and prints labels or envelopes. The program also types individual envelopes with your return address and lets you type the addressee, line by line, from the console. Apart from accessing the mailing-list database, the program operates independently of Selector, so it can be compiled separately. You choose functions from a menu and the program will pick any address record if you enter enough letters or numbers to give a unique identity—these identifiers can be first names (as long as there are no duplicates), street numbers, or whatever you decide.

A minor annoyance is Selector's use of the terminal alarm, which sounds whenever anything "noteworthy" happens. Unfortunately the designers find many things noteworthy that I do not (including disk transfers, entry of the day's date, improper inputs), and initially I kept wondering what mistakes I had made whenever the alarm

went off. A program toggle should be provided to disable this feature. Another confusing factor is a display heading that tells you when a disk operation is going on so you won't attempt any keyboard action. The heading appears most, but not all of the time, so after a while I forgot to look at the disk-select light. Later, when I started poking at the keys, I wondered why nothing was: happening during some disk operations.

Conclusions

The Selector program is written entirely in CBASIC, but the merge and sort functions are fast, so the program as a whole runs rapidly. The program can enter and retrieve many records at a time extremely well, but if you want to switch back and forth between data entry and display, or print in less than several minutes, you will have to modify or supplement program operation.

The mailing-list module is excellent, easy to define, and executes quickly. In addition, the program shown in listing 2 allows you to select and print individual addresses. The line-report function is also excellent and easy to use; unfortunately, the page-report function requires a great deal of effort and time. I find that a printer, preferably with 132-column print capability, is essential for most uses.

Selector should be purchased with the final documentation package, but the program description is clear and well written in the preliminary version, and the program performs exactly as the documentation says it will. Selector has the potential to perform a number of different functions well. If it meets the requirements of your task, it represents a good value when compared to the cost and time of developing custom software. ■

376 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Double your

disk storage capacity.

simply by switching to Omni's new reversible dislc.

If you have an Apple, TRS-80, Zenith, North Star or any other single-sided 5V4" disk drive, you can double disk capacity by simply sv^/ltchlng to the Flip/Floppy disk from Omni. It works just like your present disks, except you can flip it over and record on the reverse side. So you can consolidate programs and files that used to require tv^/o disks, You can halve your disk requirements. And save money.

Each disk comes with some impressive specifications: They're certified error-free at more than twice the error-threshold of your system. Rated for more than 12 million passes without disk-related errors or significant wear And precision fabricated with such standard features as reinforced hub rings.

Coil Omni toll-free today Get premium disks. Twice the capacity. A full money-bock guarantee. Unbeatable price. And if you order a ten pock now, a free $5.00 storage case as well,

Omni Resources Corporation

4 Oak Pond Avenue, Millbury, MA 01527 (800) 343-7620 In Moss. (617) 799-0197

Dealer inquiries invited.

Software Houses: We also offer dupiicating and formatting services.

$26.00-Five pacic

(Equivalent to 10 single-sided disks)

$50.00-Ten pack

(Equivalent to 20 single-sided disks)

Free

Protective plastic storage case with each 10 pacic ordered by

5/1/82

Order toll-free (800) 343-7620. In Moss. (617) 799-0197.

Circle 305 on Inquiry card.

Send the following Flip/Floppy disks.

I understand they liave a full 90 day money-back guarantee if I'm not completely satisfied.

System & model #

Five packs @ §26 .OO S

Ten packs @ $50.00" S

' includes plastic case Shipping and handling S__L5C

5% sales tax (Mass. only) S

Total S

Check (to Omni Resources) C.O.D.

Master Card .Visa

Card # " Exp.

Name

Address :

Tel

DYNACOMP

Quality software Jor^:

ATARI

PET/CBM APPLE II Plus

OSBORNE-1

ALTAIR****

TRS-80 (Level II)** NORTH STAR*** CP/M Disks/Diskettes

See Availsbllity box MBASIC/CBASIC

SUPERBRAIN*****

CARD GAMES

BRIDGE MASTER (North Star only) PHmi $21.95 DUkeiie

ir you Kked DVNACOMP'S BRIDGE 2.0, you will ibsoluiely love BRIDGE MASTER. BRIDGE MASTER is a comprehensivE bridge program designed to provide hours of chillenging competition. Bidding rcaiurei Include the BUclcwoad convenlion, Slayman conveniion, pre-emptive openings, and recognilion of demand bidi and iump-lhiri respontu. After playing a tpecific hand, you may replay the same hand, with the option of iwlichlng card) with your computer opponenu. Thli feature allows you to compare your bidding and playing slillls ro BRlO(H MASTER; Bonuiei for game coniractl and ilams are awarded ai in duplicate bridge. Doubted coniracis are scored based upon a computer auigoed vulnerability. A score card i; diiplaycd at the conclusion of each hand. The icore card diiptayj i HimmBry of total huidi played, total points scored, number of coniracii made and set. and «> bidt made. BKlodS MASTEK 4i clwly the beil computer bridge program avaitibte.

DVNACOMP'S previous BRIDGE 2.0 nutomen loxj -v^vnix lo BKIOOB MASTER for a nominal charge of plus poiiage and handling (see ordering inFprinatitin box).

BACCAKAIlAiari only)

^hl^ i< [lir I urii|ic^ii ^ard gamc which is the favorite of the Monlc Carlo jcl set. 10 sm:\ Id I ,111J Ci-jlJiiiiger toyourrff^t. Leant and play BACCARAT ai your \ nun iuIlu Mr:i|iliii;s aiid matching sound. Runs in 16K. Requires one joyiliclt.

Price: Sl>,9SCa*MHe/m.99 Diskette naglne yourself BI the gambtg table with 007 sure on the Atari. Contatot full high rcsolu

PifccSU-HDIakette

of GIN RUMMY existing. The computer playiexcepiioiuUy well, and the

GIN RUMMY (Apple diskelle only)

Thu IS llic bcil micro computer implei HIRES graphics are superb. What else c:

POKER PARTY (Avalbible for all computers) Price: Sn.» Caaiette/Sll.M DUketie

POKER PARTY \\ a draw pokei simulation based on the book, POKER, by Oswald Jacoby. This Ii the most comprehensive version available for microcomputers. The party comisu of yourself and six other (computer) playen. Each of these players (you will get to know ihem) has a diffireni personaUiy in the tonn of a varying propensity to bluff of fold under pieiiurc, Praciioe with POKER PARTY before going lo that expensive game lonlghll Apple cassette and diskette versmns rcqtnrc a 12 K (or larger) Apple 1).

Prtce: SI4.95 Caasctte/SIS.gs DUkttK B fondly Gompiiier with user inputs thai are tdmple enough for employ resQlullon graphics forjhedUplay of hands. A musi

r/S3).95 Disk

GO FISH (Available for all coroputen)

GO FISH Ii a classic childrea's card game. The opponent i: small diiMren to easily mastNi the Apple and Atari versiort for childreni

BLACKJACK COACH (32K THS-HO onlO

BLACKJACK COACH is tv>r:i ,i i.ii:!, ,(ii cJuuaiion^il [oul. Wuli tins pn)(;rnm vi.ii iiKiy LUKUHU.iiiscly ici swinliii.l and special playing and belting [llclllsJd^, intludiiig ilic several card counl sdictiics. Vuu i;^ii Miiiply |ilay, play Willi ihccompuler a; B coach, or statistically Ic^l your tutiliod under long run automatic play. All the siaiid.iid player choices arc included; insurance, splitting pairs, double downs and surrender (optional). The computer analyzes the technique and provides detailed suiTunary reports Which scatlsiicaliy pinpoint the Strengths and weaknesses of your play, ban't risk your money ai the tables until you have preicllEed with BLACKJACK COACH!

THOUGHT PROVOKERS

MANAG^ENTSIMULATOR(Atari, North Star, OSBORNi: and CIVM only) Price: SlV.VSCas^ite

S33.gS UUkrttc

this program is both an excellent leaching tool as well as a stimulating inlcllecIuBl game. Based upon similar games played ;iL graduate business schools, each player or team controls acompany which manufacturers three products. Each player atiempis to outperform his competitors by setting selling prices, production volumes, marketing and design expendilutes etc. The niosi successful firm Is the one with the highest stock price when the simtilatiba radS.

FLIGHT SIMULATOR (AviUlabIc for all corapolus) MceiSn.H Casstlle/Sll.9S Diskette

Arealislicand exieniive mathematical simulation of take-off, flight and landing>Tliein:ograih utilizes aerodynamic ec|UBtian.s and Ihe characteristics of a real airfoil. You can practice instrument approaches and luvlgailon ushtg radials and compass headings. The more advanced llyer can also perform loops, half-rolls and similar aeiobatlc maneuvers. Although this program does not employ graphics, it is exciting and very addictive. Seethe software review in COMPUTRONICS. Runs in E6K Atari,

V ALDEZ (Available forill compiiten) Piict: S15.93 Cassette/S 19.93 Ulikeitc

VALDEZ is a compuiei simulation of supenanker navigation In the Prince William Sound/Valdez Narrows region of Alaska. Included in this simuhUon is a realistic and extensive 256 x 256 element map, ponioni of which may be viewed using the ship's aiphanumericiadardisplay.Themptloiiofthn^ip Uself is aonuately modelled tnathematlcally. The ilfnUlaiion also contains a model for the tidal patterns In the re^on, as well as other traffic (outgoing tanken and drifting icebergs). Cbait your course Irom the Gulf of Alaska to Valdez Harbor! See the software reviews in BO Software Critique and Personal Computing.

BACKGAMMON 2.0 (Alari, North Slar, OSBORNE anil CP M onl>) i'ric: su is ( .sMiit iiH,v5 iiisk.iii.

This program tests your backgammon skills and will also improve ytiui aanic. A liuiiun laii tunipcii: Jt;;iiini j tuiiiputri oi against another human. The compuler can even play against itself. Either the human or Itie cunipuicr cnii duuliic or xcncriiie dice rolls. Board positions can be creaied ot saved for replay, BACKGAMMON2,0 plays in accordance with iheofficial rules of backgammon and is sure to provide many fascinating sessions of backganunon play.

CHt:SS MASTER (North Star and TRS-BO only)

This coniplele and very powerful program provides five levels of play. Il includes castling, ei lion of pawns, AddilionaUy. Ihe board may be preset before the start of play, permitting the niaximiie execution speed, Ihc program is written in assembly language (by SOFTWARE SPECIALISTS of California). Full graphics are employed in the TRS-80 version, and two widths of alphanumeric display are provided to accommodate North Star users. See review in onComputing.

FOREST FIREI (Atari only) Price: Sl'l.95CasHlle/SII.9S DUkttte

Using excellent graphics and sound effects, this simulation puts you In Ihe middle of a forest fire. Your job Is to direct operalions to put out the fire while compensating far changes in wind, weather and terrain. Not protecting valuable structures can result in siariling penalties. Life-like variables Are provided to make FOREST FIREI very suspense ful and challenging. No two games have the same setting and there are 3 Icvds of dlfnciilty.

PHce: SI4.9S Cassette/SIR, 95 Diskette

IS involved in closely observing a black hole with a space protie. The obI orbit close to a small black hole, lliis is to be achieved without cuniing probe. Control of the craft is realistically siniulaled usini^ side ]rts for gram employs Hi-Res graphics and is educatnni.il iiv well ctuilienkinn.

BLACK HOLE (Apple only)

This is an exciting graphical simulation of the problei ject Is to enter and maintain, for a prescribed time, a ir the anomaly that the tidal stress destroys thi

n thru

rs for ac

1. This

SPACE EVACUATION! (Apple, Atari and TRS-80 only) pi

Can you coloniie the galaxy and evacuate the Earth before Ihe sun explodes? Vour conip you eiplorc Ihc universe lO relocate millions of people. This simulalion is parliculaily in exciting elements of classic space games with the mystery challenge of ADVEiNTURE.

MONARCH (Alari only)

MONARCH IS a fascinating economic simulation requiring you to survive an tl-year term as your nation's leader. Vuu mine the amount of acreage devoted to industrial and agricultural use, how much food to distribute to the populace ar much should be spent on pollution control. You will Hnd that all derisions involveacompromise and iluit it is nfli easy t( everyone happy. Runs in IfiK Atari.

t: SIS.

Prlcc:Sli.D5C

CHOMPELO (Atari only)

CHOMPELQ is really two challenging gunes in one. One u sin fng the poisoned portion. The other game is the popular boanl and is hard to boa. This package wQl run on a leK system.

Prieci $U.9S C>a*ttlt/SIS.95 Diskette ar to NIM; you must bite off pan ofa Cookie, butavoid takamcREVERSI. It fully uses the Atari's graphics capability.

AVAILABILITY

DYNACOMP soflware u suppKed with complete docunientaiion coniflining clear explanations and examples. Unless oihcruisc specirted, all programs will rtm within IfiK program memory Space(ATAtU requires 24K). Except where noted, programs are available on ATAnt. PET, TRS-SO (Level II) and Apple (AppIunFI) cassette and diskette as well as North S»r rin^ denuty (double den^iy compatible) diskette. Additionally, most programs cso twpbtained on standard (IBM 3740 single density/double dcnsny compatible format) B'' CP/M floppy disks for systems running under MBASIC or CBASIC (for example. Altot, Xerox 820 and many-Others).. VA'* CP/M diskettes are available tor the North Star and Osborne computer systems.

re registered tradenames and/or

•For most North Star aisk-based sysiems, DYNACOMP presently does not support ike new North Star Advantage, "Far Altair systems Having Microsoft BA$IC.

***ForSUPERBRAIN systerns running under MBASIC or CBASIC (stme which).

DYNACOMP OFFERS THE FOLLOWING

• Widest variety

• Guaranteed quality

• Fastest delivery

• Friendly service

• Free catalog

• Toll free order phone

AND MORE.

STARTREK3.2 (Available for an computers) Prke;SllJ»Catsrue/SI5.951»*ktite This is the dassic Siartrck simulation, but with several new features. For eumple. the Klingons now shoot at the Enterprise without wartiing whUe also attacking siarbasesJn other quadrants. The KUngont als« attack with both light and heavy cruisers and move when shot atl The situation is hectic when the EhterpHse is besieged by three h»vy cniisers and a starlMue S.O>S. is received! The Kiingons get eveni See the soflware reviews in A.N.A-L.6.0., M Software Critique and Game Merchandising.

LIL'M^ FROM MARS (Atari only) ' Priet! SW«C««eltt/$IJ.«IHilieite

Defend yoiits^fl The Uttle men from Mars are out to get you it you don't get them first. This is a hilarious high molution animated gr^cs (arcadel.game which nercises miich of the Atari's power. Requires one j'ojmick.

SPACETILT(AppleBHd AUrionly) PriecSlO.HC^tie/SU.SSIHikctle

Use the game paddles to tilt the plane of the TV screen to "roll" a ball into a hole In the screen. Sound simple! Not when Ihe hole gels smaller and sniBtlerl A btiitl4n tim«-alltjws yOu to measure your skill against olherS in this h^il-formlhgaGUon

gaipc.

ESCAPE FROM VOLANTfUM (Atari only) Price: S1S.9S Cassette/SH.SS Diskette

Bring Ihe action and exdtement of an arpide into your home with ESCAPE FROM VOLANTIUMl To escape you must maneuver your space ship around obstacles and laser blast the dragon (without being eaten). If he is killed with a direct shot (not just a leg lopped ofO. a door opens lo Ihe outside. However, the door does not slay open indednilely. If you fail ID escape in lime, the door closes and a new dragon appears. Sometimes youcan'smaih through Ihe door by repeatedly chippinj away at it. Other times il is impervious. At the higher levels of play more otHiacIei and dragons appeal-, adding to the cxdienieni. Uses high resolution graphics and sound. Rims in 16K.

ALPHA nCHTER (Atari only) Price: Sll,« Casselle/Slfi-HS DwLcllt

Two excejleut graphics and action programs in one! ALPHA FIGHTER requires you to destroy the alien siarships passing through your seciorofthe galaxy. AtPHA BASE is in the path of an alien UFO invasion: let five UHO'sgei by and the game ends. Both games require the joystick and get progressively more difficuh the higher you score! ALPHA FIGHTER will run on 16K systems.

THE RINGS OF THE EMPIRE (Alari only) Price: SI4.95 Cassette/SIB.95 Ilisktite

The empire has developed a new battle station protected by rotating rings ofenergy. Each time you blast ihiough the rings and destroy the station, the empire develops a new station With more protective rings, thb exdting game runs on I6K systems, employs extensive graphics and sound and call be phiyed by Cine br twisptityenl

INTRUDER ALERT (Atari only) Price: SM.1ISC:aaseiK/$lS.95IHakeile

This is a fast paced graphics game which placcryou in the middle of the "Dreadsiar'MiavingJusi stolen its plans. The droids have been alerted and are directed to destroy ypu at bU costs. You must nnd and enter yourshipto escape with ilte plans. Five levels of dUHcuUy are proWded. INTRUDER ALERT requires a Joystick and wilt run on IGK systems.

MtDWAY (Alari only) Price: tlAM Casartte/SlS.95 Dtiktttc

MIDWAY is an niciting extension of the game of Batileship. It mixes; the challenses strategy and chance. Your opponon can be another human or the compuler. Color graphics and sound are both included. Runs In I6K.

Price: SH.9S Ca™tlc/S1(l.9S Disketle

TRIPLE BLOCKADE (Atari only)

TRIPl.h lil.Ot K ADI iwo-io-lhiee player grap:

running inio your opponciit(s). Although the com anxiety".

GAMES PACK I (Available for aU computais) Price: StO.95 Cassette/SU.9S Dtskettc

GAMES PACK I contains the classic computer games of BLACKJACK, LUNAR LANDER. CRAPS. HORSERACE, SWITCH and more. These games have been combined into one Urge program for ease in loading. They are individually accessed by a convenient menu. This collection is worth the price just for the DYNACOMP version of BLACKJACK.

GAMES PACK II (Av^abte for all contputeis) Price: StD.9S Cassette/SH.95 Diskette

GAMES PACK II includes the games CRAZY EIGHTS. JOTTO, ACEY-DUCEY, LIFE, WUMPUS and others. As with GAMES PACK I. all Ihe games are loaded as one program and are called from a menu. You wilt particularly enjoy

DYNACOMP's version of CRAZY EIGHTS.

Why pay S7.95 or more per program when you can buy a DYNACOMP collection for just S10.9i7

MOON PROBE {Atari and North Star only) Pricei S11.9S Cass(tle/S15.95 DIakelle

This is an extremely challenging "lunar lander" program. The user must drop from orbit to land at a predetermined target on the moon's surface. You control the thrust and orientation of your craft plus direct the rate of descent and approach angle.

SPACE TRAP (Atari only, 16K)

This galactic "shool'em up" arcade game | tempi ID blast as many of the alien ships :

CHIRP INVADERS (PET/CBM only) CHIRP INVADERS is an addictive game u conquer the Earth. Stationary obstacles, journey. Good luck.

SUPER SUB CHASE (Atari only) Price: S19.95 Cjissttte 513.95 Diskell

SUPER SUB CHASE simulates a search and destroy mission. Set your course and keep an eye on the sonar readings as >u hunt for the hidden submarine. Set the depth charge explosion depth and watch them sink towards the sub. This is an addictive game which takes advantage of the Atari's graphics and soui:d capabilities. One or two playen. Joystic)i(s) required

Frict: SU.» CaiKtle/$».HIHdultt

i you near a black hole. You control your spacecraft using the joystick and alisible before the black hole closes about you.

e: SI4.95 Cassette/SI8.95 DLskeMe

must be re.iched before the Chiipi

CI ion graphics. A Federation ipacc t meteors, and the attacking Chi

ADVENTURE

CRANSTON MANOR ADVENTURE (North Star and CP/M only) Price: S19.95 Diskette

At last! A comprehensive Advemure game for North Star and CP/M systems. CRANSTON MANOR ADVENTURE lakes you into mysterious CRANSTON MANOR where you attempt to gather fabulous treasures. Lurking in the manor are wild animals and robots who will not give up ihc treasures without a light. The aumtwr of rooms is greater and the associated descriptions are muCb more elahorate than the current popular seHerof Adventure programs, ma)diiB tlUs game the top in its class. Play can be stopped at any time and the status stored on diskette. Not available In 514" CP/M formal.

price:$lI.HI»aliclte I is to find yifur way to the Unish line while niainle at the garaige. The choice will affect your speed

GUMBALL RALLY ADVENTURE (North Star only, 4HK)

laming the highest possible speed. You may hIujdsc one nl live i\ii

UNCLE HARRY'S WILL (North Star only, 40K) Price:SM.SSDitkette

Uncle Harry has died and has left you everything, However, he has ne^ected to menUon where eveiyiMngiil Instead his will consists of a poem which contains clues. You will have to travel all over the United Stales both by car and on fool to solve the puzzle, and there are over 300 locations to probe. Be careful and watch out for red herringsl

SPEECH SYNTHESIS

DYNACOMP is now disniliutiDg the new and revotuiionary TYPE-'N-TALK^M jtnT) speech synthesizer from Vou«x. Simply cuiine.;! TNT to your computer's serial interfiiec, enter text from ttie keyboard and hear ihe words spoken. T^JTisiheeajieji.iop[o..;r[im speech synthesizer on the market. It uses Ihe least amount of memory and provides the most flenibte vocabulary available

1 VI'F-'N'-TAI.K List price S375. DVNACOMP'S price $J19.M plUS J5J» for shipping and handling,

TALK TO ME (T'N'T Atari only, 24K) Price: S14.95 Cauetie/Sll.9S DUkeiie

This program presents a superb tutorial on speech lynlhc^ Uling the Atari 800 and TYPE *N TALK^*^, TALK TO ME will itlustrate norroal word generation as wdl as phoneme generation. The documentation hiGliides many helpful pro|ramming tips. TALK TO ME has been demonstrated on network (CBft TVl

MISCELLANEOUS

ig graphics displays

NORl H STAR SOFTWARE EXCHANGE (NSSE) LIBRARY

DYNACOMP now distributes the 23 vohune NSSE library. These cHskeiiet ea^ contain many programs and offN an outstanding value for the purchase price. They should be part of every North Star user'tcollectiitn. Call or write DYNACOMP for details regarding the contents of the NSSE collection. Price: 19,95 each/S7.95 each (4 or more) The complete collection may be purchased fur JI49.95

" DISKETTES (soft sectored/ten sectored)

As you might imagine, DYNACOMP purchases disketi

Ings along to youl

Circle 158 on inquiry card.

BUSINESS and UTILn'IES

M AILMASTER (Auri diakelie only) Price: $39.95 iHiktiic

MAELMASTERis avcry vmaiile soRwMe package for managing and manipulaiing mail liiu and mini data bases. Each di^k can hold over 600 customer cniries conuining name, address, 3S tetter key words and a phone number. The display a marked m (hat entries may be made and edited with caie. The sialm (e.g., disk space left, options, ere.I is shown at all limej. Labels may be primed 1.2 oi 3 up. and ail suiting (rip code and alphabelicl is perrormed by a fan machine language program,

PERSONAL nNANCE SYSTEM (Aurl and Nurlh Slar only) Price; S39.9S Ubhtiie

I'FS i^ a single diskette, menu-oriented system composed of ten dif rereni programs. Besides rccDiding your expenses and lax dcdjctible iiems, PFS will sort and summarize expenses by payee, and display inrormation on eipendiluies by any of 26 user defined codes by month or by payee. PFS will even produce monthly bar graphs of yout expenses by category! This powerful package requires only one disk drive, minimal memory (MK Aiari, 32K North Star) and will store tip to 600 letords per disk (and over 1000 records per disk by making a feu simple changes to the programs], Youcon record checks plus cash expenses so lhai you can finally see where your money goes and elMnate gUeiswwk and IcdicHU band calculations. Contains high speed machine language sort. PFS has been demonsliatcd on MtfioA (CB^ TVt

Price: S34.93 DItktllr

program. Yovi will be able lo keep track of cash and credit tan deductible items and charitable donations. FAMILY m. You can make daily cash and charge entries lo any of 21 Data are easily retrieved giving the user complele control

FAMILY BUDGLT (Apple and Alarl only)

l-AMILY BUDGET is a very ciinicnicm fiiuiuial rctord kc!

BUIKIET also provides a con[muoiis record of all credit Iran; different expense accounts as well as tu 5 payrull and tax acc over an otherwise complicated (and unorganised!) subject.

INTELINK (AUri only) Price: $49.95 Dbktlle

Tbif software package contains a menu-driven collection of programs (or faciliiaiing efficienl two-way conununications Ibrough 4 TuU duplex modem (required for use). In one mode of operation you may conned lo a data senice (e.g.. The SOURCE or MicroNct) and quickly load data luch as siock quotations onto your diskette for lalci viewing. This greatly reducja "«»lIKCt time" 3nd thus the service charge. Yeu may also record the complele contents of a commuaicaiions sesiiun. Addiliboalb'. pEograms wriiten in BASIC. FORTRAN, etc. may be btiiti off-line us\as the tupport text editor and later "up. loaded" to another computer, tnaklng ihe Aiaii a vtry iman terminal. Even Atari BASIC proirami may be uploaded. Fiinhef, a Gonunand Hte may be built off-line and used Uier as conUolUnB Input rora tlmMbareaynnn.Ttiatb, you can set up your Kquence of lime-ahare commaiidi and progi^ms, and the Atari willtninimil them is need^ baieh processing. All this adds up to saving both connect lime and your lime.

PAYF1VE (Apple II plus diskette, two drKcs required) Price: S149.V5

This is an enonnousiy flexible employee payroll system with extraordinarily good human engineering features. PAYFIVH prints checks and compiles the required federal, state and local forms for up to 14S employees. The pay methods may be hour, iy, salary, commission or any combination. There are multiple option) for pay periods, and they also can be used m any combinaliun. PAYFIVE includes/nanj'other featurct ind comn exuemcly well documented with a 200 page manual. The manual may be purchased separately for ilO, and ihal pumenl laiet applied 10 Ihe toftware purchase

.SHOPPING LIST (Alari only) Price: SU.9S C>uclte/516.95 Dbketie

SHOPPING U5Tstoresinfoimaltonon IienuyoupiiTclia*eaitbesupcimarket.BcForcgoingaboppIns,Jiwt^ remind you of all the mints you mlgtu fwdl, and then dii^ (bToptlbnaUy print) your total co^. Adding, deleting,

changing amt storing data is very easy. Runs wiili INC.

TAX OPTIMIZER (Nortb Star only)

The TAX OPTIMIZER is an easy lo-u various income tax strategies. The piog Is {regular, income averaging.

Price: $59.9! Dbktlle

nu oriented software package which provides a convenient means for analyzing designed lo provide a quick and easy data entry. Income tax is computed by all alternate minimum lax). The user may immediately obieive the lax

UTIL (Apple only, 4»K) Price: $19.95 Dliketii

UTILisadiik-oriented utility sysiep which permits examiiUngand changing of the contents ofDOS3.2inil3.3 diskettes at ih^bit (nibble or byle) level. With UTIL yoU'Can easily examine the contents of a dinette sector by sector, restructure the sector pointen.rMllo^te sectors (e.g. Ilallseabrtmay be "Iddden"), and perform inaiiy other sophisticated operatioiu. ForIhe

TURNKEY AND MENU (Atari only) Price: S17.95 Diikrtie

TURNKEY is a utility program which allows you lo create autobool/aulorun diskettes easily. Simply load and tun TURNKEY, load [he program diskette lo be modified, and answer the questions! The TURNKEY diskette also comes with DOS 2.0 and includes another program, MENU. MENU listt the contents of your diskette alphabetically, and permits the running of any QAbIC program on ihe diskette by iyej))g a alngle key. TURPflCEY and MEMU provide you with the ability lo run any program on your diskette by simply tunting oh the computer and pressing »single key.

Price: S19.9S Dbkelle

ols for Slock market analysis. With STOCICAID:you can display point and figure Vol. i^n aho examine long term moving averagesand on-t)aIance volume features, la wi:h a single diskette storage capability of 239 days x 16 sttKkS. Induded arc

lilitiei. A very professional package!

I dindend and spin ad]iini

SHAPE MAGICIAN (Apple 11,4SK, dbkelle only) Met: S19.9S

Al last! AnulHiiy for painlessly creating graphics shapes for the Apple. Create, edit andsaveuploJDsbapel which can then be used lo develop arcade games or ip simply enhance your programs. Add ihal professional louchi

EDUCATION

IIODGE PODGE (Apple only, 48K Applesoft or Integer BASIC) Price: S14.95 Cass«iie/SU.9S Diskeiie

Let HODCE PODGE be your child's teacher. Pressing any key on your Apple will result in adtffereni and intriguing "happening" related to ihe letter or number of the chosen key. The prapam's ^phics, color and soimd are a delight for child ren from ages I»to T. UOOGE I^DCE is a nohHhthnidating leachihKdevke which bdnftt a new dimaislon to the use of computers in education. See the excellent reviews of this very popular program in INFOWORUO and SOFTAUC.

TEACHKKS' AIDE (Atari onlr) Priix;SU.9SCaiMtte/St7.9S Ulikeiie

TE.Ai. iii'KS' AII3F consists oTMueebattcmodukscpntained In one program. The first module provides addition and subtraction cicr..ises oi varying levds of difficulty, thesec«»d module consists of mullipUcatliMipn^vlnnsfo which ihc student may beiesied both on the rinalanswerand/oranthesubioial answers in ihetonghand procedure. Several levels of complexity are provided here as well. The third module cansilts of division problems; oneparticularty nice feature of the division module is thai Ihe long hand division siept can be displayed along with the remainder In order lo clearly demonstrate the procedure by which the remainder is derived. Using TEACHER'S AIDE Is not merely a drill, but rather B learning experience.

PHARMACOLOGY UPDATE (PET only) Price: $ie9.KC:atselie/$l49.95 Dbktiie

This is DYNACOMP's lirst educational software entry for the medical inofeulon (more are coming!). PHARMACOLOGY UPDATE was wriiten by a R.N. as a masters project, with the aid of a practicing phaimacqlo^ and an electronics instructor. This package comes in iwo pans. The fim pan Is * 200 page manual which is divided into 11 sections. Eadi of these sections provides both concise information and probing questions. The sccondpart consists of 11 programs ihai are keyed to the texi and which lest the degree of your undentfmtfnt'of the text material-This package has Bt«at«dBcatl(»iaI «ahie for Ihe beginning student as well as the professional interested in an efficient way to review and tipdate fail or her knowledge. Available on cassettes |ll] or diskette.

TEACHER'S GRADEBOOK (Apple 4SK dual/slnKle drive) PriceM9.9S DIskellr

TEACHl-.R'S GRADEBOOK is a complete password proiccicd record.keeping system for the classroom. Il supparls up to nine users, and each user may have data for up lo nine classes on one disk (with up to 90 students per class). Typical informs, tion which can be entered, edited and processed includes rosters, absences and grades. Summary reporu may be displayed (on the screeii)or printed in various ways, tviihautomaiic weighted avcraglngandconversion.toletttr.gntdes.Tbis system has been tesicd ("goor-proofed") in the dasi environment and is both well-^^ten and well-documented.

ORDERING INFORMATION

Shipping and HandUng Charges

Within North Amer^: Add S2.00

Outside Ngnh America: Add l5Va (Air Mail)

E sent Flnt Class.

)r more progranu. Dealer discount schedules are avAilable upon request. B" CP/M DUki

Add S2.S0 lo the lined diskeiie price For each S" floppy disk (IBM soft seclifted CP/M format). Programs run imder Microsoft MBASIC Or BASIC-SO.

on 8" (. I'. M Ji>k-. IS .ilui .njildliic on 5' i" disks. Notih Star and Osbomc fonm^l.

il sotiwaic dcalci. Wiirc loi detailed descriptions Of thoe and other programs from

DYNACOMP, Inc. (Dept. b)

1427 Monroe Avenue Rochester, New York 14618 24 hour message and order phone: (716)442-8731 Toll free order phones: (800)828-6772 (800)828-6773 Office phone (9AM-5PM EST): (716)442-8960

New York SUM mWnu pku* add T« NVSuk, ux.

MoslatCofd 1

STATISTICS and ENGINEERING

DIGITAL HLTER (Available for all computers) Price:S39.95 Casictte/S43.gs Dlikctle

DlGITAl. FILTBR is a comprehensive data processing program which permits the user lo design his own filler function or choose from a menu of filter forms. In the enplicii design mode the shape of the frequency transfer function is specified by directly enteiiag JKiintS along the desired filter curve. In ihe menu mode, ideal low pass, high pass and bandpass filters may be approximated tova^ylng^detrees according to the number of points used in the calculation. These filters may optionally also be smoothed with a Haoiung function. In addition, multi-stage Butlerworth flllers may be selected. Features of DICITAL FILTER include plotting of the data before and after flliering, as wellasdisplay of ihe chosen filler functions. Also included ate convenicni data storage, retrieval and editing procedures.

DATA SMOOTHER (Not available for Alari)

This special dala smoolhin){ program may be used to rapidly derive useful i

FOURIER AN AI.\/.L

ind bus

nil I'oiilpulcrs) Price ncy ipecira of limiled duration signals. The progra aclical applications include the analysis of complica

C/S13.95 Diskette

TFA (Transfer Function Analyzer) Price: S19.95 CaiKiu/S23.9S Diskette

This is a special software package which maybe used to evaluate the transfer functionsof system* such at hi-fi ampUflenand niters by exandhiag their response to pulsed inputs. TFA is a major modification of FOURIER ANAUYZERan.dcontahii an engineeringnrknteddedbcl versus log-frequency ploi as well as data editing rcalurcs. Whereas FOURIER ANALYZER Is designed for educatinnal and sdenlific use, TFA is an engineering tool. Available for all Gomputeri

HARMQNIC ANALYZER (Available forall computers) Pricc;SM.93 Caueite/SU.DS Dlikeiie

HARMONIC ANALYZER was designed for the spectrum analysisofrepetitive waveforms. Features include data file generation, editing and sioragc/reirieval as well as data and spectrum plotting. One particularly unique facility b that the Input data need not be equally spaced or in order. The original data is sorted and acubicsplinelnterpalBlion is used 10 create the dam llle

required tiy the Ff-T algorithm.

FOURIER ANALYZER, TFA and HARMONIC ANALYZER may be purchawd together for a Gombhed price Of S51.93 (three cassettes) and 163.95 (three diskeiles).

REGRESSION 1 (Available for all compulers) Prtce:$19.95 Caisettt/n3.95 Diskette

REGRESSION 1 is a unique and exceptionally versatile one-dimensional least squares "polynomial" curve fitting program. Features include very high accuracy; an auiomallc degree determination oplioni an extensive internal library of fitting functions; data editing: amomalic data, curve and residual plotting; a statistical analysis (eg; standard deviation, correlation coefficienl, etc.) and much more. In addition, new fits may be Iried without reentering the data. REGRESSION 1 i-. certainly the cuineisione program in any dala unitlysis software library.

REGRESSION H (PAKAMT) (Avallnble for all compulers) Price: $19.95 CaiKtte/S23.M Diskette

PARAFIT is designed tu handle those cases in which the parameiers are imbedded (possibly nonlinearly) in the fitting function. The user simply inserts Ihe functional form, including the parameters (A(l), A(Z},ac.} IS dneormmBA^ICstatement lines. Data, results and residuals may be manipulated and plotied as with REGRESSION I. Use REGR£SSIC)N 1 for polynomial filling, and PARAFIT tor those cumplicaied functions.

MULTILINEAR REGRESSION (MLR) (Available for all compulers) Price: S24.M Cai*elle/SU.H DWielle

MLR is a professional software package for analysing data sets containing two or mote linearly independent variables. Besides performing the basic regression calculation, this program also provides easy to use data entry, storage, retrieval and editing functions. In addition, the user may intcrrogsie ihe solution by supplying values for the independent variabtn., Jhe number of variables and.data size It limltied only by the available memory.

REGRESSION 1, II and MULTILINEAR REGRESSION may be purchased together for S51.95 (three cassettes) or S63.9S

(three disketics).

ANOVA (Not aviilluhlc on Atari

In the pasi ilic ANCIVA (anal; DYNACOMP has brouBlu I software package includes il those unfamiliar with ANOVA, i fessor in the subjecl) and serves t building the data base. Included

powi

or for PET/CBM)

iiiance) procedure has been limiled iiall systems. For those I

)l this method tc

Price: S39M Cassette/S43.95 DUkette

Ihe large mainframe compulers. Now /ersant with ANOVA. the DYNACOMP ire the Yates 2*^'^ factorial designs. For ing documentation was written in a tutorial fashion (by a proihe subjecl. Accompanying ANOVA is a support program for :s including data editing, deleting and appending.

BASIC SCIENTIFIC SUBROUTINES, Volumes 1 and 2 (Not avaUable for Atari)

DYNACOMP is Ihe esclusive dislribulor for ihe software keyed lo the popular texis BASIC SCIENTIFIC SUBROUTINES. Volumes I and 2 by F. Ruckdeschel (sec advertisements in BYTE magazine). These subroulinet have been assembled according to chapter. Included with each collection is a menu program which selects and demonstrates each subroutine. Volume 1

CoOection f 1: Chapters 2 and 3 - Data and function ploiting; complex vaiiabln and functioiu. Collection #2: Chapter 4 • Extended matrix and vector operations.

Colleciion *3: Chapteri 5 and 6 • Random number generators (Poisson, Gaussian, etc.); seilei ifiproKimatlohi. Price per collection; $14.95 Cassetle/SIB.9S Diskette All ihrec collections are available for $39.<I5 (three Cassettes) and S49.95 (three dlskenes)^ Volume 2

Colleciit Collec

CoUec

Chapter I - Lbicar, polynomial. Chiipier 2 - Serin approxlmaiioi Chapter 3 - Punctbnal approxm Chapter 4-CORDIC tii

I. parametric least squares.

:, hyperbolic, eiponeniial and logarithmi

Chapter

. and Integration (Newton, LaOruge, splines)^.

of functions, ools of functions,

All eight collectiu

1, diffcrcnlialii

- Methods for findinR Ihc real rool

- Methods for finding Ihe complex

- Oplimiialiiin by steepest descent. S14,ys Cassclte/$18.93 Oiskette

lie fni SW.95 (eight cassettes) and 1129.9S (eight diskettes). Because the lexis are a vital i^ari of ihc docnineniation. BASIC SCIENTIFIC SUBROUTINES. Volumes I and 2 aie available from DYNACOMPr

HASIC SCIENTIITC SUIJROUTINK. Vol 1 (319 pages); 519,95 + 75«postage BASIC SCIENTIFIC SUBROUTINES, Vol 2 (790 pages): S23.95 * Sl.SO poitage See reviews in KILOBAUD and Dr. Dohbs.

SOFTNET (Apple II, 48K, dUkelle only) ]>rice S129.9S

SOFTNETmay be used to create models oi liquid pipeline sysicms lu :■^Jtu.llL■ [tic.i lioA ■,v;[..iiii,ir;i.- i ^ m 15U nodes with up lo 150 cannecling elemenls may be simulated, and models may be combined loiiii jti Li^cr jimJ'jli 11 \\ni arc involved in water distribution systems, chemical fluid flow problems, building plumbing, yi Minil.ir M!u.'iiu>ni, iIim'. .in ideal analysis tool.

M ATCHNET (TRS-80 onlyl Price: SI9.95 Casstiit/S23.95 ENskeiie

It often takes days to itcraiively optimize an L, Pior T matching network for a partictilat application. Take a few minutes with MATCKNET and you will have the Q, frequency resiwnse and reflection coefflcients for any of twelve matching networks. You input the source and load Impedance and MATCHNET calculates the R, C, (and L) values and plots (and/or prints) the frequency response and reflection coefficients for each conflguration. The reviewer of this program remembers when he use to do this by hand and love* MATCHNETl

ACTIVE CIRCUIT ANALYSIS (ACAP) (48K Apple only) Price: S25.95 Catsctle/n9.9S Diskette

With ACAP you may analyze the response of an active or passive component circuit. The circuit may be probed at equal steps in frequency, and [he resulting complex voltages at each component juncture eJumilned; the frequency tesponse-of a Alter or amplifier may be completely deiermined with respect to both, amplitude and phases In addition, ACAP prints B statistical analysis of the range of voltage responses which result from tolerance variations in the components. ACAP is easy to learn and use. Circuil dcscripiions may be saved onto cassette or diskette lo be recalled al a later litne for execution or editing. ACAP should be pan of every circuil designer's program library.

LOGIC SIMULATOR (Apple only; 48K RAM) Price: S24.95 Cassette/S28.95 Diskette

Test your complicaied digital logic design with respeci to given set of inputs to determine how well ihc circuil will operate. The elements which may be simulated include multiple input AND, OR, NOR, EXOR, EXNOR and NAND gates, as well as invericn, J-K and D flip-flops, and one^hots. Inputs may be clocked in with varying dock tyck lenitbs/dlsplacements and delays may be Introduted to probe for glitches and race condiiioiis. A timing diagram any given set of nodes may be plotted using HIRES graphics. Save your breadboirding until the circuit is checked by LOGIC SIMULATOR.

Price: S«9.95 Cassctle/S73.95 Diskette

,tcm swiilabic for ihc TRS.80. Il can handle up to 255 data sets, each a editing fadliiies and con^eiiieni daia inpul/Oulput capability. The lation determination of residuals, data transformations and extensive The supporting documentation is extremely well wriiten and well

NUMBERKRUNCHERrntS-SDonly)

This program is the most complele numerical analysis s; set having a six character name. Il includes complete di analyses available are multiple linear rcgressbn and con graphics generation, including axis naming, and mon

organized, and includes appendices which describe the numerical procedures used in the program.

STATSORT rntS-80 only) Price: 539,95 Ousetle/S43.93 Diskette

5TATS0RT consists of several menu selected proRrahu wbicb allow the user to crate 0)Uild, edit, merge), format and print filet, (macliine) sort them on any field, and numerically analyze (maximum, minimum, average, variance, standard devtotion)

in alio be employed to create a daw

ne Radio Shack Advanced Siatlsiical Package.

ST ATTEST (TRS>80 only) price: S19.9S Cassrlte/SZ3.95 Dlikeiie

This is a slaiisiical inference package which helps you make wise decisions in the face of uncertainty. In an interactive fashion you can build and edit data files and teal ihe differences in means, variances and proportions, ST ATTEST will also perform data analysis as well as do linear correlation and regression. This menu-directed slaiisiical workhorse is rounded out with a chlsquare contingency test and a (unilorm and normal) random samplesenoator. The documeniation Is written by a college professor who guides you through the various tests.

ABOUT DYNACOMP

DYNACOMi' is a leading distributor of imall sy.Mcm software with sates spanning the world (currently in excess of 50 counlries). During Ihc past ihree years we have greatly enlarged the DYNACOMP product line, but have maintained and improved our high level of quality and customer support. The achievement in quality is apparent from our many repeal customers and Ihe software reviews in such publications as COMPUTRONICS, 80 Software Ctiiique, A.N.A.L.O.G., Softalk, Creative Computing and Kilobaud. DYNACOMP software has also been chosen for demonstration on network television. Our customer support is as close as your phone. It is always friendly. The staff is highly trained and always willing to discuss products or give advice.

Circle 158 on inquiry card.

I

MOD III

TRS-80 Model III Features for Your Model I

Add video line print, selectable cursor, and automatic key repeat to your TRS-80 Model L

I'm a satisfied owner of a Radio Shack TRS-80 Model I, but I can't help envying some of the features of the new Model III. Its video line print, block cursor, and automatic key repeat are indeed useful additions to the TRS-80's repertoire of programming features.

Numerous video-line-print and cursor routines have been published as individual utility programs; however, because they are individual programs, only one can be used at a time. My working with a friend's Model ni spawned dreams of a single utility program that would provide all these capabilities for my Model I. My file of programs included videoline-print and cursor routines, so my thoughts turned to combining the two into a single utility program. An automatic key repeat, a userselectable cursor, and an audible key beep also crept into this programming daydream.

The dream became reality only after several unsuccessful attempts to combine existing program routines. Initial efforts produced workable programs, but not without adverse side effects. High memory overhead offset the benefits provided, and the keybeep feature resulted in slow keyboard response time. When used with my editor/assembler, the utility routines preempted the njempry oc

380 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Joe W. Rocke 224 West Benson Ridgecrest, CA 93555

cupied by the automatic key repeat.

Programming is somewhat akin to building construction. It is often easier to build anew than to remodel the old. With this in mind, I took a fresh program approach, literally starting with a blank video screen. This effort resulted in a utility prograin that I call MOD III.

The MOD III utility program uses fewer than 170 bytes of RAM, making it practical even on a 16K-byte memory system.

MOD III Features

The MOD III program source code presented in listing 1 provides video line print, a block cursor, and automatic key repeat. This program also provides two added side benefits: the cursor style is user-changeable, and the key repeat automatically provides key debounce. Better still, the program uses fewer than 170 bytes of random-access read/write memory (RAM). This low memory overhead makes the program practical for use with a 16K-byte memory system.

MOD III is compatible with most

disk operating systems (DOS), the Beta cassette system, the EDTASM -|editor/assembler, and Level II BASIC. It is written for a Level II 48K-byte system, but may be modified for a 16K- or 32K-byte RAM system by changing the starting address. Changes required for DOS are annotated in the source code remarks (see listing 1).

MOD III was initially written in assembly language to conserve memory space and provide the quick response required for the automatic key-repeat feature. The original plan was to place the program at a low RAM location just under the BASIC block and reset the BASIC pointers. This would eliminate the need to set memory size before loading MOD III. However, in this location it would be wiped out by disk BASIC or by programs such as EDTASM +. Changing the program to load to high memory provided the system and program compatibility desired.

Memory Protect

Because MOD III starts at a high RAM address, it's necessary to set memory size before loading the program. By calculating the number of bytes required for the program, you can establish the starting address that wUl load the program to the very top of memory to conserve RAM space.

Text continued on page 386

WE'll "DRIVE YOU WILD

99

withouriiinetyof

ASAP carries only the highest quality floppy disk drives, to provide you with years of trouble-free service and superior performance.

Data Irak" double-sided, double-density drives from Qume® feature state-of-the-art technology. You get superior data integrity through improved disk life, data reliability and drive serviceability.

Data Trak™ 5 (ANSI 5%" compatibility) Call for price

Data Irak™ 8 (IBM compatibility) Call for price

Shugart drives have been setting industry quality and reliability standards for years. Shugart's Bi-Compliant'" head assembly provides superior media compliance and high reliability.

Model 801 (standard floppy) $400.00

Model 850 $640.00

ASAP also provides a full line of high reliability disk drive subsystems. For superior quality, high reliability disk drives, contact ASAP today.

Pari No. — Description* Price HDC8/1-HD — Cabinet with (1) Priam 10 megabyte hard disk

drive with Microbyte Controller Call for price

HDC8/1F+1HD — Cabinet with (1) Qume® DT-8 double-sided, double-density drive, and (1) Priam 10 megabyte hard disk

drive with Microbyte Controller Call for price

CAB8H — Dual cabinet for 8" floppy disk drives

(horizontal mounting) $ 225.00

cm\l — Cabinet for 8" floppy disk drives

(vertical mounting) S 225.00

CAB8H/V+1S — Dual cabinet with (1) Shugart SA801R installed (horizontal or vertical mounting) $ 675.00

CAB8H/V+2S — Dual cabinet with (2) Shugart SA801R's

installed (horizontal or vertical mounting) $1055.00

CAB8H/V+10 — Dual cabinet with (1) Qume® DT-8 double-sided double-density drive installed (horizontal or vertical

mounting) S 755.00

CAB8H/V+20 — Dual cabinet with (2) Qume® DT-8's doublesided double-density drive installed (horizontal or vertical

mounting) $1225.00

X5 — Cabinet for desk top mainframe (small power

supply) S 200.00

800D — Cabinet for desk top mainfranje (standard power

supply) $ 255.00

*AII cabinets come complete with power supply, fan and internal cables.

sustsm

corriDuter ■

Toll free outside California:

(800) 421-7701

Inside California:

products, inc. Itm! rqi.9rrq

1198 E. Willow St., Signal Hill, CA 90806 I' I OS I -£DOO

ASAP offers a 30-day buyer protection policy: full money-back guarantee if not totally satisfied.

Drderlng Intormallan: name, address, phone, ship by: UPS or truck. Please call for shipping charges.

Terms: We accept cash, check, money orders. Visa and Master Charge (U.S. funds only). Tax: 6% Calif, res. CCD's and terms available on approval (school PO's accepted).

Circle 460 on inquiry card.

BYTE April'1982 381

circle 314 on Inquiry card.

software

GUARANTEED LOWEST PRICES!

To celebrate pur opening, we are matching any advertised price. Just

show IIS the ad.

ORDER TOLL FREE c

1-800-826-1589

ACCESSORIES

Apple II Dual Thermometer w/soHware 260.00

Mountain Expansion Chassis 625.00

CPS Multifunction 199.00

Mountain Music System 395.00

100,000 Day ClocK 375.00

Mountain Clock , 252.00

SupertalkerSDZOOO 199.00

A/D + D/A 299.00

CCS 12K ROM/PROM Board 99.00

CCS A/D Converter Board 99.00

CCS Serial Asyncti. Board 139.00

CCS Calendar/Clock Board 99.00

VOTRAX Type-n-Talk 375.00

ADALAB Package 495.00

DOS Dater 49.00

ABT Numeric Keypad 125.00

ABTSoltkey 150.00

ABTBarwand 195.00

ABT Caih Box 295.00

ABT Pascal Tools I or II 75.00

Scitronic Remote Controller 249.00

Scilronic Energy Watcller 1 Pit 349.00

Apple Speed Controller 69.00

Applescope (your Apple as an Oscilloscope) . 595.00

Scope Driver 49.00

Videx Videoterm 319.00

Videx Enhancer II 149.00

K&O Enhancer 115.00

Videx Character Sets 29.00

Echo Speech Syntlieslzer 225.00

Upper/Lower Character 39.50

Joysticks 4 59.00

ALS Smarterm 379.00

ALSZ-Card 269.00

SSM A10 s/p interface + cable 195.00

Scott Inslrument VET (21 795.00

ALF Music Card MC1 195.00

ALF Music Card MC16 245.00

ALF Game I/O 16.00

ALF Timing Mode I/O 18.00

ALF Ear Training 49.95

ALF Albums 14.95

Microspeedll 495.00

... AND MANY MORE!

Quoted prices valid for stock on hand and subject to change without prior notice.

Call tor price Information:

Printers - Epson, Okidata, Microline, NEC, C. ITGH, Qume, Diablo, Anadex, IDS, MP\, fvlicrotek, Printek.

Monitors - Amdek, Sanyo, Hitachi, NEC, Kaga/TSK.

Modems ■ Novation, Hayes.

Disk Drives - Percom, Corvus, Morrow, CCS,

etc.

Plotters ■ Watanabe.

Ask for our FREE catalog.

For Software see our other ad, page 30

Please:

• Wisconsin residents - add 4% sales tax

• Foreign orders - please add 15%

• Add $2.50 for shipping per software and small item. Call regarding others.

We Welcome:

• Visa, MasterCharge - (Add 4%)

• Checks (Allow 1-2 weeks for clearing)

• COD ($1.50 per shipment)

TOLL FREE ■ Outside Wisconsin: 1-800-826-1589 _

For Technical Info & in Wisconsin: 715-848-2322 Oryx Softwart Dept. a

P.O. Box 1961 • Wausau, Wl 54401

^1^

Listing 1: The source code listing for MOD III. The key-heep feature has hem disabled (see lines 850 through 1100). Remove the semicolons to use that feature.

00020 00030 00040 00050 000B0 00070 000S0 00030 00100 00110 00120 00130 00140 00150 001E,0 00170 001S0 00190 00200 00210 00220 00230 00240 00250 002B0 00270 002S0 00290 00300 00310 00320 00330 00340 00350 003E0 00370 003SB 00390 00400 00410 00420 00.430 00440 00450 004E0 00470 00480 00430 00500 00510 00520 00530 00540 00550 005E0 00570 00580 00530 00600 00E10 00E20 00630 00640 00650 00660 00670 00680 00630 00700 00710 00720 00730

KEY-REPEFiT fiND BLOCK CURSOR ** *>H WORKS WITH 'DOS' - ' EDTfiSM' .- 'BftSIC - ETC. **

FOR JUST 'BLOCK CURSOR' - USE LINES 1730 UP +

SEE 'HOOK' LINES: 1170 THRU 1270

;+:*+:+: r+::t: :+;*:+: **********

STfiRT

ORG

0FF4DH

;4SK - CHRNGE FOR LESS'1!

KEY

BEEP IS USED THEN

'ORG' MUST BE CHQNGED **

LD

HL,STRRTl

;PUT ft 'HOOK' INTO

LD

<:401BH), HL

;KEYB00RD CONTROL

LD

HL,BEGIN

■FOR 'ZX' OND block

LD

c:401EH.1,HL

;CURSOR ROUTINES

LD

fl, SFH

!'block CURSOR'

LD

<lB403),fl

!PUT IT IN 'PDKEfiBLE ROW

JP

402DH

5IMEWDOS80 SYSTEM

JP

IRISH

FOR BETP, TC-S BRSIC OR

NO SYSTEM AT OLL OR NOTE: BELOW

***************************>t;***;+:**:+:*****:t:**************.*

** NOTE: TRSDOB, NEWDOS+, ECT. MfiY NOT ACCEPT THE **

** ROM III PROGRAM IN CDMMfiND MODE BUT WILL RUN IN **

** DISK BRSIC. LORD ROMIII/CIM (ENTER) THEN BfiSIC **

** DEFUSR1=&HFF4D:PRINT USRl(0) **

*********************************************************

** MEMORY SIZE? PROTECTION STPlRTS HERE **

** EQUALS 65375 FOR 4SK **

}K4c'4<44>KHiH« H4>H4'-H<>f!Hi >t<>fiH<?f: >H>f:>^H^ >H>H}HH^

START1

LPl

LP2

LP3

LP4

LD

HL,4035H

;HL = KEYBOARD BUFFER

LD

BC,saaiH

!BC ^ ROW HDDRESS POINTER

LD

D, 00H

5'D' = ROW COUNT 0 TO 6

LD

fi> <;bc)

5ANYTHING PRESSED ??

LD

E,fl

?PUT IT IN 'E' FOR TEST

AND

E

■CHECK ALL BITS FOR 0

JR

NZ,LP4

?NOT ZERO GOTO COUNTER

LD

(HD.fl

;L0RD it to MEMORY

INC

D

JNEXT KEYBOflRD ROW

INC

L

5BUMP KEYBOARD BUFFER

RLC

C

; POINT TO NEXT ROUi

LD

Pi, C

!Put it in r for test

SUB

S0H

SSUBTRRdT 128 DECIMAL

JR

NZ,LPl

5NOT ZERO? CHECK AGAIN!

LD

fi, CHL)

5GET COPY OF OUR CHRR.

LD

B, 07H

!COUNT OF SEVEN

DEC

L

!BACKUP KEYBORRD BUFFER

RDD

fi, CHL)

;RDD MEMORY TO 'fi'

DJNZ

LP3

;Gb FOR COUNT IN ' B'

CP

00H

SCHECK FOR ZERO IN ' fi'

LD

fl. 00H

5ZERO 'fi' REGISTER

RET

NZ

!RETURN WITH CHRRfiCTER

LD

<401fiH),ft

!PUT 0 IN KEY CDNT. BLK

RET

5 RETURN TO PROGRAM

AND

i:HL3

;CHECK EACH BIT FOR 0

JR

Z,LP5

?G0 IF IT IS

LD

A, C401AH)

;GET BYTE FROM CONT. BLK

INC

fl

;flDD (A) TO IT

LD

t:401AH) , A

;PUT IT BACK FOR COUNT

CP

0FFH

;= 255 DECIMRL ?

JR

NZ,LP2

!N0 = LOOP BfiCK

DfeC

A

! SUBTRACT CD

Listing 1 continued on page 384

382 April 1982 © BYTE Publicalions Inc

Do you have a restless urge to program?

Do you want the instant respect that comes from being able to use technical terms that nobody under

Do you want to strike fear and loathing into the hearts of DP managers eversrwhere?

If so, then let the Famous Programmers' School lead you on . . . into the world of professional computer programming.

What Bo lop Programmers Barn?

Despite popular myths, some programmers actually do earn a living doing the work they love. Other, less fortunate programmers work In their spare time at home while watching television. Either way, your potential earnings as a computer programmer could reach Into the millions, possibly even into the billions, of dollars. Of course, your success depends a lot on your abilities, luck, shoe size, the phase of the moon, etc.

Is Programming for You?

Programming is not for everyone. But If you have a desire to learn, we can help you get started. All you need Is the Famous Programmers' Course and enough money to keep those lessons coming month after month.

lake Our Free Aptitude leat

To help you determine if you are qualified to he a programmer, take a moment to try this simple test:

1) Write down the numbers from zero to nine and the first six letters of the alphabet (Hint: 01S34B6789ABODBF).

S) Whose picture Is on the back of a twenty-dollar bUl?

3) What Is the state capital of Idaho?

If you managed to read all three questions without wondering why we asked them, you may have a future as a computer programmer.

A Vew Kind of Programming.

They say a good programmer can write 80 lines of effective program

The staff of the Famous Programmers' School includes some of the best known names In the microcomputing field. From left to right: Bennett Lisp (with cigar), Rod Snobol (with feelers), Bruce Fortran (eating cigar), Rudolf rorth (natty attire), Ignatious "Call Me Blaise" Pascal (feelers, cigar and flowchart), and the immortal Red Basic (smug look).

per day. With our unique training course, we'll show you how to write 20 lines of code and lots more besides. Our training course covers every programming language in existence, and some that aren't. You'll learn why the on/off switch for a computer is so important, what the words FATAL EBROB mean, and who and what you should blame when you make a mistake.

Student Successes

Many of our students have gone on to achieve great success In all fields of programming. One former student developed the concept of the personalized form letter. Does the phrase, "Dear Mr. (Insert name). You may already be a winner I,'' sound familiar? Another student writes, "After only five lessons I sold a 'My Most Unforgettable Program' article to Corrosive Computing magazine."

Another of our graduates writes, "I recently completed a databasemanagement program for my department manager. My program touched him so deeply that he was speechless. He told me later that he had never seen such a program in his entire career. Thank you. Famous Programmers' School; only you could have made this possible."

Don't Delay

Send for our introductory brochure that explains in vague detail the operation of the Famous Programmers' School, and you'll be eligible to win a possible chance to enter a drawing, the winner of which can vie for a set of free steak knives. If you don't do it now, you'll hate yourself in ■ the morning.

Famous Programmers' School

Dept. APRFOL P.O. Box 463 Paulsborough, NH 034S8-0463

Yes, I want the broohure describing this Incredible offer. I enclose $1000 In small unmarked bills to cover the cost of postage and handling. (No live poultry, please.) Send the Information to:

Name:

Address:.

City, State:.

-Zip:.

Our Slogan: Top down programming for the masses.

circle 415 on Inquiry card.

Kee|] static from coming between you and your customers

You invested in on-line ternninals to assure prompt, accurate service. Now they are causing your customers to think back to the good old days.

And it's all because of a problem you can easily avoid.

Static —actually, static charge—

can cause a terminal to erase, send erroneous data or alter memory.

It can strike at any time. Even in summer, when your air conditioner dries the air. Even on vinyl floors, where employees wear foam-soled

shoes.

Fortunately, the solution is easy and effective.

3M Static Control Floor Mats create an Inexpensive island of protection" around your sensitive point-ofsale equipment.

By harmlessly draining static charge from your clerks and others, they help improve your service to customers while keeping equipment service costs down.

Call us for more information on 3M Static Control Floor Mats.

Call toll-free. 1-800-328-1300

(In Minnesota, call collect 612-736-9625.) ASMior the Data Recording Products Division

3M Hears You...

3M

384 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Listing 1 continued:

LD

(40inH)> p

!STORE NEW VALUE

00750

LD

fli E

5CHRR. WAS SAVED IN 'E'

007E0 LPS

LD

(HL).E

5ADD IT TO MEMORY

00770

PUSH

BC

5HAVE COPY IN STACK

00780

LD

BC.600

!SHORT DELAY COUNT

00790

COLL

0060H

5R0M DEC. BC TO 0

0BB00

POP

BC

;NOW RESTORE ' BC

00810

LD

ft, (BC)

5TRANSFER TO 'fi'

00820

AND

E

5CHECK OUR COPY

00830

RET

Z

!RETURN IF ZERO

00840 ;

00SE0

**

KEY BEEP IS HERE

BUT

'NOT' BEING USED **■

00870

00880

00890

PUSH

BC

!SflVE 'BC

00900

PUSH

HL

;SAVE 'HL'

00310

PUSH

PIF

SSAVE 'AF'

00920

LD

B. 40H

!= 64 DECIMAL

00930

LD

ft,<403DH)

5PRINT SIZE FLAG

00340

flIMD

0FDH

S= 253 DECIMAL

00950

LD

H, PI

5 RESULT TO 'H'

00960

OR

02H

!0R WITH '2' FDR SOUND

00970

LD

L, A

;TRANSFER TO ' L'

003S0

LPS

LD

A, L

;BACK to 'ft' FOR OUTPUT

00990

OUT

C BFFH :> , A

!OUT CASSETTE PORT

01000

LD

A, H

!GET BYTE FROM ' H'

01010

OUT

(BFFH),A

;OUT CfiSSETTE PORT

01020

PUSH

BC

!SAVE 'BC FOR COUNT

01030

LD

B, 40H

;= 64 DECIMAL

01040

LP7

DJNZ

LP7

!DELAY HERE FOR COUNT

01050

POP

BC

;RESTORE ' BC

010E0

DJNZ

LPG

;L00P UNTIL ZERO

01070

POP

AF

;RESTORE REGISTERS

01080

POP

HL

;dome with beep

\D\ m\s

POP

BC

SDON' I FORGET ' BC

01100

01110

01120

FOLLOWING

JUMP HAS TO

BE

USED BEEP OR NOT)1! **

01 130

01 li0

01150

JP

03FBH

;R0W COUNTER IN RDM

011G0

01170

01 180

:+:*

TO USE

JUST ' ZX'

AND

CURSOR ROUTINE *=t

01190

**

YOU HOVE

TO PUT A 'HOOK'

IN 401 EH AS FOLLOWS **•

01200

01210

*

01220

ORG

OEF00H

!START BOMEPLflCE! *

01230

*

01240

START LD

HL,BEGIN

!GET ADDRESS *

01250

LD

(:401EH), HL

■,STORE IN VIDEO BLOCK *

012B0

JP

402DH

• IfilSH FOR ' BASIC *

01270

01280

01290

01300

**

'ZX' LINEPRINT STARTS HERE CON BE CHfiNGED TO

01310

RNY VPLUE

THE USER PLEASES AS LONG AS THE RIGHT *t

01320

ROW AND KEY VALUE ARE

USED TO CHECK FOR IT

01330

lf:H.::+:lt:H■:lf::+::+:**^^^:•H■+*l^^+:**:+**H■:**+>t:*H^*>^:.+:**

01340

01350 BEGIN

EX

AF, AF'

;SWAP REGISTERS

013B0

EXX

;flLL OF THEM !

01370

LD

A, i;3S08H)

;= ' ZX' ROW

013B0

CP

05H

;= 'ZX' PRESSED ??

01390

JR

NZ,OUT

;N0 = EXIT FAST

01400

LD

HL,3C00H

!THEN POINT TO VIDEO

01410

LD

E, 10H

?= 16 VIDEO LINES

B1420 LOOP

LD

C,40H

5= 64 CHRS. /LINE

01430 LDOPl

CfiLL

TEST

5CHECK ON PRINTER

01440

LD

ft.CHL)

5GET FIRST CHARACTER •

01450

LD

C37E8H),fl

;OUTPUT TO PRINTER PORT

01480

LD

fl> (384eiH>

;SPACEBAR ROM

01470

CP

S0H

?= SPfiCEBfiR PRESSED?

Listing 1 continued on page 386

There's great business ahead!

And here is THE DATA BASE to get you there.

Meet GBS...the most complete, most powerful relational database management system available. It was designed to go beyond the capabilities of ordinary DBM systems. And it does. Where others may possibly be stateof-the'art...GBS, our General Business %^@m, is ahead-of-the-ait!

Because it is relational, GBS is far more valuable to you and your business. It has the capability to access an almost unlimited amount of data from a variety of files, then combine that data and display or pritit 1 in a format that you specify.

Relational, Efficient & Automatic

GBS can automatically search for, locate, and interrelate information from many files. For example, on each order entry it can automatically decrement inventory; automatically post the data to your Accounts Receivable and automatically update your General Ledger. You don't have to spend countless hours making redundant entires, with the chance for numerous errors. GBS' interfile relationships and adjustments save you considerable time, and thus many hours of highrcost labor.

Most other business programs are limited single file systems, whereas GBS allows you to work with 3 different files at the same time. All Indexes are updated automatically. What's more, a large GBS data file can extend over 4 different disl< drives...not merely one. No other data base system has the power and flexibility of GBS!

Circle 347 on Inquiry card.

A program generator, par excellence

Included as a part of GBS is a very powerful applications development tool, called QGICK GEM. Basically, this function allows almost anyone -- even those unsophisticated about computers to generate useful business programs. Think of the efficiency you gain when anyone on your staff can quickly generate a needed program to solve a particular problem! But, GBS versatility doesn't stop there. GBS is also ...

...a Fully F*rogrammable system...

... which allows you, or those with deeper computer interest, to create almost any business application program, such as accounts payable/receivable ... payroll ... general ledger ... order entry ... mailing lists ... personnel files ... cost accounting ... real estate listings ... time/expense management, and many more. And each one will be a personalized program ... individualized to the specific requirements of your firm!

Start using GBS now

You can. Because GBS is up and running on most popular CP/M* based computers, like those made by Apple, Tandy, Xerox, Sharp, NEC, Hewlett Packard, Toshiba, Osborne, Televideo, Vector, Altos and more.

You can. Because GBS documentation is written in a friendly, freeflowing, style...and it leads you by the

hand with plenty of tutorials and easily understandable examples. And, the entire documentation is typeset for ease of reading.

You can. Because GBS is fully supported by QUALITY SOFTWARE. So, if you ever have a question, or need assistance, simply contact QUALITY SOFTWARE and our professional support people will be happy to help.

You can. Because we offer a special 30-Day Money Back Guarantee.

Order your edition of GBS at ^700 (on disk, with complete professional documentation) and try GBS in your own business environment. If GBS isn't all we say it is, and more, simply return it within 30 days for a full refund. "This offer is for a limited time only, so please act immediately.

Call Today

There's great business ahead. And GBS is the relational data base management system which can help you control your information and data quickly, efficiently and effectively. Call us today for additional information or to take advantage of our special 30-Day Money Back Guarantee.

GBS - it's the best business decision you can make, for today and the future.

QUALITY SOFTWARE

6660 Reseda Blvd., Suite 107 Reseda, CA 91335 (213) 344-6599

*CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research.

BYTE AprU 1982 385

Listing 1 continued:

01430

JR

Z,QUTl

;YES = EXIT

01.490

INC

HL

;ADD NEXT CHfiRfiCTER

01500

DEC

C

?MINUS CI) CHORftCTER

01510

JR

NZ.LDOPl

!LOOP FOR 64. CHftRRCTERS

0152O

COLL

TEST

;PRINTER BUSY?

01530

LD

R> 0DH

{-GfiRRIOGE RETURN

01 SAB

LD

t37E8H>T fi

?D0 IT!

01550

DEC

E

;NEXT LINE - PLEfiSE

015B0

JR

NZ.LOOP

SflLL 16 LINES?

01570

JR

OUT

5GO IF fiLL DONE

01580

TEST

LD

ft.C37ESH)

;CHECK BYTE OT PRINTER

01590

CP

3FH

;63 DEC. = PRINTER BUSY

01600

JR

NZ 7 TEST

!LDDP UNTIL READY

01610

RET

■RETURN TO CALLER

01620

OUTl

CfiLL

TEST

!CHECK ON PRINTER

01630

LD

fl,0DH

;CftRRIfil3E RETURN

01640

LD

<37E8H),fl

!D0 IT ON PRINTER!

01650

OUT

EX

flFvfiF'

!RESTORE REGISTERS

01660

EXX

!flLL OF THEM

01670 01680 01630 01700 01710 01720 01730 01740 B1750 01760 01770 01730 01790 01900 01810 01320 01830 01840 01350 01SE0 01370 01330 01330 01 300 01905 01310

!** CURSOR ROUTINE STARTS HERE RND **

;** CRN BE USED SEPERftTELY ALSO ~ **

CURSOR

CfiLL

045SH

!CflLL VIDEO ROM DRIVER

PUSH

OF

SSfiVE 'flF'

PUSH

UE

;BflVE 'DE'

LD

DE, (:4020H)

SCURSOR POSITION

LD

0, (DE)

;PUT CHORfiCTER IN 'ft'

CP

5FH

;= NORMAL CURSOR

JR

NZ.EXIT

;not normal = do

■** MEMORY ADDRESS 1B4.09 DECIMAL IS USED TO — **

STORE THE CURSOR CHARACTER OF USER'S CHOICE **

EXIT

LD

LD

POP

POP

RET

NOP

END

A, i:iE409) <DEj,A DE AF

START

!** POKE 16409 WITH ;fiNY CHARACTER TO SUIT iVDUR NEEDS FOR A CURSOR ;EXAMPLE: POKE 16409,176 5 RETURN TO PROGRAM

?AUTO STARTS WITH *? /

Text continued from page 380:

Subtracting the starting address (in decimal) from the ending address provides the byte count. Subtracting the byte count from the top of memory (in decimal) indicates where the program would have to start to load to the top of memory. Since it is necessary to protect only that portion of memory into which MOD III is loaded, this figure also represents the memory-size value that must be entered upon power-up.

The starting address in listing 1 is for a 48K-byte system. To calculate the starting address for a 16K- or 32K-byte system, subtract 169 (the minimum byte count) from 32,767 (16K) or 49,151 (32K) as applicable. Convert the result to the equivalent hexadecimal notation and use it for the ORG (origin) address in line 130.

The foregoing is applicable to the program as written. If you want to add additional lines or include the key-beep feature, be aware that doing so will increase the program byte count. The memory space occupied by the program must be increased by changing the starting address accordingly.

Very "tight" code was used in writing the MOD III source code to keep memory overhead low. Read-only memory (ROM) routines were used frequently, although not many ROM calls are evident. The approach to im

I

Industrial

marketing

problems?

Regardless of wtiat marketplace you are staking out, its position or size, we can tielp you draw a precise circle around it.

Wtiy? Because as ttie leading business/lectinical/professional publistiing company, we probably already know your market and can apply our expertise to your researcti needs.

Give us a call. Phone Ann GrahamHannon at 212-997-6401 or write her as Director, Marketing Research, McGrawHill Research, 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020.

Call

McGraw-Hill Research

If It's a marketing research problem, we probably pioneered the solution.

386 April 1982 © BYTE PublicaUons Inc

The 16 bit operating system designed specifically for business micro-computing. Application software?—it's here, NOW!

OASIS-16*: the operating system designed for business. Not just a hobby or development system rewritten for business use, it is the natural evolution of OASIS**: the multi-user system with a world-wide reputation as the standard for those who take business seriously

And here's more good news: there's no waiting for application software because what now runs on OASIS is upward compatible to run on OASIS-16. That means plenty of proven software, available immediately.

OASIS-16 puts it all in one package. For manufacturers: one source for operating systems, languages, tools: custom implementation to maximize hardware potential: international support & training: flexible licensing agreements. For software developers: complete portability keeps application software nnachine independent; integrated too! set makes development easier, faster. For end-users: user-friendliness; data security; portability simplifies system expansion; plus an extensive application software library

Computing professionals have long told us 'OASIS makes micros run like minis' —with OASIS-16. it's truer than ever. And that's strictly good business.

•For 8086, 68000, Z8000, LSI-11, & others. ♦*ForZ80.

THE 0ASIS-^6 PACKAGE CONTAINS: Operating System: EXEC JCL Language; Editor: Script Output Text Formatter; Assembler; Linkage Editor: Diagnostic & Conversion Utililies;

BARir lnlprnr,-=lc'r Con^inlpr 'C Compiler

FEATURES: File & Automatic Record Locking; Logon, Password & Privilege Level; User Accounting; Re-Entrant BASIC Interpreters Compiler; ISAM, Keyed. Direct & Sequential Files; and more. Plus some of the best, most extensive documentation in the industry OPTIONS: COBOL: PASCAL; FORTRAN; RDBMS; 2780/3780 Bisync; Networking; and others.

PHASE ONE SYSTEMS, INC.

7700 Edgewater Drive, Suite 830

Oakland, OA 94621-3051

Telephone 415/562-8085 TWX 910-366-7139

I'm serious about my business— please send me quick:

□ OASIS-16 Manual, $75

□ OASIS Manual, $60

□ Free Application Software Directory and put me on your mailing list.

(Add $3 forstiipping: California residents add sales tax.)

Name

St. (No Box#)

City

□ Check enclosed

□ VISA □ Mastercharge

Card No

State Zip_

□ UPS C.O.D.

Exp. date.

Si'gnature.

STRICTLY BUSINESS

Circle 329 on Inquiry card.

BYTE April 1982 387

Circle 97 on inquiry card.

N E T W O R KIN G

If you like to communicate with others, the CompuServe Information Service is your most effective vehicle. Why? Because we have the largest customer base of any videotex system in North America. And we have hundreds of new subscribers each week.

"Talk" to other CompuServe subscribers via CB simulation (it's the

most popular offering on our network). Send E-mail, use the electronic biilletin board and exchange information with computer man-ufacturers, Special Interest Groups and publishers.

Play a variety of networking games with your own group or complete strangers from New York to Chicago to LA.

Ask for a demonstration at a Radio Shack™ Computer Center. Videotex software is available for various brands of personal

computers.

CompuServe Information Service, 5000 Arlington Centre Blvd., Columbus, Ohio 43220. (614) 457-8650.

Columbus, Ohio 43220. (614) 45'

CompuServe

EMPLOYMEMTT OPPORTimTIES

Martin Marietta Aerospace, NASA's designated Contractor ior the Space Shuttle External Tank Program has the following immediate opportunities at their Michoud Assembly Facility in suburban East New Orleans:

Business Applications Programmers/ Project Leod Experienced In: ■Engineering •Manuiacturing •Shop Floor Control •Scheduling •Inventory •Purchasing

UNIVAC DMS 1100 Data Base Or Other CODASYL Data Base Experience Utilizing The Data Manipulation Longuage With COBOL Knowledge Of: •DDL tSDDL •TIP/CMS •DPS 1100 'DDS1100 Specialist

•Network Controllers •Operations Research

All interested and quaJHied candidates are urged to send their resume, complete with salary history and background to: Martin Marietta Aerospace, Dept. B, P.O. Box 29304, New Orleans, Louisiana 70189, Attn: Personnel Department. We are an equal opportunity employer, m/f/h.

SB

plementing the key-repeat feature was to intercept the ROM keyboard buffer and thus minimize the calls required for this feature.

Hook Lines

Although the program actually starts at the ORG address, the first 20 bytes are used as hook lines that establish conditions for program operation. These lines are used only once each time the program is loaded; therefore, they can be written over after the program is executed. The main program starts at the key-repeat module. This is where memory size must be set. To calculate the memory-size protect number, subtract 21 from the decimal equivalent of the line 130 starting address (the additional byte is used as a safety factor).

Key Beep

A modular approach was used in developing MOD III. Each of the three main features of the program was originally written as a standalone routine. Each routine was debugged, tested, and proven workable before the three were combined into a single program. Note that although the key-beep module has been included in the source listing, it is not a part of the assembled program. (This is due to the use of semicolons, which cause the assembler to treat the program lines as remarks.)

The key-beep feature introduced a few disadvantages. It is necessary to plug the Auxiliary cord into an amplifier to get an audible beep; however, this activates the cassette tape recorder (CTR) OUT line. (I discovered this when loading a program. With key beep active, the CTR started when the PLAY button was pressed.) This isn't a problem as long as you are aware of it.

I use a Radio Shack miitiamplifier as a sound source. Beep volume is controlled by the amplifier volume control. At a low level, the beep is barely discernible, reminding me of a "squeaky" key. At a higher level, a sharp, short beep is heard as each key is depressed. But I found that the beep became annoying during long sessions at the keyboard.

388 April 1982 ® BYTE'Publications Inc

EPSON

PRINTERS & ACCESSORIES

Common Features of the MX80, MX80FT & MX100 Printere

' 80 characters per second

' Replaceable print head by user

' User programable from BASIC

* Bi-directional logic seeking printhead

* 96 ASCII characters

* Programable tabs (vert./horz.)

* Cartridge ribbons

* Self-test mode

* Tractor/pin feed paper flow

* Extreme reliability

' 12 type fonts under software control

* 9x9 & 9x18 matrix

' Programable form feeds

* Compressed/expanded letters

* Parallel Interface standard

* Double strike & emphasized modes

MX80 . The Printer that started it all. All of the above featuresplus extreme ease of use. CompleteTRSSO block graphics set as well as user selectable international symbols. Gives correspondence quality prmting in several user selectable modes. Dip switcn pins may be sel lor dedicated applications. Complete forms programablllty from BASIC software.

MX80FT. ..All the features of the MX80 but with FRICTION feed as well for the use of

single sheets of paper or roll paper. An exceptional buy for the user needing the single sheet capability In the compressea mode 132 characters can beprintedacrossthe widthola page which means it can be used lor any printouts that normally need a 15 inch wide printer.

MX100... An exceptional printer with a extra quiet printhead and extra heavy duty construction for the intense use of a business environment. Does not have the TRS80 graphic blocks but comes standard with Bll-lmage graphics which allow the user control of Individual dots for designing specialized graphs, symbols, etc. A best buy for business use.

MX70 ...For the budget minded a excellent entry level printer It has most all of the features mentioned above Including Bit-Image graphics In place of the TRS80 graphic blocks set. The Printer Is unidirectional only. Expandable text can be printed but not compressed. Only single density printings Is supported on the MX70. An inexpensive heavy duty printer.

$CALL for BEST prices on Epson Printers All Printers & accessories in STOCK nowlll

If you buy your EPSON somewhere else you'll probably pay too much! EPSON ACCESSORIES, INTERFACES & CABLES

GRAFTRAX 80 option (bit-image & italics)..579

CABLE Model I Interface & Model III $35

* $25 II purchased with printer CABLE & INTERFACE to Model I Keyboard .$85

APPLE Interface & cable $89

PET IEEE interface & cable (Pet) $79

SERIAL RS232 unbuffered int.card $65

SERIAL RS232 2k buffered int.card $149

Epson to Color Computer card/cable $59

All RIBBONS and CARTRIDGES in Stock

$CALL

800-433-5184

Radio Shack LINE PRINTERS Line Printer VI..

Daisy Wheel II $1695 Line Printer VII.,

Line Printer V $1580 Line Printer VIII,

..$988 .$325 ..S699

TEXAS COMPUTER SYSTEMS

Offers Lowest Prices on

TRS-80

Model II 64K

The best buy for small business needs and yet completely expandable as your business grows. Easy to use for the beginning operator. We have in STOCK all accessories and disk expansions as well as printers and software, important: We also have CP/M for the Model II plus a large amount of support software. All of these items at our fabulous DISCOUNT prices. We ship from DFW by air and fully insured for FAST safe delivery.

HARD DISK SUPPORT FOR THE MODEL II...NOW!

5. 10 or 20 Megabytes (up to 80 Megabytes) for the Model II. Full CP/M support. Also full support for TRSDOS and all TRSDOS software. Multiple computers (multi-user) can be connected to these hard disk systems and can share and access common data bases under both CP/M and TRSDOS. The same common data base can even be accessed simultaneously by several users. We use top of the line CORVUS Hard Disk Drives which have a proven tracl< record and have outsold all of their competitors combined in the microcomputer market Model I and III are also supported by these Hard Disk Systems. SCall for our LOW prices

COLOR COMPUTERS

Orginal mfg warrantV on these

4K Level 1 $308

16K Level 1 $439

16K Extended Basic $459 32K Extended Basic $499

items TCS 180 day Limited warranty on TCS items:

" ' 16K Level 1 $369

16K Extended Basic S439

32K Extended Basic $569

Color Disk 0.,.S499 Disk 1...S349

32K Uporade Kit (TCS) $79

EPSOnTcOLOR Int.S cable , $59

TRS80 MODEL III COMPUTER SYSTEMS

The (ollowlng wrth Radio Shack Warranty: The following with (tualily TCS memory & our

Model III 16k $825 own 180 day limited warranty;

Model III 32k $979 Model III 32K $909

Model III 48k $1089 Model III 48K $969

Model III 48k 2 Drives RS232.$2069

CUSTOM SOFTWARE FROM TCS

Completely Integrated BINARY SEARCH TREE programs now available. This series of programs fully implements the B-TREE structures Including INSERTION, DELETION, EDITING & TRAVERSAL. No more sorling or long data file searches and yet files can be larger than memory. Duplicate keys are fully supported. Files can be retrieved in sorted order via BTREE Traversal. Each of the programs come with fully commented source code so that you can use the modules In your own programming. A Screen oriented Input routine is also Included in each module. The following B-TREE programs are now available and each includes all of the mentioned modules and full documentation:

B-TREE Library (organiz* your hoim library Iwywl by author) {39.95

B-TREE VIdM (organlza yourvMM easwtto libraiy, prints labato, ale) $39.95

B-TREE MaUIng LIM (toyad by nama or jdp,labal prinnng.ats)...—

... 449.95

EPSON PACK A Utility Software package for MX80 & SOFT.

MX80/CMD will send all printer commands from DOS. BIGLETT/BAS prints laroe Graphic Letters. EPSON/SUB merges with BASIC programs allowing 2 letter mneumonic commands to be sent lo printer, JKL Patchs allow JKL in NEWDOS 80 1,0 & NEWDOS 2,1 to send graphics properly DEMO/BAS tutorial program of use of printer,LABEL/BAS custom label making program with graphics, DEFSTATE/SUB aflows one word BASIC commands for centered tllles. titles with borders, etc. A great program package for EPSON fans. SPECIAL DEAL: $24.95 with printer $34.95 seperately. Specify Model 1 or lll..dlsk only

EPSON PACK 2 - GRAFTRAX

version lor MX80. SOFT 8, MXIOO. This package includes updated versions of modules in original Epson Pack. A screen oriented BIT IMAGE GRAPHICS generator utllty is provided. Create your special cnaracters. symbols, etc. directly on your monitor and then send to printer. Printout includes code to generate graphics and will save needed code as BASft program line to disk. Then MERGE these Into your BASIC pro gram. Also demo programs showing use of Bll-lmage graphics Full documentation. INTRO SPECIAL: $24.95 wllh printar or QRAFTRAX. $34.95 aaparalaly. $7.50 lor updaia of old Epaon Pack

ZAP3 - Direct read/write access to any TRSDOS 1.2 or 1.3 sector. Disable Passwords & access levels. Self prompting. Modify any sector in HEX or ASCII. Includes many patches to TRSDOS 1.2 & 1.3. Also (SOPYIT to allow backups of SCRIPSIT, VISICALC. etc. Just....$24.95 SDIR - Super directory manipulation for TRSDOS f .2 or f .3. Alpha 4 column directory & free space. Display a range of programs by extension. Change name and date. Generate report of location of any program on diskette. Just....$14.95 SPECIAL DEAL: Buy ZAPS & SDIR together for .... $29.95

MODEL III DISK EXPANSION KITS

We use the highest quality fiberglass Our DISK DRIVES are made by Tandon the CONTROLLER BOARDS with double sided same company that makes the drives used by glass epoxy board and goldplated contacts in Radio Shack These drives are 40 track our ICS systems The linesl switching double density. 5 millisecond stepping rate POWER stJPPLY available is also provided, and are fully burned in for 48 hours. These The aluminum MOUNTING HARDWARE drives have the same specifications as the has slotted holes lor easy installation ol the drives used by Radio Shack. No soldering or drives and includes all the power and i^ala modifications to existing circuitry Is cables necessary to install the controller, necessary. The following kits are available: drives and power supply

KIT 1 Controller, Power Supply & Mounting Hardware $379

KIT 2 Controller, Power Supply, Hardware & 1 Dlik Drive $595

KIT 3 Controller, Power Supply, Hardware & 2 Diak Drive* $819

KIT 4 One Tandon Disk Drive (bare drive only) $219

KIT 5 16K of HIgti Quality TCS Memory chlpt $49.95

KIT 6 32k of High Quality TCS Memory chips $79.95

MODEL III 48K 2 DISK DRIVES KIT....$1753

Yes. you read it right. A complete 48k 2 Disk Drive Model III computer system for just $1753, Here's what you get: one TRS80 Model III 16k Computer in factory carton, one CONTROLLER, POWER SUPPLY & HARDWARE kit (kit 1), two Tandon Disk Drives and 32K of TCS Memory, You also receive several Important extras that make this a complete super kit. These extras include a complete illustrated Instruction and trouble shooting manual, a TRSDOS 1.3 operating system and manual and a special diagnostic Diskette for testing the unit after you have put it together. The only tool necessary •» a screwdriver. EVERYTHING Is Included In this kit and the price is rlght...$1753

MODEL III 48k 2 DISK DRIVES ... $1895

Above KIT fully assembled, with 48 hour burn-in test & 180 day TCS Limited .Warrantyl!

DEALER INQUIRIES ARE INVITED ON THE ABOVE TCS KITS

CASIO ELECTRONIC ORGANS have arrived!!!

The fantasic CASIO Electronic Organs are here in force. Fully equal to any $2000 traditional Organ with dozens of exciting nEW features not seen on other musical instruments:

CASITONE CT—403 (25 lnstiiiinanls,1S ryUinWiChord nMfflOiy,alc). ..... _...$519

CASITONE CT-701 (programable, bareoda raadar,S1 keya,alc.>tc.) $S35

For fast, ellicieni service. Heart of we can air freight from Dallas

TEXAS COMPUTER SYSTEMS

P.O. Box 1327 Arlington, Texas 76004-1327

WToII Free Number 800 433-5184 Texas Residents 817 274-5625

Payment: Money order, cashiers or certified 'Prices subject to change at any time check. Prices above reflect 3% cash Discount < No Tax out-of-state. Texans add 5% Call for Visa/MC card prices. • Many items shipped FREE, Call for quote

Circle 413 on inquiry card.

BYTE April 1982 389

Source Code Modules

The source code listing has been structured to allow use of any one or a combination of the modules. For example, the video-line-print module (lines 1210 through 1580) can be keyed in as a stand-alone program. In doing so, appropriate starting and ending addresses must be added to the routine. Lines 130, 170, 180, 190, and 260 will provide the start and entry points. The following lines must be added to the "ZX" routine to complete a stand-alone listing:

1590 JP 0458H ;GOTO

NORMAL VIDEO IN ROM

1600 END START ;EQUALS

TRANSFER

The key-beep routine has been included in the source-code listing for readers who wish to try it. To include the routine when keying in the code, the remark character (;) must be left out. Otherwise, it is not necessary to enter lines 760 through 1010.

The program starting address must be changed to a lower value if the key-beep routine is included. As the program byte count has not been calculated with key beep included, this must be done by picking an arbitrary starting address, assembling the program, and then calculating total byte count. Once the byte count is determined, the starting address can be changed accordingly.

MOD III BASIC Version

A BASIC language version of MOD III is provided in listing 2 for those who do not have an editor/

assembler. The program listing is somewhat shorter than the assemblylanguage version because it does not include key beep.

As written, this program is selfchecking for the correct response to RAM-size input (see lines 40 through 100). An INKEY$ routine (see lines 50, 60, and 90) is used for the input to prevent scrolling. If you enter two numbers in response to the RAM-size prompt, the program automatically branches to line 70 to check the input value. It is not necessary to press the ENTER key to conclude the input.

Line 70 checks the validity of the input value. If the A-l-B input is valid (i.e., 16, 32, or 48), program flow is directed to the corresponding Hnes. An invalid entry will erase the numbers that were typed after the RAM-size prompt and set up the INKEY$ routine for a new input cycle.

Listing 2: The BASIC listing for MOD III. The disk BASIC commands have been disabled; remove the apostrophes to enable these lines.

1 ' * M0D3 * BASIC VERSION 8.1

2 ' BY

3 ' J. RDCKE

4 '

10 CLS:PRINT:PRINT TOB<: 12.) "BftSIC PROGROM TO POKE " ; CHR* CSA) 5 "MOD III " 5CHR*C34) 20 PRINT:PRINT TOBCllV'INTO MEMORY USING DRTfi STATEMENTS" 30 PRINT:PRINT TPBt19)"BY: JOE W. ROCKE":PRINT:PRINT

40 PRINT TftBCS)" <ENTER> THE SIZE OF ROM CIB. 32, 4S) THEN <RUN> " ; CHR*<; 143) ;" "S 50 GOSUB90:fi=VflL(:Pl*) : PRINTa5B5.fi; :fi=Flt<10 B0 GGSUB90:B=VfiL(;fi*) :PRINT5I5E5, fi+B

70 IF (:fi+B)=lE THEN 110 ELSE IF <R+B)=32 THEN 120 ELSE IF Cfi+B)=4S THEN 130 ELSE

PRINTa565," 80 GOTO 50

90 fl*=INKEY*:IFfl*=""THEN 90 100 RETURN 110 RUN 170

120 TM=PEEK(;i65El)+PEEKaB5B2)*25B: IFTM<4S000 THEN 140 ELSE 350 130 TM=PEEK(:i65Bl)+PEEK(:iB5B2)*256: IFTM<B0000 THEN 140 ELSE 5B0 im PRINTaSBS, " ":GOTD50

150 'in********** 16K - ROM III DOTfi +:**+i*>f:*>f:**>f; 160 '** MEMORY SIZE? 3260S

170 POKE 16526,77:P0KE 1B527,127:'NORMRL BPSIC 180 'DEFUSR1=&H7F4D: ' DISK BRSIC

190 FOR ZS= 325B9 TO 327B7:READ Z9:PDKE ZB,Z3:NEXT ZS 200 fi=USR<:0) :'NORMAL BASIC 210 'PRINT USRl(0):'DISK BfiSIC 220 END

230 DfiTO 33,97, 127, 34, 22,B4,33, 170, 127, 34, 30,64,62, 143, 50 240 DRTfl 25,64, 195, 25, 2E, 33,54,64, 1, 1,56,22,0, 10,95, 1B3,32 250 DfiTfl 26,119,20,44,203,1,121,214,128,32, 241,126,6,7,45 260 DftTfi 134,16,252, 254, 0, 62, 0, 192,50,26,64,201,IBB, 40, IB 270 DfiTO 58, 26,B4, 60, 50,2B, 64, 254,255,32,217,61,50,2B, 64 280 DfiTfl 123,115,197,1,88,2,205,95,0,193,10,163,200,195,251 290 DfiTfl 3,3,217,58, 8,56,254,5,32,54,33,0, SB, 30, IB, 14, 64 300 DfiTfl 205,217,127,126,50,232,55,58,64,56,254,128,40,25 310 DfiTfl 35, 13,32,238, 205,217, 127,62,13,50,232,55,29,32 320 DfiTfl 225,24, 16, 58, 232, 55, 254, 63, 32, 249, 201,205, 217, 127 330 DftTfi B2,13,50, 232, 55, 8, 217, 205, 88, 4, 245, 213, 237, 91, 32 340 DRTfl 64,26,254,95, 32, 4. 58, 25, 64, 18,209, 241. 201

350 DELETE 10-350 Listing 2 continued on page 392

390 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Our I/O boards are ready to plug In.

You already know you've got the hottest microcomputer on the market. IBM® made it. Now Quadram is setting the standards for hardware to help maximize the capabilities of your Personal Computer... for the very lowest price.

Expanded memory. Until recently if you wanted a floppy disk, an RS-232C board, and 256K bytes of memory—all five slots were filled. A TYirvT^/2i Thanks to Quadram, /AULl 11 lUl C you can have 256K

system memory by adding just one card, freeing up >■ T-* 1 the other four slots for

IBMPersonal

I r>mTM itPT* Deluxe board with up to 192K L LpLitWL. RAM, a clock/calendar, parallel A -if interface and serial adapter. All on LNOWl one board!

Full-line IBM add-ons with off-the-shelf availability. Expanded memory... additional capabilities... and unbeatable prices. Quadram's ready now to help your IBM bite off more. (We have been shipping off-the-shelf since late 1981.)

byte to your

Available soon: Non-Volatile RAM; Game I/O; Parallel/Game I/O Gombination; 192K Memory/Glock Combinatiow; ROM Board; Expartsion Chassis; Disk-I/O Expansion Chassis;'©, 10,20 meg Hard Disk.

For further information and the name of your nearest dealer, call (404) 92: or fill in this coupon and mall to: Quadram Corporation, 4357 Park Drivej Non Georgia 30093.

Name

Company

Title

Address

City.

State

Zip

Circle 344 on inquiry card.

Circle 279 on Inquiry card.

FORTRS-80 MODEL I OR III

AND SOON FOR THE NEW

IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER!

★ MORE SPEED

10-20 times faster than Level II BASIC.

★ MORE ROOM

Very compact compiled code plus VIRTUAL MEMORY makes your RAM act larger. Variable number of block buffers. 31-char.-unique wordnames use only 4 bytes In header!

★ MORE INSTRUCTIONS

Add YOUR commands to Its 79-STANDARD-pluB Instruction setl

Far more complete ttian most Forths: single & double precision, arrays, strlng-handltng, clock, more.

★ MORE EASE

Excellent full-acrean Editor, structured &

modular programmlno

Word search utility

THE NOTEPAD letter writer

Optimized for your TRS-80 or IBM with keyboard

repeats, upper/lower case display driver, full

ASCII, single- & double-width graphics, etc.

★ MORE POWER

Forth operating system

Interpreter AND compiler

80B0 or 6066 Assembler

(Z80 Assembler also available for TRS-60)

intermix 35- to 80-tracl( disk drives

Model III and IBM can read, write and run each

other's and Model I diskettes!

VIRTUAL I/O for video and printer, disk and tape

(10-Megabyte hard disk available)

Fomi

THE PROFESSIONAL FORTH FOR TRS-80

(Thousands of systems In use)

MMSFORTH Disk System V2.0 (requires 1 disk drive. 32K RAM) For Radio Shack TRS-SO Model I or III .... S12e.95 For IBM Personal Computer (advance order)... S249.86

AND MMS GIVES IT PROFESSIONAL SUPPORT

Source code provided

MMSFORTH Newsletter

Many demo programs aboard

MMSFORTH User Groups

Inexpensive upgrades to latest version

Programming staff can provide advice, modifications

and custom programs, to fit YOUR needs.

MMSFORTH UTILITIES DISKETTE: Includes FLOATING POINT MATH (L.2 BASIC ROM routines plus Complex numbers, Rectangular*Polar coordinate conversions, Degrees mode, more), plus a full Forth-style Z60 ASSEMBLER; plus a powerful CROSS-REFERENCER to list Forth words by block and line. All on one diskette (requires MMSFORTH V2.0,1 drive & 32K RAM). 139.96*

FORTHCOM: communications package provides RS-232 driver, dumb terminal mode, transfer of FORTH blocks, and host mode to operate a remote TRS-80 (requires MMSFORTH V2.0, 1 drive & 32K RAM) S39.95'

THE DATAHANDLER V1.2: a very sophisticated data base managemenl system operable by non-programmers (requires MMSFORTH V2.0, 1 drive & 32K RAM) $58.95*

MMSFORTH GAMES DISKETTE: real-time graphics & board games w/aource code, includes BREAKFORTH, CRASHFORTH, CHYPTOQUOTE, FREEWAY, OTHELLO & TICTACFORTH (requires MMSFORTH V2.0,1 drive & 32K RAM) $39.96

Other MMSFORTH products under development

FORTH BOOKS AVAILABLE

MMSFORTH USERS MANUAL - without Appendices, for non-owners J17.50*

STARTING FORTH - best companion to our manual $15.95*

THREADED INTERPRETIVE LANGUAGES • advanced, excellent analysis of MMS FORT H-IIke language, SIS^S*

PROGRAM DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION - Intro, to structured programming, good for Forth $13.95'

FORTH -79 STANDARD MANUAL - official reference to 79-STANDARDword set, etc $13.95*

FORTH SPECIAL ISSUE, BYTE Magazine (Aug. 1980) -we stock this collector's Item for Forth users and beginners $4.00'

* - ORDERING INFORMATION: Software prices Include manuals and require signing of a non-transferraQle single system, singlg-user license. Describe your Hardware. Add $2.00 S/H plus $3.00 per MMSFORTH and $1.00 per additional book; Mass. orders add 5% tax. Foreign orders add 20%. UPS COD, VISA & M/C accepted; no unpaid purchase orders, please.

Send SASE for free htMSFORTH iniormatkm. Good dealers sought.

Get MMSFORTH products from your computer dealer or

MILLER MICROCOMPUTER SERVICES (B4)

61 Lake Shore Road, Natick, MA 01760 (BIT) 653-6136

Listing 2 continued:

36(9 370 380 330 400

ai0

420 430 440 450 4B0 470 480 490

scae

510 520 530 540 550 5G0 570 530 590 612)0 E10 620 630 640 550 660 670 6S0 690 700 710 720 730 740 750 760

» «4:itc4c>«<>tat:i«>ti>H>t< 32K - ROM III DflTfi !»e**l|:i(«***»tH'*

'** MEMORY SIZE? 48931

POKE 16525,77:P0KE 16527,191s' NORMfiL BASIC 'DEFUSR1=&HBF4D:'DISK BfiSIC

FOR Z8=-16563 TO-16385:READ Z3:POKE 28, Z3!NEXT Z8 fi=USR(0):'NORMfiL BfiSIC 'PRINT USRli:0):'DIBK BfiSIC END

DflTfl 33., 97, 191, 34, 22, 64, 33, 170, 191, 34, 30, 64, 62, 143, 50 DftTfi 25, 64, 195, 25, 26, 33, 54, 64, 1, 1, 56, 22. 0, 10, 35, 163, 32 DftTfi 26, 113, 20, 44, 203, 1, 121, 214,128, 32, 241,126,6,7,45 DflTfi 134,16,252,254,0,62,0, 192,50,26,64,201, 166,40, 15 DfiTfi 58, 26, 64, ^0, 50, 26, 64, 254, 255, 32, 217, El, 50, 26, 54 DflTfl 123, 115, 197, 1, 88, 2, 205, 36, 0, 133, 10, 1B3, 200, 195, 251 DflTfl 3. S, 217, 58, 8, 56, 254, 5, 32, 54, 33, 0, 60, 30, 16, 14. 64 DflTfl 205.217. 191.126. 50. 232,55,58, 64. 56. 254, 128, 40, 25 DflTfl 35. 13. 32, 238, 205,217, 191,62,13,50,232,55,29,32 DflTfl 225, 24,16, 58, 232, 55, 254,53,32,249, 201,205, 217,191 DflTfl 62. 13,50, 232, 55, 8, 217, 205, 88,4. 245. 213, 237, 91, 32 DflTfl 64. 26, 254, 95, 32. 4, 58, 25, 64. 18, 203, 241, 201 DELETE 10-560

' 4cif:4cit<>H>ti4:>«<>H>l<!4< 4SK — ROM III DflTfi ***********

'•H* MEMORY SIZE? 55375

POKE 16526,77:POKE 15527,255:'NORMAL BflSlC 'DEFUSR1=&HFF4D:'DISK BfiSIC

FDR ZS=-179 TD-l:REfiD Z9:P0KE Z8,Z9:NEXT ZS fl=USRC0):'NORMHL BASIC 'PRINT USRl 1:0) s'DISK BASIC END

DfiTfi 33, 37,255,34,22,64,33, 170,255,34,30,64,62, 143, 50 DfiTfi 25, 64, 195, 25, 26, 33, 54, 64, 1, 1, 56, 22, 0, 10, 95, 163,32 DfiTfi 26, 119,20,44, 203,1, 121,214,12S,32, 241,126,6,7,45

DfiTfi 134,16, 252,254,0,62,0, 192,50,26,64,201, DfiTfi 58, 26, 64,60, 50,26,64,254,255,32,217,61,

166,40,IE 50, 26,64

DflTfi DflTfl DflTfl DflTfl DflTfl

123, 115, 197, 1,SS,2,205,96,0, 193,10, 163,200, 195, 251 3. S, 217, 58, 3, 56, 254, 5, 32, 54, 33. 0, 60, 30, 16, 14, 64 205,217,255,126,50,232,55,5B,54,56,254, 12S, 40, 25 35, 13,32,238, 205,217,255,62,13,50,232,55, 29, 32 225,24, 16,58, 232,55,254,63,32,249,201,205, 217,255 DflTfl 62, 13,50,232, 55,S, 217,205,SS,4,245,213, 237,91,32 DfiTfi 64,26,254,95,32,4,58,25,54, 18,209,241,201

This safeguard prevents program execution until a correct RAM size has been input.

The check for RAM size is a vital feature of the BASIC program. The listing contains three data groups, and the computer will always read the first data group unless directed elsewhere. Without lines 40 through 70, the 16K-byte data would be POKEd to memory regardless of memory size. If this were the case in a 32K- or 48K-byte system, you would have only the equivalent of a 16K-byte system available for use.

Upon branching to a data group corresponding to the RAM size, the normal BASIC vectors are POKEd to memory (lines 170, 380, and 590). Data corresponding to the machine code equivalent values are then READ and POKEd to memory (e.g., lines 190, and 230 through 350). Upon completion of the data READ/POKE operation, unnecessary

portions of the program are deleted to conserve memory (see lines 350 and 560). This returns the computer to READY status. Entering a RUN command will then activate the MOD III features.

Keying in the BASIC Program

If you shudder at the thought of keying in long, numerical data statements, take heart I The task is not as big as it may first appear if you are content with a program limited to one memory size only. In this case, the RAM-size input lines may be eliminated.

Only the desired memory-size data group need be typed in for an individualized RAM-size program. Using a 16K-byte RAM size as an example, only lines 150 through 340 need be keyed in. These lines will provide the major MOD III features for a 16K-byte system.

A word of caution is in order. If

392 Apiil 1982 © BYTE PubUcations Inc

WHERE IHEY'VE NEVER REEN REFORE.

Your Personal, Portable Database.

There were places you couldn't take a computer, or use one. Not any more. The Quasar HHC gives you the power of a computer anywhere you go. Planes, cars and boats, vacations, or wherever you may want to use it. The HHC can be your constant companion. So whatever data files or information you may need or want are always right at hand.

The Quasar HHC gives you the full power of a 6502 microprocessor. Programming in Microsoft

Basic or the FORTH-like SNAP. And personal features like file creation, a calculator, and a real's;-, time clock/secretary you can program to display reminder messages.

File data can be passed from one HHC to another or back and forth between an HHC and another computer. Just connect both computers through the HHC RS-232C interface, or transmit/receive over telephone

lines with the HHC acoustic coupler.

There's never been a computer like the Quasar HHC. And never a better way to make you more effective. For information on the

Quasar HHC Hand - Held Computer, including how to become a dealer or distributor, write on your letterhead to Quasar Group Director HHC.

Circle 454 on inquiry card.

ONE GREAT IDEA AFTER ANOTHER..

QUASAR COMPANY, Division of Matsusliita Electric Corporation of America, 9401 West Grand Avenue, Franklin Park, 111.60131. (312)451-1200

'MODI 11'

* fl SOFTWARE PRDDRflM TO UPGRfiDE YOUR MODeL I *

BLOCK CURSOR - VIDEO SCREEN PRINT - ftUTO KEY REPEAT

TRS-80 MODEL III FEATURES IN ONE PROGRAM USING LESS THAN 300 BYTES OF MEMORY

Figure 1: Sample output from the video-screen-print routine. If your printer can't handle graphics characters, the source code may have to be modified.

you have never keyed in a machine code program via a BASIC READ/ POKE listing, note that the program should be saved prior to program execution. Therefore, be sure to save the BASIC program to cassette or disk after it is keyed in and before its execution. By doing so, you will have the source code (i.e., the BASIC program) in case the program bombs due to a typing error.

The BASIC program has been written to include both normal and disk BASIC USR(O) routmes. To use the

program with disk BASIC, it will be

necessary to delete the remark (') character used to mask the disk BASIC statements (see lines 180, 210, 390, 420, 600, and 630). The corresponding normal BASIC lines (e.g., 170 and 200) may either be deleted or edited to become remark statements.

Using MOD UI

Memory size must be set before running either version of MOD III. The memory protect values for the BASIC version are provided in lines

160, 370, and 580 of listing 2. The assembly-language (system-load) version will automatically execute upon your entering a slash (/) at the *7 prompt after program loading is completed.

The MEMORY SIZE? prompt will be the first thing displayed on the video upon running the BASIC version. Upon your response to the prompt, the corresponding data are POKEd to memory. This is a very short run cycle that completes with a READY prompt. Entering RUN at this point results in program execution. Appearance of the block cursor provides the only visual evidence that the program has been POKEd to memory. From this point on, the video-line-print and key-repeat features are also available. Either version of MOD III is completely unobtrusive once it is loaded to protected memory.

Selectable Cursor

The program, as written, provides a block cursor (ASCII 160). The cursor may be changed by POKing in any ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) character of your choice. This is done by entering a POKE statement without a line number as follows:

POKE 16409,«n

where nn may be any ASCII number from 35 to 255. For example, POKing in an ASCII 42 will change the cursor to an asterisk (*).

Video Screen Print

Pressing the Z and X keys simultaneously will output to the line printer whatever is displayed on the screen. The printout can be stopped short of a full display print by pressing the space bar. Graphics characters on the video display will also be printed if the printer has graphics capability. The video-line-print feature has been tested with both the Epson and Okidata printers which have graphics capability. Figure 1 is an example of a video-display printout.

A nongraphics printer may print a period or other symbol in place of any graphics character displayed on

A "RAIR" CREATURE

A MULTI-USER MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEM FOR LESS THAN rm

3200

PER USER.*

The Pair family of computers combines Inigti performance features for a fraction of wliat you would expect to pay. 256K bytes, 8 serial ports, and a 180 CPS printer. That's enough ca

pability to getthejob done quickly and efficiently. And at an unbeatable price.

*Based on typical 4 user installation.

2777 Orchard RunRd. West Carrollton, Ohio 45449

(513)435-2283

394

Circle 151 on inquiry card.

UPMANSHIP.

We opened our doors with two basic goals:

To distribute as many software packages to as many dealers as possible.

And to make money doing so.

Our success on both counts is the result of hard work, a positive business attitude and a recognition that you, as a retailer, have a right to be treated fairly and honestly by your distributor.

We're 1-up for three good reasons:

1. We always offer a wide selection of the latest and best microcomputer software packages available anywhere. (Why should you have to hunt for what you need?)

2. Our dealer discounts start with quantities of 1. (Remember all those times you just wanted one or two to see how they'd sell?)

3. We don't play The BackOrder Game. (If we can't ship your order within 48 hours we'll let you know, instead of hanging you out to dry)

If there's anything else we can do for you, just let us know. Because we're 1-up and we intend to stay that way

Software Distributors, 9929 Jefferson Blvd., Culver City, OA 90230. Telex 4990032 BVHL, ATT: SOFT

For our dealer info package, call (213) 559-9330.

SOFTWARE DISTRIBUTORS

We won't leave you holding the bag.

Circle 376 on inquiry card.

BYTE April 1982 395

the video. The ZX routine may be modified to print a symbol of your choice with a minor change in the source-code Hsting. However, I haven't investigated this, and such a change must be left to your ingenuity. In attempting to do so, keep in mind that if the ASCII value displayed on the video is greater than 128, it is a graphics character. To modify the program, it would be necessary to load a substitute value less than 128 for a printer character output.

Key Repeat

Holding down any key results m an automatic key repeat. This feature has the advantage of providing a built-in key debounce via an approximate 25-millisecond time-delay loop. Holding down the space bar will automatically advance the cursor. This is convenient for spacing forward to a particular line location.

The key-repeat delay time may be increased if you prefer a slow repeat rate. To increase the time between

keystrokes, the only change necessary is to increase the BC count in line 780 of listing 1. For example, changing the line to read:

0780 LD BCIOOO ;DELAY COUNT

will provide an approximate 50-millisecond delay.

The automatic key-repeat feature has the advantage of providing a built-in

key debounce.

Applications

Applications of the MOD III utility features are many. From a cosmetic standpoint, the block cursor provides an aesthetic appearance in keeping with the image that the word "computer" conjures in the minds of many people. I've observed that people sitting at the keyboard for the first time

appear to recognize the block cursor

automatically as a silent prompt that expects them to do something. I prefer a block cursor simply because of its visibility.

The video-screen-print capability allows you to print but information that may not otherwise be available without altering the program in memory. It is particularly convenient in printing a graphics display, provided the printer has graphics capability.

Automatic key repeat is a nice feature to have, particularly because it costs so little in memory overhead, and I find it more convenient than counting characters when editing a program line. By holding down the space bar, you can quickly advance the cursor to the character to be edited.

Admittedly, MOD III does not emulate all the features of the Model III; but it truly upgrades the capabilities of the Model I at a minimum cost in memory overhead. ■

Now available from your computer storethe whole line of AJ couplers and modems.

Starting now you can buy AJ acoustic data couplers and modems directly from your local computer store.

Not just selected models. /4ny models. Ranging from the 0-450 bps A 242A, the world's most widely used acoustic data coupler, to the revolutionary AJ 1259 triple modem that handles 300 bps Bell 103,1200 bps Bell 212A, and 1200 bps VA 3400 protocols.

Whether you need full or half duplex or both in one; originate or answer, auto answer; acoustic coupling, or direct-connect—there's a model for you in the AJ line.

Starting now you don't have to settle for second best.

For the location of your local computer store handling the AJ line, call toll-free:

800/538-9721

California residents call 408/263-8520, Ext. 307.

AIMOERSON J/VCOBSON

396

April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 29 on Inquiry card.

to make it talk!

Give your computer the magic of speech with an ECHO™ Speech Synthesizer!

There are four new models to choose from: the ECHO 80 (TRS-80 models I & III), ECH0100 (S-100), the ECHO GP (generalpurpose, serial/parallel) and the ECHO SBC (single board computer). These join the popular ECHO ][ (Apple).

ECHO Speech Synthesizers use LPC synthesis pioneered by Texas Instruments, combined with a phoneme-based operating system to provide any vocabulary you desire while using a minimum of your computer's memory.

The TEXTALKER Speech Generator, standard with all ECHOs except the SBC, translates normal English text to speech automatiGally.

Simple commands allow you to select from:

63 different pitch levels Words spoken monotonically or with intonation Fast or slow speech output Entire words pronounced or spelled letter by letter Different volumes Spoken punctuation If desired

Speech applications are virtually unlimited, ranging from education to games to aiding the handicapped. The flexibility and low price of ECHO Speech Synthesizers make them the logical choice when adding speech to your system.

For more information see your dealer or contact:

STREET ELECTRONrCS CORPORATION

3152 E. La Palma Avenue, Suite D Anaheim, CA 92806 Telephone:714/632-9950

Circle 387 on inquiry card.

fsEcl

Binary-Coded Text

A Text-Compression Method

Trim text size by encoding common character strings.

Dr. Richard Tropper Department of Psychology Rhode Island College Providence, RI 02908

The time is approaching when increasing quantities of textual information will be committed to computer storage. Newspapers, professional journals, and library materials in general all lend themselves to reduction to some form of binary coding. Binary coding, in turn, promises to facilitate storage, access, transmission, and searches of much of the material that traditionally has been reduced to the printed word.

At present, reduction of text to binary code is usually accomplished by translating each character of the text into a byte of data. Often, this is a wasteful strategy that fails to take advantage of redundancies and patterns within the English language as it is used. An alternative to characterbyte storage of English-language text is the use of binary-coded text. Binary-coded text exploits the repetitive nature of typical written English to provide economies on the order of 60% of medium requirements over traditional character-byte storage. These savings are achieved without loss of information.

The inefficiency of character-byte storage is apparent when one con

siders the memory devoted to storing a typical six-letter word. Such a word requires 7 bytes of memory—the first 6 bytes store the six letters and the seventh byte stores the trailing blank. Those 7 bytes occupy 56 bits of memory and can take any one of 2'' possible states. If there were on the order of 2" different sb<-letter words in the English language, then allocating 7 bytes to store one of them might be justifiable.

There are, in fact, considerably fewer than 2^* six-letter words in the language. One recent compilation analyzed the contents of 500 samples of English language text {Computational Analysis of Present-Day American English, H. Kucera and W. N. Francis. Brown University Press, 1967). Those 500 samples of text composed a body of text 1,014,232 words long, but, all together, there were only 50,406 unique words, of which only 6470 were six letters long. Even allowing for the obvious fact that Kucera and Francis did not conduct an exhaustive search of the totality of written English text, it seems apparent that the allocation of 56 bits is an extravagant expenditure of mem

ory for the identification of a sixletter word.

Theoretically, the number of unique character strings that can appear in English-language text is infinte, but in practice it tends to be quite limited. A typical sample of text is composed of the repetitive use of a few common words and the occasional use of obscure ones. Kucera and Francis reported that within their million-word corpus of text the most frequently occurring word, "the," appeared 69,971 times. That word alone accounted for nearly 7% of the words in the text they examined. They further reported that the 100 most frequently used words accounted for some 47% of their corpus of text, and the 1000 most frequently used words accounted for a little more than twothirds. Not only are a few common words heavily relied upon, but when a less common word is used, it tends to be reused within the same passage. The result is that the number of unique words that appear in any given sample of text tends to be relatively small. The data reported by Kucera and Francis suggest that a typical 2000-word passage would be

398

April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

r

I

EPSON MX

ATARI 400 16K

SPECIALS !

WE CARRY THE COMPLETE LINE OF | ATARI SOFTWARE, PERIPHERALS H AND ACCESSORIES. H

INTERFACES & CABLES IEEE $55. RS-232 $70.

APPLE INTERFACE & CABU $90. ^ Mt%m^ TRS-80 CABLE $35. 9439* 00

W/GRAPHTRAX $459.00

$339.00

PERSONAL COMPUTERS

Televlcieo925 849.00

Televideo 950 , , ... . .929.00

CBM 8032 Computer 1149.00

CBM 8050 Disk Drive 1349.00

CBM 4032 Computer 975.00

CBM 4040 Disk Drive . . .975.00

CBM 4022 Printer 649.00

CBMVIC-20 269.00

Microtek 16K Ramboard for Atari 800 79.00

Microtek 32K Ramboard for Atari 400 and 800 149.00

Qume Sprint 9/45 (Full Panel) 2095.00

Atari 810 Disk Drive . . . . , 449.00

Atari 850 Interface 169.00

Atari 830 MODEM 159.00

Atari 800 16K 749.00

Epson MX-70 319.00

Epson AAX-80 FT 549.00

Amdek Video-300 199.00

Hayes Micromodem II (Apple II) 299.00

Sanyo9"B&W 189.00

NEC 3510Spinwriter $1750.00

NEC 3515Spinwriter 1795.00

NEC 3530 Spinwriter 1750.00

NEC PC-8023 Printer 629.00

NEC 7710 Splnv/riter 2345.00

NEC 7720 Spinwriter 2695.00

NEC 7730 Spinwriter 2345,00

NECJC 1201 M(A) —Color 12" monitor 359.00

Okidata Microline-82A 499.00

Okidata Microline-83A 729.00

Diablo 630 1995.00

M & R Sup-R-Terminal 279.00

Microsoft Soft Card (Z-80) 279.00

Microsoft Ramcard 16K for Apple 149.00

Hazeltine 1420 799.00

Amdek lOOG 169.00

Anadex DP-9500/9501 1249.00

Televideo 910 559.00

Televideo 912C 669.00

Televideo 920C 689.00

CALL TOLL FREE!

1-800-556-7586

COMPUTER SHOPPING CENTER INC.

12 Meeting St. Cumberland, Rl 02864 1-401-722-1027 TEItEIC9iaiO#

COMPUTER SHOPPING CENTER

We Accept C.O.D.'s • Stock Shipments Same Day or Next • No Surcharge for Credit Cards • Ail Equipment Factory Fresh w/MFT Warranty • We Carry the Complete Line of Personal Software * Prices do not Reflect Shipping Charges Rhode Island Residents please add 6% Sales Tax

□

NEC GREEN 12 " MONITOR JB 1201M $159.00

OKIDATA MICROLINE 80A MATRIX PRINTER

$329.00

□

AMDEK COlOR-1 MONITOR $339.00

EPSON MX-lOO FT PRINTER $729.00

PRICES ARE SUBJECT

TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE

Circle 110 on inquiry card.

BYTE 1982 399

expected to contain fewer than 800 unique words.

Actually, English as it is used is even more limited than these data suggest. Kucera and Francis analyzed their work in terms of word types— unique concatinations of letters. Many of the word types that they counted are simply multiple derivatives of the same word root. A random sampling of their word lists indicates that 12% of the 50,406 words they cataloged can be formed by adding "s" or "es" to other entries within the list. Another 4% can be formed by adding "d" or "ed." Obviously, English as it is used relies on a rather small word base.

These properties of English-language usage suggest a strategy for the efficient storage, transmission, and search of English-language text. It is possible to construct a relatively brief dictionary of the character strings most frequently used in English and to assign a unique binary code to each. Then, for any given text to be encoded, a supplemental string list of those strings found to occur within the original text, but not within the dictionary, is put together. The original text is reduced to a series of pointers that indicate .entries in either the dictionary or the string list. For such a text, all that needs to be stored is its string list and its pointer list. A decoding program that contains the dictionary within itself can reconstruct an accurate image of the

More Significant Byte

15 U 13 12 11 10 9 8

original text from its string and pointer lists.

Experience with this technique has shown that the lists for such a text would require only about 40% as much medium for storage and correspondingly only about 40% as much time for transmission as the same text storage in traditional character-byte format. String searches of binarycoded text achieve even greater advantages over searches of characterbyte text. If any of the elements of a target string are not found in the dictionary or in the string list of a given text, then there is no need to scan the pointer list of that text to see if the elements appear in the required order.

Beginning the Encoding Process

Encoding any given piece of text into binary-coded text is a matter of replacing each character string in the original text with a pointer code. Each pointer is a 2-byte code that identifies a string in either the dictionary or in the string list. (See figure 1.) Bits 0 through 6 and 8 through 10 of each pointer code are address bits. Bit 11 indicates whether the dictionary or the string list is being addressed. Bits 12 through 15 indicate one of the recognized word endings shown in table 1. When the pointer is decoded, it is printed as the string to which it points plus the word ending to which it points and an implied trailing blank.

Less SIgnlflcQnt Byte

7 6 5 4 3 2 10

4-blt word Ending Cods

Higher 3 Bits Of Dictionary Address

Lower 7 Bits Of Dictionary Address

0 * Dictionary

1 ■ String List

Continuation Code Bit

Figure 1: Diagram of a binary-coded text pointer. Of the 16 bits available, 10 are allocated to dictionary addressing, four define the word-ending code (given in table 1), one identifies the dictionary being addressed, and one is a continuation code. In a

text stream, the less significant byte appears first. If bit 7 is a 0, this signals that the more significant byte is all zeros and that the next byte is the less significant byte of the next pointer.

Bit 7 of each pointer is reserved as a continuation code. When this bit is low, it indicates that the pointer has been abbreviated to a single byte and that bits 8 through 15 are implicitly 0. The effect of implying zeros in bits 8 through 15 is to allow the abbreviated, 1-byte pointers to address the first 128 entries in the dictionary while indicating the null string as the word ending. This permits these 128 entries to be represented by 1-byte, rather than 2-byte, pointers.

The first 24 entries of the dictionary are reserved for punctuation marks. (See table 2, page 404.) There are three general classes of punctuation marks: leading punctuation, trailing punctuation, and special codes. The pointers that indicate leading punctuation decode into the mark they represent but do not generate an implied trailing blank. The pointers for trailing punctuation do generate a trailing blank, but they suppress the trailing blank of the preceding character string. Capitalization of the first letter in a word is treated as a form of leading punctuation. During encoding, leading and trailing punctuation are stripped off each string to which they are found attached. The leading codes, if any, are added to the pointer list, followed by the code for the root string, then by the codes for trailing punctuation, if any. For example, if the English text contained the string: "HeUo!" h

4-Bit

Hexadecimal

Word

Code

Ending

0

(null string)

1

ments

2

ment

3

ings

4

ions

5

ely

6

ers

7

ion

8

ing

9

ly

A

ed

B

's

C

er

D

es

E

8

F

e

Table 1: Hexadecima

/ codes assigned

to recognized word endings.

400 April 19S2 © BYTE Publications Inc

Solve the

EneigvGrisiswiQi

vourown

Saving energy and money is as easy as switching light bulbs. This free slide rule calculator from Westinghouse shows you where to begin.

Saving energy is everyone's job. You can make it easier, however, if you take a close look at the lamps you're using now.

With the Westinghouse Energy-Saving Calculator, you can instantly analyze each lamp type's efficiency, and decide exactly which kind of bulb is more efficient in offices, plants, showrooms and display areas. You'll also leam how many watts you save and the annual energy cost savings per lamp.

As an example, if you have f luorescents, substituting our Econ-o-Watt' lamps for standard lamps will have an immediate effectup to 6 watts per socket, with no appreciable change in light level.

For incandescents, the most efficient way to save, besides direct substitution, is by replacing your system with high pressure sodium lamps. These lamps can save up to 80% of the energy

expended 1 incandescents, while producing an equivalent light level.

CaU toU free 800-631-12S9 to get your calculator.

Westinghouse lamp products and programs offer many other savings opportunities that can make the difference in your operating expenses. Call today and learn why the simplest, most straightforward solution to saving energy is taking matters into your own hands.

@ Westinghouse

Lamp Divisions Bloomfield, New Jersey 07003

Circle 434 on Inquiry card.

BYTE April 1982 401

the corresponding pointer list entry would be:

06 04 XX XX OB 08 where xx xx is thie pointer code for

"hello."

The special-punctuation codes include 03 for "space," which is necessary whenever more than one b separates two strings, and 00 for "end-of-line," which is effectively a linefeed/carriage return combination. Codes 01 and 02 are actually abbreviations of frequently occurring concatinations of punctuation codes. The 01 code replaces the sequence of hexadecimal numbers "OF 03 04" whenever that sequence is found in the pointer list. The sequence "OF 03 04" decodes as:

[period, with implied space] [space] [capitalize first letter of next string]

This is a common sequence that typically separates sentences of English-language text; it is efficiently abbreviated into a single byte, 01. Similarly, the special code 02 is the abbreviation for the sequence that begins each paragraph of English.

The Dictionary

After the 24 punctuation codes, the remaining 1000 entries in the dictionary are character strings. Some representative entries in this dictionary (which is too long to be printed in its

Pointer Code (Hexadecimal)

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 OA OB OC OD OE OF 10 11 12 13

14 ) 15 16 17

interpretation

end-of-line

period-space-space-capitalize

space-space-space-space-space-capitaiize

space

capitalize first letter of next string

leadirig single quote

leading double quote

leading left parenthesis

trailing double quote

trailing comma

trailing right parenthesis

trailing exclamation marl<

trailing question marl<

trailing colon

trailing semicolon

trailing period

trailing single quote

reserved (no present ap'pllcation assigned)

Table 2: Pointer codes for punctuation and other common occurrences. The codes shown here are the first 24 words in the dictionary.

entirety) are given in table 3. The first string entry in the dictionary (the word "the"), therefore, appears at decimal address 24 and is assigned hexadecimal pointer code 18. The next 103 entries (decimal addresses 25 through 127) are assigned sequential hexadecimal pointer codes from 19 through 7F. These 104 entries are the 104 most frequently used words in the

English language, according to Kucera and Francis. Together with the 24 punctuation codes, they occupy the lowest 128 addresses in the dictionary. These are the 128 addresses that can be identified with 1-byte pointers. Given that Kucera and Francis report that the 104 most frequently used words account for some 47% of written language and

Ei^TE ^^^^ Issues For Sale

The foUbwing issues are availabie:

$2,00 ea.

$2.75 ea.

$2.75 ea.

$3.25 ea.

July 76

May 78

Oct. 79

Feb, 81

Apr. 77

June 78

$3.25 ea.

Mar. 81

May 77

July 78

Nov. 79

Apr. 81

June 77

Aug. 78

Dec. 79

May 81

July 77

Sept. 78

Jan. 80

July 81

Aug. 77

Oct. 78

Mar. 80

Aug. 81

$2.75 ea.

Dec. 78

Apr. 80

Oct. 81

Sept. 77

Jan. 79

May 80

Nov. 81

Nov. 77

May 79

Jiine 80

Dec. 81

Dec. 77

June 79

July 80

$3.70 ea.

Feb. 78

July 79

Aug. 80

Mar. 82

Mar. 78

Aug. 79

Oct. 80

Apr. 78

Sept. 79

Dec. 80

Prices include postage in the US. Please add $.30 per copy for Canada and Mexico; and $2.00 per copy to foreign countries (surface delivery).

Send requests with payment to:

BYTE Magazine

70 Main St, Peterborough NH 03458 Attn: Back Issues

' Payments from foreign countries must be made In US funds payable at a US bank. * Please allow 4 weeks for domestic delivery and 8 weeks for foreign delivery.

402

BYTE S Best Qellsp List

Oarcia's Circuit Cellar, Volumes I, II, & III by Steve Ciarcia

Collections of Steve Ciarcia's perennially popular columns from BYTE Magazine, these three volumes are sure to please home computer users and electronics hobbyists. Volume I includes power conversions, programming EPROMs, remote terminal interfacing, touchinput video display, and more. Volume II, focusing on projects which interface the personal computer with the home, features useful applications such as a computer-controlled home security system, computerized appliances, input-output expansion for the TRS-80, and even a computercontrolled wood stove. Volume III offers low-cost construction projects such as an ultrasonic rangefinder, handheld remote computer control, two speech synthesizers, and a remote-control motorized platform, to name just a few.

Build Your Own Z80 Computer

This complete guide to building a working computer offers

engineers, students, and hobbyists an exciting alternative to buying a computer. With clear instructions, Steve Ciarcia fully explains how to build a basic single-board micro-computer based on the Zilog Z80 microprocessor. The finished product features a 1 K-byte operating system, serial and parallel ports, hexadecimal display, audio cassette mass storage, and easy

expansion to include a video terminal.

Circle 65 on inquiry card.

Please send

Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, Vol. I $8.00

Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, Vol. II $1 2.95

Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, Vol. Ill $ 12.95

Build Your Own Z80 Computer $1 5.95

Call Toll-Free 800/258-5420

Name

Check Enclosed

Address

Bill Visa/ MasterCard #

City

' State

Zip

Expiration Date

EliTi

70 IVIain Street Peterborough, N.H. 03458

Please add .75 per book to cover sliipping cost.

B4

because punctuation is fairly common in English, this scheme provides that a bit more than half the pointers for a typical sample of Englishlai\guage text can be only 1 byte in

Code

Address

Pointer

Dictionary

(Decimal)

(Hexadecimal)

Entry

24

0018

THE

25

0019

OF

26

001A

AND

27

001B

TO

28

001C

A

29

001D

IN

30

001E

THAT

31

001F

iS

32

0020

WAS

33

0021 •

HE

34

0022

FOR

35

0023

IT

36

0024

WITH

37

0025

AS

38

0026

HIS

39

0027

ON

40

0028

BE

1013

07 F5

KITCHFN

1014

07 F6

PRODUC

1015

07 F7

CLOTH

1016

07 F8

FAILUR

1017

07 F9

FAMOU

1018

07 FA

LONDON

1019

07FB

PUBLISH

1020

07 FC

QUICK

1021

07FD

REGARD

1022

07FE

YOU'LL

1023

07FF

ACTIY

Table 3:

Entries from th

e beginning

and end

of the dictionary of 1024

words or

word parts.

length.

The remaining 896 string entries in the dictionary are stored in truncated form. Each of these entries is the result of testing the trailing characters of an entry in Kucera and Francis's word list against each of the recognized word endings given in table 1 and lopping off the longest one from the right side of the word. The 105th entry in the dictionary, for example, is the word root "thos." This was generated by testing the 105th entry in Kucera and Francis's word list, "those," against ,the recognized word endings in table 1. The longest ending that matched was "e." Therefore, "e" was lopped off "those," leaving "thos." The rest of the dictionary was built up in the same manner except that those entries in the Kucera and Francis list that would have resulted in multiple identical entries in the dictionary were ignored. Consequently, words such as "seem," "seems," and "seemed" resulted in only a single dictionary entry, "seem." This scheme allows multiple derivative words to

be represented by a single word root in the main dictionary.

String List

The string list is created sequentially as the encoding program steps through the original text. Each time the encoder encounters a string, it strips that string of leading and trailing punctuation. The remaining string is then tested against each of the elements of the dictionary and against as much of the string list as has already been made up. If no match is found, the string is truncated by lopping off its longest recognized word ending. The dictionary and string list are then searched again. This time, if no match is found, the remaining truncated string is added to the string list.

As the string list is being created, each entry is added to the preexisting list preceded by a single byte that indicates the length of the entry. For example, if the first three entries in the string list were "boy," "day," and "happy," the string list would initially

Information 3boy3day5happy Encoded

Hexadecimal 03 02 OF 19 03 04 01 19 05 08 01, 10 10 19

Table 4: An example of a string list. This sample shows the encoding of the words "boy," "day," and "happy." A string list is a list of words and word pieces that belong in a coded passage of text but are not listed in the dictionary.

IIS IS DIGITALKER*" OUT 127,0

This is all it takes to say this or 143 other expressions with MICROMOUTH*. Absolutely no software drivers or subroutines to load. MICROMOUTH*, the latest Circuit Cellar project can be used as an emergency annunciator, as an aid for the handicapped, for process control and autonnatic nnonltorlng, and to add new dinnensions to computer games.

Sample phrases that can be programmed are: ■■THE TIME IS 4 HOURS 23 MINUTES . . .(BEEP)" ■■NUMBER 4 IS 3.47 VOLTS"

■'THE SPEED IS 100 METERS A SECOND . . SLOW DOWN " Thousands of expressions can be added by changing the ROM chips.

MICROMOUTH* is plug compatible with APPLE II and TRS-80* computers. Directions are included for,5100. H8 and parallel

port operation. •DIGITALKER is a trademark ol National Semiconduclot Corp.

Complete Kit (as stiown) $120.00 Assembled and tested:

Apple II $150.00

TRS-80 Model I w/power

supply and cable $170.00

TRS-80 Model III $200.00

•MICROMOUTH is a Irademark ot Micromini in

The MIcroMInt Inc. 917 Midway Woodmere, NY 11598 Dealer inquiries Invited.

call:

1-800-645-3479 lnN.Y.S16-374-6793

404 April 1982 © BYTE PubUcaHons Inc

Circle 266 on inquiry card.

THE ONLV BUSINESS-FEATURED

The GDC 103J-L

The only low-cost 300 bps dial modem with the same features found in modems which support business applications ...or your home computer.

Features:

• Operates over all telephone I even lines not usable by line powered units

• Data flow Indication shows transmit and receive activity

• Carrier detect indication

nes —

• Answer/Originate mode is automatically selected — no need to manually switch

• Self diagnostics with Analoop®— loops data from terminal

through modem to check operation Same high quality as our complete line of DataComm products.

For more information contact the experts at:

General DataComm Industries, Inc.

One Kennedy Avenue □anbury, CT 06810 (203)797-0711

General DataComm Industries, Inc.

General DataComm Industries (Canada) Ltd.

104-1220 Innes Road Ottawa, Ontario KIB 3V3 (613)745-9174

Local Distributors

Boston, MA (617)620-1800 Detroit, Ml (313)963-6017 Great Necl<, NY (516)482-3500

Los Alamitos, OA (213)431-4865 Los Angeles, OA (213)277-4562 Miami Lal<es, FL (305)822-6750 Midland, TX (915)682-6806

Minneapolis, MN (612)535-5330 Orlando. FL (305)859-7450

New Yorl<. NY (212)687-2455 Philadelphia, PA (215)441-8600

Norwalk, CT (203)866-0533 Rochester, NY (716)546-5060

Oklahoma City, OK (405)364-2222 Tustin, CA (714)832-9920

Circle 1d4 on Inquiry card.

BYTE April 1982 405

Models 82A, 83A & 84A from ASAP interfaces standard, all at an affordable price. These

OKIDATA's new printer line represents a breakthrough models are ideal for home or business, personal or

in economical, quality printing.,These new printers have educational applications. And now, ASAP is offering

more options and features than any previous OKIDATA these new printers at prices you won't want to miss,

.printer. Faster print speed and throughput, full 96- Compare the features below. Then call ASAP to order

character ASCII, and both Centronics and RS-232C your OKIDATA printer today. Dealer inquiries invited.

Features

Okidata 82A

80 Column Printer

Okidata 83A

136 Column Printer

Okidata 84A

136 Column Printer

Print speed

120 characters per second

120 characters per second

200 characters per second

Throughput @80 Char./line

76 lines per minute

76 lines per minute

114 lines per minute

Print technique

Bidirectional

Bidirectional

Bidirectional

Dot matrix

9x9

9x9

9x9

Character set

Full 96-character ASCII'

Full 96-character ASCII

Full 96-character ASCI!

Graphics characters

64 block characters

64 block characters

64 block characters

Interface

Centronics 8-bit parallel

Standard

Standard

OPTIONAL (Specify)

RS-232C (1200 bps)

Standard

Standard

Size (inches)

14.2WX 12.9Dx5.2H

20.2WX 12.9Dx5.2H

20.2WX 12.9D X 5.2H

Ribbon

Standard typewriter

Standard typewriter

Standard typewriter

Two New Features

2K Serial Bufferboard (RS-232)

Optional

Optional

OPTIONAL (Specify)

Okigraph, HI-RES Graphics 60 vert, x 66 horiz. dots/inch

Optidnal

Optional

Standard

Printers

Epson MX-80

80 Column Dot Matrix Printer Character set: full 96-character ASCII with

descenders

Graphics cliaracters: 64 blocl< characters

Centronics-style 8-bit parallel interface

standard; Apple, TRS-80, RS-232 interfacesoptional.

MX-80 FT/Frlctlon Feed

MX-iaO/13Z Column

CALL FOR PRICE & DELIVERY

Apple Parallel Interface:

AEI-1 W/Cable $69.95

• standard Interface

• Compatible with Epson 8, Okidata Printers

• On-board Firmware (2708) Optional Cables: $20.00 AEC-27Atari to Epson Printer TREC-2/TRS-80 to Epson/Okidata Printer RSC-1/RS-232 (male lo male)

Serial Interface SEI-I $55.00

• Asynchronous 300,1200,2400 or 9600 BPS

• Compatible with Epson Printers

• 75 to 9600 BPS

lyianufacturer/Moctel # Prin

Anadex-9501 W/2K buffer $1295.00

Diablo-630RO $209500

Cttoh Pro/Writer Call for price

Cttoh F-10 Printmaster Call for price

Texas lnstruments-810 $1650.00

Modems

IVIanulaclurer Model # Price

Novation GAT $ 149.00

Novation d-CAT $ 160.00

Novation Auto-Cal S 229.00

DC Hayes Smart Modem S 245.00

DC Hayes Micro Modem il $ 320.00 (Apple)'

DC Hayes Micro Modem 100 $ 335.00

Lexicon

Lex-11

S 139.00

Livermore

LIV-Star20M

S 149.00

UDS

UDS 103 LP

S 185.00

UDS

UDS 202 LP

$ 245.00

Monitors

iVIanulacturer

iVIodei »

Price

Amdek

100/12" BiW

$ 12500

Amdek

100-80

S 169.00

Amdek

100G/12" Grn.

$ 149.00

Amdek

Coior-113"

S 375.00

Sanyo

DM 5109CX/9"Grn.

S 17500

Sanyo

DM 5012/12" B&W

S 270.00

Sanyo

DM5112ex/12"Grn.

$ 290,00

Sanyo

DM C6013/13' Color

$ 450.00

I^enith

ZVM-121/12" Grn.

$ 115.00

406 BYTE April 1982

Circle 461 on inquiry card.

Terminals

Matiuladursr

Model H

Price

Ampex

Dialogue 80

$ 899.00

Lear Siegler

ADM-5

Call for price

Lear Siegler

ADIVI-3A

Call for price

Lear Siegler

ADM-3A*

Call for price

Lear Siegler

ADM-31

Call lor price

Lear Siegler

AOM-32

Call for price

Lear Siegler

ADM-42

Call for price

Televideo

TVI910

S 625.00

Televideo

TVI912C

S 725.00

Televideo

TVI 925

S 825.00

Televideo

TVI950C

$ 925.00

Components 4116's(200nS)/5290-3

Apple. TfiS-80. Heath

1-15 $1.85 each 50-99 S1.60 each

16- 49 $1.70 each 100 up .... S1.40 each

2114L-2/Z00nS

Low-Power IK x 4 Static RAM

1-16 ...... $2.80 each 50-99 .... $2.60 each

17- 49 .... $2;70 each 100 up ... $2.45 each

2706/450 nS

IK X 8 EPROM S.00 each or 8/$2aOO

2716/5 Volt

2KX8EPR0M $4.95 each

Support Chips

B080A-CPU... S 2.50 Z8aA-SI0 .... $2Z00

Z80A-CPU . , S 8.95 B255AC5 .... $ 6.95

Z80A-CTC ... S 8.95 B257AC5 .... $15.00

Z80A-DART .. S13.95

Regulators

320T5 S.80 320T12 S.80

340T5 S.70 340T12 $.75

Connectors

1-9

10-24

25 up

DB25P

32.25

S2.15

S2.00

DB25S

$3.25

$3.10

^90

DB2SC

$.95

$ .85

S .75

lOOPInlMSA)

Gold/S-100 Soldertail Connectors S2.60 each or 10/$2.40 each

Capacitors

1 (B) 12 Voll Ceramic 8c each or 100/S7.00

DIP Sockets —Low Profile Tin SDldertail

Oescrlptlon

1

-9

1049

50-99

100 up

14 pin tin st

S

.15

S

.13

S ,12

$ .11

16 pin tin St

S

.16

s

.14

S ,13

S ,12

18 pin tin si

s

19

s

.18

S ,16

S ,14

20 pin lin St

s

.25

s

.23

S ,21

S ,20

24 pin lin si

s

.26

s

.24

S -22

S ,20

28 pin lin si

s

32

s

30

S 29

S ,27

40 pin tin si

s

.42

s

.40

S ,38

S ,34

SYSTEIVIS WITH SPiCE from CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEIVIS

FOR APPLE ir" USERS

Synchronaus Serial Interface

Part Number 7712A Price: $149.00

Prognmmable Timer

Pail Number 7440A Price $ 95.00

Asynchronoui Serial interface

Part Number 7710A Price: $139.00

Calenilar/Clocl( itlcdule

Part Number 7424 Price: S 99,00

2'M Digit BCD A-lo D Converter

Part Number 7470A Price: S 95.00

I2K ROM/PROM IVIodule

Pan Number 7114A Price: $ 85.00

Parallel Interface

Part Number 7720A Price 5125,00

Arithmetic Processor

Part Number 7811A Price: $349.00

Centnmlcs PrlMar inMiea

Part Number 7728A Price: $125.00

FOR S-100 USERS

32K Static RAM Board

Part Number 2032C Pnce: $610,00

16K Static RAM Board

Part Number 2116C Price: S290.00

64K Dynamic RAM Board

Part Number 2065C Price: $550.00

Z80A CPU Board

Part Number 2810A Price: 5265,00

Floppy Disk Controller

Part Number 2422A Price: 5365,00

CP/M" Version 2.2 Free W/ith Purchase S-in Mainframe

Part Number 2200A Price: $47500

2201A(220VAC) $475.00

S-100 Mottierboard

Part Number 2501A Price: 8150.00

4-Port Serial I/O Interface

Part Number 2710A Price: $245.00

2-Serlal. 2-Parallel I/O Board

Part Number 2719A Price: 5275 OO

4'Pcrt Parallel I/O Board

Part Number 2720A Price: $19500

Cabinets*

CABSV — Single cabinet for either Shugart or Qume 5'/<". floppy disl< drives

(cabinet only) $ 75.00

CAB8H — Dual cabinet for 8" floppy disk drives

(horizontal mounting) $ 225.00

CAB8V — Cabinet for 8" floppy disi< drives

(vertical mounting) $ 225.00

CAB8\//2F-9SMB — Desk top cabinet for (2) 8" Shugart or Qume floppy disk drives. 9-slot motherboard, card cage, fan. dust tiller, power supply, and all power and drive cables ... Call for price

ASAP also provides a full line of high-reliabilily disk drive subsystems with either Shugart or Qume floppy disk drives Call for price

"All cabinets come complete wlthpovi/ersupply,

fan and internal cables.

Microbyte Boards Z80A/I-0 CPU Board

• A complete single board Z80A CPU with

serial/parallel interface (2) Ser. 0) Parallei

• Fully compatible with proposed IEEE S-100 Bus Standard

• Z80A CPU (4MHz version of the 280)

$329.00 Assembled & Tested Optional Monitor Program $40.00

64K Dynamic RAM Board

• Fully S-100 bus compatible (4 MHz)

• 64K X 8 bit dynamic RAM

• Low power: *8VDC @ 700 mA ♦16VDG @ 100 mA -16VDC@25mA

• Built-in capacity with LED indicator and vector interrupt

$475.00 Assembled & Tested

Floppy Disk Controller

• DMA to within 16 Mbyte of memory

• State-of-the-art NEC765 LSI Controller

• IEEE S-100 compatible

• DMA arbitration allows use of multiple

boards within a system

$329.00 Assembled 8. Tested •CP/M $150.00 Available (Optional) 4-Port I/O Board

• Quad RS-232-C serial ports. One 20 mA

current loop port

• Fully IEEE S-100 bus compatible

• Asynchronous communications with Z80A-DART'" or synchronous communications with Z8OA-SIO/0'"

• Full sel of modem control signals, including Rl (Ring Indicator)

• Easily configurable to any lype ol terminal interlace

$265.00 Assembled & Tested Cables Available (Optional) •CP/m« Trade Mark of Digital Researctl

ATARI COMPUTER PRODUCTS ATARI 800

(16K) Personal Business Computer Features:

• Computer console

• Atari 8K basic

• 57 full stroke alpha-numeric keyboard with four function keys

• Operator's manual

• RF modulator

• Power supply Call for price

ATARI 400 $349J)0

Atari Optlonai Accessories

Model«

Oeacriplion

Price

810

$ 455.00

820

40 Column Dot

Matrix Printer ....

$ zrasx)

822

40 Column Thermal

. .$ 299.00

825 80 Column Dot

Matrix Printer 5 625.00

830 Acoustic Modem 5 159.00

850 Intertace Module 5 169.00

410 Cassette Recorder $ 80.00

CX30-04 Paddle Conlrols $ 17.95

CX40-04 Joysticks (pair) $ 17;95

INTRODUCING ASAP's

Atari 800 16K RAM Module: $55.00

1 year warranty parts & labor

Software

Datcrlptlon Price Atari

Basketball 5 30 00

Super Breakout S 30.00

Chess S 32.00

Video Easel $ 25.00

3-D Tic Tac Toe $ 25.00

Star Raiders $ 36.00

Asteroids $ 32.00

Music Composer $ 42.00

Educational ROM $ 19.95

Assembler/Editor $ 4500

Telelink I $ 24.00

Space Invaders $ 30.00

Kingdom $ 12.95

Missile Command $ 3200

Biorhythm S 12.95

Graph It 5 17,95

Energy Czar 5 12,95

Mailing List S 19.95

Touch Typing $ 19.95

Stock Charting $ 19,95

Slock Analysis $ 19,95

Bond Analysis $ 19,95

Word Processor $119.00

Personal Finance $ 64.95

Microsoft BASIC $ 75.00

Oataaan

Atari Mailing List Disk 19.95

Atari Character Generator Disk 16.95

Text Wizard Disk 89.95

Micropainter Album 1 Disk 16.95

Micropalnter Album 2 Disk 16.95

Le Slick Accessory 30.00

Innovallve Design Sallwani, IlK.

Pool 1.5 HI-RES S28.95

Dn-Llne Systems

HI-RES Adv #0 — Mission: Asteroid Disk 19.95

HI-RES Adv 112-Was, Princess Disk . . 25.00

RoadworkDisk 29.95

Jawbreaker Disk 25.00

Softporn Adventure (X-rated) Disk .... 25.00

The Next Step Disk 29.95

Personal Software

Visicalc Disk 169.00

FOR HOME {NTERTAINMENT SYSTEMS

Actlvlslon

Dragster Cartridge 19.95

Boxing Cartridge 19.95

Checkers Cartridge 19.95

Fishing Derby Cartridge 19.95

Skiing Cartridge 19.95

Bridge Cartridge 25.00

Tennis Cartridge 19.95

Laser Blast Cartridge 19.95

Freeway Cartridge 19.95

Kaboom! Cartridge 19.95

Stampede Cartridge 19.95

Ice Hockey Cartridge 25.00

Arcade Plus

Ghost Hunter (Cassette) $ 25.00

Ghost Hunter (Disk) $30.00

DISKEHES from ASAP

Verbatim

5'A' Dlskeltes

Part/f

Sector

Price

M0525-01

Soft

Haril in

M0525-16

Hard 16

10/S27.50

8" Diskettes

FD32-1000

Hard

1D/S3S 00

FD34-1000

Soft'

Memorex

S'A" aiskelles

Part #

Side/Dens Sector

Price

MEM 3481

t/Dbl Soft

10/526,50

MEM 3483

1/Dbl Hard 10

10/526,50

MEM 3485

1/Dbl Hard 16

10/S26.50

8-Diskettes

MEM 3060

1/Sgl Soft

10/$35.00

MEM 3101

2/Sgl Soft

10/545,00

MEM 3090

1/Dbl Soil

10/545,00

MEM 3102

2/Dbl Soft

10/555.00

Scotch 3M

Part*

Slda/Dm Stctar

Price

744-0

1/Sgl Soft

10/133,00

744-10

1/Sgl Hard 10

10/533,00

744-16

1/Sgl ' Hard 16

10/533,00

745-0

2/Dbl Soft

10/559.00

745-10

a/Dhl Hflrii in

in/««inn

r*ro-fO

ctuot naiu ID

1U/9ay.UU

Maxell

5'/4'Dl8kitles

Part#

Side/Dens Sector

Price

MD1

l/Sgl Soft

10/S35.00

MD2D

2/Dbl Soft

10/549.00

MH1

f/Sgl Hard 16

10/$39.00

MH2D

2/Dbl Hard 16

10/S55.0d

8" Diskettes

FD1-128

FH1-32

1/Sgl Soft 32

10/$45.00

FD2-XD

2/Dbl Soft

io/$55.ao

Elephant IVIemory Systems

Part*

side/Dsns Sector

Price

EMS-1

1/Sgl Soft

$25.00

EMS 2

1/Dbl Soft

10/527.50

EMS 3

f/Dbl Hard 10

10/$2750

EMS 4

1/Dbl Hard 16

10/S2750

EMS 5

2/Dbl Soft

10/533.00

EMS 6

2/Dbl Hard fO

10/533.00

EMS 7

2/Obl Hard 16

10/533.00

SRW

Madia Storage Cases

Part*

Size

Price

SRW4

5V."

$2.50 ea.

SRW-^

8"

$325 ea.

All prices subject to cliange without notice. Call for best price.

ASAP offers a 30^ay buyer protection policy: full money-back guarantee if not

totally satisfied.

Ordering Information: name, address, plione, ship by. UPS or Mail. Shipping charge; add $2.50 up to 1 ib. for UPS blue; add $1.50 for U.S. Mali (U.S. only) ($25.00 minimum order). Call for larger shipments.

Terms: We accept casfi. cfieck, money orders, Visa & Master Charge (U.S. Funds only). Tax: 6% Calif, res. CCD's and terms available on approval (school PO's accepted). ■

computer ■ products, ina

1198 E. Willow St., Signal Hill, CA 90806

Toll free outside California:

(800)421-7701

inside California:

2131 595-6431 714 891-2663

Circle 461 on inquiry card.

BYTE April 1982 407

circle 290 on Inquiry card.

MB C SYSTEMS

(203) 342-2747

Inc.

COMPUTERS

ONYX C8002

256K 10 MEG HD $13590 " '• 18 MEG HD $14990

ALTOS SYSTEMS

ACS 8000-2 1 MEG FD $2990 ACS 8000-6 14 MEG HD $8990 ACS 8000-10 10 MEG HD $6895

COMMODORE

CBM 9000 SUPERPET $1699 CBM 8300 LETTER QUALITY $1990 CBM-64 CP/M,64K,GRAPHIC $ TEA CBM 8023 (132COL,150CPS)S 799 CBM 8052 2 MED FD $ TBA

ATARI

800 16K $ 749

400 16K $ 349

ZENITH

Z-S9 GA $2068 Z-89 ALL-IN-ONE-SYSTEM $2275

HEWLETT-PACKARD

HP-85 $2395 HP-83 $1790 HP CALCULATORS - 20% OFF $$$

XEROX SYSTEMS

810 5 1/4 FLOPPY SYS $2395 820 8 " FLOPPY SYS $2990

NORTH STAR

HRZ-1Q-64K-HD5 SAVE $1600 $$$ ADVANTAGE 64K-QD $3550

INTEBTEC SUPBRBRAIN

64K-DD $2775 64K-QD $3180

DISKETTES

SINGLE SIDE (BOX OP 10) $24.50

DOUBLE SIDE (BOX OF 10) $35.00

CABLES- RS232 M/M 6' $17.95

M/F 6' $18 .95

PRINTERS

OLYMPIA ES-lOO TYPEWRITER

WITH,RS-232,PARALLEL,IEEE $1250

IDS PRISM-80 (200CPS) F/T S 999

560-G 132COL

PRISM-132 COLOR CENTRONICS 739-1 739-3

OKIDATA MICROLINE 82A MICROLINE B3A EPSON MX-eO,MX80-F/T,MX-lOO $$$ IN STOCK INCLUDING CARDSiCABLES ALWAYS COMPETITIVELY PRICED SS C. ITOH S1499 DIABLO 630 $1990 NEC SPINWRITER 7710/7730 $2590 NEC SPINWRITER 3510/3530 $1950 NEC SPINWRITER 7720 KSR $2890 ANADEX 9500/9501 $1199

$1090 F/T $1690

$ 560 S 6 75 $ 495 $ 749

TERMINALS

TELEVIDEO 920C 912C 950

ZENITH Z-19

$ 775 $ 695 $1050 $ 820

ABOVE ITEMS MAY BE ORDERED BY MAIL OR PHONE. FACTORY SEALED, MANUFACTURERS WARRANTY INCLUDED PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE

(203) 342-2747

MULTI-BUSINESS COMPUTER SYSTEMS

28 HARLBOROUGB STREET PORTLAND, COim. 0S480

INC,

TWX/TELEX 710-428-6345 408 April 1982 © BYTE PuUications Inc

read as shown in table 4. ASCII reserves the lower hexadecimal values for control codes, but those codes have no function in the string list. It turns out to be more efficient to give the 90 printable characters hexadecimal codes ranging from 01 to 5A and to reserve the 165 higher codes of SB through FF for multiple character representations. No extensive or systematic research has been undertaken

to identify the most efficient use of these 165 codes, but the following scheme was adopted and employed simply because it seemed reasonable.

Casual inspection of a typical sample of English-language text suggests that, within words, vowels are rarely separated by more than two consonants and that consonants are rarely separated by more than two vowels. This leads to the observation

Hexadecimal

Hexadecimal

Hexadecimal

Code

Digraph

Code

Digraph

Code

Digraph

5B

BA

92

PE

C9

EH

5C

BE

93

PI

CA

EL

bU

bl

94

PO

CB

El

bt

bU

95

PU

CC

EN

br

Ol 1

bU

96

PY

CD

EP

bU

D V

bY

97

RA

CE

ER

bl

O A

OA

98

RE

CF

ES

62

Ob

99

Rl

DO

ET

63

Ol

9A

RO

D1

EV

64

CO

9B

RU

D2

EW

65

(^U

90

RY

D3

IB

66

CY

9D

SA

D4

10

67

DA

9E

SE

D5

ID

CQ OO

ub

9F

SI

D6

IF

CO

by

Ul

AO

SO

D7

IG

C A

bA

L)(J

A1

SU

D8

SH

bb

UU

A2

SY

D9

IL

bU

nv U Y

A3

TA

DA

IM

bU

C A

rA

A4

TE

DB

IN

bb

rb

A5

Tl

DC

IP

6F

PI

A6

TO

DD

IR

70

FO

A7

TU

DE

IS

71

FU

A8

TY

DF

IT

72

FY

A9

VA

EO

KV

73

GA

AA

VE

E1

IW

74

GE

AB

VI

E2

OB

75

Gl

AC

VO

E3

OC

76

GO

AD

SH

E4

OD

77

GU

AE

VY

E5

OF

78

OY

AF

WA

E6

OG

79

HA

BO

WE

E7

OH

7A

KE

B1

Wl

E8

OL

7B

HI

B2

WO

E9

OM

7C

HO

B3

QU

EA

ON

7D

HU

B4

WY

EB

OP

7E

HY

B5

AB

EC

OR

7F

LA

B6

AC

ED

OS

80

LE

B7

AD

EE

OT

81

LI

88

AF

EF

OV

82

LO

B9

AG

FO

ow

83

LU

BA

AH

F1

UB

84

LY

BB

AL

F2

uc

85

MA

BO

AM

F3

UD

86

ME

BD

AN

F4

UB

87

Ml

BE

AP

F5

UG

88

MO

BF

AR

F6

TH

89

MU

CO

AS

F7

UL

8A

MY

CI

AT

F8

UM

8B

NA

C2

AV

F9

UN

8C

NE

C3

AW

FA

UP

8D

Nl

C4

EB

FB

UR

8E

NO

C5

EC

FC

US

8F

NU

C6

ED

FD

UT

90

NY

C7

EF

FE

EX

91

PA

08

EG

FF

ST

Table 5: A list of 165

common digraphs

(two-letter

combinations).

"Without touching your program I can move it to and from Z80, LSI-IT," 8086, 6502, 8080, 6809, 68000 and 9900-based computers."

JULIE ERWIN, Vice President, Marketing SofKch Mirosystems, Inc.

Y'ou can do it too, with SofTech Microsystems' unique software development and execution environment, the UCSD p-System™.

Our UCSD p-System is the only genuinely machine-independent operating system for 8-bit and 16-bit microcomputers. And to over 50,000 end-users and scores of applications developers it is the one proven, reliable answer to software obsolescence.

For software development, it allows you to work in any

combination of UCSD Pascal™, FORTRAN-77, BASIC, and assembly language. It provides support for dynamic memory management and multitasking, with a full arsenal of powerful enhancements, such as a versatile Screen Editor, Native Code Generators, a Print Spooler, TURTLEGRAPHICS and XenoFile™, for easy access to CP/M® disks and files.

Users report that our UCSD p-System's friendly, fast and compact execution environment

makes it their first choice in software. So whether you're buying or developing software for your IBM, Apple"', Tandy, Commodore, Texas Instruments, Philips or any other small computer, your best move is to our UCSD p-System. Nothing else touches it.

Our UCSD p-System is available for distribution licensing as well as single copy purchase. Visa and MasterCard orders are welcome, or you may write to us for more details.

UCSD p-System and UCSD Pascal are trademarks of the Regents of the University of California. LSl ll is a trademark of Digital Equipment Corporation, XenoFile is a trademark of SofTech Microsystems, Inc. CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc. Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

miCROSvsTems

n suBsiDinnv of soptech

9494 Black Mountain Road, San Diego, CA 92126. (714) 578.6105 TWX: 910-335-1594

Circle 466 on Inquiry card.

Information Encoded

b o

Hexadecimal 03 5E 19 03 67 19 C9 BE 96

Table 6: An example of a more compactly coded string list. This example uses the same words as table 4 but compresses all possible two-letter combinations into 1 byte as given by the entries of table 5. The encoding of the 2 bytes representing "5h " into the single byte, hexadecimal C9, is not a mistake; this will be interpreted correctly by the decoding algorithm.

that words are largely composed of a

series of consonant-vowel or vowelconsonant digraphs. Table 5 is. a list of 165 such digraphs. Notice that within table 5 a few of the less likely consonant-vowel and vowel-consonant digraphs have been replaced by a few of the more likely consonantconsonant digraphs. Each digraph is assigned one of the hexadecimal codes from 5B through FF.

After the encoder has stepped through the entire original text and created the complete string list, it is possible to shorten the string list by scanning it for each of the digraphs

coded in table 5 and, when a recognized digraph is found, abbreviating it to the appropriate single-byte hexadecimal code. The result is that the string list of "boy," "day," and "happy" is compressed into the string shown in table 6.

Notice that the hexadecimal code for the "5" preceding "happy" is 05. The hexadecimal code for the letter "e" is also 05. So far as the compressing routine is concerned, there is no difference between "5" and "e," so the "5" and the "h" in "happy" end up being compressed into the digraph "eh" and assigned the hexadecimal

code C9. When the encoded text is being decoded and the logical inverse of the compressing routine is being performed, the "5" reappears to serve its indexing function. Compressing the string list in this manner reduces its length by about 30 %.

An Application

To demonstrate the practical application of binary-coded text, I have reduced a copy of the Gettysburg Address from normally encoded text to binary-coded text. A copy of the original appears in table 7. The resulting binary-coded-text pointer list and string list appear in table 8. In normal character-byte format, the original text occupies 1474 bytes of memory. The pointer list and string occupy 486 and 136 bytes respectively, or a total of 42% of the length of the original text. Table 9 shows the reconstruction of the first line of the Gettysburg Address from the binarycoded text.

TERMINALS

J-^ADDS-s^f J VIEWPOINT

IQ

SOROC

120

fUkCTORY WARRANTY

on cm und k^rtM, lOH All«hm uncomfltiv

HS9.00

DISKETTE «SALE>>

Wabash:

534-"/

«• K 524.90 Bincli—«

SS/SD: More Avail. QTY. PRICE AVAI

SPECIALS

ZENITH ZVM-121 VilHMuiliilGreen!!

IS Hi if

^ 118.50 82SS —•5i95

8748-8-**31j00 3341PC^'2.00

MMsoeo^ 35c

MC6800 —*7.75 MC6802 - *1495 MC6850 ^'A.SO MCt

S2

I.e.

MASTER

$59-95

CARDS

MiCROSOf T

Z80,

RAM

V6000

VIOCX

VIDEOTERM

REAL-TIME CLOCK CALENDAR (MSM5832)

t«tl«m Mono Ualal OaM CWOS I C Fiilwn

TifTw. Month. Date. Waar. 4 DayolWkak ■euaOrianlad

• Bit Data a,. tj Atl

■X/WHoldSalac • «'S«Ci •Intar Signal XTAL ■32766KI>r ilal CMral. t 'SvPowSup. 'Low RDMiaf DIttipatlon

GLOBAL LPK-1:

Logic Probe Kit-comptete nothing extra to buy Min. pulse width 300nsec.

10 Saim II liiiiiiiiicii

THE MPD1171

turns an ordinary outlet intoa conirolled potmr source I

*7a50

0UW-T8/2 Logical DEV. "EPROU-Erascr"

•EraseuptolSEPROM'S

in 30min.

COMPUTERS

ATARI" 800^" COMPUTER SYSTEM

4(K)w/16K »350 00 800W/16K »699.00

800 Computer w/48K ^825.00

ATARI PERIPHERALS:

Printer"82B"- 650PO ■ Disk Dr."810- 48&0O ' Re<:ord.-410- 82PO ', Paddle I pr.) Joystickipr)'' 32k RAM- 17395 Basic Cart.- 4aoo

> 16.95

Asteroids ^ Missle Corr^S 32.50 Sup Brk.Out Assem. Edit - 49.oo star Raklers- 45;» Basketball- 28PO Chess-3290

♦ MONITORS*

ZENITH ID 12in.1BMHz.

J.C.S. [2]

12in. 18MHz.

amdekS

12in.12MHz. 13in Colorr—1

M_

1. Green Phos

Hi-Res —• Z.Green Phos.

Hi-Res

Non glare

' Hi^?"""*}***-?* f

3a. Lo-Res.

CONCORD

COMPUTER PRODU

1971 so. STATE COLLEGE _^ ANAHEIM, CALIF 92806 fi\<^

(714)937-0637 -""^T

CHECK — MA) \0^^»\^ V

'^'^ NO COD

'10.MIN ORDER. CA HES ADD 6FHT

COMPONENTS 74 800

SN7400N 18

SN7402N 22

SN7404N 21

SN7408N 22

SN7410N 18

SN74i2N 20

SN74t3N 22

5N74I4N 29

SN7416N 27

SN7417N 29

SN7420N 17

SN7425N 20

SN7430N 17

SN7437N 28

SN7438N 24

SN7440N 18

SN7442N 45

SN7443N 42

SN7445N 84

SN74S1N 19

SN7454N 19

SN7474N 27

SN74 7 5N 36

74LS00

SN7482N SN7492N SN7493N SN749aN SN749aN SN74122N SN7413aN SN74141N SN741S1N SN741S3N SN74154N SN7415SN SN741S7N 5N74180N SN74161N SN741ft3N SN74164N SN7416SN SN74174N SN7417SN 5N74180N SN74181N SN74393N

too

I 3S

74LS00 74LS02 74LS03 74LS04 74LS06 74LS0e MLS09 74LS10 74LS14 74LS20 74LS21 MLS28 74LS27 74LS28 74LS30 74LS32 74LS38 74LS42 74LS4d 74LS74 74LS75 74L586 74LSe0 74LS93 74LS9e 74LS107 74 LS113 74LS122 74 LSI 2 3 74LS125 74LS126 74LS138 74LS130

74LS158 74LS181 74LS182 74LS183

74LS184 .86

7415165 .85

7«LS18ft 1.S6

74 LSI 70 1.75

74LS174 .86

M LSI 75 .85

74LS190 85

74LS191 1,25

74LSie5 96

74L5197 78

MLS221 1.25

nL8240 185

74 L5241 1.85

74 LS243 1 55

74 LS244 t.Sfi

74 L5245 2 45

74LS251 1 25

M LS2S3 85

MLS2S7 86

74 LS259 t 96

74LS280 55

74 LS273 1 55

74 LS279 45

74 LS290 1 25

74 LS293 1 86

74 LS3e6 86 74 LS387 74LS373 74 LS3M

74 LS377 1 25 74lSM« 74LSe70

83 "

2102 4B0N8

74SOO 74502 74S03 74S04 74SOS 74S10 74SI5 74S20 74S22 74S30 74S37 74550 74SS1 74S64 74S74 74586 745112 745132

2708 3.25W 8 lOr 2.96m 2716 S^M 8 tor SJ»M 2732 12.06m 4 tar11J30M

41W 200ns. 18/

2n4L 300HS 225m 4tar LOOM 200HS 245m 4toi 2.00m

2111 450NS 2.fiOMtttar 2iX}M

MISC. cont'il

745138 74S140 74S158 74S174 74S175 74S183

745189 4 36

74S201 6 75

74S240 2 75

74S344 2 96

745251 2 75

74S267 2 95

745288 2 96

745299 5 75

745470 9 25

745471 9 50

745473 9 50

745474 9 SO

1 45

1 86

8T20 8r2B 8212 8218

l84106Cfl

IT410miAC

7906

7908

71M5

7918

7806

7808

7808

7812

MC1330A1P MCISSOP MCt358P LM3a0

» 1103A .75

2AS UPDTSS 19lS5

4.M controilr

-B6 ULH2001

.06

tao

tao

1-88 DOOM

100 D300I

1.96 1.40 1.50 1.56 1.06 1.06 1.06

I.e.

SOCKETS

1075.30 HV5.70 KV8 70 KV9.70 KV12.70

»m.7o wirjo

8 W/t.20 I

14 10/1.30 I

16 KV1.40 I

18 KV1.S0 I

20 KV2.70 I

23 1072.70 I

24 10/2.70 I 28 WSilol 40 W3J0|

CPUs

I Z - 80 7.96

Z 8CM etc 10.50

Z BOA CPU 10 50

Z 80 002 ie-84K 129XW I

HA 13.50 I 2001A 7.50

UC8800 9.50

410 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 124 on inquiry card.

PUT YOUR APPLE TO WORK FOR YOU!

WITH THE THUNDERCLOCK PLUS™

As an APPLE user you already know all the things your APPLE can do. Now Thunderware expands that list with the THUNDERCLOCK PLUS, the complete clock/calendar system for your APPLE! Your programs can read the month, date, day-of-week, hour, minute, and second in any of APPLE'S languages. On-board batteries keep your THUNDERCLOCK running accurately when your APPLE is off - for up

to 4 years before battery replacement. But that's just the beginning. 'W^ 12

The THUNDERCLOCK PLUS is the most useful and versatile peripheral V you can put in your APPLE. It can keep your disk files organized by ^ 1^ ^'

time-and-date-stamping them, it enhances the usability of many of the % 1l 7 q 5

new business/professional software packages for accounting, filing, and time management, and it can remotely control lights and appliances ll^L

for security or display purposes in your business or home. miigt ■ mmmim'

SOFTWARE PRODUCT COMPATIBILITY fgMj^l^

Many of today's important software packages for data-base

management, business applications, communications, and time management are designed to use the THUNDERCLOCK PLUS. If you have or plan to purchase any of these packages, a THUNDERCLOCK will greatly

enhance their usefulness.

•VISIDEX* (Personal Software) •DB MASTER and MICRO-MEMO (Stoneware) •MICRO-COURIER and MICROTELEGRAM (Microcom) •THE CASHIER and THE STORE MANAGER (High Technology) •BUSINESS PLUS and

NET-WORKS (Advanced Data Systems) ...and many others!

_ I THUNDERWARE'S DOS-DATER

Our new DOS-DATER software upgrades the regular DOS on ..,.-,,„— your disks so that DOS will use the THUNDERCLOCK to timeImMik ^BSiwffil^l and-date-stamp disk files. Every time a program is saved or a file is

modified, the current date and time to the minute are stored in the CATALOG with the file's name. You can tell at a glance when a program was saved or when any file was last modified. And this s^f^ffi^^H tifne/date stamping feature is completely automatic. That means Wy .y iW^rPRj^M any program which uses DOS will time/date stamp its files!

REMOTE CONTROL

Add Thunderware's X-10 INTERFACE OPTION to your THUNDERCLOCK PLUS and your APPLE can control lights and appliances through your BSR X-10 Home Control System on your pre-defined schedules. Our powerful SCHEDULER software allows you to create and modify

schedules easily and execute them in the 'background', while usingyour APPLE for other tasks in the'foreground'. Use your APPLE for energy management, display and security lighting, or laboratory/process control.

Our PASCAL Software lets you use all the THUNDERCLOCK'S features in PASCAL and sets the F)iler date whenever you boot.

You get all this versatility in just one peripheral system. Backed by a full one year warranty. See your APPLE dealer for a demonstration, or contact us for more information. We'll give your APPLE the best time around!

Suggested retail prices:

THUNDERCLOCK PLUS $139 THUNDERWARE, INC.

X-10 INTERFACE OPTION . $49 P O- 13322

PASCAL SOFTWARE DISK $29 °^^lT^'*l.c^,%^^^

(415)-652-1737

DOS-DATER/DEMO DISK $29

MANUALS ONLY.each $5

•Requires software supplied on DOS-DATER/DEMO disk.

Distributed by Apple Computer, Inc. bsk x-io is a ir.Kic.m.,rk of bsr (usai ltd.

and Computerland Corp. apple 11 is a irademark of APPLE COMPUTER, INC

*A 006 *A 006 *A 004 *A 004 *B 003 *B 005 *B 002 *B 004 *A 007

*A on

*I 009

HELLO CLOCK FRAME DISK BACKOFF SCREEN TCPUTIL SDTIME.O ADIGCLK SET T IDIG

Four score and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that ali men are created equal.

Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.

But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate—we can not consecrate—we can not hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth.

jXable 7: The Gettysburg Address prior to encoding in binary-coded-text form as in I table 8.

(8a)

04

13

64

98

70

12

F6

D4

62

EG

07

81

50

12

A8

07

A4

03

98

CI

05

CC

73

74

6F

CA

04

04

94

12

F6

BB

D4

EA

9E

03

97

14

06

79

FF

9B

07

07

DC

07

68

14

F9

6F

8D

D8

03

8E

02

6D

C9

EA

EC

C6

D1

EE

06

98

C4

DD

F6

06

92

99

D8

00

EA

A5

8C

OE

14

07

64

OE

68

69

61

F6

10

9A

94

9F

CC

6B

12

OB

5B

14

14

80

A6

74

F6

04

6F

14

A3

2D

OC

82

17

04

02

97

16

07

97

03

14

06

70

12

74

F6

04

A9

OE

03

04

A3

13

OB

AO

OC

16

02

69

04

A9

DB

(8b)

02

92

02

80

F6

02

81

08

ID

84

08

1A

87

A8

F4

07

E4

07

C9

01

74

4B

83

A8

40

2F

07

05

40

33

A2

F1

1C

F1

03

00

3F

EC

D3

IE

08

80

88

1A

09

ID

10

8F

54

2E

00

8F

18

91

F8

8E

BA

FO

09

33

9C

C2

IB

A7

AE

FO

09

E9

09

30

23

54

IF

22

A8

01

BA

FO

18

18

4B

96

98

97

FO

00

85

A8

08

IE

31

00

1B

IE

OF

F5

F7

19

9A

78

58

98

01

E6

2C

99

74

09

19

00

DD

05

18

81

F1

09

F4

04

OF

00

F8

lA

BA

06

00

27

2C

82

00

85

A8

IB

OF

00

02

63

09

93

86

CA

1A

4B

85

A8

27

10

9F

01

IB

85

F8

10

05

84

81

F1

IE

00

99

74

08

07

IE

40

02

86

F2

09

F8

8E

08

40

01

09

00

EO

8F

A8

23

09

04

32

93

08

03

90

01

A7

96

01

00

94

18

EO

83

09

95

A8

8F

01

A8

01

23

IF

IB

18

9F

01

58

99

A8

9B

00

22

36

35

8E

08

IE

00

02

2E

33

90

95

01

AC

02

8E

00

1A

IE

22

00

18

81

FF

FF

F5

EO

FB

02

08

1C

57

99

18

86

78

IE

40

2F

88

A8

C2

00

IE

99

09

54

00

90

8A

08

19

IE

8B

78

19

IE

22

80

F1

45

9D

01

EO

F3

00

70

5F

20

40

54

2E

85

54

2E

90

08

83

1A

98

04

D8

01

00

01

01

18

8A

01

05

09

4D

40

08

4D

35

6F

81

02

09

00

36

35

33

00

81

C2

22

A8

98

08

F2

86

04

40

A9

F1

08

F2

18

90

40

BA

FO

BE

A8

ID

00

9D

09

E6

02

33

DO

21

19

18

F1

E6

02

2E

09

66

84

64

74

09

83

A8

SB

8E

01

2F

ID

1C

9F

01

74

32

61

99

01

89

F8

01

09

01

OF

00

DE

02

09

25

BA

FO

08

F2

01

23

IF

80

OF

00

02

30

F8

8E

08

40

20

FB

03

01

09

45

92

A8

F2

66

89

06

46

85

F1

00

BA

01

BA

FO

BA

FO

01

23

18

28

85

A8

84

E2

D8

01

01

18

28

BA

71

A8

■01

BE

E8

A3

9A

78

01

95

03

E9

91

98

F8

IE

08

8E

08

IE

10

57

9E

08

81

F1

09

2A

9F

08

31

18

Table 8: The Gettysburg Address in binary-coded-text form. Table 8a is the string list for the Address; table 8b is the pointer list. Tabh 9 shows how the first words of the Address are decoded.

Limitations

While binary-coded text offers a significant potential for savings in media eosts, it is not without its negative considerations. Encoding and decoding require time and memory. Also, the strategies that binarycoded text incorporates for the economic storage of traditional English text do not prove nearly so efficient when applied to irregular language or technical jargon.

The time and memory devoted to encoding and decoding are not as great as they might appear. Encoding is by far the lei\gthier of the two processes. The work that I did in developing the encoder was done on a Radio Shack TRS-80, which takes just under 30 seconds to encode the Gettysburg Address. Decoding the Gettysburg Address, on the other hand, takes only a few seconds. Inasmuch as any given piece of text needs to be encoded only once and thereafter can be stored for decoding an indefinite number of times, the time devoted to encoding is not necessarily a significant consideration. Decoding takes place at a rate far in excess of human reading speed, so the decoding time is irrelevant in any configuration in which it is being performed by a dedicated unit (such as an intelligent terminal or a microcomputer). The size of the encoder or decoder may or may not be a limiting factor: the encoder and decoder together, including the dictionary, occupy just under lOK bytes.

The fact that the string list is limited to 1024 entries does not really limit the size of the text that can be reduced to binary-coded text. A string list of 1024 entries is probably large enough to accommodate a text of approximately 10,000 words. The encoder can simply treat a text of 20,000 words as if it were two separate texts of 10,000 words each and create a separate string list for each "text." Regardless of the number of string lists the encoder has to generate, the ratio of storage requirements for character-byte text to storage requirements for binarycoded text should remain relatively constant at a ratio of arotmd 5:2.

412 April 198^© BYTE Publications Inc

1. The first line of the Gettysburg Address (as it appears on a 64-character wide display):

l6l6l6bl6Fouri6scorei6ahdbseveni6yearsi6ago,i6ouri6fathersl6broughti6forth(lf-Gr)

2. The string list for the first line of text of the Gettysburg Address: 4 s c r f r

Information Encoded Hexadecimal Code

c r f r t 0 5 o h 04 13 64 98 70 12 FS

3. The pointer list for the first line of the Gettysburg Address. (Note that the 2-byte pointers appear in less-signlf ioant-byte/more-slgnlf Icant-byte order. Each separate pointer code has been underscored to assist the reader in distinguishing 1- and 2-byte codes.)

02 92 02 80 F8 1A BA 06 F5 EO FB 02 09 66 84 64 F6 02 81 08 00

Decoded:

02

92 02

80 F8 1A

BA 06 F5 EO FB 02 09 66

84 64 F6 02

81 08

00

indent and capitalize first letter next word 16161616b

dictionary address 274 plus null word ending fourl6

string list address 0 plus "e" word ending scor + el6 ■

dictionary address 26 plus null word ending andl6

dictionary address 826 plus null word ending sevenb

dictionary address 117 plus "s" word ending year + sl6

dictionary address 379 plus null word ending ago

trailing comma ,16

dictionary address 102 plus null word ending oUrb

dictionary address 516 plus "ers" word ending_ .fath + ersb

dictionary address 374 plus null word ending ' broughtb

string list address 1 plus null word ending forth b linefeed/carriage return

Table 9: Reconstruction of the first line of the Gettysburg Address from the binarycoded text of table 8.

Due to the fact that binary-coded

text relies so heavily on its dictionary of frequently used words, its efficiency will necessarily suffer when it is confronted with atypical character strings. One tactic for coping with this problem is to use different dic

tionaries for different categories of texts. In fact, this enhances the efficiency of binary-coded text in general. A list of the 1000 most frequently used words to be found in a library of computer-science journals, for example, will be significantly dif

ferent from a list of the 1000 most frequently used words in a collection of back issues of the New York Times. There is no logical obligation to encode all texts on the basis of the same dictionary. The only requirement of binary-coded text is that the decoding program have available the same dictionary as was used during encoding. ■

The complete encoded dictionary is available from the author for $10.

Not tor sale in any bookstore! I*Iot available at any price! The new Consumer Information Catalog!

It's the free booklet that lists over 200 helpful Federal publications; more

than half, free. On topics like home repairs. Money management. Nutntion. Information that could help you to a better way of life To get your tree copy, justYrtite:

(XlNSDMrnonfORIUIION CENTER, DEFr.E FDEBI<0,GOU>RADO BIOMT

€liVB^ General Services Administration

Apple

by Harold Ableson

Logo.

Hie name Logo describes not only the evolving family of computer languages detailed in this book, but also a philosophy of education that makes full and innovative use of the teaching potential of modem computers. Apple Logo presents the Apple II user with a complete guide to the applications of this unique system and also includes a description of TI Logo for users of the Texas Instruments 99/4 computer.

The designers' vision of an unhmited educational tool becomes a reality for the Apple II user who begins to work with this procedural language. Logo enables even young children to control the computer in self-directed ways (rather than merely responding to it), yet it also offers sophisticated users a general programming system of considerable power.

Apple Logo actually teaches programming techniques through "Turtle Geometry"—fascinating exercises involving both Logo programming and geometric concepts. Later chapters illustrate more advanced projects such as an "INSTANT" program for preschool children and the famous "DOCTOR" program with its simulated "psychotherapist."

ISBN 0-07-00425-0 240 Pages

Softcover, spiral-bound $14.95

Call Toil-Free 800/258-5420

BYTE Books 70 Main Street Peterborough, N.H. 03458

m

circle 66 on Inquiry card.

April 1982 © BYTE PublicaHons Inc 413

BYTELINES

News and Speculation About Personal Computing

Conducted by Sol Libes

l^andom Rumors:

Word has it that IBM is developing its own floppydisk drive for disks less than 5Vi inches in diameter. IBM is also said to be telling potential parts suppliers that it expects to ship approximately 1.2 million personal computers by 1984. And this coming summer the corporation is expected to introduce a larger brother for its Personal Computer.... Olivetti and Victor are expected to soon introduce systems that are software compatible with the IBM Personal Computer. ... In a change of plans, Hitachi Ltd. is postponing introduction of its personal computer Into the U.S. until late this year. Hitachi has been showing a prototype 6809-based system at trade shows. Reportedly, they feel that they do not yet have enough software support for it. . . . Mattel Electronics is said to be readying a portable terminal/computer. . . . Xerox may be seriously considering a low-cost portable terminal... you can expect similar Introductions from Sinclair, Epson, Hitachi, and AlcatelElectronique (France) at the National Computer Conference (NCC) show In June. All are expected to sell for less than $500. . . . Toshiba is expected to show a portable computer (T-100) using an optional flat-screen liquidcrystal display at the NCC. . . . Rumor has it that Apple will not have its new database/electronic-mailer/userfriendly 68000 system ready for Introduction at the NCC. ... Micropolls Is reported to

be readying 8-inch Winchester-technology disk drives with capacities of 60, 90, and 180 megabytes for introduction later this year.

^Zomputer Flea Market: On Saturday and Sunday, April 17 and 18, several thousand computer hobbyists will flock to Trenton State College, New Jersey, for the Trenton Computer Festival, the world's largest personal-computer equipment flea market. This annual event is now in its seventh year. Many swap and seller tables, spread over more than eight acres, feature everything from complete computer systems to tiny electronic parts. There will be speakers, usergroup meetings, an indoor exhibition area, and a banquet.

The Festival is sponsored by the Amateur Computer Group of New Jersey, the Philadelphia Area Computer Society, and the Trenton State Computer Society; the funds raised help support these nonprofit organizations. For information, call (609) 771-2487 or write to TCF-82, Trenton State College, Trenton, NJ 08625.

ew Policies for Intertec: Intertec has been receiving negative press comments lately regarding its warranty policies and other matters. The company has made a series of announcements it feels will improve customer relations.

Intertec will now pay return freight on defective

equipment, during the warranty period, and on equipment that arrives damaged to the dealers.

The company is instituting a money-back guarantee during the 90-day warranty. Customers may return their machines for any reason during that period and pay only a restocking charge of 5 percent for the first 15 days and higher percentages beyond that on a sliding scale.

A new user hot-line is available to solve customer problems. Any problem unresolved after 24 hours will be forwarded automatically to the product manager.

A series of across-theboard price reductions were announced last month. The Superbrain has dropped from $3495 to $2995; the Superbrain QD from $3995 to $3495; and the high-end Compustar from $4495 to $3995.

Several additional policy changes have been made to give Intertec dealers added flexibility In discount structures.

Intertec customers will now automatically become members of a companysponsored user group, which will meet annually. The company is also sponsoring a new magazine for users.

ore 68000 Systems:

Systems based on Motorola's 68000 microprocessor are now available from Charles River Systems, Computhink, Codata Systems, Crornemco, and Dual Systems Control, as well as Empirical Research Group, Evans and Sutherland,

Future Systems, Fortune

Systems, Microdasys, Omnibyte, Q1, and Wicat Systems. This list will probably quadruple in size by yearend. And virtually all have or will have Unix-like operating systems. Most are designed to be multiuser systems, although they can be used by a single person. So far, most of the bus-oriented systems introduced use either the Multibus or the S-100 bus. Few, if any, are using the Versabus, specifically designed by Motorola for the 68000. The problem Is that the Versabus requires very large and expensive boards and connectors.

Sinclair Flat-Screen:

Sinclair Research Ltd. has disclosed an agreement with ICL (International Computers Ltd.), the largest computer maker in England, for ICL to produce a line of office work stations that will use Sinclair's flat video screen CRT and the Sinclair version of BASIC. Plans are for the units to be introduced In Europe and possibly the U.S. in early 1983. The ultra-compact work stations will function as stand-alone computers and also will communicate voice and data via private telephone systems.

Sinclair Is also expected to show a prototype portable terminal using the flat screen at the NCC show. A flat-screen pocket television measuring 6 by 4 by 1 inches, retailing for about $100, is expected to be in production later this year.

414 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

''Our current recom mendation for a big five accounting package isMBSr

Computer Dealer magazine January, 1982

At last, full feature general business software for micro^cpmputers.

Officially authorized derivations from

the popular MCBA® mini-computer packages, these packages have been eased down to micros and made even more-user friendly.

The mini versions of these packages are distributed by oyer 900 OEMs and dealers, and are in use at over 9,000 end user sites worldwide.

And already these micro versions themselves are in use by thousands of end users.

Written in RM/COBOL™, these packages run underCP/M ®, OASIS™, UNIX®, COS-990 ® and other operating systems.

They run on dozens of brands of micro-computers, including properly configured models from Radio Shack 11,

Apple III, Zenith, Hewlett Packard 125, Xerox 820, ALTOS, ONYX and many more.

Tens of man-years have gone into these packages, which comprise over 230 programs, 165,000 lines of structured source code, and 1,800 pages of user and technical documentation.

Our claim is simple:

THIS IS THE BEST MICRO-COMPUTER GENERAL BUSINESS SOFTWARE AVAILABLE.

And we stand behind that with a moneybacl< guarantee.

If s no accident that Computer Dealer magazine recently endorsed MBSI software.

So if you're a re-seller looking forflrst class micro-computer software, contact us today.

mb

Micro Business Software, Inc. Dover Rd., Dept. BY1 Chichester, NH 03263 U Phone: (603) 798-5700

MCBA. RM/COBOL. CP/M, OASIS. UNIX, COS-990 are trademarks respectively of Mini-Computer Business Applications, Inc.; Ryan McFarland Corp.: Digital Research: Phase One Systems. Inc.: Bell Laboratories: and Ryan-McFarland Inc.

BYTELINES

The unit, which will have a display three times brighter than conventional television sets and will use one quarter the power, will be made by Timex. According to Sinclair, a major U.S. retail chain has already agreed to buy 300,000 sets.

Sinclair has also disclosed that it is working on a shortdistance electronic car that it hopes to have on the road before 1985.

A^ore Fla^Panel Displays; Several manufacturers are already shipping flat-panel displays, suitable for use in video-style terminals, that are based on refinements of existing technologies: gas-discharge (CD), vacuum-fluorescent (VF), and liquid-crystal (LC). Lowcost DC-type CD displays, also known as plasma displays, are already available in sizes as large as 12 lines by 40 characters. AC-type CD displays offer inherent pixel memory, and therefore do not require refreshing and exhibit no flicker; however, they are more complex and consequently more expensive. Electro Plasma, in Millbury, Ohio, already offers an AC CD display that displays 66 lines by 80 characters; Interstate Electronic, in Anaheim, California, offers a 51-line by 85-character display (512 by 512 pixels); and Fujitsu America offers a 25-line by 80-character display (also 512 by 512 pixels).

Ise Electronics, Japan, holds the basic patents on VF technology and has licensed Nippon Electric Company (NEC) and Futuba, as well as its own Noritake Electronics division, to manufacture it. These companies are currently supplying VF displays with as many as 256 by 256 pixels. Color displays are also available on custom order.

LC displays are also increasing in size. For example, Seiko Instruments, Torrance, California, is currently shipping 4-line by 32-character displays. However, LC is the most expensive of the three, and all are still considerably more expensive than the old cathode ray tube (CRT) standby. But prices are dropping as the technology improves and production increases. At this time, the CD display shows the best promise of competing with the CRT.

I^easoning Computer:

The Department of Energy's Argonne National Laboratory and Northern Illinois University have developed AURA (automated reasoning assistant), a general-purpose program that appears to mimic some reasoning skills of the human mind. It eliminates the need to understand complex programming when using a computer to solve a problem. The problem must be explained to AURA in terms it can understand, and suggestions must be made for AURA to investigate. AURA does not solve the problem; rather, it points put directions for further study..

IEEE Standards: The

Binary Floating Point (P754) and Radix Free Floating Point (P854) standards are being voted on by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IFLE) standards committee members Standards for Relocatable Object Code Format (P695) and High Level Language (P755) are in draft states. The IEEE Assembly Language Mnemonics Standard (P694) committee is extending the current standard (which most manufacturers seem to ignore) to include several of

the newer 16- and 32-bit microprocessors. A committee is being formed to work on a standard for CP/M. A committee on Software Benchmark Standards has also been formed. For more information on IEEE Computer Standards in development contact: Michael Smolin, Chairman, IEEE Computer Standards Committee, c/o Synertek Inc., Box 552, MS#39, Santa Clara, CA 95052.

I^esearch Cooperative: The Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA) is planning to fund basic reasearch projects at U.S. universities through a newly formed Semiconductor Research Cooperative (SRC). Dr. Robert Noyce, Intel Corporation vice-chairman and chairman of SIA, said SRC plans to raise $4 to 5 million from integrated-circuit makers this year. This is being done in response to the huge Japanese investments in research and training of engineers. Manufacturers are being asked to con-, tribute an amount equal to 0.1 percent of their sales of semiconductor devices. Japanese firms would not be welcome to join because American firms are not presently allowed access to research being conducted in Japan's VLSI (very-largescale integration) laboratories.

SRC would own patents produced by its efforts and would collect royalties from firms that use them. SRC will be staffed by 10 engineers, headed by a full-time director, and controlled by a technical advisory board. Companies so far participating in SRC are Intel, IBM, Digital Equipment Corporation, Motorola, Control Data, Advanced Micro Devices, National Semiconductor, and Fairchild

Camera and Instrument. Notable for its absence is Texas Instruments.

V\Aatchlng IBM: Sears

has disclosed that, during its first two months of selling microcomputers via its five computer stores, IBM products have taken a 'large lead in sales volume among products carried in the stores." IBM shares shelf space with the NEC PC8001A, Vector Graphic Series 3, and a Wang word processor.

There are rumors that IBM will shortly announce an enlargement of its Personal Computer dealer base. Reportedly, a large number of independent retailers have applied for dealerships and are awaiting a decision. In the meantime, dealers have been encountering some availability problems because of the large demand for the Personal Computer.

IBM has disclosed that it will enter the industrial robot market shortly. Rumor has it that the robot will be designed for high-speed assembly or component insertion, selling in the $125,000 range.

^Felephone Typesetting: For about two years

now I have been sending many of the articles and books that I write (with Wordstar on my trusty old S-100-based personal computer) directly to a typesetter via modem (at 600 bits per second, during off hours, using the standard CP/Mmodem protocol), to be typeset directly from my file. The turnaround time is terrific, and the prices are great because little labor is involved. The typesetter has his system operating automatically 24 hours a day so that I can dial in at any time

416 April 1982 © BYTE PublicaUons Inc

and send the file. His system receives it automatically, whether he is there or not. He then adds the necessary typesetting control characters and processes the file directly through his machine. Two or three days later the typeset text is In my mailbox.

Typesetters across the country are recognizing the value of hooking up personal computers to their typesetting machines and the phone lines. Check your Yellow Pages for such services in your area.

EePROM Update: Electrically erasable programmable read-only memories (EEPROMs) allowing erasure of bulk memory and Electrically alterable ROMs (EAROMs) allowing alteration of individual bytes are finally coming to the marketplace. They allow real-time program changes, have reasonable access speeds, and come in less expensive packages than standard EPROMs that are erased by ultraviolet light. At the present time they cost eight to ten times more than EPROMs. However, as production increases they are expected to drop to a competitive price and supersede EPROMs.

Already 16K-bit EEPROMs (2K by 8 bits) are available in limited quantities from Intel, National, General Instrument (CI), and Motorola. And even Hitachi has announced a 64K-bit (8K by 8 bit) EEPROM. In an interesting turn of events, Intel has gone to court and received a preliminary injunction against Seeq Technology prohibiting sharing of EEPROM technology with Zilog or any other company.

EAROMs are also available in limited quantities from Gl, National Cash Register (NCR), Nitron, and Toshiba.

NCR even makes a 2K by

8-bit EAROM. However, access times are measured in microseconds and dual power sources are required.

In the meantime, 64K-btt EPROMs are reaching full production status, and 128K-bit EPROMs are being sampled. Sixteen-bit-wide EPROMs are expected shortly.

^^DAPSO Grant Program: The Association of Data Processing Service Organizations (ADAPSO), Arlington, Virginia, has established a grant and fellowship program for postsecondary students pursuing careers In the computerservices industry. Awards will be up to $1000 per recipient per academic year. The deadline for applying is April 20,1982.

u nix Look-Allkes:

Manufacturers are finally starting to ship the 16-bit

Unix-like operating systems they've been advertising for the past year. Some even claim to have Unix-like systems for 8-bit computers. A few have been shipping these 8-bit systems for several months now. Bell Laboratories even has a Z80 version that it is using inhouse. As reported last month. Western Electric, bowing to the Unix-like competition, has substantially lowered the price of Unix. It will be a few more months before we know how these new Unix-like systems for the 16-bit systems stack up. Below are some initial impressions.

Unix was designed by Bell Labs to run on the Digital Equipment Corp, PDP-11 models. Although it has been implemented on small PDP-lls, it runs best, with full-feature performance, on

the larger PDP-11 machines

that have a sophisticated memory-management hardware system. Therefore, to transport Unix to a microcomputer means that it too must have ample memory (at least 256K bytes) and a memory-management system, a good disk system, and a tape backup system for good measure.

Unix was written in C, a high-level systems-oriented language. Therefore, one would think that transporting Unix from one hardware system to another would be an easy job—somewhat on the level of transporting CP/M with its easily modified assembler-language BIOS (basic input/output system) module. However, because of Unix's orientation to the PDP-11 largesystem architecture, this conversion takes a few programmer-years to accomplish. Hence the delay in releasing these implementations. In order to cope with this problem, Microsoft, operating under a Western Electric Unix license, has entered into agreements with some other software houses to convert Xenix, a Unix look-alike, to systems for which Microsoft has not yet implemented Xenix systems.

The result is that the microcomputer Unix lookalikes are not full Unix implementations. Many of the larger or less used utilities have been omitted (or, in some cases, they are available at an extra charge). In many cases the floatingpoint arithmetic or bit-fields have been omitted or restricted. Furthermore, many have adopted different conventions for function and system calls, library modules, and utilities. But even Bell Labs has not maintained compatibility between Unix implementations the way Digital Research has

with CP/M.

It is still very early in the Unix versus Unix look-alikes competition. Some suppliers of Unix look-alikes have done a very good job. Others still have a long way to go, but there is no doubt that they will make improvements.

t3 apan Gaining on U.S:

A recent report given by Commerce Undersecretary

Lionel Olmer to the House Ways and Means Trade Subcommittee reported that Japan is moving along in a commitment to develop a world-scale computer industry. He reported that the Japanese government's policies, research programs, special tax incentives, direct financial assistance, and joint government-industry efforts were all aimed at "moving the Japanese computer industry to the technological forefront In every major area."

He also reported that they are now concentrating on improving their software capabilities and developing the computer of the future. "There has been a national consensus in Japan that their economic future depends upon a rapid evolution into a knowledge-intensive and technology-intensive economy." He went on to state; "I believe that the real challenge from Japan is just beginning."

Mr. Olmer concluded by stating that a change in "national attitudes" is required for the U.S. to retain its position as the world's premier industrial power. "We must work 'smarter' and save more. We must be willing to take risks. Only in this way can we restore our competitive edge, and 'made in America' will again be the unquestioned world standard for quality."

April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 417

Unwrap die Crypto Mystery

^^^•^ Thanks to the Western II 11 Digital CryptoPrimer" "jJl^^^L^ Development Kit,

CiJ ^1 cryptography is no

*P^^L^J^^ longer a deep,

^J^J^ dark secret. In fact, the kit is specially designed for personal computer owners and IS based on the National Bureau of Standards' data encryption algorithm. Included m the kit are: a CryptoPrimer™ manual,^ a cryptographic sys- ■ j tem built around our / WD 2001/2 data encryption chip, a convenient RS 232 connector and a special

hardware manual. All for just $495. Best of all, you'll end up with more than a clue on how to implement all the benefits of data encryption. So send your check or money order (including $9.00 for shipping and 6% sales tax if you're a California resident) to: Western Digital, 2445 McCabe Way, Irvine, OA 92714. Please also specify your computer's make and model number

We think keeping cryptography a mystery is a crime.

you.

yif£STERiU DiCiTAL

CORPORA T I O N

Telecommunications Division 2445 McCabe Way, Irvine, CA 92714 (714) 557-3550

418 April 1982 © BYTE PubUcations Inc Circle 433 On inquiry Card

BYTELINES.

R.

landom News Bits;

Victor Business Products has introduced an 8088-based system, called Sirius I, that Is rumored to be softwarecompatible with the IBM Personal Computer. The Sirius I was designed by Chuck Peddle, the wizard who created the 6502 microprocessor and the PET computer. Reportedly, Peddle is being sued by Commodore for alleged breach of contract, and he is in the process of countersuing. , . . Honeywell's Minneapolis credit union reports that it now issues about fifteen interestfree loans a week for the purchase of personal computers by Honeywell employees. . . . National Semiconductor is finally shipping samples of its new super 16-bit 16032 microprocessor, with production quantities expected by midyear. . . . CBS-TV is experimenting with gettln'g audience feedback via The Source (a timesharing information and telecommunications utility accessed via modem) so that viewers can immediately let show producers know what they like and do not like about primetime shows. . . . Matsushita Electric, Hitachi, and Maxell have agreed to standardize on a new 3-inch compact floppy disk. . . . Atari has reduced the suggested list price of the Atari 800 from $1080 to $890; however, it has increased prices on some software. . . . Sinclair Research reports that by the end of 1981 it had sold over a quarter of a million ZX81 personal computers and that U.S. mail orders alone are 4000 a week. . . . Micropro and Digital Research have filed a joint copyright-infringement lawsuit against Data Equipment Inc., Sunnyvale, California, and its parent company, Dataforce

International Inc., for selling

"counterfeit copies" of their software.

i^uper/Duper News:

Super/Duper Computers Ltd., Pieinthesky, Utah, has introduced a revolutionary new computer, the Super/ Duper MAC-VIM. Based on a patented exclusive pipedream architecture, it boasts a speed faster than a bullet. The computer itself is so small that it seems lighter than air, and a new mass production technology is expected to result in a selling price as cheap as dirt. The MAC-VIII cannot be overloaded since it is made of solid steel. The computer will be marketed exclusively by Brooklyn Bridge Sales Inc. . . . Happy April!

MAIL: I receive a large number of letters each month as a result of this column. If you write to me and w/ish a

response, please include a selfaddressed, stamped envelope.

Sol LIbes POB 1192

Mountainside, NJ 07092 ■

BYTE'S Bits

RCA to Service Epson MX Printers

RCA Service Company will provide nationwide warranty service for Epson America's MX series of microprocessor-based printers. RCA will also offer a wide variety of maintenance service packages to MX owners and users. Service will be performed by RCA technicians based in 180 locations throughout the U.S. ■

What's New?

PUBLICATIONS

Smart Ideas from Digital

The fourth edition of Ideas (Index and Description of Educational Application Software) lists more than 300 applications pacl<ages for Digital Equipment Corporation's computer systems using the VAX/VMS and RSTS/E operating software. Software packages are alphabetically listed by application under separate VAX/VMS and RSTS/E sections. For your free copy, request publication number EJ 19645-87 from Education Computer Systems Group, Media Response Manager, PK32/M94, 129 Parker St., Maynard, MA 01754.

circle 550 on Inquiry card.

Computerlst's First Aid Manual

Perfect for those emergencies encountered by computer programmers, the Computerist's First

Aid /\/lanual gives detailed instructions for dealing

with such maladies as "CRT Eye," "Asteroids Wrist," and "IVIissile Command Thumb." It also contains information for dealing with other common home computing emergencies. The manual is available for SI9.95 from Medi-Comp Inc., 70 Main St., Petersborrow, NH 03458.

Circle R202 on inquiry card.

Computer Graphics Vendor Directory

The 1982 Directory of Computer Graphics Suppliers lists almost 300 vendors of hardware, software, systems, and services. The Directory contains key background information on each company's computer graphics products and services, complete with address, telephone number, and contact person. Among the subjects covered are computer-aided design and manufacturing, business graphics, animation, and image processing. Other features of the Directory include a computer-processed index that categorizes vendors by application and technological focus, technology studies and market reports, and a guide to computer-graphics seminars, conferences, and courses. For additional information, contact Stanley Klein, Computer Graphics Directory, Suite 27, 730 Boston Post Rd., Sudbury, MA 01776. circle 551 on Inquiry card.

Journal Probes Computers in

Education

The Journal of Computers in -IVIathematics

and Science Teaching is a quarterly publication of the Association for Computers in Mathematics and Science Teaching (ACMSTJ, a nonprofit professional organization. The journal explores such topics as "Computer-Based Methods in Chemistry," "A Microcomputer-Assisted Presentation of Atomic Orbits," and "Planning for Microcomputers in the Classroom." Other features of the journal include book reviews, a column on .software resources, and a new products section.

Annual ACMST membership costs S7, which includes a subscription to the journal. For additional details, contact ACMST, POB 4455, Austin, TX 78765, (512) 836-4378. Circle 552 on inquiry card.

CP/M Software Catalog

A catalog listing 50 volumes of low-cost, public-domain CP/M-based software is available from the Special Interest Group for Microcomputers (SIG/M). The complete 50volume library, housed in single-density 8-inch disks, lists more than 900 programs. The catalog costs SI.50 in the U.S. and Canada and S2.50 elsewhere. Contact SlG/M, POB 97, Iselin, NJ 08830, or call Bill Chin, (201) 778-5140, or Henry Kee, (212) 539-3202.

Software Protection Report

The various resources available for software protection are explored in a 60-page manual from Communication Research Trade. The report explains the differences, advantages, and dangers of comparable security alternatives. Information on trade secret protection, trademarks, and patents is included, and a major portion of the report is devoted to copyright and infringement recourses. In addition, an example program demonstrating the proper display of a copyright notice is provided. The report on software protection is available for $75 from Communication Research Trade, POB 3151, Redwood City, CA 94064.

Circle 553 or, , , c:;.. ;.:

information Age Papers

A compilation of papers presented in April 1981 at the "Communications in the 21 St Century" symposium has been produced by John Wiley & Sons. In Communications in the 21st Century, 20 distinguished scientists, scholars, journalists, and business executives explore such issues as the development of a national communications policy, business strategies for managing the information explosion, and the effects of technology on individuals and institutions. Communications in the 21 St Century costs S19.95

April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 419

What's New?

and is available from John Wiley & Sons Inc., One Wiley Dr., Somerset, NJ 08873, (201J 469-4400. Circle 554 on Inquiry card.

Test and

Measurement Products Catalog

A 432-page directory of test and measurement products is available from Metermaster, a company that represents nearly 40 manufacturers of test and measurement instruments. The catalog contains design and performance specifications for meters, oscilloscopes, and other test and measurement instruments. Product and test equipment categories are organized alphabetically according to manufacturer. A glossary is also provided.

The 1981/1982 Metermaster Catalog is available free of charge to qualified engineers and buyers at Metermaster outlets, or you can write to Metermaster, 5646 Jillson St., Los Angeles, CA 90040, (213) 685-4340. Requests must be submitted on company letterhead.

Circle 555 on Inquiry card.

10,000 Components in Free Catalog

Mouser Electronics' 128-page catalog of electronic components contains full product specifications, illustrations, and prices for more than ] 0,000 items, ranging from clips and coils to potentiometers and plugs. The catalog is available free of charge from Mouser Electronics, 11433 Woodside Ave., Santee, CA 92071, (714) 4492220.

circle 556 on Inquiry card.

Catalog of Circuit Board Products

A new 16-page catalog that describes products for circuit boards is available free from Pace Inc. Some of the products listed in the catalog are rework and repair boards, desoldering and specialty systems, function accessories, and audio-visual training courses. Request catalog number 781 from Pace Inc., 9893 Brewers Court, Laurel, MD 20707, (301) 490-9860. circle 557 on inquiry card.

SYSTEMS

ADIVI-3 Upgrade Kit

The lnterboard-3A Kit turns your Lear Siegler ADM-3 or -3A terminal into a microcomputer. The kit has a 4-MHz Z80 microprocessor with •64K bytes of memory and a floppydisk controller that fits inside the terminal. A single

RS-232C and a Centronicstype parallel port allow peripherals to be attached.

Options for the kit include dual Tandon disk drives with 500K bytes to 2 megabytes of storage, and the CP/M operating

system. The lnterboard-3A Kit costs S795 and is available from International Systems Marketing, 5161 River Rd., Building #2, Bethesda, MD 20816, (301) 986-0773. Circle 558 on Inquiry card.

Business

BMC Computer's if800 computer series is designed for medium-sized businesses and as an alternative to multiuser, multitasking systems where a common database is unnecessaiy. The Z80-based ifSOO computers are completely integrated desktop work stations with a keyboard, a printer, and a 12-inch high-resolution red/green/blue color display. The if800 series features 20 user-programmable function keys, I/O slots supporting a multitude of interfaces, ROM cartridge, light pen, and a built-in printer with screenprint and list capabilities. The CP/M operating system and a color/graphics

Computers

enhanced BASIC are standard.

Original equipment manufacturers have four ifSOO models from which to choose, ranging in price from S4170 to S6570. Three models employ two built-in 51/4-inch disk drives for approximately 800K bytes of media storage; the fourth model has a single floppy-disk drive and a 5-megabyte Winchester hard-disk drive. Additionally, two models carry a direct-connect modem and a selection of supplied software. For details, contact BMC Computer Corp., 860 East Walnut St., Carson, CA 90746, (213) 323-2600.

Circle 559 on Inquiry card.

420 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

What's New?

Sfngle-Board Computer

The SYM-2 single-board

microcomputer incorporates most features of the SYlVi-l, plus onboard power supply, choice of tlnree microprocessors (6502, 6809, or 6802), cassette-interface jacl<s, eight toggle switches for user Input, and eight lightemitting diodes for user output. Intended for office and Industrial applications, the SYM-2 is softwarecompatible with SYM-1 programs and firmware. The expansion and applications ports are also compatible with the SYM-1, so expansion devices, such as random-access read/ write memory (RAM) or the FDC-I floppy-disk controller are fully interchangeable between the two machines.

The SYM-2 costs S249. For further details, contact Synertek Inc., Mail Stop 61, POB 552, Santa Clara, CA 95052, (408) 988-5682.

Circle 560 on inquiry card.

Micromaster

The Micromaster computer is a self-contained desktop unit from Barreto and Associates that operates under a modified CP/M operating system. Designed for small- and intermediate-sized busi

nesses, the IEEE S-IOO

based Micromaster has dual 8085 and 8088 processors and both a 5'A-inch, 5-megabyte Winchester hard-disk drive and 5!4-inch, 96-trackper-inch, 500K-byte floppy-disk drive (additional drives can be used). The Micromaster can operate in either single-user or multiuser environments and its 12-inch video display has an 80-character by 24-line format.

The Micromaster is supplied with 64K bytes of random-access read/write memory (RAM) that is expandable to 16 megabytes, one parallel and one serial port, and a highlevel language (BASIC or FORTRAN). The Micromaster is available for S 12,500 from Barreto and Associates Inc., 507 West 16, Sedalia, MO 65301.

circle 561 on Inquiry card.

SOFTWARE

TRS-80 Database Manager

Adventure International's Maxi Manager is a database manager for the TRS-80 Models I and 111. It supports six different relational search techniques and up to 20 user-defined fields of 40 characters each. Records can be up to 800 characters in length, and Maxi Manager has calculated equation fields plus a report generator.

Maxi Manager requires 48K bytes of RAM (random-access read/write memory) and one disk

drive. The software is supplied with more than 180 pages of Instructions and examples. Maxi Manger is available for S99.95 from Adventure International, POB 3435, Longwood, FL 32750, (305) 862-6917.

circle 562 on Inquiry card.

Keeping a Stiff Upper LISP

A dialect of the LISP language, the Stiff Upper LISP has inore than 120 built-in functions packed into I3K bytes. The user environment Includes symbolic break, trace, and singlestepping packages, plus an interaction history with REDOing facilities. Also provided are an extensible editor and an extensible online help facility, both of which are usable from within the LISP environment. Upon initialization, the Stiff Upper LISP reads a file that enables the user to customize the environment to personal preferences. Other features irrclude screen control, a program formatter, closures that maintain their own environments of procedures and data, both lexical and dynamic variable scoping, and tail recursion elimination by the interpreter where appropriate, which makes recursion as efficient as iteration.

Stiff Upper LISP is available, under the CP/M operating system, for S 165 from Lifeboat Associates, 1651 Third Ave., New York, NY 10028, (212) 860-0300, Circle 563 on Inquiry card.

or, under TRSDOS, from Tennant and Tennant Computing, 353 7 Ridge -moor Dr., Garland, TX 75042,(214)530-0575.

Circle 564 on inquiry card

68000 Multiprocessor Operating System

MTOS-68K is a reaKlme,

multitasking, multiprocessor operating system for the Motorola MC68000 microprocessor. A modular system deisgned for high throughput, MTOS68K produces an assembly-language module that can be placed in ROM (read-only memory). It manages task coordination, memory pools, input/ output, priority scheduling, interrupt processing, and multiple processors. The system runs on up to 16 separate processors that share a common memory. All processors are equivalent: there are no masters and no slaves. A single copy of MTOS68K executes on all processors. Without changing application software, system performance can be improved by adding processors. Application software can be written in assembly language or in a high-level language such as Pascal or C.

MTOS-68K is distributed in assembly-language source-code form and Is sold for a one-time license fee that permits the licensee to imbed the object program in his or her own products without further charge. For complete

April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 421

What's New7

details, contact Industrial Programming Inc., 100 Jericho Quadrangle, Jericho, NY 11753, (516) 938-6600.

Circle 565 on inquiry card.

Two Atari Games

Concom Enterprises has two new game programs for Atari 400/800 microcomputers. Both games are written in BASIC and machine language and feature fast action, sound effects, and high-resolution color graphics. Each requires 16K bytes of RAM (random-access read/write memory). In Close Encounters, two players compete in a space battle, each trying to destroy the other's flying saucer. The game requires two joysticks. The second game. High Voltage, pits you against two killer robots. You are trapped in a field that's surrounded by a high-voltage fence and littered with high-voltage obstacles. Strategy and speed are your keys to survival. High Voltage requires a single joystick.

Both games are available on cassette for SI5.95 each. For details, contact Concom Enterprises, 2626 West Touhy, Chicago, IL 60645.

CP/M-Compatlble Utility

Lifeboat Associates' ZapSO is a menu-driven 5!/4- and 8-inch disk access utility for SB-80 and other CP/M-80-compatlble

8080/Z80 operating systems. Zap80 automatically allows direct file viewing and patching by actual memory address. ZapSO is designed for experienced users and includes extensive file-utility servicing to access and patch file sectors, compare files, and so forth. For details, contact Lifeboat Associates, 1651 Third Ave., New York, NY 10028, (212) 860-0300. Circie 566 on inquiry card.

iSiew (Hashing IVIetiiod Speeds Database Manager

Micro Architect's IDM-X is a general-purpose interactive database manager for the TRS-80 Model II. The IDM-X features a builtin sort/merge package and a fast key-access method that uses a new hashing algorithm. IDM-X supports string, double-precision floating decimal, and integer variables. Other features include formatted numeric fields, using BASIC formats, and an extensive report writer.

The basic components of IDM-X are a database initialization program, a database manipulation program, the report writer, and a report generator. A dual-disk TRS-80 Model II with 64K bytes of memory is required. IDM-X costs S399; the user manual is available separately for $25. For additional information, request a product catalog from Micro Architect Inc., 96 Dothan St.. Arlington, MA 02174, (617) 643-4713. Circle 567 on inquiry card.

CPIM-86 for trie IBIVI Personal Computer

Compuview's CP/M-86 (CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research) for the IBM Personal Computer includes an interactive line editor that permits cursor movement to the previous line and horizontal scrolling to a width of 162 characters, and emulation of terminals such as Televideo, the IBM 3I0I, and the Zenith Z-19. Other features are an increase in disk capacity from the I60K bytes supported by MS-DOS to I93K bytes; the ability to read and write many softsectored disk formats, including the Xerox 820's format; support for both serial and parallel printers; a disk formatter; a diskcopy program that makes a fast, "image" copy; the ability to set transmission rates for serial ports; and support of Tecmar's harddisk drive and other peripherals.

For further information, contact Compuview, Suite 200, 1955 Pauline Blvd., Ann Arbor, Ml 48103, (313) 996-1299.

Circle 568 on inquiry card.

Sifde Rule Simulator

The Slide-Simularor transforms your TRS-80 Color Computer into a Mannehim-type slide rule. Using high-resolution graphics and controlled by the game paddles, the program simulates full log-log functions. A special expanded viewing option allows easy reading of the

scales. The program is available on a 5!/4-inch floppy disk. For price information and a catalog of other innovative software, contact Abstract Mathematical Concepts Inc., 70 Main St., Putterboro, NH 03458.

PERIPHERALS

Keyboard Eases Word Processing

A computer designed primarily to handle smallbusiness applications is now available with a keyboard dedicated to word processing. The new keyboard is based on a Visual 200 computer terminal with electronic and mechanical adaptations for MicroPro's Wordstar word-processing system. The keyboard allows the user to strike a single colorcoded key for center line, release or set margins, clearing or setting tabs, underscore, or any one of 24 other commonly used word-processing commands and cursor movements.

The keyboard option is available on new Prodigy installations or as a field upgrade. For more details, contact Prodigy Systems Inc., 497 Lincoln Highway, Iselin, ■ NJ 0883Q, (201) 283-2000. Circle 569 on Inquiry card.

422 April 1982 © BYTE PublicaBons Inc

What's New7

Versatile Robot Arm

The Rhino XR-) computer-controlled robot

arm is a versatile, low-cost product for educational or light industrial use. The XR-1 can be run from a modem or any computer with an RS-232C port. Standing 32 inches high, the XR-I contains six motors, one for each axis point. It can reach up to 32 inches from base to fingertips; radial reach is 22/4 inches from the center of rotation to fingertips. Waist resolution is 0.137 degrees; shoulder resolution is 0.076 degrees. The XR-I's lifting capability and gripping force are approximately 16 ounces.

The Rhino XR-I computer-controlled robot arm costs $2^00. Contact Sandhu Machine Design Inc., 308 South State, Champaign, IL 61820, (217) 352-8485, for further details.

circle 570 on Inquiry card.

Man-Machine Interface at Your Fingertips

The I780A Infotouch Display screen is a 5- by 9-inch video-display screen with a touch-sensitive overlay. Messages, numbers, graphics, menus, switches, and special characters can be displayed through com

puter programming to guide an operator's response step by step. The Infotouch's screen displays 16 lines of 80 characters and features 60 definable touch-sense areas. The Infotouch can be used with almost any desktop, home, or large computer.

The 1780A Infotouch Display costs $1995. It's available from the John Fluke Manufacturing Co. Inc., POB C9090, Everett, WA 98206, (800) 4260361; in Washington, (206) 354-5400. circle 571 on Inquiry card.

Apple III Hard-Disk Storage

Corvus Systems has unveiled new mass-storage units for the Apple III computer based on high-capacity 5- to 20-megabyte Winchester hard-disk systems. The storage modules incorporate an intelligent controller,- a proprietary controller, software, and an Apple III interi'ace. Firmware for the intelligent controller supports features such as sector buffering, automatic retries, diagnostics, transparent formatting with cyclic redundancy check (CRC) error detection, and highspeed data transfer using direct memory access (DMA) to random-access read/write memory (RAM) within the controller.

The Apple 111 Winchester hard-disk massstorage units range in price from S3750 to S6450. Contact Corvus Systems Inc., 2029 O'Toole Ave.,

San Jose, CA 95131, (408) 946-7700, for additional

information.

Circle 572 on inquiry card.

No More Grappling with Graphics

The Grappler is a Centronics-compatible parallel interface board for the Apple II. It has onboard firmware to copy the Apple's high-resolution graphics screen to a wide variety of printers, such as Anadex, Integral Data Systems, Centronics, and Epson. In the Grappler's standard printing mode, each white dot on the Apple's screen is printed as a black dot on paper. The inverse graphics mode allows you to print the reverse graphics of white-on-black. The double-size option doubles the graphics screen horizontally and vertically. Other features of the Grappler include word wrap-around, variable line and page length, 90degree text rotation, the ability to skip over pert'oration, and compatibility with the CP/M operating system and Apple Pascal.

The Grappler is available at Apple lealers and computer stores for S 175, including manual and interface cable. For complete information, contact Orange Micro Inc., Suite

AprU 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 423

What's New?

G, 3150 East La Palma, Anaheim, CA 92806, (800) 854-8275; in California, (714) 630-3322. Circle 573 on Inquiry card.

Apple II Button Pad

A naval-operated numeric l<eypad is available from Hindsight Engineering. Designed to plug directly into one of the Apple ll's slots, the keypad leaves your hands free for computer operation. (To insure proper interface, operate in a lint-free environment.) The complete package includes the keypad, interface card, connecting cable, complete documentation, and instructions on developing naval dexterity. The package lists for 599.95. Hindsight Engineering, POB 107.5, Pizzaborough, NH 03458.

Circle 1007 on inquiry card.

Hard Disk for the ZX81

Responding to an obvious need of ZX81 owners for more data storage space. Hindsight Engineering has developed a 5-megabyte hard-disk system for the Sinclair ZX81. The system is available in either assembled or kit form. The kit includes instructions for building your own clean room for kit assembly. A DOS will soon be available. For pricing information and a catalog of other products, write to Hindsight Engineering, POB 107.5, Peanutbutter, NH 03458.

The WY-100 is an intelligent terminal offering an array of features normally found in more expensive products. The WY-100 exhibits ergonomic design with a detached keyboard and a tiltable/rotatable display console. It offers a data-validation ability that ensures accurate keyboard entry and editing capabilities such as character insert and delete. Other standard features include word wrap,

display features for forms

creation, a split screen for viewing more than one data group simultaneously, a separate I/O port: for driving a printer, and an RS-232C port: for host computer communications. ■

The WY-100 costs S995. For complete details, contact Wyse Technology, 2184 Bering Dr., San Jose, CA 95131,(408) 946-3075.

Circle 574 on inquiry card.

Apple-Compatible Drives

A. M. Electronics' 5/4-inch add-on disk drives are designed for "plug-and-go" compatibility with the Apple computer. The drives are completely compatible with Apple disk operating systems and software, and offer 40 tracks of data storage and a 3-mHlisecond track-to-track access time.

The add-on disk drives for the Apple, complete with case and cable, are available for S345. Contact A. M. Electronics Inc., 3366 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, IVll 48104, (313) 973-2312. Circle 576 on Inquiry card.

Hard Copy from

Video Terminals

Axiom Corporation's Model EX-1650 printer can produce full-size hardcopy output directly from almost any video computer or graphics terminal, video monitor, or TV set. Entire pages of displayed data —even complex graphics, alphanumerics, foreign symbols, or hieroglyphics—are rapidly reproduced on the printer. Paper width is 8V2 inches, which allows full-sized reproductions of forms, reports, and graphs.

256K-byte A/

Zobex's 256K-byte RAIVI (random-access read/write memory) board with parity is fully compatible with the IBIVl Personal Computer. The memory meets or exceeds IBM memory performance and requires only one expansion slot. The board contains a memory address-decoding scheme carried out by means of an onboard configuration switch that allows each 64K-byte segment on the board to be either disabled or based at any 64K-byte boundary

lory for IBM

from 0 to I megabyte. This allows the board to be used in conjunction with the IBM central processing unit board-mounted 64Kbyte memory or mixed with IBM 64l<-byte expansion boards.

The 256K-byte memory board costs S998; original equipment manufacturer's discounts are available. Contact Zobex, 7343 J. Ronson Rd., San Diego, CA 92111, (714) 5716971.

Circle 575 on inquiry card.

424 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

What's New7

Calendar/Clock for Small Computer

The EX-1650 printer, with self-adjusting printhead, does not require external hardware or software. A single connection to a standard video jack is the printer's sole requirement. A smaller version of the printer, the EX-850, is available. The EX-850 accepts paper S'/z inches wide. The EX-1650 costs S3495. Contact Axiom Corp., 1014 Griswold Ave., San Fernando, CA 91340, (213) 245-9244. Circle 577 on inquiry card.

S'A-lnch Fixed Disk Drives

The new SI series of

5/4-inch fixed disk drives from Mitsubishi Electronics feature Winchester-design reliability. The SI series has a high-speed seek time of 75 microseconds (/is) average, 160 /iS maximum, which includes settling time. Available with large storage capacities of 3.33, 6.66 to 10 megabytes (unformatted), each disk surface employs one movable head to service 160 data tracks. Further details and specifications can be obtained from Mitsubishi Electronics America Inc., Computer Peripherals Div., 2200 West Artesia Blvd., Compton, CA 90220, (213) 979-6055.

circle 578 on Inquiry card.

The Hayes Stack Chronograph is an RS232C-compatible calendar/clock for small computers. The Chronograph reports time in hours, minutes, and seconds in 12- or 24-hour modes. The date is output in a year/month/day format with automatic adjustment for leap years. The Chronograph is independently powered, and has a battery backup to maintain time, date, and weekday for up to one year when the power fails or is

S-100 Bus for Superbrain

The SBS-IOOA Interface Adaptor provides the necessary components for converting the Superbrain microcomputer to S-100 bus operations. The unit can be fitted within the Superbrain cabinet to control a single S-IOO board or it can be mounted externally in an S-IOO box for control over a number of S-IOO boards.

The SBS-IOOA Interface Adaptor board costs S595, including postage but excluding duty fees. For further details, contact Icarus Computer Systems Ltd., Deane House, 27 Green

disconnected.

Simple ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) character strings let the user set, read, and display calendar/clock data, control the computer alarm, and select various options.

A complete Chronograph system costs S249. Contact Hayes Microcomputer Products Inc., 5835 Peachtree Corners E., Norcross, GA 30092, (404) 449-8791.

Circle 579 on Inquiry card.

wood PI., London NWS INN, Englarid, 01-485 5574.

circle 580 on inquiry card.

Tape Backup Fit for a Chieftain

If you own a Chieftain

or Pathfinder system from Smoke Signal Broadcasting, you can now have a tape-streamer backup as an option for your 5 !4- or 8-inch Winchester harddisk system. The tape streamer can store up to 20 megabytes on 14-inch cartridge tape. With a tape streamer, computer systems can transfer up to 20

megabytes of data in less than five minutes at 90 inches per second. The Chieftain and Pathfinder systems also incorporate two means of backup with the streaming-tape drive: file-by-file or a complete backup with a single command. Drive-to-tape and tape-to-drive data transfers are provided.

The tape streamer is available as a standard option to any Chieftain or Pathfinder Winchester disk-drive system for S1500. Also available are tape-streamer options for Smoke Signal Broadcasting models 98W10, 98W30, and 98W15T20. Contact your local Smoke Signal dealer or Deborah Conrad, Smoke Signal Broadcasting, 31336 Via Colinas, Westlake Village, CA 91362, (213) 889-9340. circle 581 on Inquiry card.

New Winchester Disk Series

The Pyxis Series of 5'4-inch Winchester disk drives range from 4 to 16 megabytes of unformatted storage capacity. The series is available in four models; the Model 4, a single-disk device with 4 megabytes of storage; the Model 8, a two-disk device with 8 megabytes; the Model 12, a three-disk device with 12 megabytes; and the Model 16, a four-disk device with 16 megabytes of unformatted storage. The Pyxis series interface, form factor, mounting, and power requirements are all com

April 1982 © BYTE PubUcaHons Inc 425

What's New?

Dual RAM Board for Apple II

RAMPIUS+ is a new dual I6K-byte RAM (random-access read/write memory) card for the Apple II. Two banks of 16K-byte selectable RAM expand the Apple II to 80K bytes of available memory. The second bank of RAM is controlled by user-supplied software. Hardware and software selection of each I6K-byte bank of RAM is user-controlled. The card also supplies its own refresh circuitry.

RAMPlus-i- can be installed in any slot on the Apple and does not require cables or the removal of integrated cir

cuits from the Apple

motherboard. When RAMPIus-h is in slot 0, it emulates the Apple Language Card. Multiple RAMPIUS+ cards can be installed into the same Apple II.

RAMPIusH- is supplied with I6K bytes of installed RAM for S 189. The additional I6K-byte plug-in RAM costs $24.95. RAM diagnostics on disk are included. For details, contact Mountain Computer Inc., 300 El Pueblo Rd., Scotts Valley, CA 95066, (408) 438-6650.

Circle 585 on inquiry card.

patible with 5!/4-lnch Winchester-technology industry standards.

in original equipment manufacturer quantities, the Pyxis series ranges in price from S740 (Model 4) to SI290 (Model 16). For details, contact Ampex Corp., Memory Products Division, 200 North Nash St., El Segundo, CA 90245, (213) 640-0150. Circle 582 on inquiry card.

MISCELLANEOUS

New Products Clean Circuit Boards

Two new products from

Texwipe can help keep your printed-circuit boards clean. The first, GoldWipes, provides a convenient method to clean and protect the gold fingers and other metallic surfaces on printed-circuit boards. Gold-Wipes are individually foil-wrapped pads that are presaturated with cleaning and lubricating agents. Use of GoldWipes can cut down on adhesion, brittle fracture, and abrasion problems. The second product, D-Flux, is a cleaning solvent and brush for dislodging stubborn fluxes from printed-circuit boards.

D-Flux's applicator dispenses a controlled amount of solvent, while the brush scrubs off flux. It is designed for use on board repairs, assembly operations, and other environments that require flux removal.

Both products are available directly from the manufacturer, Texwipe Co., Sales Office, POB 575, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458, (201) 327-5577. Free samples and literature are available upon request.

Circie 583 on Inquiry card.

Dynamic-Memory Board for S-100 Systems

Systems Group's new 128K-byte dynamic-memory board is fully compatible with most S-! 00-based microcomputer systems, including Alpha-Micro, North Star, and Dynabyte. The board has eight independent 16K-byte software-selectable memory banks, each addressable on any 16K-byte boundary. Other features include parity for single-bit error detection, 10 onboard diagnostic LEDs (lightemitting diodes), 4-MHz Z80 operation using transparent refresh, and full compliance with IEEE timing specifications with 20-megabyte extended addressing. The dynamicmemory board's power requirement is 8 watts maximum. Contact Systems Group, 1601 Orangewood Ave., Orange, CA 92668, (714) 633-4460. Circle 584 on Inquiry card.

The Stanislowski Electronics 3131.3 is a 4 Kbyte,, vigorous randomaccess erase-only memory (RAEOM) Imaginary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (IMOS) integrated circuit (IC). Packaged in a nonstandard 27-pin dual inline package (DIP), the 3131.3 RAEOMIMOSIC has six erasing modes for maximum versatility and is designed for all applications requiring an eraseonly memory (EOM). Possible applications include disposing of obsolete data and programs, destroying

Memory

incriminating evidence, and amusing computer hobbyists.

Due to the patented IMOS process, the 3131.3 remains fully functional even when power is removed, making it ideal for use during power blackouts.

The 3131.3 is priced at S0.59 (more or less) in OEM (optional ephemeral merchandise) quantities. Contact GIGO Enterprises, 70 Main St., St. Peter'sborough, NH 03458.

426 April 1982 © BYTE PublicaBons Inc

What's New7

Adjustable Video Monitor Platform

Structural Concepts' new portable, swiveling, tilting, sliding videomonitor platform helps make any desk or tabletop ergonomically safe. The platform tilts 20 degrees up or down from a horizontal position for glare reduction and operator comfort and can swivel a full 360 degrees for shared or angled usage. Additionally, it can slide up to 8 inches frontwards or backwards, which can help reduce eye strain.

The video-monitor platform is available in a variety of sizes for most video monitors. Mounting hardware is not required. Contact Structural Concepts Corp., 17237 Van Wagoner Rd., Spring Lake, Ml 49465, (800) 2535102; in Michigan, (616) 846-3300.

circle 586 on Inquiry card.

Memory Management for the TRS-80 Model III

The Compactors I and IV are the first products in a series of add-on units for Radio Shack's TRS-80 Model III from Hurricane Laboratories. The Com

pactor I allows the TRS-80 to run CP/M applications and utility programs without altering the TRS-80's operating environment. When installed in the Model III, you can elect to use CP/M version 2.2, TRSDOS, TRS-BASIC, or Hurricane Laboratories' Z80 Diagnostic Monitor, which is a CP/M programming tool.

The Compactor IV gives the TRS-80 Model III an 80-character by 24-line video-display screen and provides an RS-232C serial interface. The Compactor IV lets you use the Model

III as a stand-alone computer or as an intelligent terminal to a larger host computer system.

The Compactors 1 and

IV cost S450and S475, respectively. Contact Hurricane Laboratories Inc., POB 631, Cupemno, CA 95015, (408) 446-0777. Circle 587 on Inquiry card.

Cables Feature Botli Male and Female Connectors

Computer System Associates' RS-232C cable sets have both male and female DB-25 connectors attached at each end. This approach eliminates the problem of having the wrong connector for a terminal, video-display device, or computer. Stocking one type of cable will satisfy all data cable requirements. Prices begin at S50. Contact Computer System Associates, 7562 Trade St., San Diego, CA 92121, (714) 566-391 I. circle S88 on Inquiry card.

High-Capacity Memory Board for IBM Personal Computer

Datamac Computer Systems' new high-capacity memory expansion board for the IBM Personal Computer lets you easily upgrade to 544K bytes of memory. The expansion board can be configured in a variety of sizes from 64K bytes to 256K bytesall with parity.

The 64K-byte board is available for $499. For further details, contact Robert Lindgren, Datamac Computer Systems, 680 Almanor Ave., Sunnyvale, CA 94086 (408) 735-0323. Circle 589 on Inquiry card.

Radio Ratings Analysis

Recall is a software package that helps radio stations quickly organize and interpret data furnished by a major radiostation ratings service. Designed to be used with the Apple II microcomputer. Recall can analyze up to four radio stations or four rating books simultaneously. It displays full-color graphics and provides extensive printouts. Different sections of Recall can provide in-depth information on radio-audience flow dynamics, daypart recycling, and rparket positioning.

The Recall package

costs S750, which includes a 100-page manual and support consultation. Contact Media Service Concepts, 1713 N. North Park Ave., Chicago, II

60614, (312) 951-2680. circle 590 on Inquiry card.

256K-Byte RAM for the S-TOO

The Superam 50 RAM (random-access read/write memory) board provides 256K bytes of RAM and is compatible with the lEEE-696 S-100 bus standard. The board can be configured for either bankselect or extended addressing. Bank-select offers 64K-byte banks for memory-protect applications, and each bank can be individually set to any 64K-byte block of the 256K-byte address space. Extended addressing allows memory placement at any 256K-byte boundary segment in a 16-megabyte address field. A parity bit feature that detects single-bit errors per byte is included with the Superam.

The Superam 50 is available in two speeds: the Superam 50-P with a 275-nanosecond maximum access time and the Superam 50-AP with a 225-nanosecond maximum access time. In original equipment manufacturer's quantities, the Superam 50-P costs $ 1300 and the 50-AP costs SHOO. Contact Piiceon Inc., 2350 Bering Dr., San Jose, CA 95131, (408) 946-8030.

Circle 591 on inquiry card.

April 1982 © BYTE PublicaUons Inc 427

circle 101 on Inquiry card.

PRINTERS — IN STOCK

IVIX-80 S 470.00 MX-80FT . . . .

MX-IOO 750.00 NEC8023A..,

DISK DRIVES — SVa"

AcldonforApple(madebvTandom)

AppleDiskw/Controiler(madebvTandom) ..

MPI-B51—Sgl/Dbl

Tandom —Sgl/Dbl

SA400—Sgl/Dbl

DISK DRIVES — 8"

DISK PACKAGES

2-801R Cabinet Power Supply

ower Supply upply

All Assembled and Tested

S 590.00 . 525.00

S 370.00 , 485.00 . 250.00 . 250.00 ■ . 250,00

S 390.00 500.00

S1100.00 1300.00 300.00

Computer Components Unlimited

.r ' ' send Mall order-viSA/MC.

"llimlteCl Check, wire Transfer

P.O. Box 1936 / Hawthorne, CA 90250

AIM for Control

For process control or industrial development systems, put Rockwell's AIM 65 to work for you. Use off-theshelf AIM-Mate Series and STD BUS expansion prod ucts to configure the system you need.

The AIM 65 includes: typewriter, alpha numeric LED display, and fast thermal printer.

Plug-in options include: memory (to 48K), ROM languages, parity protection, video display, floppy disk storage, STD BUS expansion cage, TTL and real world interfaces, and complete system software.

Call or write for complete AIM-Mate Series information.

IIIFORETHOUGHT '^=PRODUCTS

87070 Dukhobar Road, Eugene, Oregon 97402 (503) 485-8575

What's New7

]on Swanson, staff drafting editor, irons out a few problems in his largest schematic.

Debugging Tool Irons Out Circuit Problems

The General Electric Model F340 Electric Iron serves as a handy debugging tool for crucial logic circuits that must exhibit planar topology or use especially thin-film substrates. Using the latest deion ized-vapor-lnjection technology, the Model F340 can be used with circuits arrayed on fiber sub

strates up to 0.1 cm (approximately 1/8 inch) thick, assuming proper adjustments for duration of treatment.

Contact General Electric Company, Housewares and Audio Business Division, FOB 5I05Y, Hillside Station, Bridgeport, CT 06602.B

Where Do New Products Items Come From?

The information printed in the new produas pages of BYTE is obtained from "new product" or "press release" copy sent by the promoters of new products. If in our judgment the information might be of interest to the personal computing experimenters and homebrewers who read BYTE, we print it in some form. We openly solicit releases and photos from manufaaurers and suppliers to this marketplace. The information is printed more or less as a first-in first-out queue, subject to occasional priority modifications. While we would not knowingly print untrue or inaccurate data, or data from unreliable companies, our capacity to evaluate the produrts and companies appearing in the "What's New?" feature is necessarily limited. We therefore cannot be responsible for produa quality or company performance.

428 April 1982 © BYTB-Publicauona Inc Circle 179 on Inquiry card.

Ask BYTE

Conducted by Steve Ciarcia

VIA

Experiment Board

Dear Steve,

I need an I/O (input/output) experiment board that I can plug directly into an Apple II Plus I/O slot. For my purposes, the board must use a Rockwell 6522 VIA (versatile interface adapter). Do you have a schematic diagram of such a board, or do you know of a company or a person that has made one?

Everest McDade Arden, NC

This interface has generated a lot of discussion, going back to the November

Totem Poles and TTL

Dear Steve,

I have a couple of questions about TTL (transistortransistor logic). What is the difference between totempole and open-collector outputs? And what is an expandable gate? Many thanks I M> A. M. Felt Amsterdam, Netherlands

Toteni-pole output on a TTL integrated circuit consists of two triiinsistors essen

20, 1977, EDN magazine article "EDN System Design Project." The biggest problem with the interface seems to be the "bogus" timing of the phase 2 signal on the Apple II bus. By running the phase 0 signal through two 4050 CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) gates in series, the correct phase 0 timing can be achieved. (You can also try adding an 820-ohm resistor and a 56-picofarad capacitor because this will generate an additional 30-nanosecond delay, which should work as well.) The VIA's CS2 signal is then connected to the I/O select signal on the bus. This should solve your problem.

tially in series, one above the other (see figure 1). In the high output state, the top

transistor conducts, so the output is greater than 2.4 volts (V). In the low output state, the bottom transistor conducts, so the output is less than 0.8 V.

During the transition between states, both transistors are conducting, and large current spikes are induced in the power supply. If not properly bypassed, these transient spikes may trigger

You may also be interested in

Kenneth Olszewski's article "Add a Peripheral Interface Adapter to Your Apple II" (January 1982 BYTE, page 324). . . . Steve

Bus Standard

Stops Here

Dear Steve,

For several months, some manufacturers were claiming that their product was "compatible with the proposed IEEE S-100 bus standard." Recently I noticed that the wording has changed to ". . . conforms to the IEEE-696 S-100 Standard." From this j infer that the

other circuits. If a full 5 V are needed during the high state, a pull-up resistor can be used as shown in figure 2.

Open-collector output circuits replace the top transistor and diode of the totem pole with an external pull-up resistor (figure 3). These outputs can then be tied together as in a "wired-NOR" circuit or where an output high voltage greater than 5 V is desired. However, they are noisier and slower than totem-pole outputs.

"proposed standard" is now a bona fide standard. Where can I get a copy? Paul Frost Beaverton, OR

EDN magazine recently featured an article on various bus standards, including the IEEE-696 S-100 bus standard. The article, "Compare iiCBus Specs to Find the Bus You Need," by Carl Warren, (EDN, June 10, 1981, page 141), contained a complete definition of the S-100 bus.

For a copy of the standard, contact Howard Fullmer, Chairman IEEE-696 Committee, Parasitic Engineering, POB 6314, Albany, CA 94706, (415) 839-2636. , . .Steve

Tying totem-pole outputs together usually means catastrophic results as each tries to pull the other high or low.

Expanders and gate expanders are TTL devices that allow the expansion of some logic functions. For example, they would be used if a 32-input AND gate were needed. They are not very popular today. . . .Steve

Vcc

April 1982 © BYTE PubBcaUons Ine 429

Circle 105 on inquiry card.

^MAIL ORDER DISCOUNTS

||npplG' II

SOFTWARE & ACCESSORIES PRINTERS EpSOfl

VJSICALC 169 EPSON MX-70 350

VISITRENDWISIPLOT 215 EPSON MX eO 460

VIS1FILE 210 EPSON MX-80FT 560

BPI BUSINESS SOFTWARE 335 QUME SPRINT 5/45 2499

CONTINENTAL BUS. SOFTWARE 215

SUPERSCRIBE II 110 MONITORS

SUPERTEXTII 125 AMDEX LOW-RES 13" COLOR 1 369

EASYWRITER 219 AMDEX HI RES 13" COLOR II 850

WORDSTAR ICP/M) 299 SANYOg'B&W . . .185

REAL ESTATE ANALYZER 120 zenITH 12- GREEN 125

TAX PREPARER 85 NEC 12'GREEN 169

CREATIVE FINANCING 120 NEC 12'LOW-RES COLOR 365

HAYES MICROMODEM II 299 NEC 12" HI-RES RGBCOLOR 876

MICROSOFT Z-80SOFTCARD 299

MICROSOFT 16K RAM CARD 169 III

VIDEX 60 COLUMN CARD 269 ATARI 800 * 400

^rr</^ ATARI'

NECPC-8000 ATARI800(16K) 749

» ~ ~ ATARI 400 (16K) 349

PC-8001A SYSTEM W/32K CALL 810 DISK DRIVE 439

PC-8012AI/O&EXPANSIONSLOTSW/32K..CALL 16K RAM MEMORY MODULE 89

PC-e031A DUAL DRIVES CALL 850 INTERFACE MODULE 159

PC-8023A MATRIX PRINTER 830 ACOUSTIC MODEM 159

TRACTOR/FRICTION CALL ATARI WORD PROCESSOR 125

JC-1202DH HI RES. COLOR MON CALL

THE WEDGE-DISK. RS232 S XEROX 820 "SAM"

GAME I/O W;32K CAU SYSTEM 1 |5V. • DRIVES) 2395

SYSTEM II18- DRIVES) 3060

DIalVETTBa XEROX 630 PRINTER 2325

BASF 5'i-DISKETTES (10) 25 WORD PROCESSING IWORDSTARI 425

BASF8"DISKETTES(10) 29 CP/M OPERATING SYSTEM 175

TO ORDER: Please send cashier's checl<, money order or personal check (allow 10 business days to clear). VISA and Master Card credit card service add 3%, American Express credit card service add 5%. Shipping, handling and insurance In U.S. add 3% (minimum $5). California residents add 6% sales tax. Foreign orders add 10% for shipping. Equipment is subject to price change and availability. All equipment carries factory warranty. TELEX: 697120 DATAI»1AX-SDG

GOMiPUTCR HORIZON

16766 Bernardo Center Drive, Suite 110B, San Diego, GA 92128 (714) 565-7092 (800) 854-1941

DRV COMPUTERS LTD.

FLOPPY DISK DRIVE SYSTEMS

CANADA'S No. 1 DISK DRIVE CENTRE

APPLE & ATARI

40 and 80 Trk Drives with supporting software

Apple Disk Drives from $550 and up

Personal Computer Users—TRS80 MP1 Drive 51 witli power supply & case

Can. $475

Percom Doublerll Can. $250 Model III 2-Drive Internal Kit Can. $1,550

f \ Authorized Percom & Trak (-■^^vH Dealer and Service Centre

^3|kC0MPUTERS LTD.

^ 15100 - 40th AVE, SURREY,

B.C., CANADA V3S 4N7 (604) 576-8535

Ask BYTE

Controlling Heat and Surges

Dear Steve,

I have two problems that I don't believe you have covered. First, in the Tampa/ St. Petersburg area, which suffers from power-line noise due to lightning, BSR X-10 control units are often triggered by line surges. It is not really a good idea to leave the X-10 energized during an extended absence. To come home and find the TV, radio, or lights on when they should be off is not too good. This problem probably has an electronic solution.

Second, the TRS-80 Model I is not really designed for 24-hour continuous operation insofar as heat is concerned. To be sure, you can take the two power supplies out of the Expansion Interface, but even that is probably not enough. This problem requires a hardware solution, which may be easy once the necessary ventilation is determined. R. M. Sanford Largo, FL

According to reports, BSR X-10 control modules have been tripped by power-line transients. I have not had this problem in my area, so I'm unable to experiment with a fix. A metal-oxide varistor (MOV) across each module would help because they would clip the voltage surge at approximately 130 volts. These units are made by General Electric and are available from major industrial parts suppliers.

You didn't mention whether you were having problems with your TRS-80 because of heat or whether it simply gets hot. The easiest way to cure heat problems is to use a fan for some forced ventilation. This also avoids having to open the box. Placing larger heat sinks on the power tran- I

sisters will draw off even more heat, but unless the heat can be carried away, nothing is to be gained by'this approach.

Small fans are available from many sources, including Radio Shack. Remember to keep the fan motor away from any magnetic media such as disks or tapes, . . . Steve

YOM Get What You Pay For

Dear Steve,

I have a Commodore VIC-20 computer and I would like to get more characters per line. If it is possible, how do I go about doing it? Do 1 have to add or replace any hardware? Itshak Mihaeli Brooklyn, NY

For less than $300, the VIC-20 represents a good value. In designing a computer for that price range, however, some compromises had to be made. One such compromise, as you know, is the screen-display format of 23 lines of 22 characters. The display is memory-mapped (i.e., a certain portion of memory is set aside solely for the screen), so modifying this requires changing both the hardware and the software. Even the VIC's 176 by 176 high-resolution option will not allow any more characters, although different shapes are available under software control.

A comparison of the VIC-20 with four other lowcost microcomputers appeared in the May 1981 BYTE (see page 46). The article, "The Commodore VIC-20 Microcomputer, A LowCost, High-Performance Consumer Computer," by Gregg Williams, featured a chart that showed the VIC-20 to be quite comparable to its competition. , . .Steve

430 April 1982 © BYTE PubIic«Uons Inc

Circle 153 on Inquiry card.

Sweet Talker Interface

Dear Steve,

I'm interested in interfacing the Sweet Talker speech synthesizer to my Commodore 4032N computer. (See "Build an Unlimited-Vocabulary Speech Synthesizer," September 1981 BYTE, page 38.) Commodore has made a bunch of machines, but virtually all of them have the parallel user's port, also eallted the VIA (versatile interface adapter) port. The lower 12 pins on the edge coimector go to a MOS Technology 6522 VIA and consist of two grounds, eight data lines, a CAl (an input) handshake line, and a CB2 line (described as "a very powerful connection that has most of the abilities of CAl but can also act as the input of the VIA shift register").

I know how to program any byte onto the data lines I want, but Commodore is silent about using these "handshake" lines. Can I use one line to sense when it's time to deliver the next phoneme code, and the other to strobe the Sweet Talker once the phoneme is present? Since Apple Computer already has the interface on one model, I'm hoping that a PET/CBM interface will be very similar. Is a readymade, interfaced PET/CBM version forthcoming? If not, I'd appreciate any help on doing it mysfelf.

Larry Hatch Menio Park, CA

The 6522 VIA used in the PET computer is very powerful and versatile; however, a great deal of explanation is required to fully use its features. I strongly suggest that you get a copy of the 6522 Data Sheets and a 6500 Series Hardware Manual for a complete explanation as well as some applications. Both are

available from MOS Technology Inc., 950 Rittenhouse Rd., Norristown, PA 19403, (800) 345-6386; in Pennsylvania, (215) 666-7950, ask for marketing.

Handshaking lines CAl and CB2 can control the Sweet Talker, but the proper control word must be written into address location hexadecimal E84C, the peripheral control register. My "Circuit Cellar" article described the necessary programming for the Sweet Talker. This should solve your interface problem. . . .Steve

Dear Steve,

I own an Apple II complete with disk drives. Language card, Silentype printer, Videx 80-column video-display card, and Microsoft Softcard with a Z80 microprocessor. I've tried a couple of your machine-language programs, and although I didn't understand them, they work beautifully. I wrote this simple BASIC program:

10 a= 2

20 A= 3

30 Q = a * A

40 Print Q but I got a syntEix error in line 10. In my engineering program, I must use lowercase variables. H. I. Baerwolf Inglewood, CA

Applesoft BASIC does not recognize lowercase variables, which is why you got the syntax error. The May 1980 Micro, The 6502/6809 Journal has an article that should solve your problem. (Contact Micro Ink Inc., 34 Chelmsford Ave., POB 6502, Chelmsford, MA 01824, (617) 256-5515.) The program not only handles lowercase variables but it takes care of punctuation, too. . . .Steve

Strain-Gage Data Collection

Dear Steve,

I recently read your BYTE articles on the Z8-BASIC microcomputer. (See "Build a Z8-Based Control Computer with BASIC, Part 1," July 1981 BYTE, page 38; "Part 2," August 1981 BYTE, page 50.) My company is interested in using the Z8 in the field of strain-gage data collection. For this application, we would also need an A/D (analog-to-digital) converter of the type used in your second article. Where can we obtain additional information on the ADC0808 A/D converter shown in figure 2 (August 1981 BYTE, page 66)?

G. F. Fornaro United States Pipe

and Foundry Co. Birmingham, AL

The Z8-BASIC microcomputer is an excellent choice for strain-gage applications. The ADC0808 is available from National Semiconductor Corp., 2900 Semiconductor Dr., Santa Clara, CA 95051, (408) 737-5000.

. . . Steve B

In "Ask BYTE," Steve Ciarcia answers questions on any area of microcomputing. The most representative questions received each montti will be answered and published. Do you have a nagging problem? Send

your inquiry to: Ask BYTE do Steve Ciarcia POB 582

Glastonbury CT 06033 If you are a subscriber to The Source, send your questions by elearonic mail or chat with Steve (TCE3I7) direaly. Due to the high volume of inquiries, personal replies cannot be given. Be sure to include "Ask BYTE" in the address.

NOW FOR

(Z-80)

The bestselling Adventure series by Scott Adams is now available for CP/M users! Ttiis is the original Adventure series which has received rave reviews in every major computer magazine. Order now!

8" Disk of ALL 12 Adventures $129.95

Mi

Minimum 24K • Single density • Soft sector • Single side Converted to run under CP/M by Russ Wetmore

Dealer Inquiries Invited

Adventure International • Box 3435 • Longwood, FL 32750 TOLL-FREE ORDER NUMBER: (800) 327-7172

IN Florida laosi BSi-saiT

SHIPRINO *Nt> HANDLING CMABGES AflE EXtH*

O CHANCE WIIHOUt N

Circle 13 on Inquiry card.

April 1982 © BYTE Fublicaaens Inc 431

Programming Quickies

A BASIC Program for Home Cryptography

Ralph Roberts FOB 8549 AsheviUe, NC 28814

The study of codes and cryptograms has always fascinated me, and it takes little imagination to see the power of the personal computer applied to this field. I used cryptographic devices during Army service in the late sixties but now find that my Smoke Signal Chieftain is capable of encoding and decoding at a level much greater than the military devices I once used. That's "clear text" to me.

I devised the program shown in listing 1 as a first experiment in computerized encrypting. Much elaboration is possible, but this program may provide a starting point for you as well. The program is written in Computerware's version 6.0 BASIC but should run in most standard BASICs with minimal changes. If you don't have a disk drive, use data statements or read in the text one line at a time.

Listing 1: An encoding and decoding program in Computerware's version 6.0 BASIC. The POKE statement at line 10 changes the BASIC'S delimiter character from a comma to an end-of-line character to improve handling of commas in text.

*

0001 REM ;:. ENCODING, DECODING PROGRAM :::

0002 REM ::: by Ralph Roberts 0010 POKE( 210,13)

0020 STRING= 124;LINE=100:PRINT.PRINT

0030 PRINT TAB(25),"ENCODING PROGRAM":PRINT:PRINT

0040 INPUT "PassvTOrd",P$:GOSUB 240

0050 INPUT "Encoding or Decoding (1 or 2)",I

0060 PRINT :IF 1=1 INPUT"Narae of file to be ENCODED",A$

0070 IF 1=2 INPUT"Name of File to be DECODED",A$

0080 IF 1=2 LET A=A*(-1)

0090 INPUT "Name of file to receive 'doctored' output",C$

0100 OPEN #1,A$:0PEN #2,C$

0110 READ #1,B$

0120 IF B$="" THEN 230

0130 FOR X=l TO LEN(B$)

0140 LET B=ASC(MID$(B$,X,1))

0150 IF 1=1 LET B=B+A;IF B>123 LET B=(B-123)+32

0160 IF 1=2 LET B=B+A;IF B<32 LET B-(B+123)-32

0170 LET D$=D$+CHR$(B)

0180 NEXT X:IF 1=1 LET A=A+1:IF A=124 LET A=l

0190 IF 1=2 LET A=A-1:IF A=-124 LET A=-l

0200 PRINT '.PRINT BS?: PRINT D$

0210 WRITE #2,D$:D$="":B$=""

0220 GOTO 110

0230 POKE{ 210,44);CLOSE #1:CLOSE #2:END

0240 LET P=LEN(P$)

0250 FOR X=l TO LEN(P$)

0260 LET P1=P1+ASC(MID$(P$,X,1)):NEXT X

0270 LET A=INT(P1/P);IF A>123 PRINT"Sorry, PASSWORD phrase too big":RUN

0280 RETURN

432 April 1982 © BYTE Fablicatioiu Inc

For those of you who need a practical use for this program before reading further, I'll offer this example. If you work with a multiuser system, say in a college or high school, you could store your deep, dark secrets in a format that no one else could decode. Those of us who don't have deep, dark secrets encode just for the fun of it (or so we'd like you to think).

Writing of secrets, I do have one little trick to make this encoding program work more conveniently. In line

10 of listing 1, the POKE statement changes the delimiter

character in my BASIC from a comma to an end-of-line (EOL) character. This allows the program to process an entire line in a text file, including commas. If,your manual conceals the location of the delimiter character (as mine did), it's easy to concoct a four- or five-line PEEK,POKE routine that will find the location for you. Just successively change each comma in memory (decimal 44) to the EOL character (decimal 13). After each change,

Listing 2: An encoding run of the encoding-decoding program shown in listing 1.

ENCODING PROGi^AM

Password ? THE RAIN IN SPAIN FALLS MAINLY ON THE PLAIN Encoding or Decoding (1 or 2) ? 1

Name of file to be ENCODED ? SECRET.MSG

Name of file to receive 'doctored' output ? SECRET.X9

TO: CIA HEADQUARTERS — LANGLEY, VIRGINIA FROM: SECRET AGENT X9 1/2. <7"c+l)c0-),9=):<-:,cppc4)6/4-Aoc>l:/161)ccc.:75"c;-+:-<c)/-6<c@!ctruq

SUBJECT; CLANDESTINE ENTRY INTO REPUBLIC OF MOLDAVIA 0+3. ,=#d,5*7-.<=27 .d.7=,Bd27=8d, .9>+52,d8/d685-*?2*

TO OBTAIN PLANS ON SECRET 'BOOM-BOOM' MISSLE. eeeeeeeee>Se9,>+38e:6+8=e98e=/-</>el,997r,9971e7 3==6/s

Hi guys. Having wonderful time in Moldavia. Am sending you all f f f f f3TfR°d<s)tf3LaTYRfbZYOP] Q°Hf_TXPfTYf8ZW0LaTLtf ,Xf©PYOTYRfdZ° f LWW

this via courier bat. Hope she got through, °TU_gbUMgO[a©UQs)gNM° ug4 [wQgjrOgS [ °g°T^ [ aSTu

Went by the secret research facility on the outscirts of Moldavia City hhhhhDR[ahOfhaURh''RP Rah R'RN PUhSNPVYVaf h® [ haURh®ba''PV a''h®Sh:®YQNcVNhOVaf

and had no trouble buying the blueprints for the dreaded 'boom-boom' 0®RiVORi®lib"]cPZSiPcgW®UibVSiPZcS©°W®baiTj"ibVSiR"SORSRipP]][vP]][p

missile. They had a concession stand out front selling that and other ®XbbXlTxjCWThjV'JPSjPjR©]RTbbX©] jbcP] Sj©dcjUa©] cjbT [ [X] VjcWPcjP] Sj©cWTa

plans. I'll bring them back in my bootheel. Need anything else? (sgnd) X9 1/2. °©Q©cylc9r®®kRbY©WkdXU] kRQS [kY©k] ikR ^dXUU®yk>UUTKQ©idXY©WkU©cU/kscVJ©TtkH) k! z"y

Listing 3: A printout of the encoded file produced by the program run shown in listing 2.

<7"c+l)c0-),9=).<-:,cppe4)6/4-Aoc>l:/161)ccc.:75"c;-+:-<c)/-6<c@Ictruq

0+3. , = #d,5*7-.< = 27 .d .7 = ; Bd27 = 8d; . 9>+5 2 , d8/d6 8 5-*? 2 *

eeeeeeeee>9e9 ,> + 38e: 6 + 8 = e98e=/-</>el,997r,9 971e7 3'==5/s

f f f f f3TfR°d®tf3LaTYRfbZYOP] Q°Wf_TXPfTYf 8 ZWOLaTLtf,Xf©PYarYRfdZ" fLWW

«'TU_gbUMgO[a®UQ©gNM° ug4 [®Qg_TQgS [ °g°T® [ aSTu

hhhhhDR[ahOfhaURh° RP_Rah_R° RN_PUhSNPVYVafh®[haURh©ba° PV_a° h®Sh:©YQNcVNhOVaf as>RiVORiG)J ib° j cPZSiPcgW'f UibVSiPZcS©°W>E>baiT] ° ibVSiR° SORSRipP] ] [vP] ] [p ®XbbX[TxjCWThjWPSjPjR®J RTbbX©]jbcP]Sj©dcjUa©]cjbT[[X]VjcWPcjP]Sj©cWTa <'®Q®cyk9r®®kRbY©WkdXU] kRQS [kY©k] ikR ^dXUU®yk>UUTkQ©idXY©WkU®cU/kscW©TtkH)kI 2"y

April 1982 © BYTE Publkatioiu Inc 433

Programming Quickies

Listing 4: A run of the encoding-decoding program, this time decoding the file shown in listing 3,

ENCODING PROGRAM

Password ? THE RAIN IN SPAIN FALLS MAINLY ON THE PLAIN Encoding or Decoding (1 or 2) ? 2

Name of File to be DECODED ? SECRET.X9

Name of file to receive 'doctored' output ? FRM.X9

<7"c+l)cO-),9=);<-:;cppc4)6/4-Aoc>li/161)ccc.:75"c;-+:-<c)/-6<c@1ctruq TO; CIA HEADQUARTERS — LANGLEY, VIRGINIA FROM: SECRET AGENT X9 1/2.

0+3. , = #d,5*7-.< = 27 .d.7=,Bd27 = 8d; . 9>+52 ,d8/d68 5-*?2* SUBJECT; CLANDESTINE ENTRY INTO REPUBLIC OF MOLDAVIA

eeeeeeeee>9e9,>+38e:6+8=e98e=/-</>el,997r,9971e7 3==6/s TO OBTAIN PLANS ON SECKET 'BOOM-BOOM' MISSLE.

fffff3TfR°d®tf3LaTYRfbZYOP]y°Wf_TXPfTYf8ZW0LaTLtf,Xf©PYOTYRfdZ° fLWW Hi guys. Having wonderful time in Moldavia. Am sending you all

°TU_gbUMgO[a®UQ©gNM° ug4[@Qg_TQgS[°g°T©[aSTu this via courier bat. Hope she got through.

hhhhhDR [ ahOf haURh" RP_Rah_R° RN_PUhSNPVYVaf h® [ haURh®ba° PV_a<' h®Sh: ®YQNcVNhOVaf V^ent by the secret research facility on the outscirts of Moldavia City

OSRiVORi®]ib°]cPZSiPcgW©UibVSiPZcS®°W®baiT]° ibVSiR° SORSRipP]] [vP]] [p and had no trouble buying the blueprints for the dreaded 'boom-boom'

®XbbX[TxjCWThjWPSjPjR©]RTbbX©]jbcP]Sj©dcjUa©]cjbT[[X]VjcWPcjP]Sj©cOTa missile. They had a concession stand out front selling that and other

°©Q©cyk9r®®kRbY©WkdXU] kRQS [kY©k] ikR ^dXUU©yk>UUTkQ®idXY®WkU®cU/kscW©TtkK) kl z"y

plans. I'll bring them back in my bootheel. Need anything else? (sgnd) X9 1/2.

try to read into a string variable a DATA statement consisting of two words separated by a comma. When both words and the comma read in, you've found the location.

Another approach is to use more string variables, creating a new one each time a comma is encountered. Three or four variables would probably suffice, but occasionally you'll lose a space that falls at the front of the next string variable. It's better to find that delimiter character.

Aside from the way it handles commas, this program is really pretty simple—but the code it generates is not. The encryption begins as a simple offset. The program first reads your password (or passphrase) and sums the ASCII values of all the letters and spaces. To obtain the offset, the program divides the sum by the number of letters and spaces in the password. With an offset of 63, for example, every letter is printed 63 characters higher than it actually is (with a wrap-around feature to maintain the desired

ASCII range of 32 to 123 and an upward shift of one so no space will be printed). In each succeeding line, the offset is increased by one. This prevents anyone from breaking your code by analyzing frequency of character appearance. Every single letter and space is represented by a different character in every line.

For spies, my encoding-decoding program comes in handy almost daily. Listing 2, for example, reveals how I ran the program to encode a message during my last CIA mission behind the Iron Curtain. Listing 3 is the printout of the encoded file 1 sent to Langley, and listing 4 shows a program run that decoded the same file. Decoding is merely the reverse of the encoding operation, but you must give the password.

With this program and a portable computer like the Osborne 1, you too can be a spy. Go forth, my fellow agents, and have secrets from one anotheriM

434 April 1982 © BYTE PublicaHoia Inc

Software Received

Apple

Adenoids, a medical adventure game for the Apple

II. Floppy disk, $29.95. Lymphatic Software, 12 Sinus Way, Psychosomatic, NH 03458.

Amperdump, a high-resolution graphics dump utility program using the Epson MX-80 or -100 printer for the Apple II Plus. Floppy disk, $30. Madwest Software, POB 9822, Madison, WI 53715.

Ampergraph, a graphics utility package to generate plots and graphs for the Apple II. Floppy disk, $30. Madwest Software (s^ address above).

Antfarm, a language system for teaching programming to children for the Apple II. Floppy disk, $49.95. WIMS Computer Consulting, 6723 East 66th Pl„ Tulsa, OK 74133.

Bug Attack, an arcadetype game for the Apple II. Floppy disk, $29,95. Cavalier Computer, POB 2032, Del Mar, CA 92014.

David's Midnight Magjc, a high-resolution pinball game for the Apple II. Roppy disk, $34.95. Broderbund Software Inc., 1938 Fourth St., San Rafael, CA 94901.

Hi-Res Secrets, a graphics development package for the Apple II. Floppy disks, $125. Avant-Garde Creations, POB 30160, Eugene, OR 97403.

High-Res Mastertype,a typing instruction game for the Apple II. Floppy disk, $39.95. Lightning Software, POB 11725, Palo Alto, CA 94306.

The Manipulator, a text file utility system for the Apple II. Floppy disk, $34.95. Pear Software, 407 Terrace, Ashland, OR 97520.

Menu Generator, a menudevelopment software system for the Apple II Plus. Floppy disks, $39.95. Crane Software Inc., Suite 611, 16835

Algonquin, Huntington Beach, CA 92649. Nutrichec 2.0, a diet and

physical activity analysis program for the Apple II Plus. Floppy disk, $59.95. WIMS Computer Consulting (see address above).

Personal Tax Plan, an income tax plaiming package for the Apple II and the Western Digital Microengine. Floppy disk, $130. Aardvark Software Inc., 783 North Water St., Milwaukee, WI 53202.

Stone of Sisyphus, an adventure game for the Apple II Plus. Floppy disks, $29.95. Adventure International, POB 3435, Longwood, FL 32750.

Ultra Plot, a plotting utility program to create charts and graphs for the Apple II. Floppy disks, $70. AvantGarde Creations (see address above).

Versaform, a business forms processing package in Pascal for the Apple II. Floppy disk, $389. Applied Software Technology, 15985 Greenwood Rd., Monte Sereno, CA 95030.

CP/M

Ddump 1.6, a sectororiented disk dump utility program for CP/M. 8-inch floppy disk, $29.95. Elektrokonsult Inc., Konnerudgt. 3, N-3000 Drammen, Norway.

Dtest 1.7, a disk- and disk drive-testing program for CP/M. 8-inch floppy disk, $29.95. Elektrokonsult Inc. (see address above).

The Formula, a multifunctioned, business-oriented data-processing system for CP/M. 8-inch floppy disk, $595. Dynamic Microprocessor Associates, 545 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10017.

PET

RPL Language, a compiled language system for the PET-2001. Cassette, $71.91;

floppy disk $80.91. Samurai Software, POB 2902, Pompano Beach, FL 33062.

Vigil, an interactive graphics and game development system for the VIC-20. Cassette, $35. Abacus Software, POB 7211, Grand Rapids, MI 49510.

TRS-80

ColorFORTH, a FORTH language system for the TRS-80 Color Computer. Cassette, $49.95. Armadillo Software, POB 7661, AusHn, TX 78712.

Do-It-Yourself Adventure Kit, an adventure game development program for the TRS-80 Models I and HI. Floppy disk, $29.95. Suburban Software Co., R.D. #1, Box 74A, Spring Mills, PA 16875.

Hexspell 2, an extended spelling checker for the TRS-80 Models I and III. Floppy disk, $99. Hexagon Systems, POB 397, Station A, Veincouver, British Columbia V6C 2N2, Canada.

Imperial Arena, a Star Trek-type game for the TRS-80 Model I. Cassette or floppy disk, $15. Richard Bissonnette, POB 476, Amherst, MA 01004.

Linear Programming System, a system to solve linear programming problems for the TRS-80 Model I. Cassette, $9.89. Computer Heroes, 1961 Dunn Rd., East Liverpool, OH 43920.

Macro-Assembler 4004, an emulation of the 4004 microprocessor for the TRS-80 Models I, II, III, IV, etc. Hard disk, $1.95. MacaroonSoft, 45 The Way of AU Flesh, Spittingboro, NH 03458.

Newtrieve, an indexing and data-retrieval program for the TRS-80 Models I and III. Floppy disk, $49.95. Unique Printing and Stationery Co., 11 Maiden Ln., New York, NY 10038.

Refware Thesaurus: Builder 1.0, a specialized thesaurus development program for the TRS-80 Model III. Floppy disk, $149.95. Refware, POB 451, Chappaqua, NY 10514.

Silly Syntax, a story creation game for the TRS-80 Color Computer. Cassette, $19.95. Sugar Software, 2153 Leah Ln., Reynoldsburg, OH 43068.

Stone of Sisyphus, an adventure game for the TRS-80 Models I and III. Floppy disks, $29.95. Adventure International, POB 3435, Longwood, FL 32750.

Other Computers

Fifth, a language system for the Atari 400/800. 25 ozs., $7.95. fig-Fork Software Inc., Frodo Alley, Fraternity, NH 03458.

Match/Bowl, two arcadetype games for the Bally Arcade. Cassette, $12.95. Edge, 12046 Flambeau Dr., Palos Heights, IL 60463. ■

This is a list of software packages that have been received by BYTE Publications during the past month. The list is correct to the best of our knowledge, but it Is not meant to be a full description of the product or the forms in which the produtt is available. In particular, some packages may be sold for several machines or in both cassette and floppy-disk format; the product listed here is the version received by BYTE Publications.

This is an all-inclusive list that makes no comment on the quality or usefulness of the software listed. We regret that we cannot review every software package we receive. Instead, this list is meant to be a monthly acknowledgment of these packages and the companies that sent them. All software received is considered to be on loan to BYTE and is returned to the manufacturer after a set period of time. Companies sending software packages should be sure to include the list price of the packages and (where appropriate) the alternate forms in which they are available.

April 1982 © BYTE PublicaUons Inc 435

circle 161 on Inquiry card.

Programming Quickies

Base Conversion on the TRS-80 Pocket Computer

MICROSTAT™ Release 2.0

igEW pi

qEL^^ Just some of the new features of Microstat Rel. 2.0 Inelude: new programs for moments about the mean, skewness, kurtosls and stepwise multiple regression, longer file names, faster sort routine, the ability to declare each data file's numeric precision and drive location plus an expanded user's manual with new appendices for the equations and file structures used in Microstat. Also included is a Data Management Subsystem for file maintenance (edit, list, destroy, augment, sort, rank-order, move and merge) plus transformations (add, subtract multiply, divide, reciprocal, log, natural log and antllog, exponentiation and linear) that allow you to create new variables from existing variables.

After file creation with DMS, programs for analysis include: Descriptive statistics. Hypothesis testing (mean and proportion), ANOVA (one-way, two-way, and random blocks), Scatterplots, Frequency distributions. Correlation analysis. Simple, Multiple and Stepwise Multiple Regression (including files larger than available memory), Time series, 11 Nonparametric tests, 8 Probability distributions, Crosstabs and Chi-square, Combinations, Permutations and Factorials (up to one million factorial). All program output is neatly formatted for easy use.

The price for Microstat Rel. 2.0 is $295.00 and the user's manual is available for $25.00 (credited towards purchase) and includes sample printouts with file tables that reference standard statistical texts and journals so you can compare the results from Microstat to those produced on much larger systems. Compare Microstat to any other package on the market and we think you'll agree that Microstat is the hest at any price.

ECOSOFT, INC.

P.O. BOX 68602 INDIANAPOLIS, IN 46268-0602 (317) 283-8883

CP/M Compatibility for your TRS-80 Pluggable boards & powerful operating system (T8/0S) run this power packed lineup of CP/M program applications on your

Wordstar" Magic Wand

Mail Merge'

Mailman'

Spellstar' Supersorf

Word Processing

Mall Management

Special Applications

dBase II*

Data Base

Quic-N-Easi*

TiTTl III*

Management

- Financial

Calc Star

Modeling

Super Calc'

Business

Applications

The

Boss

The

Freedom Family

Freedom Option $275.00

CP/M Compatibility

Freedom Plus $490.00

CP/M Compatibility Plus 64K RAM

Manual Only $25.00

Freedom Technofogy International, Inc.

Helping Small Computers Do Big Things To Order call 1-800-523-4067 In Pennsylvania call 569-2381 Dealer Inquiries Invited

*CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research, Inc M"RS-80 is a Iracjemarl^ of Tandy Corp,

436 April 1982 © BYTE PubUcations Inc Circle 181 On inquiry card.

David M. Dolan

FOB 632 South Pasadena, CA 91030

Base conversion, indispensable to the programmer, has been a favorite subject for programs since the earliest issues of microcomputer magazines. But because the need for converting numbers from one base to another usually arises while the computer is tied up developing a program, it is impractical to load and use a base-conversion program at the same time. Until Tandy began selling its TRS-80 Pocket Computer, the only other choice was the Texas Instruments Programmer calculator.

Base conversion at first appeared to be a natural for the Pocket Computer (PC). A second glance, however, revealed some obstacles. PC BASIC lacks two functions used extensively in previous base-conversion programs: string-manipulation and the ASC function, which returns the ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) code for string argument. Could I make a limited BASIC perform like an extended BASIC? It was a challenge I couldn't resist.

The program that met the challeitge is shown in listing 1. It will convert any binary, octal, decimal, or hexadecimal number (up to decimal 65535) to its binary, octal, decimal, or hexadecimal equivalent. This represents an improvement over the TI Programmer calculator, which can't handle binary numbers.

The only concession I had to make to the limitations of PC BASIC is this: each digit of a number must be entered separately and followed by Enter. You designate the end of a number by entering a space (SPC), followed by Enter. The program then asks for the base of the number to be converted; you enter 2, 8, 10, or 16. In the same way, the program asks the base to which the number is to be converted. That's all there is to it.

Unfortunately, the Pocket Computer doesn't perform conversions as fast as a larger microcomputer or the TI Programmer. This PC BASIC program takes 15 seconds to change decimal 255 to hexadecimal FF, and 45 seconds to change binary 11111111 11111111 to hexadecimal FFFF. I tried various ways to make the program run faster. Some of them saved memory, but all ran slower. Perhaps you can do better.

Beware of trying to translate this program into other

dialects of BASIC. The program takes advantage of some of PC BASIC'S peculiarities. Line 500, for instance, makes use of the fact that the string A$ is the same as A$(l), B$ is the same as A$(2), etc.

The sample run of the program is shown in listing 2 on page 438. To produce the printout, I translated the program to run on the TRS-80 Model II. The printout is similar to what you will find on the Pocket Computer. I produced the program listing itself (listing 1) by copying the debugged program by hand directly from the Pocket.

Computer to a Radio Shack Model II. Although not as reliable as a listing from a running program, this listing was the best one possible at the time. (Since then, Tandy has released a printer for the Pocket Computer.)

If, like me, you're a gadgeteer as well as a computer nut, you may have been looking for an excuse to buy one of the new pocket computers. This base-conversion program may give you that excuse. Depending on your needs, the base-conversion program might justify more than half the price of the new gadget. ■

Listing 1: A program for converting numbers from one base to another. Designed to run on the TRS-80 Pocket Computer, the progmm can convert a binary, octal, decimal, or hexadecimal number to its equivalent in the other three bases.

10 PAUSE"BASE CONVERSION"

20 P/iUSE"ENTER DIGITS SEPARATELY": PAUSE"PFESS ENTER AFTER EACH" 30 CLEAR:F0RU = 26TCiH :INPUT"DIGIT (SPC TO EXIT):";AS(U) 40 IFA$(U)=" "LETU=U-1:GOT060

50 MEXTU

60 INPUT"BASE OF #(2,8,10 ,16):";Q 70 INPUT»CONVERT T0(2,8,10,16):";R

80 V= 0:17 = 0

90 FORI = UT026STEP-1 :GOSUBA$(T)

100 IFA(T)>0BEEP1 :PAUSE"I.NVALID INPUT" : GOT030

120 VrV+INT(A(T)*Q'W+,5):W=W+1

130 fJEXTT:GOT0300

140 "0":A(T)30:RETURN

150 "1":A(T)=1iRETURN

160 "2":ACT)=2:RETURN

170 "3":A(T)=3:RETURN

180 "4":A(T)=4:RETURN

190 "5":A(T)=5:RETURN

200 "6":A(T)r6:RETURN

210 "7":A(T)=7:RETURN

220 "8":A(T)r8:RETURN

23 0 "9" :ACT)=9:RETURN

2 40 "A":ACT):::10:RETURN

2 50 "B":ACT)=11:RETURN

26 0 "C":ACT)=12:RETURN

270 "D":ACT)=13:RETURN

2 80 "E":.ACT) =14: RETURN 290 "F":ACT)=15:RETURN

3 00 ASC 26 ) ="0" : A$C27 ) = " 1 " : AS ( 28) = "2" : AS ( 29) = " 3" : A$ C 3 0) = " 4" : A5 ( 3 1) = "5" 310 A$ C 32) = "6 " : A.$ C 3 3) = "7 " : A$ C 3 4) = " 8" : A.? C 35) = " 9 " : AS C 36) = " A"

320 A$C37)="B":A$C38)="C":A$(39)="U":A$C40)="E":A$(41)="F"

350 IFR=16GOSUB400:S$="HEX: ":GOSUB500:G0T030

360 IFR=10GOSUB400:S$="DEC: ":GOSUB500:GOT030

370 IFR=8GOSUB400:S$="OCTAL: ":G0SUB500:G0T030

380 IFR=2GOSUB400:S$="BINARY:":GOSUB500:GOTO30

400 Y=V:W=INTC LOGV/LOGR+.000001 ):U=1

410 FORT=WTC0STEP-1 : X = INT ( R'^ T+. 5 ) :Q=INTCY/X)

420 A$(U)=A$(Q+26):U=U+1;Y=INT(Y-Q*X+.5)

430.NEXTT:RETURN

500 PRINTS$;" A$;B$;C$;D$;E$;F$;G$;H$;1$;J$;K$;L$;M$;N$;0$;P$:RETURN

April 1982 © BYTE PublicaUons Inc 437

ProgrAmmlng Quickies,

Listing 2: A sample run of the base-conversion program in listing 1. Note that after entering each digit of a numbeTr the user must press Enter. The user marks a digit as the number's last by pressing SPC (space) and then Enter.

Ready

>Ruri

BASE CONVERSION

EKTER DIGITS SEPARATELY DIGIT (SPC TC EXIT):? F DIGIT (SPC TO EXIT):? C DIGIT (SPC TO EXIT):? 7 DIGIT (SPC TO EXIT):? E DIGIT (SPC TO EXIT):? BASE OF # (2,8,10,16) :? 16 CONVERT 10(2,8,10,16):? 2 BINARY 1111110001111110

EKTER DIGITS SEPARATELY DIGIT (SPC TO EXIT):? 3

DIGIT (SPC TO EXIT):? 2 DIGIT (SPC TO EXIT):? 7

DIGIT (SPC TO EXIT):? 2 DIGIT (SPC TO EXIT):? 5 DIGIT (SPC TC EXIT):? BASE OF # (2,8,10,16):? 10 CONVERT 10(2,8,10,16):? 16 HEX 7FD5

ENTER DIGITS SEPARATELY DIGIT (SPC TO EXIT):? 3 DIGIT (SPC TC EXIT):? 5 DIGIT (SPC TO EXIT):? 7 DIGIT (SPC TO EXIT):? BASE OF if (2,8,10,16):? 8 CONVERT 10(2,8,10,16):? 16 HEX EF

ENTER DIGITS SEPARATELY DIGIT (SPC TO EXIT):?

SISMINf Pffill^fEi illeMi

Brand New, Top Quality, Exact Replacement Ribbons & Cartridges. Tiiese Ribbons Produce Super Jet Blacl< Impressions and Ultra Reliable Print Life. They Are Delivered to Your Door Promptly for Mucfi Less Than Most Retail Stores

★SPECIAL! BUY 10 and GET ONE FREE!

OFF!! OR MORE !

YOUR PRINTER

PACK SIZE

RETAIL LIST"

YOUR WHOLESALE PRICE

SIZE

COMMENTS

CAT ORDER*

ANADEX 9000 Ssriss

1 pk

14 00 ea

14.00

lt4 00 ea)

500

Nylpn Jel BIk

C 777

CENTRONICS 700-703.737.779

3/pk

IB.95/3 pk

11.95/3 1*

(3.98 ea)

»45'

Nylpn Jel Blk

C-700

CENTRONICS 100, lOlA. 102.

3.pk

26.33/3 pk

17.65/3 pk

IS.BS eat

1" >

108'

Nylon Jel Blk

C-IOD

103.300. 301,306.308. 330.

6 mil High Speeil

358,398,500.501,503. 508.

588. 620, 820.

CENTRONICS 704-705

1/pk

16.95 ta

13.95/GuiM Cat!

H3.9S ea)

5 16".

210'

Giant Call

C-7045

DEC 'k«4oro.

3/pk

17.77/3 pk

12.95/3 1*

(4.32 ea)

1 2" <

120

Double Spools

R-600

DEC 'k > 60Y0.

3,pk

2D 12/3 pk

14 25/3 pk

14. 75 eal

1 2" >

180'

Double Spools

R.644

DIABLO HmPE II |M/S BLK| HI

1/pk

931 ea

6.87 ea

16.87 eaj

6.1

6" .

300,000 plus imp.

C-511

VIELD. fITS 70 PRINTERS!

Hish Vi«ld"

EPSON MX70,'8O

I'Pk

16 00 ea

16.00 ea

113.95 eat

500"i60'

Nylon Jet Blk

C-522

IBM - 'SILVEfl DOLLAR" Sys.

5/pk

5.80 ea

14.90/5 pk

(2.98 sat

9/16"

<30'

Nylon Jel Blk

R-300

34. Sys. 32 MOLA. Series

IMDL4974. 6266. 3287. 3770.

3771-3774.49745100,5103,

5110.S228,52Se,632QM0U

IBM - HARMONICA Vi". SERIES

3/pk

9.42 ea

20.85/3 pk

(6.9S eat

1 2 ■ <

108'

Nylon Jel Blk

C-350

1. MOD 4973/11, 3200. 3289.

MOD 2.

NEC SPINWRIITER

4/pk

23.40/3 cart

23.60.'4pkib. nloail

(5.90 eal

1 2"

. 51'

Nylon/Ex Lng Life

R-400

OUME (FITS 80 PRINTER MOOSI

3/pk

18.00/3 pk

13.95/3 pk

(4.65 eat

1 4'

310

Multistrike Rim

C-525

RADIO SHACK DAISV WHEEL II

1 pk

24 95;3pk

8.25

(8.25 eat

250'

Mylar Multistrike

C-783

RADIO SHACK LPIII. LPV

one. pk

13.95/C3rt

8 95/Reload rib.'only

IS 95 eat

500"

> 45'

Nylon IncI Instr

R-T3

RADIO SHACK LPII. LPIV

3/pk

18 95/3 pk

n 95/3 pk

13 98 eat

563"

x45'

Nylon Jel Blk

C-700

TELETYPE MOD 33. 26. 35. 37.

10/pk

2 40 ea

13.90/10 pk

11.39 eat

1 2"

> 36'

Nylon Jel Blk

fl-450

38. 88

WANS M/S, 6541W. WC. 5581.

1/pk

6.86 ea

5.95 ea

(5.9 5 eat

5 16"

393'

Multistrike Film

0-550

WD. 6581W. 228IW

TERMS:

MINIMUM PURCHASE-$20 PAYM ENT BY: C.O.D. (U PS), CM ECK,

MASTER CARD, OR VISA CHARGE

CARD.

VOLUME DISCOUNTS: 20 - 50 PACKS 10% 51-100 PACKS 15%

'UNDER $20, ADO $5 HANDLING. "APPROX. RETAIL. PRICE VARIES.

ANCIE LABORATORIES

5200-J Philadelphia Way 301 -345-5000 (Wash D.C. Local) Lanhain.Marvland 20706 301-792-2050 (Ballo. MD Local)

800-638-0987 (National)

NAME.

ADDRESSCITY

.STATE.

.ZIP_

ANCIE Laboratories 5200-J Philadelphia Way Lanham, Maryland 20706

301-345-6000 (Wash. D.C. Local) 301-792-2060 (Ballo. MD Local) 800-638-0987 (National)

□ Check Enclosed

□ C.O.D.

□ VISA

□ MASTER CHARGE

ACCT. # .

EXP. DATE

MIN. ORDER $20

PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE

438 Aped 1982 © BYTE PubUcaUons Inc

Circle 28 on Inquiry card.

Career Opportunities in Computing

Jacqueline Johnston 1808 Pomona Dr.

Las Cruces, NM 88001

Rare is the computer hobbyist who has not considered entering the computer field professionally. Just entertaining the thought, however, raises several questions that are difficult to answer. Is there a demand for computer programmers? Is hobby experience of any value in landing a job?

The answer to both questions , is "yes." Hobby-level interest in computers can lead to a rewarding and stimulating career as a computer professional. There is an urgent need for qualified programmers and analysts in all sectors of commerce and industry.

Granted, there are differences between home computing and the world of business and industry, but these differences should not deter you from seeking a career in a field you enjoy. In this article we will examine what the computer programmer does in the "real world," what the requirements are in terms of education and experience, where jobs can be found, and what to expect for the general pay

About the Author

Jacqueline /o/insfoii, a former guidance counselor, is now n computer iJrogra}nmer with tile Business Data Systems Office, White Sainis Missile linnge. The opinions expressed here nrc lier oinn and }iot necessarily those of tlie White Sands Missile Range or the U.S. Government.

scale. The emphasis will be on programmers, but the information is also applicable to related jobs.

Computer programming is a dynamic career field, and a semiannual survey of 500 companies by Fortune magazine shows that programming is virtually recessionproof. The demand for programmers is expected to increase more rapidly than the average demand in other fields, and the trend will continue through the mid-1980s as computer usage expands in business and research. Newspapers and magazines are filled with advertisements for programmers and analysts. In my job as a guidance counselor, I receive countless inquiries from companies searching for computer programmers.

Programming is an attractive field from the standpoint of both salary and working conditions. College placement offices report that computer-oriented graduates receive salary offers of approximately $1691 per month. In a recent poll I conducted of 150 companies hiring programmers, the average entry-level salary was $1665 per month. Experienced programmers can expect higher salaries, ranging up to $50,000 a year.

How to Choose Programmer—mathematician—

computer scientist—engineer. They all sound interesting, but which one is for you? Let's take a look at the work that each entails.

An engineer should have a bachelor's degree (often a master's is required) in one or more of the engineering fields: civil, electrical, mechanical, etc. Engineering positions generally involve design work—designing roads, machinery, buildings, or computers. These positions require a solid background in mathematics and some familiarity with computers and programming, as many solutions to engineering problems are arrived at through the use of preexisting or "canned" computer programs. If you are interested in design, an engineering career might be the thing for you. If you prefer programming and hands-on computer work, another field might be more to your liking.

The position of computer scientist evolved about ten years ago, so it is relatively new. A bachelor's degree in computer science is needed, and some positions require a master's degree. The educational background is broad in scope, and it includes the study of mathematics, computer hardware, computer operations, systems programming, compiler and assembler design, and high-level languages. Consequently, computer scientists

April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 439

There's no business like dough business.

Ihe business of making money. It's all very exciting. But without the ability to lay out a large amount of cash, you can't take advantage of the financial opportunities that come your way.

And venturing all your money without savings in reserve can be dangerous. Because savings are the base of any financial plan.

One of the surest, easiest ways to save some dough is joining the Payroll Savings Plan and buying United States Bonds. \bu'll never miss the litde taken out of each paycheck.

Meanwhile, the Bonds grow up to play a «p s>\,

part in your future. J^a

Of course, with Bonds you're sure of the ending. But then, there's nothing wrong with a happy ending.

I'A public service of this publication I and The Advertising Council.

Take

POCKET COMPUTER PRIMER by Hank Librach

Twenty-five unique programs utilize the pocket computer to open an exciting and cost-effective new world of educational computing. Contents include simulations and experiments in ecology, computer logic, navigation, weather, geography, physics, math, finance, language, memory skills, random motion, and a classroom management data base. $9.95. shipping included

SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

SOURCEBOOK by Cass Lewart

Twenty-five professional programs for the pocket computer. Find queuing parameters, Fourier series coefficients, bit error rate, LaGrange polynomials, resonant circuit values; solve reliability problems, transcendental and differential equations; generate hypergeometric and binomial distributions, error function and its complement; and experiment with artificial intelligence. $9.95. shipping included

POCKET MAGIC M

1 Bill L. Behrendt

Intriguing graphics enhance twenty-five sophisticated simulations and games f oi the pocket computer. Concepts include predator ecology, genetics, power allocation, complex trajectory, munitions, maze and coding theory. There are games of fortune, of mystery, of strategy, and a new concept in computer-moderated board games. $8.95, shipping included

Programs support Radio Shack PC/Sharp PC-1211;

conversions for Radio Shacl(?C-2/Sliarp PC-1500, Casio FX-702P.

PROGRAMS ON CASSETTE Each volume $8.9S, shipping included

iVIicro Text Publications Inc., One Lincoln Plaza, Suite 27C,DepL B3 New York, NY 10023,212-877-8539

tend to have broad responsibilities in software design and coniputer-center management.

Mathematicians should have a minimum of a bachelor's degree in mathematics, and usually a minor or a second degree in physics or engineering. These positions involve the development of mathematical solutions to complex problems and the translation of the solutions into efficient computer programs. The work provides an excellent mix of mathematical and programming duties.

Computer programmer positions do not usually require a college degree, but applicable experience is required (and a degree in math, accounting, business administration, computer science, physics, or engineering is a definite asset). Computer programmers do a lot of what they like best—write programs. This may include systems and applications programs. On projects that require analytical solutions involving higher mathematics or engineering principles, an engineer or mathematician will usually perform that part of the job and then turn the project over to the programmer for completion.

Programming Jobs

Broadly speaking, programming can be divided into two principal areas: systems programming and applications programming. Although there is considerable crossover between the two, systems programming involves logical operations, while applications programming involves mathematical and process control operations.

Systems programmers frequently employ complex logical operations and concepts to develop executive control programs, monitors, assemblers, compilers, device utilities, and so forth. Most of their work is done in assembly or machine language and seldom requires the use of mathematics beyond algebra. Notable exceptions are certain system-design processes that require a knowledge of statistics.

Applications programming is a diverse field that can be broken into three broad subfields: scientific, busi

440 April 1982 © BYTE PublicaUoiu Inc

Circle 483 on Inquiry card.

Figure 1: The plus signs on this map indicate locations of cities where programmer jobs were advertised during a recent one-week survey period. About 210 cities, representing more than 1100 programmer job openings, are illustrated.

ness, and process control. There are many types of jobs within each of the subdivisions; consequently, we will speak only in general terms. Applications programmers must have a strong background in mathematics. Especially important to scientific programmers are algebra, trigonometry, and calculus. The mathematics of finance is essential to business programmers.

Scientific programmers work on problems in all sectors of science and industry, from spaceflight planning to computer design, and from bridge building to chemical analysis. Most scientific programs are written in high-level languages, with FORTRAN and PL/I being the most common.

Business programmers work on financial applications, but there are many other projects such as inventory control and network analysis that fall within the business realm. Business programs are written in high-level languages, such as COBOL, RPG, and FORTRAN.

Process control refers to the use of a computer to monitor data from and transmit commands to external equipment in real time. Applications programmers in this area generally have some familiarity with the hardware of both the computer and the external equipment. Programs for these functions are usually written in assembly language or a high-level language such as FORTRAN, or a CQ;CQbination of the two.

Geographic Distribution

Who has job openings for programmers? Manufacturers, banks, chemical companies, department stores, research firms, fast-food chains, petroleum companies, government agencies, and any scientific or commercial activity you can think of. Where are the jobs located? Everywhere.

Figure 1 is a computer-generated map that shows the locations of cities where job openings for programmers existed during a recent one-week survey period. (This, incidentally, is just one of several uses for the microcomputer in counseling job seekers.) A plus sign is drawn at the location of

every city where there were one or more programmer jobs during the survey period.

Since only one plus sign is drawn for any city, regardless of the number of jobs available, there are many more jobs than plus signs. This particular map illustrates jobs in about 210 cities; the total number of jobs was more than 1100. The majority of jobs are concentrated in and around certain large population centers, as is readily apparent on the map. Note especially the concentration of plus signs near San Francisco, Los Angeles, Phoenix, Denver, Dallas, Houston, Chicago, New York City, Washington DC, and Miami.

Requirements

So computer programming sounds like an attractive career field? What are the requirements for entry? Most companies prefer that applicants have a bachelor's degree. Scientific and engineering organizations prefer degrees in computer science, mathematics, engineering, or the physical sciences. Organizations with business applications prefer applicants with courseWork in computer science, accounting, and business administration. Of course, some workers with applicable experience in programming may be

able to secure a position without a college degree. Good verbal and written-communications skills are always an asset. Normally companies prefer basic familiarity with one or more computer languages.

To keep track of the programming languages that are in demand, I perform a weekly survey of the languages required to qualify for jobs advertised during each survey week. In order to make the data available to my clients in a meaningful form, I use a microcomputer to generate a bar chart of the survey results. The chart created for a recent typical period is illustrated in figure 2. Survey figures are entered by means of the keyboard of a video terminal and the chart itself is printed on a line printer. For the sake of simplicity, the program is written in BASIC (see listing 1). It is brief and straightforward. The only change you might need to make is in the syntax of the PRINT #2 statements that send output to the line printer. (Not all versions of BASIC use this syntax.)

Returning to the bar chart, it's strikingly clear that during the particular survey period illustrated, knowledge of COBOL was required for more jobs than any other language, followed by FORTRAN,

April 1982 © BYTE PubUcations Inc 441

LANGUAGES REQUIRED FOR JOB OPENINGS ADVERTISED DURING WEEK OF 11 MAY 81

ALGOL «* 1.9 X

APL « .9 Z

BASIC **** 3.8 X

COBOL *m**********if**if**************if*m*t***m***^ 67.9 x

FORTRAN ************************* 25.2 X

PASCAL ******* 6.7 %

PL/1 ************** 13.S %

RPG ******************* 19.4 Z

ALL OTHERS *************** 14.5 X

ASSEMBLERS ************************************* 36,B %

+ + +

0 10

20 30 * 40 ^ 50 * 60 ^ 70 ^ 80 ^ 90 ^ 100

PERCENTAGE OF JOB OPENINGS REQUIRING EACH LANGUAGE

Figure 2: Bar chart showing which programming languages are required to qualify for jobs advertised. Totals exceed 100 percent because many jobs require knowledge of more than one language.

Listing 1: BASIC listing of the bar-chart program, which is useful for anyone who wants to keep tabs on programming-language requirements for jobs.

1000 1020 1040 1060 1080 1090 1100 1200 1300 1340 1250 1360 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 1920 1940 1950 1960 1970 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2640 2650 2660 2670 2700 2800 2900 3000 3100 3200 3400 3500 3600 3700 3800

REM REM REM REM REM

DIM L»<10)»N<10>

THIS PROGRAM GENERATES A BAR CHART ILLUSTRATING THE F'ERCENTAGE OF JOB OPENINGS REQUIRING KNOWLEDGE OF EACH OF THE UARIOUS PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES. THE CHART IS BASED ON STATISTICAL DATA SOLICITED FROM THE USER.

ALGOL"APL'»" FORTRAN" »■ PASCAL" 'ALL OTHERS"t"ASSEMBLERS"

FILE #2 IS THE LINE PRINTER.

DATA

DATA DATA REM REM REM

OPEN "LPJ" FOR 1=1 TO PRINT *?.'. NEXT I

PRINT "SURyEY

BASIC" PL/1"

COBOL' RPG"

FOR OUTPUT 10

AS FILE #2

FOR EACH OF THE TEN LANGUAGES» READ THE LANGUAGE NAME FROM

THE DATA STATEMENTS AND REQUEST THE NUMBER OF JOBS REOUIRINO THAT LANGUAGE.

10

CONDUCTED FOR WEEK BEGINNING WHEN?

INPUT REM REM REM

REM

REM

FDR 1=1 TO READ L*<I)

PRINT "NUMBER OF JOBS REQUIRING ">L*(I)J"?"

INPUT N(I) NEXT I

PRINT "TOTAL NUMBER OF JOBS SURVEYED?" INPUT T REM REM REM REM PRINT PRINT PRINT #2 PRINT *2 PRINT FOR I IF I< PRINT PRINT PRINT PRINT

THE STATEMENTS FROM HERE THROUGH LINE 6000 PRINT OUT THE. CHART.

*2:TAB(45);"LANGUAGES REQUIRED FOR JOB OPENINGS" *2;TAB<45);"ADVERTISED DURING WEEK OF "(W*

*2:

1 TO 10 10 THEN #2; #2!

*2:

#2 J

4000

Listing I continued on page 443

RPG, and PL/I. Additionally, about a third of all jobs required familiarity with assembly language (though not necessarily for a specific processor). The figures vary somewhat from week to week, but COBOL has been in demand by users of large computers for the past several years and it will probably remain in that position for some time. The rankings of FORTRAN, RPG, and PL/I as they appear on this chart are also fairly representative of their recent and projected demand. Not shown, but of special interest to many applicants, is the fact that almost 20 percent of the jobs surveyed during the period required knowledge of database-management systems. The totals exceed 100 percent because many jobs require knowledge of more than one language.

Civil Service Employment

In addition to openings in the private sector, the federal government offers opportunities to persons with college training or experience in computer programming. Due to the recent cutbacks in hiring, the outlook is not as bright as it is in the private sector, but good opportimities still

442 April 1982 © BYTE Publications liic

Listing 1 continued:

Circle 163 on Inquiry card.

3900 3940 3950 3960 4000 4010 4020 4040 4050 4060 4100 4200 4240 4250 4260 4300 4400 4430 4440 4450 4460 4500 4600 4700 4740 4 750 4760 4S00 4900 5000 5020 5040 5050 5060 5070 5110 5120 5130 SI 40 5150 5300 5400 5500 5600 5700 5800 5900 6000 6100 6200

PRINT REM REM REM P=INT IF P< P=100 REM REM REM J=INT PRINT REM REM REM PRINT IF J: REM REM REM REM FOR K PRINT NEXT REM REM

rl;m

PRINT NEXT PRINT PRINT REM REM REM REM PRINT FOR I PRINT NEXT PRINT FOR I PRINT NEXT PRINT PRINT FOR I PRINT NEXT STOP END

. #2:

COMPUTE THE PERCENTAGE ANH ROUND IT OFF TO ONE DECIMAL PLACE.

(1000*<N<I)/T))/10 =100 THEN 4100

COMPUTE THE NUMBER OF ASTERISKS TO BE PRINTED.

(P+.5) ♦2;

PRINT OUT THE LANGUAGE NAME.

*2!L»(i);"

0 THEN 4800

PRINT OUT A ROW OF ASTERISKS. THE NUMBER OF WHICH CORRESPONDS TO THE PERCENTAGE OF JOBS REQUIRING THE LANGUAGE,

= 1 TO J K

PRINT OUT THE PERCENTAGE AT THE END OF THE LINE OF ASTERISKS. #2:Pf

I

#2!

*2:

THE STATEMENTS FROM HERE THROUGH LINE 5500 PRINT OUT A NUMERICAL SCALE AT THE BOTTOM OF THE CHART.

*2;tab(ii)J"+■;

=1 TO 20

*2J"

I

*2;

0 TO 100 STEP 10 ♦2JTAB<I+10)5IS

I

*2S

*2:TAB(37)5■PERCENTAGE OF JOB OPENINGS REQUIRING EACH LANGUAGE" =1 TO 10 *2J

exist, especially in Washington DC. Government employment is attractive from several standpoints and it offers good benefits in the areas of leave and retirement.

Persons doing computer programming work are usually hired as mathematicians, computer programmers, or computer scientists. Entry-level salaries for these positions range from $12,266 to $15,193 per year.

There are also various trainee positions, a number of which are filled through PACE (Professional and Administrative Career Examination), a written test. Veterans who served between August 5, 1964, and May 7, 1975, may be eligible for a VRA (Veterans Readjustment Appointment). These positions offer training programs, and the veteran need not participate in regular competitive procedures, although he or she must meet the position's minimum requirements.

For more information on jobs with the federal government, contact your local Federal Job Information Center, or call (800) 555-1212 to request a toll-frefe number.

Going to School

If you are interested in attending college to study computer programming, there are several publications that will help you locate schools offering suitable programs. Some of the most useful books are: Lovejoy's College Guide, Chronicle Guide to FourYear College Majors, and The College Blue Book (four volumes). These are available at most public libraries, and they list colleges with programs in computer science and mathematics, offer brief descriptions of the colleges, and list tuition, admission requirements, etc.

College credits may also be earned through work experience and independent study. Credits for this

ELCQMP

For ATARI - PET - OSI - APPLE II Lsarning by

BOOKS ind SOFTWARE

-6502

ATARI BASIC Uiing

This new book is an "Action"Book. You do more than read It. Learn the intricacy of ATARIBASIC thorugh the short programs which are provided. The suggestions challenge you to change and write program routines. Yes. it's exciting — Many of the programs are appropriate for beginners as well as experienced computer u^rs. (Screen Drawings, Speclat Sounds, Keys, Paddles + Joyitlcks. Specialized Screen Routines, Graphics end Sound. Peeks and Pokes and special stuff ). Order-No. 164 S9^ Gamai for tlia ATARI-Computtr How to program your own games on the ATARI. Complete listings in BASIC and Machine Language of exciting games. Tricks and hints,

Order-No. 162 S4.9B ATMONA'I

Machine Language Monitor for the ATARI 400/800. This powerful monitor provides you with the firmware support that you need to get the mast out of your powerful system, ATMONA-1 comes on a bootable cassette. No cartridges required. Disassemble, Memory Dump HEX + ASCII, (Change Memory Locations, Blocktransfer, fill memory block, save and load machine languaga programiL start mach Lang. Prbgr. (mnter opiional). ■

Comes with introduciionarv article on how to program the ATARI computer in machine language. (Available also in ROM) Order-No. 7022 819.95

ATMONA-2 SupentBpper

A very powerful Tracer to explore the ATARI ROM/RAM area. Stop at previously selected address. Opcode or operand (cassette], Order-No. 7(M9

EDITOR/ASSEMBLER for ATARI 800,32K RAM

Extremely fast and powerful Editor/Assembler. (6K Sourcecode in about B seconds) Includes ATMONAl

Order-No. 709S S49.9& MACRO-AsMmbler

for ATARI 800,48K RAM Please specify your system: RAM, disc or cassette. Order-No. 7099

Jh» Third Book of Ohio SEientlflc

is now availablel

Very important information for the OSI system experimenter. Interface techniques, system expansions, accessories and much more (EPROM-Burner, 6522 l/Ocard with tK RAM. Soundboard, EPROM/RAM traard). Order-No. 159 S7.95 The Fourth Book of OHIO V IP-Book - Very Important Programs, Many interesting pro

?rams for OSI computers. Sorting Binary Tree). Differential Equitation, Statistics. Astrology, Gas Consumptloh, Games a. s. o. OrdarNo. 160 SOJIS VIP Paofcage — Above book plus a cassette with the programs. Order-No. 160 A S19,9B

The Fifth book of Ohio Scientific

Many exciting programs programming hints and tricks, Textwriter, Debugger for C1P, Games, Utiiilies and much more (polled keyboard) Ordar-No. 161 S7.95 Invoice Writing Program for OSIC1PMF, C4P. Disk and Cassette. 8K RAM.

Ordar-No. 8234 £29.80

Malting List for C1PMF or C4PMF 24K RAM 250 addresses incl. phone number and parameters on one 5 1/4 disk) Order-No, 8240 S29.B0

8K Microsoft BASIC Rifamioe Menual

Authoritative reference for the original Microsoft 4K + 8K BASIC developed forALTAIR and later computers including OSI. PET, TRS-80 and VIC. Ordir-No. 141 S9.9S

Expansion Handbook for 6502 and 6802

S-44 Card Manual describes all of the 4.5 x 6.5 44-pin S-4<1 cards incl. schematics. A MUST for every 6502 system user (KIM. SYfwl, AIM. VIG. PET, OSI) Ordar-No. 162

S9.95 ApplieatMHi

Gunfight - For ATARI 400/800 16K RAM, needs two joysticks, tor. animation and «und. (8K niachlne Order-No. 154

language).

Order-No. 7207 S19.96

Mteroeomputor Notts

Reprint of Intel's most important application notes including 2708. 8085. 8255, 6251 chips. Very necessary for the hardware buff. Ordar-No. 153 S9.95 Complax Sound Generation New revised applications menuel for the Texas Instruments SN 76477 Complex Sound Genera

86.95

EPROM BURNER-for ATARI 400/800. Bare txiards only with description, schematic + software (2716.2732).

Order-Tito. 7041 tWJOO

Invoice Writing for very small business with ATARI 400/800 16K RAM.

Order-No. 7022, e«H. S20.85 Ordar-No. 7200, dbe. 09.99

Wordprocesaor for ATARI 800,

48K RAM

Order-No. 7210 S29.95 How to connect your EPSONPrinter to the ATARI 400/800.

Construction article with printed circuit board and software.

(Screenprint and variable characters per line).

Orater-No. 7210 S19.95

OSI OSI OSI OSI OSI

of Ohio!

The Firtl Book of Ohio Scientific

Introduction to OSI computers. Diagrams, hardware and software informetion not previously available in one compact source. 192 pages,

Order-No. 157 &7.96

The Second Book of Ohio Scientific

Very valuable information about OSI microcomputer systems. Introduction to OS-65 D and OS-65U networking. Hardware and software hints and tips. Systems specifications. Business applications.

Order-No. 158 S7.95

Small Buiineu Programs

Complete listings for the business user. Inventory, Invoice Writing, Mailing List and much more. Introduction to Business Applications.

Ordar-No. 156 S14J0

Microcomputer Hardware Handbook

Descritions, pinouts and specifications of the most popular microprocessor and support chips. A MUST for the hardware buff. Order-No. 29 S14.95

Care and Feeding of the Commodore PET Eight chapters exploring PET hardware. Includes repair and interfacing information. Programming tricks and schematics. Ordar-No, 150 S9.95 Prototype-Expansion Board for VIC-20 (S-44-Bui). Ordar-No. 4844 618.95 16K RAM/ROM board for S44but. Any combination of RAM and ROM on one board. (SY2128 or 2716) Order-N0.613 S30J5 Low cost expanison boirdi for your APPLE II. Bare board comes with extensive description and software. Prototypino card Ordar-No. 604 S29,00 6522 VIA-l/0 Exp, Order-No. 605 S39.00 2716 EPROM-Bumar Ofdar-No.607 £49,00 8K EPROM/RAM Cird Ordar-No. 609 629.00

ELCOMP Publishing, Inc., 53 Rsdrock Une Pomona. CA 91766, Rhone: (714) 623-8314

Paymeni Check, Money Order, VISA, Mastercharge, Eurocheck. POSTPAID or PREPAID in USA S5.00 handling foe for CCD. All orders outside USA: Add 15 % shipping. CA add 6.5 % sales tax. ATARI Is a registered trademark of ATARI Inc. APPLE II is a registered trademark of APPLE Inc.

April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

443

Circle 123 on Inquiry card.

FEATURES:

Menu driven zip code data base. You simply type in the street address, or P.O. box. Instantly, you have the zip code needed. CP/M, APPLE compatible.

For more information, call or write to

COMPUTORIAL, INC.

Los Angeles, CA 90010 • I

4520 Wilshire Blvd. 213)933-8268

I

NEW FREE > COMPUTEI^ FORMS CATALOG!

Carbonless checks, invoices and statements

^ standard formats...plus Custom Design Service!

Small quantities (as low as 500)...plus money-saving prices! If Super-fast service (shipped 5 days after receipt of order!)

SEND COUPON...OR CALL TOLL-FREE: 1-800-328-9697.

To: Delmart Company, Division of Deluxe Check Printers, Inc., 530 N. Wheeler St., P.O. Box 43495, St. Paul, MN 55164-0495

□ YES r please send free color catalog!

Title.

Phone (_ State

-Zip.

B4

♦J

knowledge can be awarded through CLEP (College-Level Examination Program) and the ACT (American College Testing) Proficiency Examination Program. For information on costs and registration procedures^ write to CLEP and ACT for their pamphlets (see the text box "Free Information," on page 446),

Those eligible for veterans' benefits can receive monthly payments from the VA (Veterans Administration) while attending school. A full-time student with no dependents receives $342 per month, tax free, for fortyfive months ($15,390 total). Individuals with dependents receive correspondingly larger payments. A veteran with two dependents, for example, receives a total of $20,880. For more information on VA benefits, contact the VA Regional Office closest to you or the veterans' representative at the college you wish to attend, or call (800) 555-1212 to obtain a toll-free number. Remember, eligibility for veterans' benefits terminates ten years after separation from the service or on December 31, 1989, whichever comes first.

Getting the Job If you are qualified for entry into

the computer programming field, there are several steps that must be taken to secure a position. First, you must prepare an effective resume. Generally, an applicant can prepare a resume without paying a commercial resume writer. If you write it yourself, you will be better prepared to discuss your qualifications during the interview. The resume should be short—never more than two pages, and preferably not more than one. Most resumes are read in ten to fifteen seconds, so the information should be clear and easy to read. The purpose of the resume is to obtain an interview for the applicant. The applicant will usually have to fill out an application form if the firm is interested.

When the resume is sent out, a cover letter should accompany it. The letter should be typed, never photocopied or mimeographed, and personalized to the firm receiving it. Addresses of firms hiring computer pro

444 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 142 on inquiry card.

Circle 69 on inquiry card.

MULTIPROGRAMMER

,,.s AVAiL^^"-^ SYSTEM-10

KITS

PROGRAMS OVER 100 POPULAR PROMS & EPROMS

COMPUTER SYSTEMS CORPORATION

100 E, Linton Blvd Delray Beach. Fla 33444

Phone (305) 272-2051

grammers can be obtained from The College Placement Annual, Ad Search (a weekly newspaper with employment ads from all over the country). Career Opportunity Update, local newspapers, and industry publications such as ComputerWorld, Datamation, Electronics, and Electronic News. A new publication, Peterson's Annual Guide to Careers and Employment for Engineers, Computer Scientists, and Physical Scientists, lists companies seeking graduates in these fields. (It is available for $13.25, postage paid, from Peterson's Guides Book Order Dept., POB 978, Edison, NJ 08817.)

Free employment counseling and placement services are available at state Job Service offices. There are more than 2400 local offices of the federal-state employment-service system, staffed with professionals who can help with career planning and finding a job. The Employment Service operates a computerized Job Bank system in virtually every state. These Job Banks comprise the largest, most comprehensive and up-to-date source of job openings in the nation. The listings are available on microfiche at your local state-employment service office.

A number of private employment agencies specialize in finding jobs for individuals with technical skills, and bill the client companies, rather than the job seeker, for their services. Although most of these firms are reputable, you should be cautious and read all the fine print before signing a contract.

One of the final steps in the jobhunting process is the job interview. There are many publications and books that offer advice on how to prepare for an efffective interview. It's important to learn as much as possible about the company before the interview, to make a presentable appearance, and to speak with confidence and enthusiasm.

It is a fact of life that choice jobs do not always go to the best-qualified applicant, but to the person who has the best job-hunting skills. The importance of resume preparation and interview technique cannot be overemphasized.

Sendfor your tree Wloore cfrnVt^r Suppl.es Catalog today.^^^^_^___^^.„„^..

•m Illinois, call 312 "Jj^ B00-323-A185, Exl.

■rnAlasKarndHawa...

Catalog Group

MOORE

Name_

_Title_

CENTER

A Division of Moore Business Fonns Moore Computer Supplies Catalog Department 128 P.O. Box 20

Wheeling, Illinois 60090

CompanyAddress

City :

Mail this coupon today!

.Zip.

Circle 282 on Inquiry card.

i^iil 19S2 © BYTE Publications Inc 445

circle 482 on Inquiry card.

SELECTED SOFTWARE^

'he new

• This latest issue features professional software reviews on electronic worksheets, word processors, accounting,

and more.

• Convenient shopping at low mail order prices...Paclced witli facts that give you the extra savings of smart product selection.

• Unique Installation, systems, and format charts assure you'll choose software that Is easy to run on your configuration.

• Our analysis of competing products heip you to find \he best software for your particular needs.

• This unusual catalog contains over 15,000 Vi/ords of succinct, hord-fo-find data...and you'll be on our list for future catalogs as they ore published,

• Rush your request today and avoid the delays of catalog re-runs. There's no obligation.

Send for your FREE catalog today!

CORPORATION

□ Send me SaECTED SOFTWARE

FREE of charge. (Please Print)

NAME;

ADDRESS:.

CITV/STATE/ZIP:

DISK SIZE: □ 8"

SYSTEM:

TERMINAL:

□ 5.25"

RAM:.

PRINTER:

Mail to:

DEDICATED SYSTEIVIS CORPORATION

2440 E. Commercial Blvd., Suite 4 Fort Lauderdale. FL 33308

CP/M IS a registered trademark of Digital IJesearcti

Summary

The transition from computer hobbyist to professional can be rewarding in terms of both personal satisfaction and salary. The employment outlook for computer-related jobs is excellent. In the 1981 College Placement Annual more than 650 companies and government agencies advertised for computer programmers, and that number is expected to increase. A variety of corporations are represented, from banks to largescale manufacturing companies. Jobs are available in most locations in the U.S., with the greatest demand in large metropolitan areas.

There are many jobs that involve programming—programmer, mathematician, computer scientist, and engineer. We have looked at the job

Free Information

1981 Computer Salary Survey and Career Planning Guide: Source EDP, Suite 1100, 100 South Wacker Dr., Chicago, IL 60606 (or contact your local Source EDP Office).

Mathematics and Related Positions (Announcement Ql-1500), Computer Specialists (Announcement 420), and other civil service job announcements: United States of America, Office of Personnel Management, 1900 E St., NW, Washington, DC 20415 (or contact your local fob Information Center).

CLEP May Be For You: College Board Publication Orders, POB 2815, Princeton, NJ 08541.

ACT Proficiency Examination Program; ACT PEP Coordinator, Proficiency Examination Program, POB 168, Iowa City, I A 52240.

Benefits for Veterans and Service Personnel with Service since January 31, 1955, and Their Dependents: Veterans Administration, 941 North Capitol St., NE. Washington, DC 20421.

Occupations in Demand at Job Service Offices: Consumer Information

m

duties and some of the entrance requirements for these positions. Some require a bachelor's degree and knowledge of one or more programming languages, particularly COBOL and FORTRAN. Those interested in attending college to become proficient in programming have many options to choose from, as an increasing number of schools offer suitable programs. Once you are qualified, it is imperative that you develop your job-hunting skills so that you can pursue the career of your choice. ■

Acknowledgments

/ would like to thank White Sands Missile Range for providing the facilities to collect and develop some of the material presented in this article.

References

1. Career Opportunity Update. Career Research Systems Inc., Huntington Beach, CA, July 1980.

2. College Placement Annual 1981. The College Placement Council Inc., Bethiehem, PA, 1979.

3. 1981 Computer Salary Survey and Career Planning Guide. Source EDP, Oak Brook, iL, 1981.

4. Computer Specialists, Announcement 420. US Office of Personnel Management, Washington, DC, February 1977.

5. Dictionary of Occupational Titles, Fourth Edition. US Departnaent of Labor Employment and Training Administration, Washington, DC, 1977.

6. Find Your W/che. Ttie Retired Officers Association, Washington, DC, January 1979.

7. Mathematics and Related Positions, Announcement Ql-1500. US Office of Personnel Management, Washington, DC, October 1978.

8. Occupations in Demand at Job Service Offices, Spring/Summer 1979. US Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration, Wastiington, DC, 1979.

9. Occupational Outlool< Handbook, 1980-81 Edition. US Department of Labor, Wastiington, DC, 1978.

10. Out of the Service and Looking For a Job? Here's Help! US Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration, 1977.

11. The US Army Career and Educational Guide. US Army Recruiting Command, Fort Sheridan, IL.

12. Veterans Employment Seminar Program Workbook, Ttiird Edition. National Alliance of Business, Washington, DC.

^3.Washington Counseletter. Chronicie Guidance Publication Inc., Washington DC. March 1980.

446 April 1982 © BYTE PubUcations Inc

Converting Apple DOS and Pascal Text Files

Now you can exchange information between DOS 3.3 and Pascal

operating systems.

Wouldn't it be nice to use the Pascal editor on BASIC programs? Perhaps you would like to share Pascal programs with members of a user's group, but your newsletter editor or librarian prefers the text in DOS format. Maybe you can download FORTRAN programs via modem from the school computer. Unfortunately, Pascal doesn't recognize your modem.

Apple's implementation of UCSD Pascal is a real pleasure to use. At the same time, its disk operating system (DOS) is one of the more friendly and its BASIC is handy, if not especially efficient. Each system has its advantages and limitations and its own complement of editors and utilities to speed program development and text preparation. Still, there are occasions when you might want to move information from one environment to the other. Retype everything? Nol Let the computer do the work.

To see how this might be accomplished, consider the organization of data on disks in the two systems. DOS 3.3 logically divides the disk into 560 sectors (35 tracks with 16 sectors each). Each sector contains 256 bytes of data. Pascal divides the disk into 280 blocks, each containing 512 bytes. A single DOS 3.3 sector and half of a Pascal block

John B. Matthews, MD 6415 Tantamount Lane Dayton, OH 45449

are physically (but not logically) identical. The solution to conversion revolves around this imderlying similarity. All that is necessary is a map correlating DOS sector pairs and Pascal blocks.

Listing 1 is a Pascal program called GETDOS. It reads DOS-format text files and writes Pascal-format files. The array MAP contains the inf orma

These methods may also apply to other

operating systems, such as CP/M for the Z80 SoftCard.

tion needed to decide which halfblock to use for a given sector. The procedure READSEC reads the indicated block and, based on the MAP, decides which half to move into the TEXT array. The procedure GETNAMES prompts the user for source and destination units, as well as a file name. If your system has more than two disk drives, you may want to modify the CASE statement to recognize the extra units. Note that output to the CONSOLE: or PRINTER: is also supported.

Reading the source file is a matter of searching the DOS directory for the indicated file name, getting its

track/sector list, and reading the data one sector at a time. Appendix C of the DOS 3.3 manual gives details of the directory and file organization. Files that are not text type or are too large to fit in the Pascal editor are rejected with an appropriate error message.

Since DOS stores text as negative ASCII (i.e., with the high-order bit in each character set to 1) and the Pascal editor expects to see positive ASCII (i.e., the high-order bit clear), the characters must be converted. Writing the destination file is handled two ways. If data are going to a disk file, the conversion is done once and the function BLOCKWRITE is used to speed up the transfer. If data are going to the CONSOLE: or PRINTER:, conversion and output proceed simultaneously one character at a time.

Files can be converted the other way, too. Listing 2 is an Applesoft BASIC program that reads Pascal files and writes DOS 3.3 text files. It bears the remarkably innovative title GETPAS. This program is organized along a line similar to its Pascal counterpart. The principal procedures are set off with REM statements. Since BASIC has no intrinsic procedure analogous to

Pascal's UNITREAD, it calls the 6502 Text continued on page 457

Afia 1982 © BYTE PublicaUpiu Inc 447

Listing 1: Program GETDOS is used to convert DOS 3.3 text files to Pascal format files. Reading the source file is a matter of searching the DOS directory for the indicated file name, getting its track/sector list, and reading the data one sector at a time. The array MAP contains the information needed to determine which half-block to use for each sector, The CASE statement can be modified if your system has more than two disk drives.

PROORAM CETDUS )

(«««*(»(««***«*«**««*** »«*«»»««*« ««*«««***«««**««*«***««**««**

>« Program to oonvart DOS 3.3 text filas to Pasoal formut fllaa. «

« *

CONST MAX-18432; {36 blocks of 512 bytss is maximun EDITOR oan load.) PAC£>2S6, (DOS saotora art bytes long.}

CI.EAREOL>2 9 ; CLEARSCREEN-1 2 ;

TYPE ByTE-0 . . 2 5 5 UWITS=1 , .12 ; UNTYPED_FILE-FILE; SECTOR-RECORD

BLOCK:0.,7; HALF:(FIRST, SECOND) EMDi

VAR MAP: PACKED ARRAYC0..15: OF SECTOR; BUF. PACKED ARRAYt0. . 5i 1 J OF BYTE; TEXT: fJkSI&ID. AlRAYt 0 . .MAX3 OF BYTE;

Learn about the ZSOOCffrom the people who are pioneering theMicroworld.

Zilog's Z8000 Architecture techniques of memory management, This course can make you an

Course takes you into the world of methods for interfacing memory expert on Z8000 technology for only faster, smarter, smaller micro- and peripherals, plus use of the $39. Enroll today by sending us

processors without leaving your ZSOOO's powerful instruction set. the coupon? Allow six weeks for home. Our five-part correspon- You study at your own pace. delivery of your first lesson,

dence course covers the details of Each test is individually graded and the ZSOOO's 16-bit architecture, critiqued, then returned to you.

Zilog Training and Education, 1315 Dell Avenue, BIdg. C, Campbell, CA 95008

Enroll me today in Zilog's Z8000 Architecture Course. □ Enclosed is my clieck or money order (no cash or purchase orders, please) for $39. Make check payable to Zilog, Inc.

Please charge my □ MasterCard or □ Visa account □□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□

BUSINESS ADDRESS Eiplratton date: Mo: Year: Signature

Name TitleCompany _ _

Address ^ ^ M Pioneering

T^iSone.^!! &rflAAV^\4 theMicroworld.

Area code number extension

BILLING ADDRESS (as shown on charge card)

Name

I

AnafnUateofEXrON Corporation I

Company »-v ■

Zilog

Address.

I

City/State/Zip

Please mail my lessons to: Business Address . Billing Address 'Offer expires August 27,1982. Good only in the U.S. j|

448

April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 445 on inquiry card.

Listing 1 continued:

SOURCEFILE, SOUHCEUNIT, DRIVES: SET BLOCK. TRAK PTR :

Eigne

DESTFILE: STRING; DE STUN IT UNITS-, OF UNITS; SEC, BLOCKCOUNT, I: INTEGER;

INTEGER; CPOINTER TO TEXT ARRAY) FOUND: BOOLEAN; CH; CHAR;

F: FILE OF CHAR; CFor use with CONSOLE: or PRINTER:) DISKFILE; yMryPED_FILE; {For use with BLOCKWRITE)

PROCEDURE INITIALIZE;

CFor each oi 16 sectors specify which block to read from)

C a g 1 Ven BEG IN

MAP CO).

MAP C i ) .

MAP[ 2 3 . MAP C 5 J . MAP t 4 3 . MAPC5] MAP f 6 3 . «APE7 3 . HAP I 8 3 . MA P C 9 3 . MAPC103 MAPC113 MAP C 12 3 MA P E 1 J J MAP C 1 4 3

irack and which half to use as the sector

BLOCK BLOCK

BLOCK BLOCK BLOCK BLOCK BLOCK BLOCK BLOCK BLOCK .BLOCK . BLOCK . BLOCK . BLOCK . BLOCK

= 0 = 7 = 6 = 6 = 5 = 5 = 4 = 4 = 3 = 3

= 2 ;

= 2 ; = 1 ;

= 1 : = 0 ;

MAP C 0 3 .

MAPC 1 3 .

MAP C 2 3 ,

MAP C 3 3 .

MAP C 4 3 .

MAP t 5 3

MAPl&l .

MAP C 7 3 .

MA p r e 3 .

MAP C 9 3 . MAPE103 MAPC113

MAPC 1 23

MAP C 1 5 ]

MAP C 1 <j 3

HALF HALF

HALF HALF HALF HALF HALF HALF HALF HALF . HALF . HALF HALF HALF HALF

=FIRST; =FIRST; =SECOND =FIRST, =SECOND; =FIRST; = SECOND i =FIRST; =SECOND =FIRST;

^SECOND;

=FIRST;

=SECOND;

= FIR3T ,

=3EC0ND;

Listing 1 continued on page 450

A REFURBISHED DAISY WHEEL TERMINAL FOR PERSONAL COMPUTER USERS AND SMALL BUSINESSES.

Now you can have letter-quality printing and professional features for just $1,495!P

AJ daisy wheel printer terminals are renowned for exceptional performance, high reliability, and applications versatility. Now you can have all this for only $1,495* in our special limited offer

• 30 ops letter-quality printing

• Changeable type faces

• Full ASCII keyboard with numeric pad

• High resolution X-Y plotting

• Complete electronic forms control

• 128-character buffer

• Asynchronous RS-232 interface

• Printwheel, ribbon cartridge, , and cable included |

• 30-day parts/labor warranty

'Price excludes options and is subject to change without notice. Model shown Includes certain options. Offer available only In the contiguous U.S.

And you can choose from a list of options including forms tracton pin-feed platen, paper trays, side shelves, extra printwheels, APL keyboard and 2K buffer

Call your nearest AJ regional

office for details: San Jose, CA (408) 946-2900; Rosemont, IL (312) 671-7155; Hackensack, NJ (201) 488-2525. Or check the phone book for the number of your local AJ sales/service office.

Call Toll Free Now: 800-538-9722 In California: (408)946-2900

ANIDERSON JACOBSON

circle 30 on Inquiry card. April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 449

Listing I continued:

MAP t 1 5 :i . BLOCK : =' END IINITIALIZE>

MAP C15 3 .HALF:=SECOND;

PROCEDURE PRINTAT(V; INTEGER, S STRING);

BEGIN GOTGXY(O.Y); WRITE(CHR(CLEAREOL),S> END; PROCEDURE GETNAMES ; VAR OK; BOOLEAN; DEST: STRING; BEGIN

DRIVES:=C4,53; REjPEAT

WRlTE<CHk<CLEARSCREEN));

PR I NT AT (2,'*** GETDOS *** By John Matth ews , M . D . ' ) j PRINTAT<5,'Units; 1. Console: 4. Drive #4'); PR1NTAT(6,' 5. Drive *5: 6. Printer:');

PR IWTAT(8 , 'Source Unit (4-5): '); READLN(SOURCEUNIT) ; PRINTAT( I 0, 'Destination Unit (1-6): '); READLN<DESTUNIT) ; PRINTAT<12,'Source file name: '); READLN(SOURCEFILE); DESTFILE: =S0URCEF1LE ; STR(DESTUN1T,DEST) ;

IF POS(' ■,SOURCEFILE)=0 THEN DESTF1LE:sCONCAT(SOURCEFILE, CASE DESTUNIT OF

CONSOLE:'; SYSTERM:'; NOT AVAIL ABLE ' ;

= CONCAT( ' « ' ,DEST, ' : ' .DESTFILE ) ; PRINTER:';

D E STFIL E: = 'NOT 1MP L EMENTED' ;

TEXT')

1

2 3 4

7

END

DESTFILE DESTFILE

DESTFILE 5: DESTFILE:

DESTFILE:= 8,9,10,11,12 CCA3ES of DESTUNIT)

9x9 Matrix, 80/132 Col. Friction/Pin Feed, 4 Part Forms, 200 Million

Char, Bi'Direct Print

NEW & USED

Terminals—Printers—CRT's—LSI—Boards—Misc

VIDEO TERMINALS NEW-USED

NEW

OKI DATA 83-A $699.00

Tractor $49.00

T.I. NEW

Tl 810-100 $1225

Tl 810 Pdg w/tray 1339

Tl 785 APL 1925

TI783 KSR 1325

Tl 765 20K 3295

'TV! 950 $ 865

TVI 920C: 695

TVI912B 655

Techtran 951 $1395

Techlran 950, , 1065

Techtran 8421 Dual Tape $1395

Techlran 8420 Dual Tape 1200

Techtran 8400 Single Tape 995

T.,ohiran ai8 S-.iu)',! Tape . , 1255 Tn.iuran SI Sin,lie lapo 1295

Techtran 815 Single Tape , $ 495

Techtran 817 Single Tape 975

AJ ADAC 1200(1200 Baud) $ 450

Anderson Jacobson 1258 695

AJ ADAC 1200(1200 Baud) $ 350

Venlel 103 Coupler 100

AJ 242-A 300 Baud .' 110

TAPE DRIVE EIA NEW

TAPE DRIVE EIA USED

MODEMS AND COUPLERS NEW

Lear ADM-3A NEW $ 575

Lear ADM-3A USED 395

Beehive B-100 USED 295

Televideo912-BUSED 395

Execuport3000 USED $1095

Execuport300 USED 595

TI733ASR USED 695

Teletype 43AAA USED 775

DEC LS-120 (120 CPS) USED 795

DEC LA-36 DK Refurbished 595

Diablo 1641-1 USED 1450

1620-1 USED 1395

1660-1 USED 595

(Like DEC LA 120)

CDitipulei Devico.s 1132 Reluib 750

VT-100 NEW $1495

VT-52 NEW 1295

LA-180 NEW 895

IJ^-180 USED 475

LS.120 NEW 995

IJ\-120 NEW 2175

LA-34DA NEW 795

liilf.ilace LA-180 200

RX01K-10 Pit of Diskettes $ 45

RLV21-AK Disk Drive & Ctrl (10 Meg) 3300

RLV11-AK Disk Drive & Ctrl (5 Meg) 2900

RL02-AK Disk Drive (10 Meg) 3000

RL01-AK Disk Drive (5 Meg) 2500

QJ628-GZ RSX11-M Documenlation 200

QJ813-GZ F4/RT11 Doc. Kit 22

QJ013-GZ RT 11 Doc. Kit 130

PB11K-AA 630

MXV11-AA Multl-ModW 450

MXV11-A2 22

MSV11-DD 760

KWV11-A 512

KDFll-RG 2880

KD11-HD. 995

KD11-QF > 695

480

345

99

395

470

135

DEC PDP11 MODULES

NEW

MS11-MB

$3990

MS11-LD

2240

MS11-L8

1710

MK11-CF

199S0

8160

MK11-BE

6750

DR11-C

435

596

DH11-AD

6375

DD11-CK

299

2398 159

1 BCVlB-06

175 998

998

USED TUBES i

I COUPLERS

1 ADDS 200

$ 695

1 ADDS 580

795

1 ADDS 980

1395

1 ADDS 20

450

ADDS 25

495

ADDS 40

650

ADDS 100

650

OMNETEC 401C

115

OMNETEC 710

100

OMNETEC 736

100

TERMINAL BROKERS CO. 2001 West Main St. Suite 304, Stamford, Ct. 06902

203-964-9331

Limited Quantities

Add $15.00 per unit UPS charge MASS, NJ, NY, ILL, CAL, CONN, GA, OHIO Add Sales Tax.

450 April 1982 © BYTE PubUcaUons Inc

Circle 411 on Inquiry card.

Listing 1 cenUmteAi

PRINTAT<14,CONCAT(■Destination file: ',DESTFILE)); PR IWTAT< 1 6 . ' < cr > accepts, <e> exits, <sp> restarts ')■, READ<KEYBOARD,CH); OK:= EOLN<KEYBOARD>; IF CH IN [ ' E' , ■e ' ,CHR(27)3 THEN EX IT(PROGRAM) ; UNTIL OK; END; CGBTNAMES}

fSOCEDURE READSEC; BEG IN

BLOCK:=(TRAK*8)+MAP C SEC 3 .BLOCK; UNITREAD(SOURCEUNIT,BUF,512.BLOCK); CASE MAPCSEC].HALF OF

F IRST;MOVELEFT(BUF C 0 3 ,TEXTCPTR] ,PAGE) ; SECOND:M0VELEFT<BUFCPAGE3 ,TEXTCPTR3 ,PAGE) ; END. CCASES of MAP J PTR:=PTR+PAGE; END; (READSECi

PROCEDURE READSOURCE;

CfflWf BYTES_PEH_ENTRy=35 ; HEADER=I1;

BLANKS=:' £25 Blanks}

VAR NAME. STRINGC30 3; FILETYPE: BYTE;

LIMIT, SECTORCOUNT, ENTRY; INTEGER; LI ST: PACKED ARRAYCl.. 80,0.. 13 OF BYTE ; BEGIN

{Read catalog from track 17; sectors 15-1>

PR I NTAT (18, 'Reading catalog,,.'); listing 1 continued on page 452

NEW * APPLE II PRODUCTS

*DUAL COMM PLUS™ TWO SERIAL PORTS

Two fully independent serial I/O ports Combines the features of the APPLE HIGH SPEED SERIAL CARD™ and the APPLE COMMUNICATIONS CARD™ in one card (with handshaldngl

TTiumbwheel switches select the Apple slot locations. Sixteen switch selectable baud rates for each port (50 to 19200 baud)

On-l)oard firmware provides extensive printer and U/L case terminal/modem support Great witti an 80 x 24 card and a Novahon CAT or Hayes Smartmodem Can be programmed tor async. sync,, or even SDLC operation, Supportsinterrupts, Uses Z80 SIO chip.

LIST PRICE: $239.00 MMiL ONLY: $15.00

* MEMORY PLUS™ 16K RAM EXPANSION

Add another 16K to your m APPLE WorKs with PASCAL, DOS, CP/M, FORTRAN, COBOL, PILOT, Personal Software's VlsiCalc, INTEGER and APPLESOFT BASIC, Many other Apple software packages benefit from the additional storage provided Ijy Die MEMORY PLUS card.

Three LED's show memory select and read/write protect status Toggle switch to shut the card off or to select between die standard monitor ROM or the on board finnware socket. Tlie firmware socket can hold an ailemate Apple monitor ROM or a 2716 program luser providedl.

LIST PRICE: $149.00 MANUAL ONLY: $15.00

All Bit 3 Apple products features: • Easy plug-in installation • Operation with PASCAL Z80 SOFTCARD™, APPLE II and APPLE II PLUS • 50/60 hz operation

FULL-VIEW 80 ™ 80X24

• Pemiits selection of 80 column or Apple 40 column/graphics on a single monitor via keyboard or program control

• BxlUcellsizeupper/lowercasecliaiacter set witti full loiwer case decenders

• User definable EROM character sets via 2716 (127 chars) or 2732(255 chars)

• On-boanl 2K firmware supports HTAB, VTAB, U/L case keyboanl, DATAMEOIA CONTROL COOES, INVERSE/NORMAL VIDEO, and a special printer driver

• Low power requirement

• Easy installation - just plug it in!

• Compatible with many 80 column word processors

• Compatible with ttie D C. Hayes MICROMOOEM™

LIST PRICE: $379.00 (2716 Std, Char set) MANUAL ONLY: $15.00

BIT 3 COMPUTER CORPORA TION 8120 Penn Avenue South • Suite 548 Mpls.,MN 55431 -(612)881-6955

Apple II is a registered trademari< of Apple Computer. Inc.; Z-80 Softcard is a registered nademarit of Microsoft Consumer Products. O.C. Hayes MIcromodem Is a:trademai1( of D.C. Hayes. Associates, Inc.: Novation CAT Is a registered trademark of Novatiani Inc.

Circle 55 on inquiry card.

April 1982 © BYTE PublicaHons Inc 4S1

Listing 1 continued:

TRAK =17, PTR =0; {Start at beginning of TEXT> FOR SEC;=li DOWNTO 1 DO READ5EC; {Find souroefile entryl

LIMIT: =PTR-1 ; PTR; =HEADER; ENTRY;=0;

SOURCEFILE:=CONCAT<SOURCEFILE,' '); {Make name unique) REPEAT

NAME =COPY <: BLANKS , 1 , LENGTH ( SOURCEF I LE > > ; EMTRY ■ =E!MTRY+ 1 ;

FOR I:= 1 TO LENGTH(SOURCEFILE) DO NAMECI 3 .=CHR(TEXTCPTR+I* 23-12B) i FOUND•= NAME-SOURCEFILE; IF NOT FOUND THEN {increment PTR>

BEGIN IF (ENTRY MOD 7)b0 THEN PTR:=PTR+HEADER, PTR -PTR+BYTES_PER_ENTRY END; UNTIL FOUND OR (PTR>LIMIT); IF {still} NOT FOUND THEN

BEGIN PRINTAT<18, 'Fi1e not found..,'); EX IT<READSOURCE> END; TRAK:=TEXTCPTR]; SEC:=TEXTCPTR+1]; {Location of track/sector list> F I LETYPE ; =TEXTC PTR + 2 3 i {0 if unlocked TEXT-. 126 if locked TEXT} SECTORCOUNT;bTEXTCPTR+333-1; (Minus 1 for the track/sector list} IF ( (FILETYPEOO) AND < F I LETYP E < > 1 2 8 > ) OR < SECTORCOUNT > 7 2 > THEN BEGIN FOUND; =FALSE; PR INTAT(18, 'No I a TEXT file...'); EXIT(READSOURCE) END; {Read the t r ac.k / sec t or list}

PTR:=0; READSECJ PTR:=12; {list starts at byte 12}

FOR T:= 1 TO SECTORCOUNT DO

BEGIN LISTCI,0}:=TEXTtPTR1; PTR:=PTR+li

DISCOUMTS LIKE THESE!

SYSTEM TWO $3995 SYSTEM Z2H 7495

ATARI 800 $ 699 Tl 810 Printer 1349 QANTEX Printer 1049 ADDS Viewpoint 599 ADDS Regent 25 879

EPSON MX80 $ 499 EPSON MX80 FT 599 EPSON MX100 759 MALIBU 2599 DEC LA34 949

CALL FOR INFORMATION ON NORTHSTAR, HAZELTINE, LEAR-SIEGLER, QUME, INTEGRAL DATA SYSTEMS, OKIDATA, TELEVIDEO, DIGITAL MICRO SYSTEMS

All prices are CASH. American Express, Visa, Master Card, add 5% Prices subject to ctiange without notice

DATA DISCOUNT CENTER

P.O. BOX 233, Greenvale, New York 11548

516-869-8537

452 April 1982 © BYTE PubUcatioiu Inc

LtBttng 1 contifmf^!

LISTEI,1]:=TEXTCPTRJ; PTR:=PTR+1 END; ffinaily, null the TEXT buffer and read the data'J IF ODD(SECTORCOUHT) THEN BLOCK COUNT: = <SECT0RCOUNT+1 ) DIV 2

ELSE BLOCKCOUNT:=SECTORCOUNT DIV 2; FILLCHAR<TEXTC 0 3 ,BLOCKCOUNT* 5 12,CHR < 0) > ; PRINTAT <18. 'Reading file...'); PTR:=0; FOR I:= 1 TO SECTORCOUNT DO

BEGIN TRAK : =LISTE: I , 01 ; SEC : =L I STC I , 1 3 ; READSEC END; END; tREADSOURCE>

PROCEDURE WRITEDEST; VAR NEXTBYTE: BYTE; BEGIN

PTR : = 0 ,

PRINTATC18,CONCAT<'Put '.DESTFILE,' on line; press <cr> '));

READ<KEYBOARD,GH) ;

IF DESTUNIT IN DRIVES THEN

BEGIN.

PRINTAT<IS,'One moment please...'); FILLCHAR <BUF E 0 J , 5 1 2 ,CHR(0 ) ) ;

FOR 1= 0 TO BLOCKCOUNT*512 DO (convert to positive ASCII)

IF TEXTCI1>127 THEN TEXTC I 3 : =TEXTCI 3-12S ; PRINTAT<18,CONCAT('Writing to DESTFILE,'...')>; REURITE<DISKFILE,DE3TFILE),

I =BLOCKWRITE(DISKFILE,EUF.1,0); CTent file header} I :=BLOCKWRITE(DISKFILE,BUF,1 , 1 ); (Text file header}

I : =BLOCKWR ITE <DISKF I LE ,TEXTt: 03 , BLOCKCOUNT , 2 ) ; Listing 1 continued on page 454

ORDER: 1-800-547-2492

IN OREGON CALL

SERVICE: 503-479-4150

ATARrA

400 (16K) 800 (16K)

$325 $675

EPSON

MX-70 $369

IVlX-80 $459

MX-80FT $559

MX-lOO $739 OEM-IV1X-80FT $525

OEM-IVIX-SO $425

©iMNVlX*lOa $709

I.D.S. OKI DATA

445G Printer $689 80 $389 460G Printer $799 82A $539 560G Printer $999 83A $829 84 $1229 WORD PROCESSOR PACKAGE WORDSTAR, 80 Column.

w/enhanced character set, Z-80 & 16K Card by ALS $1049

OLIVETTI 121-PRINTER/TYPEWRITER w/Magnum RS 232 or Parallel $1495

APPLE HARDWARE

MlCliO SCI DISK l)RIVE.S (l)lkLCI APPLE RLPLAt:LMLNT) A-3 DISK DRIVE i429 A 70 H89 A-KI $369 CONTROLLEK 'i.i & i,2 S79 CCS 7710A SERIAL INT tl39 CCS 7710D SERIAL INT $139 VIDEX 80 COLUMN $269 VIDEX ENHANCER 11 JI39 LOWER CASE ADAPTOR J39 16K RAM CARD MICIJOSOFT OR MI'C S 149

ALS Si 39

/-8() C:ARD (MICKOSOF I ) S299 MICKOMODEM (HAVES) S2S<) SMART MODEM (HAYi:.S) i22'i NOVAl ION MODEMS Al'ri.t CA 1 AUIO CAI CAT D (A 1 I3IXC0MP MODEM MOUNTAIN CLOCK MOUNTAIN MUSIC SYSTEM MOUNTAIN A/D CONVERTER MOUNTAIN INTROL/X-ltJ CARD MOUNTAIN C.I'.S. KliD 23 KEYPAD SUP R-TEKM (8(1 COLUMN) SUP-R-MOD R,r. MODULATOR jOYSTlCK (T.(i,) ■I" H,<W MONITOR (SANYO) ■ lU'.W MONITOR (SANYO]

ATARI HARDWARE

CX-2fi()ll VIDEO CAMK

4 HI PROt;KAM RECORDER

810 DISK DRIVE

820 PRINTER

822 PRINTER

825 PRINTER

830 MODEM

850 INTERFACE MODULE 853 16K MEMORY EXPANSION

SOFTWARE

U'' (.RE EN MONITOR /ENITh^i I J'' COLOR MONITOR SANYO) EPSON CAULE i INTERFACE EPSON l.RAFTRAX POWI-Rl.lNF. PROTECTOR

S3()'l $20"! $139 S149 SI 39 $239 S369 i299 tl69 J 199 5139 i29'J $24 S4t S 145 $189 S229 SI 19 $385 $79 $70 5 39

VISK.AI.C (ATARI)

BASIC (ATARI)

VISICALC

VISIDEX

VISIPLOT

VISITERM

VISITREND/PLOT

MICROLAB DATA FACTORY

U H MASTER (STONEWARE)

SUP-R I EXT II

WORDSTAR

I).P.I. SOI-TWARE {each)

STOCKPILE INVENTORY

ADVLN1URE

/ORK

SARGON CHESS GALAX IAN VERBATIM MAXELL

< 1 i'\ $5'J $429 $249 S339 $S79 $149 $135 $7<)

S IS'I $$49 $ 189 $139 S 1 29 $ 109 $179 $129 $17'} $ I 09 $349 S31') $369

$2y

$29 $29 $22 $25 $38

TERMS: , ,

SHIPPING: Add 3% of total transaction for UPS brown (ground) nr 5% for UPS hliic (.irr), Parcel Post, or anv special arrangements.

PAYMENT; Cashier's checks, certified checks, money orders, .ind b.iiik wii es luinurL-Ll immediately. Wire transfer funds to U.S. National Bank of Oregon, South Grants Pass Branch. Credit RCE, account number 501-981, Add 3% for Visa and Master Charge. Allow 20 days for personal checks to clear. REFUNDS: 1 0% restocking charge on all returns or exchanges, No refunds on opened software. Call first. GUARANTEE: All products with full manufacturer's warranty. Sanyo and Apple warranty available. We have full repair and servici- facilities for all electronic repairs with HP, Dynascan, Pioneer, Sanyo and Apple trained and cerirfic[l technicians. For any technical service call them for instant advice or questions right on llicir henches at (503) 479-4150.

REPAIRS: Out (if warranty Ruarantcc: Labor 30 days from dale of your receipt, 90 days On parts. Call fur details on quality guaranieed discount repair and reconditioning service. We have been repairing electronic cciuipment for 12 years and love it!

MINIMUM ORDER - SI 00.00 MINIMUM SHIPPING CHARGES - $4.00

PRICES SUBjECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE WRITE FOR CATALOG

RALSTON-CLEARWATERS ELECTRONICS

"A UniQue Combination of Qualitu Products. Competltlue Prices, and Seruice"

530 N.E, 'E' street • Grants Pass, Ore. 97526

ALL BRAND NAMES ARE REGISTERED TRADE MARKS

Circle 354 on Inquiry card.

April 1982 © BYTE Publicatioi^ Inc 453

Listing 1 continued:

CLOSE(D1SKF1LE, LOCKj ; END CTHENJ ELSE

BEGIN

PRINTAT(18,CONCAT('WriIing to 0ESTFILE,'...')); REWRITE<F,DESTFILE); VRITELN( F) •, REPEAT

NEXTBYTE:=TEXTCPTR+1 J , CH;=CHR(TEXTCPTH]- 128) ;

URITE(F,CH); PTR;=PTR+1; UNTIL NEXTBYTE=0; CLOSE(F,LOCK) ; END; {ELSE! END; CWR1TEDE5T>

BEGIN CMAIN PROGRAM}

INIT'lALIZE { sect or/b 1 oclt mapJ; REPEAT

GETNAMES Cand locations of files), HEADSOURCE tin DOS format>, IF FOUND THEN WRITEDEST; WRITELK, WRITELH,

WRITE('Another file? (Y/N) '); READ(KEYBOARD,CH> ; DONE.= CH IN C'N','n'3; UNTIL DOME END CMAIN)

CaUME.

Incredible savings aa?e Just a plione call away with the Morgan Electronics hot line.

SAVE $800 on the TRS-80M8K Model III computer. Limited supply available. Includes all the standard basic features of the TRS-80* Model III with 48K of RAM and disk expansion Kit III™ with two 40 track double density disk drives.

Completely compatible with TRSDOS™ and all TRS Model III operating systems.

Total Price $1,695°°

Also available — TRS-80* Model III same as above with two 80 track disk drives for only $2^45°°.

ALL PRODUCTS BACKED BY A 90-DAY WARRANTY TRADEMARKS:

TRS-80 and TRSDOS/RadIo Shack/Tandy Corp. LOOS/Loglcal Systems, Inc. Ml Ill/Morgan Products, Inc.

SAVE OVER $1,000 on

the ME I Word Processing System— TRS-80* 48K Model III and Olivetti Daisy Wheel Printer. Includes Software Kit.

Total Price $3,695°°

MORGAN

Call TOLL FREE (800) 851-4614

In Illinois Call (618) 233-0018

Morgan Products Incorporated 104 Berkshire Drive

Belleville. Illinois 62223

We accept: Visa, Master Charge, Certified Checl<s (Personal checks require three weeks clearance), Money Orders and C.O.D.

454 April 1982 © BYTE FubllcaHons Inc

Circle 283 on Inquiry card.

Listing 2: The Applesoft BASIC program GETPAS is used to convert Pascal text (.TEXT) files to DOS 3.3 text files. The Pascal volume directory is read from blocks 2 through 5 to find the indicated file name. Since BASIC does not have an intrinsic procedure ^ ^mesAl'S' GETPAS calls the machine-language routine shown in listing 3.

1 REM GETPAS. PASCAL TO TEXTFILE CONVERSION

I REM By J. Matthews, MD 7/6/81

3 GOTO 200; REM START OF MAIN PROGRAM

4 REM *** SUBROUTINES ***

100 REM WRITE FILE

10 5 CH = PEEK (I )

110 IF CH = 16 THEN FOR J = 33 TO

115 I F CH = 0 ANIj I

120 IF CH = 0 THEN I

125 I = I + 1: PRINT

(SKIP NULLS)

I = I + 1:CH= 0: IF PEEK < I ) : PR 1 NT " " ; : > EN THEN RETURN = 1 + 1 : GOTO 10 5 CHRS < CH) ; ; GOTO i 05

PEEK<I) > 32 THEN NEXT J:I = 1 + 1:

GOTO 105

130 REM

135 SL% =

1 <i 0 TR% =

14 5 PT% =

150 SE% = M%<PT%,0.) 155 GOSUB 190:BU%

1 6 0 3E"/« = M%< PT^ , 1 ) 165 GOSUB 190:BU% 17 0 RETURN

READ A BLOCK S3:DR% = SO INT iBLOCK / 8) INT ((BLOCK / 3 - TR%) CALL RWTS BU% -f PAGE CALL RWTS BVIt + PAGE

8 >

175 REM CENTER TITLE 180 HTAB 20 - LEN (T«)

/ 2: PRINT T». RETURN

185 REM ERR TRAP 190 IF ERV. < > 0 THEN PRINT "DOS ERROR 19 5 RETURN

VTAB 20: , . " : POP

CALL POP

- 868 : GOTO

19 0

2 00 REM *«* INITIALIZE ***

2 0 5 210 2 1 5 2 2 0 225 230 2 3 5 24 0 2<1 S 250 2 5 5 "itO 2<»S

RWTS PRINT PAGE BU-Vo « BEG M% < 0,0 ) M'/« I 1 , 0 > MVe C 2 , 0 J MVn ( 3 , 0 ; MVb( 4 , 0) M** ( 5 , 0 )

M'/o (6,0^

M*iC 7 , 0 >

16 3 8 4 HIMEM; RWTS CHR« i;<l),"BLOAD RWTS 25»

RWTS + PAGE;CM% « 1 BU%; EN - BU»/» + PAGE

0 ; M'/o < 0 , 1 > ■ 14

1 3 : M'/o U , 1 > ■ 12 1 1 . M»/i ( 2 , 1 J ■ 10 9 M'Ai < 3 , 1 )

MV. ( 4 , I )

MV, < S

1 > 1 ) 1 >

8 4

OB J 0

1 S

270 REM ««« tl"f flfei NAMKa ***

27 5 HOME' ; VTAB 3

jao Tl • ■'*** CONVERT! PASCAL

8 5 T» - "BY JOHN MATTHIWS, M. 2 9 0 VTAS 8: HTAB 1 295 PRINT "SOURCE &LOT; 6"> iel HTAi PEEK (34); SET INI

TO TEXT «« * " ; GOSUB D."; GOSUB 1 BO

180; PRINT

Listing 2 continued on page 456

April 1982 © BYTE Publicattons Inc 455

3 I 0

3 1 S 3 2 0 325 330 3 35 3 4 0 3 41 350 355 2&Q 365 3 7 0 375 3B0 3 35 3 9 0

3 9 5

4 0 0 405 4 I 0 4 15 4 £0 4 2 5 4 30 435 4 4 0 4 4 5 450

455 460

465 4 70

1 " i IN*

325

6"

Listing 2 continued: 30S SS > VAL UNt)

If ga > 0 THEN sa > 6

IF SS < 0 OR as > 7 THEN 29 0 PRINT SB VTAB X 0: HTAB 1 PRINT "SOURCE DRIVE: HTAB PEEK <3 6) ; GET SD = VAL <IN4> IF SD - 0 THEN SD « 1 IF SD < 1 OR SD > 2 THEN PRINT 3D VTAB i 2: HTAB 1 PRINT "DESTINATION SLOT: HTAB PEEK (36); GET INS DS a VAL (1N«) IF DS a'0 THEN DS s 6 IF DS < 1 OR DS > 7 THEN 36 0 PRINT DS VTAB 14: HTAB 1 PRINT "DESTINATION DRIVE: HTAB PEEK <36>: GET IN* DD = VAL (INS)

IF DD = 0 THEN DD = 2 IF DD < 1 OR DD > 2 THEN PRINT DD VTAB 16: HTAB 1 INPUT "SOURCE FILE VTAB 18: HTAB 1

INPUT "DESTINATION FILE: ";DF» IF LEN (DF$) ■ 0 THEN DF» a SF« PRINT "DESTINATION FILE; ";DF» L2 a LEN < SFt > VTAB 2 0: CALL

<E3C> TO END " PRINT : IF IN* < IF SD = DD THEN PRESS <RET> ";

2"

395

SFt: IF LEN<SF»)bO THEN 430

VTAB 18

848: PRINT "PRESS <RET> TO PROCEED; : GET INt: IF INt ■ CHRS (27) THEN 605

> CHR$ <13> THEN 290 VTAB 20: PRINT "INSERT THE SOURCE DISK; INPUT ""ilN*

475 REM *** GET DIRECTORY ***

480 VTAB 20. CALL - B68: PRINT "READING DIRECTORS. 4 85 BU<h B RWTS + PACE': FOR BLOCK - 2 TO 5 : COSUB 135 490 EN - BU%

NEXT BLOCK

4 9:

REM *** FIND FILE NAME **«

500 FOR I = BEG TO EN STEP 26:NAS = ""

SOS SB « PEEK <I; ■•- 256 * PEEK ( I-t-1 > : NB s PEEK (I^2> -t- 256 * PEEK ( I 4 3 > L1 - PEEK < 1 + 6)

SIO IF LI < > L2 THEN 5 25

515 FOR- J = I 7 TO I + L 1 + 6 : NA $ = NA S + CHR» ( PEEK <vJ>>: NEXT J 520 IFNA«=SF$ THEN 540 525 NEXT I

530 IF NA4 = "" THEN VTAB 20: CALL - 86 8;

PRINT "FILE NOT FOUND: PRESS <RET> ";: INPUT "";IN»: GOTO 290

535 REM *'*« READ SOURCE ***

540 VTAB 20: CALL - 868: PRINT "READING FILE. S 4 5 SB a SB 2 : EB > NB - 1 : BU% > RWTS 4- PAGE

456 April 1982 © BYTE Publications bic

Listing 2 continued:

S'JO FOR BLOCK - SB TO EB : GOSUB 135: NEXT BLOCK SIS IF SO - DD THEN VTAB 20: CALL - e^B:

fSilfl" "I|«iERT DESTINATION DISK; PRESS <RET> "}: INPUT "">1N»

560 REM *«* WRITE DEST *«*

565 VTAB 20: CALL - 863: PRINT "WRITING..." 57 0 PRINT CHRI <4);"0PEN " (DF • ;" ,D";DD 57 5 PRINT CHR» (■!/, "DELETE ",DF«

5 8 0 PRINT CHR9 <<1;;"0PEN " ; D F t , " , D " ; DD 535 PRIWT CHR» (4),"WRITE ";DF»

590 I - BEG:EN - BU<Mi - PACE: COSUB 105 S'^S PRINT CHR« (4); "CLOSE ";DFI

VTAB 20: CALL - 3^8: PRINT "ANOTHER FILE <V/1M) ";: GET INt: IF INS ■ "Y" THEN 270

6 0 5 PR I NT . END listing 3 begins on page 458

Text continued from page 447:

machine-language program found in Hsiwg 3, that in turn calls the read/write track and sector (RWTS) routines from DOS. (See the DOS 3.3 manual, page 94.) The Applesoft PTRGET routine is used to allow passing variables by name rather than by location using the traditional PEEK and POKE.

The Pascal volume directory is read from blocks 2 through 5 of the disk. It is organized as 26-byte records, the first of which is the volume name:

Directory record Starting block: integer;

Next available block: integer;

File type: integer;

File name: string[15];

I/O designation: 0..255;

Date: packed array occupying 2

bytes; end;

Deleted files are marked by setting the length byte of the name string to 0. In reading the file itself, note that text files have a two-block header that ordinarily contains editor settings like environment and markers. The header can be skipped.

Writing the file requires, once again, that the high-order bit of each character be reset. This is done with the standard Applesoft function CHR$. This method is rather slow, but trying to implement a "BLOCKWRITE" function in BASIC would require writing to both the disk directory and the volume table of contents. This is more safely left to DOS. To mark the end of file, DOS uses the null (ASCII 0) character. Pascal uses

these to fill in the unused portions of blocks. Intervening nulls are simply bypassed as the file is written. One further conversion is helpful here. Pascal source lines that are indented are preceded by the data link escape (DLE, ASCII 16) character followed by a single byte specifying the number of spaces to indent plus 32. Without converting these to spaces, the indentation of Pascal text would be lost.

These methods may also apply to other operating systems, such as CP/M for the Z80 Softcard from Microsoft. If the directory and sector organization can be found, the conversion is possible.

These are the tools. Now you have one less excuse to keep your favorite Pascal programs tucked away in the back of a box.H

JAir WEIN]IE3tG:LIVING PROOF TOUR CONTRIBUTIONS COUNT.

These days, Jay Weinberg's most difficult battles take place on the tennis court. Five years ago, he had a different kind of fight on his hands: against one of the toughest forms of cancer.

Cancer research and treatment have made jay's kind of recovery possible for almost 2 million people. Which means that your donations have helped buy Jay Weinberg a very beautiful gift: his life. American

CANCER CAN BE BEAT. Cancer %

April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 457

Listing 3: A 6502 machine-language routine to interface the BASIC program of listing 2 with the read/write track and sector routine of DOS 3.3 for direct control of disk access. More information on the RWTS routine can be found in the DOS 3.3 manual.

0000

2

*

RWTS

INTERFACE FOR APPLESOFT

OOOQ

3

*

J. Matthews, M.D., 7/6/1981

0 0 0 0

4

*

0 0 00

5

*

Variables passed by name;

0000

6

0 00 0

7

*

SL»/o =

SLOT NUMBER

OOOQ

8

*

DR% =

DRIVE i OR 2

0000

9

*

TR% =

TRACK 0 TO 3 4

0 0 0 0

1 0

*

SE«A =

SECTOR 0 TO 15

0 0 0 0

1 1

*

CM% =

0 (NULL: NO ACTION)

0000

i 2

*

1 (READ A SECTOR)

0000

1 3

«

2 (WRITE A SECTOR)

0000

i 4

*

4 (FORMAT THE DISK)

0 000

1 5

*

BU% =

ADD. OF 25 6 BYTE BUFFER

00 0 0

1 6.

*

0000

1 7

*

Returned:

0 0 0 0

1 S

*

00 00

1 9

*

ER% =

DOS ERROR CODE (0=NONE)

0000

20

*

- NEXT OBJECT

FILE NAME IS RWTS.OBJO

0 0 0

2 1

ORG 5 4 000

4000

2 2

MSB OFF

<) 0 0 0

2 3

*

'i 0 0 0

2 1

I / O

Block offsets: DOS 3.3 m

4 0 0 0

2 5

000 1

2<^

IBSLOT

EQU SOI ;SLOT

OPTIONS

1. Processor

• Z8001 • 68000

2. Disk Controllers

• Floppy disk controller

• Winchester disk controller

3. Memory

• Memory boards from 32K to 512K

• Either processor can address up to 16 Megabytes

4. I/O

• Standard serial I/O board with 8 RS-232 I/O

ports

• Intelligent I/O board with 8 ports, 16K dual port buffer memory, and an 8-bit I/O processor on board

• Parallel I/O board with 80 bits of parallel I/O

5.15 slot mother board

6. Heavy duty power supply

• + 5 volts at 40 amps

• +/-12 volts at 3.5 amps

G3Ch

7. Meets IEEE Multibus Standard

16 Bit Systems Z8000or68000

COMPUTEX

MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEMS X

5710 Drexel Avenue Chicago, Illinois 60637

TYPICAL SYSTEMS

System 3 (Z8001 based) $7053 Includes: • Z8001 processor with memory management • 256K RAM • 8 serial I/O ports

• Floppy disk controller • ZMOS multiuser operating system • Dual 8 inch double density floppy disk drives • Case and power supply

System 4 (68000) based $7099

Includes: • 68000 processor (8mhz) • 256K RAIVI • 2 serial and 4 parallel I/O ports • Floppy disk controller • Dual 8 inch double density floppy disk drives • Operating system

• Case and power supply

WINCHESTER DISK SUBSYSTEMS

1. 20 Meg 8 inch drive with dual case, power supply, and electronic module $3398

2. 20 Meg add-on 8 inch drive $1898

3. 60 Meg 8 Inch drive with dual case, power supply, and electronic module $5898

4. 60 Meg add-on 8 inch drive $3598

312 684-3183

458 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 122 on inquiry card.

Listing 3 continued:

0 0 D 2

2 7

IBDRVN

EuU

S 0 2

; DRIVE

0 0 0 3

2 8

I BVOL

EQU

S. 0 3

(VOLUME

/ i 9

IBTRK

EQU

$ 04

;TRACK

Q 0 0 5

3 0

I BSECT

EQU

$05

;SECTOR

0 0 0 8

T 1 •J 1

IBBUFP

EQU

5 0 8

;BUFFER POINTER

0 0 0 C

I BCMD

EQU

i oc

;COMMAND

0 0 OD

3 3

IBSTAT

EQU

SOD

;ERROR #

0 0 0 F

lOBFSN

EQU

$ OF

iPREVIOUS SLOT

0 0 1 D

3 5

lOBPDN

EQU

$ 1 0

f.PREVlQUS DRIVE

<i 0 0 0

3 i

4 0 0 0

«3 f

* Pacie

zero

I o c a t i ons :

4 0 0 0

3 8

*

0 0 1 E

J 7

TPSAV

EQU

$ 1 E

n n d B

lOB

EQU

S 4 8

0 0 8 3

VARPNT

EQU

$ 8 3

0 0 B 8

TXTPTR

EQU

SB8

4 0 0 0

4 3

%

4 0 0 0

4 4

* DOS hooks.

4 0 0 0

4 S

0 3 D 9

4 6

RWTS

EQU

* 3D9

0 3 E 3

4 7

CETIOB

EQU

t 3E3

4 0 0 0:

d fl

1 o

*

s u u u

d O

H i

« Applesoft

PTRGET routine.

40 00

so

DPE3

5 1

PTRGET

EQU

$DFE3

4 0 0 0

52

*

4 0 00

20 E3 03 53

ENTRY

JSR

GETIOB

;GET I/O BLOCK A

Listing 3 continued on page 460

6PISOD€

THE VERSATILE COMPUTER

JUST ADD PERIPHERALS

EPISODE is a CP/M®computer with 1.6 M byte of disit storage on dual 5V4 floppies, its compact design provides a wide range of standalone or networi< applications including data base sharing.

EPISODE gives you total flexibility. You can add your own CRT and Printer, whatever brand and price range you choose. All the logic including the 64K RAM memory is contained on a single 6" X 8" circuit board ensuring maximum reliability.

'Supervyz is a trademark of Epic Computer Corporation. CP/M is a trademark of Digital Researcti.

EPISODE includes a unique software system called SUPERVYZTM _ a menu based software control system that allows the user to integrate application programs.

Dealer inquiries invited, foreign and domestic.

Epic Computer Corporation 7542 Trade Street San Diego, CA 92121 Tel: 714-695-3560

Model 953A EPROM PROGRAMMER

• Programs 2508, 2758, 2516, 2716.2532 and 2732 five volt EPROMS.

• Complete - no personality modules to buy.

• Intelligent ■ microprocessor based, programs and verifies any or all bytes.

• RS-232 serial interface use with computer or terminal.

• Verify erasure command ■ verifies that EPROM is erased.

• Extended diagnostics - error output distinguishes between a bad EPROM and one which needs erasing.

• May be used for extremely reliable data or program storage.

• All power on programming socket under processor control. LED warning light indicates when power is applied.

• Complete with Textool zero insertion force socket.

• High performance/cost ratio.

• Standard OB-25 I/O connector.

PRICE S289

BAY TECHNICAL ASSOCIATES, ina.

HWY. 603. P-0, BOX 387 BAY ST. LOUIS, MISSISSIPPI 39520 (601)467-8231

Circle 173 on Inquiry card.

Circle 51 on inquiry card.

April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 459

J

Listing 3 continued:

4003 :

84

4 8

54

STV

lOB

;SAVE IT

qoos:

85

49

55

3TA

IOB+ 1

4 00 7

A5

BB

56

LDA

TXTPTR

;SAVE TXTPTR

4009

85

i E

5 7

STA

TP SAV

400S

AS

B9

58

LDA

TXTPTR+1

400D

85

IF

59

STA

TPSAV+1

4 0 OF

20

7 9 ■

40

i 0

JSR

GETSL*

,GET SL% (SLOT)

4 0 12

OA

6 1

ASL

A

iTIKES 16

40 13

OA

62

ASL

A

4 0 14

OA

63

ASL

A

4 0 1 S

OA

64

ASL

A

4016

AD

0 1

65

LDY

ttlBSLOT

4 0 18

9 1

4 8

66

STA

(lOB),Y

4 0 1 A

20

? F

4 0

6 7

JSR

GETDR%

;GET r>K*k (DRIVE)

40 ID

AO

0 2

68

LDY

«IBDRVN

40 IF

9 1

48

69

STA

( IOB> , Y

4021

A9

00

70

LDA

*«00

;VOLUME-0

4 02 3

AO

0 3

7 1

LDY

#IBVOL

4025

9 1

48

72

STA

< lOB) ,Y

4027

. 20

85

40

7 3

JSR

GETTR%

J GET TR% (TRACK)

402A

AO

0 4

7 4

LDY

«IBTRK

4 0 2G:

; 9 1

4 8

7 5

STA

< lOB) , y

4 0 2E

20

SB

40

76

JSR

GETSE%

;GET SE% (SECTOR)

40 3 1

: AO

05

7 7

LDY

»IB5ECT

40 33

; 9 1

4 8

78

STA

(loa),Y

4035

: 20

9 1

40

79

JSR

GETBU%

!GET BUIfc (BUFFER)

TRS-80'S™

and HewlettPadcards

Best Discounts Possible

WE PAY SHIPPING In the 48 continental states on prepaid

orders of $100.00 or more. NO TAXES are collected on out-of-state shipments. WE ACCEPT Visa, MasterCard and American Express, or

you can save additional money by paying cash.

TOLL FREE ORDER NUMBER 800/531-7466

Pan American Electronics

1117 Conway • Dept. 16 Mission, Texas 78572 Phone 512/581-2766 Telex Number 767339

FORT WORTH BRANCH

2912 N. Main Ft. Worth, Texas 76106 Phone 817/625-6333

Telex Number 794836

TM — Trademark of Tandy Corporation

A

MITSUBISHI FLEXIBLE DISK DRIVE

SETTING NEW STANDARDS FOR RELIABILITY AND DURABILITY

• FULLY IBM AND SHUGART SAB50R COMPATIBLE

• DOUBLE SIDED. DOUBLE-DENSITY

• 1.6 MBYTE/DISK

• SOFTOUCh'^" PROPRIETARY HEAD LOAD MECHANISM

• 3 MS TRACK-TO-TRACK ACCESS TIME

• HIGH QUALITY, ALL FERRITE MnZn HEADS

• PRECISION BUILT/MODULAR CONSTRUCTION

• 6 MONTH WARRANTY

*$525.00 Available froiTi stock. Terms: cash, check, money orders, VISA, MasterCharge. Tax: 6% if California resident. 'Price subject to change without notice.

i

1333 Lawrence Expressway, Suite 408 Santa Clara, California 95051 (408) 247-3450/TWX 910-338-7442 AUTHORIZED SALES AND SERVICE AGENT FOR INFORMATION CONTACT HOLLY SAUER OEM INQUIRIES INVITED

460 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 325 on inquiry card

Circle 292 on inquiry card.

4 0 3 8

AO

0 a

80

LDY

# I BBUFP

40 3A

9 1

4 e

e 1

STA

<lOB),y

,LOW BYTE

4d3C

AO

do

At

LDY

#^00

4 0 3E

B 1

8 3

e 3

LDA

(VARPNT),Y

^ 0 4 0

AO

0 9

84

LDY

«IBBUFP+1

4042

91

4 e

85

STA

< lOB ) , y

,HIGH BYTE

4 0 44

l 0

9 7

4 0

86

JSR

GETCM%

GET CM% (COMMAND)

4 0 4 7

FO

2 7

8 7

BEQ

RETURN

NULL COMMAND

4049

AO

OC

88

LDY

«IBCMD

404B

: 91

4B

89

STA

<lOB) , Y

40 4D

20

9D

40

90

JSR

GETER%

GET ER% POINTER

4 05 0

: 20

E 3

0 3

9 i

JSR

GETIOB

4 0 53

20

D9

03

92

JSR

RWTS

40S6

: AO

OD

93

LDY

«IBSTAT

4 0 5 3

B 1

4 9

9 4

LDA

(lOB),Y

ERROR CODE

4 05A

: BO

0 2

95

BCS

ERROR

RWTS SETS C BIT ON ERR

40SC

A9

00

96

LDA

#«00

BR%-0 IF C BIT CLEAR

405E

AO

0 1

9 7 ERROR

LDY

#$01

4060

9 1

83

98

STA

(VARPNT),y i

RETURN IBSTSAT IN ER%

4062

Bl

48

99

LDA

<IOB>,y >y>IBSLOT

4 0 6 4:

AO

0 F

1 00

LDY

# lOBPSN

4 0 6 6

9 1

48

1 0 1

STA

( I OB) ,Y ;

UPDATE SLOT

4 0 68

AO

0 2

1 02

LDY

«IBDRVN

4 06A

Bl

48

103

LDA

(lOB),y

406C

AO

1 0

104

LDY

« XOBPDN

40&E

9 1

4 8

105

STA

<10B>,Y lUPDATE DRIVE

Listing 3 continued on page 462

It

Suckeye

DESK TOP ENCLOSURES

ASK ABOUT OUR NEW BRACKET MOUNTING SYSTEM FOR DWC CASES

DWC-1-0850 T $54,70

DWC-1-1133 60.60

DWC-1-1600 68.80

BKS-2-0850 $41.50

BKS-2-1133 44.80

BKS-2-1600 48.30

Send check for case in width desired. Call or write for detailed literature The Buckeye Stamping Co. 555 Marion Rd., Coiumbus, OH 43207 614/445-8433

MICROCOMPUTER IDEA BOOK& CATALOG.

I One-Stop Shopping. More than 1000 microcomputer accessories and supplies - from diskettes and lineprinter paper to connectors and cobles - for Apple, Atari, Norlhstar, TRS-80S end mony others. Loaded with ideas for extra convenience and efficiency

I Easy Ordering. By moil, piione. or TWX. Friendly, tielpful. expert assisiance.

I Fast DellveryL\t}ur order shipped In

24 hours from the Inmac Center nearest you Overnight emergencyshipments

also ovoiloble.

■ Risk-Free IVial. Trv any product for 45 days. If not satisfied, return for full refund.

■ Guaranteed QualHy. Field-tested for precision performance and compatibility. Backed by warranties ranging up to 10 years - and some with Lifetime Guarantees.

Please RUSH my copy of the Microcoitiputer Idea Book& Catalog.

Nome

Title

Company

Phone

Address

Cilv

SEHDTOOAY FOR YOUR FREE MICROCOMPUTER IDEA BOOK & CATALOG OR PHONE (408) 727-1970.

Stale

Zip

mmau

Catalog Dept., 2465 Augustine Dr, Santa Clara,

CA95051.

Circle 61 on inquiry card.

Circle

206 on Inquiry card.

April 19ffi © BYTE PubUcaUons Inc 461

Listings continued:

4 0 7 0:

AS

1 E

1 i

w D

40 7 2

65

B 6

0 7

4 0 7 4

AS

1 F

0 8

4 0 7 6

8 5

B 9

0 9

4 0 7 8

d 0

\

1 0

4 0 7 9

'10 79

\

1 2

4 0 7 9.

1 3

4079

20

A3

d 0

1

1 4

407C

53

4C

^ w

i

1 ^1

J> w

4 0 7F

ZQ

A3

d 0 ■ *i u

1 A

X o

4 0 8 2

4 4

5 2

2 5

1^

i 7

408S

20

A3

4 0

1 8

4088

5 4

5 2

lb vJ

1 9

408B

2 0

A 3

d n

4 U

1

I

408E

5 3

4 5

\ I

4 0 9 1

20

A3

d n

4

ii

4 09 ^5

42

5 5

2 5

2 3

4097

20

A3

L H

409A

43

4D

2 5

1

25

409D

20

A3

40

1

26

4 OAO

: 45

52

2 5

1

27

RETURN

« Find GETSLSlfc GETDR* GETTRKk GETSE% GETBU% GETCM% GETER%

LDA TPSAV ;RESTORE TXTPTR

STA TXTPTR LDA TPSAV+1 STA TXTPTR+I

RTS iTO APPLESOFT

Applesoft vsriabltts:

VARGET

ASC

■ SL%'

JSR

VARGET

ASC

' DR"/!. '

JSR

VARGET

ASC

' TR% ■

JSR

VARGET

ASC

' SE% '

JSR

VARGET

ASC

' BU% '

JSR

VARGET

ASC

' CMVo'

JSR

VARGET

ASC

' ER%'

TERMINALS FROM TRANSNET

PURCHASE PUN •12-24 MONTH FULL OWNERSHIP PUN • 36 MONTH LEASE PUN

DESCRIPTION

DEC

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS

LEAR SIEGLER

DATAMEDIA

TELEVIDEO

NEC SPINWRITER

GENERAL ELECTRIC

HAZELTINE

EPSON

TIMEPLEX

LA34 DECwrlter IV

LA34DECwrlter IV Forms Ctrl. LA120 DECwrlter III KSn

TI765 Bubble Memory Terminal

Tl Insight 10 Terminal

TI785 Portable KSR, 120 CPS. ,

TI787 Porlable KSR. 120 CPS ..

TI810 BO Printer

TI820 KSR Printer

ADM3A CRT Terminal

ADMS CRT Terminal

ADM32 CRT Terminal

I ADM42 CRT Terminal

I EXCEL 12 CRT Terminal

EXCEL 42 Smart Biillered CRT. I COLORSCAN ia Color CRT ....

I 925 CRT Terminal

I 950 CRT Terminal

I Lener Quality. 7715 RO

Letter Qualily. 7725 KSfl

I 2030 KSR Printer 30 CPS

I 2120 KSR Printer 120 CPS ....

I Executive 80/20 ,.

I Executive 80/30

I MX-80 F/T Printer

I MX-100 Printer

I Ea400 4 Channel Slat Mux ...

PURCHASE

PER MONTH

PRICE

H l,tDS

3EM0S

$1,095 995

$105

$ 58

$ 40

95

53

36

1,095

105

58

40

2.295

220

122

83

2.095

200

112

75

1.695

162

90

61

1,195

115

67

43

3.295

315

185

119

1,745

167

98

63

1,995

190

106

72

2,395

230

128

86

1,595

153

85

58

2,595

249

138

93

695

67

37

25

2.395

230

128

86

2,845

273

152

102

1,695

162

90

61

2,195

211

117

80

595

57

34

22

MS

62

36

24

1,165

112

65

42

1,995

190

106

72

1,595 995

162

90

61

95

54

36

3,195

307

171

116

850

82

46

31

1.075

103

57

39

2.895

278

154

104

3.295

316

175

119

1.195

115

67

43

2,196

211

117

80

1,345

127

75

49

1.695

162

90

61

745

71

42

27

895

86

48

32

1,525

147

82

55

2.050

197

110

74

FULL OWNERSHIP AFTER 12 OR 24 MONTHS-10% PURCHASE OPTION ARER 36 MONTHS

MICROCOMPUTERS

APPLE • COMMODORE • HP8S • DEC LS111

I ACCESSORIES AND PERIPHERAL EQUIPMENT

I ACOUSTIC COUPLERS • MODEMS • THERMAL PAPfSt • ■ iNTEHi"-M ( M ' ■ ■

TransNet CORPORATION

1945 ROUTE 22 • UNION, N.J. 07083 • (201) 688-7800 TWX 710-985-5485 800-526-4965 OUTSIDE N.J.

THE ENCRYPTOR^^

DATA SECURITY

• S-lOO COHPUTERSi leEE-696 DESIuN.

« CP/M* SOFTHARt ON 8 INCH SINGLE OENSITV DISKETTE AVaiLABLE.

• NATIQ/'IAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS ENCHVPTION ALSORITHM.

• HIGH SPEED A.M.D. 9518 DATA CIPHErtlNG PROCESSOR.

• 1.3 MEGABYTES PER SECOND THROUGHPUT.

• 3 ENCKVPTION/DECRYPT! Ui\ FOKHATS.

^ 0V6,< 72 OUADRILLIUM 56 BIT MASTER KEYS.

« PLUG Selectable i/o port addresses and irMTERRUPTS.

• GOLD PLATEU FINGERS, CARD EJECTORS AND SOLDER MASK.

• ASSEWflLED, BURNEO-IN AND TESTED.

• 1 YEAR LIr^ITED WARRANTY.

• i42t>.00 SINGLE QUANTITY.

• 2i cash discount for money orders and c.o.d.'s. » Mastercard and visa credit cards accepted.

• SHIPPING charges added to all orders.

» 6S sales TAX added 10 PENNSYLVANIA DESTINATIONS.

s PRICES AND SPeClFICATIONS SUBJECT CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE.

• DcALER AND O.E.H. INtfUIRES INVITED.

TcLEPriUNE 2 15-865-1222 MUiJDAY-FRlUAY, BAM-5PM,

EASTERN TIME

« LEHIGH VALLEY LOGICt INCDRPORATED

• 2bU3 NORTH COURT

• BcTHLEMEM, PENNSYLVANIA 13017 U.S.A.

• CP/.I IS A REGISTERED TRADE HARK Of DIGITAL RESEARCH. INC.

462 April 1982 © BYTE Publications be

Circle 418 on Inquiry card.

Circle 234 on Inquiry card.

Listing 3 continuM:

4 0A3

1 2 8

*

4 0A3

1 2 9

*

VARGET: On

entry to PTRGET, TXTPTR points to first

■J OA 3

X 3 0

Hi

cha r ao t «r

of the variable name. On exit, the address

4 0A3

I 3 1

of the variable's value is in VARPNT and Y,A.

40A3

132

«

4 0A3

1 3 3

*

Pop

return

Staolc and store variable pointer in TXTPTR

40A3

1 3 4

*

40A3

1 35

VARGET

PLA

40A4

. as

BB

1 3 6

STA

TXTPTR

4 0A6

i 37

PLA

40A7

: 85

B9

1 3B

STA

TXTPTR+1

4 OA 9

1 3 9

*

Inor emen t

pointer to first oharaoter in ASC string.

4 OA 9

Ei

B 8

X 4 0

INC

TXTPTR

4 GAB

DO

0 2

i 4 1

BNE

VARl

4 GAD

E6

B 9

1 4 1

I NC

TXTPTR+1

4 0 A F

2 0

E 3 D F

1 4 3

VAR 1

JSR

PTRGET

40B2

AO

0 1

1 44

LDY

« ( 0 1

40B4

Bl

83

145

LDA

(VARPNT),Y

40B6

146

Note

return ii to leoond most reoant caller

40B6

iO

147

RTS

*** SUCCESSFUL ASSEMBLY: NO ERRORS

MODEM HEADQUARTERS

Connect any computer or terminal to the phone lines!

1200 Baud — 120 Characters per Second

Penril 300/1200 $739

Bell 212A identical. Full duplex, RS232. 1200 and 300 Baud. Originate/auto-answer. Phone connection via RJ11C standard phone jack. One year warranty. Self-test. Fits under phone.

300/1200 Auto-Dialer $225

Allows any computer to automatically dial out through the Penril 300/1200.

300 Baud — 30 Characters per Second

Phone Link Acoustic iModem $129

Originate and Answer. Half/Full duplex. RS232. Operates with any standard telephone. Indicators for On, Carrier, Self-test, Send Data, Receive Data. One year warranty.

Micro-iinic $179

Orlginate/Auto-Answer, Half/Full duplex. RS232. Phone connection via RJ11C standard phone jack. Indicators for On, Carrier Detect, Self-test, Send Data, Receive Data. Two year warranty. Fits under phone.

ADDS Viewpoint CRT $529

GE2120 Printing Terminal $1,799

150 CPS. 300/1200 Baud.

GE2030 Printing Terminal $999

60 CPS. 300/1200 Baud.

All equipment Is In stock. Your satisfaction guaranteed. Any product may lie returned tor full credit Write or call for full product Information.

U.S. ROBOTICS INC

203 N. WABASH SUITE 171B

CHICAGO, ILL BOSa' ^

DUAL

THERMOMETER

COMPL

FTWARE

• Display temperature, maximum, minimum and difference.

• Sound alarm for over/ under temperature.

• Store data on disk or printer automatically.

• Display time with on

Strawberry H-ee Computers

949 Cascade Drive xSTN. Sunnyvale, Ca. 94087 f/Tk \ (4081736-3083 It ,1 )

board timer.

• Up to 7 boards with 14 probes In one Apple*.

• - 55°C to 125°C range, 0.4° accuracy over most of range.

• Requires 48K Apple* with Applesoft* and disk.

$260.00

if your dealer doesn't have it, call or write us at dept. A

*TM of Apple Computer, Inc.

Circle 421 on inquiry card.

Circle 386 on inquiry card.

April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 463

A Simple Multiprocessor Implementation

A simple connection can he the start of a multiprocessing, multitasking system.

Have you been looking for an easy way to simultaneously operate more than one computer? If you have, your search is at an end. In this article, I describe a method to control two or more computers connected by serial data lines. Even if the computers are performing completely unrelated tasks, they can still be controlled from a single terminal.

For example, one machine might run a BASIC program, while the other controls your home-security system. Or one could print a data file on a hard-copy device, while the operator updates the same file on the other machine.

Another possibility is the job performed by some very large computers—splitting a single task into segments and processing the segments separately but simultaneously. This provides good news and bad news. The good news is an impressive reduction in the time needed to complete the overall task. The bad news is the complexity of the software required to accomplish thisl

For several years, some friends and I kicked around the idea of interconnecting computers. Many gallons of coffee and plenty of discussion yielded many possibilities. We wrote some extensive software to allow the exchanging of programs and data via

John Harrington 3840 West Clarendon Phoenix, AZ 85019

modems and telephone lines, and played around with multiple-processor printer spoolers, but never did implement multiprocessing.

However, I was given an excellent opportunity to experiment when I upgraded my SwTPC 6800-based dualdisk-drive machine with a Motorola 6809 processor. This was accomplished by making some minor hardware changes and plugging in a new

In certain situations, assigning more tfian one task to a single processor noticeably increases overall execution time.

6809 processor card. The old 6800 card was plugged into another motherboard, with a homemade power supply. A friend had built a wooden cabinet for his SwTPC computer; his original cabinet soon held my second computer. Since my bankroll was limited, extra memory and input/output hardware were added sparingly. Some swapping got me a Shugart Associates SA-400 5^4-inch floppy-disk drive. Before long, I was the proud owner of two almost identical disk-based microsystems, one running a 6800, the oflier, a 6809.

Both machines run FLEX, Technical Systems Consultants' (FOB 2570, West Lafayette, IN 47906) excellent DOS (disk operating system). FLEX contains a built-in interrupt-driven background (i.e., invisible to, and not interactive with, the user) printer spooler, allowing low-priority diskfile printing while the main user task is running in foreground. This is called "limited multitasking." But if two things are happening at once on one computer, isn't that just as good as having two computers? No, not quite.

Spooling is a beautiful feature I use often, but it has a few drawbacks. First, only two tasks are permitted, one of which must be the printing of the contents of a disk file. Second, because the two tasks are swapped imder interrupt control, background printing slows or stops while disk accesses, or any operations that mask interrupts, are being performed. This is particularly noticeable when you are using fast printers.

In fact, any single-processor multitasking scheme has an inherent limitation. The available processor time is split between the tasks. As a result, no task can run as fast as it would alone. On I/O- (input/output) intensive tasks, where much time is spent waiting on I/O devices or oper

464 April 1982 © BYTE I^IicaUons Inc

ator input, the effects of this time division may be unnoticeable. On the other hand, if the tasks rarely have to wait on I/O, execution time may slow down in almost inverse proportion to the number of tasks.

These problems can be avoided by multiprocessing. Since I now had two nearly identical machines, all excuses for not developing a multiprocessing system were gone. Several approaches to putting the system together were considered. The easiest one is to designate one machine as the primary unit, and let it control the other as a secondary machine. All control for the secondary machine has to pass through the primary. Little extra hardware is required, and the software is simple.

Another scheme is to use multiport memory, a special block of memory set up so that either machine may address it. To pass data or instructions between machines, the data are written by one processor to this memory and read by the other. Although very

fast, this approach requires special hardware and some complex software. Similar drawbacks would occur if we used DMA (direct memory access—the transmission of data directly between the memory of a

Shared-memory, direct-memory-access, and shared-bus muftfprocessing systems involve both complex hardware and software.

computer and a peripheral device, which might be the other processor) to pass data.

Another approach is to design a small dedicated controller, such as a single-chip microprocessor with a program in ROM (read-only memory), to control the larger machines. The terminal coimects to the con

troller, which in turn controls the other machines via serial data ports. Several other possibilities exist, including using a shared bus, where two or more processors communicate directly with memory and I/O via read and write instructions, as with the Intel 8086, Zilog Z8000, and Motorola 68000 16-bit microprocessors.

The method chosen for my first try was the simplest—the primary/secondary concept. The machines do not have to be identical, or even similar. Both only need serial ports that can be interconnected, as in figure 1. The ones shown here are serial RS-232C ports. A serial port on the primary machine (designated machine 1) is plugged into the control port of the secondary machine (designated machine 2) where a user terminal would be connected in a single-user system. Any data or commands output from machine 1 through this port are obeyed by machine 2 as though they came directly from the control ter

Components Express, Inc.

"Have you Kissed your computer lately?" 1380 E. Edinger. UnitCC Santa Ana. CA 92705(714) 558-3972

BROAD BAND MICROWAVE RECEIVER SYSTEM 1.8GHZ to 2.4 GHZ

only $295.00

PM

ALARM

RANGE SCOPE:

With built-in-converter to ciiannel 2, 3, or 4 of any standard TV set.

Line of sight to 250 miles.

Will receive within the frequency band from sateliles. primary microwave stations, and repeater microwave booster stations.

CONTENTS: Packaged in 19"x19"x4 1/2" corrugated carton complete

with:

300 Ohm to 75 Ohm Adapter 750 Ohm to 300 Ohm Adapter 60 Feet Coax Cable with Connectors 3 Feet Coax Cable with Connectors

24" Dish

Feed-Horn Receiver Mounting Bracket Mounting Clamp Instructions

WARRANTY:

180 days for all factory defects and electronic failures for normal useage and handling. Defective sub assemblies will be replaced with new or re-manufactured sub assembly on a 48 hour exchange guarantee.

This system is not a kil and requires no addilional devices or eauiomerit other than a TV sei ic place ir op-ra: cn DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED.

LINE VOLTAG

TRANSIENT SUPPRESSORS

Features Parallsl Operation StXX) Hits

SOOO Hits/Second TM

PROTECTS:

•Computers

•Micro-Computer Systems •Word Processors •Cash Registers • Power SuDDlies

dVmarc

ll INDUSTRIES. INC. DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

PROTECTS AGAINST:

• High Energy Voltage Transients •On-Oft Switching •Lightning Induced Transients •Inrush of On/Off Power

Clipstrip Clipper 977E 678F

® ®

LISTED LISTED

7133 Rutherford Rd. BaHimore, Md. 21207

^ (301)298-3130 80a63a9098 ^

circle 94 on Inquiry card.

Circle 157 on Inquiry card.

April 1982 © BYTE PubUcitiona Ine 4£5

MACHINE

ONE

_)

o tc.

|fe

it

u S

Hi O VI 0.

MACHINE TWO

o

01

Z K

8g

CONTROL TERMINAL

Figure 1: y4 simple RS-232C serial connection between two computers can provide the necessary communications interface to create a multiprocessing system.

McGraw-Hill Boojistore

MCROPROCESSOFB AND

MCFIOCOMPLrrERS Hardware and Software

L>iiiiiEi..s

1982 Books from Prentice-Hall

For the novice, for the engineer, for programmers, analysts, designers, data administrators, auditors, operations supervisors.

Microprocessors and Microcomputers

Hardware and Software 2nd ed. by Tocci and Laskowski, Comprehensive review for minimum iDackground. 416 pp $20.95 Advanced Computer Design by J K lliffe. Case studies and illustrated applications for future trends. 478 pp $28,00 Developing A Data Dictionary System by J. Van Duyn. Functional examples and sample applications. 218 pp $25,00 Data Models by Tsichritzis and Lochovsky A framew/ork for researcti directions in data base problems. 395 pp $24,95

'McGraw-Hill Bookstore

'1221 Ave. of the Americas, N.Y.

Send me (circle) book # 12 3 4

No, copies: _

Check, money order or credit card only

Amer Exp. Master Chg

Please print clearly.

N.Y. 10020

4 iTnii

BY4

Visa_ Acct. No..

Name

-Expires.

Address. City_

-State

-Zip

Add applicable sales lax, plus 32,50 each lor postage and handling.

minal; it doesn't know the difference. The only hardware change is to crossconnect pins 2 (BA) and 3 (BB) on the RS-232C cable connecting the two machines. This can be done either by making a special cable or by installing a DPDT (double-pole, double-throw) toggle switch on either machine. This is necessary so the transmitted-data line from one machine is connected to the data-receiving line on the other.

Incidentally, the reversing switch is also handy for connecting an external modem to one of your serial ports. It is necessary to reverse pins 2 and 3 in that case, and the switch saves making special cables. See figure 2 for details. Your ports or terminal may have special handshaking requirements, and you may have to tie pin 5 high or perform some other modification to get proper operation. Your hardware instruction book might note the serial interface requirements. (Or see "Build a Null Modem," by Robert Haar, BYTE, February 1981, page 198.)

Be sure the ports connecting the two machines are set for identical data rates, no faster than your control-terminal rate. I suggest running everything at 9600 bps (bits per second), if your control terminal is capable of it.

Software

The program in listing 1, called MACH2 and written in 6809 assembly language, runs in machine 1, but is called only when you "talk" to machine 2. When it is running, all characters typed on the user terminal are routed through machine 1 over the RS-232C line to machine 2, and all responses from machine 2 are routed by the software through machine 1, back to the terminal. It has the effect of the terminal being connected directly to machine 2. After you have started machine 2 on a particular task, typing a Control-X instantly puts you back in control of machine 1. You can now start it on an entirely different job from the one machine 2 is working on. Later, you may wish to talk to machine 2 again, to check on the progress of a job. With the described setup, just type

466 Apia 19a © BYTE Pablicatioiu Inc

Circle 249 on Inquiry card.

the name of the program, MACH2, and you are again communicating with your second machine. As before, typing a Control-X gets you back to machine 1.

The software necessary to do this is simple. However, I couldn't resist complicating it a bit, using the enhanced instruction set available on the 6809. For instance, moving a program to execute in a different area of memory is painless. Unlike other 8-bit microprocessors, 6809 machinelanguage programs are easily written to be position-independent. They are not relocatable, as with a linking loader, but truly position-independent. A program doesn't care what its physical address in memory is—^put it anywhere, and it runs.

MACH2 is disk-resident. When called, it is loaded into FLEX's "utility-command area" of memory

and run. First, the program initializes the serial port used to control the second machine. This has to be done after power-up with any of the software-programmed serial ports before use. Next, the program moves part of itself (the permanent part) to the top of user memory. This does two good things. First, it frees the utilitycommand area for use by other utility programs. Second, the program is now memory-resident; it doesn't have to be loaded from disk each time you use it.

FLEX has already determined where the top of memory is, and has stored that address in an area reserved for pointers and other parameters. The program gets that address, and moves itself just' under it. The system's end-of-memory pointer is changed to a location just below the Text continued on page 470

Circle 476 on inquiry card.

a A A A

PIN NUMBERS ON DB-25 CONNECTOR

0 0

o

<

Q

AT

UJ

a

H

1

a

S

(ft

IVE

z

IxJ

<

O

LU

ir

q:

REAR VIEW OF DPDT TOGGLE SWITCH

& Q & ^

(a)

(b)

Figure 2: When connecting two computers' RS-232C ports, it may be necessary to swap the connections to pins 2 (TD, transmit data) and 3 (RD, receive data) in the cable, as in figure 2a, or install a toggle switch, as in figure 2b. Other installation-specific modifications may be necessary to make the serial ports compatible.

SOURCE CODE for

3270 BISYNC COMMUNICATIONS

Trying to interface your microsystem with a tiost computer and are frustrated because you just don't have enough time to develop your software and you want to quicl^ly start utilizing the power of the host?

Data Retrieval Corporation of America will share with you the benefits of a major research and development communications project.

The 3270 communications source code package includes:

Source Code (written in 8080 Assembler) for an Intel iSBC 544 Intelligent Communication Controller.

Port 1 communicates with a host computer, emulating an IBM 327X control unit.

• Port 2 communicates with an IBM 327X control unit, emulating a host computer.

• Port 3 is not used.

• Port 4 communicates with an IBM 3101 terminal, emulating an IBM 3278 terminal.

Source code (written in PLM/86, running under the IRMX 86 operating system) for a job that communicates with the iSBC 544.

Ideal for a system like the new Intel 86/330, also a saver for anyone planning on developing their own 3270 bysinc communication.

Source Code supplied on 8" single density diskettes or printout ...$500

DATA RETRIEVAL CORPORATION OF AMERICA 5600 W. Brown Deer Rd. • Milwaukee, Wi 53223 414-355-5900

April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 467

Listing 1: A 6809 machine-language program, MACH2, that permits a user to control two interconnecting machines from one terminal, allowing the execution of two different tasks by separate processors.

NAM MACH2 OPT PAG

★THIS PROGRAM ALLOWS CONTROL OF A SECOND

* MACHINE VIA A SERIAL PORT.

* ONCE CALLED, THIS PROGRAM IS MEMORY-RESIDENT

* AND REQUIRES NO SUBSEQUENT DISK LOADS.

* "MEMEND" IN FLEX ($CC2B) IS SET JUST BELOW

* THIS PROGRAM SO THAT IT WILL NOT BE WRITTEN

* OVER.

* OPERATING SYSTEMi 680.9 FLEX (TM) T.S.C.

* HARDWAREi MACHINE I- SWTPCO 6809

* MACHINE 2- SWTPCO 6800

* WRITTEN 2-5-80 JOHN R. HARRINGTON

* EQUATES

CD03

WARMS

EQU

$CD03

FLEX 9 WARMSTART

E004

PORTI

EQU

$E004

CONTROL PORT ADDRESS

E008

P0RT2

EQU

$E008

PORT TALKING TO SECOND MACHINE

GDI 8

PUTCHR

EQU

$CD1 8

OUTPUT CHARACTER TO CONTROL PORT

CC2B

MEMEND

EQU

$CC2B

"END OF MEMORY" STORAGE

CD24

PCRLF

EQU

$CD24

<CRLF> TO CONTROL PORT

CDIE

PSTRNG

EQU

$CDI E

<CRLF> AND STRING TO CONTROL PORT

CCI2

UCTADD

EQU

$CCI2

USER COMMAND TABLE ALORESS

CI 00

ORG

SCI 00

CI 00

20

01

START

BRA

MACH2

BRANCH OVER VERSION

C!02

01

FCB

1

VERSION 1

cio3

BD

CD24

MACH2

JSR

PCRLF

CI 06

86

03

LDA

#3

MASTER RESET FOR ACIA PORT

CI08

B7

E008

STA

P0RT2

ClOB

86

I 1

LDA

#$1 1

8 BITS, NO PARITY, 2 STOP BITS

ClOD

B7

E008

STA

P0RT2

PORT IS NOW INITIALIZED

CI 10

FC

■CC2B

LDD

MEMEND

PRESENT END OF MEMORY

Cl 1 3

FD

Cl 3D

STD

ORIGME

SAVE IT FOR LATER

CI 16

83

00 D5

SUBD

#ENDPGM

•MACH20 SUBTRACT LENGTH OF PART TO BE MOVED

Cl 1 9

FD

CC2B

STD

MEMEND

SET MEMORY END JUST BELOW OUR PROGRAM

CI 1 C

IF

01

TFR

D,X

MEMEND GOES INTO X

Cl 1 E

30

01

LEAX

1 ,x

NOW X HAS NEW STARTING ADDRESS

CI20

34

10

PSHS

X

SAVE IT

CI22

I08E

C21Q

LDY

#ENDPGM

UST BYTE TO BE MOVED

CI26

34

20

PSHS

Y

SAVE ITS ADDREiSS

CI28

lOBE

Ci3B

LDY

#MACH20

FIRST BYTE TO BE MOVED

CI2C

A6

AO

MOVE

LDA

,Y+

GET A BYTE OF THIS PROGRAM

CI2E

A7

80

STA

,X+

AND MOVE IT

Cl 30

1 OAC

E4

CMPY

,s

FINISHED?

CI33

26

F7

BNE

MOVE

NOT YET

CI35

32

62

LEAS

2,S

FIX STACK

CI37

35

10

PULS

X

GET NEW STARTING ADDRESS

CI39

6E

84

JMP

,x

AND GO THERE

* THE REST OF THIS PROGRAM GETS RELOCATED TO A

* NEW SPOT JUST UNDER TOP OF USER MEMORY SPACE.

* THE CODE IS POSITION-INDEPENDENT AND WILL RUN

* ANYWHERE. PART OF THE CODE MOVED IS AN EXTENSION

* TO THE FLEX COMMAND TABLE (COMTBL).

468 April 1982 © BYTE PubUcaUoiu Inc

mm.

m

DKA

MACH21

BRANCH AROUND TEMP STORAGE

CI 3D 0000

@iI@ME

FDB

0

ORIGINAL TOP OF MEMORY ADDRESS

CI 3F

30

8D 0013

MACH2t

LEAX

MACH22,PCR GET NEW ADDRESSES FOR ROUTINES

CI 43

AF

8n OOBC

STX

AODRI,PCR

AND PUT IN COMMAND TABLE

CI 47

30

8n 0050

T FAX

RESTORE, PGR

Ci 4B

AF

8n OORF

w 1 A

ADDfl2,PCR

CI 4F

30

8D 00AA

I FAX

COMTBL.PCR POINT TO COMMAND TABLE

CI53

BF

CC i 2

STX

O X A

1 ir*T A nn

IhLL rLcA HncKb ii lb NOVi

CI 56

30

T PAX

"YOU ARE NOW CONTROLLING MACHINE

C15A

BD

rSTHNG

CI5D

BD

<J On

ruKLr

Ci 60

U Li

T nY

#P()HTl

POINT TO CONTROL PORT

CI63

RD

CHbCK

ANY KEYBOARD INFUTf

CI 65

24

1 2

MACH25

NOPE

CI 67

8D

22

BSR

INPORT

YES- GET THE CHARACTER

CI 09

81

1 3

CMPA

#S 1 8

CONTROL-X?

CI 6B

26

OA

BNE

MACH24

NOPE

CI 6D

30

T FAY

MSG2,PCR

"YOU ARE NOW CONTROLLING MACHINE

CI 71

130

ml F

t-f Oil

PSTRNG

CI74

7E

JMP

WARMS

BACK TO FLEX

CI 77

8D

1 y

Don

0P()RT2

SEND TO SECOND MACHINE

CI79 8E

E008

MACH25

LDX

#P0RT2

POINT TO SECOND MACHINE

CI 7C

80

09

BSR

CHECK

IS IT TALKING TO US?

CI 7E

24

bU

MACH23

NO, LOOP

Ci80

80

0 9

BSR

INPORT

YES, GET THE CHARACTER

CI 82

BD

CD 18

JSH

PUTCHR

PRINT ON CRT

CI 85

20

no

BRA

MACH23

AND LOOP FOR MORE

* CHECK

PORT

FOR INPUT- ENTER WITH PORT ADDRESS

* IN X 1

REGISTER

C187

A6

84

CHECK

LDA

,x

GET STATUS BYTE

CI89

47

ASRA

SHIFT STATUS BIT INTO CARRY

CI8A

39

RTS

CARRY SET INDICATES CHARACTER WA]

* INPUT

CHARACTER FROM A

PORT (ENTER WITH PORT ADDRESS IN

C18B

A6

01

INPORT

LDA

1 ,x

GET THE CHARACTER

CI BD

84

ANDA

#$7F

STRIP PARITY BIT, IF ANY

CI 8F

39

RTS

CHARACTER TO PORT

TWO (SECOND MACHINE)

CI 90

F6

E008

0P0RT2

LDB

R0RT2

GET STATUS BYTE

CI 93

57

ASRB

SHIFT READY BIT INTO CARRY

CI 94

57

ASRB

CI 95

24

F 9

BCC

0P0RT2

LOOP UNTIL READY

CI 97

B7

STA

P0RT2+1

SEND THE CHARACTER

G19A

39

RTS

* RESTORE MACHINE TO ORIGINAL CONDITION

CI 9B

8E

0000

RESTORE

LDX

#0

CI 9E

BF

CCI2

STX

UCTADD

CLEAR EXTENSION TO COMMAND TABLE

CI Al

AE

8C 99

LDX

ORIGME.PCR GET ORIGINAL MEMORY END ADDRESS

CI A4

BF

CC2B

STX

MEMEND

PLUG IT BACK IN

CI A7

20

CB

BRA

JWAHMS

AND EXIT

* STRINGS

CIA 9 20 20 59 4F MSG FCC CIDO 20 2D 59 4F MSG2 FCC

/ -YOU ARE NOW CONTROLLING MACHINE TWO-/,4

/ -YOU ARE NOW CONTROLLING MACHINE ONE (6809)/,4

* COMMAND TABLE

CI FD 4D 41 43 48

C203 CI56

C205 52 45 53 54

COMTBL FCC AODRI FDB FCC

/MACH2/,0 MACH22 /RESTORE/,0

April 1982 © BYTE Publicatioiu Inc 469

Listing 1 continued:

C20D C19B ADDR2 FDB RESTORE

C20F 00 FCB 0

C210 00 ENDPGM FCB 0

END START

0 ERROR(S) DETECTED SYMBOL TABLE*

CHECK CI 87 MACH2 CI 03 MACH24 CI 77 MSG2 CI DO P0RT2 E008 UCTADD CC12

COMTBL CIFD MACH20 CI 38 MACH25 CI 7 9 0P0RT2 CI 90 PSTRNG CDIE WARMS CD03

ENDPGM C2i 0 MACH2I CI3F MEMEND CC2B ORIGME CI 3D PUTCHR GDIS

ADDRI

C203

ADDR2

C20D

INPORT

CI 88

JWARMS

CI 74

MACri22

CI 56

MACH23

CI 60

MOVE

CI2C

MSG

CI A9

PCRLF

CD24

PORTI

E004

RESTOR

01 9B

START

CI 00

Teif continued from page 467:

program, to protect it. This address is checked by most software, which will not use memory above it, making the program fairly safe from being clobbered. Now that the program is in a safe place, you transfer control to it, and it executes. The flowchart (figure 3) shows how it works. All communication with machine 2 is routed through the program until a ControlX is entered from the keyboard, at

which time it jumps to the DOS, putting you back in control of machine 1. Executing the program again sends your communication to machine 2, and so on.

Now comes the tricky part. FLEX allows its command table, the lookup table of memory-resident programs and routines that appear as DOS commands to the user, to be extended to include any number of new

commands. The advantage of memory-resident programs is that they don't have to be loaded from disk each time they are used—just type in the name of the program and it's running. FLEX does the difficult part. You just have to create the new command-table extension and tell FLEX where it is. This is done by stuffing the address of the table in a special memory location. Then, whenever you type in a command, FLEX looks at its table, then your table, before looking on the disk for the command.

This is the way it works: after power-up, the first time you type "MACfi2" the program is loaded from disk and run. Subsequent calls to MACH2 are instantaneous, since the program is already in memory and the addition to the command table points to it. This feature saves much time and disk wear in a long session. The added command table is physically located at the end of the program. Remember, this is a protected area of memory, not likely to get written over. Two commands are in the table: "MACH2", which connects the terminal to machine 2, as described earlier, and "RESTORE", which turns off the multiprocessing. That is, it restores machine 1 to its original configuration by disabling the new command table and putting the top-of-memory pointer back to its original value.

RESTORE was used mainly during program development and debugging. It is not particularly useful now. No provisions were made in the program for passing data files between

Music and Art Cross Paths at the Computer

DIGITAL HARMONY

On the Complementarity of Music and Visual Art By John Whitney

BYTE Books is pleased to offer Digital Harmony, a major new work by John Whitney. Digital Harmony lays the foundation for the new field of audiovisual art made possible by microcomputers. Whitney, whose film art has been an influence on technological arts and cinematic special effects from STAR WARS to 2001: A SPACE ODYSSEY, explores the special union of music and computer graphics. Colorful illustrations as well as the program listings that generated them are included. The descriptions are sufficient for any composer or computer experimenter to transform the small computer into an ideal instrument for creating compositions in aural and visual art.

Please send me: copies of DIGITAL HARMONY J21.95

Add 7SC per book to cover postage and handling. Please remit in U.S. funds or draw on a U.S. Bank.

□ Check enclosed in the amount of S

□ Bill VISA U BUI MasterCard

Acct No. Expires

Name

Title

Company

Street

City

Code

Call our toU-Free Number

800-258-5420

70 Main St. Peurborough. NH 034S8

470 April 1982 © BYTE PublicaUont Inc

Circle 68 on Inquiry card.

PRINT "YOU ARE NOW CONTROLLING MACHINE TWO" ON TERMINAL

' CHARACTER I READY AT

KEYBOARD PORT

I

-J

YES

SEND CHARACTER TO SECOND MACHINE

NO

NO

1

CHARACTER READY FROM MACHINE TWO

"1 I

.J

YES

PRINT THE CHARACTER ON THE TERMINAL

PRINT YOU ARE NOW CONTROLLING MACHINE ONE" ON TERMINAL

/"return T0"\ I OPERATING ) V SYSTEM y

Figure 3: Flowchart of the algorithm used in the communications and control program given in listing 1,

machines, just commands. Presently, I move text or data files between machines by swapping disks between drives.

If you are running FLEX on a 6809-based computer, you can use this software as is. If not, the algorithm represented by the flowchart of figure 3 can easily be written in almost any language on any computer. It could even be written in BASIC, if you have latent masochistic tendencies. The extra command table and the self-relocation features are not required, but are handy.

You might even extend the algorithm to control a dozen or more machines. That'll keep you out of trouble for a year or two—trying to dream up a dozen things you need to do simultaneously.

Presently, data transfer is limited to a rate of 9600 bps, the maximum speed available on the serial ports without modification. This just isn't fast enough for some things I have in mind, so my next major project will be dual-port memory for very fast transfer of data between machines. But I think if you try the present scheme, youll like the results,*

HIS CONTRIBUTIONS WERE MAD^pSSIBLE BY YOURS.

KiRMolrORiNGLABOFATORfi

When you give to the United ^eyro College Fund, you help sup

t 41 private, four-year colleges nd graduate schools. Colleges that jld be training a black profesonal you may need some day. Send your check to (Jnited egro College Fund. Box B. 500 E. 62nd Street. New York. N.y. 0021. We're; not askigcj for-ia handout, [ust a nand.

GIVE TO THE UNITED NEGRO COLLEGE FUND.

A mind is a terrible thinq to waste. ■

A pilblle service or'thls nidgazinednd Trie Advertising Coiincil.

1982 © BYTE PublicaHbns Inc 471

An Introduction to NSC Tiny BASIC

The Language of the INS8073

Jim Handy National Semiconductor 2900 Semiconductor Dr. Santa Clara CA 95051 408-737-4613

National Semiconductor's new INS8073 Microinterpreter is the first single IC (integrated circuit) that can be programmed in a high-level language. Since a description of the hardware in INS8073-based systems has already appeared elsewhere (see "On-Chip Tiny BASIC Dumps Development Systems," Electronic Design, November 22,1980, page 235), this article will focus on the language of the new chip. Called NSC Tiny BASIC, it resembles other Tiny BASIC interpreters but has certain enhancements, which I'll describe in detail. (See table 1 for a summary of NSC Tiny BASIC features.) Especially noteworthy are NSC Tiny BASIC features that make interrupts and input/output (I/O) routines easy to handle and others that make provisions for multiprocessing.

NSC Tiny BASIC offers advantages to both the inexperienced and the experienced programmer. Using NSC Tiny BASIC, the inexperienced programmer can write comprehensive programs in much less time than equivalent assembly-language programs would require. And since NSC Tiny BASIC lets you jump back and forth

About the Author

At the time he wrote this article, Jim Handy was product marketing engineer for single-chip microcomputers at National Semiconductor Corporation. He is now employed by Digital Research.

between machine code and BASIC, the experienced programmer can write less important routines in BASIC while still using assembly-language for critical routines.

Language Expressions

NSC Tiny BASIC permits the use of 26 variable names: the letters A through Z. The values assigned to these variables are 16-bit signed integers. Fractions or floatingpoint numbers are not allowed.

All numeric constants are decimal numbers except when preceded by a number sign (#), which indicates a hexadecimal number. For example, "55" would be treated as a decimal number, while "#55" would be treated as hexadecimal (equal to 85 decimal). Decimal constants must be in the range of —32767 to +32767. Relational operators are the standard BASIC symbols (= equal to;

> greater than; < less than; < = less than or equal to;

> = greater than or equal to; < > not equal to). The relational operators return either a 0 (FALSE) or — 1 (TRUE) as a result. Note that >< is an illegal operator.

Standard arithmetic operators are provided for the four basic arithmetic functions (-1- addition; — subtraction; / division; * multiplication). The arithmetic is standard 16-bit two's-complement arithmetic. Fractional quotients are truncated at the right, not rounded, and remainders are dropped; therefore, both 16/3 and 17/3

472 April 1982 ® BYTE PubUcadoiu Inc

give 5 as a result. As usual, division by zero is not permitted; it will result in an error break.

NSC Tiny BASIC follows the usual algebraic rules for order in evaluating expressions. Parentheses control the order of evaluation, and you should use them liberally. They insure clarity in complicated expressions.

NSC Tiny BASIC provides logical operators AND, OR, and NOT. These perform bitwise logical operations on their 16-bit arguments and produce 16-bit results. The AND and OR operators are called binary operators because they perform an operation on two arguments (or operands). Here's an example of the use of AND, with the binmy interpretation shown at right:

>LIST

10A = 75 A = 0000 0000 0100 1011

20 B = 99 B = 0000 0000 0110 0011

30 C = A AND B C = 0000 0000 0100 0011 40 PRINT C

>RUN

67

The following program shows how the logical AND can be used with other relational operators:

>LIST

10 INPUT A

20 INPUT B

30 IF (A>5d) AND (B>50) THEN GO TO 60 40 PRINT "ONE OR BOTH ARE SMALL" 50 GO TO 10

60 PRINT "BOTH ARE BIG" 70 GO TO 10

If we run the program, console output will look like this:

>RUN 7 51 7 52

BOTH ARE BIG T51

Expressions

Variable Names A—Z

Decimal constants in the range -32767 to +32767 Hexadecimal numbers (preGeded by a "#")

Operators Relational Operators

it' <

> = < >

Arltlnmetlo Operators

+

/

Logical Operators AND OR NOT

The Indirect Operator

@ Accesses absolute memory locations one

byte at a time; e.g., LET X= @6800 assigns value at address 6800 to X.

Functions

MOD (a,b)

Yields absolute value of rernainder from

division of a by b

RND (a.b)

Generates pseudorandom integer in range

from a through b, inclusive

STAT

Represents 8-bit value of the status register

TOP

Yields address of first byte above the pro

gram in the current page of RAM

INC

Increments a memory location

DEO

DeGrements a memory location

Statements

Input/Output Statements

INPUT Inputs one or more expressions or numbers,

separated by commas (or spaces)

Table 1: A summary of NSC Tiny BASIC features.

INPUT $ A Inputs a string to successive memory locations starting at location A

PRINT Outputs information from program; gives

decimal numbers and quoted strings

PRINT $ B Prints string beginning at address B up to next carriage rturn Assignment Statements

LET Sets a variable, memory location, string

variable or the status register to value entered

Program-Control Statements

GOTO GOSUB RETURN

IF/THEN

DO/UNTIL

FOR/NEXT

STEP

LINK

ON

STOP

CONT

DELAY

CLEAR

Commands

NEW RUN LIST

Branches to line number Calls subroutine at line number Returns control from subroutine to line following GOSUB statement Shifts program control based on result of logical test

Causes repetition of enclosed statements until specified condition is met causes repetition for specified number of times

Sets size of increment in iterations of

FOR/NEXT statements

Transfers control to a machine-language

routine at a specified address

Helps process interrupts; "ON interrupt-#1,

200" transfers control to GOSUB statement

at line 200 when specified interrupt occurs.

Causes program to stop and prints current

line number, then returns to edit mode

Resumes execution of program stopped by

STOP

Delays execution for specified number of time units up to maximum of 1040 milliseconds

Initializes all variables to 0, disables interrupts, enables BREAK capability, resets all stacks

Establishes a new start-of-program address Runs the current program Lists the current program

Apia 1982 © BYTE PublicaUons Inc 473

? 49

ONE OR BOTH ARE SMALL

7 49 7 49

ONE OR BOTH ARE SMALL 7'C

STOP AT 10 >

The following similar program shows the use of a logical OR with other relational operators:

>LIST

10 INPUT A

20 INPUT B

30 IF (A>50) OR (B>50) THEN GO TO 60 40 PRINT "BOTH ARE SMALL" 50 GO TO 10

60 PRINT "ONE OR BOTH ARE BIG" 70 GO TO 10

Here's a sample run:

>RUN 751 7 52

ONE OR BOTH ARE BIG

Reliable Business Software

DATASMITH software requires no previous computer experience, so it can be used effectively by your present office staff. The menu-driven systerns feature extensive error detection and correction faciiities, so they are "friendly" to the user.

• GENERAL LEDGER. Everything you need to keep the bool<s. Features easy-to-use data entry and error correction, trial balance, fast post, and a variety of comprehensive reports. Automatic error detection i<eeps the bool<s in balance. Writes checl<s and mai<es journal entries in one operation.

• PAYROLL. A very flexible system that adapts to a wide variety of needs. Features Federal, state, and local tax calculations, El credit, and special pay and deduction amounts. Prints all necessary reports, paycheci<s, and W-2 forms.

• DATA MAIQaGER. A povifsrful generalized data management system that lets you define, enter, update, sort, select, and print reports from a datatiase of your own design. Applicable to almost any job where records must be kept, this system can replace literally hundreds of programs.

Put your computer to work with these sophisticated systems now. Programs are available for 48K or larger two-disk systems in your choice of code for Microsoft BASIC-80® under CPIM'- or Ivlicropolis® BASIC. Write or call for complete details. Customized systems also available.

DflTFISnJTH

Box 8036, Shawnee Mission, KS 66208, (913) 381-9118

7 51 7 49

ONE OR BOTH ARE BIG 7 49 7 49

BOTH ARE SMALL

7'C

STOP AT 10 >

The third logical operator (NOT) is unary; i.e., it performs an operation on only one argument. An example f ollows, again showing the binary interpretation at right:

>LIST

10 A = 11 A = 0000 0000 0000 1011 = 11

10

20 B = NOT A

30 PRINT B B = 1111 1111 1111 0100 = -12 >RUN 10 -12

Tiny BASIC Functions

NSC Tiny BASIC offers several functions for use in arithmetic expressions. For example, the MOD (or modulo) function returns the absolute value of the remainder from the division a/b, where a and b are arbitrary expressions. If the value of b is zero, an error break will occur as in any division operation. Here's an example of the use of MOD:

>LIST

10 A = 95 2 20 B = 44 44/95" 30 PRINT MOD (A,B) 88 >RUN 7 MOD (95,44)

7

The NSC Tiny BASIC random-number generator is called RND, and it returns a pseudo-random integer in the range from a through b, inclusive. For the RND function to perform correctly, a should be less than b, and b—a must be less than or equal to 32767 (decimal). A typical example is:

> 10 PRINT RND (1,100)

>RUN 27

The STAT function returns the 8-bit value of the INS8073 status register. STAT may appear on either side of an assignment statement, enabling you to modify the status register as well as read it. The carry and overflow flags of the status register are usually meaningless, because the NSC Tiny BASIC interpreter itself is continually modifying these flags. The interrupt-enable flag may be altered by an assignment to STAT (e.g., STAT = #FF). Locations of individual flags in the status register are shown in

474 ApiU 1982 © BYTE Publicatiaiu Inc

Circle 138 on Inquiry card.

table 2. The function of each bit in the status register is shown in table 3. Here is an example of the use of the STAT function:

>LIST 10 LET A = STAT 20 PRINT A

>RUN

176 The decimal number, 176, traiislates to 10110000 binary.

Other Functions

The TOP function returns the address of the first byte of RAM (random-access read/write memory) above the NSC Tiny BASIC program that is available to the user. This will be the address of the highest byte in the NSC Tiny BASIC program, plus 1. A program can use all the memory in the RAM above and including TOP as scratchpad storage. As an example:

> 10 PRINT TOP

>RUN

4400 4400 is the first address of unused RAM

The INC and DEC functions increment or decrement a memory location X. Here are some examples:

10 LET X = 1032 20 A=INC(X)

50 B=DEC(X)

60 X = INC(6000) 70 Y=DEC(6000)

These instructions are used for multiprocessing and are noninterruptible. This means that if two 8073s are used on the same bus, whenever one processor executes an INC (X) or DEC (X) instruction, the other processor must remain idle. These instructions are generally used for communications between processors in a multiprocessor system.

Statements

The INPUT statement is used to input data to an NSC Tiny BASIC program. One or more items (variables, expressions, etc.), separated by commas, paay be entered according to the following formats;

10 INPUT A 20 INPUT B,C

When the statement at line 10 is executed, NSC Tiny BASIC prompts you with a question mark. You type in a number, which is assigned to the variable A after you press the RETURN key. NSC Tiny BASIC then prompts

BIT DESCRIPTION

7 CARRY/LINK (CY/L): This bit is set to 1 if a carry occurs from the most significant bit during an add, a subtract, or any instruction that alters the status register. This bit may also be set by the operations performed by the SHIFT RIGHT WITH LINK (SRL) and the ROTATE RIGHT WITH LINK (RRL) machine-language instructions.

6 OVERFLOW (OV): This bit is set if an arithmetic

overflow occurs during a machine-language add or subtract instruction.

NOTE: Bit 7 and bit 6 may be of little or no use in an NSC Tiny BASjC program,

5 SENSE BIT B (SB): Tied to an external connector pin, this bit can be used to sense external conditions. This is a "read-only" bit; it is not affected when the contents of the accumulator are copied into the status register by a STAT instruction. Sense bit B is also the second interrupt input and may be examined by use of the "ON" command.

4 SENSE BIT A (SA): Lil<e sense bit B, this bit Is tied to an

external connector pin and serves to sense external conditions. In addition, sense bit A acts as the interrupt input when the INTERRUPT ENABLE (see bit 3 of status register below) is set. This bit is also a "read-only" bit and can be examined with the "ON" cornmand. NSC Tiny BASIC uses this bit as ttie serial input bit from t|ie TTY or CRT.

3 USER FLAG 3 (F3): This bit can be set or reset as a control function for external events or for software status. It is available as an external output from the INS8073.

2 USER FLAG 2 (F2): Similar to F3. This flag is used by NSC Tiny BASIC to control the paper-tape reader relay.

1 USER FLAG 1 (F1): Similar to F3, This flag is used by NSC Tiny BASIC as the serial-output bit (with Inverted data) to the TTY or CRT.

NOTE: The outputs of flags 1, 2, and 3 of the status register serve as latched flags. These flags are set to the specified state when the contents of the status register are modified by an assignment to STAT, and remain in that state until the contents pf the status register are modified under program control.

0 INTERRUPT-ENABLE FLAG (IE): The processor

recognizes the Interrupt Inputs if this flag is set. This bit can be set and reset under program control. When the Interrupt-enable flag is set, N3C Tiny BASIC recognizes external interrupt requests received via the SENSE A or B inputs. When reset, this interrupt-enable flag prevents the INS8073 from recognizing interrupt requests,

Table 3: A summary of the function of each bit in the INS8073 status register.

Most Least Significant Significant Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Bit

CY/L PV SB SA F3 F2 F1 IE

Table 2: A representation of the INS8073 status register. Bits 5 through 0 can be either read or set from NSC Tiny BASIC.

April liSZ © PYTE Publicatiom Inc

475

you with another question mark, and you type in two numbers, separated by commas. These numbers will be assigned to B and C in that order. A sample nm follows:

RUN 7 45

? 237, 4455

NSC Tiny BASIC wotild now continue execution of the

program.

NSC Tiny BASIC accepts expressions as well as numbers in response to an INPUT request. For ©cample:

>LIST

10A=10

20 INPUT B,C

30 PRINT B,C >RUN 7A+1,A*2 11 20

The comma between the entered expressions is not mandatory and can be replaced by spaces if the second expression does not start with a plus or minus sign. There must be at least as many expressions in the input list as variables in the INPUT statement. If an error occurs when NSC Tiny BASIC tries to evaluate the typed-in expression, the message

RETYPE

is printed along with the error message, and the question mark prompt will appear again so that you can type the expressions correctly.

NSC Tiny BASIC allows string input, as described in the section on string.handling, found later in this article. INPUT may not be used in the command mode.

The PRINT statement is used to output information from the program. Quoted strings are displayed exactly as they appear, with the quotes removed. Numbers are printed in decimal format. A space precedes positive numbers, and a minus sign precedes negative numbers. All numbers have a trailing space. A semicolon at the end of a PRINT statement suppresses the usual carriage return and line feed with which NSC Tiny BASIC terminates the output.

Strings stored in memory (such as those generated by a string input statement) may also be printed. A typical example:

>LIST

PRINT 'THIS IS A STRING" 20 A=10 30 B=20

40 PRINT "10 PLUS 20=", A+B

RUN . THIS IS A STRING 10 PLUS 20= 30

The word LET may be used or omitted in an assignment statement, but the execution of an assignment statement is faster if the word LET is used. The left portion of an assignment statement may be a simple variable (A through Z), STAT, or a memory location, which is indicated by an @ followed by a variable, a nxmiber, or an expression in parentheses. Here are some sample assignments:

LETX=7 X=7

LET E=I*R E = I*R STAT=#70 LET @A=255 @(T+36)=#FF

Conditional assignments may be made without using an IF statement. The method hinges on the fact that all predicates are actually evaluated to yield —1 if true and 0 if false. Thus, if a predicate is enclosed in parentheses, it may be used as a multiplier in a statement as shown here;

LETX= -A*(A>=0)+A*(A<0) This statement would assign the absolute value of A to X.

Program Control

NSC Tiny BASIC provides an assortment of programcontrol statements. The GO TO statement permits program branches to a specific line number or a line number called by an arbitrary expression. For example,

10 GO TO 50

would cause the program to jump from line 10 directly to line 50, but

10 GO TO X+5

would cause the program to jump from line 10 to line X-l-5. The value of X is variable, allowing dynamic control of program execution at this point.

The GOSUB and RETURN statements are useful when a computation or operation must be performed at more than one place in a program. Rather than write the routine over again each time it is needed, you employ a GOSUB instruction to "call" the computation or operation (referred to as a subroutine). After the subroutine has been executed, a RETURN instruction (the last instruction of the subroutine) causes the program to resume execution at the next line number following the original GOSUB instruction. An example is shown in figure 1. GOSUBs may be nested up to eight levels deep (including interrupt levels).

476 April 1982 © BYTE Publicadoiu Inc

The IF. . .THEN statement allows program control to be modified by a logical test condition. The test condition follows the IF clause of the statement. When the test condition is true (nonzero), the THEN portion of the statement will be executed. When the test condition is false (zero), the THEN portion will be ignored and execution will continue at the next numbered line of the program. For example:

50 IF X>J THEN GO TO 140

NSC Tiny BASIC allows the omission of the word THEN from an IF. . .THEN statement. This omission, also allowed on some larger BASICs, enhances the clarity of the program. The previous example would become:

50 IF X>J GO TO 140

The DO. . .UNTIL statement is unique to NSC Tiny BASIC. Borrowed from Pascal, this statement is used to program loops, thus keeping GO TO statements to a minimum. The DO. . .UNTIL statement makes NSC Tiny BASIC programs clear in structure and easy to read. The following example shows the use of DO. . .UNTIL statements to print numbers less than 100:

10 PRINT 1: PRINT 20 PRINT 2

30 1=3 :REM I IS NUMBER TESTED

40 DO

50 J = 1/2 :REM J IS THE LIMIT

60 N = 1 :REM N IS THE FACTOR

70 DO :REM SEEKS A DIVISIBLE

FACTOR OF I

80N=N-l-2

90 UNTIL (MOD(LN) = 0 OR (N>J))

100 IF N>J PRINT I :REM NO DIVISIBLE FACTOR

110 1=1+2

120 UNTIL (I> 100) :REM ENDS THE SEARCH

By enclosing a 0 or more statements between the DO and the UNTIL < condition > statement (where the < condition > is any arbitrary expression), you cause repetition of the enclosed statements as a group until the < condition > evaluates to a nonzero number (a true condition). DO. . .UNTIL loops can be nested, and NSC Tiny BASIC will report an error if the nesting level becomes too deep (more than eight levels).

The FOR. . .NEXT statement in NSC Tiny BASIC is identical to the FOR. . .NEXT statement in standard

MAIN PROGRAM SUBROUTINE

10 LET X=5 20 B=X+8

50 GOSDB 200 » 200 y=X+B/A

(

Figure 1: The effects of the GOSUB and RETURN statements in NSC Tiny BASIC. On the first GOSUB call (line 50), the order of execution follows the solid arrows. On the second GOSUB call (line 100), the ord.er of execution follows the dashed arrows.

Aprili982 © BYTE PubliOUons Inc

477

BASICS. A STEP function in the FOR statement may be used to specify the size of the increment in each iteration of the statement. In the absence of a specified STEP, NSC Tiny BASIC assumes a STEP value of +1. The value of the STEP may be either positive or negative. Starting and ending values of the FOR. . .NEXT loop are included in the FOR statement. The loop is repeated when the NEXT statement has been executed, provided the upper limit of the FOR statement has not been reached. When the upper limit is reached, the program will exit from the FOR. . .NEXT loop. NSC Tiny BASIC causes an error break if the variable in the NEXT statement is not the same variable as that used in the FOR statement.

FOR. . .NEXT loops may be nested, and NSC Tiny BASIC will report an error if the nesting level becomes too deep; a depth of four levels of FOR loop nesting is allowed. A FOR loop will be executed at least once, even if the initial value of the control variable already exceeds its bourtds before starting. The following program would print the odd integers less than 100:

The program above requires the machine-language program described below to be loaded into address 1800 hexadecimal.

10 N = 100

20FORI=1TONSTEP2

30 PRINT I 40 NEXT 1

:REM UPPER LIMIT :REM START AT 1 WITH STEP OF 2

:REM PRINT A NUMBER :REM REPEAT (at line 20) 20)

When increased execution speed is needed, you can use a LINK statement to transfer control from an NSC Tiny BASIC program to an INS8073 machine-language routine. A statement of the form LINK < address > will cause transfer of control to the INS8073 machinelanguage routine, starting at the specified address. Control is transferred by execution of a JSR (Jump to Subroutine) instruction.

The INS8073 has two address pointers, P2 and P3, in addition to the program counter and the stack pointer. When a LINK statement transfers control to a machinelanguage routine, the routine can modify the pointers P2 and P3. The value of pointer P3 is unpredictable; P2 points at the starting location of the storage of A through Z variables. These variables are stored in ascending alphabetical order, two bytes each, low-order byte first. Here is an example:

10 LINK #1800

20 IF A=0 THEN PR

"SENSE A IS LOW" 30 IF A=1THEN PR

"SENSE A IS HIGH" 99 STOP >RUN

SENSE A IS HIGH STOP AT 99 >RUN

SENSE A IS LOW STOP AT 99

NSC Tiny BASIC transfers to address #1800 to read sensor.

Program transfers back to NSC Tiny BASIC

2 0000

3 1800 06

4 1801 D410

5 1803 6C02

6 1805 C401

7 1807 CAOO

.TITLE SENSE

.=01800 LD A,S

AND A, = 16 BZ LOW LD A, = l ST A,0,P2

8 1809 5C RET

9 0000 .END

;THIS PROGRAM READS SENSE A PIN

;TINY BASIC JUMPS HERE

; STORES ACCUMULATOR INTO LOCATION OF VARIABLE A ; RETURN TO TINY BASIC

The ON statemeiit helps process interriipts. The format of the statement i§:

ON interrupt—#, line-number

When the numbered interrupt (interrupt —#) occurs, NSC Tiny BASIC executes a GOSUB statement beginning at the line number given. If the line-number given is zero, the corresponding interrupt is disabled at the software level. Interrupt numbers may be 1 or 2. Use of the ON statement disables console interrupts (BREAK function). Interrupts must also be enabled at the hardware level by setting the interrupt-eriable bit in the status register (e.g., using STAT=1).

Although the last line of a program does not have to be a STOP statement, use of a STOP in this way does help in debugging. The STOP statement may be inserted as a breakpoint in an NSC Tiny BASIC program. On encounterihg a STOP statement, NSC Tiny BASIC prints a stop message and the current line number, then returns to the edit mode. Thus, you can see whether your program has reached the de^red point. Any number of STOP statements may appear in the program. By removing the STOP statements one by one, you can test the program iii parts until debugging is completed. Execution of a stopped program may be continued after the STOP by a CONT (continue) command.

Other UseiFul Features

The DELAY statement delays NSC Tiny BASIC for "expr" time units (nominally milliseconds, 1 through 1040). Delay 0 gives the maximum delay of 1040 ms. The format is:

DELAY expr

For example:

> 10 DELAY 100 Delay 100 ms.

478 Apd isn © BYTE Publicattons Inc

The CLEAR statement initializes all variables to 0, disables interrupts, enables BREAK capability from the console, and resets all stacks (GOSUB, FOR. . .NEXT, and DO. . .UNTIL). For example:

10 ON (2,250)

300 CLEAR

Break is disabled. Interrupt 2 is enabled.

Break is reenabled. Interrupt 2 is disabled.

The indirect operator is an NSC Tiny BASIC exclusive, at least in the realm of BASIC. This operator performs the functions of PEEK and POKE with a less cumbersome syntax. The indirect operator can access absolute memory locations and can service input/output devices as well. Its utility is especially significant for microprocessors like the INS8073, for which interfacing is commonly performed through memory addressing.

When an "at" sign (@) precedes a constant, a variable, or an expression in parentheses, that constant, variable, or expression is taken as an unsigned 16-bit address at which a value is to be obtained or stored. Thus, if an input device has an address of #6800 (hexadecimal), the statement

LETX=@#6800

would input from that device and assign the value of the input to the variable X. If the address of an output device was #6801, the statement

@#6801=Y

would output the least significant byte of Y to the device. The indirect operator accesses memory locations only one byte at a time. An assignment such as @A=248 changes the memory location pointed to by A to 248 binary (1111 1000), since 248 can be expressed as one byte. However, an assignment such as @A=258 changes the memory location pointed to by A to 2, because expressing the value 258 causes a carry to a ninth bit, which is lost, as shown below:

258io = 1 0000 0010

extra one by te (stored into location to hit which A would point)

Only the least significant byte of 258 (which is 2) is stored at the location to which A would point.

In any place where a variable, such as B, would be legal, the construct "@B" (which means the byte located at the memory location whose address is the value of B) also be legal. Here are some other examples:

40 LET B = 6000 50 LET @B=100

60 LET C = @B

70 PRINT @6000

80 LETD = @(A-t-10*D)

Assigns 6000 to B. Stores decimal 100 in memory location 6000. Sets C equal to 100. Prints 100.

Sets D equal to the value stored in memory location (A-f-10*D).

Parentheses are required when @ is applied to an expression.

More than one statement can be placed on one program line by placing a colon between the statements. This technique can improve readability of the program and can save memory space. Here is an example of the use of multiple statements:

200 PRINT "MY GUESS IS",Y:PRINT "INPUT A POSITIVE NUMBER";: INPUT X: IF X < =0 GO TO 200

If X is negative or zero, you will be instructed to enter a positive number, and the program will return to line 200 for a new guess. If you had entered a positive number correctly, the program would have proceeded to the next numbered line after line 200.

You must use multiple statements per line with care. The above example shows that if the condition of the IF

© MicroTecfi Exports 1980

niES ACROSS!

With REFORMATTER disk utilities you can read and write IBM 3740 and DEC RT-11 single density formatted diskettes on your

CP/M® system.

REFORMATTER enables you to access large system databases, improve data exchange with other organizations, increase program development capabilities, and use your micro in distributed processing.

REFOR/MATTER programs feature bi-directional data transfer and full directory manipulation. ASCII/EBCDIC conversion provided with CP/M "-^IBM. MP/M is now fully supported.

Program Data Sheets, Application Guides, and Machine CoiripatibiUty Guides available.

Each program $195.00 from stock. Specify CP/M *^ IBM or CP/M -<-»■ DEC. Order from MicroTech Exports, Inc., 467 Hamilton Ave., Suite 2, Palo Alto, CA 94301 □ Ttel: 415/324-9114 □ TWX: 910-370-7457 MUH-AUOS □ Dealer and OEM discounts available.

CP/M* is a registered trademark of Digiul Research. ^Hl

Circle 276 on inquiry card.

April 19i2 © BYTE Putilicatiom Inc 479

statement is false, control passes to the next program line. Anything else on the line containing multiple statements will be ignored.

String Handling To input string data, a statement of the form

INPUT $ F

where F is a starting address, is used. When the program reaches this statement during program execution, NSC Tiny BASIC prompts you with a question mark (7). All line-editing characters may be used (back space, line delete, etc.). If a eontrol-U is typed to delete an entered line, NSC Tiny BASIC will continue to prompt for a line until a line is terminated by a carriage return. The line is stored in consecutive locations, starting at the address pointed to by F, up to and including the carriage return. For example,

20 INPUT $ A

may also be written

20 INPUT $A

and inputs a string to successive memory locations starting at A.

An item in a PRINT statement can include a string

variable in the form of $B. When the print statement is encountered during program execution, the string will be printed beginning at the address B up to, but not including, a carriage return. A keyboard interrupt will also terminate the printing of the string if the interrupt is detected before the carriage return. For example,

50 PRINT $B

prints the string beginning at the location pointed to by "B".

Characters in quotes can be assigned to string variables just as numerical values are assigned to other variables. A statement of the form

$C = "THIS STRING IS A STRING"

when encountered during program execution, wotild cause the characters in quotes to be stored in memory starting at the address indicated by C and going up to and including the carriage return at the end of the line. For example:

70 $D = 'THIS IS A STRING WITH NO

INPUT STATEMENT." A T is stored at location "D", an H at location "D+1", etc.

Strings can be moved from one memory block to another. A statement of the form

$A=$B

(where A and B are addresses) will transfer the characters in memory beginning with address B to memory beginning with address A. The last character, normally a carriage return, is also copied. Note that a statement such as

$(A-I-1)=$A

would be disastrous, because it fills all of RAM with the first character of $A. Here is an exanqjle of moving one memory block to another location:

10 A=TOP :REM A POINTS TO EMPTY

RAM ABOVE TOP OF PROGRAM

20 C=TOP+100 :REM C POINTS TO RAM 100

BYTES ABOVE A 30 D = TOP -I- 200 :REM D POINTS TO RAM 100

BYTES ABOVE C 40 INPUT $A :REM STORES CHARACTERS

WHERE A POINTS

50 PRINT $A

60 LET $C = "IS THE STRING INPUT AT LINE 10" 70 $D=$C :REM STORES CHARACTERS

WHERE D POINTS

80 PRINT $D Commands

The NEW command establishes a new start-ofprogram address equal to the value of "expr". NSC Tiny BASIC then executes its initialization sequence, which clears all variables, resets all hardware/software stacks, disables interrupts, enables BREAK capability from the console, and performs a nondestructive search of RAM. If the value of "expr" points to a ROM (read-only memory) address, the NSC Tiny BASIC program that begins at that address will be automatically executed. The NEW command does not alter memory (including the end-of-program pointer used by the editor). For example:

> NEW 1000

NEW used without an argument sets the end-ofprogram pointer equal to the start-of-program pointer, so that a new program may be entered. If a program already exists at the start-of-program address, it will be lost. For example:

> NEW 1000 Sets program pointer to 1000 >NEW Sets end-of-program pointer to 1000

The RUN command runs the current program. For example:

> RUN Execution begins at lowest line

number

480 April 1982 © BytE Publications Inc

The CONT (continue) command continues execution of the current program from the point where execution was suspended (via a STOP, console interrupt, or reset). An NSC Tiny BASIC program that is executing can be interrupted by pressing the BREAK or RESET keys on the keyboard. Execution can be resumed by entering the CONT coiMsand. For example:

>RUN

THIS IS THE STRING INPUT AT LINE 10 THIS IS THE STRING INPUT AT LINE 10 THIS IS THE STRING INPUT AT LINE 10 THIS IS THE STRING INPUT AT LINE 10 Press BREAK or RESET.

'C

>CONT

THIS IS THE STRING INPUT AT LINE 10 THIS IS THE STRING INPUT AT LINE 10 And so on...

The LIST(expr) command lists the current program (optionally starting at the line number specified by "expr"). For example:

> LIST 10 10 INPUT $A 20 PRINT $A

30 LET $C = "IS THE STRING INPUT AT LINE 10" 40 $D = $C 50 PRINT $D

Conclusion

NSC Tiny BASIC and the INS8073 Microinterpreter Chip offer many advantages to the programmer. NSC Tiny BASIC'S indirect operator represents a substantial improvement over the usual PEEK and POKE statements. The DO . . . UNTIL statement brings the advantages of structured programming into the realm of Tiny BASICs for the first time. These and other advanced features of NSC Tiny BASIC offer you the convenience of a highlevel language as well as new possibilities for elegance and efficiency in process-control and other applications often reserved for assembly language.

Furthermore, with NSC Tiny BASIC and the INS8073, transferring programs from RAM to ROM is remarkably simple. Because the INS8073 executes ASCII (American Standard Code for Inforination Interchange) data, if the program will run in RAM, it will run in ROM. You don't have to put anything in ROM except what you put on paper.

Programmers have already used the INS8073 and NSC Tiny BASIC for a wide variety of applications, including precision measurement of conditions in oil wells and testing the feasibility of the digital design of an FM tuner. In the coming years, the INS8073 and NSC Tiny BASIC will simplify many other comploc tasks. ■

CATCH THE S-100 INC. BUS!

OUR SPECIAL CASH PRICE

MEMORY L'ST

EXTRAVAGANZA _

GODBOUT - RAM-17-64K

STATIC A&T 795.00 MORROW DESIGNS - 65K

STATIC A&T 775,00 MEMORY MERCHANT

16K STATIC A&T 179.00 SEATTLE COMPUTER

PRODUCTS 8/16 RAM

STATIC 64K A&T 995.00 NORTH STAR RAM - 32

DYNAMIC A&T 739.00 SSM MB64 64K STATIC

A&T 849.00

CCS 64K DYNAMIC A&T 750.00

Subject to Available Quantities • Prices Quoted Include Casli Discounts Shipping & Insurance Extra.

S-IDDJnc.

14425 North 79th Street, Suite B Scottsdale, Arizona 85260 Order Number 800-528-3138 Technical 602-9,91-7870

579.00 579.00 149.00

795.00

399.00

695.00 519.00

CAN7 MAKE ENDS MEET?

We couldn't either. At least, not until 1978 when we began connecting RS-232 devices to IEEE-488 computers with our family of serial interfaces. Three units available for use with Commodore's PET/CBM, the HP-85, Osborne-1 and others-plus our IEEE-488 auto-answer/auto-dial 103 Modem and data communications software. Each interface complete with cabinet, one-year warranty, documentation. Priced from $129-389. Details from George Masters:

#TfW

CORPORATION

Dept. B, , 3444 Hancocl< St., San Diego, CA 92110 (714) 296-2115 • TWX 910-335-1194 VISA/MasterGard • Dealer Inquiries Welcome

Circle 417 on Inquiry card.

AptH 19g2 © BYTE Publications he 481

System Notes

Easy Entry Program for Radio Shack's Color Computer

Tim Field 1021 Shenandoah Drive Lafayette, IN 47905

Radio Shack's versatile new TRS-80 Color Computer packs a big bang for a small cost. The power of its 6809 microprocessor is the computer's biggest attraction.

To take full advantage of the 6809, you must develop machine-language programs. The Easy Entry program is a short BASIC program that will greatly help you enter machine-language programs for the Color Computer. By no means does it replace an assembler, but Easy Entry will save you many hours of arduous and error-prone work until you get one. (For more information, see "A Closer Look at the TRS-80 Color Computer," October 1981 BYTE, page 334.)

The Color Computer's BASIC provides the necessary keywords (PEEK, POKE, and USR) to permit entry of machine-language programs. However, using these commands to enter a short program is soon cumbersome and

tedious. You must develop, code, and hand-assemble the program, enter it into memory, and test and debug it. And the entry is not that simple.

All values must be converted into decimal values between 0 and 255 before they can be POKEd into the Color Computer. Op codes must be individually converted to decimal from their hexadecimal format in the 6809 data sheets. Negative values must be converted to the form understood by the computer. Decimal addresses greater than 255 must be broken down into two-byte values. Then, after completing all these conversions, each value must be individually POKEd into memory. The Easy Entry program (see listing 1) handles all conversions and POKEs each converted value into its proper memory locations.

Conversions

Normal Decimal Entries. A single byte value (0 to 255 or —127 to 127) may be specified simply by responding with the desired value on a prompt from the program. For example, to POKE value 98 decimal into the next memory location, input 98 at the next prompt.

Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversions. PEEK and POKE accept and return decimal values for specified memory locations. This is terrific because we live in a decimal-reliant society and are uncomfortable working directly with hexadecimal values. Unfortunately, computers "think" in binary (Os and Is), which is not easily converted to decimal (and vice versa). However, binary to hexadecimal to binary conversions are relatively straightforward, and the resulting hexadecimal values occupy considerably less room (two characters per byte for hexadecimal versus eight characters for binary).

Plug-in Programming

// you're serious about assembly-language programming for the Color Computer, you'll need an assembler/editor, which allows much more efficient programming.

The Color Computer's unique design makes it possible to purchase plug-in ROM cartridges containing editor/assembler programs. Two examples are the Radio Shack Editor/Assembler Program Pack (part number 263250, $39.95) and the Micro Works Software Development System (SDS80C, $89.95). With these utility programs in ROM, the constant problem of loading and relocating programs is eliminated and almost the entire RAM space is available to your program. . .SJW.

482 April 1982 © BYTE PublicaHons Inc

Listing 1: The Easy Entry program, written in BASIC for the Color Computer. A complete description of the program is given in table 1.

10 CLS»CLEAR(a0) |lNPU.T"STARTi">A$lAs275:GOSUBaP0

2(9 ABVALCAS}

30 PRINTAi: INPUT^NEXTrrCJi IFC$a''*"THE:NENO

40 AS«RIGHT$(C$,LEN(C$)-1)lO$sLEFT$(C$» n

50 IFO««"."THEN6OSUB200ELSEIFD$a»f "THENG0SU83'?«ELSEA$sCSs60SUBl5?a

60 AsA*llGOTO30

100 U«VALC A$) J IfLEFT$( Ai, l5«"-''THENUs256+U

110 POKEAfUjRETURN

200 UBVAL(AS):BsABS(U)iVs-1

210 IFU<0THCNUsBtKslELSEK«0

220 IFU>«0THENU«U-256!VsV+lJGOTO220

230 U«B-V*256lIFKalTHENUa256-UtVs255-V

240 POKEA,ViA«A+l|PQKEA,U:RETURN

300 C«LEN(A$) f GOSUBa!5l0: JaE:CsC-l |GOSUB«00

310 POKEA»16*E+J:RETURN

400 IFC<lTHENE«0ELSEE«ASCtMID$(A$,Cf n)-a8

ai0 IFE>9THENiEsE-7

«20 RETURN

500 6$«"O"sGOSUB700lINPUT"STARTj"jX:INPUT"END!"jy

510 PRINT«-1,X:PRINT«-1,Y

520 FORZaX TO YjAaPEEKCZ):PRINT«-1,A}NEXTZiCLOSE-I:END

600 GSa"I"lGO8UB700»INPUT«-l,X»INPUT#-1,Y

610 PRINTX,Y:A8275|B5X!UaX»Va-lIGOSUB210

620 FORZaX TO Y|INPUT#-I,A|POKEZ,A•NEXTZ!CLOSE-1;END

700 IMPUT''FILE NAMEl"fF$tXlPENG$f-l#P$:RETUPN

April 1982 © SyTE PublicaUoiu be 483

System Notes

Since op codes are often specified in hexadecimal and must be converted to decimal before being POKEd into memory, the program handles the conversion for you. To indicate that the current entry is a hexadecimal value, merely precede it with a The acceptable values must be in the 00 to FF range. For example, ;7F tells the program to convert hexadecimal value 7F to decimal 127 before being POKEd into memory.

Decimal to Decimal Conversions. You might question the necessity of converting a decimal value to decimal. POKE will accept values between 0 and 255; if a value exceeds 255, it must be broken down into multiple bytes, which are then POKEd into memory in order, from the most significant to the least significant byte. For example, the decimal value 3500 is broken down into a most-significant-byte value of 13 (decimal) and leastsignificant-byte value of 172.

This process usually involves manually converting the original value into its hexadecimal equivalent (3500 decimal to ODAC hexadecimal), breaking the hexadecimal value into two bytes (OD and AC), and then reconverting these two bytes to decimal (OD to 13 and AC to 172). The program will accept any input value which is preceded by a convert that into two bytes of decimal, and POKE both into memory. This gives a value range of 0 to 65535.

Negative Decimal to Positive Decimal. As previously mentioned, the POKE function takes values between 0

and 255. If you wish to POKE a negative number into memory (e.g., a negative branch offset), you must convert the negative value to its positive equivalent. To understand how a negative value has an equivalent positive value, we must look at how the computer "knows" if a value is positive or negative.

When seeking a data value, the computer expects to use the most significant value bit as the sign bit. If the value is 8 bits long, bits 0 to 6 are the value bits and bit 7 (the eighth bit) specifies whether the value is positive OT negative. If the sign bit indicates a negative value, the

Listing 2: This sample program paints the screen purple and then returns to BASIC control. Memory locations 1024 to 1536 are used for video memory in the Color Computer. Value 191 paints

one block on the screen purple.

LDB

191

C6

191

LDY

1024

f

10

8E

1024

STB

I

E7

A0

CHPY

1536

I

10

8C

1536

BIT

•8

1

20

-8

RTS

i

39

SAVE« DISCOUNT PRICES save«

tqppkz Gornputer

APPLE COMPUTER SYSTEMS SOLD ONLY IN STORE. CALL FOR PRICES.

RAM MEMORY

FOR TRS-80, APPLE II 16K SET4116's (200 NS)

24.95

General Information:

We carry a large selection of hardware and software by other companies. Send for our catalog.

We are an authorized repair center for APPLE, ATARI, NORTH STAR, AND EPSON.

A

ATARI

400 16K 349.00

800 16K 699.00

410 Recorder 89,00

810Disi< 449.00

822 Printer 359.00

825 Printer 779.00

830 Modem 159,00

850 Interface Module 179.00

CX853 RAM 89.00

CX70 Light Pen 64.00

CX30 Paddle 18.00

CX40 Joystick 18.00

VERBATIM DISKETTES

Boxof 10 5'/4" 29.50

Box of 10 8" 39.50

NorthSlar

HRZ-2Q-64K HRZ-1Q-64K-HD-5

HRZ-1Q-64K-HD-ia

5 MB HARD DISK 18 MB HARD DISK

2350,00 4195.00

PRINTERS

EPSON

MX-70

299.00

MX-80

469.00

MX-80 F/T

569.00

GRAFTRAX

90,00

INTERFACE (APPLE)

75.00

CABLE (APPLE)

22.50

IDS

560G

1450.00

PRISM

1795.00

NEC

3510 35CPS

1995.00

7710 55CPA

2650.00

8023A

599.00

OKIDATA

MICROLINE 80

389.00

MICROLINE 82A

549.00

MICROLINE 83A

849.00

MICROLINE 84

1245.00

C.l.T.O.H.

STARWRITER 25CPS

1 595,00

STARWRITER 45CPS

2195,00

j;©B'MS TRACTOR

275.00

PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. MARYLAND RESIDENTS ADD 5% SALES TAX

FREDERICK COMPUTER

PRODUCTS, INC.

70 ORDER CALL: (301) 694-8884

5726 INDUSTRY LANE

Store Hours:

MON. THRU THURS. 9:30 AM-9:00 PM FRI. AND SAT. 9:30 AM-5:00 PM

FREDERICK, MD. 21701

484 April 1982 © BYTE PublicaUons Inc

Circle 465 on inquiry card.

<PQk« double byte decimal 191,,.takes two bytes)

Listing 3: This listing shows an Easy Entry program sample run, The machine-language program in listing 2 has been entered, RUN

STaRTj? 3000 {Start POKEing at address 3000}

30(^0 NEXTl? |C6 <At eddress 3000 poke hex velue C6>

3001 NEXTi? 191 iPoke sinole byte decimal 191)

3002 NEXTi? »lfe»

3003 NEXTi? ,8E 300a NEXTI? .1024 3000 NEXTj? ,E7 3007 NEXTi? jA0 3006 NEXTi? »10

3009 NEXTi? }BC

3010 NEXTi? «1536

3012 NEXTi? 120

3013 NEXTi? -8 mU NEXT I? 139 3015 NEXTi? *

OK

YsUSRCD

<Pokt negative single byte decimal •&>

{Done with entering program) {Computer response) {Execute program)

nilTr TOLL-FREE SUBSCRIPTION LINE

P^'^ 1-800-258-5485

the small systems journal | WV mVw V^B Ww

New Hampshire Residents Dial 924-9281

The Quickest Way To . change or Correct an Address

• Order a Subscription * Give a Friend a Gift Subscription

• Renew a Subscription • Inquire about a Subscription

We are waiting to help you. Call us between: 8s30-4:00 Mon.-Frl. (Eastern Time)

April 19n@ em PubUatloruInc 485

System Notes

value bits specify the two's complement of the absolute value. This provides an effective value range for 8 bits between —127 and +127. Thus, 255 decimal indicates a negative value and, taking the two's complement of the value bits, we find that we have specified a —1.

The program automatically converts negative decimal values into their positive equivalents. The value may be either 8 or 16 bits.

Operation

The program is simple to operate. On initiation, the program prompts you for the starting address for the first byte of the machine-language program. The address is stored in memory locations 275 and 276, so a simple USR command after entry of the machine-language program executes that program. You are then prompted for each value in sequence, starting at the beginning address. The current address is displayed with each prompt, and this entry loop continues until you enter an asterisk (*) to signify termination of the program-entry session. The program then returns control of the computer to you. (See listings 2 and 3 for examples of an Easy Entry program sample run.)

'saving and Loading Machine-Language Programs

Once you enter and debug a machine-language program, you can save it on tape. Since the Color Computer's BASIC does not allow you to directly save

8" DUAL DENSITY CONTROLLER

• UP TO 4 MEGABYTES ON LINE

• DOS 3.2, 3.3 COMPATIBLE

• PASCAL!" AND CP/M*" DUAL DENSITY

NOW AVAILABLE

• IBM"" 3740 or SYSTEM 34 FORMATTED

• SHUGART, QUME, SIEMENS COMPATIBLE

• IMMEDIATE DELIVERY

Available at your local APPLE Dealer: $595.

. \ SORRENTO VALLEY ASSOCIATES /oVA y 11722 SORRENTO VALLEY RD. ^ ^ ' SAN DIEGO, OA 92121 TWX 910-335-2047

486 April 1982 © BYTE PnUicaUoiu inc Circle 378 on Inquiry card.

machine-language programs, I have included two routines (lines 500 through 700) that save and load the programs for you. If you have a 4 K-byte machine and are developing a large machine-language program, you can separate these two routines from the main program and load them only when ready to save your program. Lines 210 through 240 and 500 through 700 must be used.

If you wish to leave the program conveniently intact, there are still more than 1700 bytes available for the 4K-byte computer. (If you have 16K bytes of memory, you naturally have lots of space.) You should limit machine-language programs to address 2500 decimal and up.

Type "RUN 500" to save a machine-language program. You will be prompted for the desired file name for program storage and the starting and ending address of the machine-language program. All bytes between the starting and ending addresses are saved on tape. For example, you might have a program with a main loop at address 2500 through 3000, subroutines at 3100 through 3150 and 3400 through 3450, and a data table at 3475 through 3500. You would want to save your program from ad

Llnes Purpose

Main Routine

10 Initialize program. Prompt user for starting address

and place into 275-276. 20-30 Prompt input from user... if "*" tfien end program. 40-50 Determine type of Input. Jump to appropriate

subroutine for conversion and POKEIng of value. 60 Move to next address and repeat.

Subroutines

100-110 Value is between - 255 and -h 255. If negative,

negate input. POKE value.

200-240 Input (A$) is a decimal value to be converted into two eight-bit values. Line 220 loops, subtracting 256 from U per loop until U is less than zero. Then, the most significant byte is V; least significant byte is U. POKE both bytes and increments POKE pointer A.

300'310 Input is hexadecimal (00-FF). The value is calculated by finding the decimal equivalent of each ASCII value and then adjusting these values to give appropriate results. The final value is then calculated by adding the least significant value (corresponding to least significant hexadecimal entry) to 16 times the most significant entry.

400-420 input single hexadecimal character (character C in string A$) and return the equivalent decimal value in variable E. If C< 1 then return E = 0.

Save/Load Routines (execute with "RUN 500" or "RUN 600" commands)

500-520 Input file name, starting and ending addresses, and save specified memory block to cassette tape.

600-620 Input file name. Load file from cassette into memory address found at start of data file. Poke starting address into 275-276 to allow the USR command to execute loaded program.

700 Routine used by 500 and 600. Used to fetch file

name of desired file to be saved or loaded.

Table 1: The Easy Entry program routines and their functions.

Circle 88 on Inquiry card.

dress 2500 to 3500. All unused addresses between the routines and the tables are also saved.

To load a previously saved machine-language program, type "RUN 600". You will be prompted for the file name of the program to be loaded. The program then reads from the tape the starting and ending addresses used when the program was stored, sorting the program in those memory locations. The starting address of the program being loaded is automatically converted into two bytes and POKEd into memory locations 275 and 276. Thus, if you have a complete program loaded, you can immediately execute it by typing Y = USR(1).

Since Easy Entry loads machine-language programs into specific memory locations, yoii can save parts of programs, load them all separately, and execute a program. For instance, you might be developing several programs, each using a large subroutine. If the subroutine is subject to changes, or if you store the subroutine with each separate program, it is easy to lose track of revisions. However, if you want that routine at a permanent location (say address 3700 through 4100), you can save it separately from other programs. Then, wishing to execute one program, you load the subroutine, load the program's main body, and execute. Be certain that the proper address is loaded into memory locations 275 and 276 so that the computer knows where to look when you execute the USR command.

How the Routines Work

The save and load routines treat each machinelanguage program byte as data. To save a program, each byte is consecutively PEEKed at and then sent to the tape using the PRINT#-1 command. The first two pieces of data stored in the data file are the starting and ending addresses of the machine-language program being stored. When the load routine is executed, it reads these two addresses, reads all data from the tape, and POKEs it into the specified memory block.

You might think that saving a large machine-language program to tape and writing each individual byte to tape separately would be time consuming. Thanks to the PRINT#-1 statement's design, this isn't so. Apparently, the Color Computer's BASIC sets aside a buffer used to store the PRINT#-1 data values. When this buffer is full, data is sent to the tape and the buffer is refilled, allowing you to save a machine-language program of 2 K bytes in about 30 seconds. The time required to load a program is similar.

The Easy Entry program requires only about 450 bytes of memory. For a 4 K-byte Color Computer, this leaves almost 2000 bytes of available memory to store machinelanguage programs. A lot can be accomplished in 2000 bytes of machine language.

Your machine-language programs may be entered starting at address 2200. Little error checking is included in the program to keep it as small as possible. After entering a few values, you should become adept at using the program and save yourself many hours. ■

You're different. And C may be the programming language you've been looking for.

To get you interested, we sell a simple compiler called Small-C for only $19.95. If you need more features, try our excellent CW/C® compiler for just $49.95. (It supports a surprisingly large subset of C.) And If you would like to have the complete source code for a great C compiler, then Q/C for $95 is what you need. All these compilers run under CP/M^80®.

Write for detailed Information. You'll find that we're different too.

CP/M Is a trademark of Digital Research. CW/C is a trademarl< of The Code Works.

5266 Hollister Suite 224

Santa Barbara, CA 93111 (805) 683-1585

theCODE WORKS

Clear up your confusion —

read the instructions in your tax package.

message trom ihe inietnal Revenue Ss'vtce

April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 487

STATISTICAL SOFTWARE

ELF — Stepwise regression, factor analysis, correlation coefficients, crosstabs, simple statistics, t-tests, ANOVA, stepwise discriminant analysis, all BASIC transformations and more. $200.00

TWG/ARIMA - Box-Jenkins for seasonal and non-seasonal models, identification, estimation and forecasting. Price: $300.00.

Each includes a database manager, numeric software keypad, and is menu-driven. Each requires an Apple II with Applesoft, 48K, and DOS 3.3.

For further information, write

Hie "WOtcilUMdm ^Ku^ 3907 Lakota Road P.O. Box 10114 Alexandria, VA 22310

*Appte II and Applesoft are trademarks of the Apple Computer Company

ELIZA IS HERE!

AT LAffTI A FULL IMPLEMENTATION 0( ttl* orialnal ELIZA program It now ivaHiUi lo run on your mleracomputwl CfMlad at MIT In 19C6, ELIZA hll bMomt the world's moil cAlebrated arlKldal InlslllgancB dvmonttrallon program. ELIZA la a non-dlractlva piycholhcrapltt who inilym Mch tUlamant at you ty p« II and than rtaponda wllh har own commtnt or quMtlon — and har ramarVi art oflan ilartllnoly approprlalal Dailgnad lo run on a larg* malnlrama, ELIZA hai hllharto bwn unavallabls lo parsonal computtr utara tKcapl In grtatly ttrippad down varaloni lacking lha iophlitlcatlon which mad* (ha original program ao taaclnatlng,

Now, our naw microcomputer version possosslng the FULL powar and rang* ol Mprtulon af Hit orlglnil li Mng oHcivd at lha inlroduclory prie* of only $25. And If you wani toHnd eul how sha docs II (or ttich htr to do mora) wo wtt bwliMto ttw eomplata Soureo Program tor only 130 oddWonol. Ordtr your copy of ELIZA today mdyouH now again wondtr how to raspond whtn you hoir somtona My "Okay, laU aaa what this eomputar ol youra can actually dol"

ELIZA IS AVAILABLE IN THE POLLOWIHO DISK PORMATSi

1. Standard a Inch slngl* danilty for all CP/M twaad compulara S25 for ELIZA.COM — add $20 for MIcrosoH BASIC-BO Sourca

2. 5V. Inch CP/M lor AppI* II aqulpptd wHh Z-SO SoftCard

$25 for ELIZA.COM — add $20 for MIcrosott BASIC-40 Soure* a. 5V. Inch lor 48K Appla II with Applaaoft ROM and DOS 3,3 $25 lor Prolvctad Flic — add $20 tor Unprolacled Sourca ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE RESEARCH GROUP

v^^^^By 921 NORTH LA JOLLA AVENUE

W^ff^\ LOS ANGELES. CALIFOHNIA 90046 I Vni* I (213)656-7368 (213)654-2214

■^■^H MC, VISA and CHECKS ACCEPTED

Jliiiaiiiiiki

Scotch'

DISKETTES

SAVE 40% crpi.'.-.'r.:

g ^ r r SpacHy toft, Price/10

10 or 16 sector

#744 1 side/sgl dens $26.70

#7440 1 sido/dbl dens 31.20

#745 2 sides/dbl dans 38.40

8r I Specify soft or 32 sector

#740 1 side/sgl dsns 27.30

#741 1 side/dbl dens 35.80

#743 2 sidm/dU dans .43.60

CHECKS - V/SA -MC- C.O.D. (3131 777-77B0 ADD $2 SHIPPING

LYBEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS 27204 Harper Ave. St. Clair Shores, Ml 48081

Aulhermcl OisWbutor Information Processing Products

Circle 437 on Inquiry card.

Circle 40 on Inquiry Card.

Circle 241 on Inquiry card.

DISKETTES CASSETTES

Error-Free 5y4-inch Diskettes (MD 5) single-sided, soft sector, single or double density, reinforced hub.

Item Qty 10 Qty 5

MD-5

$25.00

$110.00

C-10

$ 7.50

$ 32.50

C-20

9.00

39.00

C-60

11.50

50.00

C-90

15.00

70.00

UPS SHIPPING INCLUDED in Continental USA CA Customers add taxes

MICROSETTE

475 Ellis St., Mt. View, CA 94043 (415) 968-1604

Circle 274 on Inquiry card.

RAM: 64K-200nS(i2Sie(resh)

8/$79

Color R.F. Modulator Kit: - $13.79

14A S-100 Power Supply Kit-$29.95

(for line cord and circuit breaker, add M.95) . „.. _ « «

47-63 Hz, 95-250 VAC with RFl filter Included. = 'w*

Disk Power Kit—24V/5A - $19.95

New! RGB ^'^"'^^^

■ High Contrast Black-SUIpe Tube

• Ultra Stable Convergence

• 90 Day Warranty

• 15.7 KHz Mleroano*lo CAT-100, IBM

13 "■$34900

525 x 420 imel, 32 lbs

19". $37900

525 x 620llnes, Ulba. (DIaplaya 80 oharsctara on IBM)"* Actlva 12' ClUt 10 IBM Willi "Inunally" ln|iul-S7S.O0

Add shipping, iiiid insurance. We arc philosopliicEilly against VISA & ivi C. Hoi wfio wouldn't be?)

Bealin' Electronics

735 Lama Vards. Palo Alto, CA 94303 • 415.493-5930

TYPESETTING

from your own

COMPUTER

Type your manuscripts, catalogs, or other text into your word processing computer.

Send it to us on a dislcette or via- a modem transmission and we'll send you

camera ready film copy.

Computer typesetting provides high quality, easy to read copy at a traction of the cost of conventional typesetting.

Call or write for instructional brochure that includes typestyle selections, formatting instructions, and examples.

Dream Electronics

131 N.W. 2 nd. St. 1-503-7524833

Circle 141 on Inquiry card.

Circle 152 on Inquiry card.

FOR

YOUR

tcippla

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

FREE CATALOG

OVER 350 PRODUCTS

SPECIAL OFFER wabash® diskettes

Unique SR-3000 Formulation - 100% Certified Error Free - Hub Rings Installed on S'/a"

5y4"SS/SD $21.95/BX DS/DD $29.95/bx

8" SS/SD $23.75/BX DS/DD $36.75/bx

ONE TIME ONLY - ONE BOX/CUSTOMER

Ask For Our S-100 and Related Products Catalog

2.4MB

NEC 8" FLOPPY DISKS SUBSYSTEM $1675

FETCH COMPUTER PRODUCTS DIVISION OF:

ALMALY TRADING CORPORATION

8135 S.W. 17 STREET, MIAMI, FL 33155 TELEX: 51-9602 "ALMALY MIA"

800-327-2251

' Apple IsaReglsteredTrademark of Apple Computers

ANALOGS DIGITAL DIGITAL^ANALOG

CONVERSION MODULES

SOFTWARE CAIN CONTROL

< iii>;>i>iii'r custom boord test S-100 I'lrlSMv .'»iM < n V mixoble high ond loui inputs goln

from 1 to 1024 I" i■ ..i,, ,,,,< i hm,) ,„npiiiu-i

h ,[ii,n, irl . Uli'i.'iJi, 16-chQnncl . "« il. I' I "

hi. ,L < u ■< 1,1 programmobic goin instrumentation

omptlfier . i i £ to 15 khz

conversion time !■■'■>' . i.. i-,

' r I: . le-bit somple ond hold omplificrj S-chonnel differential u;. >«.< -i analog to digital! high occurocv , ito<,i. .iti>ti, ii.i.- ymi <n-.iU:n\.:-\

■ -It., .Mi.'r ..ir.t.nn UlCir(M(-.l 5-100 - P ti) IS Mv|

For additional details about the AD-100-4 and other fine California Data Corporation 100% Individually tested, high reilabllltv products, circle the reader service card number below/ or for faster response write or call us.

CALIFORNIA DATA CORPORATION

3475 Old Coneio Road. Suite 0-10 Newbury Park, CA 91320

(805) 498-3651

WANTED:

APPLE, IBM, TR&80, CP/M

SOFTWARE

Westico is a publisher and distributor of professional software for microcomputers. If you tiave a new program ready for distribution or want your existing programs to reach a larger market, contact:

Phillip Woellhof,V.P.Mktg.

Westico, Inc.

25 Van Zant Street

Norwalk, CT 06855

(203) 853-6880 To Increase your profits, take advantage of Westtco's worldwide promotion artd distribution.

WESTICO

The Software Express Service

Circle 16 on Inquiry card.

Circle 72 on Inquiry card.

Clubs aiid Newsletters

Atari Club In Virginia

The recently formed Virginia Atari Club meets at 5 p.m. on the second Thursday of the month in the NASA Langley Research Activities Building (1222) in -Hampton, Virginia. For more information, contact Olaf O. Storaasli, 109 Five Forks Ln., Hampton, VA 23669, (804) 851-4936.

DATAmerica

A newsletter packed with games, reviews, articles, software exchange, and programs is available from DATAmerica Computer User's Group. The group's interests embrace most popular computers, including the Apple II, TRS-80, Sinclair, Atari, PET, and VIC-20. Membership fees are $10 per year. A sample issue of the newsletter is available for $1. Contact DATAmerica, 312 East 84 St. #1A, New York, NY 10028, or through the Micronet RUN MLOM. XBA[J0265,742].

International Service Association Formed

The International Association of Service Companies flASCO) has been formed to provide specialized support services to independent service companies supporting mini- and microcomputer systems. To aid the independent service organization, lASCO has established a Board of Governors to coordinate the activities of several specialized industry committees. The Board's goals hinge around the development of service standards of performance for its membership, the implementation of cea

tralized information centers to aid members, and to prepare and coordinate both technical and managerial educational programs for members. lASCO is currently preparing a support profile listing the various locations throughout the United States and Canada serviced by its membership. This information will be made available to interested parties.

Service companies seeking lASCO membership will be required to meet minimum standards of service performance, service times, test equipment availability, and technical capability. For more information, contact S. Michael Smith, 1409 Centre Circle Dr., Downers Grove, IL 60515, (312) 620-8750.

Color Computer Club Started

Rohit Gupta has started a new computer club for TRS-80 Color Computer owners and users. Annual dues are $4, which includes a monthly newsletter on Color Computer developments. Contact Rohit Gupta, 28 Friars Ln., Springfield, IL 62704.

New Zealand Computer Hobbyists

Micro,the official publication of the New Zealand Microcomputer Club, overflows with news of club projects and activities, classified advertisements, software library happenings, and notes from user groups. The club is investigating the chances of setting up a computerized bulletin-board service and is trying to stock its magazine library. The club would like to discuss the possibility of exchanging publications with groups from overseas. Contact the

New Zealand Microcomputer Club Inc., FOB 6210, Auckland, New Zealand.

Apple Club Open to l-lobbylsts

Membership in the Big Red Apple Club is open to anyone who, for geographical reasons, is unable to belong to a local club. All club business is conducted through the monthly newsletter. The Scarlett Letter, which also contains programs, utilities, technical tips, and educational applications. A free software library is maintained. Annual fees are $12. The club is a member of the International Apple Corp. Contact John Wrenholt, Big Red Apple Qub, 1301 North 19th, Nor

folk, NE 68701, (402) 379-3531.

Apples Tfirlve Down Under

The Apple Users Group

(Sydney) has formalized its objectives in a constitution and has elected an executive committee to direct the activities of its large membership. The club meets at the Sydney Grammar School, Science Auditorium, on the second Monday of the month at 6:30 p.m. The group maintains a software library and produces a monthly newsletter, Applecations. Contact the Apple Users Group (Sydney), FOB 505, Bankstown, New South Wales 2200, Australia, or call Colin Rutherford, (02) 520 0926. ■

P&T CP/M®2 Supports Hard Disk Storage

for the TRS-80 Model II

P&T CP/M 2 now supports two popular hard disk subsystems for the Moid II; thus you can combine all the features of the best CP/M for the Mod II with the speed and capacity of the hard disk drives.

Cameo Electronics

• uses mature cartridge disk technology for maximum reliability

• supports up to 4 drives

• removable cartridges make backup and data transfer fast and easy

Corvus System

• support for 10 and 20 Mbyte drives

• special mirror utility allows backup by

logical drive

• supports up to 4 drives

Price: $250(FOBGoleta)forP&TCP/M2-hard disk version (CA residents add 6% sales tax)

p. O. BOX 1206, GOLETA, CA 93116, (805) 685-4641

PICKLES & TROUT

CP/M Is a registered trademark of Digital Research. TRS.80 Is a trademark of Tandy Corp,

Circle 331 on Inquiry card.

i^iil 1W2 © BYTE PubUcatiOlu Inc 489

Books Received

Apple Pascal Games, Douglas Hergert and Joseph T. Kalash. Berkeley, CA: Sybex, 1981; 371 pages, 17.2 by 22.3 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-89S88-074-1, $14.95.

The Apple II Blue Book, A Complete "Where to Find It" Book of Software, Hardware, and Accessories for the Apple II, WIDL Staff. Chicago, IL: WIDL (5245 West Diversey Ave.), 1981; 131 pages, 21 by 26.5 cm, softcover, ISBN none, $19.95.

Computer-Assisted Data Base Design, George U. Hubbard. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1981; 285 pages, 14.5 by 22.3 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-442-23205-5, $24.95.

The Captain 80 Book of BASIC Adventures, Robert Liddil. Tacoma, WA: 80Northwest Publishing, 1981;

252 pages, 20.5 by 27 cm,

softcover, ISBN none, $19.95.

Computing Using BASIC, An Interactive Approach, Tonia Cope. New York: Halsted Press, 1981; 351 pages, 14.5 by 22.3 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-470-27280-5, $19.95.

Data Models, Dionysios C. Tsichritzis and Frederick H. Lochovsky. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982; 381 pages, 17.5 by 23.6 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-13-196428-3, $24.95.

A Dictionary of Minicomputing and Microcomputing, Philip E. Burton. New York: Garland STPM Press, 1982; 347 pages, 14.5 by 22.3 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-82407263-4, $42.50.

Directory of Online Databases, Volume 3, Number 1 (Fall 1981), compiled and

In Less Than 3 Minutes

Your IBM Model 50, 60, or 75 Electronic Typewriter can be an RS232C PRINTER or TERMINAL

CALIFORNIA MICRO COMPUTER Models 5060 and ,5061 can be installed easily and require NO modifications to the typewriter.

For additional information contact:

CALIFORNIA MICRO COMPUTER 9323 Warbler Ave., Fountain Valley, CA. 92708 (714)968-0890

edited by Ruth N. Cuadra,

David M. Abels, and Judith Wanger. Santa Monica, CA: Cuadra Associates, 1981; 186 pages, 21 by 27.5 cm, softcover, ISSN 0193-6840, $29.95.

Electronic Circuits and Applications, Bernard Grob. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1981; 468 pages, 18.5 by 23.5 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-07'^324931-8, $20.95.

55 Color Computer Programs for the Home, School and Office, Ron Clark. Woodsboro, MD: Arcsoft Publishers, 1981; 127 pages, 13.5 by 21 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-86668-005-5, $9.95.

The Index, The Ultimate Index for All Personal Computer Users, W. H. Wallace. St. Ann, MO: Missouri Indexing (FOB 301), 1981; 489 pages, 13 by 20.5 cm, softcover, ISBN none, $14.95.

Instant Freeze-Dried Computer Programming in BASIC, Jerald R. Brown. Beaverton, OR: Dilithium Press, 1982; 193 pages, 20.7 by 27.5 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-91839857-6, $12.95.

Introduction to Computers and Computer Science, 3rd edition, Richard C. Dorf. San Francisco, CA: Boyd & Fraser Publishing Company, 1981; 617 pages, 16.4 by 23.8 cm, hardcover, ISBN 087835-113-2, $18.95.

Introduction to Word Processing, Hal Glatzer. BerkeIfey, CA: Sybex, 1931; 205 pages, 14.5 by 22.3 cm, soft

cover, ISBN 0-89588-076-8,

$12.95.

]CL in a System 370 Environment, Barry L. Bateman and Gerald N. Pitts. Boston, MA: CBI Publishing, 1982; 182 pages, 18.5 by 23 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-8436-1606-7, $16.95.

Knowledge-Based Systems in Artificial Tntelligence, R. Davis and D. B. Lenat. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1982; 490 pages, 23.5 by 16.5 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-07-001557-7, $39.50.

Pascal: An Introduction to Methodical Programming, 2nd edition, W. Pindlay and D. A. Watt. London, England: Pittman Books Ltd., 1981; 404 pages, 14.5 by 22.5 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-273r 01714-4, £5.95.

Programming in BASICPlus, Jasper J. Sawatzky and Shu-Jen Chen. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1981; 273 pages, 20.8 by 27.4 Gin, softcover, ISBN 0-471-07729-1, $14.95.

The UCSD Pascal Handbook, Randy Clark and Stephen Koehler. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982; 356 pages, 15 by 23 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-13-935544-8, $19.95.

The Word Processing Handbook, Russell Allen Stultz. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982; 237 pages, 17.5 by 23.5 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-13-963454-1, $17.95, ■

This is a list of books received at BYTE Publications during this past month. Although the list is not meant to be exhaustive, its purpose is to acquaint BYTE readers with recently published titles in computer science and related fields. We regret that we cannot review or comment on all the books we receive; instead, this list is meant to be a monthly acknowledgment of these books and the publishers who sent them.

490

April 1982 © BYTE PubBcaUoiu he

Circle 175 on Inquiry card.

Event Oueue

START YOUR OWN COMPUTER CO.

April 1982

April

Courses from George Washington University, Hampton, VA; Salem, NH; Washington, DC; London, England; and Berlin, West Germany. Among the courses scheduled are "Voice Input/Output," "Microwave Systems Planning," "Writing Professional and Technical Communications," and "Computer Graphics Systems: Design and Applications." For further information, contact Continuing Engineering Education, School of Engineering and Applied Science, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, (800) 424-9773; in the District of Columbia, (202) 676-6106.

April

Courses in Structured Systems, various sites throughout the U.S. Courses in "Structured Systems Design," "Structtired Requirements Definition," and "Management Overview of Data Structured Systems Development" are being offered by Ken Orr and Associates. For information on meeting times, places, and fees, contact Ken Orr and Associates Inc., 715 East 8th, Topeka, KS 66607, (800) 255-2459; in Kansas, (913) 233-2349.

April

Fundamentals of Data Processing for Administrative Assistants and Office Support Staff, various sites throughout the U.S. The American Management Associations (AMA) has designed this three-day course for secretaries, assistants, supervisors, and other personnel desiring to learn the ftmdamentals of data processing and its use in offices. Computer hardware, software, programming lan

guages, and technology will all be covered. The team fee

for AMA members is $470 per individual and $550 for nonmembers. Individual fees are $550 for AMA members and $630 for nonmembers. For a schedule of dates and locations, contact the AMA, 135 West 50th St., New York, NY 10020, (212) 586-8100. To register by phone, call (212) 246-0800.

April

Knowledge Engineering in the

1980s, Boston, MA. Expert Systems are computer programs that reason in tasks that require considerable human expertise, such as locating computer malfunctions, monitoring intensive care patients, analyzing noisy signal data, and diagnosing medical problems. This one-day executive briefing provides an introduction to the potential benefits and costs of Expert Systems. For further information, contact Dina Bcirr, Teknowledge, 151 University Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94301, (415) 326-6827.

April-May

Courses from Boeing Computer Services, various sites

throughout the U.S. Boeing Computer Services is offering a wide variety of computerrelated courses at its regional service centers. Course topics range from "Introduction to Data Processing" to "Structured Program Development in FORTRAN." For a complete schedule of times, locations, and fees, contact Boeing Computer Services Co., Education and Training Division, FOB 24346, Seattle, WA 98124, (206) 575-7700.

April-Mtti/

Semiiuu^ and Conferences

from Datapro Research, various sites throughout the U.S. Among the topics to be pre

HOW TO START YOUR OWN SYSTEMS HOUSE $36.

7th edition, November 1981

Written by the founder of a successful systems house, this fact-filled 220-page manual covers virtually all aspects of starting and operating a small systems company. It is abundant with useful, real-life samples: contracts, proposals, agreements and a complete business plan are included in fulf. and may be used immediately by the reader. Proven, field-teated solutions to the many problems facing small turnkey vendors are presented.

HOW TO BECOME A SUCCESSFUL COMPUTER CONSULTANT $28.

by Leslie Nelson. 4th revised edition, December 1981

Independent consultants are becoming a vitally important factor in the microcomputer field, filling the gap between the computer vendors and commercial/ industrial users. The rewards of the consultant can be high: freedom, more satisfying work and doubled or tripled income. This manuai provides comprehensive background information and step-by-step directions for those interested to explore this lucrative field.

FREE-LANCE SOFTWARE MARKETING $30.

by B.J. Korites. 3rd edition. June 1980

Writing and selling computer programs as an independent is a business where • you can get started quickly, with little capital investment • you can do it full time or part time • the potential profits are almost limitless. This best-seller by Dr. Korites explains how to do it,

HOW TO START YOUR OWN WORD PROCESSING SERVICE $38.50

by Leslie Nelson. February 1982

Turn a small Investment into a steady, money making business that adds $10,000, $S0,IX)0 or $100,000 to your Income, Detailed start-up, marketing and operations plans are Included,

Send check, money order. VISA. Master Charge or American Express » and exp. date. Publisher pays 4th class shipping. Add $1.00 per book for UPS shipping (USA only). NJ residents add 5% sales tax. For faster shipment on credit card orders call (201) 783-6940

ESSEX PUBLISHING CO. Dept. 2 286 Bloomfleld Avenue • Caldwell, N.J. 07006

Supercharge Your Micro's Performance With

The Professional Operating System with CP/M^m Compatability

•SpBCticulir Ptrtormincfl. Programs lun 3 lo lO limes taster compared witfi TRSOOS or CP/M.

Benctimark results up lo 20 times liisler obtained with some applications by independent (irm' •OoublB-Sided Drive Support Provides i 2b Megadyles ol storage per 8' douDle-sided/densiiy disk

Inlermix any cninDinalion ot single Of douOle-siOeO drives on line •Exploded OlrBctorlei. Store larger number of files and more inforination per disk •Aulomalic Danilty/Slils Rscognttlon. Detects changes in disk formal aulomalically. Cliange disks at

any lime wlihoul compromisino ilala or "BDOS/Rnad-Only" errors

•Fiji Disk Backupi. Copy a complele 8" SS/DO diskette (610K) in less than 80 seconds Copy a

double-sided/densily diskelle (1 25 Megabyles) in less man 1 minute 45 seconds'

• Hard DItk DfKn Support. Supports large hard disks in excess ol 1.000 Megabytes wilhoul partitioning •Advanced Utilltios, Complete set ol disk ulilities, system.dale and time lunctions. communications

channel interlace, elc provided as standard features

•Enhincod Autemitlc Print Spooling. Run multiple printers simultaneously: support for muftiple

queues and pnniers is standard feature on spooling versions

• CP/M CompatlbHtty. Virtually any CP/M (version 2 x) program will run under TURBODOS without modification Also lully media compatible with standard CP/M-format diskettes.

•Aduanctd Milntrinw-lliii liatum. Includes read-atter-write validation ol all disk update operattons, lype-ahead buffers, incremental disk backup utility, password/log-on security, system data and time lunctions. accepts string ol multiple commands, and numerous other capabilities not available under CP/M or TRSOOS Multi-user, networking versions also available

TRS-80 Model II and Xerox 820 versions

Special Introductory Price Easily adaptable to any Z80-based computer.

'king versions also available

M95

Dealer and OEM inquiries invited

Data-Rx,lnc.

(408) 375-2775 • 686 Lighthouse Avenue* Monterey, 93940

TURBODOS Is the registered trademark 01 Software 2000

CP/M. MP/M. and CP/NET are registered trademarks of Digital Research

Circle 135 on Inquiry card.

April 19*2 © BYTE Publkatknu Ihc 491

circle 107 on Inquiry card.

Presenting a C Compiler for CP/M-86® and IBM® PC-DOS® That Speaks Your Language!

The C86TM Compiler offers the most up-to-date language available, especially designed for CP/M-86T'^. Special features include the C language pre-processor, externals, statics, data initialization, pointers, arrays, structures, longs and floats.

You can't beat the convenience, dependability and affordability of the CSBTM compiler, and with no assembly step required, it's faster than you ever imagined!

The CSe'"''^ system includes a linking loader, librarian and a large support library. All library source code is included, so that you may extend or modify the library. You may combine code written In C with code written using ASIVI-86Tm.

iBM® personai version available soon.

For more information write or caii. Dealer inquiries Invited.

M50 Disk and Documentation. * 25 Documentation only. ' 20 Overseas Airmail.

Computer Innovations, Inc. 75 Pine Street Lincroft, New Jersey 07738 Telephone: (201) 530-0995

086 is a trademark of Computer Innovations, Inc.; CP/M-86 and ASM-86 are trademarks of Digital Researcti; IBM and PC-DOS are registered trademarks of international Business Macliines, Inc..

2Himd

kpliics

(DRIVERS for most Plotting Devicet) CALL or WRITE

LEAPAC SERVICES

8246 Mediterranean Way

Sacramento CA 86826 (916) 381-1717

Event Queue.

sented cire 'IBM's Systems Network Architecture," "Data Dictionary/Directory Systems," and "Data Processing: Fundamental Concepts." Enrollment fees are $640 for Datapro subscribers and $690 for nonsubscribeis. For a complete catalog with descriptions, dates, and locatiorw, contact Datapro Research Corp., 1805 Underwood Blvd., Delran, NJ 08075, (800) 257-9406; in New Jersey, (609) 764-0100.

April-Jtme

Courses and Seminars from Sira Institute, various sites throughout England. Sira Institute is sponsoring seminars on a wide variety of subjects, ranging from microprocessor familiarization to design and development of microprocessor-based equipment. For details, contact Conferences & Courses Unit, Sira Institute Ltd., South Hill, ChislehuKt, Kent BR7 5EH, England.

April-June

Datamation Institute Seminars on Information Management, various sites throughout the U.S. Databases and communications, systems performance, data-processing management, word processing, office automation, computer graphics, and topics of general interest are among the areas to be covered by these two-day seminars. Fees range from $495 to $595. For schedules of times and places, contact Karen Smolens, the Center for Management Research, Datamation Institute Seminar Coordination Office, 850 Boylston St., Chestnut Hill, MA 02167, (617) 738-5020.

April-June

Intensive Two-day Seminars

for Professional Development, various sites throughout New England. Among the seminars to be offered by Worcester Polytechnic Institute are 'Tundamentals of .

Data Processing," "Distributed Systems: The Architecture and Utilization of this Revolutionary Technology," and "Microprocessors: Hardware, Software, and Applications." Registration fees range from $445 for a two-day program to $990 for a 7-day executive institute. For complete details, contact Ms. Ginny Bazarian, Office of Continuing Education, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, (617) 793-5517.

April-June

The Master Method of Selling Small-Business Systems, Westlake Village, CA. This one-day seminar is designed for mini- and microcomputer manufacturers and software vendors who sell small-business systems. The seminar fee is $150. For details, contact Seminar Information, M. W. L. Inc., 32038 Watergate Court, Westlake Village, CA 91361, (213) 889-2607.

April-June

National Computer Graphics Association Winter/Spring

1982 Seminar Program, various sites throughout the U.S. Topics covered include "Computer Graphics: Technology and Applications," "Successful Business Graphics," and "Applications of Computer Graphics to Transportation Problems." Seminar fees are $395 for association members and $425 for nonmembers. For complete details, contact Eloise Wenker, NCGA Seminar, 2033 M St. NW, #300, Washington, DC 20036, (202) 466-4102.

April-June

One- and Two-day Profesdonal Development Seminars,

various sites in the greater Boston area. Among the courses being offered by Boston University are "Business Writing for Results/' Improving Customer Service,"

492 April 1«82 © BYTE PttUkaUoia inc

Circle 233 on Inquiry card.

circle 280 on Inquiry card.

and "Assertive Management." Registration fees range from $295 for a one-day program to $445 for a two-day program. These seminars can be conducted within your company. For details, contact Ms. Joan Merrick, Center for Management Research, 850 Boylston St., Chestnut Hill, MA 02167, (617) 738-5020. For information on the in-company seminars, contact Ms. Elaine Dee at the same address.

April-June

Productivity '82, various sites throughout the U.S. and Canada. This two-day show features hands-on demonstrations of Hewlett-Packard's newest computer and application solutions ranging from personal and small-business computers to the top-of-theline computer systems for office computing, distributed data processing, and factory automation. Sixteen different seminars are held each day, on such topics as using personal computers, choosing financial and applications software, and prepsuring easyto-read graphics. Additional information can be obtained from local Hewlett-Packard sales offices or from Rudanne Clark, Hewlett-Packard, 3000 Hanover St., Palo Alto, CA 94304, (415) 857-7247.

April-Juty

Computerized Robots, various sites throughout the U.S. This four-day course is tailored for managers concerned with the plaiming and design of advanced manufacturing methods and for those who will be involved with the development and integration of high-technology robot systems. Course topics include the extent of robot automation in the U.S., Japan, and Europe; technical capabilities and limitations of robots; robot sensory mechanisms, vision, touch, proximity; and progranunii^g techniques for

robot control. The course fee is $845. For details, contact Ruth Dordick, Integrated Computer Systems, 3304 Pico Blvd., FOB 5339, Santa Monica, CA 90405, (800) 421-8166; in California, (800) 352-8251.

April-July

Computer Network Design

and Protocols, various sites throughout the U.S. This four-day course will focus on the practical aspects of network design, interfacing, protocols, and packet switching. Among the topics to be covered are how to determine system requirements and perform design trade-offs, how to carry out network communication and control protocols, and how to evaluate available network hardware and software components. The course fee is $845. For complete details, contact Ruth Dordick, Integrated Computer Systems, 3304 Pico Blvd., FOB 5339, Santa Monica, CA 90405, (800) 421-8166; in California, (800) 352-8251.

April-July

Structiired Design and Programming, various sites

throughout the U.S. This four-day course emphasizes the development of skills that facilitate the efficient production of reliable, well-documented, and maintainable programs, on time and within budget. Some of the topics to be addressed are structured software design methods, how to write structured programs for mini- and microcomputers, and how to improve program readability and reliability. The course fee is $795. Contact Ruth Dordick, Integrated Computer Systems, 3304 Pico Blvd., POB 5339, Santa Monica, CA 90405, (800) 421-8166; in California, (800) 352-8251.

DEC LSMl Components

Dependable service at discount prices

Domestic and Export

fl

mini

Computer Suppliers, inc.

25 Chatham Rd., Summit, N.J. 07901 Since 1973

(201) 277-6150 Telex 13-6476

S 100 USERS

INTERFACE 9-TRACK TAPE DRIVES

With the DTI - DMA Tape-Unit Interface

• Transfers data via DMA up to 200K bytes

per second

• Allows full control over all tape-drive functions

SPEED

NUMBER-CRUNCHING SOFTWARE 5-10 X's AND MORE

With the FMP Fast Math Processor

• Kit or assembled

• 32-bit floating point operations

for arith., trig., exponential, etc. functions

• Or 64-bit floating point operations for aritKimetic functions

Both the DTI and FMP meet the IEEE S-100

standard. Software Is available.

For further Information contact

A MEMIIER Oh THE SPC CROUP

jh SPC TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

P.O. Box 248, Arlington, VA 22210 (703) 841-3632

Circle 358 on Inquiry card.

AprU 19(2 © BYTE Publicatknu Inc 493

circle 440 on inquiry card.

WINTERHALTER & ASSOCIATES, INC.

SOFTWARE FOR SOFTWARE FOR SOFTWARE FOR SOFTWARE FOR SOFTWARE FOR SOFTWARE FOR SOFTWARE FOR SOFTWARE FOR SOFTWARE FOR SOFTWARE FOR SOFTWARE FOR SOFTWARE FOR SOFTWARE FOR SOFTWARE FOR SOFTWARE FOR SOFTWARE FOR SOFTWARE FOR SOFTWARE FOR SOFTWARE FOR SOFTWARE FOR SOFTWARE FOR SOFTWARE FOR SOFTWARE FOR SOFTWARE FOR SOFTWARE FOR SOFTWARE FOR SOFTWARE FOR

YOUR YOUR YOUR YOUR YOUR YOUR YOUR YOUR YOUR YOUR YOUR YOUR YOUR YOUR YOUR YOUR YOUR YOUR YOUR YOUR YOUR YOUR YOUR YOUR YOUR YOUR YOUR

MICROCOMPUTER MICROCOMPUTER MICROCOMPUTER MICROCOMPUTER MICROCOMPUTER MICROCOMPUTER MICROCOMPUTER MICROCOMPUTER MICROCOMPUTER MICROCOMPUTER MICROCOMPUTER MICROCOMPUTER MICROCOMPUTER MICROCOMPUTER MICROCOMPUTER MICROCOMPUTER MICROCOMPUTER MICROCOMPUTER MICROCOMPUTER MICROCOMPUTER MICROCOMPUTER MICROCOMPUTER MICROCOMPUTER MICROCOMPUTER MICROCOMPUTER MICROCOMPUTER MICROCOMPUTER

SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER

Software for Your Microcomputer

313 N. First, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48103 1313) 662-2002

4

shers

^presents the first in the "Computer Power Series

"THE ABC's of SORTING

METHODS FOR PERSONAL COMPUTERS"

THE BOOK THAT TAKES THE NOVICE STEP BY STEP THROUGH THE MOST EFFICIENT SORT ROUTINES PRESENTLY IN USE

linear selection-bubblesort-shuttlesort

quickersort-singieton sort-merging lists

TEXT WRITTEN FOR THE NOVICE

ALL ROUTINES DEMONSTRATED USING STEP BY STEP EXAMPLES

FLOWCHARTS FOR ALL ROUTINES

READY TO USE PROGRAMS IN BOTH "BASIC" AND ASSEMBLE LANGUAGE

BUILD YOUR OWN LIBRARY OF ROUTINES WITH THE "COMPUTER POWER SERIES"

MAIL TO: T.S. QUILL PUBLISHERS

15201 VICTORY BLVD., SUITE 16 VANNUYS, CA 91411

SEND ME: THE ABC'S OF SORTING METHODS FOR PERSONAL COMPUTERS

ENCLOSED: A CHECK OR MONEY ORDER FOR $7.95 PAYABLE TO T.S. QUILL PUBLISHERS

ADDRESS.

GITY

ZIP CODE

Event Queue.

April-Julii

Technical Classes from Zilog,

Campbell, CA. Zilog is offering a series of one- to five-day technical classes at its California-based training facility. Topics range from "Microprocessors: A General Introduction" to "Zeus/System 8000 User." Contact Zilog, Training and Education Dept., 1315 Dell Ave., Campbell, CA 95008, (408) 446-4666.

April 13-14

The Sixth Annual Computer/Terminal Fair, University of Dayton Arena, Dayton, OH. This show is sponsored by the University of Dayton. The latest in word processors and mini- and microcomputers will be featured. Contact Dan Schumacher, University of Dayton, 300 College Park Ave., Dayton, OH 45469, (513) 229-3511, for details.

April 13-16

Digital Rltets and Spectral

Analysis, Los Angeles, CA. This course is intended for project and design engineers responsible for the implementation of advanced digital signal-processing systems. Among the topics to be addressed are digital signal-processing fundamentals, fast Fourier trsmsform algorithms, and finite impulse and recursive fUters. Computer programs that implement many of the design techniques discussed in the course are provided in the course materials. The fee is $795. For further information, contact Ruth Dordick, Integrated Computer Systems, 3304 Pico Blvd., FOB 5339, Santa Monica, CA 90405, (800) 421-8166; in California, (800) 352-8251.

April 13-16

Digital Image Processing and Analysis, Boston, MA. Integrated Computer Systems' course in digital image processing is desigtied for engi

neers, scientists, technical managers, and other professionals responsible for the specification, design, implementation, or application of digital image processing systems. Among the topics to be covered are image acquisition, image-processing software and database structures, interactive two- and three-dimensional image processing and display, and real-time arrays. Some of the applications examples to be presented are quality assurance and robot vision. The course fee is $795; on-site courses can be arranged. Contact Ruth Dordick, Integrated Computer Systems, 3304 Pico Blvd., POB 5339, Santa Monica, CA 90405, (800) 421-8166; in California, (800) 352-8251.

April 14-18

Electronic Home Entertainment Show, Arlington Park

Race Track Exposition Hall, Arlington Heights, IL. This show will feature audio and video equipment, video games, home computers, and citizen-band radio systems. It will run concurrently with the Fourth Aimual Energy & Home Improvement Fair. Contact Expo Management Inc., Suite S2-132 Arcade, The Apparel Center, Chicago, IL 60654, (312) 329-1191.

April 15-16

Software Quality Assurance Technology, San Francisco,

CA. This seminar explores how, when, how much, and with what effect programs should be tested to assure their quality. The seminar fee is $450, which includes notes, textbooks, and reference materials. Additional information is available from Ms. Gloria Kulbe, Software Research Associates, POB 2432, San Francisco, CA 94126, (415) 957-1441.

494 April 19S2 © BYTE Publkatiora Inc Circle 402 On Inquiry card.

circle 212 on Inquiry card.

April 15-17

The 1982 Computer Showcase Expo, St. Louis, MO. The Computer Showcase is designed for small-business owners, independent professionals, and corporate managers. Admission is $7.50. For further details, contact the Interface Group, 160 Speen St., FOB 927, Framingham, MA 01701, (800) 225-4620; in Massachusetts, (617) 879-4502.

Afrril 15-18

The Second Southwest Computer Show and Office Equipment Exposition, Market Hall, Dallas Market Center, Dallas, TX. This show features miniand microcomputers for business, education, government, industry, home, and personal use. Data- and word-processing equipment, ofHce machines, computer peripher2ils, and office supplies will be displayed. General admission is $5. Contact National Computer Shows, 824 Boylston St., Chestnut Hill, MA 02167, (617) 739-2000.

April 16-17

The Twelfth Annual Virginia Computer Users Conference, Marriott Hotel, Blacksburg, VA. This conference is sponsored in cooperation with the ACM (Association for Computing Machinery). Topics include artificial intelligence, office automation, and database management. Contact Deidre Maskaleris or Wesley Braudaway, 562 McBryde Hall, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, (703) 961-6931.

April 17-18

The Seventh Annual Trenton Computer Festival (TCF-82), Trenton State College, Trenton, NJ. TCF-82 is devoted exclusively to the needs of personal-computing hobbyists and fans. At TCF-82, manufacturers, stores, and dealers will be exhibiting computer

related products and services. Forums, speakers, a giant outdoor flea market, and a banquet on Saturday night highlight this event. General admission is $5; students pay $3. A space in the flea market costs $10. For further information, contact Dr. Allen Katz, Dept. of Engineering Technology, Trenton Computer Festival, Trenton State College, Hillwood Lakes CN550, Trenton, NJ 08625, (609) 771-2666.

April 19-21

Open Systems Interconnection with X.25 and Other Related Protocob, Denver Marriott Hotel-City Center, Denver, CO. Sponsored by DafaCommunications, a McGrawHill publication, this seminar will present a thorough treatment of the basic OSI (Ohio Scientific) Reference Model, describing the seven-layer structure, service definitions, and emerging protocols. Detailed presentations of the X.25 packet protocol will be included. The seminar fee is $690. For further details, contact the McGraw-Hill Conference & Exposition Center, Rm. 3677, 1221 Avenue of the Amiericas, New York, NY 10020, (212) 997-4930.

April 19-23

The Eighth Annual Reliability Testing Institute, Ramada Inn, Tucson, AZ. This institute is presented by the University of Arizona College of Engineering and the Hughes Aircraft Company, Tucson, Arizona. It seeks to provide engineers, managers, and teachers with a working knowledge of analyzing component, equipment, and system performance and failure data to determine the distributions of their times to failure, failure rates, reliability, and confidence limits. Planning small sample size, short duration, and low-cost tests and analyzing the results will be covered as well as

Powerful Lab Graphics A For Your Apple II + ® Computer

•I A /A ^^\- , V,

^ arm *•*•! kiu ami * ,■

101 MUi nan wni w\r mmi t /

■ 'TBI MM} IW tnH Vftn-MMl ■< ^

—>—I if

SCIENTIFIC PLOTTER 48K APPLE II+, $25

Draws professional-looking graphs of your data. EASIER, FASTER, NEATER and more ACCURATE than handplottlng. You choose data format, length and

position of axes, 20 symbols, error bars, labels anywhere In 4 orientations, etc.

Includes 5 DEMOS on disk with 30-PAGE MANUAL

CURVE FITTER 48K APPLE II+, $35

Selects the best curve to fit your data. SCALE, TRANSFORM, AVERAGE, SMOOTH, INTERPOLATE (3 types), LEAST SQUARES FIT (3 types), EVALUATE UNKNOWNS from fitted curve. Includes 5 DEMOS on disk with 33-PAGE

MANUAL.

VIDICHART 48K APPLE II-(-,$75

NEW tools (or lab data management. FAST plots of 4 data sets with SCROLLING in 4 directions, ZOOM scaling on X and ¥ axes, 2 types of graphic CURSORS and on-screen STATUS REPORT. PLOTS A/D INPUT while sampling. ADD, SUBTRACT, MULTIPLY, DIVIDE, INTEGRATE, DIFFERENTIATE, AVERAGE or NORMALIZE dala sets with SIMPLE COMMANDS. Ideal lor spectra, chromatograms, rate curves, etc. Includes SAMPLE DATA on disk with 28-PAGE MANUAL.

SPECIAL! All 3 programs on one disk, only S120. Since each program uses the

same data format on disk, data may be shared.

BUY THESE PROGRAMS AT YOUR LOCAL DEALER OR ORDER DIRECT. For more information, ask for FREE brochure or send $5 for any manual ($12 for all 3), deductible with purchase. Add $1.50 shipping on all orders. For fastest service, call In your VISA or Master Card order.

_ INTERACTIVE MICROWARE, INC.

P.O. Box 771, Dept. B State College, PA 16801 CALL (814) 238-8294 for IMMEDIATE ACTION

liiji

^^^^Vademarl^^ppl^omp^

Model EP-2A-87

EPROM Programmer

The Model EP-2A-87 EPROM Programmer lias an RS-232 compatible Interface and includes a 2K. 4K or 8K buffer. Seventeen RS-232 commands allow another computer to download or remotely control the Programmer. INTEL, TEXTRONIX OR MOTOROLA formats are supported. The buffer may be edited directly from a CRT and EPROMS can be copied off-line. Power requirements are 115v 50/60 Hertz at 15 watts.

EP-2A-87-1 Programmer with 2K Buffer $575.00

EP-2A-87-2 Programmer with 4K Buffer $650.00

EP-2A-87-3 Programmer with 8K Buffer $725.00

Non-standard voltage (220v,240v, or 100) $ 15.00

Personality Modules

PM-0 PMl PM-2 PM-2A PM-3 PM4 PM-5

SA-64-2 2564..

TMS 2708 $18.00

2708 18.00

2732 34.00

2732A 34.00

TMS 2716 26.00

2532 34.00

2716 18.00

PM-5E 2816 $36.00

PM-6 2704 18.00

PM-7 2758 18.00

PM-8 MCM68764 36.00

PM9 2764 36.00

39.00

PM-10 2564 36.00

SA-64-3 2764 39.00

Optimal Technology, Inc.

Phone (804) 973-5482 Blue Wood 127 Earlysville, VA 22936

Circle 307 on Inquiry card.

April 1982 © BYTE Publicatians Inc 495

Circle 377 on inquiry card.

c

COMPARE COMPILERS

New C/80 2.0 gives you all three: features, performance and price.

Compiler

Compiled Program

Size (Bytes)

Loaded Size (with runtime support)

Compile and Load Time (sees)

Execute Time (sees)

Price

C/80 2.0'

313

3181

90

24.8

$ 49.95

Code Works CW/C'

422

1835

146

53.3

$ 75

Aztec C'

378

4657

139

33.0

$135

BDS C 1.44'

305

3696

54

44.0

$150

Supersoft

300

2500

92

26.0

$200

Tiny-c 2 Compiler^

(4)

(4)

96

930

$250

Whitesmith C2

290

7384

242

15.6

$750

Petfotmance Comparison Using Benchmark Program Published in BYTE, September 1981

'Our results on 4 MHz Zenith Z89 with 8" disks.

^Results reprinted by permission from September 1981 BYTE; (©BYTE Publications Inc. ^From information sheet provided by manufacturer ^Figures not available.

The new C/80 compiler, \fersion 2.0. supports all C language Teatures

except float, long, typetief, bit fields, and arguments to macros.

C/80 2,0 is available in disk formats for Heath/Zenith(HDOS & CP/M*), Osborne 1* and 8" standard CP/M systems. Price is $49.95; add $3 shipping ($2 for 5" disks); in CA add tax. Phone orders welcome.

*CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research. Osborne 1 is a registered trademark of Osborne Comouter Company.

^Tlje Softvi€re ^oolWdrkg

llMnttaCocd)!

14478 Glorietta Drive Sherman Oaks, CA 91423 (213) 986-4885

Use reader service number for our catalog of over 20 software products. ■ . . Dealer inquiries invited.

STOCK ORDERS SHIPPED IN 24 HOURS

ADDS (t/IQQ VIEWPOINT ^'^^^

QTY1

TERIVIINAL

Tha lait Equipped Prinlsr for Ih* MODI L MS

B8G FEATURES

Gtaphics . —

Ftciion Feed AdJustaUB Troctof Feed Parade) Interlace Sef iol Interroce

DatoSuller iK Conesponderx:e Font 11 k 7 FYinI Speed Number ol Columns votobteFocTTw length ..

$649

QUME: DT-8...$525.00'<,T., TANDON: TM-IOO-2...$335.00TM-848-I...$475.00

6 SSCO iHiNtlNE

TM-602...$995.00-.

DISC DRIVES

DT-5...$310.00<.r,, TM-100-4...$425.00 « TM-848-2...§550.00%, TM-603...$1175.00"«„

QUME LETTER QUALITY PRINTERS

SPRINT 9/45 $2245' o„

onm Mooa and conhgurmkms waiabu

(408) 438-5454

4444 SCOTTS VAUEV DR., SCOTTS VALLEY, CA «50M TfBMS: Cashiers Ctieclt, VISA, M/C, COO Shipping chargei odded to all orders • nuontltv Dlscoimls Available

m

Event Queue.

other testing methods. The fee is $675. Contact Dr. Dimitri

Kececioglu, Institute Director, Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering Dept., Building 16, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, (602) 626-2495.

April 20-22

D-COM, Hynes Auditorium, Boston, MA. D-COM will bring DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation) vendors together with DEC users. For information, contact Ron Davies, D-COM Inc., 7312 Burdette Court, Bethesda, MD 20817, (301) 469-7650.

April 20-23

The Fourth International Conference on Video and Data

Recording, University of Southampton, Southampton, England. This conference is designed for engineers and physicists. Papers, group sessions, and a trade exhibition will be featured. Among the topics to be addressed are "Magnetic and Other Recording Media," 'Theory of Recording Processes," and "Coding, Modulation, and Signal Processing." Highlighting this coifference will be a forum on digital standards. For further information, contact the Conference Registrar, Institution of Electronic and Radio Engineers, 99 Cower St., London, WClE 6AZ, England, Tel: 01-388-3071.

April 20-23

VIO-Voice Input/Output for Computers, Boston, MA. This four-day course is designed for product development and design engineers, systems analysts, programmers, and technical managers involved in the plarming, design, and implementation of voice input/output systems. The topics to be covered include voice-processing algorithms and software, evaluating VIO hardware components and systems, utilizing

speech-synthesis techniques, and designii\g voice-recognition techniques. Participants will have the opportunity to work with devices that permit online generation of computer voice output, data entry by means of voice input, and voice input for system control. The course fee is $795; on-site courses can be arranged. For information, contact Ruth Dordick, Integrated Computer SystertB, 3304 Pico Blvd., POB 5339, Santa Monica, CA 90405, (800) 421-8166; in California, (800) 352-8251.

April 21-28

Hanover Fair '82, Hanover, West Germany. The armual Hanover Fair is one of the world's largest industrial trade exhibitions. More than 330 American firms are expected to exfubit products, services, and technology at the Fair. Contact M. A. Delia, Hanover Fairs Information Center, POB 338, Whitehouse, NJ 08888, (800) 526-5978; in New Jersey, (201) 534-9044.

April 22

California Computer Show, Hyatt Hotel, Palo Alto, CA. This show is for original equipment manufacturers, knowledgeable users, distributors, and dealers. More than 60 computer manufacturers will be exhibiting mainframes, mini- and microcomputers, and peripherals. Contact Carol Reimer, Norm De Nardi Enterprises, 289 South San Antonio Rd. #204, Los Altos, CA 94022, (415) 941-8440.

April 22-25

New York Computer Show and Office Equipment Exposition, Nassau Coliseum, Uniondale, NY. For details, see April 15-18.

April 23-25

The 1982 Computer Showcase Expo, Miami, FL. For details, see April 15-17.

496 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 251 on Inquiry card.

Circle 405 on Inquiry card.

April 24

Computer Swap America, Santa Qara County Fair Grounds, San Jose, CA. This

high-technology flea market features everything from floppy disks to home satellite-receiving stations. Admission is $3. Contact Computer Swap America, FOB 52, Palo Alto, CA 94302, (415) 494-6862.

April 25-30

DP Training Managers' Workshop, Washington, DC. This workshop is intended for individuals with less than 18 months' experience in coordinating data-processing training programs. Participants will learn to establish in-house education programs that will meet management objectives and ensure a high return on their organizations' investment in training. The registration fee is $850. Contact Linda Hubacek, Deltak Inc., 1220 Kensington Rd., Oak Brook, IL 60521, (312) 92IMm).

April l?:^

Digital Fllters^ and Spectral Analysis, Washington, DC. For details, see April 13-16.

April 27-28

The Eighth Annual National Computer Security and Privacy Symposium: Top Secret '82, Washington, DC. Sponsored by Honeywell, approximately 22 national authorities on computer security and privacy will speak on a variety of topics. Trairring workshops in security planning and risk analysis, disaster recovery and contingency planning, and computer fraud investigation will be held. The fee for the symposium is $525; discounts on multiple registrations are available. Contact the Security Symposium Registrar, Honeywell Inc., M/S T-99-4, POB 6000, Phoenix, AZ 85005; or call Jerome Lobel, (602) 24^5370.

April 28-May I

The Third Annual Conference of the Educational Computing OrganizaBon of Ontario, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education (OISE), Toronto, Ontario, Canada. This conference is designed for educators at all levels. Exhibits will be featured. Contact OISE, 252 Bloor St. W, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1V6, (416) 923-6641, for additional details.

April 29^

An Assessment and Forecast of Computer Graphics, Rye Town Hilton, Port Chester, NY. This conference will assess the present state of computer graphics and will evaluate hardware, software, systems services, and applications. The role of graphics in today's business environment will be considered and factors affecting market growth will be analyzed. Leaders in the industry will present and exchange views with attendees. For further information, contact Carol Sapchin, Frost & Sullivan Inc., 106 Fulton St., New York, NY 10038, (212) 233-1080.

May 1982

May-]une

Sensors & Systems '82, various sites throughout the central and western regions of the U.S. This series of three-day conferences will cover all aspects of sensor technology from temperature sensors through to displacement, velocity, acceleration, magnetic field, and moisture. Other topics to be covered include signal conditioning, digital interfaces, and system interfaces. Contact Network Exhibitions, 785 Harriet Ave., Campbell, CA 95008, (408) 370-1661.

New from Tarbell...

4 SERIAL/2 PARALLEL BOARD

S-lOO Compatible

Tarbell Electronics introduces afour-serlal/two-parallel port board. The four RS-232 serial input/output ports utilize four 8251 's and eight consecutive 8080 ports. Features include full handsiiaking capability and four separate dip-switch controlled baud-rate generators. Support is provided byTarbell's XIOS for the Digital Research MP/M-II.

Two eight-bit parallel I/O ports include fourelght-bit latches (74LS373's) and use four consecutive 8080 ports. There are separate handshaking

lines, outputs that will drive up to 30 ma and inputs with less than .4 ma load.

This new board is S-100 compatible and is capable of creating interrupts for the Tarbell CPU. All cables are included; the board comes completely assembled and thoroughly tested with a sixmonth no-fault full warranty.

950 DOVLEN PLACE • SUITE B CARSON, CA 90746*(213) 538-4251

Journal of Pascal and Ada "

It is the most up-to-date resource on Pascal and Ada software and hardware including: •New Developments 'Algorithams •In-Depth Reports on Products •Tutorials •Relevant Topics

•Application Software For: —Businesss —Graphics —Statistical —Scientific —System —Educational •Book Reviews •Software Reviews

"A help in cmy one area is worth the price."

No-Risk Trinl Subscription Offer

1 Year (6 Issues) $14.00 in U.S.A., $21.00 Elsewhere —Refund on Unused Portion—

r — 1

□ VISA j □MasteiCaid l □American Express

Card No.. Signature Name

Exp. Date.

Street.

City _

State

Zip_

Mail to: Journal of Pascal and Ada

P.O. Box 327 Payson, Utah 84651 TM ■ -Trade Mark of Department of Defense

Circle 227 on inquiry card.

^nai9K!©ByTEPublic«tioiulnc 497

Circle 14 on inquiry card.

QUALITY parts at DISCOUNT PRICES

4PDT PRINTED CIRCUIT I2VDC

14 pin styls 3 amp contacts BRAND NEW P.C. Mount $ 2.75 EA.

SPECIAL

1000 MFD Vr--^ 25 VOLT

2 FOR $1.00

COMPUTER

GRADE CAPACITOR

1700mfd.150VDC S2.0^

2 1/2" DIA X "1 3/'4" HIGH

3,600 mfd 40VDC

SUPER SMALL PHOTO FLASH

170 MFD 330 VOLT

1 1/4"X '/g"

2 for $1.50 10 tor $700

RFI/EMI FILTER

FOR NOISE SUPPRESSION C/D« APFSllOW

rated: 5 WPS

250 VAC

£3.50 each

JOYSTICK

PRECISION DEVICE... CONTAINS h 50K CENTER TAPPED ALPS POTS

$4.75 each'

^>:MRF 901

MICROWAVE TRANSISTOR $2.50 EA.

SEND FOR NEW 1982

1

$2,50 I 1 iu» —'

6,400 mfd 60VDC S2,

1 3/b"ui« X 4 1/4 12,000mfd. 40 VDC $3.00

2" DIA X I4 l/V HIGH

18,000 mfd. 75 VDC S4.00

2 1/2" DIA X 1/2'' HIGhI

20,000 mfd. 25VDC

2 " DIA. X 2Y HIGH $2.00

22,000 mfd.15 VDC

2" oiA X 2 I/2'hiob $2.00

22,000 mfd.40VDC

2" piA. X 6" HIGH $3.00

25.000 mfd.75 VDC $4.50

3" DIA X "4 3/8" HIGH

45.000mfd.25VDC

2" DIA. X "i" HIGH $3 50

72,000 mfd. 15VDC

:"■ DIA. X V HIGH $3^5fl CLAMPS TO FrT CAPAClTOBS 50t B

L.E.D.s

STANDARD JUMBO DIFFUSED

RED 10 FOR 51.501 GREEN 19 FOR $2.00 YELLOW 10 FOR $2.00

FLASHER LED yi|

5 VOLT OPERATION JUMBO SIZE

2 FOR $1,70

Bl POLAR LED

2 FOR $1.70

SUB MINI LED

14 CONDUCTOR RIBBON CABLE

,079" X .098" ZOmA at 1.75V

10 FOR SI.00 200 FOR $18.00 QUANTITY PRICES AVAILABLE

ALL CLCCTROniCS CORP.

SCOTCHFLEX 13365 28 AWG STRANDED GRAY WITH RED MARKER

10 FEET for $2.50 100 FOOT ROLL $12.00

905 S. Vermont Ave. P.O. BOX 20406 Los Angeles, Calif. 90006 (213) 380-8000

Mon. ■ FrI. Saturday QAiVI '-SPiVI 10 AM-3 PM

TRANSFORMERS

120 volt primaries

6 VOLTS al 150 mA $1.25 12 V.C.T at 500mA S2.50 16.5 V at 3 AMPS 16.50 18 VOLTS at 1 AMP $4.50 25.2 VCT at 2.B AMP $5.50

• Quantities Limited . Min. Order SIO.OO •Add $2.50

Shipping USA

• Calif, Res. Add 6%

• Prompt Shipping

FLAT LEVER MINI-TOGGLE ,

S.RDT (ON-ON) ( 5 AMP g 120 VAC J CEK I 7105 JB SI.OO EACH ^ 10 lor $8.50 ri 100 lot $75.00 '

(213) 891-5705

Complete product line for Apple, NEC, S-lOO, IBM.

Low Prices, funh qmility, and fast delivery.

Apple: 5 M Byte Hard Disk System

....$2250

Apple: Double-density 8" Floppy Controller

$400

S-lOO: 64K Low Power Static RAM Card

$475

S-100: Sierra Data SBC. "^111111111-'^^r

$825

NEC PC-8000 System New

Low Prices

ADDS Viewpoint - Green ; $545

Tandon Thinline 8" - Doi

.$510

Di.skciics .

Box ot 10

All iUmhs nvw. f<uai'aiiU'L-(l. (Tn-silc sprvict I'l'nler.

l^'e claim lo have more saltslml cusiomers per square inch of ad space than any other Byte advertiser

Mail: P.O. Bo.xQ, Sherman Oaks, CA '^1423

Event Queue,

May 2-7

DP Training Managers' Workshop, Chicago, IL. For details, see April 25-30.

May 6-9

The Southern California Computer Show & Office Equipment Exposition, Los

Angeles Convention Center, Los Angeles, CA. For details, see April 15-18.

May 7-9

The 1982 Computer Showcase Expo, Anaheim, CA. For details, see April 15-17.

May 10-12

Dexpo 82, Marriott Hotel, Atlanta, GA. This exposition

features DEC- (Digital Equipment Corporation) compatible hardware, software, and services. Contact Expoconsul International Inc., 19 Yeger Rd., Cranbury, NJ 08512, (609) 799-1661.

May 10-13

The Annual Meeting and Technical Conference of the IEEE Industrial Power Systems Department, Marriott Hotel, Philadelphia, PA. For details, contact Dr. Paul Reece, General Electric Co., 6901 Ehnwood Ave., Mail Drop 06302, Philadelphia, PA 19142, (215) 726-2800.

May 10-14

The Twentieth Annual Convention of the Association for Educational Data Systems (AEDS), Sheraton Twin Towers, Orlando, FL. This convention includes presentations on the state of the art in educational computing. Administrative and instructional computing applications will be presented, and new ways of improving educational processes wUI be explored. Contact AEDS, 1201 Sixteenth St. NW, Washington, DC 20036, (202) 833-4100.

May 12-14

The 1982 Camahan Conference on Security Technology, Carnahan House Conference Center, Lexington, KY. Among the topics to be addressed at this conference £ue 'Tederal Standards for Telecommunications Privacy and Security," "Secure Voice-Bandwidth Modem," and "Multistatic, Airbom Intruder Detection Radar." The registration fee is $325, which includes buffets, a banquet, and a copy of the proceedings. Contact Susan McWain, Office of ContinuiiTg Education, College of Engineering, 223 Transportation Research Building, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, (606) 257-3971.

May 14-15

The Second Annual Southern

California Computers-in-Education Conference, University High ScooL Irvine, CA. This conference covers the applica^ tion of computers in education from kindergarten through two-year college. All areas of curriculum will be covered, including reading, mathematics, science, language, and special education. Hands-on workshops and field trips are planned. Contact Craig Walker, Arrowview Intermediate School, 2299 North G St., San Bernardino, CA 92405, (714) 886-9118.

May 14-36

Applefest/Boston, Hynes Auditorium, Boston, MA.

This show will feature more than 200 displays and booths of Apple<ompatible products and accessories. Seminars and panel discussions will be held. Ticket prices are $6 per day or $15 for a three-day pass. Contact National Computer Shows, 824 Boylston St., Chestnut Hill, MA 02167, (617) 739-2000.

498 April 1982 © BYTE PuUfcatiora be

Circle 54 on Inquiry card.

May 15-16

The North American Computer Othello Qiampionship, Learning Resources Center, Andersen Hall, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL. This two-day tournament is sponsored by the United States Othello Association. Champions will be determined in three categories: microcomputer systems (located on site), mainframe systems (telephone hookup), and sjjecialpuipose Othello machiiies. For complete tournament details, write to Professor Peter W. Frey, Dept. of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, EL 60201.

May 16-21

Advanced DP Training Management Workshop, Los Angeles, CA. This workshop

is intended for training managers directly responsible for planning, monitoring, and evaluating data-processing training and reporting to upper4evel management. The prerequisite for this workshop is completion of Deltak's Training Managers' Workshop (see April 25-30) and a minimum of one year's experience since completion, or the equivalent on-dte-job experience. The registration fee is $850. Contact Liiida Hubacek, Deltak Inc., 1220 Kensington Rd., Oak Brook, IL 60521, (312) 920^700.

May 16-19

The Rrst Annual Convention & Exposition of the Electronic Funds Transfer Association—EFT Expo, Fairmont Hotel, Dallas, TX. This convention will feature addresses on a wide range of electronic funds transfer issues, including automated teller interchange, changes in corporate network services, home financial services alternatives, and security. A special forum on the role of electronic funds transfer in the future of financial services deregulation vtfUl

highlight the convention. An equipment exhibit will be featured. For complete details, contact the Electronic Funds Transfer Association, Suite 800,1029 Vermont Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20005, (202) 783-3555,

May 18-20

Microcomputers—A New Tool for Foriisters, Purdue

University, West Lafayette, IN. Sponsored by Purdue University's Department of Forestry and Natural Resources and by the Inventory and Systems Analysis Working Groups of the Society of American Foresters, this conference seeks to advance the professioncd forester's knowledge of microcomputers and their applications in forestry. Session themes include hardware and software considerations as well as information processing and forest-inventory systems. Contact John W. Moser Jr., Dept. of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, (317) 494-3596.

May 19-21

Computer Hong Kong 82, Regent Hotel, Hong Kong.

This three-day program, which embraces the Fifth Hong Kong Computer Conference, will focus on the electroiuc data-processing market. For further details, contact Kallman Associates, 5 Maple Court, Ridgewood, NJ 07450, (201) 652-7070.

May 21-23

The 1982 Computer Showcase Expo, Boston, MA. For details, see April 15-17.

May 22

The Third Annual New Jersey Microcomputer Show & Flea Market, Holiday Irm (North), Newark International Airport, Newark, NJ. This event will feature more than 50 commercial ediibitOFS and ISO

LINEAR CIRCUITS

1 CRYSTALS

2.000

3.0O0 5,000 8.000

18,432

3.579 6.000 10.000

20.000

a 000 6 I'M 18.000

S3-50 ea.

TOGGLE SWITCHES

I06O - SPOT t.W

ano - DPOT

i.sa

206P - OPDT CENTER OFF »I.7B

REGULATORS

LM337 82.33

79HGKC-5Vat5A 86,95

78M05 S JS

LM30SG » .re

320T5.I2.I5Of24 t M 340K-12.ISor24Vt1.» 3«)T-5, 6, 8^9. 12,

1S.1Bor24V...S M LAS14]2 + I2V3A*3.95

.SOLID STA

I P.O. BOX 74 B

SOMERVILLE, MASS. 02143

TEL. (617) 547-7053 TOLL FREE 1-800-343-5230

FOR ORDERS ONLY

HAVE YOUR CAKE ANDEATITTCX)

ITS A PIECE OF CAKE TO CONNECT AM ftcTCK TRIX1 INTERFACE TO YOUR OUVETTI PRAXIS 30 OR 35 CORRECTING ELECTRONIC TYPEWRITER. DAISY WHEEL QUALITY AT DOT MATRIX PRICES!

• 10+ CPS

• ISMINOTEIMSTALLATION

• HALF SPACE JUSTIFICATION

• CABLE REMOVES IN SECONDS

• TYPEWRITER FaNCT. UNIMPAIRED

• AVAILABLE NOW: ATARI & APPLE

• OTHER DIRECT CONNECTIONS AND RS232 AVAILABLE SOON

f^crex

• PRINT AND PRINT «N OPERATE

• NO INTERFACE NEEDED:

USES FRONT CONNECTOR -ATARI USES CONTROLLER PLUG -APPLE

• PRICE: $215-APPLE ADD $10 tBASED ON WARDS PR30 PRICE

• TYPEWRITER AND SERVICE WIDELY AVAILABLE

12225 SW2nd/SaiTE200P.03. GCC

BEAVERTON, OR 97075

Circle 8 on inquiry card.

April 1982 © BYTE Publicalloiu be 499

circle 190 on Inquiry card.

The gnosis version of P-LISP has been acknowledged- as the lines! and most complete available lor Apple microcompulers, and. with the addition ol lloaling point math and HI-RES graphics, 11 becomes an indispensable tool lor educators, scientists, business executives, mathematicians, or applications requiring artilicial intelligence. This excellent program is now available lor only S1P9 95 (DOS 3 3 only)

Included in an attractive binder is a ninety page user's manual which will aid you in creating your P-LISP programs This manual is also available separately lor S20.00. which is lully relundable on purchase-ol the program

P-LISP will run on a 48K or larger APPLE ll'Il-. and will take advanliige ol ALL avail

foi the Apple II

able memory Supplied with the interpreter are several sample programs Including a complete ELIZA

For those ol you who do not lully understand P-LISR we have available the P-LlSP Tutorial lor 325 00 This expertly written lext is bound in a liandsome binder and is packaged to include a disk containing all the sample programs relerenced in the text at no extra charge

formeriy Pegasys Systems, Inc.

4005 Cheitnut Street—Philadelphia, PA 19104 Orden OnlT: 800-523-0725—Penna. Residents: 215-387-1500

Pennsylvania tasldents add 6% sales lax Apple is a ttademarlt ot Apple computet Inc

Event Queue.

flea market sellers. Hardware, software, and accessories for all popular systems will be featured. Contact Kengore Corp., 3001 Rte. 27, Franklin Park, NJ 08823, (201) 2972526, for additional information.

May 23-2i

DP Training Managers'

Workshop, Dallas, TX. For details, see April 25-30.

June 1982

June 6-11

Advanced DP Training Management Workshop, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. For details, see May 16-21.

June 6-11 and June 20-25

DP Training Managers' Woiicshop, Philadelphia, PA,

and Chicago, IL. For details, see April 25-30.

June 13-16

The Fifteenth Annual Conference of the Association of

Small Computer Users in Education, Chatham College, Pittsburgh, PA. This conference will include papers and demonstrations on the educational and administrative uses of computers. Other topics of interest are robotics, Pascal programming, computer literacy, and the use of packaged software in computer courses. For more information, contact Jan Carver, Computer Center, Chatham College, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, (412) 441-8200.

June 15-17

The 1982 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium, Hyatt Regency Hotel,

XCEL® MICROCOMPUTER RETROFIT GRAPHICS

512 X 240 RESOLUTION

FOR COMPUSTAR® SUPERBRAIN® TRS-80® MODEL II Z-89

HARDWARE RETROFIT FROM $895.00

SOFTWARE SUPPORT PROGRAMS

•Symbol Generator •Graph Plotter •3D Generator •Surface Plotter •Graphics Terminal Emulator •Screen Printer

ANADEX EPSON IDS

$175.00 $175.00 $345.00 $395.00 $395.00 $65.00

(800) 421-1423

IN CALIFORNIA CALL

(213) 320-6604

..^?ZXmAXTEK,IIMC. 2908 Oregon Court,Torrance, OA 90503 Available In Europe from MIcronex Ltd., Chew Magna, England 3042 (STD 027-589 3042)

Tns.BO-fegmeted bademarh Tandy Corp • Supeibfan-rradwnatk inleitec Data Systems Taftlronw-iagisrefed badnnark Teklronm. )nc CPM-te{)Uileied Irademark Oqilal Reseatcn

A Message to our Subscribers

From time to time we make the BYTE subscriber list available to other companies who wish to send our subscribers promotional material about their products. We take great care to screen these companies, choosing only those who are reputable, and whose products, services, or information we feel would be of interest to you. Direct mall is an efficient medium for presenting the latest personal computer goods and services to our subscribers.

Many BYTE subscribers appreciate this controlled use of our mailing list, and look forward to finding

information of interest to them in the mail. Used are our subscribers' names and addresses only (no other information we may have is ever given).

While we believe the distribution of this information is of benefit to our subscribers, we firmly respect the wishes of any subscriber who does not want to receive such promotional literature. Should you wish to restrict the use of your name, simply send your request to BYTE Publications Inc, Attn: Circulation Department, 70 Main St, Peterborough NH 03458. Thank you.

500 April 1982 @ BYTE FublkaHoni Inc

Circle 458 on Inquiry card.

INCREDIBLE? believe m ii!

Washinghm Computer Services

MCORPpRATEO

CUSTOM COMPUTER ROOM WIRING SINCE 1960

97 Spring Street, New York, New York 10012 TO ORDER: CALL OUR TOLL-FREE NUMBER: (800) 221-5416 In N.Y. State and for technical information: (212) 226-2121 HOURS: 9 AIVI-5:30 PIVI (EST) IVIonday-Friday TELEX: 12-5606 CABLE: WASHCOIVIP NYK

PRINTERS

150 cps bidirectional - 9x9 dot matrix, quietized case, 136 col, vertical form control and many otfier functions /unu/tQ*;n We feel this printer offers wW'PaJU the best price/performance ratio available. RS-232 serial to 19,200 baud x-on, x-off add $25 r TtJ > Teletype 40,300 LPM-typewriter quality, RS- from Only

^ 232 interface. This quality printer is available in many $3200 configurations including forms access, quietized case, etc. Teletype 43 from $995

Teletype AP-200,340 cps dot matrix (similarto Data Prod. M-200) $2799 NEC Splnwriter-55 cps, bidirectional, letter quality

R.0.7710 $2560 KSR 7720 $2799

DIABLO 630-40 cps, bidirectional, daisy wheel, plot/graph $2349 0UMESprint9/45cps,daisywheel $2228 C. ITOH Starwriter, 25 cps, daisy wheel, parallel $1500 C. ITOH Starwriter, 45 cps, daisy wheel, serial $1680 EPSON MX-80,100, 80 cps, 9x9 dot matrix $CALL ANADEX 9500/9501, up to 200 cps, high resolution dot $1325 OKIDATA Microline 80,80 cps, 9x7 dot matrix $399 Mjcroline82A, bidirectional, friction/pinfeed $525 Microline83A, bidirectional, 120cps, uses15"paper $799 TI-810,150 cps, Basic $1449 Package-Compressed print, vertical form control $1630 MANNESMANN IVIT1705 200 cps, 7x9,132 col $CALL TALiy MT1805 200cps, 7x9 + NLQ40x18matrix $CALL

CENTRONICS $CALL 739100 cps, nxg dot matrix, Full Graphics $567 DEC LA-34 $1085 IDS PRISM, 132C0I., color $1785

S-100 SPECIALTIES

6800016 bit multi-user UNIX V.7

Systems

2200 2065C 281 OA 2422A

;R 808616 blt,128KRAM,Syst.#2 Croup Call US for best prices

high

SCALL

$3499

quality 2nd

INTERNATIONAL

NorttiStaf

us tor best prices on these generation boards and systems.

California '^^^^^ '^'9'^ quality, reliable products have made CCS Computer defacto industry standard for S-100 products Systems Assembled and tested: list only

H.D. Mainframe, 20a. P.S,, 12 slot MB $434 $359

64K dynamic RAM/Bank Select $720 $580

Z-80 CPU, serial port, ROM monitor $310 $259

Floppy Cont, CP/M 2.2, ROM monitor $425 $345

8000 SX, multi-user, multi-processor, turbo DOS SCALL CPM 2.2. FULL 2 YEAR WARRANTY!

We offer generous discounts on ttie Compupro line of ^„fast, quality 8 and 16 bit boards M ADVANTAGE SCALL

& HORIZON

NEC Low prices on PC-8000 series

$CALL

Similar savings on the full lines of CCS, SSM, NNC, IVIORROW, DELTA, NORTHSTAR, ITHACA INTERSYSTEMS, GODBOUT, NEC, TELEVIDEO, IMS ZENITH, ADDS, DEC, DATA GEN., ATARI, DYNABYTE, TECMAR, DUAL

8" DISK DRIVE SALE

8"SHUGARTSA801R $450 8"SHUGARTSA851R $669 2for$1289

QUMEDATATRACK8 $589 2for$1110

VISTA industrial grade enclosure for 2 drives with P.S. $420

MORROW Discus 20 + CP/ M®, MICROSOFT BASIC, CONT. $950

Discus 2 -h 2 + CP/ M®, MICROSOFT BASIC, CONT. $1195

Enclosure, power supply for 2 8"drives A &T $350

HARD DISK SPECIALS List only

CORVUS 10MB and controller $5358 $CALL

20MB and controller $6450 $CALL

Constellation Network MuHlpiexer and Mirror Video Tape Disk Backup MORROW 26MB -I- controller + CP/M 2.2®, M basic $4495 $3821 , confroiier, CDC Hawk Drive (5 fix, 5 rem) $7995 $6795

controller. Western Dynex (5 fix, 5 rem) $5995 $5099

Winchester 5'A drives complete with case, cable, mAhF software, S-100 controller. Adapter avail, for use with

^OXCOIVIP 3ny Z-80 system. Cartridge drive controllers avail. ^ List 5 MB APPLE z-89 $2898

10MB "iffox OEM discounts available! r.s.mod.ii $3398

ALTOS S-100

|f:]':4^l PRIAM 8" and 14" Winchester/tape subsystems avail. ACCOUNTING PLUS $CALL WORDSTAR $300 DBASE 11 $525

MBASIC80 $235 SUPERCALC $221

FULLY CONFIGURED RUSINESS SYSTEMS

The following are some examples of the fully assembled and tested business and scientific computer systems which we offer. Ail include 64K bytes RAM, Z-80A, 4mh CPU. We offer a full line of quality, tested software.

DDOteD'&^fteODDS fine computers $CALL Delta S-45D010 User, Multi-Processor, 40 MB hard 17 MBtape $CALL CC2210Aw/floppycontroller, 1 serial port $1849 CCS 300-1A w/1.2 MB floppy drives, 2 serial, 2 parallel ports $4849 CCS400-1A w/10 MB hard disc, 2 serial, 2 parallel ports $6999 NNC SOW W/5MB floppy, 8.4 MB hard disc, (OASIS optional) $6693 ALTOS single and multi-user systems $CALL nHnNH Decision 1, CP/M Microsoft Basic, UNIX SCALL VIiDOV Desktop computer-64K, 2 floppys. (CP/M avail.) AtKUA. List $2995 SCALL We offer multi-user networks by DELTA PRODUCTS, DISCOVERY, TELEVIDEO, MUSYS, IMS, DIGITAL MICROSYSTEMS

TERMINALS pmmi modem $359

AMPEX DIALOGUE 30, 80,81 $CALL

TELEVIDEO 910 C (multi-terminal) $610

925C $795

950C $950

S0R0CIQ120 $729

HAZELTINE ESPRIT $669

DECVT-100 $1575 Similar savings for our HAZELTINE and LEAR SIEGLER lines

LOOK HERE!

Call us for ALL your softwear needs Dialogue 80 Systems Houses, Educational Institutions, & Government Agencies Given Special Consideration

ALL OF OUR PERIPHERALS CAN BE CONFIGURED FOR RADIO SHACK® IVIODEL II

DEALER and INTERNATIONAL INQUIRIES WELCOME

For fast delivery, send certified check, money order or call to arrange direct bank wire transfer. Personal or company checks require two to three weeks to clear. All prices are mail order only. Prices subject to change without notice; call for latest prices. Prices include 3% cash discount. N.Y. residents add sales tax. Qantex is a trademark of North Atlantic Industries, Inc. Radio Shack® is a trademark of the Tandy Corp. CP/M® is a trademark of Digital Research. All sales subject to our standard sale conditions (available on request).

Circle 430 on Inquiry card.

BYTE April 1982 501

Event Queue

Dallas, TX. The theme of this symposium is "Thirty Years of Microwaves." Papers and tutorials on a wide range of topics, including computeraided design and measurement techniques, microwave field and network theory, as well as satellite communications/microwcive isystems, will be piiesented. Contact J. R. Griffin, Texas Instruments Inc., Mail Stop 3432, POB 405, Lewisville, TX 75067, (214) 462-5693.

June 15-17

The Office Automation Show/Conference, Barbican Centre, London, England. For

details on this show and conference, contact Clapp &

General Software

Main Offices: 9060 Arrowood Ot. Terre Haute, IN 47802

WE HONOR

VtSA iand MASTERCHARGE

TOLL FREE - Outside Indiana 1-800-457-0517 ORDER DESKS (812) 299-2484

Best Selection

Best Service

Write for our famous CATALOG. Contains many items not In ad.

Outside US add $10 plus additional postage. Add $3.50 postage and handling per each Item. Indiana residents add 4% sales tax. Allow 2 weeks on checks. COD ok. Prices sub|ect to change without notice. All items subject to availability.

Poliak International, 7315 Wisconsin Aye., Washington, DC 20014, (301) 657-3090.

June 16-18

The Twentieth Annual Meieting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. This meeting features papers on syntax, computational semantics, discourse analysis and speech acts, machine translation, as well as the mathematical and theoretical foundations of computational linguistics. For additional information, contact Don Walker, Artificial Intelligence Center, SRI International,

COMPUTER CONTROL

•Fabs(B-Tree) $159/25

Ullrasort $159/25

CONDOR COMPUTER

Condor II...., $549/50

Condor III $899/50

DIGITAL RESEARCH CP/M

2.2 Intel MDS-800 $149/25

Northstar (Horizon) $149/25

Mioropolis $169/25

TRS Model II $159/35

CB-BO $469/35

CBasic2 •. $ 98/20

ERIC COMPUTER

■Supervyx $ 89/15

FAIRCOM

'Micro B +

(Specify language) $229/20

FINANCIAL PLANNINQ

•Mini Model $449/50

FRIENDS

ACCESS 80 I $249

ACCESS 80II $429

FRONTIER SOrrWARE

Professional

Time Accounting $549/40

General Subroutine $269/40

Application Utilities $439/40

ISA

Spellguard $229/25

SP/Law $109

PASCAL LANQUAQE

Pascal Z $349/30

Pascal MT+ 75.5 $429/30

Compiler $316/20

SPPOnly $140/15

KEY BITS

Wordsearch $179/50

Siring 80 $ 84/20

String 80 (Source) $279

String Bit $ 65

LEXISOFt

•Spellbinder ..., $349/45

MICRO AP

Selector IV $269/35

Selector V $469/50

SBasIc $269/25

Menlo Park, CA 94025, (415) 859-3071.

June 28-30

National Educational Computing Conference (NECC82), Radisson-Muehlebach

Hotel, Kansas City, MO. This conference features papers, sessions, panel discussions, and exhibits of educatioiul computing products. Among the topics to be addressed are

MICRO TAX

•Level II

$995

•LevelIII

$749

•Combo ii +ill

$1495

. 49

Run time module

MICRO PRO

20

WS Custom Notes

$429/na

$109/25

$419/85

$249/60

DS Custom Notes

I429/na

Calcstar

$259/na

,$199/40

$175/40

MICROSOFT

$298

$329

Fonran-80

$349

Coboi-80

$629

M-Sort

$124

Macro-80

$144

Edil-80

$ 84

$224

$174

NORTHWEST ANALYTICAL

$439/40

OASIS

•"TheWord"

$ 75

ORGANIC SOFTWARE

•Jextwriter ill

$111/25

• Datebook

$269/25

•Milestone

$269/30

PEACHTREE SOFTWARE

General Ledger

$399/40

Accounts Receivable

$399/40

$399/40

$399/40

inventory

399/40

$399/40

add $119

Series 6-Peactitree

CPA

$799/40

Property Mgt

.$799/40

Passive Payroll

$449/40

Series 7-Peachtree

Sales Tracker

$3049/55

AR-Sales Analysis

$1299/50

"Computer Use in the Physical Sciences," "Computer Education for Teachers," and "Computer Science, Engineering, and Information Systems Education." For more information, contact E. Michael Staman, NECC-82 General Chairman, Computer Services, 305 Jesse Hall, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211. ■

Inventory $799/40

Order Entry $699/40

REDDING GROUP

•Urnx $199/20

SOHOGROMP

Matchntaker $ 97/20

Worksheet $177/20

SORCOM

■Pascal/MZ80 $349/40

Pascal/M 86/88 $449/40

•Act 65 $149/20

•Act 68 •Act 69

•Act 86/88 $149/25

•Trans 86 $119/25

•Supercalo $269

SOUTHERN COMPUTERS

•Raid $224/35

■Raid FP $349/35

•FFP $224/15

"Recover $ 75

•RADAR $449/25

ISIS $224/20

STRUCTURED SYSTEMS GROUP

General Ledger $849/40

Accounts Receivable $849/40

Accounts Payable $849/40

Payroll $849/40

Inventory $849/40

Order Entry $849/40

Analyst , $224/25

Letteright $159/20

NAD $ 89/20

Qsort $ 89/20

SUPERSOFT

•Diagnostic II $ 84/20

•Forth $149/30

•SSS Fortran $219/30

• Fortran w/RATFOR $289/35

•C Compiler $175/20

•DiskDoctor $ 84/20

•Term I $129/25

Term II $169/25

Z8000 Xassembler $449/35

Others less 10% WHITESMITHS

C Compiler $600/30

Pascal (inci C) $850/45

Call lor catalog and other listings

ARTIFICIAL INTELUGENCE'

Disk Manual with ' Only Manual

Dental (PAS-3) $849/40

Medical (PAS-3) $849/40

ASHTON-TATE

•dBASEII $575/50

BUSINESS PLANNINQ SYSTEMS

Plan-80 ....; 269/30

BYROM SOFTWARE

•BSTAM : $149/15

•BSTMS $149/15

* Available tor Apple with Soflcard

In ord puter cc should r date of I Publicati

ptimal coverage of your organization's cornseminars, workshops, courses, etc, notice flee at least three months in advance of the ntries should be sent to: Event Queue, BYTE !72, Hancock NH 03449. Each month we

publish the current contents of the queue for the month of the cover date and the two following calendar months. Thus a given event may appear as many as three times in this seaion if it is sent to us far enough in advance.

502 April 1«82 © BYTE PublicaUoiu Inc

Circle 185 on Inquiry card.

Circle 165 on inquiry card.

FLOPPY DISK DRIVES

SPECIAL!!!!!!!! QUIVIE DATATRAK 8

Virtually the industry standard. High quality/ reliability. Full featured, double sided, double density.

Tan'don TM 848 $545

$525 quantity 1, $499 quantity 2 up.

TANDON DOUBLE SIDED, DOUBLE DENSITY MINIS

TM100-2 .... 48 TPI (500 KBYTES)

Compatible with Northstar, Cromemco, TRS-80

TM100-4 96 TPI (1000 KBYTES)

Compatible with Zenith, Heath, etc, TANDON SVa" HARD DISKS

TM 602 (5MB)

TM 603 (10MB)

$325 $425

.$1195 .$1295

CONTROLLERS

Tarbell single density kit $195

Tarbell single density A & T $310

Tarbell double density A 8i T $425

CCS 2422 w/CPM 2.2 $350

Godbout Disk 1 $450

MDA MXV-21 LSI-11 controller (RX-01, RX-02 compatible)

CPU

CCS 2810 $ 275

Godbout Z-80A .. $275

Godbout 8085A $ 295

MEMORY

CCS 2065 64K dynamic $ 595

CCS 2116 32K static $ 625

Godbout RAIVl 17 64K $ 675

I/O

CCS 2710 4 SIO $ 325

Godbout Interfacer 1 , $ 225

Godbout Interfacer 2 $ 225

$1050

MISCELLANEOUS

2 Disl< drive enclosure $ 95

(fits Siemens, Shugart, Qume)

CP-206 power supply $110

(powers two floppies)

Mini-Enclosure with power supply

1 drive $ 85

2 drives $120

Cable Kits 2 drives $ 35

3 drives $ 40

4 drives $ 45

NEW!!!!

Qume Sprint 9 DAISY WHEEL PRINTER . . $2395

45 CPS, RO. Available in KSR version. Call for further particulars. Ribbons; $125/oase Bidirectional tractor feed $2'25

NEW I!!!

ABM 85 Video Terminal . . $ 895

— Detachable keyboard

— Televideo 920, ADM 3A compatible

— High resolution green phosphor (23 MHZ)

— Extra multi-bus or S-100 slot for stand-alone capability

Electrolabs

POB 1608, Palo Alto, OA 94302 (415) 965-7040

Terms of sale; cash or checks, MC/ VISA. Min. order $25. CA residents add 6% tax. Prices subject to change without notice. A'l goods subject to prior sale.

SUNNY

POWER SUPPLIES

0

FOR S-100, FLOPPY DISKS.

KIT 1, 2 & 3 For s-100

R3

For Three 8" or SVa" Disk Drives

S-100 POWER SUPPLY KITS (open frame with base plate, a hps. assy, time)

@ + 8 Vdc (S - 9 Vdc (g + 16 Vdc @ - 16 Vdo @ + 28 Vdc SIZE W x D x H

ITRM

USED FOR

S3 2 in 1 Unit for S-100 and two 8" or S'A" Disk Drives. It fits most Disk System Mainframes.

PRICE

KIT 1 15 CARDS SOURCE 15A KIT 2 SYSTEM SOURCE 25A KIT 3 DISK SYSTEM ISA

1A

2.5A 3A 2A

2.5A 3A 2A

4A

12'' X 5" X 478" 12" X 5" X 47/8" 14" X 6" X 4%"

54.95 61.95 69.95

DISK DRIVE POWER SUPPLY "R3" regulated, open frame, assy & tested 69.95

SPECS. + 5V @ 5A OVP. -5V @ 1A + 24V@ 5A. SHORTS PROTECT. 2 SIZES AVAIL, 1.) 9" (W) x B'/i" (D) x 4% " (H), 2) 9" (W) x 4'/e" (D) x S'A" (H)

OPTION: 1.) REPLACE + 24V BY + 12V, 2.) FOR SIZE 1 ONLY, ADD ± 12V @ 1A, AT AN ADDITIONAL $12.00.

IDEAL FOR THREE 8 or 5'M FLOPPY DISK DRIVES. SUCH AS SHUGART 801/851, SIEMANS FDD 100-8/200-8 OR 100-5 ETC.

DISK SYSTEM PWR SUPPLY "S3" open frame, assy. & tested, compact size: wm x a- (d) x s" (H) 99.95

REGULATED OUTPUTS FOR DISK DRIVES +5V @ 4A, -5V @ lA. +24V @ 4A (OR + 12V @ 4A). SHORTS PROTECT.

UNREGULATED OUTPUTS FOR S-100: +8V @ 14A, + 16V @ 3A, (OPTION: ADD OVP FOB -t-SV, ADD $5.001

A COMPLETE UNIT FOR DISK SYSTEM W^ITH THE MAINFRAME CONTAINING 12 SLOTS & TWO 8" Or 5Va" DISK DRIVES.

POWER TRANSFORMERS (with mounting brackets)

ITEM PRIMARY SECONDARY #1 SECONDARY #2 SECONDARY #3 SIZE W x D x H PRICE

T4

110/120 110/120 110/120 110/120 110/120

2x8 Vac, ISA 2x8 Vac, 2SA 2x8 Vac, ISA 2x8 Vac, 6A 2x8 Vac, 6A

28 Vac, CT, 2.5A 28 Vac, CT, 3.5A 28 Vac, CT, 2.5A 28 Vac, CT, 1.5A 28 Vac, CT, 2A

48 Vac, CT, 2A 48 Vac, CT, 3A

3%' 3%' 3%' 3%' 3'

X 3%" X 3Vi" X 4%" X 3Vb" X 4%" X 3Va" X 3%" X 3Va" X 3" X 2W

22.95 28.95 30.95 23.95 15.95

SHIPPING For each power supply $5.50 in Calif., $8.00 in other states, $18.00 in Canada. For each Transformer $5.00 in all States, $12.00 in Canada. Calif. Residents add 6% Sales Tax.

MAILING ADDRESS: ' SUNNY INTERNATIONAL SHIPPING ADDRESS

TORrSJcI'cA 90510 (TRANSFORMERS MANUFACTURER) . 22129V. a VERMON^^^^ IS^-iSS-K^goRmExsuNvcoTRUc (213) 328-2425 MON-SAT 9-6 TORRANCE, CA 90502

Circle 391 on Inquiry card.

BYTE April 1982 503

APPLE, TRS80, Tl, IBM, PET... TRY! OUR $99 SELECTOR SWITCH

Available for RS232, IEEE 488, BNC...

Our $B9(- SBAB) switch will save you money and < prinlot, modem elc. The selection Is made by lurnlng rrie Ironl panel Knob. Eliminate Itie aggravation ol connecting and disconnecting cable3. Our -SBAB two position unit can connect one printer to two CPU's. II can also be used to connect one CPU to either a printer or a modem. We also have 3, 4, 5, & 6 position units. In tact we have about 3D models to satlsly all the common applications. Our products are the most popular iinlls on the msrkei We sold over 10,000 units. We offer a S YEAR WARRANTY. OUR UNITS HAVE AN EXCLUSIVE MONITORING OPTION. We have disiflbulors and Qeaters in most cities. 11 your favorite computer dealer does not carry a Giltronix Switch please have him call us. We offer (he greatest discounts as well as evaluation samoles Callusfora FREE coloilul catalog.

DQ[LT^@ii=ii[i^. mc

I UNIVERSAL INTERFACE PRODUCTS

970 San Anionio Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94306 DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED! Call (415)493-1300

TRS 80 USER

OILTRONIX SOLVBO YOUR SWITCHINa PKMLlM

A OUR S1B9.00 •■GTHS-2AB-AP2" SWITCHING UNIT, WILL CONNECT THE OUTPUT OF YOUR TRS 80 TO TWO (2) DEVICES (LINE PRINTERS. DAISY WHEEL PRINTERS ETC). TO SELECT DEVICE 1 OR 2. SIMPLY TURN THE KNOB TO THE DESIRED POSITION. NO MORE MESSINQ WITH CABLESI EASY TO INSTALL EASY TO OPERATEI S YEAR WARRANTY I

B. SAME UNIT FOR THREE m DEVICES, REQUEST PART Na QTR52ABC-AP4 isiae.oo].

C, TO SHAfS ONE PRINTER BETWEEN TWO (8) TRS SB'S. fffiOUEST PART NO. GTR&2AB-AP1 (SieS.O^

ALL FOUR UNITS ARE AVAILABLE FROM STOCK.

OTHER SWnCHINQ PRODUCTS ARE A3JBO AVAIUBLE WE HAVE OVER 30 MODELS OF MANUJO. REMOTE MD AUTOMATIC UNITS. SEE NEXT COLUMN FOR A(»}mONAL INFORMATION.

CONTACT G1LTR0NIX OR OUR LOCAL DISmiBUTORS. DEALER IMOUIMES INVtTEDI Call (415) 483-1300

UNIVERSAL INTERFACE PRODUCTS

o Av*., Palo Alio. CA B430S

Circle 187 on inquiry card.

Circle 188 on inquiry card.

T-BAR- COMPATIBLE SWITCHING UNITS

OILTRONIX i> now all«ring ■ lint of T-BAfl* COmpaUM twttcftlng .

ctliso Q0nS!4 lis du*l iwllchlrtB modulm that mount in a TBU IV AACK (STOQ ■Brill). It you niid lo ixpind your prMenl lytlMnyMetniMOtLIIKMIxaDn unllr whlcli ottar Mvaral dliilnct advinUBH.

1. PXt. board leonmlegy InilMd «f indlvMuat wtring.

2. All oannHim are mounud on ■ taar nrntt m a mttm »m(Um Initoaa ol ■ 49' angle.

3. Opllenat3nl,poiMlon(OFF) iviiKDii.

4. Totally H^ad P.C boara mounnbla swlicn.

5. ftwe p« dwnnal tW.oo

B. OpUonat monltDring LfOi. For TiOATA inn RxDATA, aiLTRONIX !■ alio olttfIng tl't own vanion ol Iht tV RACIC. The OtLTRONix vi 1* 60% flion •inelant ainea II ol(«n up to 1« di im cnannali (max. Mpaelty tot T-BAR HACK)

Smih

<n iDT adaillonal InlumalMn.

DEALER INQUIRIES INVUEDI

Call (419493-1300

DDILm@M[12S..DKlC

I UNIVERSAL INTERFACE PRODUCTS

B70 San Antonio Ava., Palo Alto. CA 9430e

Circle 189 on Inquiry card.

SOFTWARE AUTHORS

Cash in on your creative energies, join InfoSoft Computer Systems' SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM. Get all of your R&D hardware at our distributiorcost plus

20% Royalty 1

We give you personalized service, offer a nonexclusive marketing agreement, plus otlier specialized services. We seek: fiigh level language compilers, cross-assemblers, utilities, DMBS, new OS, educ. and business applications, and any other marketable program. We offer full development and documentation. Don't hesitate, contact us immediately. Michael L Dean, V.P. R&D InfoSoft Computer Systems

2699 Clayton Rd. Concord, CA 94519

(415)680-0202

Single Source Solution

RS-232 PROBLEMS?

We have a large assortment of problem solvers at B & B ELECTRONICS, send for our new Catalog.

RS-232 TESTER. Seven LED'S display the status of RS-232 lines; $38.95

RS-232 DATA TAP. Lets you tap data off a RS-232 line: $34.95

RS-232 NULL MODEM. Replaces a set of modems for testing: $19.95

RS-232 GENDER REVERSERS. Con

vert a male connector to female or a female to male. Either one: $19.95 Set of both Reversers: $34.95

B & B ELECTRONICS BOX 475 / MENDOTA, IL 61342

IL Residents add 5% Tax

Circle 205 on Inquiry card.

Circle 178 on Inquiry card.

special '^'-cM^

HP-86S $2540 00

HP.83s $1450.00

HP-9895 Dual 8' Drives $5300 00

HP.8292 Dual 5 'Dnves $1960 00

HP-7225B Ploller $1720 00

LOBO Disc Drives $ 395 00

IDS 445G Printers S 699 00

NEC Spinwrilers

Wllh Tractors $2560 00

IDS 460G Printers $1099.00

IDS 560G Printers $1330.00

C ITOH Starwriter 25's $1300 00

CCS 300 Dual 8" Drive computer viiith

64K RAM. OASIS. CP/M 2.4MB Disc

memory. 2 serial ports. 1 parallel

port and a Tetevideo

910 CRT Call for price

CDC Lark Subsystems Call for price

eode's

DATA SYSTEMS

PLETE SYSTEMS AND SUPPORT TEAM"

Circle 250 on Inquiry card.

\ferbatim

flexible disks

Call Free (800) 235-4137 for prices and information. Dealer iriquiries Invited. C.O.D. and charge cards accepted.

PACIFIC EXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd. San Luis Obispo, CA 93401. In Cal. call (800) 592-5935 or (805) 543-1037.

LABELS

l5/16"x3'/2" white pressure 1 up - pin feed sensitive

PRICE INCLUDES SHIPPING

Packed 5M per box - Min. order 1 box -$14.95 Check with order - Mass Residents add 5% Sales Tax

1 CHECK-MATE "

P.O. Box 103, Randolph, MA 02368 Telephone: 617-963-7694

NEW! for the '89 from

MAGNOLIAfl

MICROSYSTEMS

DOUBLE DENSITY DISK CONTROLLER

for both 5V4" S, 8" drives only $595 complete including CP/M™2.2

MAGNOLIA MICROSYSTEMS, INC. 2812 Thorndyke W.. SeatXIe 98199 (SOB] 285-7288 (800) 426-2841

CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research.

Circle 319 on inquiry card

Circle 81 on Inquiry card.

Circle 246 on Inquiry card.

64K STATIC RAM BOARD FOR S-100 BUS

$470

FEATURES

• Conforms to IEEE 696 standard.

• 8 or 16 bit data transfers.

• 24 bit addressing.

• Bank select in 32K-32K or 48K-16K.

• Banks selectablotieselectable on DMA.

• Responds to phantonn pin 67 or 16.

• 2K X 8 static rams witfi 2716 pin out.

• Power consumption is typically 600 ma.

• Banks on or off on power up.

• Bank addressable to any of 256 possible ports.

• 8MHz witli 150ns parts standard, faster speeds available on request.

• Available partially loaded as a32K board.

• Multiple bank residence.

OMNIRAM

OMNIRAM INTRODUCTION:

The Fulcrum Computer Products OMNIRAM for the IEEE 696 (S100) bus provides 64 kilobytes of fast static random access memory. Provision is made for 8 or 16 bit transfers, extended 24 bit addressing, and for control via the bus phantom line. In addition, a number of features are included to make the OMNIRAM compatible v\/ith systems designed before the IEEE 696 standard was developed. These include bank selection and provision for operation with IMSAI-type front panels. When the bank select option is activated, the board is divided into two parts which can reside in separate banks. The division of the board may be into two 32K sections or into one 16K section and one 48l< section. Provision is made for DMA overide of bank select if needed. The board is also compatible with IEEE 696 or IMSAI-type extended addressing.

Omniram 64 64K

With200ns. Rams $470

With 150ns. Rams $490

^^^^^^^^ With 120ns. Rams $550

FULCRUM" Distributed by:

COMPUTER PRODUCTS WW COMPONENT SUPPLY INC. 1771JUNGTI0N AVENUE • SAN JOSE, OA 95112

32K

$325

$340

$395

(408)295-7171

Circle 441 on inquiry card.

APPLE EXTENDER CARD

$29.95

Extends Apple Cards Above Computer for Servicing and Debugging

APPLE E>CrENDER CARD ... .$29.95

IBM EXTENDER CARD $34.95

IBM Prototyping Board $34.95

RS-Z32 Board for TRS-80

Model III $94.95

32K Memory Exp. Board for

TRS-80 Color Computer

(Adds 16K) $79.95

(Colo. Residents Add 3% Sales Tax) DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

IMAGE TECHNOLOGY. INC.

P.O. BOX 1S4S6 LAKEWOOD. COLORADO 80215 303-232-9580

Smartmodem

• Auto-Answer • Auto-Dial • Repeat

• Programmable - Use Any Language

• Touch-Tone and Pulse Dialing

• Audio Monitor - Listen to Connection

• FCC-Approved Direct-Con nect

• Full or Half Duplex. 0-300 Baud

• RS-232C Interface • 7 Status LED's

• Two Year Limited Warranty

$249

Send certified ctieck or money order Allow two weeks for personal check Florida residents add 4% sales tax

nee coMPUT€R pftODuas

■ of Florido Inc.

1640 N.W. 3rd STREET DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA. 33441 VOICE: 305.427-12S7/DATA: 305-427-6300

4

CH/P5

THE IIHFLATION FIGHTERSI

4116 300ns 8/S 11.00

4116 250ns 8/S 12.00

4116 200ns B/$13.00

4116 150ns 8/«16.00

2114L 300ns B/$16.25

2114L 200ns 8/S 17.00

4164 200ns S9.00

6116 200ns $10.00 ZBOA CPU $5.50 ea. 8251A $4.75 ea.

2716-1 <5V)35Ons8/«7.00ea.$7.50ea. 2716 (SV)450ns 8/$3.90 ea.$4.15 ea. 2732 (5V)450ns 8/$9.75 ea.$ 10.25 ea. 2532 (3V)450ns8/$10.50ea.$12.00ea.

Allow up 10 3 wks. for peraonal checks to clear.

Please include phone number. Prices subject to

change without notice.

Add $3.50 Shipping & Handling

Wash, residents add 6.6% Sales Tax

CHIPS & DALE „ .

P.O. Box 31607 Master Charge

Seattle, Wash. Zip 98103 VISA accepted.

1-206-524-9126

Circle 202 on Inquiry card.

Circle 7 on Inquiry card.

Circle 83 on Inquiry-card.

"™™lleiiHi Users

Double Your 5%" disk storage

capacity without adding a drive.

Get twice as much from your H88 or H89 microcomputer. Our FDC-880H floppy dislt controller, in conjunction with your 5%" drives, for example, expands memory capacity from 256 bytes to 512 bytes per sector.

And it handles single and doublesided, single and double-density, 8" and 5'/," drives — simultaneously.

Call 714/275-1272 today or write for details.

01

C.D.R. Systems Inc.

Controlled Data Recording Systems. Inc. 7667 Vickers St., San Diego. CA 921U

A

ATARI

4 00 16K $325.00

400 YOURS TO 32K or 48X - - - - CALL

800 16K - -- -- -- -- -- - 659.00

410 RECORDER ____ B4.00

810 DISK DRIVE - -- -- -- -- 449.00

850 INTERFACE - -- -- -- -- 169.00

830 MODEM - - -- -- -- -- - 157.00

825 PRINTER - -- -- -- -- - 575,00

484 COMMUNICATOR - -- -- -- - 309.00

ITT Cordless phone ------- 199.95

ZENITH CRN. PHOS. MONITOR - - - 129.OO

EPSON PRINTERS --------- CAU,

SOFTWARE - -- -- -- -- -- - CALL

SHARP CALCULATORS ------- cALL

specials: - CALL

Prices subject to change without notice. Shipping extra. No tax out of state. Ca. residents add ai^ropriate taxes.

WE ARE AN AOTHORIZED ATARI SALES AND SERVICE CENTER

COMPUTERTIMEJNC.

I PO BOX 216

KENTFIELD, CA 94914 CALL TOLL-FREE 800-227-2520 In California 800-772-4064

VOLTAGE SURGE & TRANSIENT SUPPRESSOR

Protects Most Electronic Equipment

The SUPPRESSOR electronically removes or reduces sudden voltage changes. It simply plugs into a power receptical on the same circuit as the equipment being protected.

END POWER LINE SPIKES, SURGES, HASH... Only$29.?3ea. Dealer Inquiries

Invited.

CUESTA SYSTEMS, INC.

3440 Robe rto Courr

San Luis Obispo, California 93401

(805) 541-4160

Circle 77 on inquiry card.

Circle 120 on inquiry card.

Circle 133 on inquiry card.

Floppy Discs SAVE 40%

51/ " SpecKysoft, Prlce/10 /4 10or16sector

l\AD62S 1 sida/dbl dens «27.30

MD550 2 sides/dbl dens 44.20

MD577 1 sid8/77 track 32.50

MDS57 2 sldes/77 track .44.20

811 Critically Certified Soft sector

FD34-9000 1 sida/sgl dens 33.80

F034-8000 1 sids/dbl dens 39.00

FD34-4001 2aida/dbldens 46.20

CHECKS - VISA - MC - C.O.D. 13131 777-7730 ADD $2 SHIPPING

LYBEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS 27204 Harper Ave. St. Clair Shores, Ml 48081

EPSON

DOT MATRIX PRINTERS SUPER DISCOUNTS ON

MX-80F/T ,o^«, NOW MX-80 Lo^«, IN

MX-100 LOWER I STOCK

We also stock direct connect cables for TRS-80, Apple, Atari, Pet or RS 232

(209) 667-2888

GRAPHICS ROM'S AVAILABLE

A a'^mcrothoni

ICS, inc..

EPROn-32

The only EPROM programmer you neeil!

• IEEE-696 (S-100) EPBOM programmer lor single-supply ( + 5V1 EPflOMs.

• Programs curreni IK llirougli 8K Ibylel EPROMs plus luture 16K and 32K EPBOMs.

' Personality Motlules adapt board to diflereni EPROM types: PM-1-2506.2756 PM-4 - 2564 2516.2716 PM-6-2764 PM-2-2532 PM-6 - 68764

PM-3-2732 PM-7-2528ITI-16K)

■ Zero'lnsertion-foice socket accommodales bntli 24-pln and 26-pln EPROM pacltages.

■ DIP switch selection of programming ports and EPROM address lor verification and/or tise.

■ On-Doard DC-lo-DC converter with adiustabie regulator (or programming voltage.

■ Programming voltage switched liy software.

• Double-sided PC board with solder masks, silkscreen and gold-plated contact fingers.

■ Documentation includes source listing of 6080/280 software for programming and verification.

—-r^ T" 5269.95

niCTOPtjngmiCl lassemUleil i tested)

Corporation

PO. Bo« 17577 Memphis, TN 38117 (901I-765-OB19

Price includes EPROM-32. documentation and two personality modules {spedlyl. Addiliottai moduie5-S795. Programmina/ vetilication software on 8 inct) siinle density CP/M-compailtile dlskelle-S9.9S.

MASTERCARD S VISA-TN residents add 6% sates lax.

Circle 242 on Inquiry card.

Circle 245 on Inquiry card.

Circle 271 on inquiry card.

^S^^C]^ ^^^H Santa CA 95054

^H^V^pi prTpnMir^^^^W" "lis: 2322 Walsh Ave. ^^^J^ELECTRONICS ^^^gj ggg^g^^

■^^W Same day shipment. First line parts only. Factory tested. Guaranteed money back. Quality IC's and other components at factory prices.

INTEGRATED CIRCUITS Phone orders only (800) 538-8196

FULL LINE ALL PARTS & COMPUTER PRODUCTS

74£WnL

74O0N 74D3N

74CI9N 74 J ON 7414N 7420N 7430N 7442N 7445N 7447tl 744aN 7474N

7475N

74a5N

7489N

7490H

749SN

74I00N I

74I07N

74123H

74125N

74145N

741 SON 1

74151N

74154N 1

74157N

74161N

74162N

74163N

74174N

74175N

74IB3N

741S3N

74221N 1

7429aN

74365N

74366N

743fi7N

74LSHTTL

74LSaCH

741.502N

74LS<I4N

74LS05N

74LS0BN

74LS10N

74LS13N

74L.S14N

74LS2DN

74LS2ZN

74LS2BN

74LS3aN

74LS33N

74LS38N

74LS74N

74LS7SN

74LS90N

74LS93N

74LS95N

74LS1D7N

74LSn2N

74LS113N

74LS132N

74LS136N

74LS151N

74LS155N

74LS157M

74LSmN

74LS163N

74L8174Pf

74LS190N 1

74LS221N 1

74LS25BN

74LS367N

UHEAH

CA3045 CA3046 1 CA3081 1 CA30a2 1 CA30a9 3 LM301AN'AH LM3(jSH LM307W LM30SS LM309K 1. LM31.t>MI

LM3in 1 65

imVK 3 75

LM318 1 49

LM32DK-5 1 35

LM320K-12 135

LM320K-15 1.35

LM320T-5 .85

LM32aT-S .85

Lmzm-n m

LM3Z0T-15 .S5

LM323K-5 4.9S

LM324fl .59

LM33SN .99

I LM340K-5 1.35

I LM340K-B 1.35

i LM340K-I2 I 35

I LM340K-15 1 35

i LM340K-24 1.35

I LM340T-5 75

I LM340T-e 75

I LM340T-12 75

' LM340T-15 75

■ LIM340 M8 75 I LM340I-24 75 I LU350 5 50

■ LM377 2 29 LM3S0N 1.00 LM3ei 1.60

LM709H

IM723H/N

LM733N

LM741CH

LM74lfJ

:M74 7HN

LU748N

LM1303N

LM1304

LM1305

LMI307

LM1310

LM14S8

LM1812

LM18e9

LM2ni

LMZ902

LM39(nN

LM3905

Uri390m

MCI45BV

NE550N

NE555V

NE556A

NES65A

NE566V

NE567V

NE570B

7BL05

7BL0a

78M05

7S108

75491CN

75492CN

75434CN

75 A 10 D CDNVEHTEfl

4.50

13.95 22.00 13.95

870003 8701CN S750CJ

L01U 8.9S

HOOCJV/F 7.40 ICL7103 9.S0 ICL7107 14.25

CMOS

CD4D00 .25 CD4001 35 CD4aa2 .35 CD4006 .95 CD4007 .25 CD400B .95 C04009 .45 C04010 CD40n CD401Z CD40J3 CD4014 CD4015 CD4018

CO4017 1

cD40ia

CD4019

CD4Q20

CD4021

CD4022 1

CO4023

CD4024

CD402S

CD4026 1

C04027

CD402e

CD4029

CD403O

CD'1035

CD4040

CD4042

CO4043

CD4044

CD4046

CD4a4g

CD4050

CD4051

CD4060 1

CD406e

CD406S

CO4069

CD4070

CD4071

CD4072

CD4073

CD4075

CD4076

CD4078

CD4081

CD4D82

CD4116

C04490 5

CD4507

CD4508 1

CD4510

CD45tl

C04515 2

C04516 1

CD451B 5

CU4520 5

CD4S27 1

C0452S 1

C04553 3

C045GE 2

C04Se3 2

C045S5

CD40192 3

74C00

74Ca4

74C10

74C14

74C20

74C30

74048 1

74074

74C76

74C90 1 74C93 1 74C154 3 740160 1 740175 1 740192 1 740221 1 74C905 6 74C906 74C914 1 74C922 E 740923 £

740925 e

740926 E

740927 f llfTERFACE 8095

8096

BTIO BT13 8120 8T23 8T24 8TZ5

21CI2AL-4 2102AN-2L 2!04A-4 21078-4

UART/RFO

AY5-1D13 3.91

AY5-!014 6 9;

3341 6 91 I PROM

I 1702A 4.51

> 2532 17.51 • 2708 2.91 ' 2716TI 8.51

> 2716 5 Volt 5.51

> 8'2716 5Voll 39.01

2114139015 2.50

21 ML 450ns 2.37

4116 200ns 2.50

8.4116 200ns 15.40

MM5280 3.00

MM53Z1 9.95

MM5330 5.94

P51D1L 8.95

42CaA 11.50

9368 3.50

4100 10.00

416 2.50

TMM2016 16.95

HMSiie 16.50

CLOCKS

MU5311 4.95 UMj312 3.90 UM^314 3.90 MM5369 MM5841 MM5865

CT7010 H.95 CT7015 8.95 MM5375AA/N 3.90 MM5375AG/N 4.90 16.50

8748 39.95 8748-B 34.95 a755A 49.95 NB2S23 2.95 NB2S123 3.95 NB2S126 - 5,75 N82S129 4,75 N82S131 4.95 NB2S13E S.75 14825137 8.75 DMS577 2.90 8223 3.50 COHNECTDRS 30 pin edge 2,50 44 pm edije 2 75 S6 pin edge 4.00 100 pin edge 3.95 100 pin edge w/w 4.95

0E9S 1.95

DA15P 2.10

DA15S 3,10

Complete Set 9.50

stflpwitrt ut n.»

Ado CM m 17,95 DIgHil Clock Ml 19.75 RESISTORS «. win 5%

lODeMype .05 100 pet lype ,015 . „ 1000 pe' type .012 MASTER 5000psftyp« .0085 CLOSEOUT 350 plice pack. (69,96

SpirtyjM S.9S ^mi^mm W watt 5% per typo .05 DIP SWITCHES

4- pasition ,B5

5- pDsiIlon 90

6- pos^)<on 90

7- po5tli(;n 95 S-pa£iticn 95 KEYBOARDS

56 key ASCII keyboard kit S74 95 fully assembled 84 50

Endostjie Plasiic 19 95

I Meial EnclDsuie

9 95

14.45

7207 7208

7.50 15.95

7209 MICRDPROCESSOR

6502 6,95 6502A 9.50 6504 6522 6530 6532

WIRE WRAP LEVEL 3 PIH PIN

14 .55 24 .93 16 .57 28 1.00 IB .67 40

808DA 80a5A ZBDA Z80B "10P10

ZBOA P10 ZBO OTC Z8DA CTO ZeO DART ZBOA DART Z8D DMA ZeOA DMA ZBQSlOO ZaOASmO 28,95 Z80 S10 1 15.00 ZaOASIOn 23,90 ZBOSmZ 23.95 Z80A SW2 28,95 ZaOB OTC 17.95 Z80BPI0 17.95

15.25

16 75

17 50 27 50 23,95

, CRYSTALS

; 1 mi

I 3 MHi , 4 MHz i 5 MHz , 10 MHz 18MHI 20 MHz I 32 MHz i 3276B Hi I 1.8432 MKl , 3.5795 MHz I 2.0100 MHl ; 2.097152 MHi 2.4576 MHz 3.2768 MHz B 0688 MHz 5.185 MHz 5,7143 MHz 6.5536 MHz 14.3iatBMHz 18.432 MKi 22,1184 MHz

LEDS

RedTOlS 15 Greer. Yellow TOia 20 Jumbo Bed 25 GrcEn, Orange. Yellow Jumbo 25 CDpllto LED Mounting Cllpt 4/ 80 (spec. red. ambet Qfeen, yellov; clEat) COKTINEHTAL SPECIAUIES In Hock Compleli line ot breadboard lest equip.

SPECIAL PRODUCTS

2 5 MH: Freq, Counter K1 37 SO 30 MHz Freo. Counter Kit 47 75

) AC TRANSFORMERS

FRAME WALL PLUG

6V5C0ma $4,00 10V 2 amp (7.95 6.3V CT 600 ma 4.60 12V 250 ma 2.95 1 12V 250 ITU 1.95 12V CT 250 ma 3.75 i i2GVCT600ma 4.«>12V500ma 4.50 I l2.6VCT2aiTV)s 5:95 12Vlamp S.9S S 12.6V CT 4 amp B.6012W2amp 7.95 1 l2.6VCT8aiiv 10.806, 9. 12WC n 24V OT 100 ma 3.95 300 ma B.95 i 24V OT 600 ma 4.95 9 VDC 500 ma 3.75

17.95

' 8251 4.75

' 8253 8,95

8255 4,75

8257 8,75

8259 6.90

' 1802C£plas- 13.95

: 1B02E pbs. 17.95

' 1861P 5S5

3.95

KEYBOARD ENCODERS

AY5-2376 AY5-36O0PR0 740922 740923 5.5( HD0165-S 7.9! D Connaclon RS232 DB25P 2.9; DB26S 3.5C Cover 1 2f

OlSPUY LEDS

MAN72'74

OL704

OL707 Dl707R 01727 723 CA DL747 750 CA FND359

FWD500 507 CC

FtJD503olO CC

FNDeOO 307 CC

10 dig It display

7520 Claiex photocell!

TIL311 Hex

MAN461D

MAN464D

MAN471D

MAN4740

MAN6»Q

UAN671D

MAN674D

OA/CA .300 .75

CC .300 1.25

CA .300 1.00

WCC .500 1.90

500 99 500 .90 800 2 20

4116 200ns Dynamic RAM 8/$15.40

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS KITS

Apple Peripheral Kits

SERIAL I/O INTERWCE 0 to 30.000 baud, D.T.R., Input* output from monitor or basic, or useApple as intelligent terminal, Bd only (P/N 2) $14.95, Kit (P/N 2A) $51.25, Assembled (P/N 2C) $62.95.

PROTOTYPING BOARD (P/N 7907) $21.95. PARALLEL T'RIAC OUTPUT BOARD 8 triacs. each can switch 110V, 6A loads, Bd only (P/N 210) $19.20, Kit (P/N 210A) $119.55. OPTO-ISOLATED INPUT BOARD 8 inputs, can be driven from TTL logic, Bd only (P/N 120) $15.65, Kit (P/N 120A) $69.95. Intarface Kits

SERIAL/PARALLEL INTERFACE Bidirectional. Baud rates from 110 to 19.2K, sw selectable polarity of input and output strobe, 5 to 8 data bits, 1 or 2 stop bits, parity odd or even or none, all characters contain a start bit, +5 & -12V required.Bd only (P/N 101) $11J5, Kit (P/N 101A) $42.89.

RS-232/TTL INTERFACE Bidirectional, requires ±12V. Kit (P/N 232A) $9.95. RS-232/20mA INTERFACE Bidirectional, 2 passive opto-lsolated circuits, Kit (P/N 7901A) $14.95.

PROM Eraser

Will erase 25 PROMs in 15 minutes. Ultraviolet, assembled. 25 PROM capacity $37.50 (with timer $69.50). 6 PROM capacity OSHA/UL version $78.50 (with timer $108.50).

NiCad Battery Fixer/Charger Kit

Opens shorted cells that w/on't hold a charge and then charges them up, all in one kit w/fuli parts

and inslructioii.". 'i:! I-C "■' !^

Z80 Microcomputer

16 bit 1/0, 2 MHz clock, 2K RAM, ROM Breadboard space. Excellent for control. Bare Board $28.50. Full Kit $99.00. Monitor $20.00. Power Supply Kit $35.00. Tiny Basic $30.00.

Modem Kit $60.00

state of the art, orig., ansvi/er. No tuning necessary. 103 compatible 300 baud. Inexpensive acoustic coupler pians inciuded. Bd. only $17.00. Articie In June Mo Electronics.

60 Hz Crystal Time Base Kit $4.40

Converts digital clocks from AC line frequency to crystal time base. Outstanding accuracy.

Video Modulator Kit $9.95

Convert TV set into a high quality monitor w/o affecting usage. Comp. kit w/full Instruc.

Multi-volt Computer Power Supply

8v 5 amp, ±18v .5 amp. 5v 1.5 amp, -5v .5 amp, 12V.5 amp, -12v option. ±5v. ±12v are regulated. Basic Kit $35.95. Kil with chassis and all hardware $51.95. Add $5.00 shipping. Kit of hardware $16.00. Woodgrain case $10.00. $1.50 shipping.

Type-N-Talk by Votrax

Text to speech synthesizer with unlimited vocabulary, built-in text to speech algorithm, 70 to 100 bits per second speech synthesizer, RS232C interface $359.00. Speech IC $79.95.

1802 1 6K Dynamic RAM Kit $149.00

Expandable to 64K. Hidden refresh w/docks up to 4 MHz w/no wait states. Addl. 16K RAM $25.00. S-100 4-slot expansion $ 9.95

Super Monitor VI.I Source Listing S15.00

RCA Cosmac 1802 Super Elf Computer $106.95

The Super Elf is a small single board computer that does many big things. It's an excellent computer for training and for learning programming with Its machine language and yet It's easily expanded with additional memory, Full Basic, ASCII Keyboards, video character generation, etc. ROM monitor; State and Mode displays; Single step; Optional address displays; Power Supply; Audio /Amplifier and Speaker; Fully socteted for all IC's; Full documentation.

The Super Elf includes a ROM monitor for program loading, editing and execution with SINGLE STEP for program debugging which is not included in others at the same price. With SINGLE STEP you can see the microprocessor chip operating with the unique Quest address and data bus displays before, during and after executing instructions. /\lso, CPU mode and Instruction cycle are decoded and displayed on 8 LED indicators. An RCA 1861 video grapfiics chip allows you to connect to your own TV with an inexpensive video modulator to do graphics and games. There is a speaker system included for writing your own music or using many music programs atr@ady written. The speaker amplifier may also be used to drive relays for control purposes. A 24 key HEX keyboani includes 16 HEX keys plus load, reset, run, wait, input, memory protect, monitor select and single step. Large, on board displays provide output and optional high and low There is a 44 pin standard connector slot

Quest Super Basic V5.0

A new enhanced version of Super Basic now available. Quest was the first company worldwide to ship a full size Basic for 1802 Systems. A complete function Super Basic by Ron Cenker including floating point capability with scientific notation (number range ±.17E^^), 32 bit integer ±2 billion; multi dim arrays, string arrays; string manipulation; cassette I/O; save and load, basic, data and machine language programs; and over 75 statements, functions and operations. New Improved faster version including renumber and essentially unlimited variables. Also, an exclusive user expandable command library.

Serial and Parallel I/O routines inciuded. Super Basic on Cj- ■ t u

for PC cards and a 50 pin connector slot for the Quest Super Expansion Board. Power supply and sockets for all IC's are included plus a detailed 127 pg. instruction manual which now includes over 40 pgs. of software info, including a series of lessons to help get you started and a music program and graphics target game. Many schools and universities are using the Super Elf as a course of study. OEM's use it for training and R&D.

Remember, other computers only offer Super Elf features at additional cost or not at all. Compare before you buy. Super Elf Kit $106.95, High address option $8.95, Low address option S9.95. Custom Cabinet with drilled and labelled plexiglass front panel $24.95. All metal Expansion Cabinet, painted and silk screened, with room for 5S-100 boards and power supply $57.00. NICad Batteiy Memoiy Saver Kit $6.95. All kits and options also complete^ assembled and tested. Questdata, a software publication for 1S02 computer users is available by subscription fbr$12.0Q per 12 issues. Single issues $1.50. Issues 1-12 bound $16.50.

Moews Video Graphics $3.50, Games and Music $3.00, Chip 8 Interpreter $5.50, Starship 4K cassette $14.95. Exciting and challenging space game. Complete manual included.

Free 14 page brochure

of complete Super Elf system. Super Expansion Board with Cassette interface $89.95

This is truly an astounding valuel Tliis board has been designed to allow you to decide how you want it optioned. The Super Expansion BoanI comes with 4K of low power RAM fuliy addressable anywhere in 64K with built-in memory protect and a cassette Interlace. Provisions have been made for all other options on the same board and it fits neatly into the hardwood cabinet alongside the Super EH. The board Includes slots for up to 6K of EPROM (27Q8, 2758,2716 orTl 2716) and Is hilly socketed. EPROM can be lised for the monitor and Tiny Basic or other purposes. A IKSuper ROM Monitor$19.95 Is available as an on boanj option in 2708 EPROM which has been preprogrammed with a program loader/editor and error checking multi file cassette read/write sofhKare, (relocatable cassette file) another exclusive from Quest. It includes register save and readout, block move capability and video graphics driver with blinking ci i ni P ii nm i\ nn hr used with the regisic;

gram bugs quickly, then follow with single step. If you have the Super Expansion Boanl and Super Monitor the monitor Is up and running at the push of a button.

Other on board options include Parallel input and Output Potts with hiil handshalie. They allow easy connection of an ASCII keyboard to the input port. RS 232 and 20 ma Cuirent Lnop for teletype or other device are on board and if you need more memory there are hvo S-100 slots for static RAM or video boards. Also a 1K Super Monitor version 2 with video driver for full capability display with Tiny Basic and a video interface board. Parallel I/O Ports $9.85, RS 232 $4.50, TTY 20 ma l/F $1.95, S-100 $4.50. A 50 pin connector set with ribbon cable is available at $18.95 for easy connection between the Super Ell and the Super Expansion Board.

Power Supply Kit for the complete system (see

MiiltLvnIl Po\vt;r Sfinnli/ boiowl

Rockwell AIM 65 Computer

6502 based single board with full ASCII keyboard and 20 column thermal printer 20 char, alphanumeric display ROM monitor;, fully expandable. $419.00. 4K version $449.00, 4K Assembler $35.00, 8K Basic Interpreter $65.00.

Special small power supply 5V 2A 24V .5A assem. in frame $59.00. Molded plastic enclosure to fit both AIM 65 and power supply $52.50. AIM 65 1K In cabinet with power supply, switch, fuse, cord assem. $559.00. 4K $579.00. A65/4O-S000AiM 65/40 W/16K RAM and monitor $1295.00. RAM Board Kit (16K, $195) (32K, $215). VD640 Video Interface Kit $119.00. A&T $149.00. Complete AIM 65 in thin briefcase with power supply $518.00. Special Package Price: 4K AIM, BK Basic, power supply, cabinet $629.00

AIM 65/KIM/SYM/Super Elf 44 pin expansion board; board with 3 connectors $22.95.

Elf II Adapter Kit $24.95

Plugs into Elf II providing Super Elf 44 and 50 pin plus S-100 bus expansion. {With Super Expansion). High and low address displays, state and mode LED's optional S18.0D.

Super Color S-100 Video Kit $129.95

Expandable to 256 x 192 high resolution color graphics. 6847 with all display modes computer controlled. Memory mapped. IK RAM expandable to 6K. S-100 bus 1802, 8080, 8085, Z80, etc. Dealers: Send for excellent pricing/margin program.

TERMS: $5.00 min. order U.S. Funds. Calif, residents add 6% tax.

$10.00 min. VISA and MasterCard accepted. $1.00 Insurance optional. Shipping: Add 5%; orders under $25.00—10%.

Prices subiect to change

FREE: Send for your copy of our NEW 1982 QUEST CATALOG. Include 88c stamp.

Circle 349 on Inquiry card.

BYTE i^ril 1982 507

PLOTTING SOFTWARE Calcomp compatible, for

EPSON and HIPLOT with CPU, FORTRAN, and BASIC

PlOTWARE-i 8" ssad Manuals only * ... PLOTTARE-z aamplel * Refundable on order

.389

..35

ENERCOUP P.O.BOX 28014 Lakevood, Colo.

80228

^303-S88-16+8

PLOTYABB

T h «|

Uap^ CliarU

goIaalUlA Ckanctm

PLOTTIRI

HY-TYPE 1 & 11 • QUME

INTELLIGENT PRINTER INTERFACE

16,000 BYTE BUFFER/STAND ALONE PARALLEL I SERIAL INPUT IBAUO RATES - SO to 19,2001 OPTIONS INCLUDE: GRAPHICS • REVERSE PRINT • BOLD PRINT UNDER SCORE • REPRINT OF BUFFER ADJUSTMENT OF LINES fER INCH CHARACTERS PER INCH SELECTION DOUBLE UNE

CUSTOM OPTIONS ALSO AVAILABLE

AaiTFROM»450.0a BARE BOARD «12E.OO

MASTER CARD & VISA ACCEPTED

Circle 170 on Inquiry card.

WARN ELECTROIMICS, LTD.

Olrcle 429 on Inquliy card.

MEMOREX

FLEXIBLE DISCS

WE WILL NOT BE UNDERSOLOn Call Free (800)235-4137

for prices and informatioa Dealer inquiries invited and CO.D.'s accepted.

PACIHC EXCHANGES

100 Foothai Kvd San Luis Obispo, CA 93401. In Cal call (800)592-5935 or .(805)543-1037

Circle 319 on Inquiry card.

OMEGA

The Last Disassembler

You Will Ever Need!

Mnemonics Externally Defined

Zilog, Intel, PASft/l Supplied

ASCII/HEX Preconditloner

Can Externally Def. Equates

Optional Address Listing

ASM/PASM/M80 Compatible

DB statements forcible over user specified range

$150. complete/$25. manual only tor further information contact

COMPUTER TOOLBOX, INC. 1325 East Main St. Waterbury, Ct. 06705 Phone (203) 754-4197

$GOLD DISKS CP/M® Compatible Z-80 Software

Z-80 DISASSEMBLER An aasy to u«* program to croato •ourea (.ASM) fllaa from axocutabia (.COM) fllaa

EZ EZ

the

MBLER

175

PPD

TEXT WORDPROCESSOR TEXT will format 4 your text flla

It

75

way you want

5-8" 3D/DD PPDl

Bower-St:ewapt: St Assoclat:es

POST OFFICE BOX 1389 HAWTHORNE. CALIFORNIA 90250

213-532-1237

Trademark Digital Research

VOICE SYNTHESIZER

WITH INTERACTIVE TELEPHONE INTERFACE

For APPLE II ■ compatible dial-up voice response and remote data-baseaccessarrangements.consider a V100 series design from VYNET CORPORATION.

• Direct connect, auto-dial/answer

• Control via Touch-Tone" detection

• Allophone (LPC) based voice synthesizer

• Includes 1.000 word vocabulary

• Editor for custom vocabulary

• Extensive application soltware

• Programmable buffered port

• Upgrade available for high quality LPC vocabulary

• S395.00

Telephone interface may be purchased without synthesizer. TRS-80 " and IBM versions available

soon,

(g(o)[}3[P®[mirO®[f!!]

2405 QUME DRIVE SAN JOSE, CA 95131 (408) 942-1037

Circle 112 on Inquiry card.

Circle 58 on Inquiry card.

Circle 428 on Inquiry card.

NEW 23K PERSONAL COMPUTER

SOQQOO FACTORY SALE PRICE

You get the NEW APF-IM-1 Full Size Powerful Computer: Includes 14K ROM with Level II BASIC built In, 9K User RAM, Color, Sound, Professional 53 keyboard, Two controllers. Two 10 key numeric pads. High speed cassette, A.C. adapter, RF modulator, T.V. switchbox. Accepts TAPE-DISKPLUG IN CARTRIDGES, it is PLUG IN EXPANDABLE at low cost. 90 day parts and labor warranty, owners guide, BASIC language manual. All this in a beautiful black and white console case lor only '239",

15 DAY FREETRIAL Return within 15 days complete and undamaged tor refund of purchase price.

PROTECTO ENTERPRIZES BOX 550, BARRINGTON, IL 60010 TO ORDER PHONE 312/382-2192

PROFESSIONAL MICROCOMPUTER

$2990

THE BEST VALUE ON THE MARKET

• Z80 4MHZ • 64K RAM

• DUAL 8" DRIVES • 1.2 MB STORAGE

• 2 SERIAL I/O • 2 PARALLEL I/O

• OPERATING SYSTEM AND UTIUTIES MICRO BUSINESS ASSOCIATES, INC. 500 SECOND STREET

SAN FRANCISCO, OA 94107 415-957-1343

QUARTZ CRYSTALS

1.D0OA a.0*71 A 3.45Te A

a.soooA

I.BSMA 1.0070 A 3.000 A 3.007 A 3.1700 A 3.330 A 3.5TB0B

3.000 8

3 B0B4 a

4 OOOB t IQ34 B 4 3435D 4.434 U * 440B 4.990 B 4.730 B 4.790 B 4.BI93B 4 B9BIB SOOOB

s.otrsB soeooB

5.1 200 B

J B a 141000

9ia9B 0 3 30B

a.3340 8 a.3ST B

9.SeaB 8.4418

S.9aSB 8.4Ma

5,907 B a.S7B B

S,7143B eeosB

9.700 8 BSBoe

SSU3B BS44B

S BKMB B BIOB

fl.OOOB B.B304B

0.144 B B.aaaa

0.330B a.asce

0.190 8 •,aa4B

o.iaoB a.osee

B1IB77B lOOOOB

B30OII I0 34O8

S40DB 10.4BaB

0 B 10 4Ba B

0.907 B tD.BB4 B

0 7904 0 ID also 8

OBIIB IDBJBB

TOS10B I0.B9OB T t9BOBBII.0OOB :

7 1030 ll.lUB :

'ftiSB ii.aiaB ;

lOOOB 13 0S4 8 36 IBB a 4IB37B

1 1198 14000 8 36 3138 41 0008

11.440 8 34.970 8 38.383 8 41 017 8

i>.477B 3S.0O0B 38.813 8 4] 700 B

13.8388 3S.S00B ar.BOlB 43 793 B

l.BBBB 18.075 8 38,084 8 41 019B

171 B 2

a.OOO B 30.

B.100B :

5.444 B :

a sooB :

0.000 8 :

3a S37B 43 OOOB

,004 8 3B.903 B 43,037 8

,43TB 30.000 8 43.074 B

OOOB 3B.753B 43,111 B

37BB 38.0708 43 137B

037 B 3B seSB 41 MSB

aOOB 40.375 e 43 IB5a

.B7B B 40.444 B 43 25B B

379 B 40 991 B 43 2SB B

4 B77 e 40 B33 B

5 7SB B 40.B7S B .5.B73B 40.080 8 9.875 6 40.B30 8

11.881 B I3.400B 38.063B 41 .MBB

ALL-r-3.48

TOIHIHORE'WDUCT

ADDtl.OO SHIPPING CAL. RES. ADD 6% SALES TAX FREE OSCILLATOR SCHEMATICS WITH ANY ORDER

QUALITY COMPUTER PARTS

P.O. BOX 743 / CHATSWOHTH, CA 91311

Circle 339 on Inquiry card.

Circle 25B on Inquiry card.

Circle 346 on Inquiry card.

PititersPhjs

...computers, peripherals, accessories and supplies!

APPLE ACCESSORIES

Apple II &48K CALL

Disk II w/controller DOS 3.3 CALL

Disk II Add-on CALL

Microsoft Z80 Softcard 299.

16K Ram Card 159.

CCS Parallel Card 109.

Async Serial Card 139.

Clock/Calendar Card 99.

IEEE Card 239.

A D Card 99.

/v\ountain Comp. Romplus 130.

KBRlterROM 49.

CPS MuItlfuncHon Card 199.

Supertalker 259.

Paymar L/C Adapter ■ New 39.

- Old 49.

M&R Super Mod 25.

Superterm 319.

Vldex Video Term 299.

APPLE SOFTWARE

Personal S/W Desktop Plan II «159.

CCA Data Mgmt 85.

Visicalc 159.

Visiplot 159.

Visitrend/Visiplot 219.

Vlsidex 169.

Vlslterm 129.

Micropro Wordstar 259.

Super-Sort 145.

Mail-Merge 90.

Data Star 215.

Spell Star 169.

Muse Super Text II 129.

Address Book 44.

Form Letter Module 79.

Stoneware-DB Master II 199.

MIcrocom-MicroCourier 239.

Infotory 19i9.

RIBBONS

NEC $77.00/Doz.

Qume 45.00/Doz.

Diablo ;.. 66.00/Doz.

Anadex 135.00/6 ea.

Tritel 95.00/Doz.

Tl/DEC/TTY 45.00/Doz.

Epson 13.95/ea.

MPI/Axiom/Base 2 10.00 ea.

MAGNETIC MEDIA

Premium Quality At Bargain Prices d'W Diskettes, all Formats 100% Certified with hub rings, box of 10

Single sided, single density 26.95

Single sided, double density 29.95

Double side, double density 38.95

8" Diskettes, All Formats, 100% Certified

Single sided, single density 29.95

SSSD En'or Free 32.95

Single sided, double density 39.95

Double sided, double density 49.95

Complete Stock of MX-80, MX-80 F/T MX-lOO Printers, Graphics Chip Sets Cards and Cables

NEC-8023 A, 100 cps Matrix Printer

Hi-Res dot graphics, proportional spacing, correspondent quality printing, bi-directional tractor and friction feed. 80. I 32 col. Greek & Math symbols. Everything you need in a small printer.

List S840 $599.

MODEMS

aDS 103 LP, direct «169.

103 JLP Auto/^nsu;er 209.

202 LP 1200 BAUD 259.

NOVATION CAT. acoustic 145.

D-CAT, direct 155.

Auto Cat 219.

Apple Cat 339.

HAYES SlOO Micromodem «349.

Apple Micromodem 299.

Smart Modem 249.

VIDEO MONITORS

Zenith 12" Green $119.

NEC 12" Green $185.

Amdex 12" B/W (Leedex) $139.

Amdek 13" Color Lo-Res $439.

VIDEO TERMINALS

Ampex Dialog 80 *995.

Ampex Dialog 30 795.

Televideo 920C 845.

Televideo 950 995.

PC-8000 Series Microcomputer System.

INTRO PRICING $ 1099.00

• Z-80A CPU 4 MHz

• 5 user progiammaUe function Iceys • 82 Keys wiUi numeric keypad • 160 x 100 resolution • 80 ctlaracter screen

PC-8001A Microcomputer W/32K RAM 899.

PC-8012A I/O Unit W/32K RAM

Expansion slots

PC-8031A Dual Mini-Disk Drive Unit 899.

PC-8032A AddOn Dual Mini Disk

Drive CInll 799.

MPI 88G / 99G MATRIX

High resolution dot-addressable graphics foi Apple. Enhanced "correspondence quality" printing. Tractor and friction feed. Serial and Parallel Input. 100 cps Bidirectional printing. 80. 96 and 132 column luidths!

88 G List $749 $589.

99 G List $849 $660.

Apple Parallel I/O Card/Cable/Disk . . $ 110.

with Graphics Prom (Ap-Pak) $145.

IEEE I/O Card $55.

Single Sheet Feeder $25.

QT Cover $35.

NEC SPINWRITERS

7710/7730 RO w/tractor $2,595.

7720 KSR w/tractor $2,895.

3510/3530 RO $1,895.

Bi-directional tractor $225.

Pusher tractor . $350.

OLYMPIA

Letter quality. Daisy wheel printer/typewriter interfaces to Apple. Atari. NEC. TRS80 and RS232 Serial ports. A truly cost effective letter quality printer that functions as a typewriter ESI 00 RO Computer printer

Ust$1690 CALL

ES100 Typewriter only CALL

Interface Card Only $295.

(speciiy serial or parallel) I/O Cable (specify serial or parallel) . $35.

Apple Serial Card $139.

Print Wheels & Ribbons CALL

TO PLACE YOCIR ORDER CALL:

TELEPHONE TELEX (714) 744-7314 697120

oTLurite to:

fALOMAft

Computer Products

910-105 W. San Marcos Btvd.. San Marcos. CA 92069

TERMS OF SALE: Cash rherk mone\ ordrt hank uirp transfer

rredil rard or purchase orders »rom .ludlifipd firms and iristilutjons Pleas*' inrlude telephone nunifw ^T-fi tirder and expirdtion date on rredit ' ard orders rdliti>fnid rps.denis add h'J sdles ia)>. Advertised pnc es are *or pret>did orders F () B shipping (X)irt Add 3**'for shippmq in U S Pn* .nq and jxailahiha subietiu. change \Mihaul notice

circle 324 on inquiry card.

W«Bd CBM a«n«tr* cv«ry«htir«

IEEE-488 TO TRS-80* INTERFACE

Everything needed to add powerful BASIC GPIB-488 controller capability to TRS-80 Model 1 or 3, Level 2 or DOS with a minimum of 16K.

48B-80C For Mod9l 3 Operation

488-808 For Model 1 Operation

Model 488-80B or 488-80C Price: $375. + shipping, Insurance i lex WHEN ORDER/NG SPECIFV DISK OR TAPE

SCIENTIFIC ENGINEERING LABORATORIES 11 Neil Drive • Old Bethpage, NY 11804 Telephone: (516) 694-3370

■ Trademark ol Tandy Corp.

Ttiere is no alliliarion between ScienlHic

Engineering Laboratories and Tandy Corp or

Radio Snacf^

S-100 VOICE

The ARTICULATOR board allows you to record, store, and playback any vocabulary on your S-100 computer. Input speech is digitized by the ARTICULATOR and send to the computer via an on-board port for storage at 1K to 2K bytes/sec. This data is then sent back from the computer to the ARTICULATOR for very high quality playback. On-board VOX switching minimizes memory storage requirements.

PRICE - $350 A&T AVAILABLE NOW

Quintrex, inc.

4461 Indian Creek Parkvray PO Box 7384

Overland Park, KS 66207

Circle 373 on inquiry card.

Circle 362 on inquiry card.

Circle 350 on inquiry card.

Like-new products

For free catalog, phone toll-free (800) 225-1008 In IVlassaciiusetts (617) 938-0900

GENSTAR REI SALES COMPANY

19527 Business Center Or.. Northridge, CA 91324

Oircie 186 on inquiry card.

Convert your TRS-80 into a

DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM

Z-80 In-Circuit

EPROiVI/EEPROIVI

programming in -S™.

a single compact |T'.!~™

unit. ^H,

Debug Stand-alone r^.f^rl systems with HH program ■^^USi

TRS-80 RAM, ■^■■M ttien copy worl<ing program into PROM.

Only $329 including personality module for 2716,2516,2758,2508,2532,2816, 2808,48016.

ORION INSTRUMENTS

172 Otis Ave, Woodside, CA 94062 (415) 851-1172

Circle 312 on inquiry card.

UV CraOM CBASCB

*49.95

• ERASES AUW ERA&KBLE EPROMS (2706, Znfl,85B4, Mcj

• QUCK nFTiEN MINUTES ERASE T1IME

• ERASES OVER FIFTEEN EPROMS AT A TIME

• LAMP UFE.77D0 HOURS

• INDUSTRIAL MODEL SeSJO.

• INDUSTRIAL MODEL WITH TIMER & SAFETY INTERLOCK SWITCH 197.50

rRu9(r«r U»»l nc/osur* with bollam dnwarl

THE BEST 6809 SIWIE BOMD COMPUTER AVAIUBU

FOR THE SS-SO AND S-MK BUS ASSEMaLED. TESTED. 40 HOUR BURtHN. Ott DAY me/UNTY

Z716 EPROMS 250 [W $4J5

DiwEcr FROM FAcroar

SS-50 6808 CPU CARD: <MHZ$MMO 2MHZ$ia«J0

INTELLIQENTEPROMPIIOOIUMMER..

ProgrBms: 2716. 2516. 2532. 2732,87«, 6749

ANTISTATIC FOAM 4" « 6" $195

WE ACCEPT VISA, UASTSnCARD. C.O.D.. CHECKS

PHONE ORDERS (305) 776-5870 TWX: s1M<»Ma6 • Englneeflng Hol-Uu: (30S (740167

LOeiCAL DEVICES INC.

TBI W, OAKUND PARK BLVD. • R, UUOERDAU, FLORIDA 3M1I

400: MOO SHIPPING X

Circle 43 on Inquiry card.

FlexyDisks ®

SBASF

SAVE 40% ^SXSZ

C " Specify soft. Price/10

^ 10 or 16 sector

1 side/single density $26.70

1 side/doubie density 31.90

2 sides/double density 37.10

8f f Specify soft or 32 sector 1 aide/single density 26.70

1 aMa/douUs damity 31.90

2 aldaa/double denalty 41.60

CHEpKS - VISA -MC- C.O.D. (313) 777-7780 ADD $2 SHIPPING

LYBEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS 27204 Harper Ave. St. Clair Shores, Ml 48081

"ELF" interface^ Converts Your Typewriter Into Printer

• Finest print quality • Low cost

• Easy Installation • Quick delivery

• Fits IBM Selectric* and' Electronic Typewriters

• Models for all popular computers

• Call or write for more Information, todayt

we export to all countries

INTERNATIONAL INC.

5115 Douglas Fir Rd. calabasas, CA 91302 U.S.A. ,

Tel: [2131 710-14ia TLX/TWX: 910 a9a 2100 y

18086/8087/80881

CROSS SOFTWARE PACKAGES

1c cross compiler tor the 8086. All facilities of the complete C language, including floating point for the 8087, are supported. Optionally, memory can be allocated for use with the 8088. Output is ^bollc assembly language. The compiler Is suitable tbr use in porting UNIX to the 8086.

ZCross assembler/llnker/librarian/downllne loader for the 8086. Assembler input is an extension to that used by Intel. Loader output is a file in standard Intel hex format.

3Slmuiator/debugger for the 8086. Capabilities include display, breakpoints, interpretive execution, as well as many others. Host System: PDP-II running RT-11, RSX-l IM, UNIX/V6, UN1X/V7; or VAX-1T lunning VIMS. UNIX/32V.

For additional Intamiatlon:

/Advanced

I—J Jigital Products, I no

1701 2Ist Ave. S., Suite 222 • Nashville,TN 37212 Phone 1615)383-7520

Inlel is a trademark ol Intel Corporation: UNIX sna UMW/32V are trademarks of Bell Laboratories: RT-I I. i?SX-l IM, PDP-I I. VMS. and VAX. 11 are trademarl<s of Digital Equipment Corporation.

Circle 243 on inquiry card.

Circle 216 on Inquiry card.

Circle 11 on Inquiry card.

Why use their flexible discs:

Athana, BASF, Control Data, Dysan, IBM, Maxell, Nashua, Scotch, Shugart, Syncom, 3M, Verbatim or Wabash

when you could be using

MEMOREX

high quality error free discs?

CE cjusnt. 100 price per disc ($)

riuaucL uescnpiion

Part #

8" SSSD IBM Compatible (128 B/S, 26 Sectors)

3062

2.09

8" SSSD Shugart Compatible, 32 Hard Sector

3015

2.09

8" SSDD IBM Compatible (128 B/S, 26 Sectore)

3090

2.74

8" DSDD Soft Sector (Unformatted)

3102

3.14

8" DSDD Soft Sector (128 B/S, 26 Sectors)

3115

3.34

8" DSDD Soft Sector (1024 B/S, 8 Sectors)

3104

3.34

8" DSDD Burroughs B-80 Comp., 32 Hard Sector

3092

3.34

SW' SSSD Soft Sector (Unformatted)

3401

1.94

51/4^' SSDD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring

3481

2.34

51/4" SSDD 10 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring

3483

2.34

51/4" SSDD 16 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring

3485

2.34

51/4" DSDD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring

3491

3.09

51/4" DSDD 10 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring

3493

3.09

5V4" DSDD 16 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring

3495

3.09

SSSD = Single Sided Single Density; SSDD = Single Sided Double Density DSDD = Double Sided Double Density

lUemorex Flexible Discs...The Ultimate in Memory Excellence

Quality

Memorex means quality products that you can depend on. Quality control at Memorex means starling with the best materials available. Continual surveillance throughout the entire manufacturing process. The benefit of Memorex's years of experience in magnetic media production, resulting, for instance, in proprietary coating formulations. The most sophisticated testing procedures you'll find anywhere in the business. 100 Percent Error Free

Each and every Memorex Flexible Disc Is certified to be

100 percent error free. Each track of each flexible disc is tested, individually, to Memorex's stringent standards of excellence. They test signal amplitude, resolution, low-pass modulation, overwrite, missing pulse error and extra pulse error. They are torque-tested, and competitively tested on drives available from almost every major drive manufacturer in the industry including drives that Memorex manufacturers. Rigid quality audits are built into every step of the manmanufacturing process and stringent testing result in a standard of excellence that assures you, our customer, of a quality product designed for increased data reliability and consistent top performance.

Customer-Oriented Packaging

Memorex's commitment to excellent does not stop with a quality product. They are proud of their flexible discs and they package them with pride. Both their packaging and their labeling have been designed with your ease of identification and use in mind. The desktop box containing ten discs is convenient for filing and storage. Both box labels and jacket labels provide full information on compatibility, density, sectoring, and record length. Envelopes with multi-language care and handling instructions and and color-(»ded removable labels are included. A write-protectfrature[savailable to provide data security.

Full One Year Warranty—Your Assurance of Quality

Memorex Flexible Discs will be replaced free of charge by Memorex if they are found to be defective Iri materials or workmanship within one year of the date of purchase. Other than replacement, Memorex wfll not be responsible for any damages or losse8(lnduding consequential damages) caused by the use of Memorex Flexible Discs.

Quantity Discounts Available Memorex Flexible Discs are packed 10 discs to a carton and 10 cartons to a case. Please order only in increments of 100 units for quantity 100 pricing. We are also willing to accommodate your smaller orders. Quantities less than 100 units are available in Increments of 10 units at a 10% surcharge. Quantity discounts are also available. Order 500 or more discs at the same time and deduct 1 %; 1.000 or more saves you 2%; 2,000 or more saves you 3%; 5,000 or more saves you 4%; 10,000 or more savesyou 5%; 25,000 or more saves you 6%: 50,000 or more saves you 7% and 100,000 or more discs earns you an 8% discount off our super low quantity 100 price. Almost all Memorex Flexible Discs are immediately available from CE. Our warehouse facilities are equipped to help us get you the quality product you need, when you need it. If you need further assistance to find the flexible disc that's right for you, call the Memorex compatibility hotline. Dial 800-536-8080 and ask for the flexible disc hotline extension 0997. In California dial 600^672-3525 extension 0997. Outside the U.S.A dial 408-987-0997. Buy with Confidence

To get the fastest delivery from CE of your Memorex Flexible Discs, send or phone your order directly to our Computer Products Division. Be sure to calculate your price using theCE prices in Ihis ad. Michigan residents please add 4% sales tax. Wrilten purchase orders are accepted from approved government agencies and most well rated firms at a 30% surcharge for net 30 billing. All sales are subject to availability, acceptance and verification. All sales are final. Prices, terms and specifications are subject to change without notice. Out of stock items will be placed on backorder automatically unless CE Is instmcted differently. Minimum order SSOiOO. Intemational orders are Invited with a$20.00 surcharge for special handling in addition to shipping charges. All shipments are F.O.B. Ann Arbor, Michigan. No CCD's please. Non-certified and foreign checks require bank clearance.

Mail orders to: Communications Electronics, Box 1002. Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 U.S.A. Add $8,00 per case or partial-case of 1 00 8-incti discs or $6.00 per case or partial case of 100 5V«-inch mini-discs for U.P.S. ground shipping and handling in the continental U.S.A. If you have a Master Card or Visa card, you may call anytime and place a credit card order. Order toll-free in the U.S. Call anytime 800-521-4414. It you If you are outside the U.S. or in Michigan, dial 313-994-4444. Order your high quality, error tree Memorex discs today. Copyright *1982 Communications ElactronlcB"

High Quality Error Free

IIIEN8ER

VISA

I Moi tvf C oni ]

Order Toll-Free! (800) 521-4414

In Michigan (313)994

For Data Reliability—Memorex Flexible Discs

ICOMMUNICATIONS ELECTRONICS™

Computer Producis Division

864 Phoenix □ Box 1002 □ Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 U.SA Call TOLL-FREE (800) 521 -4414 or outolds U.S.A. (313) 994-4444

Circle 93 on Inquiry card.

BYTE April 1982 511

■cc6502i

C cross compiler for the 6502. With the exception of three minor features, ali facilities of the complete C language are supported, t^titput Is symbolic assembly language and is easily customized to existing assemblers. This cross compiler has been in use for over one year.

Host System: PDP-11 running RT-11, RSX-IIM, UNIX/V6, UNIX/V7; or VAX-II running VMS, UNIX/32V.

For additional information, contact /^Advanced

I—j-J Jigital Products, Inc.

1701 21st Ave. S., Suite 222 • Nashville, TN 37212

Phone 1615)383-7520 UNIX and UNIX/32V are trademarks of Bell Laboratories; RT-l I, RSX-t IM, PDP-I I, VMS, and VAX-I I are trademarks ol Digital Equipment Corporation.

Circle 12 on inquiry card.

■ii

pPPLEUUflRE JWC.

ottering an extensive software library ot: ■ Packed disks/eo programs eacti

• 3.3 DOS

• Both sides used

• Demuffined easily for 3.2.1. use tHubring reinforcer for long life

Data Base Utilities Educational Entertainment Graphics Finance Music Domestic

INTRODUCTORY OFFER II

Order all 3 disks and get a bonus disl< FREE!! Call now: 1-800-327-8664 Fla. residents: 305-584-7004 Disl<sare$59.95 @ +$3 handling.

6400 HAYES ST., HOLLYWOOD, FL. 33024

B m

Circle 34 on Inquiry card.

ISIS

CP/M®

Full bi-directional file transfer capabilities are provided In the ISIS-CP/M utilities package. Written in machine language and running under CP/M, these utilities permit the CP/M user to read or write files direct to/from an ISIS Diskette. They will run under any version of CP/M without regard to diskette density. The complete package Is $250.00 including user's manual. Write for free brochure on other CP/M software.

jtoTlntEMCwpoisi^'

SOUTHERN COMPUTER I SYSTEMS, INC.

P.O. Box 3373A Birmingham, AL 35255 (205)933-1659

SCR SUPER-BUYS

SIO.OO urn ORDBl HANDLINQ/SHIPPING...S2 50

UPS ANYWHERE IN CONIINBn/U. U.S

1982 BUYERS GUIDE NOT JUST ANOTHER

CATALOGUE BUT A FREE BUYERS GUIDE

"OF THE FUTURE"

1. UHF-VHF CONVERSION KIT.

Complttt wlin PC board, oil requliaO 6110 95 anipoiwniinipoiwIrncaMMiMllivaok- *" aa er, onO conipnhSRSIvfl bnctture Ind. achfl' motlc, booRl kiyout, mounting and hoolt-up Okigroim, poiti IM, oM ommOly and ulup. Instructions. All ports ore Industrtol pilfnfl quollty.

2. NEW ZENITH ZVM-121 HIGHLEGIBILITY CRT MONITOR. Fm- $1 17 °5 tum12"gnanpno)|)liwCltr.«iini15MlB sa Bontfwidlli, 40 or 80 cnoracMf widms oit op«iilDrwM-silte)atiM.ruilyconpollM

wMi M-aHuim ootdi. «lc.

OUTSIDE CAL 800454-8660 INSIDE CAL (714) 527-2554

SCR ELECTRONICS INC.

VISIT OUR NEW SUPER CENTER 5303 Lincoln Ave., Cypress, CA 90630

Pay by CHECK M.O.. VISA. WC

Circle 365 oh Inquiry card.

■iaHiiiiniiii

6800 Micro Modules

-—-Mam* ■ -i'i

..-•.?--tnttilil

FOR INTERFACING TO: sensors, transducers, analog signals, solenoids, relays, lamps, pumps, AC motors, DC motors, stepper motors, keyboards, dlsplays,48B GPIB.

ADDITIONAL FEATURES: 6800 MRU, counter/tlmer.fail safe battery back up

IVIM'l^l^ir 1B01 South Streel 11 ■ L% I Mj IL Lolayelte, IN 47904 1 317 7d2-8428

Circle 439 on inquiry card.

Star

BASIC UTILITY SET

■ EDITOR — Create & edit a Basic program using 26

commands, including GLOBAL locate & change.

■ BPRT — Print & cross reference a Basic program.

■ BPAK — Pack a Basic program.

■ RE — Rename a disk file.

(tdQ P'"^ ^^'^^ shipping, vpOy Calif. Res. add 6%, Check, VISA, M/C

i^Z) Software Systems

1269 Rublo Vista Road, Altadena, Calll. 91001 (213) 791-3202

68KFORTH

New SYSTEMS LANGUAGE for ERG 68-696 CPU and

Motorola's KDM board. 0/S, Compiler, Monitor, MACRO

Assembler, Interpreter, Virtual Memory, Screen Editor, DBL Precision Arithmetic and more. Enhanced FIG-FORTH Vocabulary. Environment: stand alone, Bell Lab's UNIX, or Whitesmiths' IDRIS, etc.

$795

EMPIRICAL RESEARCH GROUP, INC. '

PO Box 1176 Milton, WA 98354 206-631-4855

Circle 169 on inquiry card.

Sohic your dhc proUoBK b(V lOm MfKC Mad Dywn dMuMo. Al oid« dilpp^ fam •todt. wUiki 24 houn. Cd toB mEE (800) 2354137 for price* aid I Un md MMtv Cnd wxcplML

PACinc

EXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd. San Luis Obispo. CA 93401 (In Cal call (805) 543-1037

Circle 319 on inquiry card.

Bnmkthrough BASIC For Mod ll's

Now Easier To Write, Easier To Read With Basic IDEAS™

siopklddlngyouiMil. BASIC Is li»d to muni, luidartomd, andapilnlo itiodlty. But II yoiTn good wRk BASIC, yoiTII ba OrMt wHh Basic IDEAS-.

JuBtlnaaRllwBwIelDEAS'dlalnltolntayparTIIMa'Hod ll,andlniiiwdlatalyb«fllntob«n«fltfrom1h«a«mwe«Mbl|.

Illas:

iiltllR TO WniTI-IAtllR TO RMAD-IASlIn TO HODIPY

□ Full Saraan idit Paelllty. Includaa Qlobal Saarcli A Raplaea, Multl-LlnaInurtADatata,Scrolling, andmucli mora.

□ Haanlngful Varlabia Namaa. Up to 255 charactara. You'ra no longar llmllad to 2-ctiaractar aymbolal

□ Uaai^Daflnad Labala for OOTOa. Say goodbya to Una numbara, hallo to aal^axpla^atorv programa.

□ Copy Paolllty and Call Stnictura. Now malta It aaay to Includa aubroutlnaa from axtamal fllai.

□ Naitad IF/THiN/ILSVINDIP Slatamanta. Can now span multlpla llnaa. A grast boon to raadabia programs, aapadally whan eomblnad wtth maanlngful varlabia nsmas A labalB with esllabia aubroutlnaa.

Alt thaaa nsw, advsnead programming cspaWlltlaa without sacrificing any axlstlng faaturaa of Mod II BASIC. A aiMp to laam, Basle IDEAS- comas fully doeuiiMntad. WWIta witti sithar 1 or S-drlva Mod II Systama. Only Sagg. WrHa new for FR» broehura.

Computer IDEAS Corporation

4229 Hall St. • Dallas, Texas 75219

■NagWStad Tradflinsnt el Tandy Ceipefattan

Circle 379 on Inquiry card.

Circle 401 on Inquiry card.

Circle 106 on Inquiry card.

FUTURE COMPUTERS SMALLTALK PlM13-t2S Pllnt14-$25

SOFTWARE Print1S-$25

Collector "Edition BYTE COVERS

The Byte covers shown below are available as beautiful Collector Editiori Prints. Each full color print is 11" x 14", including 1V2" border, and is part of an edition strictly limited to 500 prints. The artist, Robert Tinney, has personally inspected, signed and numbered each print. A Certificate of Authenticity accompanies each print guaranteeing its quality and limited number.

The price of a Collector Edition Byte Cover is $25, plus $3 per shipment for postage and handling ($8 for overseas airmail). Collector Prints 9, 10, 11 and 12 can be purchased as a set for $80, as can Prints 13, 14, 15 and-16.

Collector Edition Byte Covers are also available in the beautiful mat and frame shown above for $60 each (if Set 9-12 or Set 13-16 is ordered framed and matted, the price per set is $200). The mat is a neutral gray which blends with most decors, and the

black 12" X 16" frame is trimmed in silver. The print is mounted under non-glare glass. ^ Framed and matted prints are

shipped UPS—no delivery to P.O. boxes. Because of expense and breakage, no framed prints are shipped overseas. Please allow 46 weeks delivery for framed prints.

To order use the coupon below; Visa and Master Charge orders may call Toll Free.

>

CO

o

CHIP BUaXlINQ Print 1B-S2S

10

SOFTWARE PIRACY THE PROQRAMMINQ ROUTE FORTH PrM9-$2S Print10-$2S Prir«11->2

FUTURE PAST Prtnt12-»25

TOTALECUPSE PlM6-$2S

COMPUTER HARDWARE Pllnt7-t25

PERSPECTIVES Pllnl8-$2S

COMPUTER CHESS Oct. 1978 $7.9S

THROUGH THE TRAPDOOR Mar. 1979

BREAKING THE SOUND BARRIER Sapt. 1977

iti'j ■■..MfiiBfl.iianijil

Hr ALSO AVAILABLE ara the prints shown at left. "Computer Chess" Is an 18" X 22" full color poster.

"Through the Trap Door" and "Breaking the Sound Barrier" are limited editions of 750 prints each, sighed and numbered bV'the artjsf. Each print is 18" X 22", and Is accompanied by Its own Certificate of Authenticity. If both "Door" and "Barrier" are ordered, a specltil price of $55 applies.

All three prints shown at left shipped first class in heavy mailing tubes.

iiiWlliiiliill

Please send me the following Prints: QTY TITLE

AMOUNT

$

$

$

$

Frames — $35 eacti

S

$

□ Set 9-12 or □ 13-16 —$80.

Both "Trap Door" and "Barrier" —

$55. a

postage & handling S3.00 (Overseas $8.00) TOTAL

□ I have enclosed check or money order.

□ Visa □ MasterCard

Card #

Expiration Date

SHIP MY PRINTS TO:

Name

Address

City

StatB;

-Zip

Mail this coupon to;

robert tinney graphics

1864 N. Pamela Drive Baton Houge, LA

70815

MASTER^

LEO ELECTRONICS, INC.

8921 S. Sepulveda #208 Los Angeles, CA 90045 (213)641-3101 (800)421-2418

WHY PAY MORE? SAVE MONEY!

LOWEST PRICES ON PARTS!

TERMS; Check, Visa. Mastercard Call lor C-O.D.

U.S. Funds only Calilornta Residenls add 6% Sales Tax.

SHIPPING: Add $2 00 lor Ground $5.00 lor Air. ALL MAJOR MANUFACTURERS ALL PARTS 100% GUARANTEED

Circle 235 on Inquiry card.

NEW! M-(

SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER

l»UiMMCMi(i(MIOCPtJ<ipmiln|*t«MHE.iaKbriBa(onlNMrdrHi«UtkRAM, ItK bjtci atmboanl EPROM ipicr, T li*tbaf pttartlkdialotKlortd Inltrrupii. J mtmarj •ipunlon biMM (Up lo IMX), I KtW corominUntlon pom(R!<-I3U'). ib-bit bldlnetfauul pwsdil port, tlMperipheraliccomodaHoiibw, Si 16-bll counrrr/ limrn wilh rtctoml InltrnipH, on boird rtil limt clock, loflwirt compalltalf »llh MutoroU MEXUKDM b«ird. PMCEi

Bin boMii wilh dacumtnlihun . 194.4S

.MEXUKDM tompcllUt ragnllar In 1764 tlPRUM't HUM

MUm CPU * nHMfwjr mp PROM SliS.OO

Shtppln|MrfhMda»f(lSpim«lk) MM

(roitttn) SIS.M

HAYES SMARTMODEM

$239^8

High performoncs dola communicalioni lytlam (or imall computart. SMARTMODEM ii o (tand-alorw 300 boud modam system including lha SMARTMODEM unit, powar padt, and modular lelsphon* cabls. Q>mphtKly progrommobltf the SMARTMODEM can b« controllsd uting any proaromming longuoge.

□ FCC approved direct-connect

□ AutO'aniwer/Auto-dial

□ Touch-tone/Pulte-dialing

□ Full/Half duplM

□ Audio monitor

□ 7 itotus LED lights

HIGH TECHNOLOGY AT AFFORDABLE PRICES Orders & Information

ITHE (603)-673-8857 BOTTOM ° ''-^

^^^^H^^m|£ (800)-3430726

12 Johnson Street, Mllford NH 03055

Circle 57 on Inquiry card.

WANT HELP?

COBOL PROGRAMMER'S AIDE (CPA)

Provides extensive assistance in CODING, DEBUGGING, MAINTAINING and DOCUMENTING your Cobol programs - Improve your efficiency and productivity - EASY TO USE - MENU DRIVEN - A PRACTICAL SET of TOOLS • An INVALUABLE AIDE. CPA features:

• SOURCE ANALYZER & CROSS REFERENCE

• SOURCE EDITOR & REFDRMAHER

• SOURCE OVERVIEWER

• DOCUMENTATION PRINTER

• PARAMETER FETCHER SUB-PROGRAM

• COMPREHENSIVE MANUAL and more Available lor CP/M', CDOS" or CROMIX' users utilizing COBOL-80' or Cromemco Cobol, Satisfaction guaranteed or full refund! For Program Samples and information call or write:

Automated Programming Methods, Inc. 2212DupontDr., I7UI851-B6B6 Irvine, CA 92715

Trademarks 'Microsoft, 'Digital flesearcti, 'Cromemco

circle 162 on inquiry card.

Circle 45 on Inquiry cai

Such A Deal!

Have You Ever Considered USED EQUIPMENT?

Want To Save Lots? We Carry All Brands of Used Minis and Micros* (DEC - DG - APPLE - TRS-80. ETC.)

Call or Write for FREE List of Bargains: Compuchange Box 4151 Anaheim, Ca. 92803 17141 535-1990

*Na Coit or Obllgalion

Circle 95 on Inquiry card.

SPEECH SYNTHESIZER

$70 Each ^^^^^^^^ (5 or more, ^4444444444^ $55 each) Order in Ones or Thousands

The SC-01A Speech Synthesizer Is a completely seilcontalned solid state device. This single chip phonetically synthesizes contlnuaus speech of unlimited vocabulary.

The SC-01A contains 64 different phonemes which are accessed by a 6-bit code. Computer interfaces and lext-to-speech algorithms also available tor product daveiopiront.

Volrax is a Irademark ot Federal Screw tlVorKs

Call 1-800-645-3479. in N.Y. 1-S16-374-6793

MICROMINTINC917 Midway

Woodmere, N.Y. 11598 ^ ^

Calllor - . . .

quantity pricing

Circle 471 on inquiry card.

S100 Intelligent

Color Graphics

• 8085 6K Prom 8K Ram •SubLogic Graphics software

in onboard Prom

• 32 Graphics commands including shaded polygons, circles, boxes

• Horizontal and vertical text 256 X 192 Hires 128 x 192 4 color

$395

Limited quantity SMS 64K S-100 stat ram ass, & tested $395

California Computer Graphics

25 Avenida Dr, Berkeley CA 94708 (415)540-5698

Color Computer 4K $310

w/16KExt, Basic

$459

W/32K Ext, Basic

$525

Model III 16K $839

Model III 48K 2 disc & RS232C

$2059

BUY DIRECT. These are just a few of our great offers which include Printers, Modems, Computers, Peripherals, Disc Drives, Software and more, call toll free 1-B00-S43-8124

We have the lowest computer

possible fully Will

warranleed prices f!.'}V°'JJl.^' r^****

and a lull complBment ^.^t^inn of Radio Shack Soltwaro.

01 naoio snack soltwaro^^

free catalog

245A Great Road Linielon. MA 01460 617 • 486 • 3193

5%" Floppy Disk Drives

(single side-single or double density) TANDON lUlodel TIM 100-1 l^nnn ae

CDC Model 9409 P09.95ea 2 or more — S204.9S ea. *

Floppy Drive Power Connector Kit $2.00*

5'4" Memorex Floppy Disks - single side soft seclor, single or double density - Box of 10 S28.00*

CALL NOW - TOLL FREE

800-824-7888 all states except CA. 800-852-7777 for CA residents. Ask tor Operator #99.

tv^C/VISA or C.O.D. witti certified check or money order. Kansas residents add 3% sales tax,

• Plus stiipping. For info call: 316-683-9225 316-685-9445

SijSteiiivS

923 Longfellow Street Wichita, KS 67207

Circle 75 on Inquiry card.

Circle 109 on Inquiry card.

Circle 183 on inquiry card.

"THE BIG BOARD" OEM - INDUSTRIAL - BUSINESS - SCIENTIFIC

SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER KIT!

Z-80 CPU! 64K RAM!

THE FERGUSON PROJECT: Three years in the works, and maybe loo good to be true. A tribute to hard headed, no compromise, high performance, American engineering! The Big Board gives you all the most needed computing features on one board at a very reasonable cost. Tlie Big Board was designed from scratch to run tlie latest version of CP/M*. Just imagine all tlie off-tlie-slielf software that can be run on the Big Board without any modifications needed! Taite a Big Board, add a couple of 8 inch disc drives, power supply, an enclosure, C.R.T., and you have a total Business System for about 1/3 the cost you might expect to pay.

H99

00 (^''K "^IT . ^ BASIC I/O)

FULLY SOCKETED!

FEATURES: (Remember, all this on one board!)

SIZE: 8Vi X 13>/. IN. SAME AS AN 8 IN. DRIVE. REQUIRES: 'SV @ 3 AMPS ' - 12V @ .5 AMPS.

64K RAM

24 X 80 CHARACTER VIDEO

Uses Industry standard 4116 RAM'S. All 64K is available to the user, our VIDEO and EPROM sections do not make holes In system RAM. Also, very special care was taken In the RAM array PC layout to eliminate potential noise and glitches.

Z-80 CPU

With a crisp, flicker-free display that looks extremely sharp e«en on small monitors. Hardware scroti and full cursor control. Composite video or split video and sync. Character set is supplied on a 2716 style ROM. making customized fonts easy. Sync pulses can be any desired length or polarity. Video may be inverted or true. 5x7 Matrix - Upper & Lower Case

Running at 2.5 MHZ. Handles all 4116 RAM refresh and supports Mode 2 If^tEBUPTS. Fully buffered and nins 8080 sofhware.

FLOPPY DISC CONTROLLER

SERIAL I/O (OPTIONAL)

Full 2 channels using the Z80 SID and the SMC 8116 Baud Rale Generator. FULL RS232I For synchronous or asynchronous communication. In synchronous mode, the clocks can be transmitted or received by a modem. Both channels can be set up for either data-communication or data-terminals. Supports mode 2 Int. Price for all parts and connectors: $65.

Uses WD1771 controller chip with a TTL Data Separator for enhanced reliability. IBM 3740 compatible. Supports up to four 8 inch disc drives. Directly compatible with standard Shugart drives such as the SA800 or SA801 .Drives can be configured lor remote AC olf-on. Runs CP/M* 2.2.

TWO PORT PARALLEL I/O (OPTIONAL)

Uses Z-BD PIO. Full 16 bits, fully buffered, bl-dlrectional. User selectable hand shake polarity. Set of all parts and connectors for parallel I/O: $19.95

BASIC I/O

Consists of a separafe parallel port (Z80 PIO) for use with an ASCII encoded keyboard for Input. Output would be on the 80 k 24 Video pisplay.

REAL TIME CLOCK (OPTIONAL)

Uses Z-BO CTC. Can be configured as a Counter on Real Time Clock. Set of all parts: $9.95

BLANK PC BOARD — $175

The blank Big Board PC Board comes complete with full documentation (including schematics), the character ROM, the PFM 3.3 MONITOR ROM, and a disl<ette with the source of our BIOS, BOOT, and PFM 3.3 MONITOR.

CP/M* 2.2 FOR BIG BOARD

The popular CP/M* D.O.S. to run on Big Board is available for $159.00.

PRICE CUT!

PFM 3.3 2K SYSTEM MONITOR

The real power of the Big Board lies in its PFM 3.0 on board monitor. PFM commands include: Dump Memory. Boot CP/M*, Copy, Examine, Fill Memory, Test Memory, Go To. Read and Write I/O Ports, Disc Read (Drive, Track, Sector), and Search. PFM occupies one of the four 2716 EPROM locations provided, z-ao Is a Trademark of Zilog.

Digital Research Computers

(OF TEXAS) " P.O. BOX 401565 • GARLAND, TEXAS 75040 • (214) 271-3538

TERMS: Shipments will be made approximately 3 to 6 weeks after we

receive your order, VISA, MC. cash accepted. We will accept COD's (for the

Big Board only) with a S75 deposit. Balance UPS COD Add S4 00 shipping USA AND CANADA ONLY

*TRADEMARK OF DIGITAL RESEARCH.

Circle 148 on inquiry card.

NOT ASSOCIATED WITH DIGITAL RESEARCH OF CALIFORNIA, THE ORIGINATORS OF CPM SOFTWARE **1 TO 4 PIECE DOMESTIC USA PRICE.

Maxell Floppy Disks

The Mini-Disks with maximum quality.

Dealer inquiries invited. CCD's accepted Call FREE (800) 235-4137.

PACIFIC EXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd.. San Luis San Luis Obispo. CA 93401, In CaLeall (800) 592-5935 or (805)543-1037.

quiry card.

THE VERSATILE EPROM HANDLING SYSTEM

Reads/programs 2704, 2708, 2758, 2608, 2516, 2716 (1 supply), 2532 (T. I. pinout) and Intel/NEC S7S5A with no personality modules requlredl All power Is derived from the S-100 bus, all signals are S-100 compatible. Port mapping occupies NO memory space!

The UNIPROM software Is 8080/ZBO compatible (2 or4 mh2.)and Includes a "menu" command, "intelligent" EPROM read/write and disk I/O commands, and functions usually found only In "monitors" and "debuggers."

Software Is both on standard diskette formats or on a "bootstrappable". EPROM. Software Is CDOS and CP/M compatible.

UNIPROM board (A & T) with documentation, including source listings — $199.00.

UNIPROM disk-based software with source and listing (specify 5.25" or 8" CDOS or CP/M, or NORTHSTAR 5.25" CP/M) — $38.00.

UNIPROM EPROM-based software with source and bootstrap listing — $55.00. CER-TEK, INC. 6020 Doniphan Dr. • El Paso, Texas 79932 (915) 581-6697

■iMHiilillMillM^^

APPLE TREE GENEALOGY SYSTEM

for your

APPLE lE"^ Computer

' Professional-level Family

Recordl<eep i ng System " Easy to Use

° Flexible Structure Atiapts

to Your Own Style " Unique Label Control Matrix

and Data Structure " The Linkage Analyzer'" " Customize Your Own Reports ° Self-Teaching Tutorial ° Automatic Indexing " Apple II Applesoft + 2 Drives " Teleprocessing Interface " TRS-80, ATARI Write

g —— J, Fiske Software Systems, Inc I _ J I 33 University Place New Vt)rl<, NY10003

$69.95

NYC/NYS Add Tax

VIM'

Appl, Appl.

Apple Computer ee /The Linkage Analyzer

Circle 221 on Inquiry card.

5.33 Megabyte

Hard Disk Expansion unit $2250.00

• S100 • Apple

• TRS-80 II • TRS-80 III

• Heath/Zenith

• STD BUS

Call Ray Jones at 803-877-7471

105 S. Main St Greer, sc 29651

FEEL TRAPPED

BETWEEN CAPACITY AND COST?

Processor Interface introduces the Cartridga Disk Controller for the S-100 bus. Configuratile tor 12 seclot 2315 and 5440 type disk drives (1.25-10 Mbytes per drivel Complete with CPM' CBIOS. disk formaller diagnostics and technical manual low cost $595.00

Manual only $25.00 The perlormance you need at a cost you can afford

Special

Inlroduclory price S499 00 (unlll 5/30/82)

Processor Intarlaces.Inc. P 0 Box 154A Elm Grove.Wl 5312;

414 ■785-1245

Circle 337 on Inquiry card.

Screens m seconds j

QUICKSCREEN

ABC CORPORATION INVBNTORt DISPLAY

ITEM ID) I234S

1

I +■

FINAHCIJU.

I PRICE $8 I 1 I COST $4 I I +.•.«......+

t I SALESt I

I + +

I I WTD $200 1 I I YTD $800 1

QUANTITIES ^■•■--■■->»>«»-+

1 OH HAND 193 I 1 ON ORDER 50 1 1 ALLOCATED 6 I 1 REORDER 220 I

+ +

I MTD SOLD 25 1 I YTD SOLD lOQ 1

Microsoft BASIC,CBASlCdBASEn. & WordStar/MailMerge Screens!

$149 (uMT niWHial)$20) plim shippingFox & G«(r»r AsaoclalM. Inc. I (201)837-0142i P.O. Box 1053 I Credit Card!

Tsmck.N.J. 0786a I Acc»pl«d

CBMICCP/K &ii*itm of Digital Imm-Ji

Circle 78 on Inquiry card.

Circie 102 on inquiry card.

Gircie 180 on inquiry card.

$395 $95 $49

Integrated Accounting System

(Q/L, Payroll, A/F, A/R) Ustpro'" (for custom form letters) Mail Manager™

MIcrostat (complete statistical

package) $250 Ftofsale'" (order processing system) $195 WordStar* (word processing) $495 . .. and much mote.

* HARDWARE

Color printers, monitors, modems, hard discs, light pens. Joysticks, and more.

* DISKE1TES—with free game 10 for $49

50 for $169

* SOFTWARE CCMMVERSION-Call for rates

* Authors Wanted—Dealer inquiries invited.

Suite BIC, 3901 Davis Place mi Washington DC 20007 (202) 337-5300

* IBM Is atrademark of International Business Machines Corporation. * Word Star Is atrademark of MicroPro Internatlonal Corporation.

CPR

The Vital

CPR Is an advanced text fomiatter offering ^ fast, flexible word processing for ttie UCSD p-System.

CPn functions include pagination, underlining,

proportional spacing and a lot more.

CPR Is available novf on 8" diskettes lor p-Sys

lem versions 11 and IV including 175 page users'

manual... $199.00.

Users' manual alone .. . $30.00

' UCSD p-System ' Is a Irademark or irie Regenis or the University ol Calirornia.

Ouipini

P ASSOCIATES i

SOFTWARE FOR SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS

11568 Sorrento Valley fld San Diego, CA 92121 Suite 11 (714) 452-9340

Compu

:i_LjnER

Pro"

6MH2 Z or 86/88 64K Systam«2796

INCLUDES DUAL 8" SHUIMT DRIVES i INTEGRAND CABINET WITH TERMINATED MOTHERBOARD 10 SLOT

DISK 1 AST 371. 6HHz CPU I JOB.

Disk 2 A4T CALL 8HHz 8086 A4T i9^.

HPX-i* A&T 371. lOMHz 8086 CSC 506.

8087 for 8086 550. 80130 CRM* CALL

RAH 21 129K A4T 1356. RAH 16 64K AST 671.

LOMAS DATA PRODUCTS IOMHz8086 I28K8yatam $2906

INCLUDES DUAL 8" SHUCART DRIVES 4 INTEGRAND CABINET WITH TERMINATED MOTHERBOARD 10 SLOT LIGHTING 1 8HHz 415. LIGHTING 1 lOHHz 515. 8086, 4 8089 A4T 505. 8086,87, S 89 1055. LDP 72 Disk Contr. a20. HAZIIALL AST Z60. Dyn. RAM A&T £09. ZSSK Dyn. RAM 1099.

Seattle Computer PcadiKls.llK. System I $2649 System U 48325

Systsu I is SW, System II Is 128K NO DRIVES

ALLMOHHOW 25*/. OFF

ALL PRICES SUBDECT TO CHANGE, CPM TRADEMARK OF DIGITAL RESEARCH SHIPPING HIN. IS S3.00 per

m <SI VESriMltSrEA □> <l!tA3-06l 1» W5-nMb -TP ii

Circle 383 on inquiry card.

Circle 79 on Inquiry card.

Circle 374 on inquiry card.

WE WILL NOT BE UNDERSOLD

CP/M" Software Software/Manual only Computer Pathways

Pearl (level 1) $ 99/$25

Pearl (level 2) $299/$40

Pearl (level 3) $549/$50 Digital Research

PL/1-80 $459/$35

BT-80 $179/$30

Mac $ 85/$ 15

Sid $ 65/$15

Z-Sid $ 90/$15

Tex $ 90/$15

DeSpool $ 50/$10 Micropro

WordStar $319/$60

Customization Notes $ 89/$na

Mall-Merge $109/$25

WordStar/Mail-Merge $419/$85

DataStar $249/$60

WordMaster $119/$40

SuperSort I $199/$40

Spell Star $175/$40 Microsoft

Basic-80 $289/$na

Basic Compiler $329/$na

FortrarvSO $349/$na

Cobol-80 $574/$na

M-Sort $124/$na

Macro-80 $144/$na

Edit-80 $ 84/$na

MuSimp/MuMath $224/$na

MuUsp-80 $174/$na Organic Software

Milestone $269/$30 Supersoft

Diagnostic I $ 49/$20

Diagnostic II $ 84/$20

Disk Doctor $ 84/$20

Forth (8080 or Z80) $149/330

Fortran $219/$30

Fortran v\//Ratfor $289/$35 Unicorn

Mince $149/$25

Scribble $149/$25

Both $249/350 Data Base

FMS-80 $649/$45

dBASE II $595/$50

Access/80 $699/$50

P3SC31

Pascal/MT-^ $429/$30

Pascal/M $189/$20 IVIiscelianeous

SpellGuard $299/$25

The Last One $549/$na

SuperCalc $269/$50

CBASIC-2 $ 98/$20

MicroStat $224/$25

StatPak $449/$40

Micro Bh- $229/$20 Apple Software (Business) Micropro

Wordstar $269 MailMerge ^ $ 99

Wordstar/MailMerge 0 $349

SuperSort I - > $159

Spellstar $129 Personal Software

Vislcalc 3.3 h $229

CCA Data Mgr $ 84

Desktop/Plan II «$229

Visiterm 5^39 Visidex $229 Visiplot $185

Personal Software (cent.)

Visitrend/Visipiot Zork

Miscellaneous

Micro Courier Super-Text II ASCII Express

Apple Software (Entertainment)

Wizard & Princess

Mystery House Fligtit Simulator Raster Blaster

$275 $ 34

$219 $ 127 $ 59

28

24 29 26 26 29 22 29 28 26

■

Space Eggs Sargon II ABM

Micropainter ^. Apple Panic Pool 1.5

Apple Accessories

Z-80 Softcard by Microsoft Keyboard Enhancer Apple Joystick Sup-r Mod

CPS Multifunction Card Videoterm by Videx 16K Card by Microsoft Sup-r Fan ALF9 Voice Board CCS Cards

CCS Parallel Model 7720 CCS Serial Model 7710D CCS Centronics Model 7728 Disk Drives For TRS-80* Model 1 ^< w^. CCI-100 5V4", 40 Track Add-ons for Zenith Z-89 CCI-189 5V4", 40 Track Z-87 Dual SVa" system Drives for Z-90

External card edge and power supply included. 90 day warrantytone year on power supply.

Corvus 5M Corvus 10M Corvus 20M Corvus IVIirror

Shugart 8" 801R Raw Drive TANDON 5V4" Raw Drive Power Supplies Diskettes—Box of 10

Maxell 5V4" Maxell 8"

BASF/Verbatim b'U" BASF/Verbatim 8" Plastic File Box—Holds 50 5%" dskts. $ 19

Plastic Library Case 5%" $ 3

Plastic Library Case 8" $ 4

Head Cleaning Dlsl<ette $ 25

Floppy Saver $10.95

Floppy Saver Rings $ 6.95 16K RAM Kits

One Kit • $19.00

Tw/o Kits $37.00 200ns for TRS-80*, Apple II, (specify): Jumpers $ 2.50 Computer Systems

Atari 400 $ 359

Atari 800 $ 699 Call for other Atari products

Zenith Z89, 48K $ Call

Zenith Z90, 64K $ Call Gall for other Zenith products

For fast delivery, send certified checks, money orders or call to arrange direct bank wire transfers. Personal or company checks require one to three weeks to clear. All prices are mail order only and are subject to change without notice. Call for shipping charges.

$299 $ 119 $ 49 $ 25 $199 $249 $159 $ 39 $149 $Call $Call $Call $Call

$299

$389

$995 $Call

$ 3089 $ 4489 $ 5429 $ 699 $ 399 $ Call $ Call

$ 40 $ 45 $26.95 $ 36

Terminals ADDS View/point Zenith Z-19 Televideo 910 Televideo 920C Televideo 950

S-100 California Computer Systems Mainframe Z80 CPU

64K RAM Floppy Disc Cntrl Integrated Sys. w/int. cables, tstd. 2P-f2SI/0 4 Port Serial I/O 4 Port Parallel I/O Casio Calculators Pocket Comp. FX702 Desk Printr/Calc. FR100

Scientific Calc. Game Watch Game Watch Calendar Watch Printers

$ Call $ 719 $ 559 $ 729 $ 969

$ 349 $ 239

$ 569 $ 339 $1975 $ 269 $ 249 $ 179

$185.00 $ 79.95

$ 49.95 $ 49.95 $ 69.95 $ 59.95

FX8100 CA90 Plastic CA901 Steel AX210 NEC Splnwrlter

7710 R.O. Ser $2395

7710 Ser w/tr. $2595

7720 KSR w/tr. $2795

7730 R.O. Par $2395 7730 R.O. Parw/tr.$2595 NEW 3500 Series $ Call

Epson MX-70 $ Call

Epson MX-80 $ Call

Epson MX-80FT $ Call

Epson MX-100 $ Call

Epson Graftrax $ Call

PaperTlger 560 Gr. & 2K $ Call

IDS Prism 80 $ Call

IDS Prism 132 $ Call

PaperTiger Access. $ Call

Olivetti DY 211 Daisy Wheel $ Call

Anadex DP-8000 $ 849

Anadex DP-9500/01 $1389

Okidata Microline 80 Fric, & pin feed $ Call

Okidata Microline 82A Fric. & pin feed $ Call

Okidata Microline 83A 120 cps $ Call

Okidata 84 200 cps $ Call

Centronics 739 $ 739

Data South 180 cps $ Call Monitors

Leedex 12" B&W $ 119

Leedex 12" Green Screen $129

Leedex 13" Color $ 329

Sanyo 9" B&W $ 149

Sanyo 9" Green Screen $ 189

Sanyo 12" Green Screen $ 249

Sanyo 12" B&W $ 239

Sanyo 13" Color $ 449

Zenith 13" Color $ 349

****** Special of the Month ******

Zenith 12" Green Screen $129

Telecommunications

Prentice Star Modem 1-yr guar $ 125

Univ Data System UDS103LP $ 149

Univ. Data System UDS103JP $ 185

Novation Cat $ 139

Novation D-Cat $ 149

Novation Auto-Cat $ 199

Novation Apple Cat II $ 299

Hayes Smart Modem™ $ 249

Hayes Micro-Modem II™ $ 295

Hayes Chronograph™ $ 225

CCI Telnet Com. Package $ 135

DEALER (NATIONAL/INTERNATIONAL) INQUIRIES INVITED Send for FREE Catalogue

The CPU SHOP

TO ORDER CALL TOLL FREE 1-800-343 6522

TWX: 710-348-1796 Massachusetts Residents call 617/242-3361

420-438 Rutherford Ave., Dept. B04M Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129 Hours 9AM-8PM(EST) Mon.-Frl. (Sat. till 5)

Technical Information call 617/242-3361 Massachusetts Residents add 5% Sales Tax Tandy Corporation Trademark/®Digital Research

VISA'

Circle 130 on Inquiry card.

FORTH

Complete FORTH program development systems for the IBM® Personal Computer. Packages include interpreter/compiler with virtudi memory management, line editor, custom screen editor, assembler, decompiler, utilities, file and record access modules, and many demonstration programs. ] 00 page user manual. Optional floating point arithmetic extensions and cross compiler available.

Ready to run under PC-DOS or CP/M-86®. Standalone version available soon. 64 kbytes RAM and two disk drives recommended. (IBM is

a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corp. CP/M is o registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc.)

Loboreitory Microsystems

4147 Beethoven Street Los Angeles, CA 90066 (213) 306-7412

Circle 231 on Inquiry card.

S-iaO IB-SLOT

$ 590

s-ioQ hainfrahe b

SLOT WITH

TWD DT-Bs

t 1.690

DISK SUB-SYSTEM WITH

TWO DT-Bs

$ 1,390

ANGEL-I TEXT AND DATA

PROCESSOR

$ 7.990

ALTOS ACS BOOD-2

$ 2.990

ACS 8Q0D-1D

$ 6.990

TELEVIDEO TVI-910

$ 590

TVI-950

$ 990

OKIOATA B2A

$ 490

B3A/TRACT.

$ 790

QUME 9-45

$ 2.190

DIABLO 630

$ 2.290

OTHER PRODUCTS AND

SOFTWARE

AT SIMILAR LOW

PRICES

(Si3]8sa-as3i

Angel Computer

Products

A DIVISON

OF

E & U ENGEL CONSULTING

1719 So. CARMELINA AVE

LOS ANGELES. CA.

90025

SOFTWARE PROFESSIONALS

CONSIDER CALIFORNIA!

SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT MICROCOMPUTER/BAY AREA TO $40K

DIAGNOSTICS/SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT SAN DIEGO TO $32K

SOFTWARE ENGINEER SIGNAL PROCESSING/BAY AREA. TO S4ZK

LOCAL NETWORKING ANALYST ORANGE COUNTY TO $40K

SOFTWARE ENGINEER/UNIX, C BAY AREA TO $45K

FOR MORE INFORMATION ABOUT THESE AND OTHER OPPORTUNITIES, CALL:

(714) 565-4331 PLEASE SEND RESUME

WESTBROOKE SEARCH.INC.

9320 CHESAPEAKE DRIVE, SUITE 202 SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA 92123-.

Daisywheel

from

Electronic LEtTtfi-ouAi-HY typewriter and KSd-iERMiNAL!

YOUR COMPUTER AS A CONTROLLER AND SAVE WriH THE BASIC INTERFACE MODELS,. .SOFTWWE DBIVEfiS PROVIDeU FOR APPLE. RAOtD SHC^CK MO Z-^SSEMBLERS. INTEUIGENT CONTROLLER MODELS FfiCM (789 FEATURING; PARALLEL CENTRONICS COMPATABILITY WITH IK BUFFERS, PROGRflWABLE FOR UmjUl BLOCK MODE* JUSTIFICATION. AND CENTERING. RS-232 SERIAL MODELS FROM $829.

<IS ^ Alfll 35. OEflLER/OEM ItlOUIRV INVITED.

JCMH, Hotpitil Oi., Mounoln Ciry, TN 37883

C P N I X

CP/M -- UNIX COMMUNICATION PROGRAM

-FEATURESTERMINAL MODE : FILE TRANSFERS TO/FROM LOCAL DISK : AUTOMATIC LOGIN/LOGOFF : USER OPTIONS : SOURCE CODE

MANUAL $5.00 : COMPLETE $49.90

ANSCO

BOX 24069 Minneapolis, MN 55424 612-92 7-9018

CP/M Is a trsdemark of Dlgttsl R«iearch

UNIX Is a tredomorh of WeBtorn Electric

Circle 31 on Inquiry card.

C compilers and

C'oss compilers

Available for:

PDP-11

RT-11/RSX-11

6809

SDOS/FLEX

8080

CP/M

8085

CP/M

Z80

CP/M

8086

8088

OTHERS PENDING

The full C language, as described in "The C Programming Language" by Kernighan and Ritchie.

UNIX version 7 compatible.

SDOS i\ CP/M li FlEX n

>ID.HIljl[gi.ipmrni

TELECON SYSTEMS

90 E, Cish Road. Suite 25 San Jose, California 95112

408-275-1659

Circle 171 on inquiry card.

Circle 395 on Inquiry card.

Circle 408 on inquiry card.

FORTH 6800

YOU'VE HEARD ALL THE BENEFITS OF FOKTH. NOW YOU CAN HAVE THEM ON YOUR 6800 WITH G-FORTH

■ TRUE FIG-FORTH COMPILER

■ FASTER THAN BASIC

■ MORE EFFICIENT THAN ASSEMBLY

■ CUTS PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT

■ HIGHLY STRUCTURED

G-FORTH COMES WITH A COMPLETE EDITOR. VIRTUAL STRING ARRAYS. 6800 ASSEMBLER. SET OF UTILITIES, AND TUTORIAL ON DISKETTE. G-FORTH RUNS ON THE SWTPC COMPUTER, A SINGLE PERCOM LFD-400 DISK WITH MINIDOS. AND16K. <I»^ffc GREENE SOFTWARE $69.95

Check or M.O.

30 Day Money Back Guarantee.

P.O. BOX 23 VICTOR. N.Y- 14564 Overseas Add $10.00 N.Y. Add 7% Tax.

S-100

INDUSTRY STANDARD THROUGHOUT (IEEE 696)

• Z-80 processor-4Mz • 10 slot mottierboarci •Enhanced CP/M" "On board monitor • Complete manuals • Line fillers • 2-8" Shugart-801R-drives • 64K RAM-expandable lo 256 • 2 serial/parallel ports • EPROM programmer, 6K EPROM • 2 Filtered receptacles • Heavy duty power supply.

I

COMPARE

WE SUPPORT OUR PRODUCTS Assembled, burned-in. 1 FULL YEAR warranty Technical hotline, newsletter, upgrades ALSO ■ DiscounI software. Zenith. Epson.

PLUS SHIPPINQ

COMPUTERIZED MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

3101 St Ave. S., Seattle, WA 98104 Phone (206) 624-9499/598-4274

•CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research

1 1

ADVANCED PRODUCTIVITY SYSTEM FOR TRS-80 ' MODEL 11

Finallv a general purpose, high performance productivity system, APS is funcnonallv comparable to the widely acclaimed SPF producl/vity syslem used on most large-scale compuiers. it \s (ully menu driven and provides Browse, Edit. UlilHy and Word Processing subsystems as well as split screen suppori. It is a powerful tool for quickly and eHicienily creaiiny, manipulating and revising programs, text files and data files of any size.

The full-screen, general purpose Edit Subsystem supports function keys as well as primary and line commands. A Unique dataset isolation feature guarantees dataset integrity while editing.

The Utility Subsystem allows dataset allocation, record format conversion, dataset recovery and more.

Registered users receive full maintenance support. For more information contact:

Anix Logic Systems Inc. P.O. Box 142 Don Mills, Ontario Canada M3C 2R6

* Beglstersd Trademark of Tartdy Corporation

Circle 473 on inquiry card.

Circle 115 on inquiry card.

Circle 472 on inquiry card.

CRT CONTROLLER

6522 APPLE II INTERFACE

81-260 "SLIM"

JBEI MICROCOMPUTER

This intelligent CRT Controller uses an 808SA CPU & an 8275 Integrated CRT Controller, it

features:

• 25lines(80char./llne)

• 5x7 dot matrix

• Upper & lowercase

• Two 2716's (controller & char, generator)

• Serial interface RS232 &TTL

• Baudratesof 110,150,300,600, 1200,2400,4800 and 9600

• Keyboard scanning system

• Unencoded keyboard required

• Uses +5V& ± 12V Power Supplies

• Does not have graphic capabilities.

Documentation includes program listing and composite video circuit.

Bare Board only

(with doc) $39.95 2716Char.Gen.A7 $19.95 2716 Program A12 $19.96

The J BE 6522 Paral iel I nterf ace for the Apple II Computer, plugs directlyintoanysioti through7ln the Apple. This card has 2 6522 VIA's that provide:

• Fours bit bl-dlrectlonal I/O ports

• Four 16 bit programmable timer/counters

• Serial shift registers

• Handshaking

A74LS05isfortlmlng.Four16pin sockets provldeeasy connections to other peripheral devices. (Dip jumpers with ribbon cables are also available from JBE)The6S22 Parallel I/O card interfaces to the JBE EPROM programmer. Understanding of machine language required to use this board. Inputs and outputs areTTt compatible.

79-295A SWJSAssembied 79-29SK $S9.9S Kit 79-295B $19.96 Bareboard

A D CONVERTER

SPEECH SYNTHESIZERS

JBEs16channelA-0Converter| iUn!>lnto your Apple II computer. It uses an ADC0817 which incorporates a 16 chai nel multiplexer and an 8 bit A-Q & verier. The 16 inputs are pedance and the voltage rangi 5.12 volts. Conversion time ls<l! The resolution is 8 bits or 25^teps, linearity Is ± 1/2 step. Two If pin DIP sockets are used for iniju^ GND & reference voltage conjj^pons. There areSslnglebltTTLirji sample prograi 81-132AASI 81-132l_l_ 8l-1320Bare Board

OCi Includes

$89.95 $89.95

EPROM PROGRiyWER

jBE's EPROM Programmer is designed to program 5V 2516's, 2532's &2716'8. It interfaces to tfie JBE Parallel I/O card using four ribbon cables. An LED (ndioates when the EPROM Is being programmed. A textool zero Insertion force socket Is used for the EPROM Comes with complete documentation for writing and reading EPROM's In the Apple II or Apple II~PtoSr^bfes available separately.

80-244AAssm. $49.95 80-244KKIt $39.95 80-244B Bare Board $24.95

JBEs Speech Synthesizers use the Votrax SC-Ot Phoneme Synthesizer chip. The SC-01 iphonetically synthesizes continuous speech of unlimited vocabulary. The SC01 contains64 different phonemes and 4 levels of inflection accessed by an 8 bit code. It requires 10 Bytes per second forcontinuous speech. Both boards have an audio amp for direct connection to an 8 ohm speaker.

Documentation includes basic user programs, a phoneme chart and listing of coded words to help you get started. Documentation for the Apple il® Speech Synthesizer includesadisk with many user programs.

81-088 Apple. II speeph

Synthesizer $139^5 81-120 ParaiHrmptJt Speech

Synthesizer $149.95 Prices include the SC-01 Chip SC-01 sold separately for $ 75.95

EPROM EXPANSION CARD

PARTS

6502 MPU

$9.95

6522 VIA

$9.95

Z-80MPU

$9.95

Z-80PIO

$9.95

TW02114RAM

$9.95

2716

$14.95

50 pin conn.

$5.95

DlpJumper2ft.

$4.95

JBE EPROM Expander f0f#t8 Apple II holds six 5V 2716s for a total of 12K bytes of EPROM. This boardtakes the place of the on board ROM in the Apple. It Is software switchable by the same technique used by the Apple II firmware card. Solder jumpers are for reset to the Apple ROM or EPROM Expansion Card. Use JBE EPROM Programmer and Parallel I/O to program your EPROMs. EPROMs sold separately.

81-0B5AAssm. $59.95 81-08SKKIt $49.95 81-085B Bare Board

Single board large scale integration Microcomputer. This 4.5x6.5 board uses the 6502 Microprocessor, two 6522 VIA's, four 2114 RAM's, 2516, 2716 or 2532 EPROM. The fully buffered 22/44 pin bus is similar to the KIM® ,SYM® , and AIM® expansion connector. The four 8 bit I/O ports connect through 16 pin dip sockets. This board was designed for control and is ideal for Personal and OEM use.

• 6S02 MPU

• Two 6822 VIA's

• Four2114 RAM's (2K bytes)

• One EPROM 2516 or 2532

• Crystal Clock 1 Mhz

• RequiresSVI AMP Power

• 4.5x6.5 card

• Power on reset

• Fully buffered-expandable

• Solder mask-both sides

Use your Apple 11 Computer, JBE 6522 Par^tgy^nfjace card and mer a« a "system for SUM.

EPRQ, develo'

Prices: 81-260A 81-260K 81-260B

$199.95Assembled

$149.95 Kit

$ 39.95 Bare Board

6502 MICROCOMPUTER

6502 MPU, 6522 VIA, 2716 EPROM, 2114 RAM Single board computer. Slrigla 6 volt power supply at 400 Ma. Two Independent 8 bit I/O ports with handshake lines. RC controlled 1 Mhz clock.

Complete documentation. I/O llnasuse 50 pin edge connector. Data and address lines are not accessible. Mod. for 2532 Is Included. EPROM Is not Included. IK RAM, 2K EPRGM, 2 I/O ports.

$t10.9S $ 89.95 $ 19.95

80-153Assm. 80-163 Kit eo-ISSBar^ppard

ROCOMUTER

Z-80 MPU;'H-80 PIO, 2716 EPROM, 2114 RAM single board computer. Single 5 volt power supply at 300 Ma. Two independent 8 bit I/O ports with handshake lines. RC controlled 2Mhz clock.

Complete documentation. I/O lines use 50 pin edge connector. Data and address lines are not accessible. Mod. for 2532 Is included. EPROM Is not Included. 1K RAM, 2K EPROM, 2 I/O ports.

80-2B0Assm. $129.95 80-2B0Klt $119.95 80-280 Bare Board $ 19.95

JBE'S 7.75x11.75 6502 base Microcomputer has the capacity for 16K of EPROM, 4K Of RAM, 8 Parallel Ports and 1 Serial Port. Monitor and Tiny Basic are also available. The fully populated version Includes:

• 1 6502 CPU

• 4 6522 VIA (8 ParaUel I/O Ports)

• 1 AY5-1013 (Serial I/O Ports)

• 8 2114 RAM (4K)

• 2 2716 EPROM (Monitor & Tiny Basic)

The partially populated version Includes:

• 16502 CPU

.• 1 6522 VIA (2 Parallel I/O Ports)

• 1 AY5-1013 (Serial I/O Port)

• 2 2114 RAM (IK)

• 1 2716 EPROM (with Monitor)

Both versions Include 80Cl<ets for 2716s or 2532s, 8 16 pin sockets for I/O Interfacing and a DB25 connector for RS232.

All address and data lines are brought off the board to theSO pin edge connector, (similar to the Apple II bus)

This board also features povi/er on reset and cassette interface.

81-030 C Fully

Populated $349.95 81-030M Partially

Populated $249.95

81-030B Bare Board $ 89.95 2716 EPROM

(with Monitor) $ 19.95 2715 EPROM

(withliny Basic $ 19.95

JoHiv Bell Eivgiiveeriivo, live

MC

ALL PRODUCTS ARE A VAILABLE FROM JOHN BELL ENOINEERINQ • P.O. BOX 338 • REDWOOD CITY, CA 94064 ADD SALES TAX IN CALIFORNIA • ADD 5% SHIPPING & HANDLING 3% FOR ORDERS OVER $100 SEND FOR CATALOG (415)367-1137 10% OUTSIDE U.S.A.

VISA

CROSS REF. PROGRAM

for

MBASIC & BASCOM

Source Files M80 and CP/M's ASM

MXREF will list all program variables, functions, key words, strings, constants and line number references in alphabetical order. 1000 variable names allowed. Requires an 8080 or Z80 running CP/M ver. 1.4 or later and at least 48K RAM. Price. $96.00. Manual only $15.00. Add $5.00 COD. MXREF available In CP/M format on 5" NorthStar or 8" single or double density soft sector.

COMPUTER TOOLBOX INC. 1325 East Main St. Waterbury, CT. 06705 (203) 754-4197

Circle 113 on Inquiry card.

-vH'^ DESKTOP

VIDEO-PRINTER STAND

Gel the benefits of specialized computer

lurnilure at a fraction of tiie cost.

• Keyboard slides under TV increasing work space. (Works the same with printer, disk drives, and other devices, or fanfold paper.)

• For use on your present desk or table

• Places all components at your fingertips

• Designer styling, sturdy metal construction in Black or Beige

• For use with most micros and printers

Introductory Price

$39.95 ea.

Fla. add 4%

Dim: 19'/!"«12"«6=A"

Send CK or MO Including $4.00 Shipping & handling

£-5

Advanced EFFORT-SAVER Products, Inc.

P.O. BOX 5001 HIALEAH, FL 33014

=• P.C. ?=: UPGRADES

• Disk Drive Kit—1st or 2nd $259

• 16K Memory Kit $25

• 100 cps Printer (NEC 8023) & Cable. . $559 •64K Mem Card W/RS232 Port

(Sockets forupto256K) $475

•Com Card 2-RS232 Ports

(ASYNC, BISYNC, HDLC, SDLC) . . $295

•Wire Vifrap Card (Full Size) $ 75

•Extender Card $ 55

•64K Mem Kits; Epson & Okldata CALL

VOLUME DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE ORDER LINE 1-800-521-0521 In Mich. Call 313-429-2678

AEGIS SYSTEMS

1 P.O. Box 401

Terms: F O B. Saline 1

1 202 Bennett St

Visa and 1

1 Saline Ml 48176

Mastercharge 1

Add 3% 1

Circle 478 on inquiry

card.

SUPER CARD CAGE ENCLOSURE

An attractive desk-top enclosure has room for a 12" monitor, two 8" drives, power supply and support for 6 S-100 BUS, 6 MULTIBUS, 8 Q-BUS or 14 SIDBUS computer boards. Enclosure only, no electronics, $495 QTY 1. Enclosure with electronics, excluding drives and computer boards $1,565 QTY 1.

PSYTEK, INC. Phone 312/729-3200

1900 Picltwick Ave. or729-58S0 Glenview, IL 60025

TEST YOUR

E.Q.

(Economics Quolienl)

Write for a free booklet.

■'Economics'.'

Pueblo. Colorado 81009.

The American Economic System, We should all ieom more obout il.

A pubk setvKG messoge of

This Mogozme & TheAdvettrsngCouxJ

& US Defxytmerl of Commetce

BiU Cosby says:

"When you

learn CPR, you're ready to

save lives-^ anywhere!'

American Red Cross

Circle 477 on inquiry card.

Circle 340 on inquiry card.

YOU CAN SAVE $$$ ON RIBBONS FOR

Anadex DP 9500 $14.00

Centronics 700 Series

Zip Pack (Box of 3) $ 8.25

Cartridge $ 8.50

D.E.C. LA-34 $ 6.90

Diablo 630 $ 6.00

Epson IVIX 70-80 $12.95

NEC Spinwriter(Box of 3) $14.25

Okidatatvlicroline80(Boxof3) ...$ 8.90

Radio Stiack LP 11 ■ IV $ 8.50

Teletype 33 (Box of 3) $ 6.00

Teletype 43 .$ 7.50

Tl Silent 700 Ttiermal

Paper (Case) $48.00

Plus Many Others ■ Call for Information on Ribbons, Thermal Paper and Diskettes

Add $3.00 for Stiipping & t-landling Illinois Res. Add 6% Sales Tax

ILLINOIS COMPUTER PRODUCTS CO.

P.O. Box 112

Mt. Prospect, IL 60056 (312) 228-5590

Sav« 38%

MICROSOFT

Z-80 SoftCard

16K RAMCard

VIDEX

80-colu(nrn cord Plus Osborne's CP/M Book

Total List Price for the above: $1022"

ALL FOR ONLY

*639

88

DELIVERED

HIGH TECHNOLOGY AT AFFORDABLE PRICES Orders & Information

THE BOTTOM

I ■ IMF Orders Only

' 'LINE (80O1.343-O726

12 Johnson Street, Milford NH 03055

mi

age 65 years worked 40 retirement Denetits 0

Ttie U.S. Department of Labor has a free booklet that will help you answer these questions and a lot more. Send for it today.

Write: Psntlons, Consumer Information

Center, Pueblo, Colorado 81009

U.S. Dtparlmanl of Labor

Cirtiie 201 on Inquiry card.

Circle 481 on inquiry card.

SPECIALS on INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

6502

7 45

1 n/fi Qii 1 u/u.y J

inn/fi 1

1 UU/U, 1 J

UJUtM/DO 1 en.

8 40

10/7 95

JU/ / .JO

1 uu/u.yu

RS?n PIA

5 15

10/4 90

50/4 45

1 nn/4 1 s

1 uU/H. 1 J

fiS?? VIA

QOCC VIA

6 45

10/6 10

JU/O. / J

1 UU/J.M J

6532

7 90

10/740

c:n/7 nn JU/ / -UU

inn/fi fin

1 UU/D.DU

?114-1 ?nn

3.75

t-J/ O. JU

1 UU/ u.£. J

?114-11(10

3.15

25/2 90

inn/? fis

1 UU/ £..U J

2716EPR0M

7.00

5/645

1 n/^ on

1 U/0.3U

2532 EPROM

14 50

eneHitKbi zkxi

CMOS RAM

14.50

4116

8 for 17

Zero Insertion Force 24 pin Swket

2.00

6550 RAM (PET 8K)

12.70

S-100 Wire Wrap Socket

2.40

A P Products 15% OFF APHobby-Blox 15% OFF

.|IJttl/>.\lf*l .I'll!',-'

MODEM SPECIAL $99

SIGNALMAN Mkl from Anchor Automation

DIRECT CONNECT Modem with RS232 Cable and Connector included. Fully compatible with all Bell 103 modems. 0 to 300 bps, lull duplex, frequency shift keyed modulation, automatic ANSW/ORIG selection, direct connect, audible tone earner deled indicator, self-contained battery powered. PET/CBM Version (Mk1 P) $169

For Commodore Computers, the Signalman MkIP includes connector, cable, and machine language software

STAR MODEM

RS232 MODEM IEEE 488 MODEM RS23Z ccin

IEEE 488 CCin

Prentice/Livermore Dain Systems SALE $128 SALE $199 $170 $270

We carry Apple 11+ from Bell & Howell

CASH MANAGEMENT SYSTEM $45

Easy to use. Keeps track of cash disbursements, cash receipts, cash transfers, expenses for up to 50 categories.

FORTH for PET by Carglle/Riley $50 Full FIG model with all 79 Standard extensions. Miticompller lor FORTH for independent object code 30

KMMM PASCAL for PET/CBM $85

Includes translator for true machine language object code.

EARL for PET/CBM 65

Editor, Assembler, Relocator, Linkeditor.

SuptrGraphlct - BASIC Language Exienslons 30

Fast Machine Language Graphics routines for PET/CBiyi

SM-KIT - Siiner PFT/CBW ROM \<m*. Utjiltls?

Bcommodore

CBM-PET SPECIALS

list

SALE

(995)

775

(2250)

1750

(1495)

1100

(1995)

1650

(500)

400

(1795)

1345

(2195)

1760

(395)

199

(995)

795

(1295)

999

(1295)

999

(695)

550

(795)

630

(75)

65

(299)

259

(395)

335

CALL

(1995)

1345

8023 Printer-136 col, 150cps bi-directional 8300 Daisy Wheel-40 cps bi-directional 8032 80 X 25 CRT, business keyboard

Super Pet

8096 Board (extra 64 K RAM for 8032) 8050 Dual Disk Drive - 1 megabyte 8250 Dual Disk Drive - 2 megabyte cm IEEE Modem 4016 full size graphics keyboard 4032 full size graphics keyboard 4040 Dual Disk Drive - 330,000 bytes 2031 Single Disk Dnve - 165,000 bytes 4022 Tractor Feed Printer C2N External Cassette Deck VIC 20 Color Computer VIC 1515 Graphic Printer Used CBM/PET Computers 8024-7 High Speed Printer

WE WILL MATCH ANY ADVERTISED PRICE

*** EDUCATIONAL DISCOUNTS *** Buy Z PET/CBM Cimputin, nnin 1 FREE

VIC 20 Color Computer 259

VIC 1515 Graphics Printer 335

VIC 3K RAM 36

VIC 8K RAM 54

VIC16KRAM 112

VIC 1540 Disk Drive 525

VIC Avengers (Invaders) 24

VIC Jupiter Lander 24

VIC Superslot 24

VIC Super Alien 24

VIC Maze (Victory Software) 12

VIC Cosmic Deljns (Victory Software) 9

VIC Amok (UMI) 17

TNW 1000 Serial Interface 110

TNW 488/103 with DAA 450

Computels First Book of PET/CBM 11

WordPro 3 Plus - 32K CBM, disk, printer 195

WordPro 4 Plus - 8032, disk, printer 300

OZZ Data Base System for CBM 8032 335

VISICALC for PET ATARI, or APPLE 190

SM-KIT - PET ROM Utillllii 40

Programmers Toolkit - PET ROM Utilities 35

PET Spacemaker II ROM Switch 36

2 Meter PET to IEEE or IEEE to IEEE Cable 40

Dust Cover lor PET 8

IEEE-Parallel Printer Interface for PET 110

IEEE-RS232 Printer Interface for PET 120

Tfie PET Revealed 12

Library of PET Subroutines 12

RAM/flbMloTTET/CBM

4K or 8K bytt! of soft ROM wllli opilonal Bitttry Baclaip.

Adds extra RAM which can be write protected like ROM. 4K Version - S85 BK Version - SI20 Battery Backup - $30

EPROM Programmer for CBM/PET 79

Branding Iron witli software/hardware lor 2716 and 2532,

DISK

SPECIALS

SCOTCH (3M) 5" SCOTCH (3M) 8" Verbatim 8" Doubled Dens. Verbatim 5"Datalife (Add 1.00 for Verbatim 5" BASF 5" soft Wabash 5" Wabash 8"

10/2.45 50/2.35

10/2,60 50/2.45

10/3,65 50/3.55

10/2.65 50/2,60 plastic storage box)

10/2.10 20/2.00

10/2.30 50/225

10/2.40 50/2.35

100/2.30 100/2.40 100/3.40 100/2.55

1OO/1.90 100/2.15 100/2.25

WE STOCK MAXELL DISKS

Diskette Storage Pages 10 for 3.95

Disk Library Cases 8" - 2.85 5"-2.15

Disk Hub Rings 8" - 50 for 7.50 5" - 50 for 6.00

CASSEHES - AGFA PE-OII PREMIOM

High output, low noise, 5 screw housings.

C-10 10/.56 50/.50 100/.48

C-30 10/.73 50/.68 100/66

All other lengths available Write for price list.

SPECIALS

EPSON MX-80 Prialir EPSON MX-80 F/T Priiitir EPSON MX-70 Priatir EPSON MX-lOO Priatir

Centronics 739 Printer with dot graphics 575 STARWRITEH Daily Wknl Pdatir 1445

Zenith ZVM-121 Green Phosphor Monitor 119 Amdek Color Monitor 355 DC Hayes Smartmodem 240 Watanabe Intelligent Plotter 1195

ALL BOOK and SOFTWARE PRICES DISCOUNTED

OSBORNE/McGraw-Hiil, HAYDEN, SYBEX,etc.

Synertek Systems

SYM-1 Microcomputer

SYM BAS-1 BASIC or RAE 1/2 Assembler KTM-2/80 Synertek Video and Keyboard KTM-3/80 Synertek Tubeless Terminal

SALE

199

85 349 385

YgMiTM I data

I systems

Z90-80 64 K

2170

Z90-82 64 K, 1 double dens, drive

2395

Z89-0 48K

1950

ZB9-1 48K, 1 drive

2150

Z67 10 Megabyte -1- Floppy Drive

4495

Z37 1.3 Megabyte Dual Floppy

1495

Z25 High Speed Prnter

1195

Z19 Video Terminal (VT-52 compatible)

670

ZVM-121 Green Phosphor Monitor

119

All Zenith Software discounted

I nL*!*!"'!

A

ATARr

^ SNB. m

SPECIALS

800 Computer

695

Microsoft BASIC

72

400 - 16K

339

MISSILE COMMAND

32

810 Disk Drive

449

ASTEROIDS

32

825 Printer

629

STAR RAIDERS

32

850 Interface

175

Space Invaders

36

822 Printer

359

Music Composer

45

Paddle Pair

19

Chess

30

Joystick Pair

19

Super Breakout

30

16KRAM

85

PAC-MAN

3S

Assembler/Editor

46

CENTIPEDE

36

Pilot

68

First Book of Atari

11

Write for

prices on other Atari items.

252 Bethlehem Pike Colmar, PA 18915

215 822 7727 A B CoiiiputerS;

WRITE FOR CATALOG

Add $1.25 per order for shipping. We pay balance of UPS surface charges on all prepaid orders. Prices listed are on cash discount basis. Regular prices slightly higher. Prices subject to change.

Circle 4 on Inquiry card.

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

I

S-lOO CPU

CPDrZ - COMPUPRO

2/4 MHZ zap CPU 24 Bit Addressing - x iPMTiio. DEscmmPN LisTPmcE onupmcEi)

BDGBT I60A AS. J S295.00. . . $199.00*

BDGBT I80C CSC 3-6 MHZ S39b.a0 .. - .S37S.00

DUAL PROCESSOR 8085-8088 - COMPUPRO 6 or 8 MZ Provides true 16 Bit Power with S standard 8 bitS-WObus.

BD6BT1BI2/1 A&T 6 MHZ S425.00 ... $399.00

BDGBT IB12C CSC 6/8 MHZ S525.00 ... $498.00

SOUD STATE DISK DRIVE, 3500% FASTER! Not Really, Bui the Next Best Thing For Godboul 8085/88 Users. Call tor Details on M-Drive. See Page 340 ol November BYTE

BDGBT MD I2BK $1,5S0.DO

BDGBT MD 2SBK S3.ODB.00

2810 Z80 CPU-CA. COMP. SYST.

2/4 MHZ Z80A CPU Willi RS232C Serial I/O Port complele with Monitor PROM lor 2422 Disk Controller

BDCCS 2B10A A&T S3S0,00 ... .$280,00

CB2 Z80 CPU ■ S.5.M. 2/4 MHZ will accept 2716. or 2732, or RAM RUN/STOP and single step switches

B0SSMCB2K Kit $260.00

B0S8MCB2A A&T. S344.00 ... .$310.00

BDSIMZSOM SSMZ80 Monitor $89.00

CBIA 8080 CPU ■ S.S.M. 8080 CPU. 1K RAM. Holds I 2708. / Bll parallel input port.

BDSSMCBIK Kit $183.00

BDSSMCBIA AST S252.00 . . . .S225.00

ODSSMSOOOM SM 8080 Monitor S59.00

S-100 I/O BOARDS

SYSTEM SUPPORT 1 - COMPUPRO

Serial port isoHware prog baud). 4KEPR0M OR RAM provision. 15 Isvals ol interrupt, real time clock.

optional math processor

IPABTNO. DESCfllPTIOH LI$TPBICE OUBPfllCEl

BDBBT16HA Asssmbtsd S, Tssted^ S39.9.00 S360.D0 B0GBTI62C CSC $495.00 S460.0D

aDBBT8Z31 Math Chip $195.00 BDGBT8232 Malh Cttip $195.00 0DGBTI82AMI A&T with 8231 Math Chip $555.00 BDGBTI82CMI CSC with 8231 Matti Chip $695,00 B0SBTIB2AM2 A&T with 8232 Math Chip $595.00 B0GBTI62CM2 CSC with 8232 Malh Chip $699,00 MPX CHANNEL BOARD - COMPUPRO I/O Multiplexer using 8085A-2 CPU on board With 4K RAM

BDBBTt66A4 A&T S495.00 $445.00

B0SBT16EC4 CSC S595.00 $535.00

With 16K RAM

BDGBTIGBAIG A&T $649.00 $589.00

B0SBTI6BC16 CSC $749.00 $679.00

INTERFACES I - COMPUPRO

Two Serial I/O

B0EBT133A A&T $249.00 $219.00

BDGBT133C CSC $324.00 $298.DO

INTERFACER II - COMPUPRO Thnje parallel, one serial I/O board B0GBT1SOA A&T $249.00 $219.00

B0GBTI90C CSC $324.00 $289.00

INTERFACER HI • COMPUPRO Eight channel multi-use serial I/O board BDGBT174BA A&T S699.00 $629.00

BD6BT1748C CSC 200 hr. Burn In $849.00 S750.00

INTERFACER 3 VHTH S SERIAL PORTS BDGBT1749A A&T SS99.00 $559.00

BDGBTI749C CSC 200 tir. Burn In $699.00 $629.00 MULTI I/O - MORROW DESIGNS Three Serial, Two parallel BDM0$MB3200 A&T $359.00 ■ $329.00

SWITCHBOARD - MORROW DESIGNS Two serial I/O, tour parallel I/O. one status port, one strobe port BDM0SSB24n $299.00 $269.00

I/04 ■ SSM Two serial I/O. I wo parallel I/O B0S8MI04K Kit $2)0.00 BDSSMI04A AST $290.00 $200.00

I/O 5 ■ SSM 2 Serial, 3 Paraliel including 1 Centronies BDSSMI0S1 A&T ' $329.O0 $309.00

I/O 8 ■ SSM 8 Port Serial I/O with Timer BDSSMIOOA AS, T S55O00 $495.00

2710 4 PORT SERIAL - CCS

4 Full handshaking RS232portsand optional 2K ROM BDCGS27ID01 AST $360.00 $310.00

2719 2 SERIAL & 2 PARALLEL ■ CCS

2 RS232C ports. 2 8 bit parallel ports, & optional 2K ROM B0CCS27IBDI AST $360.00 $325.00

2720 4 PORT PARALLEL - CCS

4 8 tilt parallel ports and optional 2K ROM

BDCCS27200I A f. T $2!itl0n S225.00

S-100 10 MHZ STATIC RAM

NEW LOW PRICES!

RAM 20 - 32K SALE $299.00

32K STATIC RAM - COMPUPRO

RAM 20 10 MHZ. 4K byte block disable, bank select or 24 bit addressing available 8, 16, 24 or 32K

IPABT NO.

DESCBIPTION

LIST PBICE OOB PBICE I

BDGBT164AA8 8K AS.T $210:60 S190.DO

BDGBT164AC8 8K CSC $280.00 $250.00

BDGBTI64AAI6 16KA&T $285.00 $280.00

B0GBTI64ACI6 16K CSC $355.00 $325.00

B0GBTI64AA24 24K/lSr S355.00 $325.00

BDGaTt64AC24 2'(K CSC $425.00 . $365.00

BD6BT1I4AII32 32K/IST $425.00 $299.00

BDeBTIB4AC32 32K CSC $495.00 $490.00

CMOS STATIC RAM For a complete analysis ol the advantages o' CMOS memory, see the 'Product Description"on page 416 of the January Issue ol BYTE.

64K CMOS STATIC RAM ■ COMPUPRO RAM 17. 10 MHZ. 2 Watt, DMA Compatable 24 Bit Addressing BDBBTt79A4B 48K AST S650.00 $619.00

B0GBT175C48 4SK CSC 200hr. $750.00 $710.00

B0GBT175A64 64KAST S79S.00 $755.00

BDBBT175CG4 B4KCSC200hr $895.00 $850.00 NEW! 32K X 16 BIT CMOS STAHC RAM ■ COMPUPRO RAM 16 10 MHZ, 32K X 16or64Kx8 IEEE/696 16 BIT 2 Watt, 24 Bit Addressing BDBBT18BA 64K AST $895.00 $050,00

BOBBT180C B4KCSC $995.00 $945,6o

NEW! 128K NMOS STATIC RAM ■ COMPUPRO RAM 21 lOMHZ 128K X 8 OR B4K x 16 IEEE/696 8 or 16 Bit 1.2 Amps 24 Bit Addressing B0BBT1B7A 12aKAS,T $1695.00 $1010.00

BDeBT1B7C 128KCSC $1895.00 $1795.00

S-100 PROM

PBI PROM PROGRAMMER ■ SSM

Programs 2703 or 2716's. operates as a 4K/8K EPROM BOARD AS WELL. BDSSMPB1K Kit $179.00 BDSSMPB1A AST $265.00 $220.00

ECONOROM 2708 - COMPUPRO 16K X 8 EPROM Board using 2708, Power on jump to any 258 byte BDBBTI29A AST $135.00 $120.00

BDGBT12SC CSC $195.00 $175,00

MB8A - SSM

1K/I6K270B EPROM board, disable in IK increments B0SSII1MB8AK Kit $114.00 BDSSMMB8AA A&T $179.00 $159.00

S-100 VIDEO BOARDS

SPECTRUM - COMPUPRO

Color Graphics board with Parallel I/O

B0GBT144A A&T $399.00 $349.00

80GBT144C CSC $449.00 $300.00

B0BBT2D Sublogic Universal $35.00 Graphics Interpreter Sollware VB - 3 S.S.M. SO X 25 or 50 character video display Memory Mapped. Parallel Keyboard port

BDSSMVB3K24 80 x 24 Kit S425.00

B0SSHVB3A24 80 x 24 AST $499.00 S440.00

B0SSmVB3UP 80 x 50 Line Upgrade S 39.00 VB2-S.S.M.

I/O Mapped Video Board, with Parallel Keyboard port 64 X 16

B0$$MVB2K Kit $199.80

BDSSHVB2A AST $269.00 $229.00

VBBB - S.S.M

Memory Mapped Video Board 64 x 16 character display or 64 x 16 graphics display

BDSSMVB1K Kit $179.00

BDS$MVB1A A&T $242.00 $220.00

S-IOO MOTHERBOARDS - COMPUPRO

Active termination. 6-12-20 slot

BDGBT153A

AST 6 slot. 2 lbs

$140.00

$126.00

BDGBT153C

CSC 6 slot. 2 lbs.

$190.00

$179.00

BD8BT154A

A&T 12 slot, 3 lbs.

$175.00

$159.00

BDGBT154C

CSC 12 slot. 3 lbs.

$240.00

$220.00

B0GBT155A

A&T 20 slot. 4 lbs.

$265 00

S235.00

BDCT6155C

CSC 20 slot. .1 lbs

S.l-IO.OO

S310.00

DYNAMIC RAM

THE EXPAND ABLE 1 PRIORITY 1 ELECTRONICS

THE EXPANDABLE 1" 64K Dynamic Ram board provides your S-100 system with 64K of reliable, highspeed dynamic RAM. Compatable with most of the major S-100 systems on the market, including those with front panels, it supports DMA operations and requires no Wait states with current microprocessors.

• User expandable from 16 to 64K • Supports DtAA

• Designed to IEEE proposed S-100 bus standards • 2or 4 MHz operation • Operates with either an 8080 orZ-SO based S-100 system, providing processor-transparent refreshes with both • Supports IMSAHype front panels

• Jumper-selectable Phantom input • Uses Popular 4116 RAMS • Allies in sockets • Any 16K block can be made bank-independent • Fully buffered address and datelines • Fail-safe refresh circuitry for extended Wail states • Board configuration with reliable, easy-to-configure Berg jumpers

B0PRIEXP116 16K Assembled & Tested $299.00

BDPRIEXPI32 32K Assembled & Tested $330.00

BDPRIEXP148 48K Assembled & Tested $379.00

BDPRIEXP1B4 64K Assembled & Tested $409.00

S-100 DISK CONTROLLERS

2422A ■ CA. COMP. SYST.

I/O Mapped, controls 8", single or double density A&T with CRM 2.2 8" S.D.

[lilT PBICE OUBPBiCfl $4 75.00 $379.00

BDCeS2422A

DISK JOCKEY 2D - MORROW

Memory Mapped, controls 8". single or double density, serial I/O BDMOI0J22O8 A&T witti CP/M 2.2 $39900 $375.00

S-100 DISK SUBSYSTEMS

DJ2B DISCUS SINGLE SIDED MORROW

8" DBL Density drives with cabinet, power supply controller, with CP/M 2.2 and Microsoft Basic BDMDSFt218 Single Drive System $109500 $950.00 BDM0SF122B Dual Drive System $1875.00 $1990.00 DJ2B DISCUS DOUBLE SIDED - MORROW 8" DBL Density/Sided drives with cabinet Power supply controller, with CP/M 2.2 and Microsoft Basic BDMBSF2218 Single Drive System $1395.00 S125D.D0 BDMDSF2228 Dual Drive System $2495.00 $2050.00

S-100 HARD DISK - MORROW

5.25 ' 5MB, 8" 10 & 20MB. W 26MB lormalled hard disk complete with cabinet. P.S.. Controller

CP/M 2.2 and MicrosoU MBASiC SO

IIIST PBICE SALE PBICE |

BDMOSOMAMB S IVIB $2495.00 >$I995.00

BDMOBMIOS 10 MB $3595.00 I $2950.00

BDMDSM20$ 20 MB $4795.00 «0W $3625.00

BOMBSM26S 26 MB $4495.00 $3405.80

OUTPERFORMS MONITORS OF TWICE THE PRICE

USI has the competition buckling at their knees! You can have a professional performing Video Monitor lor a traction ot the costi The USI EV2131N is a

12" Green, high resolution data display compatable

with 80 X 24 computer lormats

B0USIEV2131N 24 lbs. $149.00

CiTCle 334 on inquiry card.

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

COMPUPRO DMA DISK 1 WITH FREE CP/M 2.2 SALE $450.00

SAVE $220.00

Priority 1 Electronics is pleased to offer the GODBOUT DISK 1 High Performance Disk Controiier at our regular low price with CP/M 2.2 and BIOS at no additional

cost. That's a savings of $220.00 of (he manufacturer's

list price.

• Third generation INTEL 8272/NEC 765A LSI floppy disk controller,

• High speed cycle stealing DMA interface for processor independent data transfer between system memory and flexible disk.

• Handles up to four 8 or 5.25 inch floppy disk drives

• Single or double density/single or double sided capability.

• Supports IBM 3740 so'f sectored formats.

• 24 bit DMA addressing with data transfer across 64K boundaries for data transfer throughout the / 6Mby!^ memory map.

|PA«T Ha.

nESCRiPTinii

UST PRICE OIB PBICEl

BDPDBI7IACPM ASTw/CP/M2.2i BIOS $670.00 $450.01 B0BBTI71C CSC S59S.00 (995.00

BDSBTCPIiaO* CP/M 2.2 lor ZSO/8085 with $179.00

manuals S, BIOS 8" S/D disk BOegrOtSOS OasIs 8 bit single user 8" S/D disk SbOO.OO BDGBT0AS8M Oasis 8 bil mullluser. 8" S/D disk $850.00

S-lOO SYSTEMS SUPERSIXTEEN - COMPUPRO

HERE IS WHAT EACH PACKAGE INCLUDES:

BDBBTt612A 6 MHz 3085/8088 Dual Processor Board

BD6BT171A High Speed DMA Disk Controller

BD6BT162A Systerv Support 1 Multi-Function Board

ZtiWlZZA Interfacer 1 Dual Serial I/O

8D12BK iSMHz Low Power Static Ram

BDGBTCP/M BB 16 Bit Operating System Ready to Load & Go

Cables and Documentation Tliree interfacer cables one disk I/O

cable, complete documeniator 'or all hardware, and manuals

for both CP/M operating systems.

Campu Pro"! famous 1 Year limited warranty.

Now to the best part of all. I'purchased separately, these

quality componertts would list for$4,344.00. BUT SupsrSlxteen's

low pickage pri» is art imaztng $3,495.00. You »tb $B49.00[fFor

boards qualified under the Certified System Component

high-rehability program - with extended 2 year warranty.

200 hour bwn-m arid 6/8:MHzprocessors-add S600.00 to

the package price. Sh. Wt. 15 lbs.

BOPOBBBTSJ SuperSixteen A&T $3495.00

BOPDBBBTSX SuperSixloon CSC $4095.00

PRINTERS

Best in^^K

\..r- ——

MICROLINE - OKIDATA WITH FRICTION AND TRACTOR FEED

• BI-DIRi:CTIONAL ■ 120 CPS • Parallel and Serial I/O

• rt/rj Main/ (Alphanumeric) • !00 Thru )200 Baud

• rj/',n, Mhirr/lor Graphics mSell Test

• 'i./i \ 1(1.11: Charactrsp/lnch • Oul ot Paper Switch

• 6 Of h LirK:: per Inch mFncllon or Tractor Feed »!l(l CPL~ to CPI lor a2A »3~to WTopolForm

• t:s2 CPL 10 CP/ tor 83A fSwjIch Selectable) » 10 Dillerent Character Sets

Ipmtiio.

OEScmpnoH

UST PRICE aill WICEl

B00KIDATB2«T|26 Ibsia 80 CPL («• 10CPIS 799.00 $539.00

B00Kin«T83AT (37 M)132 CPL »» 10 CPI $1195.00 $750.00

BD0KISER2KBF 9600 baud with 2K Serial $159.00

BuHer upgrade with X-on Y-off

BDOKIGRAPH High Resolution Graphics Prom $99.00

CALL FOR THE NEW MICROLINE 84

MX80 - EPSON

NEED WE SAY MORE?

aotPtlKIXBO Tractor Feed 17 lbs $645.00 $450.00

BDEPNMXIOO 132 Co( Tractor Feed 24 lbs $725.00 PRINTER DrmtFACES - MICROBYTE RS232 Serial Conversion for MXSO & MXWO BDMBSSEII A & I $55.00 Apple Centronics 8 bil parallel interface lor Centronics. Epson & OKIDATA printers BDMBSAEM AST $59.00 BDMBSAECI Cable lor above $14.99 Prinlnr interlaces & cables sold only with printer purchase

S-IOO MAINFRAMES

S-lOO MICROFRAME - TBI

110VB0HZ CVT Mainframes, the best money can buy! 12 Slot ±8V 17A±16V (P 2A 22 Slot ±8V & 30A± WV la 4A

OUB PBICE

PABT NO.

UST PRICE t-i 10-24

B0TEIMCS1I2 12SlotDesl< $68S.OO$ei9.0a $970.0

BOniMCSIZZ 22 Slot Desk ;S25.OO$7B0.0D $705.00

B0TEIBMI2 12 Slot Rackmount S725.OO$720.00 $619.00 B0TEIRII22 22 Slot Racl<mount S8 75.00 $850.00 $790.00 Shipping Weight On 12 Slot Mainframe 45 lbs. On 22 Slot Mainframes 55 lbs

TEI S-100 FRAMES 3-5" DISK CUTOUTS

±8V a 17+16V to) 1.2A Internal Cables

I0 Z4 I

BDTEITFI2 12 Slot desk S675.00$82S.On $580.00

B0TEIRFI2 12 Slot Rackmount S795.00$7I9.00 $B69.00 Shipping Weight: On 12 Slat Desk 40 lbs. On 12 Slot Rackmount 45 lbs.

DUAL 8" DISK DRIVE CHASSIS - TEI

ForShugart 800/80IR or850/851R with Internal power cables provided +24V 9 1.SA+SV ® 1.0A - SV& .2SA

03:

10-24 I

BOTEBCFDO Desk Top S535.00 $489.00 $459.00

BOTEIBFOO Rack Mount $720.00%m.m $630.00

CALL FOR NEW TEI PRICES APRIL 1st

S-100 MAINFRAME - COMPUPRO

110V eOHZ CVT Mainirame uses famous 20 s/o( GODBOUT Motherboard 55 lbs. BDeBTEIIC20RM 20 Slot Rack Mount $895.00 $829.00 BD8BTEIIC20DK 20 Slot Desk Top $82S.OO $7B0.00

S-100 MAINFRAME - CCS

12-slot motherboard with removable termination card BDCCS220001 0"/ce Cream 35 lbs SS7S.00 $939.00

BDCCS22aDa2 Blue 35 lbs $575.00 $535.00

SOFTWARE - MICROPRO

All software Is supplied on 8" Single Density IBM 3740 CP/M Compatable Diskettes WOPDSTAK

Screen-Oriented, integrated word processing system

specifically designed for non-technical personnel BOMPIIWBOSTAI 5495.00 $900,011

HAIL MESSE WORD STAR OPTION Powerful tile merging tool BDMPRMlMBBAVflequ/res WordSlarZI orlaterj$260.00 $100.00

SPBUSTJUl WORD STAR OPTION One Step "Proofreader" with compressed 20,000 word dictionary and user-created supplemental dictionaries BDMPBSPUTAI (Requires Word Star 3.0 or later) $250.00 $190.00 SUPERSORT

Sophisticated program that will select and re-arrange

variable length information from data files BOMPRSPBSBAI $250.00 $150.00

CALC STAR

Sophisticated, easy-to-use, electronic spread

sheet and financial planner BDMPnCLCSTAI 5295.00 $200.00

DATA STAR Ofllce-Oriented Data Entry, retrivai, and

updating system BOHPlTOATSTAl $350.00 $200.00

PRIORITY

FLOPPY DISC DRIVES

Tendon TM-800 Thinline is exactly half the size of conventional 8" floppy disk drives.

Exactly one-half the height of any other model, Propietary, high-resolution, read-write heads

patented by Tandon D.C. only operation - no A.C. required Industry standard interface.

Three millisecond track-to-track access time 9 lbs. B0TIIDTM848I Single Sided tm.m 2 or more $395.00 BBTIIinMB4a! Double Sided $979.00 2 or more $990.00 BDTNDTM8M Manual - not Included with drive $10.00 80IR - SHUGAST

Single sided double density most popular 8" drive BDSHUSOIB $425.00 ea or 2 or more 116 lbs) tor $399.00ea. BOSHUSABOIRM Manual for BOIR drives $10.00

DT-8 - aiTME

Data track 8 double sided, double density 8" BOgMEOTSWH Sh. Wt 16 lbs $929.00 ■>.

2 or more $499.00 each

BOOMEOTBM

Manual lor DT-8 S'A" DRIVES - TANDON BOTHOTM100I Single Sided. 250KB (5 lbs) B0TN0TBI1D02 Double Sided 500KB

B0THDTM1003 Single Sided, SOOKB

BDTNDTMI004 Double Sided 1000KB

BDTNDTM9M Manual, not included with drive

DISK CABINETS

$ 10.00

V-lOO - VISTA

• Desk or rack mountable • Internal power and data cables

• Drives pull out lor easy service and maintenance amnSHlOO Disk Drive Cabinet (43 lbs) $495.(10 $449.00

SINGLE 8" - ar.

single 8" cabinet with power supply BDDTCDDCB (22 lbs) $249.00' $229.00

DUAL 8" - aT.

Dual 8' cabinet with power supply BDOTCBDCtB (24) $395.00 $349.00

5" CABINETS ■ VISTA

B0VIS 980I Sinqlc Ci" with P.S. $75.00

Boms 9802 Dual 5 with P.S. S95.00

TERMINALS

SAI£*$525.00

VIEWPOINT - ADDS

Detachable keyboard. RS232 interface and auxiliary port, 80 X 24 display, tiltabte screen SALE BDADDVWPR Shipping Weight 40 lbs S699.OO$525.00

VT200 - VISUAL TECHNOLOGY

THE MOST RELIABLE TERMINAL WE'VE EVER USED! Detachable keyboard, RS232C or 20MA interlace. 110 to 19200 baud, 12" non glare 80 x 24 display,

RS232 Aux. port and composite video out. imiim Shipping Weight 55 lbs. $995.00

ELECTRONICS

CHATSWORTH, CA 91311

9161-B DEERING AVE • ORDER TOLL FREE (800) 423-5922 CA, AK, HI CALL (213) 709-5464

Terms U.S. VISA. MC, BAG, Check, Money Order, U,S, Funds Only, CA resldenis add 6% Sales Tax, MINIMUM PREPAID ORDER S15,00. Include MINIMUM SHIPPING 8c HANDLING oi S2.50 (or the first 3 lbs. plus 25c for each additional pound Orders over 50 lbs. sent freight collect. Just in case, please include your phone no. Prices subject to change wittiout notice. We will do our best to maintain prices through ^llL 1982. Credit Card orders will bo ctiarged appropriate treight See November BYTE for 60 pugf^' Colalog or sendSl.00 for your copy today. Sale prices are tor prepaid orders only.

Circle 334 on Inquiry card.

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

PROTICT YOUR INVISTMENT PKOTECT YOUB DATA WITH

with BuUt-In Noise Filters and Surge Suppressors

ISOLATES SENSmVI AND VALUABLE EOUIPMENT FBOU:

Equipment interaction - Damaging High Voltage Spif<es AC line noise and hash.

PROTECTS AGAINST: Voltage transients caused by lightning, contact switching, turn-off of Inductive components, noise due to electromagnetic coupling. USE THE GSC ISOBAB TO ISOLATE: Microprocessor from peripherals - Lab instruments from noisy equipment Sensitive pre-amp or tape deck from power amplifier. THE asc ISOBAR EUMINATES: Equipment interaction Equipment damage from power line spikes and surges Errors - False printouts ■ Disk Skips ■ Audio or video hash. FEATURES: Inductive isolated ground - Sockets individually filter isolated ■ Circuit breaker protected at 15A VOLTAGE TRANSIENT SPIKE PROTECTION: 2000 A peak for up to 6 Sec duration spikes. 1000A. 8/20 Sec protection from repeated spikes.

LOAD HANDLING: 1875 W max. total load; ISA persocket. INPUT: 125 VAC, 15 amps; standard 3-prong plug. IBAR 3 Three common outlets built-in circuit breaker, pilot light, hang-up bracket and a 6 foot cord.

UST PRICE OUR PRICE BDaonBAR3 SH.WT.3lbs. $59.95 $39.95 IBAR46- Four independently isolated outlets. Built-in 15A circuit breaker, pilot light, switch, and 6 foot cord. BDaOFIBAR46 SH. WT. 4 Ibs. $79.95 $49.95 IBAR 86-8 outlets, grouped to form 4 independently isolated sets of two. Built in 15A circuit breaker, on/off switch, pilot light.

BDG0FIBARA6 SH.WT.5lbs. $84.95 $54.95 IBAR9RM- Eight rear-mounted outlets grouped to form four independently isolated sets of two, plus one non-isolated convenience outlet on front face, 19" rack mount cabinet. Built in 15A circuit breaker, pilot light, on/off switch, and 6 foot cord.

BOaOPrnJUmUi SH.VVT.6Ibs. $99.95 $74.95

RS232 Breakout Box

A must for every technician, repair man or systems integrator

The Breakout Box contains 24 Dudl-In-Line Switches vMch allow any ol the interlace signals (except Pin 1, which is not used) to be interrupted The switches are located in the center of Ihe main control panel, A 25 way female cormector for connecting the box to the DTE is lifted to the left hand side via a ribbon cable and a 25 way male connector for connection to the DCE is similarly connected to Ihe right hand side, ■

DTE and DCE interface connection pins are located on both sides ol the Dual-In-Line switches. Using the Jumpers supplied,' these pins permit monitoring ol any o( the interface lines with either or both the positive and negative test indicators on the front panel These pins also permit cross-patching or the connection of an external test meter or osdlloscope.

The Breakout Box contains Indicators ^^iich monitor the following signals Pin Function '/ Transmitled Data

Rp^eived Data 4 Request to Send

r^ieady for Sending (clear to send)' ^ hrila Set Ready

H Data Channel Received Line Signal Detector

1 > Trarismitter Signal Element Timing 17 Pecerver Signal Element Timing

Corinect Data Set to Line/Data Terminal Ready ?.\ r;i7r,al Quality i2 hr.rj htdicator

\y:Vii/y/. i:. 'jofil'jirie^j iri n louqli pkj:;tic r;nse and is powered iy/\ /j'4. I v',H r"x.-ri!Kjf)l \,'i\\>:r\'^:: l\<i power is consumed by 111*: ler.i';r wher, \u ii:;f.- Ijirnensioris 2.9" x 5,55" x 1,45" 'ij^i'jtit i'} ':<:■■.. wilh tyjllenes.

BDDKW232BOX S 199.00 $159.00

GLOBAL SPECLfU.TIES LOGIC PROBES

SPEC in CATIONS

Shipping Wt. 2 Ibs

MODEL

LPl

LP2

LP3

Reiponie

Vj Iu, ■■:<) !,■,

M.'.'J!.;

■:/•:!.'.. l<)!Aiiy

SfjOns. 1.5MHz pulrifj Imtn

6 ns typical, tested al 10 ns. 70MHz pulse Irnin

Pul«« Model ' 'I'J'' Tr'jiri or [linqle FVent

Pari No. BOSSCLn BDSICLP; BDCICLP3 BDCtCDPI

BDCICLTCI

BDUClTCi

Description

List PrtoOm Price

■,t'. I.'

I!]'J/1 VjIj1I[/w/M<;frif;rY

lli'jl, -.[/....■•I In-jil.il h II/) J'l<;-,r ■.in>/|i; :,Uij\ l.l'l. hfl ■llfl I.MI Hi

>iii'l I.MI III inol'jf.-'i >:'i^;

ito '.J 11 no

.M,')fXJ

saiatx)

0270.00

$45.00 $30.00 $69.00 $76.00

$220.00

$2«5.ao

MEMORY

8080 SERIES PABtllB.

TOBTl

BD41I6AC20 8/$18.00 BD2016P3 1/(72.00

B02114N3L

BD5257H3L

BD2732

BD27I6

802708

8/$28.00 8/«S0.00 8/$I20.0a 8/$50.00 8/$20.00

Z80 SERIES

BDZ80A

BDZ80API0

BDZ80ACTC

BDZSOADMA

BDZ80AS100

BDZSOASlOl

BDZ80AS102

$14.95 $14.9S $13.95 $45.00 $59.95 $59.95 $59.95

UARTS

BDAY51013A $5.95

BDTB1602B $5.95

BDT81863 $«.95

BDiM640a $7.95

BOms 8080A $5.50

BDINS808SA $19.95

BDDP8212N $2.95

BDDP8314N $5.25

BDDPSaiAN $2.95

BDDPa224H $3.25

BDDP8224.4N $9.95

BODPB226N $3.50

BODP822BN $5.55

BDDP823SN $5.55

BDIMS8250N $15.00

BDINS8251N $7.50

BDINSS253N $ 17.95

BDINSa2SSN $6.80

BDIN58257N $16.45

BD1NS8259N $18.00

BDINS8275N $59.95

BDINS8279N $49.95

FLOPPY DISC CONTROLLER

BDFD1771B01 $24.95

BDFD1791M1 $44.95

4V3 Digits $235.00

KEITH LEY

Handheld DMMs For Every Appllcatton and Budget

Easy-to-use Rotary Switches Large 0.6" LCD displays dc Voltage ac Voltage dc Current ac Current Resistance Diode Test

3'A or 4'/; Digit Accuracy Overload Protection Externally Accessable Battery & Fuse Rugged 0.1" ABS Plastic Case Shock-Mounted PC Board

BDKTH130 «0.5%DCVacc<ltacT, lOU Input

impedence auto polarity and current measurement through 10A BDEIHUI Same as BDKTH130 except 0.25% accuracy and enhanced bandwith on top ACV ranges BDEIH128 See/heardlsplay includes both over/ under threshold indicator arrows, audible tone that operates on all ranges & functions, and adjustable threshold BDKTH13S 4'A digit. 0.05% accuracy $235.00 BOKTH870 Thermocouple(TC}based themometer $199.00 BDETH1304ScftCarryingCase&Stand(handhelds) $ 10.00 BDETH1306Deluxe Carrying Case (handhelds) $ 25.00

h ' At,

LCD & LED Bench DMMs

BDETH169 3'/: Digit. LCD Display $189.00

BDKTHI76 4'A Digit, LCD Display $269.00

BDKTIII79A Digit, LED Dispay, TRMS $359,00

BDKTH1793 IEEE-488/nlerfacefModeM79A) $325.00 See pp. 42-43 of our Engineering Selection Guide In the November BYTE for a complete list of specifications and accessories,

SPECIAL PUSCHASE 16 PIN LOW PROFILE IC. C95 SOCKETS

GOLD

BCnai6LP pkgof 100 $16,00

BCTIG16LPpksal 1000 $120.00

OEUS Stock up oi IMS LOW PBtCEl

fSyANCHOR THE SIGNALMAN y^fAUTOMATION MK i

MODEM PRICE BSEAKTHIIOUGH!

ZERO INSERTION FORCE TEST SOCKETS

D-SUBMINIATUSE CONNECTORS

25 Pin Solder Type

BDCIIDBB25P 29 Pin Mall $3.00 $2.75 $2.2S

*BDCNDDB25P 100 pes at $1.95 ea ★

B0CIIDDB25S 25 Pin Flinlll $4.00 $3.75 (3.00

-k BDCNDDB25S 100 pes at $2.95 ea *

BDCII0DB5122t 2 Pc, Blick HoDll $1,90 $1,65 $1.45 BDCND0B5I2I2 1 Pc. Gret Hood $1.60 $1.45 $1.30

■DCIIDPISH 2Pc. BreiHold $1.50 $1.25 $1.10

CaH tor other D-Sabmlnlalure connectors

ELECTRONICS S M M @

9161-B DEERING AVE • CHATSWORTH, CA 91311 ORDER TOLL FREE (800) 423-5922 CA, AK, HI CALL (213) 709-5464

Terms LI.S. VISA MC, BAG, Check, luloney Order, U.S. Funds Only. CA residents add 6% Sales Tax MINIIvlLIM PREPAID ORDER $15.00. Include MINIMUM SHIPPING & HANDLING of $2.50 for the firsts Ibs, plus25C for each additional pound. Orders over 50 Ibs sent freight collect Just in case, please include your phone no. Prices subject to change without notice. We will do our beest to maintain prices through April, 1982. Credit Card orders will be charged appropriate freight See November BTO for 60 page Catalog or send $1.00 for your copy today. Sale prices are for prepaid orders only.

1-9 10-24

BCZIP16DIP $ 5.50 $5.35

BCZlP24Dn> $ 7.50 $7.25

BCZIP40DIP $10.25 $9.SS

PRODUCT FEATiniES

• Diiect Conned Modem

• Built-in RS232C Cable and Connector

• Sell-conlalned 9V Battery — Vba plug tr^lbrmer aiq^liie

• Audible carrier detect signal, ^ W V

• ^tomatic mode selection. f '

• Tslk/ Ddt3 switcti

• CONNECTS IN SERIES WITH MODUWR HANDSET JACK ON TELEPHONE

• Complete witti RS232C and Modular Handset Cables, eliminates need to buy' cables — save $20.00 -$30.00. assures correct fit

• Uses low cost 9Vbattery. Biminatesunsi9htlycordsandnee(lfor"ffliother"

• AC outlet. Optional plug-in transformer available.

• Audio Transrliicer ijliminates neeci to view LED tocdnlifincoonection—can be placed anywhere (veicro tape provided).

■ Advanced IC Circuitry eliminates confusion of who is originator — ends need to manually switch from Originate to Answer and Vice/Versa.

• Permits you to listen/ talk on phone or switch to data communications mode.

• Permits you to communicate with most other corrputer networks.

• Small size, light weight permits to install tfie 9GNALMAN anywtiera.

• Uwest priced modem available.

R0BINS0N-NU6EHT ICN SERIES GOLD 3 LEVEL WIRE WRAP SOCKETS

10 M in GOLD Platt'd Pins Deep Ciiamfered Closed Enlry

Contacts

RN Side Wipe Conlaci Design Phosohoi Bionze ContacI Mateiial Teimmal Barbs Allow Sell-tock into PC Boaid

Rugged Socket Body Design Deep Chamfered Closed Entry Contacts

PRICE

PART NO.

PINS

1-9

10-24

2S-99

) 00-249

290-999

8

.60

.59

.49

.45

.41

BDRMUinK

14

.75

.70

.65

.95

,46

BDRMININC

16

.85

,75

.70

.60

.52

BDRHSinmB

18

1.00

,90

,B0

,75

,71

BDRNSZONWE

20

1.20

1.05

.96

.91

.87

BDRm22IIIWB

22

1.35

1 25

1.15

1.05

.99

BDRNS24WWE

2J

1.35

1.25

1.15

1.05

.99

BDRNS28iniG

28

1,70

1.55

1.40

1.34

1.29

eDRHSAOWWE

W

2.20

2.05

1.85

1.60

1.51

GOLD PLATED CONTACTS

NEW!

SELECTIVE PLATED PINS THAT WILL SAVE YOU MONEY BY HAVING GOLD ONLY WHERE IT COUNTS! Same as above except pins are selectively plated.

PART NO.

PINS

1-9

PRICE 10-24

25-99

100-24

250-99

BDRUOSTmil

8

.55

.50

.45

.41

.37

BORRIUnm

M

.65

.55

.50

,47

.44

BBRKilBTIIIW

If)

.75

.65

.52

.51

.46

BDRNSIBHIW

18

.90

.79

.75

.70

.65

BDRMiOTimi

20

1.10

.95

.91

87

62

BDRRStmiM

2?

1,25

1.15

1.05

.94

.89

6aR«tt41ini

24

1,25

1.15

1.05

.96

89

60RIISMT1HI

28

1,50

1.45

1.35

1.25

1.15 ,

BBRRS4«nnr

m

2.00

1.80

1.60

1,40

1,30

PRIORITY

Girole 335 on Inquiry card.

HARD DISK FOR LESS THAN FLOPPIES

DISCUS M5 by MDRRDW DESIGNS

PRIORITY

ELECTRONICS^

INTRODUCTORY PRICE: 5> 1 ^jJ^^O.,.UU

PRIORITY 1 ELECTRONICS is pleased to announce Morrow Designs' DISCUS MS, the lowest cost 5 megabyte Winchester sub-system and the fastest. Now you can afford a hard disk for the price of floppies. Morrow Designs is the largest supplier of hard disk sub-systems to the S-100 marl<et. Witin the new DMA Hard Disl< Controller and the ST506 mini-Winchester drive, Morrow has attained speeds over 600,000 bytes per second.

As with all Morrow Designs' systems, Morrow delivers it complete. Drive, controller, cabinet, power supply, fan. transformer, cables, CP//W 2.2" operatmg system, Microsoft" Basic 80 and a ninety day warranty.

The DISCUS M5 regularly sells for $2495.00. Priority 1 E/ecfron/csisproudtooffertheOISCUS M5 fora limited time at only $1995.00. Winchester speed, 5Mb capacity and reliability for only $1995.00. Three additional drives may be daisychained to the controller for future expansion. Perfect to back up each other at the end of each day. Takes seconds, is more reliable than tape and with the outside lock can be unplugged and removed (after the locking screw has been put in place.)

A few facts about the ST506 drive which is being used m the Discus M5: Key Feotiues:

• Storage Capacity of 6.38 megabytes unformatted. 5 0 megabytes formatted as shipped

• Same physical Size and mounting as the minifloppy

• Sfjrne DC voltages as the minifloppy

• Band actuator and stepper motor head positioning

• 5.0 megabit/second transfer rate

• Sam0 track capacity as a double density 8 inch floppy

• 170 millisecond random average access time, reduceabie to 95 ms via a simple software algorithm

• The only single S-100 DMA Hard disk controller board on the market today

• Fullycompatable with high speed BMHzandS MHz CPUs of today and tomorrow

• DMA bus arbitration as outlined by the IEEE 696 standard

• Controls 1 to 4 soft sectored Winchesterdrives

• Supports both S'A" and 8" drives

CPM is a registered Trademark ol Digital Research.

• ST506 or SA 1000 interface compatable

• Variable sector length (256, 512, 1024, or 2048 byte sectors)

• Automatic ORG generation and checking

• Addresses 1 to 16 heads

• Addresses an infinite number of tracks

• Contains its own on-board microprocessor

• 24-bit address burst DMA transfers

• Channel driven

• All disk driver routines resident on the controller

• Variable format

• No buffering required

• Maximum transfer rate 5,000,000 bits per

second

• Due to this high transfer rate, a minimum CPU

speed of 2.5MHz is required

Puie Speed

The speed of this Winchester controller is enhanced by Morrow's channel driven concept. This DMA hard disk controller (DMAHDC) picks up its commands from the host processor via memory on the system bus. The host processor writes commands into memory and then picks them up during DMA cycles from this memory. The channel, commands and transfers may be located anywhere in the 24-bit address range. At the completion of the command, the controller returns appropriate status and can generate an interrupt Commands may be chained together by the CPU to allow the controller to execute many commands in succession, generating an interrupt at the end of each command and/or at the end of the completed command chain. Communicattons

An imbedded microprocessorenablestheuserto easily communicate with this intelligent device. All low level disk drive routines are resident on

the controller itself. These include:

format

seek

read a header read a sector

write a sector return status set DMA address set channel address

Voilable sector lengflis ara orallable. On Morrow Designs system products 512 byte sector lengths are standard. This Is being done to maximize the capacities available on current drive units but may be varied by independent system Integrators when desired.

The DMAHDC has been designed for expansion. One to four drives can be attached directly and

controlled. One to sixteen drive heads may be addressed. Any number of tracks may be specified during the seek routine by specifying one to two hundred and fity-six tracks one or more times. Each of the expansion abilities prepare the user to upgrade his system astechnology advances to additional platters and tracks.

The controller has no peer today In the S-100 bus market.

Systems Inlmrfaead: 6. Exidy

1. North Star 7. Imsai

2. Cromemco 8. Sol

3. Vector Graphics 9. California Computer

4. Dynabyte 10. Godbout

5. Micromation 11. Ithaca Intersystem Look to Morrow for answers!

Look to PRIORITY 1 for the best price!

Priority 1 Electronics, as the world's largest stocking distributorof Morrow Designs' products committed to buy an entire production run of DISCUS M5 sub-systems so we can offerthem at a special introductory low price.The DISCUS M5 is a good buy at the list price of $2495.00. The DISCUS MS is an excellent value at our introductory low price of:

$1995.00

BDMDSDMAM5 Software suplied on 8" IBM3740 dish

with blank I/O and INSTALL program 80MDSDMAM52B Software configured for Morrow DJ/2B

controller and Mult I/O as console BOMOSOMAMSDMA Software configured for Morrow DJ/DMA

controller and t^ult I/O as console BDIIDS0HAII55S Software supplied on 5'/y soft sector

(IBM/Cromemco disk w/blank I/O and

INSTALL program)

Software supplied on 5y4" 10 sector Nortti Star disk with blanH I/O and INSTALL program

PRIOHITY r ONE] ELECTRONICS

ORDER TOU FREE (800) 423-5922

Include $10.00 lor UPS Ground Shipping

Sale prices ara for prepaid orders only. Orders on open

account will be accepted at $!ZS0.00 each.

Circle 335 on Inquiry card.

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

COMPARE HITACHI

Until now, if you wanted a 50MHz or 100MHz dual trace oscilloscope of uncompromising quality, there was only one ctioice. Now there is a second... outstanding new delay sweep with an established name — the Hitachi V550B and the V1050.

HITACHI Oscilloscopes are innovative oscilloscopes designed and manufactured by Hitachi Denshi Ltd. The wide experience gained by HITACHI electronic specialists in producing oscilloscopes has resulted in this line of modern oscilloscopes featuring wider band width, more compact design and light weight. Through adopting circuitry with linear IC's and logic IC's plus modern manufacturing techniques, including automatic component-insertion machines. Tfiese Dscilloscopes offer increased stability, improved reliability, excellent performance and enhanced operating ease.

BDHITV1050 100 MHz, List $2375.00

Sale $1595.00

All HITACHI Scopes come complete with 2, 10 to 1 Probes

SPEC

TEK 2215

HITV1050

HITV550B

HITV352

HITV202

PRICE

$1400.00

$1595.00

$1250.00

$795.00

$595.00

BANDWIDTH

60 MHz/so mzt

100 MHz

SO MHz

35 MHz

20 MHz

SENSITIVin

zonMll^mV/DlVt

SnV/DIV

SmV/DIV

SmV/OIV

SmV/DIV

SWEEP SPEED SELECTION

so ns/DIV to .5 s/OIV X 10 poll

20 ns/DIV to .5 i/DIV X 10 pull

50 ns/DIV to .5 s/DIV X to pull

.2 ju. s/DIV to .2 s/DIV X 10 pull

.2 M s/DIV to .2 s/IDV X10 puH

VERTICAL MODES

CH 1, CH 2, AIT CHOP, ADD

CH 1, CH 2, AIT CHOP, ADD TRIG A VIEW TRIG e VIEW

CH 1, CH2, ALT CHOP, ADD TRIG A VIEW

CH 1, CH 2 DOAL, ADD 01FF

CH 1, CH2 DOAL, ADD DIFF

WIDE RANGE VERT. SENSITIVITY

2 mV to 100 V /Dl»*

SOOjuVtoSOV

/out

1 mV to so V /owt

1 mV to 50 V /oivt

1 mV to 50 V /Dl»t

DELAYED OR INTENSIFIED SWEEP

YES

YES

YES

NO

NO

DELAY TIMES

.5 M s to 4 ms

10 IIS to 5 s/DIV

FIXED

DUAL TIME BASE MEASUREMENTS

A, D, ALT w/D INTENSIFIED

A, B, ALT w/B INTENSIFIED B INTENSIFIED

A, B, ALT w/B INTENSIFIED

TRIG6ER "A" MODES

AUTOMATIC TV FIELD

VERT MODE

LINE EXTERNAL

AUTOMATIC TV VERTICAL TV HORIZONTAL LINE EXTERNAL SINGLE SWEEP

AUTOMATIC TV VERTICAL TV HORIZONTAL LINE EXTERNAL SINGLE SWEEP

AUTOMATIC TV -)

LINE EXTERNAL

AUTOMATIC TV l+. -)

LINE EXTERNAL

TRIGGER MODES

+. ■ SLOPE INTERNAL ONLY

- SLOPE INTERNAL EXTERNAL

+. ■ SLOPE INTERNAL EXTERNAL

SCALE

ILLUMINATION

NONE

YES

YES

YES

TCS

CHANNEL 2 INVERT

YES

YES

YES

NO

'USING X10 PROBE

t USING X10 PROBE WITH MAGNIFIER

Circle 336 on Inquiry card.

♦ We had to obtain this specification by phone from Tel<tronics because it was not listed in the literature.

ORDER NOW! TOLL FREE

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

TO TEKTRONIX . . . ... THEN DECIDE!

BDHITV550B 50 MHz, List $1745.00

Sale $1250.00

BDHITV352 35 MHz, List $1150.00

Sale $795.00

BDHITV202 20 MHz, List $850.00

Sale $595.00

All HITACHI Scopes come complete with 2, 10 to 1 Probes

BDHITAP5010 Accessory pouch for BDHITVS50B & $40.00

BDHITV1050 Oscilloscopes BDHITDCZ035 Vinyl Dust Cover for BDHITV202 & $35.00

BDHITV352 Oscilloscopes BDHITFC5010 Front Cover For BDHITV550B & $18.00

BDHIT1050 Oscilloscopes

SPEC

TEK 2215

HITV1050B

HITV550B

HITV352

HITV20Z

TRIGGER VIEW

NONE

A, B

A

HONE

HOHE

HF REJECTION

HONE

SWITCHABLE YES

SWITCHABLE YES

HONE

HBHE

LF REJECTION

NONE

SWITCHABLE YES

SWITCHABLE YES

NUNE

HOHE

BAND WIOTH LIMIT

NONE

YES 20 MHz

NONE

NUHE

HOHE

X - Y MEASOREMENTS

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

CAMERA BEZEL

YES

YES

YES

HO

HB

MULT! POSITION HANDLE

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

JIHER

10,000:1

20,000:1

20,000:1

Z AXIS BANDWIDTH 0 - 5 Vpp

DC to 5 MHz

DC to

3.5 MHz

DC to 3.5 MHz

OC to 2 MHz

OCIl

2 MHz

POWER CONSUMPTION

50 WAHS

60 WAHS

45 WAHS

45 WAns

45 WATTS

PROBE CALIBRATOR

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

MTBF

NOT GIVEN

20,00 HRS TARGET VALUE

20,000 HRS TARGET VALUE

20,000 HRS TARGET VALUE

20,000 HRS TARGH VALUE

A, B CHANNEL GATE OUTPUT

NO

YES

NO

HO

HB

POWER-ON INDICATOR

NO

YES

YES

YES

YES

WARRANH

1 YEAR

2 YEARS

2 YEARS

2 YEARS

2 YEARS

ALTERNATE SWEEP SEPARATOR

YES

YES

NO

CRT

8 X 10 DIV INT. GRATICULE P3I PHOSPHOR 10KV ACCEL V

8 X 10 DIV INT. GRATICULE P3I PHOSPHOR 20in ACCEL V.

8 X 10 DIV INT. GRATICULE P31 PHOSPHOR 10KV ACCEL V

8x10 OIV INT. GRATICULE P31 PHUSPHOR 5.2RV ACCEL V.

8 X 10 DIV INT. GRATICULE P31 PHOSPHOR 2KV ACCEL V

CRT CONTROLS

BRIGHTNESS, AUTO FOCUS BEAM FINDER TRACE ROTATION

BRIGHTNESS AUTO FOCUS BEAM FINDER TRACE ROTATION

BRIGHTNESS AUTO FOCUS TRACE ROTATION

BRIGHTNESS FOCUS TRACE ROTATION

BRIGHTNESS FOCUS TRACE flOTATIOH

ti3

pmomTYL-OSS

TERMS U S : VISA, MC, BAC. Check, Money Order, U.S. Funds Only. CA residents add 6% Sales Tax INCLUDE $15.00 FDR EACH OSCILLOSCOPE for UPS Surface Shipping and Handling. Just in case, include your phone number. Prices subject to change without notice. We will do our best to maintain these prices through March, 1982. For complete specifications, see our 60 page catalog in the November issue of BYTE or send $1.00 for your copy today. Sale Prices are for prepaid orders only. Circle 336 on inquiry card.

(800) 423-5922 or (213) 709-5464

Computi Producf

Sunnyvale • Woodland Hills • Hawthorne • San Diego

Printers | Accessories for Apple | Single Board Computer

BETTER THAN EPSON ! - Okidata Microline 82A 80/132 column. 120 CPS. 9 x 9 dot

matrix, friction feed, pin feed, adjustable tractor feed IrenuH'ablp). handles 4 part forms up to 9.5" wide, rear & bottom feed, paper tear bar. 100% duty cycle'20().0()O,O0U character print head, bi-directional/logic seeking, both serial & parallel interfaces included, front panel switch & program control of 10 different form lengths, uses inexpensive spool type ribbons, double width & conden.-ied characters, true lou'er case descenders & graphics PRM-43082 tvith FREE tractor ... $544.95

Microline 83A 132/232 column. 120 CPS. handles forms up to 15" wide, plus all the features of the 82A. PRM-43083 luith FREE tractor .... $774.95

Microline 84 132/232 column. 200 CPS, full dot graphics built in. handles forms upto IS" wide.pluaatltke

features of the H3A.

PRM-43083 ifith FREE tractor ... $1249.95

PRA-27081 Apple card $39.95

PRA-27082 Apple cable $19.95

PRA-27087 TRS-80 cable $24.95

PRA-43081 Hi speed 2K serial board $169.95 PRA-43080 Extra ribbons pkg. of 2 ... $9.95

INEXPENSIVE PRINTERS - Epson

MX-70 80 column, 80 CPS, 5x7 dot matrix, adjustable tractor feed, & graphics

PRM-27070 List $459 $399.95

MX-80 80 column, 80 CPS. bi directional/logic seeking printing. 9 x 9 dot matrix, adjustable tractor feed. & 64 graphics characters

PRM-27080 List $645 $469.95

MX-80FT same as MX-80 with friction feed added. PRM-27082 List $745 $559.95

MX'lOO 132 column, correspondence quality, graphics, up to 15" paper, friction feed & adjustable tractor feed.9x 9 dot matrix. 80 CPS.

PRM-27100 List $945 $759.95

PRA-27084 Serial interface $69.95

PRA-27088 Serial intf & 2K buffer .. $144.95

PRA-27081 Apple card $74.95

PRA-27082 Apple cable $22.95

PRA-27086 IEEE 488 card $52.95

PRA-27087 TRS-80 cable $32.95

PRA-27086 Graftrax U $95.00

PRA-27083 Extra ribbon $14.95

Modems

SMARTMODEM - Hayes

Sophisticated din-ct-connect auto-atiswer/auto-dial modem, touch-tone or pulse dialing, RS'232C interface, programmable

IOM-5400A Smartmodem $249.95

IOK-1500A Hayes Chronograph ... $199.95

CAT MODEMS - Novation

CA T 300 baud, acoustic, answer/orginate IOM-5200A List $189.95 $149.95

D-CA T 300 baud direct connect, answer/orginate IOM-5201A List $199.95 . $169.96

AUTO-CAT Auto answer/orginate, direct connect IOM-5230A List $299.95 $239.95

Apple-CAT - Novation

Software selectable 1200 or 300 baud, direct connect, autoanswer auto-dial, auxiliary 3-wire BSmC serial port for

printer.

IOM-5232A Save $50.00!!! $325.00

16K MEMORY UPGRADE

Add IRK of RAM to your TRS-80. Apple, or Exidy in just minutes. V/e've sold thousands of these 16K RAM upgrades uihich include the appropriate memory chips (as specified by the manufacturer), all necessary jumper blocks, fool-proof instructions, and our I year guarantee.

MEX-16100K TRS-80 kit ...$25.00

MEX-16101K Apple kit $25.00

MEX-16102K Exidy kit $26.00

16K RAM CARD - for Apple II

Expand your Apple to 64K. 1 year warranty MEX-16500A Save $70.00!!! $129.96

Z-80* CARD for APPLE

Two computers in one, Z-80 & 6502, more than doubles the power & potential of your Apple, includes Z-80* CPU card, CP/M 2.2, & BASIC-80

CPX-30800A A&T $299.95

8" DISK CONTROLLER

New from Vista Computer, single or double sided, single or double density, compatible with DOS 3.2/3.3, Pascal, & CPM 2.2, Shugart & Qume con^iatible IOD-2700A A&T $499.95

2 MEGABYTES for Apple II

Complete package includes: Two H" duuhh' density disk drivt's. Vista double-density 8" disk enntruller. cabinet, power supply. & cables. DOS :i.2/:i.:i, CP/M 2.2. & Pascal compatible.

1 MegaByte Package (Kit) $1496.00

1 MegaByte Package (A&T) $1696.00

2 MegaByte Package (Kit) $1796.00

2 MegaByte Package (A&T) .... $1995.00

DISK DRIVES - Micro Sci

lne.vpensiue disk drives for y(nir Apple A2 liirt rl leplacemenl for Apple Disk II. works with .Appii' 11 rorilroller as first or second drive. MSM-123101 Mcra Sci A2 $429.95

A40 40 track driue for Apple II. Improved storage euptvsly tuul spejd over Apph' Ihantl itrives ■ requires Micro Set lonlroller.

IOD-2340A Micro Sci A40 $399.95

A70 70 track drive for Apple II. Twice the storage roparily and three limes faster than Apple Brand drives reijuires Mirni Sci controller

1OD-2370A Micro Sci A70 $499.95

Micro Sci Controller Disk controller for up to two Micro Sri A ltl or 470 disk drives. DOS 3.2.3.3, Pascal, and /.-HO SoftCard compatible, includes utility disk and40/70 track patch.

IOD-230QA Micro Sci controller $96.00

VISION 80 - Vista Computer

so column .x 2-1 line video card for Apple 11. 128 ASCII elKvaclers. upper and lower (-(/.sc. .'J .v 10 do! matrix with .1 dot descenders, standard data media terminal control codes, CP/M Pascal & Fortran compatible, SO/SO Hz IOV-2400A Vista Vision 80 $376.00

AIO, ASIO, APIO - S.S.M.

Parallel & serial interface for your Apple (see Byte pS W

IOI-2060K Par&Serkit $139.95

IOI-2050A Par & Ser A & T $169.95

IOI-2052K Serial kit $89.95

IOI-2052A Serial A&T $99.95

IOI-2054K Parallel kit $69.95

1OI-2054A Parallel A&T $89.95

CPS MULTICARD - Mtn. Computer

Three cards in one! Real lime (loch calendar, serial interface, & parallel tnlerfaee ■ alt on one card.

IOX-2300A A&T $199.96

Circle 222 on Inquiry card.

Z-80 STARTER KIT - SD Systems

Complete Z-80 microcomputer with RAM, ROM. 1 (). keyboard, display, kludge area, manual, & workbook

CPS-30100K if/r $299.95

CPS-30100A A&T $469.95

SYM-1 - Synertek Systems

Sinfile hoard computer with IK of R.AM. IK of ROM. keypad. LED display. 2ilma & easselle interface on board.

CPK-50020A A&T $249.95

VIC 20 - Commodore

Complete pers'innl computer with HK RAM. full color. 61 hey heyhoard. I dim! speciol-fuuctitm heys, serial ports, cassette port, composite video output (connects to standard color TV set). BASIC language, & expansion port. COM-VIG20 VIC-20 Under $300.00

PERSONAL COMPUTERS

Also available from Jade ■ Call for Price anil Info

AIM-65, Altos, Apple II, Atari, Commodore, California Computer Sys Hewlett-Packard, Intersystems Jade, NEC, Novell, SD Systems SYM-1, Xerox, and more...

Video Monitors

HI-RES 12" GREEN - Zenith

75 MHz bandwidth, 70() lines/inch, P31 green phosphor, switchable 40 or 80 coluruns. small, light-weight & portable. VDM-201201 List price $150.00 .... $118.95

12" GREEN SCREEN - NEC

20 MHz. P'M phosphor video monitor tvith audio, exceplionally hi^h resolution - A fantastic monitor at a very reasonable price

VBM'e5120Q Special Sale Price $199.95 12" COLOR MONITOR - NEC

Hi-res morutor with audio & sculptured case VDC-651212 Color Monitor $479.95

NEC-1202D HGB color monitor ... $1045.00 Leedex / Amdek

Keasonablv priced video monitors

VDM-801210 Video 100 12" B&W .. $139.95 VDM-801230 Video 100-8012" B& W $179.95 VDM-801250 12" Green Phospor .... $169.95 VDC-801310 13" Color I $379.95

VDC-801320 Color II $895.00

10\'-2:?()(),\ DVM hfunl fnr .-\pplv Sl!»!».il.->

Video Terminals

TELEVIDEO 910

Full featured - inexpensive terminal VDT-901210 List 795.00 $695.00

TELEVIDEO 950 VDT-901250 List $1195.00 $995.00

AMBER SCREEN - Volker Craig

Detachable keyboard, amber on black display, 7x9 dot matrix. 10 program function keys, 14 key numeric pad, 12" non-glare screen, 50 to 29,200 baud, direct cursor control, auxiliary bi-directional serial port VDT-351200 List $795.00 $646.00

VIEWPIONT-ADDS

Detachable keyboard, serial RS'2:i2C interface, baud rales from I It) to 19.200. au.xiliary serial output port.24 x 80display. VDT-501210 Sale Priced $639.95

DIALOGUE 80 - Ampex VDT-230080 List $1195.00 $896.00

¥7^13 "17^ 17^ 1 O (29 A A T C\C^ just circle our reader service number on the

1/ AVJ-i J_i Xc70^ \^xV A irVJ-iV^VJr information request card located near the index.

S-100 CPU Boards

THE BIG Z* - Jade

2 or 4 MHz awUchable Z.80* CPlf with serial I/O, arcomodates 2708. 2716, or 2732 EPROM, baud rates from

7r, Id mio

CPU-302O1K Kit $139.95

CPU-30201A A&T $189.95

( PU-30200B Bare board $35.00

2810 Z-80* CPU - Cal Comp Sys

: / MHz Z-80A* CPU with RS-232CserialI/Oportandon iirrf MOSS 2.2 monitor PROM, front panel compatible t I^U-30400A A&T $269.95

CB-2 Z-80 CPU - S.S.M.

2 (ir I MHz Z-HO CPU hoard with prouision for up to 8Kof ROM or iK of RAM on board, extended addressing, IEEE S-100, front panel compatible.

CPU-30300K Kit $239.95

(MM'-:U):UK)A A T $299.95

S-100 PROM Boards

PROM-lOO - SD Systems

2708. 2716. 27.12 EPROM programmer w/software

MEM-99520K Kit $189.95

MEM-99520A A&T $249.95

PB-1 - S.S.M.

2708, 2716 EPROM board with built-in programmer

MEM-99510K Kit $154.95

IV1EM'.99510A A&T $219.95

EPROM BOARD - Jade

16K or 32K uses 2708's or 2716% IK boundary

MEM-16230K Kit $79.95

MEM-16230A 447" $119.96

S-100 Video Boards

VB-3 - S.S.M.

f^O characters X24lines expandable to 80 x 48 for a fullpagr of text, upper & lower case, 256 user defined symbols. KiOx 192 graphics matrix, memory mapped, has key board

input.

IOV-1095K 4 MHz kit $349.95

1OV-1095A 4 MHz A&T $439.95

IOV-1096K 80 X 48 upgrade $39.95

VDB-8024 - SD Systems

HO X 21 I O mnpped video board with keyboard I/O. and

im himrd Z-HD.^'.

10V-1020A A&T $459.95

VIDEO BOARD - S.S.M.

6 / ihariniiTs x II] liiwx. 128 x 48 matrix for graphics, full uppir lijtt'vr ( (j.sc ASCII character set, numbers, symboh. and ^reek letttirs, normal/reuerse/blinking video. S IOO.

IOV-1051K Kit $149.95

IOV-10.'>1A A & T .$219.95

K)\'-I(I5I I! Iliir,' l«H,nl S:M.9.5

S-100 Motherboards

ISO-BUS - Jade

Silent, siniplr. and nn sate - a better motherboard « .S7o/ I.T/i" X 8%")

MBS-061B Bare board $19.95

MBS-061K Kit $39.96

MBS-061A A&T $49.95

12Slot(»%"xm")

MBS-121B Bare board $29.95

MBS-121K Kit $69.95

MBS-121A A&T $89.95

18Slot(I4ii"x8'ii'')

MBS-181B Bare board $49.95

MBS-181K Kit $99.95

MBS-181A A&T $139.95

S-100 RAM Boards

MEMORY BANK - Jade

■/ MHz, SI no. hank selectable, expandable from l6Kto 64K

MEM-99730B Bare Board $49.95

MEM-99730K Kit no RAM $199.95

MEM-32731K 32K Kit $239.95

MEM-64733K 64K Kit $279.95

Assembled & Tested add $50.00

64K RAM - Calif Computer Sys

4 MHz bank port / bank byte selectable, extended addressing, 16K bank selectable, PHANTOM line allows memory overlay, 8080 / ZW / front panel compatible. MEM-64565A A&T $575.00

64K STATIC RAM - Mem Merchant

64K static S-lOO RAM card, 4-16K banks, up to 8MHz MEM-64400A A&T $789.95

32K STATIC RAM - Jade

1' I)/- ■/ MHz expandable sialic RAM board uses ilhll.'s

MEM-16151K 16K4MHzkit $169.95

MEM-32151K 32K4MHzkit $299.95

Assembled & tested add $50.00

16K STATIC RAM - Mem Merchant

4 MHz I6K static RAM board. IEEE S IOO, bank selectable. Phantom capability, addressable in 4K blocks, "disabte-able"

in IK .•ic^nncnls. exicnded addrcs^jni;. Imc power

MKM- l<il71A .4* 7' $l()).95

S-100 Disk ControUers

DOUBLE-D - Jade

Double density controller with the inside track, on-board Z80A', printer port, IEEE S-100, can function on an

interrupt driven buss

IOD-1200K Kit $299.95

IOD-1200A A&T $375.00

IOD-1200B Bare board $59.96

DOUBLE DENSITY - Cal Comp Sys

;i'(ind 8" disk controller, single or double density, with on-hoard boot loader ROM, and free CP/M 2.2* and manual set.

IOD-1300A A&T $374.95

S-100 I/O Boards

S.P.I.C. - Jade

Oar new 10 card with 2 SIO's. 4 CTC's. and I PIG IO1-1045K 2 CTC's. 1 SIO. 1 PIO .. $179.95

IOI-1045A A&T $239.95

IOI-1046K 4 CTCs, 2 SIO's, 1 PIO $219.95

IOI-1046A A&T $299.95

IOI-1046B Bare board w/ manual ... $49.95

I/0-4 - S.S.M.

2 serin/ I/O ports plus 2parallel I/O ports

lOI-lOlOK Kit $179.95

lOI-lOlOA A&T .$249.95

lOI-lOlOB Bare board $35.00

S-100 Mainframes

MAINFRAME - Cat Comp Sys

12 sloi S-100 mainframe'with 20 amp power supply

ENC-112105 Kit $329.95

ENC-112106 A&T $399.95

EPROM ERASER - Spectronics

Ultra-violet EPROM erasers

XME-3100A With out timer $69.50

XME-3101 With timer < $94.50

XME-3200 Economy Model $39.95

Circle 222 on inquiry card.

Disk Drives

Handsome metal cabinet with proportionally balanced air flow system • Rugged dual drive power supply • Power cable kit • Power switch, line cord, fuse holder, cooling fan • Never-Mar rubber feet • All necessary hardware to mount 28" disk drives, power supply, and fan • Does not include signal cable

Dual 8" Subassembly Cabinet

END-000420 Bare cabinet $59.95

END-000421 Cabinet kit $225.00

BND-000431 A&T $359.95

8" Disk Drive Subsystems Single Sided, Double Density END-000423 Kit w/2 FDI00-8Ds . $924.95 END-000424 A & T w/2 FDI00-8Ds $1124.95 END-000433 Kit w/2 SA-SOIRs ... $999.95 END-000434 A & T w/2 SA-801Rs $1195.00

8" Disk Drive Subsystems Double Sided, Double Density

END-000426 Kit w/2 DT-8s $1224.95

END-000427 A & T w/2 DT-8s ... $1424.95 END-000436 Kit w/2 SA-85IRs .. $1295.00 END-000437 A & T w/2 SA-851Rs $1495.00

5V4" Disk Drives

Shugart SA400L sngl-sided dbl-density 40 track MSM-104000 .. $234.95 ea 2 for $224.95 ea

Shugart SA450 dbl-sided dbl-density 70 track MSM-104500 .. $349.9.5 ea 2 for $329.95 ea

Qume DT-5 dbl-sided dhl-densily 80 track MSM-750050 .. $359.95 ea 2 for $349.95 ea

MPIB-31 sngl-sided dbl-density 40 track MSM-155100 .. $234.95 ea 2 for $224.95 ea

MPIB^S2 dbl-sided dbl-density 40 track MSM-155200 .. $344.95 ea 2 for $334.96 ea

MPI B-91 sngl-sided dbl-density 77 track MSM-155300 .. $369.95 ea 2 for $359.95 ea

MPI B-92 dbl-sided dbl-density 77 track MSM-155400 .. $469.95 ea 2 for $459.95 ea

8'' Disk Drives

Shugart SA801R single-sided double-density MSF-10801R .. $394.95 ea 2 for $389.95 ea

Shugart SA851R duublc-sided double-density 1VISF-10851R .. $554.95 ea 2 for $529.95 ea

Qume DT-8 double-sided double-density MSF-750080 .. $524.95 ea 2 for $499.95 ea

Siemens FDD 100-8 sngl-sided dbl-density MSF-201 120 . .^.iS.i.Of) ea 2 for $349.95 ea

BUS PROBE - Jade

S-100 diagnostic analyzer board, dynamic visual display of all 96 IEEE S-100 signals, aids in real time analyst of faulty

hardware and software

TSX-200B Bare Board $59.95

TSX-200K Kit $119.95

TSX-200A A&T $149.95

SD Systems Expando

256K RAM $879.95

Single User System

SHC-200. R4K ExpandoRAM II. Versafloppy II. CP/M2.2

$1095.00

4 MHz Z-80A CPU, 64K RAM, serial I/O port, parallel I/O port, double-density disk controller, CP/M 2.2 disk and manuals, system monitor, control and diagnostic software. Add $100.00 for upgrade to ExpandoRAM III 64 K (expandable to 2S6K)

-All boards are assembled and tested

SBC-200

2 or 4 MHz single board computer

• S-100 bus compatible • Powerful 4MHz Z-80A CPU • Synchronous/asynchronous serial I/O port with RS-232 interface and software programmable baud rates up to 9600 baud • Parallel input and parallel output port • Four channel counter/timer • Pour maskable, vectored interrupt inputs and a non-maskable interrupt • IK of on-board RAM • Up to 32K of on-board ROM • System monitor PROM included

The SBC-200 is an excellent CPU board to base a microcomputer system around. With on-board RAM, ROM, and I/O, the SBC-200 allows you to build a powerful three-board system that has the same features found in most five-board microcomputers. The SBC-200 is compatible with both sinf^le-user and multi-user systems.

CPU-30200A A & r with monitor $299.95

Versafloppy II

5'/i" & 8" double density controller

• S-IOO bus compatible • IBM 3740 compatible soft sectored format • Controls single and doublesided drives, single or double density, 5Vt" and 8" drives in any combination of four simultaneously • Drive select and side select circuitry • Analog phase-locked loop data seperator • Vectored interrupt operation optional • Standard CP/M 2.2 disk operating • Control/diagnostic software PROM included

The Versafloppy II is faster, more stable and more tolerant of bit shift and "jitter" than most controllers. All control and diagnostic software included.

IOD-1160A A&T $359.95

For CP/M 2.2 and manual set add $99.95

ExpandoRAM III

64K to 256K expandable RAM board

SD Systems has duplicated the famous reliability of their ExpandoRAM I and II boards in the new ExpandoRAM III, a board capable of containing 256K of high speed RAM. Utilizing the new 64K x 1 dymanic RAM chips, you can configure a memory of 64K, 128K, 192K, or 256K, all on one S-100 board. Memory address decoding is done by a programmed bipolar ROM so that the memory map may be dip-switch configured to work with either COSMOS/MPM-type systems or with OASIS-type systems.

Extensive application notes concerning how to operate the ExparidoRAM III with Cromemco, Intersystems, and other popular 4 MHz Z-80 systems are contained in the manual.

MEM-65064A 64K A&T $495.00

MEM-65128A I28K A & T $639.95

MEM-65192A I92K A&T $769.95

MEM-65256A 256K A&T $879.95

ExpandoRAM II

16K to 64K expandable RAM board

• S-100 bus compatible • Up to 4MHz operation • Expandable from 16K to 64K • Uses 16 x 1 4116 memory chips • Page mode operation allows up to 8 memory boards on the bus • Phantom output disable • Invisible on-board refresh

The ExpandoRAM II is compatible with most S100 CPUs. When other SD System' series II boards are combined with the ExpandoRAM II, they create a microcomputer system with exceptional capabilities and features.

MEM-16630A 16K A & T $345.00

MEM-32631A 32K A&T $365.00

MEM-48632A 4HK A&T $385.00

MEM-64633A (i-IK A&T $399.95

PROM-100

Versatile EPROM Programmer

• S-100 bus compatible • Programs 2708, 27,58, 2716, 27:i2, 2516 EPROM.s • DIP switch selection of EPROM type • 25 VI)C programming pulse generated on-board • Very last programming and verification • Zero insertion force socket • Programming software included on 8" diskette

MEM-99520K Kit w/soflware $189.95

MEM-99520A A&T w/.software ... $249.95

Multi-User System

SHC-200. 2S6K ExpandoRAM HI. Versafloppy II. MPC-4 COSMOS Multi-User Operating System. C BASIC II

$1995.00

Two Z-80A CPUs (4 MHz), 256K RAM, 5 serial I/O ports with independently programmable baud rates and vectored interrupts, parallel input port, parallel output port, 8 counter/timer channels, real time clock, single and double sided/single or double density disk controller for 5'/i" and 8" drives, up to 36K of on-board ROM, CP/M 2.2 compatible COSMOS interrupt driven multi-user disk operating system, allows up to 8 users to run independent jobs concurrently, C BASIC II, control and diagnostic software in PROM included.

-All boards are «^^;^ted and tested

MPC-4

Intelligent communications interface

• Four buffered serial I/O ports • On-board Z80A processor • Four CTC channels • Independently programmable baud rates • Vectored interrupt capability • Up to 4K of onboard PROM • Up to 2K of on-board RAM • Onboard firmware

This is not just another four-port serial I/O board! The on-board processor and firmware provide sufficient intelligence to allow the MPC-4 to handle time consuming I/O tasks, rather than loading down your CPU. To increase overall efficiency, each serial channel has an 80 character input buffer and a 128 character output buffer. The on-board firmware can be modified to make the board SDLC or BISYNC compatible. In combination with SO's COSMOS operating •system (wbicb is included with the MPC-4), this board makes a perfect building block for a multiuser system.

IOI-1504A A & Twith COSMOS .. $495.00 ,

Place Orders Toll Free

Continental U.S. 800-421-5500

Inside California 800-262-1710

For Technical Inquires or Customer Sen-ice call:

213-973-7707

Computer Products

4901 W- Rosecrans, Hawthorne, Ca 90250

TKRMS of SALE: Cash, checks, credit cards, or Purchase Orders from qualified firms and institutions. Minimum Order $15.00. California residents add 6% tax. Minimum shipping & handling charge $3.00. Pricing & availibility subject to change

Circle 223 on inquiry card.

Centronics 730

Same as Radio Shack Line Printer JI

RoniE

Once $995

^\2is^^^ Now $3SS

While they last

Plus $10 for shipping & insurance

6Va Disc Drives

ForTRS-80 Mod. 1 35 or 40 track capability

$279

Single or double density (with proper interface)

Choice of MPI or Tandom drives

Add $7.50 for shipping

51/4 Discs for TRS-80 and Apple

Prime First Quality

MEMOREX Discs as low as $1.89 per disc In lots of 100

Limited time only Subject to availability

Part No. 3401

3431 withHubrrng

10 or More $2.09 $2.35

50 or More $1.99 $2.25

100 or More $1.89 $2.15

All prices, F.O.B. shipping point,subject to change. All offers subject to withdrawl without notice. Advertised prices reflect a 2% cash discount (order pre-paid prior to

shipment). C.O.D.'s and credit cards are 2% higher.

MiniMicroMartylnc

943 W.Genesee St. Syracuse, l\l.Y. 13204 (315)422-4467

circle 281 on Inquiry card.

CAiiroRNiA DiqiTA

Post Office Box 3097 B • Torrance, Califoi:

Cafifornia Digifal

STATIC •64

Sixteen Bit Memory

SI

February Price *850

30% Price Reduction

Utilizing the new HttsctU S1S7/2167 ram chip, the Static 64 is the most current tecluioiogy available is S-IOQ memory products. 21 bit extended addressing, 8orl6 bit data paths alang with 16 bit rc'liiest ,md ackiinwlodjie make thts unique hoard conipletelv compatable xvith ihu IKEi: 6'jii S-100 buss Standard.

The Static G-l li.is ljL'..'n engineered to allow c-^cli liiK segment of iiieiiiory to l)L> b.Tiik slIi uhIjIl' ^upportlnf; multiuser systt-iiid, CXher -select.ibld fL-;iturtP .illiiw itii.' ro fully UiieRrate >i-ith ail curr<^nt bank

■;.'l..-cttim SL•!l.■lll^■,■; ii;i;iii<lini Cromex and Alpha-Micro. Oiier.itcs with idl Ifi hit coiiipiiti.-rs iiiclmiiiu: -Su/ittle Computers, Tocmar and Lomas, Designed Tor IJMA upt.-ratioiiH at clock frequencies in excess of 10 AWz. Standby power consuinplloi less than one Amp.

To add to the total integrity of the product, each board is subjected to extensive high temperature burn-tn ,ind test procctiures. C.AL-6400

;

REUABIUTY OF STATIC ... PRICE OF DYNAMIC

EPSON MX80 NEC PC-8023A

'450

OU-mMriic, bl-dlructlonal, logicseeking, fricUon or tractor feed, impact printer. Complete graphics, upper and lower case ASCII, Crm:k. mathematics alcng with the ability to pr[nt dot grnplilc screen ImaReH liirutrtly onto pnper. I'ra]iortion.ii .spacing .mil 132column

maku this loi si v-jUiv In to

RINTRONIX

P-300 '4500 P-600 *6150

Lpson MXBO i pson MXflOFT Kpson MXlOO Aiiadsx 950Q Anadex 9501 Anacom l.-iO IDS Paper Tur. IDS Tiger .'i(iO Diablo 6H0 iliablo i(;r>o iJiaUlo IG JO iJava-siHith IBO Prinlronix 300 Printronlx 600

PRKMXSO

PREMXaOF

PREMXIOO

PRASriOO

PnA950l

PRAIfiO

PRCflGOG

PRCifieOG

PRDC30

PHDIG.'^O

PRIJ1640

PHDlfiO

PRP300

PBP600

NEC/Sm 16K TEC/Starwril. Ocidata SO Otidata 82 Okidata 83 Teletype 43K Texas Ins. 810 Tex. Ins 810C Centronics 730 Comrontos 737 Centronics 739 Centmx 704-fl Centmx.704-11

l'li^':i;Jll)|Js

piiNf.r.iiip.s

i^RV300

PROiiO

PR OB 2

PR083

PTT43Z0K

PRXaiOB

PRTBlOC

PRC730P

PRC737P

PRC739P

PRC704-9

PRC704-11

SYSTEMS

TAot HEWLETT Wf/!M PACKARD iP85 COMPUTER

BELOW OUR COST

==i==- 3iai

= == «== Display —Terminal

IBMDIreet Price «139§ California Digital

GREEN PHOSPHOR MONITOR

The new Zenith ZVM-121 monitor features a P-31 green phosphor tube along with 15 MHz bandwidth.

Switch selectable for 40 and SO character per line screen formats. Accepts composite video and is fully conipatable with 80 cohunn Apple cards. VDM-121 20 lbs.

ACCESSORIES FOR THE

COMPUTER

AMPEX

DIALOGUE 80 REDUCED PRICE

795

Nfw from the Ampex Corporation. The Dialogue BO (caiurcs removalile keyboard, (lisplayable two pages <faur optional) dual progrun) keys, liair inic-nslty protected fleida nnd status line. Tranamlln data either block, line or cliar.icier mode. ICxcellRnI valui-. VDT-DBO sliipplnB lbs.

VIDEO TERMINALS

ADDS Vie^Tioint VDT-RVP

Alius Regent 25 numeric cluster VUT-R25

ADDS Regent 30 25th status line VDT-R30

ADDS Regent 40 limited graphics VDT-R40

ADDS Regent 60 Block mode VDT-R60

Ain|)ex Diiilonge f!0 two piige.detalc!) Vi:)'r-U80

Digit.Tl Equipment VT-100 VDT-VlOO

Digital Equipment VT-132 VDT-V132

IBM 3101-10 character mode green VDT-3101

IBM 3101-20 block mode VDT-31012

Visual 200 VDT-V200

Televideo 910C (new) VDT-T910

Televideo 912C VDT-T912

Televldeo 920C VDT-T8iO

Televideo 9S0C detatchable keybd. VDT-T950

Zenith Z-19 VDT-Z-19

535 850 950 1195 1495

1595 1895 1195 1395 995

745 835

VIDEO MONITORS

BMGKG-12Cl>0MHz P31 green phosphor «169

NECgm.1201 189

Zenhh gmZVM1Z1„119 BMC color composH _ 339

ZenHh color 13"

NECRGB1202DH^ 895

CALIFCmNlA COMPUTER SYSTEMS Arithmetic Processor 7811 B/C $319

Asynchronous serial InterlBce 7710 129

Centronics Interface card 7728 95

12KPROM Module 71U 6'j Calender/Qock. Bat. back-up 7424

ParaUel Interface 7730A 99

Prograitiable Timer 7740A 95

Analog/Digital converter 7470A 99 MICROSOIT PRtMnjCTS

Apple to Z-BO CPU card 379 D. C. H AY ES PRODUCTS

MicromodeR) for Apple 319 COMPUTER STCP PRODUCTS

Double Vision / BO Column Video 250 TNTt:H.\C l-lVK STRUCTURES

Hi ClKiiiriel .A/ll c^rd AlO/2 275

16.S

MOUNTAIN C<»IPtrrER PRODUCTS Intro X-10 aystem r<»r BSR S2: Intro X-10 card only II 16 channel AD/DA 8 bit 3 .Applu Clock battery back-up 2: Supertalker SD200 ROM Plus v,-iih fUter ROM Writer/Programmer .APPLE BRAND PRODUCI S .■\ppte LMguage card Floppy disk with comrollcr Floppy disk wiihoiii com roll. Apple parallel i:iTerf,ict' SSM MICROCOMPf 11!) Dual aerial p.iriliol i!iiui-;..lSORRENTO VALLFCY ASt^tX 8" floppy controller (PliH':^:!!!

S-100 BOARDS

Assembled • Tested • Burned-in

CPU lUJAHIJS

Calif. Computer 2111 DA 7.-80 DMA. 4MHj! BliC- r.2R tiodboul a-ao 24 bit. IMUz

BfiC-tjZln Cloiihoiil nOIiS/HOaB Hu.a IH hH

Mlt

.t Sysl

Tine

TtMcti:!! FlJC-l siriHle board CPU 4; flqipy disk controller plus I/O BDC-FDCl B

MAINFRAMES

Calif. Computer 22O0A 12 slot &

power supply ENM-C220a TEl I:j slot table ENM-T12 TKI 22 =lol L.1I.U- ENM-T22 Clodh.iui t.,:,i(ili-:i . ENM-C.M1>

Htiillo meiiiorv BU.M-CSOlli CUif. Computer 2032 32K

static memory BDM-C3033 Godboui Ram 17 64K static

iiiuiiiorv I'i Ml ni>iM-(;i7

FLOPPY DISK COXTROl.LKR Calif. CompiilL-r 3-122A wild

2.2 CPM m.n -C2 IL'2

Godbout "Disk LViir' fi-.-iiurt's il NEC 76.1 conlroflLT. DMA ;irbilrriiloii HDl- -li

t Svsl. Imihlf

Si> Svsii:nis Versafloppy U double density BDI—Vl- a

r:!rbeil D/U BDF-TF2

Morrow Design Disk Jockey I sinfile density BDI-'-UJI

Morrow Desi^ Disk Jockey 11 double density BDP-DJ2

INTERFACE BOARDS Calif. Con.puter 2718 I/O

2 serial/2 par i Bl)T-C27l8 Morrow Uesiiins Swilclibourd

2 5eri.-kl/4 pari BDT-.MSIl Morrow Designs MuUttioard

3 serial/3P.*t*-BDT-M.\Ill (iodboui Inierfacer (lie

2 serial/2 pari BDS-GBl t.;odbaat foterfacer Two 1 serUa/apBr'l B1JS^B2

SPECIALITY BOARIJ.S QT Coniputer real tiir.i: cli>i'k/ c-;ik-ndar BDS-ijCK

ArU-.: i:ii.c. WLrr.- writp prtllo

■v,.. 1.' ..i-d UDS-AWW

/Ul nierchaiidise sold by Caltfoniia Ui^'ital is premium grade. Shipping: Firsl five pounds $2.00; each additional add $.40 Poreigti orders 10% shipping. LIxcess will be refunded. California residents add 6% sales tax. COO's discouraged. Open accounts extended to state supported educational institu- j tiona and companies vidth a "Strong Dun & Bradstreet. " j Warehouse: 15608 Inglewood Blvd. Visitors by appointment.

Circle 73 on inquiry card.

TOLL FREE ORDER LINE

(800)421-5041

TECHNICAL & CALIFORNIA

(213)679-9001

TWX 910325-6212

aUFornIa DiqiTAl

Post Office Box 3097 B • Torrance, California 90503

FREE PLASTIC LIBRARY CASE INCLUDED WITH THE PURCHASE OF EVERY BOX OF DISKETTES

I'rivate labeled Cor California Digital by orn^ of moat respected producers of magni-tic mc-di bncli diskette ia certified double density at 40 'racks. To Ensure extended media Life dis limie is mamifacturcd with a reinforced hub-hol .\iid of course, a plastic library case is iiicludu with every box of diskettes. MMD-CD5(Q1)(10) iUease speoUy oonputer or required sectors.

I Ten boxes *22i75 One hundred boxes ^1^0

S'A" DISKETTES

WITH LIBRARY CASE

26.^

Your Choice

SCOTCH MEMOREX VERBATIM

Soft Sector 10 Sector 16 Sector

SCOTCH

744-0

744-10

744-16

^26.50

MEMOREX

3401

3403

3405

26.50

VERBATIM

525-01

525-10

NA

26.50

DYSAN

104/1

107/1

NA

39.50

Single Side Double Density

DYSAN 1104/1D 1107/1D | NA | 45.00

Double Side Double Density

SCOTCH

745-0

745-10

745-16

42.50

DYSAN

104/2D

107/2D

NA

49.50

DYSAN 96

204/2D

NA

NA

59.50

EIGHT INCH DISKEHES

Single Side Single Density

Single Side Dnubie Density

SCOTCH

740-D

29.50

SCOTCH

741-0

39.00

MEMOREX

3060

29.50

MEMOREX

3090

35.00

DYSAN

3740/1

39.50

DYSAN

3740/D

57.50

Ttllrly Two Sector

Double side Double Density

SCOTCH 1740-32 129.50

SCOTCH

743-0

47.50

ScolcrtHrjdClfarniigKils 5'. S fl" PIJi(iclib.jr,C3:i:s S8" 2,95 DiskelleFliprtjbi i.-.;r,.:-.,\U", zi.K Ciskelle Flip Tub! I.rv, [ii-.i.mes B' 23.9S

MEMOREX

3114

39.50

DYSAN

3740/2D

65.00

\PLEASE PHONE FOR VOLUME PRICING.

ipHance Module 500 V Jiip Module 300 Wat NEW full cantrol w.ill s

$13.95 13.9S itch 14.50

WINCHESTER SUBSYSTEM

n250

Includes seven megabyle Winchester hanj lisli, dual enclosure and power supply. Floppy backup diiVB '199.00 addhioni^l.

MEMORY

64K DYNAMIC $995

4164 100.

16K DYNAMIC

$2,10

4116 100.»1.85

16K STATIC

2167 70ns.

2716EPR0M $495

100.»4.50 1K.M.00

2732 EPROM

SALE «7.95

STATIC

ea.

32+

100+

1K+

21L02

IK 1.19

1. 09

1. 05

99

2114

300ns. 2.95

2. 75

2. 50

1.

99

4044-4

450ns. 4. 50

4. 19

4. 00

3.

75

4044-2

250ns. 4.95

4. 65

4. 50

4.

25

6116

13k 24 pin 7.95

7. 50

6. 75

3.

45

2167/6157 20 pin 11.95

10. 75

9. S5

9.

25

EPROM

2708

450ns. 3.95

3. 50

3. 25

3

00

2716

5V. 4.95

4. 00

3. 75

3.

30

2716

tri-voit 8. 50

7. 95

7. 35

7.

25

2732

Intel/Fitac. 7. 95

7. 50

7. GO

3.

65

2532

Texas Inst 12. 95

11. 50

10. 00

9.

50

27S4

64K Eproni29. 95

27. 00

25. 00

23.

50

direct connect

MODEM

proxiiniiy to .'\.C.power receplicle. MOU-103LP

Novation "U"Cat connects to most of the u multiple line oHicc telephones. RL-quircs (

Your Choice

*169

SWITCHES

VIP swrrcHKS

ea. 100+ 1K+

roc;i.

7101 on , 7103 . I 7107 ■ J 710B mnt, on dpdl nin

1. 30 1.19 1.33 1.19 1,39 1.19

CONNECTORS

GOLD EDGE CONNECTORS

S-lOO ,125" cemers eacl

Imsai solder .2;>0" rou- 32.9'

Iir.scii wire wr.ip (TI) ;i.9l

Sullins i;i-Rt!l, .250" -l.ol

i6/72 Digiial Group S/ I 5.9S .i..

i6/73 Digital Group W/W 6.60 6.

13/86 Motorola eSOO S/T 6.60 6.

13/86 Moto. 6800 W/W 7.00 6.:

NTEGRATED CIRCUIT SOCKETS

D'' Type eaeh DEW male $1.60

DE9S fftmali; 3.25 Di: hood L.'^O

DD50 liood 2/P 2,

10-24 $1.40

2.00

★ OLIVETTI 801

single

»319

309

295

★ OLIVEHI 802/851

double

425

419

410

SHUGART 801 /R

single

395

385

375

SHUGART 851/R

double

525

495

475

QUME DATA TRACK 8

double

525

495

475

RrSBON CABLE CONNECTORS 17/34 5"dlsk 4.05 4.15 3.95 20/40 TRS-yO 5.6S 5.05 4.70 2ri/50 8'' [Jisk 5.00 Ti.lS 4.90

NEW ^

OLIVETTI 801 9

Eight Inch Disk Drive

ONE

TWO . TEN

# The 8" Olivetti drives are aprox. Vz" wilier ttian ttie Shugarts.

Five Inch Disk Drives

OLIVETTI 501 /400

single

199

185

175

OLIVETTI 502/451

double

235

225

215

Upon request, all drives are supplied with power connectors and one manual per order.

230 volt 50Hz. 8" add $50.00 par drlve^

Eight Inch Subsyslem

Two Olivetti 801 disk drives witli power supply, 4" exhaust fan complete In dual encMsuie. with all necessary power cables. Documentation included. SO Lbs. CAL-2801 Signal cable add ^35.00 WCA-650D

Same as above but with; Sllligart801R MSD2801 =1195 I DllveHISOJ CAL2B02. '1250 SbugartS51R MSD2851 1450 | OumeDTB MSD8DT 14S0

SPECIAL

89S

Volumn Pricing Upon Request

Seagate Compatable 7.5 MEGABYTE

Winchester Hard Disk Drive

We have priced this so low thai Uie manufactureF has asked nut ia use their brand name in our advertising.

Industry standard Seagate plug campatatite. Drive tits Into the same space as a SV^" floppy disit drive. CAL-561/2

$

S-100 MOTHER BOARD

H

35

IMSAI 18 Slot CAL-M18

l!M«hH^llf!:^i:i'i

VISA

■15381 CHEMICAL LANE * HUNTINGTON BEACH, CA 92649

•k (714) 891-2677

SOFTWARE SOFTWARE SOFTWARE

CP/M 2.2 $150 WORDSTAR $250 SUPER VYZ $95

I DATA BASE

DBII ■ MICROSOFT BASIC 80

$595 $299

CROSSTALK MODEM $150

BREAK THE COST BARRIER!

THIS OFFER ONLY GOOD THRU MAY 1982 NOW IS YOUR CHANCE TO GET THAT COMPUTER LOOK AT THESE FEATURES!

• 4MHZ Z-80 CPU with 2 Programmable.Serial and 3 Parallel Ports

• 64K Dynamic Ram w/Extended Addressing to 1 MB

• Floppy DiskControllerwithWD1795.Runs8"or5" Floppys Error Free

• 30 Amp Power Supply with S-100 MOD 12 Slot Mother with Regulated Floppy Supplies as Shown Below

• Tan and Charcoal Sturdy Steel Cabinet with Space for 2 Floppy Drives at Left (8" or 0%

★ DUAL DRIVE SUBSYSTEMS ★

HORIZONTAL

VERTICLE

MINI

Power Supply for 2 801/851 DT& eta 50 Pin Ribbon Cable, 36" AC Cord Fuse Internal Wiring

w/2 801 R Shugart w/2 851 R Shugart w/2 QUME DT-8 w/2 MPI B-51 w/2 MPI B-52 w/2 MPI B91 w/2 MPI 892 w/2 Empty 5" w/2 Empty 8"

$1045.00 $1395.00 $1295.00 $ 675.00 830.00 850.00 995.00 87.00 95.00

$ $ $

$

★ MODEMS ★

Ask About Our Low Cost Modem Software

Hayes - Micro Modem

Hayes - Smart Modem

NOV. - DCAT 300 Baud Direct Con. Ans./Orig.

NOV. - AUTOCAT Auto/Ans./Orig. Direct Con.

NOV. -APPLECAT 300/1200 Baud Direct Con.

PMMI - MM 103 300/600 Baud (8-100)

$275.00 $250.00 $165.00 $235.00 $350.00 $359.00

OPEN FRAME POWER SUPPLIES

DISK POWER SUPPLIES

PRIAM-SHUGART

CENTURY

MICROPOLIS

+5V SI 9A

-SVgi.BA

+24V &7A

US-384

89.00

SHUGART - SIEMANS - MPI 5Va"

+5V@i.5A

+12V§.9A

US-340

33.50

+5V(!)2A

+12V(?4A

US-323

58.25

SHUGART

SIEMANS-CDC 8"

+5V (a lA

-BVia.BA

+24Via 1.5A

US-205

52.50

+5V(a2A

-5V(s).5A

+24V & 3A

US-206

69.00

+5V@3A

+24V @ 5A

US-162

89.00

+5V Isi 1,7A

-5V & 1.5A

+24V @ 2A

US-272

69.00

+8Vgi2A

+12V@i.4A

-12V 9.4A

US-HTAA

37.50

If you can beat these prices we will be truly amazed. OEM's at 500 lot pay more than this. Call or write for full spec, sheets.

COMING NEXT MONTH - HARD DISK!

ONLY

$1750 Retail

$975.00

CP/M*$150 MP/M $350 CABLE SET$30

(Less Drives, Cables Pick-up Price)

*CP/M Is a Trademark of Digital Research

★ DELTA PRODUCTS ★

S-100 MOD KIT $199.00

For test or hobby applications complete S-100 12 Slot Sub-System power for up to 4 Floppy Disk Drives.

SPECIFICATIONS: UNREGULATED REGULATED

• 12 Slots S-100 -1-5 at 5 Amps

• -I-8VDC at SOAmps -1-24 at 4 Amps

• ±1 6VDC at 6 Amps -5 at 1 Amp

DP-CPU Z-80 4MHZ, Prom 2 Serial 3 Par $255

DP-DSK WD-1795 MINI and 8" $275

DP-64K Bank SW Memory up to 1 Meg $389

DP-32K Static Ram (Kit) $199

DP-MPM 10 MPM Interface Card $335

DP-DTC Hard Disk and DTC Tape $225

DP-SMS Hard Disk Controller $750

* IBM AND APPLE ★

APPLE ■ 16K Ram Expansion Card, w^orks

with Microsoft Basic $99.50

APPLE - Z-80 CPU Direct replacement for

Z-80Softcard $149.50

IBM-PC Ram Expansion Card vi/ith 64K

(256K available $475.00

Circle 420 on Inquiry card.

PRINTERS

• C-ITOH

PROWRITER $625.00

• C-ITOH Comet I

9x7 Dot Matrix .. .$450.00

• C-ITOH CometII.. .$810.00 132 Column Printer

9 x7 Dot Matrix

• MPI-88G $725.00

• EPSON MX 80 CALL

• EPSON MX 100 CALL

• Anadex9501 ... .$1,235.00 Grapliic Printer

• OKI DATA

82A $465.00

• Microline 80 $329.00

ZENITH VIDEO MONITOR— ZVM $145.00

AMDEK MONITORS—

AMDEKColon ...$399.00 AMDEK Video 300 .$229.00 w/Green Screen

California Computer Systems

• 2810 CPU

Only — $255.00

• 2422DskCont

Only — $330.00

• 2065C64K

Only —$510.00

• 2200A Mainframe

Only — $450.00

• CCS Apple Boards

Call for prices

• CCS 2200 System Tested and Assembled

Only-$1,695.00

★ SPECIAL ★ SPECIAL * SPECIAL *

CCS SYSTEM 2410

•FEATURES*

* DMA Disk Controller

* 2-Real Time Clocks

* 2-Serial/1-ParrelI Port

* Hardware Vectored Interupts

* Supports C/PM, M/PM, OASIS

***Comes with C/PM*** only-$2200.00

IK Hf S?? MICRO

J.

IjLi. SALES

11 EDISON DRIVE * NEW LENOX * ILLINOIS 60451 CALL TOLL FREE: 1-800-435-9357 * MONDAY thru SATURDAY (ILLINOIS RESIDENTS CALL: 815-485-4002) * 8:00 a.m. to 6:30 p.m.

TERMS: Prepayment — CCD. up to $100.00 - M/C Visa $5.00 Processing and Handling added to each order PLUS Shipping Charges. Please allow personal check to clear before shipment.

15% Restocking Charge

^7

DISK DRIVES

CB2-CPU $295.00

MB10A-16K $295.00

MB64-64K $845.00

I/05-2SER SPAR $329.00

i/08-8SER .$550.00

Apple

A-l/O II $225.00

A-SI/O $149.00

COMMUNICATIONS PACKAGES

TRACENDI $89.00

TRACENDII $149.00

Shugart 801's

Shugart 851's Qume DT-B's Shugart 400's Tandem 5Va

$395.00

$575.00 $540.00 $255.00 $255.00

TERMINALS

Adds Regent 20 — $570.00

Televideo 910 — $575.00 Televideo 912C — $665.00 Televideo 925C — $740.00 Televideo 950 — $950.00 Ampex Dialog 80—$895.00 Zenith Z19 — $745.00

Zenith data systems

CALL FOR PRICES

TERIVIINAL

S-100-8

• Feather Touch Capacitance Keyboard

INCLUDING CP/M 2.2» AND WORDSTAR* 60 Key Standard ASCII

oI"m!'oc "Tr/ « . WITH: 8" SS/DD Drives Only $2850.00

PLUS + 8 Special Function Keys ^^,r^r-» r-» • ^ i J.^-,^^

PLUS* 20 Screen Editing Keys 5Va" SS/DD DriVBS Only $2700.00

• SOROC Type Screen Attribute Set

• Half Intensity

COMPUTER

• 8SlotS-100

• 64K Dynamic Ram

• 4MHZZ-80

• Double Density Disk Controller

• Programmable Baud Rate

• Programmable Keyboard Set

• Serial Printer Port (150-19.2K)

CALL FOR QUOTE ON DIFFERENT DRIVE OPTIONS

WORDSTAR IssTM of MIcropro Inc. - CP/M 2.2 is aTM of Digital Hataarch Inc.

Circle 420 on Inquiry card.

16K Memory ....ns 8/15.95

ALL MERCHANDISE 100% GUARANTEED! CALL US FOR VOLUME QUOTES

EPROMS

Each

8 pes

1702

256x8

(ins)

4.95

4.50

2708

1024 X 8

(450ns)

2.99

2.75

2758

1024 X 8

(5V) (450ns)

9.95

8.95

TMS2516

2048 X 8

(5V) (450ns)

6.95

5.95

2716

2048 X 8

(5V) (450ns)

5.50

4.95

2716-1

2048 X 8

(5V) (350ns)

9.00

8.50

TMS2716

2048 X 8

(450ns)

9.95

8.95

TMS2532

4096 X 8

(5V) (450ns)

12.95

11.95

2732

4096 X 8

(5V) (450ns) (200ns)

CALL

2764

8192 X 8

(5V) (450ns)

CALL

DYNAMIC RAMS

100 pes

4027

4096 X 1

(250ns)

2.50

2.00

4116-120

16,384 X 1

(120ns)

8/29.95

CALL

4116-150

16,384 X 1

(150ns)

8/18.95

1.95

4116-200

16,384 X 1

(200ns)

8/15.95

1.80

4116-300

16,384 X 1

(300ns)

8/14.95

1.75

4164

64,536 X 1

(200ns)

CALL

CRYSTALS

2101

2102-1

21L02-4

21L02-2

2111

2112

2114

2114L-2

2114L-3

2114L-4

2147

TMS4044-4

TMS4044-3

TMS40L44-2

TMM2016

HM6116

STATIC RAMS

(450ns) (450ns) (LP) (450ns) (LP) (250ns) (450ns) (450ns) (450ns) (LP) (200ns) (LP) (300ns) (LP) (450ns) (55ns) (450ns) (300ns) (LP) (200ns)

256 X 4 1024 X 1 1024 X 1 1024 X 1 256x4 256 x4 1024 X 4 1024 X 4 1024 X 4 1024 X 4 4096 X 1 4096 X 1 4096 X 1 4096 X 1 2048 X 8 2048 X 8

1.95 .89 1.29 1.69 2.99 2.99 8/16.95 8/19.95 8/18.95 8/17.95 9.95 3.49 3.99 4.49

(200ns) (150ns) (200ns) (150ns) (120ns)

100 pes

1.85 .85 1.15 1.55 2.49 2.79 1.95 2.35 2.25 2.10 CALL 3.25 3.75 4.25 CALL CALL

3.95

■1 n MH7 1 .u ivi rii.

4 95

1 8432

4 95

2.0

3,95

2.097152

3.95

2.4576

3.95

3.2768

3.95

3.579545

3.95

4.0

3.95

5.0

3.9S

5.0688

3.95

5.185

3.95

5.7143

3,95

6.5536

3,96

8.0

3.95

10.0

3.95

14.31818

3.95

18.0

3.95

18.432

3.95

20.0

3.95

22,1184

395

32,0

3,95

LP = LOW POWER

MISC.

AY5-2376

11C90

XR2206

3242

3480

MC4024

MC4044

7103

7106

7107

76477

8038

95H90

9602

12,50 13.95 4.95 7.95 9.00 3.95 4.5,0 9.50 9.95 12.95 3,95 3,95 7 99 1,50

74LS00 SERIES

DISC CON

74LS166

2.40

74LS293

1.85

TROLLERS

74LS00

.25

74LS85

1.15

74LS168

1.75

74LS295

1.05

1771 24.95

74LS01

.25

74LS86

.40

74LS169

1.75

74LS298

1.20

1791 36,95

74LS02

.25

74LS90

.65

74LS170

1.75

74LS324

1.75

1793 44.95

74LS03

.25

74LS91

.89

74LSI73

.80

74LS352

1.55

1797 54.95

74LS04

.25

74LS92

.70

74LSI74

.95

74LS353

1,55

UPD765 39.95

UARTS

74LS05

.25

74LS93

.65

74LS175

.95

74LS363

1,35

74LS08

.35

74LS95

.85

74LS181

2.15

74LS364

1,95

74LS10

.25

74LS96

.95

74LS189

9.95

74LS365

.95

74LS11

.35

74LS107

.40

74LS190

1.00

74LS366

.95

AY3-1014 6.95

74LS12

.35

74LS109

.40

74LS191

1.00

74LS367

.70

AY5-1013 3.95

74LS13

.45

74LS112

.45

74LS192

.85

74LS368

.70

TR1602 4.95

74LS14

1.00

74LS113

.45

74LS193

.95

74LS373

.99

IM6402 7.95

74LS15

.35

74LS114

.50

74LS194

1.00

74LS374

1.75

74LS20

.25

74LS122

.45

74LS195

.95

74LS377

1.45

INTERFACE

74LS21

.35

74LS123

.95

74LS196

.85

74LS378

1.18

74LS22

.25

74LS124

2.99

74LS197

.85

74LS379

1.35

8T26 1.69

74LS26

.35

74LS125

,95

74LS221

1.20

74LS385

1.90

8T28 2,49

74LS27

.35

74LS126

.85

74LS240

.99

74LS386

.65

8T95 ,99

74LS28

.35

74LSI 32

.75

74LS241

.99

74LS390

1.90

8T96 .99

74LS30

.25

74LSI36

.55

74LS242

1.85

74LS393

1.90

8T97 .99

74LS32

.35

74LS137

.99

74LS243

1.85

74LS395

1.65

8T98 .99

74LS33

.55

74LS138

.75

74LS244

.99

74LS399

1.70

DM8131 2.95

74LS37

.55

74LS139

.75

74LS245

1.90

74LS424

2.95

0S8836 1.29

74LS38

.35

74LS145

1.20

74LS247

.76

74LS447

.37

CLOCK

74LS40

.35

74LS147

2.49

74LS248

1.25

74LS490

1.95

74LS42

.55

74LS148

1.35

74LS249

.99

74LS668

1.69

CIRCUITS

74LS47

.75

74LS151

.75

74LS251

1.30

74LS669

1,89

74LS48

.75

74LS153

.75

74LS253

.85

74LS670

2,20

MM5369 3.95

74LS49

.75

74LSI 54

2.35

74LS257

.85

74LS674

9,65

MM5375 3.95

74LS51

.25

74LSI55

1.15

74LS258

.85

74LS682

3.20

MSM5832 7,45

74LS64

,35

74LSI56

.96

74LS259

2.85

74LS683

2 30

7207 7.50

74LS55

.35

74LS157

.75

74LS260

.65

74LS684

2.40

7208 15.95

74LS63

1.25

74LS158

.75

74LS266

.55

74LS6B5

2.40

74LS73

.40

74LS160

.90

74LS273

1.65

74LS688

2.40

CONVERTERS

74LS74

.45

74LS161

.95

74LS275

3.35

74LS689

2.40

74LS75

.50

74LS162

.95

74LS279

.55

81LS95

1.69

MC1408 18 4 95

74LS76

.40

74LS163

.95

74LS280

1.98

81LS96

1,69

74LS78

50

74LS164

,95

74LS283

1 00

81LS97

1,69

DAC 0800 4 95

7-1LSH3

75

7JLS165

,95

74LS29n

HILS9ii

1 5Q

ADC-OilO.) ,! '!5

O

April Specials

6502

4116-250NS

Z-80A CPU Z-80A PIO D3242 Intel

2532 2732

8/13.95

6.00

6.00

6.95 8/75.00 8/70.00

6502

6.95

6502-A

12.95

6504

6,95

6505

8.95

6507

9.95

6520

4.35

6522

9.95

6532

14.95

6551

11.85

LM1310 50/ 95.00 LM1488 .75

LM1800 50/125.00 LM1489 .75

MC1330 50/ 70.00 DM8131 2.75

MCI 350 50/ 50.00

16PIN IC Sockets 100/$12.00 SUPER SPECIAL

Hitachi HM6116LP 2048 x 8 CMOS Static Ram pin compatible witti ttie 2716 EPROM. Super low power data retention ctiaracteristics: 2.0 volts at only 50ua yes 50 microamps.

7-37 pes. 32 pes.

HM6116LP-2 120ns 19.95ea 18.95ea HM6116LP-3 150ns 16.95ea 15.95ea HM6116LP-4 200ns 15.95ea 14.g5ea STANDARD POWER RAMS

HM6116P-2 120ns 18.95ea 17.95ea

HM6116P-3 150ns 11.95ea 10.95ea HM6ri6P-4 200ns 10.95ea 9.95ea Specials end April 30, 1982. Please state"April Specials" when ordering.

CMOS

Z80

Z80-CPU

Z80A-CPU

Z80-P10

Z80A-P10

Z80CTC

Z8CA-CTC

Z80-DART

Z80A-DART

Z80-DMA

Z80A-DMA

Z80-S10/0

Z80A-S10/0

Z80-S10/1

Z80A-S10/1

Z80-S10/2

Z80A-S10/2

Z80-S10/09

Z80A-S10/9

8,95 6.00 6.50 6,00 5.95 8.65 15.25 18.75 17.50 27.50 I 23.95 28.95 I 23.95 28.95 23,95 28,95 17.95 22.95

Z80B-CPU 18.95

ZBOB-CTC 17.95

Z80B-P10 17.95

Z8671 39 95

1.Z6132 ,!•) 95

74C00

.35

74C374

2.75

4019

.45

4098

2.49

74C02

.35

74C901

.80

4020

.95

4099

1.95

74C04

.35

740902

.85

4021

.95

14409

12.95

74C08

.35

74C903

.85

4022

1.15

14410

12.95

74C10

.35

740905

10.95

4023

.35

14411

11.95

74C14

1.50

740906

.95

4024

.75

14412

12.95

74C20

.35

74C907

1.00

4025

.35

14419

4.95

74C30

.35

74C908

2.00

4026

1.65

4502

,95

74C32

.50

740909

2.75

4027

.65

4503

,65

74C42

1.75

74C910

9.95

4028

.80

4508

1,95

74C48

2.10

740911

10.00

4029

.95

4510

,95

74073

.65

740912

10.00

4030

.45

4511

95

74C74

.85

74C914

1.95

4034

2.95

4512

95

74C76

.80

740915

2.00

4035

.85

4514

1,25

74083

1.95

74C918

2.75

4040

.95

4515

2.25

74CS5

1.95

74C920

17.95

4041

1.25

4516

1.55

74C86

.95

740921

15.95

4042

.75

4518

1.25

74089

4.50

74C922

5.95

4043

.85

4519

1.25

74C90

1,75

740923

5,95

4044

.85

4520

1.25

74C93

1,75

74C925

6.75

4046

,95

4522

1.25

74095

1,75

740926

7.95

4047

,95

4526

1.25

74C107

1,00

74C927

7.95

4049

.55

4527

1.95

74C150

5,75

74C928

7.95

4050

.55

4528

1.25

74C151

2.25

74C929

19.95

4051

.95

4531

.95

740154

3.25

74C930

19.95

4053

.95

4532

1.95

740157

1.75

4000

.35

4060

1.45

4538

1.95

740160

2.00

4001

.35

4066

.75

4539

1.95

740161

2.00

4002

.25

4068

.40

4543

2.70

740162

2.00

4006

.95

4069

,35

4555

.95

75C163

2,00

4007

.29

4070

,35

4556

.95

74C164

2.00

4008

.95

4071

,30

4581

1,95

74C165

2.00

4009

.45

4072

,30

4582

1,95

74C173

2.00

4010

,46

4073

,30

4584

,95

74C174

2.25

4011

.35

4075

.30

4585

,95

74C175

2.25

4012

.25

4076

.95

4702

12,95

74C192

2.25

4013

.45

4078

.30

4724

1.50

740193

2.25

4014

.95

4081

.30

80C07

.95

740195

2.25

4015

.95

4082

.30

80095

.85

740200

5.75

4016

.45

4085

.95

80C96

.95

74C221

2 25

4017

1 15

4086

,95

B0C97

95

7.1C,-i73

2 75

,1 n 1 i!

95

■lOiU

9:i

80C9B

1 ;''!,

[master cfiafgel

JDR MICRODEVICES, INC. 1224 So. Bascom Ave. San Jose, CA 95128 800-538-5000 • 800-662-6279 (CA) (408)995-5430 • Telex 171-110

TERMS: For shipping include $2.00 for UPS ground, $3.00 for UPS Blue Label air. $10.00 minimum order. Bay Area residents add 6V2% sales tax. California residents add 6% sales tax. We resen/e the right to limit quantities ^nd substitute manufacturer. Prices subject to change without notice. Send SASE for complete list.

Circle 225 on inquiry card.

2716 EPROMS450NS (5V) 8/4.95 63.

ALL MERCHANDISE 100% GUARANTEED! CALL US FOR VOLUME QUOTES

8000

8200

8035

8039

8080A

8085

8085A-2

8086

8088

8155

8156

8185

8185-2

8741

8748

8755

16.95 19.95 3.95 12.95 16.95 99.95 39.95 11.95 11.95 29.95 39.95 39.95 29.95 44 95

6800

6800

5.70

6802

10.95

6808

9.95

6809

24.95

6809E

29.95

6810

4.60

6820

4.95

6821

4.95

6828

14.95

6834

16.95

6840

14.95

6843

42.95

6844

44.95

6845

16,95

6847

15.95

6850

4.75

6852

5.75

6860

10.95

6862

11.95

6875

6.95

6880

2.95

68B00

10.95

68B21

12.95

68B,50

12,95

8202 8205 8212 8214 8216 8224 8226 8228 8237 8238 8239 8243 8250 8251 8253 8253-5 8255 8255-5 8257 8259 8272 8275 8279 8279-5 8282 8283 8284 8286 8287 8288 k 8289

800-538-5000 800-662-6279

(CALIFORNIA RESfoENTS)

CALL JDR BEFORE YOU BUY! WE WILL BEAT ANY COMPETITORS' PRICES

VOLTAGE REG'S

LINEAR

LEDS

Jumbo Red Jumbo Green Jumbo Yellow 5082-7760 .43'CC MAN74 .3'CC k MAN72 ,3'CA

10/1.00 6/1.00 6/1.00 .79 .99 ,99J

7805T 7808T 78121 7815T 7824T

7805K 7812K 7ai6K 78105 78L12 78L15

LM309K LM317T

.79

.99 .79 .99

1.39 1.39 1.39 .69 .69 .69

1.49 1.95

7905T 7912T 7915T 7924T

7905K 7912K 79L05 79L12 79L15

LM317K LM323K LM337K

.89 1.19 1.19

1.49 1.49 .79 .79 .79

3.95 4.95 3.95

.T = TO-220 K = T0-3 L = TO-92

74S00 SERIES

74S00

.44

74S74

.69

74S163

3,75

74S257

1.39

74S02

.48

74S85

2.39

74S168

4,65

74S258

1.49

74S03

.48

74S86

1.44

74S169

5.44

74S260

1.83

74S04

.79

74S112

1.59

74S174

1.09

74S274

19.95

74S05

.79

74S113

1.98

74S175

1.09

74S275

19.95

74S08

.48

74S114

1.50

74S181

4.47

74S280

2.90

74S09

.98

74S124

2.77

74S182

2.95

74S287

4.75

74S10

.69

74S132

1.24

74S188

3.95

74S288

4.45

74S11

.88

74S133

.98

74S189

14,95

74S289

6.98

74S15

.70

74S134

,69

74S194

2,95

74S301

6.95

74S20

.68

74S135

1,48

74S195

1,89

74S373

3.45

74S22

,98

74S138

1,08

74S196

4,90

74S374

3.45

74S30

,48

74S139

1,25

74S197

4,25

74S381

7.95

74S32

,98

74S140

1.45

74S201

14,95

74S387

5.75

74S37

1,87

74S151

1.19

74S225

8,95

74S412

2.98

74S38

1,68

74S153

1.19

74S240

3.98

74S471

9.95

74S40

.44

74S157

1.19

74S241

3.75

74S472

16.85

74S51

.78

74S158

1.45

74S244

3.98

74S474

17.85

74S64

.79

74S161

2.85

74S251

1.90

74S482

15.60

74S65

1.26

74S162

3,70

74S253

7,45

74S570

74S571

7,80

7,80

LM301V LM308V LM309K LM311 LM317T LM317K LM318 LM323K LM324 LM337K LM339 LM377 LM380 LM386V LM555V LM556 LM565 LM566V LM567V LM723 LM733 LM741V LM747 LM748V LM1310 MCI 330V MC1350V MCI 358 LM1414 LM1458V LM1488 LM1489 LM1800 LM1889 LM3900 LM3909V LM3914 LM3915 LM3916 75461V 75452V L75453V

,34

,98 1,49

,64 1,95 395 1,49 4.95

,59 3.95

.99 2.29 1.29 1.50

.39

.69

.99 1.49 1.29

.49

.98

.29

.79

.59 2.90 1.89 1.29 1.79 1,59

,69

.99

.99 2.99 2.49

.59

,98 3,95 3,95 3,95

,39

,39

,39 >

APPLE FAN $69.00

EXTRA PLUG-IN CARDS CAN CAUSE YOUR APPLE TO OVERHEAT

ULTRA-QUIET APPLE FAN DRAWS COOL AIR THROUGH YOUR COMPUTER ELIMINATES DOWN TIME SAVES REPAIR CHARGES INCREASES RELIABILITY CLIPS ON — NO HOLES OR SCREWS

COLOR MATCHES APPLE LONG LIFE, LOW NOISE MOTOR

IC SOCKETS

1-99

100

8 pin ST

.13

.11

14 pin ST

.15

.12

16 pin ST

.17

.13

18 pin ST

.20

.18

20 pin ST

.29

.27

22 pin ST

.30

.27

24 pin ST

.30

.27

28 pin ST

.40

.32

40 pin ST

.49

.39

ST = SOLDERTAIL

' Jl

*APPIE IS A TRADEfi4ARK OF APPLE COMPUTER INC.

8 pin WW

.59

.49

14 pin WW

.69

.52

16 pin WW

.69

.58

18 pin WW

.99

.90

20 pin WW

1.09

.98

22 pin WW

1.39

1.28

24 pin WW

1.49

1.35

28 pin WW

1.69

1.49

40 pin WW

1.99

1.80

WW = WIREWRAP

CONNECTORS

TRANSISTORS

PN2222 2N2222 2N2907 2N3055 2N3904 2 N 3906 1N4148 (1N914) 1N4004

10/1.00 .25 .25 .79 10/1.00 10/1.00

100/ 8.99 50/10.99 50/10.99 10/ 6.99 100/ 8.99 100/ 8.99 25/ 1.00 10/ 1.00 .

RS232 MALE RS232 FEMALE RS232 HOOD S-100 ST S-100 WW

3.25 3.75 1.25 3.95 4.95

DIP SWITCHES

4 POSITION

5 POSITION

6 POSITION

7 POSITION

8 POSITION

7400

SERIES

7400

.19

7451

.23

74136

,60

74186

18.50

7401

.19

7453

.23

74141

.65

74190

1.15

7402

.19

7454

.23

74142

2.95

74191

1.15

7403

.19

7460

.23

74143

2.95

74192

.79

7404

.19

7470

.35

74144

2.95

74193

.79

7405

.22

7472

.29

74145

.60

74194

.85

7406

.22

7473

.34

74147

1.75

74195

.85

7407

.22

7474

.35

74148

1.20

74196

.79

7408

.24

7475

.49

74150

1.35

74197

.75

7409

.19

7476

.35

74151

.65

74198

1.35

7410

.19

7480

.69

74152

.65

74199

1.35

7411

.25

7481

1.10

74153

.55

74221

1.35

7412

.30

7482

.95

74164

1.40

74246

1.35

7413

.35

7483

.50

74155

.75

74247

1.25

7414

.55

7485

.65

74156

.65

74248

1.86

7416

.25

7486

.35

74157

.55

74249

1.96

7417

.25

7489

4.95

74169

1.65

74251

.75

7420

.19

7490

.35

74160

.85

74259

2.25

7421

.35

7491

.40

74161

.70

74265

1.35

7422

.29

7492

.50

74162

.85

74273

1.95

7423

.29

7493

.49

74163

.85

74276

1.25

7425

.29

7494

.65

74164

.85

74279

.75

7426

.29

7495

.55

74165

.85

74283

2.00

7427

.29

7496

.70

74166

1.00

74284

3.76

7428

.45

7497

2.75

74167

2.95

74285

3.75

7430

.19

74100

1.00

74170

1.65

74290

.95

7432

.29

74107

.30

74172

5.95

74293

.75

7433

.45

74109

.45

74173

.75

74298

.85

7437

.29

74110

.45

74174

.89

74351

2.25

7438

.29

74111

.55

74175

.89

74365

.65

7440

.19

74116

1.55

74176

.89

74366

.65

7442

.49

74120

1.20

74177

.75

74367

.65

7443

.65

74121

.29

74178

1.15

74368

.65

7444

,69

74122

.45

74179

1.75

74376

2.20

7445

.69

74123

.55

74180

.75

74390

1.75

7446

.69

74125

.45

74181

2.25

74393

1.35

7447

.69

74126

.45

74182

.75

74425

3.15

7448

,69

74128

,55

74184

2.00

74426

.85

7450

,19

74132

,45

74185

2 00

74490

2.55

HOURS: Mon. - Fri., 9 to 5; Sat. 11 to 3

VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE!

JDR MICRODEVICES, INC. 1224 S. Bascom Ave. San Jose, CA 95128 800-^538-5000 • 800-662-6279 (CA) (408)995-5430 • Telex 171-110

TERMS; For shipping include $2.00 for UPS Ground, $3.00 for UPS Blue Label Air. $10.00 minimum order. Bay Area residents add 6V2% sales tax. California residents add 6% sales tax. We reserve tlie rigtit to limit quantities and substitute manufacturer. Prices subject to cfiange without notice. Send SASE for complete list.

Circle 225 on Inquiry card.

UTIC

MINI STEREO FM RECEIVER

WITH HEADPHONES For Joggers, Cyclists, and Skatersl

FEATURES: Lightweight headphones. Left/right balance control. Full ridellty stereo sound. Additional biack soft carrying case & shoulder strap. Beit clip (hands free). Operates on 3 AA cell batteries (not inci.j. Compact size; 3%" x 4'/," x 1". Wt. B oz.

Model 1810 List Price $89.95 $29.95

SPEAKERS

2-9

Parti A0201 1.25 .89 2V<" Round — 8 Ohm .25 Watt (4" Leads) Slze:2%"xr

l>>rt>SF.250ie 1.391.25 2V2" Square — 16 Ohm .25 Watt (4 mount, holes) Large Ceramic Magnet Size: 2H" X 2%" X I"

a National Semiconductor

RAM SALE

STATIC RAMS MIVI2114N-2 4K (200NS) , $2.49 each

(8 EACH $16.95/lot) (100 EACH $195.95/lotJ

MM2114N-2L 4K (200NS) Low Power $2.gSeach

(a EACH $ig.95)lott (100 EACH S225,00/lo1)

MM2147N 4K(70NS) $4.95 each

(8 EACH S34.95/lot) (100 EACH S419.95/tol)

MM6116P-4 16K(200NS) $14.95eaeh

(6 EACH $es.g5rioi} (lOo each 31195.00/101)

DYNAIVIIC RAMS MM4164N'20 64K(200NS) $14.95each

(8 EACH $99.95/lotJ (100 EACH $1195.00/lot)

MM5290N'2 16KM50NS)4116 $2.95 each

(8 EACH S19.g5/lot) (100 EACH $225.00/lot)

MM5290N-4 16K(250NS)4116 $1.95 each

(8 EACH S14.g5Jtot) (100 each $17S.00/lo1)

EPROM Erasing Lamp

• ErMes2708, 2716,1702A, 5203Q, 52040, etc.

• Eraies up to 4 ehipi within 20 minutes.

• Malntaini constant exposure distance of one inch.

• Special conductive foam liner eliminates static build-up.

• Built-in safety lock to prevent UV exposure.

• Compact - only 7-5/8" x 2-7/8" x 2"

• Complete with holding tray for 4 chips. UVS-11EL Replacement Bulb $16.95

UVS-11E $79.95

JOYSTICKS

JS-SK 5K Linear Taper Pots $5.25

JS-100K 100K Linear Taper Pots $4.95

JVC-40 40K (2) Video Controller in case . . . $4.95

MUFFIN* FAN

np dependable, low cost, largest selling Ian lor commercial cootlng appllcallona.

• lOScfm free air delivery

• 4.68" sq. X 1.50" depth. Weight -17 oz.

• acousticai rating as low as NC-38

• more than 10 yrs. cont. duty at 10°C

• impedance prolecled

• lor arnbients to 70°C

• UL yeiiow card recognized & CSA approved

115V, 50/60HZ, 14 Watts, lOScfm Ultrasonlcally cleaned & teated.

MU2A1 ... .$9.95ea.

^JE215 Adjustable ipipr Dual Power Supply

General Description: The JE215 is a Dual Power Supply with independent adjustable positive and negative output voltages. A separate adiustment for each of the supplies provides the user uniiinited applications for IC current voltage rsqulrsments. The supply can also be used as a general all-purposi variable power

supply. FEATURES:

• Adjustable regulated power supplies, PCS. end neg. 1.2VDC to 15VDC.

• • Power Output (each supply):

5VDC @ 500mA, 10VDC@ 750mA, 12VDC@500mA, and 15VDC® 175mA.

• Two, 3-terminal adj. IC regulators with Thermal overload protection.

• Heal sink regulator cooling

• LED "on" Indicator

• Printed Board Construction

• 120VAC Input

• Size: 3-l/2"w x 5-1/16"L x 2"H

JE215 Adj. DualPorterSupplvKit(asshown) ■ . $24.95

(Picture not shown but similar in construction to above) JE2aO Reg. Power Supply Kit (5VDC, 1 amp) . . $14.95 JE205 Adapter Brd. (to JE200t £5,±9 & ± 12V. $12.95

MICROPROCESSOR COMPONENTS

80BOA/8080A SUPPORT DEVICES

INSSOtOA' CPU

□P8212 8-Blt Input/Output

DP82M Priority IntarruptContfol

□PSziS ei-Dirociionil Bui Driver

DP8224 Clock Ganaritor/Drlvar

DPS^^6 BusDilvsr

DPB22e Syitam Controllflr/Bus Drl«ai

3P823S Syitom Controilei

N5S243 I/O Expanaar for 48 Sarlei

N5S2S0 Aiyncnronaui Camm. Elamerii

DPS2S1 Prog. Comm. I/O (USAHT)

DPa2S3 Pros. Intervai Timtr

Prog. Parlphtral I/O CPPI)

DPIi57 Prog. DMA Control

□PS!7S Prog. CRT Conlrollar

OPS279 Prog. Keyboard/Dltplay Intartace

DPB303 Syitam Timing Element

DPB307 B-BIt Bl-Dlrecllonal Racalvsr Bl-Dliactlonal Receiver

Oct a

Peril

rv1C6G0a MCeS02CP MC6810API MC6a21 MC6e?B MC683aLS MCSaSQ

Mceasi

MC6B6D MCG162 MCSSW;^

111 Latched Peripheral Driver - 68OO/6B00 SUPPORT DEVICES

Perl of

arily li

n Clock and RAM tic RAM

il Inter. Adapt (MCS820) >t Controller

1024xl'Blt ROM (MCSSAJO-g] Atynchronous Comm. Adapter Svrictlronous Serial Oali Adiptar O^OODPl Dlgltll MODEM I4O0I3PI Modulator QusdI-Stats But.Trint.tMCtT2E)

MICROPROCESSOR CHIPS

ZSa(7tOC] CPU(MK3tMN) (!MHi) 2WA (TSO-l) CPU (MK3IKIN-4) HMHZ)

CDPien CPU

KSO MPU

IDMI901ADC CPU~4-eit SUM (Com.Tamp.Qradi) MPU w/Clock [GSK Bytai Mamory) MPU~>-Blt (BUHi) cPlJ-5gl.Chlp^Blt[U>byta■nAM) CPU (256 Bytat RAM) CPU-« ByUt RAM CPU w/Baslc Micro Interpratar

CPU

MPU-16-Slt

INSBOJSN-S

INSUI39N-«

INSBUON-e

INS8O70N

INSS073N

TMSWOML

11173AH-1 3D Tuw Mullcil MPU Chip

1m]

MMSOOH MMSOJH MMEOEH

MMSIOH MM14aZN MM5013N MM5016H MMSOMN M503SN 2SIHV{14MA) iSl«N iS22V 2SMV

AFIOO-ICN AF12MCJ AF122-)CJ LM308CH LMU4Z LMUSZ LF3S6N LF»BN LMMH ADCONHLCN

-SHIFT REGISTERS— Dual »Blt Dynamic Dual SO.BII Dynamic Dual UCkBIt Static Dual64-Blt Accumulator iSe-BIt Dynamic 102*-Blt Dynamlc/Accumulitt 500/S12-BII Dynamic Octal K-BIt Octal lO-BIt ICM-BIt Dynamic Hex U-BIt Static Dual lU-BII Static 5I^BIt Dynamic 102«-Blt Dynamic Dual m-sn Static Dual iSO-BIt Static Dual MD-BIt Static Quad tO-BIt Stalk Flfo [Dual BO)

-DATA ACQUISITION

ir 2.S%

Tone Low Banc

int Cui

Tamparatura Trantd

JFET Input Op Amp Sampla ( Hold Ampliriari Tamp. Come, Prec. Raf. (.Sppm/O

B-BIt A/O Conuertar (1 LSB] a-BIt D/A Converter 10.71* Lin.)

DATA ACQUISITION (CONTINUED)

ADCOKBCCN B-BIt A/D Converter (a-Ch. Multl.) !

t'BIt A/D Converter (IC-Cti. Multl.) I( 10-Blt D/AConv. Micro. Comp. (0.0514), i; lO-BHD/AConv, Micro. COmp. (0.20%) ( lO'SltD/A Converter (0.05% Lin.) I ID-Slt D/A Converter (D.2CIK Lin.) ! 12-BltD/A Converter (0.20% Lin.) ■ B-Cnannel Multiplexer 30K BAUD UART I

RAM'S ■

AOCatl7CCN

DACIOOOLCM

DAClOOSLCrJ

DACICCOLCN

□AC1022LCN

DAC1322LCN

CD405IN

AY-S-1013

UOI 2S6xl Static

1103 1024x1 Dynamic

2101 (8101) 2Sex4 Static

2102 1IS4K1 Static 2IL02 tl»Kl Static

2111 (Sill) 2S6)(4 Static

2112 !S6k4 Static MOS 2114 10Hh4 Static 450ni

21I4L ia24><4 Static 450ni LoM Power

1024x4 Static »»ns 1024x4 Static 200ns Low Power 256i<l Static lie) tBK Dynamic 2SQni (MMS290N-4) e4K Dynamic 2D0ns 409eKl Fait TOni 25ex4 Static

1024x1 Dynamic Fully Decodad iKxl Dynamic 4096x1 Dynamic MM52WN-Z (411G) IGK Dynamic ISOni (UPD41GC-3] MMU9SJ-3A tK Dyn. 2oant [lower M of MMSmi] 16K (2KxBl StatlcMOni 64 Bit RAM (1EX40C) Dynamic 16-pln

2114.2

MM2147N 5101

MM 5261 MM5252 MM5SK/IUT

HM6116-4

UPD414/MK402) TMS40M-45NL TMSW5

4K Sta

2K UV EraiatMB PROM BK EPftOM

16K EPROM (-SV, +5V, -tlJV) 16K EPROM (Single 'SV) 32K EPROM

BK EPROM (4S0n() (Single +5V1 54K EPHDM (Hitachi HN462764) 2H1 PROM

IZXiPROM (Open Collector) 409S Bipolar PROM 32XB Trl-Stata BlpoHr PROM IK PROM

Over 30 Mora PROMS LItiad In Our catalog ROM'S

el(2516)TI

B2S23(74S1U) B2Stl5

a2S123(;4S2n)

tzsus

2S13(2Ua) Character Oanarator (Upper Caia)

3513(3011) Character Qenerator (Lower Caw)

NMOS READ ONLY MEMORIES—

MCMEG71DP 13x9x7 ASCII Snifted w/Qreek MCMU740P litxSKT Math symtiDi ii picturei MCMtSTSOP mxgx7 Alphe. Control cner. Qan.

M-ZBO

M-CDPltOS

M-2650

OSDOiSCN DS002SCN INS1TT1N-)

- SPECIAL FUNCTION

Dual MOS ClOCK Driver (5MZ) Dual MOS Clock Driver (SMZ) Floppy Ollc Cor

MMIKU7N MMSI174N COP4a2N

n Chip

le Cloi

AY-5-910O AY.5-9200

av-5-9S»

AY-5.237B HDD165-5

Mlcroproceiior Compatible Clock II

Mlcrocontrollar witn 64-Dlglt RAM t end Direct LED Drive

MN Microcontroller with H-Dlsit RAM 7

& Direct LEO Drive w/N Buh Int.

IN 32-SeB.VAC Fluor, Driver (30-pln pko.) 3

-TELEPHONE/KEYBOARD CHIPS

Puth Button Teleohona Oleler 14

Repertory Dialer 14

CMOS Clock Generetor 4

Kaytioard Encoder (tl keyi) 11

Keyboard Encoder (IB keyi) l

Keyboard Encoder (16 keyt) i

Keyooard Encoder (ZOkeyt) !

Puth Button Puiie Dialer ]

96/i«4-Kay Serial KwDoarfl Encoder I

EECO Rocker DIP Switch — "Mlnl-DlpTM" 2400 Series

THE MOST UNIQUE DIP SWITCH AVAILABLE!

UiNi-DiP is designed to relrolll all major brands ol Dip switches. Unique leatures include locking rod design to preveni accldenial actualion and gold sell-wlping contaci. One-plocB tiousing and press-m lermlnais preveni con [a mi nation, 2-10 slalion Form "A" and 1-5 station Form "C." • Terminili on .100 x .300 (2.S4 x T.62) cantart ■ PCB oi dip lockat mountablB ■ PoiKive clBinlng/wiping ictlon wilti gold conlict • Total tait and bDltnm lail Cnntiguralinn Socket Price Pari Ho. Pat. ConllBuratlon SccltBl Price

ID/ G.as 10/ 7.8S 10/ 8.9S

4 pin 1.09 • ID/ 9.BB

2400-6 Z40O-7 240O4 240M 24IID-1D

1234S6 14 pin

1234567 14 pin

1234S67S 16 pin

12345G7Sg 18 pin

Dl 23456789 20 pin

- 10/ g.9S

- 10/10.95

- 10/11.95 ■ 10/12.95

- 10/13.95

GRAB BAG |£ SPECIALS

QBIfiO (Pictured Above)

IT4«0.)4IOT. 74123. fU.l ILU101.307,741, JOS. MC.i "

ixnsa).tiio.4iM.«cli

M IK)! Snin fUgimn - mwliad 13S\0.7i\t. iSn, 3t03. ■K.l

(7e0S.0S.11.1G.1B.M,tIi e pa. Htan'n vaofi F

aaoa.oa, ii, ifi,ta.a4

-LEDS - LAMPS - READOUTS—

lOx. MulUM RweDUB. alcUMen, Kiel SO nch T-Stomirtt OUoXvl.

POTENT iOMCTEHS—

08130 ttMhM

SpKm InyLon and IiT

GB147 £0l)nenHH(tMnn<UiImin,l»it>.Ki*M.1i«l SM

□Biea (ininKMnwnianeiiUnlcipKHlK-T'lontl Jl»

QBie> »apa.ii>HimaDlMdmiatnMli>«B>w* IM

QBiea aDI)pci.iiigl*hMi.c<ia>n>i«m.iu. 3O0

-MISCELLANEOUS—

$10.00 Minimum Ordei — U.S. Funds Only California Residents Add 6% Sales Tax Postage — Add 5% plus $1.50 Insurance

Send S.A.S.E. for Monthly Sale Flyer!

Spec Sheets — 25c Send 88c Postage for your FREE 1982 JAMECO CATALOG Prices Subject to Change

ameco

ELECTRONICS

1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, OA 94002 PHONE OHPEBS WELCOME — (4t5> 592-8097

^

BOOKS

Nntioiul Semiconductor — Intarall — Intel

30001 NBtlonel CMOS Dete Book *6.g6

1640 pages) 740, CD4000. and A/D Convartera

30002 National IntarfBcaDeta Book IG.96

{704 pasBSl DP, DS8000, OSSOOO, DS7G000, etc.

30003 National Linear Data Book t8.BB

(1376 pegsB) LM, LF, ADC, DAC, LH Series

30DD4 NatEonntSarlaaBO—BaardLavelCamputBr[224pageal ...M.SG

30005 Nntloniil TTL Logic Deta Book t8.96

im oa^os) 7400,LS.L,H.S. and DMSOOO Sariea

30006 Bu^

'al3l30001.3.5aaaaet n9.96/lot

30009 Intersil Data Book (1074 pages) *6.96

010400 Intel Component Data Catalog (10.00

Full dels sheets tor Inlei'B products Inci. mamory device«,

microproc, peripherals Et indust./mil. producia I132B pages) S0EB10 IntelPerlpheraiDealgnHandbook *7.G0

Fuii data sheets, appl. notes for Intel peripheral device

components 1844 pages)

AC and DC Wall Transformers

Part No.

AC 250 AC 500 ACIOOO AC1700 DC BOO DC6912 (abovo) DV9200 DC900 DC 1200

Input

117V/60HZ 117V/60HZ 117V/60H2 117V/60H2 130W60H; 12DV/60HZ 117V/60HZ 120V)60Hz 120V/60HZ

With Unlvereal Plug and OV Batlery Snap

Selective voitageB: 6,9,12VDC. Polarity selection ( + /■). six-toot line trom adapter to plugs — sixInch llns from adapter to tiattery snap. 120Vf60Hz. 300mA. Outwit

12VAC ^mA 12 VAC 500mA 12VAC 1 amp

9VAC 1.7 amp

8VDC 400mA (ball, charser)

6,9,12VDC 300mA

9VDC 200mA

9VDC 500mA

12VDC 300mA

S4.95

S5.95 $3.95 S2.49 $9.95 S3.25 S3.g5 $3.95

CONNECTORS

DB25P D-Subminiature Plug $2.95

DB25S D'Subminlature Socket S3.50

D2011B-2 Screw Lock Hdwr. (2) DB25S/P 2/$.99

DB51226 Cover for DB2SP/S S1.75

22/44SE P.C. Edge (22/44 Pin) $2.9S

UQ88/U BISICPlug $1.79

UG89/U BNCJsck $3.79

UG175/U UHF Adapter $ .49

S0239 UHF Panel Recp. $1.29

PL258 UHF Adapter $1.60

PL2S9 UHF Plug $1.60

UG280/U BNC Plug $1.78

UG1094/U BNC Bulkhead Beep $1.29

TRS-80 16K Conversion Kit

Expand your 4K TRS-eo System to 16K Kit comes complete with:

• 8 ea. MM5290 (UPD416/4116) 16K Dyn. Ram Cm)

• Documentation for conversion

TRS-16K2 *160na 19.95

TRS-16K3 *200n8 1B.9S

TRS-16K4 •250n8 .14.95

KEYBOARDS

Datanectlcs 74-Key Keyboard

Uses EA 20134 Chip (Electronic Anays). Size: 16U"L x 5^"W x 1.3/8"H. White, black, blue, grey key caps. (No Data Sheet) ~

PartNo.KB354 $29.95 ea.

Micro Switch 69-Key Keyboard

Uses AMI SW20350K Chip. Size: 16-3/8"L x 5</4"W x 1-5/S"H Melai Frame. Light & darl< gra/ key caps (No Data Sheet)

Part No. KB69SD12-2 ■ $19.95 ea.

Boschert Multi-Voltage Power Supply

BVOC, 12VDC and 24VDC

FEATURES: Voltagi _ _ _ _ _

4amp8. Reg. Load: -t-SV out ±1%, +12 & 24V out ±S% (20-100'.. load). OvervDil. & overcurr. protection. 115 or 230VAC Input. Wt. 4 lbs. Size: 4.05" X 2.50" x 15.00"

'Total average output shall riol exceed 200 walls. Qanaral Description: The "Boscherl" Power Supply was □rioiiially designed for application with ITT Advance Terminal Conlrollor lATC), Tills open frame switching power supply provides user with high current requirements common in use with computer systems, its compact size provides versatility (or mounting into electronic enclosures. Each suppiv has 6 threaded tasieners (pern nul type) For mounting. Specification requirements to be used with ATC enclosed.

Part No. 200-3010 .X

— nMNr omens tvAiutsLC' wnm roii mi

JE600 Hexadecimal Encoder Kit

FULL 8-BiT LATCHED OUTPUT 19-KEY KEYBOARD

The JE60D Encoder Kevboard Kit provide* two leparata tiexadecimal digits produced from taquantial key enirlei to allow direct programming for 8-biT microprocessor or 8-bit mamorv clrciiits. Three edditionei kevs are provided for user operations with one having a bistable output available. The outputs are latched and monitored with 9 LED readouti. Alto included Is a key entry strobe. Features: Full 8-bit latched output for microprocessor use. Three usar-defina keys with one being bitteble operation. Debounce circuit provided for all 19 keys. 9 LED readouts to verify entries. Easy interfacing with standard 16-pin IC connector. Only +5VOC required for operation. Size: 3M"H x 81&"W x 8»"D

JE600/DTE-HK .'/V,'gun'dTbo"i ....$99.95

iccnn 19-Key Hexadec. Keyboard, e-ca oc JE600 Kit PC Board tcmgnts. (no case). .$59.95

K19 19-KBy Keyboard (Keyboard only) $14.95

DTE-HK (case only—3K"H»a«i"wic>«"D> $44.9^

Circle 224 on inquiry card.

7400

SN7400N

.20

SN7472N

5N74156N

SN7401N

■??

SN7473N

S N 74157N

SN7402N

■fr

SN7474N

S N74160N

RQ

SN7403 N

SN7475N

49

SN74161N

SN7476N

35

SN74162N

SN74OTN

SN7479N

5 00

SN74163 N

'„

SN7406N

SN7480N

■„

SN 74154 N

89

SN7407N

SN74B2N

99

SN74165N

89

SN7408N

29

SN7483N

69

SN741G6N

125

SN7409N

29

5N74BSN

.S9

SN74167N

2.79

SN7410N

5N7486N

5N74170N

1.95

SN7411N

29

5N7469N

i"tc

5N74172N

4.95

SN7412N

.35

SN749QN

^49

5 N 74173N

1.39

5N7413N

5N7491N

5N74174N

SN74I4N

"ra

SN7492N

«

5N74175N

89

SN7416N

.29

5N7493N

'„

5N74176N

79

SN7417N

5 N 7494 N

69

5N74177N

'79

SN7420N

25

SN7495N

S N 74179 N

1 49

SN7421N

29

SN7495N

69

SN74i80N

79

5N7422N

45

SN7497N

3 00

SN74181N

2 25

SN7423N

29

SN7410ON

149

SN74183N

SN7425N

29

SN74104 N

■g

5N741S4N

249

SN7426N

29

5N74105N

89

SN74165N

SN7427N

25

SN74107 N

35

SN74190 N

125

5N742BN

49

SN74109N

39

SN74191N

1 25

S N 7430 N

25

SN74116N

1 95

SN74192N

B9

S N 7432 N

29

SN74121N

39

SN74193N

89

SN7437N

25

SN74122N

55

SN74194N

89

SN7438N

.40

SN74123N

.59

SN74195N

.69

5N7439N

SN74125N

.49

SN74196N

.89

SN7440N

.20

SN74126N

.49

SN74197N

.89

5N7441N

.89

5N74t32N

.75

5N74198N

1.49

SN7442N

.59

SN74136N

.75

SN74199N

1.49

SN7443N

1.10

SN74141N

SN74221N

SN7444N

5N74142N

3's

SN74251N

^'m

SN7445N

SN74143N

3!49

SN74276N

l!95

SN7446N

.79

SN74144N

3.49

SN74279N

.79

SN7447N

.69

SN74145N

.79

SN742a3N

1.49

SN7448N

.79

SN74147N

1.95

5N74284N

3.95

SN7450N

.20

SN74148N

1.29

SN74285N

3.95

SN7451N

SN74150N

1.25

5N74365N

.69

SN7453N

SN74151N

.69

S N74366N

SN74MN

SN741S2N

.69

SN74367N

SN7459A

.25

SN74153N

,79

SN7J368N

,69

SN7460N

.20

SN7fll&4N

l,2S

SN;J390N

1,49

SN7470N

.29

SN74155N

,79

SN 74393 N

1.49

74L5(n

.29

74LS

74LS192

1 15

74L501

.29

74LS193

1 15

74LSK

.29

74LS92

.75

74LS194

1.15

74LS03

.29

74LS93

.75

74LS195

1.15

74LS04

.35

74LS95

.99

74LS197

1.19

74LS05

.35

74LS96

1.15

74LS221

1.19

74LS08

.35

74LS107

.45

74LS240

1.49

74LS09

.35

74LS109

.45

74LS241

1.49

74LS10

.35

74LS112

.45

74LS242

1.49

74LS11

.39

74L5113

.49

74LS243

1.49

74LS12

.35

74L5114

.49

74LS244

1.49

74LS13

.59

74LS122

.89

74L5245

2.95

74LS14

.99

74LS123

1.25

74L5247

1.19

74LS15

.35

74L5125

.59

74L5248

1.19

74LS20

.35

74LS126

.59

74L5249

1.19

74LS2!

.35

74LS132

.99

74LS251

.99

74LS22

.35

74LS133

.89

74LS253

.99

74LS26

.35

74LS136

.49

74LS257

.89

74LS27

.35

74LS138

.89 .89

74L525a

.69

74L^

as

74L5139

74LS260

.69

74LS30

.35

74L5151

.89

74LS266

74LS32

.35

74L51S3

.89

74LS273

1.95

74LS33

.59

74LS154

1.75

74LS279

.89

74LS37

.45

74LS155

.89

74LS283

.89

74LS38

.39

74LS1S6

.89

74LS290

.99

74LS40

.35

74LS157

.89

74L5293

.99

74LS42

.89

74LSi5a

.89

74LS29a

1.25

74LS47

.S9

74LS160

1.15

74LS352

1.29

74LS4B

1.15

74LS161

1.15

74L5353

1,29

74LS49

1.15

74LS162

1.15

74LS365

.69

74LS163

1.15

74LS54

!35

74LS164

1.15

74LS367

'.63

74LS55

"it

74LS165

1.15

/4LS368

.69

74LS168

1.19

i'q9

74 lIm

45

74LSi69

1.19

74 Li374

74LS75

!59

74LS170

1.95

74LS37S

89

7flLS76

.45

74L5173

.99

74LS386

!69

74LS78

.49

74LS174

.99

74LS393

74LS83

.89

74LS175

.99

74LS399

2.49

74LS85

1.2S

74LS181

2.95

74LS670

2.49

74LSS6

74LS190

1.25

81LS95

1.95

.69

74LS191

1.25

81LS97

1.95

JiSM

45

74S

3 25

.45

74 c; 544

3'25

.45

74S124

3.95

■

■f^

745133

.55

745134

.69

1 35 " ^

'^n

74S135

1.19

74

SO

745136

1.75

■ q

,45

745138

1.35

■q

74*511

74S139

1.35

745287

3 25

74S1S

.45

745140

.79

74 S 288

2 75

74S2D

.45

745151

1.35

745373

3'49

.45

74S153

1.35

74SJ74

3 49

74S30

.45

74S157

1.35

745387

2 95

74S32

.55

74S158

1.35

74S471

to!95

74S38

1J5

745160

2.95

74S472

10.95

74S40

.50

74S174

1.59

74S473

10.K

74S51

.45

745175

1.59

74S474

12.95

»S64

.50

74S188

2.95

74S47S

1Z95

74S65

.50

74S194

1.95

745570

5.95

74S74

.75

74S195

1.95

74S57I

5,95

74S86

.79

74S196

1.95

74S572

9.95

745240

2.95

745113

^79

74S24]

2.95

74S940

3.1s

74SU4

.79

745242

3.25

74S941

3.15

CA3010H

■

CA-LIIMFAR

CA3089N

CA3013H

CA3060N CA30aOH CA30elN CA3083N

3.25 1.25 2.00 2.00

C A3096N

CA3039H

1.35

C A3I30H CA3i40H C A3150H

1 TO

1.39 1.25 1,25

CA3046N

1.30

CA30e3N

1,60

C Ai401N

.59

CA30S9N

3.25

CA3086N

.85

C A360ON

3.50

CD4000

2.49

C O400]i

1Q

CD-CMOS

^ S,™ CD4506

.75

la

CD-ISO?

.99

I'lQ

CD4041

1.49

CD4S08

3.95

C04M2

.99

CD4510

1.39

CD4043

.89

COJ511

1,23

C O4010

Q

C 04 044

.89

CD4512

1.49

.39

CD4046

1.79

CD4514

3,95

.25

CD4047

2.50

CD4515

2.95

.49

CD4048

1.35

CD^Sie

1.49

C D4014

CD4CM9

.49

CD4518

1.79

1.19

CD4O50

.69

CD4519

.89

CD4016

.59

CD4051

3.19

CD4520

1.29

CD4017

1.19

CD4052

1.19

CD4526

1.79

CD4053

1.19

CD452B

1.79

CD4019

,49

CD4056

2.95

CD4529

1.95

1.19

CD40S9

9.95

CD4S43

2.79

CD4021

CD4060

1.49

CD* 562

11.95

CD40K

1.19

CD4066

.79

CD4566

2.79

CD4023

CD4068

.39

C D'5B3

2.49

CD4024

.79

CD4069

.45

CDi584

CD4025

.23

CD4070

.55

CD4723

1.95

CD4026

2.95

CD4071

.49

CD4724

1.95

CD4027

.69

CD4072

.49

MC14409

17.95

CD4028

.89

CO4073

.39

MC14410

16.95

CD4029

1.49

C 04075

.39

h/IC14411

15.95

CD4Ck30

.49

CD4076

1.39

MC14412

15.95

CO4034

3.49

CD4078

.55

MC14419

7.95

CD4035 VCD4(M0

.99

CD4081

.39

MC14433

15.95

1.49

CO40e2

.39

MC14S38

2.49

CD4093

.99

MC14S41

1.95

jBulova Quartz Ladies Watches<

ONE YEAR FACTORY WARRANTY

1

1 m

1 1

Your Choice — $69.95 ea. any Model

CALL OR SEND ORDER IN REFERENCING TO THIS AD FOR SPECIAL PRICE i of Limited Supply, please provide a second and third choice

LITRONIX Stick Display Sale

NATIONAL Stick Display Sale

LEO NUMERIC A

-SALE!

211.BS 2IM

af 1.49

a 11.19

a/3.BS 21 3.BS

COMPUTER GRADE CAPACITORS

WVDC PRICE

24,000 17.000 31,$00

OVER 200 OTHEH VALUES AVAILABLE - CALL OR WRITE FOR YOUR REQUmEMENT

IVOC PRICE

T] LOW PROFILE

r (TIN) SOCKETS

1-24

25-49

50-100

a pin LP

.17

16

.15

14 pin LP

.20

.19

.18

16 pin LP

.22

.21

.20

18 pin LP'

.29

.28

.27

20 Pin LP

.34

.32

.30

22 pin LP

.37

.36

.35

24 pin LP

.38

.37

.36

28 pin LP

.45

.44

.43

36 pin LP

.50

.59

.58

40 pin LP

,63

.62

.61

SOLDERTAIL (GOLD)

STANDARD

TmTiT

1-24

25-49

50-100

8 pin SG

.39

.35

.31

14 pin SG

.49

.45

.41

16 pin SG

.54

.49

.44

18 Pin SG

.59

.53

.48

24 pin SG

.79

.75

.69

28 pin SG

1.10

1.00

.90

36 pin SG

1.65

1.40

1.26

40 pin SG

L75

1.59

1.45

lirifrr

14 pin ST 16 Pin ST 18 pin ST 24 Pin ST 28 pin ST 36 pin ST 40 pin ST

SOLDERTAIL STANDARD (TIN)

1-24

25^9

50-100

.27

.25

.24

■M: 3S;

.27

.25

J2

.30

.49

.45

.42

.99

.90

.81

1.39

1.26

I.IG

1.59

1.45

1.30

WIRE WRAP SOCKETS (GOLD) LEVEL #3

111

8 pin WW 10 pin WW 14 Pin WW 16 pin WW 18 pin WW 20 pin WW 22 pin WW 24 pin WW 28 pin WW 36 pin WW 40 pin WW

1-24

25-49

50-100

.59

.54

.49

.69

.63

.58

.79

.73

.57

.85

.77

.70

.99

.90

.81

1.19

1.08

.99

1.49

L35

1.23

1.39

1.26 .

1.14

1.69

1.53

1.38

2.19

L99

1.79

2.29

2.09

1.89

Dliijnnii^DlL

Pan No. Function Price

7045tPI CMOS Precision Timer 14.95

704SEV/Klt* Stopwatch Chip, XTL 24.95

7106CPL 3Vj Digit A/D (LCD Drive) 16.95

7106EV/Kit* iC, Circuit Board, Display 34.95

7107CPL 31A Digit A/D (LED Drive) 15.95

7107EV/Klt- IC, Circuit Board, Display 29,95

7116CPL 3>ft Digit A/D LCD DiS. HLD. 18.95

7117CPL 3Vi Digit A/D LED DIs. HLD. 17.95

7201IDR Low Battery Volt Indicator 2.25

7205IPG CMOS LED Stopwatch/Timer 12.95

7205EV/Kit* Stopwatch Chip, XTL 19.95

7206CJPE Tone Generator 5.15

7206CEV/Klt» Tone Generator Ctiip, XTL 12.95

7207AIPD Oscillator Controllar 6.50

7207AEV/Klt* Freq. Counter Chip, XTL 13.95

72081 PI Seven Decade Counter 17.95

7209IPA Clock Generator 3.95

7215IPG 4 Func. CMOS Stopwatch CKT 13.95

7215EV/Kit* 4 Func. Stopwatch Chip. XTL 19.96

7216AIJI 8-Olglt Univ. Counter C.A. 32.00

7216CIJI 8-Olglt Freq. Counter C.A. 26.95

7216DIPI 8-Dlglt Freq. Counter C.C. 21.95

7217IJI 4-Dlglt LED Up/Dovi/n Counter 12.95

72iaCIJI 8-Dlglt Univ. LED Drive 10.95

7224IPL LCD 4Vi Digit Up Counter DRI 11.25

7226AIJL 8-Di9lt Univ. Counter 31.95

7226AEV/Klt* 5 Function Counter Chip, XTL 74.95

7240IJE CMOS Bin Prog. Timer/Counter 4.95

7242IJA CMOS Divlde-by-256 RC Timer 2.05

72S0IJE CMOS BCD Prog. Timer/Counter 6.00

7260IJE CMOS BCD Prog. Timer/Counter 5.25

7555iPA CMOS 555 Timer (8 pin) 1.45

75S6iPD CMOS 556 Timer (14 pin) 2.20

7611BCPA CMOS Op Amp Comparator 5MV 2.25

7612BCPA CMOS Op Amp Ent. Cmvr. 5MV 2.95

7621BCPA CMOS Dual Op Amp Comp. 5MV 3.95

7631CCPE CMOS TrI Op Amp Comp. lOMV 5.35

7541CCPD CMOS Quad Op Amp Comp. lOMV 7.50

7642CCPD CMOS Quad Op Amp Comp. lOMV 7.50

7660CPA Voltage Converter 2.95

8038CCPD Waveform Generator 4.95

8048CCPE Monolithic Logarithmic Amp 21.60

80G9CCQ SOppm Band—GAP Volt Ref. Diode 2.50

8211CPA Volt Ref/lndlcator 2.95

a212CPA Volt Rflf/lndlcator 2.95

74C0O

39

74C

74C221

1.95

74C02

!39

74C95

1.59

74C240

2.25

74C04

.39

74C107

1.89

74C244

2.25

74C08

.39

74C151

2.95

74 C 373

2.49

74C10

.39

74C154

3.95

2.59

74C157

2.25

74C901

74C20

39

740160

1.69

74C903

!69 10.95

74C30

'39

74C161

1.60

74C911

74C42

1.39

74C162

1.49

74C912

10.95

74C4B

1.95

74C163

1.69

74C915

1.69

74C164

1.59

74C74

.'79

74C173

1.39

74C922

5!4g

74C85

1.95

74 C174

1.39

74C923

5.75

74C86

.99

740175

1.19

74C925

7.50

74C89

6.95

740192

1.69

74C926

7.50

74C90

1.29

74 C193

1.69

80C9S

.79

74C93

1.29

74C195

1.59

80C97

.79

LH0002CN LMIOCLH

6.85 4.50

LINEAR

LM702H LM703CN

.79 .89

LMllCLH

4.75

LM340T-5

1.25

LM709N

.29

LH0070-OH

4.95

LM340T-12

1.25

LM710N

.79

TL071CP

.79

LM340T-15

1.25

LM711N

.79

TL072CP

1.39

LM341P-5

.75

LM723N

.69

TL074CN

2.49

LM341P-12

.75

LM733N

1.00

LHO082CD

35.60

LM341P-15

.75

LM739N

1.19

TL082CP

1.19

LM342P-S

.69

LM741CN

.35

TL0B4CN

2.19

LM342P-12

.69

MC1741SCG

3.00

LH0094CD

36.80

LM342P-15

.69

LM747N

.79

UVI300H

.99

LM34BN

1.25

LM74BN

.59

LM301CN

.35

LM3S0K

5.75

LM1014N

2.75

LM302H

1.95

LF351N

.60

LM1310N

1.95

LM304H

1.95

LFS3N

l.W

LM1458CN

.59

LM305H

.99

LF355N

1.10

LM1488N

1.25

LM307CN

.45

LF3S6N

1.10

LM1489N

1.25

LM30BCN

1.00

LM35eN

1.00

LM1496N

1.95

LM309H

1.95

LM359N

1.79

LM1556V

1.75

LM3D9K

1.25

LM370N

4.49

LM1800N

2.95

LM310CN

1.75

LM373N

3.25

LM1871N

5.49

LM311/CN

.90

LM377N

2.95

LM1872N

5,49

LM312H

2.49

LM380N

1.25

LM1B77N-9

3.25

LM3)7MP

1.15

LM381N

1.95

LM1889N

3.20

LM317T

1.75

LM382N

1.79

LM1B96N

1.75

LM317K

3.95

LM384N

1.95

LM2002T

1.49

LM3ieCN

1.95

LM386N-3

1.29

LM2877P

2.05

LM319N

1.95

LM387N

1.45

LM2878P

2.25

LM320K-5

1.35

LM389N

1.35

LM2a96P-l

2.25

LM3Z0K-1Z

1.35

LM392N

.69

LM31S9N

2.95

LM320K-15

1.35

LF398N

4.00

LM%OdfN

.69

LM320T-5

1.25

LM399H

5.W

LM3905CN

L29

LM320T-12

1.25

TL494CN

4.49

LM3909N

I.1S

LM320T-15

1.25

TL496CP

1.75

LM3914N

3.95

LM323K

5.95

NESlOA

6.00

LM3915N

3.95

LM324N

.99

NE529A

4.95

LM3916N

3.95

LM329DZ

.65

NE531H

3.95

RC4136N

1.25

LM331N

3.95

NES36H

6.00

RC4151NB

3.95

LM334Z

1.30

NE540H

6.00

RC4194TK

6.«

LM335Z

1.40

NE544N

4.95

RC419STK

5.49

LM336Z

1.75

NE550A

1.30

LM450UA

3.25

LM337T

1.95

NE555V

.39

ICL603SB

4.95

LM337MP

1.15

LM5S6N

.99

LM130BON

1.29

LM338K

6.95

NE564N

3.95

LM13600N

1.49

LM339N

.99

LM565N

1.25

75138N

1.95

LM340K-5

1.35

LM566CN

1.95

754S0N

.69

LMMOK-12

1.35

LM567V

1.25

75451CN

.39

LM34QK-15

1.35

NE570N

4.95

75492

.89

1/4 WAn RESISTOR ASSORTMENTS -5%

CAPACITOR CORNER

10 Ohm

12 Ohm

15 Ohm

18 Ohm

22 Ohm

$1.95

ASST. 1

5ea,

27 Ohm

33 Ohm

39 Ohm

47 Ohm

56 Ohm

50 pes.

68 Ohm

82 Ohm 100 Ohm

120 Ohm

150 Ohm

$1.95

ASST. 2

5ea.

IBO Ohm 220 Ohm 270 Ohm 330 Ohm

390 Ohm

SOpcs.

470 Ohm 560 Ohm 680 Ohm

820 Ohm

Ik

$1.95

ASST. 3

5ea.

1.2K

1.5K

t.BK

2.2K

2.7K

50 pes.

3.3K

3.9K

4.7K

S.6K

6.8K

$1.95

ASST. 4

Sea,

8.2K

lOK

12K

15K

IBK

SOpcs.

22K

27K

33K

39K

47K

$1.95

ASST. 5

Sea.

S6K

68K

82K

lOOK

120K

SOpcs.

150K

180K

220K

270K

330K

$1.95

ASST. 6

Sea.

390K

470K

S60K

6S0K

820K

SOpcs.

IM

1.2M

1.5M

1.8M

2.2M

$1.95

ASST. 7

Sea.

2.7M

3.3M

3.9M

4.7M

5.6M

SOpcs.

SO VOLT CERAMIC DISC CAPACITORS

Value 10 pf

22 pf 47 pf 100 of 220 pf 470 pf

1-9 10-99 100-fr

.08 .06 .05

.08 .06 .05

.08 .06 .05

.08 .06 .05

.08 .06 .05

.08 .06 .05

.001;iF .0047uF .01;iF .022MF .047uF .IM^

1-9 10-99 100+

.09 .07 .06

.09

.07

.15 .12

100 VOLT MYLAR FILM CAPACITORS

.OOlmf .12 .10 .07 I .022m( .13 .11 .08

.0022mf .12 .10 .07 .047mf .21 .17 .13

.O047mf .12 .10 .07 -Imt .27 .23 .17

.Olrnf .12 .10 .07 I .22mf .33 .27 .22 +20% DIPPED TANTALUMS (Solid) CAPACITORS

.1/35V .39 .34 .29 1.5/35V .41 .37 .29 U/35V .39 .34 .29 2.2/KV .51

ASST. BR

Includes Resistor Assts. 1-7 (350 pes.)

$10.95 ea.

__j/35V .22/35V .23/3&V .47/35V .68/35 V 1.0/35V

.34 .29

.34

.29

2.2/KV 3.3/25V 4.7/25V 6.e/25V 15/2SV 22/6V

.53

.47

.37

.63 .56 .45

MINI. ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS

$10.00 Minimum Order — U.S. Funds Only California Residents Add 6% Sales Tax Postage — Add 5% plus $1.50 Insurance Send S.A.S.E. for Monthly Sale Flyer!

Spec Sneets — 25ic Send B8c Postage for your FREE 1982 JAMECO CATALOG Prices Subject tp Change

4/^2

MatI Ordei Eteclfonics-Worldwidi

ameco

ELECTRONICS

1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 94002 PHONE ORDERS WELCOME — (415) 592.8097

Axial

.47/SOV

1.0/50V

3.3/50V

4,7/25V

10/25V

10>^0V

22/25V

22/50V

47/25V

47/50V

100/25V

100/50V

220/25V

220/50V

470/25V

1000/16V

2a»/16V

.1^ 100^499 5004 .14 .10

.19 .16 .12

Radial .4 7/25V .47/50V 1.0/16V 1.0/25V 1.0/50V 4.7/16V 4.7/25V 4.7/50V IO/I6V 10/25V 10/50V 47/50V 100/16 V 100/25V 100/50V 220/16V 470/2SV

Circle 224 on inquiry card.

COMPUTE

TOLL FREE ORDER LINE

800-854-8230

SB9,95 Complete

DEALER PRICING AVAILABLE

tapplG computer

W Sales and Service

COMPUTEnS

Apple II 16K Apple II ABK Apple II 64K Apple II 64K

w/ZBtl SollCilra 4 Vision 80 3^ ApiiU- III 1?8K

AVAIL i-,(iL r in ■, TI i irio

APPLE HARDWARE

Apple Disk I Apple Disk II w/o Silenlype Pimlet Pfolotype Card IEEE-48B Inte'race 1 year e"l waffanly Parallel Printer tnierlace Communicaiions CarQ Pascal Language Syiiem M'gn Speed Serial Interlace ApplesQlt II ROM Card

LIST ACP

S1330O0 S102900

153000 109900

1729 00 1235 00

351900 1/7500

VISTA COMPUTER

Viiton SO O B0jt24 display card

Vision 40 O 40 col ennancemeni Vision 20 C lower case nO>bl ABOO Double Densiiv B ConiroHors MM9 9 vo'ce music GB75 IBM Regeni Apple ) O PDS PROM development TYPE AHEAD BUFFER

LIST S395 00 ! 199 00 29 95 595 00 M

moo

195 M 595 OO 49 95

99 00 169 00 399 00

35 00

7J5 00 999 00 110 00

95 00 130 00 130 00 ITSOb

39 95

5?9 00 725 00 B9 00

95 00 M9 00 . 35 95

AATARI

ATARI COMPUTER

1 M 3395 00

) 169 95

1895 00 ^ !■ 2195 00 I 749 00 I

S399 0!)

49 00 699 00

90 00 '99 95 199 95 219 95

99 50

199 SO

200 00 44 95

6« 00

aooo

699 00

139 00 160 00 36 95

ATARI THE COMMUNICATOR Kil

LIST I 645 00 335 00 395 00 24 00 450 00 225 OO 1S0 00 22500 435 PO 195 00

Ids 00 320 00 349S,dO 795.00

ACP S 529 00 449 OO 355 00 21 95

175 00 159 95 1B9 00 425 95 174 96

174 95 275 00 2995 00

VISTA V-DRIVE

VISTA V OniVF

>l V-1000 8 (loppy disk I1UICS wiih OuiKE! Dalatrak

APPLE COMPATIBLE HARDWARE

VISTA V 80

r MINI DISK DRIVE

V aO Single drive case |is

$29900

V BO Dual (kive. cuse, ps

S5B9O0

^ D/5. D/D also avnilabie

1B9 00

SSM AlO Se'ial/Parallel

165 00

Tfie Keyboard Compan;

Joystick

45 00

Nufiienc Pad

lis 00

Mountain Compuier

ROMplus

169 00

ROM Writer

159 00

RAMPIus

CPS MuMilunclion

DO

Expansion Cnassis

699 Oil

TtiundetciocK

135 00

X-10 option

49 00

Pascal opKon

29 00

Vetsacaro 4 in t

225 00

CCS Serial I/O

139 00

Parallel I/O

99 00

M s R EnlBfpriaes

Apple Fan

45 00

Sup'RMod

29 95

Aux Swlchcr Supply

199 00

Sup'B'Term

399 00

ALS Smanerm

399 00

CorvuS SMt) Ha>d

Disk

2995 00

tOMb

4335 00

20Mb

5340 00

A[)pip t6K Upgiaap Kii

15 95

Volia. Voitf Ho.

Scoli VOicp HL'cOcjnilion

APPLE COMPATIBLE DRIVES (MicroScilJ

EPSON/VISTA MX-80

SAVE saco

" 1 Bosl seller

LOWEST PUBLlSHELl f'f^lCE Nole: Sl;|m"v ! '"^'ii^:

LIST ACP

S645 00 §429 00

Apple Board Se!

Z80 Soficard iMicrosofii

IfiK Ramcard iMiC'OSOd'

LIST S3 9 3 DO

1 9 5 00

ACP S289 00 169 00

ELPAC FD206 8

Floppy Disk Power Supply

Drives 2 Drives

■24V (7i. 3A -5V f'l 2 5A fr,

I

12' aSW Monnor (Super valufei

540 BYTE April 19B2

Circle 10 on inquiry card.

BECKMAN DIGITAL MULT

METERS

TcCH 300 uigitv Multkfnolnr

TECH 310 OiQJtAl MuttifnQl#r

TECH 330 DiflttaJ Muttlnwisr

VC-201 Vtnyl Carrying CaM

'woo

DC-202 OaluKS Carrying Caw

24 00

HV-211 High Voltage Probe

3500

flP-Z21 RP Probe

3S.00

CT-331 AC Current Ctarnp

49-00

DI-2J1 Oelu>e TmI Lead Kn

10 00

Jl-?i? Squa/c Tesl Leads

eoo

NLS TOUCH TEST 20

SIS6/S168 I/O B7SS I/O w/EPnOM 8202 Dyn RAM Cont B20S/74S 138 Decoder 82T2 8 bit I/O 8214 Priority Inl 82l6Su$0(tvar S234 Clock Gen 8224 4 MHi 8226 Bus Driver 8T2& Bus Onvet &?7eSy5 Con 8238 Sys Coo B243 \/0 E>p 8250 Asyn Com 6?61 Ptog I/O 8253 Inl Tinei 6255 Prog '/O 825' P'og DMA 8359 Pfog ini 8275 CRT Con 8279 Prog KeyDoard

6B21

6828 Prionly Int.

8834-1 51218 Eprom

e845/HO4Si0S CRT Cont

6847 Color CRT

68S0 ACIA

8852 Serial Adapter

6860 Modem

8682 Modulitor

687tA 1 OMHz OSC

6880 Bus Diivs'

UC684aa

66047

6502 SUPPORT

6520 PIA 6522 Mult

6530-002 003. 004. 005

6S32

B551

BIPOLAR PROMS

82523/6330/5600^48188 825115 |S12>a) TS 825123/5610/748288 (32iB) TS 625126/5603/743387 (3S6>4] OC a2S129'6633/7*S2a7 (256x4| TS B2S130 56fr*'74S570 (512-4) OC B2S131'7*Si71 (512>41 TS S2S137/74SS73 (1024»41 TS 825141/3624/745474 (512x81 TS B2SM7i'74S4r2 (512x8) TS 748471/6309 tSSflxB) TS

IC SPECIAL PURCHASE

B2S09 64x9 RAM

□Pe304 Octal Drtvet

□ACaaEx DM Conv

MC1650 H. Speed A/0

SN75136

MC10210

tM339

LM71DCN

LM711CN

78Ma6

79M06

74157

74161

74C74

MC14433P 3 5 Digil A/D

ICL8ai I Voll Rel

LM1650N Gf Faull

LM2900N Quad Amp

LU2917N Freq 10 Voll. Conv

MEM4963 Wosiei Smoke Detector

27SOB 32>8 PROM (IUS600|

ULN2003A 7ch dr

MCU 14505 64 Qil Si RAW

MOC1003 Opto Cap |4N28)

SPX33 Opto Coup

IH5045 CMOS S* DPST

UA3045 Trans Array

Tni402A UART

MK1007 Dyn Mem Shifl Heq

5318 TV Ch Disp Circuit

8700 CJ 8 Oil A/D

7520/25

1488/1469

MC1372

MM529e-4A/B

LM377

LM360

LM3e7

LM45Sa

RC4136

RC4131

COM 5027

COM 5037

TMS406O4K RAM (23 Prn) TMS 4050 4k RAM (18 Pin» UCM 6604 4K RAM {16 PiitJ

S 8S5

2 95 695

DYNAMIC RAM

416/4116 16K (16 Pin) 416 200 ns Sel OT 8 41 15 BK (16 Pinl 4050 4K.1 (18 Pinl 4060 JKxl |22 Pinj 4096 4K.1 (16 Pin) 2104 4Ki1 (16 Pmt 4027 4Kx) (16Pinl/UPD4J4' 5251 5262 5270 5280

MICROPROCESSORS

PROTO BOARDS

PB-6

S 19:95

PB-lOO

2100

PB-IOt

28 00

PB-103

34 00

PBt03

59 00

PB104

77 00

PH-203

130 00

PB-203A

170 00

PB-203A K.I

1.11100

PHOTO CLIPS

PC-14

1*Riit

S 3 25

PC-16

16 Pin

350

PC-24

24 Pin

650

PC-40

40 Pin

1395

6800 SUPPORT

6610 12BI8RAM

S 4 75

850

650

10 75

16 95 ?9 95 29 95

10.95 119S 2595

2513-001 (SVI Uppai 2513-005 {SV| Lowei 2513-ADM3 (5V| MCM667 10 ASCII Sfii UCM(^740 Wain Syrr

CONNECTORS (GOLD)

DB25P (RS2321 DB2SS Female

Hooa

5el w/Hood. Sale 22/44 W/W. S/T, KIM 43/66 W/W. S/T. MOT SOCIOO SrIOO Connecloi w/w 50/100 S-100 Connector sn

BARE PC BOARDS.,'

S-100 Sound Board aOBOA CPU

32K Sialic RAM <21U] OK Eprom (27081 2708/2716 Eprom ACP PrOlo Bd Vector 6800 ProlO Vector 6803 11 slot MB ACP Extender w/Conn 13 Slot Mother Board (WMC) 9 SlOl Mother Board (WMC) 8 Slot Motner (ExpandaUe) Floppy PCB (6" 5HUGART) 5100 (AYS-SgiO) Sound Bd Apple Sound Bd

UV -EPROM" ERASER

12 05

1295 1295

MOS PROMS

2764(BKxB)TS

S69 95

2732(4Kj<e)TS

16 95

2716/2516. 5V (2KxS) TS

B95

TMS2716. t5V, 12V

2758. 5V. (450ns|

7 50

2708 (4S0nsl

5 75

2708 (6S0n5)

5 25

1702A

5 75

MM520aAO

1450

MM52a40

9 95

lot ABDterrRS^

M. a.ppV.411fr'gtie30Q/25ans

sfep!%o^t^r

(SWl^ trOFI VOLUME PRICING

KEYBOARD ENCODERS

4K Dynamle RAH (16 Pin)

. MK4015 20pcs@ 1 99 (Pk) Equb.MR 4037 w/ 1 mt relreMi)

leK RAM SALE (4f16) 1D0 pci @ H 15 ea 64K RAM SALE [4164 10 pes 9 95 ea ^

eK STATIC RAM (TUM 2016) 8 pes (S> 9 95 ea

1 25 I 25 3 lo' 1 99 2 far I 99 2(or I 99 39 95 49 95 1 49 1 49

S 2 49 15 95 2 49 4.95

395 475 4 95

7 50 295 6 50 4 95 395

$ 34 95

34 95 34 95 24 95 34 95 2295 2220 29 95 1895 32 95 29 95 34 95 39 95 34 95 24 95

Modal UVi-IIE S7S.B5 , Holds 4 Epioms ai a time I Model S-UT (325 00

16K MEMORY EXTENSION KITS |

lie NEW LOW PRICES

S355 Prog I/O B259PJog Init

Only J 1 95 Only 6 95

STATIC RAMS

1-24

2S-99

100

21L02 JSOns

S 1 30

I

1 25

S 99

21L02 25Cns

1 59

1 55

2111

3 75

3 e5

3 55

31121

2 95

2 35

2 65

21D1 1

2 9D

2 70

2 55

21 14N {450nsl

3 50

3 25

21 l4^-250ns (40-t5)

6 SO

5 95

6 50

2114.-450ns (4045)

4 75

4 25

3 95

4044 250ns

8 95

7 50

6 90

4044 450n$

5 95

5 95

4 75

£MM420aA

9 75

8 75

7 95

EMM4402

7 95

7 25

6 25

AMD9140/41

10 95

0 25

9 25

AM09130/31

12 95

1 95

10 25

1101

1 95

1 75

1 25

P2125/93425 (45ns|

9 95

835

8 25

6518 IKxl CMOS

7.95

795

7 25

2147 Low Power 4 K Static

9.95

8 95

6 95

93415

995

895

8 50

SOCKETS

WIra Wrap 3 Leva)

« PIni Lo-Pro Soldarlall

Tin

Gold

a T5

S

32

S 45

14 19

36

59

16 20

38

62

18 24

59

84

20 .29

.69

99

22 24

79

1,10

24 38

85

1 20

28 43

10

149

36 58

.25

159

40 60

.40

1 89

FLOPPY DISK I/O

1771-01 a & Minilloppy

S 24 95

1761 Dual Floppy

29 96

1791-01 Dual Floppy

36 95

1791-02 Dual Floppy

44 95

1793 DO. D5 Floppy

44 95

1797 DD. 05 Floppy

54 96

1691 Dale Separaior

16 95

2143 Clock Gen

IB 95

A/D CONVERTERS

8700 8 mi Binaray

i 13 50

07O1 10 t)i! Binary

22 00

6703 a bil TS

13 50

9400 Voll 10 Freq Conv

7 25

B760 3 l'2 Digit BCD

13 95

1408L6 6 bil

3 95

1.106L8 B bil

5 95

DAC31 D lo A

5 95

DACOa

9 95

DAC 100

9 95

WAVEFORM GEN.

ao3a Function Gen

MC4324VCO LM566VCO

XH22D5 Funclion Generalor

S 4 50

2 95 1 95

5 25

2504V 2507V 2517V a524V 2i525 2527 2528

CTS DIPSWITCHES

CTS206-2 S 1 75

CT5206-4 1 75

CTS206-5 1 75

CTS206-6 175

UARTS BAUD RATE

MM500H

MM50S6N

MM5060N

251 OA

2847

3341

3351

3357

9403

9408

CTS206-7 CTS206-e CT5206 9 eTS206-10

' TH1602B (5V. 12V1

$ 395

AY51013 (5V 12V)

4 95

AV51014A/1612[S-14V)

6 95

AY61015A/1663 (SV)

695

IM6402

7 95

8 95

1 2350 USPT

9 95

1 1671B Aslfos

24 95

MC14411

11 95

4702

14 95

W01941

9 95

COM 5016

16 95

INS 9250

15 95

SN7400N

SN7401N

SN7402N

SN7403N

SN7404N

SI^740SN

SN7406N

SN7407N

SN7408N

SN7409N

SN7410N

SN7411N

SN7412N

SN7413N

SN7414N

SN7416N

SN7417N

SN7420N

SN7421N

SN7422N

SN7423N

SN7425N

SN7426N

SN7427N

SN7429N

SN7430N

SN7432N

SN7437N

SN743aN

SN7439N

SN7440N

SN7441N

SN7442N

SN7443N

SN7444N

SN744SN

S*i744^N

SN7447N

SN7448N

SN7450N

SN7451N

5N7453N

SN7454N

5N7459N

SN7460N

SN7470N

Sh474 72h4

SN7473N

SN7474N

SN747SN

SN7476N

SN7479N

SN7460N

SN74B2N

SN7483N

SN74a5N

SN74B6N

SN74B9N

SN74MN

SN7491N

SN7492N

SN7493N

SN7494N

SN749SN

SN7496N

SN7497N

SN741O0N

SN74107M

SN74109

SN74n6N

SN74121N

SN74V21N

51474122N

74LS00N

74LS01N

74LS02N

74LS03N

74LS04N

74LS0SN

74LSOBN

74LS09N

74LS10N

74LSnrsJ

74LS12N

74LS13N

74LS14N

74LS15N

74LSZON

74LS2m

74LS22N

74LS26N

74LS27N

74LS2aN

74LS30N

74LS32N

74LS33N

74LS37W

74LS3aN

74LS40N

74LS42N

741.S47N

74LS4SN

74LS5tN

74L554N

74LS55N

74LS73N

74LS74N

74LS75N

74LS76N

74LS78N

74LS83AN

74LSa5N

74LSa6N

74LS90N

74LS92N

74LS93N

74LS95N

74LS96N

74LS107N

74LSI09N

74L5112N

74LS113N

74LS114N

74LS122N

74LS123N

74LS124N

74LS125N

74LS126N

74LS132N

74LSI36N

74LS138N

74LS139N

74LS145N

74LS146N

74LS151N

74LS1S3N

74LS154h4

74LS155N

74LS156N

74LS157N

74LS156N

74LS160N

74LS161N

74LS162N

74LS163N

ZERO INSERTION FORCE

TOLL FREE ORDER LINE

800-854-8230

TWX: 910-595-1565

Mall Order: P.O. Box 17329 Irvine. OA 92713 (800) 854-8230

Retail: 1310 B E. Edinger. Santa Ana. OA 92705 (714) 558-8813 542 W. Trimble. San Jose. OA 95131 (408) 946-7010

SI474123N SN7412SN SNT412eN SNT412eN SN74132N 5N74136N SN74139N SN7414IN SN74142N SN74143N SN74144N SN74145N SN74147N SN74148N SN74150N

SN741 53N SN741 54N SN74156N SN74156N

SN74163N SN74164N SN74165N SN74166N SN74167N SN74170N SN74172N SN74173N SN74174N SN7417SN SN74176N SN74177N SN74179N 5N74160N SN74181N SN74182N 5N74184N SN74185N 5N74t86M SN74ie6N 5N74igON SN74191N SN74192N SN74t93N SN74194N SN7419SN SN74196N SN74197N SN74196N SN74199N SN74221N SN7425tN SN74273N SN742 79N SN742B3N SN74264N SN74265N SN74290N SN7429aN SN74365N SN74366N SN74367N SN7436BN SN74390N 5N74393N SN74393N SN74490N

74LS164N

74LS165N

74LS166N

74LS168N

74LS1G9N

74LS170N

74LS173N

74LS174N

74LS175N

74LS161N

74LS190N

74LS191N

74LS192N

74LS193N

74L5194N

74LS195N

74LStg6N

74LS197N

74LS21N

74LS240N

74LS241N

74LS242N

74LS243N

74LS244N

74LS245N

74L5247N

74LS24eN

74LS249N

74LS251N

74LS3S3N

74LS257N

74LS258N

74LS2S9N

74LS260N

74LS261N

74LS266N

74LS273N

74LS275N

74LS279N

74LS2a3N

74LS290N

74LS293N

74LS295N

74LS298N

74LS324N

74LS347N

74LS348N

74LS352N

74LS363N

74LS363N

74LS365N

74LS366N

74LS367N

74LS366N

74LS373N

74LS374N

74LS375N

74LS377N

74LS3a5N

74LS386hJ

74LS390N

74LS3g3N

74LS395N

74LS399N

74LS4Z4N

74LS6e8N

T4LS670N

eiL595N

aiLS96N

S1LS97N

81LS98N

lAlAZ/VNCED.

Circle 10 on inquiry card.

Unclassified Ads

FOR SALE: Complete working replica of ENIAC-I computer. Includes operator's console, monitors. Model 15 Teletype, and 2CXX) spare tuties. Must sen; switching to wood heat S2.95 or best offer. Red GettjII, 70 iWaln St, Petasbutter, NH 03458.

WANTED; I am a 17-year-old French student who Is Interested in computers. I have done programming on microcomputers, particularly on CP/M and Z80 systems in K and MBASIC, COBOL, and assembly language. I am especially interested in systems software. I am seeking a chance to work with computers in the U.S. during the summer of 1982. This would cover July and/or August. Eric Meyer, 2 rue Lamardne, Lutteibach 68460 France.

FOR SALE; Two Type 43 with built-in modem and one Type 40 complete with spare printer. Total price for all is S3000. Charles Soroka, 339 Westglen. Glen Carbon, IL 62034, (6I8| 797-0183.

FOR SALE: Tl Silent 700 smart terminal/printer with built-in acoustic coupler. Perfect condition. S1295. Anderson Jacobson AJI234 acoustic coupler jvadic-compatlble). Also in perfect condition S595. David Fields. 25 Parkside Dt, Princeton, NJ 08540, (609) 921-2781.

WANTED; Any technical information (even a circuit schematic) for the Model ARDH-21 paper-cape reader made by KDI Adtrol, Inc., of Broomall, Pennsylvania. This company is apparently defunct I will gladly pay copying charges. R. Hoffman, 1341 Ginny Lane. Colorado Springs, CO 80918, (303) 599-0739.

FOR SALE; Digital Group Z80 system. 18 K. 64 by 16 display, dress cabinet, keyboard, and green phosphor monitor. SI200. Pete Simmons. 219 Pendleton Hill Rd., North Stonington, CT 06359. (203) 535-2040.

FOR SALE: Technico TI9900 Super Starter microcomputer

with instant input assembler, 2 K bytes RAM, and all manuals.

All in good condition; make offer. Back issues of K)i'o.'??tj:: Microcon and Iruerface Age; cover price plus shipping Send SASE for list. Larry Neville, 1654 Bowood Rd., North Palm Beach, Ft, 33408.

FOR SALE: SwTPC MP-8 8 K memory boards. Fully functional, mint condition with documentation. S100 each. Also, some spare memoiy chips available. Nick Hulbert. 5602 Fordham St., Lubbock, TX 79416. (806) 795-0535.

FOR SALE; APF Imagination machine microcomputer complete. Ready to hook up to any TV. Includes games: baseball, blackjack, bowling, boxing, and many others, plus cassettes. Worth over S800, can be purchased for S600. Perfect—like new. Jesse J. Lombardo, 523 Sweet Home Rd.. Eggertsvllle. NY 14226.

FOR SALE: Radio Shack Business Computer System Model I. Level II with 32 K. Like new. Includes screen, interface, three disk drives, and dot-matrix tractor-feed printer. S2995. Joseph Levy. 249 Kinderttamack Rd.. Westwood. NJ 07675. (201) 664-8100.

WANTED; Advice on adapting the DD C/PM 2.2 on the Intel Intellec MDS230 to use the Integral SD drive via the IOC controller. Would also like to get in touch with other CP/M-on-MDS users. Gil Glazer, 89 Bograshov St, Tel Aviv 63297, Israel.

FOR SALE; S-100 boards: Central Data 54 K dynamic RAM with 32 K populated. 4 MHz; S250, SSM I04 2-serial, 2-parallet S150. Versafloppy I disk controller; S175. Tarbell cassette interface: S125. SSM CBIA 8080A pnocesson SI50. Certified check and I pay shipping. W.M. Broad, 2317 Rodgers Dr. NE, Huntsville, AL 35811,, (205) 536-4585

FOR SALE: Exidy Sorcerer with 32 K RAM, 9-inch Sanyo monitor, cassette recorder. Development and BASIC ROM Pacs, S200 of software including System Three BASIC utility and Development Pack Extender, cables, and all manuals. S900 or best offer. Also, Eaton LRC 6400-1- printer with cable and paper. S200. All in excellent condition. Martin Siegel. 252-07 82 Dr., Bellerose. NY 11426, (212) 347-0053.

FOR SALE OR TRADE: S-l 00 boards, ICs. power supplies, and magazines. Too many to list here. S. Rajabzadeh, 2666 Paganlni Ave,, San Jose, CA 95122, (408) 238-2969,

IBM Leads Cfarcia Two Sets to Love

Once again, our BOMB-card mail bin has overflowed with responses to an article on IBM's Personal Computer. "A Closer Lool< at the IBM Personal Computer" by Gregg Williams outstripped all other articles in the January issue and ran away with first place. Our congratulations to Gregg for a firstrate review. Second-place prize of S 50 goes to Jerry Pournelle for his User's Column entitled "Operating Systems, Languages, Statistics, Pirates, and the Lone Wolf." Steve Ciarcia has to settle for third place this month. (Sorry, Steve, but no matter how we counted, you still came up third.)

UNCLASSIFIED POLICY: Readfrs who are soliciting or giving advice, or who have equipment to buy, sell or swap should send in a clearly typed notice to that effect. To be considered for publication, an advertisement must be clearly noncommercial, typed double spaced on plain white paper, contain 75 words or less, and include complete name and address information.

These notices are free of charge and will be printed one time only on a space available basis Notices can be accepted from individuals or bona fide computer users clubs only. We ran engage in no correspondence on these and your confirmation of placement is appearance in an issue of BYTE.

Please note that it may take three or four months for an ad to appear in the magazine.

BYTE'S Ongoing Monitor Box

Article # Page Article AuthorjsJ

1

32

A Generic Word Processor

Schrodt

2

40

Use Infrared Communication for Remote Control

Ciarcia

3

50

How to Use Color Displays Effectively

Durrett,

Trezona

4

56

A Human-Factors Case Study Based on the IBM Personal Computer

Cooper, Marston, Durrett, Stimmel

5

76

The Hewlett-Packard Interface Loop (HPIL)

Katz'

6

96

Strawberry Tree's Dual Thermometer Card

for the Apple

Murray

7

108

A Human-Factors Style Guide for Program

8

Design

Simpson Fraser

134

The Atari Tutorial, Part 8: Generating Sound

with Software

9

158

A Po(r|tpourri of Ideas

Barden

10

186

The Input/Output Primer, Part 3: The Parallel and HPIB (IEEE-488) Interfaces

Leibson

11

212

User's Column: The Osborne 1, Zeke's New Friends, and Spelling Revisited

Pournelle

12

242

Designing the Star User interface

Smith, Irby, Kimball, Verplank, Harslem

13

284

Designing a Text Editor? The User Comes

First

Jong Finseth

14

302

IVlanaging Words: What Capabilities Should You Have with a Text Editor?

15

312

Two Word Processors for North Star

Coudal

16

322

A Disk Operating System for FORTH

Reece

17

371

Selector IV by Micro-Ap

Abbott

18

380

MOD lll:-TRS-80 Features for Your Model 1

Rocke

19

398

Binary-Coded Text, A Text-Compression

20

Method

Tropper

439

Career Opportunities in Computing

Johnston

21

447

Converting Apple DOS to Pascal Text Files

Matthews

22

464

A Simple Multiprocessor Implementation

Harrington

23

472

An introduaion to NSC Tiny BASIC

Handy

542 April 1982 © BYTE PubUcations Inc

Reader Service

Inquiry No.

Page No.

1 47th STREET PHOTO 327

2 A.M.ELECTRONICS 112

3 A.S.T. RESEARCH 222

4 AB COMPUTERS 521

5 ABM PRODUCTS 224

6 ACCUPOWER280

7 ACE COMP. PROD. 506

8 ACTEK499

9 ACTION COMPUTER 257

10 ADV.COMP.PROD. 540, 541

11 ADV.DIGITAL PROD. 510

12 ADV.DIGITAL PROD. 512

477 ADV. EFFORT-SAVER 520

13 ADVENTURE INT'L. 431

478 AEGIS SYS 520

• ALF PRODUCTS, INC. 216

14 ALL ELECTRONICS CORP 498 16 ALLENBACH IND. 64

16 ALMALY TRADING CORP. 488

17 ALPHA BYTE COMP.PROD. 38, 39

19 ALPHA BYTE COMP.PROD 203

20 ALPHACOM236

22 ALSPA COMP.SYS. 57

23 ALTOS COMP.SYS. 168, 169

24 AMDEK CORP. 255

26 AMER.SMALL BUSN.COMP 244

27 AMER.SQUARE COMP. 156, 167

28 ANCIE LABS 438

29 ANDERSON JACOBSON 396

30 ANDERSON JACOBSON 449

31 ANSC0 618

32 ANSWER CORP. 132

33 APPARATINC81

34 APPLEWARE.INC. 512

35 APPLICATIONS GRP,THE 226

38 APPLIED MICROTECHN. 114

39 APPLIED SOFTWARE TECH 351 472 ARRIX LOGIC 518

40 ARTIFICIAL INT'L.RESRCH 488

460 ASAP COMPUTER PROD 381

461 ASAP COMPUTER PROD 406, 407

41 ASHTON-TATE 365

• ASPEN SFTW.CO. 60

42 ATARI 144, 145

238 AUTOCONTROL INC 272

44 AUTOMATED EQUPMNT. 125

45 AUTOMATED PRGRM METHODS 514

• AVOCET238

47 AXIOM CORP 229

178 B&B ELECTR. 504

49 BASF SYSTEMS 245

50 BASIS, INC. 275

51 BAY TECHNICAL ASSOC. 459

• BELL,JOHN ENGR. 519

53 BISON PRODUCTS 154

54 BISON PRODUCTS 498

55 BIT 3 COMP.CORP. 451 37 BMC 193

277 BORLAND LIMITED 262

56 BOTTOM UNE.THE 264

57 BOTTOM LINE,THE 514 481 BOTTOM LINE,THE 520

56 BOWER-STEWART 508

59 BRIDGE COMPUTER 173

60 BRISTOL SOFTWARE 360, 361

61 BUCKEYE STAM PI NG CO. 461

62 BUSINESS & PROF.SFTW. 239

63 BUSINESS OPERATING SYS 79

67 BYTE BOOKS 225 84 BYTE BOOKS 363

65 BYTE BOOKS 403

66 BYTE BOOKS 413

68 BYTE BOOKS 470

■ BYTE BACK ISSUES 402

■ BYTE SUBSCRIBER 500

• BYTE WATS 465

69 BYTEK COMP. SYS. 445

70 BYTEWRITER 268

71 CALICO SYSTEMS 14

72 CALIF DATA CORP 488

73 CALIF. DIGITAL 532, 533

75 CALIF.COMP.GRAPHICS 514

76 CAUF.COMP.SYS. 65

' CAUF.MICRO COMP. 490

• CAWTHON SCIENTF.GRP. 240

77 CDR SYSTEMS 506 76 CER-TEK INC 516

79 CHAPIN & ASSOCIATES 516

80 CHECK-MATE 272

81 CHECK-MATE 504

Inquiry No.

Page No.

81 CHECK-MATE 504

82 CHECKS-TO-GO 248

83 CHIPS & DALE 506

84 CHRISLIN INDUSTRIES 163

85 CHRISLIN INDUSTRIES 301

86 CMC.INT'L. 107

87 CMC,INT'L. 135

452 CMC,INT'L. 243

88 CODE WORKS,THE 487

89 COLONIAL DATA SERV. 192

90 COLONIAL DATA SERV. 218

91 COLUMBIA DATA PROD. 231

92 COMMODORE BUSN.MACH. 286

93 COMMUNICATIONS ELECTR. 511

94 COMPONENTS EXPRESS 465

114 COMPUCART283

95 COMPUCHANGE514

96 COMPULINK CORP. 35

* COMPUMART 176, 177

* COMPUPRO/GODBOUT 200, 201

97 COMPUSERVE 388

98 COMPUSYSTEMS 228

99 COMPUTER CAMP INC. 191

453 COMPUTER CHANNEL 304

101 COMP COMPNTS.UNLTD. 428

102 COMPUTER DYNAMICS 616

103 COMPUTER EXCHANGE 335

104 COMPUTER FURN.& ACCSS. 246

105 COMPUTER HORIZON 430

106 COMPUTER IDEAS CORP. 512

107 COMPUTER INNOVATIONS 492

108 COMPUTER MAIL ORDER 210, 211

109 COMPUTER PLUS 514

* COMPUTER PROFESSNAL 368, 389

110 COMP SHOPPING CNTR 399

111 COMPUTER SPCLTIES. 131

112 COMPUTER TOOLBOX.INC. 508

113 COMPUTER TO0LBOX,INC. 520

* COMPUTER WRHSE. 227

115 COMPUTERIZED MNGMNT.SYS. 518

119 COMPUTERS WHOLESALE 133

120 COMPUTERTIME INC. 506

121 COMPUTERWORLD INTL 219

122 COMPUTEX CORP 458

123 COMPUTORIAL 444 450 COMPUVIEW 36, 37

124 CONCORD COMP.PROD. 410

125 CONCURRENT CORP. 354

126 CONSUMER COMP. 148

127 CONSUMER COMP. 149

* CONTEXT INC. 217

129 COVER CRAFT 84

130 CPU SHOP, THE 517

* CROMEMCOCII

469 CR0MEMC01

470 CR0MEMC0 2

133 CUESTA SYSTEMS 506

■ CYBERNETICS INC 353

25 DALUS DEVELOP.SYS 213

* DATA DISCOUNT CTR 452 476 DATA RETRIEVAL CORP. 467

•• DATA SOURCE SYS.CORP. 140

135 DATA-RX INC. 491

136 DATAFACE110

137 DATAMAC COMP.SYS. 182

138 DATASMITH474

139 DATASOUTH COMP.CORP. 254

140 DATASOUTH COMP.CORP. 267

141 DEALIN'ELECTR. 488 482 DEDICATED SYS 446

142 DELMART-DELUX CHK.PRNTRS. 444

143 DELPHIC SYSTEMS 332

* DELTA PRODUCTS 290

145 DELTA PRODUCTS 291

146 DIGITAL MARKETING 6

147 DIGITAL RESEARCH 24, 25

148 DIGITAL RESEARCH COMP. 515

149 DISCOUNT SOFTWARE 68

150 DMA 187

151 DRAKE MICRO SYS. 394

152 DREAM ELECTRONICS 488

153 DRV ELECTRONICS 430

154 DUAL SYS.CONTROL CORP. 195

156 DUPRE ENTERPR. 516

157 DYMARC IND. 465

158 DYNACOMP378,379

159 DYSAN CORP. 296, 297

160 ECLECTIC SYSTEMS 10

161 EGOSOFT436

162 EDUCATIONAL MICROCOMP. 514

Inquiry No.

Page No.

162 EDUCATIONAL MICROCOMP. 514

163 ELCOMP PUBLISHING INC 443

164 ELECTROHOME 95

165 ELECTROLABS 503

166 ELECTRONIC CONTROL 206

167 ELECTRONIC DESIGN 315

168 ELECTRONIC SPCLISTS 366

169 EMPIRICAL RESRCH GRP. 512

170 ENERCOMP608

171 ENGEL CONSULTING 518

172 EPIC COMP.CORP. 235

173 EPIC COMP.CORP. 459

174 EPSON AMERICA299

175 ESSEX PUBLISHING 491

176 EXPOTEK58

177 FALCO DATA PROD. 16

• FAMOUS PROGRAMMERS SCHOOL 383

48 FANTASTIC SIMULATIONS 226

179 FORETHOUGHT PRODUCTS 428

180 FOX &GELLER ASSOC 516 465 FREDERICK COMP.PROD. 484

181 FREEDOM TECHN.INT'L. 436

182 FYI INC. 101

183 G-H COMPUTER SYS. 514

184 GENERAL DATACOMM IND.INC. 405

185 GENERAL SOFTWARE INC. 502

186 GENSTAR REI SALES CO. 510

187 GILTRONIX,INC. 504

188 GILTRONIX,INC. 504

189 GILTRONIX,INC. 504

190 GNOSIS 500

468 GREAT PLAINS SOFTWARE 313

473 GREENE SOFTWARE 518

191 H&E COMPUTRONICS 347

192 H&E COMPUTRONICS 349

194 HAYES MICROCOMP.PROD. Ill

462 HAZELTINE CORP 319

• HEATH COMPANY 97

■ HEMENWAY CORP. 221

' HILTON HOTEL CORP. 249

196 HOUSTON INSTRUMENTS 151

196 HOUSTON INSTRUMENTS 151

197 HUNTINGTON COMPUTING 253

198 HYPERTEK, INC270

199 I.B.C. 61

200 IBM 184, 186

201 ILLINOIS COMP. PROD. 520

202 IMAGE TECH. INC 506

203 IMS INTERNATIONAL 85

204 INDIGO TECHNOLOGY 113

205 INFOSOFT COMP.SYS. 504

206 INMAC461

207 INNOVATIVE ELECTR. 316

208 INNOVATIVE SFTW.APPL. 90

210 INTEGRAND 188

211 INTEL CORP 54, 55

212 INTERACTIVE MICROWRE. 495 464 INTERACTIVE STRUCTURES 94

213 INTERFACEGROUP.THE 150

214 INTERTEC DATA SYS. 74, 75

215 IOTC228

216 IPEX INT'L. 510

217 ISA CO.LTD. 307

■ ISE126 261 ISE 127 467 ISE 314

218 ISOTECH,INC. 22

219 ITHACA INTERSYSTEMS 8

220 ITHACA INTERSYSTEMS 9

221 J.FISKE SFTW.SYS. 516

222 JADE COMP.PROD. 528, 529

223 JADE COMP.PROD. 530

224 JAMECO ELECTR. 538, 539

225 JDR MICRODEVICES 536, 537

226 JIMSCOT.INC. 274

227 JOURNAL OF PASCAL & ADA 497

228 KADAK PRODUCTS 367

229 KERN PUBLISHING 142

230 KERN PUBLISHING 143

231 LABORATORY MICROSYS. 518

232 LEADING EDGE PROD Clll

233 LEAPAC SERVICES 492

234 LEHIGH VALLEY LOGIC INC. 462

235 LEO ELECTRONICS 514

• LIFEBOAT ASSOC. 189

236 LJK ENTERPRISES INC. 373

237 LNW RESEARCH 91

43 LOGICAL DEVICES 510

239 LOGO COMP.SYS. 105

240 LOMAS DATA PRODUCTS 325

Inquiry No.

Page No.

240 LOMAS DATA PRODUCTS 325

241 LYBEN COMP.SYS. 488

242 LYBEN COMP.SYS. 506

243 LYBEN COMP.SYS. 510

244 MACROTECH INT'L. 87

245 MACROTRONICS 506

246 MAGNOLIA MICROSYS. 504

• MARTIN MARIETTA CORP 388

247 MARYMAC INDUSTRIES 358

248 MAXELL DATA PRODUCTS 73 458 MAXTEK 500

249 MCGRAW-HILL BOOK CO. 466

• McGRAW HILL RESEARCH 386

250 MEADE'S DATA SYS. 504 466 MED 2000 318

251 MEDIA DISTRIBUTING 496 479 MEMOREX 23

252 MEMORY MERCHANT 93

253 META COMPANIES,THE 27

254 METAMORPHIC SYS.INC. 167

255 MFJ ENTERPRISES INC 294

256 MICRO AGE COMP.STORE 305

257 MICRO BUSINESS WORLD 115

258 MICRO BUSN.ASSOC 508

• MICRO BUSN.SFTW.INC. 415

262 MICRO DATA-TEK 364

263 MICRO DEVELOPMENTS 160

264 MICRO FOCUS 103

265 MICRO MANAGEMENT SYS. 96

266 MICRO MINT 404 463 MICRO MINT 471 471 MICRO MINT 514

267 MICRO PRINTER MRKTG 141

268 MICRO PRO INT'L. 375

269 MICRO SCI 295

483 MICRO TEXT PUBL 440

270 MICRO WORKS, THE 320

271 MICRODYNAMICS 606

272 MICROHOUSE 232

• MICROHOUSE 233

273 MICROMAIL26

274 MICROSETTE INC. 488

275 MICROSOFT (CPD) 287

276 MICROTECH EXPORTS 479

278 MIKOS262

279 MILLER MICROCOMP.SERV. 392

280 MINI COMP.SUPPLIERS 493

281 MINI MICRO MART 531

282 MOORE BUSN. FORMS 445

283 MORGAN PRODUCTS 454

284 MORROW DESIGNS 136, 137

285 MOUNTAIN COMPUTER 19

286 MOUNTAIN VIEW PRESS 337

287 M PC PERI PH ERALS 237

288 MPI 339

289 MTI,INC. 170

290 MULTI BUSN.COMP.INC. 408

291 MULTITECH ELECTR.INC. 215

• NCC/AFIPS 241

292 NCL DATA INC. 460

293 NEBS 18

294 NEC HOME ELECTR.USA 269

295 NEECO 317

296 NET PROFIT COMP. 348

• NETRONICS330

• NETRONICS 331

297 NETWORK CONSULTING CORP 72

298 NETWORK DATA SYS.-FL 104

299 NEW GENERATION SYS. 280

300 NORTH STAR COMPUTERS 175

301 NORTHROP 355

• NRI SCHOOLS ELECTR.DIV. 321 ' OASIS SYSTEMS 28

302 OKIDATA CORP. 343

303 OLYMPIC SALES 190

305 OMNI RESOURCES 377

306 OMNITEC DATA 350

307 OPTIMAL TECHNOLOGY 495

309 ORANGE MICRO 120, 121

310 ORANGE MICRO 171

311 OREGON SOFTWARE 281

312 ORION INSTRUMENTS 510

313 ORYX SOFTWARE 30

314 ORYX SOFTWARE 382

• OSBORNE COMPUTERS 31

315 OSBORNBMCGRAW-HILL 273

316 OSBORNE/MOGRAW-HILL 303

317 OSM COMPUTER 59

• OWENS ASSOC. 198

• OWENS ASSOC. 199

318 PACIFIC COMP BRK. 258

319 PACIFIC EXCHANGES 226 319 PACIFIC EXCHANGES 504 319 PACIFIC EXCHANGES 508 319 PACIFIC EXCHANGES 512 319 PACIFIC EXCHANGES 516

324 PALOMAR COMP.EQUIP. 509

325 PAN AMERICAN ELEC INC. 460

• PERCOM DATA 7

326 PERCOM DATA 279

327 PERCOM DATA 279

328 PERCOM DATA 279

• PERSONAL COMP.OWNERS 178

329 PHASE ONE SYS.INC. 387

330 PHONE I.INC. 124

331 PICKLES & TROUT 489

332 PMK ASSOCIATES 277

To get further information on the produas advertising in BYTE, fill out the reader service card with your name and address. Then circle the appropriate numbers for the advertisers you select from the list. Add an 18<ent stamp to the card, then drop it in the mail. Not only do you gain information, but our advertisers are encouraged to use the marketplace provided by BYTE. This helps us bring you a bigger BYTE. The index is provided as an additional service by the publisher, who assumes no liability for errors or omissions. 'Correspond dirertly with company.

April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 543

Reader Service

Inquiry No. Page No.

• POPULAR COMPUTING 289

333 PRACTICAL PERIPH. 15 18 PRACTICAL PERIPH. 63

334 PRIORITY ONE 522, 523

335 PRIORITY ONE 524, 525 338 PRIORITY ONE 526, 527

337 PROCESSOR INTERFACES INC. 516

338 PROGRAMMERS SFTW EX. 98

339 PROTECTO ENTERPR. 508

340 PSYTEK520

341 PURCHASING AGENT.THE 196

342 QANTEX DIV. 109

343 QUADRAM CORP. 309

344 QUADRAM CORP. 391

345 QUALITY COMP. 117

346 QUALITY COMP.PARTS 508

347 QUALITY SOFTWARE 385

348 QUASAR DATA PROD.INC. 165 454 QUASAR CO. 393

349 QUEST ELECTR. 507

350 QUINTREX, INC. 510

474 RACET COMPUTES 372

475 RACET COMPUTES 372

352 RADIO SHACK CIV

353 RANA SYSTEMS 12,13

354 RCE453

355 RELATIONAL SYSTEMS 17

356 RENAISSANCE TECHN. 164

357 SC DIGITAL 310

* S-100INC481

358 S.P.C.TECH.INC. 493 457 ST.MARTINS PRESS 204

359 SAGE COMP. TECH. 271

360 SANYO COMMUNICATIONS 71 362 SCIENTIFIC ENG. 510

Inquiry No. Page No.

363 SCION CORP 5

364 SCITRONICS 352

* SCOTTSDALE SYSTEMS 214

365 SCR ELECTR. 512

366 SEATTLE COMP PRODS 99

367 SEATTLE COMP PRODS 139

368 SEIKO-SNA CORP. 207

369 SIERRA DATA SCIENCES 220

* SINCLAIR RESEARCH 152, 153 371 SINGER CO. 329

373 SKYLES ELECTRIC WORKS 510

374 SLUDER516

375 SMOKE SIGNAL BRDCSTG 183 455 SMOKE SIGNAL BRDCSTG 183 466 SOFTECH 409

376 SOFTWARE DISTR. 395

377 SOFTWARE TOOLWORKS 496

* SOLID STATE SALES 499

378 SORRENTO VALLEY ASSOC 486

379 SOUTHERN COMP.SYS 512

380 SSM MICRO COMP PROD 11

381 STANDARD MICROSYS.INC. 370

383 STARWARE * 516

* STATCOM CORP. 33

384 STATIC MEMORY 333

385 STELLATION TWO 308

386 STRAWBERRY TREE COMP. 463

387 STREET ELECTR CORP 397

388 STRICTLY SOFT WARE 197

389 STROBE 69

390 SUBLOGIC102

391 SUNNY INT'L. 503

392 SUPERSOFT 128,129

393 SUPERSOFT 252 395 SYSTEMED518

Inquiry No. Page No.

396 SYSTEMS GROUP, THE 29

397 SYSTEMS GROUP, THE 29

400 SYSTEMS PLUS INC. 306

401 S2 SOFTWARE SYSTEMS 512

402 T.S.QUILL PUBL 494

403 T.T.I. 359

404 TALL TREE SYSTEMS 228

405 TARBELL ELECTR. 497

406 TECMAR INC 161

407 TECMAR INC 345

• TEKTRONIX INC. 265

408 TELECON SYSTEMS 518

409 TELEVIDEO INC 209

410 TERAK357

411 TERMINAL BROKERS 450

412 TERMINALS TERRIFIC 260

413 TEXAS COMP.SYS. 389

414 THREE M COMPANY 119

• THREE M COMPANY 341

415 THREE M STATIC CONTROL 384

416 THREE RIVERS COMPUTER 70

• THUNDERWARE411

• TINNEY GRAPHICS 513

417 TNW CORP. 481 451 TRAKCO. 147

418 TRANSNET CORP. 462

• TRANSWORLD AIRLINES 311

419 TRAXX COMP.CORP. 89

420 U.S. MICRO SALES 534, 535

421 U.S. ROBOTICS 463

422 U.S.DATA SYS.INC. 520

423 VANGUARD SYS.GRP.'77

424 VECTOR GRAPHICS 261

425 VICTOR HASSEL8LAD INC. 293

426 VIDEX21

Inquiry No. Page No.

• VISICORP INC. 263

427 VISTA COMPUTER CO 223

428 VYNET CORP. 508

429 WARN ELECTRONICS 508

430 WASHINGTON COMP.SERV. 501

431 WESPER MICRO SYSTEMS 82

432 WESPER MICRO SYSTEMS 83

* WESTBROOKE SEARCH 518

433 WESTERN DIGITAL 418 480 WESTICO INC. 179

* WESTICO INC. 181

* WESTICO INC. 488

434 WESTINGHOUSE/LIGHTINQ DIV 401

435 WESTWARE25g

• WHITESMITHS LTD 205

• WICAT SYSTEMS 247

436 WILD FIRE PUBLISHING 230

437 WINCHENDON GRP,THE 488

439 WINTEK CORP. 512

440 WINTERHALTER & ASSOC. 494

438 WRITE WRITER INC. 323

441 Vm COMPONENT SUPPLY 505

442 XAVAX CORP. 234

443 XEDEX CORP. 250, 251

444 YORK-10 COMPUTERWARE 272

445 ZILOG COMP.SYS. 448

446 ZOBEX123

'Correspond directly with company.

National Advertising Sales Representatives:

Northeast (617) 444-3946

ME, NH. VT, MA. CT, Rl, DE, MD, VA, WV, OK, TX, Upstate NY, Eastern Canada

Hajar Associates 280 Hillside Ave. Needham Heights, MA 02194

Mid Atlantic (201) 741-7744

NY, NYC, NJ, PA

HaJar Associates

321 Broad St.

Red Bank, NJ 07701

Southeast (305) 628-3525

NC, SC, GA, FL, AL, MS, TN, KY

HaJar Associates Diplomate BIdg. 5400 Diplomate Circle Suite 272

Orlando, FL 32810

Midwest (312) 966-0160

MN, Wl, Ml, lA, IL, IN, OH, MO, NE, KS, NO, SD, AR

HaJar Associates 5225 Old Orchard Rd. Suite 50

Skokle, IL 60076

Northwest (415) 964-0706

AK, HI, WA, OR, ID, MT, WY, Northern California, Nevada Except Las Vegas, ^Xrestern Canada

HaJar Associates 1000 Elwell Ct. Suite 124

Palo Alto, CA 94303

Southwest (714) 540-3554

UT, CO, AZ, NM, Las Vegas, Southern California

HaJar Associates 3303 Harbor Blvd. Suite H-4A

Costa Mesa, CA 92626

European Advertising Sales Representatives:

Simon Smith McGraw-Hill 34 Dover St.

London Wl X 3RA, England 01 493 1451

Andrew Karnig

Andrew Kafnig & Associates

Kungsholmsgatan 10

112 27 Stockholm, Sweden

Hans Csokor Publlmedia Velthgasse 6/3 A-1037 Vienna, Austria

Fritz Krusebecker Lleblgstrasse 27c D-6000 Frankfurt/Main 1 West Germany

Michael Sales

17 rue Georges Bizet

F 75116 Paris, France

A. Fablo Guarnleri Via Bracchlnl 1 20123 Milan, Italy

Mrs. Gurit Gepner 115 Yosephtal St. Bat Yam, Israel

544 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

S« 6 INGHE&10 POUNDS, AND WL

On the new. slicked-up, trimmed-down Starwriter F-10.

It's C. Itoh's latest generation of letter-quality printers.

It cranks out flawless copy at 40 cps; and its full 15" carriage lets it double in brass for both letter processing and business applications. You can plug it into almost any micro on the market (serial or parallel! simply by plugging it in. And then make it keep on trucking with inexpensive, easily available Diablo com

patible daisy wheels and ribbons.

In its serial mode, it can print just about anything (including boldface, underlines, subscripts and superscripts!, and snap the carriage back to start the next line in less than a second. In its line mode, it prints in both directions, for even faster throughput.

IWhile making about as much noise as a cat walking on Kleenex.!

It's a nice, portable 30 pounds-about 10 pounds

lighter than the Starwriters before it. And it stands exactly as tall |or precisely as small! as a dollar bill.

Speaking of which:

Incredibly, the Starwriter F-10 sells for about the same preposterously low price as its predecessors. Which is to say. about $800 less than a lot of other printers that don't even come close to measuring up. Or even better.,.

Measuring down.

Distributed Exclusively by Leading Edge Products, Inc., 225 Turnpike Street, Canton, Massachusetts 02021. Call: tollfree 1-800-343-6833; or in Massachusetts call collect (6171 828-8150 Telex 951-624.

LEADIKG EDGE.

Circle 232 on inquiry card.

Radio Shadi Has Everything You Need for Your TRS-80'

H File Boxes for Your Diskettes. Two open and

shut cases for protecting 5'A" or 8" floppies. Holds 50-60,

with index dividers. Durable acrylic.

For 5y4" Diskettes. #26-1453, $29-95

For 8" Diskettes. #26-4953, $39-95

[S Disk Drive Head Cleaning Kit. Helps prevent read/write errors. Easy and safe — just apply solution to a cleaning diskette (two included) and run it in drive for 30 seconds.

For 5 V4" Drives. #26-407, $29-95 For 8" Drives. #26-4909, $29-95

El Genuine TRS-80 Diskettes. Best you can buy. Certified error-free. Extra-long life, double density, soft sector.

5V4" Single Diskette. #26-305, $4.95 5V4"Three-Pack. #26-405, $13.95 5 V4" Ten-Pack. #26-406, $39.95 8" Single Diskette. #26-4905, $7.50 8" Ten-Pack. #26-4906, $59-95

[1] Diskette Library Cases. Protection against dust and curling. An easel insert pops-up for easy selection. Holds ten floppies. Polystyrene. For 5 V4" Diskettes. Gray. #26-1452, $3-95 For 8" Diskettes. Brown. #26-4952, $4.95

[E Anti-Glare Mask. Solves reflection problems. No loss of resolution. For TRS-80 Models I, II and III. Not for color monitors. #26-511, $16.95

E Anti-Static Spray. Prevents static electricity buildup that can attract dust and damage equipment. Apply to accessories, video display and carpet. 16 ounces. #26-515, $5.95

El Printviewer. Magnifies and highlights a single line of your printout. Reduces errors. Clear plastic with yellow "line window." Includes 10 and 12 cpi scales. #26-1313, $2.95

El Logic Flowchart Template. This durable, clearplastic "stencil" with ANSI flowchart symbols and '/lo" layout grid makes it easy to draw pro-quality charts. #26-1312, $3.95

[D stacking Data Trays. For standard I4y8"-wide printouts. Eliminates damage to paper caused by using an undersized tray. #26-1309, each $6.95

RadM/haeH

The biggest name in little computers®

A DIVISION OF TANDY CORPORATION

Prices may vary at individual scores and dealers. Some items may require special order. I 1

And there's much more! Send for your free Radio Shack TRS-80 Computer Catalog today!

Mail To: Radio Sliacic, Dept 82-A-129 1300 One Tandy Center, Fort Wortl>, Texas 76102

ADDRESS.

Circle.352 on inquiry card

L.