BYTE Vol 10 05 1985 05 Multiprocessing

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.CONTENTS

96

168

FEATURES

Introduction 96

The AT&T UNIX PC by Gregg Williams 98

AT&T integrates computer and telephone and civilizes UNIX for under S6000.

CiARCiA's Circuit Cellar; Build the Home Run Control System.

Part 2: The Hardware by Steve Ciarcia 108

Steve gets into the nuts and bolts of his new control system.

Set Extensions with Apple Pascal by Alfred L. Schumer 128

Expand your set capabilities with the Supersets program.

Build a Talking Clock Speech Synthesizer by Ernest H. Piette 143

Have your Commodore 64. VIC-20. or TRS-80 audibly announce the time.

Smalltalk Comes to the Microcomputer World by Bruce Webster 151

Three articles focus on this object-oriented language.

Methods: A Preliminary Look by Bruce V^ebster and Tom Yonkman 152

Methods attempts to recreate the Smalltalk development environment on the IBM PC and compatibles.

Smalltalk-PC by Christopher Made 155

You can run Smalltalk on such systems as the Apple II and the IBM PC.

The Smalltalk Programming Language by ]im Anderson and Barry Fishman 160

This article presents a brief introduction to object-oriented programming.

THEMES

Introduction 168

Multiprocessing: An Overview by Rich Krajewski 171

One word covers a variety of techniques for increasing computing speed.

Extending Microprocessor Architectures by Gary D. Beak 185

Extended-processing units can significantly broaden instruction sets.

Applying Data Flow in the Real World by William Gerhard Vaseman 201

This model for parallel processing is finding its way into commercial applications.

The Transputer by Paul Walker 219

A small computer can serve as a building block for parallel processing.

Data-Movement Primitives &i) j. Eric Rosfos and Ching-Dong Hsleh 239

The authors describe a low-cost, innovative technique for sharing memory

REVIEWS

Introduction 256

REVIEWER'S Notebook GI^MH Hartwig 259

The Compaq Deskpro by \eny Grady 260

Four models offer "99.9 percent" IBM PC compatibility.

IBM PC AT kj Man Finger 270

This PC is geared toward business applications.

True BASIC by G. Michael Vose 279

BASIC'S originators try to bring structure to the realm of "spaghetti code."

BYTE lISSN 0360-52801 is published monthly with one exira issue per year by McGraw-Hill Inc. Founder James H McGraw (1860-1948) Executive editorial, circulation, and advertising offices- 70 Main St., Peterborough, NH 03458, phone (6031 92-1-9281 Office hours. Mon-Thur 8.30 AIM - 4 30 PIU Friday 8 30 AM - 1 00 PM. Easiern Time Address subscriptions to BYTE Subscriptions ROB 590, Martinsville, NI 08836 Postmaster send address changes, USPS Form 3W9, undeliverable copies and fulfillment questions to BYTE Subscriptions, POB 596, Martinsville N| 08836. Second-class postage paid at Peterborough. NH 03458 and additional mailing offices Postage paid at Winnipeg, Manitoba Registration number 9321. Subscriptions ate S2I for one year, S38 for two years, and S55 for three years in Che USA and its possessions. In Canada and Mexico. S23 for one year, Sl2 for two years, S6I for three years, S69 for one year air delivery to Europe 17,100 yen for one year surface delivery to lapan. S37 surface delivery elsewhere Air delivery to selected areas at additional rates upon request. Single copy price is S3 50 in the USA and its possessions, S3 95 in Canada and Mexico. S4 50 in Europe, and 55 elsewhere Foreign subscriptions and sales should be remitted in United Slates funds drawn on a US bank. Please allow six to etghi weeks for delivery of first issue. Printed in the United States of America.

2 BYTE- MAY 1985

COVER BY .^ARON REZNY

The GTX-100 Modem by Mark Haas 291

Security functions are built into this smart device.

Review Feedback 299

Readers respond to previous reviews.

KERNEL

Introduction 305

Computing at Chaos Manor: In Search of the Perfect Product

by \my Pournelle 307

Chaos Manor awards are handed out, and lerry discusses a new type of micro.

Chaos Manor Mail conducted by jerry Pournelle 347

lerry s readers write, and he replies.

BYTE Japan: Megabits and Gigaflops 6y William M. Raike 355

This month Bill looks at IBM lapan's I-megabit RAM chips and new personal computers from NEC and Fujitsu.

BYTE West Coast: Homebrew Chips

by \ohn Markojf. Phillip Robinson, and Doma Osgood 363

Our West Coast editors describe MOSIS and much more.

BYTE U.K.: Parallel Processing by Dick Pountain 385

From London, Dick introduces a machine called ALICE that uses parallel processors and executes a higher-order applicative language called 1-iope,

Computers and Law: The Sale of Computer Products

by Robert Greene Sterne and Perry I. Saidman 399

TWO attorneys look at the legal aspects of buying and selling computers.

Mathematical Recreations: An Exercise in BASIC Bitwise Logic Operation

by Robert T. Kurosaka 417

The ancient game of Nim helps teach the use of logical operators.

Circuit Cellar Feedback conducted by Steve Ciarcia 424

Steve answers project-related queries from readers.

Programming Insight: 0.8660254 = V3/2 by Dan Sandberg 429

This program lets you easily find the fractional equivalent of a decimal.

Programming Insight: Computing Pi by David j. Crawford 433

Approximate the decimal value of irrational numbers.

Editorial; BYTE s Reader Poll 6

MiCROBYTES 9

Letters 14

Fixes and Updates 33

Whats New 39, 464

Ask byte 48

Clubs & Newsletters 58

Book Reviews 65

Event Queue 83

Books Received 442

Unclassified Ads 525

BYTE's Ongoing Monitor Box. BOMB Results 526

Reader Service 527

Address all ediloricil correspondence ro the Editor BYTE. POB 372. Hancock NH 03449 Unacceplabie manuscripts will be returned 11 accompanied by sufficient fIrsKlass postage Not responsible for lost manuscripts or pfiotos Opinions expressed by the auttiors are not necessarily those of BYTE

Copyright ?j 1985 by McGraw-Hill Inc. All rights reserved IVademark registered in the United States Patent and Trademark Office Where necessary, permission is granted by the copyright owner for libraries and others registered with the Copyright Clearance Center ICCCI to photocopy any article herein for the flat fee of SI 50 per copy of the article or any pan thereof Correspc idence and payment should be sent directly to the CCC 29 Congress St. Salem. fylA 01970 S|Decify ISSN 0360-5280/83 SI 50. Copying done for ot!.cr ttian personal or internal reference use without the permission of McGraw-Hill Inc is prohibited Requests for siaecial permission or bulk orders should be addressed to the publisher BYTE is available in microform from University Microfilms International. 300 North Zeeb Rd. Dept PR Ann Arbor. .Ml 48106 or 18 Bedford Row Dept PR London WCIR 4E1 England

Subscription questions or problems should be addressed to. BYTE Subscriber Service. POB 328. Hancock. NH 03449

SECTION ART BY MEL FURUKAWA

Inquiry 207 for Dealers. Inquiry 208 for End-Users.

16-Bit Nctwgrlis

TiGi

Intercontinental Micro is shipping solutions today for all your S-100 BUS 16-bit and PC network needs.

Our products have always featured Direct Memory Access, Memory Management and Vectored Priority Interrupts to give you the fastest networks possible, bar none.

Of course, we also offer a complete line of 8-bit and interface/controller products as well as the sophisticated TurboDOS™multiuser operating system.

For complete networking solutions and years of experience call Intercontinental Micro today.

CPZ-186

8MHZ 80186, 2 sync or async serial I/O channels 20 parallel I/O lines, 256K fWM expandable to 1 megabyte, onboard floppy disk controller CPS-186

10MHZ 80186, 4 sync or async serial I/O channels, 20 parallel I/O lines, 256K RAM expandable to 1 megabyte. CPS-16X

8MHZ 8086, 256K RAM expandable to 1 megabyte, 2 sync or async serial I/O channels, 20 parallel I/O lines. LANPC

Allows IBM PC/XTs™ PCs or compatibles to integrate into TurboLAN, ARCnet™ and S-100 BUS networks. UNjr-™

Provides cost effective true multiuser PCjr™ networks with simple installation.

'=\lntercontinental /Micro Systems

4015 Leoverton Ct., Anaheim, Co 92807, (714) 630-0964,TELEX 821375 SUPTORT UD

TurtMDOS is a Trademaik ol Software 2,000 Inc. IBM PC, XT & PCjr are Tralemarks ol International Business Machines.

TurboLan is a Tratletnark ol tntefcontlnental

Micro Systems. ARCnet is a Trademark of Datapoint.

EVTE

EOrTOR IN CHIEF

Philip Lemmons managing editor Gene Smarte consulting editors

Steve Ciarcia

lERRY POURNELLE

SENIOR TECHNICAL EDITORS

G. Michael Vose. Themes Gregg Williams technical editors

Thomas R, Clune

Ion R. Edwards

Richard Grehan

Glenn Hartwig, Reviews

Richard Kraiewski

Ken Sheldon

Richard S. Shuford

Iane Morrill Tazelaar

Eva White

Stanley Wszola

Margaret Cook Gurney. Associate

Alan Easton. Draftmg

WEST COAST EDITORS

Ezra Shapiro, bureau Chief. San Francisco |0HN Markoff, Senior Technical Editor. Palo Alio Phillip Robinson, Senior Teclmical Editor. Palo Alto Donna Osgood. Associate Editor. Satt Francisco Brenda McLaughlin. Editorial Assistant. San Francisco

NEW YORK EDITOR

Richard Malloy, Senior Technical Editor

managing EDITOR,

electronic publishing and communications

George Bond

user news editor. east coast

Anthony |. Lockwood. What's New user news editor, west coast

Mark Welch. Microfjyics

contributing editors

Dennis Allison, at large

Mark Dahmke. video, operating systems

Mark Haas, at large

RiK Iadrnicek. cad. graphics, spreadsheets

Mark Klein, comfflunioifions

Alan Miller, languages and engineering

lOHN C. Nash, scientific computing

Dick Pountain, U-K.

William M. Raike. \apan

Perry Saidman, com;;ulers and law

Robert Sterne, computers and law

Bruce Webster, so/luwrc

COPY editors

Bud Sadler. Chief Dennis Barker Elizabeth Cooper Anne L Fischer Nancy Hayes Lynne M. Nadeau Paula Noonan lOAN Vigneau Roy Warren Williamson

assistants

Peggy Dunham Martha Hicks Beverly Iackson Lisa |o Steiner

art

Rosslyn a. Frick. Arl Director Nancy Rice. Assislanf Arl Director

production

David R. Anderson. Production Dircclor Denise Chartrand Michael ]. Lonsky |an Muller

senior vice president publisher

Harry L. Brown publisher s assistant

Doris R. Gamble

personnel

Cmeryl Hurd, office Manager Patricia Burke, Personnel Coordinator

advertising sales (603-924-6137)

L Peter Huestis, Sales Manager Sandra Foster, Administrative Assistant

ADVERTISINQPRODUCTION (603-924-6448)

Lisa Wozmak, Supervisor

Robert D. Mannings. Senior Accounf Manager

Marion Carlson

Karen Cilley

Lyda Clark

MiCHELE GILMORE

Denise Proctor

Wai Chiu Li. Quality Control Director

lULiE Nelson. Advertising/Production Coordinator

CIRCULATION (800-258-5485)

Gregory Spitzfaden. Director Andrew Iackson, Sii6scrip(ioHs Manager Cathy A. R, Drew, Assistanl Manager Laurie Seamans. Assistant Manager Susan Boyd Phil Dechert Mary Emerson Louise Menegus Agnes E. Perry lENNiFER Price

lAMES Bingham, Single-Copy Sales Manager Linda Ruth. Assislanl Manager Carol Aho Claudf.tte Carswell Karen Desroches

marketing communications

Horace T, Howland, Director (603-924-3424)

Vicki Reynolds. Marketing Production Manager

Priscilla Arnold. Marketing Assistant

Stephanie Warnesky Marveling An Director

Sharon Price. Assistant Art Director

Doug Webster, Director of Public Relations I603-924-9027I

Wilbur S. Watson. Operations Manager. Exhibits

planning and development

MiCHELE P. Verville, Manager

Patricia Akerley, ResearcH Manager

Cynthia Damato Sands. Reader Service Coordinator

Faith Kluntz. Copyrights Coordinator

manufacturing/finance/services

Daniel Rodricues, Director accounting

Kenneth A, King. Assistant Controller

Vicki Weston. Accounting Manager

Linda Short DIP Manager

Edson Ware. Credil

Marie Caggiani

Marilyn Haigh

Diane Henry

Vern Rockwell

IoAnn Walter

typography

Sherry McCarthy Chief Tlfpographer

Nan Fornal

Len Lorette

Kathy Ouist

Donna Sweeney

building services/traffic

Anthony Bennett. Building Services Manager

Brian Higcins

Mark Monkton

receptionists

L. Ryan McCombs

Cheryl Castro. Assistant

Editorial and Business Office: 70 Main Street. Peterborough. New Hampshire 034 58. (603| 934-9381. West Coast Offices: McGraw-Hill. 43 5 Battery St, San Francisco. CA 9411 !, (415) 362-4600.

McGraw-Hill. 1000 Elwell Court. Palo Alto, CA 94303. 14 I 5) 964-0624. New York Office: 1231 Avenue of the Americas. New York. NY 10020. (2121 512-3000.

Officers of McGraw-Hill Information Systems Company: President Richard B Miller Executive Vice Presidents: Frederick P larnoll. Construction Information Group. Russell C. White. Computers and Communications Information Group: |. Thomas Ryan. Marketing and Internationa! Senior Vice Presidents Francis A. Shinal. Controller: Robert C. Violette. Manufacturing and Technology Senior Vice Presidents and lishers: Harry L. Brown. Computers and Communications: David J, McCrath. Construction. Group Vice President Peter B. McCuen. Communications. Vice Presidents Fred O lensen. Planning and Development: Margaret L, Dagner, Human Resources. Officers of McGraw-Hill. Inc.: Harold W. McGraw. Ir. Chairman: loseph L Dionne. President and Chief Executive Officer: Robert N. L.andes. Executive Vice I'resident and Secretary: Ralph |. Webb, Vice President and Treasurer: [Ronald L. Fruehling. Executive Vice President. Publishing Operations Group; Ralph R. Schulz. Senior Vice President. Editorial: Waller D. Serwatka, Senior Vice President. Manufacturing and Circulation Services, Vice Presidents: Shel F. Asen, Manufacturing: George R Elsinger, Circulation.

null pubiis

4 BYTE- MAY 1985

CROMEMCO COMPUTERS:

DESIGNED' TO MiAICE''UNIX''SYSTEAA V

EVEN BETTER

UNIX System V, the new standard in multiimer microcomputer operating systems, gives you high performance features along with the portability and flexibility of a standard.

Cromemco computers can make UNIX System V even better. Because our systems are designed with UNIX in mind. First of all, we offer UNIX System V with Berkeley enhancements. Then, our hardware uses advanced features like 64K of on-board cache memory and oiu- high speed STDC controller to speed up disk operations-very important with UNIX.

Mora capability and •xpandabiiily

We have a high-speed, 68000-based CPU that runs at 10 MHz, coupled with a memory manager that uses demand-paging and scatter loading to work with UNIX, not for it.

We provide room for expanding RAM to 16 megabytes-with error detection and correction-for limning even the most sophisticated and advanced microcomputer programs. And the power to accommodate up to 16 users-all with plenty of memory.

But we give you even more.

A complete solution

We give you a choice in systems: the System 100 series, expandable up to 4 megabytes of RAM, and the System 300 series, expandable to 16 megabytes. A high speed 50 megabyte hard disk drive is standard on the systems. And you can ex- ;:: pand the hard disk capacity up to 1200 megabytes using standai'd SMD drives. You can add floating point

processing. High resolution _ - —gj

graphics. Video digitizing and aging. Communications through

standard proLocdI.s. Mainframe interfac^e.

And KoTLwaro support is here to iticoL your needs. We offer iiiajqr prograra.mine- languages, database management systems, eommunicjttions software, including SNA, architecture, "X.25 protocol, and Ethernet; even a program to interface to an IBM PC if you need to. And, of course, access to the broad range of st-andard UNIX applications programs that i.s growing dramatically every day.

lacy to uco.

We also make our systems easier to use, becauflt' we insta!!' ( I'h; (>i)'erating; system i)efor(' we ship your computer. No complicated installation procedures. And the Beiiteley enhancements give you the standard UNIX System V operating syst,em, but with the added convenience of these widely acclaimed improvements.

t'romemco's System 100 and System 300 computers; designed to be the highest performance UNIX systems available anywhere.

Jnsl call or visit one of our UNIX System V Official System Centers to see for yourself. They'll also give you a copy of our new publication, "What you should know before you buy a UNIX system." Or contact us directly.

We'll be glad to show you how to get a better UNIX system.

Corporate Headquarters: Cromemco, Inc., 280 B(U-nanl() Avenue, P.O Box 7)00, Moun1;ain ,969-4710. In Europe: Cromemco GmbH, 6236 Eschborn 1, Frankfurter Str. 33-35, P.O. 5267, Frankfurt Main, Germany.

UNIX is a trademark of Beil Laboratories.

IBM is a trademark of International Business Machines Corp.

Cromemco

Inquiry 112

MAY 1985 -BYTE 5

EDITORIAL

BYTE'S Reader Poll

Each month, several hundred BYTE readers vote in the reader poll called the BOMB (BYTE's Ongoing Monitor Box). We've done little to call attention to the poll but wish to do so now to urge increased participation. We take the BOMB results seriously. Besides awarding modest prizes to the writers whose articles win the most votes, we try to interpret the BOMB results in a way that will help us develop and choose articles that win the applause of BYTE readers.

Admittedly, several hundred votes from a circulation of 400,000 are neither a random sample nor a large one. We want to encourage you to vote on this month's articles to increase both the size and the significance of the BOMB results and to help us keep BYTE attuned to your needs.

The great majority of you have never voted in the BOMB and probably have never noticed the num^ bered list of articles published at the back of the magazine

between the Unclassified Ads and the Reader Service index. The numbers

on the list identify the articles for voting purposes. The ballot itself is one page further along, on the Reader Service card. Beneath the area where you circle Reader Service numbers to obtain information about advertised products, a smaller set of numbers lets you circle numbers to rate this month's articles. The ballot asks you to rate each article as excellent, good, fair, or poor. We assign weights to all these ratings to identify the best-liked articles.

Steve Ciarcia and lerry Pournelle are, of course, frequent winners of the BOMB, as are articles about major new personal computers. We do sometimes have surprises. A survey of statistical software scored very well, as did two articles examining the state of Soviet computers and electronicsRuth Heuertz's look at Soviet microprocessors (April 1984) and Leo

Bores's account of the Soviet Apple clone, AGAT (November 1984). We didn't realize how broad the appeal of statistics would be or how powerful people's curiosity about Soviet products, topics which lack the most important criterion of interest turned up in our reader research—emphasis on new technology.

Results that surprise us might not surprise you. Voting in the BOMB is the best way to keep us abreast of your interests and needs. We urge you to take a minute each month to make your opinion heard. We'll be listening when you do.

The Long-awaited BYTE Index

Finally An index to the 1983 and 1984 issues of BYTE is now available. For a hard copy of this 48-page document, please send us $1 and we'll send you a copy postpaid. The index will also be available electronically We'll release the details as soon as possible.

—Phil Lemmons Editor in Chief

6 BYTE • MAY 1985

ILLUSTRATED BY MACIEK ALBRECHT

Waxell

FLOPPY DISK

Maxell Gold

The floppy disk that lets PC AT speed ahead,

makes PC/XT Xtraordinary

and helps IBM,PC

capitalize on its powers

For your Big Blue, only the Gold Standard will do. Maxell. The floppy disk chosen by many disk drive manufacturers to test their new equipment. Each Gold Standard is backed by a lifetime warranty. And each is a perfect match for your IBM. In fact, there's a Gold Standard for virtually any computer made. Even if it's the new IBM PC AT!

maxell

IT'S WORTH IT

PC AT, PC/XT and PC are trademarks ol IBM Corp.

Maxell Corporation of America, 60 Oxford Drive, Moonachie, N.J. 07074 Inquiry 256

MAY 1985 -BYTE 7

AmmEROManiCEPTiiooTm umm ON aamEmiB.

As sophisticated as they are, you'd think monitor companies could solve a simple problem: keeping

customers happy

Fortunately Amdek can. With the longest warranty in the industry. Namely two years on all parts and labor And three years on the CRT

Even simpler, our warranty applies to every monitor we make, tom our new Color Senes to our amazingly popular Video Series.

And Amdeks own trained techrucians make repairs quick and professional.

So when you're shopping for a monitor, look at the quality Amdek guarantees you, years after you leave the store.

According to our figures, it really adds up.

jmEKMmroRS

Amdek Corp., 2201 Lively Blvd., Elk Grove Village. IL 60007, 312/595-6890. Telex 280803.

01985 Amdek Corp.

8 BYTE • MAY 1985

Inquiry 24

MICROBYTES

Staff-written higfiligfits of late developments in the microcomputer industry.

New Laser Printers May Outperform Canon's Engine

Two new printers from Konica and NEC may offer some advantages over the Canon LBP-CX engine used in Apple's and Hewlett-Packard's laser printers. The TMC Co., Wayne, PA, the U.S. distributor for Konica's LP-3010, says the newer laser printer is faster, will cost less to operate, and lasts longer than Canon's LBP-CX, but it is priced the same and offers the same 300-dot-per-inch (dpi) resolution.

While Canon suggests that the LBP-CX be used to print up to 3000 pages per month at a speed of 8 pages per minute, TMC says the LP-3010 can handle 10,000 copies per month at 10 pages per minute. The LP-3010 uses a $200 drum/toner cartridge the company says will last for 15,000 pages, while the LBP-CX's $99 cartridge must be replaced after 3000 copies. And while Canon suggests that the LBP-CX be "overhauled" at 100,000 pages, TMC says the LP-3010 will last for 600,000 pages.

TMC says that several OEMs have placed orders for the LP-3010 and will announce products early this summer: pricing for a low-end printer based on Konica's engine should start at about $3500. With more advanced capabilities, including full-page bit-mapped graphics, a Konica-based laser printer would be priced competitively with Apple's $6995 LaserWriter, TMC claims.

NEC Information Systems plans to begin shipping its own 8-page-per-minute, 300-dpi laser-class printer in late summer. NEC's printer uses an LED array rather than a laser. Because it is not based on copier technology, NEC claims the printer will last longer and require less service than laser printers. NEC's offering will feature three built-in fonts; two cartridges can add up to eight more fonts. NEC's 55-pound printer occupies only half the footprint of the heavier Canon-based printers. With a 64K-byte printer buffer and both serial and parallel ports, NEC's LED-array printer will sell for less than $3000. NEC is also considering unveiling one or more laser printers in the fall or winter.

A 300-dpi laser printer from Fujitsu is the basis of an even more advanced combination printer/scanner/copier that Corporate Data Sciences planned to unveil in April. Eight pages per minute can be digitized at 300 dpi. The image can then be stored or manipulated by a personal computer and printed. The unit will also work as a standard copying machine. The printer/scanner/copier will be priced at about $24,000; the 16-page-per-minute laser printer alone will sell for about $15,000. CDS says its laser-printer controller can also address higher-resolution laser printers, up to 1000 dpi, and it plans to offer a printer engine using a 480-dpi laser printer expected next year from Fujitsu.

DEC Revamps Rainbow to Matcli New PC Strategy

Stating that "stand-alone personal computing in the office is a thing of the past," Digital Equipment Corp. announced the i^inbow 190, designed to operate as a workstation for other DEC computers. With a 10-megabyte hard-disk drive, 640K bytes of memory, MSDOS, and Rainbow Office Workstation software, the Rainbow 190 costs $6495. Also newly available for the Rainbow is the $595 WPS-PLUS word-processing program, already available on the VAX and ALL-IN-1 systems. DEC also announced a $295 DECnet interface for the Rainbow.

Fairchild Unveils First Single-Chip 212A 1200-bps Modem

Fairchild announced a single-chip 1200-bps modem that supports the Bell 212A standard. The Fairchild uA212A modem includes all signal-processing functions on a single chip, unlike previous applications that required several chips. To build a working modem, however, several other devices are required: A general-purpose microprocessor must handle dialing, handshaking protocols, and control functions, while other circuitry must handle RS-232C and telephone interfaces and ring detection. The chip should be available by june for $82.67 in quantities of 100.

(continued)

MAY 1985 -BYTE 9

Firms Show Chinese-Language Word Processors

T\vo companies are developing Chinese-language word processors for the 512K-byte IBM PC using a standard American keyboard. Chinese Computer Communications, Lansing, iVIi, is showing PC 2001, which uses the company's own Pinxxiee input method; the company hasn't yet set a shipping date but hopes to price the software at about $795.

Asiagraphics Corp., Port Jefferson, NY, expected to begin shipping its Asiagraphics System in April for $995. This product employs a "descriptor" input method, using one of three Chinese phonetic systems (pinyin, Wade-Giles, or Bopomofo). Asiagraphics also plans Korean and Japanese versions and hopes to allow use of the IBIVl graphics adapter as well as the Hercules graphics card now supported.

IBM Puts Series/1 on a Chip, in an IBM PC Box

IBM has put its Series/1 computer architecture onto a single proprietary 16-bit microprocessor and announced versions of the IBM PC XT and AT that include the Series/1 chip and related circuits on two IBM PC expansion cards. The Series/I 5170 Model 495 is an IBM PC AT with the Series/I expansion cards, a monochrome adapter and monitor, a 20-megabyte hard disk, and a 1.2-megabyte floppy-disk drive. It is priced at $9420. The Model 4950, based on the IBM PC XT, includes a lO-megabyte hard disk and one 320K-byte floppy-disk drive for $8130. IBM will stress the new system's usefulness as a file server in a network environment.

Morrow Upgrades Pivot: Fully IBM-Compatible

Morrow Designs has redesigned its Pivot portable computer to add a 25-line display and to make it more compatible with the IBM PC. The new Pivot, which Morrow hoped to begin shipping this month, will feature a backlit 25-line by 80-character liquid-crystal display, serial and parallel ports, two 5'/4-inch disk drives, 256K bytes of RAM (expandable to 640K), rechargeable batteries, MS-DOS, and NewWord. Optional internal expansions will include an RGB/composite video output adapter and a 300/1200-bps modem. An optional expansion chassis is also planned. Morrow plans to price the two-drive machine at about $2995; it had already dropped the price of the 16-line Pivot to $1995 in March.

NANOBYTES

Optionware Inc. introduced OptionWord + , a $100 word-processing template for Lotus 1-2-3.... AT&T introduced its long-expected UNIX personal computer. For details, see page 98... . Intel has sued NEC, charging that NEC's V20 and V30 microprocessors violate Intel's copyright for the microcode used in the 8088 and 8086.... Apple has developed a version of Smalltalk that runs on the Macintosh XL. Because it doesn't run on a standard Macintosh, Apple is selling it only on a limited basis, mostly to universities. . . . Microsoft has released a new version of Multiplan for the IBM PC. Multiplan 2,0 supports keyboard macros and has faster recalculation and a larger virtual spreadsheet (256- by 4096-cell).... For the Macintosh, Microsoft announced a run-time Microsoft BASIC interpreter, which software developers can distribute with programs they sell.... Microsoft also announced Excel, a sophisticated spreadsheet for the Macintosh (see page 44)... . Summa Ttechnologies announced a site license-fee program under which buyers can make unlimited copies of a program for use by company employees—including personal use—for as little as $9800. . . . Prometheus, Fremont, CA, now offers a version of its ProModem 300/1200-bps modem for the Macintosh. With ProCom-M telecommunications software and a cable, it's $549. . . . Prometheus also planned to introduce a compact 300-bps modem for the Apple lie for less than $200. The modem will provide an extra serial port and uses the He's power signal.... Manzana, Isla Vista, CA, is selling a double-sided 31/2-inch disk drive for the IBM PC. The external 720K-byte drive is $625.... Advanced Micro Devices expected to begin shipping samples of the 20-MHz 29PL141 microcode-programmable controller this month.... Nestar Systems Inc. announced a six-port HUB for its baseband LAN system that allows it to interface to a broadband network.... Roger Wagner Publishing, San Diego, CA, is developing a MacWrite-like word processor for the Apple lie and lie. MouseWrite takes advantage of the MouseText ROM included in the lie and newer He models. . . . Intel announced OpenNET, a local-area-network (LAN) product line that incorporates Microsoft's Networks (MS-NET) software.

10 BYTE- MAY 1985

TheTI 855 microprinter. No other printer says better so many ways.

Feature for feature, no other microprinter can match the versatility, compatibility, reliability and productivity of the OMNI 800* Model 855 microprinter. Here's why

Two Printers In One. With the TI855 you get the speed of dot matrix draft copy Plus the precise clarity of the most advanced matrix technology for letterquality print. It's two printers in one — at one low price.

A Great Family Name. Texas Instruments is known for providing the world with the industry standard for printers — the TI 810. TI builds the same reliability into every 800 series microprinter. Both the 855 and the data processing Model 850 are part of the expanding TI line of high-performance, low-cost microprinters.

Hardware Compatible. The TI 855

microprinter is compatible with all major PC hardware. And it provides both serial RS232C subset and "Centronics-type" parallel as standard interfaces. Software Compatible. The TI 855 uses industry standard escape sequences for compatibility with virtually all third-party software. And for those with proprietary software needs, a model is available with ANSI standard escape sequences. Tough Font Modules For Quick Char' acter Change. Three font modules can be inserted into the front of the printer at one time, and are accessed individually. Each contains both draft- and letterquality character sets. TTiey're easier to use, more reliable and more durable than traditional metal or plastic daisy wheels.

Copyright © 1984 Tex;is Instruments ' Trademark of Texas Instruments

More Productivity Than Any Other Microprinter. The 855 offers both friction and tractor paper feed, to handle all types of word and data processing applications. A quick-change snap-in cartridge ribbon. Raster and mosaic graphics. And intelligent printing which maximizes document throughput — regardless of format.

Get the printer that makes for better information systems. For more information visit your nearest TI authorized dealer or write Texas Instruments Incorporated, P.O. Box 402430, Dept. DPF-082BY, ■ . Dallas, TX 75380-9063. Or call JlX toll-free: 1-800-527-3500.

Texas Instruments

Creating useful products and services for you. 2

MAY 1985 -BYTE II

® 1985, Apricot, Inc.

Wfete abouttD ch business viem the co

A computer revolution of enormous magnitude is about to take place.

Because Europe's most successful business computer company is now doing business in America. Introducing Apricot. A full line of computers specifically designed for business.

Not adapted to it.

In fact, the facts speak for themselves.

Apricots are elegant and compact 16-bit computers. They employ the MS-DOS operating system, and a minimum of 256K memory. One of our models, the Apricot Xi, boasts an incredible

one Megabyte of memory, and features a Winchester hard disk with 20 Megabytes of storage. We also have models that feature speech recognition, full-size LCD, and icon driven menus.

In addition, you also have a choice between 9" or 12" b/w or 10" color monitors. All of which

12 BYTE • MAY 1985

ange how American rrputer industry

have a higher screen resolution than Apple.

And as if that weren't enough, all of our models can be networked from the moment you take them out of the box. They're also capable of running thousands of business software programs specially written for Apricot on 3!/2 inch disks.

So, if you still think that Apple is a better business computer, look at it from a different perspective.

It's not.

Apricot, Inc., 3375 Scott Boulevard, Santa Clara, CA 95054. Call 800-227-6703, or in California 800-632-7979.

TheApricolXi.

20Mb harddisk.720K floppy diskelle. MS-DOS.$4495(excluding monilor).

apricot

A^WeYe changing how American business does business.

Inquiry 37

MAY 1985 "BYTE 13

LETTERS

Cryptographic Message Sending

Thank you for Charles Kluepfel's article, "Innplementing Cryptographic Algorithms on Microcomputers" (October 1984, page 126). This is an area in which I have an interest and would like to see more articles in the future, especially on the practical aspects of making and using a large-scale (widely used) public-key cryptography (PKC) system.

An assumption that some people make is that the telephone system is a perfect "channel," that is, that all information put into one end will reach its destination and come out the other end. This is not necessarily true. It is definitely not true when a store-and-forward system such as an electronic-mail or electronic bulletin-board system is used. Since many messages sent in a PKC system will be longer than the maximum number of digits that can be encoded, the message will have to be broken into segments, each segment being encoded and sent separately. This raises the possibility of a third party (with or without the telephone company's approval) intercepting and preventing one or more segments from reaching the intended recipient, while letting other segments pass through. Even without the ability to decode the intercepted segments, a third party could do great damage to both the sender and recipient due to the recipient's assuming that the entire message was received, when in fact it was not. Under some conditions, damage could also be done by rearranging the order of the segments, if the recipient was to assume that they were sent in the same order as received. (Admittedly such situations would be rare.)

The telephone company should not be thought of as a "channel," but rather as a third party that can usually be trusted to deliver some of the segments of the message. It is up to the sender and recipient to ensure that all segments arrive and are put into their proper order before taking action on the basis of a message received.

A possible method of achieving this would be to include in each segment a four- or five-character (or more) code, ran

domly chosen and different for each segment within a message. These random characters would be inserted into the plain text before the segment was encoded with the recipient's public key Then the last segment sent would contain a repetition of all of these codes in their correct order The recipient could check to make sure each segment had arrived and was in its proper order Any segments containing codes not repeated in the final segment would be discarded.

Briefly covered in the article was the topic of a sender using his own private key to provide a "signature" to a message. For ordinary messages, only the last segment (containing the repeated random codes from all the other segments) need be signed. However, if an electronic contract is desired, all segments of the message should be encoded with both the sender's private key and the recipient's public one. This is to prevent the recipient from altering a segment (while keeping the same random code) and then claiming his copy to be the true contract. This means that in order to prove a contract, the recipient would have to provide a copy of each segment exactly as it was received from the modem and a copy of each segment after it was completely decoded into plain text. The arbitrator of a contract dispute need only encode the plain-text segment with the recipient's public key and "decode" the "segment as received" with the sender's public key. Comparing the two resulting segments should show them to be exactly alike, thus proving that the segment came from the sender that the recipient claims sent it. The recipient need not disclose his private key to the arbitrator.

Actually the first segment of every message, ordinary or contract, should be encoded only with the recipient's public key and should contain information of who the sender is, so that the recipient can apply the right key to decode any signed segments. Otherwise, that information would have to be sent in plain text (horror!). Also, in order to prevent the recipient from reusing the sender's signed last segment (containing the repeated random codes) to send a falsely signed message to someone else, the sender should include identification of the intended recip

ient in the plain text of all signed segments. It wouldn't hurt to include the date and time as well.

Paul S. Burney Portland, OR

Charles Kluepfel replies: To protect against nonreception of segments of the message, the scheme need

not be as complex as Mr. Burney suggests. The sequence code that he suggests at the beginning of each segment can be merely 00001, 00002. etc., without the need for a key as the last segment This insertion is, as he states, before encryption, and the nature of this code prevents the presence of these or any known message contents from making the code breakable. Indeed, as the code used for message sending (as opposed to signature forming) is public, anyone trying to intercept code can himself encode 00001, etc. It does not aid the interceptor and thus can be safely used by the legitimate parties.

As for the portion regarding electronic signatures, encoding by the sender's private key is sufficient so that the recipient cannot alter the message. The use of the recipient's public key would not be of any further benefit The recipient cannot produce a new message that is encoded by the sender's private key, that is, one that is decodable by the sender's public key What must be guarded against, rather, is that the sender might claim to have sent further segments, modifying the intent of the message. The only way to guard against any disagreement is to have the entire document signed by both parties. Since signing is

(continued)

LETTERS POLICY: 1& be considered for publication, a letter must be typed double-spaced on one ade of the paper and must include your name and address. Comments and ideas should be expressed as clearly and concisely as possible Listings and tables may be printed along with a letter if tky are short and legible.

Because BYTE receives hundreds of letters eask month, wA all of them can be published. Letters will not be returned to authors. Generally it taks four months from the time BYTE receives a letter until it is published.

14 B YTE • MAY 1985

II

II

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F\irchase OPGS diskettes at your local computer store, send two box tops, a dated sales receipt, and coupon and we will send your Free Head Cleaner.

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Inquiry 104

LETTERS

encoding by the private key. each party must do encoding by private key of all segnnents. It can be by each separately encoding the plain text, or by the plain text being encoded by one, and the resulting text further encoded by the recipient's private code. Of course the sender must then get a copy of this further-encoded text to later prove the recipient agreed to it The sender's private and recipient's public encoding does not assure a contract, only that the sender sent it.

To assure any segment came from the sender it would have to be encoded in the sender's private key. Including the recipient's name in the one (or few) signed segment(s) in no way prevents forgery of unsigned segments.

More on Binary Trees

I quite agree with John Snyder's remark, in his response to Lawrence Leinweber's letter ("Binary Trees Explained," September 1984, page 22). that there is no "proper solution" in software to a given problem.

On the other hand, with regard to his "A-trees," I'm sure that he finds them simple. After all, he wrote the article ("Indexing Open-Ended Tree Structures," May 1984, page 406). Algorithms by definition are simple, once you've successfully implemented them. Otherwise, you would never have gotten that far.

Any given data structure is as simple as its presentation, which brings me to my next point. Mr Leinweber's C routine for tree searching managed to obscure what ought to be an obvious data structure. It would have been far more effective to present one of D. E. Knuth's diagrams from section 2.3 of The Art of Computer Programming. Volume 1: Fundamental Algorithms (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley 1974).

Frankly I'm still not sure whether Mr. Leinweber's routines were meant to search a generalized tree implemented as a binary tree or simply a binary tree. I refuse to spend more than five minutes deciphering a five-line text in any language that I supposedly understand.

Finally Dr Snyder, since when are binary trees sometimes called B-trees? Binarytree nodes have at most two children (and possibly none) and by no means fulfill the well-defined properties of a B-tree (see the section on trees in Niklaus Wirth's Algorithms Plus Data Structures Equals Programs: Englewood Cliffs, N): Prentice-Hall, 1976). I've always assumed that the "B" stands

[continued)

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Imagine, you unplug your computer, take it home for the weekend, and while you're gone, ProModem 1200 answers the phone, collects messages up to 50 pages long, sends out electronic mail, and displays all events with the exact time of each. Thanks to ProModem 1200, expensive, hard-to-use communications software isn't needed. The communications is in the modem, and electronic mail becomes a background function, where it belongs.

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Our Communications Buffer is a 4 by 6 card that plugs into the ProModem 1200 motherboard. It comes with 2K of CMOS battery backed-up memory, expandable to 64K. Part of the memory is used as a dialing directory with the balance reserved for storage. For $99 more, a front panel Alphanumeric Display can be added to show time, date, and 24 status and help messages. These two powerful options can be included at time of purchase, or can be added later

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ProModem 1200 is Hayes compatible but that's where the resemblance ends. Our standard $495 modem includes a real-time clock/ calendar Hayes charges hundreds more for a Smart Modem with a time-base. Nor do they have electronic mail capability at any price.

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Inquiry 331

MAY 1985 -BYTE 17

RUN/C:

The C Interpreter

Only M49.95!

For both

the beginner and the C professional, RUN/C: The C lr»t;erpret:er

makes program development easier and faster. With RUN/C all those C programs you've been writing — or have been wanting to write — can be up and running in a fraction of the time.

The beauty of R U N /C is that it provides a BASIC-like user interface for C; it allows the user to edit and debug code immediately and interactively.

RUN/C is the first program to make C a user-friendly language.

Although C is structured, compact and FAST, the writing and testing of C programs is often a tedious process. RUN/C helps bring up to speed both your programs and your C programming skills. C programming has never been so fast and enjoyablel

When running under RUN /C your C program performs exactly as it would if it were compiled (although slower since RUN/C is a true interpreter). If your program does have an error. RUN/C finds it, gives you a comprehensive error message and allows you to correct the error on the spot. Once you are completely satisfied with your C program it can be SAVEd, then compiled and linked using your favorite C compiler.

RUN/C offers easy and familiar commands such as LOAD, LIST, SAVE, RUN. etc. A powerful line editor is built right in. RUN/C's SHELL command will also allow you to use your own editor for extensive full-screen editing, and then return your newly edited program to RUN/C — all within a single, unified environment.

RUN/C offers:

• A robust implementation of standard Kernighan and Ritchie C.

• Full floating point. 8087 math chip support, structures, unions, initializers, casts and more than 100 built-in standard C library functions.

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LETTERS

for "balanced," which is what makes them so popular. They never degenerate into a linear linked list, which is what a binary tree is prone to do under certain input conditions (keys arriving in a well-ordered sequence).

C is a horrible language for clarifying ideas. What's wrong with English or, better still, pictures?

I. Caron Kibbutz Ca'ash Israel 60950

The Macintosh Debate Goes On

For years I have wanted a computer of my own: the type of work I do literally demands one. What had kept me from buying one had been a growing awareness of the fact that, while I was previously a slave to the thousands of bits of data 1 was entering into my file cabinet manually, none of the personal computers I had been considering would do more than put me hopelessly behind because I would be spending all of my time learning how to use the machine. Seven months ago I bought the Apple Macintosh, and my methods for using the information I collect in my work have changed dramatically Indeed, for the past few months 1 have been imagining countless ways of using this data in ways I could have never hoped to use it if I did not have the Macintosh.

Which brings me to the essence of this letter So much has been written about the Macintosh in various parts of your lanuary issue that I find it difficult to address just one of the points that have been made. The three letters appearing on pages 26 to 32 seem befitting testimonials to the positivism most Macintosh owners express: Bill Benzon's article on MacPaint as a thought-process tool is, clearly the most provocative piece 1 have seen written on any computer/application: and Steve Wozniak's description of his experiences at the University of California at Berkeley coupled with the naive comments of jerry Pournelle. serve to solidify my disdain for the conventional wisdom of the computer world. What is even more amusing is that I work for a company that perpetuates this conventional wisdom by choosing to ignore completely the existence of the technology embodied in the Macintosh and deciding to introduce a line of software only for IBM PCs.

1 am not saying here that the Macintosh is the perfect machine. Surely, what we have in it is only a promise of what could

[continued]

18 BYTE- MAY 1985

Inquiry 239

4 Out Of 5 PC-AT Expansion Boaid Buyers Own Advantage!

The overwhelming choice of IBM* PC-AT users, Advantage! from AST sets the standard in high-powered multifunction enhancement. Advantage! was the first multifunction board for the PC-AT. And it remains the leader by providing millions of characters of memory capacity, two serial ports, a parallel port and a game port. All in a single expansion slot.

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First In I/O. Here's all the I/O capability you need now, even if you're starting with a base model AT. Every Advantage! card includes an AT compatible serial port and a parallel port so you can connect printers, plotters, mice and modems. Or with the appropriate software, you can connect other terminals to create multiuser environments.

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Four out of five buyers agree, the choice is Advantage!—only from AST. Ask your dealer, or call our Customer Information Center (714) 863-1333 for more information. AST Research, Inc., 2121 Alton Avenue, Irvine, CA 92714 TWX: 753699ASTR UR

Advantage! irademark of AST Research, Inc. IBM PC-AT and Toffl/icw trademarks of International Business Machines Coq). Framework trademark of Ashton-Tate. Sympliony trademark of Lotus Development Corp. DUSQ trademark of Quarterdeck OfTice Systems, XENIX trademark of Microsoft Corp,

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HR 39 $149 HR 134 $159

Plugs Into The IBM Monochrome or Compatible Adapter Card • 720 x 350 Resolution • 12 " Diagonal Screen • Super Crisp Text Capability • High Resolution TTL • Includes Tilt/Swivel Base and Inter; face Cable • HR 134 (Amber) i HR 39 (Green)

MULTIFUNCTION CARD

BT6Plus(0K)$195

Memory Sockets For Adding Up To 384K • Parallel Printer Port • Asynchronous Serial Communications Port • Battery-powered Clock/Calendar • BTPak Software - BTDrive (Electronic Disk Emulation)

and BTSpool (Print Spooling Software) • Optional Game Port — Chips,

20 BYTE- MAY 1985

PC owners now know.

Dual Mounting Bracket and Cable ($20) • 64K Memory — Installed and Tested ($25) • Includes Cable, Single Slot Mounting Bracket, Installation Instructions/User's Manual

INTERNAL HARD DISK

SUBSYSTEMS

PC 10 $699

PC20$1088

Boot From The Hard Disk - No Software Patches or Drivers To Install • Runs AH The Popular Software •

Low Power Consumption • High Reliability And Durability — Specially Plated Drives • Faster Access Time Than XT • Includes Idir "Visual Shell" Software, Cables, Mounting Hardware, Installation Instructions/User's Manual, FullHeight Bezel — Optional Half-Height Bezel ($15) • Auxiliary Power Supply And External Models Are Also Available.

KEYBOARD

ffSlSl $159

Solid State Capacitive Key Switches • 3-Position Height

Inquiry 339

:.EniD*Ei □

h 1

1- !

mmmm

Adjustment • Keys In Standard Typewriter Positions • Separate Cursor Control and Numeric Keypads • Easy-ToRead Key Legends • LED Indicators On All Lock Keys • Extra-Wide Left-Hand Control Key Adjacent To "A" • Control/ Reset Replaces Awkward Contol/Alt/Delete • Plugs Into IBM PC, PC/XT and Compaq Deskpro

OUBIE

EXTERNAL MODEM

212A/I200E $329

Auto-dial, Auto-Answer • 300/ 1200 Baud Operation • Runs Hayes Compatible Software Like Crosstalk, Smartcom II, And Sidekick • Two Phone Jacks Allow You To Hook Up Desk Phone • RS-232C Com~ patible • Includes 8' Shielded Cable (Specify Male Or Female) • Eight Status Indicator Lamps • External Volume Control Knob

HIGH RESOLUTION COLOR MONITOR

HR31 200 $439

14 " Diagonal Screen • Black Matrix Picture Tube Reduces Glare And Enhances RGB Color • Plugs Into IBM Color/ Graphics Or Compatible Adapter Card • 640 x 200 Resolution • Includes Interface Cable And Tilt/Swivel Base

*1

*2

PREFERRED

OPS

CUSTOMER

BLUE

PLAN

LABEL

. $150.00

$12.00

50.00

5.00

ffSlSl

,.. 35.00

7.50

BT6P1US

50.00

5.00

HR 39 and HR 134 .

... 50.00

NA

HR31 200

. . 95.00

NA

No Risk Guaiantee

If you are not completely satisfied with your purchase, you may return it within 30 days for a full refund, including the cost to send it back.

The Acid Test

If you can get any dealer or competitor to give you the same No Risk Guarantee, buy both products and return the one you don't like.

For fastest delivery, send cashier's check, money order, or order by Mastercard/Visa.. Personal checks, allow 18 days to clear. Company purchase orders accepted, call for prior authorization. California residents, add 6% sales tax.

Hours: M-F8am-6pmPTZ

Sat 9 am-1pm PTZ London (01)223-4589 Paris (01)321-5316 Sydney (02) 579-3322

V/SA

Outside California

1-800-821-4479

Inside Calilomia

1-805-987-9741

4809 Calle Alto Camarillo. California 93010

QUBIE'

Order Today, Shipped Tomorrow'.™

MAY 198')

LETTERS

be done with the computer if only all of those "me, too" marketers who want a financial ride on IBM's coattails could understand that the merry-go-round has to stop some time, it is, futhermore, an indictment of American business at large of its failure to identify and satisfy its customers' changing needs—a phenomenon that is known in marketing as "Harley-Davidson Syndrome. " There isn't a montii that goes by that someone somewhere doesn't introduce another word processor for the IBM machine, while over here in the Macintosh worid, Microsoft is about to introduce the only alternative to MacWrite.

History has shown us many times what happens to those 'madmen" who introduce new concepts. Invariably they were either burned at the stake as heretics or at least exiled to some uncivilized land where their unconventional wisdom could do no detriment. Strangely enough, their tenets have, somehow, managed to pervade our everyday lives. In some senses I often wonder why we don't continue to think of the world as flat.

Steven G. Baird Baton Rouge, LA

Both detractors and defenders of the Macintosh have been surprisingly undiscerning regarding the performance of the Sony microfloppies Clearly one spends considerable time listening to the Sony play tunes. So lerry Pournelle concludes the drives are "painfully slow" (August 1984 BYTE, page 316). A guy confesses anonymously to John Dvorak (Info^orld. November 26, 1984) that he has changed his mind about the Mac: '"The big flaw is clearly the slow, small Sonys and the big overhead on starting and ending use of any serious programs." A Mac defender in your Letters section, Selden Deemer, concedes that the Mac is not without its faults: "Among the worst of these is the perpetuation of a disk-drive controller that lacks direct memory access. . . .The drives are maddeningly slow" (November 1984, page 18). Indeed, the Mac would be fatally crippled if this were true.

In fact, it ain't so. From MBASIC, the standard BYTE disk benchmark shows the Mac writing the standard 64K-byte sequential file in 25.2 seconds, reading same in 23. In both cases this is twice as quickly as the IBM PC under MS-DOS. By using the FIELD statement to PUT and GET four 16K-byte strings to a relative file, reducing BASIC overhead, one gets even closer to the hardware potential of the Mac/

22 BYTE • MAY 1985

Sonys: 64K bytes of data are written in 6 seconds, read in 5 seconds. That is faster than the IBM PC XT runs the standard benchmark using the fixed drive (about 8

seconds each way). Finally, using the DiskCopy utility included with the Finder update, one reads lOOK bytes in 4 to 5 seconds, writes lOOK bytes in 7 to 8 seconds. That is not slow. Hasn't anyone noticed?

Clearly, it is software overhead, not hardware limitations, that accounts for the long waits while the Mac sings.

William Miller Cleveland Hts., OH

The many arguments in the Macintosh debate, which has become a leitmotiv on your pages, seem to focus not on the niftinessof the Macintosh's special features but rather on their significance. Bill Benzon's article, "The Visual Mind and the Macintosh" (ianuary, page 113), eloquently related the importance of the Macintosh to the role of visual images in creative thinking and persuasive communication.

But why should visual thinking and visual communication suddenly seem so important in the first place? Another perspective on the significance of the Mac is to see it in relation to the increasingly visual nature of all communication in recent history

A middle-class burgher in. say 17thcentury Amsterdam probably saw three or four hundred artificial images (paintings, drawings, engravings, and so on) in a lifetime In diis world of television, advertising, and personalized T-shirts, we process that many images in a day! The phrase "Age of Information" usually connotes the invention and spread of the computer since World War II, but this period also witnessed the emergence of today's huge graphics and advertising industries. In 1971 (when Alan Kay was designing Smalltalk), there were 697,000 artists in the U.S., according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Tfen years later there were 1,055,000 artists including 223,000 designers and 106,000 photographers. Tbday even the smallest company has a graphic logo and a '"corporate identification" program—a practice almost unheard of 30 years ago.

Articles and books whose subject is the "information age" often make the point that the ever-increasing volume of information generated in the worid is inevitable; the real issue, though, is how to give it useful shape and dimension. Visual communications does precisely that: It shapes Information, gives it character, and

streamlines it for faster travel to its target audience. Design is the art of taking a message and giving it impact through typography composition, and both abstract as well as representational drawing and coloring.

As the information environment becomes ever fuller and noisier, the stakes are continually raised for those who want their message to carry above the din. which means new tools and techniques are needed to communicate effectively In treating all information as visual information and greatly simplifying methods of combining verbal and visual information, the Macintosh is in harmony with the broad lines of evolution in human communication. (I've had mine for two weeks, and already my mouse finger is getting stronger.)

IlM HOEKEMA

Salt Lake City. UT

Support Is Where You Find It

I would like to comment on the letters concerning lack of Apple support ("No Support from Apple," February, page 18) and how I dealt with this problem since purchasing a lie in lune 1984.

The Apple lie is being marketed as the somewhat portable version of the lie with over 95 percent of lie software running on the lie. Therefore, any manual covering Applesoft as implemented on the lie should be about 95 percent applicable to the lie. This I quickly found to be true. For asserhbly-language programming, advanced BASIC programming, and a description of the Apple II family firmware (up to the lie), Paul Irwin's Apple Programmer's Handbook (Indianapolis IN: Howard W. Sams & Co., 1984) is exceptional. Major computer publications have described Apple's ProDOS, summarizing its many EXDS 3.3 similarities and new features such as its UNIX-like nested hierarchical directory structure. RAM-disk support for the extra 64 K bytes of memory etc. The best summaries (nearly 100 percent coverage of features and commands) have appeared in BYTE ('"ProDOS" by Rob Moore, February 1984, page 2 52) and Apple Orchard ("Introducing ProDOS" by Morgan R Caffrey, January 1984, page 12). The former mentions all ProDOS-related publications by Apple. A thorough non-Apple description of ProDOS, combining the best segments of BASIC Programming with ProDOS and the ProDOS Technical Reference Manual, is given in John Campbell's Inside Apples ProDOS (Reston. VA: Reston Pub

LETTERS

lishing Co., 1984). Although the text is informative, the book has several typographical errors. A small paperback entitled Am Inlwduct'm to the Apple lie documents the serial-port and mouse-port pin outputs, among others, in its appendixes.

All the substitute texts mentioned above served very well until late October 1984, when several New York dealers received the entire complement of Apple documentation, A one-stop source for documentation has been the McGraw-Hill Bookstore. 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Here I purchased the Apple lie Reference Manual, ProDOS Technical Reference Manual, and BASIC Programming with ProDOS. Note that the ProDOS Technical Reference Manual is part of the "WorkBench" series of documents in loose-leaf format that can only be purchased separately and whose unusual page size fits best in Apple's ' WorkBench" binder ($8), All the substitute texts purchased originally continue to be useful except Mr, Campbell's book, now completely redundant.

Thus, it would seem that the availability of Apple documentation continues to be a problem, but however late, the documentation did appear. The lie Reference and the ProDOS Technical manuals have a few typographical errors that must not be considered lightly since the text deals mostly with system software. I have programmed in BASIC quite extensively on an IBM PC XT using PC-DOS 2.1 quite frequently Although IBM manuals have been much more available, they have been consistently difficult to read, and as a physician-in-training with severe time constraints, I find that the clarity of Apple's presentation and the structure of ProDOS still puts Apple on top on my list. Its difficulties have mainly been eased by the availability of excellent documentation by third parties, a condition which has always been part of Apple's continued success, Marvin E, Gozum, M.D, Brooklyn, NY

After reading of some problems encountered by your readers in obtaining Apple technical manuals, 1 thought my own experience might be of interest.

After purchasing my lie I wanted to purchase the technical reference manual but was surprised to learn that it was not available from my dealer I checked around and learned that most dealers in this area did not stock the manual. After some digging. I learned that the dealers do not stock the manuals because they

{continued]

More terminals without more computer

MODEL 5?I8B MULTIPORI CONlMLLtR IM lUNiiHi kisociutt lac

- iiMiiii roln •

The advantages are clear. A BayTech port contender adds more users to your computer and does it at a price that's far less than expensive hardware or software modifications. A Model 5218B, for example, doubles your users by allowing 12 terminals to contend for 6 ports. Simple to set up and use, with easy-to-understand messages, the port contenders feature protocol conversion; user queue; disconnect by operator, computer or time-out; hardware or X-ON/X-OFF handshaking; and more. fo/\/M Seven models, $629 to $1,750. (oOOJ 523-2702

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Share printers easiiy and automatically

Instead of adding more printers, get maximum use of the printers you have by adding a BayTech multiport controller. A versatile D-series multiport allows several RS-232C devices to share printers or plotters. No cable-switching, knobs to turn, or software to add. These printer sharers work automatically; just hook them up and they're ready to use. Features include custom power-up default configuration, protocol conversion, buffer, and your choice of hardware or X-ON/X-OFF handshaking. iof\f\i ~t-ir\t

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BayTech

DATA COMMUNICATIONS PRODUCTS

Bay Technical Associates, Hwy. 603, P.O. Box 387, Bay Saint Louis, Mississippi 39520 (601) 467-8231 Telex: 9103331618 (BAYTECH) Inquiry 49 MAY 1985 -BYTE 23

LETTERS

are considered very low dollar items that are "not worth the bother." Apple understandably requires dealers to purchase the manuals in lots of five. Evidently, the prevalent feeling among dealers is that the manuals will not be hot-selling items, and they do not want to deal with them. TWo dealers told me this directly

Fortunately, I was able to locate a store that regularly stocks all manuals but oc

casionally runs out due to demand. According to them, they have had no problems or unusual delays in getting the manuals from Apple. 1 now have BASIC Programming with ProDOS. ProDOS Users Kit, and the Apple We Reference Manual, all supposedly rare books but obtained with very little effort. Right after I purchased BASIC Programming with ProDOS. two dealers told me it was not yet available from Apple,

If you can't share files on PC Network, you're using the wrong file manager.

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Networks can solve problems. But running a single-user file manager can create new ones: Lost updates. Garbled data. Trashed files.

Btrieve^'^/N offers safe multi-user file management that protects your data when sharing files. And eliminates the need to rewrite your application for LANs. Btrieve/N set the file management standard for the industry's most popular networks: Netware, Davong MultiLink, Omninet, PC Net, EtherSeries, Nestar, and NetOne. And now IBM's PC Network.

Fast. Btrieve/N is fast, too. It's written in assembly language especially for the IBM PC. And based on b-tree file indexing, for access speed that won't degrade as your database grows.

Automatic file recovery. Btrieve/N provides automatic file recovery after

a system crash. Your Btrieve data always comes back intact. Fully-relational data management.

SoftCraft's entire family of products gives you a complete, fully-relational database management system. Rtrieve^'^'/N adds report writing capabilities. Xtrieve^'^/N speeds users through database queries with interactive menus.

For professional programmers. Btrieve/N is the fast, reliable answer for all your application development in BASIC, Pascal, COBOL, C, FORTRAN, and APL. With Btrieve/N, you can develop better network applications. And solve problems, not create new ones.

Soft Craft Inc.

p. O. Box #917 Austin, Texas 78766 (512) 346-8380 Telex 358 200

Suggested retail prices: Btrieve, $245; BtricveIN, $595; Xtrieve, $195: Xtrieve/N, $395: Rtrieve, $85: Rtrieve/N, $175. Requires PC-DOS or MS -DOS l.X, l.X, or 3.X.

and one dealer told me it was too much trouble to order

1 have found the manuals to be excellent—among the best 1 have seen. It may not be the same in all areas, but I believe that the problem lies more in the failure of dealers to provide for customer needs rather than insufficient support from Apple.

Steve A. Muncy Dallas. TX

1 read with interest the three letters under the heading "No Support from Apple" in your February Letters section. Although 1 missed the letter to which they referred, I felt 1 had to tell my experience with getting manuals.

The manuals named in the three letters are all manuals that I've wanted, with the exception of the Apple lie Reference Manual because I have a lie. Anyway I no more than asked if my local dealer could get these for me and 1 had them. I waited one week for both the ProDOS Users Ki( and the Applesoft manuals, both volumes. 1 had to wait three weeks for the ProDOS Technical Reference Manual, and it didn't bother me a bit. I'm sure that when the time comes that I want another manual I'll have it in short order.

1 have had no problem at all with getting information on the Apple. In fact, when I found out that there was an update for ProDOS, 1 asked my dealer if he had it. He said he didn't even know there was one, but two days later he called and said he had it, I stopped by and picked up a copy and was on my way in a total time expenditure of 10 minutes. Maybe I'm lucky to have this dealer, but I wanted your readers to know that not everyone has problems getting the information they want.

Brad W. Hansen Apple Valley. MN

A RAM Disk for the Mac

In his letter (under the heading "Take Back Your Mac," February page 22), Don Slaughter pleads for RAM-disk software for the 512K-byte Macintosh and hopes for a "reasonable price ($50 or less)."

A public-domain RAM disk is available and can be downloaded from CompuServe's MAUG area (you need to be knowledgeable in the use of "BinHex.Hex " to download it and "Rmover" to install it).

Assimilation Process (20833 Stevens Creek Blvd.. Suite 101, Cupertino, CA 95014) has been advertising the

[contimei)

24 BYTE- MAY 1985

Inquiry 361

If you don't have a Hercules Graphics Card, you could end up looking like this:

"I know, because one day it happened to me...

"I was running some routine tests on a non-Hercules monochrome graphics card when I was struck by a severe case of lowresolutionitis. I'm the president of Hercules and that's me exhibiting the symptoms of the disease in its advanced stages. Not a pretty sight, is it?

"What causes low resolutionitis? Experts point to ordinary monochrome graphics cards with coarse, hard-to-read graphics. A bad case of eyestrain may develop if action is not taken immediately.

"Fortunately for me, a Hercules Graphics Card was nearby. A quick change brought soothing 720 x 348 graphics. That's twice the resolution of ordinary 640 x 200 gi^aphics cards.

"Which means better graphics for Lotus'" 1-2-3™ Symphony'," Framework'" pfsiGraph* Microsoft' Chart and Word, SuperCalc3J AutoCad'" and dozens of other programs.

"Including Microsoft FUght Simulator, now Hercules compatible!

"Oh, and don't forget that a parallel printer port is standard on the Hercules Graphics Card, not an extra cost option.

"Now, if you're worried about buying a new product that hasn't had all the bugs

worked out, relax. Hercules has sold more monochrome graphics cards for the IBM* PC,XT'" and AT'" than anyone else in the world.

"So... you're convinced that you should buy a Hercules Graphics Card. Now, steer k clear of cheap imitations. f You may save a few bucks, but you won't get all of these five essential features which only Hercules has: "1) A safety switch that helps prevent damage to your monitor, 2) the ability to keep a Hercules Color Card in your system, 3) the ability to use the PC's BASIC to do graphics, 4) a Hercules designed chip that eliminates 30% of the parts that can go wrong, and 5) a two year warranty, because we think reliability is something you should deliver and not just talk about."

"Call 1-800-532-0600 Ext 408 for the name of the Hercules dealer nearest you and we'll rush you our free info kit.

Hercules. We're strong on graphics.

Address: 2550 Ninth St., Berkeley, OA 94710 Ph: 540-6000Telex: 754063 Trademark/Owners: Hercules/Hercules Computer Tech; IBM,XT,AT/IBM; Lotus 1-2-3, Symphony/Lotus Development; Framework/Ashton-Tate; Microsoft/Microsoft; pfs:Gr:iph/Soflware Publishing; SuperCalc 3/Sorcim-IUS; AutoCad/AutoDesk.

Inquiry 187

MAY 198=i -BYTE 25

LETTERS

Mac.Memory.Disk for several months in both MacWorW and >1 + . This product sells for $29. I had no trouble getting copies through a local dealer, and it does everything Mr. Slaughter wants and more. The RAM disk can be set anywhere from about 30K to 300K, and any set of files can be automatically copied into it as part of the boot process.

Network Consulting Inc. (110-3700 Gilmore Way Burnaby BC V5G 4M1, Canada) has a S29.95 RAM-disk product in the beta-test stage that does a bit more than Mac.Memory.Disk.

Daniel P. B. Smith Norwood, MA

Shortly after mailing my letter 1 learned that Assimilation Process of Cupertino, California, was planning to release RAMdisk software.

The Mac.Memory.Disk (as it is called) will only open a maximum of a 315K RAM disk on a 512K Mac, though it will open a RAM disk in excess of TOOK on a Lisa running MacWorks with 1 megabyte of memory.

My experience in testing the speed of operation quickly showed that to obtain substantial speed gains in loading and exiting applications software on the Mac. the operating system of the Mac must be loaded into the RAM disk, it seems that most applications, on being doubleclicked, must then do extensive accessing of the operating system to load.

But if the operating system is loaded into the RAM disk, this effectively leaves only about lOOK left in the RAM disk (using the 512K Mac with 316K RAM disk) for the application software. MacPaint, when copied into such an environment, won't even open a disk file because there isn't enough room left on the disk for one.

MacWrite will create very small data files in that environment. Clearly such an environment is adequate neither for business nor for software development. But Apple will not offer 1-megabyte caches for its products from now on except in the $4000-plus Macintosh XL (Lisa 2/10 with hard disk) or the $6995 laser printer. The evidence suggests that a relatively inexpensive 1-megabyte Mac (below $3 500)

will not be offered before lanuary of 1986 (perhaps in the guise of using 1-megabit chips on a new main circuit board), if ever. My summary of these facts is that 1 am disappointed, and 1 think Apple has goofed, Don Slaughter Seattle. WA

Modula-2 Revisited

1 would like to correct some readers' misunderstandings and possibly add some fuel to the fire of the Pascal versus Modula-2 debate.

In my article on Modula-2 ('An Introduction to Modula-2," August 1984, BYTE page 195), I use the following example:

IF (oregano IN recipe[1]) THEN IF (thyme IN recipe[1]) THEN

WriteStringCUse oregano and thyme')

END

ELSE WriteString('No oregano'); END

[continued]

SLICER-THE SYSTEM THAT GROWS TO FIT YOUR NEEDS

8S

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■ Two full function RS232C serial ports with individually programmed transmission rates—50 to 38.4K baud

■ Software compatibility with the 8086 and 8088.

■ 8K of EPROM contains drivers for peripherals, commands for hardware checkout and software testing

■ Software supports most types and sizes of disk drives

■ Source for monitor included on disk

■ Bios supports Xebec 1410 and Western Digital WD 1002 SHD controller for hard disks

Fully assembled and tested only $995 Also available In several kit forms

THE SLICER SYSTEM

EXPANSION BOARD

For expanded memory, additional ports,

and real time clock

■ Up to 256K additional dynamic RAM

■ 2 RS232C asychronous ports with baud rates to 38.4K for serial communication

B 2 additional serial ports for

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8530 SCO s Real Time Clock with battery backup

for continuous timekeeping B Centronics type parallel printer port

Fully assembled and tested only $750 Available in several kit forms also

THE SLICER PC EXPANSION BOARD Gives your Slicer high performance video capability

■ IBM compatible monochrome video H Video memory provides 8 pages of

text or special graphics capability • 2 IBM type card slots for color video,

I/O expansion, etc. H IBM type keyboard port Fully assembled and tested only $600

Available in several kit forms also

Also available: The /^SLICER 188 $700; 8087 Math Co-Processor Bd. (call); 10 MB Hard Disk $700; W.D. 1002-SHD H.D.C. Bd. $200; Enclosures, Power Supply, and Support Hardware.

Operating systems are CP/M 86 by Digital Research, Inc. ($85), and MS DOS by Microsoft Corporation ($175).

MasterCard, Visa, Check, Money Order, or C.O.D. Allow four weeks for delivery. Prices subject to change without notice. The SLICER Bulletin Board at 300/1200 Baud 612/788-5909

SLIGER Slicer Computers, Inc.

2543 Marshall St. N.E., Minneapolis, MN 55418 612/788-9481 • Telex 501357 SLICER UD

26 BYTE- MAY 1985

Inquiry 357

A few smart reasons to buy our smart modem:

Features

Ven-Tel

Hayes

1200 PLUS

— —;

1200 and 300 baud, auto-dial, auto-answer

Yes

Yes

Compatible with "AT" command set

Yes

Yes

uan be used with uHUob lALK-xvl or bmartcom ii soTtware

Yes

Yes

neguiaieo ul/ power pacK lor oooi, reiiduiti uptJiduuri

Yes

NO

Eight indicator lights to display modem status

Yes

Yes

Speaker to monitor call progress

Yes

Yes

Attractive, compact aluminum case

Yes

Yes

Two built-in phone connectors

Yes

No

Compatible with The Source and Dow Jones News Retrieval

Yes

Yes

Unattended remote test capability

Yes

No

Phone cable included

Yes

Yes

Availability

Now

Price

$499

$699

The Ven-Tel 1200 PLUS offers high speed, reliable telecommunications for your personal computer or terminal. Whether you use information services or transfer data from computer to computer, the Ven-Tel 1200 PLUS is the best product around. Available at leading computer dealers and distributors nationwide.

Also from Ven-Tel: internal modems for the IBM and HP-150 Personal Computers with all of the features of the 1200 PLUS.

You choose. The Ven-Tel 1200 PLUSthe smartest choice in modems.

Ven-Tel Inc.

2342 Walsh Avenue Santa Clara, CA 95051 (408) 727-5721

Crosstalk is a trademark of MIcrostut; Hayes and Smartcom II are trademarks of Hayes Microcomputer Products. Inquiry 406

MAY 1985 - BYTE 27

PR1KT0UTSTH

Take a close look at Canon's line ot printers. The first thing you'll notice is how good they make you look.

That's because Canon's experience in high-tech optics really shows. For instance, Canon was among the first to make a desktop Laser Beam Printer. At a price that's within any business's reach, the Canon Laser Printer can produce eight pages a minute with a quality that's more in common with a professional print shop than a personal computer.

Canon also developed the ingenious Bubble-Jet Printer technology, finally making it possible for a printer to not only work extremely quickly but also incredibly quietly

Our Ink-Jet Printer can produce exceptionally sharp, high-resolution graphics in seven colors, even on transparencies. While the Thermal Transfer Printer has three kinds of print modes, including letter quality at a very competitive price.

And the Canon Impact Matrix Series, for regular and extra-wide column paper, makes printing very fast, very economical.

^SIV^DOUT.

Visit your local computer store and judge the complete line of Canon printers firsthand.

You'll find the print quality is absolutely crisp. The graphics are remarkably clean. And the reasons for buying one are perfectly clean

For more information, call 1-800-323-1717, ext. 300 (in Illinois, 1-800-942-8881, ext. 300). Or write Canon U.S.A., Inc., Printer ^^n£\'tW Division, RO. Box ON 11250, \^Cl 11 \f 11 Trenton, NJ08650. PRINTERS

Inquiry 63

THERMAL TRANSFER

Inquiry 294

Powerful in circuit emulation, priced well tvithin your grasp. That's NICE,

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Just ping NIC!-, directly into the target MP socket !ind any RS2?t^l termfnal tor .system development, troubleshooting, debugging or testing . . .'^l Hom^, in the lab or in the field. \ \

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iNicolet

vour VISA or Mastercard nuni? ber; (800) NICOLET outside CA, or (415) 490-8.M)0 in CA. Or send your check or money order to NICE Nicolet Paraironics c;orporation 201 Fourier Avenue, Fremont, CA 94539.

•Pa.vmcnl bv check, money order. VISA or MasterCard. NICH i.s 3 trademark of Nicolet Paralrtmics Corporation 1Z8() is a trademark of ZIlog, Ini

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NAME:

AMOGNT: (CA 6.5% TAX) .

1

ADDRESS:

CITY:

STATE/ZIP:

PAYMENT: DVISA DMASTER CARD □ CHECK

CARD EXPIRED DATE: /

NAME ON CARD:

CARD": I I I I I I I I I I I I

I TELEPHONE:

I SEND ME FULL LINE CATALOGUE * I

■ mCLODE SHIPPING CHARGE |

PRICES DO NOT

LETTERS

Edmund Ramm offers this Pascal alternative in his recent letter ("Modula-2: Overrated?" February, page 30):

IF (oregano IN recipe[1]) AND

(thyme IN recipe[1])

THEN

WRITELN('Use oregano & thyme') ELSE

WRITELNCUse only thyme');

These two program fragments are not, in fact, equivalent: a point I was trying to make. The Modula-2 version is completely unambiguous and requires that one string be printed if both are included, a different string be printed if only thyme is included, and no action whatsoever if oregano is included but thyme is not. This three-case action requires a nested IF statement and can easily be misstated in Pascal, as I demonstrated on page 198 of my article. 1 hope that this clears up the misunderstanding.

Robert |. Paul Watertown, MA

Icons Are Okay

In her letter regarding icons and the Macintosh, Ann Merchant states that the superiority of an alphabetic system to a pictographic system is "readily apparent" ("Icons Are Arcane," February page 24|, but she provides no evidence. We have recently done some experiments that bear on this issue (Muter and lohns, "Learning Logographies and Alphabetic Codes," Human Learning, in press) and we found that, under a reasonably wide range of conditions, pictographic writing systems were easier to learn to read than alphabetic writing systems.

Paul Muter Psychology Department University of Toronto Toronto. Ontario M5S lAI Canada

An Alternative to Piracy

In a recent issue, one anonymous letter to the editor was attributed to a software pirate ("A Pirate Confesses," February page 16). The pirate admitted displeasure with pirating software but stated it was necessary to do so.

The writer's central thesis was that software should be tried before it is purchased, since in no other way can the purchaser be sure that the software will perform as advertised or that it will work on

[contimed)

30 BYTE • MAY 1985

Inquiry 80

Inquiry 369 —►

HOW TO CONTROL THE RISE AND TALI

mess compu- B^m. ^WW ^^Wm ancesandfai

itheDowerto S W W ^■■m.H Drovidesclea

Your small business compu- ^^^P^^ I

ter can give you the power to B %

raise your productivity. But first you have to control the power you give it. Because even the slightest dip or surge of electricity can result in a shocking surprise. An instant loss of important data or misinformation. Even worse, a total power line failure can create department devastation... a total system crash. You can't afford errors, delays and other problems. After all, you've invested in a computer to increase efficiency. r But now there's a solution you can af- \ ford The Sola SPS. This economical, ^ UL listed Standby Power System ^ is designed to protect personal, \^ micro and mini computers V from AC line disturb- ^^jlPlHH

fW ances and failures. Sola SPS

' " ^■■m.B provides clean, regulated AC power to your computer when your power line experiences irregular voltage. Line dips or line surges are immediately converted to proper voltage. When the AC line is present, the SPS filters power to eliminate electrical noise. And when the AC line fails, the SPS goes into full action, providing precise AC power to the load from its internal battery. So the only noise you'll hear is the sound of performance. There's no maintnance. No installation. No kidding. Just plugitinandturniton. Why let your productivity rise and fall with your * power? The solution is as simple as SPS. The standby system that Sola stands behind.

\Nrrte1oi^TeBteature. 1717 Busse Hwy., Elk Grove Village, IL 60007 (312) 439-2800

LETTERS

a particular hardware configuration.

The pirate then stated that no software vendors offered a guarantee that allowed return of software simply because the customer was dissatisfied. Therefore, such piracy is necessary.

We at TN.T Software sell all our software with a 30-day, money-back guarantee. We have done this for nearly two years. Customers can freely open our packaging.

run our programs (not just demo versions), test all functions, and determine if our programs are suitable for their intended use. If the customer is dissatisfied for any reason—even if the program performs as advertised—the entire package may be returned within 30 days for a full refund of the purchase price.

Moreover, our dealers must give anyone who buys one of TN.T. Software's pro

grams the same or a better guarantee. That's part of our contract for all our dealers and distributors.

We find it hard to believe the pirate's statement that there are no other software companies or distributors with a policy equivalent to ours.

Yes. we do get some returns. Some types of programs are more prone to returns than others. Overall, our return rate is far less than 1 percent of sales.

We think our customers are far better served with our liberal return and nonrestrictive licensing policy than by services such as a toll-free phone number. We hope that the pirate and others will buy our software in the future

Further, our prices are uncommonly low. Our company's success in the software market amply proves that copy protection, restrictive licensing arrangements, and other barbed-wire tactics are both unnecessary and counterproductive. We'd rather give the customer a break and treat the customer like a presumably honest person. Frankly we wish other companies would adopt our stand, instead of wasting the customer's money by developing ever more tricky and "foolproof" protection schemes,

Bruce W, Tonkin President T.N.T. Software Inc. Round Lake, IL

What Makes Software Expensive

I'm writing on a topic of deep interest to me and many of your readers: software prices.

One thing we've seen in the last year is a tremendous explosion of good software. We've also seen a number of companies go belly-up. Is the market so bad? No, it's never been better. Why are all these outfits in trouble? It's easy to blame it on piracy, interest rates, or investor confidence. It's appropriate to blame it on greed, poor planning, and an inadequate understanding of free-market theory.

When the first application programs for personal computers hit the streets, what were the projected sales? Five thousand? Ten thousand? Who would have expected them to be 2000 percent higher? The original pricing was set with development and promotion costs to be spread over a much smaller number of units than in fact were being sold. Did we see prices being slashed to account for the new economies of production? Or did we see them at[cont'mued on page 458|

The giant is awaice.

Since 1918 we've been quietly designing, manufacturing, and distributing a broad range of products for industry, business, and consumers all over the world. And so we've quietly grown to be a multi-national company with almost a billion in sales from the world's toughest markets. Markets that demand quality, performance, and reliability. Which is why Tatung terminals and monitors have become the choice of Important systems designers.

U.C.M. COMPUTER PRODUCTS CANADA LIMITED 7225 Woodbine Ave., Unit 119 Markham, Ontario L3R 1A3 (Canada only) 1-800-387-9678/ 1-416-475-1209 Telex: 06-986222

TATUNG

Tatung monitors are compatible with virtually all popular computer systems. Each model offers superior resolution and CRT color imagery, along with controls for precise picture "tuning". Tatung terminals offer operational flexibility, compatibility with all popular systems, and day-lnday-out reliability. But, no matter which model you choose, no other terminal or monitor offers as much...for so little.

WESTERN MICRO SYSTEMS A Quality Distributor Serving the 13 Western States Western States 1-800-544-0020 In California 1-800-338-1600

For complete information call toll free: 1-800-421-2929, In California, call (213) 979-7055, TATUNG COMPANY OF AMERICA, INC, 2850 El Presidio, Long Beach, California 90810.

32 B Y T E • MAY 198^

Inquiry 389

FIXES AND UPDATES

Busy, Busy BYTEnet Listings

The popularity of BYTEnet Listings has exceeded our wildest expectations. It has been busy virtually all day every day with calls to download listings of progranns mentioned in BYTE. We have added two more telephone

lines to BYTEnet Listings to ease the congestion. The new number to call is (617) 861-9774. You should find it easier to get through to BYTEnet Listings.

If you find that BYTEnet Listings is busy, please don't call us at the BYTE offices to

find out if the line is bad or if the system is down. It isn't bad or down, it's just busy (Incidentally BYTEnet Listings is closed to the public from 4 to 5 a.m. east-coast time every day: it is doing private network business and will reject your calls.)

Sola Makes Uninterruptible Power Supplies

In our lanuary survey of uninterruptible power supplies, we inadvertently neglected to mention the many products available from Sola Electric. (See "Uninterruptible Power Supplies" by William Rynone. page 183.) Sola Electric offers a full line of uninter

ruptible power supplies and power-conditioning equipment for microcomputers and minicomputers. A 20-page illustrated brochure details the electrical and performance specifications of the products, it describes the systems offered, contrasts power-protection alternatives, and ex

plains the operation, design, and selection of uninterruptible power supplies. Request catalog number 696 from Sola Electric. 1717 Busse Rd., Elk Grove Village, IL 60007, (312) 439-2800 (marketing), (312) 228-1393 (technical services), or (312) 228-12 50 (customer service).

Modifications to Printer Buffer

A few modifications to )ohn Bono's printer-buffer project recently arrived from Dr. H. A. Tasman of Karlsruhe, West Germany (See "Build a Printer Buffer," lune 1984 BYTE, page 142.)

In figure 3b (page 452). the input BUSY flip-flop, IClOa, is set on the leading edge of the input STB, but the input byte is not clocked into the input register until the trailing edge of the input STB, However, in line 60 of listing 1 (page 4 53), OKAY:IN A,(STATUS) places BUSY in bit 0 of the A register and proceeds to IN A,(BYTEIN) if not 0.

"This procedure may work satisfactorily." writes "fesman, "if the host computer's parallel-port driver always produces an

STB pulse that is shorter than the time needed for the instructions AND 01H and JP Z.NOCHAR, which, for a 1-MHz clock frequency amounts to 17 microseconds."

Dr. Tasman found this condition to be unsatisfactory when he tried to use the printer buffer with a software parallel-port driver on his 4-MHz Z80 computer. In particular, he found that the STB pulse could surpass the clock-frequency limit when an interrupt occurs. If, for example, a character is read in before the STB is terminated, the input register will still be holding the previous character. If the STB extends beyond the input ACK pulse, the BUSY flip-flop will not reset and the character can be read in repeatedly

Dr. TSsman suggests that you check the input STB before processing the character Also, since the tri-state buffer, IC14, can put two more lines on the data bus with the STATUS command, you can connect the input STB (IC9 pin 11 through ICIO pin 1) to 1CI4 pin 10 and hook IC14 pin 9 to D3. To eliminate the STB problem, modify the software around line 60 to

OKAY: IN

A,(STATUS)

BIT

0,A

JR

Z.NOCHAR

BIT

3,A

JR

Z.OKAY

; GET CHARACTER

IN

A,(BYTEIN)

FreeSoft Address

A Bit Ibo Wide

Additional information about some products mentioned in "Public-Domain Gems" by lohn Markoff and Ezra Shapiro has come to light. (See the March BYTE, page 207.)

In the discussion about Red Ryder 3.0. a communications program for the Macintosh, the name and address of the author/ distributor was inadvertently omitted. Earlier in the article, during the presentation on the Ultra utilities, the author was

duly credited, but the address was incorrect. Both Red Ryder 3.0 and the Ultra utility programs are available from The FreeSoft Co.. 10828 Lacklink, St. Louis, MO 63114.

Also mentioned in the article was Newkey. a program that lets you redefine the IBM PC keyboard. Newkey can be obtained for $39 from FAB Software, POB 12363, Birmingham, Ml 48012.

We regret these errors.

An editing error in the February BYTE U.K. resulted in our creating a dream product rather than describing the real McCoy (See "Realizing a Dream" by Dick Pountain, page 379,)

In the first and second columns on page 382, we say that ". , , a 32K-bit processor is necessary to efficiently manipulate objects ..." and that "by employing some tricky design techniques, including a 64K

{continued]

MAY 1985 -BYTE 33

Inquiry 2 78

Midwest

MkrO'Pcrripherals

Gigantic Sale!

PRICE GUARANTEE

We at MidWest Micro quarantee that we can save you up to 49% or more on your purchase of new fully warranteed equipment and supplies. And we will still give you friendly, courteous service. Call today and Save With Confidence!

Don't spend a fortune to own the world's moat popular printer.

EPSON

LX-80

YOUR PRICE

$269

Tlie new EPSON LX-80 prints smoothly and quiefly at a speed ot 100 cps. With the supert) near letter quality mode and full graphic capabilities as standard, your correspondence will be letter perfect. Tile LX-80 comes complete with a parallel interlace to quicltly connect It to virtually all computers. There are 160 typestyles that are switch selectable and the LX-80 comes with EPSON'S lull 1 year warranty. Friction lead Is standard and an optional tractor teed is available. Let the EPSON LX-80 print your next business letter or report.

Complete EPSON Line . . . List Price Homewrltei 10 (100 cps.NLQ Mode 80 Col.)... .$288... $CALL$

LX-60 (100 cps, NQL Mode, 80 Col.) 349 269

RX-100(100cps, 136COI.) 895 399

FX-80-f(160 cps, 80 Col. 2k Buffer) 699 389

n(-100-f(160 cps, 136 Col, 2I< Buffer) 999 589

LQ-1500 (200 cps, NLQ Mode, 136 Col.) 1395 ... $CALL$

brother

printer's give you all the features of a letter quality and more with . . .

r»e>«""-i!Xk$379

ONLY

TtieHR-ISglvesyou Dalsywtiael prinlino and added attractions such as text reprinting, red printing, attaciiaoie cut sheet feeder and the exclusive Brother l<eyboard attachment. Complete BROTHER Line . . .

HR-t5XL (17 CPS. 13.5" carriage, 3k Buffer) $599 .

HR-15 & HR-16XL Keyboard Attachment 200 .

HR-25 (23 cps, 16.5" carriage, 3k Buffer) 895 .

HR-35 (32 cps, 16.6" carriage, 7k Buffer 1245 ..

Brother 2024 (160 cps, 24 pin head, NLQ Mode). 1495 ..

JUST

Your Price

.$379 ..169

.999

i

Includes:

•Sanyo computer with 2-800k

quad-density floppy disk drives *1.6 Megabytes ol storage •256k Rancfom Access Memory •Green or Amtwr Monitor (Your ChoiCB) 'Fast, ellicienl 16 bii 808B processor 'Convenient, full function, detachable keyboard • •Centronics paraltel printer port 'High Quality cotor graphics capabilities •Flexible MS-DOS Operating System •Flexible MW QuadOOS 4 Operating System for SS/DD, DS/OD, DS/QD •Business Management Software

Both Wordstar and Easywriter word processing software packages

Calcstar Software for spreadsheets

Filebase database software

And ottiers! 'Completely set-up and run tested

FREE BONUS

6-Plug surofl protected power strip

2 Boxes or 10 brand name Quad-Density Diskettes

Prices subject to change and type errors

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Call Today!

Information - Ordering 1-800-423-8215

In Ohio 1-800-321-7731

CUSTOMER SERVICE (513) 663-4992

CASH PRICES: Cert. Check, Money Orders, VISA or MC CCDs (Add J5) AMEX (Add 4%) P.O.s (Add 5%)

f# MldWiit Mlcfo-Parlphiroli

[Division of Infolel. Inc.) 135 South Spnnglield St. SI Pans. Ohio 43072

34 BYTE- MAY 1985

FIXES AND UPDATES

bit-wide memory bus ..." We ask you to ignore the capital Ks as you read those sentences.

Mathematics Mistake

A pair of bugs appeared in listing 1 of Peter Rice's article "Arithmetic on Your PC." (See March, page 119.) The superscript ones (Is) in lines 13370 and 13380 on page 124 should have been minus signs. We apologize for this error.

Caption in Error

A photo caption appearing in )on Edwards's review, "Atari 800XL," misidentifies the screen display. (See March, page 268.) The photo actually shows a scene from Electronic Arts' Seven Cities of Gold.

Corrections for EPROM Programmer

In figure 2 (page 107) of the February Ciarcia Circuit Cellar, four corrections are necessary. (See "Build a Serial EPROM Programmer," page 104.)

Make a connection between the RESET line (pin 4) of ICS and the line between pin 11 of 1C7 and pin 2 of IC9.

On the lower right-hand corner. 1C12 is a 74LS04, not a 74LS02.

The input to IC7, inverter b, should be labeled pin 3, not pin 13 as it was presented.

Finally, 03 should be a 2N2905 and not a 2N905.

Also, when using 24-pin EPROMs, insert them into the ZIF socket so that the socket's pins 1 and 2 are empty

BYTE'S

Poke the He's Drive Delays in the Sixth Slot

Owen Sargent from Chicago, Illinois, has come up with a programming solution to the Apple lie's drive shutoff and start-up delay. For the drive controller in slot 6:

POKE 49386,0 POKE 49387,0 POKE 48385,0

POKE 49384,0

assigns drive I assigns drive 2 turns assigned

motor on turns assigned

motor off

Please note that any DOS command that causes the motor to switch on will

Computer Art Contest for Kids

shut it down after execution. If you wish to keep your motor running, insert POKE 49385 immediately after the DOS command.

Mr. Sargent came across this solution in Don Worth and Pieter Lechner's Beneath Apple DOS (Quality Software, Chatsworth, CA: 1981, page 6-2) and Apple's Reference Manual for the We Only (Cupertino CA: 1982, page 128),

"1 have tested this in a read-print loop," says Sargent, "and keeping the motor on increases speeds by 2 5 percent."

West Publishing seeks entries for its First Annual Computer Art Contest for Kids. The theme is "Computers and the Imagination." It is hoped that children will use computers both as subjects and tools.

Both computer graphics and traditional art forms are acceptable. Computer graphics can be programmed by a child or created with a graphics tablet. The contest is open to students in kindergarten through high school. Winners will be announced at the World Conference on Computers for Education, July 29 through August 2, in Norfolk, Virginia, Winners will receive prizes from $50 to $300. The Grand and First Prize winners' schools will receive prizes of $300 and $100. The first 500 entrants and the winners will receive a commemorative T-shirt.

Contest entries must be postmarked no later than )une I, 1985, and mailed to Ann

Kellogg, West Publishing Co., 4th floor 201 Castro St., Mountain View, CA 94041. For further information, complete rules, and an official entry blank, call (800) 532-9378: in California, (415) 969-1283.

Alternative Address

In the November 1984 Fixes and Updates, we mentioned the services offered by Video Vision Associates, makers of laserdisc software. (See "Laserdiscs Here Today and With Us Tomorrow," page 33.) We supplied a Huntington Beach, California, address for the firm. While this address is correct, interested readers have had some difficulty reaching the office.

If you have encountered such problems, try contacting Video Vision Associates at its home office: 7 Waverly Place, Madison, N) 07940, (201) 377-0302. ■

Give Us 3 Months, And We'll Change Your Company's Way Of Doing Business Forever.

Presenting a superior communications and information delivery system, CompuServe Interchange.

Finally, there's a way for all those computers out there to really increase your company's productivity.

The breakthrough is Interchange, a superior electronic communications and information delivery system from CompuServe—the premier supplier of business information, electronic mail and network services to major financial institutions, government agencies and FORTUNE 500 companies.

Interchange lets you build and maintain your company's information sources and then disseminate this information to any audience: office staff, sales representatives, customers, distributors, suppliers, purchasing agents—in any combination that is right for your business.

Many corporations and associations in a wide range of industries are already

profiting from Interchange and our electronic mail system, InfoPlex?

Borg-Warner Chemicals has increased sales significantly vdth an Interchange system that (1) supplies technical information,

(2) updates changing trade news, and

(3) allows customers to run interactive, industry-oriented programs.

Heinz U.S A uses CompuServe's electronic mail to communicate sales and ^ promotional information to the company's sales personnel. The speed and accuracy of InfoPlex have resulted in improved customer service and effectiveness. CompuServe Interchange also allows access to a variety of useful information including stock quotes, the AP newswires, USA TODAY Update, and market research databases.

You can organize and disseminate information, provide electronic mail and much more. And we can help you put it together quickly and efficiently.

And in just 3 months, that can change your company's way of doing business forever.

Inquiry 89

For more information, call us or send this coupon today;

CompuServe Interchange

□ Please send me additional information. P Please have a CompuServe representative call me.

Name

TiUe

Company :

City -. 1_

State

. Zip.

Business Phone.

CompuServe

CompuServe Interchange P.O. 20212

5000 Arlington Centre Blvd. Columbus, Ohio 43220

800-848-8199

in Ohio call 614-457-0802

705

An H&R Block Company

Three oftodc^s

most popular computer accessories.

Tylenol* is a registered trademark of McNEILAB, INC. Visine* and Ben-Gay*are registered trademarks of Lemming Division, Pfizer Inc.

Do you ever get the feeling that computers are treated with more respect than people?

Everyone talks about technology.

But what about the people who have to use it?

Quite clearly, they're having problems.

Industry publications like PC Magazine have written about those problems.

And now, more than twenty states are currently preparing special computer legislation to force some changes.

You are not a machine.

Computers are designed by engineers.

They usually know a lot about technology but very little about people.

Which is why so many computers often are technically impressive yet strangely unnatural to use.

(Computer-induced

problems (%)

Eye strain Back pain Headaches Shoulder Hand/wrist Neck pain (Source: "Ergonomic Principles in Office Aulomation" Pub. 1983 by E.I.S. AB, Sweden.)

55% 43% 30% 25% 18% 15%

The result has been a whole range of computer-induced problems ranging from stress and fatigue to blurred vision.

In Sweden, they have an attitude the world is just catching up with. It's this:

That the machine is the servant of man.

Not the other way around.

That excellent ergonomic design isn't a privilege.

It's a right.

That ergonomics isn't just a noble gesture.

It's good business.

Because computers are only as fast and as accurate as the people who operate them.

If they suffer, so does business.

This attitude has made Ericsson No. 1 in Europe twice over:

First, as the giant of European telecommunications.

Then again as Europe's biggest workstation company by far.

(You couldn't ask for a better marriage of technology for the future.)

Here is one example of how Ericsson got there.

It's the first of a range of computers being introduced in the U.S.A.

The Ericsson P C. It's Ergo-Intelligent.™

Ericsson has spent $300 million finding ways to make people and computers work better together.

Here are some of the results.

Ergo-Screen.™

Aspirin gets rid of a headache.

Ergonomics gets rid of the cause.

The Ericsson PC has a nonglare screen with restful amber characters on a specially developed, low-fatigue background color.

Even the shape of the characters was specially developed to allow easier recognition of difficult letters like O and Q.

On the monochrome monitor, the resolution is double that of IBM's, so clarity is remarkable.

You can even have text and graphics on the same screen.

Ergo-Arm.™

Thousands of people get neck and back pain from inadequate screen height and angle adjustment. The Ericsson ErgoArm lets you move your screen exactly where you want it.

Ergo-Touch.™

Ericsson keys are full-size, and the layout is ergonomically planned for greater speed and accuracy.

Yet the keyboard is 20% more compact and less than half the weight of IBM's.

Even the cord is adjustable to suit left- or right-handers.

Ergo-Color.™

Even the color of the case is ergonomically selected to be restful on the eye over many hours.

Ergo-Space.™

The system unit is one-third smaller than IBM's.

It even fits under your desk in a special vertical rack.

So your desktop is your own again.

IBM Compatible.

Many companies claim to be compatible.

Some are. Some are stretching the truth.

The Ericsson PC boasts the highest compatibility rating there is.

It's operationally compatible.

You can take advantage of thousands of PC-compatible programs already available.

In fact, with the best-selling software, program and data disks are interchangeable with those of the IBM PC.

Service. Not excuses.

Ericsson wouldn't give you anything less than on-site or carryin service. The choice is yours.

3 Free Offers.

Ericsson will send you revealing literature on ergonomics.

Also a detailed brochure on the Ericsson PC.

And arrange a hands-on test if you ask for it.

Call toll-free 1-800-FOR-ERGO.

ERICSSON ^

IBM is a trademark of International Business Machines Corp. Inquiry 159

MAY 1985 'BYTE 37

Ours

irviTRDDUciNe

lemR QUALITY

AMP TH^ouoHPor smps

CfT^BR m^e9S CANT COAAB IsieAR.

The new C.Itoh ProWriter 8510S-LQ Near Letter Quality printer is a whole new field of one.

It's priced at just $549. But it gives you near letter quality printing for beautifully sharp characters like printers costing hundreds of dollars more.

And in a text and graphics speed test against its closest competition, namely the Epson® FX-80 and the Okidata Microline 92, the new and faster C.Itoh 8510S-LQ out printed them all.

The stopwatch proved that the 8510S-LQ, at throughput speeds of 100 full lines per minute, printed text up to 35% faster than the competition. And it created bar graphs and pie charts up to 54% faster.

Of course, speed in itself does not keep a printer in a class by itself. Reliability does. That's something no C.Itoh printer has ever lacked. No other printers are more thoroughly tested or proven on the job. Which is why C.Itoh printers continue to be the world's best sellers, with 1.7 million sold last year alone.

For more information on the new and faster C.Itoh 8510S-LQ or wider carriage 1550S-LQ Near Letter Quality printers just see your C. Itoh dealer Or call us toll free at 1-800-423-0300.

Or write C.Itoh Digital Products, Inc., 19750 South Vermont Avenue, Suite 220, Torrance, CA 90502.

™ PfoWriter is a Trademark of C.lloh Digital Products, Inc. *Epson is a Registered Trademark of Epson, America, inc. ^ 1985 C.Itoh Digital Products, Inc.

Theirs

© 1984 News Group Chicago, Inc.

C.ITCPH

Printers

38 BYTE • MAY 1985

Inquiry 60 for Dealers. Inquiry 61 for End-Useis.

WHAT'S NEW

The Kaypw 2000's keyboard is detachable.

Kaypro 2000 Features Detachable Keyboard

The Kaypro 2000 is an 11-pound batterypowered portable computer with a detachable 75-key keyboard. Standard are a single 720K-byte floppy-disk drive, one RS-232C serial port, a real-time clock/ calendar, an 80-character by 2 5-line liquid-crystal display (LCD), bundled software, and 2 56K bytes of memory (expandable to 640K bytes using standard NMOS chips). Optionally you can add an 8087 chip on the main board. An internal 300/ 1200-bps modem is also available.

Kaypro says that the unit's batteries will last approximately four hours in normal use. To conserve power, the unit automatically powers down when no activity occurs in one minute or when the cover is closed (without losing data or programs in RAM), and the disk drives are turned off when not actually reading or writing data. The Kaypro 2000 uses Phoenix's IBM PC-compatible ROM BIOS and can run virtually any program for the IBM Personal Computer Graphics images are displayed with a resolution of 640 by 200 pixels.

The Kaypro 2000 measures about 12/2 by 2% by 11 inches when closed. An optional "base unit" for the Kaypro 2000 is planned. The base unit will allow use of additional floppy- and/or hard-disk drives, an external monitor, a parallel printer,

and other IBM-compatible peripherals.

The Kaypro 2000 should be available in lune for SI995. Contact Kaypro Corp., POB N, Del Mar CA 92014, (619) 481-4300. Inquiry 600.

Mac COBOL Has ANSI 74, Allows Access to Mac ROM

Micro Focus's Mac COBOL is the first version of COBOL for Apple's Macintosh. Mac COBOL includes an editor, a full ANSI 74 compiler a 68000 objectcode generator and access to 386 of the Macintosh

ROM routines. Any COBOL program written for Micro Focus's IBM PC compiler will run on the Macintosh without modification, although programmers can add features to take advantage of the Macintosh's user interface.

Micro Focus also plans to give Mac COBOL a debugging tool, a forms generator, a help facility and access to all 512 of the Macintosh ROM routines. Buyers of Mac COBOL version 1.0 will receive an upgrade to the next version free of charge.

Mac COBOL is priced at $2000. Contact Micro Focus Inc.. 2465 East Bayshore Rd., Palo Alto CA 94303, (415) 856-4161. Inquiry 601.

Graphics Software for HP Touchscreen and IBM PC

Hewlett-Packard has announced two families of software: one for its Touchscreen Personal Computer (formerly the HP 150) and the other for the IBM PC.

A majority of the programs for the Touchscreen Personal Computer are centered around business graphics and are designed to work with HP's line of plotters, and the Inklet and the Laserjet printers.

The Charting Gallery ($265) lets you make various charts. The Drawing Gallery ($345) is a MacDraw-type drawing program that can use the HP Mouse ($210). The Executive MemoMaker ($245) is supplied with a spelling checker, and it lets you incorporate graphics from the Charting and Drawing Galleries into text documents.

Most of the programs unveiled for the IBM PC are versions of programs already available for the Touchscreen PC. Among the releases are the MemoMaker word processor ($160) and the Personal Card File database ($160). Also offered is TtextCharts ($200), which lets you create presentation-quality signs and transparencies on HP's plotters and printers.

For further information, contact your local HewlettPackard sales office, inquiry 602.

[continued]

MAY 1985 - BYTE 39

WHAT'S NEW

The HOTMS 3000 series is a system solution for test engineers.

Business-Pro Runs AT Software

Texas Instruments' Business-Pro can be configured to run IBM PC AT and TIs Professional Computer software. This 80286-based tool has 512K bytes of RAM expandable to 3.5 megabytes without consuming any of its eight full- or six half-size card slots or to 15 megabytes using card slots. Memory speed is 150 nanoseconds.

Storage options are 360Kbyte or 1.2-megabyte floppy drives, a 60-megabyte tape backup, or 21-, 40-, or 72-megabyte hard disks.

The DOS is MS-DOS 3.0 for one person or XENIX for up to eight users. Languages supported are MSBASIC, MS-Pascal, MS-FORTRAN, MS- and RM/COBOL, LISR C, and assembly

Networking is provided by EtherLink hardware, supported by NetWare/E-TI software. As a workstation, it'll serve up to 50 micros sharing 144 megabytes of storage, a tape backup, and three printers.

An 80287 coprocessor, a mouse, speech technology and communications hardware and software are optional.

With a serial/parallel interface and a 1.2-megabyte floppy-disk drive, the base unit is $3995. A 21-megabyte Winchester drive increases the price to $5795. Other configurations will range from S4440 to $10,785. Network servers will be offered. Contact Ttexas Instruments Inc., Data Systems Group, POB 809063, Dallas, TX 753809063, (800) 527-3 500. Inquiry 603.

Systems Solution for Test, Measurement, Analysis

Honeywell's HoTMS 3000 Series, a systems solution for the test and measurement environment, is said to be easy to operate, capable of a wide variety of measurements, and able to produce on-site test results with its highperformance architecture and powerful data-analysis software. With an HoTMS 3000, a test engineer works with a complete data-acquisition system designed to manage all aspects of testing, such as the initial design, measurement, data analysis, and communications. The price for a fully configured HOTMS 3000 begins at $20,000: cost varies depending upon your application.

HOTMS 3000 is a modular series built around a multiprocessor-based microcomputer. The computer has a distributed bus architecture that uses four Motorola MC68000 microprocessors. It runs under Regulus, a UNIX-like operating system with real-time extensions. Regulus supports BASIC, Pascal, FORTRAN, and C. The six system cards com

municate across a VME bus in a multitasking environment. Three card slots are available for a communications card or for up to 8 megabytes of RAM.

Each HOTMS has a socalled mechanical support structure with a rackmountable, tabletop enclosure and a 17-slot card cage. The card cage has a 9-slot computer card rack and an 8-slot signalconditioning card rack. The signal-conditioning front end can handle a continuous system throughput of up to 160,000 samples per second. A series of analog and digital signal-conditioning cards offering a range of input and output options complements the data-collection bus.

Other features of the main housing are a 9-inch amber monitor and a built-in multifunction keypad. Each comes standard with a 5!/4-inch floppy-disk drive and a choice of a second floppy drive and a 36- or 86-megabyte hard-disk drive. The power for all devices in the main unit is supplied by a 640-watt power supply

that comes in a variety of voltages and frequencies. An external VT-200-style keyboard and a 13-inch external color monitor are optional.

Major system functionality is provided by Operator Interface Devices, which are supported by several userinterface programs. These programs provide a consistent set of menu interfaces to the system and a plug-in structure for software modules. The modules are offered as either integral parts of each HOTMS or as upgrade options.

For information on hardware and software options and system configurations, contact Honeywell Inc, Tfest Instruments Division, POB 5227, Denver, CO 802175227.

Inquiry 604.

GRiDCase Family of Portables

GRID Systems has introduced three IBM PCcompatible portables: the GRiDCase I, II, and 111. Members of this family are nearly identical, differing mainly in display-screen apparatus. The GRiDCase 111, for example, has a highclarity gas-plasma display, while the low-end GRiDCase I uses an LCD, The GRiDCase II features an enhanced LCD screen, according to the manufacturer.

GRID claims that, unlike the Compass, the new GRiDCase models are highly compatible with the IBM PC. The company cites the new line's ability to run Lotus 1-2-3 and Microsoft's Flight Simulator as proof of compatibility

Each GRiDCase comes with a 720K-byte floppy-disk drive, an interface for an RGB monitor, and a standard-size typewriter keyboard. Options include

{continued)

40 BYTE • MAY 1985

They said it couldnt be done/' Borland Did itlkiriio Pdscal 3j0

Ihe industry standard

With more than 250,000 users worldwide Turbo Pascal is the industry's de facto standard. Turbo Pascal is praised by more engineers, hobbyists, students and professional programmers than any other development environment in the history of microcomputing. And yet, Turbo Pascal is simple and fun to use!

TURBO TURBO MS 3.0 2.0 PASCAL

COMPILATION SPEED

EXECUTION SPEED

CODE SIZE

BUILT-IN INTERACTIVE EDITOR

ONE STEP COMPILE

(NO LINKING NECESSAFTy)

COMPILER SIZE

TURTLE GRAPHICS

BCD OPTION

PRICE

YES p^-^lB^^ $6995 Jjj^

Portability.

Turbo Pascal is available today for most computers running PC DOS, MS DOS, CP/M 80 or CP/M 86. A XENIX version of Turbo Pascal will soon be announced, and before the end of the year, Turbo Pascal will be running on most 68000 based microcomputers.

An Offer You Can't Refuse.

Until June 1st, 1985, you can get Turbo Pascal 3.0 for only $69.95. Turbo Pascal 3.0, equipped with either the BCD or 8087 options, is available for an additional $39.95 or Turbo Pascal 30 with both options for only $124.95. As a matter of fact, if you own a 16Bit computer and are serious about programming, you might as well get both options right avray and save almost $25.

Update policy

As always, our first commitment is to our customers. You built Borland and we will alvrays honor your support.

So, to make your upgrade to the exciting new version of Turbo Pascal 3.0 easy, m will accept your original Turbo Pascal disk (in a bend-proof container) for a trade-in credit of $39.95 and your Turbo87 original disk for $59.95. This trade-in credit may only be applied toward the purchase of Turbo Pascal 3.0 and its additional BCD and 8087 options (trade-in offer is only valid directly through Borland and until June 1st. 1985).

n Benchmark run on an IBM PC using MS Pascal version 3.2 and Ihe DOS linker version 2.6. The 179 line program used is the "GaussSeidel" program out of Alan R, Miller's book: Pascal programs for scienlisis and engineers (Sybex, page 128) with a 3 dimensional non-singular matrix and a relaxation coefficient of 1.0.

The best just got better: Introducing Turbo Pascal 3.0

We just added a whole range of exciting new features to Turbo Pascal:

• First, the world's fastest Pascal compiler just got faster. Turbo Pascal 30 (16 bit version) compiles twice as fast as Turbo Pascal 2.0! No kidding.

• Then, we totally rewrote the file I/O system, and we also now support I/O redirection.

• For the IBM PC versions, we've even added "turtle graphics" and full tree directory support.

• For all 16 Bit versions, we now offer two additional options; 8087 math coprocessor support for intensive calculations and Binary Coded Decimals (BCD) for business applications.

• And much much more.

The Critics' Ctioice. Jeff Duntemann, PC Magazine: "Language deal of the century. .. Turbo Pascal: It introduces a new programming envimnment and runs like magic."

Dave Garland, Papular Computing: "Most Pascal compilers barely fit on a disk, but Turbo Pascal packs an editor, compiler, linker, and runtime library into just 39K bytes of randomaccess memory"

Jerry Pournelle, BYTE: "What I think the computer industry is headed for: well documented, standard, plenty of good features, and a reasonable price."

BORmnD

INTERNATIONAL

Softwares Newest Direction

4585 Scotts Valley Drive Scotts Valley CA 95066 TELEX 172373

Ttjtto Pascal eareQistmttndcif^rkoi Borland IrJtmatmat. Inc

PC Wesk is a tradfimarl< of Zill-Davis Pub. Co.

Inquiry 455 for Dealers. Inquiry 456 for End-Users.

WHAT'S NEW

an external 5'/4-inch floppydisk drive, an internal 1200-bps modem, and a battery pack that lasts from one to five hours, depending on which model is being used.

Prices range, from approximately $3000 for the GRiDCase I to about $4500 for the GRiDCase 111, Contact GRID Systems Corp., 2535 Garcia Ave., Mountain View, CA 94043, (415) 961-4800, Inquiry 605,

Integrated CAD System for IBM

CADKey a two- and three-dimensional design and drafting tool for 512K-byte IBM PCs, PC XTs, and PC ATs, is said to be the only IBM PC-based system with true three-dimensional capabilities fully integrated with two-dimensional drafting abilities.

You can use CADKey to draw in three dimensions and to convert those images into two-dimensional drawings that conform to ANSI and ISO standards. Once you create a three-dimensional image, you can automatically view it from any angle. If you modify a design, CADKey automatically updates all views.

CADKey drawings appear as wireframe representations. For a solid appearance, hidden lines can be trimmed. All parts, families of parts, and drawings can be stored, automatically scaled to size, and retrieved from disk within the program. All entities making up an image can be manipulated individually or as a group, and any entity or group of entities can be altered at will. Entities to be transformed may be

Sample screen produced by CADKey.

selected by cursor position, last created, type, level, and windowing, and you can use geometric relationships between entities for selection, construction, transformation, editing, and dimensioning.

Any part, section of a part, or group of parts can be rotated, scaled, or moved along any of three coordinate axes by userselected angle, distance, or factor. Both numerical and interactive methods are supported, and zoom and pan features are provided.

CADKey uses English-language menus. Commands can be tailored to suit your needs. The program supports 640- by 420-dot resolution, 2 56 levels, and 16 colors and accepts input from a digitizer, mouse, function keys, and keyboard. Among its other features are quick selection and repaint, the ability to use disk space as virtual memory and the ability to accommodate parts exceeding 10,000 entities.

CADKey is $1895. Contact Micro Control Systems Inc., 27 Hartford Hjrnpike Vernon, CT 06066, (203) 647-0220. Inquiry 606.

Laser Printer Produces Full-Page, High-Resolution Graphics

Corporate Data Sciences' CDS 2300, a $5695 laser printer can store and print a full 8/2- by 11-inch image with a resolution of 90,000 dots per square inch. It uses Canon's LBP-CX standard laser-printer engine, augmented with an 8-MHz 80186 processor, 1,28 megabytes of bit-mapped RAM for images, 128K bytes of system RAM, and 128K bytes of ROM.

In addition to several CDS fonts provided for use in the bit-mapped image mode, the CDS 2300 can emulate a Diablo 630 daisy-wheel printer, a Ttektronix 4014 graphics terminal, and the ANSI X3.64 protocol. Once a bit-mapped image is loaded into the printer, copies can be produced at

a rate of eight per minute. Both RS-232C serial and Centronics parallel interfaces are supplied.

CDS also sells a Graphics Display/Processor (GD/P). an intelligent graphics terminal for the IBM PC The GD/P workstation costs $4995.

Also newly available from CDS is a graphics terminal called Whizzie (an abbreviated form of "what you see is what you get"). This $1995 terminal has a 17-inch display and an interface card for the IBM PC XT or AT, but it does not have the intelligence or the advanced capabilities of the GD/R Like the GD/P, Whizzie displays a 1024- by 1024- pixel image exactly as the laser printer will produce it.

Contact Corporate Data Sciences Inc., Suite 102, 2 560 Mission College Blvd.. Santa Clara, CA 95054, (408) 980-9747. Inquiry 607.

Cermetek Unveils 3-line, 1200-bps Multiplexer

Cermetek Microelectronics' 3X1200 Multiplexer lets three users communicate at 1200 bps over a single telephone line, reducing phone bills by as much as two-thirds. This statistical multiplexer uses the Hayes AT command set and can serve as a single-user 1200-bps modem. When two 3X1200s are connected by a phone line, users at any of the six RS-232C serial ports can communicate with any other port and share peripherals.

The 3X1200 supports switched multiplexing; Users can opt to communicate with any port at any time instead of being tied to a

[continued]

42 BYTE • MAY 1985

Borland'sSideKick Software Product of theHbar

SideKick is InfoWorld Software Product of the Year. It won over Symphony. Over Framework. Over ALL the programs advertised in this magazine. Including, of course, all the "fly-by-night" SideKick imitations. SideKick Simply the best.

KB: KlllKBM, .BIS)

Here's SideKick running over Lotus 1-2-3. In the SideKick Notepad you'll notice data that's been imported directly from the Lotus screen. In the upper right you can see the SideKick Calculator.

All the SideKick windows stacked up over Lotus 1-2-3. From bottom to top: SideKick's "iVIenu Window", ASCII table, Notepad, Calculator, Appointment Scheduler/Calendar, and Ptione Dialer. Whether you're running WordStar, Lotus, dBase, or any other program, SideKick puts all these desktop accessories instantly at your fingertips.

ifi.W..rlil R,/>„rl Curd !:»'! *v />"/>«/« Ciinifiitlinn. /"<■.. (1 subsiiliitrynfCW Ciiiiinniiui iitiiiiis hti: Ripriiital t'nnn liifoWdrld. 106O Miirsh Rmd. Mi iihi Park. Ct\ MOSS.

Jerry Pournelle, BYTE: "If you use a

PC, get SideKick. You'll soon become dependent on it."

Garry Ray, PC Week: "SideKick deserves a place in every PC." Charles Petzold, PC Magazine: "In a

simple, beautiful implementation of WordStar's block copy commands, SideKick can transport all or any part of ttie display screen (even an area overlaid by the notepad display) to the notepad"

Dan Robinson, InfoWorld: "SideKick is a time-saving, frustration-saving bargain. ..:

Ti

I I I

I I

I

nearest yo^ T^'"

''^."'^"''t'sldeKteK! Please send me

SideKick copy ^^^95 Quanl»y;jJ^OiaxP«'=°P''

dealeis_"i'°"3:^cair(80b)255

I I

■i^ n t\^W\ Sottmrefs Newest Direction

HP W%\Jm\ynnJ 4585 Scons VallfV Drive

_ ■ "7; Scotts Valley. CA. 95066

M INTERNATIONAL rHa'?2*3

Symphony. Lotus 8 Lolus 1-2-3 are trademarks of Lotus Davelopmam Corp. dBase i Framework are vademarks of Asliton-Tale. WonlStar is a trademark of IMIcrooro International Corp. SideKick is a trademark of Borland International.

'Selened \i) InfoV/orld as the most sijnlficant software praduct of the year Inquiry 457 for Dealere. Inquiry 458 for End-Users.

(CA res a' ,CA res. am ♦

Amount

,/iQA W''

WHAT'S NEW

single channel. Its system software provides error checking and retransmission of garbled data. System parameters can be reset remotely even though they are password-protected. The 3X1200 also keeps activity statistics on all ports.

The Cermetek 3X1200 is priced at $1395. Contact Cermetek Microelectronics Inc.. 1308 Borregas Ave., POB 3 565, Sunnyvale, CA 94088-3 565, (408) 752-5000. Inquiry 608.

tical to Microsoft's Chart for the Mac. Excel files can be read directly into Chart, and Excel can read Chart files. When you alter numbers in a spreadsheet window, charts in separate windows are instantly updated. For data comparisons, you can open more than one chart window for the same or different data. The charting facility also has 42 predesigned charts, the ability to relocate objects on screen, and your choice of font, range, scale, and patterns.

The database is an ancillary function of Excel's spreadsheet. With it, you can sort, extract, and display information in a variety of ways. The database lacks form- and report-design capabilities: however, Excel's formatting capabilities let you create reports. It does let you remove data for analysis in a different section of your work area.

Excel's suggested retail price is $395. It requires 512K bytes of memory and will work with the Macintosh XL. Contact Microsoft, 10700 Northrup Way, Bellevue, WA 98009, (206) 828-8080. Inquiry 609.

Test, Measurement Tools

Hewlett-Packard's PC Instruments are peripheral devices that give you the ability to run test or measurement applications from the same computer you use to write reports. Modular tools that work with the HP Touchscreen and IBM's PC, PC XT and PC AT computers, the PC Instruments line consists of eight units, several software packages, and accessories, A typical micro can support up to eight modules, and additional modules can be engaged with more interface cards.

Current members of the line are a digitizing oscilloscope, a digital multimeter, a function generator, a universal counter, a 16-channel digital I/O, a relay multiplexer, a dual-voltage D/A converter, and a relay actuator. Each is housed in a stackable plastic box with its own external power supply

Key to PC Instruments, says Hewlett-Packard, is its

system software. The software operates with a single HP PCIB interface card inside the computer, provides the user interface and instrument I/O drivers, and gives you control over instrument modules. It has dataconversion utilities and supports three data-conversion formats (BASIC, DIE and stripped ASCII) that order acquired data for use with such programs as Lotus 1-2-3 and Statpak.

In its manual mode, the software displays an instrument's control panel on screen along with multiple windows. The windows let you monitor the status of several instruments, fiddle with instrument settings, and oversee the entire operation. The software supports the Tbuchscreen, an IBM PC mouse, and cursor keys. Instrument initialization parameters can be stored and recalled.

The progam mode lets you exercise control over each instrument through calls to the BASIC subroutine library. A pair of generic commands. Output and Measure, are used to program all the instruments.

Optional data-acquisition software lets you start logging and plotting data immediately. This menu-driven BASIC package has an engineering-graphics utility. Software libraries that permit the Touchscreen and IBMs to control up to 15 PC instruments in a BASIC environment are available,

PC Instruments are priced between $650 and $1500. The PCIB interface and system software are $500. The optional I/O library is $300 for the Tbuchscreen and $400 for the IBM PC. Contact your local HewlettPackard dealer. Inquiry 610.

{continued on page 464)

Integrated Software for Macintosh

Microsoft's first integrated package. Excel for the Macintosh, has spreadsheet and graphics capabilities, a spreadsheetoriented database, and a macro facility for storing and recalling commonly used keystrokes, it supports the AppldSlk network and provides two-way file compatibility with Multiplan and Chart for the Macintosh, Lotus 1-2-3 for the IBM PC, and applications that support Microsoft's SYLK format.

The Excel spreadsheet provides you with a 2 56column by 16,384-row work area. You can view and reference multiple spreadsheets, consolidate worksheets, enter multiplevariable problems or situations, and vary the borders, number formats, and font styles and size. You can assign names to cell references, numbers, and mathematical expressions and call four windows into a worksheet.

You can produce instant "what if" graphics with Excel's charting abilities, which are functionally iden

44 BYTE • MAY 1985

Speed, Power, Price. Borland'sltarbo Pascal Family.

The industry standard. Wilh more than 250,000 users worldwide Turbo Pascal is Ihe industry's de tacio standard. Turbo Pascal is praised by more engineers, hobbyists, students and professional programmers than any other development environment in the history of microcomputing. And yet. Turbo Pascal is simple and fun to use!

Turbo Pascal: It inlroduces a new

Jett Duntemann, PC Magazine: "Language deal of the century. programming environment and runs Ike magic."

Dave Garland, Popular Computing: "Most Pascal compilers barely lit on a disk, but Turbo Pascal packs an editor, compiler, linker and run-time library Into just 29K bytes o1 random-access memory."

Jerry Pournelle, BYTE: "What I think the computer Industry is headed lor: well documented standard, plenty olgood leatures and a reasonable price."

Portability. Turbo Pascal is available today tor most computers running PC DOS, MS DOS. CP/M 80 or CPM 86. A XENIX verison of Turbo Pascal will soon be announced, and before the end of the year. Turbo Pascal will be running on most 68000 based microcomputers.

High resolution monoclirome graphics for the IBM PC and the Zertith 100 computers

Dazzling graplliCS and painless windows. The Turbo Graphlx Toolbox will give even a beginning programmer the expert's edge. It's a complete library of Pascal procedures that include:

Full graphics window management.

—Tools that will allow you to draw and hatch pie charts, bar charts, circles, rectangles and a full range of geometric shapes. —Procedures that will save and restore graphic images to and from disk. •Functions that will allow you to precisely plot curves.

—Tools that will allow you to create animation or solve those difficult curve fitting problems, and much, much more

No sweat and no royalties. Vou may incorporate pan, or all of these tools in your programs, and yet, we won't charge you any royalties. Best of all. these functions and procedures come complete with commented source code on disl< ready to compile!

Searching and sorting made simple

TIte perfect complement to Turbo Pascal, it contains: rutbo-Access. a powerlul implementation of the state-of-the-an B+lree ISAM technique; TUrbo Sari. a super efficient implementation of the fastest data sorting algorithm. "Quicl<sor1 on disk". And much more.

Jerry Pournelle, BYTE: 'The tools include a B+tree search and a sorting system; I've seen stuff like this, but not as well thought out. sell for hundreds of dollars."

Get started right away: free databasel included on every Toolbox disk is the source code to a working data base which demonstrates how powerful and easy to use the Turbo-Access system really is. Modify it to suit your individual needs or just compile it and run.

Remember, no royaltiesi

From start to finish in 300 pages. Turbo Tutor

IS for everyone, from novice to expert. Even if you've never programmed before, Turbo Tutor will get you started right away If you already have some experience with Pascal or another programming language. Turbo Tutor will take you step by step through topics like data structures and pointers. If you're an expert, you'll love the sections detailing subjects such as "how to use assembly language routines with your Turbo Pascal programs."

A must. You'll find the source code for all the examples in the book on the accompanying disk ready to compile. Turbo Tutor might be the only reference on Pascal and pro gramming you'

II ever need

$34.95

m BORIAHD

Bb> international

Softwares Newest Direction

4585 Scotts Valley Drive Scotts Valley. CA 9506S TELEX 172373

Inquiry 459 for Dealers. Inquiry 460 for End-Users.

TuriM) Pascal is a reglstsred trademark of Borlarid Intcinatloru). Inc

Borland Does It Again: SuperK^ $69.95

Sure, ProKey™ is a nice little program. But when the people who brought you Turbo Pascal and SideKick get serious about keyboard enhancers, you can expect the impossible... and we deliver.

SuperKey

ProKey

ALL FEATURES RESIDENT IN RAM AT ALL TIMES

RESIDENT PULL-DOWN MACRO EDITOR

RESIDENT FILE ENCRYPTION

PROKEY COMPATIBILITY

DISPLAY PROTECTION

ABILITY TO IMPORT DATA FROM SCREEN

PULL-DOWN MENU USER INTERFACE

CONTEXT-SENSITIVE ON-LINE HELP SYSTEM

DISPLAY-ONLY MACRO CREATION

ENTRY AND FORMAT CONTROL IN DATA FIELDS

COMMAND KEYS REDEFINABLE "ON THE FLY"

PRICE

Sorry ProKey!

Superb software at reasonable prices!

There is much more to SuperKey. Maybe the best reason to buy SuperKey is that it is a Borland International Product. Each one of our products is the best in its category. We only believe in absolutely superb software at reasonable prices!

An offer you can't refuse.

Whether you are a ProKey user or you've never used a keyboard enhancer before, your boat has come In. You can get your copy of SuperKey at this irresistible price.

Get your PC a SuperKey todayl

SuperKey Is available now for your IBM PC, XT, AT jr and truly compatible microcomputers.

Total ProKey compatibility. Every Prokey Macro file may be used by SuperKey without change so that you may capitalize on all the precious time you've invested.

Now your PC can iceep a secretl SuperKey Includes a resident file encryption system that uses your password to encrypt and decrypt files, even while running other programs. Two different encryption modes are offered:

1. Direct overwrite encryption (which leaves the file size unchanged) for complete protection. At no point is a second file that could be reconstructed by an intruder generated. Without your secret password, no one will ever be able to type out your confidential letters again!

2. COM or EXE file encryption which allows you to encrypt a binary file into an ASCII file, transmit it through a phone line as a text file and turn it back again into an executable file on the target machine (only of course if your correspondent knows the secret password!). Now, you will even be able to secretly exchange programs through Public Bulletin Board Systems or services such as CompuServe.

Totally memory resident at all times, gives SuperKey the ability to create, edit, save and even recall new or existing macro files anytime, even while running another program.

Pull down macro editor. Finally, a sensible way to create, edit, change and alter existing macro definitions. Even while using another application, a simple keystroke instantly opens a wordprocessor-like window where you're allowed to see, edit, delete, save and even attach names to an individual macro or file of macros, and much more.

BORIPHD

INTERNATIONAL

Saflwarei Newest Direction

4SSSScDtts Valley Drm Scolts Valley, CA 95066

TELEX mm

IBM Is a regislered trademaiV of Irrternational Business Machine Corporation. ProKey is a tradomarlc ol RoseSolt. SuperKey and SldsKicit are Irademarhs of Borland International, Inc. ContpuServe is a Itademarl( ot CompuServe Corp.

Inquiry 461 for Dealers. Inquliy 462 for End-Users.

State -.

outside U**^ ^ ^

ASK BYTE

Conducted by Steve Ciarcia Intelligent Disk Drive

Dear Steve,

How about an intelligent disk drive that will interface through an RS-232C port? It might be useful in solving format incompatibilities.

Russ Shall Key West. FL

An intelligent disk drive witli an RS-232C serial port is a good idea, and I will consider it for a future article.

Such products are already on the market One such device, the SEEDI from Mariachi Oy (Puutarhakatu 17, SF-20100 Tbrku 10. Finland), interfaces an RS-232C serial port with an Apple II disk drive. It allows data to be taken or transferred without the need for the computer itself The disk can then be put Into an Apple II system and booted to retrieve the data.

Another unit is the FDS-200 Minifile

from Greco Systems (372 Coogan Way. El Cajon. CA 92020). It too. can be interfaced to an RS-232C port and will store data directly on a 5'/4-inch floppy disk. It is an intelligent minifloppy-disk system that can store up to 179K bytes per disk.—Steve

Computers and the Disabled

Dear Steve,

1 am a student at the University of South Alabama who is working on a project to help a quadriplegic communicate. Here is the nature of the problem. We are hoping to translate jaw pressures to menuselection responses. The menu could consist of words that could be sent to a speech synthesizer. 1 am using an IBM PC clone (a Columbia) and need suggestions as to what interface and other peripheral devices to acquire for a speech synthesizer. Your help in this matter is greatly appreciated.

Ron Lindouist MoMe, AL

Helping the disabled is one of the most rewarding areas for microcomputer experimenters. I wish you success.

You can acquire two basic types of speech synthesizers for the Columbia: a plug-In board or one that is connected through a serial or parallel port The plugin type ties up a slot so this may be a consideration in your choice. Tecmar makes a speech board for PCs. as does MSI. Add-on types include two models from Votrax. Identical units are available assembled from Intex and in kit form from Micromint. Some of these units have speakers built in; others would require you to add your own.

Although you did not mention it specifically in your letter, I assume that your input device will be interfaced through the game adapter port. This would probably be the simplest and cheapest way to go. Simple microswitches could be used to Initiate the selection process.

I hope that this Is of some help. A lot of planning beforehand Is much better than a lot of kludges later! I have listed the addresses of the referenced manufacturers for your convenience.

Micromint Inc. 561 Willow Ave Cedarhurst NY 11516 (800) 645-3479

Street Electronics 1140 Mark Ave. Carpinteria. CA 93013 (805) 684-4593

Tecmar

6225 Cochran Rd.. Solon, OH 44139 (216) 349-0600

—Steve

Stereoscopic Graphics

Dear Steve,

Can you refer me to a source of mathematical formulas for generating trueperspective proportions from elevations and for reducing right-eye images to lefteye offsets for three-dimensional imagery? I have never seen a discussion of the mathematical relationships.

I can take a lead pencil and produce drawings that merge beautifully into threedimensional images, even without a

viewer but I can't explain to my computer how to do it without the mathematical base, and it is aucial to a project I'm working on. Unfortunately, I'm more of an artist than I am a theoretical mathematician.

B. R. POGUE

Thatcher. AZ

Creative Computing magazine ran a two-part article, "Stereo Graphics." by John D. Fowler in the January and February 1983 Issues. It seems to be exactly what you are looking for The article describes the math briefly and gives a program in TRS-80 Color Computer BASIC to produce some stereo pictures.

Another article, which gets into the math of perspective drawing and rotation, is ' Three Dimensional Apple Graphics" by Mark Pelczarski. in the February 1982 Issue o/Creative Computing.—Steve

Transorbs Better

Dear Steve,

In your article on power-line conditioning (December 1983), you recommended the use of MOVs (metal-oxide varistors) for transient voltage suppression. I believe I have located a better device for this—the T-ansorb by General Semiconductor.

I learned about this device while designing a burglar alarm, which my company sells. I tried zeners, then MOVs, to eliminate power glitches caused by the cycling of refrigerator motors, incandescent lamps, and the like. The zeners were useless because they didn't clamp with the high-voltage values. The MOVs were a little better but the clamping voltage for a 15-V-rated device might still rise to 30 or 40 V under actual clamping currents.

1 tried the TVansorbs, and they worked perfectly 1 now use them exclusively in all my products. They cost about 50 cents apiece, so they're less expensive than MOVs.

Logan Cresap

Square Roots

Dear Steve,

Recently one of your readers complained that his computer could not deter

{contimed)

48 BYTE- MAY 1985

COPYRIGHT © 1985 STEVEN A. CIARCIA. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

The picture in this ad is actually gn 18" by 24" collector's item-an originally commissioned museumquality print. This month, the Gettysburg print is yours, absolutely free, at most computer stores that carry Leading Edge Word Processing.

For the name of the dealer nearest you, give us a call.

800-343-6833,

(617) 828-8150.

I [ADING [DC (

Lt\.i(iin!^ l /itic I'ri jclucls. Inr SysU-'ins <iiifl S( ih w;it(' TJivisu m 22'iTurni)iki:Sir(;ci.C,inli>n,MA DIMUI

WORD PROCESSORS AT THE LEADING EDGE

Ah, the great ones ...

They organized their ideas, their intuitions, their idioms. They set them down, sorted them out, arranged them and re-arranged them till they came out right.

They used small scraps of paper to record huge hunks of Truth; primitive tools to produce profound prose. But when the words finally went forth, they

made indelible marks on all who read them.

The amazing thing is that these monumental processors of words, did it without the benefit of monumental help.

Like Leading Edge Word Processing: the easiest to use, yet most potent piece of software ever created to take full advantage of all the power inherent, but until now un-tapped, in today's

most sophisticated personal computer (Like the IBM' PC and the even faster and more powerful Leading Edge" PC.)

The heart and soul of it is a 51'4" floppy disk, elegantly logical instruction manual and documentation ... everything. And what you end up with is word processing at the leading edge.

LEADING EDGE" WORD PROCESSING FROM $100

IBM IS A REGISTERED TRADEMARK OF INTERNATIONAL. BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION. LEADING EDGE IS A TRADEMARK OF LEADING EDGE PRODUCTS. INCORPORATED,

Inquiry 236

.M.W 1985 • B Y T E 49

I (VI

The Silver Fox Trors Through Lotus I ike 1,2,0

The Silver Fnx is nnl IBM-PC DOS compatible yet it runs hundreds of MS-DOS programs including Lotus 1,2,.'l. dBASE II. Multiplan. and even Flight Simulator.

The Silver Fox does not have IBM compatible expansion slots but you can add printers, serial ports, modems, 10-40 Mb. hard disks, clock/ calendar cards, RAM, joysticks, an 8087 coprocessor, and more.

MORE HARDWARE

Wliat makes the Silver P^ox unique, however, isn't what yim can atld t(ut. but what comes with it. Each Silver Fox comes with an 8088 CPU, 256K of RAM, four video ports, and a printer port. Plus you get more than twice tlie storage of a staniJard PC, Megabytes on a dual IWi" noppys, and the Fox will read and write to standard HiOK, 320K, and 360K IBM-PC formats.

Standard equipment also includes a better keyboard, and a 12" high-resolution, green monochrome monitor, with a full 2r)x80 column display.

Because the Silver Fox is born on Sanyo's totally automated line in Japan it is simply more reliable than PC's that are assembled by hand. So we back each Silver Fox with a one year limited warranty, four times the industry standard.

FREE SILVERWARE

Were this not enough, each Fox comes with the best free software bundle in the business including:

MS-DOS 2.11 Wordstar '±3 FILEBASE HAGKN DOS Easy Writer PC File III

Color BASIC Mail Track PD Disk

GW BASIC Spell Datemate OS Tutor Games & Graphics CalcStar

If you didn't think your

$1097

could buy this much computer, call our machine at

1-800-FORAFOX

leave your name and address, at the heep. and we'll rush you a booklet that will tell you how it can. To order call

Scorrsdole ^

61 7 N Scorrsdole Rd #D,

ysrems, ud

Scorisdole, Az 85257

EB(602) 941-5856:

ColorFox

$1647

Thf Silver Fox is sold cxrlunively by Scottsclalo Systems Ltd., 617 N. Scottsdalr Koiui ttB. Srollsdale. AZ Kn^f)?. Trademarks: Silver Fox. UAGKN-DOK, :ind DaLemate, SL-oUsdal(.' Systems Ltd.; WordStar and CalcStar, Microprri Inlernational; MS-DOS, and Multiplan, Microsdft Corpftration; FII.EBASE, EWDI' Software, Inc.; dllASK II, Aahton-Tate; IBM-PC, and IBM-PC DOS; Inlernatinnal Business Machines Corpjiration. Ordering: Telemarketing only. Silver Fox price is for cash, I'.O.B. Scottsdale, prices subject to change, product Hubjcct tri limited supply. We accept purchase orders from I'"orluiif 1(100 companies and major universities with liiuyd credit ■ add 2% Visa, Mastercard add AZ residents add (1%. Returned merchan<iise subject to a 20% restocking fee. Personal or companv cliecks take up to .'i weeks to clear. No COD's or APO's.

ASK BYTE

mine square roots accurately, even for arguments that were perfect squares. You solved fiis problem by testing eacfi result to see if it was very nearly an integer; IF ABS(R-INT(R+0.5)) < (small value) THEN (something). This worked more or less well, depending upon (small value) and a particular computer.

It seems I am spoiled because the computer I use most, the TI-99/4A, always takes the square roots of perfect squares perfectly Actually I stopped the test after 1= 500000 for: IF SQR(I*I)< > I THEN (we are in trouble).

Your solution was slightly bothersome because of the judgment required in selecting the small value. If it is too small, it rejects legitimate square roots: if it is too large, it accepts erroneous roots.

Naturally I could not test any new ideas on the TI-99/4A, but I also have a Commodore 64 and other family members have other computers. On all of them, the square-root function could be made perfect with

B = SQR(a) B = (B+A/B)/2

The tested domain was small as compared to my test of the TI-99/4A (to a half million).

L^ter, I found a way to cause the TI-99/4A to take poor square roots with

B = EXP(L0G(A)/2)

These could be made perfect with adding

B = (B-hA/B)/2

Oddly B = At(l/2) gives slightly different results from B = EXP(bOG(A)/2) when one would guess them to be identical.

I did discover a cute way to cure the symptom for any computer with guard digits. The TI-99/4A has 3 guard digits (it shows 10 digits out of 13 or 14), and the C64 has a single guard digit (it shows 9 digits out of 10):

B = SOR(A|

B = VAL(STRS(B))

This scheme is nice because it adjusts itself for a particular computer and for the relative magnitude of A and B.

Webb Simmons San Diego, CA

AIM-65 Peripherals

Dear Steve,

To avoid the expense of a disk drive, I wish to connect a cassette recorder to my AIM-65 computer. Is there a BYTE article that shows how to accomplish this? Also,

is there a circuit that can interface my AIM-65 to a video monitor?

KWAME AlANAKU

Grand Prairie, TX

A simple means of modifying a standard audio cassette recorder for direct digital recording appeared in the October 1978 BYTE. 'A Simpler Digital Cassette Thpe Interface!' by Ralpli W. Burhans, describes a simple circuit that should meet your requirements.

The output of a basic AIM-65 cannot be directly interfaced to a video monitor because it doesn't have a video generator This is a circuit that takes ASCII data from the system bus and converts it to a string of bits to produce the dots that make up the characters on the screen. It also produces the horizontal and vertical sweep sync pulses to synchronize the character bits. Rockwell sells a CRT controller module for the AIM-65, part fRM65-5l02, but if you'd rather build one yourself read my Circuit Cellar article "Build the Term-Mite ST Smart Terminal" in the January 1984 BYTE. This circuit uses the National Semiconductor NS455A Terminal Management Processor which provides all the signals necessary to drive a video monitor and produces an 80-column by 25-line display—Steve

VIC-20 Bar-Code Readers

Dear Steve,

Do you know of any bar-code readers for the VIC-20? If not. do you know of any books or magazine articles that explain how to build one?

Colin C. Kelley Ir. Piedmont CA

I am not aware of any bar<ode readers specifically designed for the VIC-20, but several readers on the market interface with an RS-232C serial port Such a port can be added to the VIC-20, either through a commercial accessory or via an article in the May 1983 BYTE, 'The Enhanced VIC-20, Part 4: Connecting Serial RS-232C Peripherals to the VIC's TTL Port " by Joel Swank.

Two bar-code readers that interface to an RS-232C serial port are

The D2 Series Mini Bar Code Reader Skan-a-Matic Corp. POB S, Route 5 West Elbridge, NY 13060 (315) 689-3961

{continued)

50 BYTE- MAY 198^

YOU'VE GOT THE BEST PASCAL COMPILER! NOW— GET THE BEST UTILITY!

9^

NEVER AGAIN WRITE SOURCE CODE FOR SCREEN DISPLAYS! // you LIKE Turbo Pascal", you'll LOVE TURBO SCREEN'"!

Tired of writing line after line of source code just to create effective screen displays and error-proof data handling? Then use TURBO SCREEN'S Editor to create the screens, the Collator to define a list of screens...

and then relax for a few seconds while the Generator writes the code!

TURBO SCREEN'

100 Fields per screen, and up to 80 screens in your application. One screen or eighty, the size of your program doesn't change. I/O field types of:

Real, Integer, String, Character, Boolean. "Bullet-proof" data entry.

Create Window-Style overlays or Full-screen pictures in CPIM\ MS-DOS*, or PC-DOS.

Supports video attributes for your terminal. And YES, if you have an RGB monitor, you can create screens in COLOR on your IBM PC or true compatible.

A SINGLE LINE of source code invoking TURBO SCREEN'S "display" procedure controls;

—picture selection

—output to screen, printer, or disl<

—I/O field update

TURBO SCREEN^'^ Is completely menu-driven and includes a built-in Screen Editor, Collator, and Generator, each called up with a single keystroke! ADVANCED EDITOR: —Turbo Pascar-like commands include:

—Block commands for copy, fill, exchange, erase.

—Draw lines in any direction with any character.

—Supports IBNil color monitor and graphics characters. FAST—Generates code for 20 screens In about 60 seconds!

DISK UTILITIES built-in;

—directories

—erase files REQUIRES:

—Turbo Pascal any version

—80x24 or larger video screen AVOID software "bottlenecks!"

PflSCOM COMPUTING

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Computer Systenn: 8-bit 16-bit

Operating System: CP/M80 PC-DOS

CP/M86 MS-DOS

Computer Model:

Name:

Address:

City:

Disk Format:

. State.

-Zip.

Exp. Date:

Telephone:

Ohio residents add 6'/!% sales tax. Outside U.S.A. add$20.00

U.S. Dealer Inquiries Welcome.

'Turbo Pascal Is a trademark of Borland International. IBM Is a trademark of International Business Machines. MS-DOS is a trademark of Microsoft. CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research.

FINALLY! MAIL ORDER SERVICE YOU CAN DEPEND ON!

BUSINESS SOFTWARE

PROFESSIONAL SUPPORT PLUS RELIABLE PERSONALIZED SERVICE AND WE'LL STILL BEAT MOST PRICES IN THIS MAGAZINE!

WORDSTAR

SYMPHONY

SIDEKICK

SUPERCALC

WORD

LOTUS

PROPAK

■

(CP)

3

■

PERFECT

■

1-2-3

$243

$409

$35

$189

$235

$295

AID

HARVARD SOFTWARE

MICROSTUFF

Typequick

85

Harvard Project Mgr

395

229

Crosstalk

195

98

ALPHA SOFTWARE

Harvard Total Project Mgr

495

299

MONOGRAM

Data Base Manager 2

295

169

HUMAN EDGE

Dollars and Sense(IBM)

179

110

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Mind Prober

50

35

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149

99

Abstat

395

267

lUS

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Easy System 11

395

184

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495

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595

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DBase III

695

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150

105

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695

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Punctuation and Style

150

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Touch Tablet (PC)

150

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MacVision

400

249

Peachtexl 5000

425

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Training Word Star

75

45

LEXISOn

Business Graphics System 295

219

Training dBase III

75

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495

239

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395

199

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595

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65

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595

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PRENTICE-HALL

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Tliink Tank (IBM)

195

109

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395

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Toolbox

54

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150

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Turbo Pascal

54

35

MDBS

Notebook II

189

123

CDEX

Knowledgeman

500

275

Footnote

99

84

Advanced Lotus 1-2-3

70

45

K Paint

too

65

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CHANG LABS

KGrapfi

225

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130

79

Rags lo Riches Ledger

99

79

MEGA

SAMNA

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Managing Your Money

199

119

Word III

550

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Condors

650

239

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SORCIM

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PC Draw

395

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SuperCalc 2

295

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Home Accountant Plus

150

89

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Super Project

395

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WordStar

350

179

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Writers Pak

250

165

SpellSlar

99

55

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695

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Milestone (PC)

250

165

CorrectStar

145

99

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Datebookll

150

98

MailMerge

99

55

PFS File or Write

140

85

Proofreader

50

38

infoStar

250

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SSI

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WordStar 2000

CALL

Word Perlect

495

249

Concurrent PC DOS

295

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CALL

TELOS

ENERTRONICS

MICRORIM

Filevision (Mac)

195

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350

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RBase 4000

495

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TYLOG

Plotter Option

100

55

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150

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249

155

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Clout

250

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295

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The Desk Organizer

195

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99

58

Multiplan

195

139

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Quickcode II or III

295

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Chart (MAC)

125

99

Move It

150

85

FUNK

Project

250

179

Sideways

60

39

Free UPS shipping on orders over $1,000.00

CALL FOR PRODUCTS YOU DON'T SEE HERE CALL FOR OUR FREE CATALOG

TO ORDER CALL TOLL-FREE: (800) 235-3020 (USA) • SAME DAY SHIPMENT (800) 235-3021 (CA) (415) 382-9085

TERMS:

• Call for shipping charges and support policies

• Full guarantee against manufacturers defects

• Allow 3 weeks for checks to clear

• Prices may change

• Call for availability

• No cash refunds!

Due to our low prices, all sales final.

BUSINESS SOFTWARE

448 IGNACIO BLVD., STE. 332 NOVATO, CA 94947

ON MOST ORDERS

• Prompt UPS service

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• Dealer, institutional and quantity discounts available

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• VISA & Mastercard accepted

• COD

ASK BYTE

SRD Corporation Model BCR-170 SRD USA Liaison Office 999 North Sepulveda Blvd. Suite 314

El Segundo, CA 90245 (213) 417-5114 —Steve

32-BIT Computer Design

Dear Steve,

1 want to design a 32-bit computer using the 32032 processor. I am in need of information on high-resolution graphicsboard design, bit-slice and array microprocessors, interfacing 32- and 8-bit buses, high-resolution monitor design, and some good test equipment. Any information would be appreciated.

R. |. ILING

Port Coquitlam. British Columbia.

Canada

Data on the 32032 can be obtained from National Semiconductor Corporation. POB 70818. Sunnyvale, CA 94086. This processor is quite new. but the company probably has application notes that will help in designing your system.

Texas Instruments Inc. (FOB 401560, Dallas, TX 75240) features a line of bitslice processors, and it also publishes the book Fundamentals of IMicrocomputer Design. Contact Tl at the above address for information on data sheets and application notes.

Two Motorola application notes, AN-843: "Using the MC68000 and the MC6845 for a Color Graphics System" and AN-851: "Motorola MC6845 CRTC Simplifies Video Display Controllers' (available from Motorola Semiconductor Products Inc. POB 20912, Phoenix. AZ 85036), provide design details for a graphics-display system. Other videodisplay-controller chips are made by Texas Instruments and several other semiconductor manufacturers. (See my article "High-Resolution Sprite-Oriented Color Graphics ' in the August 1982 BYTE.)

Test equipment can be obtained from a number of advertisers in BYTE. You will need at least a digital multimeter a digital-signal generator and a good oscilloscope to start.—Steve

What Means Compatible?

Dear Steve,

Would you please explain the term "IBM-compatible"? IBM clones are sprout

(continued)

52 BYTE- MAY 1985

Inquiry 165

>1ZTEC

The Most Powerful C

for the IBM AT • MACINTOSH • MS DOS • CP/M-80 • ROM APPLICATIONS IBM POMT • APPLE // • CP/M-86 • TRSDOS • CROSS DEVELOPMENT

Why Professionals Choose Aztec C

AZTEC C compilers generate fast, compact code. AZTEC C is a sophisticated development system with assemblers, debuggers, linkers, editors, utilities and extensive run time libraries. AZTEC C is documented in detail. AZTEC C is the most accurate and portable implementation of C for microcomputers. AZTEC C supports specialized professional needs such as cross development and ROIvl code development. MANX provides qualified technical support.

AZTEC C86;PRO - for the IBM AT and PC/XT

AZTEC C86/PRO provides the power, portability, and professional features you need to develop sophisticated software for PC DOS, MS DOS AND CP/M-86 based microsystems. The system also supports the generation of ROM based software for 8088/8086, 80186, and 80286 processors. Options exist to cross develop ROM code for 65xx, 8080, 8085, and Z80 processors. Cross development systems are also available that target most micro computers. Call for information on AZTEC C86/PRO support for XENIX and TOPVIEW.

POWERFUL — AZTEC C86/PRO 3.2 outperforms Lattice 2.1 on the DHRYSTONE benchmark 2 to 1 for speed (17.8 sees vs 37.1) while using 65% less memory (5.8k vs 14k). The AZTEC C86/PRO system also compiles in 10% to 60% less time and supports fast, high volume I/O.

PORTABLE — MANX Software Systems provides real portability with a family of compatible AZTEC C software development systems for PC DOS, MS DOS, CP/M-86, Macintosh, CP/M-80, APPLE //+ , lie, and lie (NIBBLE ■ 4 apple rating), TRSDOS (80-MICRO - 5 star rating), and Commodore C64 (the C64 system is only available as a cross compiler - call for details). AZTEC C86/PRO is compatible with UNIX and XENIX.

PROFESSIONAL — For professional features AZTEC C86/PRO is unparalleled.

• Full C Compiler (8088/B086 ■ 80186 • 80286)

• Macro Assembler for 8088/8086/80186/80286

• Linkage Editor with ROM support and overlays

• Run Time Libraries - object libraries + source DOS 1.x; DOS 2.x; DOS 3.x; screen I/O; Graphics; UNIX I/O; STRING; simulated float; 8087 support; MATH; ROM; CP/M-86

• Selection o( 8088/8086, 80186, or 80286 code generation to guarantee best choice for performance and compatibility

• Utility to convert AZTEC object code or libraries to Microsoft format. (Assembly + conversion takes less than half the time as Microsoft's MASM to produce MS object)

• Large memory models and sophisticated memory management

■ Support products for graphics, DB, Screen, & ...

• ROMable code -i- ROM support -)- separate code and data + INTEL Hex Converter

• Symbolic Debugger & Other Utilities

• Full Screen Editor (like Vi)

• CROSS Compilers are available to APPLE //, Macintosh, CP/M-80, TRSDOS, COMMODORE C64, and ROM based 65xx, and 8080/80B5/Z80

• Detailed Documentation

AZTEC C86/PRO-AT $500

(configured for IBM AT - options for 8088/8086)

AZTEC C86/PRO-PC/XT $500

(configured for IBM PC/XT ■ options for 80186/80286)

AZTEC C86/BAS Includes C compiler (small model only), 8086 MACRO assembler, overlay linker, UNIX, MATH, SCREEN, and GRAPHICS libraries, debugger, and editor.

AZTEC C86/BAS $199

AZTEC G86/BAS (CP/M-86) $199

AZTEC C86/BAS (DOS + CP/M-86) $299

UPGRADE to AZTEC C86/PRO $310

C-TREE Database with source $399

C-TREE Database (object) $149

CROSS COMPILERS Cross Compilers for ROM, MS DOS, PC DOS, or CP/M-86 applications.

VAX - > 8086/80XXX cross $5000

PDP-11 - > 8086/80XXX cross $2000

Cross Compilers with PC DOS or CP/M-86 hosts are $750 for the first target and $500 tor each additional target. Targets; 65xx; CP/M-80; C64; 8080/8085/Z80; Macintosh; TRSDOS; 8086/8088/80186/80286; APPLE //.

AZTEC C68K

— for the Macintosh

For power, portability, and professional features AZTEC C68K-C is the finest C software development system available for the Macintosh.

The AZTEC C68K-C system Includes a 68000 macro assembler, a linkage editor, a source editor, a mouse based editor, a SHELL development environment, a library of UNIX I/O and utility routines, full access and support of the Macintosh TOOLBOX routines, debugging aides, utilities, make, diff, grep, TTY simulator with upload & download (source supplied), a RAM disk (for 512K Mac), a resource maker, and a no royalty license agreement. Programming examples are included. (Over 600 pages of documentation).

AZTEC C68K-C requires a 128K Macintosh, and two disk drives (frugal developers can make do with one drive). AZTEC C68K supports the 512K Macintosh and hard disks.

AZTEC C68K-C (commercial system) $500

AZTEC C68K-P (personal system) $199

AZTEC G68K-P to AZTEC C68K-C upgrade $310

Mac C-tree database $149

Mac C-tree database with source $399

Lisa Kit (Pascal to AZTEC C68k object converter) ..$99

AZTEC C65

— for the APPLE //

"...The AZTEC C-system is one of the finest software pacl<ages I have seen..." NIBBLE review, July 1984.

The only commercial C development system available that runs native on the APPLE II-1-, lie, and lie, the AZTEC 065 development system includes a full floating point C compiler compatible with UNIX C and other MANX AZTEC C compilers, a 6502 relocating assembler, a linkage editor, a library utility, a SHELL development environment, a full screen editor, UNIX I/O and utility subroutines, simple graphics, and screen functions.

AZTEC C65 (Apple DOS 3.3) $199

AZTEC C65/PRO (Apple DOS -f ProDos) $360

(call for availability)

AZTEC C ll/PRO

— for CP/M-eo

The first member of the AZTEC C family was the CP/M-80 AZTEC C compiler It is "the standard" compiler for development on CP/M-80. The system Includes the AZTEC CMC compiler, an 8080 assembler, a linkage editor, an object librarian, a full library of UNIX I/O and utility routines, CP/M-80 run time routines, the SMALL library (creates modules less than 3K In size), the fast linker for reduced development times, the ROM library, RMAC and M80 support, library source, support for DRI's SID/ZSID symbolic debugger, and more.

AZTEC CII/PRO $349

AZTEC CII/BAS $199

C TREE Database with source $399

C-TREE Database in AZTEC object form $149

AZTEC C80

- for TRSDOS (Radio Shack Model III & 4)

"I've had a lot of experience with different C compilers, but the Aztec C80 Compiler and Professional Development System is the best I've seen." 80-Micro, December, 1984, John B. Harreli III

This sytem has most of the features of AZTEC C II for CP/M. It is perhaps the best software development system for the Radio Shack Model III and IV.

AZTEC ceo model 3 (no floating point) $149

AZTEC C80 model 4 (full) $199

AZTEC C80/PRO (full for model 3 and 4) $299

To order or for Information call;

800-221-0440

(201) 530-7997 (NJ and outside U.S.A.). Or write: MANX SOFTWARE SYSTEMS. P.O. Box 55, Shrewsbury, N.J. 07701.

SHIPPING INFORMATION - Standard U.S. shipment is UPS ground (no fee). In the U.S. one day shipment is $20, two days is $10. Canadian shipment is $10. Two days shipment outside the U.S. is by courier and is freight collect.

TRS 80 RADIO SHACK TRSDOS is a trademark of TANDY. For Technical Support

APPLE DOS MACINTOSH is a trademark of APPLE. (Bug Busters) Call: 201-530-6557

Inquiry 252

MAY 1985 -BYTE 53

Inquiry 150

A FULL C COMPILER FOR

$4995

The Ecosoft Eco-C88 compiler for the 8088 and MSDOS is going to set a new standard for price and performance. Consider the evidence:

Compitef

Eco-CSe

latice t1)

Seive

13

11

\i

fib

44

58 ■

46

13

21

M9.95

: 'affix): '■

'39500

(1) Computer Language, Feb., 1985, pp.73-102. Reprinted by permission. The Eco-C88 compiler is o full K&R C compiler that supports all data types and operators {except bit fields). Now look at the other features we offer:

* 8087 co-processor support using a single library. If you install an 8087 later, the software will use it without having to recompile.

* A robust standard library with over 150 functions, including transcendentals, color, and others.

* OBJ output for linking with the MSDOS linker (LINK).

* Error messages in English - no cryptic numbers to look up. A real plus especially if you're just getting started with C.

* Easy-to-read and complete user's manual.

* Works with all IBM and compatibles running MSDOS 2.0 (or later). *

* Plus many other features.

For $10.00 more, we will include the source code for the C library functions (excluding tronscendentals). For on additional $15.00, we will include our ISAM file handler in OBJ format (as published in the C Programmer's Librory, Que Publishing). The discount prices for the library source and ISAM only apply at the time the compiler is purchased. Please add $4.00 to cover postage and handling. To order, colt or write:

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* Will) T^.deline and use up to 1024 cliaiacters' in a single doaimerjt.

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I=0R THE IBM PC. XT. AT AND MANY COMPATIBLES. SUPPORTS: DOT MATRIX. DAISY WHEEL AND lASER PRI/ifTERS. SUPPORTS HERCUIES GRAPHICS CARD

cm ISHMMMEMHMIIUniM

IN N£W MEXICO (505)522-460) TELEX: 317629

iiahBFOsmimD'uttemKB,mimueo mm

MBYTE

ing up like weeds, and every manufacturer claims that his product is IBM-compatible. Some, though, qualify this statement and state that it does not run all the IBM software. Even you designed a 16-bit machine, and you also claim that it is IBMcompatible.

There is a considerable price difference between the real IBM and the clones, and 1 am contemplating whether 1 should go IBM or compatible.

Harry Riesbeck Nepean, Ontario, Canada

IBM compatibility is indeed an often misused term. In a general sense, any computer that can run Lotus 1-2-3 and Microsoft's Flight Simulator is said to be "IBM-compatible," since these programs make extensive use of keyboard, memory, and graphics features. Any machirie capable of running MS-DOS is considered compatible, since MS-DOS and PC-DOS are compatible. However to be 100 percent compatible, the ROM BIOS (read-only memory basic input/output system) routines must be identical. Since these routines, which oversee the operation of the hardware, are copyrighted by IBM, the only legal way to get them is to license them or develop them independently.

Many computers are bus-compatible with the IBM PC and will handle most of the accessory boards now on the market Others have some minor quirks in the graphics routines, keyboard control functions, and use of interrupts.

Some PC clones on the market are 100 percent compatible with the IBM PC, and they do represent a better value. Check product reviews in the major computer magazlnes,-~Steve ■

IN ASK BYTE, Steve Ciarcia mwers (Questions on any area oj microcomputing. The most representative questions received each month will be answered and published. Do you have a nagging problem? Send your iH^iry to

Ask BYTE

do Steve Ciarcia

POB 582

Glastonbury. CT 06033

Due to the high volume of inquiries, personal replies cannot be given. All letters and photographs become the property of Steve Ciarcia and cannot be returned. Be sure to include "Ask BYTE" In the address.

"Xhe Ask BYTE staff includes manager Harv Wciwer and researchers Bill Curlew, Larry Bregoli, Dick Sawyer, Robert Stek. and ]eannette Dojan.

54 BYTE * MAY 1985

Inquiry 392

From your fingerprint to your monogram, you are unique. You wear a business suit tailored just for you; now you can get business news tailored just for you. With NewsNet you get vital, in-depth business news. You get expert information on your industry or profession. Through your computer and telephone, you get news on a vast range of subjects from the world's largest retrieval service of business newsletter information.

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You'll get access to more than 250 business newsletters, plus wire services like UPl and PR Newswire. There's news on everything from computers to investments, from taxes to telecommunications. 3000 new articles are added every day and each one is screened specially for you.

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Inquiry 293

And AT&T, Columbia, Compaq, Corona, Eagle, TI Professional, an QICSTOR-PLUS, PC-DISC, PC-BACKUR PC-CARD, and PC-9 TRAC?

Alloy Computer Products, Inc., 100 Pennsylvania Ave., Framingham, Mass. 01701 (617) 875-6100, TWX: 710-346-0394 Europ

Zenith. With PC-QICTAPE, PC-STOR, PC-SLAVE/16, PC-QICSTOR, see Alloy's full line of innovative products in action at your local dealer.

Uloy Computer Products (Europe) Ltd., Cirencester, Gloucestershire, England. Tel; 0285-68709, Tlx: 43340 Computer Product,

CLUBS & NEWSLETTERS

• BBS FOR MEMBERS

Uploading and downloading are features of the 300-bps BBS called ABACUS-COM. operating 24 hours, 7 days a week at (805) 871-2725. It is for members of A Bakersfield Area Commodore User Society (ABACUS). The group meets on the second Wednesday of every month in Bakersfield. California. Contact Gene Smith, ABACUS. 2316 Sandy Lane, Bakersfield, CA 93306.

• FARMER S CHOICE

Descriptions of agricultural software packages, electronic information services, and university contact information for farmers is available in a capsule form in the newsletter Agricultural Computing. Contact Doane Publishing, 11701 Borman Dr., St. Louis, MO 63146, (314) 569-2700.

• TECHNICAL SCHOLASTICS An independent newsletter from a nonprofit organization about educational computing. Academically Speaking. . . is produced bimonthly for the benefit of computerists, teachers, and manufacturers. Contributions concerning hardware and software developments that affect curriculum and administration in postsecondary education are welcome. Contact William Buchholz, Academically Speaking. . .. Scholastech Inc., POB 1545. Cambridge, MA 02238.

• A HUNDREDFOLD

A newsletter for the TRS-80 Model 100. Century, contains

hardware and software news and reviews, programs, and information that'is also ap

plicable to the NEC and Olivetti computers. It is published eight times a year; a subscription is $35. Contact Century, Peregrine International. Suite P-225, 323 South Franklin, Chicago, IL 60606-7095.

• ENGINEERS REVIEW Engineering Software Exchange (ESE) is a monthly newsletter that promotes high standards in engineering-applications software. Reviewers critique programs based on the quality of documentation, degree of user-friendliness, interactive features, and the completeness of the software. A subscription is $60 annually Contact Lidia LoPinto, CAE Consultants Inc., 41 Tl-avers Ave., Yonkers, NY 10705.

• A WELCOMING ASSEMBLY-The Milwaukee Area IBM Personal Computer Users Group meets at 7 p.m. twice a month. Members who use IBM PC and compatible computers can benefit from product demonstrations, instructional sessions, a monthly newsletter, and access to a library of public-domain software. Contact the IBM PC Users Group, POB 2121, Milwaukee, WI 53203-2I2I. (414) 679-9075,

• COMPUTERS FOR HOOSIERS-The BBS of the Hoosier Users Group (HUG) is on line 24 hours a day at (317) 631-994A to serve

users of the Texas Instruments 99/4A computer. The monthly newsletter, which is exchanged with other users groups, supplements monthly meetings. The group sponsors classes in BASIC and Extended BASIC, Special-interest groups and a library of public-domain software meet members' specific needs. Contact HUG. POB 2222. Indianapolis. IN 46206-2222.

• TELEWORKS

The Telecommuting R£port. a monthly newsletter published by Electronic Services Unlimited, tracks developments in the field of location-independent work. Because corporations are presently running pilot programs and researching the use of computers in homes or at satellite offices, reports of their results can aid small businesses as well as manufacturers. A subscription is $145. Contact Electronic Services Unlimited. 142 West 24th St., New York, NY lOOU, (212) 206-8272.

• MAC STREET )OURNAL

The newsmagazine of the New York MacUsers' Group, The Mac Street ]oumal. is published monthly by and for the benefit of Mac users.. Articles, reviews, and graphics are included as well as an order form for public-domain software and members' evaluations of software. Monthly meetings feature lectures, demonstra

tions, and special-interest group discussions. A bulletin board is maintained. Annual dues are $32. Contact New York MacUsers' Group, POB 6686, Yorkville Station, New York, NY 10128.

• BUG PREMIERS

The First Basis Users Group (1st BUG) meets on line and in New York City every month. Members maintain a BBS and produce a monthly newsletter and a semiannual directory of users of Basis 108, a 6502/Z80-based microcomputer. Contact )ohn Flory 1st BUG. 4 Tower Lane. Morristown. N| 07960.

• FOR AGRICULTURALISTS Farmers and agri-businesspeople who use computers in their operations can share

ideas and public-domain software via a monthly newsletter called The Computer Farmer. Contact Kelly Klaas, Route I. Box 4133, TWin Falls. ID 83301, (208) 733-4251,

• INDEPENDENT

EXPANSION-The Phoenix Chapter of the Independent Computer Consultants Association (ICCA) meets the second Uiesday of the month at 6 p.m. in Phoenix, Arizona. A newsletter is produced monthly; annual subscriptions are $10. ICCA is a nonprofit club for computer consultants and contract programmmers Contact Mike Diross. ICCA. Phoenix Chapter. POB 32115. Phoenix. AZ 85064. (602) 892-3270.

• THE PUBLIC'S DOMAIN A newsletter covering publicdomain and user-supported

{ccmUnuedi

CLUBS & NEWSLETTERS is a forum for letting BYTE readers know what is happening in the microcomputing community. Emphasis is given to electronic bulletin-board services, club-sponsored classes, community-help projects, and other activities. We will continue to list new clubs and newsletters. Allow at least four months for your club's mention to appear. Send information to BYTE, Clufa & Newsletters, POB 372, Hancock. NH 03449.

58 BYTE' MAY 1985

PERSOMUTY PROBLEM?

UNIX™ and DOS™ At the Same Time!

Looking at an IBM PC/AT? Happy with DOS but want UNIX? Happy with UNIX but want DOS? Want them working together?

Get The Connector!™

The Connector is a revolutionary product that allows DOS applications to run on the IBM PC/AT or XT under VENIX/86 (the first licensed AT&T UNIX operating system for the IBM PCs) or PC/IX. That means you can add one or more terminals to your AT which run programs using multi-user VENIX/86 to share the disk and printer. Switch between UNIX and DOS at the console with a single command. And run more than one task simultaneously. Like running a spelling check in the background while you print a report and run Lotus 1-2-3™ or dBaselF"

Get yourself an AT and load it with VENIX. Collect your DOS and/or UNIX applications. We'll supply The Connector. The right solution to your software personality problems.

Call for complete details.

Unisource Software Corp., Department 4109, 71 Bent Street, Cambridge, MA 02141. Telex 92-1401/COMPUMART CAM.

617-491-1264

/I

Also available on the PC/XT and compatibles.

• UNIX is a iradcmark of AT&T TVchnologles. Inc. DOS In a irademark of Micrmiifl, Im- I'C/AT and PC/XT arc Iradcmaricji of IBM. Ttic Cnnncttor h a Iradcniark of Uniform SoflwarcSyilcnijt, Inc. VENIX/86 implcmcnialion liy VcniurtAiin, Inc |.2 VandLOTI'Sarctradcmarif.'iofLDlusDcveiopnicnlCorp. dBascliisa Irademark of A!iitlon-1alc.

Getting UNIX Software Down to Business

Inquiry 403

MAY lyK-i -BYTE 59

Inquiry 430 for Dealers. Inquiry 431 for End-Users.

data systems

THE QUALITY GOES IN BEFORE THE NAME GOES ON

PROFIT FROM ZENITH DATA SYSTEMS Z-150 PC DESKTOP OR Z-160 PC PORTABLE IBM COMPATIBLES!

OM/\ TOTAL PERFORMANCE

USE ZENITH'S PERSONAL COMPUTER SYSTEMS!

■ 4 Open Expansion Slots ■ Full Color*. Green*, or Amber Video ■ Clearly Labeled, Easy-to-Use Keyboard ■ ExcellenI Price/Performance Ratio ■ Zenith Total Service, Technical and Training Support

•Z ISO PC ONLY ["lONITOR NOT INCLUDED

ZENITH DATA SYSTEMS Z-150 PC DESKTOP SYSTEM

W/ 2 DRVS, 320K RAM, 2P, S, CCB,

RAM DISK & PRT SPOOLER, MS-DOS,

MS-WORD*, MS-MULTIPLAN* S/W $1,929

SAME AS ABOVE W/ 576K RAM $2,058

WITH 320K, 1 FLPY, 10.6Mb H.D. $2,669 ,^,,„

WITH 576K, 1 FLPY, .0.6Mb H.D. $2,798 ^^1!J"pSr^ABLE ™TEM

•WHILE SPECIAL OFFER LASTS! SAME AS Z150PC W/ 2 DRVS.

320K RAM, S, P, MS-DOS, WORD*, AND MULTI-PLAN* SOFTWARE $2,239 SAME AS ABOVE W/ 10.6Mb H.D. $2,849 SPs9SSSS *WHILE SPECIAL OFFER LASTS!

SEE PAGE 501 FOR OTHER PRODUCTS

(SOO) 528-313S

BLANK

Major Brands • Low

Prices

Call ALF first

1-800-321-4668

If you need 50 or more top quality disks, bulk-packed (without expensive labels or hncy packaging), call the toll-free number above for the latest price on your favorite brand. ALF copies thousands of disks each day—so we know which disks will perform best with your system! Inside Colorado call 234-0871.

ALF

ALF Products • Denver, CO

CLUBS & NEWSLETTERS

software for the IBM PC is devoted entirely to new disks, their reviews, and questions and answers concerning their exchange. PCSIC News is produced by the PC Software Interest Group, which has also published Directory of Public Domain {and User-Supported] Software for the IBM Personal Computer. Contact the PC Software Interest Group, Suite 130, 1556 Halford Ave.. Santa Clara, CA 95051,

• LOGO FOR THE lE/KCHER—Microc^uests. a monthly publication available from September through May for teachers of Logo, contains mathematical, scientific, and linguistic problems for children to solve. A subscription is S2 5 a year. Contact MartinBearden Inc. POB 337, Grapevine TX 76051,

• MEDICS ON LINE

The Atlanta Medical Forum is available at (404) 3 519757 every hour of the day at 300 and 1200 bps. It is a user-supported private BBS for people interested in areas of health care that involve computers. The Bread Board System software allows message exchange and file transfer. A $15 annual donation is requested. Contact Dr. Floyd Garrett, Suite 424, 315 Boulevard NE, Atlanta, GA 30312.

• LONE TEXAN EAGLE

The East Texas Eagle Users meet the second Thursday of every month, interested persons can contact R. 1. Dodson, 1809 Bell, Longview, TX 75602, (214) 758-2994.

• A NEW ADDITION

The Adam Users Group (AUG), though independent, benefits from Coleco's input on new products in the bimonthly newsletter, AUCment. The international group has scheduled an AUG BBS

for telecommunications linkups using the Adam. A public-domain library is available to members. Annual dues are SI2,. Contact AUG, POB R Lyhbrook, NY 11563.

• GROUP FOR THE

VALLEY-The Los Angeles area Valley PC Users Group meets on the second Thursday of each month in North Hollywood. It is a forum for sharing information among users of IBM PCs and compatible computers and provides a public-domain software library Contact Carlo di Giovanni, 6161 Whitsett, North Hollywood. CA 91606, (818) 762-7566, or Robin Kaplan, The Information Group, 3414 TVoy Dr.. Los Angeles, CA 90068, (213) 851-2480.

• MINDSETTERS

The First Mindset Users Group welcomes members across the nation who share an interest in this MS-DOS micro with advanced graphics capabilities. Send an SASE to receive a sample newsletter. An annual subscription costs SI 5. Local members meet in the Bay Area on the second Monday of each month. Contact David Duberman, 3 55 15th Ave. #5, San Francisco, CA 94118, (415) 668-8352.

• ATTENTION CANADIANS

RAM (Regroupement des Amateurs de Microordinateurs) contains five user subgroups for the IBM. Apple, TRS-80 Color Computer, Commodore 64, and CP/M-based computers. General and subgroup meetings are held each month. A BBS is maintained, and a newsletter written in French, Organigramme. is produced bimonthly A publicdomain and freeware library exists for each subgroup. Contact Ronald Leger. RAM. POB 21, St. lean. Quebec !3B 6Z1, Canada. ■

60 BYTE* MAY 1985

YOUR DAYS OF BUYING TERMINALS ARE OVER!

Now there's SmarTerm terminal emulation software for your IBM* PC, XT, AT or compatible system. All SmarTerm products offer comprehensive and exact terminal emulation, powerful ASCII and binary file transfer facilities, and include TTY mode to link you to The Source, CompuServe, Dow Jones, Easylink, Tymnet or other popular services. We've included features such as multiple setup configurations, XMODEM and

PDIP* protocol support, "smart" softkeys, plus European DOS support.

NEW SmarTerm 220 supports A-to-Z and other software requiring DEC* VT220 terminals. It includes the full capabilities of SmarTerm 100: DEC VT102, VT100, and VT52 emulation. If you need VT125 ReGIS graphics support, choose SmarTerm 125. For Data General Dasher* D100, D200, or D400 emulation you need SmarTerm 400.

Don't "scurry" around buying more obsolete terminals. Join the 20,000 users that have chosen SmarTerm. Try it for 30 days, with full refund privileges.

Persoft, Inc. - Madison, Wl (608) 273-6000 - TELEX 759491

smarwm

smart^

persaif

AFTER

SMARTERM, WHAT

DO WITH YOUR eSOLETE TERMINAL?

IDEA CREDIT: Anne Hillebrand of Ada, Oklahoma. See your name in print! The besi ideas for uses of obsolete

terminals replaced by SmarTerm will be used in future ads. Write Persoft, Dept. GERBIL, 2740 Ski Lane, Madison, Wl 53713.

"SMAHItHH nrxl POIP a/e Kadctnafks ot Peisoti. Inc " IBM is a refjisieicd trademark ol imorruiliorvil Business Mndiines Cwp * DEC. VT and RcGIS are Kademaiks ol Digital EguipmiirU Corp ' DASHER is a refiislcfcd Irademark o' Dala General Corp,

10 Pcfson. Inc 1965 AJJ r<ohts tcscived

^rsofT

Inquiry 319

SPEAK SOFTLY AND CARRY A BIG SCHTICK.

To lead an audience to your conclusions, you need more than strong words. You've got to show them your line of reasoning, and help them follow it.

You do that with strong, clear graphics. The kind you get from just one graphics package. Graphwriter. It's built to allow you to speak softly while you hammer your message home.

Point by point.

It's got more easy-to-use, easy-to-customize charts than Lotus 1-2-3 or any other software on the market. And with Graphwriter, you can turn out your first chart in 15 minutes.

So, before your next presentation, get your hands on Graphwriter. Speak softly to the people at your local computer store. Or call 617 890-8778.

FORMATS

text word vertical column stacked column clustered column horizontal bar stacked bar clustered bar pies(1-4) proportional pies line

scatter plots bar-line combination Gantt

organization

bubble

table

pie-bar combination surface line stacked line line-table

double stacked bars range

paired bars

3D liorizontal bar

FLEXIBILITY

text justification variable font sizes variable font colors 22 font styles adjustable bar widths pie rotation placement unequal line lengths 8 line types 5 frame options Still patterns axes labels ($,%,x) logsemilog scaling multiple curve fits floating comments vertical page plotting multiple plots per page EASY-TO-USE pre-designed formats chartbook input forms 1-2-3,- DIF- access Multiplan" file access on-screen help messages chart preview ■built-in artist" batch processing chart template storage OUTPUT OPTIONS paper

transparency 35mm slides Polaroid Palette" Matrix PGR'" COMPUTERS IBM PCXTandAT" DEC Rainbow" Tandy 2000" HP 150NECAPC" Burroughs ET2000" Fortune Systems' Wang Office Assistant"

Graphwriterwith the Polaroid Palette

gives you slides in minutes. Even last minutes.

LOOK AT THE PROJECTION WE NKED MORE PRODUCTION

Graphwriter'

THE ART OF PERSUASION:'

Inquiry 179

«e< ^' «if ii* fl» ,

Graphic Communications Inc.

Waltham, Massachusetts 02254 (617)890-8778

EVER FOR EXCELLENCE

SYMPHONY HIGH RESOLUTION

The Edge

16 COLORS, 320x200

The Plain Facts:

EVEREX THE EDGE

Everex The Edge

Paradise Modular Graphics

Tecmar Graphics Master

Tseng Lab Ultra Pak

Persyst Bob

Hercules Graphics Card

• IBM Monochrome Compatible, 720x348, High Resolution

• Runs Lotus 1-2-3™ and Symphony™ In high resolution monochrome:

— 132 columnsx25 rows

1^

-132 columnsx44 rows

\^

• PC Paintbrush in monochrome

v'

• 16 shades of green on the IBM monochrome monitor

\^

v'

• Runs color software on the IBM monochrome monitor, full screen:

V'

1^

—Flight Simulator

-PC Paintbrush

-PC Paint

-PC Tutor

-PInball

—Without software patch needed

• Automatic Boot-up without software patch needed

• Runs Lotus 1-2-3™ and Symphony™ in high resolution color:

I/'

V/'

-16 colors, 320x200

1^

1^

-4 colors, 640x200

\^

• Printer port (standard)

1^

\^

1^

1^

• Software switchable among color, monochrome and 132 columns mode

1^

• Price

$399

$395

$695

$680

$595

$499

Excellence is the standard at Everex—it's in our name, our products, in everything we do. When you look for the best for your computer—you'll find Everex products. Visit your local Everex dealer today and ask to see Everex products in action. For the name of your nearest Everex dealer, please call (415) 498-1111.

Registered Trademarks: Paradise Modular Graphics Card-Paradise Systems, inc.; Hercules Graphics Card-Hercules Compuler Technology; Lotus 1-2-3-Lotus Doveiopmont Corporation; PC Paint-Mouse Systems Corporation; Tecmar Graphics f^laster-Tecmar inc.; Persyst Bob-Persyst Products; Ultra PakTseng Lab.; The Edge-Everex Systems inc.; IBM, PC Tutorial—International Business Machines Corporation: Flight Simulator—Microsoft Corporation.

Inquiry 161

Dealer Hotline: (800) 821 -0806. In OA (800) 821 -0807.

Imagineering Ultimo, Australia TLX: 74349 IMAGIN AA

Microage Distribution Ltd. London, England TLX: 881 3241 WONGS G

Feeder Paris, France TLX: 4413241 FEEDER

Automated Office Systems Hout Bay, South Africa 2721 -70-8091

Survex. 1027 Speers Road, Oakville, Ontario Canada L6L-2X5,416-842-6093

Pride Computers, 102-8167 Main Street. Vancouver,

Britistl Columbia, V5X 3L2, 604-321-5690

EWER tor Excellence Address: 47777 Warm Springs Blvd., Fremont, CA 94539 (415) 498-1111.

BOOK REVIEWS

THE APPLE MACINTOSH BOOK Gary Lu

Microsoft Press Bellevue, WA: 1984 383 pages, $18.95

FIRE IN THE VALLEY: THE MAKING OF THE PERSONAL COMPUTER Paul Freiberger and Michael Swaine Osborne/McGraw-Hiii Berlceiey GA: 1984 288 pages, $9.95

BENEATH APPLE PRODOS Don Worth and Pieter Lechner Quality Software Chatsworth, GA: 1984 295 pages, $19.95

PRODUCTIVE SOFTWARE TEST MANAGEMENT Michael W. Evans john Wiley & Sons New York: 1984 232 pages, $32.95

THE APPLE MACINTOSH BOOK Reviewed by Scott L. Norman

Cary Lu, in writing The Apple Macintosh Book, did not fall into the trap of creating an extended version of the Macintosh manuals. Instead, he produced a book that should be of broad interest to present and prospective owners of the Mac. To a lesser extent, it may also appeal to people who are generally interested in the improvement of the personal computer. Although the depth of coverage is occasionally shallow, the book lives up to the author's intention: to anticipate major questions and to furnish the tools for finding solutions rather than attempting to provide up-to-the-minute information on all relevant topics.

Because Lu's book was one of several commissioned by Microsoft Press while the Macintosh was still under development, it emphasizes the initial Microsoft programs: MacWrite, MacPaint, Multiplan, and Chart.

The book shares another and more pleasing, characteristic with its competitors: the heavy use of graphics, in keeping with the computer's own style. The text is confined to half the width of a page, leaving plenty of room for screen printouts, sketches, and other marginalia. These are generally helpful, especially to people with little exposure to the Mac.

The Apple Macintosh Book is divided into four sections. Two chapters cover the philosophy of the visual interface, some of the strong points and limitations of the Mac, and the process of setting up the machine. Nine chapters emphasize basic machine operations. The chapter "Fundamental Operations" is where Lu introduces the Mac desktop and the use of the mouse to manipulate windows and icons. It's well done, with plenty of illustrations of screens and menus and a liberal use of color to distinguish instructions to the user from a running commentary on what is happening.

Dealing with Disks

In the 11th chapter Lu describes the details of dealing with disks: initializing and erasing, copying, moving, renaming files, and so on. Although he is careful to describe how to go about things with a single-drive system, Lu emphasizes that two drives are almost mandatory for serious work. 1 think he's right, and prospective purchasers of the

{continued]

ILLUSTRATED BY lOHN S DYKES

MAY 1985 -BYTE 65

Inquiry

UJhen Vour Chips Are Down,

Bank on BVTeK's (6)PROM MultiProgrammer System S15-G LUith Less Restrictions & o FR€e KgVBOnRD For Only SllbU. *

Stand Alone or Hook Up to your Terminal, 3 Voltage Devices, Simulation Module, Supports Bipolar, PALs, 40 Pin Chips. Also Available: S5 BasiC (E)PROM Programmer, $690. UV Erasers from $67.

(EliaHBial COMPUTCR SVST€MS CORPORRTION

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CRLLTO ORD€ft (305) 994-3520, Telex 4310073 M€VBTC Distributor Inquiries UUelcome

COMPETITIVE EDGE

P.O. Box 556 — Plymouth,,Ml 48170 — 313-451-0665 Compupro®, LOMAS, EARTH, TELETEK. Macrotech

SYSTEMS

CompuPro 286, SSI. VO A. Disk lA, Disk 3, 20MB HD. 512K. 15Slot5'CCPM Lomas 286, Hazilall. LDP 72, 102'IK. 20MB, 1-5" Flp, 4 port, 15 Slot. CCPM Lomas Thunder 186. 512K. 4 Slol, 10 MB HD, 4 Serial, CCPM, 1-5" Floppy CompuPfo 8085'88. I'O 4. Disk 1A. Ram 23. 10 Slol, 2-8" Drives CP/M 2.2 CompuPro CPU Z, I/O 4. Disk 1A, Ram 23, 10 Slot, 2-8 ' Ors, CP/M 2.2 Teletek Systemaster II, 8HMz 280, 128K, 10 Slol 2-8" Single Turbodos Telelek Systemaster, 4MHz Z80, 64K, 10 Slol, 2-8" CP/M 2,2

Systemaster )l, 10MB HD.

CompuPro 286 CPU ■ CompuPro SPU Z-8MHZ CompuPro8085 88 CompuPro Disk 1A "■ CompuPro Disk 3 " CompuPro Ram 22" CompuPfo Ram 23" CompuPro Ram23 128 CompuPro CPUZ'" CompuProCPU/M'Sie' System Support One ' Teletek HD/CTC Teletek S^emasler

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Earth Computer TURBO SLAVE I 8MHz 128K $395. Turbo Slave I runs with Teletek, North Star Horizon. Advanced Digital and Others.

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Lomas 10MHz 8086 Lomas 4 serial Macrolech256K Dram Macrotech 512K Dram Macrotech 512K sialic Macrotech 256K sialic Lomas Color Magic'" 16K LomasMSDOS'" 2.11 CompuPro MDnve H '512K CompuPro I/O 3 8 port Teletek SBC16MH2l2e Turbodos' lor Teletek

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ALL PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND STOCK ON HAND CompuPro isa Rewslered Tfademarkol Viasyn. CPU Z. Disk !A, Disks. Iniertacei 3, inierlacci -i., CPU 286. CPU 8085.88. System Support 1, MDRIVE-H, Ham 22, Ram 23 are trademarks or ir"*- ''—' - - -

BOOK REVIEWS

Mac would do well to keep this in mind.

Lu dispenses reasonable advice on how to distribute system files, application programs, and data files among disks. The goal, as all Mac users soon learn, is to maximize usable storage space while minimizing the amount of time spent preparing disks for use. The trick is in learning which files must go where.

The chapter on disk handling closes with a discussion of how information can be moved between programs by means of the Mac's Clipboard and Scrapbook files. This discussion is pretty brief, however; at its conclusion the author advises interested readers to jump ahead to the 20th chapter, "Macintosh Software Issues." This interesting section describes a bit of the philosophy behind the design of operating systems and user interfaces and then gets into how Mac application programs store and exchange data.

Lu also briefly discusses the use of alternative operating systems to alleviate the Mac software shortage—a rather desperate measure at the moment, it seems unlikely that the people for whom the book is primarily intended would have much interest in pursuing this topic right away.

The ability to direct files with the mouse, Clipboard, and other tools is one of the Mac's most appealing features, and the consistency of the machine's operation certainly encourages users to move data from one application to another. Lu does a good job of describing the three forms in which the Clipboard and Scrapbook can store information: formatted data files ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) text files, and picture files for the QuickDraw routine in ROM (read-only memory). He goes on to discuss some of the limitarions on data sharing and editing that are likely to arise.

Readers seeking a more general idea of what the Mac is all about should read the chapter on MacPaint. The author devotes subsequent chapters to specific types of software: word processors, spreadsheets, business graphics, and so on. This applicarions material is followed by 14 brief chapters on how things work. This is where you will find the material on software issues that I have already described. Lu provides some details about the video display keyboard, mouse, and I/O (input/output) ports, and he offers advice about printers and modems.

in three rather philosophical chapters, Lu speculates about future Mac products and the future development of microcomputers. He provides a comparison of the Mac and the IBM Personal Computer that will make few converts. This section is uneven. The chapters on the screen, keyboard, and mouse contain little material that most readers would care to refer to more than once. The chapter on disks and drives has more substance, and the one on printers contains at least a suggestion of what is needed to use printers other than the Imagewriter.

The final section consists of five chapters, containing material that didn't fit anywhere else. They are as much fun to read as anything in the book; the potpourri includes

[cmttnued]

66 BYTE- MAY 1985

Inquiry 84

1 ^

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Smart com™ and many others. And the entire AT command set and S-register functions are displayed on "help screens" and again • summarized for you on the I underside of the unit. Courier 2400 is accomHeipscneiu modating in other ways too. It lets you know the length of each call, tells you (on screen) the status of a call in progress, and even features an adjustable speaker to provide audio phone

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At $699, you'll not find more modem for the money. If you prefer an internal slot modem for IBM-PC and compatible MkrMnk24po" computets, our new Microlink 2400™ will deliver the same superior performance at the same affordable price. And to get the most out of either Courier or Microlink, ask for new, improved Telpac telecommunications software with easy to use windows.

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BOOK REVIEWS

thoughts on graphics, illustrations of the basic Macintosh fonts along with the names of their closest standard equivalents, and hints on moving specific types of files back and forth to popular application programs running on other machines. A 15-page glossary wraps things up.

Gary Lu, currently an editor at High Technology magazine, customarily takes a critical, level-headed approach to computers in his magazine writings: he maintains that approach in this book. It must have been difficult. The Macintosh is one of those high-tech objects that inspires high passions in its devotees and detractors, but Lu manages to keep things in perspective.

Scott L. t^oman (8 Doris Rd., Framingham. MA 01701) is department manager of solid-state science at GTE laboratories in "^altham, Massachusetts.

FIRE IN THE VALLEY:

THE MAKING OF THE PERSONAL COMPUTER Reviewed by joel Pitt

It's easy to forget that in the not-too-distant past the concept of a personal computer seemed fantastic. Fire in the Valley, by Paul Freiberger and Michael Swaine, is a history of the brief revolutionary period during which personal computers became a reality.

Changes in the direction of the computer revolution and in the image of the computer—from remote behemoth to tool of humanity—have been shaped by the personalities and motivations of the people who first dreamed of, and then built, personal computers. "The newborn industry," the authors write, was a movement of "hobbyists fully conscious that they were bringing on a social, not just a technological, revolution."

Freiberger and Swaine have lived in the valley south of San Francisco and watched the industry grow from that vantage point. Both men served as editors at ln/oWorW; Freiberger is now West Coast editor of Popular Computing: Swaine is editor in chief of Dr. Dobb's journal. They don't ignore the contributions of hobbyists and professionals from other parts of the country, however, so their picture of the origin and development of the industry seems balanced and fair.

The chapter entitled "Tinder for the Fire" is a brief, general history of the computer and the transistor technology that permitted its miniaturization. The obligatory recitation of the evolution of the idea of the computer, starting with Charles Babbage's analytical engine, includes much that is old hat: however, the authors also discuss Intel's development of the first CPU (central processing unit) chip, the 4004, which is less well known. A brief account of David Ahl's failed attempt to interest Digital Equipment Corporation in selling computers for personal use underlines the conflict between the individual vision that drove the personal computer movement and the corporate computer world that "passed up the chance to

68 BYTE • MAY 1985

Inquiry 413

Inquiry 50

BOOK REVIEWS

bring computers into the home and onto the desk."

The birth and development of the MITS Altair computer is described in "The Voyage to Altair." We learn that the flashy cover photo on the january 197 5 issue of Popular Electronics, which served to announce this first successful hobbyist computer kit to the world, was just a "photo of an empty metal box masquerading as a computer." The frantic race to bring the Altair into reality was a cliff-hanger (What has come to be known as "vaporware—products announced well before they're available—has an ancient and honorable role in the history of the microcomputer movement.) Fortunately MITS was able to fill those metal boxes quickly enough so that the revolution was not brought to a halt just as it was getting off the ground.

But "The Voyage to Altair" is not only the story of the Altair computer Many of the people who worked with the Altair went on to play major roles in the future of the personal computer. Freiberger and Swaine let us learn about them as we follow the history of MITS.

The next four chapters focus on the people, personalities, and est-inspired vision that drove IMSAI, the second major microcomputer manufacturer: the hobbyists and visionaries who flocked to and formed the Homebrew and other microcomputer clubs; the software developers who helped to make the microcomputer a usable tool; and the entrepreneurs who brought microcomputers and software to us in retail stores, computer shows, and magazines. We learn about the social vision that drove some people, the marketing vision that drove others, and the sense of discovery play and adventure that pervaded the movement. (The book is illustrated with 32 pages of photographs that help to put flesh on the players mentioned.)

The penultimate chapter, "American Pie," is devoted to Apple Computer and its founders, Steve Wozniak and Steve lobs. And though the first six chapters of Fire in the Valley help refute Apple's occasional claim to have invented the personal computer, this chapter documents Apple's legitimate claim to a unique and critical role in bringing it to the people. The last chapter of the book, "Big Companies," covers the significant, though belated, entry of the major computer companies (which had passed up the opportunity to invent the personal computer) into the microcomputer business.

The story that Freiberger and Swaine have attempted to recount is rich with the excitement of discovery, serendipity accidental association, businesses made and lost, and remarkable people. Because it is contemporary history, the authors were able to draw much of their information from interviews with many of the people involved. They have relied to a lesser degree on written sources, in the preface there's a long list of acknowledgments of the people they interviewed, but there is no bibliography

Freiberger and Swaine's reliance on oral sources helps give their book a personal vitality; however, because of their dependence on interviews, the accuracy of their

[continued]

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BOOK REVIEWS

historical nnaterial may be open to question. It's not surprising to find that the intensely creative people who shaped the personal computer movement often had their own ideas about how things should be done and about their own rights and responsibilities. There were, of course, many disputes and, not surprisingly differing accounts of what happened and why. it seems that the authors have made every attempt to be fair, it's not at all unlikely, however, that some of the many volatile personalities involved in the making of the microcomputer will take exception to a statement here or a date there.

Freiberger and Swaine have pulled together considerable information for Fire in the Valley and given it a sense of human vitality.

]oel Pitt (28 Cedar Ridge M.. New Paltz. NY 12561) is a senior consultant with Wodbury Computer Associates and writes about microcomputer applications.

BENEATH APPLE PRODOS Reviewed by Martin Kaiman

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Inquiry 127

From june 1978 to early 1984, the primary disk operating system (DOS) for the Apple II family was Apple DOS. Although early documentation was meager, this operating system was used to create the large body of software that has been an important factor in the popularity of these computers. Early in 1984, Apple Computer Inc. introduced a new operating system called ProDOS (Professional Disk Operating System) to rectify Apple DOS's shortcomings.

As with their earlier book, Beneath Apple DOS, Don Worth and Pieter Lechner attempt to document an operating system, with a particular emphasis on those topics that have been omitted or covered superficially in the Apple manuals, in the beginning, the authors state that Beneath Apple ProDOS is intended to serve as a companion to the manuals provided by Apple. They go on to enumerate the deficiencies of Apple DOS and point out how ProDOS has addressed these and made improvements.

The technical portion of the book begins with a chapter describing how data is stored on a floppy disk using the Apple II drive (or equivalent). The authors point out that this chapter should not be considered a prerequisite for understanding succeeding chapters. For this reason,! think it may have been more appropriate to place this chapter at the end of the book, perhaps as an appendix. The material, much of which is applicable to other Apple operating systems (DOS, Pascal, CP/M). would be of interest only to the advanced programmer who wants to access the disk at the lowest levels.

Hierarchy

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[contimecti

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Inquiry 237

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BOOK REVIEWS

dition to the main directory on each volume, ProDOS allows subdirectories within the main directory. Each subdirectory can hold files of any type, including further subdirectories. In this manner, a nested structure is created that allows easy file organization and access through individual pathnames. The chapter that follows discusses how ProDOS organizes information on a disk to provide the directory structure just described. Although this discussion assumes the medium is a standard Apple 3 5-track floppy disk, all of the information presente(d is applicable to other disk sizes and even to a hard disk.

Worth and Lechner then embark on a detailed description of how individual blocks of data (512 bytes) are allocated on the disk, beginning with the initial formatting that creates the volume directory and volume bit-map blocks. They describe the internal layout of different types of files, complete with numerous examples and excellent diagrams that show data organization and storage. These include directory files as well as typical file types such as BASIC programs, binary files, and text files.

At this point we are introduced to the ProDOS assembly-language program itself, which is loaded into RAM (random-access read/write memory) when the disk is booted. It consists of two parts: the ProDOS kernel and the BASIC interpreter. The kernel is made up of subroutines that can be called by any assembly-language program to access the disk, either block by block or file by file. The BASIC interpreter acts as a translator between a BASIC program (or a user's immediate commands) and the kernel. A short chapter shows the memory usage of these two components and explains how they are loaded into the computer during the booting process.

The remaining three chapters, which occupy more than half the book, are intended to aid the assembly-language programmer who wants access to the routines within the ProDOS program. In contrast to Apple DOS, ProDOS provides a set of 20 externally callable subroutines in the kernel. These subroutines, referred to as the machinelanguage interface (MLl), provide a simple method for accessing the operating system's disk, time and date, and interrupt-handling functions. Entry points are well documented, with detailed descriptions of all the required input parameters. A list of MLl error messages includes explanations that would be valuable when debugging.

One of the most interesting and potentially useful aspects of ProDOS is the provision for adding extra userwritten commands to the BASIC interpreter. The chapter entitled "Customizing ProDOS" examines this feature. The authors even include a program in the appendix that installs a "Type" command. You can use this command to display the contents of an input text file on the screen.

In the final chapter of the book, Worth and Lechner describe the ProDOS global pages. These two pages always occupy a fixed position in memory and contain system-status and device-configuration information. Addresses in these pages are of use to the programmer for

[conlimed]

74 BYTE- MAY 1985

Inquiry 105

What C did for Programming Maiid^li^s has done for C Programming

The C Programming System from I^^ark Williams

MWC86 gets ydur C programs run ning faster and uses less memory space than any other compiler on the market. Then csd, Mark Williams' revolutionary C Source Debugger, helps you debug faster. That's The C Programming System from Mark Williams Compa'

MWC86

.MWC86 is the most highly optimized C compiler available anywhere for the DOS and 8086 environment. The benchmarks prove it! They show MWC86 is unmatched in speed and code density.

MWC86 supports large and small models of compilation, the 8087 math coprocessor and DOS 2.0 pathnames. The compiler features common code elimination, peephole optimization and register variables. It includes the most complete libraries. Unlike its competition, MWC86 supports the full C language including recent extensions such as the Berkeley structure rules, voids, enumerated data types, UNIX* I/O calls and structure assignments.

Quality is why Intel, DEC and Wang chose to distribute MWC86. These industry leaders looked and compared and found Mark Williams to be best.

User Friendly

MWC86 is the easiest to use of all compilers. One command runs all phases from pre-processor to assembler and linker. MWC86 eliminates the need to search for error messages in the back of a manual. All error messages appear on the screen in English.

A recent review of MWC86 in PC World, June, 1984, summed it up:

•Unix is a Trademark of Bell Laboratories.

"Of all the compilers reviewed, MWC86 would be my first choice for product development. It compiles quickly, pro^ duces superior error messages, andi generates quick, compact object aode. The library is small and fast arm ly follows^ the industry standard fqi C libraries^

C86 I in

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csd C Source Debugger

lark Williams wffs not content to write the best C compiler on the market. To advance the state of the art in software development, Mark Williams wrote csd.

csd C Source Debugger serves as a microscope on the program. Any C expression can be entered and evaluated. With csd a programmer can set tracepoints on variables and expressions with full history capability and can single step a program to find bugs. The debugger does not affect either code size or execution time, csd features online help instructions; the ability to walk through the stack; the debugging of graphics programs without disturb

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The C Programming System from Mark Williams delivers not only the best C compiler for the 8086 but also the only C source level debugger. That's why it does for C programming what C did for programming. The Mark Williams C Programming System gives the programmer the MWC86 C compiler and the csd C Source Debugger for only $495. Order today by calling 1-800-MWC-1700. Major credit cards accepted.

Technical support for The Mark Williams C Programming System is provided free of charge by the team that developed it.

Mark Williams Company

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Inquiry 253

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BOOK REVIEWS

such tasks as calling the MLI via the BASIC interpreter or setting vectors to point to user-supplied command routines. The current ProDOS code occupies more than 22K bytes of memory. The authors expect that this code will change in the near future. Consequently they have decided to describe only the BASIC-interpreter global page and the ProDOS global page. A special supplement is available from the publisher for those readers who wish to obtain a complete description of every piece of code and data within the ProDOS components.

Have the authors achieved their objective of improving upon the documentation provided by Apple? Yes, but i wish they had included even more information.

Martin Kalman (POB 243, Friday Harbor. WA 98250) has an M.S. from MIT and worfs as a freelance computer programmer and

writer.

PRODUCTIVE SOFTWARE TEST MANAGEIVIENT Reviewed by Douglas L. Freeman

Very little has been written about the testing of software. Since even the simplest program requires testing, clear-cut guidance is valuable to anyone who develops software. Michael W. Evans has missed the opportunity to provide this guidance because he has written a very complex book that will not appeal to a wide audience. He attempts to reduce most concepts to charts, some of which are fairly complicated, and he has a tendency to use acronyms excessively. Though Productive Software Test Management gets bogged down in details about organization, testing committees, definitions, and phases, some of the topics it raises are worth reviewing.

The Planning Process

Thorough software testing is often overlooked and undervalued. Testing can be easily overshadowed by the other complexities of software development. Evans correctly emphasizes the importance of planning. He begins his book with a story about a failed project and then tells how the disaster could have been avoided. The author points out that developers have a better chance of getting the resources needed for adequate testing if they've planned well for it at the beginning of a project.

Creating a detailed plan of how a system will be developed is a difficult task. In the early stages of a project, information and technical requirements are often vague. Precision is difficult to attain. The prudent systems manager will work hard to produce a strong software-development plan. According to Evans, planning should be done in a hierarchical fashion by first defining the top levels of development requirements (what is to be done) and structure (management and control). The development plan should contain a software test and integration segment. This segment describes the testing structure,

[mtinuedt

76 BYTE* MAY 1985

Inquiry 130

THE FORTH SOURCE

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You need two primary features in a software development package a stable operating system and the ability to move programs easily and quickly to a variety of computers. MVP-FORTH gives you both these features and , many extras. This public domain product includes an editor, FORTH assembler, tools, utilities and the vocabulary for the best selling book "Starting FORTH". The Programmer's Kit provides a complete FORTH for a variety of computers. Other tvlVP-FORTH products will simplify the development of your applications.

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□ Vol. 1, All about FORTH by Haydon. MVP-FORTH glossary with cross references to fig-FORTH, Starting FORTH, and FORTH-79 Standard. 2"" Ed. $25

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Includes Disk and Calculator systems and ability to compile additional FORTH words. $150

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Inquiry 280

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BOOK PFVIEWS

phases, levels, and organization. It lays the foundation for the entire software-testing process.

Test planning is the central theme throughout the first five chapters. Though Evans almost wears out the subject, he does make several good related points. He cautions the software manager against trading short-term project demands for long-term planning requirements. As a project proceeds, the demands on the manager increase. Time that was Intended to be spent on planning disappears. The obvious result is a poorly developed software product and sometimes a failed project.

The author also observes that managers often try to apply techniques that worked for large projects to the development of small projects and vice versa. He advises that the software-development controls must be scaled to the technical and administrative requirements of the individual project. Readers should keep this point clear as they try to implement concepts from this book.

Evans devotes a chapter to the subject of motivating a software-test staff. This chapter is one of the best in the book. It gives the reader good advice about management direction and responsibility The author counsels the software-test manager to "look and act like a leader" and "present a positive image to staff, customer, and management personnel." He also tells how to motivate three types of personnel: fast trackers, average performers, and poor performers. This advice is useful to managers of all disciplines.

The Real Work of Testing

You have to read more than half of the book before you come to the two chapters that cover test specification and testing methodology. Evans warns that "personnel easily bog down in the morass of technical detail," but he does not follow his own warning. He proceeds to describe software testing in a style that is dense with terminology and definitions. In spite of this, a dedicated reader can still gain an insight into proper testing methods from these chapters.

A Word of Caution

Perhaps the most worthwhile part of the book's second half deals with satisfying the customer requirements of the project. Here Evans stresses the importance of customer participation throughout the software development. He states that customers will be more willing to accept a system if they have participated in the testing process.

Productive Software Test Management is not a book for every computer user. It would be of most interest to people involved in managing major software projects at very large, development organizations, lb other software developers the book would probably be fairly dull, and to casual users of microcomputers it would be close to useless. ■

Douglas L. Freeman (37819 Walley Rd.. Oconomowoc. Wl 53066), formerly a software-development consultant, is currently president of Color Corporation of America, Milwaukee.

Items reflect cash discount. For your protection weclieck lor stolen credit cards.

78 BYTE • MAY 1985

Inquiry 184

Sperry introducesUsemet. Because PCs that talkonly to themselves are a luxury few businesses can afford.

Stand alones shouldn't. Not in an office environment.

Alone, PC's are simply underutilized. But join them in the right kind of network, and their value as business tools increases exponentially. Your PC's can share fewer printers, share common data files, function independently or collectively. Just like people.

The question, then, is which system to choose.

Ours is not the only such system. But it may well be the most intelligently conceived.

It will accept any IBM-compatible PC's you already own. Eagle, Corona, Columbia, Compaq and so on. Even a Sperry.

Usernet begins with as few as four PC's, linked in a common bus with the industry-standard

Inquiry 445

"twisted pair" wiring. Simple and economical to install, service or expand. And expand you can, to as many as 64 PC's, merely by adding them on, without disrupting or replacing any part of the system.

As your Usernet grows, you'll appreciate a security system Stanford University rates as the best in the industry. It keeps your business yours.

But ultimately, any system such as Usernet stands or falls on speed. An information path, like a highway, can choke on its own traffic. So, the faster information moves, the less chance of developing a nasty form of gridlock.

It may surprise you to learn that Usernet speeds information along. In many cases, faster by a factor of 10 than our competition. Or yours.

For a demonstration at a Sperry Productivity Center near you, telephone 1-800-547-8362, or write: Sperry Corporation, P.O. Box 500, Blue Bell, PA 19424-0024.

«J Sl)cnT.y C'ol-tnn-ution 1984

MAY 1985

I Y T E 79

How do you get your PC to wear many diflferent hats at the same time?

Introducing E-Z-DOS-IT" Concurrent Processing — for IBM PCs and PC compatibles.

Before today, your IBM PC (or PC compatible) could wear only one processing hat at a time. Now, with E-Z-DOS-IT Concurrent Processing, your PC can be an editor, financial analyst, and artist all at the same time. And you can be a writer Or a programmer. In fact, E-Z-DOS-IT is the only concurrent processing system that can run effectively on machines with 256K and up.

Switch from one program

to another at the drop of a hat.

With your current system, each time you need to access information on a different disk, you have to save your files, unload and load a program. E-Z-DOS-IT enables you to switch con

veniently from one application to another instantly. With this easy referencing capability you can quickly respond to questions, and finish projects significantly faster.

E-Z to use, E-Z to afford.

You'll find it takes only ten minutes to master E-Z-DOS-IT Concurrent Processing. And the suggested retail price is only $199.95—improvea productivity was never this affordable.

Improved personal productivity at your fingertips.

E-Z-DOS-IT is the one system software package you can't afford to be without. For more information and the name of the dealer nearest you, call toll-free: 800/228-9602 (in California, call 800/423-5592), ask for Operator 1.

SHAMMER

Redefining Your PC Productivity.

E-Z-DOS-IT is a trademark of Hiimmcr Conipuicr Systems. Inc., 700 Larkspur Landitif^ Circle. Suite 285, Larkspur, CA 94939

Tht' follnwinit (egisierwl inidfm.irlts lire ncknuwledgt-d: IBM and IBM PC. Itiicmntion^l BuMncss M.ichiiii.-s. Loius 1-2- 5 ami Symi+mv, Lutus DcvL-luprnfiit Corrx'ratmn, dBase [I nnd Fr.imL-work, Ashron-Tatc, Wjtdsiar, MicroPto Intcrrutmral, PFSrFilf, Sofiwarc I'ublishitiB; Crossialk. Microstuff. Inc.; Mulii-Pbn. Microsofi Carptiraiion.

Inquiry 182

MAY 1985 'BYTE 81

Super Sperry

Our new Super Sperry system is moae by Mirsubishi. jusr lil^e rhe Leoding Edge PC Like the Leoding Edge ii runs 50% foster ihon the IDM-PC. gives you 5 comporible slots for exponsion, dual 3'/i" drives, serial I ond poroliel ports. MS-DOS 2 11. GW 0A5IC I ond on ouiomonc ciocK/colendor cord Unlike the Leading Edge our Super Sperry has o bener keyboord with LED's on the lack keys ond o roctile feedback, o I more powerful power supply, a rock soitd I green phosphor dispioy. and ATI tutonols What mokes our Super Sperrys reolly super, however, is rhor they come with a mossive 640K of MM. installed ond tested. I OS srondord equipment. We urge you to ' buy fhe best, even if it's the less expensive Super Speiry for:

$1949

1 went to look oi the MDC-550 next day'

jvhai I found mode rne on owner the Dill Sudbnnk Dyte Mogazme

* More Free Software *

Along with oil the free greot sofrwore you get with o Sonyo MDC 550. Scottsdole Systems includes 3 extro disks with C1) OS TutorTeaches you everything you need ro know oboui the operormg system nghi on your system, (2)15 gomes for the Sonyo 550 ■ o $2*5 (rerail) value. (3) Doremore - an oppalntment keeper with o perpetual calender (d) l,S, Manager - Allows you to change rhe .structure of existing InfoStor files (5) PC File (6) 10 public domain games C7) diognosncs ond utilities and (6) Sketch A giophics/drowing program written in Sonyo Color Grophics DASiC

® Sanyo 555-2's

If you plon to purchose o Sonyo MDC 555-2 or o singledrive MDC 550-2 you've mode on excellent choice The Sanyo MDC 550 series is the lowest priced 8068, MS-DOS system bor none Plus with the smgle-dnve 550-2 systems you receive MS-DOS 2 11, Sonyo Color Grophics DASIC, Wordsror 3.3, ColcSrar, and Easy Writer I.

With the 555-2 systems you also receive yaur choice of DotoSior f^eporrSiar SpellSior,ondMoilMergeiorEosyWriterII EosyMoilet Eosy Planner, ond Eosy Filer,

We hove sold more Sanyo microcomputers than any other deoler in [he United Stotes Our prices have olso been the lowest or omong the lowest in the country, and ore presently too low to odvertise

Dur we wouldn't hove become the largest Sanyo dealer m the country If all we offered wos low prices We include more free sofrwore Ihon other dealers we con insroll boards or extto memory for o modesr chorge and we stock reference manuals for our customers

Our soles sroft knows rhe Sanyo system becouse they use Sonyo campurers themselves, and unlike others who sell the Sonyo system we re on outhortzed Sanyo service center with techs on stoff If you plan to buy o Sanyo give us a col! we il oHer you o g^eo' pnce and o great deal more

Altos

High-performonce Xenix-bQsed multiuser sysrems from Alros-world leaders in mulri-user sysrems ond opplicorions sofrwore

As port of Tf^Ws morl^ering supporr group we con tiove your Afros sysrem insrolled on your site Coddirionol charge)

Alios systems ore eosy ro expond, and wirhi stiared printets ond fiord disks ore cost competitive wjtft mulrtple single user sysrems Coil for odditional pricing and ovailobility.

486-20 $4509

586-40 $7249

I 986-40 $8829

Alros AccT $2779

PRIIUTERS

EpsonFX-80f JsmiSO off

rO(-80IT &<'$100off

Okidora92 SB«gS125off

I Okidoto 93 S3S<$210 off

Okidoro 84 Coll

SrorSG-IO $239

5rQr5M5 $599

Ponosonic 1091 $298

Toshibo 1340 $579

LETTER QUALITY

Powerrype $299

Juki 6100 $399

Juki 6300 $719

Silver r\eed 400 $249

Silver Reed 500 $299

Silver Reed 550 $409

Silver r^eed 770 $724

Diablo Coll

NEC Coll

Doisywrirer 2000 $624

HOUSTON INSTRUMENTS

DMP-29 $1795

DM' 40 $745

DMP-41 $2340

I orher models - Coll

Columbia's

I If you re looking for maximum compofibihry, I minimum prices, and noiionwide service, you I should consider buying a Columbia from SconsdoteSysrems Eochsystemcomeswiiho huge sofrwore bundle including MS-DOS 2 1 Dqsico, Perfect Writer, Perfect Cole, Perfect Filer, Perfect Speller Fosi Grophs, Home I Accountont Plus, Space Commonders ATI I Tutorials, ond T.I.M. IV We have fhe lowest prices on oil Columbio computers including the new 4220 desktop with 256K 2220 I porroble with a built-in 9" monitor Your choice

S1698

The Silver Fox "Trots Through Lotus Like 1,2,3

The Silver Fox is nor IDM-PC DOS compatible yei it runs hundreds of MS-DOS progroms including Lotus 12.3, dDASEll, Multiplon, ond even Flight Simulator,

The Silver Fox does not have IDM compatible exponsion slots bul you con odd printers serial pons, modems, 10-40 Mb, hard disks, clock/colendor cords r\AM. joysticks, on 8067 co-processor, ond more

What mokes the Silver Fox unigue, however, isn't what you con add to il, but whot comes with it. Eoch Silver Fox comes with an 6068 CPU, 256Kof PAM, four video ports, ond a printer port Plus you get more fhon twice rhe storage of a " sfondord PC 1.6 Megabytes on duol 5 1 /4" floppys. ond the Fox will reod ond write to standard 160K, 320K, and 360K IDM-PC formots.

Standord eguipmenr also includes q better keyboord, and a 12" high resolution, green monochrome monirar, with Q full 25x60 display Plus we bock eoch Silver Fox with a one year limited warranty.

If you didn't think your

$1397

could buy you this much compure'r, coll our machine of

1 -600-FOPAFOX

J leove your name and oddress ol the beep, and we ll send I you o booklet that will tell you flow it con

Free Silverwore

tAS DOS 2 11 WotdStoi 3 3 HAGEhJ-DOS Eosy Wtiier

Color DASIC GW DA5IC OS TUTOR 15 Gomes ColcSlor

Spell Moil Trock FILE0A5E PC FILE III PD Disk

Sanyo 11 OO's/1200's

0 OLYMPIA

Scottsdole Systemsud

617 N. Scorfsdale Road, Suite B, Scorrsdale, Arizona 65257 ]

~(602) 941-5856E!

•mm.

Call 8-5 Mon.-Fri.

We porticipore in arbitiorlon for business and customers through rhe Derrer Business Bureau of Maricopa County,

SINCE 1980

TELEMAr\KETING ONLY: If you plan to visii pleose coll first for on oppointmenr. Prices listed ore for cosh ond include o 3% discount We sell on o Net 30 bosis to Fortune 1 200 | companies ond universities NoC.O D sor A.P O s P O s odd 2%, Viso, Mastercard odd 3%, Az, residents odd 6%. Prices subject to chonge, product subject ro cvoilobiliry. Personal/company checks take 3 weeks to cleor All items listed ore new with | monufocfurers worronty. 0-20% restocking fee for returned merchondise. Shipping extraproducts ore F.O.D. point of shipment Software is not watrontied for suirobiliry. Registered trademarks; Televideo-Televideo Systems. Inc.: Silver FoxTM. HAGEN-DOS-Scottsdale | Systems, Ltd,: Commuter-Visuol Computer Incorporated "

1200 BPS Modems

! Volksmodem S199

Password S249

I Prometheus $324

iHoyes300/1200 $444 J

To LQ or lULQ That is the Question

Whether 'tis noblet to zip along ot 165 CPS in draft mode ond use an incredible 17x17 NLQ mode for letters, or produce letter perfect output ■ Otympia gives you o choice

Compote rhe Olympia NP to the populot Epson FX-60 ot the Okidota 92, The NP is slightly faster, noticeably quieter, ond Includes push-type tractors (and fiiction feed) OS stondord equipment Dui the NP's really big feoture is its fine script mode which IS much superior to rhe Okidato 92 ond even better than on FX-60t wirh a tl9<? NLQ" option.

To quote PC mogazine, "The (NP) pnmet is o sure thing if it foils into your price range ■and even if it doesn't it may be worth considering

If you re looking for rhe best buy in o true letter-quality printer (like the Silver Keed 550 or the Juki 6100) the Olympio {\0 rs for you The RO is o 14 CPS, widecorrioge, rhot comes wirh both ftiction and troctor feed, seriol ond parallel ports, ond quality that hos mode Olympio a world leoder in rypewriters

Before you spend S100-$200 too m uch for onother brond, call us ot Sconsdole Systems ond osk for odditional information an these exceptional values from Olympio To LO or NLQ is up ro you rhe price for either the Olympio NPor the l%0 witho 10' shielded cable to your computer is only

$344

82 BYTE- MAY 1985

EVENT QUEUE

May 1985

• BUSINESS RESEARCH

Applications Seminars, various sites throughout the U.S. and Montreal, Quebec, Canada. A seminar series for those researching business topics. Contact Data Courier. 620 South Fifth St.. Louisville. KY 40202. (800) 626-2823: in Kentucky, (502) 582-4111: in Canada, (800) 626-0307. May-\une

• C STUDIED C-Language WDrkshops, various sites throughout the

U.S. Workshops and seminars on C programming and issues. Contact Plum Hall Inc., 1 Spruce Ave., Cardiff, Nl 08232, (609) 927-3770. May-Une

• CLASSES IN UNIX, C UNIX and C Classes, City University, Bellevue, WA. Four-hour to five-day courses. Fees range from $100 to $750, depending upon course length. Contact Kathy Howard, Specialized Systems Consultants, POB 7, Northgate Station, Seattle. WA 98125, (206) 367-8649. May-\une

• CONFERENCES FOR MANUFACTURERS, USERS Conferences for Manufacturers and Users, various sites throughout the U.S. Planned are "Document Processing in Tomorrow's Office" and "Document-based Optical Memories." Contact Richard D. Murray Institute for Graphic Communication Inc., 375 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, MA 02115, (617) 267-9425. May-]um

• FIX-IT WORKSHOP

Computer Repair User Workshops, various sites throughout the U.S. A one

day seminar on repairing computers. The fee ranges from $140 to $175, depending upon location. Contact Cascio School of Computer Ttechnology, Suite B109-O, 2580 San Ramon Valley Blvd.. San Ramon, CA ■ 94583, (415) 829-5140. May-June

• HOME, OFFICE COMPUTING-New Olden Spring and Summer Computer Workshops. New York City. Introductory and advanced workshops on personal, executive, and secretarial computing. Fees range from $4 5 to $400, depending upon duration. Contact The Olden Computer Workshops, 1265 Broadway New York. NY 10001, (212) 685-1234. May-]une

• MICRO WORKSHOPS Microcomputer Workshops, various sites throughout the U.S. and Canada. More than 20 workshops for all levels of expertise. Contact Rhonda Carney Intel Corp.. Customer Training. 27 Industrial Ave., Chelmsford. MA 01824-3688. (617) 256-1374. May-\me

• NETWORK PROTOCOLS

Network Communication

Protocols, various sites throughout the U.S Major topic areas include elements of data communications, data-link control concepts, and bit-oriented protocols. The fee is $695. Contact Center for Advanced Professional Education, Suite 110,

1820 East Garry St.. Santa Ana, CA 92705, (714) 261-0240. MaH««c

• SEMINARS AND

SYMPOSIA—EDP Seminars

and Symposia, various sites throughout the U.S. "Database Management Systems and Fourth Generation Languages for Personal Computers" and "Introduction to the UNIX System" are among the offerings. Fees range from $395 to $895. Calendar available. Contact Software Institute of America Inc. 8 Windsor St.. Andover, MA 01810, (617)' 470-3880. May-]une

• SUMMER SEMINARS

Summer Seminar Series,

Rochester Institute of Technology NY. A series of oneweek seminars. Titles include "introduction to Linear Systems and Digital Signal Processing," "Basic 6800/6809," and "Advanced Digital Logic." For details, contact. Yvonne Fish, School of Engineering Technology Rochester Institute of Technology One Lomb Memorial Dr., POB 9887, Rochester, NY 14623, (716) 475-2915. May-]une

• AI. EXPERT SYSTEMS BRIEFING-Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems: What Users and Suppliers Must Know Today to Deploy These Technologies as Profitable Strategic Corporate Resources Tomorrow, Boston and Framingham, MA. A one-day executive briefing. The fee is $790.

Contact Ms. Lee Burgess, Professional Development Programs, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. TVoy Building, TVoy. NY 121803590. (518) 266-6589. May-Uly

• CONSULTANT TRAINING

Learn How to Be a Successful Independent Computer Consultant, various sites throughout the U.S. The risks and rewards of consulting, planning and marketing, legal considerations, and resources are covered. Contact Education Technology Center Inc., Suite 1042, 485 Fifth Ave., New York. NY 10017. (212) 505-6148. May-]uly

• DATA SWITCHING

Distributed Data Switching Seminar, various sites throughout the U.S. A oneday seminar on the technology and application of distributed data switching in telecommunications. The fee is $395. Contact Timeplex Seminars. 400 Chestnut Ridge Rd.. Woodcliff Lake, N) 07675, (201) 930-4600. May-luly

• SOFTWARE COURSES Software Short Courses, various sites through out the U.S. Among the courses are

"UNIX: A Hands-on Introduction." "Programming in C: A Hands-on Workshop," and "Software Requirements. Specifications, and Tests." Contact Integrated Computer Systems, 6305 Arizona Place POB 45405, Los Angeles, CA 90045. (800) 421-8166; in California. (800) 352-8251 or (213) 417-8888; in Canada, (800) 228-6799. May-August

(antinuedi

IF YOU WANT your organization's public activities listed in BYTE's Event Queue, we need to know about them at least four months in advance. Send information about computer conferences, seminars, workshops, and courses to BYTE, Event Queue. POB 372, Hmmk. NH 03449.

MAY 1985 -BYTE 83

Inquiry 19

QUALITY PARTS AT DISCOUNT PRICES!

SUB-MINIATURE DTYPE CONNECTOR

SOLDER TYPt SUB MINIATURE CONNECTORS USED FOR COMPUTER HOOK UPS DB-15 PLUG $2.75 DB-15S0CKET $4.00 DB-15H00D $1.50 DB-25PLUG $2.75 DB-25 SOCKET $3.50 DB-25HOOD $1.25

'PARALLEL" PRINTER CONNECTOR

SOLDER STYLE 36 PIN MALE USED ON "PARftLLEL" $5.50 EACH «*"':*BLES

L.E.D.'S

STANDARD JUMBO DIFFUSED

RED 10 FOR $1.50 GR££N 10 FOR $2.00 YCaOW 10 FOR $2.00 f

ll\ FLASHER LED

ft5 VOLT OPERATION RED JUMBO SIZE $1.00 EACH Bl POLAR LED 2 FOR $1.70

CRYSTAL

CASE STYLE HC33/U 5 UMT I COLORBURSTi ■= I 3679.545 KC

$3.50 EA I $1.00 EACH

2 AMP SOLID STATE RELAY

CONTROL: 3.6-6VDC

TTL compalible LOAD: 120 Vac @ 2 amp $2.50 each 10 for $23.00

s13 VDC RELAY

1 CONTACT S P N C 10 AMP (3 120 VAC " ENERGIZE COIL TO OPEN CONTACT, COIL 13 VDC 650 OHMS SPECIAL $1.00 EACH

NE 1985.

^48 PAGE CATALOG FREE!

MINIATURE TOGGLE SWITCHES

ALL ARE RATED

S.P.D.T. (on-on)

p.c. style, j non-tmreadedJ

BUSHING £f, 7M EACH m>! 10 FOB $7 00 ffT]

S.P.D.T, (on-off-on) j

non-threadedI

BUSHING CSi

PC STYLE m,u

75« EACH Irn

10 FOR ^7^^

5 AMPS @ 125

S.P.D.T. (on-on)

SOLDER LUG TERMINALS. <S1.00 EACH |10 FOR S9.00 J 100 FOR 580

S.P.D.T (on-on)

P C. LUGS, THREADED I BUSHING I 11.00 EACH ' 10 FOR 19 00' 100 FOR SSQ 00

SOLID SIATE BUZZER

^ STAR "SMB-06L 6 VDC TTL COMPATIBLE $1.00 EACH 10 FOR $9.00

120V INDICATOR

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9-TRACK V2" MAINFRAME TAPE SUBSYSTEM FOR THE IBM PC/XT/AT WITH FREE BACK-L

I Worldwide data

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(800)835-3298 (516)423-3232

EVENT QUEUE

• DEVELOPMENT SEMINARS-Professional Development Senninars, various sites around Boston, MA. One- and two-day seminars on computer competence, management, sales, marketing, and finance. Contact Boston University Metropolitan College, 755 Commonwealth Ave.. Boston, MA 02215, (800)

2 5 5-1080: in Massachusetts, (617) 738-5020. hAaij-Seplembcr

• SME CONFERENCES. EXPOS—Conferences and Expositions from the Society of Manufacturing Engineers, various sites throughout the U.S, For a calendar, contact the Society of Manufacturing Engineers, Public Relations Department, One SME Dr., POB 930, Dearborn, Ml 48121, (313) 271-0777, May-t^ovember

• MEDICAL GRAPHICS

Computer Graphics in Medicine and Surgery, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA. Contact Linda Orgel. Virginia Mason Medical Center, 1100 9th Ave., Seattle, WA 98111, (206) 223-6898. May 10

• C CONVOCATION

C85: The First International Conference on the C Programming Language, Ramada Renaissance Hotel. San Francisco, CA. A forum for programmers and developers using or considering the use of the C language. Sessions on ANSI X3II1 standard, portability, programming tools, and applications. Contact Lifeboat Associates, 1651 Third Ave., New York, NY 10128, (800) 847-7078: in New York, (212) 860-0300, May 13-15

• EDUCATION IN THE INFORMATION AGE

Delivering Education in the Information Age, RadissonSt. Paul, MN. A focus on the planning and use of alter

native and information-age systems as an educational medium. Contact Conference Coordinator, Minnesota Curriculum Services Center, 3 5 54 White Bear Ave.. White Bear Lake, MN 55110. (800) 652-9024: in Minnesota. (612) 770-3943. May 13-15

• ENGINEERING, DRAFTING GRAPH ICS-Computer Graphics for Engineering/ Drafting Practice and Computer Graphics Workshop, University of Texas, Austin. Short courses stressing the principles of computer graphics and developing the ability to prescribe graphics equipment for engineering applications. Contact College of Engineering. University of Texas. Austin, TX 78712, (512) 471-3506. May 13-17

• PROFESSIONAL TUTORIALS-Tutorials for Professional Development, Hyatt Hotel. Los Angeles, CA. A series of all-day seminars on software, logic programming, and communications. Contact Gerry Segal. Association for Computing Machinery II West 42nd St.. New York, NY 10036, (212) 869-7440. May 13-17

• COMPUTERS IN GOLDEN STATE-California Computer Show, Hyatt Hotel, Palo Alto, CA. Computers, software, engineering workstations, peripherals, and CAD/CAM systems. Contact Norm DeNardi Enterprises, Suite 204, 289 South San Antonio Rd., Los Altos. CA 94022, (415) 941-8440. May 14-15

• TEST MEASUREMENT EXPO-The 1985 Test & Measurement World Expo, Convention Center, San lose, CA. Conferences and technology exhibits. Contact Meg Bowen. Test & Measurement World Expo, 215 Brighton Ave., Boston, MA 02134, (617) 254-1445.

May 14-16

84 BYTE- MAY 1985

Inquiry 394

EVENT QUEUE

• INTERACTIVE VIDEODISCS—Interactive Videodisc-West, Airport

Hilton, los Angeles, CA, Contact Raymond G. Fox, Society for Applied learning Technology, 50 Cuipeper St,, Warrenton, VA 22186, (703) 347-0055. May 15-17

• iVlODULA-2 ENGI

NEERING-Software Engineering with Modula-2, Atlanta, GA. A course emphasizing methods for building large-scale software systems in ModuJa-2. Prerequisite: knowledge of Ada or Pascal. The fee is $495, Contact Elaine Madden Nicholas, Department of Continuing Education, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 303320385, (404) 894-2547. May 15-17

• SOUTHERN CAL SHOW

The Southern California Computer Faire, Convention Center Los Angeles, CA. Hardware, software, peripherals, and services for the home, office, and development site Conference program. Contact Computer Faire Inc., 181 Wells Ave, Newton, MA 02159, (617) 965-83 50. May 16-18

• OK SHOW

The Eighth Annual Show & "fell Microcomputer Conference, University of Oklahoma, Norman. Microcomputer fans of all ages and levels of expertise come together to share ideas and to demonstrate applications and hardware. Contact Richard V. Andree, Show & Tfell Microcomputer Conference, Mathematics Department, University of Oklahoma, 601 Elm St„ Norman, OK 73019. May 18

• TELECOMM SYMPOSIUM-NTT International Symposium '85, Tbkyo, Japan. Discussions on worldwide telecommunications policy, management.

and societal and technological changes. Contact Ms. Yuko Ishida, Nippon

Telegraph & Telephone. 200 Park Ave, New York, NY 10166, (212) 867-1511, or Ms. Shizu Munekata, Nippon Telegraph & Telephone, Suite 230, 4962 El Camino Real, Los Altos, CA 94022, (415) 940-1414, May 20-21

• COMPUTERS AND MEDICINE-AAMSI Congress 1985, Hilton Hotel, San Francisco, CA. Papers, sessions, and demonstrations. Contact American Association for Medical Systems and Informatics, Suite 402, 4405 East-West Highway, Bethesda, MD 20814, (301) 657-4142, May 20-22

• MANAGEMENT CONGRESS-Update '85, Sheraton Hotel, Brussels, Belgium. A briefing covering technological developments for those in the informationmanagement and micrographic industries. Contact Update '85, International Information Management Congress, POB 34404, Bethesda, MD 20817, (301) 983-0604. May 20-22

• MICROS FOR ENGINEERS—Microcomputers for Engineers, Washington, DC. TWo 2-day seminars on the use of microcomputers in engineering applications with a focus on hardware and software evaluation and selection. The fees are $42 5 (government) and $500 (industry). Contact Conference Manager, U.S. Professional Development Institute, 1620 Elton Rd., Silver Spring, MD 20903, (301) 445-4400.

May 20-23

• GRAPHICS FOR PRODUCTIVITY-The 1985 TVends and Applications Conference, Sheraton Northwest Washington. Silver

{continued)

High performance to cost ratio.

Programming Chips?

Projects develop iHt)fitaUy with devdopment hardware /software from GTE3L

MODEL 7228 - $599 This model has all the features of Model 7128, plus Intelligent Programming Algorithims. It supports the newest devices available through 512Kbits; programs 6x as fast as standard algorithims. Programs the 2764 in one minute! Supports Intel 2764A & 2712SA chips. Supports Tektronics, Intel, Motorola and other formats.

MODEL 7956

(with RS232 option) .... $1099. MODEL 7956 (stand alone) $ 979.

GTEK's outstanding Gang Programmer with intelligent algorithm can copy 8 EPROMS at a time! This unit is used in a production environment when procamming a large number of c&ps IS required. It will program all popular chips on the market through the 27512 EPROMS. It also supports the Intel 2764A & 27128A chips. It will also program single chip processors.

EPROM&PAL

PROGRAMMERS

—TTwse features are standard from GTEK— Coiipatflife with al RS232 serial into&oe ports • Auto sekct baud rate • VVlth or withw shakily • Bidindional XonKoS • CIHIXm 8qi|xxt«d • Bead pm (X>^ gonaKty modules • Intel, Motonila, MCS86 Hex fbnnats • S|ilit bdHty for 16 fait data paths • Head ptvgram. formtted list conmiands • Intari^ drivCT — program and verify rea] ti^ eefvliiigdata* Program single byte, block, cr whole EPROM* Intdli^t diagnostics discern bad and/or erasable EPROM • Voify oasure and oompaie commands ■ Bu^ light ■ Complete with Tbdaol insertion {iToe sodist and integral 120 VAC pcmer (240 VAQGOHz av

MODEL 7324 - $1199 This unit has a built-in compiler. The Model 7324 programs all MMI. National and TI 20 and 24 pin PALs. Has non-volatile memory. It operates stand alone or via RS232.

MODEL 7128 - $429 This model has the highest performance-to^rice-ratio of any unit. This is GTEK's most popular unit! It supports the newest devices available through 256Kbit3.

MODEL 7316 Pal Programmer

Programs Series 20 PALs. Built-in PALASM compiler.

DEVICES SUPPORTED

$ 599

by GTEK's EPROM Programmers

NMOS

NMOS

2768 2764A 2608 68764

2716 27128 2516 8756

2732 27128A 2532 5133

2732A 27256 2564 5143

2764 27612 68766

CMOS

27016

27C16H

27C32H

27C64

27C256

EEPROM

MPU'S

5213 I2816A 8748 8741H

5213H I2817A 8748H 8744

62B13 8749H 8761

X2816 8741 68706

48016 8742H

UTILITY PACKAGES

GTEK's PGX Utility Packages will allow you to specify a range of addresses to send to the programmer, verify erasure and/or set the EPROM type. The PGX Utility Package includes GHEX, a utility Used to generate an Intel HEX file.

PALX Utility Package — for use with GTEK's Pal Programmera — allows transfer of PALASM* source file or ASCII HEX object code file.

Both utility packages are available for CPM,» MSDOS,» PCDOS,* ISIS» and TRSDOS® operating systems. Call for pricing.

AVOCET CROSS ASSEMBLERS

These assemblers are available to handle the 8748,8761, Z8, 6602, 68X and other microprocessors. They are available for CPM and MSDOS computers. When order ing, please specify processor and computer types.

ACCESSORIES

Model 7128-Ll, L2, L2A

(OEM Quantity) $259.

Model 7128-24 $329.

Cross Assemblers $200.

PGX UtiUties Call for pricing

PALX Call for pricing

Qtek

XASM (for MSDOS) $260.

UrV Eraser DE-4 $ 80,

RS232 Cables $ 30

8761 Adapter S174,

8766 Adapter $136.

48 Eamily Adapter $ ~"

68705 Programmer I

Development Hardwares'Software P.O. Box 289, Waveland. MS 39576 601/467-8048 , INC.

GTEK, PALASM, CPM, MSDOS, PCDOS, ISIS, and TBSDOS are all registered trademarks.

Inquiry 180

MAY 1985 -BYTE 85

Inquiry 288

ONLY PUBLIC DOMAIN SOFTWARE

is uneopyrighted, so no iicense fees to pay to anyone!. Thousands of useful dbase, spreadsheet, word processors, games, utilities and business programs you can copy yourself from our User Group rental libraries. Join hundreds of companies and users efijoying a wealth of inexpensive software!

RENTAL LIBRARIES FOR CP/M SIG/IW UG (New Jersey Area Computer Club)

216 Disk Sides $125.00

CP/M UG (New York Area Computer Club)

92 Disk Sides : S45 00

PICONET (Bay Area User, Group)

34 Disk Sides $25.00

KUG (Charloltesville Kaypro User Group)

25 Disk Sides $25.00

NATIONAL EPSON UG

32 Disk Sides $35.00

PD DIRECTORY CATALOG DISK SPECIAL SALE—Includes CP/M, SIG/MUG&PNET .. $5 00pp RENTAL UBRARIES FOR IBM PC DOS PC-BLUE (MYACC)

82 Disk Sides $85,00

IBM-PC SIG (Santa Clara Group, others)

230 Disk Sides $250.00

RENTAL LIBRARIES FOR COMMODORE 64

28 Disk Sides $25.00

PD DIRECTORY BOOKLET $12.00 pp

Rental islor? days after receipt. 3 more days grace for return. Use your credit card — NO DISK DEPOSIT! Most formats available —even Apple! Specitiy. Software also available lor sale; $6,00 per disk full. 24 fir.. 3 minute info, recording (619) 727-1015 NATIONAL PUBLIC DOMAIN RENTAL CENTER

1533 Avohill Dr., Vista, CA 92083 fSEu'

(619) 941 -0925 Orders

1S?1

64K SBCs'.°^$99.

in OEM quantities

•Save development time and costs with Megatel Quark® single board computers •Select only the features you require •We deliver your first unit in two weeks or less

• 6lvlHz zaOB i

• 8088 Co-Processor

• 64K, 128K or 256K «AU

• Alpfia/Graphics

Video Controller

• Floppy Disk Control

(8", 5'k" or 3'fe")

• Wincfiester Hard

Disk Control

• Up to 128K EPROtVl

• E'PROtvl Support

• Time of Day Clock

• Up to 4 Parallel

i;0 Ports

• Periphieral Expansion

Interface

> Up to 2 Full Duplex Serial Ports

• CP/M- 2.2 or CPIM' 3.0 Operating Systems

• Fully configured board less than $800.'

Special Packages:

Entry level Quark 10 with ZSOB®, 64K RAM, EPROM, Video, Serial and Parallel I/O only $295*

64K SBC Package with CP/M® 2.2 on disk.. .only $375.*

Custom designs and layouts available

To order your first unit coll our Toronto sales office today, (416) 745-7214

Or write us: Ivlegatel 1051 Clinton St., Buffalo, N.Y. 14206

CPiM is a registered trademark of Digital Reseorcli 'Quanllty one price Z60B is a registered Irodetnaric of Ziiog Inc

86 B YTE • MAY 1985

megatel

EVENT QUEUE

Spring, MD. Contact TVends and Applications '85, IEEE Computer Society, POB 639, Silver Spring, MD 20901. May 2 \-22

• PARISIAN CONGRESS Intelligencla, Pare des Expositions, Porte de Versailles, France. An exhibition

and congress on expert systems, simulation, graphics, courseware, and services. Contact Society for Computer Simulation, POB 2228, La loila. CA 92038-2228, (619) 459-3888; in France AFIAS; Association Francaise d'Intelligence Artificielle et des Systemes de Simulation, 211, Rue StHonore, 75001. Paris, France; tel; (1) 260 35 16; Telex: 214 456 F. May 21-24

• CAD TECHNOLOGY

CAD 2001: The Countdown, Dallas, TX. Presentations on the future of computer-aided design. The fee is $900. Contact CAD Seminars inc., Suite 400, 150 East Riverside Austin, TX 78704, (512) 445-7342. May 22-24

• SOFTWARE AND HUlVlAN DEVELOPMENT

Computer Software and Human Development Conference. Royal York Hotel, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Held in conjunction with the Third Annual Software Panoraima, this conference will examine the impact of software development on business, education, health, and agriculture. Contact Reuben Lando. The Software Developers Association, Suite 500, 185 Bloor St. E, Toronto, Ontario M4W 1C8, Canada, (416)" 922-1153. May 22-24

• SYSTEM INTEGRATION

FOR USERS—Managers, Micros, and Mainframes: The 1985 NYU Symposium on Integrating Systems for End Users. New York University New York City Contact Matthias jarke. Graduate

School of Business Administration, New York University, 7th Floor Merrill, 90 TOnity Place New York, NY 10006, (212) 285-6120. May 22-24

• DISK-STORAGE EXPO

The 1985 International Videodisc, Optical Disk, and CD-ROM Conference and Exhibition, London West Hotel. London, England. Workshops, presentations, and exhibitions. Contact Angela Suter. Meckler Communications, 11 Ferry Lane W. Westport, CT 06880. (203) 226-6967: in England, Alice Taylor. Meckler Communications, do Eurospan, 3 Henrietta St., London WC2E 8LU, England; tel: 01 240-0856. May 29-31

• MANAGE PROGRAMS

Configuration Management of Software Programs. Washington, DC. Methods for controlling the costs of development, maintenance, and operation of software. Contact Stod Cortelyou, Continuing Engineering Education, George Washington University. Washington, DC 20052, (800) 424-9773: in the District of Columbia, (202) 676-8520. May 29-31

• READYING FOR THE AUTOMATED OFFICE-Developing a Workable Plan for Office Automation, Washington, DC. Methods of planning for office automation and how to analyze technological developments. The fee is S730. Contact Chip Blouin, Continuing Engineering Education, George Washington University, Washington DC 20052, (800) 4249773; in the District of Columbia, (202) 676-8527.

May 29-31

• COMPUTER INTERFACING—Personal Computer and STD Computer Interfacing for Scientific Instrument Automation, Virginia

{antinued)

Inquiry 258

THE PRQFBSSIQNAL'S CHOICE

Lotiis 1-2-3

^Z99

Lotus Symphony

$419

Software

Word Processing Editors EASYWRITER II

SYSTEM $199

FANCY FONT $139

FINAL WORD $189

MICROSOFT WORD $239 MICROSOFT WORD

W/MOUSE $289

MULTIMATE $259

PFS: WRITE $ 95

SAMNA WORD III $289 VOLKSWRITER DELUXE $159 VOLKSWRITER

SCIENTIFIC $279 THE WORD PLUS

(OASIS) $105

WORD PERFECT $239

WORDSTAR $199

WORDSTAR 2000 $269

WORDSTAR 2000+ $309

WORDSTAR PRO $259

XYWRITEII' $229

Spreadsheets/

integrated Pacl<ages

ELECTRIC DESK $209

ENABLE $459

FRAMEWORK $339

LOTUS 1-2-3 $299

MULTIPLAN $135

OPEN ACCESS $359

SMART SYSTEM $559 SPREADSHEET

AUDITOR $ 79

SUPERCALC 3 $199

SYMPHONY $419

TKI SOLVER $269

Communications/

Productivity Tools

CROSSTALK $105

PROKEY $ 89

RELAY $ 99

SMARTCOM II $109

Project Management HARVARD PROJECT

MANAGER HARVARD TOTAL

PROJECT MANAGER MICROSOFT

PROJECT SCITOR PROJECT

5000 W/GRAPHICS SUPEHPROJECT-NEW TIME LINE

dBase III

Framework

MiiltiMate

$339

$339

$859

$219

$279

$159

$289 $199 $269

Database Systems ALPHA DATA BASE

MANAGER II CLIPPER CLOUT V 2.0 CONDOR III CORNERSTONE DBASE II DBASE III INFOSTAR* KNOWLEDGEMAN PFS: FILE/PFS:

REPORT POWERBASE OUICKCODE III QUICKREPORT R BASE 4000

Languages/Utilities

CONCURRENT DOS

C86 C COMPILER

DIGITAL RESEARCH C COMPILER

DR FORTRAN 77

LATTICE C COMPILER

MICROSOFT C COMPILER

MS BASIC COMPILER

MS FORTRAN

NORTON UTILITIES

TURBO PASCAL Accounting Modules

BPI

GREAT PLAINS lUS EASYBUSINESS MBA

OPEN SYSTEMS PEACHTREE REAL WORLD STATE OF THE ART STAR ACCOUNTING

PARTNER STAR ACCOUNTING

PARTNER II

WordStar 2000+

$309

$179 SCall $139 $299 $329 $269 $339 $319 $269

$169 $219 $169 $169 $259

$189 $299

$219 $219 $299

$309 $249 $239 $69 $45

$329 $479 $279 $369 $399 $299 $469 $389

$249

$549

Professional Development

MANAGEMENT EDGE $159

SALES EDGE $159

THINK TANK $119

Home/Personal Finance

DOLLARS AND SENSE $119 HOWARD TAX

PREPARER 85 $195

MICROTAX $Call MANAGING YOUR

MONEY $129

Graphics/Statistics ABSTAT AUTOCAD BPS BUSINESS

GRAPHICS CHARTMASTER CHARTSTAR DR DRAW

ENERGRAPHICS W/

PLOTTER EXECUVISION GRAPHWRITER

COMBO MS CHART OVERHEAD

EXPRESS PC DRAW PC PAINTBRUSH PFS: GRAPH SIGNMASTER STATPRO STATPAK-NWA STATPAC

WALONICK

$279 $1475

$229 $239 $209 $199

$279 $259

$369 $159

$139 $259 $ 89 $ 95 $179 $499 $329

$349

Desktop Environments

DESK ORGANIZER $129

GET ORGANIZED $159

SIDEKICK $ 45

SPOTLIGHT $109

Hardware

Display Boards EVEREX GRAPHICS EDGE

HERCULES GRAPHICS

CARD HERCULES COLOR

CARD PARADISE MODULAR

GRAPHICS PARADISE

MULTIDISPLAY CARD PERSYST BOB PLANTRONICS

COLORPLUS PRINCETON SCAN

DOUBLER SIGMA COLOR 400 STB GRAPHICS

PLUS II TECMAH GRAPHICS

MASTER TSENG ULTRA PAK TSENG ULTRA PAK -S

$359

$329

$179

$285

$295 $449

$Call $559

$309

$469 $429 S359

Multifunction Boards

Printers/Plotters

AST ADVANTAGE

$399

C. ITOH

$Cail

AST 6 PAK PLUS (64K)

$259

COMWRITER M/420

$Call

AST 6 PAK PLUS(3e4K)

$384

DIABLO 620/630

$Call

ASTMEGAPLUS II (64K)

$269

EPSON FX-100*

$Call

OUADBOARD EXP.

EPSON LO-1S00

$Call

(OK)

OUADBOARD EXP.

$229

EPSON JX-80

$Call

HP 7475A PLOTTER

$Call

(384K)

$384

JUKI 6100

$419

ORCHID BLOSSOM

NEC P3

$899

(64K)

$289

NEC 2050

$769

ORCHID PC TURBO

$739

NEC 3550

$1399

PERSYST TIME SPECTRUM

OKIDATA 84P/93P $729/619

(64K)

$259

PANASONIC

$Cali

STB SUPER RIO (64K)

$299

QUME SPRINT 1155

$1569

TECMAR CAPTAIN

SWEET P 6 PEN

(64K)

$279

PLOTTER

$699

TECMAR JR CAPTAIN

TOSHIBA PI340

$779

(128K)

$329

TOSHIBA P1351

$1279

TECMAR JR WAVE (64K)

$259

TECMAH WAVE (64K)

$209

Emulation Boards

Displays

ASTPCOX

$949

AST 3780

$609

AMDEK 310A

$179

AST SNA/BSC $669/529

AMDEK COLOR II >

$459

BLUE LYNX

$Call

PRINCETON HX-12

$469

CXI 3278/9

$950

PRINCETON MAX-12

$179

IRMA

$869

PRINCETON SR-12

$619

IRMALINE

$999

OUADRAM

IRMAPRINT

$Call

AMBERCHROME

$179

QUAD 3278

$949

TAXAN 122 AMBER

$159

TAXAN 420/440 $399/599

Networks

ZENITH 124 AMBER ZENITH 135 COLOR

$145 iCall

AST PC NET CORVUS NET

$Call $Call

Modems

ORCHID PC NET

$Call

3COM

$Call

AST REACH 1200

$Call

OUAONET IX

SCall

HAYES 1200

$429

HAYES 1200B HAYES 2400

$389 $Call

Accessories

VENTEL1200

CURTIS SURGE

$Call

HALF CARD

$399

PROTECTORS

EPD SURGE

Input Devices

PROTECTORS

$Call

KEYTRONIC5151

$189

DATASHIELD BACKUP

$Call

KOALA

$Call

POWER

MICROSOFT MOUSE

$139

GILTRONIX A/B SWITCH $Call

PC MOUSE W PAINT

$159

MICROBUFFER INLINE

$264

Mass Storage

(64K)

MICROFAZER INLINE

ALLOY PC-BACKUP

(64K)

$219

20UB

$1649

64K RAM SET

$25

ALLOY PC-DISC 20MB

$1769

256K RAM SET

$Call

IOMEGA 10*10 MB

$2895

8087 MATH CHIP

$150

MAYNARD WS-1 10MB

$Csli

SIGMA

$Call

SYSGEN IMAGE

$Call

TALLGRASS

$Call

•CALL FOR SHIPPING COSTS

Samna Word III

$289

Chart-Master

$239

ASTSPak Plus

$259

Tseng Ultra Pak

$429

Smartmodem I Smartmodem . 1200B I 1200

$389

$429

LOWEST PRICE GUARANTEE*!

We will match current nationally advertised prices on most products. Call and compare.

fie

Diskette Library Case

with your order

In New York State call (718) 438-6057

TERIulS:

Checks—allow 14 days to clear. Credit processing—add 3% COD orders—casti. M O or certified ctieck—add $3.00. Shipping and handling UPS surface—add $3.00 per item (UPS Blue $6.00 per item). NY Stale Residents—add applicable sales tax. All prices subject to change.

MON.-THURS. 9:00AM-8:00PM SUN. & FRI. 9:00AM-4:00PM

Softline Corporation P.O. Box 729, Brooklyn, N.Y. 1" TELEX; 421047 ATLN Ul

.MAY 1985 -BYTE 87

Hard to carry Hard to read

COMPAQ* is a registered trademark and COMPAQ PLUS" is a trademark of COMPAQ Computer Corporation. IBM* is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corp. © 1985 COMPAQ Computer Corporation.

88 BYTE • MAY 1985

Hard to expand

Hard to beat

Feature for feature, it's hard to beat the COMPAQ* Portable and COMPAQ PLUS'". For one simple reason. While others make compromises, COMPAQ makes portable personal computers that can do everything a desktop can. And more.

Compared to the IBM* PC, for instance, COMPAQ Portables run all the same popular business programs, all the same printers, and can expand to more than 30 times the storage. Plus they have a handle.

Compared to briefcase models, COMPAQ offers more again. More memory. More storage. A standard keyboard. Standard diskette drives so you can use industry-standard programs—as they are, without modification. And a brilliant, high-resolution screen that displays text and graphics at one time. Not one you have to play peekaboo with.

Compared to the Mac, COMPAQ lets you add a second diskette drive or even a 10-megabyte fixed disk drive. Inside, not out. Not to mention that we speak the Mother Tongue of Business Computers and Mac doesn't.

With a rugged, full-function COMPAQ, you don't have to compromise capability, compatibility or readability for portability.

campjm

It simply works better.

For a free brochure or the location of your nearest Authorized COMPAQ Computer Dealer, call toll-free 1-800-231-0900 and ask for Operator 1.

MAY 1985 • B Y T E 89

EVENT QUEUE

Polytechnic Institute and State University. Blacl<sburg. A hands-on workshop with participants wiring and testing interfaces. The fee is S450. Contact Dr. Linda Leffel. C.E.C.. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacl<sburg. VA 24061, (703) 961-4848. May 30-]me 1

]une 1985

• ENGINEERING CONFERENCES—Engineering Summer Conferences, Chrysler Center for Continuing Engineering Education, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Conferences in such areas as biomedical, chemical, civil, computer, electrical, and environmental engineering. Contact Engineering Summer Conferences, 200 Chrysler Center, North Campus, University of Michigan. Ann Arbor. Ml 48109. (313) 764-8490. \une-Mgust

• INFO MANAGEMENT SEMINARS-NYU Seminars on information Management, various sites throughout the U.S. On the agenda are "Legal Issues in Acquiring and Using Computers" and "Networking Personal Computers." Contact School of Continuing Education. Seminar Center. New York University, 575 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10022, (212) 580-5200. ]um-Octof>er

• COMPUTER/HAMFEST

The Fifth Annual Columbus Computerfest/Hamfest. Columbus. OH. A flea market featuring computers and electronic and amateur radio equipment highlights this event. Admission is $2 in advance or $3 at the door. Send a self-addressed stamped envelope to Bill Welch. W8LLU. 396 Brevoort Rd., Columbus, OH 43214. ]me 2

• LEARN TO BUILD PROGRAMS-First North American Summer School on Program Construction,

Newport, Rl. Methods for the effective construction of software will be taught. Contact Teleprocessing Inc.. 60 State St., Boston, MA 02109. (617) 367-6227. ]une 3-12

• INTERFACES FOR SCHOOL LABS—Interfacing

for School Laboratories. Miami University Oxford. OH. A workshop for secondary school and college teachers on the construction and use of interfaces for laboratory instrumentation. Contact Bill Rouse, 301 McGuffey Hall. Miami University Oxford. OH 4 5056. (513) 529-2141, \uiw 3-14

• COMPUTER MAINTENANCE—Independent Computer Maintenance, Halloran House, New York, NY. Contact Carol Every Frost & Sullivan Inc.. 106 Fulton St.. New York. NY 10038, (212) 233-1080. ]une 5-6

• OPTICAL STORAGE First Annual Conference on Optical Storage for Small Systems, Biltmore Hotel, Los Angeles, CA. Contact Tfechnology Opportunity Conference, POB 14817. San Francisco. CA 94114-0817, (415) 626-1133. ]me 5-7

• COMPUTERS FOR SALE Computer Supermarket Show and Sale, San Mateo County Fairgrounds, San Mateo, CA. Retailers, manufacturers, and distributors will be selling hardware and software. Admission is $7: children. $3. Contact Microshows. Suite 203. 1209 Donnelly Ave., Burlingame, CA 94010, (415) 340-9113.

]me 8-9

• COMPUTER VISION

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Conference. Cathedral Hill Hotel. San Franciscoi GA. Submitted

and invited technical papers. Contact Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, POB 639, Silver Spring, MD 20901, (301) 589-8142. lime 9-13

• MUMPS MEETING The Fourteenth Annual Meeting of the MUMPS Users' Group. McCormick Center Hotel, Chicago, IL. Hitorials, workshops, site visits, discussions, and exhibits. Contact MUMPS Users' Group, Suite 510. 4321 Hartwick Rd.. College Park. MD 20740. (301) 779-6555. ]une 10-14

• UNIX, C CONFERENCE

USENIX Conference and

Vendor Exhibition. Marriott Hotel. Portland. OR. USENIX is a nonprofit organization promoting UNIX, UNIX-like systems, and C-language programming. Contact USENIX Conference Office, POB 385, Sunset Beach, CA 90742, (213) 592-3243. lune 11-14

• NETWORK CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT-Network Management/Technical Control, Santa Clara Marriott, Santa Clara, CA. Diagnostic and test instruments will be displayed. Contact Louise Myerow. CW Conference Management Group. 375 Cochituate Rd.. POB 880. Framingham. MA 01701. (800) 225-4698: in Massachusetts, (617) 879-0700. ]me 12-13

• CLINICAL COMPUTING

Computing in Clinical Laboratories: The Fifth International Conference, Stuttgart. Federal Republic of Germany. Topics include databases, data presentation, and expected developments. Demonstrations and exhibits. Contact PD Dr. Chr. TVendelenburg. Katharinenhospital KCl, Kriegsbergstrasse 60, D-7000 Stuttgart 1, Federal Republic of Germany; tel;

(07 11) 20 34-4 82. June 12-14

• COMPUTERS IN CLINICAL LABS-Clinicai Laboratory Computers: Symposium 1985. The Towsley

Center. University of Michigan. Ann Arbor. Contact Dove Margenau. Office of Continuing Medical Education, The Tbwsley Center Box 057, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Ml 48109-0010, (313) 763-1400. lune 12-14

• FORTH CONFERENCE The 1985 Rochester FORTH Conference, University of Rochester Rochester NY.

The focus will be on software engineering and management. Contact Ms. Maria Cress. Institute for Applied FORTH Research. 70 Elmwood Ave., Rochester, NY 14611, (716) 235-0168, lune 12-15

• LOGICAL MACHINES

The Second Annual Conference on Logic, Logic Machines, and Public Education. University of HoustonClear Lake. Houston, TX. Formal and informal sessions, symposia, and workshops. Contact the Institute for Logic and Cognitive Studies, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Box 269, Houston, TX 77058, (713) 488-9274. luwe 13-15

• INTERNATIONAL SHOW

The International Computer Show. TVade Fair Center Cologne. West Germany. More than 3 50 manufacturers from more than 18 countries are expected to display their wares. Contact Messe- und Ausstellungs-Gesm.b.H. Koln, Messeplatz, Postfach 210760, D-5000 Koln 21, West Germany: tel: (0221) 821-1: Tfelex: 8 873 426 mua d. lune 13-16

• BIO RESEARCH RESOURCE—introduction to

90 BYTE" MAY 1985

EVENT QUEUE

BIONET A National Computer Resource for . Molecular Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway Nj. Workshops on using computers for molecular biology research. Contact Selma Gitterman, Continuing Professional Education, Institute of Microbiology Rutgers University. POB 759, Piscataway N) 08854-0759, (201) 932-4258. lune 17-19

• PC IN BIG APPLE

PC Expo, Coliseum. New York, NY. Seminars and product displays. Contact PC Expo. 333 Sylvan Ave., Englewood Cliffs, NI 07632, (800) 922-0324: in New jersey (201) 569-8542. ]une 17-19

• ENGINEERING SOFTWARE—Engineering Software: Engsoft 85, The Fourth International Conference and Exhibition. Kensington Exhibition Centre, LjDndon, England. Exhibits and sessions. Contact Elaine Taylor. Computational Mechanics Centre. Ashurst Lodge, Ashurst, Southampton S04 2AA, England; tel: (042 129) 3223: Tfelex: 47388 Attn. GOMPMECH.

]me 18-20

• DATA COMMUNICATIONS UPDATE-Data Communications: A Complete Overview and Update, Newport Beach, CA, The managerial, operational, and technical aspects of data communications and facilities are covered. Contact Data-Tech Institute. Lakeview Plaza. POB 2429. Clifton, Nl 07015. (201) 478-5400.

]une 19-21

• TIPS FOR NET MANAGERS—Network Management/Technical Control, Convention Center, San lose, CA. A conference and exposition. Contact CW Conference Management Group, 375 Cochituate Rd., POB 880, Framlngham. MA

01701, (800) 225-4698: in Massachusetts, (617) 879-0700. ]me 24-27

• WORK WITH A COMPUTER—Using a Personal Computer, Breckenridge Concourse Hotel, St. Louis, MO. A hands-on course for those who want to use Integrated software packages. The fee is $965. Contact The Center for Professional Advancement. POB H, East Brunswick, N] 08816, (201) 238-1600. June 24-27

• GRAPHICS IN SUNSHINE Computer Graphics '85 West, Los Angeles, CA. Contact National Computer Graphics Association. 8401 Arlington Blvd.. Fairfax. VA 22031, (703) 698-9600.

]me 25-27

• CAD TECHNOLOGY

CAD 2001; The Countdown, Boston, MA. See May 22-24 for details. June 26-28

• DATA COMMUNICATIONS UPDATE-Data Communications: A Complete Overview and Update, Philadelphia, PA, See June 19-21 for details. June 26-28

]uly 1985

• COMPUTER TRAINING Computer Training Programs. Wintergreen Learning Institute, Wintergreen, VA, Hands-on training in word processing, information management, spreadsheets, and graphics. Contact Dr.

M. D. Corcoran. Wintergreen Learning Institute. POB 7, Wintergreen, VA 22958, (804) 325-1 107. ]dy-^ptember

• ADVANCED AUTOMATION—Robot

Manipulators. Computer Vision, and Automated Assembly. Cambridge. MA. Contact Director of the

[eontimed]

Switch boxes are sold by many suppliers, bui by far the two best values are from MFf Enterprises,**

"The MfjR5^2 Transfer Switch. Buy it before the manufacturer comes to his senses!''

port expansion. Don't keep pluggin^^ your computer to your high-speed primer, RS-232 peripheral de\ice. WVys range of your needs ai a price yon can aflford. these prices, (Compare others at their re\'iews. When they won't

or you need to have two Model 1240/$79.95

joe Campbell, The RS-232 Solution Sybcx. Computer Books

Now you can have relmble and affordable and unplugging cables. You can easily s'witch letter-quality printer, modem, terminal - any TVansfer Switches includes one lo fit l/jok at these choices; then look at any price! Then ask them for ^-W sliow you, call MFJ...

When you need to switch between two peripherals. computers sharing the lame peripheral

Ne\ er unpluji a cable again. Ntjw, with the push of a button yt)u can g{) from dot matrix lo leltert|uaiit\' printing, or go from your printer to your modem, Ml'J's Model 1240 Transfer Switch features a built-in transmit/receive s-witch allowing you two-way information flow. LEDs monitor important data lines while a built-in sur^e protector guards them. 'ITie 1240 aLso acts as a null mtxlem. All this for jtisi S79.9S.No wonder its MI=J's No. 1 seller!

When yon need l-to-4 computers to share one peripheral or 1 -tO'4 peripherals to share acomman computer... Model 1243/$ 119.95

llie perfect oHice Transfer Switch. Don't buy multiple printers or modems. Just buy MFJ's Mtxlel 1243- llten you can connect one or all your computers to a single printer or modem. Or let your one computer sharer up to four peripherals. Think of the money you'll save. LEDs monitor important data lines while a built-in surge protector guards them. IWo-way communication is allowed with no a>tn})limte(l sofUmre fo Imrti: jiist push a button/

Seven additional models to cluxxse from. F-ach unit s casing is constructed from hi^-qualit>' aluminum. Printed circaiit boards assure maximum reliability by eliminating crosstalk, line interference and any need for wiring. AH MFf switches have LEDs to monitor data lines and MOV surge protectors. Enhance the investment you've already made in your computer by choosing from the finest line of Transfer .Switches on the market, incli4ding MFJ's IBM & Centronics Parallel Suitches.

You've got a lot of money tied up in your computer. I>on *i blow it!

Your v-aluable computer and peripheral equipment can l>e damaged by electrical surges imnh snuiUcr than you've been led to beliet^e. Far more likely to happen is having your importiiiii tUua willed out These disasters, and others, can be prevented with MSfs Power Centers. Relay Uitcbes power off during power dropouts (Model 1108). MultiflUers isolate equipment, eliminate interaction, noise and hash. MOVs suppress spikes and surges. MFf s Power Centers also have 3 isolated, switched socketpairs, with at least one un.switchcd socket (so you can add a clock, etc.), lighted power switch, fast-acting fuse, 3-wirc, 6-fot)t cords; ISA, 125V, and 1875 watts. Altliougli e;ich nnxlel is attractively housed in a protective aluminum casing, tbese are heaiy-duty, commercial-quality poiver centers. Watcii out for fancy names that cost twice as much, last half as long, and have half the features of MSys Power Genters,

Model 1107 8 sockets, 2 unswitched; S79.95 Model 1108 7 sockets, 1 uns-witched; with dropout relay, $99-95 1109 is like 1107 but intelligenl (switch device that's plugged into the cxintrol socket every thing else comes on). $129.95

There are other RS~232 Switches, Power Centers, and Computer Peripheral Products a\"ailable from MFJ. Call and talk with us about all your computing needs, and when you do, ask for out latest catalog. Both the call and the catalog are free.

1-800-647-1800

For technical/a-pair information, or in Missis-sippi, or outside the Qintinental United States, please telephone...

l-(601)323-5869o rtdex 53-4590 MBJSTKV

All MFJ products come with a f/owfo/t'guarantee we think is unmatched. Order from MFJ and try any product for 30 days. If it doesn't satisfy your needs, just return it for a Ju/l refund, less shippii^. If you keep it you can be assured of continued service with our One Year Unconditional Guarantee.

Call toll-free 1-800-647-1800 and charge the products you need to your VISA or MasterCard, or send a check or money order, plus S5.0() .shipping, and our sappingdepartmeiU: will promptly have your computer peripheral on its way to you.

MFJ Enterprises Inc. 921 Louisville Road Starkvillc, MS 39759

Inquiry 261

MAY 1985 'BYTE 91

Inquiry 275

nSD0S2,ll 128K RAM (2)360IC DRIVES PARALLEL PORT ZENITH MONITOR WORDSTAR EASYWRITER CALCSTAR EPSON RX-80 WITH CABLE

la

KITS

I ONE OR TWO I 360K DRIVES 10 OR 2011 HARD DISK lOM TAPE 1 BACK-UP

YOUR CHOICE: KIT OR ASSEMBLED

CALL FOR PRICES

SflNVO

COLOR PORTABLE PORTABLE OPTIONAL 10 MEGABYTE HARD DISK

CALL FOR PRICES

320K RAM (2)360K DRIVES GRAPHICS CARD PARALLEL PORT ZENITH HONITOR THE WORD MULTIPLAN BROTHER HR-15 WITH CABLE

320K RAM 360K DRIVE GRAPHICS CARD PARALLEL PORT Z133 COLOR MONITOR

MS DOS 2.11 THE WORD MULTIPLAN 20M BERNOULLI BROTHER 2024/CABLE

IBM-PC CALL

PI /_

• BROTHER HR 131/

kT^

\ mil

nittiHiii I

256KRAM (2) 360K DRIVES AST SIX-PACK WITH 64K HERCULES CARD ZENITH Z124 MONITOR EPSON FX-80+ OR BROTHER HR-15

800 642 7684

ST.LOUIS 773-695 I TUCSON 79 I-9030

I

Hov/ Available — A Complete Payroll Service Bureau in One Small Package.

(Not A Franchise)

I Banking Relations ■ Sales Aids

I Customer Relations ■ Advertising Program I Complete Software Package for Your Equipment

Everything you need to start your independent payroll service bureau... software, manuals, a complete how to package. For more information write /^J% to: PACIFIC PAVROU SVSKMS, INC

'17280 Newhope Street, Suite Fountain Valley, CA 92708

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED ■

13

EVENT QUEUE

Summer Session, Room El9-356, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139. Uy 8-12

• COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS-The TwentyThird Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, University of Chicago, IL. Papers, demonstrations, and tutorials. Contact Don Walker (ACL), Bell Communications Research. 44 5 South St., Morristown, N) 07960, (201) 829^4312,

luly 8-12

• AWC CONFERENCE The Fourth Annual National Conference of the Association for Women in Computing, Aiierton Hotel, Chicago. IL. Worl<shops and sessions on technical and careerenhancement topics. Contact loan Wallbaum, AWCC '85, 407 Hillmore Dr,. Silver Spring, MD 20901.

Uy 13-14

• THE NCC

The 1985 National Computer Conference-NCC '85, McCormick Place, Chicago, IL. Exhibits, technical sessions, and development seminars. This year's theme is "Technology's Expanding Horizons." Contact Helen Mugnier, AFIPS, 1899 Preston White Dr., Reston, VA 22091, (703) 620-8926, luly 15-18

• COMPUTER WORKSHOPS-Personal

Computer Workshops. Aspen and Colorado Springs, CO, Tutorials, including an introduction to personal computers, word processing, spreadsheets, and database management. Contact Rocky Mountain Institute of Software Engineering, 1670 Bear Mountain Dr., POB 3521. Boulder, CO 80303, (303) 499-4782. luly 22-26

• SIGGRAPH

SIGGRAPH '85: The Twelfth

Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, Moscone Center, San Francisco. CA. Contact SIGGRAPH '85, Conference Services Office, Smith, Bucklin and Associates Inc.. 111 East Wacker Dr.. Chicago, IL 60601, (312) 644-6610. July 22-26

• SIMULATION

The 1985 Summer Computer Simulation Conference-SCSC '85, Westin Hotel, Chicago. IL. Contact Charles Pratt, Society for Computer Simulation, POB 2228, La Jolla. CA 92038. (619) 459-3888. July 22-26

• INTELLIGENT MACHINES

Logic Programming & Expert Systems. The Turing Institute. Edinburgh. Scotland. Lectures, demonstrations, and sessions on programming techniques, system structure, and PROLOG. Contact The Turing Institute, 2 Hope Park Square. Edinburgh, EH8 9NW, Scotland; tel: 031-668-1737. ]uly 24-25

• PUBLIC COMPUTING The TWenty-Third Annual Conference of the Urban and Regional Information Systems Association, Westin Hotel. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, The conference theme is "Computers in Public Agencies, Sharing Solutions," Contact URISA Secretariat. Suite 300, 1340 Old Chain Bridge Rd., McLean, VA 22101, (703) 790-1745. My 2&-August 1

• COMPUTERS AND EDUCATION-The 1985 World Conference on Computers in Education, SCOPE Convention Center. Norfolk, VA. Exhibits, papers, panel sessions, tutorials, and preconference workshops. Contact WCCE/85, AFIPS, 1899 Preston White Dr., Reston, VA 22091, (800) 622-1985: in Virginia, (703) 620-8900. lull* 29-August 2 ■

92 BYTE* MAY 1985 Inquiry 311 for Dealers. Inquiry 312 for End-Users.

IHE PANASONIC SR. PARINER NO PERIPHERALS lEEDED

Because they're already built-in. The 80/132column printer The 9-inch, high-resolution display. There's even a built-in 360K disk drive. Which all make the Sr Partner a complete computer as is. The Sr Partner is IBM hardware and software compatible so you can run popular business programs immediately The software bundle currently offered with the Sr Partner is WordStar, VisiCalc, pfs: Graph, File, Report, MS-DOS 2.11 and GW BASIC.*

And with its 256K internal memory expandable to 512K, the Sr Partner can run the new integrated software. Buiit-ins also include expansion slots and parallel and serial I/O ports. There's even a built-in RGB monitor port so you can take advantage of the Sr Partner's color and graphics capability.

If you want 10 megabytes of storage, choose the new hard disk Sr Partner

Both the Sr Partner and the hard disk Sr Partner come with an exceptional Panasonic warranty. " *

For the dealers nearest you, call: 1-800-PIC-8086. The Panasonic Sr Partner No peripherals needed. It makes the competition look like Jr Executives.

Panasonic

i to change or withdrawal at any time wHhout notice and la not available wtth Hard Disk Sr. Partner. **Ono-yBar limKedimrranh^ „^.Carry-in or mall-ln service. Sr. Partner is a trademailt of Matsushita Electric Industrial Company Ltd;,VltordStar Istlw vadeniaiti al il Corporation; VisiCalc is the registered trademark of VtslCorp; pfs:Graph, File, Report are the registered trademarks of Software Publishing Corporatton; GW BASIC, MSrIXJS are the trademarks of Micr<>sofl Corporation.

FDRTHEFIRSTTIMEIN THE HISTORYOFTHE UNIVERSE, YOU CAN DEVELOPAN INTEGRATED APPLICATION THAT REALLYSINGS.

HERE'S HOW:

FRAMEVW)RK SOFTWARE

FVameworlTisthe only integrated software that contains a programming language.This means that you can use the language to create special applications which use all the features of FVamework.

For the first time, you'll find it easy to design custom programs which let users outline, write, work with data and create graphs for their own special requirements, and use all FVamework functions with a single set of easilylearned commands.

Let's say your customer is using a sales

analysis program you've written using FVamework. He loves the ability to draw graphs and use all the other standard FVamework features.To his surprise, when the Sales Analysis graph reveals the Southern region is leading, his PC starts playing "Dixie'.'

If you use the Framework programming language, you'll discover the @BEEP command, which lets you select both frequency and duration: @BEEP (440,300) plays a pure "A" for 3 seconds. Not quite long enough to tune an orches

tra, but it's the start of a melody.

Ashton-Tate™has created a whole industry of vertical-market applications with its dBASE IP and dBASE III: It's doing the same with FVamework.

Climb aboard the bandwagon. Make your programs take on the beauty of the varied capabilities of Framework.

For a dealer near you call (800) 437-4329, ext. 222. In Colorado (303) 799-4900, ext. 222.

Framework. dBASE m ;ind AshtonTate arc trademarks of Ashton-Tate. dBASE II isaregistered trademark of Ashton-Tite. ©Ashton-l^te 1985. All rights reserved.

Software fix)m

/SHIDN -WE"

Wfell put you in conhoL

Inquiry 41 MAY 1985 "BYTE 95

EVll

Features

The AT&T UNIX PC THIS MONTH'S FEATURES lead off with a product description of tfie AT&T

by Gregg Wlliams 98 UNIX PC, a new macliine from AT&T Information Systems. As Gregg Williams,

CiARciA's Circuit Cellar: senior teclinical editor points out, with the UNIX PC, AT&T hopes to establish

Build the Home Run Control System, UNIX as a standard in the business world and challenge IBM. Gregg wasn't

f*^ ^" J"^"*'"'*''"'^ able to spend all the time he wanted with the machine, but he has some

by Stm Ciarcia 108 ^^^^^^^ impressions of its pros and cons.

Set Extensions with Apple Pascal steve Ciarcia continues with Part 2 of his Circuit Cellar Home Run Control

by Alfred L. Scfiumer 128 system, explaining more of the details of his home and the system and how

Build a Talking Clock Speech t-^^gy come together

fe^Er"^ H^iette 143 Al Schumer discusses "Set Extensions with Apple Pascal." He describes ' ^sets, operators, and logical machine equivalents and-presents a fast exten

Smalltalk Comes to the ^-^^^ program to Apple Pascal that increases the size of available sets and

Microcomputer World . . . ^

by Bruce mbster 151 adds more se operations.

. „ . While "Build a Talking Clock Speech Synthesizer" might sound like a proj

InETHODS' A PRELIMINARY LOOK o i ^ o i *

by Bruce mbster and Tbm Yonkman 152 ^^^^'^ ^^^^ before, this one adds the interesting capability of exper

Smalltalk PC imenting with unlimited-vocabulary speech processing. A couple of inexpen

by Christopher Made 155 ^'^^ chips, a few components, and your Commodore 64 or VIC-20 will keep

_ „ _ ,time and also announce it.

The Smalltalk Programming Language „ > u » ^ ,r.Q. m/r„r-u r iu n ^i.

by Urn Andersor, and Barry Fis>,m«« 160 People remember the August 981 BYTE because of its Smalltalk theme.

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ They also remember that Smalltalk wasn't available for microcomputers then

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^""""^ and wondered when they would get a chance to experiment with this intriguing environment. This month we present a follow-up, what we call our Smalltalk trilogy.

First, contributing editor Bruce Webster and Tbm Yonkman evaluate Methods,

from Digitalk Inc., a Smalltalk version for the IBM PC and those machines that emulate it. Christopher Macie then describes his restricted version of Smalltalk, Smalltalk-PC, for the Apple II and others. And, finally for those who would like a refresher on Smalltalk-80, lim Anderson and Barry Fishman of Digitalk give us a brief review and an application that runs under Methods.

—Gene Smarte, Managing Editor

MAY 1985 • BYTE ■ 97

BY Gregg Williams

THE AT&T UNIX PC

Editor's note: Ike jollowing is a BYTE product description. II is not a review. We provide an advance look at this new product because we feel it is significant.

THE UNIX OPERATING SYSTEM has been heralded as the answer to many of the problems that face computer users, especially those who need multiuser programs or who need to move a large software system from, say, a microcomputer to a mainframe. But, despite its good features, one fault of UNIX makes many people doubt that it can succeed in a commercial environment: UNIX contains many cryptic commands that must be mastered and remembered to make use of its power (for example, mv renames a file, cat prints it out. and Is gives a catalog of files in your current area).

The AT&T UNIX PC is AT&T Information Systems' attempt to establish UNIX as a standard for the business environment and to challenge IBM's dominance in the office. Its extensive use of windows and a menu-driven "front-end" program called the Office bring most of the power of UNIX to the unskilled user. Its Motorola 68010 processor gives the machine virtual memory capabilities—the system appears to software as if it has 4 megabytes of memory, even when it actually has as little as 512K bytes. Its telephone subsystem integrates the computer and the telephone, allowing such functions as computerized logging of phone calls, dialing from a customized directory, and saved, on-screen note taking during calls.

The UNIX PC comes with either a 10- or a 20-megabyte internal hard disk, can support up to two additional users (but without telephone services or multiple windows), and can read IBM PCDOS data and source-code files. Although the machine has both good design features (it can be used equally well with or without its mouse, for example! and bad ones (windows respond sluggishly to mouse-initiated moves and change-size commands), its base price of $5590 for the 10-megabyte model (and $6590 for the 20-megabyte model) makes it a serious candidate for office use or UNIX program development. Buying the unit, however, forces you to cast your lot with the AT&T/UNIX world-AT&T says it has no plans to offer an add-on board that would allow the UNIX PC to run IBM PC programs.

System Description

The UNIX PC was designed to AT&T specifications by Convergent Technologies of Santa Clara, California: its characteristics are summarized in the In Brief section on page 100. The AT&T mouse (see photo 1| has three buttons. These mimic the Enter, Cmd. Photo I: and Mark keys on the keyboard (see photo 2): you can perform

[coinimied) The AT&T Gregg \^il!iams is a senior technical editor at BYTE. He can be contacted at POB 372, Hancock, NH 03449. UNIX PC.

98 B YT E • MAY I98t

PHOTOGRAPHED BY AARON REZNY

IN BRIEF

Name

AT&T UNIX PC Price

$5095 with 10-megabyte hard disk and 512K bytes of memory (UNIX $495 extra, for a total of $5590); $6590 with UNIX, 20-megabyte hard disk, and 1 megabyte of memory (includes 512K-byte expansion card)

Microprocessor

Motorola 68010, a 32-/16-bit microprocessor (32-bit internal data path and registers, 16-bit external data bus), 24-bit address line (maximum address space of 16 megabytes), support for virtual memory

Clocl< Speed

10 MHz

IVIain Memory

512K bytes of dynamic RAM with parity bit on motherboard, currently expandable to 2 megabytes via expansion boards; machine's design allows for a maximum of 4 megabytes

Virtual Memory

Custom memory-management hardware and the Winchester disk allow a virtual memory space of 4 megabytes; page size is 4K bytes

ROM

16K bytes of EPROM used as initialization program when power or reset applied

Floppy Disk

Double-sided 5y4-inch floppy-disk drive using 48 tracks per inch; capable of reading IBM PC data and source-code disks; stores 320K bytes per disk AT&T format, 360K bytes per disk MS-DOS format

Hard Disk

10- or 20-megabyte Winchester disk Mouse

Three-button optomechanical mouse (needs no special surface) Video Display

12-inch green-on-black display; displays bit-mapped graphics at resolution of 348 by 720 pixels

Keyboard

Detachable 103-key keyboard Serial Port

Standard RS-232C port configured as DTE (data terminal equipment); maximum transfer rate of 9600 bps (bits per second)

Parallel Port

Centronics-compatible

Telephone Subsystem

Built-in 300/1200-bps 212A-compatible modem, modular jacks for two incoming phone lines (one voice, one data), one outgoing line connects voice line to external telephone

Miscellaneous

Three expansion slots, battery-powered clock/calendar Operating System

Custom version of UNIX System V, revision 2; extensions include demand-paging virtual memory, windows, shared function and source libraries, record locking at the character level; software provides for multiple users (up to three, with limitations) and multiple processes executing simultaneously for each user; only selected "core" functions provided with standard product; the rest of UNIX is available in optional AT&T UNIX Utilities package ($495)

The UNIX PC Office Program

A window- and menu-driven software environment that allows the non-UNIX user access to computer-assisted telephone functions, UNIX functions, and optional application programs

Optional Hardware

512K-byte expansion card, $1195

most operations with either the mouse or the keyboard. The video display is a bit-mapped display of 348 rows of 720 dots each-or 24 rows of 80 characters each (plus five lines of status information). The top line is a status line for the two phone lines the time and date, and icons for window management and (if present^ pending error messages and mail. The bottom two lines show the current functions of the eight function keys on the keyboard.

The UNIX PC is shipped with all its software already on the hard disk. The floppy-disk drive's odd placement (behind the ledge in which the keyboard fits) reflects the designers' UNIX orientation: Everything you need is on the hard disk. Still, you will use the floppy-disk drive to back up the contents of the hard disk, to install commercial software onto the hard disk, to format a floppy disk for later use, or to read data or source code fronri an IBM PC disk for use in the UNIX environment.

This system makes considerable use of windows but only occasional use of icons. Windows represent folders (which can contain files and other folders), but the UNIX PC represents an item inside a folder as a single line of textits name, type, and optionally some other information.

The Office Program

The Office program is the mechanism through which most users will interact with the UNIX PC. it is a menu-driven "front-end" program that translates your selection to the proper UNIX commands and executes them. Once the Office window has been made active, you can execute an item by highlighting it with the cursor keys and hitting the Return key by pointing to it with the mouse cursor (which highlights it] and pressing the left mouse button (or, equivalently the Return key), or by typing enough of the item's name for the software to recognize it (this highlights the item) and hitting Return. When the software needs more information, it opens up another window that contains the additional choices.

The Administration item leads, through additional menus, to 24 operations that must be performed to keep the computer and the part of it you control in order. This includes everything from changing your password, to configuring the parallel and serial ports, to backing up the hard disk (see table 1 for a full list). Normally you would need considerable knowledge about UNIX and the file structure of the machine to perform these functions: for example, it takes four pages of C code to implement the add/change/delete user log-on menu. The Administration item is at the heart of AT&T's attempt to make UNIX palatable to the average user.

The Clipboard item is rarely opened: it stores files and parts of files that are being trans

100 BYTE • MAY 1985

ferred to a new location.

The Filecabinet item opens to a window that contains all your files and folders: the Filecabinet window is open in photo 1. The Filecabinet window can also contain modem data and RS-232C profiles. A profile contains the information needed to set up the internal modem or the serial port for a given use.

The Floppydisk item expands into a window that displays the contents of the disk currently in the floppy-disk drive. By copying files and folders into the Floppydisk window, you copy them onto the disk itself.

The Preferences item expands into several menus that allow you to change the order and manner of displaying items within windows, change the default window size, and turn on or off the availability of the UNIX window and certain Administration items.

The system automatically puts all material to be printed into a print queue and prints it as a background task. The Printer Queue item expands into a window that lists all items awaiting printing; you can examine the list and, optionally, cancel one or more items.

The UNIX System item expands to a window that acts like a standard UNIX terminal. This item defaults to the Bourne shell (this is a UNIX term that denotes the user interface between you and UNIX); you can access other shells (when they become available) by specifying a shell's name in the Office Preferences window.

When files and folders are deleted, they move to the Wastebasket. Only when they are removed from this window are the files and folders physically deleted from the hard disk.

Windows

Windows in the AT&T UNIX PC behave differently from other windowing systems on personal computers. Different programs control their windows in different ways, and windows often adjust their dimensions to what they think best. The windowing system (called the user agent in the AT&T literature) automatically positions windows so that, if possible, all windows are at least partly visible from the screen. When that is not the case, you can cycle through all the windows by using "next window" and "previous window" function keys, or by opening and choosing from a window that lists all the windows currently open.

A window always has four icons (the ones in the corners) and may have pairs of arrows on the right edge (for up/down scrolling) and the bottom edge (for left/right scrolling): these arrows appear only if the window cannot display its complete contents. The corner icons are, clockwise from upper left, the movewindow, help, grow-window, and close-window icons. The help icon, when clicked on, always gives a window—sometimes several—of explanatory information. The close-window icon.

Photo 2: The UNIX PC keyboard. Many of the dedicated keys allow the computer to be controlled without using the mouse.

when clicked, causes the window to vanish: if it represents a program, closing it exits the program.

The move-window and grow-window icons must be dragged—place pointer on icon, hold down the left button, move the mouse (which drags the icon with it), then release the button. When you press the left button, a "W" in a box appears with a ghost outline of the window: both follow the mouse movement until you release the left button. The UNIX PC displays inferior behavior to its competitors when moving or resizing a window: see the "Problems" section for details.

System V UNIX

The UNIX PC contains a complete implementation of UNIX System V, revision 2. AT&T has added some enhancements including: demand-paging virtual memory windows implemented as character devices, multiple processes in different windows executing simultaneously, Bass-style record locking at the character level (needed for multiuser business software), shared function libraries (saves space by using only one copy of a routine used by multiple processes), and shared source libraries (has a similar effect on simultaneous compilations). AT&T will not offer the source code for the enhancements to the standard release of System V UNIX.

To execute UNIX functions, you can either open a UNIX window (see photo 3) or, from any window, you can execute any single UNIX command by preceding it with the customary "!" sign.

Although the basic system contains the full UNIX operating system, it does not contain many of the utilities associated with a UNIX software developer's workstation. Instead, AT&T has divided the software into the Foundation Set ($495), the UNIX Utilities package ($495), and a UNIX Development Tools pack

{conlinued]

MAY 1985 -BYTE 101

T^ble I: Functions handled through the menu'oriented Administration window.

• Change password

• Set date and time

• Run diagnostics from floppy disk

• View system configuration

• User log-ins (add, cfiange, delete)

• Disk backup and restore (full, incremental, single user, by filename)

• Floppy-disk operations (copy disk, format, read MS-DOS disk)

• Hardware setup (RS-232C, serial printer, parallel printer, telephone, drivers)

• Software setup (install, remove, show installed software)

• Mail setup (name this machine, identify other machine)

Table 2: Software announced for the AT&T UNIX PC at the machine's introduction.

SOFTWARE FROM AT&T

• AT&T UNIX PC Word Processor

• AT&T UNIX PC Business Graphics

• AT&T UNIX PC Electronic Mail

• AT&T UNIX PC BASIC Interpreter

• AT&T UNIX PC BASIC Compiler

• AT&T UNIX PC UNIX Utilities (includes C and assembler)

• AT&T UNIX PC Development Tools

• AT&T UNIX PC Business Accounting System General Ledger,

Accounts Payable, Accounts Receivable, Order Entry/Inventory, and Payroll (five packages)

SOFTWARE FROM THIRD-PARTY VENDORS

• Language Processors Inc. Debugger, COBOL, Pascal, C

• Silicon Valley Software Pascal and FORTRAN

• SUPERcomp 20 (spreadsheet)

• Graphic Software Systems Inc. Chart

• CDI Sound Presentations

• Microsoft Word, BASIC, and Multiplan

• Ashton-Tate dBASE III

• Ryan-McFarland Inc. RM/COBOL and RM/Run Time

Figure 1: Mapping logical addresses to physical addresses.

21 BITS =

2 MEGAWORDS

MEGABYTES)

VA10-VA2]: SELECTS ONE OF 2l" = 102a VIRTUAL PAGES

PDR (PAGE DESCRIPTOR REGISTER] TABLE

PA10-PA21-. PAGE ADDRESS. LOOKED UP FROM PDR TABLE

PHYSICAL ADDRESS (PA1-PA2])

Al-All- ACCESS WITHIN 2 K - WO RD I = 1 K - BYTE) PAG E

age (which includes ISAM-file and sort/merge routines, $395). For exan:iple, the Foundation Set contains the standard ed line editor, but the Utilities package contains things like the vi screen editor, the nroff text formatter, and the yacc compiler tool.

Telephone Functions

Though AT&T's adaptation of UNIX is more important, the telephone functions (called telephony in the AT&T literature) most visibly distinguish the UNIX PC from other personal computers. These functions are available by opening the Telephone item in the Office window, which becomes a window of names and phone numbers titled Call Screen. Convenience features include dialing both people and computers by selecting a telephone directory entry timing a call, redialing the last number, single-keystroke speed dialing, and putting a call on hold.

Other telephone functions go beyond simple convenience and will prove invaluable to people who use telephones a lot. The UNIX PC automatically maintains a log of all incoming and outgoing calls, including the time and duration of the call (plus name and number for outgoing calls). In addition, it gives you a chance to open a "Current Notes" window to take notes in: if you have taken notes during previous calls to the same person, the computer shows them to you (annotated with date, time, and number called) in a separate window. If you have installed the optional Electronic Mail program, you can also send UNIX-style electronic mail through either the Call Screen or the Electronic Mail windows.

Inside the UNIX PC

The UNIX PC consists of removable modules that can be replaced by the user. Once the cover is off. you can see a pan assembly (which houses the floppy-disk drive, the hard disk, and the power supply) and, under it, the motherboard. (The three expansion boards each slide underneath the motherboard from the rear of the machine and connect to each other through a narrow backplane that runs along the front of the machine. The slots have a 21-bit address bus and .a 16-bit data bus.)

Photo 4 shows details of the motherboard; photo 5 shows the pan assembly and the motherboard. The on-board memory area contains 512K bytes (with parity) in 4864 64K by 1-bit dynamic RAM (random-access read/write memory) chips; the chips have an access time of 150 nanoseconds and run with no wait states. These chips are pin-compatible with 2 56K by 1-bit dynamic RAM chips; at some later time, AT&T will start using them to get 2 megabytes of RAM on the motherboard. (The system can add up to 2 megabytes of memory via expansion cards, for a maximum of 4

102

» ps -ef UID PID root root roat root byte byte byte root ip root root root root

1

2 3 SB 59 67 36 34 38 38 48 42

PPII) fl

a

H B 1 58

C STINE 8 15:23:45 3 15:23:45 3 15:23:45 1? 15:23:45 3 15:48:42 :i 16:12:38 :>'; '111 16:16:84 1 3 15:48:23 1 3 15:48:23 1 3 15:48:21 1 3 15:48:2? 1 3 15:48:38 1 4 15:48:31

TTV TIME CBHHnNO

? 2?

Hi

h3 h3

Hi

h4

h6 h5

;18 SHappt;r

:81 init

;B8 pjigedaeaon

:13 Hindacion

;19 ua

82 sh

81 lis

88 update

88 Jpsched

81 cpon

81 ph

81 sa<|r

29 Hi9r

megabytes of memory. AT&T plans to use one slot to connect to an external expansion-card box, but expansion memory must be in the internal slots.) The bit-mapped video display requires 32K bytes of the memory

The system contains only 16K bytes of EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory)-two 8K by 8-bit 2764s. These contain bootstrap and diagnostic code for powerup, as well as code executed on shutdown that ensures that the attached telephone works when the computer is off.

The 10- and 20-megabyte Winchester hard disks are built by MiniScribe. The 10-megabyte drive, which comes in the basic system, has an 85-millisecond access time and a transfer rate of 5 megabits per second. The UNIX PC uses a novel form of DMA (direct memory access) to move data from the hard disk to memory Most computers transfer control of the address and data buses to specialized hardware that first moves data from the hard disk to a buffer area: the processor regains control of the buses and moves the data from the buffer to its final destination. The UNIX PC speeds this process by capturing the buses many times, each time only long enough to move a word of data directlij to its final destination. By not holding the buses while the hard disk is forming the next word to be transferred, this method also decreases the time the DMA transfer prevents the 68010 processor from doing its work.

Finally, three custom gate arrays (see photo 4) perform complex functions in much less space than they would have taken using discrete logic chips.

Memory Management

One of the main differences between the 68010 processor used here, and the 68000 processor, used in the Apple Macintosh and other computers, is the former's virtual-memory capability. In a virtual machine, dedicated hardware looks at the memory address being asked for by the processor (the logical address] and translates it to a physical address that the processor can access if the data is currently in physical memory If it is not (meaning that it is stored instead on the hard disk), the hardware generates a page fault that eventually causes the needed data to be swapped into physical memory before allowing the memory to be accessed. In a 68010-based computer the page fault is fed to the BERR* (Bus Error) pin on the 68010: the 68010, in turn, suspends the current instruction in midexecution, runs a routine that swaps the needed data into physical memory performs related housekeeping tasks, and completes the suspended instruction.

Most computers use a dedicated integrated circuit called an MMU (memory-management

Photo 3: A UNIX window. This window is running the Bourne shell and behaves like a conventional UNIX system.

unit) to translate logical addresses into physical ones and declare page faults, instead, the designers of the UNIX PC use discrete logic and a table of high-speed static RAM called the PDR (page-descriptor register) table to do the translation (see figure 1). The lower 11 bits of the address are left alone: this gives a page size of 2K words or 4K bytes. (The 68010 does not have an address line AO as such, but it uses the UDS [upper data strobe| and LDS |lower data strobe] lines to access byte-sized data.) The PDR table contains 1024 16-bit entries, one for each logical page. Six bits in each entry give status information about the page (including whether or not the page is in memory). If it is, the remaining 10 bits give its physical page number: if not, the logic generates a page fault and the 68010 interrupts itself to run a routine that puts the page into physical memory and updates the PDR table.

Software

AT&T recognizes the need for as much application and system software as possible. TSble 2 lists the software announced (at the time that this article was written) as immediately available. Included are several languages and popular application programs like Microsoft Multiplan. BASIC, Word, and Ashton-Tate's dBASE III. AT&T representatives said Lotus 1-2-3 will not be available: they also denied reports that they were developing an expansion card that would give their machine IBM PC compatibility.

Problems

Although the machine seemed to perform acceptably fast in the short time I had access to it (see "Caveats"), its behavior was definitely inferior to other 8086- and 68000-based windowing computers in its move-window and grow-window operations. In all cases, I measured a delay of between I and 1 Yt seconds

[continued]

MAY 1985 • B Y T L 103

Photo 4: The UNIX PC motherboard; the front of the board is at the bottom of this photograph.

Photo 5:

The pan between the time the left mouse button was pressed and the

move or grow operation (indicated by the "W" icon) started. The

assembly and ghost outline of the window's new dimensions begins at the window's current outline when the "W" icon appears, if the mouse

motherboard. pointer has been dragged to a new location before the "W" appears, the ghost outline may lag the mouse pointer's position

Here, the pan by over three-quarters the length and width of the screen, thus limiting the amount the window can change before the pointer

assembly (which reaches the edge of the screen. (The ghost outline of a Macintosh window, in contrast, always stays with the mouse pointer.)

holds, left to Though this does not prevent the use of the UNIX PC, it definitely interrupts the flow of work and mars one's perception of a

right, the floppy- machine that otherwise seems to be quite fast.

Another thing that disturbs me at first impression is the

disk drive, the designers' positioning of the floppy-disk drive, which, given the necessity of periodically using it for hard-disk backups, seems

lO-megabyte awkward to me. However, the final vote on that should come from

the first people who actually use the machine for several

hard disk, and months.

the power CAVEATS

1 wrote this report after two days of conferences with AT&T engisupply) is hinged neers and officials, a few hours of demonstrations and hands-on

experience, and considerable study of six user- and repairupward to allow oriented manuals. The machine I used was a preproduction model

that used discrete logic chips to emulate the three gate arrays, access to the The machine had the 10-megabyte hard disk and ran the finished

version of the software; I did not see the machine supporting motherboard. more than one user.

Commentary

Although 1 would have liked to have had more time to study the machine, I feel confident in describing it as "quietly impressive." No one feature—menu-driven UNIX, true multiprocessing in a windowed environment, telephone functions, virtual memory—really excites me, although each one is an important "first" in the microcomputer world. Its success as a UNIX software-development workstation is assured (although it really needs a megabyte of memory for this), but its fate in the business community is promising but uncertain. Further details will be availablein the full product review of this machine, which will appear in a future issue of BYTE. ■

MAY 1985 -BYTE 105

COMBINE POWER AND ENHANCE YOUR PC AT

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Quadmeg-AT comes socketed for memory expansion from 128K to 2 Megabytes. Harness this power to create megabytesized RAM drives, access

QUADMEG-AT"

greater amounts of information, and process data faster and more efficiently than ever before. Plus, with "split memory mapping" Quadmeg-AT lets you expand the AT's base system memory to 640K without buying a space-wasting 128K card.

Advance to 4 Megabytes

When you need more than 2Mbytes, Quadmeg-AT adapts with two Quadmeg-AT Expansion Cards. Each packs 512K or 1 Mbyte extra RAM.

Both cards filled give Quadmeg-AT a powerful 4Mbyte capacity. Quadmeg-AT delivers the power you need to take full advantage of the AT's capabilities.

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Quadmeg-AT and Quadport-AT fit sniigh' side t>v sicie to deliver a powerful 4Mb RAM and multiple I/O expansion in just two AT expansion slots.

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Two Quadport-ATs your AT system a total of 2 parallel ports and 10 serial ports. Add peripheral de^nces or workstations for the ultimate in PC-AT , performance.

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106 BYTE • MAY 1985

EXPANDABILITY TO THE SMART WM.

QUADPORT-AT

Quadpoit-AT combines a parallel printer port and a serial port to give your AT the features found on IBM's Serial/ Parallel Adapter.^ But at a lower cost and with

center (

built-in expandability. Connect printers, plotters, modems, and other devices for increased productivity.

Advanced Port Expansion

As your AT becomes the

of a high-performance LAN or growing multiuser, multi-tasking system, snap on the optional Quadport-AT Expansion Kit and add 4 more serial ports to your system. The Quadport-AT Expansion Kit comes with software to access these ports, making it easy to add shared peripherals or workstations.

Enhance die smart way with Quadram.

For basic AT expansion, Quadmeg-AT and Quadport-AT work together to provide 128K memory expansion, a serial port, and a parallel port. Then, as your system grows, Quadmeg-AT and Quadport-AT give you up to 4MB RAM, 1 parallel port, and up to 5 serial ports in just two PC AT expansion slots. Only Quadram combines so much power and expandability. That's PC AT enhancement the smart way.

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expansion from 128K to ZMbytes. Expandable in 512K increments. Split memory mapping assigns I28Kor384K to base memory.

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For a free demonstration visit the Quadram dealer nearest you. Or, for information, write us at 4355 International Blvd., Norcross, Georgia 30093 (404)923-6666.

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Inquiry 334

MAY 1985 - BYTE 107

108 BYTE- MAY 1985

PHOTOGRAPHED BY PAUL AVIS

CIARCIA'S CIRCU IT CELLAR

BUILD THE HOME RUN CONTROL SYSTEM

PART 2: THE HARDWARE

BY Steve Ciarcia

Energy management, convenience, and security in one package

^^^KKKKM I live in a large iiouse with

^^^^^H irregularly shaped rooms. ^^^^H The center section of the

^^^M house is hexagonal, with a ^^^^ sunken living room in

^^^^^ front of a fireplace. The ^^^^^^^H kitchen is also hexagonally shaped and opens into a greenhouse. From the living room or the kitchen, you can descend to the "control center." The Circuit Cellar is also not your standard-shaped room. Defining a corner as the point at which two walls meet, you will find 13 corners in the Circuit Cellar.

My reason for describing this is not to elicit sympathy but instead to outline one of the reasons I designed the Home Run Control System (HCS). Visitors often comment on how wonderful it must be to live in a contemporary-styled home. Of course, they come from traditional houses with rectangular walls and light switches near the doors. There is no pattern of organization to the lighting in this house, and more than one light must be turned on in the Circuit Cellar and adjacent storage areas just to see around obstacles, if you try to walk around in the dark through some areas in this house, you can find yourself somersaulting over shin-high railings into pits, impaled on glass table corners, stunned on dark-painted I^lly columns, or entangled forever in the masses of wires strung between groupings

of electronic equipment. Walking around this house in the dark can be hazardous to your health.

Over the years I've designed control systems that involved automatic lighting including the BSR. Unfortunately the handheld controller was always some place 1 wasn't, or the command console was pointed in another direction (and rooms with 13 corners have lots of directions).

While I could have bought out the local Radio Shack and put controllers and modules everywhere, the problem was one of greater dimension. I ultimately wanted a control system that followed prescribed security and environmental procedures when 1 wasn't there but that could redirect its control functions to provide simple, automatic convenient living when I was.

Bumping into things in the dark was merely an inconvenience. I solved it in the interim by just leaving lots of lights on at night. In the long run, however, I've been directing my efforts to building the true home-control system: one that senses presence in rooms and automatically turns lights on, raises the

iconlinued)

Steve Ciarcia (pronounced "see-ARE-see-ah") is an electronics engineer and computer consultant witfi experience in process control, digital design, nuclear instrumentation, and product development. He is the author of several books about electronics. You can write to him at POB 582, Glastonbury. CT 06033.

COPYRIGHT © 1985 STEVEN A CIARCIA. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

MAY 1985 -BYTE 109

CIRCUIT CELLAR

heat or lowers the air conditioning, and follows a variety of prescribed control sequences (as opposed to one) defined by the real-time assessment of the activities of the house's occupants. Finally it is a reality and photos 1-3 show some aspects of the system installation at my home.

The BSR by itself does not have the logical decision power to provide this capability These functions require a computer and a program dedicated to analyzing and reacting to the environment. Home Run is such a dedicated home-control system. It uses BSR X-IO (Sears Home Control, Leviton, and Radio Shack Plug-NPower. among others) remote-controlled receivers as many commercial timer/controllers do, but its concept and capabilities greatly exceed those systems. The Circuit Cellar HCS is a video-based closed-loop control sys

tem. The text box on page 112 outlines Home Run's basic functions.

This month, 1 will continue the description of the HCS with an indepth analysis of the hardware design. First, since much of the hardware function deals with the BSR remote controllers, I'll start by reviewing their function and the communication codes they use.

BSR X-10 System Components

when 1 first wrote about the X-10 in january 1980, the system consisted of five modules: command controller, cordless controller, lamp module, appliance module, and wall-switch module. The line has now been expanded to include a programmable timer, wall-receptacle modules, automatic setback thermostats, and a telephone auto-answer controller. The

HCS can use and control any BSR receivers.

The command controller (or any unit that functions as a command transmitter) is the central element in the system. It sends commands to the receiver modules by coded messages sent through the AC power lines. The cordless controller is a remote extension of the command controller and has a matching keyboard. When pointed at the command controller from up to 30 feet away any command that is selected on it will be transmitted ultrasonically to the command controller and carried out.

Lamp and wall-switch modules are essentially the same. They are triaccontrolled on/off switches, rated at 300 watts (W), that include dimmers. The lamp module is plugged into a wall outlet in series with the light to be controlled while the wall-switch

Photo 2: Much of my application for the HCS deals with its use for security and automatic lighting. Shown is the installation of a typical passive infrared motion detector. Costing in the neighborhood of $140 each, these units detect the movement of objects {like people] that have a different temperature than the surroundings. The units require a 12-V power source. Output is a contact closure: closed is no motion and open is motion detected.

Photo I: I'm getting very serious about using the HCS in my home. 1 installed a 3by 4-foot piece of plywood next to the breaker box and started stringing wires everywhere for closed-loop input control. The HCS board is mounted in the bottom center. Directly above it in the silver box is a Hayes 'iOO-bps auto-answer modem. To the right of that are the rechargeable battery backup and 12-V power supply for the motion detectors and interface boards. Directly above the modem is a custom optoisolated level shifter and AC-fo-DC converter interface that connects the Touch Plate, a lowvoltage relay system, and commercially installed alarm-system sensors to the HCS. By the time this series of articles is finished, the rest of the board should be filled.

110 BYTE- MAY 1985

CIRCUIT CELLAR

module replaces a conventional wall switch. For heavier or nonresistive loads, a contact-closure-output appliance module or wall-receptacle module is used. These are rated at 15 amperes (A) (about 1700 W).

At the heart of a BSR command module, as well as of the other system components, are custom LSI ICs (large-scale-integration integrated circuits) manufactured for BSR by General Instrument Corporation. Fully expanded, the BSR system can accommodate 256 independently addressable receivers. That is accomplished using 16 sets of addresses called house codes and 16 device codes for each house code. The separate house codes allow next-door neighbors to use X-lOs without interfering with each other. A thumbwheel switch on the bottom of the command controller and the receiver modules sets the 4-bit house code.

In normal operation, the 22-button keypad, which is wired as a 3 by 8 matrix, is scanned at a rate of 3.8 kHz. When a button is pressed, its designated function and the house code (see tables I and 2) are combined into a single message. The digital message is directed to the transmitter section, where it generates 120-kHz signals that are used to modulate the AC line with pulse-width modulation.

To synchronize the digitally encoded serial output with the 60-Hz AC line, the circuit includes a zerocrossing detector. The transmitted message is clocked a bit at a time on zero crossing. A command message contains 9 bits of information, consisting of the 4-bit house code and the 5-bit matrix (keyboard.function) code. Each message is transmitted in true and inverted format on successive half cycles of the AC waveform. This is illustrated in figures 1 and 2. A logic 1 bit consists of three 1-millisecond (ms) bursts of 120-kHz signal commencing approximately 200 microseconds ifis) after the zero crossing of the AC line. A logic 0 bit is represented by no signal for that half cycle. To synchronize the receivers with the transmitter, a trigger code consisting of 3 successive logic 1 bits followed

by a logic 0 bit is used. The complete message takes 11 full AC cycles (183 ms) to complete.

Actual attachment to the AC line is accomplished by means of a transformer and capacitor coupler. That combination is necessary both for protection and economics. The effective range of this system is generally all the wiring from the controller to the nearest power company stepdown transform.er. Usually five or six houses are on each transformer; some coordination with respect to the choice of house codes may be necessary. Also, since the version of the X-10 sold in the U.S. is a 117-volt (V) unit, and because most homes derive their 117-V power from both sides of a 220-V line, problems can sometimes occur in obtaining consistent operation when receiver modules are used on both 117-V lines and relatively few

220-V appliances are in operation to act as a communication bridge. Placement of the receivers could require some experimentation, or a capacitor jumper could be added between the sides of the 220-V line.

The receivers are quite sophisticated, considering that each one usually costs less than $17. All receivers (lamp modules, appliance modules, wall-receptacle modules, and wall-switch modules) are essentially the same. Also incorporating a custom LSI IC, the receiver section monitors the AC line, waiting for a coded message corresponding to its unique house code (A through P) and unit device code (1 through 16). To turn on channel 10, you simply press 10 and ON, one after the other. When an appliance or wall-receptacle module activates, it energizes a relay

[continued]

Photo 3; Much of the outside lighting and some of the outlets in my home are already remotely controlled through the louch Plate. An absolute rat's nest of expensive electrician-installed wire controls 12 specific circuits. The highly reliable latching relays are controlled at various points in the house by illuminated push buttons. Their operation is push-onlpush-off single-button control. V^hen the circuit is on. the button is illuminated by a second low-voltage signal. Given the closed-loop nature of Touch Plate. 1 decided to connect some of the circuits to the HCS. The six relays wired in at present required a separate interface board to convert the low-voltage AC Touch Plate to TTL levels and an \8-conductor cable to route the signals. The HCS can now control as well as ascertain the present on/off state of the outside lighting.

MAY 1985 - BYTE 111

CIRCUIT CELLAR

Home Run Control System: Overview

The Home Run Control System is a single-board computer witli tlie hardware and software needed to control lights and appliances in a home or a specific production process in a small business. The system uses BSR homecontrol modules that are activated by signals superimposed on the house wiring. The system can also directly control processes through hard-wired outputs. The following outline itemizes the features of the computer.

1. Versatility The HCS can accommodate 48 BSR modules. 16 digital inputs 8 TTL-compatible outputs, and 16 messages.

2. Self-containment. The HCS can use any terminal (or personal computer emulating a terminal) at 75-4800 bps. The HCS also incorporates an integral video-display generator to provide a 24-line by 40-character display either directly to a composite video monitor or television set. A keyboard encoder allows connection of either an Apple li-compatible parallel-encoded keyboard or an unencoded scannedmatrix keyboard. An additional serial port has been provided to which an auto-answer modem can be attached (such as the Hayes 300 or 1200). When the modem answers the HCS allows the remote calling terminal to access and control the HCS.

3. Flexibility The HCS can schedule to turn outputs on or off based on combinations of the following conditions:

a. time of the week (e.g., Tliesday at 4:32)

b. time of the month (e.g., 22nd at 11:20)

c. input line going high

d. input line going low

e. turn off after time delay (e.g., remain on for 15 minutes)

f. one-time action triggered by specific input or time

When you want to create an event, various combinations of inputs and time can be specified. They are as follows:

1 ON at specified time OFF at specified time

2 ON at specified time

OFF when specified input occurs

3 ON when specified input occurs OFF at specified time

4 ON when specified input occurs OFF when specified input occurs

or

ON while specified input occurs

5 ON when specified input occurs OFF after period of time

4. Superkeys The HCS has 16 functionkey inputs called superkeys. which cause a user-defined list of actions to be performed when the appropriate key is entered. This allows a complete sequence of events to be transmitted. The number of commands defined by a superkey is limited only by available RAM.

5. Light dimming. Lights can be dimmed to one of 16 levels This allows mood control, a night light, or powerconservation operation.

6. Display messages. Text messages of variable size can be scheduled as announcements or reminders

7. Low power. The HCS can be used to control energy consumption of a house, thus it is designed to be efficient. Power requirements are under 5 watts.

8. Battery backup. The processor and clock will continue to operate during a power failure: scheduled events will still be noted in memory When AC power is restored, the HCS will restore all modules to the state they would be in if power weren't interrupted.

9. Sunset adjustment. The on time of desired modules, usually lights will track the sunset. This alleviates having to adjust the schedule many times per year as the sunset changes. There is a command to compensate sunset times for daylight saving.

10. Automatic restore. The HCS can optionally restore the status of all modules every 4 minutes. This is useful in commercial applications where a module may be turned off by a transient or non-HCS-generated command. Restore can also be triggered by an input line. The HCS always restores all modules after a power loss.

11. Schedule bypass. Modules can be bypassed for a selected interval (up to 44 days). This can be used for vacations or holidays.

12. Hold on input. This allows an input occurrence to lock out specified modules.

13. Accurate clock. The clock accuracy can be adjusted by software to within 1 second per day

14. List events. The entire event schedule can be listed to the serial port. The speed of the listing can be controlled to allow for printing of the schedule.

The lamp and wall-switch modules use a triac instead and have the capability to brighten or dim in response to control commands.

Home Run Hardware

The Home Run Control System is a complete microcomputer. Functionally block-diagramed in figure 3, it contains RAM (random-access read/write memory] and ROM (read-only mem

ory), serial and parallel I/O (input/output) ports, a keyboard, and a video display. In its fully expanded form, it can communicate with an external terminal or a modem and display the events and status on its own display simultaneously. The HCS is based on the 6802 processor and runs entirely on interrupt. These interrupts update the real-time clock, scan the event tables, read the input lines, set the

outputs, refresh the video display, transmit the BSR codes, and service the communication ports.

Home Run was designed to work in a variety of home and industrial applications. As such, it accommodates both encoded and unencoded keyboards, terminal and integral video display, and BSR and direct 1/0. Its software is flexible enough to work

{continued]

112 BYTE- MAY 1985

CIRCUIT CELLAR

Tcible 1: Securily house codes.

CTATC

LID

Mo

n4

Ml

A

0

1

1

0

B

1

1

1

0

C

0

0

1

0

D

1

0

1

0

E

0

0

0

F

1

0

0

G

0

1

0

H

1

1

0

1

0

1

1

J

1

1

1

K

0

0

1

L

1

0

1

M

0

0

0

0

N

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

P

1

1

0

0

Table 2: AC-line matrix key codes.

r\t T

no

U4

no

Ul

1

0

■l

1

0

0

2

1

1

1

Q

Q

3

0

0

1

0

0

4

1

0

0

0

5

0

0

0

0

Q

-l

Q

0

0

7

f

n

-l

Q

n

8

1

1

0

0

9

0

1

1

]

0

10

1

1

1

0

11

0

0

1

0

12

1

0

1

0

13

0

0

0

0

0

14

1

0

0

0

0

15

0

1

0

0

0

16

1

1

0

0

0

CLEAR

0

0

0

0

ALL

0

0

0

1

ON

0

0

1

0

OFF

0

0

1

1

BR

0

1

0

0

DIM

0

1

0

1

PHASE 1

1

1

1

1

J

n

DATA OU

ENABLE (60 C/S) Ijim, [

SERIAL DATA

The transmitted message,is synchronous with the AC line, and each bit is clocked on zero crossing. Each message contains 9 bits of information: 4 bits of security code and 5 bits of matrix code. Each message is transmitted in true and inverse form on successive half cycles of the AC-line signal.

A 1 bit is 3 X 1-ms bursts of 120 kHz, commencing approximately 200 iis after the zero crossing of each phase. A 0 bit is no signal for that half cycle. To synchronize the receivers with the transmitter, a Start Code consisting of 3 successive 1 bits followed by a 0 bit is used. Thus, a complete message takes 11 full cycles of the AC line to complete.

Figure 1: BSR transmission protocol and timing.

MAY 1985 -BYTE 113

CIRCUIT CELLAR

-TRIG <#>3 GENERATED AT EACH ZERO CROSSING

AC LINE

Tpl

Tp2

C*3

I I I I I I

I I I

SERIAL DATA

MESSAGE REPEATED AT LEAST ONCE t

STATE OF 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 n IZ 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

TRANSMISSION TIMER

(1)(1)(1)(0)(1) (1) (0) (0) (0) (1) (0) (1) (1)

DDDDDDDD

ETC.

START HOUSE CODE OPERATION CODE

H4 H3 H2 Hi 8 4 2 1 16

Figure 2: BSR imrmxssion protocol and timing continued.

with any combination or all of these subsystem peripherals, if you don't have a terminal or an auto-answer modem, you can configure a videobased-only HCS and leave the serial components out. (Because some users may not initially need or be able to afford all the functions supported by the HCS, it is available as a partially populated board. You can add the additional support chips at any time.) Figure 4 is the complete schematic of the Home Run Control System. I will -explain it in five sections: processor and memory, timing, serial and parallel I/O (see photo 4), video display, and power supply.

Processor and Memory Section

At the center of the HCS is a Motorola 6802, ICi (block-diagramed in figure 5). The 6802 is an 8-bit processor that is software-compatible with the standard 6800. It contains the same registers and accumulators as the 6800

plus an internal clock oscillator and driver. In addition, it has 128 bytes of on-chip RAM addressed at hexadecimal locations 0000 through 007 E A 4-MHz crystal is used with ICI and results in a 1-MHz system-clock output on pin 37. This clock is divided by counters in the timing section to provide the various interrupt clocks and pulse-signal sources. The processor is reset by pressing PBl, attached to pin 37.

The 16-bit address bus is decoded through a 74LS138 (1C5) into eight 8Kbyte blocks designated by chip-enable lines YO through Y7. RAM occupies the space from 0000 to 3FFR ROM occupies the range from AGOO through FFFF

The HCS has two 28-pin RAM sockets that can accommodate either 6116 (2K by 8-bit) or 6264 (8K by 8-bit) 3 50-nanosecond (ns) CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) RAM chips. The HCS requires a minimum of 4K bytes of RAM to function.

A jumper that selects/deselects address line Al 1 sets, whether a 2K-byte or 8K-byte RAM is inserted. The software auto-sizes and allocates available memory on power-up (be sure to remove the battery backup when changing or adding any chips). T^ble 3 designates the various legal RAM configurations.

Three program ROM sockets are designed for 2764-type 8K by 8-bit EPROMs (erasable programmable read-only memories). The HCS program presently resides in 16K bytes and uses ICI 1 and ICI2. ICI9 is an empty socket intended for future program expansion and enhancements. (Eventually, 1 hope to design an analog 1/0 expansion board for the HCS, and 1 decided that it would be a good idea to put in the hooks now. Direct temperature monitoring and HVAC [heating, ventilating, and air conditioning] motor control are a' possible consideration.) Portions of

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114 BYTE • MAY 1985

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MAY 1985 -BYTE 115

CIRCUIT CELLAR

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116 BYTE • MAY 1985

CIRCUIT CELLAR

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Figure 4 continued on page 118

MAY 1985 - BYTE 117

CIRCUIT CELLAR

Figure 4 mtimeel

16-PIN DIP PARALLEL ENCODED KEYBOARD INPUT

SERIAL TERMINAL DEFEAT (WHEN INSTALLED)

118 B YTE • MAY 1985

CIRCUIT CELLAR

the I/O are also set aside for expansion.

Timing Logic

Figure 6 outlines the section of the circuit that generates the timing signals. All the clocks are derived from a master 1-MHz clock produced by the processor. The 1 MHz is divided by 13 through a 74LS161 (1C2) to produce 76,923 Hz. This frequency is only 0.16 percent off the 76,800-Hz frequency normally used for communication at 4800 bits per second (bps). The other data-transmission rates (2400, 1200, 600, 300, 150, and 75 bps) are produced by further dividing this frequency through the binary counter, 1C4. One of the seven output frequencies is jumper-selected as the terminal/modem communication rate and directed to the transmit/receive clock input of the serial I/O chip, 1C16.

The frequency at the final output of 1C4 is 601 Hz. This frequency is used as the master interrupt clock for the HCS. Every 601 times the interrupt is called, the real-time clock is incre

mented 1 second. At various other increments in time, event and input status are checked and output set.

The BSR transmission timing is also controlled through this circuit. The 1-MHz system clock is divided by 8 through 1C3 to produce 12 5 kHz. While slightly off the 121 kHz normally specified for BSR line transmission, it is within tolerance of the receivers. The 12 5 kHz is gated on and off through NOR gate 1C7 by an output bit from 1C14. An LM311 (1C29) highspeed comparator functions as a zero-crossing detector to let the processor know when to gate the 12 5 kHz onto the AC line.

The 1-ms pulse bursts are timed by 1C6. The elapsed time between releasing the reset line of counter IC6, which is clocked at 12 5 kHz, and an output change of state is 976.56 /xs, or 1 ms in the real world. The clock period of the output waveform is 1 ms, but changes of logic state occur on the half period, 0.5 ms. By counting three of these changes of state, 1.5 ms, the typical time interval between 125-kHz

pulse bursts is also derived.

The BSR driver is functionally part of the power-supply section, and some elements will be explained later. Basically it is a simple two-transistor power driver attached to the primary side of a tuned transmitter coil. NOR gate 1C7 drives the output in 1-ms bursts of 125 kHz. The voltage swing is from +\2V to -12 V on the primary side through a high-voltage driver transistor, type NTE288 or equivalent ((« = 300 milliamperes |mA|, V„ = 300 V). The secondary side of the transmitter coil is coupled to the AC line through a 0.22-microfarad (^tF) capacitor (400 V). A separate tuned secondary winding increases the transmission amplitude.

Serial and Parallel I/O

Home Run uses three 6821 PI A (peripheral interface adapter) chips and one 6850 ACIA (asynchronous communications interface adapter) chip to connect real-world activities to the processor. Each 6821 has two 8-bit,

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Photo 4: The Home Run Control System prototype printed-circuit board. Input and output connections are made via screw terminals at the bottom of the board. From bottom left to right, the connections are composite video out. RF video out, eight direct outputs, three ground pins. 16 direct inputs. DB-2 5S terminal connector, and DB-25P modem connector. The transformer! transmitter module connects to the board at center right.

MAY 1985 -BYTE 119

CIRCUIT CELLAR

Table 3; RAM configurations.

IVlemory Size

IC9 IC10

(bytes)

6116 6116

4K

6264 EMPTY

8K

6264 6116

10K

6264 6264

16K

(Note: 6116 RAMs are 24-pin

devices. They are inserted

into tine lower 24 pins of the

28-pin socl<et.)

- (

bit-programmable, bidirectional parallel ports and four control lines, which

serve primarily as interrupt inputs. 1C14 is the only 6821 that must be

installed for the HCS to run. Through port A it reads the 60-Hz zero-crossing signal, the 601-Hz "heartbeat" interrupt, the 1/1.5-ms timers, and sets the beeper output and the BSR transmitter gate. Four extra future-option jumpers are included should 1 need them when I expand the capabilities of the HCS. (If the HCS is fully populated as shown in figure 4, no jumpers need to be installed. If you configure an HCS video version or don't plan on including the serialmodem capability afforded through 1C16, then install a jumper at PAO and leave the 6850 out. This tells the processor to ignore serial I/O.)

Port B of IC14 drives eight opencollector output lines that are set or reset by the action of driver number

6 on the main menu. These lines are activated by following the same procedures as for the BSR modules. However, direct outputs such as these are immune from line transients and cannot be reset by errant use of a BSR command controller in another part of the house. Diagramed in figure 7, each output is protected against accidental shorts to a negative-voltage source and excessive current drain. A lOOk-ohm resistor allows the outputs to be read with a meter during testing and will not interfere with normal operation. The 7407 drivers are rated for 30 mA at 30 V.

iC15 is entirely dedicated to input data acquisition. Each of the 16 inputs is diode-protected and currentlimited. They will accept standard TTL

A15 A14 A13 A12 All AlO A9 A8 25 2i 23 22 20 19 18 17

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CLOCK, INSTRUCTION DECODE AND CONTROL

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Figure 5: A 6802 block diagram.

120 BYTE • MAY 1985

CIRCUIT CELLAR

(transistor-transistor logic)-level input signals or any voltage between +9

and -9V. (The range 0 to -9 V is a logic 0. The range 2 to +9 V is a logic 1.) Contact closure should have an external voltage supply and should not rely on an open-circuit input always being a logic 1.

IC21 is dedicated to keyboard input and future expansion. Eight bits and a control line of port A receive ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) input data. This data can come directly from an ASCIIencoded keyboard via a 16-pin DIP (dual-inline package) socket (IC27) or from a scanned-matrix keyboard through a keyboard-encoder chip installed in 1C18. The matrix keyboard is plugged into a 22-pin ribbon-cable

header adjacent to IC18. One or the other keyboard option

must be chosen and not both concurrently If a parallel keyboard is used, no encoder chip should be inserted in 1C18. Similarly if IC18 is installed, a parallel keyboard should not be plugged in. (If you are using a terminal with the HCS, neither type of keyboard need be installed and both IC18 and IC21 can be removed.) The parallel-keyboard input socket, IC27, is compatible with the Apple lie.

Port B of IC21 is reserved for future expansion. As previously mentioned, the HCS has an 8K-byte EPROIVl socket, four jumpers, and an 8-bit I/O port reserved for future expansion.

The HCS's serial I/O is through a 6850, IC16. The serial port is con

nected through separate level shifters, IC17 and IC20, to two connectors. One connector is wired to attach to a modem (DCE), and the other is configured to connect to a terminal (DTE). The communication data rate is set by the data-transmission-rate selection jumpers at IC4.

The HCS screen displays operate at different rates, depending upon whether the system is configured to use the internal video-display generator or an external terminal. If a terminal Is attached (IPl should not be installed), all displays are refreshed at the selected communication rate. (A terminal and a modem should not be trying to communicate at the same time.) When using a terminal, how

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Figure 6: The timing-generator circuit.

MAY 1985 • BYTE 121

CIRCUIT CELLAR

ever, both the internal display and the terminal refresh at the same datatransmission rate, and status updates appear only once a minute. Physical

control operations still occur as serviced by the interrupts, but, because a terminal could be communicating at 7 5 bps, the status display is rewritten

+ 5V

OPEN COLLECTOR -O OUTPUT BIT 30V (3) 30mA

1N4U8

6821 PIA

220fl, —vw

-<CD INPUT BIT

LOGIC 0 0 TO -9V LOGIC 1 +2 TO +9V

Figure 7: The input/output circuit. Substituting a \k-ohm resistor for the 220-ohm resistor expands the voltage range to +15 V.

Photo 5: The power supply for the Home Run Control System contains both the transformer and the high-voltage section of the BSR transmitter. The sealed transformer module with BSR PC board effectively isolates the user from the AC power line. Connection to the circuit board is through a 7-pin DIN connector.

only once per minute. (A status update can be forced at any time on the terminal by entering a carriage return.) When using the internal video display (|P1 installed or a shorting wire connected between pins 7 and 8 of 12). the screen refreshes at full processor speed (it appears to be about 9600 bps), and the status display is updated upon occurrence of any programmed event.

There is an effective compromise when using a modem, with IPl not installed. With an auto-answer modem such as the Hayes 300 or 1200 attached to the modem input, the HCS will automatically switch communication rates. Using the internal video display and )P1 removed, the HCS updates the screen at high speed. Upon sensing a CTS (clear to send) signal from the auto-answer modem, the HCS switches its screen speed to the modem's data rate (set on the data-rate selection switches at 1C4) and communicates with the remote terminal or computer. After the modem hangs up, the screen resumes its normal speed. I must mention, however, that screen refresh rate is in no way related to the speed of control operations. Real-time screen updates are necessary only if you require notice of an event in less than the once-per-minute terminal refresh and in fact need to see every output event as it occurs.

Home Run Video Display

Besides accommodating terminal or modem communication, the HCS has its own video-display generator. The display is 24 lines by 40 characters produced with three chips: 1C22. IC25, and IC26.

Some of you will remember an article I did in the August 1982 BYTE about building a 10-chip E-Z Color graphics display. The TMS9918 videodisplay processor used in that article has been replaced in this design with a TMS9118 chip, 1C22. Functionally the same, the 9118 uses 5-V 64K-byte DRAMs (dynamic RAMs) instead of the older three-supply 4116 types. By using TMS4416 16K by 4-bit DRAMs,

[continued]

122 BYTE- MAY 1985

CIRCUIT CELLAR

CO

< 0.-1

Figure 8: Power supply and transformer!transmitter assembly.

MAY 1985 • BYTE 123

CIRCUIT CELLAR

the I6K-byte video memory requires only two chips. (The primary reason for choosing the 9118 was board space and single-supply operation. The HCS is battery-operated on power outages, and 4116s would have been difficult to accommodate. A TMS9918 will not run with 4416s; however, it can still be used in this design if you replace the 4116s with 4164s. It's expensive, but it's 5 'V only) 1 will not belabor the point describing how the screens are entered into display memory or what commands are necessary to control the videodisplay processor. Instead, 1 refer you to the August 1982 Circuit Cellar article. One final note for mad programmers. The video-display memory is 16K bytes, but only about 1500 bytes is currently being used for the alphanumeric-mode status and menu displays. The TMS9118/9918 is capable of producing a 16-color 2 56- by 192-pixel graphics display in three operating modes. Given a few more man-years of software, 1 could possibly have provided the same pretty graphics as those presented on GE's HomeMinder, but the present emphasis is on control capabilities. Perhaps such features will be included in future peripheral expansion. If you are interested in the graphics potential, look at any ColecoVision or Adam computer. They also use the Tl graphics chip.

The output of the TMS9118 is NTSC (National Television System Committee) composite video that is buffered and available for direct connection to a video monitor. Optionally an RF (radio frequency) modulator can be installed that will allow a standard television set to be used concurrently or in place of a monitor. In my opinion, displays are much sharper on a video monitor than on a television set.

Power Supply and BSR Driver

The power-supply section of Home Run posed a particular problem and almost scuttled its development. Circuit Cellar projects are designed to be built, not just read. Unfortunately, 1

cannot always count on everyone taking the same care and precaution in assembly that 1 do. The BSR transmitter is connected directly to the AC line through a slug-tuned transmitter coil. While isolated after the transformer coil, most manufacturers take the economical approach and mount this coil and associated components on the same PC (printed circuit) board with the processor. Since the AC line must then be brought to the board and a number of components, it presents a serious hazard. While 1 could instruct you to pot or otherwise insulate these areas, this was deemed unsatisfactory. 1 needed to feel that anyone building Home Run either from a kit or scratch would not get electrocuted.

The solution was to combine all the high-voltage components into one sealed module and have only isolated low-voltage wiring exit from it (see photo 5 and figure 8). The hot components in the HCS are the AC-line connected sides of the power transformer and the BSR transmitter coil and series capacitor. Using a wallmodule transformer with an additional circuit board containing the transmitter coil and components, these circuit elements can be isolated. A 7-wire cable exits from the wall module and ends in a 7-pin DIN (Deutsche Industrie Norm) connector. 1\vo wires go to the transmitter coil, and five wires come from the powertransformer secondary windings. This transmitter/power module is more expensive than conventional approaches, but it is much safer.

Figure 8 shows the HCS's regulator circuit. It uses a rather novel approach to produce -i-5 V, +12 V, and -12 V.

The 4-5-V and -fl2-V outputs are produced from a 14-V CT (center tap) transformer output. The three 14-V CT output windings are connected to a full-wave bridge and capacitor filter in the traditional manner. Each output, referenced to the center tap, will be about 9.5 V peak. Using a 7905 regulator connected to the negative filter side, - 5 V is easily produced. In this design, however, the output of the 7905 is reversed and connected to the

HCS power ground. The transformer center tap, now referenced to the HCS power ground, will read -i- 5 V!

A zener regulator with a seriesblocking diode is connected to the positive filter output. The ground pin of the circuit, normally connected to the center tap in conventional designs, is connected to the new HCS power ground at the output of the zener. The effect is a - 5-V reference applied to the ground lead of the zener. Instead of requiring 14.5 V at its input to produce 12 V if now needs only 9.5 V above the center tap.

The - 12-'V supply is a conventional half-wave rectifier configuration. Since it is required only by the RS-232C and BSR drivers, regulation does not have to be precise and a zener diode is adequate.

I chose this particular power-supply configuration to reduce power dissipation. The HCS takes about 0.9 A at 5 V. Conventional linear designs would have suggested using a 22- to 24-'V CT transformer winding, resulting in about 8.5 W of power dissipation. In a sealed enclosure, this can make things very warm. With this design, dissipation is reduced to about 4 W. The only alternative would have been to use expensive switching supplies.

Battery Backup

The last area of the power supply is the battery backup. It consists merely of six C-cell nickel-cadmium batteries in series to produce 7.5 V (6 x 1.25 V). They are connected between the transformer center tap and the input of the 7905 (note polarity). A 3-A 1N 5402 diode is inserted in series so that the batteries supply power to the regulator only when none is being provided from the transformer. Another resistor and diode supply a trickle charge to the battery. This trickle charging rate should be about 20-30 mA. A IN5402 blocking diode at the input of the positive regulator prevents the battery from backflowing through the transformer to other components.

During a power outage, only the + 5-Y supply is maintained. If you

124 B YT E • MAY 1985

CIRCUIT CELLAR

have a battery-operated monitor, it will continue to receive status displays, but RS-232C, modem, terminal, and BSR functions will be suspended. (When the power returns, the HCS automatically restores all I/O to the proper state.) Direct outputs continue to occur on schedule. In my experience, power outages are either under a few minutes or for many hours. Experiments show that C-cell nickelcadmium batteries last for about 90 minutes.

Experimenters and OEM Users

As always, 1 try to support the computer experimenter by providing sources for many of the components. The Circuit Cellar Home Run Control System is a single-board design suitable for OEM applications as well. It is available in various configurations that are all ultimately upgradable to the same potential.

If you plan on building the unit from scratch, good luck and take heart. Send me a picture of your board, and I'll send you a 16K-byte hexadecimal dump of the control software, provided it is for noncommercial private use. If you're a bit more well-heeled, I'll supply the code on two 2764 EPROMs and a manual for $32, postpaid in the U.S., $5 extra overseas. (No picture is required.)

Circuit Cellar feedback

This month's feedback begins on page 424.

Next Month

I'll describe how the HCS software works specifically explain each of the menu functions listed in the first article, and demonstrate a simple control application. ■

Special thanks to Bill Summers and Leo Taylor for their software expertise.

The following items are available from

The Micromint Inc.

25 Terrace Dr.

Vernon, CT 06066

(800) 63 5-3355 for orders

(203) 871-6170 for information

1. Home Run HCS—Complete assembled system with enclosure and parallel-encoded keyboard HCSOl, S589

2. Home Run HCS-Populated PC board. Assembled and tested PC board. No enclosure or keyboard HCS02, $429

3. Home Run HCS—Video-based kit. Includes PC board and all components except enclosure, keyboard, and serial-interface components (IC16, ICI7, IC20, and two DB-25 connectors) HCSV05, $329

4. Home Run HCS—Terminal-based kit. Includes PC board and all components except video-display processor (IC22, 1C2 5. and IC26). No keyboard, enclosure, or RF modulator HCST06, $289

5. 8K-byte static-RAlvl upgrade. Increases RAM to 16K bytes HCS20, $3 5

6. Apple ll-compatible ASCII-encoded keyboard HCS2I, $79

7. Wall transformer/transmitter module (available separately) HCS22, $40

8. IBM PC Upload/Download event-schedulestorage software with terminal emulator written in C. provided on IBM PC-DOS 2.0 disk HCS2 5, $49

All kits and assembled units include operators manual, power supply with wall transformer/transmitter module, and 8K bytes of RAM. All units are supplied without keyboard-encoder chip (not necessary when using encoded keyboard, IC18—optionally available). All item numbers that list enclosures also include backup battery holder (six C cells), less batteries. Serial-port and video-display-processor upgrades for items 3 and 4 and various other components are also available.

Please include $8 for shipping and handling in the continental United States. $12 elsewhere. New York residents please include 8 percent sales tax. Connecticut residents please include 7.5 percent sales tax.

Editor's Note: Steve often refers to previous Circuit Cellar articles. Most of these past articles are available in book form from BYTE Books, McGraw-Hill Book Company, POB 400, Hightstown. N| 08250.

Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar Volume I covers articles in BYTE from September 1977 through November 1978. Volume II covers December 1978 through lune 1980. Volume III covers luly 1980 through December 1981. Volume IV covers lanuary 1982 through lune 1983.

To receive a complete list of Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar project kits, circle 100 on the reader-service inquiry card at the back of the magazine.

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125

1 Find die i hen draw your

Microsoft® Multiplan® and Microsoft Chart. They're crackerjack programs working on their own. But you should see this pair in action together on the Macintosh™

The one, a spreadsheet of dazzling analytical power and graceful simplicity.

The other, a picture perfect charting program that makes rows and columns of numbers graphically clear.

And the beauty is, they were literally made for each other And for Macintosh.

Multiplan accepts you as you are*

Mukiplan takes full advantage of Mac's simple, intuitive operating style. So you can work in a way that will come natural to you.

You don't have to memorize any arcane commands. Just point and click the mouse to move mountains of figures and formulas quickly and painlessly.

In addition, Multiplan gives you features that make hard copies gratify

ingly readable. For instance, the enviable ^ _ ,v _ ^

ability to print sideways. ..^gii,,^,!^,,,,,^,,,,,,,^,,,,,^^

So you can't run out of column room. No matter how wide your spreadsheet gets.

Chart makes people see what you mean«

Microsoft Chart gives you lots of ammunition for your arguments: Pie charts, bar charts, line, column, area and scatter charts. Or combinations.

|L ^j^^Q^^Q^^QT Pick the one that best illustrates your point. IVII^^fi^^O^^r I® Then translate your numbers into pictures and The High Perfonnance Software™ have them on paper in a matter of moments. Using the mouse, it's a cinch to fine tune the graphs to get exactly what you want. Move any section. Change its size, shape, or highlight it.

Chart can even be linked with Multiplan. So any change on your spreadsheet will show up automatically on the charts.

r26 BYTE- MAY 1985

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128 BYTE • MAY 1985

ILLUSTRATED BY MACIEK ALBRECHT

BY Alfred L. Schumer

Set Extensions

WITH

Apple Pascal

Add useful set operations to your

programs

Sets offer a powerful and logical construction in Pascal. In conjunction with user-defined types, they can significantly enhance program design, maintenance, speed, and readability. Unfortunately, many programmers shy away from using sets because of their high level of abstraction and a lack of understanding of how to implement sets at the machine level.

In order to promote a greater

understanding of set constructions in Pascal, I will describe sets, their operators, and the logical machine equivalents used in relational set operations. Second, I will present a fast extension to Apple Pascal. The maximum set size and the number of set operations vary from implementation to implementation. This Supersets program increases the size of Apple Pascal sets (from 512 to 65,536 elements per set) and adds more set operations. The program is written in 6502 assembly language and is, therefore, reasonably fast.

Pascal Sets

lb test for membership of characters

in a set you might be tempted to use nested IF. . .THEN.. .ELSE state

ments, such as IF ch = "a" THEN {execute code inserted here} ELSE IF ch = "b" THEN {execute code} ELSE if ch = "c" THEN (execute code} ELSE {insert code for ch not in set}. A more elegant method uses the set operator IN to test for membership. With it you can reduce these statements to IF ch IN ['a'.'b'.'c'] THEN {insert code for ch in set} ELSE {insert code for ch not in set}.

A set in Pascal is a collection of objects of the same type (called the "base type" of the set), it may be any scalar type; it may not be a structured type. Size limitations on sets are defined by the particular implementation and generally range from 64 to 512 elements. Apple Pascal sets can have up to 512 elements and occupy memory according to the following formula: [[n-\) DIV 16) -i- 1 words, where n equals the number of elements. Conversely, UCSD Pascal sets may have (at most) 4080 elements and are limited in size to 255 words.

With set operators you can perform relational operations on sets of the same base type, such as testing for the inclusion of one set in another or for equality, in addition to the special membership operator IN, four relational operators are typically supported: set equality {=), set inequality (<>), inclusion/contains (> = ) and inclusion/contained in (<=). Although these relational operators yield a Boolean result, you can also form sets logically from the union, dif

ference, or intersection of two sets. The union (A + B) results in a set that contains all members of A and all members of B. The difference (A - B) results in a set that contains all members of A that are not members of B. And the intersection (A*B) results in a set of all members of A that are also members of B.

Machine-Level Structure

To illustrate the machine-level structure of sets, I will first define a set (such as TYPE charset = set of characters) and define the variables Set_J\ and Set_B as that type. Internally, Apple Pascal allocates an array of 2 56 bits (16 words, each containing 16 bits) representing the 2 56 possible ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) values for characters. Individual elements occupy 1 bit, indexed by the scalar value of the character into the set. An element is considered to be in the set when its bit is turned on (has a binary value of 1).

lb locate the word offset into the array containing a particular element's bit, the scalar value of the element is divided by 16 (or divided by 8 to locate the byte offset). The bit posi

{conlinued]

Alfred L. Schumer (17 Pearl St., mkefield. MA 01880) is assistant vice president of Bank of America in Boston. He is responsible for lending activities with newly formed higfi-tecfinobgy companies in Hew England. He graduated from New York Univer^ty's Graduate School of Business Adrmni^ration in 1980.

MAY 1985 - BYTE

129

SET EXTENSIONS

Supersets increases

the size of Apple Pascal sets and adds

more set operations.

tion within the word is merely the scalar value modulo 16, or the remainder from the division. You can add an element to a set by indexing into a set's array of words and turning the appropriate bit on. Similarly, to remove an element, turn the bit off. lb test for an element's membership in a set. you use the same indexing technique to determine the state (off or on) of the appropriate bit.

Logical Operators

The logical operators on sets are somewhat tricky. While they don't require indexing individual elementsentire sets are operands—the Boolean logic of unions, differences, and intersections requires some explaining.

Tfesting for set equality (=) involves comparing all the words of one set against the other. If any two corresponding words differ (their bit patterns do not match), the sets are not equal. This follows from the logic that different bit patterns within a word indicate either Set A contains a

character not contained in Set B, or

Set A does not contain a particular

character that Set B does.

You can test for the inclusion (< = or > =) of, for example. Set__A in Set B at the word level by determining if for each bit turned on in Set A,

the equivalent bit (in the equivalent word) in Set_B is also turned on. However, the converse might not be

true; Set B may contain elements

that are not in Set A. In other words.

Set B may contain Set A while

Set A does not contain Set—B

unless the two are equal.

The union, difference, and intersection set operators differ from equality and inclusion in that they do not test bits but set or clear them. The resulting word is stored into the set

assigned as the result. The union (+) of two sets, word for word, produces a new set with the bits turned on if either or both bits in the operand sets are turned on. If both bits are off, the resultant bit in the new set is also off.

The intersection (*) of two sets resembles the union except that both corresponding bits must be on for the resultant word's bit to be turned on. If either bit is off, the resultant bit is also off.

Taking the difference (-) between two sets is the opposite of finding their union. However unlike intersection and union, the order in which the sets are specified is important.

(Set A - Set B is not the same as

Set B - Set A unless the sets are

equal.) An element common to both sets is removed—the appropriate bit is turned off—if the corresponding bits in each set are both on. However, if the first set's bit is on while the second set's bit is off, the resultant bit is turned on. If the opposite condition is true—the first set's bit is off while the second set's bit is on—the bit in the result remains off.

If you are an assembly-language programmer, you have probably noticed by now that these logical operators resemble the 6502 machine instructions AND, ORA, and EOR. In fact, the truth tables for each instruction are nearly the same as their counterparts in set operators.

For comparison, table I contains the truth tables for the machine instructions and those for relational set operators. If you examine both groups of truth tables, you will find that union is equivalent to ORA, intersection to AND, and equality to NOT EOR. You can build inclusion and difference from a combination of AND and EOR. Inclusion (A> = B) may be constructed as ((A EOR B) AND A), and difference (A - B) as ((A AND B) EOR B). Bear in mind that the order in which you specify the sets as operands is important.

Setting Up Supersets

How can you use this information to expand the set capabilities of the Apple implementation of Pascal? The

Supersets program duplicates the standard Pascal set operators in assembly language with enhanced addressing and provides some procedures and functions to use the expanded set sizes. Because the technique used for indexing into the set uses a 16-bit value, sets can contain up to 65,535 elements. Before going into the specifics of the program, however, some housekeeping items are in order. {Editor's note: The listing for the Supersets program is available for downloading via BYTEHef Listings. The telephone number is (603) 924-9820.]

First, Apple Pascal does not permit the declaration of a set size greater than 512 elements. Therefore you must, use a packed array of type Boolean as the data type declaration—which is what it is internally. For example, if you wish to use a set of 10,000 elements, the declaration must be PACKED ARRAY [0. .9999] OF BOOLEAN. Note that BOOLEAN can be any user-defined type with either a base type of Boolean or scalar that occupies 1 bit. An example is TYPE gender = (male.female).

Second, the set operators that use two operands or sets in the program are quite powerful and. used indiscriminately can cause a system failure. Assignments or operations on sets of different sizes are not picked up by the compiler or the run-time code and might overwrite other data-storage areas. Even worse, such actions might destroy integral parts of the Pascal interpreter and cause unpredictable results or a system crash. Tb avoid this, you can assign as a result a set larger than either of the operands, provided you keep in mind that the elements beyond the operand set sizes are meaningless.

Third, your method of using SuperSets' procedures and functions is entirely up to you. If you choose to link the code in after compiling your host program, remember to declare the procedures and functions EXTERNAL. (This option is assumed in the listing.) If you choose to use the Library.Code program that comes on Apple III to include the code as a unit

[continuedt

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Inquiry 51

SET EXTENSIONS

This code should work

on all present versions of Apple Pascal, including the Apple Ill's Pascal.

in your System.Library, remember to declare the code at the start of your program by USES SUPERSETS; then call the procedures and functions normally.

Fourth, the procedures and functions in Supersets require an unsigned integer to be the element type WORD. You should declare this as TYPE word = 0. .65535. However if you anticipate sets less than 32.161, you may declare WORD as type integer. Failure to observe these requirements can cause disastrous results.

Finally, this code should work on all present versions of Apple Pascal, including the Apple Ill's Pascal implementation. Be forewarned that future versions of Apple Pascal might not support these routines.

Procedures and Functions

Supersets includes 11 procedures and functions that can be grouped by the number of sets they take as operands. Membership, Include, Exclude, and Nullify each take a single-set operand, while Union, Difference, Intersection, Equality, Inclusion, Assignment, and Symmetrical all take two.

The single-set operators—with the exception of Nullify—share the subroutine Index set, which performs

the necessary address translation for

the elements within the set. Index .

set saves the 3 least significant bits of the element (modulo 8) in the X-Reg for indexing to the desired bit. Then the binary value of the element is divided by 8 (8 bits per byte) and the effective address of the byte within the set is formed from the set address, offset by the Y-Reg,

The value in the X-Reg is used to index into the 8 bytes beginning at

[continued)

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SET EXTENSIONS

the label Bit masks, which are hexadecimal equivalents for each of the 8 bits per byte. The appropriate value is loaded into the accumulator to be used with the machine op codes ORA and AND, which set or clear the bit, respectively. The function Membership uses the

value in Bit masks with the machine

op code AND to zero out all the bits in the set except the one you're test

ing. If the bit you're testing is on, the result of the AND is nonzero. (Tfesting

for a nonzero result either increments the Boolean result to 1 indicating true—the element is there—or leaves it 0—it's not there.)

Include, rather than zeroing out all the bits except the one you're interested in, forces the bit on with the machine op code ORA, then stores the byte back into the set. Converse

ly Exclude forces the bit off; first, however, it must reverse the Bit mask bit

pattern—setting the bit you want to use explicitly off and all the rest on. Then, if you use an AND op code, you won't affect the other bits in the set, but the bit you wish to clear will be turned off. Again, the byte operated on is stored back into the set.

Dual-set operators require a somewhat different process, a sequential processing of each byte in a set, rather than the individual bits. The method used here is described in Bob Sander-Cederlofs article, "How to Move Memory" {Apple Assembly Line. lanuary 1981). Basically the number of bytes to be moved is broken down into pages of 2 56 bytes and a remaining partial page with a byte count less than 2 56. Whole pages are moved first, then the partial page. The

parameter Set size contains the

number of bytes to be moved (operated on) and should be passed to the procedures using the built-in Pascal function SIZEOF() applied to your declared PACKED ARRAY[n] OF BOOLEAN,

The Union, Intersection, and Difference procedures scan sequential bytes in each of two set operands, altering the bit patterns according to the truth tables in table 1. Union essentially uses the machine op code ORA to set bits on if the bit is on in either of the sets involved. Intersection, on the other hand, uses the machine op code AND to turn bits on only if they are on in both sets. Finally Difference uses a combination of the machine op codes EOR and AND: it first turns off bits that are common to both sets (EOR), then ANDs this bit pattern with the original operand.

Set A, to clear those bits not

originally part of Set A—those

turned on by EOR. (This becomes easier to understand if you try to work out a couple of examples by hand using table 1.)

The function Inclusion ANDs the two sets together, yielding a bit pattern that contains only those bits common to both sets. This pattern is then compared to the bit pattern of

[conOnuedi

Tah\e 1: Truth tables for macfiine instructions on the left, and their corresponding relational set operators on the right.

< Union>

ORA 1

0

1 1

A/B

0 1 1 1

0 1

0

1 1

0

0 1 1 1

1 1

1

1 1

1

1 M 1

AND 1

0

1 1

< Intersection > A/B 1 0 1 1 1

0 1

0

0 1

0

0 10 1

1 1

0

1 1

1

0 11 1

< Inclusion > A/B 1 0 1 1 1

0

1 10 1

*

1

1 111

< Difference > A/B 1 0 |1 I

0 1 0 i 0 I

1 I 1 10 I < Equality >

EOR I 0 I 1 I A/B I 0 I 1 I

0|0|1| 0|1|0| 1 I 1 I 0 I 1 I 0 I 1 I

134 BYTE* MAY 1985

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the set you wish to test for inclusion

(Set B). If the patterns match, you

know that all bits common to both

sets are contained in Set B. if not,

the loop is exited to the code located at local label $4, which decrements the Boolean result to 0 (false) and returns to the caller.

The Assignment and Nullify procedures are fairly straightforward. Assignment copies the bytes from one set to another, while Nullify moves Os—all bits off, thus no elements—to the operand set.

What would an extension to a language be without some new feature thrown in for good measure? How about a set operator from lVlodula-2, Niklaus Wirth's latest language? Titled Symmetrical, this dual-set operator is expressed as A/B (versus A - B for difference) and forms a new set with elements from either set, but not both. For example, element IN (A/B) is the same as NOT {{element IN A) AND {element IN B)). At the machine level, the op code used is EOR, which turns bits common to both sets off and turns on those bits not common to both. (Dyed-in-the-wool Pascal programmers should have some fun with this one.)

Execution Speed

As usual, there are trade-offs between the size of the code and its execution speed. Since the single-set operators

require one access into a set, it seems reasonable that they share the necessary overhead. However, because the dual-set operators must make several accesses, they should use their own code exclusively If the dual-set operators were to share a main loop for accessing memory, the overhead of both testing for the operator desired and JUMPing to it would slow execution by at least a factor of two.

How fast does this make Supersets compared to Apple Pascal? T^ble 2 lists the procedures and functions of Supersets, their equivalent Apple Pascal statements, and the relative execution times of each. In order to get a meaningful comparison, 1 used a set of 512 elements to compare Apple Pascal and Supersets. The third column gives the results for a set of 1024 elements using Supersets only

As table 2 indicates. Supersets' procedures are about twice as fast as their counterparts in Apple Pascal. Equally important. Supersets' ability to handle sets of an increased sizesuch as 1024 elements—does not significantly slow execution. One reason for the performance increase is that Apple Pascal cannot add or subtract single elements from sets but must use an entire set for each operand. Also, Apple Pascal compiles to pcode, which must then be interpreted at run time.

[continued)

T^ble 2: Supersets' procedures and functions with their equivalent Apple Pascal statements and the relative execution times of each.

Supersets

Apple Pascal

Apple Set

Superset

Superset

Procetdure

Statement

Of 512

of 512

of 1024

Membership

element IN set A

1,000

0.688

0.688

Include

set A

= set A +

[element]

1.000

0.274

0.274

Exclude

set A

= set A

[element]

1.000

0,270

0.270

Union

set_C

= set A +

set_B

1.000

0.265

0.415

Intersection

set_C

= set A *

set_B

1.000

0,531

0.810

Difference

set__C

= set A

set_B

1.000

0.578

0.931

Equality

set A

= set_B

1.000

0.629

0.947

Inclusion

set A

>= set_B

1.000

0.640

1.005

Assignnnent

set_B

= set A

1.000

0.823

1.240

Nullify

set_A

= 11

1.000

0.721

1.031

Symmetrical

set_C

= set A / set B

1.000

0.278

0.430

Average Relative Execution Times

1.000

0.518

0.731

136 BYTE- MAY 1985

ntroducing the Most Powerful Business Software Ever!

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VeRSAPAYABLES^- $99.95

Versa Payables'" is designed to keep track of current and aged payables, keeping you in touch with all information regarding how much money your company owes, and to whom. \^RSAPayables™ maintains a complete record on each vendor, prints checks, check registers, vouchers, transaction reports, aged payables reports, vendor reports, and more. With VERSA Payables'", you can even let your computer automatically select which vouchers are to be paid.

VERSAPAYROLL™ $99.95

Versa PaYROIX'" is a powerful and sophisticated, but easy to use payroll system that keeps track of all government-required payroll information. Complete employee records are maintained, and all necessary payroll calculations are performed automatically, with totals displayed on screen for operator approval, A payroll can be run totally, automatically, or the operator can intervene to prevent a check from being printed, or to alter information on it. If desired, totals may be posted to the VersaLedger IT" system.

VERSAINVENTORY™ $99.95

VersaNVEI^rrORY" is a complete inventory control system that gives you instant access to data on any item. VERSA INVENTOR V" keeps track of all information related to what items are in stock, out of stock, on backorder, etc., stores sales and pricing data, alerts you when an item falls below a preset reorder point, and allows you to enter and print invoices directly or to link with the Versa RECEIVABLES'" system. VERSA INVENTORY" prints all needed inventory listings, reports of items below reorder point, inventory value reports, period and year-to-date sales reports, price lists, inventory checklists, etc.

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Inquiry 181

dealer rNQUIRIES WELCOME

All prices and specifications subject to ctiange / Delivery subject to availability.

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*CP/M is a Iradetnark of Digital Research . "XEROX is a trademark of Xerox Corp.

Inquiry 251

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SET EXTENSIONS

Supersets permits set sizes significantly larger without much degradation in execution speed.

Applications

You might keep in mind that Supersets operates on packed arrays of type Boolean. Therefore, you can use Supersets in Pascal applications that might not require abstraction at the set construct level—for example, bit-mapped graphics.

In addition to applications requiring larger set sizes, you can use Supersets to formulate relational database requests that use large Boolean arrays, indexed by the record number, to construct subsets of the data. For example, several such subsets could represent an individual's gender, income, and whether he or she subscribes to a particular periodical.

By using the Union, Difference, and Intersection set operators, the database request can return those records where the individual is, for example, male and/or has a certain income and/or subscribes to a particular periodical. You can also use Supersets in scientific sampling to operate on arrays of Boolean observations over time—the scalar index—to construct particular relationships among several such sets of observations.

You might find the equivalent machine op code for particular operators handy with graphics animation or bitmapped character sets. Rather than redraw several sequences of an animation scene, you can use the operators to alter the bit pattern of the bit array and write it out to the graphics screen using the DrawBlock intrinsic provided with Tlirtle Graphics.

Conclusion

Sets are indeed powerful constructs in Pascal; take advantage of their ease of use, speed, and logical operators. In addition, knowledge of how sets work at the machine level can open new avenues of applications in areas other than the set construct. 1 hope Supersets will expand your Pascal toolkit and enhance your program design. ■

138 BYTE • MAY 1985

COLOR GRAPHICS

On Any System... In Any Language...

At Applied Data Systems, Inc., we know that everyone requires a different level of graphics capability. That's why we've produced a line of graphics products tailored to fit anyone from novice to expert — on any system from a personal computer to a large-scale mainframe.

All products in the VectorScan product line feature:

512 X 480 X 4 bit Frame Buffer On board processor and firmware Uses no host RAM address space Color and Monochrome Map Registers Color and Monochrome outputs User programmable Shape Table

For ENGINEERS AND SYSTEMS INTEGRATORS: The

VectorScan 512 is a "black box" type peripheral that brings color graphic capability to any host computer or controller. The VectorScan provides:

• Application software that is transportable between minis, mainframes, and micros

• Up to 4 independent overlay planes

• An easy to use ASCII command structure

• An internal character generator

• Four graphic and text overlays, selective erasure, and graphic page switching

• A language and operating system independent device Our approach greatly simplifies graphics integration into industrial process control, R&D applications and business reporting.

For THE IBM-PC AND COMPATIBLES: The VectorScan PCS 12 plug-in board brings "Black Box" graphics to the small computer user. This approach to high resolution graphics is important to the small computer user since processor speed and memory address space is at a premium. The PCS 12 provides:

• An on-board Z80B processor (6 Mhz).

• Firmware for graphic primitive execution and video memory addressing

• Operations transparent to the PC processor

• A fast, easy-to-use graphics peripheral

• A language and operating system independent device

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Inquiry 34

Three more firsts from the people who invented the wheel.

Rx)m day one, Xerox and Diablo Viavebeen known as the two best names in dai^iieei printers. And now there are three more in the Xerox line to choose from

The Xerox Advantage D-25 Diablo printer turns out letter quality documents quickly and quietly ^id it does all that for the price of a dot matrix printer.

At 80

c.p.s., the D-80IF is the fastest daisywheel printer ever made by Xerox. It has a built-in double bin sheet feeder. As well as the edacity to handle up to 16 computers at once.

And the D-36 spells reliability It averages 4,000 hours of printing between maintenance calls.

But Xerox didn't stop there. Each of these new machines is comiKitiblevwith most computers on the market, including the IBM-PC. And they're . M all easy to use.

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So if you're looking for the latest in daisywheeiprinting technology go with the people who've been in the business the longest Cam-800-833-2323, ext 25, your local Xerox office, an authorized Diablo or Xerox dealer or send your business card to Xerox Corporation, DepL 25192, EO. Box 24; Rochester, NY 14692.

For more Information from Xerox, ' Circle 424 on the Iteader Service card.

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One that's recommended by accountants from independent CPAs all the way to the Big 8.

In fact, PC Magazine's Price Waterhouse Report has called EasyBusiness Systems "... an excellent set of accounting packages." and "... among the best on the market today.'"*

And now with the EasyPlus'" windowing system, you can integrate all our accounting and productivity software on one screen.

integration that no other software company can offer.

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Inquiry 372

To Word Processing...

To Customized Reports,

By Ernest H. Piette

Build a Talking Clock Speech Synthesizer

Tfiis talking clock chip circuit also allows experimentation with an unlimited-vocabulary speech processor.

Low-cost speech synthesis is now available for the computer hobbyist. Radio Shack has two speech-synthesis products (each selling for $12.95) and both can be interfaced to the Commodore 64, VIC-20, and the TRS-80 computer. One product is the General Instrument Talking Clock chip set, and the other is the General Instrument SP0256-AL2 Allophone Speech Processor. I'll explain how to interface these chips to the above-mentioned computers and describe a program for the Commodore 64 and VlC-20 that will keep time and give a vocal

announcement of the time with the touch of a key.

Included in the General Instrument Talking Clock chip set are the SP02 56017 Speech Processor and the SPR016-117 Speech ROM (read-only memory). A fixed vocabulary stored on the Speech Processor and the ROM contains 33 Words and 3 melo

{continued]

Ernest H. Piette is an off-site engineer in aerospace avionics presently wrking in the Republic of Korea for the Fairchild Republic Co. His interests include computers, and robotics. He may be contacted at PSC Box 905, APO, San Francisco, CA 96461-0006.

ILLUSTRATED BY MACIEK ALBRECHT

MAY 1985 'BYTE 143

TALKING CLOCK

dies appropriate for a talking clock. The speech produced is highly intelligible and sounds natural.

The General Instrument SP0256AL2 Allophone Speech Processor is capable of unlimited vocabulary speech using the allophone-synthesis technique. Stated simply, allophones are the basic sound components of any spoken English word. Radio Shack includes with the chip a data booklet that lists the guidelines for combining allophones to create words. (For a further discussion of allophones, see the text box "Speech and Voice Synthesis" by Tom Clune, September 1984 BYTE, page 340.)

Amazingly, a single circuit can be

used to interface either the Talking Clock chip set or the Allophone Speech Processor to your computer Figure 1 shows a diagram of such a circuit that you can connect to a wide variety of microcomputers. The circuit is small, composed entirely of inexpensive parts, and can be connected to the user port on the Commodore 64 and VIC-20, the printer port on the TRS-80, or any computer with a Centronics printer port.

Circuit layout is not very critical; the SPO256-017 seems rather forgiving in this regard. However, use good construction techniques to keep AC (alternating current) hum and noise pickup to a minimum. Also, you

should use IC (integrated circuit) sockets for the Speech Processor and

ROM chips.

You will notice that the circuit diagram shows the Talking Clock chip set in place. No physical modifications are necessary to switch to the Allophone Speech Processor; simply remove the SP02 56-017 Speech Processor and the SPROl 6-117 ROM and plug the Allophone chip into the Speech Processor's socket (the ROM socket remains empty). Always be certain that there is no power going to the circuit before doing this.

I've written two BASIC programs that you can use for experimentation

[continuedi

UJ UJ O

o o

s7

+ 5V

+ 5V

o

25

o

oo

o

+5V

23

19

VDl SE Vn

SBYRST

DIG OUT

RESET iiRO

aId

AG

A5 A4 A3 A2 Al A8 A7

OSCl SPO256-017

SER OUT SER IN

ROM CLK Vss TEST

/77

22

24 33K wv

33K

47pF

47pF

4

15

5

16

6

2

12

14

21

10

3

9

26

4

/77

Figure 1: Ihe Talking Clock circuit for Commodore 64, VlC-20, TRS-80, or any microcomputer with a Centronics port. {The TRS-80 Model 1 requires an Expansion Interface.) The two 0.022-^F capacitors should be high cjuality, such as Radio Shack part number 272-1066, for best results. Use the \Ok-ohm variable resistor for volume control. Although the manufacturer recommends a 3.12-MHz crystal. I found that a TV colorburst works well {Radio Shack part number 272-1310). Also, if you are using a TRS-80 or Centronics interface, you will have to supply an external -i-5-V power source.

144 BYTE • MAY 1985

Opening a Branch Office...

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Effective communication is today's business. Wliether your requirements are real time data acquisition and retrieval, process control, or simply running your business from ten thousand miles away, the DISCOVERY Multiprocessor will meet your communication needs. No multi-tasking, single-processor computer can match the

The Ultimate Solution.

DISCOVERY'S responsiveness to your requests. No Local Area Network (LANs) can offer you the remote, global communications capability of the DISCOVERY System.

Take Action Today! Call Toll Free: 1-800-821-6596. (In California, it's 1-818-351-5451.)

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DISCOVERY is a trademark of Action Computer Enterprfses, Inc.

MAY 1985 -BYTE 145

Serviced nationwide by Beil & Howell Company

Inquiry 10 for Dealers. Inquiry 11 for End-Users.

Inquiry 129

mm PRUVTER NErraORK PR^EM:

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146 BYTE • MAY 1985

Inqiiiry 281

TALKING CLOCK

with this circuit. The first, named TGLOCK.BAS. creates a "alking Digital Clock on your Commodore 64 or VIC-20. (Use it with the Talking Clock chip set in place.) Run the program, enter the correct time in response to the initial prompt, and watch the digital display begin ticking away. Press any key for a verbal announcement of the time. (Be sure to read all REM statements before running the program; they will indicate any code that is machine-dependent.)

The second program uses the Allophone Speech Processor and will say "Hello" on the Commodore 64. This program is named HELIj064.BAS. I Editor's note: The source-code listings for TC1X)CK.BAS and HELIj064.BAS are available for downloading via BYTEnet Listings. The telephone number is (603) 924-9820.1

Although I haven't mentioned any uses for the talking clock program, I'm sure you have ideas that you might like to try. A subroutine could be included to input an alarm time that would wake you in the morning. For commercial applications, the circuit could be integrated into a workstation, notifying an employee of the time when a particular job should be started, etc. It could even be included in a punch-clock station.

Talking games, spelling programs, math programs, etc., are just a few applications for the Allophone speech synthesizer. In any case, the SP02 56 series of speech processors offers an extremely low cost introduction to speech synthesis.

The items to follow are available from Microtalk Inc., 39 Raymond St., Providence, RI 02908. For $18, the TT-1 Partial Kit includes an etched and drilled PC board, assembly instructions, and edge connector or ribbon cable (depending on computer: be sure to specify Commodore 64, VIC-20, or TRS-80). The SP02 56-AL2 kit comes with the Allophone processor chip and the Allophone synthesis user's guide for only $16. Include $2 for shipping and handling in the continental United States, $5 elsewhere. Residents of Rhode Island should include 6 percent sales tax. ■

<§g)

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CONTRpL DATA

Inquiry 109

MAY 1985 -BYTE 147

IBM's

best efforts are now going into Macintosh.

Macintosh and IBM PC software. Compatible at last, thanks to MacCharlie, a rather innovative coprocessing system.

And imagine the consequences.

Nearly 10,000 IBM PC software programs designed for general business and specific applications in real estate, insurance, law, medicine, banking, etcetera, can now join forces with Macintosh's own popular programs.

And, the myriad of IBM PCcompatible software adopts Macintosh's many beloved features, including desktop utilities such as the clipboard and the calculator.

In addition, MacCharlie allows

IBM PC and Macintosh data files to be exchanged. Talk about flexibility.

But the good news gets better.

You see, MacCharlie delivers hardware compatibility, as well. For example, IBM letter-quality printers can be easily used with Macintosh.

Rirthermore, MacCharlie

now allows Macintosh to perform virtually any networking an IBM PC can perform. Even to the extent of tying in with IBM mainframes.

In other words, your networking capability goes beyond the Apple family.

The Macintosh keyboard sHdes right into MacCharlie s keyboard. About as ea.sy as slipping a letter in an envelope

Macinto.sh sets snugly beside MacCharlie, on a custom-fit pedestal.

Once you plug in MacCharlie s power and keyboard mrds, you're ready to enjoy a very happy marriage

How does it happen? As easily as slipping on penny loafers.

In mere moments, MacCharlie combines the best features of the world's premier personal computers.

And despite the fact that it

turns one computer into two, MacCharlie adds but a handful of square inches to Macintosh's physique.

In short, one of life's most perplexing decisions—whether to buy a Macintosh or an IBM PC—

can now be made with the greatest of ease.

Ask for MacCharlie at your local computer store. Or, for more information, call Operator 14 tollfree, I-800-531-0600. (In Utah, call 801-531-0600).

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MacCharlie is a product of Dayna Communications, 50 S. Main, Salt Lake City, Utah 84144 Inquiry 126

Apple Is a [rademark of Apple Computer, Inc. Macintosh Ls a trademark licensed to Apple Computer. Inc IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Madiines Corporation.

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150 BYTE • MAY 1985

Inquiry 29

Comes to the

Microcomputer World

he August 1981 issue of BYTE focused on Smalltalk, a highly unusual programming language. The Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) designed Smalltalk to be a complete development environment. The language is somewhat esoteric; it uses unfamiliar terms such as "methods," "classes," and "objects," instead of more conventional jargon. And, while most languages deal with algorithms, Smalltalk focuses on data structures (objects) and their interrelationships. Smalltalk's lack of "modes" is also unconventional; it has no edit, compile, link, or execute mode. Instead, Smalltalk allows you to do virtually anything, anytime. The Smalltalk environment pioneered the concept of displaying different tasks in multiple windows on the screen, an idea that, at the time, represented a radical departure from punched cards and 80-column by 24-line ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) CRTs (cathode-ray tubes). Using a mouse for screen interaction is another Smalltalk innovation.

When BYTE introduced its readers to this fascinating language, many of them expectantly awaited Smalltalk's appearance on microcomputers. They waited . . . and waited . . . and waited. Then they began to complain. "Why," they asked BYTE, "did you devote an entire issue to a language we can't use? When are we actually going to see a version of Smalltalk?" The BYTE staff grew weary of the complaints, especially because they were justified.

Therefore, it is with great interest and relief that we print this series of articles. First, Tom Yonkman and 1 evaluate Methods (page 152), developed by Digitalk Inc. of Los Angeles, California, which brings Smalltalk-80 to the IBM Personal Computer (PC) and compatibles.

Then Christopher Macie discusses Smalltalk-PC, a restricted Smalltalk implementation he's developing for the Apple II and other computers (page 155).

Finally for those of you who don't have the August 1981 BYTE handy, "The Smalltalk Programming Language" by jim Anderson and Barry Fishman of Digitalk (page 160) gives a brief review of Smalltalk-80, complete with an application that runs under Methods.

A review of the August 1981 issue shows how heavily the Xerox PARC Smalltalk project has influenced modern software, most notably that for the Lisa/Macintosh. However, development languages like BASIC, C, FORTH, and Pascal remain largely unaffected. Perhaps now that some "real" Smalltalk implementations are reaching the microcomputer market, the object-oriented approach to software development will get its first true test.

—Bruce Webster

MAY 1985 -BYTE 151

METHODS: A PRELIMINARY LOOK

Part 1: Methods is object-oriented. . .

BY Bruce Webster

t: he influence of Smalltalk-80, particularly the Xerox PARC implennentation, on the I microcomputer world has become just about legendary. Windows, mice, and pop-up/pull: down menus now appear on everything from small portables with LCDs (liquid-crystal : displays) to expensive terminals hooked up to even more expensive minicomputers and • mainframes. Ironically however, most of the emulation is of the appearance and not • of the substance of Smalltalk—and with good reason. Most people have agreed that \ expensive hardware is required for an acceptable implementation of the Xerox stan: dard. For example, Tektronix recently announced their 4404 Artificial Intelligence System, : a marvelous single-user development system running Smalltalk-80. It has a Motorola

68010 processor, 1 megabyte of RAM (random-access read/write memory), and a 20-megabyte hard disk. But its $15,000 cost will do little to bring Smalltalk to the masses. Yet, as the many articles in the August 1981 BYTE suggest, Smalltalk is a language from which the masses, from children on up, can profit.

A few years ago, two software engineers working on several large projects were frustrated with their development tools. Specifically |im Anderson and George Bosworth wanted a development environment that would help, rather than hinder, in producing solutions. They read the BYTE Smalltalk issue and found that many of the articles presented ideas similar to their own:

• Small personalized systems provide much more creative leverage for the user than large-scale standardized systems. (They had been using an extended Pascal under UNIX 4.2.)

• Complexity dilutes power. The UNIX systems certainly have power but their complexities detract from their ability to harness it.

• A small number of concepts uniformly applied results in a powerful and understandable system.

• Self-organizing systems are the goal of the future.

Anderson and Bosworth decided that Smalltalk—or something like it—was their answer.

They wanted a commercially viable product, something that others could and would use. Initially they approached

Bruce "Webster is a BYTE contributing editor as well as a PMS commando. He works with several programming languages and is seldom afraid to tackle a new one. He can be reached at 6215 Thorn St., San Diego. CA 92115.

IN BRIEF Name

Methods, version 1,0

Manufacturer

DIgitalk Inc.

5200 West Century Blvd. Los Angeles. CA 90045 (213) 645-1082

Type

Object-oriented program-development system, based on Smalltalk-80

Environment

Text-based windowing system with cursor-pad "mouse" and pop-up menus

Price

$250

Computer

IBM PC and compatibles with two 360K-byte disk drives (or a hard disk), at least 512K-bytes of RAM, a monochrome or graphics card, and either MS-DOS or PC-DOS

Documentation

Program-development-environment reference manual, Smalltalk language reference manual

Audience

Software developers and interested programmers

152 BYTE' MAY 1985

Xerox but decided that the hardware demands and licensing fees of Smalltalk-80 were too great. So, not knowing that it was "impossible" to bring up Smalltalk on the current generation of microcomputers, they agreed to implement Smalltalk on an Olivetti computer, retaining the right to market the results for other microcomputers. They picked the IBM Personal Computer as their target machine, assuming that would give them the largest possible market, and they formed Digitalk Inc. with Barbara Noparstak and Alberto Delia Ripa. The result, two years later, is Methods, version 1.0.

Methods attempts to recreate the Smalltalk development environment on an IBM PC (and compatibles) running under MS-DOS. You don't need a hard disk-two 360Kbyte floppy disks are sufficient—but you do need 512K bytes of memory. Nonetheless, most IBM PCs and compatibles now come with at least 2 56K bytes of RAM, and expansion cards with another 2 56K bytes are readily available.

Using Methods

Methods uses two disks. One contains SOURCES.SML, a 300K-byte ASCII file containing the source code for all methods in the sy^em. The other has IMAGE.EXE, a RAM image of the Methods system, and CHANGE.LOG, an ASCII file containing the source code for all changed methods and for expressions executed with the dolt and printit menu commands.

It takes about a minute to load IMAGE.EXE, your development environment, into RAM. You can save new objects and methods to disk using one of the pop-up menus. Then, when you reload the image, you come up in the same environment you last saved, including all windows and their contents (definitions, commands, output).

Digitalk's biggest challenge was implementing the Smalltalk user interface. Windows, pop-up menus, and a free-roaming cursor are fundamental aspects of Xerox's Smalltalk systems, but not all IBM PCs or compatibles have graphics capability and few support a mouse. Therefore Digitalk used a character-based windowing system and what they call the "right-hand-drive mouse."

The character-based windows, which use the IBM PC's extended character set and character attributes (bold, inverse, etc.), work well. Windows can overlap, move around, and change size. They can collapse down to their title, which can then be set off in a corner of the screen, or they can be removed altogether. They can hold more text than they show, and they support both vertical and horizontal scrolling. Furthermore, a given window can be divided into "panes," each with the same capabilities as windows. TWo functions keys select the current windcjw and pane: F9 cycles through the windows on the screen, activating each in turn by putting it "on top" of all others; FIO cycles through the different panes (if any) within the currently active window. Alternatively, placing the cursor

in a window or pane makes it active. With a color-graphics

card, the windows are still text-based, but you gain the ability,to select the background and text colors for each window.

Tfext-based windows have three main advantages. They lessen the need for a graphics card, reduce memory requirements (because text information is more compact than bit-map information), and increase system speed (because text can be manipulated more rapidly than bit maps). The disadvantage, of course, is that some of the fancier features often associated with Smalltalk—different text fonts, graphics images, and the like—aren't possible.

The right-hand-drive mouse uses the cursor keypad to perform most of the functions of a mouse, including moving the cursor, scrolling windows, popping up menus, and selecting text. The arrow keys move the cursor around; if you use them with the shift key the cursor moves in larger increments. The Home and End keys let you scroll text left and right within the active window/pane; similarly the Pg Up and Pg Dn keys let you scroll up and down. The Ins and Del keys pop up menus for the the active window and pane, respectively The + key selects a menu item or a location; the - key extends that selection over several lines.

Some Observations

It was easy to evaluate Methods' user interface; it Was more difficult to assess the language itself, especially to compare it with Smalltalk-^80. Since I had little experience

with Smalltalk (or, for that matter, any other objectoriented language), 1 asked someone with more experience and knowledge to perform that task. Tbm Yonkman, who has developed object-oriented software applications for several years, graciously consented to write the second part of this article. I will share my own observations as a professional software engineer with a strong background in more traditional computer languages (Pascal, FORTH, FORTRAN, assembly). Keep in mind, however that I worked with a prerelease version with no real documentation.

At first, I was very excited about Methods. 1 spent a few hours at the Digitalk offices watching the staff demonstraite the product. I was impressed with the user interface and amazed at how quickly they could create new applications and modify existing ones. I was anxious to start using it myself.

My initial sessions with Methods were frustrating. What

seemed effortless and clear at Digitalk now seemed difficult and obscure. I had no problems with the user interface, but the language itself was challenging. In fact, I was probably a victim of my own training and experience, all geared towards "traditional" programming languages and techniques.

After a few days of playing around, I began to get results.

{continuedi

MAY 1985 -BYTE 153

1 started to define some data structures and the methods needed to store and retrieve their information. The more 1 worked, the more potential I saw. Indeed, some of my long-term projects dealing with modeling large systems may be better implemented in Methods/Smalltalk than in any other languages with which I'm familiar.

My main difficulty with Methods was getting it to do something quickly. This was not an inherent problem with Methods; 1 had three handicaps: lack of documentation, lack of graphics and real numbers in my prerelease version (most of the examples in Smalltalk-80 books involve one or the other), and, of course, my own lack of familiarity

with object-oriented languages. None of these handicaps should remain when Methods is commercially released (probably by the time you read this).

The bottom line is that Methods is a legitimate objectoriented development system, running on widely available, standard hardware. Since it is a departure from traditional programming environments, you will need complete, clear documentation to avoid frustration. How Digitalk addresses that issue remains to be seen. A more complete evaluation will have to await the release of the final product: nonetheless, anyone with an interest in object-oriented languages should take a close look at Methods.

Part 2: . . .bw

mBY TOM ethods is a complete software-development system, with an editor, compiler executor, and debugger all in a multiwindow environment. Methods does not require a linker or a loader

The language is similar to Smalltalk-80 (see Smalltalk-SO: The language and Its Implementation by Adele Goldberg and David Robson, Addison-Wesley, 1983). The syntaxes of the languages are identical except for characters that don't exist in the IBM PC character set. On the basis of limited testing, the semantics of Methods (what the functions do) also seem identical to those in Smalltalk-80. The user interface is similar to that of Smalltalk-80: differences owe to the space limitations of the 80-column by 2 5-line character screen and to the memory limitations of the IBM PC.

Methods provides the standard System Transcript, Workspace, Class Hierarchy Browser Class Browser Inspector and Walkback (Backtrace) windows. Multiple instances of each window ("views" in Methods and Smalltalk jargon) can appear on the screen. The Walkback window traces the sequence of operations that led to an error state. The System Transcript window displays messages for the user Workspace is a general utility window for editing text and sending messages to objects (i.e., executing programs).

The Browsers look at the existing hierarchy of classes, the message names of existing classes, and the definitions of existing methods. You can add or delete classes, edit a class's definition, protocol, or redefine its methods. The Browsers can access the Methods system in its entirety. You can see how the system developers do certain operations, and you can copy any statements you like, paste them into your own methods, or modify them. The inspector allows you to view or change the current values of in

Tom Yonkman is a member of the technical staff of VERAC inc., San Diego, CA. He has been developing object-oriented software applications using Flavors for several years. He can be reached at 4182 Camino \slay. San Diego, CA 92122.

i is it Smalltalk?

Yonkman

stance variables. Menu commands are provided so you can find all the senders and implementors of a specified method. These are very useful, given the inheritance mechanism of Methods.

You use Methods by sending messages to objects that perform some operation and return the result. If there is no class of objects with the capabilities you need, you can define new classes and associated protocols (message names and methods). Or you can edit existing methods or add new methods to existing classes. In any case, you are always interacting with the Methods system—a similarity this language shares with BASIC, LISP and FORTH, among other highly interactive systems. Methods does not provide a System Workspace with templates for commonly used expressions, which would be a useful feature for users not yet familiar with the program.

The process of developing capabilities will involve testing your new methods. You do this by creating a new instance of your class, sending it a message, observing the response, and fixing the method if the response is incorrect. To fix the method, you select a Class Browser window, edit and recompile, select the Workspace where the message was sent, resend the message, etc.

While 1 know that 1 used a prerelease version of methods, 1 do have a "wish list" for the language. For example, it would be nice if more data were kept in memory at one time, so that browsing back and forth didn't require reloading the same source code as often. The designers may have traded memory for speed. I would also have preferred easier selection among panes of a window and among all windows. For example, a function key could cycle among the two most recently selected panes/windows or among the n most recently selected.

Despite the limitations of Methods, someone who becomes proficient with it should have no trouble with a "real" Smalltalk-80 system (like the Tfektronix 4404). Best of all, you don't need to pay $15,000 to use Methods, ■

154 BYTE- MAY 1985

SMALLTALK-PC

BY Christopher Macie

Objected'Oriented software on the Apple II

SI malltalk bridges the gap between human and computer problem-solving logic.

\ Essentially, programming is the process of creating a model of an activity or

: thought process, in traditional programming languages a small change in a

: problem can require a large change in the program code (owing to the lan

: guages' firm bases in machine representation). And many languages involve

I special, often particularistic, sets of skills. Higher-level programming languages

: are simply higher-level abstractions from machine logic.

: Smalltalk, on the other hand, starts with an object-oriented model of prob

: lem-solving logic and deals with the machine logic internally and automatically.

• Where other languages need guiding constructs like "structured programming" I to help control the complexity of machine representation, Smalltalk proceeds : along more natural intuitive lines. And, as the needs of the Smalltalk user : change, applications are easy to modify and maintain.

• When I first saw Adele Goldberg demonstrate Smalltalk-72 at Xerox PARC \ in 1976, other programming languages and environments suddenly seemed : obsolete. Between 1976 and 1981, 1 studied Smalltalk, applying its principles : in new projects, and 1 decided that a full implementation would never work ■ on the minicomputers then available.

\ But then the Apple 11 came along, with extendable architecture and a

: memory-mapped screen. When BYTE published the Smalltalk issue in August

: 1981, memory-extension cards were becoming available, and various game

: paddle devices could simulate the functions of a mouse. The Apple II had

I become a candidate for Smalltalk experimentation. Smalltalk-80. the Xerox

: standard, had advanced and refined the Smalltalk concepts, but it seemed

: out of reach for the Apple II. Nonetheless, 1 began my own Smalltalk implemen

: tation on the basis of reverse engineering (see references 1 and 2).

: Smalltalk for Low-Cost Personal Computers

: 1 developed Smalltalk-PC to provide users with access to object-oriented pro

: gramming on hardware systems like the Apple II and IBM PC. The language

I is intended for system designers and applications programmers who want a

: head start in object-oriented programming and for sophisticated users and

: programmers, especially those working with highly dynamic applications in

: volving frequent reprogramming. Although Smalltalk-PC differs in several

• respects from Smalltalk-80, the general flexibility of the Smalltalk language j will facilitate communication between the two.

: Smalltalk-80 is written to such a deep level that it requires extraordinary

: processor power to perform adequately. Smalltalk-PC simplifies the hardware

• requirements by placing the entire system (which can be extended) in about I 60K bytes of RAM (random-access read/write memory), using mass storage J [contmued] : Christopher Macie (12 5 5 Post St. #62 5, Box 13 8, Saw Francisco, CA 94109) is a software: systems designer Ue has a B.A. in music and humanities from Stanford University and an I M. A. in music history from the University of California at Berkeley. His interest in Smalltalk '• evolved from his efforts with the classical pipe organ and then with electronic music.

MAY 1985 -BYTE 155

VIRTUAL MACHINE

]

tNITIAl. IMAGE

VIRTUAL.

IMAGE

USER EXTENSIONS

Figure I: The overall structure of the SmalltalkPC system. The virtual image drives the virtual machine. The initial image implements the dictionanj, user interface, and language systems.

OBJECT-MODULES {OBJECTS)

COMPIUED-METHODS (OBJECTS)

METHOD TfiBLE

SEND^CLASS ANO SELECTOR

Figure 2: Unified message sending to the different method-implementation types. Message sends are handled as lookup keys into the method table, which determines the implementation type and the path to the method code.

for file I/O (input/output) and imag^ storage but not for swapping. In Smalltalk-PC, therefore, the virtual machine (the lower level written in assembly code) is much larger than in Smalltalk-80, limiting modifiability at the lower systems' levels (such as object and class behavior, the system-level classes, including collections, and much of the user interface), but optimizing performance on the slower processors. Still, Smalltalk-PC preserves the flexibility of Smalltalk at its higher levels, those of interest to most personal computer and applications programmers. Smalltalk-PC embodies "open system" principles but also allows programmers to protect applications and their users from the pitfalls of fully open access.

System Structures

Figure 1 shows the overall structure of the Smalltalk-PC system. The hardware is interfaced by the virtual machine or kernel system (see figure 3), which implements the class/ object and message-passing machine. The virtual machine is in turn driven by the virtual image—the fundamental system classes and objects that implement the objectoriented modeling environment. The initial image, delivered with the system, implements the basic environ

ment, including the dictionary, user interface, and language systems. It also contains some toolkit extensions for applications programming.

Methods can be redefined in the fundamental classes, as illustrated by the arrow leading from the virtual machine back to the virtual image. Smalltalk-PC thus preserves the essential flexibility of Smalltalk, although its speed suffers relative to the default-machine-coded versions when such methods are interpreted.

The package of modules has entry points for message sends (with arguments in an active context) and for message calls (with arguments in registers and internal global cells). Although the arrows in figure 3 go directly to modules, all message sends are in fact routed through the Virtual Environment (VE) module.

As you can see in figure 2, message sends are handled uniformly as lookup keys into the method table, yielding a method-ID (identification) whose encoding determines the implementation type and the path to the method code. The state of the system—all the data stored and retrieved as the virtual image—is structured as in figure 4.

The Smalltalk-PC Language

The language system compiles Smalltalk-PC code into intermediate code in compiled methods, interprets it, and provides support for debugging and error handling. The language syntax is a modified form of Smalltalk-80 syntax (see reference 3).

There are three types of language tokens, each distinguished by their typography Those beginning with lowercase letters represent selectors and context-dependent variables. Those beginning in uppercase letters but containing at least one lowercase letter signify global variables. Tokens that are completely in uppercase represent reserved words and are used for identifiers such as NIL, TRUE, FALSE, the pseudovariables SELF, SUPER, etc., and certain control-selectors that are treated as primitives.

The reserved-word syntax is also used to express an escape mechanism for encapsulating other "languages" in method code. This is used, for instance, for symbolic and hexadecimal representations of Smalltalk-PC intermediate code. Escape syntax is also used to specify a variety of modes affecting method compilation and execution. For instance, visibility layering and error handling are regulated by class- or method-level run-time modes.

The Class System

The Smalltalk-PC class system is structured in a hierarchical tree from the root class Object and resembles the basic parts of the Smalltalk-80 class tree. The metaclasses of Smalltalk-80, however, are not used in Smalltalk-PC, where class and instance behavior are both accessed through the class Class.

The class Collection has subclasses for RandomCollections (Bag, Set, Dictionary) and IndexableCollections, in

156 BYTE • MAY 1985

eluding Arrays (Strings, Symbols) and Ordered- or SortedCollections. The class Matrix is a subclass of IndexableCollections. There are further subclasses for ByteMatrix (for WYSIWYG text) and PointerMatrix. These classes allow for large regular structures without proliferating subobjects.

In creating IndexableCollections, there is an optional virtual dynamic-size control that uses an internally maintained current end marker. The feature reduces the amount of allocation/deallocation of objects which often change in size.

Other fundamental classes include Undefined (NIL), Boolean (TRUE, FALSE) and Measure. Measure is similar to Magnitude in Smalltalk-80 and has subclasses for Character, SearchKey, and Number (which includes Integers and Float). Floating-point numbers are implemented in BCD (binary-coded decimal) format, with a 7-bit signed exponent, sign bit, and a 6-byte mantissa (12-digit precision).

The user interface contains classes representing the devices (Screen, Mouse, and Keyboard), their configurations and a variety of window types and components At the elemental level are WindowDimensions and WindowFrames and their components—TitleBars, ScrollBars, MenuBars, and Corners. Panes include TextPanes, ListPanes, and LabelValuePanes. PopUpMenus are a variety of ListPanes.

Complex forms are built by combining panes and dimensions or frames. Scanners are combinations of ListPanes used to scan through hierarchical structures like categorized dictionaries. Examiners are pairs of coordinated ListPanes used to examine or edit the state of any object. PropertyLists, arrays of LabelValuePanes, display labeled data or switches.

Windows combine frames and panes with the Director function to assume the behavior of processes that can be independently scheduled user tasks that reside in screens and present data that can be transferred between windows. TextWindows contain workspaces and documents; they are used in combination with dictionaries (ListWindows and Scanners) to build information trees or plexes.

ClassEditor is a more complex window that combines LabelValuePanes, ListPanes, and TextPanes for the display generation, and modification of class definitions and methods.

Multitasking and Multiple Processors

Smalltalk-PC provides run-time scheduling and multitasking, allowing multiple active processes to compute simultaneously. The basic system classes furnish multilevel scheduling, queue handling, and semaphores for synchronization.

A variant of Smalltalk-PC, called Smalltalk-Mate, will run on multiple-processor hardware systems including the Apple II and IBM PC with added processor cards, as well

as newer machines with multiple processors on the motherboard. Smalltalk-Mate furnishes an interface to support multiple processing on a single-object memory or synchronization between different images and even between Smalltalk and other language systems. This capability allows Smalltalk-PC to run coresident with the p-System and MS-DOS, among others Users can therefore take advantage of both preexisting software and the special strengths of Smalltalk.

Running Smalltalk-PC

The Smalltalk-PC boot disk contains the virtual-machine program and a prerun configuration routine that allows

{continued]

Figure 3: The structure of the virtual machine. The Virtual Environment (VE) module interfaces devices and memory, implements classes and message passing, and handles access to objects and their fields. The Structural Primitives module contains various

( J VIRTUAL ENVinoNMENT

* STRUCTURAL PRIMITIVES

USER-INTEHPACE PRIMITIVES

LANGUAGE SYSTEM

MESSAGE ENTRIES

CALL ENTRIES

primitive methods. The User-Interface module carries out the primitive functions for screens and windows, while the language System module contains the compiler, interpreter, and debugging subsystems.

INTERNAL GLOBALS

CONFIGURATIONS DEVICE STATES 'SYSTEM ROOTS INTERPRETER STATE^

ACTIVE PROCESS

FIXED OBJECTS

RAM-SEGMENT TABLE OBJECT TABLE CLASS TABLE METHOD TABLES

OBJECT MEMORY

ACTIVE CONTEXT

Figure 4: The Virtual Image Structure Internal globals and fixed objects are stored in areas directly accessed by the virtual machine, although many of their elements are interfaced to the higher-level environment as bona fide objects. The state of execution is rooted in internal globals (used as registers) but largely contained in the objects of the active context. The running system makes no distinction between the initial image and user extensions.

MAY 1985 - BYTE 157

the user to specify the current hardware configurationmouse, screen, extended-memory types, and slots. A set configuration can be saved for future booting. A second disk loads the initial virtual image, which requires a minimum of 2 56K bytes of RAM. It is possible to configure additional RAM from within the system, but saving and loading extended virtual images may require multiple disks.

The initial image (see photo 1) displays the system screen, a logo, and elementary instructions. The system screen provides entry to the rest of the system through a pop-up menu that accesses a dictionary of system-task windows and the user-project screens.

The User Interface

In the default user-interface configuration, the middle mouse button (or the one on the right on a two-button mouse) invokes a pop-up menu. Moving the mouse through the menu with the button depressed changes entries to inverse video. Releasing the button at a dictionary entry schedules and runs the process associated with that entry. Usually a framed window then appears. Data elements or ranges in a window or its frame are selected by clicking or dragging the button on the left. Pop-up menus, usually in combination with a data selection, invoke actions. Pop-up menus at the frame of a window offer the functions common to all windows—closing, positioning, and growing. Pop-up menus within the frame contain functions specific to the type of the window.

A project screen is a window that fills the whole screen, has no frame, and behaves much like the system screen, but contains a user-defined environment.

The fundamental pane and window types include options to configure the user interface according to personal preferences. For example, action selection can appear in PopUpMenus (as in later Xerox Smalltalks), in MenuBars at the top of the screen (as in the Lisa or Macintosh), or at the bottom (as in Visi On); TitleBars can appear at the top or bottom; ScrollBars can appear at the top, bottom, left, or right.

The user can configure the mouse to deliver the select, pop-up, execute (or do-it), and help functions from any choice of buttons (1, 2, 3, or simultaneous combinations).

The user can also configure key assignments for cursor and button control and assign up to 10 special-function keys as either soft interrupts that result in running processes or as pollable switches.

System Features

The task windows residing in the system screen provide interactive settings for dealing with system resources. One task window, for example, permits the reconfiguration of hardware and software features.

You can use Scanner windows to look around in hierarchically categorized dictionaries, and you can use an Examiner window to investigate the state of any object. For example, by nesting Scanner and Examiner windows, virtually anything in the system can be reached and viewed

Photo 1: The Smalltalk-PC initial screen. Ws picture shows a text window with which instructions displayed on the screen can be modified. The selected text (inverse] is about to be captured for copying by means of the edit pop-up menu.

Photo 2: A sampling of Smalltalk-PC windows. There is a scanner in the upper left showing class categories [left pane) and their classes [right pane). There is a form of class editor in the lower right. \n the lower left is a text window, and in the upper right is a list, out of which the scanner was called. The two-line inverse window in top center is the pop-up menu of the screen (mouse button 2 is being held).

158 BYTE- MAY 1985

"^olkits are used in Smalltalk-PC to implement word processing, database processing, and spreadsheets.

in detail (the open-system concept).

A special window form supports the viewing, modifying, and adding of classes. Together with general-purpose workspaces and tracing and error windows, this special window form constitutes the programming environment. Photo 2 shows a screen full of typical windows.

You can create a project screen, which can be filled with task windows usually related by some application concept. Project screens use the same general tools as the system screen, including class programming, and you can install tools developed in a project screen in the system screen.

At almost any time, you can invoke a system task to save the current state of the virtual image on disk or to replace the current image by reading another. Alternatively, invoking automatic saving could periodically back up the system. An internal file and directory system provides file storage and retrieval on a special Smalltalk-PC disk format. Smalltalk-PC supports reading and writing of files in other formats, like Apple DOS, CP/M, MS-DOS, and the p-System.

For applications that do not need the full flexibility of the Smalltalk-PC environment, project screens can lock in specific tasks in much the same way as standard applications packages. Moreover, a feature called "visibility layering" can lock dictionaries at specific levels to prevent access beyond the scope of an application, and a special error-report control feature with a similarly layered structure can inhibit error messages from advanced system levels. These features are provided to protect application models from accidental disruption, but programmers could also use them to offer a degree of user programmability appropriate to the application, without requiring the user to master the full Smalltalk environment.

Smalltalk-PC Toolkits

"Toolkits" are generalized, modular functions that support a family of application-oriented tasks. They are the best approach to applications programming in Smalltalk. In principle, they are extendable to other tasks, and they are used in Smalltalk-PC to implement word processing, database processing, and spreadsheets.

The word-processing toolkit has document windows providing page, margin, header, and other formatting controls. The database-processing toolkit has extensions to interface relational database functions to hard-disk- and network-based information systems.

Spreadsheet representation uses Smalltalk's object orientation to allow creation and maintenance of complex document forms whose elements are produced by arbitrarily complex processes. The capability called "Active

Data Modeling" services documents (text, charts, tables, etc.) whose contents are produced by information structures that can be viewed and manipulated at various levels of abstraction.

This spreadsheet format is free-form rather than a matrix of cells, and the order of evaluation is determined freely rather than by rows or columns. Data elements represented in the final document are not copied literally but remain linked to their source objects or processes. The data models therefore remain "active" in that they dynamically reflect changes from anywhere in the underlying structure.

Implementation Aspects

Methods implemented in machine code are important for the development of efficient application toolkits. These "object modules" can be compiled from a high-level language (for portability) and are installed into the virtual image as objects.

The coding of object modules uses table-pointed name strings to refer to system objects, both externally (other objects) and internally (the module itself and its entry points). An automatic installation procedure changes the string pointers to object identifiers of Smalltalk-PC symbols, binding the module into the virtual image. With this feature, interpreted Smalltalk code can be used for development, flexibility, and high-level control, and use of optimized machine code at strategic points can improve performance.

Smalltalk-PC does not run under a host operating system but drives the hardware directly from the virtual machine (VM), about 95 percent of which is portable across systems with the same microprocessor. The other 5 percent consists of the screen, keyboard, mouse, and virtual-memory management tailored to each host system. The system image (including user extensions and applications) is, in principle, portable across any system.

The memory system is fully object-oriented and supports up to 254 classes and 30K-byte objects in up to 4 megabytes of resident RAM. (IBS in West Germany and Legend industries build 1-megabyte single-slot cards for the Apple 11.) The object-memory system is largely derived from the OOZE system (see reference 4) but abandons those aspects directed at optimizing object swapping from disk. Reference counting is used to manage virtual memory which is treated in 64K-byte segments to make scattered free space compact.

Object identifiers are used as direct indexes into a table containing virtual addresses and flags. Message lookup

(contimed)

MAY 1985 • B y T £ 159

is done by hashing the class code and message selector into another large table.

The VM routines are optimized and shared to conserve space in main memory. Both the data-structure (collection) primitives and many of the user-interface primitives have a range of types and options specially encoded in their object structures, providing flexibility while conserving resources like space and classes.

Given the VlVl support for matrices as a form of collection, another technique to conserve object identifiers and to facilitate exploitation of the large virtual memory is to encourage the use of larger objects with complex but regular structures. The implementation of a matrix can then be a single object rather than an array containing additional array objects for each row. Otherwise, it would be possible to use up the object identifiers with a large portion of memory unused.

Hardware

1 am implementing the Smalltalk-PC virtual machine for the 6502, 8088/8086, and 68000 microprocessors. The first version runs on Apple il-type systems (Apple \\+, lie, and compatible systems) with at least 80-column capability an uppercase and lowercase keyboard, a 48K-byte motherboard RAM, one floppy-disk drive, and 2 56K bytes of memory on RAM card(s). (The Basis Computer BAS RAM, legend Industries' S'Card, the Synetix Flashcard, the BAM-128 from Mikrotek, the Saturn/Titan card, and

the RAM cards from IBS are supported.)

The 8088/8086 versions (IBM-class systems) require one floppy-disk drive and 2 56K bytes of memory The 68000 version is currently installed on a new system from the German manufacturer, Ttiumph-Adler.

Apple II graphics resolution is inadequate for 80-column text displays, so my first version of Smalltalk-PC used a memory-mapped 24-line by 80-column alphanumeric format rather than bit-mapped graphics. The choice helps performance (bit-mapped graphics are known to consume up to 50 percent of raw processing power), and adequately supports windowing, menus, and mouse control.

A medium-resolution mouse with at least two (preferably three) buttons is a necessity (Smalltalk-PC currently supports DePraz, Logitech, Mouse-House, Rikei Oku-MS mice with parallel interfaces, and the MSG serial mouse), although the pointing function is available through the keyboard. The minimum hardware configuration for the Apple II-f- would include a Legend S'Card, a PlA-card for the mouse, and an 80-Golumn card. ■

REFERENCES

1. Goldberg, Adele, and Alan Kay eds. Smalltalk-72 Instruction Manual. Xerox PARC SSL 76-6. Palo Alto. CA: Xerox PARC. 1976.

2. BYTE, August 1981.

3. Goldberg, Adele, and David Robson, eds. Smalltalk-SO: The language and Its Implementation. Reading, MA: AddisonA^fesley 1983.

4. Kaehler, Tted. "Virtual Memory for an Object-Oriented Language." In |3|, pages 378-387.

THE SMALLTALK PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

BY Jim Anderson and Barry Fishman

Ah introduction to object-oriented programming

*■ : uring the past year, we have used Smalltalk for application prototyping and M : system-software development. For us, Smalltalk simplifies programming and ^^^k ; is fun. On the other hand, Smalltalk's new terminology and concepts generally M : ly complicate learning of the language, especially for experienced programM ^ \ mers (including ourselves). In this article we have attempted to demystify ■ ym : Smalltalk by relating it to other languages and by solving a moderately dif: ficult problem in what we think is a straightforward and readable way. • Most people perceive Smalltalk as a "Macintosh-like" user interface with I windows, mice, and bit-mapped graphics, but the Smalltalk group at Xerox : PARC actually pioneered and blended together several technologies, including : raster graphics, integrated environments, and object-oriented programming.

160 BYTE- MAY 1985

T^ble 1: Some Smalltalk terminology translations.

Method _ Message

Protocol,

Object

Instance Variable. Class

a function definition

the invocation of a nnethod, i.e.,

a function call

the specification of how a message

is sent to a method,

including the method name

and parameters

a record of fields

a field of a record

a record type and all the functions

that may be applied to the

record type

The last of these is our main concern.

Like FORTH, Smalltallc's core is small but its vocabulary can be extended. Like LISP, it has automatic memory management and capabilities for manipulating arbitrary data structures. Like Modula-2 and Ada, it encapsulates abstract data types (in objects).

The Smalltalk developers solved several interesting problems in graphics, text processing, simulation, and concurrency. Therefore, simply by reading Smalltalk programs, you may improve your programming ability in other languages. Fred Masterson has suggested that simplicity power, compatibility and cognitive richness are key attributes in a programming language (see reference 1). Except for Smalltalk, we don't know of a language that has all of these attributes while also being a practical tool for solving a wide range of problem types.

Smalltalk is well suited to rapid prototyping, the construction of software models that explore both the problem and its solution. This is especially important in interactive applications where perceptions of the problem can change after seeing a prototype solution (see reference 2). (Of course, a good programming environment is a big help here, too.)

A Closer Look at Objects

The Smalltalk-80 programming language (see references 3 and 4) is object-oriented in that all data is contained in record structures called objects. For translations of Smalltalk terminology, see table \. The individually accessible components of an object (i.e., the fields of the record) are called instance variables, which either contain integer values in the range 0 to 255 or contain object identifiers.

instance variables can be both named and indexed. For example,

1. An object of class Point has named instance variables X and y, which identify the coordinates of the point. A point has no indexed instance variables.

2. An object of class Array contains only indexed instance variables. These are identified with the integers 1 through the number of instance variables in the array

3. An object of class Set has indexed instance variables and a single named instance variable tally, which totals the number of indexed instance variables that are not nil (the name for the special undefined object).

Objects are simpler than Pascal record structures in that either they contain all integer values or they contain all identifier values. Objects with integer instance variables define elementary data values like numbers and strings. Objects with identifier instance variables consist of pointers to other objects. The pointers organize the universe of all objects into a single directed-graph structure. Like a pointer value in Pascal, an identifier distinguishes each object.

Objects are "self-describing." They include information

defining their size (number of instance variables) and the class to which they belong. Computing in Smalltalk involves changing the instance variables of existing objects, creating new objects, and destroying objects (turning them into "garbage") by removing them from the graph structure. (See the text box on page 162 for a summary of Smalltalk statements.) The Smalltalk system automatically reclaims space for garbage objects.

Classes are the program modules of Smalltalk. Like the "abstract data types" provided by the modules of Modula-2 and the packages of Ada, a class specifies the instance variables contained in the objects of the class and the methods (functions) that operate on the objects. The internal details of an object are not visible from methods outside its class: therefore you cannot directly access its instance variables, instead, you send a message to (invoke a function on) the object requesting the desired information.

Smalltalk classes are organized into a hierarchy with the class Object at the top. Superclasses are more generic; subclasses are more specialized. A class inherits the named instance variables and methods of its superclasses. Consider for example, part of the Smalltalk hierarchy for class Magnitude:

Magnitude Character Date Time Number

Float

Fraction

Integer

[conl'mued]

]im Anderson is president of Digitalk (5200 West Century Blvd., Los Angeles. CA 90045), a firm specializing in high-technology software products and consulting.

Barry ¥ishman (POB 626, Venice. CA 90291) is a software consultant specializing in the design and development of new products.

MAY 1985 -BYTE 161

The generic class Magnitude contains metiiods for computing maximums and minimums in terms of comparison operators. The subclasses define more specialized functions, like doing the comparisons. Inheritance is a powerful abstraction technique that allows software to be reusable (see reference 5).

Inheritance is supported by "run-time binding," the dynamic determination (based on the class of the receiver the object to which the message is sent) of which method responds to a message. Consider the method, implemented in class Magnitude, for taking the maximum of two magnitudes:

max: aMagnitude self < aMagnitude IfTrue: ["aMagnitude] if False: ["self]

This generic method works for operands of any subclass of Magnitude if the subclass implements the "less-than"

(<) method. The class of self (the receiver of less-than) determines the choice of which less-than method to use. Thus we can take the maximum of two dates or two fractions, even though the max: method is not defined in either the date or fraction classes. Therefore the code works for operands that exhibit a generic behavior (here, comparing less-than), regardless of the details of the calculation.

Smalltalk Syntax and Semantics

The syntax of Smalltalk methods has three parts: the message pattern, temporary variables, and statements. The message pattern defines the method name, method arguments, and the syntax for invoking the method with a message. Temporary variables are the method's local variables. Instance variables, method arguments, and global variables are the other variables accessible within a method. Global variables begin with uppercase letters. The others begin with lowercase letters.

A Summary of Smalltalk Statements

Smalltalk statement either assigns a value to a variable, exits a method and specifies the result, sends a message to an object, or does some combination of the three.

The following are three examples of assigning values to a variable;

a : = true

In this example, the identifier of the object true is assigned to the variable a.

answer : = index

Here, the identifier contained in the variable index is assigned to the variable answer.

i := j := 0

In this expression, the identifier of the object for the integer 0 is assigned to i and j.

To exit a method, Smalltalk uses the following syntax:

"answer

In this example, the object whose identifier is contained in answer is returned as the result of the method,

"'january'

In this expression, the identifier for String ianuar/ is returned as the result of the method.

To send a message, there are several possibilities:

a size

This is the syntax for a unary message. The message size is sent to the objea in variable a.

count + 1

This is a binary message. The message + is sent to count with argument 1.

a at: index

This Is a keyword message. The message at: is sent to a with argument index.

a at: index put: count

In this multiargument message, the message at:put: is sent to a with arguments index and count.

There are several combinations of the above statements:

"count + 1

In this expression, the result of the message count + 1 is returned as the result of the method.

x : = a at: index

Here, the result of the message a at: index is assigned to the variable x.

"(a : = b max: c + 1)

This statement is evaluated in the following steps. First, + is sent to c with argument 1. Second, max: is sent to b with the result of the c -^ 1 message as the argument. Third, the result of max: is assigned to a. Finally, the value assigned to a is returned as the result of the method.

a

162 BYTE- MAY 1985

"^he syntax of Smalltalk methods has three parts: the message pattern, temporary variables, and statements.

A block, the part of a method enclosed in square brackets, is an object even though it represents executable code. Therefore, it is possible to assign a block to a variable or pass it as a message argument. The following example uses a block argument in a message to implement control structures:

[inputStream atEnd] whileFalse: [outputStream nextPut: input Stream next]

The message w/hileFalse: is sent to the first block: the second block is an argument that will execute repeatedly until the first block returns true, if inputStreann is of class ReadStream and outputStreann is of class WriteStream, all the characters in inputStreann will be copied to outputStream. (See references 3 and 4 for a complete description of control structures and blocks.)

Smalltalk System Classes

The Smalltalk language is a simple expandable core. The system is the core extended with several classes, including Collection. Stream. Magnitude, DisplayObject. Point, and Rectangle. (For a full discussion, see reference 4.)

Collection classes implement arrays, sets, dictionaries, and linked lists using common protocols for data-structure access. Stream classes implement external files as a sequence of randomly addressable bytes and. again with common protocols, streaming over arbitrary collections of internal objects. The Magnitude classes provide extensive facilities for date, time, and numeric calculations. The DisplayObject classes implement the representation and manipulation of graphical images (which are supported by classes Point and Rectangle, used respectively for representing graphical positions and areas).

in our example (which follows), we use system classes Set, Dictionary, and FileStream. Class Collection, of which Set is a subclass, allows its subclasses to create new collections, to add and delete collection elements, and to iterate over the elements of a collection while a block executes for each element, instances of Set are efficiently searchable containers of unordered elements, which may not be duplicated.

Dictionary, a subclass of class Set, looks up values based on keys. An instance of class Dictionary associates pairs of keys and related values. Keys in a dictionary are unique.

The class Dictionary method at: aKey ifAbsent: aBlock returns the associated value if there is an entry in the dictionary with key equal to argument aKey. Otherwise the argument aBlock executes and determines the result of the at: ifAbsent: message. Consider

employees at: employeeNumber ifAbsent: [nil]

If employees contains a dictionary where each key is a number representing an employee's number and each value is an object representing all employee data, then the example message returns nil if the employee is not in the dictionary. Otherwise the employee object is returned.

The class Dictionary method at: aKey put: aValue places an entry for the pair aKey, aValue into the dictionary This message always returns aValue as the result. For example, the message

employees at: employeeNumber put: employeeData

adds a value employeeData for the key employeeNumber to the dictionary employees.

The class Dictionary method do: aOneArgumentBlock iterates over the elements in the dictionary The argument block is evaluated once for the value part of every key/ value pair in the dictionary. In the next example,

employees do: [:employee | employee site = localSite ifTrue: [localEmployees add: employee]]

the message do: is sent to the dictionary employees with the block as argument. The block is executed once for each employee and builds a collection of local employees.

A Smalltalk Example

A Document Retrieval System

Our Smalltalk example, which will run under Methods (see "Methods: A Preliminary Look" by Bruce Webster and Tom Yonkman, page 152) is a new class Wordlndex, a simple document-retrieval system. An instance of Wordlndex allows the retrieval of a list of all documents that contain a group of words. For example it could request a list of candidates whose resumes contain the words UNIX, 68000, and C.

Our system maintains documents as ASCII files, one file per document. Oueries that supply a list of words get back the names of all the documents that contain all the words. An instance of class Wordlndex contains the document database for one application or category of documents. We have used classes Collection and Stream and their subclasses. Class Wordlndex has instance variables documents, w/ords, and noiseWords.

Instance variable documents contains a set of strings that identify the documents by their file pathnames. Instance variable w/ords contains a dictionary representing the words in all documents. Each key is a word repre

[conl'mued]

MAY 1985 -BYTE 163

sented as a string; the associated value is a set of all the documents that contain the word. Instance variable noiseWords contains a set of noise words, which reduce the size of the database. A word will not be entered in the vi'ords dictionary if it is included in the set of noise words.

The message addDocument: adds a document to the database by scanning the document as an instance of class FileStream. The message nextWord is sent repeatedly to the file stream to extract the next word as a string. Each word is entered into the words dictionary with the associated document included in the set of documents for the word.

The locateDocuments: message performs database queries with a collection of words as an argument. Each word is looked up in the words dictionary The query returns a sorted collection of ail documents appearing with all words.

The complete implementation of class Wordlndex contains the following eight methods.

The method initialize initializes an instance of Wordlndex by assigning empty sets to instance variables documents and noiseWords and an empty dictionary to ir\stance variable words.

initialize

"Initialize the instance variables

of the Wordlndex" documents: = Set new. words : = Dictionary new. noiseWords : = Set new

(Note: The symbol": = " replaces the the conventional Smalltalk-80 notation.)

The addDocument: aDocument method adds the words in aDocument to the receiver word index. The method first tests if aDocument, the file pathname of the document, is already in the set of documents. If so, removeDocument: deletes the old version of the document. Directory Disk then opens the file, and a file stream on the file is assigned to temporary variable wordStream. The document name is added to the set of documents (instance variable documents). The while loop does the major work of the method. The next word, obtained as a string from the file stream, is converted to lowercase and added to the dictionary with the message addWord:for:.

addDocument: aDocument

"Add all words in aDocument to word Dictionary" I aWord wordStream | (documents includes: aDocument)

ifTrue: [self removeDocument: aDocument]. wordStream : = Disk file: aDocument. documents add: aDocument. [(aWord := wordStream nextWord) == nil]

whileFalse: [ self addWord: aWord asLjowerCase for: aDocument].

wordStream close

The addWord: aWord for: aDocument method records aWord if it appears in aDocument unless aWord is a noise word. If the word is not in the dictionary, the word and an empty set are entered. Finally, aDocument is added to the set of documents for the word. Note that we are able to deal simply with exceptional conditions by supplying a block of code in the at:ifAbsent: message.

addWord: aWord for: aDocument 'Add aWord to aDocument if it is not a noise word" (noiseWords includes: aWord) ifTrue: ["nil), (words at aWord ifAbsent: [words at: aWord put: (Set new)P add: aDocument]

The locateDocuments: aWordList method queries the database. Given a collection of words in aWordList, it returns a sorted collection of all the documents that contain all the words. Note that aWordList can be any kind of collection, e.g.. Array, Bag, LinkedList. The select: message described eariier under Sets continually removes documents that do not contain all words in aWordlist from a temporary variable, answer, which starts as the set of all documents.

locateDocuments: aWordList

"Answer a SortedCollection of all documents containing all words in aWordList" 1 answer |

answer: = documents. "start with all documents" aWordList do: [:aWord| "iterate over words" answer: = answer select: [:aDoc| (words at: aWord asLowerCase ifAbsent: [#()]) includes: aDoc]]. "answer asSortedCollection

The string addNoiseWord: aWord method adds aWord to the set of noise words.

addNoiseWord: aWord

"Add aWord string to noise words" noiseWords add: aWord

The removeNoiseWord: aWord method removes aWord from the set of noise words, if aWord is not a noise word, nothing happens.

removeNoiseWord: aWord

"Remove aWord string from noise words" noiseWords remove: aWord ifAbsent: []

The removeDocument: aDocument method scans the words dictionary to remove from every set all occurrences of aDocument. (Note that a set can have only a single occurrence of a document. This code also works for bags.

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which can have multiple occurrences.) Finally, the message removeUnusedWords is sent to the word index to remove dictionary words with empty document sets.

removeDocument: aDocument

"Remove aDocument from all words that contain it. If a word has no documents, remove it" words do: [:docs| "docs is Set or

Bag of documents" (docs occurrencesOf: aDocument) timesRepeat: [ docs remove: aDccument]], self removeUnusedWords

The removeUnusedWords method replaces the words dictionary with a new dictionary containing only those entries in words that have nonempty document sets.

removeUnusedWords

"Remove all words that have empty document cdlecfion" I newWords |

newWords : = Dictionary new. words associationsDo: [lanAssoc | anAssoc value isEmpty ifFalse: [newWords add: anAssoc]]. words : = newWords

For an example of class Wordlndex, we have treated the sections of this paper (the article itself, the table, the text box, and the list of references) as separate documents. First we make the index:

Articlelndex := Wordlndex new initialize.

Then we add the figures to it:

#('article' table' textbox' 'reflist) do: [:sectlon | Articlelndex add Document: section]

The query

Articlelndex locateDoctiments: # ('Smalltalk' 'argument")

returns the list

article textbox

Smalltalk is powerful, simple, and fun. Because objectoriented programming may be new to you. it may not seem simple at first. We hope this article helps to show that it is. Now that Smalltalk is available for popular microcomputers, a lot more of us can experience the fun. ■

REFERENCES

1. Masterson, Fred A. "Languages for Students." BYTE. June 1984, page 233.

2. Martin, James. Application Devebpment Without Programmers. Englewood Cliffs, NI: Prentice-Hall, 1982.

3. BYTE, August 1981.

4. Goldberg, Adele, and David Robson. SmalMk-80: The language and Its Implementation. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1983.

5. Wegner, Peter "Perspectives on Capital-intensive Software Tfechnology;' IEEE Software, July 1984.

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Megaworks S 125 $ 75

MICRO PRO, WordStar $ 350 $ 189

WordStar w/ Starcard $ 495 $ 265

VWirdStar Professional, 4 Pak $ 495 $ 265

MallMerge, SpetlStsr, or Startndex, ea $ 99 $ 54

InfoStar and StarCard Combo $ 595 $ 295 MICROSOFT,

MulthPlan (Ap DOS) $ 95 $ 62

QUARK, Word Juggler t Lexicheck (lle/llc) $ 189 $ 129

SENSIBLE, Sensible Spsllsr S 12S $ 79

SIEnRA/0N4.INE, Homeword S SO $ 45

General Msnager II $ 230 $ 155

Screen Writer II, 2 Pak iw/Dlctlonary $ 130 $ 89 SOFTWARE PUBL, (speclly ii t or lie lor aji)

PFS:File or Write, each $125$ 79

PFS:Graph or Report, each $ 125 $ 79

STONEWARE, DB Master, v. 4 $ 350 $ 225

DB Utility Pak I or II, each $ 129 $ 82

UTILITIES SOFTWARE

BEAGLE, GPLE, Alpha Plot or B.Basic, ea $ 50 $ 27

nmDOS,0iskOij>li,Ap.Medi.ixl.O.Sil>er,ea$ 30 $ 19

Full Una IN STOCK CALL

BORLAND, Turbo Pascal $ SS $ 33

3 Pak (Pasc, Turbo Tul. Toolbox) NEW S 105 $ 59

CENTRAL POINT Copy II Plus (bit copier) $ 40 $ 23

''iler. Ulihly & Apple DOS 3 3 S 20 S 15

EINSTEIN/ALISON, Compiler I EPSON, Graphics Dump i FUNK, Sldsways 9 HAVES, Tsnnlnal Prag. for Smartmodem I ■nCROSOFT, Full Una In Stock OMEGA, Locksmith i PENGUIN, Complete Graphics System II 1 Graphics Magician ] PHOENIX, Zoom Qrallx I QUALITY, Bag of Tricks 1 UNITED SWI, ASCII Exprsss-Tlie Pro 1 UTILICO, Essential Data Duplicator HI)

HOME & EDUCATIONAL

BEAGLE BROS., Full Una IN STOCK CALI

BRODERBUND, Print Shop $ SO S 2

CONTINENTAL, Home Accountant t 75 $ 4

DOW JONES, Home Budget S 99 $ 9

KOALA, Full line IN STOCK CALI

MICROSOFT, Typing Tutor II J 25 $ 1

MONOSRAM, Dollars S$ense or S AM . ea$ 100 $ 5

Dollars & $en5e (or lie S 120 $ 6

SCARBOROUGH, Maslertype S 40 $ 2

Your Personal Net V^rth s 80 $ 5

SIERRA/ON-LINE, Homeword $ 50 $ 4

SIMON i SCHUSTER, Typing Tutor III $ 50 $ 3

PLUS; BAflflONS, CBS, DAVIDSON, EDU-WARE, HARCOURT, LEARNING CO., TERRAPIN

RECREATIONAL SOFTWARE

BLUECHIP, Millionaire, Squire, Berron, ea. $ 50

D/\TASOFT, /^ztec or Zaxxon, each $ 40

ELECTRONIC ARTS, Sky Fox $ 40

PInball or Music Construction, ea. $ 40

HATOEN, Sargofl III (Chess) S SO

INFOCOM, Zork i, II, or III, sa S 40

ORIGIN, Ultima III % 60

PENGUIN, Transylvania S 35

PROFESSIONAL, Trivia Fever $ 40

SIERRA/ON-LINE, Ultima II $60

SIR-TECH, Wizardry $ 50

SUB LOGIC, Flight Simulator II $ 50

PLUS: BRODERBUND, DATAMOST. MUSE. SIR-TECH. SPINNAKER

DISKETTES

MODEMS

PRINTERS

* CONROY-LAPOINTE- DISKETTES *

W9 ousranlse thsM top quality products with our name. 15 YEAfI UUTTEO VWRRANTV. Discounts on orders wib labfllS,

10 ea. SS/SD, (Apple, etc) 35 Trk. W/FLIP BOX S 12

100 ea. SS/SD. (Apple, olc) 35 Trk $

11000 ea. SS/SD, (Apple, etc.) 35 Trk $ 640

10 ea. DS/DD, (IBM, H/P) 48 Trk, W/FUP BOX $ 15

too ea. DS/DD, (IBM, H/P) 48 Trk $ 119

11000 ea. DS/DD, (IBM, H/P) 46 Trk $ 859

10ea,DS/0D,3V4-(MAC, H/P), W/FUP BOX $ 29

SO sa. DS/DD, 3W (MAC, H/P) $ 140

too sa. DS/DD. 3<A' (MAC, H/P) $ 270 * CONROY-LAPOINTE- * IBM PRE-FORMATTEO

10 ea, DS/DD. 48 Trie W/RIP BOX $ 19

100 ea. DS/DD. 48 Trk $ 149

1100O ea. DS/DD. 48 Trk $ 959

SINGLE-SIDED, DOUBLE DENSITY

LIST CONROV

■ CDC, lOea,SS/DD. 40 Tri( (Apple, etc) $ 55 $ 19 100ea,SS/DD, 40 Tri( (Apple, etc) $ 550 $ 195

IDYSAN, 10 ea, SS/DO, (Apple, etc.) t 40 $ 27 Imaxell, 10 ea, SSmo, MDI (Appla) $ 55 $ 19 |vERBATIH,10ss,SSn>0,MD5l50l,(Appls)S 49 $ 25

DOUBLE-SIDED. DOUBLE DENSITY ICDC, 10sa,DSA)D,40Trk(IBM,WP)$ 75 S too ea, DS/DD, 40 Trk (IBM, H/P) S 750 $ 2

■ DYSAN, 10 ea, OS/DD, (IBM, H/P) $ 69 $ 35

■ MAXELL, to ea, DS/DD, MD2 (IBM) S 75 $ 26 |VERBATIM, 10 ea. DS/DD, MD34 (IBM) $ 84 $ 29

3W" MICRO DISKETTES |CONnOV-LAPaiNTE,10ea.DS/DD(MAC.H/P| $ 29

■ MAXELL, 10 ea. SS/DD (MAC, H/P) $ 60 $ 35 ImemOREX, 10 ea. SS/DD (MAC. H/P) $ 60 $ 35 IvERBATIM, 10 ea, SS/DD (MAC. H/P) S 65 $ 35

HIGH DENSITY DISKETTES FOR IBM-AT

■ MAXELL, 10 ea. DS/QD (IBM-AT) $ 77 $ 49 |mEMOREX, 10 ea. DS/QD (IBM-AT) S 84 $ 54

* GENERIK DISKETTES *

Top quality. w/]8eket8. no labela. Quantity discounts. So day -No hassle, money back guarantee.' J too ea. SS/OD. 3S Track (Apple, etc) $ 80

|2S0 ea, SS/DD, 35 Track (Apple, etc) $ 199

ItOOes, DS/DD, 48 Track, (IBM, H/P) $ 95

1250 ea, DS/DD, 48 Tiaek (IBM, H/P) $229

LIST CONflOY

ANCHOR, Signalman Mark XII (IBM) $ 399 S 259

HAYES, 2400B External Modem (IBM) $ 899 $ 699

Smartmodem 1200B (IBM) $ 549 $ 369

Smattcom II Software (IBM) $ 149 $ 107

Stack Chronograph (RS-232) S 249 $ 189

Stack Smartmodem 300 (RS-232) $ 289 | 219

Smartmodem 1200 (AP or IBM) S 599 $ 429

Micromodem lie vir/Smartcom (AP) $ 329 $ 239

KENSINGTON, Podable Modem, 300 Baud (MAC) $ 140 $ 109

NOVATION, J-Cat, 300 Baud Modem $ 149 $ 104

ACCESS 1-2.3 ISOOBModemtCrosstalk (IBM) $ 595 $ 369

Apple Cat II 300 Beud (AP) t 389 $ 219

212 Apple Cat. 1200 Baud (AP) $ 725 $ 419

SmariCat Plus w/sohware (MAC) $ 499 $ 349

PROMETHEUS, 1200 Standalone Modem $ 495 $ 345

ProModem 1200 w/soHware (MAC) S 549 $ 429

ProModem 1200A (AP) $ 449 $ 349

ProModem 12008 (IBM) $ 399 $ 289

QUADRAM, Quadmodem, Internal OBM) $ 595 $ 425

Quadmodem. Externa], (IBM) $ 695 S 495

VENTEL, PC Hall Card (IBM) $ 549 $ 389

1200 Plus, External (IBM) $ 499 $ 429

PC 1200, internal (iBM) $ 499 $ 379

MONITORS

AMDEK, Cokir 300 Comp/Audio $ 349 $ 249

Color 500 Comp/VCR/RQB/Audio S 525 $ 385

Color 600 HI Res, RQB/Audk) $ S99 $ 459

Color 700 Ultra Hi Ras, RGB S 749 $ S49

Color 710 Ultra HI Ras, Phos $ 799 $ 599

300G, 12" Green $ 179 $ 129

300A, 12" Amber S 199 $ 149

310A, 12* Amber, (IBM) $ 230 S 159

PRINCETON, HX-12, HI Res, RGB S 795 $ 495

SR-12, HI Res. RGB $ 799 $ 599

Scan Doubter lor SR-12 S 249 $ 179

MAX■^2, Amber (monochrome) S 249 $ 199

QUADRAM,/Vmberchrome, 12-Aniber$ 250 $ 165

Quadchrome 12" RGB Color $ 696 $ 495

Ouadchroma II, 14* RGB Color $ 650 $ 450 Quadscrsantr 968x512 v>/cabie, HI Res $1995 $1595

ZENITH, ZVM122, 12-Amber $159$ 95

ZMV123. 12" Green $149 $ 89

ZMV124, 12- Amber $ 200 $ 139

ZMV13S. 12- Color S 599 S 499

DOT MATRIX:

LIST COIIROY

EPSON, RXeO-IOOcps/quiel mode/128 lypesl$ 269 CALL

RX80+ F/T - Irlcl or tractor $ 369 CALL

RX100-10a cps/136 coi/pln A IT. $ 499 CALL

FXB04. - 160 cps/BO col. $ 569 CALL

FXtOO-f - 160 cps/136 col. $ 849 CALL

JXSO-Coior Prinlar, ISO cps. $ 799 CALL

LQtSOO-200 cps DO A 67 cpa LQ $1395 CALL

Tractor Feed for LO 1500 , $ 70 CALL

MANNESMANN-TALLY,

Splril-80 - 80 cps/eo coi. $ 269 $ 219

MT160 - 160 cps/eo coi. $ 798 $

MTieO - 160 cps/132col. $1098 $ 778

OKIDATA, Okimats 20-Color, HI Res $ 268 $ 208

e2A - 120 cps/eo col/para. $ 349 $ 319

83A -120 cps/132 col/para. $ 749 $ 599

84 -200 cps/136 cps/para. S 999 $ 729

92- 160 cps/80 col/para. $ 499 $ 399

93 - 160 cps/136 col/para. $ 799 $ 639

2410P - Pacemark/350 cps/para. $2995 $1975

QUADRAM, Quadiet-inklel Color Printer $ 895 $ 795

STARIIiCIIO,S31O-120c|ls0O,a0cpsNiailEW$ 299 $ 249

SG15 -120 cps DO, 30 cps NLO, tSK NEW $ 499 $ 419

SD10 - 160 cps DO, 40 cps NLO NEW $ 449 $ 379

SD15 . ISO cps DO. 40 cps NLQ, lEK KEW $ 599 $ 509

SR10 - 200 cps DO, 50 cps NLO NEW $ 649 $ 549

SR1S - 200 CPS DO. 50 CPS NLO. 1EX NEW $ 799 $ 679

TOSHIBA, Pnip. spacing & hj ras graphics:

1351-192 cps (DQ) & 100 cps (LQ) $1895 $1375

1340-144 cps (DQ) a 54 cps (LQ) $ 995 $ 750

Bi-diractlonai Tractor Feed $ 195 $ 175

LETTER-QUALITY:

JUKI, e300-4acps/para. $ 995 $ 795

6100-18 cps/para/3 pitch $ 599 $ 439

TOSHIBA, Prop, spacing & hi-res graphics:

1351-192 cps (DQ) &100 cps (LQ) $1895 $1375

1340-144 cps (00) S 54 cps (LQ) $ 995 $ 795

TTX, 1014-13cps. para/ser, p&fr,3p$ 499 $365

1114-same as 1014 w/r&F. 2c & prop. $ 599 $ 439

PLOTTERS:

AMDEK, Amplol 11-6 pen. 10x14 $ 899 $ 499

PRINTER SUPPLIES:

Paper. Ribbons. Daisy Wheels CALL

PRINTER INTERFACES AND BUFFERS

UST

ARBO, IBM PC to Para Pdnter Cable

$

60

$

30

ASSIM PROC, Mac to Epson Conn i/F

S

89

$

69

EPSON, Parallel Interface for LQ1500

$

too

$

79

Serial Interface Board

$

130

$

105

MFC, Apple it 1/F & Cable lor Epson & Gemin

$

95

$

59

OKIDATA, Plug 'n Play, Tractors. Ok^raph. ea

s

50

$

42

ORANGE MICRO, Grappler Plus tor Apple

s

149

$

99

Serial Grappler

$

119

$

79

Buffered Grappler Plus, 16K

$

239

$

159

QUADRAM, Uicrola^ers. lull line IN STOCK

c

M 1

Microlazers 8K, P-P. w/copy

$

16.'

CABLES

ARBO, IBM-PC to Modem Cable $ IBM-PC to Para Printer Cable S

ASTAR, RF Modulator for T.V. (Apple) S

CURTIS, Monitor Extension Cable (IBM) $ 3'-9' Keyboard Extens. Cable (IBM) $

RCA, Monitor Cable S

ACCESSORIES

CURTIS, Diamond, 6 outlets, switched $ 50 $

90 S

80 $

45 $

70 $

$ too $

$ 60 $

Emerald , 6 outlets, 6' cord Ruby, 6 outlets, 8* cord, filter Sapphire, 3 outlets, tw/liiter EPD, Lemon. 6 outlets/wait Lime. 6 outlets/cord Orange. 6 outlets/cord Peach, 3 outlets/wall INNOVATIVE,Hip^vFlie50(diskholder)! 22 $ XENStNOTON, Maaterpiece (IBM) $ 140 S Systsm Saver Fan (Apple) S 90 $

Printer Stand NEW $ 30 $

NETWORX, Vliretroe. 4 outkrt. M & surge $ 70 $ Wiretree Plus $ too $

PERFECT DATA, Head Cleaning Kit $ 16 $ PROD TECH INTL. UnintimjplaUePoiHr Supply 200 Watta, PC200 for IBM-PC $ 359 t ' 300 Watts, XTSOO lor IBM-XT $ 499 S I 800 tWans,ATBOO for IBM-AT, 72 lbs. Ct

CONROYLAPOINTE CREDIT CARD

Send (tie a Cauoy-LaPoinle aedil 3ppik:dlion lorm. so I an gol casti discount ptias will) credit card conven^ce S400 Mimmun inilial purcliiisi;

CITY STAIE MAIL TO: 12060 SW GBiduri Pluco. Poland. OR 9722^\

nDnCDIMr^ IhlCn 0 TBDMe«IIMLTa;.12«08WOv4ninm,l>i)dl<nd,O«g7223 -liKludsyaiflal^^ Unt/CiniriVI lrirU& IBnMda.<Mli>cl«cltyiMrtwMteS^^

I W CaDTCitiMm dtwM, mmy amis, Mm lOW dtacks and gotwmiwiutKda Itmoitiflfflm(iiiiM|f,f>nanal and oih« company chsdia-dcwsa dm to Hm.

I Piiceilfetleci9Wi!ialttCohrey4jPoliitsCit#C»ddl<caiiiLepADD34iUal»«9iH^ diiraeilHmtnp.

I A« 6IH CHARBES: is&. Msinlaml, 3% ($5 minlrinn) (or sunaam Ul^ gtoutiii, UK Blus, 8% (tlO fflliji tot U,6, P«W APO.oi fPQ.(KO i«W »l«li«-Pi»tal.

, Camds, 12% SIS mlnj. fomlan ordeti encepl Canada, M% |S?5 mln) Miwlors Ijy Rotmaorlo (ofelon couilltlM, 9l»:8MiiiW> Ofow (raNKMli iisuinc'unl 8IH charsM

I lylll to relunM. All pricei, avaMlllty ami ipeelllciiiiont siib|oi:t lo mrors m clunge MM mlioe, to cat to veiUy, AH goods art ittw, mmmiiwiy and an gtiiitnlted to worlt. Due io our tow piic&o and our mwrna that you will Del new, unused produi^-ALL 3ALE6 ARE FINAL IM do not guaraittne compatibility. (^1 betora ralutnlng goods lor repair c« isiMaimeni. onscit DESKNOURS-tAH lo VH m, Mwiday through Friday, Saturday lllo 4. (eAM tm k 9AW in New York.) EeonoMM*, Faitiar, .ygjjanatik' an tradantaiKa ol Coiii)(.C«ji«(iMi«i,

41 for Apple. Inquiry 442 for IBM Peripheral"; Inquiry 441 for all ottiers.

(ORDER NOW (800) 547-1289 IBM-PC, XT, AT or

COMPUTER SYSTEMS OTHER HARDWARE OTHER HARDWARE

— CalHor Mailt — 256K IlM-PC

360K Disk Drives by CDC

90 Day Limied Wairanty By Us

camnui

256K. 2 360t( Disk Drives

^ SANYO 55»2

256K. 2 320K Disk Olives

Z1S0,

256K.; 3a)K Di^ Olives.

MS D0S 2 1 8088Chio ?S'P

LIST PBICE

AST,

SixPak Plus, 64K

SIxPak Plus. 25eK. S/P/CC + SW SIxPak Plus, 384K, S/PfCC+Sm Game Port for SJxPak Preview- Graphics Caitl w/para. 64K $ 399 Advantage* Multn. Bd. for AT. 128K S 595 i;o Plus II. Sff>;cc

I/O Plus II. S/P(CC/G I/O Plus II. 2SA>/CC/G Pott Kits - sar, para, or game. ea. MonoGraphPlus- P/CC (for Lotus) PCNat, Starter Kit, PC002 PCNst, Circuit Board, PCOOt MegaPlus Products IN STOCK COMX, NEW

EconoRAM" Plus, suk to t.5 nug.

board, S/P/CC/G Fastiak & Spooler EconoRAKT*, full 384K board t 295 CURTIS, UNf-lk<onltor tllt/swivel base S so 34 fbot Ksyboaid Extension Cable S

HARD DISKS & TAPE BACKUP

KAMERMAN,liileiiiaI10inegliil{Magal1ig)it100) J B95 $ 749 External 10 meg kit $1295 $1095

MF-10/I0,H Disk. tapeback,coilt,po<nr $2295 $1795 MAVNAR),lntemal10 meg Mti>fconL(WS1) $1595 $1150 Micno SdENCE, 10 meg w/controller $ 695 $ 895 QUADRAM. Quaddlsks Int. w/controller, IN STOCK RANA, External 10 meg w/controller $1495 $1095 Intorna! 10 meg w/controtler $ 995 $ 795

TALLGRASS, 12 meg disk. 20 meg laps. intl. $3044 $2124 25 meg disk, 55 meg tape. inlf. S3660 $3160

FLOPPY DISK DRIVES

CDC, Limited 30 day warranty, Calltor quantity prk»8

FULL HEIGHT, $149 HALF HEIGHT, $129

IBM, Disk Drive Controller Card S 195 $ 125

MAYNARD. Comrollef Card w/para port S 300 $ 185

Controller Card w/serial port $ 310 $ 195

Sandslar Cont Card (accepts 3 modules) $ 265 $ 205

PERFECT DATA. Head Cleaning Kit _$ 16 $ 12

HAUPPAOE (HCIW), 8087 Chip S0B7 Math Pak (Chip 8 softw.)

8087 Software Pak HAYES. MacH II Joystk*

Macti III (PC or Jr.) HERCULES, Color Card w/para.

Mono Graphics Card IBM, Disk Drive Controller Card KENSINGTON, Maslarplsce

PC Saver* Line Cord w/FIIIer

KEY TRONIC, KB5151. Sid. Keyboard $ 255

$

$ too

« 200 $ ISO

s

$ 199 $ 495

BUSINESS

ASHTON-TATE, Framework

<JBa:

UST

% 695 % 695 $ 495 «

dBase 11, (req. PC-DOS & 128K) Upgrade II & III ATI, Training Programs—Large Inventory $ 75 BPI, Job Cost Accouming of Inventory, ea. $ 795 General Acctg. AR, AP. or PR. each $ 595 BRODERBUND,BankSt.Writer(PCorJr.) $ 60 COEX, Training Programs-Large Inventory $ 70 CONTINENTAL, Ullralile (PC) $ 195

Tax Advantage (PC or Jr.) S 70

FCU (Filing, Cataloging, Maillng)(PC) % 125 Properly Management (PC) $ 495

J| DATA TRANS., F=antrta NEW $ 125

Ndow JONES, Investment Evaluator $ 149 '1 Market Manager Plus $ 249

Market Analyzer or Market MIcroscofM S 349 Spread Sheet Link $ 249

FOX h GELLER, Ouickcods III S 295

Ouickcode or dGraph, each $ 295

dUtll. (DOS or CP/M8S) $ 99

HARVARD, Total Project Manager $ 495 Harvard Project Manager $ 395

HAYDEN, Pie Writer $ 200

Pie Speller S 50

HOWAHDSOFT, Tax Preparer 85 S 295 Kit lor Calllomia S 125

|HUMANEDQE,MlndPtober(PCor4r.)$ 60 Communications Edge (PC) $ 196

Sales Edge S 250

Management Edge S 250

Negotiation Edge % 295

■ lus, EssyWrlter II System S 350 EasySpeller II S 65 GL, AH. AP. OE or INV, each $ 595

I KENSINGTON, Easy Unk Mall Manager S 95

■ lIFETREE, Volkswrlter Deluxe S 295

■ living VIDEOTEXT, Think Tank $ 195

■ lotus, 1-2-3 $ 495 Symphony $ 895

PRICE $ 349 $ 359 $ 289 $ 119 $ 50 $ 495 $ 385 $ 49 $ 45 $ 115 $ 40 $ 75 $ 295 $ 75 $ 99 $ 219 $ 219 $ 159 $ 185 $ 185

I 295 $ 225 $ 125 $ 30 $ 195 $

$ 32 $ 119 $ 159

$ 159 $ 185 $ 250 $ 125 $ 375 $ 59 $ 159 $ 105 $ 309 $ 48S

KBS150, Std. Keyboard KOALA, Speed Key System

Speed Key Tables w/aoltwar«

Koala Pad w/PC Design MAYNARD, SAND STAR SERIES

Multifunction (6) Card

Memory Card no RAM

Memory Card 256K

Floppy Cant. Canl (accapls 3 nndulM) $ 285 Hard Disk l/F Module $ 489 Hard DIak Cable S 30 Serial Port Module $ 05 Para or Clock Cat. Module, ea. S 59 Game Adapter Module $ 49 Memory Module. OK S 122 Memory Module 256K $ 422 10 meg. Hard Disk Kit & Com Card $1595

BUSINESS

UST

pn»E

MOBS, Knowledgeman $ 500

MECA, Managing Your litoney (PC) $ 195 Managing Your Money Caimdge (Jr) $ 199

MICROPRO, WordStar (PC) $ 350

WordStar (Jr) f 195

VltordStar 2000 $ 495

WordStar 2000 Plus S 595

WordStar Professional Plus S 695

WordStar Professional. 4 Pak s 495 MallMerge, SpellStar or Starlndex, ea. $ 99

ProOptlons Pak (MM/SS/SI) $195

InloStar Plus ('fStaibuisI) $ 595

Correct Star $ 145

MICRORIM, RBase Ssrtaa 4000 $ 495

Extended Report Writer $ 150

RBase Clout 8 195

MICROSOFT, Spell $ 50

Multlplan (PC or J4 $ 195

Chart or Project, esch % 250

Word $ 375

MONOGRAM, Dollars & Sense w/Fcrecast$ 180

MULTIMATE, Mulllmate Vsr 4.0 $ 495

OPEN SYS, GL, AR, AP, PR, INV. or PO. ea. $ 695

PEACHTREE, Back to Basics GL S 295

Peach Pak (GL/AH/AP) ! 395

Peach Text 5000 S 295

QUADRAM, Tax Strategy i 395

Investment Strategy S 395

aUE, Using 1-2-3 S 15

1-2-3 for Business S IS

Using Symphony $ 20

SAMNA, Vft)rd Plus $ 295

Word III $ 550

SATELLITE, VilordPerfect (PC) $ 495

WordPerfect (Ji) S 69

SOFTW. ARTS, VWcalC S 179

Spotlight $ 150

TK Solver (spedfy DOS) $ 399

SOFTWARE INTl, Ojlen Access $ 695

$ 695 $ 695 $ 50

S 215 S 265 S 315 $ SO $ 495 $1090 $ 685

S 175 $ 295 $ 180 $ 45 S 55 S 245 S

$ 195 S 140 S

CONflOY PRICE

$259

$ 305 $ 465 $ 39 $ 299 $ 445 $ 150 $ 185 $ 215 $ 39 $ 375 $ 790 $ 365 CALL

$265

$ 195 $ 39 S 30 $ 149 $ 235 $ 138 $ 29 $ 35 $

$ 329 $ 125 $ 99 $ 35 $ 195 $ 159 $ 63 $ 139 $

$ $

$ 395 $ 205 $ 398 $ 27 $ 79 t 49 $

$ 99

$ 357 $1150

LIST

MICROSOFT, Mouse (for PC) $ 195

Serial Mouse $ 195

System Card, 64K $ System Card, 25eK % 625

MOUSE SYSTEMS, PC Mouse 8, Paint s 295

PARADISE, Modular Graphics Card 5 395 Parallel or Serial Port. ea. $ 95

PERSYST. NEW PC/Mono Board, w/para port $ 250

PC/Color Graphics Bd w/light pen & l/F $ 244 BOB Board Color Adapter, hi res. S 595

PLANTRONICS. Color Bd & Colormagic. 16 color w/pa/a S 559 Color Bd & Draftsman. 16 color w/para S 559

QUADRAM,

Quadboard 64K, to 3e4K, s/p/cc/g

Quadboard, no RAM, expand to 384K $ 295 Ouadboard 25GK, to 384K, S/P/CC $ 395 Quadboard, 384K (full), Sff>/CC/G S 795 Ouadboard II, no RAM, to 256K $ 295 Ouadboard II, e4K, to 2S8K, 2S/CC $ 305

$ 505 $

$ 550 $ 695 S 295 S 27E S 345

Ouadboard II, 25SK, 2S/CC Quad 512 4- e4K w/ssrial port Quad 512 + 256K w/serial pori Quad 512 + 512K w/serlal pori Ouadcolor 1, txiard, 4 colors Upgrade Ouadcolor 1 to II kit Quadvue. board. Mono. S/P/CC Quadchrome Monitor, 12" RGB Color S 695 Quadchrome II Monitor, 14* RGB Cotof $ 650 Amberchrome Monitor, 12" Amber $ 250 Quad 3278 $1195 Ouadnet VI $2295 OuadnetIX $1995 Ouadlink $ 495

Ouadsprinl $ 845

TG PRODUCTS, Joystick $ 45

WtCO, Smarlboard Keyboard $ 400

$245

$ 225 $ 295 $

$ 215 $ 265 $ 39S $ 245 $ 399 S 625 $ 195 $ 199 $ 269 $ 495 $ 450 $ 165 $1050 $1545 $1745 $ 385 $ 495 $ 29 $ 279

* * FORYOURPC JR * *

UST comor

KEY TRONIC, KBS1S1 Jr. Keyboanl $ 265 $ 195

KOALA, Touch Tablet lor Jr. $ 125 $ 75

■ICnOSOFT, Booster 128K w/Mouse S 495 $ 339

Serial Mouse $ I95 $ 135

MOUSE SYSTEMS, Mouse (for Jr.) S 195 ' QUADRAM, Expansion Chassis S 695

Memory Expanston Board (128K, p/cci % 271 TECMAH, Jr. Captain s 301

$ 125

$ 540

$ 215 S 325

EconoRAM'" 384K Single Function Board

$195

With Fsttjk" and Spooto. iiilly Corpalijle. 1 Year Limited Waranty. Works on DOS 1.1. 2.0 or2 I Piices and availability subject ■

BUSINESS

pncE

$ 300 $ 125 t 179 i 189

* lis

$ 295

$ 325 $ 395 $ 265 $ 54 $ 105 $ 315 $ 77 $ 259 $ 95 $ 125 $ 32 $ 125 $ 159 $ 235 $ 99 $ 295 $ 420 $ 175 $ 225 $ 179 $ 295 $ 295 $ 12 $ 12 $ 15 $ 185 $ 279 $ 335 $ 45 $ 109 $ 95 $ 269 $ 379

UST

fX/fnoT

PRICE

PRICE

SOFTWARE PUBL. PFStRepOlt

% 125

$

79

PFS:File

$ 140

$

89

PFS:Wrlte

S 140

$

89

PFStGraph

S 140

$

89

FFStPlan

$ 140

$

89

PFStProof or PFS-.Accsss, each

$ 95

$

59

SORCIM, SuperCalo III

$ 395

$

245

STONEWARE, Advanced DB Master

$ 595

$

375

THORN ail, Peifect Pik (Jr) (WrilKSpd/niesaiinjsl

S 139

$

89

VISICORP, VIslCalc 4

S 250

$

159

WARNER, Desk Organizer (PC or Jr)

S 195

$

125

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Bl>TE

Multiprocessing: An Overview

by Rich Krajewski 171

Extending Microprocessor Architectures

by Gary D. Beats 185

Applying Data Flow IN THE Real World

by Wlliam Gerhard Gasman 201

The Transputer

by Paul Walfer 219

Data-Movement Primitives

by ]. Eric Rosfos and Cfting-Dong Hsieh . . 239

Multiprocessing

"The macfune can be brought into play so as to give several results at tfie same time, which will greatly abridge the whole amount of processes."—General Menabrea, 1842

THESE WORDS BY NINETEENTH-CENTURY military engineer Luigi F. Menabrea concerning Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine may well have constituted the first recorded proposal of automated multiprocessing in history. Multiprocessing, the processing of more than one computer instruction or item of data at once, is the underpinning of much of the new development in computers. Without the ability to process several tasks at once, the usefulness of computers cannot grow for long. Most of the big, glamorous advances in computing, such as artificial intelligence, speech recognition, and image processing, will depend on the speed granted by multiprocessing.

In this issue, we examine some of the concepts of multiprocessing, beginning with my article, "Multiprocessing: An Overview." We also examine some ideas that, strictly speaking, aren't part of multiprocessing but are thought to be by the public—for example, coprocessors. Coprocessors are specialized processors that perform certain tasks for the master microprocessor, such as floating-point operations or string comparisons. The master processor will wait for the result rather than continue to operate, so the arrangement is not strictly within our definition of multiprocessing. Gary Beals explores coprocessors in "Extending Microprocessor Architectures" to nail down the difference, between multiprocessors and coprocessors.

William Paseman's article, "Applying Data Flow in the Real World," is a look at one kind of true multiprocessor, the data-flow parallel processor This is the area where much of the money is riding in the race to increase computer speed.

The best architecture for parallel processors is still being sought, but a convenient means to achieving that architecture may be the Transputer, a microprocessor that was designed for parallel processing. Paul Walker gives a closer look at this device than we have had before in these pages.

Finally "Data-Movement Primitives" by I. Eric Roskos and Ching-Dong Hsieh demonstrates a method of sharing data on a $450 three-processor system. This is a system that we hope will inspire some of our readers to experiment in this important area.

I wish we could have published more articles about multiprocessing in thisissue, but unfortunately we ran out of space. However, we plan to do more about multiprocessing in the future. Let us know what you'd like to see.

—Ricft Kra/ewsfei, Technical Editor

MAY 1985 •BYTE 169

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MULTIPROCESSING

MULTIPROCESSING: AN OVERVIEW

BY Rich Kraiewski

A brief look at the latest quest for computer speed

MICROPROCESSORS HAVE MADE the development of multiprocessing possible by providing cheap, compact processing power. When electronic computers were first developed, single-processor architecture was inevitable because of the enormous cost and unreliability of the processing unit. Even into the 1960s and early 1970s, computers were too costly to easily combine on any massive scale. Now multiprocessors containing several thousand processing units are not unheard of.

Multiprocessing is a frustrating word because it can mean several things, lb one person it may mean two independent Z80 computers sharing only the same hard disk; to another it may mean two million 68000s sharing everything from resources to the same program. This causes confusion, especially when inventors and manufacturers use the same term to describe wildly different machines. To compound the misunderstanding, many of the celebrated benefits of multiprocessing are misstated, or at least not well explained. A manufacturer might tell you that multiprocessor X has one-tenth the power of a Cray-l for one^-hundredth the price,

which is exciting, until you realize that the measurement applies only to a limited class of programs. In fact, with programs that can't readily be written as parallel processes, multiprocessor X may perform worse than your average desktop computer

To remove some of the confusion, I'll try to define multiprocessing and classify its different forms. I'll save the discussion of actual multiprocessor computers for another time, when we can devote an entire article or review to them.

What Is Multiprocessing?

Multiprocessing can be broadly defined as the use of several microprocessors to perform a single task or several tasks, usually at the same time. The typical desktop computer fits into this definition if you call its CRT (cathode-ray tube) controller, disk controller, and peripheral interface all specialized processors. These specialized processors make your computer run faster by freeing the microprocessor from housekeeping chores and giving it more time to work on your program.

On the more obvious and less debatable side, a computer with a

million microprocessors all working on the same problem is also a multiprocessor It's plain to see that, since such a wide range of machines fall under the category of multiprocessing, we need some method of subdividing the category.

What It Is Not

Before we go into the classes of multiprocessing, we ought to decide what it is not. A few folks have the idea that all multitasking and multiuser systems are multiprocessing systems. But as 1 see it, the emphasis in a multiprocessing system is on the number of processors rather than on the number of processes or users. Besides, high numbers of processes would choke a single microprocessor, so we won't consider single-processor multiuser or multitasking systems.

Classifying Multiprocessors

There are almost too many ways to classify multiprocessors. Some of the

classifications we'll consider are those of structure, communications, and

[continued]

Rich Krajewsia is a BYTE technical editor. He can be contacted:<A POB 372, Hancock, NH 03449.

MAY 1985 -BYTE 171

OVERVIEW

data and instruction streams.

The classifications of multiprocessor structure are pipeline, coprocessor, array processor, and parallel processor.

Pipeline Processors

Most processors, micro or otherwise, perform several tasks in the execution of an instruction. For instance, in multiplying decimal numbers (say 340 and 2.6), imagine that the computer represents the numbers in scientific

notation (3.4 x lO^ and 2.6 x 10°). The computer then multiplies the mantissas (3.4 x 2.6 = 8.84) and adds the exponents (2 -t- 0 = 2). The scientific representation of the number (8.84 X 10^) is then "normalized" so that the power of 10 is removed and the decimal point is placed in its proper position (884.0).

Three circuits could perform the three tasks—multiply mantissas, add exponents, and normalize the result. Rather than let the mantissa and ex

ponent circuits do nothing while normalizing is going on, we can give those two circuits another set of numbers to work on. Now, twice as many floating-point operations are taking place as before.

This is pipelining, the simultaneous execution of different parts of different instructions in an assembly-line fashion. One of the first examples of pipelining was the look-ahead, or prefetch. In this arrangement, the processor begins execution of one instruction while simultaneously obtaining the next instruction. The text box "The Z80000 Pipeline" describes a modern microprocessor pipeline.

Coprocessors

Many microcomputers have multiprocessing in the form of specialized slave processors, or coprocessors. These coprocessors, such as floatingpoint processors or string comparators, help speed execution time by handling certain complex instructions that the central microprocessor can't handle or can't handle well. Most microcomputer coprocessors, however, don't operate simultaneously with the central microprocessor, so calling the arrangement multiprocessing may be stretching things. Steve Ciarcia's TVump Card is an example of a processor that makes the IBM PC's microprocessor into a slave I/O (input/ output) processor (see "TVump Card, Part 1: Hardware," May 1984 BYTE, page 40, and "TYump Card, Part II; Software," lune 1984 BYTE, page 115).

Array Processors

Array processing takes place when a collection of processors performs the same instruction simultaneously on an array of data. Sometimes the processors themselves are arranged in an array but sometimes they are pipeline processors.

Parallel Processors

Parallel processors are collections of independent processors that work together They can run different but related programs. There are several types of parallel processors (Charles

{continued)

The Z80000 Pipeline

BY Robert Andrews

The instruction cycle of the Z80000 is divided into six stages. Each of these stages is subdivided into two minor cycles according to the following breakdown:

1. Instruction Fetch:

Cycle 1: increment the program counter

Cycle 2: Compare cache tags and initiate the instruction fetch.

2. Instruction Decode:

Cycle 1: Instruction is available (assume cache hit).

Cycle 2: Generate microword.

3. Address Calculation:

Cycle 1: Calculate effective address of operands.

Cycle 2: Compare logical address with TLB tags for physical address.

4. Operand Fetch:

Cycle 1: Read the physical address from TLB (assuming TLB hit) and compare it with cache tag for operand. Cycle 2: Operand is available into temporary register (assuming a cache hit).

5. Execution (may have multiple cycles):

Cycle 1: Read from register and start execution.

Cycle 2: Write to register and set flags

6. Operand Store:

Cycle 1: Check the results and write to memory

Cycle 2: Write to cache.

Consider a sequence of instructions as shown below:

LDL RR0,@RR2

ADDL RRO,FP[INDEXB]

SUBL RRO,FP[INDEXC]

CPL RRO,FP[INDEXD]

JR RRO,FP[INDEXD]

LDL FP[INDEXD],RR1

Assuming instructions and operands are in cache, figure A shows the flow of instructions in several stages of the pipeline.

The result is faster throughput in the microprocessor than if the instructions were executed sequentially

ow.

LD 1

EXE.

LD

ADD

SUB

CP

JR

LD

O.E

LD

ADD

SUB

CP

JR

LD

A.C.

ld

ADD

SUB

CP

JR

LD

ID.

1 ^°

ADD

SUB

CP

JR

LD

LR

ldI add

SUB

CP

JR

LD

0

12 3 4

5

6

7

8

9

10 11

Time

Figure A: Instruction flow in the Z80000 pipeline.

172 BYTE- MAY 1985

Inquiry 117 —►

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OVERVIEW

Thoughts on Parallel Processing

Parallel processing is important for several reasons. There is an insatiable demand for faster and cheaper computers. Sequential computers have been becoming faster due to the advances in hardware technology, but there are indications that limits imposed by solid-state physics may soon come in the way and the only way out might be parallel processing. With the emergence of VIS\ (very large scale integration) technology it is becoming easier and cheaper to construct large parallel-processing systems as long as they are made of fairly regular patterns of simple processing elements, and thus parallel processors should become cost-effective. Many applications have real-time constraints, e.g.. real-time speech understanding, warning systems, navigation, etc. For these tasks, high-speed requirements should be met at any cost. A warning system would not be of much use, for example, if it warned of a nuclear attack after the missiles had exploded.

Parallel processing may be especially necessary for artificial intelligence (Al). Very little success has been achieved in Al in representing and using large bodies of knowledge and in dealing with recognition problems. The human brain can perform these tasks remarkably well using a large number of slow neurons in parallel. This suggests that conventional architectures may be ill suited for these tasks and some kind of parallel architecture may be needed. You could argue that the conventional architectures are theoretically as powerful as any parallel machine (i.e., any task that can be done by a parallel machine can also be done by a conventional machine, although slowly). But architectures can significantly influence the way we program them, and perhaps if we had the right kind of architecture, programming it for perception and knowledge representation would be easy and natural.

In the last several decades many parallel variations of the von Neumann architecture have been developed. The idea behind them has been to take

BY ViPiN Kumar

several processing units and memory modules and connect them in some network configuration. One prominent example of such systems is C.mmp, a multiprocessor system developed at Carnegie-Mellon University C.mmp consists of 16 processors connected to 16 memory modules via a crossbar switch. The crossbar switch permits communication between any memory modules and any processor The existence of common memory permits close coupling between processors and thus reduces communication costs. But the complexity of the crossbar switch grows quite rapidly with the number of processors and memory modules involved, making it difficult to build these systems for more than 20 or 30 processors. In some systems each processor is allowed to have private memory and these processor/ memory pairs are connected to each other via a common bus. These systems are easy to build for hundreds of processors. But the processes can talk to each other only by sending messages over a common bus, which makes interprocess communication very expensive. Hence, these systems cannot effectively exploit fine-grain parallelism in an application. TRAC, the Tfexas Reconfigurable Array Computer developed at the University of Tfexas at Austin, provides a middle ground. TRAC connects a number of processors to a number of memory elements via a Banyan network, which is far less complex than the crossbar switch but provides reduced connectivity (as compared to the crossbar switch) between processors and memory elements.

The biggest problem with all these machines is that to exploit parallelism it has to be explicitly specified, something that has turned out very hard to do in practice. Furthermore parallelism achieved using these machines has been quite limited, rarely reported above 10. Hence it seems hopeless to believe that these machines could be used to get speedups of thousands or even hundreds. Due to limited success with these kinds of parallel processors

and to some inherent problems with the traditional von Neumann model of computing, many researchers have started investigating data-driven and demand-driven architectures, as opposed to von Neumann architectures, which are control-driven.

In a data-driven (e.g., data-flow] system, an instruction can be executed as soon as the input data it requires is available. After the instruction is executed, its result is made available to the successive instructions, in a demand-driven (e.g., reduction) system, an instruction is triggered when the results it produced are demanded by other instructions. These demands cause further demands for operands unless the operands are locally available, in which case the instruction is executed and the results are sent back. The advantage of a demand-driven system over a data-driven system is that only instructions whose results are needed are executed. The disadvantage is in those computations in which every instruction always contributes to the final result: propagating demands from top to bottom is a wasted effort.

In both of these systems, as a result of data- or demand-activated instruction execution, many instructions can become available for execution at once, and it is possible to exploit all of the parallelism in the program. Furthermore, parallelism does not have to be explicitly specified: it is automatically extracted as long as the program is written in an applicative language (e.g.. pure LISP). It is expected that these architectures can efficiently exploit concurrency of computation on a very large scale.

A number of such systems are being developed around the world. Most notably, the lapanese have chosen data flow as the underlying architecture for the fifth-generation machines. Dataflow and reduction architectures hold great promise, but there are some important problems to be solved before they can be used effectively to provide large-scale parallelism.

The realization that the human brain performs many difficult cognitive tasks

174 BYTE • MAY 1985

OVERVIEW

effortlessly using neurons, which are quite slow in comparison to today's microelectronic devices, has led researchers to look into massively parallel architectures. The earliest computational models along these lines were inspired by neurophysiology. Most well known of these is "perceptron," developed by Frank Rosenblatt in the late 1950s. A pattern-recognition system that is able to learn from experience, perceptron's basic building block is an element that is intended to be a model of a neuron. The element accepts a number of inputs, takes their weighted sum, and produces an output of 0 or 1 depending on whether or not the sum exceeds a threshold value associated with the element. Inputs to the element are features extracted from the patterns to be recognized. A perceptron can be used to distinguish between two given sets of patterns, and its design involves adjusting the weights and the thresholds of its elements. Rosenblatt gave a procedure for training perceptrons, by which a perceptron can automatically adjust its weights to cause correct classification of patterns. Initial success of perceptrons started a flurry of activity in this area, but the excitement waned when the models based upon neuroscience were found to be too simple for most problems of interest. In particular Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert proved that perceptrons have serious limitations and can be used to recognize only very simple kinds of patterns NETL, developed by Scott Fahlman at Carnegie-Mellon University represents a different approach to building a massively parallel machine. NETL represents real-world knowledge in the form of a hardware semantic network. It consists of nodes that are used to represent concepts and links that are used to represent the relationship between the concepts. Each node can store a few distinct marker bits, and a link can propagate these markers from node to node in parallel. Nodes and links are connected via a common bus to a central computer that controls the marker propagation. By moving

markers from node to node in parallel, NETL can perform certain deductions and searches (e.g., property inheritance) very quickly On a uniprocessor these operations can take a long time.

The biggest problem with NETL is its actual hardware implementation. It is easy with the current hardware technology to put thousands of nodes and links on a chip. But the problem is in forming connections between nodes and links as new knowledge is added. These connections must be private lines between nodes and links: otherwise, all of the parallelism will be lost. Fahlman has recently proposed a solution to this using a hashnet scheme and has sketched a design for a millionelement machine.

Another problem with NETL is locality A concept is represented by only a node, and if this node is damaged, it will be hard to reconstruct the associated information. The Boltzmann machine being developed by Geoffrey Hinton (see "Learning in Parallel Networks" by Geoffrey E. Hinton, April BYTE, page 265) and many other researchers attempts to solve this problem. In the Boltzmann machine, a concept is represented by a pattern of activity in a large number of units. Each unit is a probabilistic processing element. The failure of a unit has little effect because each piece of information is distributed throughout the network of units. Preliminary simulation results of the Boltzmann architecture are encouraging, but there is a lot to learn about its limits and capabilities.

We've looked at only a few of the dozens of parallel architectures that various researchers have proposed. Many of them are being tested via simulation or actual implementations. Most of the work is primarily exploratory in nature and is meant to find out which architectures might be suited for which problems. Parallelism holds great promise for Al not only in terms of cheaper and faster computers but also as a novel way of viewing computation. 'What form will it take?" is a question that can be answered only with time.

Babbage's contemporaries talked about nnaking one in 1842 out of several of his Analytical Engines), but we'll discuss only data-flow machines. (See the "Thoughts on Parallel Processing" text box for a discussion of other kinds of parallel processors.)

Traditional methods of processing execute a program by calling the instructions one by one with a program counter. The instructions then call the data they need from memory But data flow has the data calling for instructions when the data needs them.

Figure 1 is a block diagram of the Manchester University data-flow architecture. The "data packet" you see in the diagram contains a data value and a control field. (The control field, or message, tells the computer which instruction is to act upon the data.) This data packet is matched—by the packet matcher, of course—with another data packet that has the same control field. These two packets become one "datadata" packet (which sounds like something from a 1950s rock-and-roll song). The new packet goes to the instruction fetcher, which retrieves the instruction that the packet needs by using the address supplied in the control field. We now have a "data-datainstruction" packet. But that's not all. The fetcher's last duty is to check its data-flow graph to see to which new operation the result of the current operation should go. This address is added to the packet, and away it goes to the processing units, where the packet is assigned to a free processor. The processor produces a result packet, which is just a data packet. The new data packet goes to the packet matcher to start the process all over again.

In this system, many processors are working at the same time, and many packets are circulating through the system. There is no need in this arrangement to worry about one processor communicating with another, so high task-execution speeds should be possible.

Notice that there is no program counter here, as in a von Neumann computer. Instructions are not called

(continued)

MAY 1985

I Y T E

175

Inquiry 78

OVERVIEW

first and data next. lust the opposite happens.

The advantage of wori<ing this way is that we can more easily see the data dependencies between processes, so it is easier to program parallel routines. Figure 2 shows a data-flow graph of the simple calculations

A = B -h C D = B * C E = A - D

In the data-flow graph, we show the input data (the data with no dependencies on other data) first, as many times as necessary depending on how many different operations require the data. Then they are combined as the calculations specify and the new values, which are dependent

on the original values, are combined again until all data items are combined.

With this kind of system, the dependencies of one value on another are obvious, and the parallelisms stand out. Of course, the drawback here is that the data values have to be repeated several times in data-packet memory each time with a different control field. For instance, there are two B data packets, but one specifies a multiplication operation and the other specifies an addition operation.

Figure 3 shows how these calculations might be first specified on an ordinary computer. Here, we start simply with the first calculation rather than with all the initial data, instructions call data rather than the other way around, so data need only be

PARALLEL -PROCESSING UNITS

CONTROLLER

PACKET MATCHER

PACKET STORE

(^^mSTRUCTION

INSTRUCTION DATA - DATA PACKET

DATA-DATA PACKET

INSTRUCTION FETCHER

INSTRUCTION-STORE

AND

DATA-FLOW GRAPH

Figure 1: The Manchester data-flow architecture. How packets are allocated to processors is not shown.

176 BYTE- MAY 1985

OVERVIEW

listed once in memory and called as needed. But the data dependencies are not obvious, and finding ways to execute instructions concurrently becomes more difficult. It can be done, but perhaps not as well.

Communication Methods

Another classification of multiprocessors is their communication

method. This is a crucial issue in multiprocessors because as the number of processors increases, so does the communication problem.

We will examine three communication methods: bus, circuit switch, and packet switch.

Bus

Figure 4 shows a bus-connected parallel processor. In the diagram, all communications are broadcast on the bus. Unfortunately, with a large number of processors, even high-speed buses can't handle all of the communications traffic.

Because all communications between processors are handled sequentially on the bus, it becomes a bottleneck as the number of processors grows, since only one transfer of information can occur at any one time. The answer is to have several buses or another communication technique.

Circuit Switch

Circuit switching is the direct connection of one processor to any other processor through a switch (see the "Crossbar Circuit Switch" text box on page 180 for a discussion of a type of circuit switch). Your phone company's central office uses a circuit switcher to switch your calls.

This method has problems at high volume and high speeds. In a parallel processor, with perhaps millions of processors, a single circuit switcher would be hard-pressed to keep up. Perhaps the answer will be to use several switchers.

Packet Switch

In a packet-switched system of parallel processors, the processors not only process their own programs but relay

programs and data to other processors. Figure 5 shows a system like this. There are two kinds of packets in this system: instruction and data packets. A packet consists of an address, its contents, and a checksum or some other error-checking mechanism.

The instruction packets are addressed to specific processors if there

is a central controller processor to keep track of processor usage. If the

packet is unaddressed, it is taken up by the first available processor that receives it. Data packets may be addressed to specific processors or to the processes, depending on how processes are assigned to processors. When a process or processor receives a packet, it must tell the sender that the message was properly received. This requirement doubles the traffic that the system must handle.

[continued)

Figure 2: The data-flow graph. Notice the duplication of input data.

^ START ^

F = B : C =

A= B + C-F

D=B*C-F

E = A

-D

0

0 0 0

END

Figure 3: Ah ordinary flow chart. Notice that, without the parallelism of data fkw, the number of execution steps is greater.

MAY 1985 • B Y T E 177

OVERVIEW

In the figure, processors are connected to their nearest neighbors in three dimensions, for a total of six connections. How much of a processor's time is devoted to relaying information? It has to be enormous, when you realize that the processor is not only receiving and transmitting but checking the address of the packet to see if it should be acted on rather than retransmitted. And which direction should the processor send the packet, if it should be sent? If the addresses are to a specific processor, then the direction can be computed. But if the address is to a process on some unknown processor, the direction must be random. It's conceivable that a packet can wander forever in a network, looking for its process.

Communications will of course be a large problem in large parallel processors. I believe bus technology will be ruled out: how is a single bus go

PROCESSOR

BUS

Figure 4: A bus-connected parallel processor.

ing to carry the load of a million processors when the communications must be sequential? There will be a lot of idle processors in a system like that. And what kind of circuit switcher will be able to handle the millions of processor connections at once? Moreover, if processors are really independent of processes, how will a packet-switched message quickly find its target process in a vast net of processors? 1 can imagine the packet playing hide-and-seek with its target process forever.

Data and Instruction Streams

classes of processors arranged according to "streams" follow a convention called Flynn's taxonomy, where a stream is a flow of either instructions or data. This taxonomy consists of SISD, SIMD. MISD, and MIMD. SISD stands for single-instruction, single

data stream computer, which is a von Neumann machine. SIMD stands for single-instruction, multiple-data stream, which is an array processor. MISD stands for multiple-instruction, single-data stream, which is a pipelined processor. MIMD stands for multiple-instruction, multiple-data stream, which is a parallel processor.

Some people prefer a convention called Shore's taxonomy because it subdivides the Flynn's array processor class.

Software

The real problem in parallel processing is not the hardware but the software. The problem in software, to my mind, will not be partitioning applications programs into independent modules but scheduling those modules onto available processors and providing communication between the modules. These tasks are part of the job of an operating system, which is responsible for managing the resources of the computer.

The software problem raises a sticky point in the whole philosophy of multiprocessing. From the beginning in multiprocessing, the driving motivation has been that if one processor can do a certain amount of work, then two can do twice as much, and so on. The situation is analogous to building a house. If you were to build a house by yourself in one year, then the job should take two people half a year and three people one-third of a year. And every so often you hear about a team of hundreds putting up a house in an afternoon. Multiplicity of effort is the idea behind some of civilization's great achievements. So, the reasoning goes, why not require computers and microprocessors to work in similar harmony?

Unfortunately, as the software shows, there's a problem with this idea. First of all. more doesn't always mean better, lust as too much medicine can harm you, so can too many processors actually slow down the processing of information. Communication between processors can become a bottleneck, as can all of the

(amtinueii

PROCESSOR

Figure 5: A section of a packet-switched parallel processor. Packts of instructions and data are passed from one processor to the next.

178 BYTE • MAY 1985

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Inquiry 188

OVERVIEW

Crossbar Circuit Switch

BY Howard W. Johnson

The interconnection problem, in one form or another, is a vital part of every parallel-processing design. It is not enough to postulate the existence of "n processors" and explain how they will divide up the work on some task. The actual interconnection scheme used must also be carefully laid out. The failure of most parallel-processing algorithms to scale well up to implementations involving more than a few processors is usually attributed to a glut of communications overhead. That is another way of saying that the interconnection scheme did not work as planned.

Spatial Solutions TO Interconnection

Historically, the "m by n Space Switch" was the first solution to the interconnection problem. This solution was used for decades, in many forms, in the telephone industry to interconnect callers. Because this method is closely related to the "crossbar switch." we will discuss them both. Neither is used in large data-switching installations because the complexity of such an implementation grows as the square of the number of devices interconnected. For instance, doubling the number of devices served would necessitate quadrupling the total hardware involved in the interconnection process, as we will see later.

The basic tenet of the m by m space switch method is that if you could run a separate wire from each source to every destination and then somehow switch on only the wires corresponding to the connection pattern desired at a given point in time, the problem would be solved.

Here are three equivalent forms of this basic idea:

1. There is a separate wire leading from each source to every sink. Each source continuously transmits all of its data onto all wires leading from that source. At each sink, there is a large switch to select only the wire leading to the desired source.

2. There is a separate wire leading

from each source to every sink. At each data source, place a large switch, which will send the output of that data source onto one and only one of the wires leading from that source. At every sink, tie together all of the wires leading to that sink in a wired-OR fashion. This solution is the opposite of the first solution.

3. Start with a regular square grid of n wires running horizontally and m wires running vertically (see figure B|. At each juncture, place a switch that can either be open or closed. Start out with all the switches open. Next, permanently connect the first source to the first horizontal wire, the second source to the second wire, and so forth, until all the sources have been connected. Then connect the sinks one at a time to vertical wires, starting with the first sink on the left-hand side and

working to the right. This arrangement has traditionally been called the n by n space switch. Closing the switch at the juncture of the first column and first row will connect source 1 to sink I.

All three methods accomplish virtually the same thing. One exception worth noting is that in methods 1 and 3 one source may be broadcast to several sinks, while in method 2 this is impossible unless the switch is designed to permit multiple simultaneous closures. I have seen many small computer installations that successfully use either method 1 or method 2 for interconnecting terminals to a limited variety of computers

In all methods, the number of switching junctures required is proportional to the number of sinks times the number of sources. Therefore, for large problems it is generally not acceptable.

SOURCE!

,3

,J J J J J J

SOURCES■

J

^ ,3 ,3 ,^ ,J

,3 J

SINK 1 SINK 2 SINK 3

Figure B: Part of an n by n space switch. This architecture can connect any pattern of input to outputs.

180 BYTE • MAY 1985

Inquiry 300

OVERVIEW

For instance, a 200 by 200 processor array would require, for full flexibility 40,000 individual switches, or 200 switch boxes with 200 switch settings each.

The network can be pared down somewhat to limit its complexity but at the expense of a loss in generality A direct method is to assess which sources might ever need to be connected to which sinks and wire only those data paths that might ever be used. The problem with this approach is that one never knows with certainty how a particular network will be used, so it is difficult to predict which connections to eliminate.

In the crossbar method, it is assumed that although there are n sources and n sinks, only t percentage of them will be active at any given moment. This is the same sort of traffic-limiting assumption used in local-area network design. The crossbar method uses a cascade of two space switches to achieve any interconnection pattern involving less than n * n total connections. The first space switch connects the M sources onto a total of m * t intermediate wires. The intermediate wires are then run into a second space switch, which can connect its « » ( inputs to any of the n sinks. As long as there is an intermediate wire available, the first section can switch a source on to it and the second section will forward that data on to the appropriate sink. The total interconnection hardware is proportional to the sum of the two sections. The first section has n inputs and n * t outputs, and the second has n • (inputs and n outputs, making a total of 2 * n * M * t switches. This may be compared to the n * n switches required for a one-stage design. If (is less than V2. then the crossbar design is preferable. In office telephone applications, (is on the order of H. so crossbar switches were used successfully for many years. Space switches may be used in small parallel processors, but as the number of processors increases, so must the complexity of the switching network, until it becomes impractical to build such a large space switch.

Other resource-allocating tasks of the operating system.

Hardware Problems

In large memory banks, the failure of a single bit in the memory can be detected easily. However, how easy will it be to detect a malfunctioning processor in a bank of a million parallel processors? This disadvantage of multiprocessing hasn't been fully addressed yet because computers of sufficient complexity haven't been built yet. The operating system of the parallel processing computer, if you can call many independent simultaneously operating programs a single operating system, will have to be able to tell if its neighbors are acting all right. This, of course, adds overhead that takes away from the applications program.

Controversies

How do you measure the increase in speed of the multiprocessor? A computer with 10 processsors may execute 10 times as many instructions as a computer with a single processor. But if 50 percent of those instructions are overhead—housekeeping and communications instructions—the real increase is less than 10 times.

There is also controversy over how to justify the design of multiprocessors. If, for instance, a new and faster design requires difficult and slower programming time, is the efficiency in execution outweighed by the higher cost in programming? Interested parties such as the military are willing to pay the cost of programming because the goal is worth the additional cost.

Conclusion

There's not much use for a millionprocessor computer in running the kind of programs we microcomputer users are most familiar with. After all, how many processors do you need to move a paragraph? But if the million processors edit the paragraph as well as move it, then what you have is not a faster way to do old things but a new way to do new things. And that is the promise of multiprocessing, if only we should live so long. ■

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Inquiry 371 MAY 1985 'BYTE 183

MULTIPROCESSING

EXTENDING MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURES

BY Gary D. Beals

Extended-processing units can significantly broaden a microprocessor's instruction set

BECAUSE MOST microprocessors are designed to meet the widest possible range of applications, they use a very general purpose set of instructions. Unfortunately, microprocessors are also limited by the size of the silicon wafer used to make them. Every instruction takes up "silicon real estate" on the chip and must be justified. Much time and effort goes into selecting the best possible instruction set that uses the least amount of silicon.

Additional instructions are expensive in terms of the space used to implement them because the cost of building the central processing unit (CPU) is directly linked to the size of the chip. The more CPU chips on a single silicon wafer, the cheaper CPUs will be to manufacture.

In order to avoid limiting the instruction set and still conserve silicon, many of the more advanced microprocessor designs incorporate custom instructions that the user can modify.

Most coprocessors were designed to extend the processor instruction set by using a separate chip, or extended-processing unit (EPU). The

CPU uses its custom instructions to pass information to and from the EPU as if it existed on the same chip. This means that if specialized instructions are not implemented on the CPU but are required in a design, an EPU can be built to execute those instructions. A good example is floating-point mathematics instructions, which are not required by all microprocessor designs but are critical for some. Floating-point instructions also tend to be very costly in terms of silicon space.

Intel, Motorola, National Semiconductor, and Zilog have implemented extended-processing architectures (EPAs) on their more advanced CPU chips. The devices used to extend the CPU are called coprocessors, slave processors, and sometimes numeric data processors. I will refer to them as EPUs.

I will focus on four different extended-processing architectures and discuss their similarities and differences.

Instruction Templates

All of the extended-processing architectures in this article use an instruc

tion "template" to implement custom instructions. This is usually a set of reserved op codes identified by the CPU as a particular bit pattern at a particular location. In the example in figure 1, an F-line code, or a word that begins with all Is in the most significant bits, is used to decode a template instruction.

The CPU recognizes four Is in bits 15 though 12 as an EPU instruction and allows the user to use the remaining bits for custom instructions. Of course, the extended-processing architecture for each manufacturer specifies how the rest of the bits should be structured, in some architectures, this includes specifying an ID code to identify which specific EPU should decode the template. This allows for multiple EPUs. In figure 1, the 3-bit ID field allows up to eight separate EPUs.

Once a template instruction has been detected by the CPU, it must be detected and decoded by the specif

{contimedt

Gary D. Beals is a senior field applications engineer at Zilog Inc. {Suite 23. 2885 Aurora Ave., Boulder, CO 80303).

Inquiry 286 for Dealers. Inquiry 287 for End-Users.

MAY 1985 'BYTE 185

MICRO ARCHITECTURES

ically identified EPU. The most popular method is to have the EPU directly connected to the address and data bus of the CPU and watch for the template itself. The EPU takes advantage of whatever status information and timing signals the CPU has to offer to allow the EPU to detect the template op code at the proper time. This tightly coupled system requires little or no extra decoding logic. The EPU performs all the decoding.

Another method produces a particular status code when a template instruction is executed and uses external hardware to decode a separate EPU address space. This requires additional hardware but does not require the EPU to do the decoding. Either way, the template instruction is decoded as an EPU instruction and the information is passed to or from the EPU.

The actual information transfer differs from one architecture to another, but it generally takes one of two. forms. In the first, the CPU provides all the addressing and the EPU takes the data and manipulates it in an appropriate manner. In the second, the EPU gets an address from the CPU, then takes control of the CPU bus and directly accesses memory

All of the architectures support the first method, some better than others. The second method, direct memory

access (DMA), is supported by the CPU itself and is not generally included in an extended-processing architecture. DMA transfers can be useful for some applications but cause the CPU to lose control of the bus. This is contrary to the architectureextension idea and can cause some problems.

In short, all of the CPUs mentioned here support DMA transfers, although DMA transfers may not be part of a particular CPU extended-processing architecture.

Software Emulation

Another requirement for an extended-processing architecture is the

ability to emulate the EPU in software if the hardware chip is not present in the CPU.

The EPU trap is a bit in a CPU control register that is set if the EPU chip hardware is in the system or reset if it is not. Any time the CPU uses an extended instruction when the bit is reset, a software trap is activated. This means that the CPU will jump to a specific address where software routines are located that will emulate the EPU instructions.

The hardware and software are interchangeable, so they can be used to debug each other in the initial design or replace each other in the final system, depending on the requirements.

If there is no provision for a software trap, the designer must know before code is compiled or assembled if an EPU is not in the system. A jump instruction replaces each EPU instruction, and the software routines are placed at the end of the jump. If this is not done, the EPU instructions become NOPs, or no-operations, and do not execute.

Concurrent Operation

There are a couple of buzzwords

associated with EPUs. They are nonconcurrent, or synchronous, mode, and concurrent, or asynchronous, mode of operation in an EPU.

Nonconcurrent mode means that the CPU will always wait for the EPU before it begins another instruction. This could also be called serial execution. Concurrent mode, or parallel execution, means that the CPU and EPU can be processing simultaneously. This has an obvious performance advantage over nonconcurrent mode. However if the CPU modifies memory before the EPU has a chance to read it, or if the EPU modifies memory without informing the CPU, synchronization problems can occur If the CPU is always in control of the bus, this does not happen. However, if the EPU requires DMA in order to modify memory, provisions must be made to synchronize the EPU and CPU or pre

b15 bO

1111 ID _________

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

F-line ■ , .

Figure 1: A sample template for an EPU instruction. The CPU will recognize the pattern of four Is in the high bits as an indicator of an EPU instruction [called an "F-line" since a binary 111 I equals F in base 16). The ID field can be used to select among eight EPUs, and the remaining bits are available to the EPU designer for custom instructions.

b15 bO

1

1

0

1

1

escape code

MOD

R/M

Figure 2: The format of an Intel 8086/8088 EPU instruction.

186 BYTE • MAY 1985

MICRO ARCHITECTURES

l^ble 1:

An example of synchronization using 8087 instructions.

,, Unsynchronized

Synchronized

case 1

FISP 1

FISTP 1

MOV AX,I

FWAIT

MOV AX,I

case 2

FILD 1

FiLD 1

MOV 1.5

FW/AIT

MOV 1,5

vent one or the other from using invalid data. Forcing temporary nonconcurrent operation in software is one way of solving the problem.

As mentioned, by not allowing DMA in concurrent mode, synchronization problems are avoided. Another requirement for concurrent mode is a method of determining if the EPU has finished execution. This is done with either a hardware EPU BUSY line or a software register. If a register is used, some precautions in software must be followed to prevent problems.

The following sections give more detailed information on each manufacturer's extended-processing architecture. They are listed in the order in which they were first implemented on a chip.

Intel 8086 Coprocessor

Interface

The Intel 8086 Coprocessor Interface is implemented in the 8086/8088 and 80186/80188 microprocessors, although there are slight hardware differences between the implementations. The two coprocessors designed for this interface are the 8087 numeric data coprocessor and the 8089 1/0 processor The 80286 has its own coprocessor interface and a numeric data coprocessor the 80287, designed for it.

In the Intel system, the EPU is tied directly to the address/data bus, the CPU status lines, and the queue status lines. It uses the same clock as the CPU and also sends busy and interrupt signals to the CPU. Because the 8086 has an internal instruction queue, the EPU must use the CPU and queue status lines to track this queue internally in order to decode an EPU instruction.

The 8086 has two prioritized lines, rq/gtO and rq/gtl, called request/grant lines. These allow two EPUs to request the CPU address/data bus. (The number is not limited to two, but additional hardware is needed to resolve EPU priority.) The 8087 and 8089 have a daisy-chain priority scheme that allows them to pass bus control to an EPU tied to their request/grant (rq/gtl) line.

Tb execute an EPU instruction, the architecture uses an escape code, 11011, in the most significant bits of the instruction. The format for the instruction is shown in figure 2. There are 64 memory-reference op codes and 512 nonmemory-reference op codes available. The 8087 uses 57 of the memory-reference and 406 of the nonmemory-reference op codes. If there is a requirement for both a custom EPU and an 8087, the designer should not use any of the 8087 op codes for the custom device.

The escape code identifies the escape (ESC) instruction, and the MOD and R/M bits determine the addressing mode used by the 8086. The rest of the bits are available for EPU instructions.

If the EPU only needs to read memory values of 16 bits or less, the host CPU performs all of the necessary addressing. The EPU simply latches the data value as it appears on the bus during the CPU-generated memory read cycle.

To write to memory or read values of data greater than 16 bits, the EPU must latch the 20-bit address placed on the address/data bus during the TI clock cycle. It then becomes bus master through the request/grant line and operates as a DMA device, accessing the memory on its own.

Because the CPU and EPU can operate concurrently, when the EPU uses direct memory access there is a synchronization problem, in other words, the EPU can modify memory without informing the CPU. This means that, with some instructions, the CPU must wait to be sure that the EPU is finished and that the final value has been transferred to or from

memory

The reverse is also true if the CPU is loading a value into the EPU that is larger than 16 bits. The CPU could modify memory before the EPU had a chance to read it. To prevent this, the WAIT instruction is used. WAIT causes the CPU to monitor the EPU Busy line and will not allow the CPU to continue until the EPU is finished processing and accessing memory

Intel's numeric data processor application note (reference 1) gives several examples of how to avoid synchronization problems. Synchronization can be done explicitly by the programmer, or the compiler can be written to add necessary code automatically In the latter case, WAIT instructions are automatically inserted after every ESC instruction.

T&ble I is an example of synchronization using 8087 instructions. In the unsynchronized case 1, the CPU might move the value of 1 before the EPU could modify it. The FWAIT instruction forces the CPU to wait until the EPU is done with the value I. In case 2, the CPU could replace the value of I with 5 before the EPU eould read the original value.

One more problem in the 8086 associated with synchronization is known as deadlock. This occurs when the CPU is executing a WAIT instruction and the interrupt path from the CPU to the 8087 is broken. If the 8087 needs to interrupt the CPU for the current instruction, it cannot, and both the CPU and the 8087 sit and wait for each other Intel's application note on the numeric data processor details ways to avoid deadlock.

There are some special control in

{conUnuedi

MAY 1985 -BYTE 187

MICRO ARCHITECTURES

The CPU performs all transfers to and from the EPU.

structions in the 8087 that do not require synchronization. The 8087 takes exclusive control of the memory bus and prevents the host CPU from interfering with the data values. These instructions do not require a WAIT instruction and cannot cause a deadlock.

The Intel implementation of concurrent processing has some drawbacks, but they can generally be taken care of by the compiler or assembler. The user can either implement concurrency for improved performance or remove it by adding a WAIT after every EPU Instruction. Concurrency's major advantage is its inherent performance improvement when both the CPU and the EPU operate in parallel.

If there is no EPU in the system, the host will execute an ESC instruction as if it were an NOP. Although an address Is output, the data returned is Ignored. This ensures that the CPU will continue to execute the program if the EPU is not there. It also means that the EPU instructions will be ignored.

Because there Is no trap mechanism in the EPU architecture for the 8086/ 8088 and 80186/80188, a decision must be made at compile or assembly time whether to use a hardware EPU or to emulate the function in software. Emulation software for the 8087 is available from Intel. The 80286 does implement an EPU software trap.

ZiLOG Extended-Processing Architecture

The Zilog extended-processing architecture is supported on the Z8000, the Z800, and the Z80000 CPUs. Zilog has implemented an extended-processing architecture with templates for the custom instructions and a software trap available in case the EPU hardware is riot in the system. The first

Zilog EPU Is the Z8070 arithmetic processing unit (APU).

The Zilog architecture does not consider memory management an EPU function. The Z8000 implemented memory management is In a separate privileged I/O space, and the Z800 and Z80000 have memory management on chip. Some of the memorymanagement provisions and exception handling of other architectures are therefore not required.

The general instruction template format Is Illustrated in figure 3. The first word of the Instruction contains a code that identifies It as an EPU instruction and mode information about the data-transfer direction. It also has a 2-blt field defining which of four EPUs will decode the instruction. The blank areas In the template are available for custom EPU instructions. The n-1 value means that up to \6n words or bytes of data will be transferred. The transfers can take advantage of the 32-bit bus of the Z80000 by transferring two 16-bit words at a time.

Templates include EPU to memory, memory to EPU, EPU to CPU, CPU to EPU, FCW (flag and control word) to EPU, FCW from EPU, and EPU internal operation.

The templates include all of the transfers shown above. This allows the designer to implement memory transfers, EPU to CPU communications, flag test and branch instructions, and internal EPU calculations. Figure 4 shows some sample Z8070 APU instructions. Note that they follow the templates exactly and that only the blank area of the template is used specifically for the custom instruction.

The EPU operates by sitting on the address/data bus and watching the instruction stream. When it sees a bit pattern that It recognizes as an EPU instruction, it will decode it and act accordingly The EPU uses the CPU status lines in order to determine when to look for its instruction templates.

To allow concurrent operation, the EPU does not do any addressing or data passing on its own. The CPU is in control of the bus and provides all

of the address Information to the memory and EPU. This means that within this extended-processing architecture, the EPU cannot operate on its own. It also means that the CPU can respond to Interrupts and bus requests and continue to execute other instructions while the EPU is operating on the data. As long as the CPU does not request data from the EPU before It Is ready the CPU continues to operate normally

if the CPU tries to use an EPU that is busy In most cases the EPU will respond by temporarily halting the CPU until it finishes its current tasks. This is taken care of by a line coming from the EPU called EPUBUSY. On the Z8000, the CPU STOP pin is connected to EPUBUSY, and the processor can continue only when the EPU comes free or a CPU reset occurs. The Z800 has a PAUSE pin that should be connected to EPUBUSY A PAUSEd Z800 can continue to respond to refresh requests, bus requests, and CPU resets.

The Z80000 CPU samples the EPUBUSY line and although It cannot execute instructions, it can accept bus requests and interrupts. If an interrupt or bus request occurs, the CPU saves the address of the extended instruction. The Z80000 also has an EPU Overlap Mode Bit, which can be set or reset by software to enable or disable concurrent operation. This is useful for debugging.

Because the CPU performs all transfers to and from the EPU, all transactions are done at the maximum CPU memory bus speeds. The EPU can also take advantage of any special transfer modes in the CPU, such as "burst mode." Burst mode means that if a single burst memory location is addressed, several data transfers can be made from consecutive addresses. For example the CPU could send one address to the memory and the memory would transfer back several consecutive words of data, as opposed to one word of data, for each address. This requinss added intelligence in the memory and is taken advantage of by the Z80000 and Z800.

(contmued)

188 BYTE" MAY 1985

1* 2 Megabytes

THE LARGEST CAPACITY DISK EMULATOR YOU HAVE EVER SEEN.

You know about disk emulators. They're fast semiconductor disk drives. Very fast. But until now, the most disk storage you could get on a single board was 1Mbyte. (That was from us, too.) Now we have news that'll really blow your socks off... 2 Megabytes on a single board. Available NOW. That's not a pie-in-the-sky promise.

That's enough storage for dozens of large programs and hundreds of kilobytes of data files. Enough for almost anything you want to do with a disk drive. But that's not all. With SemiSpool, our CP/M print spooler, you can implement a print buffer hundreds of kilobytes long in seconds. All in software. At no extra cost.

Another thing about disk emulators. Unless they're from SemiDisk Systems, they're probably afraid of the dark: Lose power or turn the computer off, and your valuable data goes to that big backup disk in the sky. But our Battery Backup Units keep SemiDisk data flying high while your computer is off, and up to 10 hours during a complete blackout.

So remember this: SemiDisk Systems has been building dedicated microcomputer disk emulators longer than anyone. And larger. And faster. And at a much lower cost. And that's not a lot of hot air.

AT A PRICE YOU NEVER THOUGHT YOU'D SEE

512K

1Mbyte

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SemiDisk I, S-lOO

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SemiDisk U,S-100

»1295

12095

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IBM PC, XT, AT

1945

11795

$2499

QX-10,QX-16

1799

12499

TRS-8011,12,16

»995

11795

»2499

Battery Backup Unit

»150

SemiDisk Systems, Inc.

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503-642-3100

Umaw i ti;i[(ji'

Call 503-646-5510 for CBBS/NW, 505-775.4838 for CBBS/PCS, and 503 649-8327 for CBBS/Aloha, all SemiDisk-equipped computer bulletin hoard.s (300/1200 baud). SemlDI.sk, SemiSpool trademarks of SemiDl.sk Sy.stems. CP/M trademark of Dlffltal Research.

Inquiry 355

MAY 1985 -BYTE 189

MICRO ARCHITECTURES

b15 bO

mode

1 1

0

0

1

1

1

type dependent

mode

\ 1

ID

1 \

blank

1 ^ 1 ^

blank

\—H 1 1

n-1

1 1 1 1

one or two words of addr 1 1 1 1

1 1

3SS

1 1

1 I- 1

1 1 1

Figure 3: The format of a Zilog EPU instruction. ID selects among four EPUs, «-I specifies mmber of words or lytes boded, and *** contains source or destination information.

b15 bO

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

R

s

1

1

- ■ 1— ID

\

n

-1

b15 bO

0

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

ID

n

-1

16-bit

addre

ss

1 1

(b)

b15 , bO

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

R

■

s

1

1

1

ID

\

1

0

0

0

0

Fs

0

0

0

0

n

-1

1

b15

bO

ID

16-bit address

Fs

n-1

-jh^^^^^j- -. - .

Figure 4: (a) A Zilog EPU-to-memory transfer instruction template for indirect register (IR) addressing mode (above) and direct addressing (DA) mode [below). Rs is the CPU register used in the IR addressing mode, (b) Actual Z8070 instructions using the templates in [a). This is a floating-point number load (FLD) instruction. Fs is the EPU register loaded; n-\ indicates the floatingpoint number's precision—single, double, i^gi^mMe'e}dended.

The Z8070 APU will have some speed advantages of its own. It will have two simultaneous clock speeds, one for its bus interface and one for its internal operation. This means that the APU will operate internally at its maximunn speed while transferring data at a speed that the CPU and

memory can handle. It also will allow the CPU to load data while the APU is executing instructions. This feature is very handy for matrix calculations and speeds up the total execution time.

The Z8070 also will have four separate interfaces, which are select

able by two input lines. These include the Z8000, Z80000, and Z800 as well as a universal interface. The universal interface makes the Z8070 look like a peripheral on the CPU bus. The Z8070 is not yet available, although it should be out in 1985.

[contiHuedi

190 BYTE • MAY 1985

Princeton Graphic Systems and Sigma Designs team up to give you a brighter, sharper display.

SR-12 and Color 400. A brilliant combination for super-high resolution graphics and a crisp character display. For a brighter, sharper display with all your IBM PCcompatible software here's a team that can't be beat. The SR-12 superhigh resolution RGB monitor from Princeton Graphic Systems and Color 400, the advanced color graphics adapter card from Sigma Designs.

Snap in Color 400. Begin by snapping Color 400 in to your IBM PC, XT, or AT. No switches to set. No cables to confuse. Color 400 gives you a razor sharp 640 X 400 display. It

automatically doubles the

number of lines on standard 200 line software. Watch your graphics come to life. Enjoy fully formed, monochrome-quality characters in text mode. Just turn on your PC and tune in a whole new world of vibrant color.

Turn on SR-12 for the impressive results. The SR-12 displays your Color 400 image with unmatched clarity and brilliant color. Because the SR-12 combines a .31 mm dot pitch tube and a nonglare screen with an incredible 640 X 400 noninterlaced resolution, you get a flickerless image that's as crisp and clean as a personal computer can produce.

See how impressive this state-of-the art image can be on your own PC system. Visit your local retailer today and ask about this new color graphics team. Princeton Graphic System's SR-12 and Sigma Designs' Color 400. An unmatched, brilliant combination.

SR-12

Color 400

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SIGMA DESIGNS, INC., 2023 OToole Avenue, San Jose, OA 95131 (408) 943-94S0 Telex: 171240

PRINCETON

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SYSTEMS

AN INTELL1C3ENT SYSTEMS CO^

Princeton Graphic Systems, 601 Ewing Street, BIdg. A, Princeton, N.J. 08540 (609) 683-1660, Telex: 821402 PGS PRIN, (800) 221-1490 Ext. 204

Graphic Screens courtesy Mouse Syslems, Inc. and Forthriglil Systems, inc. IBM PC, PC XT, and PC AT are registered trademarl<s of international Business Mactiines, Inc.

Inquiry 324

MAY 1985 -BYTE 191

MICRO ARCHITECTURES

The Z8000, Z800. and Z80000 all have this extended-processing architecture implemented in their instruction sets. Except as noted on the Z80000, they are very similar. Although the Z8070 APU for floatingpoint math will be the first EPU from Zilog, almost any custom chip can be designed to work with the EPU architecture.

In addition, the EPU interface can be used for non-EPU applications.

The interface can be used to provide a separate workspace outside of memory or I/O space and implement multiple stacks, slave buffers, or a high-speed block-transfer mechanism. (See reference 14.)

National Semiconductor s Slave Processor Interface

National Semiconductor has implemented an extended-processing architecture for the Series 32000 micro

processor family It is designed to support floating-point operations, memory management, and custom processors, in addition, it will allow compatibility with a later version device, which will integrate some or all of the functions on one chip when the technology is feasible.

National refers to its EPU as a "slave" processor because the host CPU performs all addressing and data trans

[continued)

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Inquiry 65

RamTape-PC.

Because backups should do more than just take,iake,take.

NORTH ATLANTIC / QANTEX PRESENTS

RAMTAPE PC - FEATURES

1. FILE OR IMAGE BACKUP

2. FAST ACCESS RAH DISK

3. 32 DISKETTES ON TAPE

The trouble with conventional hard disk backups is that backing up is all they do. They take and store Information-and can take a lot of time and effort doing it-but they don't help you use that Information.

RamTape-PC is a complete data storage peripheral that does more than just take data from your PC; it gives you new and advanced capabilities.

It gives you: Electronic disk-a RamTape-PC exclusive. Load data into its 360 Kbyte RAM, without reducing user's memory. Breeze through file editing and spread sheets. With an access

time measured in nano-seconds, the electronic disk speeds every function.

It gives you: A floppy library capabillty-another RamTape exclusive. Store the contents of 32 double-sided floppies on one cartridge: It's more manageable, less expensive. And you access files up to 50 times faster.

It gives you: A choice of hard disk backup, either file or image oriented, A complete IGMBfile by file backup requires less than 15 minutes, with no user intervention. Image backup Is even faster. The file mode of backup allows great flexibility providing for backup and restoration of specific files

which meet selected criteria.

Even with its exclusive features, RamTape-PC costs no more than ordinary backups. So why settle for a system that only takes, when the RamTape-PC gives, gives, gives?

For details contact Qantex, 60 Plant Ave., Hauppouge, NY 11788. Call toll-free 800-645-5292; in NY State 516-582-6060.

^ north ntlnntic

Qantex

Inquiry 332

MAY 1983 • e V T E 193

MICRO ARCHITECTURES

b23 b8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

operations word

b7

bO

1 1 format 1 1

1

0

1

t

1

0

Figure 5: The format of a National Semiconductor Series 32000 microprocessor EPU instruction.

Table 2: The National EPA protocol.

Step

Status

Action

1

1111

CPU sends ID byte

2

1101

CPU sends operation word

3

1101

CPU sends required operands

4

EPU starts execution; CPU

prefetclnes

5

EPU pulses AT/SPC low

6

1110

CPU reads status word

7

. 1101

GPU reads results, if any

fers. The EPU sits on the address/data bus and watches for the ID byte that identifies an EPU instruction, the operand word format, and (in case of a muIti-EPU system) which EPU will manipulate the data. The host CPU routes the data to the specified EPU, and the EPU then performs whatever action the instruction specified. Each instruction consists of 24 bits—the ID byte and an operation word that specifies size and number of operands, addressing modes, and the type of operation (see figure 5).

The 32032 CPU contains 3 bits in its configuration (CFG) register that correspond to custom (C), memory-management (M), and floating-point (F) FPUs. The bits are set on initialization of the CPU, using the SETCFG command. If EPU hardware is in the system, the appropriate bit should be set and the EPU instructions will execute. If the bit is reset, an EPU instruction will trap to a software routine.

In order to maintain software compatibility with a future device, which could integrate memory-management and floating-point math functions on a single chip. National has specified both floating-point and memory-management operation codes in its in

struction set. These instructions each have separate ID byte codes.

National also specifies a set of custom EPU instructions, including those to calculate, move, compare, convert, and load and store status registers. Three privileged instructions can be executed only in supervisor mode: test, and custom register load and store. The designer can specify the op codes and data types for these instructions in the operand word. Operand transfers can use any of the addressing modes.

The actual EPA protocol uses the host CPU status lines and a line called slave processor control (AT/SPC). Four status codes are used for the protocol:

Send ID 1111 Xfer operand 1101 Read status 1110 ' Waiting for EPU GO 1 1

The AT/SPC line is bidirectional and pulsed low for transactions.

The EPA protocol shown in table 2 is documented in reference 8. In step I, the CPU starts to execute an EPU instruction and outputs the ID byte on the address/data bus and status 1111 on the status lines. The EPUs decode

the ID, and only the appropriate EPU continues to talk to the CPU. In step 2, the CPU outputs the operand word, with 1101 on the status lines.

At this point, both the CPU and the EPU have decoded the operand word, and the CPU transfers as many operands as were specified, with 1101 on the status lines. Once all the operands are transferred, the EPU begins execution, signaling this by pulsing the AT/SPC line.

The CPU can continue to fetch instructions into the 8-byte prefetch until it is filled. At that point, the CPU waits for the EPU to finish and places 0011 (waiting for EPU) on the status lines. The CPU and EPU do not execute concurrently

When the EPU is finished or wants to communicate with the CPU, it will pulse the AT/SPC line and the CPU will read a status word in the EPU by placing 1110 on the status lines. The status word contains a number of flags set depending on the results of the FPU's operations, including a Q flag that indicates an error detected by the EPU.

In the last step of the protocol, the CPU transfers any results from the EPU to their destinations and places 1101 on the status lines. There are two exceptions to this protocol: the loadmemory-management-register (LMR) and the load-custom-register (LCR) instructions. These are direct transfer instructions and do not require any acknowledgment or status information from the EPU.

Motorola Coprocessor Interface

The Motorola Coprocessor Interface is implemented in the recently re

(contiHHed)

194 BYTE* MAY 1985

NOW THAT THE PC FAD IS OVER, IT'S TIME TO GET DOWN TO BUSINESS.

Like hordes of locusts, the PC swept the business community. Corporations bought them like electronic calculators by the thousands to improve

the productivity of their executives. Portables were carried home from the office every evening and on trips. Computerization was even affordable to the small business for the first time. Programmers put their unique genius to work to develop some of the best software ever written. Productivity tools like word processing, electronic spread sheets, data base management and accounting was placed into the hands of new computer users. Productivity improved for everyone. From the CEO ... to his staff... to the salesman . . . to his secretary. Forecasts for continued PC growth were nothing but highly optimistic. One at every desk. One in every home. What happened?

"Networking won't solve the multiuser problem either economically or functionally!'

Like the first crust of any

marketplace it saturated quickly. Those that are the first to buy almost anything new and promising, bought. There are no more computer hackers and hobbyists to sell to. They aU have one. Applications for the home that made any sense didn't develop. Corporations found that they needed PCs to "talk" to each other. That solution is distant because networking won't solve the problem either economically or functionally. Most available networking does nothing more than messenger floppies around. The small business found that as soon as its first PC was operational and productive, a second one was needed to satisfy demand usage. The PC, with all its promises, turned out to be a dead end for the business environment. The PC and clones just haven't been the godsend for business that was predicted. Why?

The PC is a personal computer. Just that. Not a business computer. That's because PCs are single user computers with single user software. Good for one person but not good enough for a whole company. Even if the company is two people.

Every computerized business has someone entermg information while someone else is looking up information.

That's two users. And every business has more than two users who need access to the computer. That's a multiuser computer environment.

"The small business needs a second PC as soon as thefirst one is working'.'

It's now hard to justify PCs in a business environment. A multiuser computer capable of supporting up to five users is available for the price of a single IBM PC XT. It has more storage and a business oriented operating system. Supermicros are available that have the power of minicomputers without the accompanying price tag. Ten unconnected PCs, sitting around worth about $50,000, doesn't make sense when for much less you can get a lot more computing power in a supermicro that accommodates 20 or more users. But don't let even that price tag scare you. On a per user basis, multiuser computers cost about $1500 less than a PC. New users can be added for less than $600 with a dumb terminal. And they're upgradable.

"A six port multiuser computer is now available for the price of a single IBM PC XT. . . microcomputer systems cost $1500 less

r than multiple PCs!'

Multiuser computers communicate with each other. They share the same data base, software and peripherals. They have sophisticated business features such as record locking, user accounting privOege levels and system security. They are business oriented and priced well within the reach of the first time computer user.

But what about all the PCs already in place? Don't ask the PC manufacturer for a solution. They're concentrating on selling more single user systems. The real solution is to get started with a true multiuser computer in the first place. With multiuser business computers now in the same price range as a PC, it doesn't cost any more to make the tirst step the right step.

The PC has seeded the next wave. It's here now. Supermicro multiuser computers that can support up to 32

users. If you don't believe it just look at the new product introductions from IBM, DEC and AT&T, let alone the smaUer companies Uke Altos, Plexus and IBC. Big system features for every end user. Software for every conceivable speciaUzed business apphcation. That's not the end of it. New challenges are there for everyone. Opportunities abound. Software companies are already applying their talents to multiuser operating systems, disk conversion and even more powerful and productive software. Companies are shifting their emphasis to provide multiuser system enhancements as they did for the PC. Value added resellers and specialist dealers will give the end user the support that's been terribly lacking from department store retailers. It's a great day for someone who needs a multiuser computen And everyone does.

"Multiuser computers share everything . . . they have business features such as record locking, user accounting, privilege levels and system security!'

Thanks PC! You've whetted the appetite of a large new business environment for computerization. One that is bigger, more demanding, and more sophisticated than we've ever seen before. There's no turning back now. You were a fad, but now it's time to get down to business ... multiuser business.

Randy L. Rogers President and CEO IBC/Integrated Business Computers Manufacturer of Multiuser Computers Chatsworth, Califorma.

Inquiry 194 for Dealers. Inquiry 195 for End-Users.

MAY 1985 - BYTE 195

MICRO ARCHITECTURES

b15 bO

1

1

1

1

1 1 ID

1 1 type

1 1 1 1 1

type dependent 1 I I 1 1

F-line

Figure 6: The format of a Motorola EPU instruction for the 68020 microprocessor. "Tljpe" and "type dependent" are defined for each specific instruction.

lab\e 3: TAe 11

registers in the Motorola EPU architecture register space.

Register

Description

Response

16-bit, used by the EPU to request action

Control

16-bit, used to acknowledge or abort an EPU Instruction

Save

16-bit, used to initiate save operation

Restore

16-bit, used to Initiate restore operation

Operation

16-blt, saves EPU operation word

Command

16-bit, used for general instructions

Condition

16-bit, used for brancii and conditional Instructions

Operand

32-bit, passes data operands

Register

optional, used for register primitives

Instruction

optional, instruction address

Operand Address

optional, operand address

leased 68020 32-bit microprocessor, it is not implemented in the 68010, 68012, 68000, or 68008, but a software trap is available in those processors to allow software emulation of the coprocessor instructions.

In the Motorola system, the EPU is a peripheral on the bus but operates in the CPU address space. An EPU instruction will automatically access this address space by producing the status code 111 on the processor status lines. Decoding logic is required to recognize the status 111 and differentiate among up to eight EPUs. T\wo of the eight EPU identity codes are reserved for user-definition: one specifies the 68851 Paged MemoryManagement Unit, and one is for the 68881 Floating Point Coprocessor The remaining four are reserved by Motorola. The EPU must also decode address lines A4 through AO to specify the register set.

Externally, the 32 bits of address are as follows:

A31-A20 XXX Don't care A19-A16 0010 EPU operation A15-A13 ID EPU identity

A12-A5 0..0 Operation as an EPU

A4-A0 R EPU register

In addition to the status lines indicating a CPU space access, address

bits A19-A16 define an EPU operation. Bits Al 5-Al 3 define which EPU. and A4 through AO tell which register (specified in the EPU architecture). The first 16 bits of each instruction are shown in figure 6.

The CPU recognizes an EPU instruction in the microcode and will go to supervisor or privileged, mode. The 68020 will then produce the status code 111 and expect to receive a data transfer and size acknowledge signal (DSACKx) if there is an EPU resident in the system. If no acknowledgment is received, a bus error occurs. The CPU then generates a software trap and jumps to a specific address where the EPU function can be emulated in software. This trap is completely automatic and does not require any system-initialization software.

The EPU instruction set is defined by the "type" code in the EPU instruction. This 3-bit code defines eight dif

ferent instruction formats, including the following;

• general instructions that are used

for passing EPU specific commands in a template format

• conditional and branch instructions, including word and long word branches, set conditional and decrementand-branch conditional, and trap conditional instructions

• save and restore instructions to save and restore the internal state frame of the EPU, a variable size block of status, or other information in the EPU on demand (see reference 9 for further information)

The EPU architecture specifies II

registers in the register space, 8 of which are required by the EPU instructions. TSble 3 lists the 11 registers.

There are also 18 EPU primitives, or responses and commands, passed from the EPU to the CPU. These include exception handling, synchronization, instruction stream manipulation, and operand and register transfer These primitives use the response register to talk to the CPU.

The transfer of operands to and from memory and between the CPU and EPU is made using the operand register. CPU and EPU transfers simply read and write to the operand register Memory and EPU transfers require that the operand pass through a temporary register in the CPU and use the CPU to EPU transfer If the EPU has DMA capability it can transfer data directly to and from memory after first taking control of the memory bus.

In addition, the instruction stream manipulation primitive allows a kind of block move; up to 256 bytes can be transferred to and from memory

{mntinueii

196 BYTE* MAY 1985

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11

I 111' in I

MICRO ARCHITECTURES

with a single instruction.

The architecture is designed to support nonconcurrent operation and does not address the synchronization problems of a concurrent system. However, some concurrent extensions are provided. For example, although there is no hardware "busy" line from the EPU, the CPU can monitor the response register to determine if the EPU has finished executing. Of course, this requires some provisions in software for full implementation.

The architecture also covers exception handling of protocol violations, illegal instructions, bus errors, reset, and trace instruction execution on the main processor. These are generally handled by using the DSACKx signals and the trap mechanism of the 68020.

Conclusion

It is only fair to note that the architecture that has the most problems was also the .first implementation. The Intel 8086/8088 architecture is the most primitive and the least general purpose. It does support some concurrent operation, but not easily However, some of the problems have been addressed on the 80286, including a software-trap provision.

The Ziiog architecture is general purpose enough for custom applications but also tightly coupled to allow high performance. Placing the EPU on the address/data bus with its own decoding capability allows a very transparent operation, with a minimum of external hardware. This does

require that any custom EPUs have some intelligence. In addition, it is the only architecture that supports true concurrent processing transparently.

The National implementation was designed to allow later integration of its EPUs on the same chip with the CPU without requiring software modification. It specifies three separate sets of EPU instructions, including floating-point, memory-management, and custom. The design, which is also tightly coupled with the CPU bus, requires fairly intelligent EPUs. The architecture does not support concurrent operation.

Motorola has the most elaborate set of instructions, including compare and branch instructions and a generalpurpose instruction. It is probably also the most general purpose of the four architectures, because it uses a separate address space and does not place many requirements on the EPU. It is not as tightly coupled with the CPU and lacks hardware definitions. Introduced on the 68020, it is not implemented on any other CPU, although Motorola notes that it can be emulated in software. It does not directly support concurrent operation.

Extended-processing architectures, in their various forms, serve to extend a general-purpose processor instruction set for specialized applications. Many newer EPAs offer both transparency and concurrency; strong trends toward these features can be expected in future development. ■

REFERENCES

1. Mel Microsystem Components Handbook, Vol.

1. Santa Clara, CA; Intel Corporation, 1984.

2. Intel iAPX 86/88. 186/188 Users Manual programmer's reference. Santa Clara, CA; Intel Corporation, 1983.

3. Zilog 1983/84 Components Data Book. Campbell, CA: Zilog Inc., 1983.

4. Zilog Z8000 CPU Tecfmical Uanml Campbell, CA: Zilog Inc., January 1983.

5. Zilog Z80,000 CPU Preiiminflri^ Technical Manual. Campbell, CA: Zilog Inc., September 1984.

6. Zilog Z8070 Z8000 Floating-Point Emulation Package, user's manual. Campbell, CA; Zilog Inc., March 1983.

7. NSI6000 Databook. Santa Clara, CA: National Semiconductor Corporation, 1983.

8. NS32032-6. NS32032-10 High-Performance Microprocessors, preliminary product specification. Santa Clara, CA: National Semiconductor Corporation, February 1984.

9. Motorola MC68020 32-bit Microprocessor User's Manual. Englewood Cliffs. NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1984.

10. Groepler, Paul E, and lames Kennedy. "The MC68020 32-bit Microprocessor." BYTE, November 1984, page 159.

11. Simington, R. B. "The Intel 8087 Numerics Processor Extension." BYTE. April 1983, page 154.

12. MacGregor, Doug, Dave Mothersole, and Bill Moyer. "The Motorola MC68020." IEEE Micro. Volume 4, No. 4, August 1984, page 101.

13. Huntsman, Clayton, and Duane Cawthron. "The MC68881 Floating-Point Coprocessor." IEEE Micro. Volume 3, No. 6, December 1983, page 44.

14. McMahon, Steve. "Extended Processing Units Expand Microprocessor Computing Power." EDN. Volume 24, issue 24, November 29, 1984, page 139

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200 BYTE • MAY 1985

Inquiry 418

MULTIPROCESSING

APPLYING DATA FLOW IN THE REAL WORLD

BY William Gerhard Paseman

This model for parallel processing is finding its way into commercial applications

VON NEUMANN MACHINES support

a paradigm, a way of thought, that has been used successfully for 3 5 years. (See the text box entitled "The Von Neumann Paradigm" on page 214.) In a world in which thousands of PCs are sold in a month, the von Neumann computational model is not going to be replaced by an alternate model any time soon. However, valid reasons exist for using architectures based on alternatives to the von Neumann model of computation.

One reason is that many algorithms perform better and more inexpensively on other architectures than on von Neumann machines. It is not simply raw horsepower that produces this performance increase; it is horsepower that is tailored to the operations that the algorithm uses. Algorithms that can be expressed easily and coherently using the set of operations that the architecture provides usually perform better than those that cannot.

When algorithms and architectures mesh well together, we say that the architecture supports the algorithm. When an architecture makes imple

mentation of the algorithm feasible,

but not convenient, we say that the architecture weakly supports the algorithm. The better the mesh between the two, the better the price/performance ratio of the combination will be.

The von Neumann paradigm supports many algorithms well and weakly supports others. In this article, we will briefly review the relationship between several non-von Neumann paradigms then examine one non-von Neumann paradigm, data flow, in detail. Finally, we will look at some commercial architectures that support this model.

Why We Should Care

About Parallelism

There are many ways to decrease the time an algorithm takes to complete on a given processor, if the processor is a general-purpose computer, one good way is to put the part of the algorithm, that takes the most time into hardware. This is called functional specialization. An example of this is the Z80 IX,IY register instruction set. The instructions in this group were added

to support procedure parameter passing.

Another method of speeding things up is to break the algorithm into parts and devote a separate processor to each part. This type of parallelism is called functional decomposition. It works well only if the processors have the work divided evenly among them. If the work is not divided evenly one processor will become a bottleneck.

Finally, you can break the algorithm's input data into parts and have a set of identical processors handle each part. This type of parallelism will not work on all algorithms.

Of course, all these methods potentially can be used at the same time. Functional specialization usually provides the greatest speedup; however, that speedup usually is very specialized. Parallelism provides less speedup, but it is applicable to a broader range of problems.

Computer architectures that effec

{continued\

VJiUiam Qerfmd Paseman is a software manager at Dcasy Systems. He can be reached at 330 Sierra Vista, Apt. #3, Mountain Yiew. CA 94043.

MAY 1985 • BYTE 201

APPLYING DATA FLOW

tively use processor parallelism possess linear price/performance curves over a wide performance range. For example, if a given algorithm takes 4 minutes to complete with $1000 worth of fifth-generation hardware, then it should take 2 minutes to complete with $2000 worth of hardware and 1 minute to complete with $4000 worth of hardware. (See the text box entitled "Linear Price/Performance and Incremental Performance," page 212).

Conventional (von Neumann) computer architectures do not have linear price/performance curves over a wide performance range. In order to make a conventional computer perform general algorithms faster, you don't simply add more components. Instead, you make its individual components faster. (There are some special cases in which you can improve performance by adding components; for example, adding more memory to a demand-paging environment.) Another way of saying this is that von Neumann architectures are

not designed to be scaled over a wide range with respect to performance.

The price/performance relationship between the two approaches is illustrated in figure 1. The graph Indicates that von Neumann computer architectures will experience a performance cutoff at some point. This point will occur when all the components reach the theoretical performance limit of the technology upon which they are based.

Parallel architectures will also experience a performace cutoff at some point. This point will occur when the

cost of coordinating two pieces of work between two components exceeds the cost of having one component do both pieces of work. In the general case, this point must eventually occur regardless of the size or speed of the components, regardless of the speed of communication, and regardless of the complexity of the work that the components must do.

Until they reach the von Neumann cutoff, von Neumann machines probably will perform better than their

parallel counterparts. This is because parallel architectures usually have a communication overhead that von Neumann architectures lack.

MODELS OF Computation That Support Parallelism

There are several paradigms for which it is currently popular to design parallel machines. The oldest is the controlflow paradigm.

The control-flow paradigm assumes that two or more processors share common memory. A control-flow architect usually views algorithmic parallelization and processor synchronization as being the programmer's problem. The architect supports the programmer by providing machine instructions that allow the programmer to do explicit processor synchronization in his code. Due to the wide interface between processes (i.e., the common memory), it is easy to write poor code that uses the interface in an undisciplined way. As a result, such systems have gotten bad press from many in the research community

Most of the other paradigms are based around a weaker, more theoretically tractable concept in which, conceptually, memory sharing is not required. This concept is called message passing. Message-passing architectures allow programmers to structure their programs into islands of computation. These islands process asynchronously and communicate by passing messages to one another.

The data-flow paradigm is a message-passing model in which each island of computation is very small and usually performs the same operation repetitively on streams of values. Data-flow computation is data-driven, which means that each island starts processing whenever all data necessary to its computation is available.

The reduction paradigm is similar to the data-flow paradigm, except that a strong separation is made between the spawning of a computation and the computation itself. Here, computation is demand-driven, which

(continued^

-— 5th-GENERATION CUTOFF {ADD MIPS BY ADDING HARDWARE )

SHADED AREA SHOWS ADVANTAGE OF PARALLEL ARCHITECTURES

(ADD MIPS BY SPEEDING UP HARDWARE ) ■•— VPN NEUMANN CUTOFF

+

+ - PARALLEL ( 5th-GENERATION ) MACHINES • - SERIAL (VON NEUMANN) MACHINES

SHADED AREA SHOWS PENALTY DUE TO COMMUNICATION OVERHEAD

« +

Figure 1: A comparison of the pr'mlperfomance aspeds of serial and parallel computing architectures.

202 BYTE' MA¥ 19S5

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"Typical MICROCAP Transient Analysis"

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"Typical MICROLOGIC Diagram "

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Inquiry 374

APPLYING DATA FLOW

means that the requirement for a result triggers the island that will generate it.

The Data-flow Paradigm

The basic concepts of data flow were originally developed in the 1960s by compiler writers. Compiler writers used data-flow graphs to do performance optimization on standard serial programs. A data-flow graph is a directed graph in which the nodes represent primitive functions such as addition and subtraction, and the arcs represent data dependencies between functions. It was realized in the early 1970s that if data-flow graphs were executed directly, the architectures that executed them could be

massively parallel. A picture of a data-flow graph for

the function 3 * (y + F(x)) is shown in figure 2. In this model, nodes are viewed as stations in an assembly line. The stations are connected by conveyor belts (called arcs). The conveyor belts carry containers (tokens) that hold contents (values). At each node is a person (processor) who operates the station's function. When the first token hits the F node, the processor takes its value, operates on it, and passes a new token with the result to the + node. As F was processing the first value, + could do nothing, since it required two tokens in order to operate and had only one available. Now, however, + has two values: 1

from F and 9 from y, so it adds them together and passes a token with the result to *. As + was operating on its first set of tokens, F was operating on its second token. Thus, parallel operation is achieved by pipelining values through nodes that execute fixed functions.

Data-flow Execution models

Normally, a data-flow graph has many more nodes than processors. Therefore, an execution model, a method of allocationg nodes to processors, is needed. We will briefly describe two models, the static and dynamic models of execution.

Figure 3 depicts the static model, in which the processors run to the nodes, where all input tokens are present and no tokens are on the output arcs.

However, this method leads to situations like that mentioned above, where the + node was bottlenecked by the F operation. In order to rectify this problem, the dynamic model was invented. In the dynamic model, instead of waiting idle, the processor at the -I- node would help the F processor by processing its second token for it. Figure 4 depicts the dynamic model.

Data-flow Architecture

It is still unclear exactly how to construct expandable hardware to support any of the above execution

models.

One common data-flow architecture is shown in figure 5. Here, the dataflow machine consists of three stages—a matching unit, a fetch/update unit, and a processing unit (perhaps more than one). Let s see how these parts interact on the previous example. Let's refer to the nodes by symbolic name. We will call the + node PLUS and the * node IVIUL. At some point in the calculation, the matching unit has two tokens passed to it by the processing units. The first token indicates that the left (L) arc of the PLUS node has been set to 10 (a). Later, it receives a token indicating that the right (R) arc of the

[wntinuecti

TOKENS LIE ON "ARCS"

THESE ARE "TOKENS"-* o''"x3" o''"x2"

/

. Xl J

TOKENS HAVE

"VALUES"-* "yi" \

3" I

b

I

NODES PROCESS "VALUES"

ARCS ENTER "NODES" *- ARCS EXIT "NODES"

■ANODES CONTAIN "FUNCTIONS"

Figure 2: A simple data-flow graph of the function z = 3 * {y + F(x)).

I

b

o "x3"

<'"xZ

-ASSIGN PROCESSOR I HERE INITIALLY

ASSIGN

PROCESSOR II

HERE

INITIALLY

ASSIGN THE FIRST FREE PROCESSOR HERE

Figure 3: A data-flow graph of the function z = 3 * (y + F(x)) illustrating static processor allocation; processors are assigned to nodes at compile time.

204 BYTE* MAY 1985

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SD-10/15 SCall SR-lO/15 SCall

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS

850/855/860/865 SCall

TOSHIBA

P1340 5719 P1351 51289

LETTER QUALITY PRINTERS

ABATI (10-20(18 CPS, 15" Carriage) ... S359

AMDEK 5040 (40 CPS) 51299

BROTHER/DVNAX

HR-15XL (20 CPS, DiabloCompal) 5369

HR-25/HB-35 SCall/5869

HEWLETT-PACKARD Laser Printer SCall

DIABLO

620API 5779 630 ECS/IBM. . 51799

SCall SCall

JUKI 6100 (18 CPS, Diablo, Compal.) 6300 (40 CPS, Diablo Compat., 3K Buf.) NEC

ELF 360 SCall 2030 5659

3550 SCall 8850 S1829

OLYMPIA Compact RO/2 S349/S419

QUME Letlerpro 20 SCall

Sprint 1140/1155 51299/51479

SILVER-REED EXP 500 (parallel or seriaO . . 5369

EXP 550 (p or s, 15" Carriage) 5449

STAR MICRONICS Power Type (18 CPS) . , S339 TRANSTAR T120/T130 S409/S569

PLOHERS & DIGITIZERS

POLAROID PALETTE

SI 175

ENTER COMPUTER

Sweet-P SCall Six Shooter. . . . S785

EPSON HI-80 Color Plotter S429

HOUSTON INSTRUMENTS

PC-595 5465 PC-695 5549

DMP-29 ... 51799 DMP-41/42 . . 52349 DMP-51/52 53529 DMP-51/52MP . SCall

DI-11 Digitizer (1 Button Cursor) 5679

DT-114 Digitizer (4 Button Cursor) S739

NEC Britewriter SCall

ROLAND DXY-101/800/880 5529/699/949

SUMMAGRAPHICSSummaSketch SCall

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AMDEK

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Color 600 . , S429 Color 710 5579

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PRINCETON GRAPHICS HX-12 $469

SR-12 (690x480) 5609

Max-12 (12" Amber TTL) 5179

QUADRAMAmberchrome 5155

Ouadchromell S435

ROLAND

MB-121G . . . 5135 MB-122G S155

CB-141 $269 CC-141 S559

TAXAN

Model 115. . . . $119 Model 116 . . . . 5129

420/L SCall 440(720x400) . . SCall

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2VM-123A , . , . S79 ZVM-122A . .. $85

ZVM-135 $439 ZVM-136 SCall

TERMINALS

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Esprit I SCall Esprit II 5479

Esprit III SCall ESP-631D 5559

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w/300 Baud Modem $528

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ANCHOR

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212 Apple Cat II (1200 Baud) 5389

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Grappler Interface for ImageWriter SCall

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TRANSEND ASIO 5125

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64KSET 520 256K SET .

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Maxell 530 Wabash $20

PRINT BUFFERS

OUADRAM IVlicrofazer Parallel/Parallel

16K . . S139 64K . . 5185 128K , . $239

Serial/Serial. Set/Par, Par/Ser

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INTERACT.STRUCT. ShulfleBulfer 32K 5269

PRACTICAL PERIPHERALS Microbuffer32K. 5209 SURGE PROTECTORS

EPO/CURTIS All models SCall

NETWORX Wire Tree/Plus S45/S60

ULTIMA SF-600 S39

EMERGENCY POWER SYSTEMS

TrippLite BC200-10 (battery iocl.) 5270

TrippLiteBC425-FC (425 Walts) S415

SWITCHBDXES

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COMPUTER ACCESSORIES

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HOURS 9-BEST, MONDAY-SATURDAY Personal Ck (2 Weeks To Clear], Cashier's Ck. Money Ofder APO Oiders Add 6% {mifiimum V). Add 3% For Nel Terms. All Returned Non-Deteclive Merchandise Are Subiecl To A 20% RestDcking Charge

GenTech Reserves the RioM to Change Adverlised Prices

inquiry 175

MAY 1985 'BYTE 205

APPLYING DATA FLOW

PLUS node has been set to 7 (b). The match unit knows that PLUS has only two inputs, so at this point it sends a token set to the fetch/update unit for processing (c). The fetch/update unit knows that PLUS performs the + function and that it fans out to MUL's arc L, so it sends this information to an arbitrary processing unit (d). The

processing unit performs the addition and sends the result to the match unit (e).

If the system allows more than one instantiation of an instruction to be active at a time (this would occur if the machine were executing the same instruction for the i and i+1 instantiations of a loop simultaneously), then

the descriptors must also be tagged with a process ID. This is done in a dynamic data-flow system.

Properties of the Data-flow Paradigm

The data-flow model makes many assumptions about the nature of the

algorithms it runs. Some are:

• All information needed to execute the algorithm must be contained in its data-flow graph. That is, the paradigm does not use any structures other than the data-flow graph in order to execute the algorithm that the graph represents. The graph is the data-flow machine's "machine language" for the algorithm. The machine takes advantage of the graphical nature of the program in order to produce the speedup.

• The algorithm should not have a single locus of control. That is, the data-flow graph should allow more

than one node on the graph to be executed at a time, if the algorithm has a single locus of control, it will run slower on a data-flow machine than on a von Neumann machine (due to the communications overhead).

• The data-flow graph must have a high degree of granularity. In other words, the graph nodes must contain things like + primitives and not "sort" primitives. One reason this is important is that graphs with granular primitives contain the potential for more parallelism. Note that this implies that the time for a "context switch," which is the time for a processor to switch from processing one node to processing another, must be small.

• The data-flow graph must have locality of effect. This means that the nodes do not' fan out to a large number of other nodes. This is important, since nonlocality would stress the communication network of the data-flow machine.

These assumptions can be used to judge whether or not an algorithm matches well with the data-flow

paradigm. If the algorithm to be executed does not have the above

(contiNuoi)

ASSIGN PROCESSOR II HERE

Figure 4: A data-flow graph of the function z = 3 * [y + F(x)) illustrating dynamic processor allocation; processors are assigned to nodes at run time.

(DATA TOKENS)

PROC. UNITS Pl-Pn

MATCH UNIT

( EXECUTABLE INSTRUCTIONS )

FETCH

UPDATE

UNIT

(a) NODE ARC VALUE

(SET OF TOKENS)

MEMORY UNIT

PLUS

10

(d)

FUNC L R FANOUT

(b)

(c)

PLUS

NODE L

PLUS 10

10

7

MUL

L

NODE

ARC

VALUE

MUL

L

17

Figure 5: Ak example of data-flow architecture, with packet commmication and token matching.

206 B YTE • MAY 1985

An estimated $3 billion plus annually.

What's more, there's practically no risk. Computer data thieves rarely get caught. And when they do, inadequate laws and the fear of publicity keep most victims from taking legal action.

Don't assume that just because you're not involved in anything top-secret, nobody's Interested in your data files.

Computer thieves know that someone's always willing to pay a handsome price to get confidential corporate and professional information. Or pay to get it back.

AND THEY KNOW JUST WHAT TO LOOK FOR:

ACCOUNTING RECORDS PRODUCT DESIGN DATA RESEARCH DATA MARKETING PLANS CUSTOMER LISTS PRIVILEGED CLIENT DATA BANK FILES CREDIT INFORMATION

Clearly, it's you vs. them. And the time to do something about it is now.

The Federal Government has spelled out the solution in no uncertain terms. It's called the Data Encryption Standard. And it's the basis for the DES 2000™ computer security system.

MAXIMUM PROTECTION WITH THE DES 2000

The DES 2000 protects your data files by encrypting transmitted and/or stored information—rendering it totally unintelligible without the proper access code.

DES2000

DATA ENCRYPTION SYSTEM

The code—one of 72-quadrilllon possible 16-digit key combinations—is required at all times to command the DES 2000 to decipher the encrypted data.

So whether there's an intrusion from the outside via modem or phone line tap...or from the inside through a terminal or by outright disk theft...no key, no information.

You can't buy better protection than that.

ALSO THE MOST COST-EFFECTIVE SOLUTION

Equally important, the DES 2000 for the first time makes this level of security truly cost-effective. Priced under $500, it offers the same protection, the same reliability as systems now in use by banking institutions and costing upwards of $15,000.

Considering how well computer crime pays off these days, the DES 2000 is the most effective way to make sure your company's data doesn't become someone else's profit.

For more mformation on computer crime and the DES 2000 Data Encryption Systemcall (818)991-8200 or Toll Free outside Calif orn la 1 -(800) 641 <0814.

,,0^ mmPRACTICAL "

31245 La Baya Drive, Westlake Village, CA 91362 • (818) 991-8200 • TWX 910-336-5431 inquiry 323 MAY 1985 . BYTE 207

208 BYTE- MAY 1985

d, your dog-eared your mistreated:

Dry martini, one olive

Boss's cigar ashes

Spilled milk

Dog-eared jacket

Sunny side up

Waterbased ink spots

English breakfast tea

* Eraser bits

Ifit's a Polaroid diskette, well fix it.

Accidents can be fatal to floppy disks. But now and we will tell you how our service works. Polaroid introduces a free data recovery service. These Polaroid floppy disks boast a 20-year

So, if you spill coffee on a Polaroid Professional guarantee and are certified 100% error-free. And

Quality Diskette, we can help recover your data. only Polaroid offers a free data recovery service.

(And most other accidents,too.) Call 800-241-4403 Because accidents happen.

Polaroid"' of Polaroid Corp. Perfea Data""' of Perfea Data Corp.

Inquiry 44 7

» Polaroid

PerfectData

THE PROFESSIONAL QUALITY DISKETTE IN THE GRAY BOX.

©1985 Polaroid Corp. MAY 1985 -BYTE 209

APPLYING DATA FLOW

One Board. One Family

At the heart of every Stride 400 Series microcomputer from the floppy-based 420 to the 448M byte 460. is an identical CPU board. This guarantees compatibility throughout the entire product family And it means, our CPU board was designed with standard features re either options or simply unavailable on other microcomputers:

□ 68000 microprocessor (10 MHz with no wait states!

□ VMEbus

□ 256K bytes RAM

□ 5'/4" 640K byte floppy , □ Battery-backed real time clock

□ 4KCM0S RAM

□ Four RS-232C serial ports (Stride multiuser BIOS)

□ Centronics bi-directional parallel port □ Omninet Local Area Network! Liaison LAN software!

With this basic design. Stride is able to explore the full range of 68000 applications from an advanced multiuser multi tasking BIOS to built-in local area networking. No other microcomputer offers the flexibility to run over a dozen different operating systems and more than 30 languages/compilers.

The basic design is backed by a rich option list:

□ 12 MHz 68000 processor □ VMEbus (Eurocardl cage □ Low cost, high speed graphics □ NOD™cursor control □ 12M bytes of RAM □ 448M bytes of hard disk storage □ 22 serial ports □ Floating point processor (NS1608II

□ Cartridge streaming tape backup □ Memory Management Unit

CBASIC

ModaIa-2

Pascal FORTRAW

RM/COSUSP UNIXSystemV

p-System

All this, and still the best price/

performance ratios in the industry: from $2900 to over 560,000 But it begins with the powerful Stride CPU board, a standard feature of every 400 series system. Its what we call Performance By Design!'

Formerly Sage Computer

For more information on Stride or the location of the nearest Stride Dealer call or write us today We ll also send you a free copy of our 32 page product catalog. Corporate Offices: 4905 Energy Way Reno, NV 89502 1702)322-6868

Regional Offices:

Boston: I6I7I 229-6868 Dallas: 12141 392-7070

properties, then the data-flow model is not the one to use to execute it.

Commercial Possibilities OF Data FlowTexas Instruments

Texas Instruments was one of the first companies to investigate the viability of data flow all the way to the hardware prototype stage, Tl's research was done between 1975 and 1980. The company's architecture consisted of four "simple processors" and a host, connected in a ring architecture. Tl has not yet released a commercial product based on this research.

Tl's hardware/software effort was called a Data Flow Testbed. The testbed could accept a program written in a conventional programming language, compile it, link it, and automatically partition it to run on any number of processors. The people at Tl did this in a relatively straightforward way. They took an existing commercial compiler/linker that generated data-flow graphs in its optimization phase. If the resulting graph completely described the algorithm, they could automatically partition the graph onto a number of processors and run it.

Tl recognized that it is currently very difficult (i.e., commercially impractical) to generate data-dependence graphs for most real programs written in standard languages. The company knew this meant that "pure" data-flow processors cannot run standard software. Therefore, Tl's system used a mixture of data-flow and classical control-flow techniques. That is, the computer was not a "pure" dataflow machine but rather used dataflow constructs where appropriate.

Tl's primary interest was the application of data-flow concepts to largescale machines running standard (unmodified) high-level language programs. The company investigated whether compilers could extract enough of the latent parallelism in standard programs to produce significant speedup in a data-flow architecture. One of Tl's most interesting results was that the average amount

{continued)

210 BYTE • MAY 1985

Inquiry 3 77

"... innovation,not compatibility is what we think microcomputers are all about'

ITIn's is one oj a series oj desiiin pitilasoplnj iliitussioiis Willi Rikl Coleniiiii. Presidciil oj Slriil'.' Midi' I /nraiccli/ SiWi' Ciiiiii'uli'ill

RC: When the 68000 microprocessor was first introduced, many saw it as a minicomputer

rcpl.ii oment They rolleiJ up

4

a disk drive unit, plugged in a bunch of terminals and ported a mainframe operating system like UNIX™ At Stride we had a completely different perspective We saw the 68000 at the center of a dream MICROcomputen we envisioned (pardon the expression! a turbocharged Apple'"

Q: What's the real difference between the two approaches?

RC: Its reflected in both our product mix and our design.To begin with, price has always been a key point. The pioneers in the micro world were simply not ready to jump from a S2.C)00 machine to a S2'> 000 system overnight, leaving behind everything they'd come to admire about micros That's why the price/performance ratio plays such a maior role in ever^' design decision we make.

Q: Such as?

RC: When we evaluated local area networks for the new Stride

400 Series we looked at everything available. From reading the press clips. Ethernet™ and ARCNET™ looked like the sure bets Upon closer examination, we found that OMNINET™was at least comparable and sometimes superior in actual performance. But when we figured in the factor of cost it was suddenly no contest. OtvlNINET uses twisted pair cabling instead of expensive coax, and the per node cost was so low that we could offer the transport hardware on every system as a standard feature. With other LANs, this runs S700 to S3000 per station! So when you talk price/ performance. OfvlNINETcleariy emerges as a better solution for microcomputer folks.

Q: Does the same philosophy apply to software?

RC; You bet. 1 mentioned UNIX above as a standard multiuser solution for 68000-based systems. We agree that UNIX will certainly be one of the prominent multiuser applications, but not for everyone. UNIX was designed on systems with fast disks and slow processors: that's the opposite of what micros are all about. Our approach to multiuser is somewhat unique. We sought a way to use the traditional single user microcomputer operating systems in a multiuser mode. Our solution was to create a MU BIOS (multiuser basic input/output system! that resides below the operating system.Thus the user continues to use familiar software, but can also take advantage of the multiuser benefits of hardware cost-efficiency and software features such as shared data.

Q: Can you give me an example?

RC: Sure. Advanced DB Master'" from Stoneware is a leading single user DBMS package that

is iDopularon a number of systems including the IBM'" PC. On the Sage and Stride 400 Series machines, this database is also a true multiuser solution with complete file and record locking. Better yet. the MU.BIOS even allows you to combine these

.. we sought a way to use the traditional single user microcomputer operating systems in a multiuser mode"

users on a single terminal. That means you could have different users residing in foreground/ background, accessing each with a keystroke. The effect is concurrent multitasking.This even works with different operating systems in residence at the same time. For example, vou could have your favorite CP/M-68K editor in the foreground, while a p-System compiler is cranking away at low priority in the background. The same holds true in the office environment where you can switch from a standard word processor to a spreadsheet instantaneously The user has the

ability to set priorities, time slicing, access, etc,

Q; So why are traditional multiuser operating systems like RM/COS'"and UNIX and Idris'" on your price list? RC: Actually that's another of the key ingredients in being a leader in microcomputers: flexibility,There's no doubt that UNIX, or the UNIX-like Idris, will be right for many users And RM/COS, for instance, is an excellent solution for serious business and COBOL customers. We actively support these and 10 other operating systems, adding some of our advantages of performance and price to each one But we're also convinced that the ultimate operating system is still years in the future, and that's why we continue to encourage research and development in new environments such as Modula-2. LlSRand APL. innovation, not compatibility, is what we think microcomputers are all about. That's why when we switched our name from Sage to Stride, we made sure there was no doubt as to our roots: Sage Computeibecame Stride Micro.

Formerly Sage Computer

For more information on Stride or the location of the nearest Stride Dealer call or write us today We II also send you a free copy of our 32 page product catalog. Corporate Offices: 4Q05 Energy Way Reno. NV 89502 (7021322-6868 Regional Offices: Boston: I6I7I 229-6868 Dallas: 1214! 392-7070

Inquiry 378

MAY 1985 -BYTE 211

Inquiry 45

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APPLYING DATA FLOW

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NEC'S chip is

oriented toward

mage processing.

of parallelism available in standard FORTRAN programs was between 5 and 20. This meant that the maximum theoretical speedup Tl could achieve (using "off the shelf" hardware) in these cases was 5 to 20 times. (Data flow can take advantage of parallelism only where it exists. If the programmer writes an algorithm so that no parallelism can be extracted from it, then a data-flow version of the algorithm will run no faster than a von Neumann version of the algorithm.) Currently, using high-performance hardware in a von Neumann machine affords a much greater speedup.

Nippon Electric Corporation

Of the three companies discussed here, NEC's approach comes closest to the pure data-flow paradigm. The company's approach is based on a single chip that can contain up to 64

nodes and 128 arcs. Systems can incorporate up to 14 of these chips by connecting them into a ring in a very straightforward way. (It is possible to extend the limit beyond 14 chips, but the arrangement is much more complex.) A complete standard system, then, could run up to 896 two-input nodes distributed across 14 processors.

NEC's chip is oriented toward image processing. In the company's own words, "Because the majority of application programs for image processing execute iterative operations for large volumes of data, image-processing programs are relatively small compared to general data-processing programs." Although NEC's machine has a relatively small number of arcs and nodes in its system, each node can execute a high-performance operation.

NEC's initial focus is not on running existing high-level language programs but rather on running small, easy-torewrite programs that require high performance. That is not to say that NEC does not address these issues: rather, that the company is first entering the market where data flow's

Icontinued]

Linear Price/Performance and Incremental Performance

Suppose a salesman sells you a processor for $1000 and tells you that it will run your favorite program in just eight hours. He then tells you that due to the marvels of fifthgeneration computing technology, you can bolt in another processor for another $1000 and your program will run twice as fast. It will now take only four hours to complete. You happily buy two processors. Still, four hours is a long time, so you call your salesman and tell him that you want to halve the time to two hours. The salesman now sells you not one but two more processors in order to do this. You realize

that for each processor you buy, you incrementally increase performance by (P-i-l|/P. For one processor, this is (1 -(- = 2x, or a 100 percent speedup. For two processors, this is (1 +2)11 = 1.5x. or a 50 percent speedup. For three processors, this is (1-i-3)/3 = 1.33X, or a 33 percent speedup.

This is an extremely attractive situation for the salesman, of course, since he gets an order of magnitude increase in commissions every time you want to get an order of magnitude increase in performance. It is, of course, not a very good situation for you.

212 BYTE • MAY 1985

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software inct

1200/300/110 per second

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APPLYING DATA FLOW

benefits are the strongest. In fact, NEC is now working on An integrated system in which to embed its chips. How the company approaches system-level problems (language definition, translation, and debugging) remains to be seen.

In summary NEC was able to use the data-flow model by applying it to a domain in which

• The algorithms are easily expressed

in terms of a data-flow graph.

• The algorithms contain a great deal of inherent parallelism.

• The architecture can run small, easyto-program algorithms.

• There is a great need for fast execution. (Image processing is computerbound.) I

Daisy Systems Corporation

Daisy Systems started selling a commercial data-flow architecture in the first quarter of 1984. The company's approach is based on a set of boardlevel processors connected in a ring. The basic configuration consists of three or four processing units plus a host processor The units are capable of processing 65,000 to 1,000,000 nodes, depending on the level of modeling. Each node can have up to 256 inputs.

Daisy Systems' data-flow architecture is the first to respond to the customer's need for high-speed discrete logic simulation. In essence, a discrete logic simulator runs an algorithmic description of a piece of hardware. By their very nature, these algorithms are expressed in terms of graphs in which each node is a simple operation.

The hardware designer of these algorithms consciously works to make his design exhibit a high degree of parallelism. Therefore, Daisy did not have to worry about the algorithm "running out of parallelism" of which to take advantage. Even better, the parallelism is very great at the machine-instruction level.

Like TI, Daisy recognized that the "pure" data-flow paradigm did not completely address all of simulation's problems satisfactorily. For example, the "pure" data-flow model has no way of handling stored state (side effects). Daisy addressed this and other similar problems by extending the paradigm.

At the programming level, Daisy recognized that the programming task in advanced architectures is difficult and error-prone. In many approaches, the user must adapt to a paradigm that is unfamiliar, unintuitive, and dif

Daisy Systems' data-flow architecture is the first to respond to the customer's need

for high-speed discrete logic simulation.

ficult to use. daisy overcame this problem by allowing users to communicate in the languages that they have always used: graphics. Boolean expressions, and a standard behavioral language. Daisy was able to do this well because the primitives that the designer uses map easily to the primitives that Daisy's ai-chitecture supports. The mapping process (compilation, linking, and code generation) is totally automatic.

Daisy was able to use data flow by applying it to a domain in which

• The algorithms are naturally expressed in terms of a data-flow-like graph.

• The algorithms contain a great deal of inherent instruction-level parallelism.

• There is a great need for fast execution. (Logic simulators implemented on von Neumann machines may take days to run big simulations.) Daisy's machine runs approximately 100 times faster than most software simulators.

Summary

NEC and Daisy have successfully used data flow to solve two different commercial problems in an appropriate manner. Both problems are easily expressed using data-flow graphs, have a great deal of instruction-level parallelism, and require scalable Kcecution and high performance.

As more companies discover problems for which data flow is the best solution, the repertoire of practical parallel algorithms using the data-flow model will grow. ■

The Von Neumann Paradigm

Mathematicians have been proposing computational paradigms, or "models of computation." since the time of Charles Babbage (witness Hiring machines, Makov productions, and Church's Lambda calculus). However, i:he most well known paradigm was pioneered by lohn von Neumann. Von Neumann's model is based on the concept of a single central processing unit that accesses a linear array of fixed-size memory cells. These cells can contain either instructions or data, instructions are relatively low-level. They perform siriiple operations on elemerjjtary

operands. In the von Neumann model, program control is sequential and centralized. It is upon this paradigm that most commercial computer architectures are based.

Strictly speaking, a non-vo.n Neumann paradigm is one that departs from any of these concepts. For example, a machine that keeps its data and memory in two separate banks is not a von Neumann machine. Recently however "non-von Neumann" has come to mean a paradigm that differs primarily in the last of the above properties, that of sequential, centralized program control.

214 BYTE • MAY 1985

'.s' 1:.;" u>.

1

4

4

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MAY 1985 -BYTE 215

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Inquiry 145

MAY 1985 -BYTE 217

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THE TRANSPUTER

BY Paul Walker

A building block for parallel processing

THE TRANSPUTER is a small but complete computer that can be used as a building block with other m-ansputers to construct extremely high performance computing networks. A BYTE article by Dick Fountain (see reference 1) introduced the idea of the Transputer and its programming language, Occam. (Occam is a trademark of the INMOS group of companies.) In this article we'll take a look at Transputers and how they can meet the computing requirements of the future.

A rough yardstick of performance is given by the more recent personal computers, which run at around a million instructions per second (MIPS). By contrast, supercomputers offer the equivalent of around a thousand MIPS. Tomorrow's applications, such as the Japanese Fifth Generation Project, require up to a million MIPS. The needs of home and personal computers are more modest. But as the performance requirements in lowend systems evolve, the price/performance benefits of small clusters of Transputers will begin to attract smallsystem designers.

Advances in semiconductor technology are improving performance. But it takes 10 years for technology

to improve the processing power of current architectures by an order of magnitude. At that rate, it will be well into the 21st century before the current architectures provide the performance required. But the applications need the performance now. A different architecture is needed to provide .the performance with today's technology

The Evolution

OF Computer Architectures

AND Languages

One of the first architectures of a general-purpose computer was the von Neumann architecture, in which a single central processor is connected by a single data bus to memory This has been adapted in various ways over the years, but even today almost all computers conform to the basic von Neumann architecture: they have merely added processing power and memory. As the processing power and memory of the computer are increased, however the bus becomes a bottleneck. And when processing power is further increased by the utilization of multiple processors and DMA (direct memory access) controllers sharing the bus, the

effect of the bottleneck is even more pronounced.

Along with the evolution of computer architectures, computer programming languages have evolved to make programming more reliable and cost-effective. The languages, however have been constrained by the computer architecture. Computers obey instructions in sequence and can do only one job at once, and this is reflected in the languages. The real world, however, has many activities, or "processes," happening concurrently and programming languages should be capable of modeling the behavior of these concurrent processes.

The Transputer Architecture and Occam

Although the von Neumann architecture is limited by its bus, it is an excellent architecture for a small, singleprocessor computer. A Transputer is a small but complete von Neumann computer (figure la). The difference between a Transputer and an ordinary

[continuecl)

Paul VJalker is a member of the Transputer development team at INMOS Limited (Mitefriars, iMns Mead. Bristol BSl 2NP, England).

Inquiry 276

MAY 1985 'BYTE 219

THE TRANSPUTER

Am Occam process is a black box

that works with

its own local

information.

microcomputer is that Transputers can readily be built into networks and arrays (figure lb). Each Transputer works on its own job, using its own local memory A system with many Transputers has as many buses as it has TYansputers, so the bus throughput is multiplied by the number of Transputers in the system. Another gain in bus throughput is achieved by putting the processor and memory on the same chip.

The TVansputers in a system need to communicate with each other so that they can cooperate. Transputer chips therefore have four link interfaces, each with an input signal and an output signal. The output signal of a link interface on one Transputer is connected to the input signal of a link interface on another Transputer, and vice versa. The two-wire, point-topoint connections between two Transputers (figure 2) are described as "links."

The programming language Occam (see reference 2) is designed to handle the mixed sequential and concurrent nature of real-world processes. Such processes are modeled as Occam processes, each of which can be regarded as a black box that works with its own local information. A process cooperates with other processes using point-to-point communication channels. A collection of Occam processes is itself a process, so a hierarchy of processes can be built up to reflect the structure of the real-world process.

The Occam model is suitable for mapping onto an array of computers, each of which has its own local memory and communicates with other computers via point-to-point links. It is particularly appropriate, therefore, for a network of Transputers.

The Transputer Chip

The Transputer, then, is a single-chip computer with a processor, local memory, link interfaces for linking to other Transputers, and all the necessary system services such as reset and clock.

When Transputers are programmed in Occam, each Transputer implements an Occam process and each link implements an Occam channel in each direction between two Transputers.

Particular examples of Transputers are the IMS T424 (see reference 3)

and the IMS T222, which are 32-bit and 16-bit Transputers, respectively Both devices have four links and 4K bytes of on-chip RAM (random-access read/write memory). In addition, they have interfaces to external memory for applications in which 4K bytes are not enough: T424 addresses up to 4 gigabytes, T222 up to 64K bytes. Both have high-performance processors, achieving 5 to 10 MIPS.

To fit a processor, link interfaces, and RAM onto a single chip, the processor must be small. The Transputer processor (see reference 4) is indeed small, occupying about a quarter of the chip. Being small, in some ways like a reduced instruction set computer (RISC), it is fast. Unlike some of the RISCs, however, the Transputer processor has short, 8-bit instructions and uses an evaluation stack of three registers rather than a register file. Both of these improve performance. The short instruction format efficiently encodes the most frequently accessed instructions and data. Infrequent instructions, large constants, and nonlocal variables are accessed by short sequences of 8-bit instructions. The use of an evaluation stack means that instructions do not have to specify the registers for operands; the instructions always work on the top of the stack.

The performance of the processor is shown by the Occam assignment

[continuecti

TRANSPUTER

TRANSPUTER

Figure 2: A link consists of two wires, one in each direction, between two Ifansputers.

(b)

PROCESSOR

MEMORY

TT

T

Figure 1: {a) A Transputer is a von Neumann computer with link interfaces, (b] Transputers can be readily built into networks and arrays.

220 BYTE • MAY 1985

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MAY 1985 -BYTE 221

THE TRANSPUTER

A hardware kernel

implements Occam processes and communication.

X : = y + 10. This compiles Into the

instructions

load local y load constant 10 add

store local x

Each of these instructions is a single byte, and all the Instructions except load local are executed In a single processor cycle. The load local instruction takes two processor cycles, one to calculate the address and the other to access the data. The instruction fetch is overlapped with those processor cycles that do not access memory. The above assignment statement takes a total of five processor cycles. The T424-20, with a 20-MHz processor cycling in 50 nanoseconds (ns), takes 2 50 ns for the statement. Executing four instructions in 250 ns is equivalent to 16 MIPS. The quoted figure of 10 MIPS allows for larger constants, nonlocal accesses, and more complex instructions. The language used for the assignment statement in this example is Occam, but similar statements can be written in many other languages. The high performance, therefore, is not limited to

Occam but is available to languages such as C, Pascal, and FORTRAN as

well.

The processor includes a small hardware kernel to implement Occam processes and communication between them. Communication is handled directly by instructions, which pass the messages and schedule or deschedule the processes as appropriate. The kernel includes two levels of priority the higher of which provides minimal latency for response to external events or for routing messages between Transputers that are not linked directly. A timer implements the Occam handling of time.

Use of multiple processes, communication, scheduling, and the handling of time is shown by the Occam program in listing 1. It describes two processes—one outputs a thousand messages and the other inputs a thousand messages. The timer records how long it takes to transfer the thousand messages.

Using on-chip RAM, the program in listing 1 performs approximately 12 5,000 message passes per second on a T424-10 with a 100-ns processor cycle and 2 50,000 message passes per second on a T424-20 with a 50-ns processor cycle.

The links are also fast, with a data rate of 10 megabits/second. Communication can occur at this speed simultaneously on all links and in both directions. With the four link interfaces on T424 and T222, this results in a throughput on each Transputer equal to eight full-speed Ethernets.

The link interfaces are autonomous. When a process in one TVansputer has

output to a link and a process on another Transputer has input from the same link, the link interfaces of the two Transputers transfer data across the link. The data is accessed from each T-ansputer's memory by a DMA controller within each link interface. While the transfer is taking place, the two communicating processes are descheduled, allowing the processor to execute other processes that are not waiting for communication. When the transfer is completed, the processes are scheduled, without the processor having to poll for transfer completion, if either process has high priority it is run as soon as the transfer completes. A low-priority process takes its turn with other processes that are ready and able to run.

Communication between processes on a single Transputer is programmed in exactly the same way as communication through links. The only difference is that the channel associated with the link is allocated to a particular link interface. The same instructions are used for internal communication as for external communication, the only difference being the address of the channel.

Both the processor and the link interfaces use very high frequency clocks—up to 80 MHz. It is difficult to supply such a clock to one chip: to distribute high-frequency clocks around a large system is next to impossible. Therefore the Transputer uses a low-frequency (5-MHz) external clock and generates all the high frequencies internally Even with a low-frequency clock, it is impossible to ensure that all Transputers "see" a clock edge at the same time. The Transputer, therefore, has been designed so that the only important parameter of the input clock is its frequency which can be tightly controlled by a crystal.

Similarly it is difficult to synchronize the clock with the data on the links So the data reception of the links is asynchronous, as is the case with RS-232C. But unlike RS-232C connec

(coHtiHued)

Listing 1: A simple inputloutput program in Occam.

Message passes per second.

CHAN c;

VAR MPPS, StartTime, Endlime, ElapsedTlme: SEQ

TIME ? StartTime

PAR

SEQ 1 = [0 FOR 1000] c ! 0 VAR x:

SEQ i = [0 FQR 1000] c ? x TIME ? EndTme

ElapsedTlme : = EndTime - StartTime MPPS : = (1000000/ElapsedTime) • 1000

222 BYTE • MAY 1985

Inquiry 400

rRANSTECTOR Has A Better Way E) Eliminate Computer Malfunctions.

THE TRANSPUTER

tions, the links are fast. They also have a protocol that matches the Occam model of communication between processes.

The on-chip RAM provides local memory that cycles at the same speed as the processor. External

memory cycles more slowly; The T222's memory interface cycles in two processor cycles, the T424's in a minimum of three processor cycles. T424 uses a multiplexed 32-bit address/data bus and is optimized for accessing dynamic RAM. A simple

configuration is shown in figure 3. Here the T424 is connected to four 8K by 8-bit (such as the IMS 2630) or 32K by 8-bit dynamic RAMs with no interfacing "glue" logic. The T424 generates all the required refresh addresses and cycles. It also generates

Ray Tracing WITH AN Array of Transputers

The ray-tracing algorithm that generated the pictures in photos A and B takes a long time to draw them. For example, the Sage IV takes three hours to draw the 500 by 500 pixels in photo B. The algorithm calculates each pixel independently, so it is eminently suitable for parallel processing by sharing the pixels among a number of Transputers.

We first developed the program as a number of concurrent processes running on a single computer. The Sage, simulating concurrency takes five hours to draw the picture when the pixels are shared among 64 processes. Photo A shows the picture when it is half complete.

The debugged program can then be mapped on to a network of Transputers. Figure A can be regarded as a block diagram of either the processes or the Transputer network. A Transputer implementing the ray-tracing process can even be regarded as a hardware ray-tracing machine.

The network of 64 (plus one screen driver) Transputers shown in figure A will draw the picture in about half a minute.

As well as calculating their own share of pixels, each of the 64 Transputers routes pixels along the pipeline toward the screen driver Transputer. A diagram of the processes and

channels on each Transputer is shown in figure B. An Occam program to describe these processes is

CHAN LocalChannel:

PRI PAR

. . . Routing process . . . Pixel calculator

The routing process expands to:

SEQ k = [0 FOR (NumberOfPixelsRoutedByThisProcess)] VAR Pixel: ALT Linkin ? Pixel

LinkOut ! Pixel LocalChannel ? Pixel LinkOut I Pixel

The expression (NumberOfPixelsRoutedByThisProcess) depends on where the Transputer is in the pipeline. The processes assume that the pixel sent through the pipeline of Transputers includes both the value of the pixel and an iden

Photo A: The ray tracing is half done. Photo B: The completed ray-tracing output.

224 BYTE • MAY ]985

THE TRANSPUTER

a number of configurable strobes, which can be used to generate the control signals for dynamic RAMs.

Transputer Systems

A system can be built with a single Tl-ansputer: some ROM (read-only

memory) and perhaps some peripherals can be put on the memory interface—the Tt-ansputer then behaves as a high-performance microprocessor This single Transputer system can be enhanced by adding another Transputer programmed to do a spe

cialized job, and linked to the first Transputer as a coprocessor The text box shows a number of Transputers connected in pipelines. Figure lb shows a number of Transputers linked together in an array.

(continued)

tifier to enable the screen driver Transputer to determine which pixel it is receiving.

Sixteen Transputers are programmed as a pipeline with this program:

CHAN PixelPipeline [0 FOR TransputersDeep+1]: PAR i = [0 FOR TransputersDeep] . . . Pixel calculating and routing Transputer

Four of these pipelines hooked up to the screen-driver Transputer are described by the program

DEF PixelsWide = 512:

DEF PixelsDeep = 512:

DEF TransputersDeep = 16: DEF TransputersWide = 4:

CHAN PixelPipeline [(TransputersDeep + 1)*Transputer^ide]: PAR

. . . Screen Driver Transputer PAR j = [0 FOR TransputersWide] PAR i = [0 FOR TransputersDeep] .. . Pixel calculating and routing Transputer

This program corresponds directly to figure A.

In this example, extensive use has been made of the ". . ." comment facility used by the Occam programming system to hide unwanted detail and help structure the program. The technique, known as "folding," allows quick and efficient navigation through a large program.

It is interesting to consider the communication overhead of the pipeline in this application. Each Transputer linked directly to the screen driver passes along data for 64,000 pixels The routing process takes about 10 microseconds per pixel, which makes for an overhead of 0.64 second out of 30 seconds—about 2 percent. Grouping the pixels together and sending them in blocks of 32 pixels would reduce this to less than 0.1 percent overhead. The remaining 99.9 percent of each Transputer's processing power can be used for calculating pixels.

The number of Transputers used is defined as a set of constants at the start of the program. Reconfiguring for a different number of Transputers requires no more than changing these definitions Writing the program this way makes it particularly easy to choose a number of Transputers to provide the appropriate cost/performance for the application.

Figure A: Arrangement of 64 Transputers {plus one screen driver] for ray tracing.

LINKIN

PIXEL

CALCULATOR PROCESS

LOCALCHANNEL

ROUTING PROCESS

LINKOUT

Figure B: Processes in each of the 64 Transputers shown in figure A.

MAY 1985 -BYTE 225

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THE TRANSPUTER

There is no limit to the size, function, or shape of a network of Transputers.

Other networks can be built. A functionally distributed network might have random interconnections between Transputers (figure 4). An array could have its ends connected toroidaliy (figure 5) to simulate an infinite network in a similar way to the Bagel developed by Shapiro (reference 5). Systolic arrays developed by H. T. Kung (reference 6) and wavefront processors developed by S. Y. Kung (reference 7) map naturally onto networks of TYansputers. (Incidentally the systolic and wavefront architectures are easy to model in Occam, even if the final implementation is intended to be special-purpose hardware, as shown by Fujitsu in reference 8.)

There is no design limit to the size, function, or shape of a network of TVansputers. Further, provided the network of TYansputers is programmed so that they cooperate—rather than one TVansputer waiting for another that waits for another, and so on—the performance of a network is directly proportional to the size of the network. For example, the ray tracing described in the text box shows a negligible 0.1 percent overhead of communication between TVansputers.

Building Blocks

Because Transputers can be built into systems of arbitrary size, function, or shape, they can be thought of as building blocks. Making a link between two Transputers is as simple as joining together the lug and hole on two Lego bricks: both are standardized connections.

Another respect in which the analogy holds is that a network of

{continued)

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Power Base $219

WORD PROCESSING

Wordstar Pro Pack $240

Samna III $265

Wordstar 2000 for IBM PC $238

Wordstar 2000 + $285

Leading Edge Word

Processor/lvlerge $95

Microsoft Word $225

Word Perfect $219

Volkswriter for the IBM PC $110

Volkswriter DeLuxe $149

Random House Spell Checker $36

PFS Write $78

Multimate $255

Peachtext 5000 $185

SPREADSHEETS

Supercalc II $145

Supercalc III $159

Microsoft Multip.lan $119

ITK Solver $239

Lotus 123 $294

Symphony $415

ACCOUNTING

TCS. Big Four equivalent of Peachtree Series 4 - Specially augmented and customized for your IBM PC Terminal and Printer - GL, AR, PA, AP, CP/M-80, CP/M-86 for PC XT, DOS 1.1, 2.0. Each Module ... $65 For All Four $249

CYMA Call

Dollars & $ence $95

MBSI Accounting (Real World) $350

Tobias Managing Your Money $99

TRANSFER PROGRAMS

Hayes Smartcom $85

Move-it $79

Microstuff Crosstalk $95

BEST PRICE IN U.S. FOR IBM PC OR CLONES

Multifunction Board - Includes Async Adapter, Parallel Adapter, Clock with battery back-up and Software, 64K memory expandable to 384K. 1 year warranty $235

LANGUAGES

Lifeboat Lattice C Compiler $265

Lattice C Interpreter $100

Microsoft C Compiler $299

Microsoft Pascal Compiler $180

Microsoft Basic Compiler $235

Microsoft Basic Language $225

FOR PC DOS

PC Paint Brush $85

Norton Utilities $54

Copy II PC $24

Prokey V3.0 $69

Harvard Project Manager $199

Microsoft Flight Simulator $32

Think Tank $98

HARDWARE

ABC Printer Switch $85

Micro Fazer Parallel 64K $185

Hayes 1200 Modem $395

Hayes 1200b Modem for IBM PC .. $349

64K RAM Chips (9) 150 NSEC $18

Anchor Signalman

1200 baud Modem $245

Iomega Bernoulli 20 Megabyte ... $2495

Princeton RGB Monitor $459

Taxan RGB Vision 425 $399

Diskette Super Special!

10 D/S D/D (Qty 100) $12.95

COMPUTERS

IBM Computer Call

BOARDS FOR THE IBM PC OR LOOKALIKES

Hercules Color Board with Par. Port.$149

AST Six Pack $249

384K Board with 256K $220

Quadcolor I $185

STB Graphics II Board $245

Paradise Graphics Board $275

New Quadram Multifunction Board . $225 PRINTERS

FREE! PRINTER SET SOFTWARE

Purchase an Okidata, Epson or Gemini printer and receive at no charge a menu driven program to set print characteristics or to make your computer function as a correcting typewriter. Retail value $35. Available for most disk formats.

Gemini SG/10 Call

Gemini SG/15 Call

Okidata 82A, 83A, 93P Call

Okidata 93P $569

Okidata 84P $650

Juki 6100 $389

Juki 6300 $689

Call on all Epson Models

Silver-Reed EXP 400 $235

Silver-Reed EXP 550 $395

Toshiba 1351 $1164

NEC, Diablo Call

TERMS: Prices include 3% cash discount. Add 3% for charge orders. Shipping on most items $5.00. AZ orders +6% Sales Tax. Personal check, allow/ ten (10) days to clear. Prices subject to change.

Se habia Espanoi

Call for programs not listed

AREHOUSE

DATA PRODUCTS

WAREHOUSE DATA PRODUCTS

2701 West Glendale Ave., Suite 6, Phoenix, Arizona 85021 Technical & Other Information (602) 246-2222 TOLL FREE ORDER LINE 1-800-421-3135

Inquiry 27 for Dealers. —Inquiry 28 for End-Users.

MAY 1985 -BYTE 227

Mail-order Electronics • Worldwide • Since 1974 Jggjg^

ELECTRONICS I

P»rtW». Pini Prio

SHUOCM 1* 79

W401H H 29

SH7407N U 29

SNMCON M 29

SN74CMN It

SN74D5H H 49

5N7406N 14 ^

SN7407N 14 59

SH7408N 14 29

SH7409N )4 35

SN74I0N H 79

SN741tK It ?9

SN74I2N 14 43

SN74I3N 14 .39

SN7414N 14 49

SN741EN II 49

SN7417N M .59

SN74?m 14 19

SN7471N 14 59

SH7477N 14 59

SN7423N II 69

SN7475lf 14 39

SH7471:N tl 39

SN7477N 14 25

!W74?eN 14 59

SN7430N 14 .35

SN7432N 14 39

5«7433N U .49

SN7437N 14 75

SN7438N 14 49

SN7439N 14 79

Sn;440N 14 19

SN7441H 16 89

SN7442H II 45

SN7443N tl 125

SN7444N tl 125

SN7445H II 69

SN7440I II 75

SN7447K II 75

SN744aN II 75

SN7454N H 19

SN7459H II .35

SN74UIN II .39

5N747(W II .39

SN7477N II 39

SH7473N 14 39

741SOO 741SOI 741S02 741.:>a3

741S05 74lSOe 74LS09 74LS10 74LSI1 74LS14 74LS15 74LS20 74LS21 74LS26 74LS27 74LS2a 741530 74LS37 741S37 741S38 74LS47 741S47 74LS51 74LS73 74LS74 74LS75 741S76 74LSa5 741S66 741S90 741S92 74LS93 741S96 74LS107 74LSt09 74LSI12 74LS114 74LS122 74LSt23 7415125 74LSI2G

74S0a 74S02 74S03 74S04 74S05 74S06 74S09 74310 74SI1 74St5 74S20 74S22 74S30 74S32 74S37 74538 74SS1 74S64 74S65 74S74 74SBS 74SaG 74SI12 745113

PirtMo^ P

SN7474N SN7475N SN747I3N SK7479N SN7480N SN7467H SN7483H SN74a5N SN7486N SN74S9N SN7490N 5N749IN SN7492N SN7493N SN7494N SH7495N SN749GN SN7497N 5M74100N SH74I05N EH741D7H SN74109N SN74I16N SN74I2IN SII74I22N SN74123M SN74125N 5N74126N SN74I7BN SH74132N SN74136N SN74141N SN74147N SN74M3N SN74144N 5N74145N SN74147N SN74I4SN S«74I50« SN74ISIN SN74IS2N SN74I53N SN74154N SN74155N SN74I56N SN74157N

741.SI32 7415133 7415136 741SI3B 741S139 74LSI45 7415147 74LSI4B 74LS151 74LS153 74LS154 74L5155 74LSI56 741SI57 74LSt5fi 7415)60 7415161 741SI62 7415163 74LSt54 741S165 741S1G3 74(5169 7415170 741S173 741SI74 7415175 74LS1BI 7415190 74LSI9I 74LS197 74LS193 74LS194 74LS195 7415196 7415197 741S221 74LS240 7115241 74LS243

74SI14 74SI24 74S132 74S133 74SI35 74SI36 74S13S 74S139 745140 74S151 74S153 74S157 745156 74S160 74S1G9 74S174 745175 74516874SI94 74S195 74S196 74S240

Pirl Ho, I

5N7415SN SN74100N 5N74IG1N SN74167N SN74I63N SN741G4N SN74I6SN SN7416CN SN74167N SN74I70N SN74I72N SN74173N SN74174N

SN74176N SN74177N SN74170N BN741B0N SN741B1N SN741B2H SN741B4K SN741BSN SN7419m SN74191N SN74I97N SN74I93N SN74I94N SN74195N SN7419M SN741U7N SN7419flN SN74199N SN7422IN SN74251N SN74273N SN74276N 5N74279N SN74283H SN742MN SN74785N SN74365N SN743ft5N SN743ri7N SN743GaN SN74390N SN7'I393N

7415244 741S245 74LS751 74LS253 74LS257 74LS358 741S260 7415266 74LS273 74LS273 7415280 74LS299 7415322 74LS323 74LS347 7415353 74LS364 74LS365 7415366 74LS367 74LS36S 74LS373 741S374 74LS375 741S386 741S333 741S399 74LS490 74LS533 74LS534 74LSS40 741.5541 74LSG40 74LS64I 7415644 74LS645 741S670 7415658 81LS95 B1LS96 aiLS97 81LS9B

74SZ4I 74S242 745243 74S244 745251 74S253 74S757 74S258 74S260 748273 74S2B0 74S?a7' 74S2B874S299 745373 74S371 745387745471" 74S47274547374S57074S57V 745572745573

CD4D0I C04002 CO4O06 CO4O07

CD4ooe

CO40O9 CO40I0 OMOII CO4012 CO40I3 004014 CD40I5 004016

CD4017 tl

CD4018 II

CO40I9 II

OHOTO II

0)4021 II

004022 »

C04023 14

C04024 14

CD4025 II

CD4076 II

C04077 II

C040ZB II

CD4029 II

CS4030 II

CD4034 M

C0403S II

. CD4O40 II

IB

IB

C04041 C04W2 C04043 C04044 0)4046 C04047 0)4048 0)4049 CO4050 0)4051 OM052 OM053 OM0S6 0)4059 0)4060 0)4066 CD4068 CD4069 CD4O70 0)4071 □>4072 0)4073

anon

0)4078 O)40Bt CO4093 C04094 OM098 0)4099

0)4503 II

0)4506 It

0)4507 (I

0)4508 II

0)4510 II

OMS11 11

0)4512 ID

0)4514 II

0)4515 II

OMSie 16

0)451B It

0)45I9 II

0)4520 16

C04526 le

CD452a II

CD4S29 ie

0)453] 11

0)453S 16

aM54l II

aMS43 II

0)4562 14

0)4506 II

0)4583 II

CDibBA 14

0)4723 II

0)4724 IS

MCI4410 IS

MCI44lt II

MC144I2 II

MCI 4433 14

MCI 4572 II

74F00

74ALS00

74fO0 74F02 74F04 74FOB 74F10 74f32 74f74 74fe6 74F!m 74ri38 74FI57 74F158 74ri93 74F740 74F244 74F257 74F373 74F374

II Hcxln.._

tl Qiiaa 7'lnpul AND Gak.

II lupto 3'lnpu1 FUND Gate

II OuM 7-lnpui OR G»

II Dual D nv-Flop .

II Qua) Ejduuw OR Gale.

15 OurriJKRciUve Edge Ftp Flop

IS E>[Hnt3t« 3iB Deatdei

15 Oiail 2'lnpul MuttrpkiB

II Ou.id 2'tmiul IMtipluei (km)

16 4 I1<1 UpWMm Bimirv Ouiict

ID Iri Stale Octd Lmw Dtto (knedingj

ta tiSiae Octal Lme Drrvei. .. .

IS " " ID

7<tAlSO0 II Diud 7-kipirl WHl) Gale 59

74ALS02 II QuncI ?-lii(njl NOfi Gale 59

74ALS04 tl iiei Inwdit 59

74AL508 14 Oiud 2-lfiput AND Gdle ii9

74AIS10 14 Inpic 3 Inpul FMNO Gato 59

74ALS30 14 8-li>puI WM) Gale 59

74AL532 14 Ouad 2'lnput Oil Gale 65

74ALS74 14 Dual DFbp flop 79

74A1.SI09 IE Dim JK ite Edge rip-Fkv 79

74AISI38 16 ExiMHlaUc 3/S Dccodei 1.25

74ALS240 at tl Stale Ortal Ime Oina [tmcfting). ... 2.25

74ALS244 10 ti-Stalu Octal 1 mu Diivcc 22b

74ALS245 n Octal itus. kaaccpm (Non tm) 259

74AIS373 n ti Sua' Ortal Ulch 259

74W.S374 IS Si-SDIi; Oail I) riip-Flop 2.59

MICROPROCESSOR COMPONENTS

PbIIi.

MICRQPROCESSOn CHIPS nn Facta

rna

D765AC

40 Flopn Disk ConlroDH

IK 494>r

D324?

IS AJm UuHipiciei & flelicsti Counni

795

TMSS50I

40 Syndiiinous KiQ Intatxe [SKICI

1496

-Z80, Z80« Z80B, ZBOOO SEBIES

40

CIV |MK3880N|(7aOCl?SWI/.. .

780 etc

IB

Cuuiiln timci Cucut

ZflODAHI

40

Dual AsvndiiDdous Hec/fiaiis

Z80 DMA

40

Oirt-ct Mciriotv Access Oicuil

mp\t)

40

F^HUIId I/O InlLilace Conliollci

in »49

ZB0-S11U0

40

Surial I'D (TxOI ami FtiOl Doiitedi

1149

ZflOSIO/l

40

Scikil l'O(lacteDFnO)

1149

ZBOStO;2

40

Scikil l/t) (Ucks SVNCQ)

11 49

ZB0S1U«

40

Scitil I'D

1149

ZSOA

40

OU|Mia880N'4||7eK-1)4MI/. .

US 9^9

ZSOACIC

IS

IK+49

ZBOAUART

«

UunI Asyndiiunous PecJlnMA

995

ZSQADMA

40

Onecl Honory Access Cucut

1295

Z80AP10

10

PdralM 10 mterticG Coibo'le)

395

ZMASIOrt)

40

Soial IfO |bC8 and R>C8 BonJeill

1195

ZSOASIUI

40

Sctiai I/O (Lacks DFIIBI

1195

ZBOA 510/2

40

Stunl I/O Hacks SYNCB)

I1*i

ZflOASlOffl

40

Scitil I/O

1195

zeoil

40

Cnj lMK38aON 61 6WI;.

895

zeoflcic

IS

CoiinlL'i TiiiKi Ciicuil

11IJ5

ZflOH DAIII

40

Dibil AsynchiDCUfUS Rec/liaii^

1995

ZBOI1P10

40

l>.unllLH I'O Inlntiu: Conlfollet

1095

ZBOoin

41

av ScqmciilLHl IIUMIU)

7995

ZS007li

40

CnJftoiiScgmciilHlllDMI/)

5995

UDUU tiUUU DdUUU bttiiti

6507

40

MIU Willi OockllMlf]

495

6502A

40

Mm wiUi Oock (2MK/1

l»

6507B

40

MPU wim OCX*. rMUl

895

6570

40

l\iip(ieial Inlet Adaoln

395

6522

40

\fcts.Hile Into AiliplEf.

549

6551

a

Async Caim Siwtice Adapt. .

6300

40

295

0802CP

40

Mai wild Cloch and RAM.

SB

6009

40

CPU - a D<l (On DnpO^Ralni)

H95

68D0C

40

am - B &I |Eilctii,-il Oocfumjl

99ri

6BB09E

40

CPU ~ B'Dil (tiL Oxkingl mil

M95

6DD10

14

12flxU Sialic RAM |2Mlt/|. . . .

6021

40

PnipliEinl liiici Adapt iMCGflTO)..

. 2.7S

681)21

40

Ibiplieia) Inteitice Adapin I7MI;

595

6845

40

CHI ConliDllH ICBIC)

IB 1+95

68845

40

CRT Coiilrollei iCHFCj 2MH/., , .

6850

Zl

Asynctiranous Cwnm Adapto

395

G8G0

14

0-600tips Digital MODEM

795

eaooois

Bl

MRJ 16 Bit |8Htil

39 95

G84SeP

«0

Goietal F^Rpose bit Adaptei

995

004ON n

OOGQ

fl073N

soaoA

8085A 8085A.? 80862

-8000 800DU SERIES

I ContiDl Dualled CPU w/RAM S1/0 1I.IS 1+95

I MtV-e-ftl 4 95 *+*

I CPU-Sql CJiiD8-Btl|l?at>ls HAM) 415^

I CPU (256 Dylcs IIAMI 995

I CPU - a Oil NM05 II.JS t4«

I CIV w/Uasic Micin Inlcipiclci ?9 95

CPU CPU

825lA 8253 8255 a255A-5

U303 8014 8310 8741 8748 8749 8755 S01B6'6

40 CPU a Oil N aunnd(5Mll/) -... 10.9S

40 CPU 16 bil mV ISA P49ft

40 Aiimmefic Piocesa 1SIJ5

40 CPU 8/lfrai. 1495

40 IIMOS RAM 1«U ftxt-Timei 4A Mft

40 RAM Willi lA) Rni and Tmei • JS frif5

II It Speed 1 out B Biruiy DccDdei 395

It SDillnpul/Oulpul (7454)2) 7 95

tl Clock Geneialm/Orm:! 7 95

n Sys Colli/Ru:, Diw (7454781. . . . J.gS+%

40 lliflh M Piog DMA Conl |5M></| 14.05 49%

21 Syslum ConirolkM (745430) 495

II m EipiindH IM 48 Swics IJS -4*

40 Async Comni Element 1095

IS Pioq Cixnm I/O lUSAHt) 4 41

11 Pjog Comm kilcrtiice(USARH. . .

14 Pioq Intoval rimn S.S5 MS

40 Plug Ftiipheral Irt) (PPI| 4II -4*

40 PiM) Itiipheial W) IPPI) 51*1;. IB «5

n Plog Inletrupl Cailrrt 5 95

to SglG/Dble Dciisily Floppy Disk Corn 18.16 m5

40 MuHt PioloctriSeiuilCani 17701) 14 95

40 Pipg K.-ytioniU/Display liilDitice G95

M OcLiI Lalcli ,140 895

II Oock GcncialDiaiiwi. S.IO 6«r

a DcUil IliK Iranscnvci B4! fJjf,

to Oclal Dos lianscciwi (Imwtet)) l.«

n BusConliDlk^ 1495 1995

n B Dt ti'SIate Bi DiiKtiod lans 3 49

?0 8 Iht & Diieclianal Rccew 349

70 Octal Uilctied f^nptienH Diwi 3 95

40 8 Oil Urn Ppiplwal hitetbce.., IBB ■»%

40 HMOSEFROMMftl ]l3i-mi

40 MPU B'Bil (EPROM Mision of B049| 14 B 3996

10 1BX EPROM Mlh in) 39 95

SS llflh Inlegralion 15-B.I mj . 99 95

H IlKlh Inlcgia 16-BilMPU (8 B<1 Data [kisl 8995

SPECIAL FUNCTION

DS002GCN

1

Dual MOS Ckck Din«f <5MI/)

195

INS7G5I

n

Cwiini^inicaliai Oiip

7.95

MC3470P

11

F(u|ipy Disk Read Amp System

495

MM5321N

11

TV Camera Sync Gcncnit» .

995

MM54740N

14

AsvnJiionous TiansJintlEi/naxiwi

595

MM58167AN

14

MiciDP'ocessoi Real rune Dock

895

MM58I74AN

II

Mkio Compaiitilc Tune Oack

095

MM5369AMN

1

Pioo OKiilat^/Omdci 160HJI .

1 79

MM53G9ESI

1

Pioq Osan^lorlDmlei I1IXI1/1

195

Low Pnfils pin) SockBb II im iflo-i>

B pin LP

14 pin IP .17 .15

16 pin LP 19 .17

18 pin U> 26 24

20 pin LP 30 .27

22pnLP 31 28

24pmLP J13 .30

28 p«i LP 40 .37

40 pm LP .49 46

TiTrTrr StMsrtttl (Gol«| Stndirri

1-9 11)99 inOif

8 pin SG 39

l4p>nSG 49

16 p«i SG 55

16 pm SG 65

20pin5G 75

22p<nSG .79

24p«SG 79

2S pn SG .95

36:miSG 125

40pnSG 139

1103 4011

41I6N 15

4I16H-20

4tl6N-75

4I64N 150

4I64K-2O0

MM5761

MBIG2

MM5270

MM52eu

MM52gO-3

4125C-150

41256-200

48128

II 1074.1 (300iE|

tl

til

99

I ilSOnsi . . 1.39 - 8/1095

IS 1638411 |200ns| .Tl-lUS 4.16 6*8 OS

15 1G.384i1 |75(]ns) .IS-B^4S -TB9«ft9& IE 65.536i1 H5QnsH.B-MI.49 5 19 8/4005 IE 65,53611 |70Qii3| lT5 >/a.K 4.05 8^8.05 II 1Q74i1 (JOOiisl 35-S/195

n TIM*] pESnJ. 3S-S/IB

IB 4D9GK1 (250IIS) MK4090 . .4.95

II 4D9Gx1 (TOOns) 21Q7 ... 395

IE 8192x1 120(kisl 59

IE ?a7.144<1 (150ns 1SB WflS

IE 262.14411 (TOOnsj 1195 S*M

16 131,07211 (250ns| 24 95

STATIC RAMS

n ?5Gic4 (450ns|8t01 195 1024i1 OSOns

7111 2112 2IMN 2114NL 2114N 2 7I14N-7L 7M7HN 7I4BIIN Tl«4045 !M54D(.47-45 51D1 MM5257 |[M6116P-2 HM6I15LP2 IIM6I16P'3 IM61161P-3 IM6I1GP-I l<MG116lf'^ HM6264PI7 HM6264LP 17 HM6264P 15 IIP*i264LP-15 271500 7409 74C971 74C930 74SieS 745289 07S10 a2S2S

IE 1074x1 It 256>4 IE 256i4

(TSOnsI LP (91102) (450rs1 8111 (450ns|M05

I?9-Bffl95

im - SI1I.B

1.39-8/10.95 . 1.69-8/13.49

395

14 7048x8 (120nsiCM0S. . . 795

M 7048iB II20ns| LP CMOS . . 8.95

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14 20481^ (ISOnslLPCMOS. . . - 4B-M9

II 70*8.8 (TOOiisI CMOS-.. .. J75+?6

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n 8192.8 HTOitsI LP CMOS I IB 3996

a 8197.8 (ISOnsltMOS- 16B 34:95

.. ai97.8

IB 756.1

IS 16.4

11 256ji4

15 IU24.1 IE 1C>-1 IE 16.4 IE 1074.1

16 16i4

Il50ns1 LP CMOS t7.B 3W5

(flOnsILP 3.95

(bOns) 3101 ... 275

(250ns) CICS . . . 5.95

I250ns CM0S1651B). 595

!35n5l 93405 2.95

(35iis|3l01 295

|50ns)DC (93415)... 3 95

(50115)00 (74S2B9) 225

I702A

2708

IMS25lb

TMS2532

IMS2564

IMS2716

2716

27C16

7715-1

27t6Q-5

2732

2732A-20

2732A25

2732A-45

Z7C32

27C32A-30

2764 20

2764-25

7764-45

27C64

MCM687&4

27128-25

2725&25

745188

74S7B7

745780

71S387

74S471

74S472

745473

7^5474

745475

745476

745470

74S570

74S571

745572

745573

87523

875115

825173

02S126

825129

B2S130

82S1BS

B2S191

DMS7S1B1N

OU87SI84N

DMB751B5H

DMa7S191H

1095 795

4D9Gi8 |450r>s) NMC2532 a a\S?ia (450ns| M 204S.8 (450n5) 3 voiiagc II 7(H8.8 llSOnsl . jaa

II 201U.8 CM& I2B m5

II 2l)18iB 1350ns) 549 14 2048.B (550ns) . . 3.75

II 409C.a (450ns 4.95

14 4096.8 (200nsj21V 11.49

II 4090.U 1250ns) 21V 7.19

H 4096.B M50nsl 21V IB &«■

II 409Gili CMOl UB -UUli

14 4090.B (JOOrts; 71V (CMOS) 22.95

15 8197.8 (TOOiis) 21V 9B

n 8I92>B l250fts)2IV . 719 IS B19?i8 (450ns| 21V . . 649

a 8192i:8 CM0S21V 14»W%

M 8197.8 (450ns| 21V. MB -WWII 16.384.8 (750ns) 12BK21V IIB

37,768.8 l2S0nst256K(l4V) 49B-9»9^ fliOMOC 16330-11. 1 75

niOMrS (6301-11 1 79

ntOM rS 16331-1). , , 1,79 PflOMOC (5300-1) 195 nW)M IS 16309 1). 4 95

PliOM 15 (6349-1) 4,95

IS 37x8

IE 256x4

IE 32IB

IS 756.4

10 75<i.8

10 512.8

11 512.8 PflOM TS (liMfl7&29 II 512.8 fliOMD.C (6340)

II 1024x4 inOMTS.

II 1024.8 PJiOMIS ...

' * I1IOM0C (63051 FftOM 15 16306). .

512.4

II 1024.4 PHOMOC (6352).

1024.4

IS 32x8

II 51?.a

IS 32x8

IE 25Gx4

IE 75G.4

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mC*t tS lb?S1371 ITOMOC (77S1B) niOM IS (27SI5) FTtOM TS (27S191 PitOM DC (77S20) PROM IS 127521) . PItOMOC (275121

II 2040.4 FflOMtS IIHP24S81) II 2048x8 laOnsl

14.95

ADO1804

Aocoeoa

A0C0609 ADC0ai6 ADCOBU DAO1806 DA0D8D7 DAC0808 DAC0e30 DAa)831 DAC1000 DACIDOe [1AC1020 l)AC1072 DAC1727 DACI230 DACI231 XY-5-tOlll

II 7048.4 lltOM DC (82518

II 2048x4 PROMTS. IS2S1B5) .

14 2048x3 FftOMTS iB2S)9t).

— DATA ACQUISITION

MosIcKDC/DCConwilei +5VID -9V 295

a 8-Uil A/ll CoiwHei I1/4LSBJ 14.96

a 8-ai Art) C«i«ft« (- 1/2LSBI 4 95

a 8-BilAiI)Con«ik;i HLSO). 349

a 6 Bil Art)Conv wm Chaiuiel Analog 995

a 8 Oil Art) CuiMitn (8-Ch Mutti) . 4 49

40 B-ltil A/D Conv w/16-Ctiannei Analog 14 95

40 8 Ikl A/D ConM^Gi HO-CIl IMti) 949

IE 8-Bil D/A Oxiwncf 10 78% lin 1 1 95

IS aaiO/ACon«rteriMC140a-7) 1.49

IS B-Hil D/A Convcnci (MCI408-8) 225

a 8-Uil U|i D/A Conv | OSH Lin J 5 95

a U-l)il Up D'A Caiv ( 10% Lin ). ... 4 49

II 10 BiIt)/ACaivM>ciD Comp ID05H1 7.95

IS lO&lO/AConvMiCTO Comp (020%) 695

IE lOllilU/ACoiiY j005ULin). . 7,95

IE 10 il<l D/A Conv (070% lin). 5.95

II l7Hil()/ACoiiv |0 TOW Lin ), 695

a 12-(kl UpD/A Conv (05% Lin) 14 95

n 17D<I OpO/A Conv |,10%Linl 1395

40 mt IM iMi miEon 3.B

Win

StCJiBtt '

(Gold) Lnsf ff3 p«n»i. 1-1 10

Bpi'iWW 55 49

10 pin WW 69 65

14 pin WW 75 69

16 pin WW 79 77

18 pin WW 95 85

20 pin Vm 1,19 109

22pin WW 1.29 I 19

24 pm WW 135 119

7ap«iWWI69 155

36p>n WW 109 I 79

40 pn WW 2.29 1 95

14 pMi IIP 65 ,59 16 p<n IIP 69 65 24p<nHP 1.15 99

MpmllC .15 l6pinHC 19 24 pin HC 29

S10 Minimum Ofdw - US. Fumto Only CA Rwhfanta: Add evi<!ib Sale* Tax Spac ShMla - 30C mmch

Shlpplnt):Add54b^plu«S1.60lnwmnc« SmkISI R»tog«lor fREE Jwiwco Catatog Prtc4M Su^ed to Changa

' ' " ".■-I'-'—.ff^£E}

Sand stamped, tmlf ■tfc*M—rf Mtvwiopm to me«hn m UonUily Smiea Ffjw

II OnlK Eliclionlcs-Wi>rldwt(W

ameco

ELECTRONICS

ViSA"

DISK CONTROLLERS

IKSI771 1

FD1791

FD1733

FD1795

fD1797

W11279I

WI17793

WD?79r

m

40 Single Density

10 Single/Dual Dcnsiiy (km)

40 Single/Double Denaty fliue)

40 Dual Densny'Sidc Scted (Inv)

40 Du^ Density/SKlG 5ek£l (liucl

40 E>nglert]ouble Density (kn I

40 Snik!/IXut4e Oensily (kuel

m Ou^ Densitv/Side Selecl (IkipI .

1695 74 95 26 95 26 95 79 95 3995 3995 3995

Digitalker

1050—if^KJ^hB^ifa. ;ii.dKta.^«*«.Mwt*t Mill KliiiWl i> Till PTHl'li I I mil ml DIGIIALKEn kil encoded will) 137 separjie and usihil vrnds, 2 tones, and 5 diHcrenl silcnre dinalioris Itic vwds and lonea ha« Iinii a^Sigiied (liscielc addresses, making it possible la output single Mxds ui miiK cimciWi.Mi.'il iniu pliiascs or even saliences. The "vwcc" Puiwi ol it« DTlD50isatiighly inicliii])lilt iii.iJi' twee, Tki DTIOSO edbUi it ■ Spttck Pnomr 0»f. WK*W |40-piii| mimfZ\ Sntdi Ufa ■CI1S4SStl mt MSIIEUSQ |»-pii| tk^ «* i Hnkr M ki) ari i uriMiilil ukmlK

DTIOSO Digitalker" $34.95 ea.

MM54104 Processor Chip $14.95 ea.

DTI 057-Ei^ — onoS) mOUMi Hb DI H no wmiL IkI I lOKi iri vo.

Part No. DT1057 $24.95 ea.

INTERSIL

1995 1Q4'J 14 95 14 95 46 95 1095 4695 1095

/OIWPI a OiiWS Pimsion timci.

7045£V/Kit a Slopwatcli Oiip. XTl (EkiIiliIkhi Kill

7100CPI to 3'1 DkiiI Artl (LCD Dliw) .

FE0707D 10 4 Digil LCD Dis(itryl« /211IR S 7?11I«PL

r[D203() 40 3') Digit LO) Di^ior 7lDe& 7116

7ID6EV/K1I 40 IC. Ci'cut BoaO. Ih^iy <tv-.ilii.ilian Kit)

7 l07Cn 40 3't Digil A/D (ICO Oirx)

7107EVrtOr 40 IC. ChcuiI Bcxud. OisplJy (Evnlmliun KOJ

7116Cn 40 3':D<c)iIArt)LC0Dc IID

7701IU5 Lent Kmeiy Von hOcaicN

/TOblPC II CMOS LED StDtMatdi/Tnncr

7205EV/KiI 14 StopMldi Chip, XII (Evniuation KrtI

7706CJPE It bne Gencralw

7206CEVrt(il IS Tone Gcoeraloi Diip. XII (Evatuahon Kill

720/AIPD M OsciltilDi Coiilroilei

72a7AEV/Kil II Fieq CounlLi Onp. XIL (Eulluriio'i KH) .

721 nil 41 4 Digit LCD Displ^iy ()eco(k.'i/Diivi.i (TIL compalrble).

7711MII1 10 4 Oigil LCD Display Doctxtci/Dirwi (Miciopioc compiL)

771511'G » 4 Func CMOS SIU(tMilrJi Oia

7215EV/KJI II 4 Func 5lDpwald) Cliip, XTl (Evalu.iliai Kil)

7716AUI n BOigjlUniv CounleiCA

72ir«PI a BOktIFik) CoonlerCC

771711 a 4 Digit LED Uprt)twn Counln 0 A

7}]/m a 4 Digil LEO UpDwwi Counler CC LCD 4'; DhjH DpCounlei IMS

5 Fimction Ca/ilei Chip. XIL ItvatuJlxw Ml .

/??41Pi 10 7?21.AtVfXil 40

130009 ig83INtERSlLDataBook(i356p)

.$9,951

74HC High Speed CMOS

1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 94002 5/85 PHONE ORDERS WELCOME - (415) 592-8097 - Telex: 176043

7111000 14

74I02 II

74IIC03 14

74IICD4 11

74KCU04 14

74IICOB 14

7411010 M

7411011 14 74IC14 II 74IC20 II 74IIC27 14 74HC30 14 741IC32 tl 74IC42 IS 74IIC51 14 7411050 14 74HC73 14 74HC74 14 74110/5 IS 74IIC76 IE 74)05 IB 74I06 II 74KC1U7 14 74IIC109 IE 7411011? IS 741K:i23 is 74HCI25 14 74IIC137 14 74HC137 IE 74110138 II

74COO 74C07 74CD4 740)0 74CIO 74014 74C20 74C30 74C32 74C47 74048 74C73 74074 74CB5 74086 74C89 74C90 74093 74095

14

14

74HC139 IS

74IIC147 IB

74HC151 IS

74H0153 IS

74HCI54 II

74HC157 IE

74HC158 IS

74ICIG0 II

74)C1Gt II

74HC167 IS

74HCI63 IE

74HC164 II

74HC165 II

74NC166 II

74)10173 IS

741)0174 II

74110175 16

74110190 IE

74IICI91 IB

74IIC192 16

74IIC193 II

74IIC194 IE

74HC195 II

74HC721 II

74tC237 IE

74HC740 a

74110741 n

74IC242 14

74HC243 II

74HC2*i a

740107 740151 74C154 74C157 74C160 74C161 74C162 74C163 740164 74C165 740173 74C174 74CI75 74C192 74CI93

r4HC745 a 74HC251 I 74H0253 1 74(IC257 I 74HC259 I 74HC266 I 74110273 2 74HC7S0 1 741IC299 2 74HC366 II 74HC367 1 74HC373 Z 74H(374 II 74HC390 II 741C333 1 74110533 I 741C534 2 74HC595 1 74110668 ] 741(04074 1 74(104040 1 74HC4000 1 74HC4075 1 74HC407B 1 74HC451t 1 74HC45" I 74HC4538 I 74HC4543 1

TL0710P S

TL072CP I

TL074CH tl

TL081CP I

IL087CP S

II084CN 14

IM109K

LW3010N S

LM3021I

LM3041I

LM305H

LM307CN S

LM308CN S

LM3D9K

IM311X:N S

tM311CN I

LM312H

IM31/1

LM317K

IMliaCN S

IM319H 14

IM320K5

IM320K17

tM320K15

lM320«t24

IM32CI-5

LM320I-12

LM320I15

LM320T24

LM377N 14

LM323K

LM324N II

LM329I)Z

LM33IN S

LM334Z

LM335Z

LM336Z

LM337MP

LM337I

IM330K

LM339N H

tM340K5

LM34DKI2

LM34DKIS

LM340K74

LM340T-5

LM340I12

IM340I.1S

LM340I-?^

IF347H II

LM34BN II

LM35aK

LF351N I

LF353H S

740195 74C22I

LINEAR

LF355N I

LF356N B

LM35BN S

LM359N II

LM370N 14

itGTyt tl

LM377N II

LM3S0CN S

LM360N 14

LM38IN II

LM3B2N II

LM304N II

LM386N-3 1

LM387N 1

IM389N II IM391N 80 II

LM)92N I

LM393N S

LF398N I LM399H

LF4t2CM I

TL494CM II

TL496CP I

NE531V I

HE544H 11

NE550A tl

NE^V B

XR-15S& I

LM556N 14

NE558N II

1IE564N IS

LM565N tl

LM5e60N I

LM567V I

NE570N IB

NE571N IS

NE597H 14

LM703CN S

LM71DN 14

LM7I1H 14

LM723N 14

LM733N 14

LM73gN tl

LM741CN B

74C240 74C744 74C373 740374

74cgai

74C902 740903 740905 74C907 74C911 74C9I2 740915 74C917 74C972 741.923 74C325 740525 S0C95 flOC97

IM747N tl

LM748N B IH760HC

LM145eV S

LMMSaCN S

LMI4SSN 14

LM1489i 14

LM14g6N II IM1605CK

LMISOON IS

LMia71N IB

LM1872N II LMia77N 9 II

LMlse9N II

IM1896N II LM2002T

lJLK20a3A IS

XR2206 II

xn2707 14

XR2208 IS

XR2211 14 LM7B77P LM787BP

LAt790tK 14

LM2902N 14

LM2907N 14

LM2917N I

umxM II

LM3905CN B

LM3909N S

LM3914N IS

lM39t5N TS

IM39I6N IS

RC4136N 14

RC4151ie B nC4195TK

L)M750CN B

LM450OA II

WS532 I

NE5534 I 79M05A>I

aS038 14

IMI3080N I

iMi3eoa( II

76477 a

30003 1982Nat.UnearDalaBook(i952pgs) .$11.95

228 BYTE

• MAY 1985

Inquiry 217

Mail-Order Electronics* Worldwide • Since 1974 Jameco ^

ELECTRONrCS I

Commodore® Accessories ProModem 1200 and Options Apple® Accessories

RS232 Adapter for VIC-20 and Commodore 64

The JE232CM alkiws connection of standard serial RS232 printers, modems, etc. to your VIC-20 and C-64. A 4-poie switch allows the inversion of the 4 control lines. Complete installation and operation instructions included.

• Plugs into User Port • Provides Standard RS232 signal levels • Uses 6 signals (Transmit, Receive. Clear to Send, Request to Send, Data Terminal Ready, Data Set Ready).

JE232CM $39.95

VOICE SYNTHESIZER FOR APPLE AND COMMODORE

JE520CM

JE520AP

• Ovsr 250 word vocabulary-affixes allow the lormation of more than 500 words • Buitt-fn amplifier, speaker, volume control, and audio jack • Recreates a clear, natural male voice • Plug-in user ready with documentation and sample software ■ Case size: 7'/i"L X 3'A"W X 1-3/8"H

APPLICATIONS:

• Security Warning ■ Telecommunication

• Teaching • Handicap Aid

• Instrumentation • Games

Pirl No. Dascrlpllon Price

JE520CM For Commodore 64 A VIC-20 $114.95

JE520AP For Apple II, 11+, and //e $149.95

w Computer Memory

"C'Si-" Expansion Kits

IBM PC, PC XT and Compatibles

Most ol Itie popular Memory Boards (eg. □uadram'* Expansion Boards) allow you ro add an additional e-IK. 12BK. 192K or 256K. TTio IBM64K Kit will populalu lliese boards in'MK bylo incremenls. The Kit is simple to Install— lust insurl the 9 - 64K RAM cliips in the pfovided sockets and sel Hie 2 groups of switcties Completo conversion documentation included.

IBM64K (Nine 200ns 64K RAMs) $33.49

IBM PC AT

Each kit comescompJele with nine 12eK dynamic RAMsanddocumenlalion tot conversion

IBM128K (Nine 250ns 12aK RAMs) $199.95

APPLE fie

Extended eO-Cotumn/64K RAM Card. Expands memory by 64K to give 128K wtien used wiih programs like VisiCalc". Fully assembled and tested.

JE864 $99.95

TRS-80 MODEL I, III

Eacli Kit comes complete with eight MM5290(UPD416/4I16} 16K Dynamic HAMs and documentation lor conversion. Model 1:16K equipped vrith Expansion Intciface can be expanded to 4aK v^th 2 Kits. Model III: Can be expanded from 16K to 48K using 2 Kits. Each Kit will eitpand computer by

TnS-16K3 200ns (Model III) $6.29

TRS-16K4 250ns (Model!) $5.49

TRS-80 M0D£L IV & 4P

Easy toinstall Kit comes complBlB with 8 ea 4164N-20 (200n5) 64K Dynamic RAMs and conversion documentation. Converts TRS-60 Model IV computers Irom tGK to 64K. Also expands Model 4P(tom 64K to I28K.

■mS-64K-2 $29.95

(Convwts th* Modal IV from 16K to S4K or vnll expand the Modal 4P trom 64KtD 12aK)

TRS-64K2PAL (Model IV only) $49.95

(B ■ 4164'» wilh PAL Chip lo expand from 64H to 126K1

TRS-80 COLOR AND COLOR II

Ensy to install Kit comes complete with 8 each 4t64N-20 (200ns) 64K Dynamc RAMs and documenlation lor conversion Converts TRS-80 Color Computers with D. E. ET. F and NC circuit boards to 32K. Also converts inS-80 Color Computer II lo 64K Rex DOS or OS-9 required to utilize lull 64K RAM on all computers

TRS-64K-2 $29.95

Model 100

PWtTNO.

PROTECT YOURSELF...

DATASHIELD Surge Protector

EtiminateavDllagc spikDS and EMI-RR noise bobrc it can damaga your oquipmcnl or c:auso Onla kjss. 6-mo warramy Power dissipation (100 mlcrosoconds): 2.000,000 walls

PRICE

DESCniPIXM

MODEL 75 4 Sockels, On/OK Switch S49.95

l«JDEL as 6 Sock , Super Rllers. On/OH Switch.. .. S59.95

MODEL 100 6 Sock.. Super Piters. Low Valt. Alarm. .. $69.95

MODEL 110AMS 6 Sockels, Super Rllers,

Auto. Master Switch S99.95

DATASHIELD Back-Up Power Source

Proloct your computer \iam oiacK-ouls. Drown-ouis, pomr sunjos and lino nolao PTI's PC2M ia doalnnod tor PCs with floppy disk momory, ihe XT300 tor hard disk memory and ino ATflOO tor multi-user systems. A typical compalibie PC tor each o' inese standljys will tro suoportod tor 15 to 25 mmiilos alter power is tost. V*(ght (PC200 24 IDs) (XI300 37S1QSI -1AT500 83 IBs) - (ATBOO B3ll:s)

PC200 (200 Watt Rating) $299.95

XraOO (300 Wati Rating) $399.95

AT500 (500 W»n Rating] $699,95

AT800 (800 Watt Ratir>g) $799.95

^ Intelligent 300/1200 Baud PROMETHEUS Telephone Modem with Real Time Clock/CalencJar

The ProModem" is a Bell 212A (300/1200 baud) intelligent sland-alone modem ■ Full featured expandable modem • Standard features include Auto Answer and Auto Dial. Help Commands, Programmable Intelligent Dialing, Toucii Tone™ and Pulse Dialing & More - Hayes command set compatible plus an additional extended command set • Stiown w/ialptianumeric display option. Part No. Deacriplion Price

PM1200 RS-232 Stand Alone Unit $349.95

PM1200A Apple II, 11+ and lie Internal Unit $369.95

PM1200B \BM PC and Compatible Internal Unit $269.95

PM1200BS IBM PC & Comp. Int. Unit w/ProCom Software $319.95

MAC PAC Macintosti Package $399.95

(Includes PM1200, Gable, & ProCom Software)

OPTIONS FOR ProModem 1200

PM-COM (ProCom Communication Software) $79.95

Please specify Operating System.

PM-OP (Options Processor) $79.95

PM0-16K (Options Processor Memory - 16K) $10.95

PM0-32K (Options Processor Memory - 32K) $20.95

PMO-64K (Options Processor Memory - 64K) $39.95

PM-ALP (Alptianumeric Display) $79.95

PM-Special {includes Options Processor. 64K Memory

and Alphanumeric Display) SI 89.95

KEYBOARDS

13>.B"Lx4U'Wxi4"H

New!

Mitsumi 54-Key Unencoded All-Purpose Keyboard

■ SPST keyswitches ■ 20 pin ribbon cable connection • Low profile Neys ■ Fealures; cursor controls, conlrol. caps (lock;), function, enter and sfiitt keys • Color (keycaps): grey ■ Wt.: 1 lb. • Pinout Incliided

KB54 $14.95

82-Key ASCII Cherry Keyboard

■ 7-bit parallel ASCII - 11 -key numeric keypad • Cursor keypad ■ SPST mechanical keyswitcfies

■ 4 illuminalod keys ■ 26-pin header connector Color: white -Size: 18"L x 6U"W x ^V^■■^^ -Spec included

KB8201. . . . (iTOQavail.) $29.95

SPECIAL FUNCTIONS!

Description

Apple Keyboard and Case for Apple II and 11+

KeyDoard: • 68 keys • 15-key keypad ■ Direct connection with J 6-pin ribbon connector - 26 special (unctions ■ Size: 141*"L x 5ft"W x 1 ft"H Case: Accommodates KB-A68 • Ftop-up lid for easy access ■ Fits power supply and motherboard loo •Size- IS'v-Wx ia"Dx4',i"H Price

KB-EA1 Apple Keyboard anid Case (pictured above) $134.95

KB-A68 68-Key Apple Keyboard only $ 79.95

EAEC-1 Expanded Apple Enclosure Case only $ 59.95

POWER SUPPLIES

Power/Mate Corp. REGULATED POWER SUPPLY

• Input: l05-125/210-250VACat47-63Hz • Line regulation: ±0.05%-Three mounting surfaces ■ Overvoltage orotection • UL recognized • CSA certified

FWNo. Output Siio WBlght Prica

EMA5/6B 5V@3A/6V@2.5A 4?ii"L x 4"W x 2^fa'H 2 lbs. $29.95 EMA5/6C 5V®6A/6V®5A 5WLx4%"Wx2VH 4 lbs. $39.95

KEPCO/TDK 4-OUTPUT SWrrCHING POWER SUPPLY

• Ideal for disk drive needs of CRT terminals, microcomputers and videogames - Input; 115/230VflC,50/60Hz • Output: i-SV® 5Amp, +12V@ 1 8 Amp +12V @ 2 Amp, -12V @ 0,5 Amp ■ UL recognized ■ CSA certified •Size:7>4Tx6-3/16'Wx1VH-Weight:2tbs $59,95 eactl Of

MRM 174KF 2 for $99.95

Switching Power Supply for APPLE II, 11+ & lie'"

• Can drive four floppy disk drives and up to eight expansion cards

• Short circuit and overload protection • Fits inside Apple computer

• Fully regulated +5V ® 5A, +12V e 1.5A, -5V @ ,5A. -tSV @ ,5A

• Direct plug-in power cord included ■ Size: 9!i)"L x 3l^?"W x 2'A"H

• Weight: 2 lbs,

KHP4007 (SPS-109) $59.95

4-CHANNEL SWITCHING POWER SUPPLY

■ Microprocessor, mini-computer, terminal, medical equipment and process control applications ■ Input: 90-130VAC, '17-440HZ ■ Output: +5VDC @ 5A, -5VDC® I A: +12VDC@ 1A,-12VDC®1A - Line regulations: iO,2%-Ripple: 30mV p-p - Load regulation: ■-!% ■ Overcurrent protection -Adj: 5V main output -10%-Size: 65ij'Lx ir^'W x-l-IS/ie'H - Weight: Hi lbs.

FCS-604A. $69.95

IBM PCXT EQUIVALENT 130 WATT POWER SUPPLY

UPGRADE YOUR PCI

• Input: 100V-130V/200V-260V selectable ® 47 to 63Hz ■ Output: -1-5VDC IS 15A, -5VDC @ CSA, +12VDC ® 4.2A, -12VDC 8 0,5A

• Plug compalibie connectors • Fits into \BM PC • Weight: 6 lbs,

IBM-PS $169.95

0 Minlfnum OrdM - US. Fundi Only CA RMidMila: Add G<i^% SalM Tu Sp*c ShMtt - 30C MCh

Shipping: Add 5% ptui SI .50 lniuranc« Smd SI Po«t*g«kir FREE T0BS J«nwoo Calstoff PrlcM Subl*ct lo Chang* Send sUmpmd. »*ff4Cfdr*sMd wivMbpa M rmcmitm a hkmttify Satas Ffy*r — FREEI

ELECTRONICS

V7S4*

1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 94002 5/85 PHONE ORDERS WELCOME- (415) 592-^097 - Telex: 176043

5V4 " APPLE " Direct Plug-In Compatible Disk Drive and Controller Card

The ADD-514 Disk Drive uses Shugart SA390 mechanics-143K formatled storage • 35 tracks ■Compalibie with Apple Controller & ACC-1 Controller • The drive comes complete with connector and cable - just plug into your disk controller card ■ Size: 6"L x 3^^"W x 8-9/16"D - Weight: A'h lbs.

ADD-514 (Disk Drive) $169.95

ACC-1 (Controller Card) $ 49.95

More Apple Compatible Add-Ons...

APF-1 (Cooling Fan with surge protection). . . . $39.95

KHP4007 (Switching Power Supply) $59.95

JE614 (Numeric/Aux, Keypad lor lie) $59.95

KB-A68 (Keyboard w/Keypad lor II & ll-i ) $79.95

MON-12G (12" Green Monitor w/swivel stand). . . . $99.95

JE864 (80 Col. +64K RAM for lie) $99.95

ADD-12 (5'ri" Half-Height Disk Drive) $179.95

JiifflL ADDITIONAL APPLE ' ADD-ONS AVAILABLE

ARC-1 6K(16K RAM Card for Apple II S 11+) $39.95

AEB-2 (EPROM Burner for Apple II, 11+ & lie) . .$69.95

Allows copy of standard EPROMS

2708. 2716, 2732,2764 ASSC-P (Super Serial Card for Apple II, 11+ A lie). .$99.95 ADD-llc (5ii" Hal(-Hl- Disk Drive for Apple lie) $189.95

DISK DRIVES

Documentation ^^'1 o,^^ Included ^v^^^

MPI51S (MPI5'/4"SSfull-ht.) $ 89.95

RFD480 (Remex 5y4" DS full-hl.) $109.95

TM100-2 (Tandon 5'A" DS full-ht.) $159.95

FD55B (Teac 5'/<" DS half-ht.) $149.95

SA455 (Shugart S'A" DS half-ht.).... $159.95

FDD100-8 (Siemens 8" SS full-ht.) $119.95

PCK-5 (5'/4" Power Cable Kit) $2.95

PCK-8 (8" Power Cable Kit) $3.95

UV-EPROM Eraser

Erases all EPROMs. Erases uplo8chipswilhin 21 minutes (1 chip in 15 minutes). Maintainsconslantexposuredistanceol one inch. Special conductive foam liner eliminates static build-up. 8uill-in safety lock to prevent UV exposure. Compact — only 9.00"L x 3.70"W X 2,60"H, Complete with holding tray for 8 chips.

DE-4 UV-EPROM Eraser $74.95

UVS-11 EL Replacement Bulb $16.95

JE664 EPROM PROGRAMMER

See Our New IBM Communlcatlona Program!

24 & 28 PIN

I \pft\ B .."^-'-X PACKAGES

REQUIRES NO ADOmONAL SYSTEMS FOR OPERATION

Programs and validates EPROMs -Cfiecks lor properly erased EPROMs - Emulates PROMs or EPROMs ■ Loads data in HAM by keyboard ■ Changes data in RAM by keyboard • Loads HAM Irom an EPROM ■ 664 RAMs can be used for external micro processor dovelopmenl ■ Compares EPROMs lor content differences ■ Copies EPROMs ■ Input: 115VAC e 60Hi ■ Assembled and tested • Size: 15^"L x B'^'Dx S'^'H • Wl: 5i« lbs • 2716 Modutaindudwd

JE664-A EPROM Programmer $995.00

JE665-ItS232C INTERFACE OPTION — This option implements computer access to me JESe-l's RAM, allovring computer lo manipulate, sto'o, and transfer EPROM data lo and item Itio JEG64. Sample program listing Is supplied in MBASIC for CP/M computers ■ Documentalion provided to adapt the soltwaro toother computers with anRS232port ■ Specs: 9500 Baud, 8-bit word, odd parily with 2 slop bits • Assembled and tested ■ 2716 Modulo lr>clud«d

EPROM Programmer ^ JE664-ARS W/JE665 Option $1195.00

JE664-ARS COMMUNICATION PROGRAM For IBM-PC or XT and Compatibles

• Fait complied BASIC program ■ Easy to um, menu-drtvan ■ Print hardcoplM of EPROM daU ■ Vlaw data In HEX and ASCII NEWI

The JE664-ARS Communicnlion Program was written (or Quick interlacing between the JE664-ARS EPROM Programmer and the IBM-PC computer and compatibles. Menu-driven program allows user lo 1_aad and Save EPROM data to and Irom the computer oi floppy disk. Dala entered by the t;ompuler can t>o viewed in IHcx & ASCI fonnais. Printed hard-copies are also displayed in I>otti formats. Program is ideal tor keeping archives ol master EPROMs on disk. The program is compatible Icr all EPROMs listed with the JE664. Computer requirements; IBM-PC, XT (or ea.l wito at least 128K RAM and one serial port. Optional: One porallel pod br printer,

JE664-ARS-CP. $49.95

JEfle4-ARS Communlcatlona Program (5U' DIak and Uaar'a Initructiona)

JE664-CP CABLE $29.95

Cable lor IBM-PC to JE664-AnS Program {5' Shialdad Catila Aiaambtyl

JUMPER (Per^nality) MODULES - Jumper (Personality) Modules lor 8K. IGK, 32K, and 64K EPROMs 'Please specify EPROM and manutnclurer JUMPER (Poreonality) MODULE ■ $14,95 aactiJ

Inquiry 217

MAY 1985 -BYTE 229

Inquiry 30

Uttle Board " $349'

•UNDER $200 IN OEM QUANTITIES

• 4-MHz Z80A CPU, 64K RAM, Z80A CTC, and 2732 Boot ROM

• Mini/Micro Floppy controller (1-4 Drives, Single/Double Density, 1-2 sided, 40/80 track)

• Only 5.75 x 7.75 inches, mounts directly to a 5 1/4" floppy drive

• TWO RS232C Serial Ports (75-9600 baud

and 75-38,400 baud), 1 Centronics Printer Port

• Power Requirements: +5VDC at 0.75A;-H2VDC at 0.05A/On-board -12V Converter

• CP/M2.2BDOS • ZCPR3CCP

• Enhanced Al.\PRO BIOS

• AMPRO Utilities included:

• Read/write to more than two dozen other formats (Kaypro, Televideo, IBM CP/M86...)

• Format disks for more than a dozen other computers

• Menu-based system customization

• BIOS and Utilities Source Code available

BOOKSHELF'" ^" - ^oo

AS LOW AS$63SINOEMaTy

MODEL QTY 1 PRICE ]

121 1 400K DSDD Drive i 895.00 \

122 2 400K DSDD Drives 995.00 142 2 BOOK DSQD Drives 1,095.00

• Little Board CPU

• Runs thousands of CP/M programs

• Enhanced Operating System including ZCPR3 CCP and FRIENDLV Integrated Operating Environment

• Word Processing, Electronic Spreadsheet, Database Management, Spelling Checker all included (complete T/maker Pkg.)

• 10 MB hard disk version available

• 6i/!"high, 7'/4"wide, lOVi'deep, M'A\bs.

SCSI/PLUS'^ Adapter

Compatible with most Z80 Systems (send $10 for complete specifications)

• Mounts directly to Uttle Board

• Multi-Master high-speed parallel bus ^99

• SASI-SCSI compatible QTY 1

• General purpose I/O expansion bus

• Supports up to 64 bus devices

• Allows multi-Little Board Systems and resource sharing

• Little Board hard disk software/source $79 QTY 1

DISTRIBUTORS

Argentina-Factorial, S.A 1-41-0018

Australia-ASPMicrocomputers .... 613-500-0628 Belgium-Centre Electronique Lempereur.. 041-23-45-41 Canada-Electronic Sales Assoc . . . (604) 986-5447

Denmark-Danbit 03-66-20-20

England-Quant Systems 01-534-3158

Finland-Symmetric OY 358-0-585-322

France-EGAL+ 1-502-1800

Israel-Alpha Terminals 03-491695

Spain-Xenios Informatica 3-593-0822

Sweden-AB AKTA 08-54-20-20

USA: CALL AMPRO

Z80A is a registered tradcmarlt of Ziiog, Inc.

CP/M is a registered trademark of Disital Research.

COMPUTERS, INCORPORATED 67 East Evelyn Ave. • Atountain View, CA 94041 (415) 962-0230 • TELEX 4940302

THE TRANSPUTER

TTansputers has the same interface as a single TVansputer in much the same way as an assembly of Ljego bricks has the same interface (lugs and holes) as a single brick. A big Ttansputer can be built out of four TVansputers, as shown in figure 6a. This TYansputer can in turn be used as a building block to make a bigger Transputer (figure 6b), and so on. These big and bigger Transputers present the user with exactly the same four link interfaces as did the original TVansputer A further analogy with Ljego bricks is that they come in different shapes and sizes and with different numbers of lugs and holes. Transputers will

have different word lengths, different processor speeds, and different memory interfaces, but they will all use the same links, run off the standard 5-MHz input clock, and be programmable in Occam.

The analogy holds just as well with Occam processes as it does with Transputers.

One respect in which the analogy with Lego bricks does not hold is that hego bricks are constrained to connect to their immediate neighbors, in many Transputer networks, most of the connections will also be between adjacent Transputers, but the links do

{continued]

IMS T424

notWbytea-notWbytea-notWbytel

■notWbyteO•notG = /OE

n

-/WE

VCC

cs

/RFSH

•notS0 = /CE

8K X 8 OR

32K X B

DYNAI^IC

RAM

Figure 3: Four byte-wide RAMs connected to a T424.

Figure 4: A random, possibly functionally distributed, network.

Figure 5: A toroidally connected array.

230 BYTE • MAY 1985

The right network isn't' a matter of choice. It^ a

matter of to

Fact: You carit buy smarter than an OMNINET'Network.

WlietheryoLi have 2 microcomputers or 200, you bought them to handle information. If each micro has to handle it separately, both your ec]uipment and your people are working inefficiently

Because they could network with OMNINET. Sharing infomiation — as well as the printing and data storage equipment that really puts information to work.

Add CORVUS' SNA Gateway and you can link your entire network directly to your mainframe.

The price? At under $500 per hookup, OMNINET is the most cost^ effective network you can install. Or expand.

Fact: This network was designed for microcomputers.

Micros get moved. Businesses expand.

Your network should be able to grow and change just as fast as your business does.

Tliat's why an OMNINET Network uses simple, telephone-type line. Even relocating the system to a whole new building is just a move. Instead of a construction project.

Fact: OMNINET Networks offer unmatched compatibility.

om Apples to Zeniths, OMNINET handles more varieties of computers than any other network, keep the DEC's in Data Processing and the PC's in Purchasing. OMNINET will keep them all on speaking terms.

Corvus

Zetatb

Corvus OMNINKT Network

I'rinter

Fact: The experts network udth OMNINET

Over 30 of the major computer companies have licensed OMNINET for networking tlieir micros. So you don't have to worry about support tomorrow for the system you pick today

And OMNINET already has the most software options around — over 500 programs to choose from, according to your people's needs. Not their network's limitations.

Fact: The facts have made us *1.

CORVUS pioneered local area networking for microcomputers, and we've never stopped working on ways to improve it.

Just give us a ring at 800-4-CORVUS to find out more.

Because while calling ourselves the best is a matter of opinion, telling you that 3 out of ever>' 5 locally networked micros work on a CORVUS network is something else*

It's a matter of fact.

GORVUS

The Networking Company

• S9'V. ot all locally-riL-tworkcd micros opcmtc in a coRVii.s network, according to InfoCorp coRVUS/niE NETWORKING C(JMPAm'. OMNINKT. omnidrive and CORVIJS bank are trademarks of COrvijs SYSIT-MS. [NC mMi-ci-satnideniark of International Business Machines. APPUi is a trademark ofAPPLECOMPLiTER inc. dec is a trademark of digital equipment corporaiion. Zenith isa trademark of Zenith Corporatioa

Inquiry 11 i

MAY 1985 - BYTE 231

Inquiry 91

/ UUDER !

NOW THERE'S AN EASIER WAY TO CONTROL

YOUR PRINTER.

ADAPTA-PmNT

SOFTWARE

FAST AND EASY FINGERTIP

CONTROL OF YOUR PRINTER

• Adapta-Prinl's pop-up menu lets you use your prinler to its fullest capability-wittiout tiaving to exit wtiatever program you're working on. Ttiat includes full control of form layout, type style, and general printer functions.

• For non-IBM compatible printers, a

built-in translator makes your printer compatible with the IBM printer, allowing It to generate pictures using Lotus 1-2-3* and most other software.

• There's an option available called TURN that gives Adapta-Print the capability to print sideways.

• A built-in spooler allows your printer to print one job while you work on another.

• Available for many brands of dot matrix printers, including Epson, Okidata, Hewlett-Packard, NEC, Toshiba, Mannesmann, My, C. Itoh, Patasouth^ and most ofher dot matrix printers.

rancmsE adapia-pmnt FORMiyses,

(Plus S2 shipping and handling),

(TURN option is $24 additional) Call 615-966-1399 witti your Visa or MasterCard number. Operalors are on duly weekdays until 9:00 EST. Or send your check or money order to the address below.

Computational Systems Incorporated

Dept. BY One Energy Center Pellissippi Parkway Knoxville, Tennessee 37922

'Lotus and 1-2-3 m Iradtmariu of Lotui OmIopnMnt Corporation.

THE TRANSPUTER

not force this constraint, as tire toroidal network in figure 5 shows.

Using Transputers

For the small computer, a simple base product might contain one to four TVansputers, probably in a functionally distributed network with one Transputer handling file I/O (input/output) and another handling the screen. More performance could be achieved with add-on boards; it would be possible to add TVansputers and memory in much the same way that memory add-on boards are used now.

If the add-on board has four Transputers, each with four 32K by 8-bit

RAMs, as in figure 3, the board would have a processing power of 20 to 40 MIPS and a memory of Vi megabyte. Four boards would produce 80 to 160 MIPS and 2 megabytes. An alternative, densely packed add-on board might have two Transputers, each with thirty-two 2 56K by 1-bit dynamic RAMs. Four of these boards would produce 40 to 80 MIPS and 8 megabytes. Four of either add-on board produces a machine that could fairiy be described as a "personal supercomputer."

iransputer-based add-on boards could alternatively be used with an

(cofitmueiO

Figure 6: [a] A b\q D'ansputer built from four Itansputers. (b) A bigger li'ansputer built from four big TVflnsputers.

I960

(b)

106|- MIPS, ALSO

BUS THROUGHPUT, LINK THROUGHPUT, 10^ - AND MEMORY

104 _

103 10 2 I

lOO

NUMBER OF TRANSPUTERS IN SYSTEM

10° 10' 10^ 10^ 10* 10*

Figure 7: (a) Conventional system throughput (in MIPS) by year {very approximate^ (b) Transputer system throughput as a function of the number of Transputers in the system.

232 BYTE* MAY 1985

"It's easy to spot the difference between our IBM PC-based frame grabber and the others'.'

High performance and affordable cost, just $1495 for a single plug-in board.

Unlike other video I/O systems, the new DT2803 provides real-time image capture capabilities, digitizing a 6-bit video field every 1/30 second. An on-board, memory-mapped, dual-ported frame store memory (256 x 256 X 8) makes it ideal for the IBM PC's 64K buffer size. And for real number crunching.

w

l'"alse Color

DATA TRANSLATION

SPECIFICATIONS: DT2803

A/D Input

RS-170(CCIRR),6-bilsat5MHz

Frame Grab

1/30 (1/25) second per field

LUT's

8.64 X 8 input; 4,256 x 12 output

D/A Output

64 colors X 64 intensities, R-G-B; 64 grey levels, monochrome

Frame Memory

256 X 256 X 8 (2-bits for graphic overlays)

the DT2803's external ports interface to high speed co-processors.

With our software package, VIDEOLAB,'" the DT2803 is easy to use for image operations like averages, histograms, and convolutions.

So, if your application is manufacturing/automatic inspection, robotics, or medical research, our new high performance video I/O board will really open your eyes an unbeatable price.

Call (617) 481-3700

Call for our new 576 pg. catalog/ handbook or see it in Gold Book 1985.

-at

World Headquarters: Data Translation, Inc., 100 Locke Dr., Marlboro, IVIA 01752 (617) 481-3700 Tlx 951 546.

European Headquarters: Data Translation, Ltd., 13 The Business Centre, Molly Millars Lane, Wokingham Berks, RG112QZ, England Tlx: 851849862 ( #D)

In Canada: (416)625-1907. IBM PC is a registered trademark of IBM. VIDEOLAB is a registered trademark of Data Translation, Inc.

Inquiry 123

MAY 1985 -BYTE 233

2400 bps modems: Do you Really need another speed?

• Is the shift from 300 to 1200 bps going to repeat itself at 2400 bps? The answer is both yes and no. There certainly are applications for 2400 bps asynch dial-up modems, but we shouldn't expect 1200 bps to die overnight.

• 2400 bps modems can improve throughput, thereby getting tasks done quicker and more economically. However, 1200 bps has become the virtual standard for professional dial-up communications, and most users are satisfied with it. So why consider a 2400 bps modem at all?

• One reason is flexibility. If the modem you select operates at all three speeds (300,1200 & 2400) in accordance with accepted industry standards, it will serve virtually all dial-up applications now and in the foreseeable future.

• The modem you select should be the MultiModem224. It is Bell 212A and 103 compatible at 1200 and 300 bps, and CCITT V.22bis compatible at 2400. It is also 100% compatible with the Hayes command set, meaning that it will work with virtually all communications software packages, at all three speeds. Other features include both synchronous and asynchronous operation, full intelligence and a phone number memory.

• The MultiModem224 is available in both desktop and IBM PC™ internal card versions. (There is also a rackmounted version for central sites.) And as a bonus, we provide free offers from ten of the most popular on-line information services, including CompuServe™ Dow Jones™ and The Source™

• A 2400/1200/300 bps modem is just a plain good investment. Why not let the MultiModem224 provide your communications for both today and tomorrow?

Inquiry 282

MultiTech^

Systems

The right answer every time.

82 Second Ave. S.E., New Brighton. MN 55112 (612) 631-3550, TWX: 910-563-3610

MuttiTechlH

Systems

MuKiMcxjem

2400/1200/300 BPS Intelligent Modem

THE TRANSPUTER

Performance is

a function of the number of Transputers.

existing computer, similar to Steve Ciarcia's TVump Card (reference 9).

The linear increase in performance with the number of TVansputers used makes the Japanese Fifth Generation targets achievable as a function of the number of TVansputers rather than as a function of years (figure 7). ■

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1 would like to acknowledge the help of colleagues in Bristol, England, and Colorado Springs, Colorado, in the preparation of this article. Particular thanks to Phil Atkin and Owen Ransen, who developed the ray-tracing program used in the panel.

REFERENCES

1. Fountain, Dick. "Microprocessor Design." BYTE, August 1984, page 361.

2. INMOS Limited. Occam Programming Manual. Englewood Cliffs, N): Prentice/Hall, 1984.

3. INMOS Limited. IMS T424 TYansputer Reference Manual. 1984.

4. May David, and Roger Shepherd. "The TVansputer Implementation of Occam." Proceedings of the International Conference on Fifth Generation Computer Systems 1984, November 6-9, Tokyo, page 533. Published by ICOT.

5. Shapiro, Ehud. "Systolic Programming: A Paradigm for Parallel Processing." Proceedings of the international Conference on Fifth Generation Computer Systems 1984. November 6-9, Tokyo, page 458. Published by ICCT.

6. Kung, H. T "Why Systolic Architectures?" IEEE Computer, 15(1), page 37, 1982.

7. Kung. S. Y.. et al. "Wavefront Array Processor; Language, Architecture and Applications." IEEE Transactions on Computers (Special issue on parallel and distributed computers), C-31 (11) November 1982, page 1054.

8. Maruyama, Fumihiro, et al. "PrologBased Expert System for Logic Design." Proceedings of the International Conference on Fifth Generation Computer Systems 1984, November 6-9, Tokyo, page 563. Published by ICOT.

9. Ciarcia, Steve. "TVump Card." BYTE, May 1984, page 40.

10. INMOS Limited. "Occam Programming Manual." (Japanese edition) KEl GAKU Publishing Co. Ltd., Japan, 1984.

The Brand NEW

printed this ad on an Epson FX printer Letter Quality

Say goodbye to correspondence quality and hello to S'ourvcAi, 3'(yni's high-resolution, proportionally spaced, letter quality. Fonts are available in sizes from 6 to 72 points; styles include Roman, Bold, Italic. Script, Old English, and more. All this on low-cost dot-matrix printers. 9'a/ncu, j'oni is an easy-to-use software package, developed by SoftCraft, Inc., for IBM PC compatible systems and CP/M systems; no special hardware or installation is required.

New Features Now Available in Version 2

The latest version of 9'(»rd takes advantage of the phenomenal

resolution of the Epson FX and RX printers to achieve laser printer quality. High resolution versions for the Toshiba 1350, 1351, 1340 and the lEpson LQ-1500 will soon be available.

This version boasts a greatly expanded set of formatting commands, including word-wrap. Special typesetting features such as kerning and automatic ligature formation are provided by an optional utility.

As part of our library of fonts and utilities we have packages that make S'ama^ 3'ojrU, directly compatible with Microsoft Word, Wordstar and Valdocs; if you know how to use any of these word processors then you already know how to use 3'mU. Alternatively, you can stiU use

almost any word processor to create a text file to be printed with S'amcn^

Numerous Applications

9'cunc4^ 3'iyrJt customers are constantly Business and personal letters Mailing labels from databases Custom forms, invoices, signs Foreign Lsinguages Mathematical Notation, Greek Super- and Sub-scripts View Graphs

iscovering new applications. Custom Letterheads Name tags, badges Articles for publication Newsletters, brochures Complete manuals Advertisements Resum^, invitations

Create Your Own Characters

Hundreds of fonts are available in our font library, and furthermore, you can create any new characters or logos you like, up to 1 inch by 1 inch. A database of over 1500 characters is included that makes it possible to print foreign languages and mathematical notations.

Font Style Samples

Bold lioXic

Sans Serif ®li>?EngltBl|

Tradcmukj; Fuicjr Pont (S«ftCnft), Wordatv (MtcRtpro), CP/M (DIgH&l RcMarck), Vftldoc* (Rktsf Stw), MlcrMoft, IBU

IwMA^. PU McKaao<

: McKaaoa, labwocU (/3/H

Order NOW - (800) 351-0500 - M/C Visa

MSDOS and CP/M venioiu m availmble for the following printen: Epwn MX FX RX, IBM ariphia, Stir Oemini lOX Radix Delta, TI gSO 865, lafonioner. MSDOS veraioM only are available or will aoon be available for Toahiba 1860 1361 1S40, Bp«>n Lq-1500, C.Itoh Prowriter, NEC 802S. Specify printer wlien ordering.

ISoftCraft, Inc., 222 State St. #400, Madieon, WI 63703 order>:(800)861-0600| I (We've moved from California) from WlK:(«08)257-8SO0i

iFancy Font Syetem 1180

[Fancy Font Demo Diak 110 ____

jCalif. and Wiae. reaidente add lalea tax 0.6% or h%

iOutdde US add 110 poatafe (only 12 for demo) 110 or 12

IDiahette Format: (IBM PC, Bpaon QXIO, Osborne DD,

I Kaypro, 8" CP/M, Apple CP/M, Victor)

jPrinter: (Epwin FX, Ep«>n MX, etc.; lee box at left)

IS7.&0 of demo coat is applicable towards Fancy Font purchase. jCP/M requires e4K, MSDOS 128K memory.

■Fully tranaparent 8—bit printer interface required on Apple and CP/M.

MAY 1985 -BYTE 235

Super assemblers plus the world's largest selection of cross assemblers!

All 2500AD Assemblers and Cross Assemblers support the following features:

POWERFUL LINKER

—Links up to 128 files

—Allows files to be used just for

external reference resolution —Separate code and data space —Unlimited global and external

symbols —10 significant characters per

symbol, no limit to length —Submit or batch mode as well as

command invocation, for easier

linking of a large number of files

ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

Storage Control: •ORG, ORIGIN •END

•DB, DEFB, BYTE, STRING

• DW, DEFW, WORD •LWORD, LONGW •ASCII

•DS, DEFS, BLKB •BLKW

Definition Control: •EQU, EQUAL •VAR, DEFL •MACRO •ENDM,MACEND •MACEXIT

•EXTERN,EXTERNAL •GLOBAL, PUBLIC •ASK

Assembly Mode: •RADIX •DATA •CODE

• MOD32 0N&OFF •COMMENT •INCLUDE •DRIVES

Conditional Assembly:

IFZ, IFNZ, COND IFTRUE, IFFALSE IFDEF IFNDEF IFSAME, IFDIFF IFEXT I FN EXT IFABS, IFREL IFMA, IFNMA ELSE

ENDC, ENDIFT IFCLEAR

Listing Control:

LIST ON/OFF MACLIST ON/OFF CONDLIST ON/OFF PASS1 ON/OFF PAGE, EJECT TITLE, HEADING SUBTITLE PW PL TOP

Additional Motorola Directives:

FCC

SET SETDP PAG NAM STTL XDEF XREF

FOB, FDB, RMB LONG

Run time commands (invoked while assembly is in progress):

"S—Alternately start and stop

assembly *C—Terminate assembly "T—Display output at terminal "P—Display output at printer "D—Send output to disk "B—Both terminal and printer

or disk

"N—Turn off output display

1 Year of free support and updates now included!

You will receive a special support phone number on all products purchased after 3/1/85 allowing free updates and a full 12 months of

support, included in the purchase price.

Features unique to these 2500AD products:

6800 FAMILY—"S'^-record output option, special directives for dealing with page zero, absolute or relocatable modes.

68000—'S'-record output option,

S-19, S-28 and S-37.

65XX FAMILY—Special directives

for dealing with page zero.

Z-8—Register naming supported, TEK HEX output format.

8748—Register naming supported, INTEL HEX output. 8051/44—Register naming supported, INTEL HEX output.

8096—Register naming supported, INTEL HEX output, works for the 8097 as well. "Generic" calls and jumps allow assembler to determine long or short jumps.

Z-8000—Includes 8080/Z-80 to Z-8000 source code translator, uses the 2500AD syntax, not source compatible with Zilog. Includes powerful segmented linker. Z-80—Includes an Intel 8080 to Zilog Z-80 source code converter. Includes the 2500AD linker, not compatible with Microsoft at the link level.

8086/88 & 80186—Includes an 8080/Z-80 to 8086 source code translator that will convert 8080/ Z-80 source code to 8086/88

source code. Includes linker, not link compatible with Microsoft. Code, Data, Stack, and Extra segments supported.

236 BYTE • MAY 1985

ZILOG OLIVETTI Z80 SYSTEM 8000 IBM PC IBM PC M-20

CP/M® UNIX MSDOS CP/M86 PCOS

ZBOGG™

$299.50

$750.00

$299.50

$299.50

$299.50

ZBO

99.50

500.00

199.50

199.50

199.50

Z8

199.50

500.00

199.50

199.50

199.50

8086/88

199.50

750.00

99.50

99.50

199.50

80186

199.50

750.00

199.50

199.50

199.50

8748

199.50

500.00

199.50

199.50

199.50

8400/84C00

199.50

500.00

199.50

199.50

199.50

83C351

199.50

500.00

199.50

199.50

199.50

8044/51

199.50

500.00

199.50

199.50

199.50

8080

199.50

500.00

199.50

199.50

199.50

8085

199.50

500.00

199.50

199.50

199.50

8096

199.50

500.00

199.50

199.50

199.50

68020

399.50

750.00

399.50

399.50

399.50

68000,08,10

299.50

750.00

299.50

299.50

299.50

6800,02,08

199.50

500.00

199.50

199.50

199.50

6801,03

199.50

500.00

199.50

199.50

199.50

6804

199.50

500.00

199.50

199.50

199.50

6805

199.50

500.00

199.50

199.50

199.50

6809

199.50

500.00

199.50

199.50

199.50

68C11 new

199.50

500.00

199.50

199.50

199.50

32000

399.50

750.00

399.50

399.50

399.50

COPS400

199.50

500.00

199.50

199.50

199.50

NSC800

199.50

500.00

199.50

199.50

199.50

6301

199.50

500.00

199.50

199.50

199.50

62801 new

199.50

500.00

199.50

199.50

199.50

6501/11

199.50

500.00

199.50

199.50

199.50

6502

199.50

500.00

199.50

199.50

199.50

65C02

199.50

500.00

199.50

199.50

199.50

1802

199.50

500.00

199.50

199.50

199.50

F8/3870

199.50

500.00

199.50

199.50

199.50

NEC7500

199.50

500.00

199.50

199.50

199.50

NCR/32

399.50

750.00

399.50

399.50

.,399.50

Subtotal $

Name

Company. Address _

City

Phone

State.

Zip

Make and model of computer system

□ COD (2500AD pays COD charges)

□ VISA or MasterCard

Number

Expiration Date

$

$

$

TO ORDER. Simply circle the product or

products you want in the price columns, and add

up your order. _ ^ ' Total $

Check one:

□ 8" Single

□ Osborne

□ IBM PC

□ Cartridge tape

□ Apple (Softcard)

□ Kaypro DSDD

Shipping UPS Blue Label no charge, $20.00 shipping for International per unit.

$

Total Order $

other formats available, please call! Signature

221

250MD8GFTVMREINC:

P.O. Box 4957 Englewood, CO 80155, (303) 790-2588 TELEX 752659/AD

Inquiry 437

MAy 1985 -BYTE 237

INTRODUCING THE MODUU-2 SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM

The first complete programming environment brings the industry to

an all-time low.

Modula-2 has been hailed as the programming language of the future. Its modular design and built-in error-control features make programming more efficient than ever.

And now there's a system that makes programming more affordable than ever. Interface Technologies' Modula-2 Software Development System (M2SDS).

EASY TO LEARN. EFFICIENT TO USE. M2SDS features a "syntax-directed" editor that makes programming easy for beginners to learn. And faster for professionals to use.

With our editor you can enter full statements with a single keystroke. And save up to 90% on typing time. It also gives on-line help in correcting undefined variables and syntax errors—which saves even more time. Multiple editor windows let you refer to one file

while you edit another. That's one more way M2SDS adds hours of more creative, more productive time to your day.

TURN 'miT TIME" INTO "WORK TIME." When there's no time like real-time, you can count on the M2SDS compiler. Up to 100 lines of Modula-2 text can be turned into native machine code in less than five seconds. To create programs using your computer's full capacity, there are 18 library modules. And unlike

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inquiry 2ii

MULTIPROCESSING

DATA-MOVEMENT PRIMITIVES

BY J. Eric Roskos and Ching-Dong Hsieh

A low<ost implementation of an innovative technique

for sharing memory

THE MOST COMMON digital-computer architectures use primary memory having two access primitives. These primitives are the lowest-level operations in the system. Typically, the read operation nondestructively copies a value stored in a memory location to a location in the central processing unit (CPU) known as a regisler. The write operation writes over an existing value in primary memory with a value from the processor's registers.

In single-process systems, and in multiprocess systems that do not use shared memory, these operations are

generally sufficient for the manipulation of data. Although a time lapse occurs between the reading and rewriting of data, no problems will result since only one process is accessing the data.

In multiprocess systems accessing shared data, this is not the case. TWo processes that execute a statement on a common variable in overlapping time will both read the same value, increment it, and rewrite it; the second process writes over the value produced by the first process without taking that value into account.

Other problems exist in multipro

cess data sharing. In producer/consumer process pairs, for example, one process produces a data stream that the

other process consumes. Problems include preventing the consumer from accessing memory locations that have not been filled by the producer and the producer from writing over data in the shared buffer before the consumer has acquired the previously written data.

To solve these problems, we have defined data-movement primitives, which are concerned with the movement of data between the central processor(s) and main memory. These primitives actually remove data from a location upon reading it. Thereafter, if a second process tries to read at that location, an interrupt is generated—the process has to wait until data is present to continue. Similariy if a location already has data and a second process attempts to write over it, an Interrupt is generated. We have defined the data-movement primitives as get and put.

To demonstrate the feasibility of constructing a multiprocessor system using data-movement primitives, our research team built a three<:PU multiprocessor based on the Motorola

6800 microprocessor. On September

27, 1984, this system successfully executed its first concurrent program, an implementation of Per Brinch Hansen's "incorrect" program (see reference 1). Such a system is not only feasible, it is inexpensive: the cost of the entire multiprocessor system was around $450. The project also demonstrated the effectiveness of the data-movement primitives by successfully executing a program that would not have functioned correctly on a conventional machine.

Selection of Hardware

Planning for a multiprocessor system began in late summer of 1983. We examined several implementation methods. The first of these involved the use of 6502-based Apple II CPU boards. These had two significant advantages: a "set overflow" (SO) pin could be used to set a condition code indicat

icontimed)

]. Eric Roskos (2486 Sand lake Rd., Orlando, FL 32809) is a senior member of the technical staff of Perkin-Elmer Corporation's Soutfiem Development Center. Cfiing'Dong Hsieh is a graduate student at Vanderbilt Universiti/ (Computer Science Dept.. Box 1679, Station B, nashviWe. TN 37235).

MAir 1985 'BYTE 239

PRIMITIVES

ing the no-data-present condition, and no debugging of the CPU hardware itself would be necessary. The boards were also available at low cost. We discarded this option, however, because no test equipment for 6502s was available to us.

We next examined the use of an IBM CS9000 system, which is based

on the Motorola 68000, with additional 68000s for the added CPUs. Unfortunately time constraints and other difficulties made this implementation impossible.

We decided finally on the use of Motorola 6800s. Such a design had several disadvantages. The 6800 is an old-technology microprocessor. You

cannot stop the instruction-execution sequence for more than a few milliseconds once an instruction has begun execution: thus we could not implement the primitive wait at the hardware level as we could have with the 68000 processor Also, the 6800 does not have an SO pin as the 6502 does. Thus, interrupts would have to be used to signal the exception condition, with software simulating the wait primitive. The 6800 also has no support for multiprocessor operation; it has no test-and-set instruction. This meant that we would not be able to obtain empirical results comparing the traditional synchronization primitives with the data-movement primitives, without the use of indirect simulation methods.

On the other hand, we had considerable resources in the form of test equipment lent to us by Vanderbilfs electrical engineering department, which uses the 6800 in its microprocessor course. Furthermore, we could implement the machine easily and at low cost, thanks to the low price of 6800s and our prior experience with 6800 system design. The graduate school was also willing to provide funding for such a project.

We selected an IBM Personal Computer, based on the Intel 8088, to serve as the host processor for the system. Again, this choice was largely practical in nature: an IBM PC was available, and Eric Roskos had very extensive experience with the machine, having previously constructed peripheral control interfaces for it and written a 6800 cross-assembler for use with it.

System Design

We designed the system with three 6800 microprocessors, each with its own private memory and a memory shared by all three CPUs, supporting the data-movement primitives. The IBM PC would serve as a host machine, on which we could quickly edit, assemble, and download programs to the multiprocessor

Each CPU's private memory was shared with the IBM PC and would be

[contimed)

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Inquiry 24 5

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PRIMITIVES

accessible to the IBM PC only when its CPU was halted: we made this design decision to simplify design of the interface for the private memories.

We designed the multiprocessor with no read-only memory (ROM) whatsoever While most people considered this a somewhat radical design decision, it was a carefully

planned one. No real justification exists for putting ROM on a system of this sort. The ROM is needed to start execution of one CPU in the system, but this role was already filled by the ROM in the IBM PC. On the other hand, the use of ROM would have caused considerable time delays in loading test programs and debugging

software (which requires erasing old ROMs and reprogramming new ones) and would have placed physical stresses on the CPU boards due to repeated removal and insertion of ROMs. Also, the use of ROM requires an unnecessary design trade-off: Code in ROM is immediately available at power-up, but you cannot modify it without physically replacing the ROM. We expected that we would need the ability to modify a test system such as this, and we were right.

Instead of ROM, we used the 2Kbyte private memories to contain programs. We also incorporated a "halt register" and a "reset register," which are simple latches and with which we could individually halt or reset each of the three CPUs. When initially powered up, the halt register halted the multiprocessor's CPUs, the IBM PC loaded the program (including the RESET vector used at start-up) via the private memories, and the reset register then started the CPUs. To simplify implementation, we did not include a register to indicate whether a CPU had halted via the programmed halt instruction—although this would have been beneficial. This information is available on the processor's "bus available" (BA) pin.

Implementation Details

The implementation for the multiprocessor system is shown in figure 1. The IBM PC is interfaced to the halt and reset registers via the PCs I/O (input/output) instructions, and the addresses of the registers are in the I/O address space of the PC at addresses 300 and 301 (hexadecimal). The IBM PC also interfaces to 3 three-state controllers. These controllers connect the private memories to the PC's bus— during reads or writes to their respective addresses—only if the corresponding CPU is halted via the halt register The private memories start at the PC's memory addresses COOOO, C0800, and CI000 for Processor 0, Processor 1, and Processor 2, respectively. Each memory is a 2K-byte Hitachi 6116 static RAM (randomaccess read/write memory), which is

{contmued)

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PRIMITIVES

pin-compatible witli 4116 EPROMs (erasable programmable read-only memories).

Each processor is interfaced directly to its respective private memory Since the 6800's bus interface is in the high-impedance state whenever it is halted, and since the IBM PC interface's three-state controllers are only

enabled when the corresponding CPU is halted, this guarantees mutually exclusive access to the private memory. The IBM PC can, in the worst case, attempt to access the private memory when the attached CPU is running; but since the threestate controller will be disabled, data written will not be passed through to the private mem

ory, and reads will return meaningless data since nothing will be driving the bus during the read—no damage to the system will occur

The interface between the CPUs and the shared memory is considerably more complex. Each CPU is interfaced through a three-state controller that switches both address and data lines onto the shared-memory bus. When a CPU outputs an address in the address space occupied by shared memory (which starts at address 3000 Ihexadecimalj for all three processors), the address is immediately decoded by the address-decode logic (which appears to the right of each CPU in figure 1) and asserts request line Rn. where n is the number of the CPU making the request. This line transmits the request to the arbitration logic, described in detail below, which asserts grant line G« if and only if Processor n is currently allowed to access shared memory. If a request line is asserted but the arbitrator does not assert the corresponding grant line, the processor's clock is immediately halted, suspending instruction execution until the grant line is asserted. (This is not shown on the diagram in figure I, which does not include the processor clock logic. The clock-halting function is controlled by a Motorola 6875 clock generator which has a Memory Ready control pin designed for this purpose. We specifically chose the 687 5 clock generator for this feature.) The threestate controller assures that a CPU that has not been granted access to the shared memory will not output data onto the shared-memory bus.

Entering Arbitration

The arbitrator guarantees all CPUs equal access to the shared memory. We designed and implemented our memory arbitrator using a National Semiconductor PAL (Programmable Array Ljogic), a trademarked PLA (programmable logic array) having only one programmable-gate plane. The other plane normally found in PLAs is replaced by a fixed set of gates, with different PAL^ available for dif

{continued)

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244 BYTE* MAY 1985

Inquiry 53

PRIMITIVES

4K

SHARED MEMORY

SI SO CLK

JJ L

ARBITRATION RO RJ R2 G2 g1 GO

THREE-STATE CONTROLLER

ADDRESS

DATA

THREE-STATE CONTROLLER

THREE-STATE CONTROLLER

Mcesoo

PROCESSOR 0

DECODE

2K STATIC MEMORY E C0000-C07FF

,C3-n CD-8

E THREE-STATE CONTROLLER

MCO

MC6800 PROCESSOR 1

MCO

— MRO

ZK STATIC MEMORY E C0800-C0FFF

ILL

E THREE-STATE CONTROLLER

HALT

REGISTER (300)

ADDRESSdl)

DATA(8)

1 I r

MC6800 PROCESSOR 2

— MCI

— MRl

DECODE

MR2

2K STATIC MEMORY E C1000-C17FF

MC2 MR2

CO-n Cb-8

E THREE-STATE CONTROLLER

MC2

RESET

REGISTER (301)

MCO MCI MC2

t t t

ADDRESS DECODER

ilBM PC BUS:

Figure I: A black diagram of the multiprocessor, built around three MC6800 microprocessors and controlled by an IBM PC.

MAY 1985 "BYTE 245

Inquiry 262

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PRIMITIVES

ferent gate configurations.

Our arbitrator implements the finitestate machine whose transition table is shown in table 1. Such finite-state machines are quite common in the control logic of CPUs, and this design, the Mealy Finite-State TVansducer, was suggested by Mead and Conway's \n

troduction to VLSI Systems (reference 2), whose chapter "Data and Control Flow in Systematic Structures" provides a very thorough discussion of the principles used here.

The arbitrator's current state (denoted by Si, So) reflects which CPU

{continued)

T^ble 1: The memory-arbitration state table for

the multiprocessor, based upon

the Mealy Finite-State Transducer. Depending on

the current state (which CPU

was last granted

access to the shared memory) and which CPUs are now

requesting access to memory (Ro to R2). the arbitrator grants access to shared

memory, via output lines Go to G,

input

Output

Currrent State

Access Requests

Access Grante(d

Next State

S, So

Ro Ri

G„

G,

G2

Si

So

0 0

0 0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0 0

1

u

u

1

u

u

0 1

0

U

1

u

U

0

0 1

1

0

1

0

1

0

1 0

0

1

0

0

0

1

1 0

1

1

0

0

1

0

1 1

0

1

0

0

0

1

1 1

1

1

0

0

0

1

0 1

0 0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0 0

1

0

0

1

0

1

0 1

0

0

1

0

1

0

0 1

1

0

1

0

1

0

1 0

0

1

0

0

0

1

1 0

1

0

0

1

0

0

1 1

0

0

1

0

0

0

1 1

1

0

1

0

1

0

1 0

0 0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0 0

1

0

0

1

0

0

0 1

0

0

1

0

1

0

0 1

1

0

0

1

0

1

1 0

0

1

0

0

1

0

1 0

1

0

0

1

0

0

1 1

0

1

0

0

0

1

1 1

1

0

0

1

0

0

1 1

* don't care condition

Note:

1. s„s„

— state

2. R„

— request from Processor 0

R,

— request from Processor 1

R. —

— request from Processor 2

Equation

Go — Ro Si So

+ Ro*Ri*R2 + So

*Ro*R2

Gi = R2"Ri*Ro

+ S„*R, + S,*R,

■Ro

G, = S,*R; +

So*R2*Ri 4- R2*Ri*Ro

So — So*Ro*Ri

+ S„*R,*R2 + S,

*So*Ro*Ri + Si*Ro*Ri*R2

+ Si*Ro*Ri*R2 + Si*Ro*Ri'R

z

Si = So*Ro*Ri

+ So*Ri *R2 + Si

*R,*R2 + S,*R„*Ri*R2 +

Si*So*R2

*Ri*Ro + Si*Ro*R

246 BYTE • MAY 1985

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was last granted access to shared memory. The arbitrator's input indicates the shared-memory requests

currently outstanding (Ro to R2), and its output on each transition (Go to GJ indicates which CPU is allowed to proceed with the memory access.

An arbitrator of this complexity was made necessary for two reasons: first, simple fairness: second, and more seriously the 6800 processor can only be halted for a few milliseconds via the 6875's Memory Ready pin, after which the contents of the processor's internal registers disappear The processor's registers are implemented via simple MOS circulatingdata registers, which require continuous clocking to keep the data circulating and refreshing the registers. When the clock is stopped, refreshing stops, and the charge representing the data in the registers leaks off over a period of several milliseconds, until the data values are no longer detectable when the clock is restarted. Thus, the arbitrator has to guarantee that a CPU will never be halted for more than the allowed period; the arbitrator does this by not allowing any CPU to have two consecutive accesses until all other CPUs simultaneously requesting access have been granted their turns.

The 4K-byte shared memory to which the arbitrator controls access includes 8 bits of data for each address and a "present" bit indicating whether a data object is present or absent at each address The present bit is gated with the memory read/ write line to produce an interrupt when a CPU attempts to read data at an address with no data object present or write data when a data object is already present. The present bit is also updated to indicate "no data present" following a successful read, or to indicate "data present" following a successful write. Because of the way the 6800 microprocessor operates, the interrupt occurs following completion of the read or write operation. In either case, no access to shared memory actually occurs when an interrupt is generated: With data

[tonlinued)

248 BYTE • MAY 1985

Inquiry 183

Resolution That Blows You Aww

Dolr-v^ -/V-l K-ic- it-i- ->Hw-ir-i*--.^Qrl thz-vco /"^f/->i ir/-/->mncit-if/->rc fior -3 l/-inn timo

Being #1 has its advantages Our Model 440 (720 by 400) Ultra High-Res monitor is the Worlds standard for excellence. Its capabilities will out-rank

those of our competitors for a long time. We won't Stop producing the finesti You can'tl

Not when you're Number Onel

MODEL 440

12 inch Ultra High-Res RGB Color Monitor Designed for up-grading display of IBM PC 720 X 400 line resolution in non-interlaced mode 4000 character display capability

Switchable to green cfiaracter display

MODEL 425

12 inch Super High-Res RGB Color Monitor Fully compatible with IBM PC and PC Compatibles. 640 X 262 line resolution Switchable to green character display Built In audio

MODEL 420L

12 inch Super High-Res RGB

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640 X 262 line resolution In non-interlaced mode 640 X 525 line resolution in Interlaced mode Unlimited colors available through analog video circuit

The Smart Choice.

MODEL 411

|2 inch High-Res RGB Color Monitor

Fully compatible with IBM PC and PC Compatibles. 510 X 262 line resolution Switchable to green character display Built in audio

iHUHTM

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12 Inch Super High-Res Amt»r Display Fully Compatible with IBM TTl Monochrome Display Horizontal scan. Rate 8.432 Khz Optional Tilt/Swi\«l Base available (Model 110-12) Green phosphor available (Model 121)

y

Spring '85

See you at Comdex Booth #4342

inquiry 390 for Dealers. Inquiry 391 for End-Users.

18005 CortneyCt. City of Indusoy CA 91748 (818| 810-1291 c ms taxw coipow^n

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PRIMITIVES

already present, the CPU attempting to write data will' discard that data; with no data present, the CPU attempting to read data gets back meaningless data.

Implementation Results

implementation of the multiprocessor was successful; we demonstrated this by executing a test program based on Hansen's "incorrect" program (listing 1). {Editor's note: A complete listing of the test program is available for downloading via BYTE«et Listings. The number is (603) 924-9820-1

The test program consists of three concurrent parts, each running on a distinct CPU. The first, simulating the input device, simply produces a sequence of data objects in the form of consecutive integers, which it writes into location 3000 (hexadecimal) of the shared memory. Once the first object is written, the next write will not siir

Listing 1: A high-level outline of the test program described in the article.

program pbh: shared

t,s: integer;

var

eof: boolean; f,g: file of integer; begin

while not eof do cobegin

t := s;

output(g,t);

input(f,s,eof); coend;

end.

ceed until the first object has been removed. The removal is accomplished by the second concurrent part (running on the second CPU), which reads from location 3000 and writes the object it read into location 3001. Here, the read will not siirceed until a data

object has been written into location 3000, and the subsequent write will

not succeed until the previous data object has been removed from location 3001. Finally the third concurrent part, running on the third CPU and simulating the output device, reads the object from location 3001 and writes it into a circular buffer in its private memory. Once again, the read from location 3001 will not proceed until a data object is present there. To ensure that the other two CPUs will have to wait, the third CPU executes a delay loop between each access to shared memory to slow it down.

We verified successful operation of the multiprocessor by first checking that the circular buffer of the third CPU contained data other than consecutive integers, starting the program for a time, then stopping it and verifying that the circular buffer did then

icontimed)

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UNIX-like Commands for CP/M

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Sorting, searching, print formatting, file differences, ' vertical cut/paste, etc. [CP/M-80,83; MP/M-816; COP/ M-816]

Named Directory Areas

Hierarchical file directories and utilities. Permits named directory areas under GP/M, MP/M 816 with: ohange/make/list/remove directories, retiame, copy and show directory tree. [CP/H/l-80, 83; CP/N/l-86; MP/fi/1-816; CCP/M-816; CP/M-68K]

Multiuser Utilities '^^ ^ ■

Schedule and time commands, printer setup, disk utility (DU-like: unerase, view, change, etc.), write to terminals, electronic mail and others for CompuPro Concurrent CP/M systems.

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250 BYTE » MAY 1985

Inquiry 292

programming language for only ^

1

Vrersaform's new XL database isn't just promises—it's here now! 'And it offers-YES, FOR ONLY $99-all the features you'd expect in a database costing 4 times as much. Accounting applications are XL's strength. Invoicing, purchasing, receivables, and shipping almost create themselves as you design the forms— and XL transfers data between them. There's an Invoicing, A/R and Inventory application—source code included—in the pacl<age that shows how it's done. The power's there. And unlike packaged accounting programs, you can do them YOUR way

VersaForm XL

dBASE III

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PRICE

99

695

495

STRUCIUHED

UNGUAGE

Y

Y

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MULTI-FILE

Y

Y

Y

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DATA RECORD

Y

N

N

DATA ENTRY CHECKING

BUILT-IN

MUST WRITE PROGRAM

BUILT-IN

ON-SCREEN CALC

BUILT-IN

MUST WRITE PROGRAM

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FORMS OUTPUT

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MUST WRITE PROGRAM

DATE ARITHMETIC

Y

Y

N

DATA TYPES

DYNAMIC

FIXED

FIXED

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Y

N

N

QUERY BY EXAMPLE

Y

N

EXTRA

MAX FILE SIZE

4MB

OPEN

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4000

4000

1530

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XL's structured language can access multiple files. 48 built-in functions give control of file access, printing, and user dialogues. You'll develop transaction-based applications with an ease you've never experienced before. And all at this unheard-of low price. VersaForm XL's unique form-oriented data structures let you easily set up forms and ledgers—even those with columns! Application development is FAST, FAST, FAST. And since forms are the way that businesses already store their data, the transition is smooth. That's why VersaForm XL is so easy to operate even for high-turnover clerical people—it starts from where they are now.

' Automatic data entry checking and on-screen calculation make transactions error-free. Stored print formats make output formatting a snap—you can quickly match existing paper forms. VersaForm XL's report generator is clear and intuitive. Designers can pre-install reports.

users can set up their own. • Query-by-forms (at no extra cost) lets users go right to the data they need. No query language to learn—forms are the natural language of business.

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VersaForm XL runs on IBM PC, XT AT and compatibles. Requires 192K, two 360KB drives, DOS 2.0 or later. Hard disk recommended. Standard VersaForm (single file, no language) available for 64K, 2-drive Apple II or128KIBMPC. $69.

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Credit card members can order by phone.

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In California

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585

Inquiry 36

MAY 1985 -BYTE 251

PRIMITIVES

FORTRAN, C Language and BASICA

Scientific Subroutine Libraries

From Wiley Professional Software

You are a serious programmer. You need to quickly generate dependable, accurate and error-free code. Whether you are programming in FORTRAN, C, or BASIC... Wiley Professional Software has a powerful Scientific Subroutine Library that can save you considerable programming time and development money

Each Library consists of 114, (C Language 112) pretested and precompiled mathematical and statistical subroutines, supplied on disk as a linkable library and as source code. The subroutines cover formulas for:

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Probability

Analysis of variance

Regressions

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Function evaluations

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Solution of equations

Time series analysis and more.

Each package includes 400-plus pages of documentation, providing you with extensive reference material, a listing of the subroutine's source code, complete test programs and the results of running each test.

LIBKARY

PRICE REQUIREMENTS L

FORTRAN Library

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C Language Library

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$125 BASICA

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6-0031

contain consecutive integers.

Each CPU's program part contains an identical Interrupt procedure to simulate the primitive wait. This interrupt procedure simply decrements the interrupt return address on the stack to retry the unsuccessful read or write and then returns from the interrupt. This causes the CPU to repeatedly execute the memory access until it succeeds.

The multiprocessor successfully executed the test program on September 27, 1984, after several months of debugging. Almost all of this debugging time involved debugging the memory arbitrator and synchronization of shared memory access with the arbitration logic and not debugging the data-movement primitives. The implementation of the datamovement primitives is quite elegant; this elegance is reflected in the fact that, although many PALs were used to reduce the parts count of the multiprocessor (which otherwise would have been very large), no PALs were needed for the portion of the circuit implementing the data-movement primitives.

Conclusions

This project successfully demonstrated the feasibility of implementing a multiprocessor system with datamovement primitives using off-theshelf hardware. We have demonstrated the success of the data-movement primitives by using them to correctly execute a concurrent program, without using the software-synchronization primitives that would be required otherwise. Furthermore, the cost of implementing this machine ($450) shows that such an implementation is affordable: the large portion of this cost was for the CPUs, interface hardware, and conventional memory components. ■

REFERENCES

1. Hansen, Per Brinch. "Structured Multiprogramming." Communications of the ACM. 15(7), 1972, page 574.

2. Mead, C, and L. Conway. Introduction to VLSI Systems. Reading. MA; AddisonWesley, 1980.

252 BYTE • MAY 1985

Inquiry 222

Obsolete technology —

It's not just a hardware problem!

1 ^

You wouldn't dream of wiring your state-of-the-art modem to turn-of-the-century technology. Why strangle your computer with an antique communications program?

NightOwl Software believes your modem should open a window on the world — but without slamming a door on the power of your IBM-PC or compatible. That's why we designed our MEX-PC communications package to allow you complete access to your operating system, utilities and software while connected to a remote system.

Other communications programs limit your on-line options to a small set of built-in commands. Not MEX-PC. Our SHELL feature lets you run your spreadsheet, word processor, database management system, or any other program, from within MEXPC while you're on-line — and without loss of text or data.

That's a claim no other communications software can make — and it's just one of many reasons MEX-PC is setting new standards for power, flexibility and performance in the world of telecomputing.

Consider the features:

• A powerful command processor allows fully automated dialing, log-ons, uploads, downloads and log-offs.

• A built-in HELP program explains all aspects of the software, on-line or off. A complete status screen immediately lists all current settings.

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• Fully documented. Includes a typeset, ring-bound, 180-page user's manual and complete tutorial, fully indexed.

• Wide range of protocols, including Christensen XMODEM with both CRC and Checksum error correction.

$59.

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Why spend more for a lot less power?

Write or call to request our free brochure. Credit card orders welcome.

Give us a toll-free call at 1 -800-NITEOWL (In Wisconsin, call 1 -414-563-4013)

•Plus $5 shipping. VVIsexxisiniwidaritsatld 5 percent sales tax MghtOwl Software, Ftoutel, Box 7, Fort AIWnson,VVI 53638

Inquiry 295

NightOwl

*^soft ware, inc.

MAY 1985 -BYTE 253

dodt have all the answers you need, but we^lldo all we can to find them!

BM/PC SOFTVURE

Alpha Software

Data Base Mgr II $179

Electric Desk (Jr) 199

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Arrays, Inc

Home Acct. + $ 90

Home Acct. w/ Tax Advntg ,. $139

PC

PROGRAMMERS

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339

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45

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119

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279

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129

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119

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or CP/M ......

279

Pascal MT+

339

Personal Basic,, ,

99

Emerging Technology

Edix (editor)

$139

Heritage

$ 75

AAicrosoft

$319

199

249

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Prof Basic

$ 79

Trace 86

99

Peter Norton

Norton Util 3.0

$ 69

Superaoft

$299

Ufeboat

Lattice C

$419

Lattice Windows...

249

Run-C

99

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1R9

Athton-Tate

dBase II Call

dBase III (v. 1.1) Call

Framework (v. 1.1) Call

Friday Call

Central Point

Copy II PC $ 34

CompuView

V-Print $ 99

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Connecticut Software Printer Boss w/ Letter Boss & Sideline$119 Dow Jone*

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w/ Plotter Option 279

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Starwriter

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Reviews

REVIEWER'S Notebook THE DESKPRO LINE of computers (there are four models) from Compaq Com

by Glenn Hartwig 259 puter Corporation, Houston, Tfexas, all come with an extra boost in the form

The Compaq Deskpro of a dual-speed processor. Starting from this common base, each successive

by \eny Grady 260 model builds on its predecessor with more memory, bigger power supplies,

IBM PC AT additional drives, and a hard disk. The culminating unit, the Model 4, has every

by Alan Finger 270 thing that's built into the Other three units plus a 10-megabyte tape-cartridge

True BASIC drive for hard<lisk backup. It also carries a $7195 price tag. In our first review,

by G. Michael Vose 279 Jerry Grady takes a close look at the Model 4 and presents his findings. There's

The GTX-100 Modem much to like about the Model 4, in Mr. Grady's view, and the breadth of the

by Mark Haas 291 product line helps a lot if you like the basic technology but can't spring for,

Review Fb^.^I!C|^. . 299 or don't need, all the bells and whistles.

Next, Alan Finger takes us through the IBM PC AT. Here, the ability to expand is limited to a basic unit and an enhanced unit. The major benefits of the enhanced unit are a 20-megabyte hard-disk drive, 2 56K bytes of additional memory, and a serial/parallel interface adapter While it doesn't give you the option of two clock speeds like the Compaq, its Intel 80286 is quite fast enough for most applications, all by itself. The too-often-politely-ignored point about the IBM PC AT, however, is the fact that it's IBM's top-of-the-line personal computer. Is it worth all the hoo-ha it has inspired? Is it really fair to use the initials AT to signify Advanced Tfechnology? Mr. Finger's analjrais is just what you need if you're trying to figure out what's going on.

The BASIC programming language has more idiosyncratic versions than just about any other Each version attempts to be just a little better (and just a little different) than all of the others for either technical or commercial reasons. The result, of course, is a Babel-like situation. With so many "dialects" running around it's hard to know which features are applicable across product lines and, in the end, which are really BASIC and which are just using the name. BASIC'S creators, )ohn Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz, set out to rectify this confused situation. With associates, they set up their own company called TVue BASIC Inc. and brought out a version of BASIC for microcomputers that conforms to the standard proposed by the American National Standards Institute's subcommittee X312. Called True BASIC, this version is a major departure from previous microcomputer BASICS. Michael Vose, a BYTE senior technical editor, shows you exactly how, where, and why to look for a fresh approach from TVue BASIC.

Finally Mark Haas reviews the GTX-100 from Lockheed-GETEX. It's an intelligent dual-speed modem that includes four levels of protection for your computer. Some of the interesting features of this modem have more to do with its intelligence than its security-providing aspects. For example, Mr. Haas points out that the modem's software lets you select the data rate, dial the phone automatically dial the phone manually, re-dial the last number, and select the desired level of security. This modem has quite a large number of special features—with just one of these being the ways it lets you control access to your computer.

—Glenn Hartwig, Technical Editor, Rewieus

MAY 1985 'BYTE 257

Sometimes the best way to get ahead is to go sideways.

! IS 5S S 5g H S 55 g.=

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The problem with spreadsheets is they get printed the wrong way.

You still have a lot of stapling, gluing, or taping to look forward to before your printout is readable.

To really get ahead, go Sideways!"

Sideways is the clever software program that prints your spreadsheets—you guessed it—sideways. So your spreadsheet columns need never fall off the edge of your printer paper again.

With Sideways on your side, no spreadsheet you invent with Lotus 1 -2-3,® Symphony,'" VisiCalcf Multiplan,® or SuperCalc " is too wide! And it's just as powerful an ally when you're creating far-into-the-future schedules and pert charts. So for a presentable printout, get rid of that glue stick and scotch tape—put your best foot forward and go Sideways.

You can go Sideways today with an IBM*' PC or an Apple'-' II, and over a dozen different printers, including Epsonf Okidata, IBMf Applef C. Itoh and Mannesmann Tally. Ask for Sideways at your local ComputerLandf Entre, or other computer store. Or mail a $60 check to Funk Software, P.O. Box 1290, Cambridge, MA 02238. Or call 617-497-6339. MC/Visa accepted.

SDEWA^

SIDEW/VS PRINTS SPREADSHEETS SIDEWAYS.

258 BYTE" MAY 1985

Inquiry 173

REVIEWER'S NOTEBOOK

Two portable computers, both previously described in BYTE, have now come back for full scrutiny in the Review department. In different ways each has aroused a good deal of speculation. First, the HewlettPackard Integral is just so different from a laptop computer that it deserves attention. A UNIX-based system with an electroluminescent screen, built-in printer, 3 /2-inch disks, a mouse, and a silhouette more like a sewing machine than a briefcase, it gives the definite impression that it is self-consciously incompatible with anything IBM would ever dream of producing.

All well and good. You really do get points for independence of spirit—but it still has to work.

So far trying to use the Integral has resulted in a curious blend of appreciation and irritation. It doesn't come with much in the way of bundled software for things like word processing or communications. On the other hand, it hadn't been here a week before we got a copy of Multiplan designed especially for it. HewlettPackard apparently intends to support the Integral with its own considerable resources. Watching this one develop ought to be interesting. A full review is in the works and will probably be printed here in the near future.

Going almost entirely the other way from the Hewlett-Packard Integral is the Data General/One, first featured in BYTE as a product description last November (see page 102). In case you missed it, this one arrived amid great expectations. It's touted as having a high degree of compatibility with IBM's Personal Computer (PC), especially when used with the 5 !4-inch external disk drives. And people I know have been very impressed with its capabilities.

The main source of discontent, both in the BYTE preview and elsewhere, has been the poor quality of the screen design. LCD (liquid-crystal display) screens suffer from lack of definition to begin with. When one is also saddled with a fixed viewing angle, the problem of seeing what you're writing goes beyond a reasonable level. Attempting to respond to criticism. Data General brought out what it hopes will be a better screen and is said to be retrofitting (for $3 50) all those sold. Our review unit is equipped with one of these newly designed screens; the upcoming review ought to show how well the company has succeeded in answering its critics.

Aside from that, the DG/One, as 1 said, generally has been met with warm words for its high degree of compatibility with most IBM PCoriented software. Whether this is enough to endear it to a reviewer remains to be seen.

Perhaps more intriguing than what our reviewers think of these machines is the question of which one is more representative of what the user expects from a true portable computer. Is the portable's major function that of a drone for a desktop unit—and thus useful only if compatibility is very high? Or is the user of a small portable looking for something different enough from a desktop unit that questions of compatibility are irrelevant? These questions really go beyond the scope of reviews, but they do set the stage on which these machines will be more broadly judged.

Another subject for upcoming review is a very curious printer/ plotter/typewriter combination from Panasonic. Instead of a dot-matrix or daisy-wheel-type print head, this unit comes equipped with four colored pens. By moving the print head/penholder back and forth while the platen moves the paper up and down, the unit draws each character—a typewriter that actually writes. Besides writing text, it draws an assortment of graphs and connects serially to a computer It has direct, line-by-line, and block printing modes; a full-line preview window to show your text before you commit it to paper; a 4Kbyte memory: word-search capability: two switch-selectable keyboards plus an extended character set; and the ability to print wide characters, tall characters, italics, underlining, and top-to-bottom or bottom-to-top vertical lines. At about five pounds and about $3 50, this one made a lot of friends right out of the box.

An editor's note about an IBM PCcompatible operating-system patch for the NEC APC III appeared with lohn Unger's review in March (see page 338) and has generated a lot of interest, lust to keep you updated, we're still running tests and have found that it works in some cases—and in some it doesn't.

We'll be running the code as part of a feature article in an upcoming issue. You'll undoubtedly run across programs that we either don't have or haven't yet had the time to test. Either way, when the time comes, let us know how you make out. This approach may also work with other close-but-no-cigar compatibles. We'd like to hear about any experiments you make with those as well.

—Glem Hartwig, Tecfmical Editor, Reviews

MAY 1985 • B y T E 259

SYSTEM REVIEW

The Compaq Deskpro

A faster

processor

optional tape

backup

system

BY Jerry Grady

How is Compaq Computer Corporation of Houston, Texas, establishing itself as more than just another IBM PC-clone company? By introducing a and an desktop that is yet another IBM PC workalike, plus a little extra.

The new desktop is called the Deskpro (see photo 1), and it comes in four new versions that are labeled models 1, 2, 3, and 4. The little extra is an Intel 8086 processor with dual clock speeds on all models and a tape-cartridge backup system on the Model 4. A status light to the left of the disk drives indicates the operating speed: red if you are in PC-compatible common mode (4.77 MHz) and green if the processor is in "fast" mode (7.14 MHz). The switchable clock speed lets the Deskpro maintain what Compaq calls 99.9 percent IBM PC compatibility while providing the option of better performance. The availability of a 10megabyte tape cartridge to back up the hard disk fills the need for a fast, economical, hard-disk backup system.

Hardware

All models in the Deskpro line are configured from the same basic unit, the Model 1. This is an important point for users who want to build their systems gradually.

Compaq considers the Deskpro Model 1 its smallest business system. The machine has 128K bytes of RAM (random-access read/write memory), one half-height 514inch disk drive (360K-byte capacity), a parallel printer interface, the Compaq dualmode monochrome-text/color-graphics display adapter board, and six IBM PC-compatible expansion slots. It has a current list price—without a monitor—of about $2240. The monitor sells for $255.

The Deskpro Model 2 is the system that Compaq expects to be most popular. This computer is similar to the Model I except that it has 2 56K bytes of memory and two floppy-disk drives. Weighing in at a little over 30 pounds, the Model 2 system unit is heavier than the IBM PC. This might be

lerry Grady (10911 East Mercer lane. Scottsdak AZ 85259) is the president and owner of The Grady Wrks. a company that specializes in microcomputer systems consulting and services. He has a B.S. in computer science from Northern Arizona University and an M.S. in the same field from the University of Arizona.

due to its steel casing and heftier power supply. With a monitor, it lists for $2995.

The Model 3 is the IBM PC XT work-alike with its 10-megabyte hard-disk drive. The Model 3 also has 2 56K bytes of RAM, one floppy-disk drive, an on-board parallel printer interface, a hard-disk controller capable of supporting the tape cartridge, a halfsize card with a serial port and clock, and four IBM PC- or XT-compatible expansion slots. With a monitor, it costs $4995.

Finally the top-of-the-line Model 4 includes everything the Model 3 has plus a 10-megabyte tape-cartridge drive for harddisk backup and the maximum of 640K bytes of RAM on the motherboard. It sells for $7195 with a monitor. See "The Deskpro Model 4" text box on page 264.

As options, Compaq offers a 12-inch, highresolution, amber- or green-phosphor monitor: a tilt/swivel mount for the monitor ($50): an option labeled the Desk-Saver a small platform that raises the base unit off the work surface for enough clearance to store the keyboard: 128K-byte and 512K-byte memory upgrades: and a second disk drive for Models I, 3, and 4.

MS-DOS 2.11 for the Compaq is not included with any model: it costs an additional $60. This customized version of MSDOS recognizes the Deskpro's dual processor speed and battery-operated clock (if present) at boot time. BYTE's standard configuration of a monitor two floppy-disk drives, 256K bytes, serial port, parallel port. MS-DOS, and BASIC costs $3205.

Monitor

If you purchase the optional Compaq monitor, you can choose a green or amber display. The monitor is a 12-inch version of the Compaq Portable Computer's 9-inch display. The character display is sharp and the display contrast is good due to the monitor's etched screen. A single knob on the left adjusts brightness and contrast.

The monitor's case is angled at 10 degrees, so the display is at a comfortable

260 BYTE- MAY 1985

viewing angle if it is resting on the system unit. The casing is plastic and about the same size as the IBM monochrome monitor.

T^o cables connect the display to the system unit. The power cable uses an unusual three-pin DIN circular connector, not the usual three-prong AC-style connector. Perhaps this is to ensure that you will not plug a Compaq monitor into your IBM PC The second cable is a nine-pin connector that plugs into the RGB (red-green-blue) connector of the system unit's display card. Like the Compaq Portable and unlike the IBM PC, the Deskpro display adapter can display shades of green or amber on a monochrome display as well as colors on an RGB display (see photo 2).

Another good feature taken from the Compaq Portable is the Deskpro's two display modes. The monochrome-text mode is very similar to the IBM monochrome monitor. It can display high-resolution text and graphics characters, but not colors or bit-mapped graphics. You can display this mode only on the Compaq monochrome monitor. You can display the color-graphics mode on any IBM PC-compatible RGB monitor, as well as on the Compaq monochrome monitor. This mode displays up to 16 colors or shades of green or amber and bit-mapped graphics.

Both modes use character sets almost the same as the IBM's equivalent character sets, including the graphics characters (see photo 3). The high-resolution monochrome character set occupies a 9- by 14-dot matrix. Most characters occupy an 8- by 12-dot area inside this matrix: the exceptions are special and graphics characters.

The color-graphics character set is much coarser but matches the IBM PC colorgraphics set. Each character occupies a 7by 7-dot area inside an 8- by 8-dot matrix.

It is easy to switch modes on the Deskpro. As with the Compaq Portable, you can toggle the display mode to color-graphics mode from the keyboard by pressing the Ctrl, Alt, and < keys simultaneously. To

return to the monochrome mode, press Ctrl-Alt->. In color-graphics mode, you can use high-resolution graphics (640 by 200 pixels by two colors) or medium-resolution graphics (320 by 200 pixels by four colors), just as you can with the IBM PC.

In addition, the display-adapter card has an output for a composite monitor and an RF (radio frequency) modulator to attach to your color television. I connected a short stereo patch cord from the RCA jack on the display adapter to my television and was rewarded with color graphics, though the actual display left something to be desired.

Keyboard

The keyboard, which is enclosed in plastic, is extremely light: 2^A pounds. This is nice

(continued)

Photo 1: The Compaq Deskpro Model 4 with \0-megabyte hard-disk drive. \0-megabyte tape-cartridge system, optional second floppy-disk drive, and optional \2-inch green monitor. Note the clock-speed indicator light and keyboard plug to the left of the disk drives.

MAY 1985 'BYTE 261

REVIEW: DESKPRO

if you like to position the keyboard in your lap, especially since the keyboard's six-foot coiled cord plugs into the unit's front. But for those who prefer a more solid feel to the key

board, this lightweight device can be disconcerting. Also, the Deskpro keyboard lacks crispness. I find it mushy and hard to use. It seems I must press harder to make the keys register.

The Deskpro system speaker emits a small click when you press a key. You control the volume of this click by pressing the Ctrl, Alt, and gray minus key to lower the volume and the Ctrl, Alt, and gray plus key to raise it.

The keyboard has a 16-character buffer that causes a beeping from the speaker when it is full. Unlike the other clear sounds that issue from the speaker, this beep sounds as though the speaker is cracked. This is caused by the keyboard click competing with the buffer overflow warning, each at different frequencies.

This keyboard, manufactured by Advanced Input Devices, complies with the IBM PC's nonstandard standard keyboard layout (see photo 4). The 10 function keys to the left, the numeric keypad to the right, and the undersize Enter and Shift keys all say clone. About the only noticeable visual difference is the LED (light-emitting diode) indicators on the Num Lxjck and Caps Lock keys. Unfortunately, these indicators do not always reflect the state of the computer Occasionally I noticed that the Caps Lock LED was lit to indicate uppercase mode, but the input was in lowercase. After some investigation, 1 discovered that if you press the Shift and Caps Lock keys simultaneously this reverses the current state of the indicator light.

Processor and Memory

At the heart of the Deskpro is the Intel 8086 microprocessor. The processor has a top clock speed of 7.14 MHz, but to maintain compatibility with its portable systems and the IBM PC, Compaq built a switchable clock speed into this system. Pressing the Ctrl, Alt, and \ keys toggles the Deskpro between common mode (4.77 MHz) and fast mode (7.14 MHz).

To emulate the IBM PC 8088 microprocessor, the 8086 must be slowed down to the IBM's 4.77-MHz clock speed. Not only is the 8088 clock speed slower, but its internal instruction cache is smaller This instruction cache is a series of internal registers on the 8088 and 8086 processor chips that hold a queue of instructions retrieved from memory On the

Photo 2: A display of the graphics capability of the color-graphics mode on the Compaq Deskpro. Shown is the display from Microsoft's Flight Simulator.

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Photo 3: A display of the high-resolution, monochrome-text-mode character set on the Compaq Deskpro.

262 BYTE- MAY 1985

REVIEW: DESKPRO

8088, the length of this queue is four instructions; the 8086 can hold six instructions. Tb make the 8086 match the performance of the 8088, Compaq had to slow the clock rate and buffer the instructions so the 8086 did not exceed the four-instruction cache.

The 8086 is a true 16-bit processor with 16 address lines and 16 data lines (as compared to the 8088's 8 data lines). This means that data is retrieved from memory 2 bytes at a time and that memory upgrades must be performed in 16-bit-wide banks. With 64K-bit chips, this means you must add 128K bytes or 512K bytes (with 2 56K-bit chips) at a time on the motherboard.

The Deskpro Model 1 has a standard 128K bytes of RAM in two rows of nine chips soldered on the motherboard (in each row. eight of the chips hold the data and the ninth chip is for parity check). Models 2 and 3 add 18 more 64K-bit chips into sockets to give 2 56K bytes as standard. The Deskpro Model 4 comes standard with 640K bytes of memory on the motherboard. To accomplish this, Compaq fills the two rows of sockets (18 sockets) with 2 56K-bit chips. All the models can be upgraded to 640K bytes on the motherboard. On the Model 1, this means installing the 18 2 56K-bit chips in the open sockets. On Models 2 and 3, you must remove 128K bytes of 64K-bit chips, then install 512 K bytes of the 2 56K-bit chips. This arrangement means you can have only 128K, 2 56K, or 640K bytes of RAM on the motherboard—nothing in between.

As an option, you can install a 7.14-MHz 8087 math coprocessor in the socket on the motherboard. This chip is more expensive than its 4.77MHz counterpart. Since this chip was not available at the time of this review, 1 could not test whether the switchable clock rate also works with the 8087.

Power Supply and Expansion Slots

The Deskpro offers a large 200-watt power supply This is probably sufficient to handle about any expansion

board (or combination thereof) added to the computer. The fan is quiet, more so than that on the IBM PC or Compaq Portable.

The Deskpro has eight expansion slots on the motherboard, although either two or four of them might already be occupied. Compaq has engineered the data bus to let you add third-party memory-expansion boards but warns that these might decrease the Deskpro's performance by slowing the memory accesses. Memory accesses on the motherboard are done 16 bits at a time, but to ensure that all optional expansion boards compatible with the IBM PC (and the Compaq Portable) will work, access to the expansion slots is done 8 bits at a time.

On all four models, a floppy-disk controller card occupies slot 7. This controller also provides the electronics for the parallel printer interface. Slot 5 is occupied by the monochrome-text/color-graphics video-display board.

On Models 3 and 4, the hard-disk controller board occupies slot 6. This controller also supports Compaq's tape cartridge. Slot 8 holds the short board that contains the serial port and clock. This board contains a battery to power the clock when main power is off; the battery recharges when the power is on. This is a nice convenience for anyone who has ever had to change the battery on a clock board.

The half-height floppy-disk drives In the base unit are manufactured by Mitsubishi. These are double-sided double-density drives capable of handling both single-sided and doublesided disks. Formatted capacities of disks are 160K, 320K, or 360K bytes. The operation of the drives is smooth and quiet. In fact, except for the rasping of the disk in its plastic jacket, there is no noise at all. Each floppydisk drive occupies one of four identical half-height compartments in the chassis, so you can reposition the drives to fit your personal preference.

Software

Compaq offers the MS-DOS 2.11 operating system, but it is not included in the unit's cost. Compaq has matched IBM's PC-DOS with all the Microsoft utilities or lack thereof. The major command processor (COMMAND.COM) has been modified to recognize some of the special Deskpro hardware. The dual-speed processor is recognized upon booting and the clock rate is set to fast mode. If the Compaq asynchronous communications/clock board (or any other clock using the National Semiconductor MM58I67A chip) is present, the time and date are automatically read and the clock is set. Setting the time or date with the TIME and DATE MSDOS commands resets the stored time or date value for use the next time you boot the Deskpro.

[conlinued)

Photo 4: The Compaq Deskpro keyboard. Note the LED indicators on the Caps lock and Num lock keys.

MAY 1985 -BYTE 263

REVIEW: DESKPRO

The Deskpro Model 4

BY Rich Malloy

The Compaq Deskpro Model 2, with its two floppy-disk drives, fast processor and dual-mode display, represents an impressive value in desktop systems. But the real power of the Deskpro series is embodied in the topof-the-line Model 4, with its lO-megabyte hard-disk drive, 10-megabyte tapecartridge backup system, and 640K bytes of memory At BYTE 1 had a chance to use one of these systems. In fact, it even had an optional second floppy-disk drive, which gave me a large array of storage options.

The Model 4's most noteworthy feature is its tape-cartridge backup system. As of this writing, Compaq is still the only major microcomputer manufacturer that I know of to offer such a device. Admittedly a tape backup system is not high on everyone's shopping list. But after a hard disk suddenly loses about nine months of data (an event that is not highly unlikely), the extra $1000 for a tape backup system

seems less of an extravagance.

The Model 4 works quite well, Tkble A compares the Deskpro hard-disk drive with that of the IBM PC XT The tape seems slow by disk standards, but usable. It took about 7 minutes to back up the 4.6 megabytes of data we had on our hard disk. A full 10 megabytes should take about 20 minutes.

Unfortunately you cannot use the tape drive as an extra disk drive. Nor can you back up selected individual files, (These features are advertised by some third-party tape-drive manufacturers,)

Another nice feature of the Deskpro Model 4 is its ability to accommodate a second floppy-disk drive. This makes it easy to copy floppies and to run copy-protected programs.

Although somewhat expensive, the Model 4 is a good alternative to the IBM PC XT and AT It might be even better with its recently announced 30-megabyte hard-disk drive ($2995),

T^ble A: A comparison of the hard-disk drive perfomame of the Compaq Deskpro Model 4 with that of the IBM PC XT The Deskpros 8086 processor was tested in both fast (7,14 MHz) and common mode (4.77 MHz). The Deskpro used MS-DOS 2.11; the IBM PC XT PC-DOS 2.0.

Hard-Disk Benchmark Test

BASIC Hard-Disk Write Hard-Disk Read

System Utilities 40K File Copy

Spreadsheet Load

Times (seconds) Compaq Deskpro IBM PC XT

7,14 MHz

4.77 MHz

19.0

33,8

43

16.4

29.4

28

2.4

2.6

2.8

2.1

3.5

3.8

With the purchase of Deskpro, Connpaq supplies a hardware diagnostics test disk with a single program. TEST.EXE. This set of diagnostics is complete, testing everything from the keyboard through memory and massstorage devices. The diagnostics will

even test a light pen and other thirdparty options. Unfortunately, you cannot run the diagnostics without purchasing MS-DOS.

Other than the demonstration programs, the only difference in the MSDOS software is the BASICA inter

preter. Unlike IBM, Compaq puts all the BASICA code in RAM, This interpreter lacks no IBM BASICA features and actually gives you about 1000 bytes of extra memory space for your programs, I have seen Compaq's BASICA interpreter used on other manufacturers' PC-compatibles when their own interpreters didn't live up to the required PC compatibility.

Documentation

The Deskpro comes with a thick, spiral-bound operations guide and a pocket-size quick-reference guide. The contents of the operations guide are organized and clear. The information covers installing and setting up. installing options, running diagnostics, and programming in BASIC,

The only typographical error I noticed in the operations guide is the diagram for the switch settings for memory size on the motherboard. T\vo of the three displayed settings for switches 3 and 4 do not correspond to the table on the previous page.

The operations guide indicates that a flat-bladed screwdriver or Phillips screwdriver will be the only tools required for installing internal options. This is not true because Compaq uses Torx head screws. These require a special screwdriver with a star-shaped end.

In addition to the operations guide, each piece of hardware has its own installation guide. The installation guides are a nice touch but are awkward because you cannot insert them into the operations guide's binder.

The MS-DOS and BASIC manuals are definitely for reference and not intended to teach you how to use MSDOS or how to program in BASIC. Though fairly complete, the MS-DOS reference manual is missing the appendix on DOS function calls.

Compatibility

The name of the game for Compaq is IBM PC compatibility With the Deskpro, Compaq has maintained the high level of compatibility demonstrated with its Portable Computer. The Deskpro will read and write all

{continued]

264 BYTE • MAY 1985

AT A GLANCE

Name

Compaq Deskpro, Models 1, 2, 3, and 4

Manufacturer

Compaq Computer Corp. 12330 Perry Rd. Houston, TX 77070 (713) 370-7040

Size

System unit: 5 by 19 by 16

inches; 40 pounds for a Model 4

Components

Processor: 8086, 4.77 MHz or 714 MHz (switchable) Memory: 128K, 256K, or 640K bytes

Display: Dual-mode display adapter, monochrome-text/ graphics (switchable); IBM PC-compatible in both modes Keyboard: IBM PC-compatible B3-key layout, two LED indicators

Mass storage: Model 1: One or two 360K-byte, doublesided, half-height, SVA-lnch, floppy-disk drives Interfaces: Parallel printer Expansion: Four to six IBM PC-compatible expansion slots

Optional Hardware

128K bytes RAM

$170

512K bytes RAM

$1295

Monochrome display

$255

8087 coprocessor

$375

Floppy-disk drive

$430

10-megabyte hard-disk

drive

$2280

10-megabyte tape-cartridge

backup

$1075

30-megabyte hard-disk

drive

$2995

Serial port/clock board

$150

Optional Software

MS-DOS 2.11/BASIC 2

$60

Documentation

Operations guide

Price (standard configu

ration with monitor)

Model 1

$2495

Model 2

$2995

Model 3

$4995

Model 4

$7195

MEMORY SIZE (K BYTES)

0 200 iOa 600

DISK STORAGE (K BYTES) 1000 0 400 800 1200

1600 2000

BUNDLED SOFTWARE PACKAGES

0 2 4 6 8

PRICE ($ 1000) 10 0 2 4

DESKPRO [jiiii IBM PC \///A APPLE HE

The Memory Size graph shows the standard and optional memory available tor the computers under comparison. The Disk Storage graph shows the highest capacity of one and two floppy-disk drives for each system. The Deskpro can also support a 10- or 30-megabyte hard-disk drive. The Bundled Software Packages graph shows the number of software

packages included with each system. The Price graph shows the list price of a system with two disk drives, a monochrome monitor, a printer port and a serial port, 256K bytes of memory (64K bytes for 8-bit systems), the standard operating systems for the computers under comparison, and the standard BASIC interpreter for each system.

MAY 1985 'BYTE 265

Compaq Deskpro with the serial/clock card in slot 1, the floppy- Inside the Compaq Deskpro Model 4 with 640K bytes of RAM disk-controller/parallel-printer interface in slot 2, and the dual- installed, mode display adapter in slot 4.

DISK ACCESS IN BASIC (SEC) 250

57 55

30

53

36"

WRITE

READ

BASIC PERFORMANCE (SEC) 250

CALCULATIONS

SYSTEM UTILITIES (SEC) 50

BMP

SPREADSHEET (SEC) 25

15

10

8.1

40K FORMAT/DISK COPY 40K FILE COPY

DESKPRO (7.14MHz) |||||j| DESKPRO (4.77MHz)

5.1

LOAD RECALCULATE IBM PC V//A APPLE HE

The graphs for Disk Access in BASIC show how long it takes to write and to read a 64K-byte sequential text file to a blank formatted floppy disk. (For the program listings, see "The Chameleon Plus" by Rich Krajewski, June 1984 BYTE, page 327, and October 1984, page 33.) The Sieve columns in the BASIC Performance graph show how long it takes to run one iteration of the Sieve of Eratosthenes primenumber benchmark. The Calculations column shows how long it takes to do 10,000 multiplication and 10,000 division operations using single-precision numbers. The System Utilities graph shows how

long it takes to format and to copy a disk (adjusted time for 40K bytes of disk data) and to copy a 40K-byte file using the system utility programs. The Spreadsheet graph sfiows how long it takes to load and recalculate a 25- by 25-cell spreadsheet where each cell equals 1.001 times the cell to its left. Microsoft Multiplan was the spreadsheet used. The tests for the Deskpro used MS-DOS 2.11 and BASIC 2.10 Tests for the Apple lie were done with the ProDOS operating system except for the spreadsheet test, which was done with DOS 3.3. The IBM PC was tested running under PC-DOS 2.0.

266 BYTE- MAY 1985

REVIEW: DESKPRO

Table 1: A comparison of the Compaq Deskpro with the IBM PC and the Apple lie using VJordStar and dBASE II. The word-processing tests involved a AOOO-word document (2IK bytes). The load and Save tests measure how long it takes to load and then save the document. The Search and Scroll tests measure, respectively, how long it takes to find the last word in the document and to scroll through the document line by line as fast as possible The database tests measure how long it takes to sort a 2000-record data file (200K bytes) and to retrieve the last record using a nonindexed data field. These tests used an IBM PC with PC-DOS 2.0. 512K bytes of memory, a monochrome display, WrdStar 3.3, dBASE II, and an Apple lie with Microsoft's Softcard and "WordStar 3.3. The Deskpro tests used a Deskpro Model 2 with MS-DOS 2.11 and WordStar 3.3.

Test Compaq Deskpro IBM Apple He

7.14 MHz

4.77 MHz

Word Processing

Document Load

5.8

6.7

9.9

10.3

Document Save

17.9

18.7

24.2

32.3

Search

6.9

8.8

10.5

6.6

Scroll

7.7

10.6

41.2

46.4

Database

Sort

702

798

765

N/A

Record Access

44.2

44.2

43

N/A

levels of IBM PC disks, except the new AT I200K-byte disks. The hardware options I tried, including memoryexpansion and multifunction boards, all work properly in common mode. Almost all of them work in fast mode. The Iomega Bernoulli Box (10-megabyte disfccartridge system) works well in common mode, but it will generate occasional read or write errors in fast mode. This is due to the use of software loops in the device handler. The problem has been corrected in the latest version of Iomega's device handler.

Software compatibility is equally high. None of the software packages I tested show any operational deficiencies. Hirbo Pascal, WordStar, dBASE II and III, Microsoft's Flight Simulator, and Microsoft's compilers for C and Pascal all work without modification. WordStar and Tlirbo Pascal perform much better in the fast mode because of the faster screen refresh and memory access. dBASE 11 and III show marginal improvement due to the disk-intensive nature of their operation.

Comparing the Deskpro's benchmark results with the IBM PC shows a somewhat better performance by the Deskpro (see the 'At a Glance" box). Hard-disk input and output for the Deskpro is appreciably faster, while the floppy disk is usually slightly slower. For pure calculation speed, the Deskpro is faster than the IBM PC in common mode as well as in highspeed mode due to the 16-bit memory accesses that the Deskpro performs. When combined with other processing (memory access, instruction fetching), the Deskpro is not quite twice as fast as the IBM PC.

In WordStar (see table 1) or Multiplan, the display screen repaints about twice as fast in the high-speed mode. Overall the Deskpro common mode is compatible with the IBM PC, while fast mode averages an improvement of about 90 percent.

Limitations

The Deskpro's limitations are few and relatively minor in comparison to its features. Aside from those already

mentioned, the only problem I found is with a chassis brace on the inside of the Deskpro chassis. This brace is directly above slot 1 and interferes with insertion or removal of any option board.

The Deskpro is also priced somewhat high in comparison to its competitors. The Deskpro Model 2 with two disk drives and 256K bytes of memory can cost several hundred dollars more than a comparably equipped IBM PC. Although the Deskpro is being sold by over 500 retail outlets, it is just becoming available through discount houses, so it is often costly in comparison to discounted compatibles.

Although the 8086's faster processing in high-speed mode is nice, it only slightly improves the performance of any system limited by floppy-disk accesses.

One reason for the IBM PC's success (and the birth of the Compaq Portable) was the availability of the IBM PC s technical reference manual. Compaq does not produce a comparable document for the general public. Because of the internal differences between the Deskpro and the IBM PC,

Compaq should make its own technical reference manual available.

Summary

Service for the Deskpro is provided

by the retail outlets where you purchase the computer or by any authorized Compaq dealer. The Compaq service program is similar to the IBM program for training technicians of the authorized dealers. Compaq does not use a third-party maintenance organization for service.

Anyone who heavily uses spreadsheets, word processors, or monochrome graphics should buy the Deskpro. The improved performance of the 8086 in fast mode can increase your productivity if you use a spreadsheet for numerous calculations. It also improves the throughput of word processors and other applications that display a lot of text. Compaq's dual-mode display adapter lets you use applications requiring graphics without additional hardware or cost.

Would 1 buy the Compaq Deskpro? Yes. I would and did. And I recommend the Deskpro to others. It is a well-engineered and well-manufactured product. ■

MAy 1985 'BYTE 267

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Inquiry 74

MAY 1985 • BYTE 269

SYSTEM REVIEW

IBM PC AT

The PC gets down to business

BY Alan Finger

Alan Finger is a vice president oj Comprehensive Computer Consultants (270 Littleton Rd.. Building 14, VJestford. MA 01886).

The IBM PC AT comes in two basic configurations. The basic model ($3995) comes with 2 56K bytes of RAM (random-access read/write memory), one of IBM's new high-capacity 1,2-megabyte disk drives, and a combination floppydisk/hard-disk controller card. Available for an additional $1800, the enhanced model adds 2 56K bytes of memory a 20-megabyte hard-disk drive, and a serial/parallel interface adapter (see photo 1). Both systems are based on Intel's 80286 processor and have eight I/O (input/output) expansion slots and a battery-backed clock/calendar.

The AT comes with IBM's usual voluminous documentation. It includes a setup guide, an operations guide, and a BASIC manual, all in IBM's standard boxed looseleaf format. An unwelcome addition is a variety of small pamphlets packed in each box. While these are intended to be helpful quick guides, they are easy to misplace and might confuse as much as inform.

By the way the BASIC manual is now complete. You don't have to send in a coupon and replace pages to get up-to-date documentation.

Power Supply and Keyboard

The power supply is 190 watts, as opposed to the 63 watts in the PC and 130 watts in the XT. This much power is needed. The PC is underpowered, causing many users to have hard-to-trace problems when adding to their systems. The XT's supply is much better but would be inadequate for the AT's two hard-disk drives. Since what goes in as electricity always comes out as heat, IBM has incorporated an innovative variablespeed fan that runs faster (and louder) as the internal temperature rises. Since my system was lightly loaded, the noise level never became obtrusive. A notable addition to the AT is a line-voltage select switch that lets it run on European 220-volt power

The AT's keyboard and interface are more sophisticated than those on the PC and they

are not compatible. You cannot use an AT keyboard on a PC. A single-chip microcomputer on the system board manages the keyboard and related functions. Any PC software that goes directly to the keyboard interface hardware, some key-translation programs, and many games will not work on the AT

The keyboard layout is similar to that used on an IBM Selectric typewriter (see photo 2). The Shift, Control, Enter, and backspace keys have all been enlarged. Some of the less frequently used keys, such as backslash, grave accent. Print Screen, and Escape, have been moved to peripheral portions of the keyboard.

Three status lights have been added to the Caps Lock, Scroll Lock, and Num Lock keys—this is a welcome feature. The only new key, Sys Req, causes the keyboardhandling software that's in ROM (read-only memory) to generate a software interrupt whenever the key is pressed or released. This lets the user signal the operating system for attention. PC-DOS currently ignores Sys Req.

To go with its international power supply IBM provides six different versions of the AT's keyboard for foreign languages. The layout and internal scan codes are all identical, but some of the key legends are different to permit use of symbols peculiar to specific languages. The standard display adapters can display these characters, and DOS 3.0 has a set of utilities to adapt itself to the specific keyboard type.

On the output side, the AT uses the standard PC display cards and so is completely compatible. Graphics generation is much faster than it is on the PC.

Much has been said about the inclusion of a key switch that disables the keyboard and locks the cover in place. It seems to me that this feature is of limited usefulness. You would have to secure the entire system and external wiring to prevent someone with malicious intent from interfering with a running program. A program can test the state

270 BYTE- MAY 1985

of the keylock and override its function to selectively get input from the keyboard.

The System Board

The system board itself is a completely new design. Instead of the 8088 processor found in the PC, Intel's high-performance

80286 provides the horsepower. An empty socket is provided for the companion

80287 numeric coprocessor. The board contains a number of familiar components and many new ones.

At start-up, the 80286 is operating in what is referred to as the "real address mode" and has an architecture identical to that of the 8088 used in the PC and XT Like the 8088, it uses a segmented addressing scheme to access up to 1 megabyte of memory, it has the same instruction set with a few extensions and incompatibilities (see BYTE's product description "The IBM PC AT," October 1984, page 108).

The most important difference is that the 80286 runs faster: it uses a faster clock (6 MHz versus 4.77 MHz) and has a 16-bit data bus instead of an 8-bit data bus. The bulk of the speed increase, however, comes from internal improvements that let it execute most instructions in about half the number of clock cycles that the 8088 requires. The net effect is a two to three times increase in speed over a PC or XT when running computation-intensive programs.

Things get more interesting when the 80286 enters its "protected address mode." Although it still executes the same basic instruction set, its operation more closely resembles that of a large minicomputer or mainframe and is specifically geared toward multitasking and multiuser applications. (For an introduction to 80286 operation in the protected mode, see "The 80286 Microprocessor" by Paul Wells, November 1984 BYTE, page 231.)

While the 80286 packs quite a wallop in its 68-pin package, it is not the ultimate processor. It is very good at performing certain types of functions, such as cost

effective virtual memory and fast task switching for real-time applications, but it does have disadvantages. Like the 8088, the 80286's major problem centers around the use of segmentation. Since a segment has a size limit of 64K bytes, dealing with large arrays such as those found in graphics and signal processing becomes cumbersome. For these applications, a processor with a large linear address space, such as Motorola's 68000, is generally more efficient.

Software compatibility is another problem. Programs written for real mode will not usually run in protected mode and vice versa. For applications programs the changes required are small (generally just

[continued]

Photo 1: The IBM PC AT with a lO-megabyte hard-disk drive, \.2-megabyte floppy-disk drive, and 360K-byte floppy-disk drive.

MAY 1985 -BYTE 271

REVIEW: IBM PC AT

a recompilation), but you cannot plug your existing software into a protected mode 80286 and expect it to worl<. System software is more tigintiy tied to the processor architecture. PC-DOS works only in real mode. Even IBM's own ROM BIOS (basic input/output system) becomes unusable once you enter the protected mode. Microsoft's XENIX is the only announced operating system that claims to use the power of protected-mode operation, but it was not available for the AT at the time of this review.

The AT supports the 80287 numeric coprocessor as a $375 option. While the changes required are not especially great, the 80287 is not totally software-compatible with the 8087 used in the PC, so programs written to use the 8087 might not work in the AT As with the 8087, the actual increase in performance you can expect depends on the application.

The system board has room for 512K bytes of parity-checked RAM. The basic AT has 2 56K bytes, while the enhanced model has 5I2K bytes. You can get l28K-byte modules that consist of two special 64K-byte RAM packages soldered together in piggyback fashion; they have Mostek part number MK4128N-15. IBM has never been the least expensive source for PC memory and expanding the basic model to 512K bytes with IBM RAMs

costs $495. 1 called the Mostek local sales office to find out if these parts were available from its distributors. The answer I got was "They used to be, but not anymore."

On the system board are eight fulllength I/O slots: these give you more expansion capability than the XT's six full and two short slots. Also, the floppy- and hard-disk functions are combined on one card to free up an additional connector.

Each slot is equipped with the usual 62-pin connector. These connectors carry the same signals as those on a PC, although the timing is not identical. Six of these slots have an additional 36-pin connector intended for AT-specific cards and contain the extended address lines (A20-A23) to let you place up to 16 megabytes of memory in the system. The upper 8 bits of the data bus are here, too. To accommodate existing 8-bit I/O cards, hardware on the system board automatically converts each processor-initiated 16-bit data or 1/0 transfer to two 8-bit transfers. Any card that can support 16-bit transfers can send a signal back through this connector to disable the translation.

An interesting signal. Master, lets a processor on an I/O card temporarily take control of the system and access any memory or peripheral device. This capability opens up new possi

bilities for intelligent peripherals and coprocessor cards.

Compatibility with PC I/O cards is good, but not 100 percent. The higher clock rate and timing differences render many cards inoperative in the AT. None of the PC memory-expansion and multifunction boards are likely to work. On the other hand, the AT's added memory and clock features make the boards somewhat superfluous, and new memory boards for expansion above 1 megabyte are available from IBM and other vendors. l^ble 1 lists which expansion options IBM supports.

A few cards, such as IBM's colorgraphics adapter, won't fit in the double-connector slots because they extend below the connector top. These cards must be placed in one of the two available single-connector slots. Since the chassis is higher than the PC's, cards designed for the AT can be about an inch taller.

Mass Storage

The AT is the first major personal computer to use the new generation of high-capacity floppy-disk drives. These drives are capable of placing 1,2 megabytes on a special 5/4-inch disk. The data is stored on 160 tracks (80 per side) with fifteen 5I2K-byte sectors on each track. At 500K bps, the data-transfer rate is twice as great as for a standard disk. Rotation speed is greater too: 360 instead of 300 revolutions per minute.

To get this kind of density you have to use special "high-coercivity" disks. Because the bits are crammed so closely together, as much as 10,000 per inch, the magnetic field used to write the data tends to spill over onto adjacent bits. The high-coercivity recording media requires a more intense magnetic field to set or "coerce" a bit. It ignores the less intense stray fields and is only affected by the strong field directly under the recording head.

To handle these drives, IBM developed a new disk-adapter card. They also threw in the standard floppy- and hard-disk controller. Unlike the old

{continued)

Photo 2: Close-up of the IBM PC AT keyboard shows the repositioning of the grave accent, Print Screen, Escape, and backslash keys.

272 BYTE- MAY 1985

AT A GLANCE

Name

IBM Personal Computer AT

Manufacturer

IBM Corporation Entry Systems Division POB 1328

Boca Raton, FL 33432

Processor

Intel 80286

Memory

256K bytes (basic); 512K bytes (enhanced) Up to 16 megabytes supported by hardware

Display

Uses standard IBM PC display adapters

Keyboard

84 keys, Selectric layout, 10 function keys

Disk Storage

Floppy: standard 360K bytes; high-capacity 1.2 megabytes Hard disk: 20 megabytes (enhanced system)

Expansion

Eight I/O slots

Software

BASIC in ROM, diagnostic disk, tutorial

Price

Basic system $3995 Enhanced system $5795

Software Options

PC-DOS 3.0 operating system $65 XENIX operating system $395 XENIX software-development system $455 XENIX text-formatting system $145

Documentation

Guide to operations included Installation and setup included Technical reference manual $30 PC-DOS technical reference $40 Maintenance and service manual $295

Audience

Business and scientific users

MEMORY SIZE (K BYTES) DISK STORAGE (K BYTES)

0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 400 800 ]200 IGOO 2000

m

□

□

BUNDLED SOFTWARE PACKAGES 0 2 4 6

§ IBM PC AT I I IBM PC APPLE HE

The Memory Size graph shows the standard and optional memory available for the computers under comparison. The Disk Storage graph shows the highest capacity for one and two floppy-disk drives. The Bundled Software Packages graph shows the number of software packages included with each system. The Price

graph shows the list price of a system with two disk drives, a monochrome monitor a colordisplay adapter, a printer port and a serial port, 256K bytes of memory (64K bytes for 8-bit systems), the standard operating system for the computers under comparison, and the standard BASIC interpreter

MAY 1985 -BYTE 273

A rear view of the IBM PC AT.

Inside the IBM PC AT. The expansion bus is at the right, harddisk drive is top center, and power supply is bottom left.

DISK ACCESS 250

m BASIC (SEC)

200

WRITE

SYSTEM UTILITIES (SEC)

READ

40K FORMAT/DISK COPY

40K FILE COPY

IBM PC AT

The graph for Disk Access in BASIC shows how long it takes to write and read a 64K-byte sequential text file to a blank formatted floppy disk. (For the program listings, see 'The Chameleon Plus" by Rich Krajewski, June 1984 BYTE, page 327, and October BYTE, page 33.) The Sieve column in the BASIC Performance graph shows how long it takes to run one iteration of the Sieve of Eratosthenes primenumber benchmark. The Calculations column shows how long it takes to do 10,000 multiplication and 10,000 division operations using single-precision numbers. The System Utilities' Format/Disk Copy graph shov*« how long it takes to format and copy a standard text file to disk (adjusted time for 40K bytes of disk data). The File Copy

BASIC PERFORMANCE (SEC 250

200

150

100

SIEVE

CALCULATIONS

SPREADSHEET (SEC 2

LOAD RECALCULATE IBM PC APPLE HE

column shows how long it takes to copy a 40K-byte file using the system utility programs. The File Copy test on the AT copied from the hard-disk drive to the floppy-disk drive The Systems Utilities graph does not include format/disk copy on the IBM PC AT because the review unit had one hard- and only one floppy-disk drive. The Spreadsheet graph shows how long it takes to load and recalculate a 25by 25-cell Microsoft Multiplan spreadsheet where each cell equals 1.001 times the cell to its left. The IBM PC AT used PC-DOS 3.0 and BASICA. The Apple lie used ProDOS, except for the spreadsheet test, which was done with DOS 3.3. The IBM PC used BASICA running under PC-DOS 2.0.

274 BYTE* MAY 1985

REVIEW: IBM PC AT

disk adapter, this new card can iian

dle only two floppy-disk drives. However, you can use two controllers if you can find operating software and a place to put the drives.

Since no software is currently available in the high-capacity format, the high-capacity drive and controller can read standard disks. You can also write on them, but you probably won't be able to read that disk on a standard drive due to the much narrower track that is recorded. This means that the AT owner who needs to transfer data to PCs will be forced to either sacrifice a high-capacity drive for a standard drive or use a serial-communication hookup.

In my experience with the highcapacity drive, 1 never saw any data errors or even retries using the special IBlvl disks that came with the system.

The ROM BIOS automatically determines the drive/format combination after a drive reset: this makes the actual controller mechanics transparent to a program. It also makes many copy-protection schemes incompatible. One exasperating attribute of the disk system is the one-eighth-second minimum motor-start delay that the BIOS imposes. It makes each initial disk access take longer than it would on a PC. 1 realize that the half-height drives take longer to start, but I still wish this parameter had remained variable.

If you need hard disks, the enhanced AT comes with a 20-megabyte, full-height, hard-disk drive tucked inside the cabinet (for benchmark times comparing three hard-disk systems, see table 2). You can add a second drive in the spot where a second floppy would go.

THE ROM BIOS

The ROM contains a cassette-BASIC interpreter (the AT does not have a cassette interface), a power-up selftest (POST) program, and the BIOS functions in four I6K by 8-bit devices. If you moved a jumper a pair of 32K by 8-bit ROMs could do the same job and leave two sockets open for expansion. As with the PC, expansion ROMs can be recognized by the ROM BIOS

and incorporated into its functions.

The AT has a new version of the BIOS that provides a number of new features. The most notable is the addition of support for multitasking operating systems. Ouite a few PC operating systems currently available can run more than one program at a time. Digital Research's Concurrent DOS and the multitude of UNIXbased packages are the best known. In all cases, these operating systems must supply their own BIOS because the one in the PC is single-threaded. Once you call it to initiate an operation (accessing the disk, for example), you cannot do anything else until the BIOS is finished—even if the processor is going to spend most of its time waiting. This is why your keyboard input seems to come to a grinding halt periodically while the PC-DOS print spooler is in operation and a disk access is necessary.

However, the AT BIOS functions can return to the caller with a flag that says "This will take a while" The operating system then runs another program while the hardware does the work. When the operation is done, the

BIOS sets another flag saying "I'm ready to finish up" and the software can go back to the original program.

While this feature is helpful, it (and the ROM BIOS in general) is only available in real-memory mode. With the possible exception of the multitasking facility built into IBM's TopView. new multitasking or multiuser systems are likely to operate in virtual mode and include their own BIOS.

Other new features are designed to isolate programs from the hardware for back and future compatibility. These include joystick support and a short-interval (microseconds) timer

One potentially useful new function has some hidden problems. Since PCDOS supports only the first 640K bytes of memory, IBM built a function into the BIOS to allow block transfers between standard and extended memory including a device driver to use this memory as a virtual disk.

The way the BIOS Move Block function operates is simple: You put the processor into protected mode, make the transfer, and go back to real mode again. The one problem is that the

[cmtmeii

Table I: IBM PC hardware compatibilitij with the AT. Supported Not Supported

IBM monochrome display adapter IBM color display adapter IBM SDLC communications adapter IBM binary synchronous

communications adapter IBM cluster network adapter IBM PC network adapter IBM graphics printer BM color primer

IBM asynchronous communications

adapter IBM printer adapter IBM expansion unit IBM compact printer Other memory-expansion options Other keyboards Other disk and fixed-disk drives

Teible 2: Some bemhrmrk times in seconds for the AT with a hard-disk drive.

Test IBM PC AT IBM PC XT Apple lie (Profile)

BASIC

Hard-disk Write 17 43 22

Hard-disk Read 12 28 13

System Utilities

40K File Copy 12 2.8 20 Spreadsheet

Load 1 7 3,8 N/A

MAY 1985 - BYTE 275

REVIEW: IBM PC AT

only way to get back to real mode from protected is to literally reset the processor But first a flag is set in the battery-backed configuration RAM signaling that the reset is for this particular reason. Near the beginning of the initialization routine, the flag is detected and the program returns to Move Block again for cleanup.

There are two key failings to this method. First, the entire operation, taking as much as 4 or 5 milliseconds, must be done with all interrupts shut off. This can delay interrupt-intensive operations to the point where critical events might be missed. You could lose characters coming in on a 9600-bps serial port, for example The second problem is even more serious. If the power or the system fails in the small time-window during which the flag is set, each time the system is powered up or reset it will think it is coming back from a Move Block and

lose control. The only way to get the system working again is to open it up and disconnect the battery for a moment to kill the flag. You will also have to reset the clock and rerun the configuration program. You are better off to stick to the hard disk for fast storage. It's less expensive and more reliable.

A NEW PC-DOS?

A new version of PC-DOS accompanies the AT The release of DOS 3.0 serves two purposes. First, it provides the internal changes necessary to run on the AT. It also serves as an interim release to let programmers begin to interface their software with the filesharing facilities required to operate in the local-area-network environment that IBM announced with the AT.

File sharing is required in multiuser or networked systems to ensure that only one user can change a file or

record at a time. Otherwise, a change or update might not be recorded properly Although local-area networks for the PC have been around for some time, they each had different sharing mechanisms. Software developers tended to ignore the issue rather than build separate versions for each brand of network. Although the actual network software will not be available until DOS 3.1 appears, DOS 3.0 standardizes the software interface for developers.

DOS 3.0 fixes a few minor bugs in DOS 2.1 and also adds some new commands. The ones I am particularly pleased to see fixed are the ability to use a pathname before a command and correction of the FOR batch command that previously could not deal with sets longer than 64 characters. Functions of the new commands include supporting foreign-language keyboards, making files read-only, and

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276 BYTE • MAY 1985

Computers & Electronics Magazine November 1984

REVIEW: IBM PC AT

changing the volume label on a disk.

A major internal change lets PCDOS handle up to 65,526 allocation blocks on disk, up from 4086. This allows much more efficient use of disk space on larger hard-disk drives.

BASICA has also been enhanced, but the changes are really to the documentation. A number of keywords that were reserved but undefined, such as SHELL, ENVIRONS, and lOCTL, have finally been included in the manual as commands and functions. Most of these existed in previous versions, albeit with some bugs. This release simply acknowledges them.

Minor changes to some of the system calls can cause problems for programs that don't play by the rules. One such change is the use of all 8 bits in filename characters to support the foreign character sets. This made my version of Digital Research's GSX

T^ble 3: IBM PC/PC AT software

compatibility.

Compatible

Not Compatible

PMATE Editor

Flight Simulator

Ci-C86 C compiler

J-Bird

Lotus 1-2-3

Frogger

WordStar

Burgertime

MultiMate

PC-Man

XyWrite

CP/M-86

Multiplan

Concurrent CP/M

SuperCalc2

DR's GSX

PeachText

ASCOM

dBASE II

graphics extension unusable on the AT and the PC. I understand that DR's latest release fixes the problem.

Summary

All the programs 1 tried, except the

games, stand-alone programs, and GSX, ran perfectly T^ble 3 lists what worked and what didn't. IBM supplies a pamphlet with the AT telling you which programs the company knows won't run and mentioning any special considerations for supported software. Mostly this consists of instructions on how to copy a program to a high-density disk.

IBM states that a number of programs won't run on these disks because of copy-protection techniques or assumptions the program makes about disk layout. You have to run these on a standard drive.

To sum this all up, the IBM PC AT is a powerful machine that you can use in place of a PC or XT system for a two or three times increase in performance and storage. As a small, cost-effective, multiuser business system? I'll just have to wait and see what XENIX looks like. ■

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SOFTWARE REVIEW

True BASIC

Bringing

structure

to the realm of "spagiietti code"

BY G. Michael Vose

G. Michael Vose is a BYTE senior technical editor. He can be reached at POB 372, Hancock. NH 03449.

Eighteen months ago, BASIC'S originators, John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz, informed the world they planned to port their creation to microcomputers. The intention of Kemeny Kurtz, and associates Chris Walker Brig Elliot, and Dave Pearson at True BASIC Inc, focused on cleaning up "Street BASIC," their name for the widespread but limited versions of BASIC that dominated the microcomputer world. These men view Street BASIC as a weak sister to the substantially evolved Dartmouth BASIC. Calling Street BASIC "a horrible dialect of a beautiful language," they bemoan its hardware specificity and lack of modern structure.

Secondarily they were keen to create a BASIC that conformed to a standard. They wanted it to be widely disseminated and, therefore, wanted it to be uniform for textbooks and other educational materials that need program listings. The standard to emulate, in their estimation, was the embattled American National Standards Institute (ANSI) X3I2 subcommittee's proposed standard (see the text box "ANSI Standard BASIC" on page 288), Kurtz had served as chairman of the subcommittee for 10 years.

The result is True BASIC, a compiled ANSI standard BASIC distributed by textbook publisher Addison-Wesley of Reading, Massachusetts. In this review, I look at the first implementation of True BASIC, the IBM Personal Computer (PC) version. It requires MSDOS I.I, 2.0, 2.1, or 3.0 and 128K bytes of memory plus a disk drive. The PC version's price is $149.90.

A version for the Apple Macintosh is slated for late spring, and a PCjr version reportedly will be ready by the time you read this. All versions of True BASIC are intended to be identical at the source-code level, but the Macintosh version proposes to exploit the machine's icon-/mouseoriented user interface at the command level.

The unique features of TVue BASIC, and those that will be closely examined here, in

clude its user interface, use of external subroutines and libraries, floating-point math package, graphics and sound capability, debugging tools, and availability of access to the machine, Cfeble I offers a comparison of Ti-ue BASIC, PC-BASIC BetterBASIC, and TUrbo Pascal.)

A major departure from previous microcomputer BASICS, True BASIC is compiled instead of interpreted. The compiler produces an intermediate code. A pseudomicroprocessor interprets this code at run time and uses the resulting interpretation to generate machine code for the IBM PC's 8088 CPU (central processing unit). This compilation technique enhances programexecution speed and permits execution of programs from within the TVue BASIC editor, using the familiar BASIC command RUN. All activity in TVue BASIC happens within the numerous windows of the system's editor.

Users view the TYue BASIC world through the editor's three windows—the source window, the command (or history) window, and the graphics window. The Tt-ue BASIC editor functions as a screen editor within a window: movement is controlled by the cursor keys. The first two windows dominate the screen display during a programming session.

The source and command windows share the screen and can be adjusted by the user. On the IBM PC you move between windows using function keys FI and F2. You use the Home, End, PgUp, and PgDn keys to move through a file within a window.

The source window is for entering and modifying source code. The PC's Insert and Delete keys function within this window to aid the editing process.

The command window lets you issue commands (like RUN and SAVE), and it displays all nongraphic program output. In addition, the command window preserves all the command-line activity during a programming session, 'With the cursor keys, you

(continued)

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REVIEW: TRUE BASIC

can move back through all commandwindow activity to look at any sequence of actions. Within this window, the PC function key F9 enters the

RUN command, and the F7 key recalls the last line entered. The FIG key is the help key. Since you both enter and execute

Table I: A comparison of features and capabilities.

True BASIC

PC-BASIC

BetterBASIC Turbo Pascal

Hexadecimal numbers

no

yes

yes

yes

8087 support

yes

hd

yes

yes

Maximum string length (bytes)

32K

255

32K

256

Binary-coded-declmal math

no

no

yes

no

Byte

no

no

yes

yes

Windows

yes

no

yes

yes

DOS call

no

no

yes

yes

DOS 2.0 files

yes

no

yes

no

Chaining '

yes

yes

yes

yes

Overlays

yes

yes

no

yes

Libraries (modules)

yes

no

yes

yes

Procedures

yes

no

yes

yes

Functions

yes

yes

yes

yes

DO loops

yes

no

yes

yes

ELSEIF/ENDIF

yes

no

no

no

CASE

yes

no

no

yes

Scoped variables

yes

no

yes

yes

Recursion

yes

no

yes

yes

PEEK/POKE

yes

yes

yes

no

Number of open files

10

2

5

15

Array dimensions

10

255

unlimited

255

Option base

declarable

Oor1

Don

declarable

(default =ci) (de^ult^O)

(default=0)

Table 2: The largest number for which the respective languages can calculate

the factorial, followed by the factorial.

Factorial Calculations

Largest Number

Factorial Computed

True BASIC

170

725742E + 306

BetterBASIC

145

8.0479272E + 251

PC-BASIC

33

8.6833176187E + 36

Turbo Pascal

33

8.683317E + 36

Listing 1: The factorial program coded in True BASIC.

10 ! Program to Calculate and Print Factorials

20 ! Requires the Input of a Base Number

30 PRINT "Type a Number:";

35 INPUT number

40 LET dummy = number

50 IF number<2 then LET fact=1

60 LET dummy = dummy - 1

70 LET number = number*dummy

80 IF dummy< >1 then GOTO 60

90 PRINT 'The Factorial is ";number

95 GOTO 30

100 END

280 BYTE • MAY 1985

REVIEW: TRUE BASIC

programs from within the editor, Thie

BASIC spots and reports errors as it encounters them during the compilation of the source program. The RUN command initiates the compiler, and there is a noticeable delay from when you enter the RUN command until "n-ue BASIC successfully completes the compile cycle. Errors make the compiler stop, display an error message in the command window, and move the cursor to the beginning of the line containing the error in the source window. Often, the cursor moves to an improperly placed keyword or punctuation character

Another interesting component of the T^ue BASIC user interface is that it lets you execute DO files. A DO file is a filter program or utility For example, the True BASIC program disk contains a DO file called FORMAT that produces a formatted ("prettyprint") listing of the program file in the source window. Renumbering True BASIC'S optional line numbers is accomplished with another DO file called RENUM.

DO files written in TVue BASIC are coded as external subroutines and compiled to object files using the command COMPILE. The resulting object file can then be saved on disk, where it resides until called by the DO filename command.

The final component of the user interface is the on-screen help facility. Engaged by pressing FIO or typing HELP, the on-screen assistance is not context-sensitive, lb get help on a specific topic, like saving source files, you must enter HELP SAVE.

External Subroutines AND Libraries

Most BASIC programmers use subroutines, sections of code within a program that perform often-repeated functions. True BASIC similarly provides for subroutines, although you call them by name and they permit parameter passing. But the language also includes a mechanism for calling routines that reside outside a program—external subroutines and libraries.

A library is merely a collection of

external subroutines grouped within a file. External subroutines allow parameter passing and look identical to internal subroutines, except that they stand alone or occur after a program END statement. The keyword EXTERNAL identifies a subroutine or group of subroutines and functions as a LIBRARY. External subroutines can reside independently on disk. To call a library, use a LIBRARY filename header at the beginning of the source program that calls the external subroutines.

Variables within Ttue BASIC'S external subroutines are local to that program unit; they are unknown to other external subroutines or to programs. But within any subroutine or program, all variables are global in scope. Subroutines, internal or external, may have any number of arguments, but the arguments passed must match the data type (string or numeric) of the arguments as originally declared.

Functions in Tl-ue BASIC can also be external, in which case they use local variables.

True BASIC has several libraries on its program disk. A graphics library provides routines to draw an «-sided polygon, a filled-in circle, or six other shapes. The four mathematical libraries offer hyperbolic functions, trigonometric functions in either radians or degrees, and such functions as n factorial or binomial coefficients. A menu library contains five subroutines that let you use menus within programs. By invoking them you can open a window for a menu, display the menu, get a reply clear the menu, and return to the working program window

Floating-Point Math

lb test the dynamic range of True BASIC, I ran the short factorial program shown in listing I. T^ble 2 shows the largest number for which this algorithm can calculate the factorial for a variety of languages on an IBM PC. The dynamic range claimed for the PC version of TYue BASIC is 1.1I2 54E308 to 3.59539E4-308, a claim verified by this test. TVue BASIC Inc. says that the minimum dynamic range

{continued]

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MAY 1985 -BYTE 28]

REVIEW: TRUE BASIC

for True BASIC, regardless of the computer, is l.OE-99 to l.OE+99.

The numeric precision of TVue BASIC is 14 digits of accuracy on the PC, except for the built-in transcendentals, where the accuracy is 10 digits. The external format for True BASIC numbers conforms to the IEEE 754 floating-point standard. The lan

guage's implementors sacrificed some of the standard's precision to obtain greater speed and produced a math package with better speed and precision than most languages offer (see the "Benchmarks" section). In accordance with the ANSI standard, only 6 digits of a number are displayed unless you invoke special format corn

Listing 2: The BYTE calculations benchmark coded in True BASIC. Note that

line numbers are optional.

LET startime = time LET nr = 5000 LET a = 2.71828 LET b = 3.14159 LET c=1 FOR i = 1 to nr

LET c = c*a

LETc = c*b

LETc = c/a

LETc=c/b NEXT i

PRINT "Done"

LET finishtime=time

PRINT "Error = ";c-1

PRINT finishtime-startime;" seconds"

END

Listing 3: The standard BYTE calculations benchmark.

5 REM: THE CALCULATIONS BENCHMARK

10 NR = 5000

20 DEFSNG A-Z

30 A = 2.71828

40 8 = 3.14159

50 C= 1

60 FOR I = 1 TO NR

70 C = C*A

80 C = C*B

90 C = C/A

100 C = C/B

110 NEXT I

120 PRINT "done"

130 PRINT 'isrror = ";C-1

mands, like PRINT USING. (Other

TVue BASIC limits include a maximum string length of 32,767 and a maximum of 2 55 array dimensions.)

The traditional BYTE calculations benchmark, rewritten in T^ue BASIC and shown in listing 2 (the standard BYTE calculations benchmark is shown in listing 3 for comparison), reveals that Ttue BASIC'S round-off error is substantially lower than that of the PC-BASIC interpreter (see table 3 and the graphs on the "At a Glance" page). Tnie BASIC also automatically senses, and uses, the Intel 8087 coprocessor when installed. The 8087 further enhances the speed and accuracy of floating-point math, fully conforming to the IEEE 754 standard.

Graphics and Sound

True BASIC places a substantial emphasis on graphics. Most of the sample programs on the distribution disk generate graphics output. The design goals of the graphics command set were portability and elimination of pixel calculations.

To eliminate pixel math. True BASIC performs x, y coordinate graphics using statements like PLOT, BOX, and DRAW. You can plot lines, points, or areas to create simple shapes. The only concern is the character of the graphic, such as the length of the sides of a triangle, and not pixel positioning on the screen. The graphics statements make all the pixel calculations. BOX statements let you draw and redraw graphics fast enough to create animated displays.

The PICTURE construct allows more sophisticated graphics. PICTURES are special graphics subroutines called with the DRAW state

{contimed]

Table 3: The BYTE benchmarks for

several languages. Times are in

seconds.

True BASIC

PC-BASIC

BetterBASIC

Hirbo Pascal

Sieve 21.2

190.7

31.4

15.4

CaJculations 19.7

69.2

. 91.3

82.6

(Error) - 4.5830006457E-13

-1.788139E-07 0 (us

ies blnary-coded-decimal

-1.3384124031E-08

notation)

282 BYTE • MAY 1985

Potent Pascal*

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It gives you single and double

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AT A GLANCE

Name

True BASIC

Manufacturer

True BASIC Inc. 39 South Main St. Hanover, NH 03755

Distributor

Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. Reading, MA 01867 (617) 944-3700

Price

$14990

Computer

IBM PC with 128K RAM and a disk drive

Features

An ANSI standard BASIC language compiler with a window-oriented user interface, characterized primarily by its outstanding math pacl<age

Documentation

A reference manual and a user's guide plus on-screen help

SIEVE OF ERATOSTHENES (SEC) 100

CALCULATIONS (SEC) 100

TRUE BASIC llllllll PC-BASIC BETTERBASIC V//A TURBO PASCAL

The benchmark for the Sieve of Eratosthenes measures (in seconds) how long it takes for each of the tested languages to run one iteration of a program that determines all of the prime numbers up to 7000. The Calculations graph shows how long it takes to do 10,000 multiplica

tion and 10,000 division operations using singleprecision numbers. Listings 2, 3, 4, and 5 show the standard BYTE benchmarks for calculations and the Sieve—as well as how they were modified to accommodate True BASIC'S slightly different syntax.

ment. Since a PICTURE emulates a regular TYue BASIC subroutine, it can be called with parameters. For example, a PICTURE that draws a square can be called with an argument that determines the length of the square's side.

Sophistication in picture graphics is made possible by what TYue BASIC calls transformations. These transformations include the ability to rotate a picture, shift a picture right or left on the screen, change the size of a picture, or even shear the picture (tilt all its vertical lines forward by a specific number of radians or degrees).

Like regular TVue BASIC subroutines and functions, PICTURES can be either internal to the program or external. They may even reside with other PICTURES in a library

The graphics functions of Tt-ue BASIC also include the ability to combine text and graphics (using the

PLOT TEXT statement) and the use of adjustable windows. To enhance output within the system graphics window, you can open separate windows of any size and divide the output among them any way you like. The windows in TYue BASIC do not overlap.

To create music or sound in the language, you use common keywords like PLAY, SOUND, and PAUSE. On the IBM PC, you can play music in either foreground or background mode so your programs can provide music along with other activity Background music is limited to a string of 32 notes or pauses, played repeatedly until the program's end.

Chaining and Debugging

The CHAIN statement in TVue BASIC functions like a subroutine call. Program flow can pass to another program and then return to the original program when the second program

completes execution. CHAINed programs can even accept arguments.

You can write and call assembly-language subroutines from within ly-ue BASIC programs, and you can perform traditional BASIC memory examination and assignment operations using PEEK and POKE. On the IBM PC, TVue BASIC'S memory addresses do not use the Intel 8086 conventions of segment and offset. Instead, they use a simple decimal address. Programmers will have to calculate this address, using the formula segment* \6 + offset = address, before performing PEEKS and POKEs.

This version of BASIC treats assembly-language routines the same way it treats libraries. Therefore, assembly-language subroutines need preface bytes identical to those in a library file. Assembly-language routines can accept arguments. Once created, assembled, linked, and

(continued)

284 BYTE- MAY 1985

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The new Symbolic Debug Utility lets you stay close to the source. Now you can step through your assembled or compiled code by name rather than by address. Source level display for Microsoft Pascal, FORTRAN, and C allows you to view both your original source and the resulting code.

And we stuffed our package with a full set of the most useful utilities around. So that you can link, maintain and organize your programs like never before.

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Microsoft Macro Assembler Package: Macro Assembler

♦For the 8086/8087/8088 and now the 186/286/287.

♦ Define macros.

♦ Conditional Assembly.

♦ Case sensitivity for symbols.

New Interactive Symbolic Debug Utility

♦ Controlled testing environment for debugging. ♦Source line display of Microsoft FORTRAN, Pascal and C Programs.

♦Set breakpoints on line numbers and symbols. ♦Single step to follow program execution. ♦Disassemble object code.

♦ Display values.

♦ Make minor changes without reassembling. New Program Maintenance Utility

♦ Rebuilds your applications after your source files have been changed.

♦ Similar to UNIX™ Make utility. Library Manager

♦Create, organize and maintain your object module libraries created with Microsoft Languages. ♦Set page size (default of 16 bytes). Object Code Linker

♦ Simple overlaying linker combines relocatable object modules created using Microsoft Languages into a single program.

♦ Load Map generation.

♦ Specify from 1 to 1024 segments.

Cross Reference Utility for the Macro Assembler

♦ Creates a cross-reference listing of the definitions and locations of all symbols used in an assembly language program.

Microsoft is a registered trademark and The High Performance Software is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation. IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines. UNIX is a trademark of Bell Laboratories.

REVIEW: TRUE BASIC

filtered by EXE2BIN, an assembly-language subroutine is treated just like any TKie BASIC library routine.

Bit manipulation is not provided in TVue BASIC, other than that allowable by PEEK and POKE routines and the bit-packing routines, PACKB and UNPACKB. The logical operators AND, OR, and NOT are relational, not Boolean. You can use them on expressions but not on variables, meaning that you can't use them to mask all

but certain bits of a byte. PACKB and UNPACKS place integers into strings and retrieve integers from strings, respectively. This allows storing numbers between 0 and 2 55 more economically

TVue BASIC provides no special debugging aids. The manual suggests using BREAK to set breakpoints and CONTINUE to resume program execution after a breakpoint-defined halt. The editor provides a global

search-and-replace command called CHANGE.

Benchmarks

'feble 3 and the graphs on the 'At a Glance" page show benchmark results for several languages on the IBM PC. The benchmarks indicate that True BASIC is an average of 6.4 times faster than interpreted PC-BASIC, 3 times faster than BetterBASlC, and twice as fast as lUrbo Pascal. TVue BASIC performs particularly well on the calculations benchmark. Listing 4 shows the Sieve benchmark program coded in True BASIC. Compare this with the standard BYTE benchmark for the Sieve in listing 5.

Conclusions

The TVue BASIC compiler conforms closely to the ANSI standard for BASIC but is not identical to the standard. It is likely due to hardware anomalies, that there will never be a compiler that is 100 percent compatible. Even compilers for C, held up to the world as the most portable of languages, show variation from compiler to compiler; even C compilers from the same vendor can differ on different machines.

The principal advantage of ANSI compatibility is portability. In educational institutions, where there are as many different hardware brands as there are pencils, portability is crucial to BASIC'S continued usage. Secondarily ANSI BASIC conforms more closely to the structured programming precepts that computer scientists see as essential to learning effective programming.

The disadvantage of ANSI compatibility is its nonconformity to the massive existing BASIC software base. Laborious recoding will be necessary to port existing programs to new BASICS like Thie BASIC.

Another, more subtle, disadvantage is aesthetics. I do not like the use of LET statements, for example, to assign values to variables. Though aesthetic considerations may seem arbitrary, they are important to a product's acceptance. People resist learn

[contimeeti

Listing 4: BYTE's Sieve benchmark in True BASIC.

10 let startime = time

20 let size = 7001

30 dim flags(7002)

40 print "Start One Iteration"

50 let count = 0

60 for 1 = 1 to size

70 !etflags(i) = 1

80 next I

90 for i = 1 to size

100 if flags(i)=0 then goto 180

110 let prime=l + i + 3

120 let k=i +prime

130 if k>size then goto 170

140 let flags{k) = 0

150 let k = k +prime

160 goto 130

170 let count = count+1

180 next i

190 print "Done: ";count;" Primes Found" 200 let finishtime = time 210 print finishtlme-startime; " seconds" 220 end

Listing 5: The standard BYTE Sieve benchmark.

5 REM: THE SIEVE BENCHMARK

10 SIZE = 7000

20 DIM FLAGS(7001)

30 PRINT "start one iteration"

40 COUNT = 0

50 FOR I = 0 TO SIZE

60 FLAGS{I) = 1

70 NEXT I

80 FOR 1 = 0 TO SIZE

90 IF FLAGS(l) = OTHEN 170

100 PRIME =1 + 1+3

110 K = I + PRIME

120 IF K > SIZE THEN 160

130 FLAGS(K)=.0

140 K=K+PRIME

150 GOTO 120

160 C0UNT=C0UNT+1

170 NEXTI

180 PRINT "done: ";COUNT;" primes found"

286 BYTE* MAY 1985

Eerodous FORTRAN.

Microsoft® FORTRAN crunches

numbers with a vengeance!

It combines fast and efficient native code compilation with built-in 8087 coprocessor support. The result? Mini and mainframe performance from your MS™ DOS micro.

Based on the 77 standard, Microsoft FORTRAN supports extensive statements and data types—including complex numbers and IEEE single and doubleprecision floating point accuracy.

Support for large arrays (greater than 64K bytes), separate module MICROSOFT, compilation,

The High Performance Software anCl OVCrlayS,

allow you to create very large programs—up to one megabyte, with access to more than 65 thousand records in a file as large as four gigabytes.

How do programmers feel about Microsoft FORTRAN?

The first FORTRAN compiler

that takes advantage of the full

addressing capability of the 8088

and the power of the 8087'.' —Jack Wilschke, Sojtalk

"We decided to use the Microsoft FORTRAN Compiler for its INTEGER 4 capability and the flexibility of its 8087 implementation!'

-Charlie Huizena & Chip Barnaky, PC World

Call 800-426-9400 to order the ferocious FORTRAN. $350*

In Washington State, call 206828-8088. Ask for operator A4, who will rush you your order, send you more information, or give you the name of your nearest dealer to see Microsoft FORTRAN in action.

*Price exclusive of handling and Washington State sales ta.v;. Microsoft is a registered trademark and MS is a trademark of Microsofi Corpnratii

REVIEW: TRUE BASIC

ing new syntax that they find inelegant. Since the ANSI standard requires only that a conforming language correctly process LET statements. True BASIC should make them optional.

Minor syntax variations can also cause headaches. For example, True BASIC uses semicolons to separate multiple statements on a line, in a manner similar to Pascal. Microsoft BASIC and C use semicolons for completely different functions (for screen formatting and ending lines, respectively): these subtle differences will probably frustrate first-time users of "n-ue BASIC.

In keeping with the goal of aiming True BASIC at education, the refer

ence manual and user's guide are written for the learner. But they do not condescend or oversimplify presumably because they will be used in conjunction with a textbook or a class in programming. The documentation will be suitable for use outside of schools as well. The manuals are above average in content, style, and presentation. They avoid cute graphics and convey a sense of academic authority without being dull.

Surprisingly True BASIC stacks up well as a software-development tool. Its structure allows the writing of easily maintainable programs, and its modularity—with external subroutines, libraries, and chaining capability—makes it suitable in team

The company reportedly has a run-time

package under development that will eventually permit the distribution of executable programs.

programming situations. The programs execute a speeds that are comparable to those of other compiled BASICS. The company reportedly has a run-time package under development that will eventually permit the distribution of executable Tt-ue BASIC programs.

The lack of a screen display during the compile process is a substantial error. Many people will get nervous during long program compilations, which could be several minutes, when the machine appears to be hung, doing nothing. A simple PROGRAM NOW COMPILING message might alleviate this tension.

The ultimate conclusion I draw about Tl-ue BASIC is that it is superior to Microsoft BASIC as a programming language. Its strengths are its modularity, portability, graphics, and highquality math package. Its weakness is its lack of compatibility with existing BASICS. ■

REFERENCES

1. Kurtz, Thomas E. "On the Way to Standard BASIC" BYTE, lune 1982. page 182.

2. Anderson. Ronald. "The Proposed ANSI BASIC Standard:' BYTE, February 1983. page 194.

3. ANSI X312. "Draft Proposed-ANS for basic:' X3I2 Rfporl 84-10. 1984.

4. Stewart, George. "TVue BASIC:' Popular Compuling. November 1984, page 95.

5. Wadlow. Tbm. "TUrbo PascaL" BYTE, july 1984, page 267.

ANSI Standard BASIC

Expected to be formally adopted this year the ANSI standard for BASIC calls for a broad and powerful set of control and command structures (see references I, 2, and 3). In addition to a language core, the standards document specifies extensions for graphics, sophisticated file structures, real-time control, fixed decimal arithmetic, and editing. Unfortunately conformity to the ANSI standard produces headaches for people using an existing BASIC, since its syntax almost certainly won't conform to the standard. Transporting existing programs to the new ANSI environment necessitates substantial rewriting of code. For example, all assignment statements, such as a = 1, must process the word LET (for example LET a = 1) in ANSI BASIC.

The thrust of the proposed standard is to add structure to microcomputer BASIC, which has long been criticized as the language of "spaghetti code" with multiple conditional and unconditional branches, plus no satisfactory method of naming and labeling functioning blocks of code. The de facto industry standard. Microsoft BASIC, also suffers from limited variable names and a bewildering variety of keywords from machine to machine. ANSI BASIC provides a full comple

ment of advanced control structures, named subroutines, long variable names, and array-manipulation statements. Array manipulation statements use the keyword suffix MAT, an abbreviation for matrix. With the MAT suffix, you can read data into arrays, put data into arrays, add or subtract or multiply arrays, and print arrays. In most microcomputer BASICS, these operations require looping, using the loop index as the array subscript.

Because ANSI BASIC attempts to make the GOTO and GOSUB statements unnecessary (although it does include them], it replaces the ON . . .GOTO/GOSUB construct with the SELECT/CASE structure Similar to Pascal's CASE statement, ANSI BASIC'S SELECT/CASE allows multiple path branches according to evaluated expressions. True BASIC even allows ranges within the CASE evaluation, as in CASE 0 TO 9.

Control structures in ANSI BASIC include DO loops, using both WHILE and UNTIL modifiers at either the beginning or the end of the loop block, as well as the common FOR/NEXT loop. In addition to older IF/THEN decision structures, ANSI BASIC adds multiway decision coding using the ELSEIF/ENDIF construct.

288 BYTE- MAY 1985

BVTE International

Advertising Section

Microcomputer Cost Comparisons

Percent of suggested retail prices, minimum configuration

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Improves Efficiency, increases Productivity

Casio puts a powerful management tool at your fingertips with the FP-6000S. Business oriented architecture and secretarial support functions improve the quality of office work and increase productivity. In fact, the entire system has been designed with the needs of the modern office in mind.

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CASIO

16-BIT PERSONAL COMPUTER

Inquiry 501

CASIO COMPUTER CO.,LTD.

2-6-1, Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan TEL 347-4814 TELEX J26931 CASIO

MAY 1985 -BYTE 288C

BYTE.

International Trader To The World Micro Market

If you've been waiting for the lines of communication to open up in the international micro market, you've been wasting your time. BYTE is not only in touch with the market: BYTE is the market. We communicate regularly with the top microcomputing professionals and business people all over the world.

We are the international standard in micro pubUcations. That's why our readers rely on our editorial and ads to deliver the latest in available micro products and services. And when we deliver, 94.5% of our readers take action on the ads they read.*

If you need a communications link to impact the international marketplace, or for the International or Domestic Subscriber Profile, call your BYTE sales representative now. The waiting is over.

'Source: 1984 Subscriber Profile

■ ■Mly subscription information in Europe, call

11 n 11 Jean Tobias in England: 062-23431

For advertising information, call:

Austria

Hans Csokor

75 76 84

Israel

Gurit Gepner

866 561 321 39

W. Germany

Fritz Krusebecker

72 01 81

Spain

Maria Sarmiento

45 52 891

Sweden

Andrew Karnig

46-8-44 0005

France

Jean Christian Acis

720 33 42

England

Arthur Scheffer

01 493 1451

Italy

Savio Pesavento

86 90 656

Singapore

Seavex Ltd.

734-9790

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5-260149

Japan

Hiro Morita

581-9811

U.S.A.

Peter Huestis

(603) 924-9281

When Byte Speaks Micro, The World Listens.

THE SMALL SYSTEMS JOURNAL

288D BYTE • MAY 1985

Helix Expert Systems Ltd brings you

he ISxpert 9ystem 9 hell

for the rapid development of sophis&cated rule based expert ^sterns.

# Programmed in 'C for ultra fast execution.

# Runs on the IBM PC and PC Compatibles.

# Handles uncertainty and fuzzy logic.

# Exceptionally easy to use in creating and amending a knowledge base.

# Extensive windowing capabilities which can be tailored to user's own requirements.

# Other features include

— Why* facility explains current line of reasoning.

— 'How' facility explains deductive chain.

— Context sensitive Help text.

— Menu option selection.

— Interactive and batch rule input.

— Natural language interface.

— Multilevel general and specific rule facility

# t€«« was developed by Helix Expert Systerns LM. the Nud Expert User System (NEXUS) Inquiry 502

I am very keen to find out more about tess

□ Please send me further information

□ Please send me a demonstration system. I enclose my cheque for £60.00 made payable to Helix Expert Systems Ltd.

(Please allow 28 days for delivery)

Name:

Position:

Company Name:

Address: ,

Telephone:

Helix Expert Systems Ltd., 11 Ludgate Circus, London EC4M 7LQ

TeL 01.24817S4

BYTE EUROBITS • BYTE EUROBITS ■ BYTE EUROBITS ■ BYTE EUROBITS • BITTS EUROBlTS • BYTE EUROBITS • BYTE

PASCAL COMPII£SS

our wide range inelmHeB libe new version 3.0 of TOBBO Pascal and Microsoft & OR ptoauota at laexis^iin prices. We also have a selection of

Pascal Libraries and Tooltx3xes.

S-bit

Nevada Pascal (JIfr4) £ 40

Turbo Pascal v3.0 £ 65

DR Pascal/MIH- £ 99

Pro Pascal £199

WsA pascal (JRT) Turbo Pascal v3.0 Microsoft Pascal SBB Personal SBB Professicnal Practical Pascal Pro Pascal DR Pascal/Mrt86

£ 40 £ 65 * 9S £160 £395 £145 £290 £295

Prices include delivery in Europe but not VAT or other local taxes.

TER

4 Pngg Meadow. Astiburlon, Devon TQ13 7DF.

REDUCE

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Dyaloa AFL is available foi nio;;! UNIX* systems at prices ranging from under £1,000 for ihe IBM PC/AT to as little as £5,000 on a VM. and is backed by Dyadic'S expert and professional supporl, iraininy and consultancy

• GUM SEW. England.ToUphod*: (

u Buiini.'H Machines Corp

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MODIHA-2 & ADA

New &iis month to mir l^tfije' range of Modula-2 and Ada stdoset oompil^cs is the Interface TedvioUigies Ocnpiler, a delightful product f6r the IBM PC

Madula Corp (MS-DOS,Apple) £ 85

JRT (CP/M-80) £ 90

Volition (various) Ercm £ 265

Logitech (MS-DOS,CP/H-eS) £ 380

{nterfaee Tedu»logies<PC-DOS) £ 250

ADA (sifl>setl COMPILERS

Augusta (CP/M-80) £ 80

Supersoft (CP/M-80) * 180

Janus (CP/M-86,MS-DOS) £ 895

Prices include delivery in Europe but not VAT or other local taxes.

Iter inftwimtiop cr advice cell us.

REY MATTER

4 PriggMeadow, Ashburton, Devon T013 7DF TEL (0364)53499

J

Inquiry 503

C COMPILERS

We have new versions from Aztec, Wizard and Toolworks and several new libraries this month, and also lower

mtmB e II irlim> £165

lil^se ^5 vl.OSC £165

BDS C vl.50a £110

Toolworlts C/80 v3.1 £ 49

Eco-C v3.1 £185

Q/C v3.2c £ 80

16^»it. Aztec CS6/BAS vl.06D £165

Aztec CSe/FBD v3.2 £375

Ct 0eitM!tSm (386 -^,2 £360

0-^teii8 C 42.0 £210

De Sniet 088 v2.4 £145 Digital Research G vl.l £265

Instant-C vl.Ol £425

Lattice C v2.14 £375 Mark Williams MWC86 2.0 £450

Microsoft C V2.03 £435

RUN/C vl.l £130

Toolworks C/86 v3.1 £49

Wizard C v2.1 £425

e x-iBBMam

Data C-tree (source) £395

IMBB Multikey £170

db-VISTA (source) £465

V-FILE £295

Btrieve £245

C-to-dBase (source) £150

Pliact £250 SoftBoeus BtceeCsooroe) £ 90

Halo

C tociLB (source) Panel

Lattice Windows Windows for C

£200 £110

£295

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Misc Greenleaf Functions, see £175

C Food Snorgasbord £150

Plink-86 £395

C Helper, source £135

C Refiner £145

Basic C £175

Bastoe £325

[tore libraries n6t list«3 Itere. Prices include delivery in Europe but not VAT or other local taxes. Fear infiOEmatioi or advice call us.

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I

4 Hrigg Meadow, Ashburton, Devon TQ13 7DF. TEL. (0364)53499

J

TO ADVERTISE IN BYTE EUROBITS FOR AS LITTLE AS

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BRENDA COOMBER AT GREY MATTER ON (UK) 0364- 53499

DISK COPYING SERVICE

Moving data and program files frcwi one machine to another is often made

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Par moare inCtanaatian call us.

HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES

WS 'ecBSmtsl) liiCed tlsre are crudely grOMiied as very hl#i level langpiages.

In fact there axe great differences between them. If you suspect that you need more than a conventional '{XDcedural' language to solve your problem thm we can advise you.

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MSP

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Waltz Ltl^ £170

16-blt Toolworks HSP/86 £ 45

BYSO LISP £ 95

IQ Lisp £195

llULin>-86 £240

Gold Ccmnon Lisp £550

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EXPERT SYSTEM SHELLS

Micro Expert £500

APES £180

ES/P AlWlSCai £895

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prices inclaae deHvosy Sxt but

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MATTER GREY MATIER

4 Pngg Meadow. Ashbufton. Devon T013 7DF.

TEL (0364) 53499

J

I 4 Pngg Meadow, Asnburlon. Devon TQ13 7DF.

i TEL (0364) 53499

J

Inquiry 503

Inquiry 503

Inquiry 503

What others call options Multitech calls standard

fth" nidsf computers, multitasking systems are expensive extras. But with the Multitech MPF-PQ the multitasl<ing Concurrent DOS operating system is standard.

1*^ IBM

f Compatibility and

Multitasking

Concurrent DOS handles all the most popular software written for the IBM PQ while muititasl<ing increases your productivity by dividing your video display into as many as four different windows, providing simultaneous viewing and access to all your favorite application software programs.

Keyboards In Nine Languages

Yet besides these standard features, we still offer an impressive array of options, including a choice of nine [keyboards—German, English (U.K.), French, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish, Italian, and Spanishplus a 10MB hard disl< drive and software options of Personal BASIC and MS DOS.

Authorized Distributors: TAIWAN: Sertek International Inc., Taipei, tel. 7134022, SINGAPORE AVS Electronics Re Ltd., tel. 2967211; HONG KONG: Dragon Computers Ltd., Kowloon, tel. 3-7443516, THAILAND: Satiavirlya Infortech Computer Ltd., BangkoK tel. 235-1887; PHILIPPINES: Pfiiland Group, Makati, tel. 85-54-12; INDONESIA: FT. Bukit Centera Graha Scientific, Jakarta, tel. 760733; AUSTRALIA: Sigma Data Co., North Sydney, tel. 439€211.

specifications:

Microprocessor:

16 bU 8088, with optional 8087 User Memory:

Standard 256K,

expandable to 640K bytes ROM Memory:

8K byte bootstrap routines Auxiliary Storage:

Dual 5.25 incti floppy disk drives Communications:

One RS-232G port, fully

programmable

One parallel port with Centronics interface Color Graphics Text: 40x25 or 80x25 text 16 foreground and 8 background colors 256 character ASCII set

taraphics Mode:

320x200 4 color display

or 640 x200 black-andwhite display Interface:

NTSC composite or RGB output Standard Operating System:

Concurrent CP/M-86, Version 3,1 System Expansion Ports:

5 IBM PC compatible slots Optional Software:

Personal BASIC

MS-DOS operating system

OEM AND DISTRIBUTOR ENQUIRIES WELCOME

For more information on the MPF-PC, contact us at:

/Multitech

INDUSTRIAL CORP.

9FI., 266 Sung Chiang Road, Taipei 104, Taiwan, R.OjCl Tel: (02)551-1101 Telex:19162 MULTIIC FAX: (02)542-2805

Inquiry 512

985 • BYTE 288G

Cure devetopnrvent headaches with our $lCp*'c6ntroller

BCC11 100 quantity or qualified buyers' price.

At $105, Wlicromint's System Controller is a dirt cheap development tool without equal.

It'll turn your IBM PC into a design laboratory that saves your company thousands of dollars and months of evaluation. You'll save headaches, too. When you tell your boss the first phase of your pet project is only going to cost $105, watch the relief begin.

Wlicromint's Z8 System Controller, the tiny computer on a board, is the cornerstone of an entire family of integrated, intelligent products from AC/10 to smart terminals. Able to speak three languages (BASIC, FORTH and Assembly), this tiny 4" X 4 1/2" computer supports 6K bytes of EPROfVl or 4K bytes of RAM, two parallel ports and an RS-232 serial port.

If learning a new language isn't in your future, no problem. WRITE YOUR PROGRAMS IN BASIC AND TRANSLATE THEM INTO FORTH WITH A SINGLE KEY STROKE. Our specially masked chip will let you know in an instant whether your program is operational. You'll be building before the competition is de-bugging.

For OEM Orders and Customer Assistance Call Our Toll Free Line

18005210044

Ca/I or write for a complete product line brochure. Or order our complete set of 12 fully detailed owners' and technical reference manuals for only $29.95. This set includes all of the following manuals:

•Z8 FORTH System Controller •Z8 BASIC System Controller •BASIC/Debug Software Reference •Z8 Microcomputer Assembly

Language/Hardware Technical

Reference 'Memory and I/O Expansion •EPROM Programmer •Analog to Digital Converter '16K Memory Expansion •Serial I/O Expansion •RS-232/20mA Converter •Smart Video Terminal ■AC/DC Power I/O

ORDER PRODUCT CODE BCC99.

Micromint. Inc.

Dept. 14, 25 Terrace Drive, Vernon, CT 06066

288H BYTE- MAY 1985

77ie Compact Microcomputer Learning Kit Ttiat's a Hands On Library \ of Hardware And Software Instruction

l\/IEET THE i\/IICROPROFESSOR 1/88

Learn the 8088

The MicroProfessor 1/88 has everything you need to understand the fundamentals of the 8088 microprocessor.

Improve Your Computer Skills

Your computer sl<ills will increase dramatically as the MicroProfessor translates important concepts into practical experience. Learn programming, assembly language, and also how to burn in your own chips. And with a wealth of accessories, including a printer, EPROM programming board and Forth Language option,there's no limit to the applications you can develop.

A Portable Learning Environment

Learning shouldn't be limited to the classroom. That's why we made the

IvIicroProfessor lighter and less bulky than the average textbook. Supported by easy to understand manuals, the MicroProfessor leads you through

dozens of experiments. You can even open the MicroProfessor's case to look at the system board's components as you learn their functions.

An Affordable Computer Education

Today, tight budgets are a fact of life. At less than half the price of comparable learning kits, the MicroProfessor is a very attractive educational resource.

For more information about putting the MicroProfessor to work in your computer education, please contact the Multitech distributor in your area.

/Multitech

INDUSTRIAL CORP.

Inquiry 522

Authorized Distributors: WEST GERMANY: Conrad Electronics GmbH. Hirschau. lel. 9622/30148: UNITED KINGDOM: Flight Eleclronics Ltd.. Southampton, Hampshire, tel. 0703-34003: FRANCE: Sari Zading Micro. Coye La Forei. tel 657 14-24; fTALY: Zeico S.R.L., Milano. tel. 803336: NETHERLANDS: Scienlo B.V„ ■s-Herlogenbosch, tel. 424022 SWITZERLAND: Simpex Electronics AG, Zurich, lei. 41811 SWEDEN; Roslagsdaia, Bromma, tel. 26-86-56: NORWAY: Eleklronix A/S, Oslo. tel. 56-71-40: FINLAND: Bing-Masler OY, Helsinki, lel, 544-544; DENMARK: Dit? Schweitzer A/S, Glostrup, tel, 45-30-44; GREECE: Athens Microcomputers Ltd., Athens, lel, 644-8263; TURKEY: Imper Eleklfik Sanayi Vg Ticaret AS. Istanbul, lel- 1450084; AUSTRALIA: Emona Enterprises Pty Ltd,, Sydney, tel. 212-4815; SOUTH AFRICA: Embel Micro Systems (Pty) Ltd.. Cape Town. tel. 23-6177; CHILE: Cientec Instfumenlos Ltd.. Santiago, tel. 747028; HONG KONG: Idealand Electronics Ltd.. Kowloon. tel. 3-7443516; TAIWAN: Serlek Inl'l Inc.. Taipei, lel, 713-4022; SINGAPORE: AVS Electronics Pte Ltd., tel. 2932937: THAILAND: Sahaviriya Intortech Computer Co, Ltd., Bangkok, tel. 235-7356; INDONESIA: P.T. Bukit Centera Graha Scientific. Jakarta, tel. 760-7333; INDIA: Kryonix Infl. Trivandrum, tel, 63805: SAUDI ARABIA: Modern Electronic Systems Co. Ltd., Riyadh, tel. 4650041; KUWAIT: Commerce & Technology Co., tel. 424525; BAHRAIN: Computer World, Manama, lel. 455566; PAKISTAN: East & West Systems. Karachi, tel. 516635; USA: Mullitech Eleclronics Inc., Sunnyvale, California, tel. {408)733-e400

This advertising success story is part of a series whichi measures the results of advertising placed in BYTE magazine. Remember, BYTE means business, and the business is microsl

Micro Design International Inc.

"BYTE readers have a knowledge profile that allows us to sell our products direct, without any costly education cycle"

why Micro Design

International Inc. chose BYTE:

"After testing the direct sales market through several microcomputer publications, we found that BYTE simply outperformed the others in many ways. First, it reached a broader range of readers, from technical people to hobbyists. Second, BYTE's readers have a knowledge profile that allows us to sell our products direct, without any costly education cycle. And third, BYTE has a built-in reputation with its readers, which was absolutely essential to a new company like ours."

BACKUP

_ Micro Design Internotionol Inc.

J 6ljrtiveiMy&rf.LUnt3rptirti,fioft<*o5C7W (505)677-8533

About the Ads:

"Our ads concentrate on value—what the buyer gets for his money We don't need to use persuasive copy because our prices do all the selling. We have no reason to hide our prices because our buyers realize they're the best around. Our headline spells it out.

"With the large success we've had selling sub systems direct through BYTE, we're anxious to begin marketing our latest development, the Command/Assist"" program which has taken the DOS manual and put in on disk."

• Ad prepared in house.

" ... about 65% of our sales are attributed to our exposure in BYTE.'

About the Results:

"Because of its solid reputation and credibility with its readers, the first ad we ran in BYTE started bringing in orders for us. No other publication brought us such fast results,

"Most of our sales are made direct by phone, so it's difficult for us to track the exact number of leads that BYTE generates, but we do know that about 65% of our sales are attributed to our exposure in BYTE."

Company History:

"Micro Design international Inc., located in Winter Park, Florida, was formed in 1977 as a research, development and service support company by Douglas Caldes and William Bussey. In 1984 Micro Design International Inc. entered the IBM peripherals add-on market and hired Arnold lones to head the software support department.

"With its first product, a 10 Mega-Byte Winchester disk upgrade kit for the IBM-PC, which sold for only S995, the company expanded its product line to include Winchester disk drives from 10 to 40 mega-bytes, tape drives, floppy diskette drives, various controllers and upgrade power supplies. Through this wide assortment of products MDI has positioned itself as a company that can furnish a total internal solution to its customers.

"Micro Design International Inc. is now expanding further into the software market with its introduction of Command/Assist'"", a program which has taken the DOS manual and put it on disk. In this way your DOS manual is available any time you need it with iust a few key strokes."

try ■ I ■ ■ For advertising information, call:

l*^|^J I England: .Arthur Scheffei J.l-01 J"5 Mil France: lean-Christian Acis, 33-720 3? .12 Italy: Savio Pesavento, 39-86 90 656.

U ■ B 1_ Japan: Hiro Monla 8I-'^»l-y8II United States: I Peter Hueslis 1-603-924-9281 West Germany: l-"ritz Krusebecker. 49-72 01 81 ITml

You will save millions with...

INTERNATIONAL DISTRIBUTORS

Australia

Kenelec(Aust) Pty.Ltd. Phone; (61) (03) 560-1011 Telex: 35703 Belgium

T.M. Data Belgium N.V. Phone; (32) (2) 72148 30 Telex; (846) 23940 TMARTB Denmark

E.V. Johansson Elektronik A/S

Phone; (45) (1) 83 90 22

Telex; (855) 16S22 EVICAS

Finland

OY Fintronic AB

Phone; (358) (0) 692-6022

Telex; (857) 124224 FINTRON

France

Technology Resources Phone; (33) (1)757 3133 Telex; (842) 610657 TERES Germany (W est) Computer 2000 GmbH Phone; (49) (89) 260-9466 Telex; (841)5214562

Neumueller GmbH Phone; (49) (89) 611 2080 Telex; (841) 529707 NEUM D Hong Kong and Taiwan Gemini International Corporation Phone; (818)355-1016 Telex; 67-5348 Greece

Marathon Data Systems Phone; (30) (01) 7245541 Telex: 210597 Israel

MLRN Electronics Corporation Phone; (972) (03) 700041 Telex: 342107 Italy

D.D.P, SRL

Phone; (39) (11) 650 51 85 Telex: (843)224016 Japan

Columbia Import -i- Export Co. Ltd. Phone: (03)291-0641 Telex; (781)262-79 Jordan

Pan Arab Computer Center Phone; (962) (06) 674635 Telex: 21279 Kuwait

Marafie Sons Company Phone; (965)424943 Telex; 22661 Netherlands

TM Data Netherland or Terminal Mart Holding

Phone; (31) (2159) 46814

Telex; (844)73060

Norway

T.M. DataNorge

Phone: (47) (2) 703120

Telex; (856) 17452

Qatar

Qatar Computer Services Phone; (974) 873113

288L BYTE

Saudi Arabia

Canar Trading Establishment Phone; (966) (03) 8985196 Telex; 670729

Al-Dabal Company Phone: (966) (03) 820578 Telex: 601124

South Africa

Spescom(Pty)Ltd. Phone: (27) (11) 836-9181 Telex: (960) 486273 or 421628 Spain Firsts.A.

Phone; (34) (3) 323 03 90 Telex; (831) 53947 FIRS E Sweden

TM DATA Sverige AB

Phone; (46) (8) 714 07 70

Telex; (854) 16737 TMART S

Switzerland

Rodata AG

Phone: (41) (1) 820-1613

Telex: (845)59471

United Kingdom

Electroplan Limited Direct Order: (763) 45145 Phone; (44) (763) 41171 Telex: (851)81337

Reflex Ltd.

Phone; (44) (734) 884611 Telex; (851)848927

Middle East and Far East

American Steel Export Co. Phone: (212)661-2700 Telex; (71)427284

Enter Computer's international distribution provides super fast access and delivery for your^^

Inquiry 505 for International Dealers. Inquiry 506 for International End-Users.

®

Enter Computer^

Sweet-P Model (SP600)

A six-pen graphics plotter that's more compatible... uses more software.

Last year 430 million business slides were made at a cost of $3.2 billion. Most of these slides were manually generated.* These slides could have been made on Sweet-P® Personal Plotters™. Faster and better. With a savings of millions of $!

The Sweet-P SP600 is a high quality American made precision machine. It's fast. It plots 14 inches per second. It's beautiful for office and technical work.

Over 100 graphics software packages drive the Sweet-P™ world famous packages like Lotus 1-2-3T" Framework™ and SuperCalcT" technical software like AutoCAD!" PC AD Robographics™ and dedicated business graphics software such as Micro-soft Chart, ChartStar™ Energraphics™ Chartmaster™ and pfs Graph™

Pens are capped automatically when not in use, so that pens last longer and start quicker.

The Sweet-P easily connects to almost any computer. It has RS-232 serial and Centronics™ parallel connectors. And it supports two standard graphics languages— Sweet-P Graphics Language (SPGL™) and Hewlett-Packard Graphics Language (HPGL™),

The Sweet-P plots on almost any media. Make brilliant overhead transparencies. Plot on film, and on plain and coated papers.

Save on wiring costs too. The Sweet-P will "eavesdrop" on the RS-232 cables that connect your terminals now. (This makes it easy for Sweet-P to join local and long distance networks.)

What about support? Sweet-P customers get fast professional help with software, hardware and interface questions. And warranty and service support is quick.

Sweet-P Model 600 also comes with 18 ANSI ASCII internal Charter sets.

U.S. DISTRIBUTORS

Arizona

First Source Distributing (602) 263-1950 California

Zenith Data Systems • (415) 621-8545

Softsel Computer Products, Inc.

(213) 412-1700 • (800) 645-7777 Toll Free

Colorado

Ares Distributing • (303) 752-2972 Georgia

Pryor Corporation • (404) 987-0300 Illinois

PC Distributing • (312) 356-4812 Zenith Data Systems • (312) 562-7300 Pryor Corporation • (312) 736-0855 (309) 688-9585

Kansas

Inland Computer • (913) 492-9100 Maryland

Federal Data • (301) 986-0800 Pryor Corporation • (301) 992-0040 Massachusetts

IMF Sales Associates • (617) 245-8900 Missouri

Computime, Inc. • (314) 991-2991

North Carolina

AUison-Erwin • (704) 334-8621

New Jersey

Pryor Corporation • (201) 935-2525 Ohio

Pryor Corporation • (614) 436-8281 Pennsylvania

Peirce Phelps, Inc. • (215) 879-7068 Pryor Corporation • (412) 741-2920 Chessell Robocom • (215) 968-4422

Tennessee

Multi Computer Products (615) 528-7777

Texas

AMCAD, Inc. • (214) 323-0700 National Marketing Inc.

(214) 386-8151 Washington

Comquest Systems • (206) 641-7650 Wisconsin

Pryor Corporation • (414) 778-3865 Canada

Altel Data • (403) 259-7814 Interworld Electronics Inc. (604) 984-4171 The Pringle Group (416)449-5640

Enter Computer Inc. 6867 Nancy Ridge Dr. San Diego, CA 92121

619-450-0601 Califomia-800-227-4371 800-227-4375 • TELEX-181740

Come see us at Comdex Spring/ Atlanta, GA, May 6-9, Booth 2636

Trademarks: Sweel-P, Six Shooter, Personal Plotter. SPGL, Enter Computer, Inc., HPGL, Hewlett-Packard: Lotus. Lotus Development Corp, Framework, AshtonTate; Super- Calc, Sorcim, Inc., AutoCAD. Autodesk: PCAD Robographics, Chessell-Robocom. Inc.. Chart Star, Micro-Pro Infl Corp , Energraphics. Enertronics Research. Inc: pfs Graph, Software publishing Corp ; Chart-Master. Decision Resources. Centronics. Centronics Corp,

"Wit;

notoB 'Yankee Group, Tiie Tocliii,cal Office, Vol,111 1983 School Study, Sepiember 1081

Inquiry 155 for Dealei^, Inquiry 156 for End-Users.

Equipping a PC for business takes a

hard disk. JUrn to SYSGEN'" when you want the best.

Smart disk users insist on

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SYSGEN is the leader.

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I owners who need more versatility and boards, plus, an 18 MByte hard disk—

For demanding PC owners who need more versatility and memory, Sysgen introduces a powerful, reliable, and unique solution: The DISK I/O™.

It includes 6 new expansion slots for your choice of plug-in

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Sysgen offers the full range of expansion, storage, and tape back-up solutions with the best performance ratings for the IBM® PC, XT, AT and compatibles.

For more information on the Sysgen family of expansion products contact your local dealer.

SYSGEN

47853 Warm Springs Blvd. Fremont, CA. 94539

NCOK PORATED (415) 490-6770 Telex 4990843

TYadcmarks: Sysgen, DISK I/O—Sysgen, Inc.; AT—Inlernulional Business Machines Corporaliun. Registered trademarks: IBM—[niernational Business Machines Corporation.

290 B YTE • MAY 1985

HARDWARE REVIEW

The GTX-100 Modem

An intelligent device with

functions

BY Mark Haas

The GTX-100 is an intelligent 300/ 1200-bps (bits per second) modem that claims to provide four levels of security for the computer to which it is atbuilt-'in tached. Until recently, Lockheed-GETEX,

7— makers of the GTX-100, called it the Data

security sentry and advertised it as "so secure even Mata Hari couldn't hack it."

The GTX-100 contains a Z80 microprocessor that controls all of the modem's functions. CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) memory with battery backup stores the data the security functions are based on. The unit measures 8V2 inches wide, 10 inches deep, and 2 inches high: it's constructed of good-quality plastic.

The GTX-lOO's front panel contains eight LEDs (light-emitting diodes) that indicate the modem's status (off hook, carrier detect, etc.). Also on the front panel are three rocker switches. The first is an Answer/ Originate switch that you use to set these protocols when connecting without dialing, as when using a leased line. The center position of this switch permits voice operation with a telephone connected to one of the jacks on the rear panel. The Test switch puts the modem into an analog loop so that what the connected terminal sends is echoed back. After a while this function automatically times out and puts the modem back into normal operation. The Remote/Local switch controls an optional power-on device and does not control the modem's remote and local modes.

The rear panel contains two RJllC jacks for connection to the phone line and the telephone: a DB-2 5 connector: a four-position miniature switch that sets the data format, parity carrier-detect/data-terminalready signal activation, and mode of operation (English responses or single-character codes): and a voltage regulator mounted on a heatsink.

Connecting the modem to my office computer was fairly straightforward, and the manual provided good directions. An RS-232C cable (not supplied) connects the

Mark Haas is technical director for OsbornelMcGraw-Hill (2600 Tenth St., Berkeley. CA 94710).

rear-panel jack to the computer's RS-232C port. Tapping a few keys on the keyboard while my communications software was in Tterminal mode confirmed proper operation.

Modem Smarts

When you first turn the GTX-100 on, it runs a diagnostic on itself and then awaits a carriage return from the terminal (or computer) connected to it. This allows the modem to determine the proper data rate (300 or 1200 bps) automatically

You are then ready to enter commands. The GTX-100 contains what could be called its own minicommunications package. From its Help menu, the modem's software lets you select the data rate, dial the phone automatically (speed dialing), dial the phone manually by entering a number, dial again the number last dialed, and go to the Security menu.

Speed dialing lets you store up to ten 62-character telephone numbers, including special dialing characters that direct the GTX-100 to pause 5 seconds, wait for a dial tone, or use tone or pulse dialing. Another character lets you link multiple numbers as one entry, causing the modem to dial each number in turn until it detects a carrier. An F in front of a number (or linked list of numbers) tells the modem to dial the number "forever," and the pause between repeated dialings can be set for 20 to 180 seconds. You can also enter remarks to help identify phone numbers or use the special characters just mentioned while dialing manually. Entering, changing, and erasing numbers is easy

The GTX-100 can detect several line conditions—dial tone, busy signal, ringing, dead line, and excessive noise—and report these conditions to the operator in English or single-letter codes, as determined by a switch on the rear panel. The modem contains no speaker, but indicators make up for this.

{continued)

MAY 1985 - BYTE 291

Inquiry 93

DeSmet C

8086/8088 Development Package

FULL DEVELOPMENT PACKAGE

■ Full K&R C Compiler

■ Assembler, Linker & Librarian

■ Full-Screen Editor

■ Execution Profiler

■ Complete STDIO Library (>120 Func)

Automatic DOS 1.X/2.X SUPPORT

BOTH 8087 AND S/W FLOATING POINT

OVERLAYS

OUTSTANDING PERFORMANCE

■ First and Second in AUG '83 BYTE benchmarks

SYMBOUC DEBUGGER $50

■ Examine & change variables by name using C expressions

• Flip between debug and display

screen

■ Display C source during execution

• Set multiple breakpoints by function or line number

DOS LINK SUPPORT

■ Uses DOS OBJ Format

■ LINKS with DOS ASM

■ Uses Lattice® naming conventions

Check: □ Dev. Pkg (109)

□ Debugger (50)

□ DOS Link Supt (35)

SHIP TO:

ZIP.

WARE

'corporation

P.O. BOX C

Sunnyvale, CA 94087 (408) 720-9696

All orders shipped UPS surface on IBM format disks. Shipping included in price. California residents add sales tax. Canada shipping add $5, elsewhere add $15. Checks must be on US Bank and in US Dollars. Call 9 a.m.-1 p.m. to CHARGE by ViSA/MC/AMEX Street Address: 505 W. Olive, #767, (94086)

REVIEW: GTX-100

AT A GLANCE

Name

GiTX-100

Manufacturer

Lockheed-GETEX 1100 Circle 75 Parkvi/ay Atlanta, GA 30339 (404) 951-0878

Type

Intelligent modem with security features Size

aVs by 10 by 2 inches

Equipment Needed

Terminal, or computer witin simple communications softv>/are and an RS-232C port

Features

300/1200-bps operation, automatic detection of data-transmission rate, automatic dialing and answering, battery backup of memory (protects all menus and tables), force answer/originate mode for leased-llne operation, analog loop test with automatic time-out pulse or tone dialing

Optlom

Remote-ON power regulation to turn computer on or off remotely

Documentation

48-page manual

Price

$795

Warranty

1 year, limited

The Modem menu lets you set a variety of modem functions. You can set tfie modem's hang-up command code, dialing speed (slow or fast only), and local echo, and you can set the modem to answer on a specific ring. You can suppress the status reports from the modem to avoid interference with some communications packages, and you can suppress hang-up upon loss of carrier, thus allowing a mix of voice and data during the same call. The commands the GTX-100 accepts are not compatible with the Hayes Smartmodem.

Note that you can enter commands only from the host terminal. This means no one can "bump" the modem into command mode from a remote terminal and access your files.

Security

What sets this modem apart from other intelligent modems (such as the Hayes Smartmodem) is its built-in security measures. The GTX-100 has four levels of security: call back from list, call back any number, password without call back, and modem only

In modem-only mode there is no added security and the GTX-100 acts like any other modem. The three remaining levels of security all involve the use of passwords. You can store up to sixteen 20-character passwords in the modem. Entering any one of the passwords is sufficient to gain access to the system. The modem also keeps a log of the last 16 numbers called back and the last 16 passwords entered (whether valid or not). These logs are useful in tracking potential breaches of security.

The highest level of security is the call-back-from-list mode. In this mode, the remote caller dials the modem's number. Upon connection, the modem requests from the caller a phone number it can call back, "fhe modem checks the number entered against a table of authorized call-back numbers. Assuming the number checks out okay the modem hangs up and then proceeds to dial the callback number. Once connection is reestablished, the modem asks for a

\smaiimSii

292 B Y T E • MAY 1985

Sord Computer Sales Info Hotline

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Sophisticated Electronic Mail System

Link the various offices of your company with the IS-1 IC's electronic mail capability. Edit text with the word processor, then use the built-in modem and communications software to speed data to its destination thousands of miles away. Connects to any of the popvilar electronic mail or data base services such as Inf onet, Compuserve, OAG, Dow Jones, and the Source

Software Development Made Easy

Software can be developed for the IS-11C using Microsoft-upwards-compatible BASIC (with multi-windows and communications) or assembler. Plug-in ROM cartridges can be created for instant access to custom application packages.

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Inquiry 373

MAY 1985 • BYTE 293

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REVIEW: GTX-100

password. If the caller enters a correct password (one of the 16 possible), access is perinitted.

The call-back-from-list mode provides several security measures. Even if someone steals a password the modem will call back only numbers contained in the list of authorized numbers. Any intrusion would have to originate from one of these numbers. Assuming the perpetrator is calling from one of the authorized numbers, he will gain access only after entering a correct password. You can control the number of incorrect attempts at entering the password, and if an intruder exceeds that number, his phone number is placed in a "not allowed" list. Any numbers appearing on the list will not be called back, even if they are also on the list of authorized numbers.

The main drawback to this level of security is the limited number of callback numbers. Since the system can contain only 16 numbers on the authorized list, users can access the system fi-om, at most, 16 locations. If any user needs to have access from more than one location, then each possible call-back number would have to be listed, cutting down the space remaining for other users (unless your phone has automatic call-forwarding and you remember to set it).

Breaking this level of security would not be an easy task, probably impossible for the average person. Any break-in would probably have to be an "inside job." The next level of security call-back-any-number mode, is another story.

In call-back-any-number mode, users can call from anywhere; the modem calls back any number not on the not-allowed list. Again, if the number of attempts to enter a correct password exceeds the limit, the modem enters that phone number into the not-allowed list. Unfortunately there is a simple way around this security measure, but ! will not describe it here. Suffice to say that you don't have to be Mata Hari to figure it out.

This mode enables you to provide a unique service, however, by paying

the phone bill for most of the time the caller is on the line. The caller pays only for the first call to the modem, usually no more than one minute.

in the password-without-call-back mode the modem merely asks for a password. The list of authorized passwords may contain 16 passwords, and you can limit the number of tries that a user gets with each call.

All the features of the secure modes are controlled from the Security menu, which is password-protected itself. From this menu you can choose the mode of security, enter allowable call-back numbers and passwords, and set the limit on the number of password attempts. You can change the password for entry into the Security menu. This menu also gives you access to the call-back-number and password logs.

Research has shown that the best way to secure a computer system is through the use of passwords and by changing the passwords regularly. The GTX-100 allows up to 20-character passwords, which should keep any potential intruder busy for a while. The question is. Do you need to spend $795 for a modem just to g^f password protection?

Conclusions

The GTX-iOO is a high-quality 300/ 1200-bps intelligent modem offering varying levels of security Overall I found its performance to be excellent. Security in the call-back-from-list mode is very good but has its limitations. Security at the next level, callback-any-number mode, is no better than password-without-call-back mode. It may be useful, however as a service to the caller, who usually has to pay only for the first minute of the original call to the modem.

I doubt most personal computer users will need the highest level of security or the call-back feature. You could build these features into your application software and use a lessexpensive intelligent modem. However, commercial users requiring these security features could probably benefit from purchasing the GTX-IOO modem. ■

294 BYTE* MAY 1985

Here's The Sawy-fest True Dual Trace 10 MHz Digital Storage Scope You Ever Saw ... At The Saving-est Price. Onl

The Handy New LogicScope™ 136

True Dual Trace • 10 MHz Real Time Bandwidth • 3 Input Channels • I/O Port Digital Waveform Storage • Boolean Waveform Operations • Audio Functions 8.0 (L) X 4.5 (D) X 1.75 (H) Inches • 1.25 Pounds • 9 Volt Battery/AC Operation

Consider its Engineering & Field Service Applications:

■ On microprocessor-based systems, check the timing relationship of various parameters relative to the system clock and other key events. Its storage capability allows visual and logical comparison of non-repetitive waveforms to known reference signals. Output in the start-up of the digital device can be compared to reference signals to determine the operating state of the device. Questionable wavefoiTns can be stored for analysis.

■ Its light weight and small size make the LogicScope convenient to take on every service call. The 136 provides much more information for trouble shooting a digital system or peripheral than a logic probe or digital counter without having to lug an oscilloscope or logic analyzer along.

Consider the LogicScope 136

■ The LogicScope 136 is the next logical step in test instrumentation for you. It combines many of the features and capabilities of sophisticated logic analyzers and oscilloscopes . . . and it fits in your hand. Never before has so much technology been available in so small an instrument, at such a low price.

■ The pocket-sized LogicScope 136 is made possible by a patented breakthrough in display technology. The conventional CRT has been replaced by a unique array of 400 LED's that permits simultaneous display of two digital waveforms.

■ The 136 can be used for viewing single shot events, or repetitive waveforms. It can be operated in real time mode, or in memory mode which permits acquisition and storage of up to 50-100 bit waveforms. These can be recalled, logically compared (AND, OR, EXCLUSIVE OR) to other input waveforms, or output to an external device via an I/O port. This I/O port will also accept future add-on 136 Modules.

■ Its very low cost, convenience and ease-of-use make the LogicScope the ideal instrument, for designing, troubleshooting or repairing digital systems. Made in U.S.A.

Inquiry 322

Contact us for the name of your local distributor

poccEC LcChnoLOcy, inc.

7320 Parkway Drive, Hanover, MD 21076 U.S.A. 301-796-3300 TELEX 908207 Division of Renaissance Technology Corp.

MAY 1985 -BYTE 295

TheTIPio where no

Now you can have true CAD at an affordable price. Plus an out-of'this'world PC package for your unique computing needs.

High quality computer-aided design has usually meant working with highly expensive mainframes.

But now, with the TI Professional Computer and AutoCAD ^ 2 software from Autodesk, Inc., you can put real CAD on your desk for under $10,000. And you'll have a superior PC system for other computing needs -available in a package of hardware, service, training and support no other PC offers.

TI and AutoCAD 2 let you explore the outer limits of your imagination.

AutoCAD 2 gives you mainframe capabilities like multilayering and precise dimensioning, plus isometric design and piece part takeoff attributes. You can create your own symbol and parts libraries. Use bi-directional zoom to go from a full building elevation to the smallest bolt with trillion-to-one precision. And move, copy, rotate or any part of your drawing.

'You can use your imagination more and come up with much better designs much faster."

Lansing Pugh, Architect, Austin, Texas.

The perfect match of CAD and machine.

Running AutoCAD 2 on the TI Professional Computer can yield spectacular results. High resolution graphics (720 x 300 pixels) give you crisp characters, lines and curves. Unlike many PCs, TI shows up to 8

fessional Computer takes CAD PC CAD has gone before*

colors simultaneously. And lets you mix and display text and graphics at once.

The TI Professional Computer is part of a complete system that gives you better performance from the bestselling software for other applications, too. It's an uncommonly expandable system that works with a vast range of peripherals. It can all be configured to your own individual needs. And grow as you grow.

We also offer optional service and support packages unobtainable anywhere else. Like a 24-hour customer support line. Extended 1- or 5-year service and support programs. And regional training seminars to get you started.

Is this the right CAD system for you? TI has the answers.

You have your own special way of working, your own unique needs. If the answers below apply to you, the TI/AutoCAD 2 system is your best choice.

^^♦Are your drawings dimensioned?

.A.»If they are, our system automatically computes them with a choice of linear, angular, aligned, circular and leader options.

(^♦Do you often modify existing drawings?

.A.*We make it fast and simple, with a revised, plotted drawing that looks as good as the original. So, your productivity will be greatly improved.

(^♦Are overlays useful to you?

.A.* If so, you can store information in unlimited, named layers, and turn them on or off for display or plotting in any color combination.

(^♦Do you use standard symbols or parts?

Al*AutoCAD 2 offers optional symbol libraries and lets you create your own.

MA in

Beam down from the big picture to the smallest detail.

(^♦What size drawings do you use?

Ai^Our system works with a wide variety of leading plotters for drawings from A-size (8!4" x 11") to E-size (36" x 48").

\J»T)o you have other PC needs?

iA^The TI Professional Computer isn't just a dedicated CAD workstation. It runs over 1000 popular software programs for word processing, spreadsheets, accounting or other business needs.

^^♦Is expandability important?

A.

TI supports many expansion options, from communications to larger disks, printers, even to speech recognition, to improve your productivity.

j^^r Draw' For m( if arrange a demon

Move, rotate, copy or edit at will.

AutoCAD is a tmdeiiKirk of Autodfsk, Inc. "SlarTrck" elements used with permission of Piiiamount Pictures Corp.. the Copyright Owner.

O 1985 TI

Explore the possibilities.

your own conclusions, more details, or to arrange a demonstration at your nearest TI dealer, mail this coupon or call us at 1-800-527-3500. In Canada (416) 884-9181.

Company Addrcs-s

City

Zip

Mai! to: Texas Instruments Incorporated, RQ Box 809063, Dept. DCC052BY, Dallas, TX 75380-9063. — ^

Texas Instruments

Creating useful products and services for you.

2774-72

Stand Alone or Multi-User

POINT OF SALE SYSTEMS

lilllii Ill

i

AS A COMPUTER

• The stand alone system can be upgraded into a multiuser system to meet growing business needs.

• Uses CP/M or MS-DOS (multi-user system only) to run thousands of dedicated software packages available to users.

• Displays transactions on a 9" CRT utilizing large characters for easy customer viewing.

• Utilizes two way data communications allowing quick and accurate price changes, order processing and file updates.

• Can be programmed using familiar languages for easy customization of vertical markets.

• Utilizes a database management system to produce meaningful reports on demand.

• Can be configured with floppies or Winchester drives (storage capacity-640KB to 80MB).

IBM PC/XT

CAN FUNCTION AS THE SYSTEM'S MASTER

AS A CASH REGISTER

• Its flexibility in function use exceeds industry standards for E.C.R.'s.

• Uses a programmable, buffered keyboard.

IT IS CAPABLE OF:

• error correct, void, return, refund, entire ticket voiding, manual discount by $ or %, mark down, mark up, coupons, food stamps.

• payment by cash, cheques or credit cards.

• charge and payment posting to in-house account

• H.A.L.O./L.A.L.O. protect on open departments an discounts.

• black list and credit authorization.

• electronic funds transfer.

>ldvarK:ed

Business

Computer

Systems international, inc.

Inquiry 13

In Canada:

4088 Sandwich Street, Windsor, Ontano N9C 1C4 (519) 255-9199 In U.S.A.:

P.O. Box 32524, Detroit, Michigan 48232 (313) 961 -3406

REVIEW FEEDBACK

Tandy 2000 Upgrade

The review "The T&ndy Model 2000" by Mark S. Jennings (December 1984 BYTE, page 239) states, as does literature from

Radio Shack, that maximum RAM (random-access read/write memory) capacity is 768K bytes. The service manual for the 2000 (page 252) states that RAM capacity of 896K bytes is attainable by using all three available slots for upgrade RAM boards and kits.

A string in the last line of a 338K-byte file was located by the Find command in 18 seconds. When I added a RAM-disk utility the same string was picked up in 3 seconds.

As your review indicates, RAM upgrade cost is high indeed. The cost for adding 512K bytes of RAM to the 256K bytes of RAM that came with my hard-disk model is $1596.1 am not aware of any other computer that costs as much for a RAM upgrade.

Apart from this one complaint, 1 am delighted with my 2000 and with the cooperation I have received from the Tkndy/ Radio Shack home office.

Gregory Grover Los Angeles, CA

The H-150 Kit

In the text box "Building the H-150 Computer Kit" (December 1984, page 258), Henry B. Cohen might have done a disservice to kit builders, especially novices, with some of his advice. I have constructed many kits, printed-eircuit (PC) boards, and other electronics projects, so I speak from experience.

Mr. Cohen recommends working around parts that you can't locate immediately and then putting them on when they turn up. This is a poor practice, especially for novices. Often the order in which parts go on PC boards is important for ease of installation and because a certain sequence might be required if you are to install the part at all. Always install parts in the order specified in the instructions.

Mr. Cohen's suggestion that you should solder for integrity first and then go back and solder for appearance is also not a good practice Each connection should be

soldered only once. Reheating a solder connection on a PC board to improve appearance is unnecessary and could damage the part, increase the probability of solder bridges, and degrade the integrity of the traces on the board (particularly on multilevel boards). Soldering integrity is the only consideration.

Mr. Cohen is incorrect when he states that a VOM or multitester is necessary to build the Heath H-150.1 constructed the H-160 (the transportable model) and did not need test instruments. With these computers. Heath supplies a tester that you must also solder together. All the testing described in the Heath construction manuals refers to this tester, which uses a generated tone for test measurements. In fact, you would have to refer to other technical data to use another type of tester (to get voltage levels and to undersiand what the tests accomplish).

Other advice offered by Mr Cohen was very good, and 1 would like to confirm that the PC-compatible H-150/160 is a fine computer. You get additional technical documentation with Heathkit products that can prove extremely valuable when you run into problems in the future.

Lqren D. Martindale Yiuna, AZ

WordPerfect

1 was happy to read Ricardo Birmele's enthusiastic review of WordPerfect (December 1984, page 277). This program is by far the best of the dozen word processors 1 have sampled. 1 believe that several of the problems Mr. Birmele acknowledges are easily solved or are not Wordl^rfect's fault.

Mr. Birmele states, "Any characters underlined on a monochrome monitor will appear in blue on a color monitor: if fed by a color video drive board, they will appear in reverse video on the monochrome monitor." My experience with WordPerfect on the IBM PC suggests that it is the computer's fault that underlining is not available on a color monitor. When you run WordPerfect with the IS option (by typing WP/S from MS-DOS) and exercise the "Set Colors for Color Monitor" option, the program prompts for the color it should use

to represent underlined words. You can select whatever color you like from the IBM repertoire; underiined words will be displayed in that color, or in reverse if you select this option. I believe that Mr. Birmele will find that a document's underlined words will appear as such on a monochrome monitor driven by the IBM monochrome card, while on another machine with a color-display card the same words will be in color or reversed. Finally it is not technically possible to successfully drive the IBM monochrome display with the color card.

Mr Birmele is correct in mentioning that setting tabs is not convenient. But WordPerfect already provides tabs at even intervals; setting a tab at the current cursor position entails remembering the column number before pressing the Set Format key and selecting Ikhs. then typing the number of the column where you want a tab. The WordPerfect manual explains this procedure.

It is also an injustice to imply that WordPerfect runs only on the IBM PC, Victor 9000, DEC Rainbow, "tendy 2000. and Zenith Z-100; indeed, there are customized versions of WordPerfect for nearly any MSDOS computer in acistence. and it is compatible with a wide variety of computers including the Victor, the TI Professional, the Data General/One, and others.

Joe Clark HalUax, Nova Scotia, Canada

Toshiba P1340

In Ken Sheldbn's review "The Epson ljQ-1500" (December 1984. page 293). I believe that the author makes a misleading comparison. He compares a properly operating LQ-l 500 with an improperly operating Ibshiba PI 340. As a happy owner of a Ibshiba PI 340,1 know that it is capable of producing much higher quality output than is shown in the sample.

From the sample, it looks like at least three of the pins in the unit are failing to drive. My guess is pins 8. 12, and 18. It might be that this Pi 340 is simply in need of its regular print-head cleaning, as specified in Section 5 of the owner's manual. A toothpick will remove the paper and rib

{amtimedl

MAY 1985 'BYTE 299

Inquiry 342

C Programmers:

Program three times faster

with Insfanf-C™

Instant-C™ is an optimizing interpreter for the C language tliat can malce programming in C three or more times faster than using old-fashioned compilers and loaders. The interpreter environment makes C as easy to use as Basic. Yet Instant-C^ is 20 to 50 times faster than interpreted Basic. This new interactive development environment gives you:

Instant Editing. The ftall-screen editor is built into Instant-C'' for immediate use You don't wait for a separate editor program to start up.

Instant Error Correction. You can check syntax in the editor. Each error message is displayed on the screen with the cursor set to the trouble spot, ready for your correction. Errors are reported clearly, by the editor, and only one at a time.

Instant Execution. Instant-C™ uses no assembler or loader You can execute your program as soon as you finish editing.

Instant Testing. You can immediately execute any C statement or function, set variables, or evaluate expressions. Your results are displayed automatically

Instant Symbolic Debu^ng. ^tch

execution by single statement stepping. Debugging features are built-in; you don't need to recompile or reload using special

options.

instant Loading. Directly generates .EXE or .CMD files at your request to create stand-alone versions of your programs.

Instant Floating Point. Uses 8087* coprocessor if present. Instant Compatibility. Follows K & R standards. Comprehensive standard library provided, with source code

Instant Satisfaction. Guaranteed, or your money back. Instant-C™ !s available now, and works under PC-DOS, MS-DOS*, and CP/M-86*

Find out how Instant-C" is changing the way that programming is done. Instant-C^is S495. CaU or write for more information.

Rational

Systems, Inc.

(617) 653-6194 P.O. Box 480 Natick, Mass. 01760

l^.ul<■lllark^ MS-IKIS (Mknisifl 0>rp.). 1108" (Inlfl Ciirp ). CP/M-Mi llliRilal Bra'anli. Iru.). Inslanl-Cdlallonal .Snttms. Incl

300 BYTE • MAY 1985

REVIEW FEEDBACK

Aztec, Eco-C, and OS-9 compilers. Ihe

Size Execution

9096 2:06

7280 1:41

5805 1:19

T^ble A: Benchmark results for the code azes are reported in bytes.

Compiler Comp. Assem. Link

Aztec 0:25 0:20 0:45

Eco-C 1:08 0:24 0:52

OS-9 2:13 1:18 0:59

bon debris that can cause the pins to stick 1\4axim G. Smith Natick. MA

C Benchiviarks

Review Feedback (December 1984, page

301) contains another benchmark program for C compilers (listing 1, page 302). According to author David C. Clark, the program is designed "to examine the quality of the implementation of long integers among various versions of C." Mr. Clark gives results for two fully implemented C compilers running on a 4-MHz Z80 system (table 1).

Curious to see what would happen, i ran the same test on a TSndy/Radio Shack Color Computer with the OS9 C compiler (no flags set). 1 won't guarantee the clock times closer than a second either way, but as you can see (table A), a few seconds make no difference at all.

My question is: What would a full-featured Gimix system with a 2-MHz clock make of this?

R. W. Odlin SedroVtooUey. WA

ALF 8088 Coprocessor

David Morganstein's review "ALF's 8088 Coprocessor for Your Apple" (in the Guide to the Apple Personal Computers. December 1984 BYTE, page A3 8) gives an objective and fair assessment of this coprocessor for the Apple II. However, when speaking of reading IBM PC-compatible disks, Mr. Morganstein mentions the Rana 8086 coprocessor system, which includes IBM PCcompatible disk drives. I cannot understand why he does not mention ALF's owri IBM PC-compatible Apple II disk-drive system, which has been available for the better part of a year to support ALF's coprocessor.

Mr. Morganstein was unable to get his Videx 80-column board working on the

ALF board. This is, in fact, the only bug I have found in the product, and I believe it is an outcome of ALF developing the product-support software on Franklins rather than Apples. I finally got my 8Q<olumn board running under CP/M-86 by using two different drivers.

I originally bought my ALF 8088 coprocessor because of its support of the 8087 math coprocessor. Mr. Morganstein reports only a modest improvement in processing speeds using the FTL program. However, anyone doing large numbers of trigonometric and log functions in Applesoft using ALF's FTL87 8087 Applesoft support will have a pleasant surprise—a hundred-or-more-fold speed increase.

Mr. Morganstein points out that you need to take care, when running the ALF coprocessor under MS-DOS or CP/M-86, to ensure that software written for an IBMtype personal computer will run in the Apple environment. However, it is not necessary to purchase software that is not copy-protected in Apple-compatible format, since commercial services are readily available to perform this conversion.

The ALF 8088 coprocessor is not for everyone. But for those who can integrate it into their Apple system, it can be a useful addition. I have found the ALF technical-support people helpful, supportive, and knowledgable. The hardware and software are reliable and perform as ALF says they do. I have had my ALF board two years and have had no problems with it.

DwiGHT William Iohnson San Diego. CA

REVIEW FEEDBACK is a cdumn of readers' Mters. We welcome responses tdat support or challenge BYTE reviews. Send letters to Review ?eeMi. BYTE ?Mmons. POB 372. Hancock. NH 03449. Nome tad address mi<X be on oil letters.

As a programmer, youte already respected

With betterJooking screens, you could be loved*

You write wonderful programs. Their logic is elegant. Their organization is solid. They work like a charm. But how do they look?

Maybe appearance shouldn't count, but it does. Because not only is a well-designed screen impressive to look at—it also makes the program easier to work with. And that makes you look good, too.

It takes you days, perhaps weeks of effort to make a program right. Isn't itworth a few minutiss to make it beautiful?

Afew minutes. That's all it takes fbryou and Screen Sculptor to create a glorious-looking screen. And once it's done, Screen Sculptor automatically writes the program—in IBM Basic, IBM Pascal, or Turbo Pascal—to display die screen and allow the user to enter data.

SDFTlUfiRE BDTTUnB

There's no limit to whatyou can do with Screen Sculptor. Design a screen you like and rearrange it whenever you like. Select colors from a mouthwatering menu. Choose special characters, draw lines and boxes, paint in areas, repeat a character in any direction!

Specify input fields, variable names, data types, acceptable data ranges and more. Then Screen Sculptor generates actual program source code based on your screen design.

You'UneedanBMPC.XT, PCjr, PC AT or 10C% compatible, 128K, DOS, one 320K disc drive and any 80-column display.

Screen Sculptor does more than design screens. For $125, itwill enhance your creative reputation andthoroughly impress your users.

Because people don't expect a beautiful screen.

But they sure do appreciate it when they see it.

Try it FREE for 30 days!

We're so sure you'll find Screen Sculptor indispensable that we make you this no-risk offer: Order now and you'll also receive a full demo disk. Use it and the manual for 30 days. Then, ifyoucanbeartogiveitup, return the package for a full refund!

Credit card orders only call 24 hours a day, 1-800-824-7888, operator 268. For all odier orders and inquiries call or write: The Software Bottling Company of New York, 29-14 23rd Avenue, Longlsland City, NT 11105.

(718) 728-2200. If we're shipping to a NYS address, please add 8V^% sales tax.

Inquiry 363

MAY 1985 -BYTE 301

ppiesand

about dust

storms, lint

attackaor

thebenda

The Flip 'n' File™/lS are more reliable, is an island of calm and With this kind of proorder in the savage envi- tection, all you have to ronment of the modem worry about now is office. when this limited

It's also free, when you special offer sells out.

, . 1 J ^ Offer available from participating distributors,

buy a specially marked ^^^^ personal computer dealers and office supply dealers;

package of 10 double or ^^^^^^ Which, if you don't

single sided, double density ^^bX^ hurry, could be before the

3M diskettes. They're the ^^KS^^ ^ next major coffee spill.

s the ^^BB^. ^ certified 100% error-free ^^^^^SL^ '^^^^ rvi i w diskettes; no Roppi^ jg/m^^^^^^^^^^

^a^^^^^^^^^^HlHHIHIHHI^L. may was* byte

The PC Plotter: It will change the way business looks at graphics.

The lowest-priced professional plotter on the market today is Houston Instrument's new fourpen PC Plotter. It is designed to produce the crisp graphics you need to compete — and communicate — in business. Just what makes this plotter so competitive? Let's take a look:

Price — A multi-pen, compact, single-sheet plotter at $595* isn't just a low price — it's an unbelievably low price. What an affordable way to link the power of graphics communication to your personal computer.

Performance — Yours and Ours — Until the PC Plotter was born, it was too expensive to let the pictures do the talking. Now that's no longer true. So, the next time the boss walks into the office needing some "nice charts and graphs," you can quickly fill the request with clean, colorful, wonderful graphics. Who knows, you might even get a raise!

As to our performance, we're the only plotter manufacturer offering you hundreds of graphics software packages which are

compatible with the PC Plotter.That means you can produce any type of drawing you require.

Flexibility — Depending on your needs, you can select from two PC Plotter models. One (PC Plotter Model 595 for $595.00*) allows you to produce graphics or overhead transparencies on 8V2" X 11" paper or film; the other (PC Plotter Model 695 for $695.00*) permits either 8V2" X 11" or 11" X 17" graphics. And we didn't forget the OEM. Houston Instrument will work with you to configure a plotter that's perfect for your particular application.

For the name of your closest PC Plotter distributor or dealer, contact Houston Instrument, P.O. Box 15720, Austin, Texas, 78761 or call (512)835-0900. Outside Texas call 800-531-5205. In Europe, contact Houston Instrument, Belgium NV., Rochesterlaan 6, 8240 Gistel, Belgium. Tel. 059-27-74-45, Tlx. 846-81399.

4P016 'U.S. suggested list price.

Kernel

IN SPITE OF A FLU BUG, Jerry Pournelle was up to picking his favorite products of the year for 1984. As he says. "Purely subjective."

Bill Raike reports on IBM lapan Ltd.'s test production of 1-megabit RAM chips and takes a look at some new microcomputers.

The BYTE West Coast editors describe an economical approach to custom chip manufacturing and give us their impressions of some new software.

Dick Pountain deals with this month's theme as he acquaints us with ALICE and Hope, two components of a parallel-processing approach in the U.K.

In Computers and Law, Robert Sterne and Perry Saidman shed some legal light on buying and selling computer products.

Bob Kurosaka uses the game of Nim in an exercise in BASIC bitwise logic operation in this month's Mathematical Recreations.

And Steve Ciarcia replies to readers who have built his Circuit Cellar projects.

Computing at Chaos Manor: In Search of the Perfect Product

by jerry Pournelle 307

Chaos Manor Mail conducted by ]erry Pournelle 347

BYTE Japan: Megabits and Gigaflops by William M. Raike 355

BYTE West Coast: Homebrew Chips

by lohn Markoff. Phillip Robinson, and Donna Osgood 363

BYTE U.K.: Parallel Processing by Dick Pountain 385

Computers and Law: The Sale of Computer Products

by Robert Greene Sterne and Perry ]. Saidman

Mathematical Recreations: An Exercise in BASIC Bitwise Logic Operation

by Robert T Kurosaka 417

Circuit Cellar Feedback conducted by Steve Ciarcia 424

Your antidote to the rising epidemic of computer crime

Hero ... lor the lirst turn: ,.. /s <i/) inside lool< nt America's iiinleigroiind tiacking culture ... tiy "Hie CracMor' tlie t9-yeai oltl systems hacker apprehended by tlie FBI.

Set against tlie lascinating backdrop ol "(tie Crackei's" inlaiimis capeis Willi his "Inner Circle" band ot hacking wizards. Oiil ol Ihi; Inniii Ciiclfi IS packed with vilai inloinialioii to protect your data troin unwanted intruders.

To best protect your system, you must penetrate tlie liacker mentality: l-low docs a hacker think? What is lie leally altei 7 What aie Ins lavoied methods ol hacking, and how do you guard against them? How vulnerable IS your svslem? What aie the tell-tale signs ol a cnnipiilei hieak-in? How do you catch a hackei ? What in tin: world do you do with one once you've caught liiiri?

You'll find il alt in Out ol \\k Inner Circle, along with a security cliecklist that details the points ol vulnerability in today's populai mini- and ma'inliaine operating systems.

S9.95, sol leaver SI9.9!>. hanlcover

Wherever books and soltwaie aie sold

M 'icrosoil Pi ess lOHK) Northup Way IMevue. WA 981)04

A HACKERS GU/DETO

COMPUTER SECURITY

BY "THE CRACKER BILL LANDRETH

THE TEENAGE COMPUTER WIZARD

urciiLkniiaiijn-^ r^^'

COMPUTING

AT CHAOS MANOR

Iw Search

of the Perfect Product

LaserJet

The TWeek Cure

TUtsim

Unfverse

Professional BASIC The Compariion A+ Mouse MTBASIC

Expert-Ease

Encore 1200B

SemiDisk

TUnesmith

Fontrix

BY Jerry Pournelle

lenv Pournelle holds a doctorate in psychology and is a science-fiction writer who also earns a comfortable living writing about computers present and future.

The good news is that this is the last of the one-every-three-weel<s columns. The bad news is that it's just past the New Year and I've spent the past three weeks nursing a flu bug that won't go away and leave me alone. Between that and the holidays. I have done less with computers than I intended. 1 have seen more television than I've watched for the past three years, and I'm now in a position to state for the record that even with the 20 channels we get in Los Angeles, there's little worth watching. You need mush for brains to watch the tube for long—or you'll get mush for brains if you do.

Even with flu, holidays, and TV, there's a fair amount to cover.

Chaos Manor's Products of the Year

Many magazines have special product-ofthe-year features this month. I'm a mite late

with mine. Of course, my rules are a bit different from other people's. I pick the products I like best. Purely subjective. And "year" doesn't necessarily mean it came out in 1984, only that I acquired it then. With those ground rules, here goes.

LaserJet

First choice, hands down, is the HewlettPackard HP 2686A Laserjet printer. That sucker has changed my life. It replaces the big and noisy Diablo 1620. The Diablo has served me well in the past eight years, and it's still in good shape, but I'll probably donate it to a prospace organization because I'll never go back to it.

The LaserJet runs off Zeke II, the Viasyn CompuPro Z80 I'm writing this on. It's (?«iet. The main printer used to be the NEC 7710 Spinwriter, which runs off the CompuPro 8/16 workhorse we use for everything except writing. For the past week, the 7710 has been loaded with fanfold checks because nobody bothered to feed it normal paper; it's so much easier to use the LaserJet for everything except checks.

It's easy to feed single sheets of letterhead to the LaserJet, It's not much harder to put a stack of letterhead in; or a mix of letterhead and second sheets. The LaserJet will feed sheets from its magazine or accept single sheets as you insert them.

The Laserjet is quiet. Whisper quiet. So quiet that it's uncanny; the noisiest thing about it is the sMap when it feeds a sheet of paper. And its /ast. Eight pages a minute, just like clockwork. It eats characters at 9600 bits per second (bps), and while it can't keep up with WRITE (my word-processing software), it almost does. Because the Laserlet is so fast, there's no pressing need for a printer buffer. In contrast, we feed data to the NEC Spinwriter through a dandy little Applied Creative Tfechnology Printer Optimizer, The Optimizer is a box full of memory that the computer thinks is a really fast printer, and I'd name it as a product of the year except that I've had it more than a year, 1 suppose one day I'll get around to hooking the Laserjet to the Optimizer, but there's no hurry.

The LaserJet is smart, too. We've never had a paper jam, although my friend Tony managed one with his. The LaserJet will print both sides of a sheet, but it's a heat and dry powder process, meaning that you want to be careful about loading and stacking paper already printed on one side, Ibny was recycling paper and put some in carelessly. A sheet jammed. He cleared it. The LaserJet automatically repeated the page—from the top, complete with header and proper page number.

LaserJet, I love you.

TWEEK It

The second product of the year goes by the unlikely name of 1\veek, which advertises itself as a "contact enhancer." It's a clear liquid you dab onto places where you suspect you're getting bad contact: IC sockets, edge connectors, RS-232C plugs, that sort of thing, it comes in a kind of

MAY 1985 • BYTE 307

PROFESSIONAL PROGRAMMER'S BULLETIN:

Be Productive, Be

The Programmer's Editor

brief's power and flexibility provide dramatic increases in programming productivity. BRIEF's ergonomically designed human interface becomes a natural extension of your mind, allowing you to eliminate tedium and concentrate on creativity.

• WINDOWS

• Full UNDO (N Times)

• Compile witiiln BRIEF

• Keystroke Macros

• Exit to DOS inside BRIEF

• Programmable Macro Language

• Multiple files, unlimited size

• "Regular Expression" search

• Reconfigure keyboard

• Language sensitive user controllable features (such as Auto-indent for C)

BRIEF ts a trademark ol UnderWare.

Solution Systems is a Irademark ot Rnlmron Systems

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CALL TOLL FREE 800-821-2492

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PROLOG-86

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Thorough tutorials are designed to help learn the PROLOG language quickly. The interactive PROLOG-86 Interpreter gives immediate feedback. In a few hours you will begin to feel comfortable with It. In a few days you are lil<ely to know enough to modify some of the more sophisticated sample programs.

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1 or 2 pages of PROLOG is often equivalent to 10 or 15 pages in "C" or PASCAL. It Is a

different way of thinking.

Describe the FACTS and RULES without concern for what the computer will have to do. Maybe you will rewrite in another programming language when you are done. Programming Experience is not required but a logical mind is. PROLOG-86 supports the de facto STANDARD — in "Programming in Prolog" by Clocksin & Mellish,

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CHAOS MANOR

hypodermic syringe with a thin flexible tube instead of a needle, making it easy to get it into hard-to-reach places.

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button. I didn't bother to turn off the machine, just pulled the top off the button and squirted in the merest drop. Voila!

l^st week my telephone started to make horrible static noises, which could be cured by violently shaking the instrument, only they'd come back. 1 took it apart, took off the plastic cover over the little relay contacts activated by hanging up the phone, and squirted. The noise went away. Faulty TV remote controller: squirt. Noise in an audio system: squirt. So far, TWeek has cured about a dozen annoying problems. A little bit of the stuff goes a long way. Get some. You'll love it.

Fixing Up a PC

Four products of the year for the IBM PC. First, the outstanding Wico Smartline Smartboard keyboard, which is very nearly everything I ever 'iarilpid a keyboard to be.

My other three choices of outstanding PC products are: Orchid Ttechnology's PCturbo 186 board, which makes the PC at least as fast as a PC AT and gives you RAM (randomaccess read/write memory) disk capability in the bargain; Borland International's SideKick, which lets you take notes, send messages, fix your calendar, and look up phone numbers anytime you have your PC turned on and no matter what you're doing with it; and Living Videotext's Thinkl^nk. Writers who use a PC and don't use Thinkl&nk are working too hard. Believe me.

TUTSIM

It's not exactly a product of the year,

but one of the most improved programs I've seen lately is Hitsim. If you have any interest at all in mathematical modeling, the short form of Hitsim for $29.95 is a pretty good deal if you want to know something about analog block-structure models.

[corMnuedi

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CHAOS MANOR

TUtsim is a rather odd program that turns your digital computer into a whole mess of op-amp (operationalamplifier) analog amplifiers. If you don't know what that means, you'll have a bit of work puzzling out how to tise the program. If you haven't had elementary calculus, it's unlikely you'd want Hitsim, but you might. One of my boys is in precalculus in high school, and it's interesting to watch him play with dynamic models.

The last time I mentioned lUtsim, I said, "It ain't easy to use, and the manual's lousy." Since then the people at Applied i have added examples, rewritten the manual, and provided help files. Even if you've never done block-structure simulation, if you read the whole manual about five times you'll begin to get the idea. A couple of hours of mucking around with Hitsim taught me more about simulation than I'd have thought I could learn in a week.

It's simple enough to use TUtsim once you cotton on to how to do simulations with blocks. There are clock-function blocks. Booleans, integrators, delays, random-noise-generator blocks, etc.; certainly a rich enough variety to build some pretty complex models of things changing over time. Those with experience in this sort of modeling will find Hitsim a delight. Those who haven't done opamp modeling can learn about it and have fun at the same time.

There are versions of Hitsim for CP/.M-80, the Apple II, and the IBM PC. There is an IBM PC version making use of the 8087 and another to support the Hercules high-resolution graphics board; there's no install program, but the IBM PC review copy I received had both the regular and the 8087 versions on it.

The demonstration or short form of the program is limited to I5-block models, which is big enough to allow you to learn the principles of simulation. The professional version lets you build models up to 999 blocks, but Applied i wants $495 for it. That seems a bit steep to me. I suppose if you need this kind of thing it might be worth the price, but I'd be sur

prised if they sold many of them.

TUtsim is not copy-protected, and it works like a bomb with the Orchid PCturbo 186 board; it also runs fine on the Z-150 and Z-160 PClones. The CP/M-80 version works with a Z-IOO. I recommend Hitsim for anyone teaching calculus or engineering, and if you have any interest in math, you ought to be able to get as much fun out of the $29.95 short form as you would get from a game at the same price.

Universe

Speaking of games, an outfit called Omnitrend Software has come up with the most complicated game I ever did see. It's called Universe, and it runs on an IBM PC (color only) or the Z-100: the version I have can figure out which machine it's running on, which is pretty clever. It will also run on the Z-160 without a color screen. There are versions for Apple and Atari, but I've never seen them.

Universe has some of the features of the Imperial Trader game I've been writing off and on for a year now. In fact, it has some of the features of nearly every game I ever heard of. It takes time; it took me nearly five hours to take out a mortgage loan, buy and equip a ship, and get started loading cargo and passengers; that, however, was before I got the manual updates.

Once I get financing and choose a ship and equipment, I can make some trading runs. There are a lot of options. I may try my hand at piracy, but not just yet, since 1 couldn't afford to buy any weapons for my ship, and the bank will want its payments in a few short years. First task is to pick up some profits carrying passengers.

Universe comes on two disks with an enormous manual. The first version I got didn't have enough examples, so that it was pretty hard to figure out what to do. I complained, and Omnitrend added a scenario getting you through the early purchase and jump-off.

There are about a zillion decisions to make. I confess that the silly game has got me interested; even with the

[contimect)

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tm 1985 •BYTE 311

CHAOS MANOR

flu, 1 found myself working on shipdesign trade-offs and the like. There are a lot of choices. It's all logically structured and pretty realistic.

Universe is copy-protected, which is acceptable for a game. If you have a two-drive system, you can put the player data on your own disk. The player files are copyable, so you can start from any saved point if you don't like the way things turned out.

There's one "feature" I don't much care for. The game manual is enormous and fairly well organized (although the index leaves a lot to be desired). The manual includes a partial list of the products that you, the trader, can deal in—and an offer to sell you the complete list for about 15 bucks. Omnitrend claims you don't need the complete list, and you could make a good case that it's more realistic not to have it; but in my first play of the game 1 found it useful, and

it seems a bit unreasonable to charge that much money for five sheets of paper.

Another feature that's going to drive me nuts is the control system. Universe is largely menu-driven, and to select items on the menu you can't just put in the item number. You have to move a cursor arrow up and down a menu (with as many as 35 items)— but the arrow keys won't always do that. Generally you must use the Select, Start, and Option keys. Of course, the IBM PC doesn't have those keys—the manual was evidently written for the Atari version—so you must use Fl, F2, and F3. Alas, while Select and Start may have intuitive meanings, Fl and F2 don't, and they don't always do what you expect them to do. 1 found myself wasting a lot of time giving inappropriate commands, lust how much trouble would it be to implement the arrow keys?

Quibbles aside, there's a lot of good planning in this game, and I'm impressed. Ordinarily I wouldn't review a game until I'd played it all the way through—but with Universe that's likely to take quite a long time. If you like complicated games, you might like this one.

Later: Aaarrrgghhh!!! I have managed to make an enormous profit, but I seem to be stranded in space. I quit in disgust, but after all, I did save the game at many stages, so I won't have to backtrack too far. The worst of it is, I expect I will have another shot at it. 1 did, too. And more after that . . .

Professional BASIC and

TRACE86

Another greatly improved program is Morgan Computing's Professional BASIC for the IBM PC. Alas, it won't work with SideKick. It doesn't work

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CHAOS MANOR

with Magic Keyboard either, but that doesn't bother me now that I have the Wico Smartline Smartboard. Professional BASIC is a complete interactive debugging system that makes it considerably easier to write large and complex BASIC programs. Morgan has recently dropped the price to $99.

Morgan also markets a program called 'n"ace86. This was written by Dr Neil Bennet, author of Professional BASIC, it's somewhat similar to the MS-DOS Debug utility but it gives more information and is a bit easier to use. 1 haven't had extensive experience with it, but I did use it to see if it would be useful in writing demons to defeat copy protection. It is, but some copy-protected programs are also "TVace-protected," meaning that extra code has been put in to make the programs unrunnable under Ttace utilities. This also makes the programs

fragile and hard to debug, but many publishers seem to think they need protection more than customers. 'Tl'ace86 is not copy-protected and has a reasonable license policy.

The TYace86 manual is as good as Digital Research's DDT and SID manuals were: if you're familiar with debugging tools, you'll have no problem with this one. If you're not, you'll have to learn the theory elsewhere; this will teach you how to use ItaceSd, but not why you need it.

Computer Companion

Back in the seventies when I first got Ezekial, my friend who happened to be a Z80 computer, the big problem was systems integration. When you bought a computer, you got several boxes of parts, and even if you bought everything "assembled and tested," you had problems getting the computer to talk to the outside world.

Professional BASIC makes it considerably easier to write large and complex BASIC programs.

Zeke used a memory-mapped video board and separate keyboard, mostly because in those days the best text editor I'd ever seen was Electric Pencil, and Pencil didn't know how to work with a terminal. Also, in those days it wasn't so easy to hook up to a terminal.

Then came Adam Osborne with the first low-cost all-up computer: you

[contimed]

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CHAOS MANOR

took it home, plugged it in, and it ran. it set the style for what a computer should look like: two built-in disk drives, a screen, and a keyboard. Pretty soon most of us decided those were the minimum requirements for a real computer, as opposed to toys.

It made sense. Real computers do important work. Important work needs backup copies. Making backup copies requires two disk drives, because if you don't have two disk drives, you won't make the copies. Nobody wants to sit there swapping disks back and forth. As for keyboard and screen, it was true that some systems didn't have them built in, but that was advanced equipment, suitable for experts who knew about smart and dumb terminals, and datatransmission rates, and complicated stuff like that. Computers for the rest of us came with everything.

It was easy enough to fall into the

habit of thinking that way Comes now the Companion to challenge that notion.

The Companion is about as simple as a computer system can get. It consists of a smooth gray metal box 13 Vi inches long by 6% inches high by V/i inches wide. It weighs maybe eight pounds. There's one 5!4-inch disk drive; an on/off switch: a Reset button; two RS-2'32C jacks; one parallel output jack: an edge connector: a handle; and a power cord. Packed in with it is one floppy disk and a 50-page manual.

That's it. No keyboard, no screen, no mice. The manual tells me the Companion is a 4-MHz Z80A. The disk drive formats floppies in the Morrow single-sided double-density format. According to the manual, the disk drive knows how to read and write to IBM, Kaypro, and Osborne disks, although it won't format them.

The manual doesn't say it, but the disk drive won't read double-density Osborne disks or Osborne Executive disks. There is apparently a model of the Companion that accepts doublesided disks, but mine doesn't.

In other words, the Companion is strictly a no-frills job—but within those limits it's quite a lot of machine.

The Companion actually has three disk drives. Drive C: is the regular floppy. Drive B: is a small ROM (read-only memory) drive that boots the Companion with CP/M 2.2. The ROM also contains a general utility program with Copy and Format commands and a terminal-emulation program.

Drive A: is a 190K-byte RAM disk. That makes a lot of sense. Except for power failures, a RAM disk is more reliable than a floppy and certainly faster The Copy routine lets you copy from the RAM disk to the floppy and vice versa. The theory is that you do most of your work on the superspeedy drive A: and from time to time save the results onto the floppy. That works, too, since copying is pretty fast. My first thought was that 190K bytes (186K on the floppy) isn't really enough disk space, but then I recalled that my first machine's 8-inch drives didn't hold but 240K bytes and were noisy to boot, and 1 thought Zeke was wonderful. Zeke and I did a lot of writing, kept my accounts, did my taxes, and managed my files. Zeke's old iCOM drives were slower than the Companion's floppy and Zeke never ran faster than 2 MHz.

That got me to thinking. I'd have been thrilled to have the Companion back when 1 first started. With a good terminal and the WRITE text editor I use, the Companion would be one heck of a writer's engine; and depending on which terminal and printer were selected, the cost could be kept low. Up to now I've tended to recommend the Kaypro to colleagues asking for low-cost entry-level equipment; but some of them don't like the keyboard and/or the small screen. The Companion might just be the ideal first computer for a writer.

One problem, though: how hard

(contimed)

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MAY 1985 'BYTE S15

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MAY 1985 'BYTE 317

Inquiry 228

RS-232 DATA LINE MONITOR

A minralure Data Line Monitor determines the status of the seven key signals of the RS-232 S't^ data path. All 25 pins wired through, and '"^ dedicated red LED's report thu status of; Transmit Data, Receive Data, Request to Send, Clear to Sand, Data Set Ready, Data Carrier Detect, Data Terminal Ready, LED's glow at 3 Volts.

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PRODUCTS

jood St. Rte 125 over MA 0184S

CHAOS MANOR

would it be to set up? One reason we used memory-mapped video instead of terminals in the old days was the difficulty of hooking up a terminal. RS-232C connections are anything but standard, and how do you explain data-transmission rates and the like to a beginning writer?

Setting Up

I got the Companion running while I was talking on the telephone about somethiiig else. The only hard part was finding an RS-232C cable with which to hook Up to the terminal. Then I remembered one I'd bought and never used: Priority One's "Shielded RS232 Serial Cable Pin 1 THRU 8 and Pin 20 Male to Male." There was a lot more than 1 needed— the cable was 2 5 feet long—but that would be a good test, too, since some systems can't handle long cables due to excessive noise pickup (the cable acts as an antenna). 1 took the Companion out of its box and plugged it in; plugged the RS-232C cable into the plainly marked Tferminal Port on the Companion: and plugged the other end of the cable into the TeleVideo 950 that my CompuPro 8/16 normally talks through at 19,200 bps. Then 1 turned on the Companion and hit Return on the terminal. According to the manual, the Companion was smart enough to figure out the datatransmission rate for itself.

it did, too. I'd left the Companion's drive door open, so it booted off the ROM just as it's supposed to. It comes up in a little utility shell program that offers you the alternative of typing 0 through 5; 0 puts you into CP/M, I will copy a disk, and so forth. Since 1 could read the messages, it was obvious that the terminal was properly set up—data-transmission rate, data and stop bits, and so forth; and sure enough, pressing the 0 put me into standard CP/M.

Next the acid test. I let the Companion format a disk for me, put that into the CompuPro 8/16 (I had to switch the terminal from the Companion to the CompuPro, of course, but that was no problem), used the CompuPro's Newmedia program to tell it we were

going to work with the single-sided doublis-density Morrow format, and used PIP to transfer WRITE.COM from the 8/16 to the Companion's disk. Brought the floppy back to the Companion, fired up WRITE—

Bingo. Worked fine.

By gollies, I thought, this just very well may be the entry machine for writers. But I'd better inake sure...

Glitches

Alas, there are glitches. One is serious. I'll get to it in a minute. The others are irritants that common sense will cure. Of course, I don't know how much common sense a new user will have.

For example: the floppy-disk drive is mounted vertically. There's no indication of which side is "up." I happen to know that drive doors generally close from the top, but does everyone? if you put the disk in upside down and try to access the disk, the drive motor goes on and the disk's little LED (light-emitting diode) lights up—and that's the way things will stay until doomsday Reset will cure the problem. Tlirning the machine off will do it, too, but that's not a wise idea, since it's possible for a disk drive to write garbage during power-down.

CP/M 2.2 requires you to do a Control-C every time you change disks. WRITE is set up to do the equivalent of Control-C each time you do disk accesses: this is so that you can change disks without exiting WRITE. When we designed WRITE 1 insisted on this feature, because it lets me make intermediate backup copies of my work and physically remove them from the machine. Also, if I overfill a disk, 1 can still save the work simply by putting in a disk with more room on it. Once in a great while WRITE will still get confused when we not only change disks but change disk formats by switching from single to double density but even then WRITE will recover from the error; at worst you have to log onto the new disk.

It doesn't quite work that way with the Companion. Somehow the Companion's interrupt-driven BIOS (basic input/output system) defeats all of

[contimect)

318 BYTE* MAY 1985

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CHAOS MANOR

WRITE's safeguards. The result is that I can, within WRITE, save a file onto the C: disk: change disks: log onto the A: disk: log back onto the C: disk: but when i get the C: directory, I get the directory of the previous disk! I can force it to log onto the current disk by attempting to load a file that existed on the previous disk but not

on this one: the computer goes through a read operation and loads garbage into the text buffer but after that has the proper bit map. 1 haven't managed to really mess up a disk by save or load operations, but that doesn't mean it won't happen. If this is a bit disquieting for me, 1 can just imagine how a beginner would feel.

There are other small problems. For example: if you accidentally (forgetting that the Companion uses singlesided disks) try to format a disk as double-sided, the disk spins, the Select LED lights up—and you can sit there until you reset or starve. Okay that's not too bad. You reset, invoke the Format program again, and tell it to format that disk as single-sided. The same thing happens! Reset again. When you reset, you come up in the little utility program that offers you the opportunity to format a disk: just for the hell of it, I exited to CP/M, then instantly went back into the utility program and told it to format the disk as single-sided. This time it worked fine. No big problem, but guaranteed to confuse hell out of a beginner.

Then I used the CompuPro Newmedia program (Newmedia comes with the updated TMX BIOS for the CompuPro Disk 1-A Controller, and it can read, write, and format about 40 different 5^^-inch disk formats) to format a disk as double-sided Morrow and put some files on it. Remove from CompuPro and put into Companion. Do Control-C. Try to read the disk.

What I get is garbage. It pretends there's a directory on there, but with weird filenames like blank.blank and ©.blank, lust for the hell of it, I used the Copy utility: worked fine, copying the garbage onto the A: RAM disk. None of it was readable, of course. No harm done. Now to invoke the Format program and reformat that disk so 1 can use itDrives spin. LED comes on. Wait a while. Reset. Fool around, exit Format, do Control-C, go back to Format. Same result. It will not format that disk. Finally I took a small magnet to the disk. That took care of the problem. It formatted fine. Okay I knew to do that. Would a beginner? Incidentally, as part of the Format process the Companion writes CP/M onto the floppy's system tracks, although the manual nowhere tells you that.

Documents

The Companion comes with a 50-page manual. It's an interesting at

[contimed]

m

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MAY 1985 -BYTE 321

CHAOS MANOR

tempt to pack in a short course on CP/M, some beginner's instructions, and all the necessary technical data about the Companion. In trying to do them all, it doesn't do any of them.

Even so, in some respects it's the best short computer manual 1 have ever seen—but it's written for someone with at least my level of understanding. They recommend that the new computer owner get a decent CP/IVI book. Since the usual CP/M 2.2 documents (which aren't very useful anyway) aren't furnished, the beginner will certainly need one of the myriad introductions to using CP/M; the Companion's manual explains just enough to get a completely naive user confused and into trouble. There's a onepage "Command Reference" for DDT, and another for ED.COM, and sandwiched in between those two pages is a very cryptic one-page "explanation" of DIR, IDAD.COM, and a program called XD1R.COM that was not, in fact, on the disk furnished with the Companion.

On the other hand, there's a very complete listing of the pin-outs for the three communications ports, an I/O Port Address Tcible. an Interrupt Vector 'feble, and lots of other information that should be available to buyers. There are a whole bunch of

references to the BIOS, given in a way that makes it look as if they intended to furnish the BIOS source code: but there wasn't any source code on the disk that came with the Companion I received.

It also explains how to reconfigure your keyboard and how to do a number of other interesting things.

The Insurmountable Problem

General Curtis LeMay commander in chief of the Strategic Air Command many years ago, used to insist that all his subordinates think positively. One day a colonel ran into General LfiMay's office and shouted, "General, we have an insurmountable problem!" LeMay banged his fist on the desk. "Colonel, in this command we don't have problems! We have opportunities!"

The colonel saluted. "Yes, sir. General, we have an insurmountable opportunity."

At the moment the Companion has an insurmountable problem. If I had the BIOS code, I might have treated it as an opportunity to get my hands dirty; 1 haven't hacked a BIOS in a couple of years. I didn't have the BIOS, though, and so I never did get a printer hooked up.

The Companion normally sends

output to be printed to the parallel port. This is documented, after which the manual explains how to connect a serial printer to the second RS-232C output port. It tells you that you have to do

d:STAT LSI: =TTY:[RTN]

which is not really a very clear instruction for a beginner; if you treat that like a cookbook and type the d:, it not only isn't going to work (since there is no d: disk drive), but you will get an endless series of messages saying, "Not ready error."

Note that you do not get a BDOS (basic disk operating system) error. The Companion's BIOS has been jiggered around to defeat CP/M's BDOS errors. The Companion's manual doesn't tell me that, of course; in fact, it never mentions error messages at all. Note that the new user has been instructed to get a book on CP/M. That's going to tell him to expect the infamous BDOS errors. It isn't going to tell him what to do about a "Not ready error" on a nonexistent disk.

Incidentally if you try to access a nonexistent drive other than D: or E;, you do get the message: "BDOS Err on K: Select," and neither Return, nor Escape, nor Control-C will get you out

[continued)

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CHAOS MANOR

of it. Like the "Not ready error," the only remedy is to reset. That BIOS needs work.

It's when you get past the d: error that the trouble really starts. The manual tells you to set your printer to no parity 8 data bits, 1 stop bit, and full duplex. So far, so good. Now the instructions on data-transmission rate: "Set the same as your terminal."

That's ridiculous. Damned few printers run faster than 1200 bps—but a writer trying to use a computer talking to a terminal at 1200 bps might as well go back to a quill pen. Just for the hell of it, 1 tried to connect the Companion up to my NEC Spinwriter, using the Printer Optimizer as an interface since that runs at 9600 bps. 1 left the terminal set for 19,200: after all, the Companion figured out how to talk to the TeleVideo terminal, and maybe, just maybe, the manual meant to say that the data-transmission rate is set in the same way as with the terminal.

Nope. Actually the result was weird: the Companion never did manage to talk to either the printer or the Optimizer, but attempting to make it do it would lock up the terminal. Lxjcked it up good, too: not even Reset would get me out of that pickle. 1 had to disconnect the RS-232C line from the printer port, then turn both the Companion and the TeleVideo completely off, count to 20, and turn them back on again. No permanent harm was done but I d sure hate for that to have happened when 1 was first starting.

I suppose that if I were to muck about with the Companion and my printer 1 would, eventually, get them to talk to each other. There's nothing simple about setting up serial communications under the best of conditions. Even with a breakout box and a lot of luck you have to hold your mouth right.

On the other hand, the manual tells me that the Companion has two kinds of handshaking protocols, neither of which I normally use. My system is set up to do ETX/ACK, which my books tell me is pretty standard. We also use XON/XOFF protocol. According to the

(continued)

How Do I Qioose tiie

Ryit Personal t-omputer Monitor?

MAY 1985 -BYTE 325

SOLVE PROGRAMMING PROBLEMS THE WAy YOU THINK.

PURE AND SYMBOL.

m

n

APL*PLUS®/PC IS THE ANSWER.

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PLUS * WARE and POCKET APL are trademarl<s of STSC, Inc. APL * PLUS Is a registered service mark and trademark of STSC, Inc. UNIX Is a trademark ot AT&T Bell Laboratories.

326 BYTE- MAY 1985

Inquiry 379

CHAOS MANOR

manual, the Companion uses ENQ/ ACK, which I've never heard of. The excellent little manual that comes with the Printer Optimizer knows about a dozen handshaking routines, including ETX/ACK, but not ENQ/ACK. There's nothing about it in the Spinwriter manual.

It's enough for me. If I had the BIOS source I might make another stab at it, but I don't.

Sigh

In some ways the Companion falls between the cracks. It has some great features that might make it a good second machine for hobbyists and hackers, but there are also enough irritants to set a hacker's teeth on edge. Hackers don't need to have BDOS error messages removed, especially since the error trap doesn't allow the system to recover anyway. Given the BIOS source code (and the rest of the CP/M utilities such as SYSGEN and MOVCP/M), most of the problems should be fixable. You'd have to boot from a floppy rather than the ROM. but so what? But since there is no BIOS source, and no circuit diagrams, I don't think too many hackers will buy it.

On the other hand, the Companion has the potential to be a really great entry-level system, especially for writers who put a lot of importance on a good keyboard and screen. A beginner could shop around for just the right terminal. The Companion is inexpensive enough that you could buy a really good terminal, wordprocessing software, and a decent printer, and still have less invested than you'd spend on some of the allup systems with a less aesthetic keyboard and display. Unfortunately, the manual wasn't written for beginners, and there are all those unexplained glitches. It badly needs an expanded, hand-holding manual if it's to be a beginner's machine.

That leaves me with a dilemma. For all its problems, I like this little machine. Partly it's aesthetics: I really would rather have this little machine and a good terminal than one of the

[continued]

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MAY 1985 -BYTE 327

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CHAOS MANOR

"luggable" computers with a small screen. It runs the TeleVideo at 19,200 bps just fine, so that it scrolls faster than most luggables can manage.

Except for the weird business with terminal lockup, 1 never got into any trouble that Reset wouldn't cure, and since Reset does not wipe out the RAM disk, the only thing to really be afraid of would be a power failure. According to the manual, the Companion has a whole bunch of terminal programs to let it work with the TRS-80 Model 100 (and therefore the NEC counterpart to the Model 100): and the Companion is small and light. That suggests a number of interesting possibilities, including carrying the Companion along with a lapboard when 1 go on trips.

The bottom line is that 1 can't really recommend the Companion to naive users. If you don't get confused easily: have patience and a sense of humor and won't get irritated when the machine hangs up: are reasonably careful: won't panic: and are willing to put in some time learning CP/M and general computer vagaries, that's another story. There are some good points about this machine. The right user would like it a lot.

What 1 really wish is that Companion Computers would (1) release the BIOS, (2) support a users group, and (3) then sell a lot of these little machines. A good users group hacking on that BIOS could turn this into a really dandy little machine that would not only be an entry-level computer for writers but a good second machine for hobbyists and everyone else. The potential is there.

1 have since found that the BIOS source is available—but it's written in FORTH. For some hackers 1 suppose that's a feature.

MacMouse

One problem with mice—at least one of my problems—is that I can never find any clear space on my desk. The Macintosh sits near my desk—1 confess I'm fond enough of it that I haven't packed it away—but it isn't my primary system. As a result, the space

[continued]

Does It Give MeABright, Sharp Image?

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MAY 1985 -BYTE 329

Circuit-Board-Design Witliout tlie Tedium

smARTWORK™ lets the design engineer create and revise printed-circuit-board artworic on the IBIVI Personal Computer

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points can be displayed In contrasting colors.

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Twice scale hardcopy of your artwork is produced using the Epson dot-matrix printers or the Houston Instrument DMP-41 penand-ink plotter. Quick 1X check plot is also available from Epson printers.

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At $895, smARTWORK'" is an exceptional value, particularly when compared to conventional engineering workstation costs.

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System Requirements

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□ Epson MX-80/MX-100 or FX-80/ FX-100 dot-matrix printer

□ Houston Instrument DMP-41 pen-and-ink plotter (optional)

□ Microsoft Mouse (optional)

"smARTWORK" and "WIntek" are trademarks of WIntek Corporation.

WINTEK CORPORATION, 1801 South St., Lafayette, IN 47904-2993, Phone: (317) 742-8428, Telex: 70-9079 (WINTEK CORP UD)

330 BYTE • MAY 1985 Inquiry 419

CHAOS MANOR

around the Mac is soon filled with papers, software, coffee cups, staplers, letter openers, and general mess. I have trouble even finding the mouse, much less finding a place to use it.

Mouse Systems A+ optical mouse offers one solution to that problem: simply pull out the little etched mouse pad (if you can find itl] and put it on top of the mess. The optical mouse is a wee bit more precise than the mechanical mouse that comes with the Macintosh: I find 1 have better control. When I first set it up, the A + mouse cord had a tendency to stick against the optical pad on the "up" strokes, but that seems to have cured itself.

The A+ has a slightly thinner cord, and you need a small screwdriver to permanently attach it to the Mac: it doesn't have the big screw-knobs that are standard on the plugs that Apple provides. I don't know that I'd have bothered to replace the mouse that came with the Mac if Mouse Systems hadn't sent me one, but I do prefer it enough that 1 haven't put the mechanical mouse back into action. It's purely aesthetics, though, and I'd be hard put to explain the preference.

The Mouse Systems A+ mouse also works with the Apple lie and Lisa computers.

MTBASIC

This is one of those programs that I got fascinated with even though 1 can't think of anything I'd use it for. MTBASIC is a compiling, recursive, multitasking BASIC that runs under CP/M on a Z80. An IBM PC and PCjr version was supposed to be out in March.

Z80 programs that require a terminal are a bit of a problem here. It isn't that we don't have Z80 machines and terminals, but they aren't set up. lust at the moment I'm surrounded by; the Lilith: the Macintosh: Lucy Van Pelt, the fussbudget IBM PC: a Zenith Z-160: and the two permanent machines, Zeke II the Z80 and the CompuPro 8/16. Zeke II uses memorymapped video. The 8/16 uses a terminal. For all my mutterings about the

{continued)

How About Dependability?

You rely on your personal computer system to help get your work done. That's why It's important to choose a monitor built for reliability. Princeton Graphic Systems monitors are built under the highest quality control standards, backed by a full one-year warranty and supported by a nationwide service network!" The result: monitors that perform when you need them, day in and day out . . .

'Bell & Howell, Xerox, MAI Sorbus Service and .^18868^

MAY 1985 'BYTE

CHAOS MANOR

Some of these

expert systems are really very good.

TeleVideo 950 terminal, I went back to it in preference to the Qume, and I'm now ready to confess tiiat 1 like the Telewidget. But while the 8/16 uses a terminal, it doesn't have a Z80 chip.

1 had the Macrotech 80286/Z80 board in the 8/16 for a couple of months, but just now we're testing some new hardware and software: until that's done I'm using the standard CompuPro 8/16 processor (Well, nearly standard; mine has lim Hudson's piggyback 8087 support board.) Another alternative would be the Shirley (CompuPro 10), which has multiple Z80 processors, but until the new office construction is done she's in the back room. MTBASIC looked interesting enough that 1 tried getting it to run on the Companion, but that doesn't work either; there's something very odd about the Companion's BIOS.

Thus, a firsthand account of using MTBASIC will have to wait until the contractors finish building the new library, office, and workshop suite upstairs. 'When that's done I'll have room to keep several more test systems set up and running. Meanwhile, 1 know from other reports that MTBASIC does run, and that it's one of the more interesting language ideas. I still don't know what I'll do with it, but 1 expect anyone with hacker tendencies might be interested in it. A true multitasking BASIC (task control can be through hardware interrupt or through an automatically installed software timer built into MTBASIC) that supports windows and recursion has all sorts of potential. There are even built-in commands for saving and reloading windows, meaning that you can generate pop-up menus and that sort of thing.

Using MTBASIC is a bit like using CBASIC, but easier, because it's partly interactive. You can create a pro

332 BYTE • MAY 1985

gram using your own editor Since line numbers are needed, you can use the Microsoft BASIC editor provided, of course, that you save the result as an ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) file. Programs can be merged simply by loading them; lines with the same line number will be overlaid. The whole program has to be in memory, which restricts its size a bit. Once there, you tell it to run and the program is first compiled at a rapid clip, then executed. 'When debugging is done, you can compile into a more or less standalone COM file.

There are some limits. There are no string arrays, and strings are handled more in the manner of Pascal than BASIC. 'Variable names can be seven characters long, but there can't be more than 255 variables in any given program. A lot of the BASIC statements we're used to don't exist. On the other hand, there are some lowlevel commands for handling hardware interrupts that don't exist in any other BASIC, and of course there is tasking: that is, you give the machine several tasks, and it works on them all more or less simultaneously. Since there's only one processor obviously it can't mllij do more than one thing at a time: but it can work on one task for a while, then switch to another and so forth, many hundreds of times a second. It can also be doing other things while waiting for input.

Given my immediate problem of putting together a Z80 with a terminal, I'll probably wait for the IBM PC version before I do a definitive report. On the other hand, MTBASIC would be useful for controlling dedicated machines: I've already thought of a Z80-based security/control system I might use it for We'll see. Meanwhile, if you like playing about with unusual and different languages, you might look into MTBASIC.

Expert-Ease

The artificial-intelligence community has done a number of wonderful things, but most of its practical contributions are yet to come. One exception to that is expert systems.- An ex

pert system is a program that "understands" some limited subject field, such as particular kinds of cancers, missile-checkout procedures, and the like. Some of these expert systems are really very good. The best will ask questions, reach conclusions, and explain the reasoning behind them.

A recent article in the Wall Street journal quotes one major research firm's prediction that expert-system software sales—already more than $34 million in 1984—will continue to rise, becoming a mass market by the nineties. They also report on a program called Puff (Pulmonary Function), which assists a San Francisco lung specialist in diagnosis and prescription. My October 1983 column featured another medical program, Dr Larry Weed's ProblemKnowledge Coupler

There are not many micro-based expert systems because building the programs is not easy. Comes now Expert-Ease, which does that job.

Expert-Ease is a program that comes from Scotland. You sure can tell it, too. Not only is my copy decorated with a detail from Raeburn's painting "The Rev. Walker Skating on Duddingston Loch," but it also has, in huge red letters, the words "SAMPLE Not For Resale" stamped about 50 times randomly throughout the manual. The program is copyprotected and sells for 2000 bucksplus $50 for shipping and handling. The disclaimer specifically states that it's not fit for any particular purpose but contains trade secrets. My grandfather Maclnnie would have been delighted.

Whether the program is worth that much depends on how badly you need an expert system. Expert-Ease is based on some advanced Al research done at the University of Edinburgh, and it does seem to work. The manual is short on theory but it's certainly adequate to let you run the program. Apparently they expect anyone who has paid $2000 for an expert-system generator to have a pretty good idea of what he wants to do with it,

(CQKtinued)

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Inquiry 325

MAY 1985 -BYTE 333

Finally A Video Board That Leaves The Confusion Behind.

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> 1985 STB Systems, Inc.

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CHAOS MANOR

It works this way. First, you figure out what criteria you want the system to use to reach decisions. Then you give the program a bunch of examples in a matrix where the columns are the criteria and the rows are cases. The final column in the matrix is the recommendation an expert would make in each case. For example, you could take one of those tables of data from BYTE that give all the attributes of a computer, or a printer, or whatever: add your requirements and recommendations: and generate an "expert" system that would in theory make the same recommendations you would. Now anyone could use it to enter data about a new machine and see what you would say about it.

You don't have to enter all the cases you know about. When you think you have enough cases, you tell the machine to go to work. It trundles for a while and comes up with a decision rule. There's no "explanation" as such, but the rule is tree-structured, and you can examine it to see what the machine has done. If there aren't enough cases, the program will tell you by making "null" recommendations in the rule tree. This shows where new examples are needed.

If there are contradictory examples, the program will tell you. Contradictions usually mean you don't have enough criteria to establish an actual rule.

So far, so good.

Unfortunately the program doesn't know how to handle incomplete data or probabilities. It wants absolute certainty with no ambiguities. Worse, you can't weight the criteria. In fact, the program weights them for you according to their position in the matrix, with the left-hand criterion getting the greatest weight. New criteria (called attributes) can be inserted at any column position, so you can get the effect of weights by the placement of criteria. I tried to simulate probabilities, after a fashion, by adding an integer variable with a range of 0 to 100: but that didn't work well for me.

The manual is clear, and there are examples. The program is reasonably easy to understand but not so easy to

use because the editing capabilities are abysmal: the worst spreadsheet 1 know of has better editing functions. You can get the job done, but if it's a big job, you'l^ curse the program before you're done.

I'd think a Bayesian decisionanalysis program, which asks for criteria and weights and includes probabilities, could be altered to produce something considerably more powerful than Expert-Ease. Several single-decision Bayesian-theory programs were published in computer magazines back in the seventies, and at least one was sold for less than $100. Having said that, I confess that I'm not ready to sit down and write such a program. Expert-Ease does work, and if you need to generate an expert system from a large mass of cases and variables (up to 32 attributes, each with up to 32 values for logical variables, and a range of

-32,766 to -1-32,767 for integer values), I don't know of anything else that would do the job.

My copy of Expert-Ease came from Export Software International Ltd. of Edinburgh, but I understand that the program is marketed in the U.S. exclusively by Human Edge. This is the outfit that advertised the "expert" program called Mind Prober by promising, "We'll get you into her mind: the rest is up to you," until a number of magazines refused the advertisement. Human Edge also publishes Sales Edge, Negotiation Edge, Management Edge, and Communications Edge, all "expert-system" programs based on your responses to a series of questions very similar to the questions on a standard psychological test. The programs work fine, as programs, but 1 have serious reservations about the theory on which they're based: that's

{continued]

THE

IOMEGA CORPORATION 1821 West 4000 South Roy, Utah 84067

KKNOULU

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Inquiry 212

MAY 1985 -BYTE 337

A FEW NEAT THINGS YOU CAN DO WITH KODAK'S CAT QUICK INSTANT SLIDE-MAKERS.

Kodak n ^

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The system Includes KODAK INSTAGRAPHIC Copy Stand, KODAK INSTAGRAPHIC CRT Slide Imager and CRT Adapters, KODAK INSTAGRAPHIC Color Slide Film, and KODAK INSTAGRAPHIC Slide Mounter and Mounts.

© Eastman Kodak Company, 1985

338 BYTE • MAY 1985 Inquiry 148

CHAOS MANOR

a large enough subject that I'll get to it another time.

OmniTel Encore and Crosstalk

We have 1200-bps capability at last. Actually, I bought a U.S. Robotics 1200-bps modem nearly a year ago, but Alex took it to San Diego before 1 ever got it hooked up. He says it works fine, too. One day I'll get it back . ..

Anyway we recently received an OmniTel Encore I200B, which we installed in the Zenith Z-160. It went into that particular machine because the IBM PC has no open slots—I really should get an expansion box—and the Zenith Z-150 is still under Mrs. Pournelle's control. Installation was simple. The Encore can be addressed to ports COM3 or COM4 as well as the standard COMl and COM2. This means that if you already have two serial ports, as the Zenith machines and the Columbia PC do, there's still no problem putting in an internal modem.

The Encore came with Crosstalk XVI, so that's what we used. Crosstalk is a perfectly adequate communications program. I prefer Mycroft l.^boratories' MITE, because I find it easier to use: but I've been using MITE for years, too, so there's a familiarity factor there. I certainly didn't have any problems using Crosstalk, and I appreciated the terminalemulation capability built into the program, since I was able to log onto the ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) without changing the initialization file that tells MIT I'm using a Telewidget terminal.

There isn't a lot you can say about a modem. The Encore was simple to install, the price looks good, and it has worked just fine nearly every night for the past two weeks. I'm sending to Mycroft for a MITE program geared up for it. The Encore is compatible with the Hayes Smartmodem—much more so than the U.S. Robotics modem, has a built-in speaker that lets you hear what's going on (phone tones, dial tones, busy signals, etc.), and works just fine with Crosstalk.

OmniTel also makes 300-bps integral modems for Apple and PCjr and both 300- and 1200-bps stand-alones.

SemiDisk

We've had the SemiDisk RAM disk in the Epson QX-10 for some time now. Works fine, but, alas, only under CP/M; it can't hook into Valdocs 1.8, which is the Epson system that really needs a RAM disk. In fooling around with the SemiDisk, we learned that its implementation takes up 3328 bytes of the temporary program area (TPA), which can be significant on a big assembly or load. However, all you have to do is type

SEMIDISK R [or]

and the memory is recovered. Getting the RAM disk implemented is just as simple.

The SemiDisk comes with instructions on how to use part of its mem

ory as a printer buffer. Installation is simple, but you should read the manual a couple of times. They also have an automatic way to patch their COM file to include a whole bunch (about four pages!) of customization options you can install.

If you run an Epson QX-10 as a CP/M system, the SemiDisk will speed things up considerably

Last-minute good news for Epson owners: SemiDisk now has software to let you use the RAM disk with Valdocs 1.9.

MUSIC

Mrs. Pournelle teaches music, sings opera, and directs musicals at her school. She's thus very interested in music programs.

TLinesmith came about two hours ago. Alas, it's copy-protected. You can make backups, but you have to have

[continued]

briefcase database

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'""'TTTrL

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Inquiry 2 13

MAY 1985 -BYTE 339

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■ Is daisy chained off the existing floppy controller

■ Requires IBM plug compatible bus and internally selecte( 4 channel select floppy disk controller

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J

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CHAOS MANOR

the original system disk to put into drive A;, not merely the first time you use the program in a session, but every time you want to play a tune. Naturally 1 didn't make any backups.

Doesn't seem to have harmed the disk to run off it. The program plays a passable rendition of "Malaguena," a pretty bad one (according to rock/ jazz enthusiast lohn F. Carr) of "Foggy Mountain Breakdown." Every time I play a tune and want to hear another—there are about 18 on the disk, including "Clair de Lune," Fucik's "Entry of the Gladiators," etc.—I must (1) insert a disk with the Command files on it: (2| insert the original system disk,

1 don't feel good enough to do that.

While the program is playing, it shows a display of the notes played. They are not. alas, in standard musical notation, but consist of strings of data statements (complete with the word "DATA" and the quotation marks) that the cursor runs through, resting briefly on each note (ABEF etc) as it is played. There are also numbers and on the right side of the screen a standard musical notation shows one— and only one—note as it is played.

1 can see how it would be a lot of fun, but I am determined not to get addicted to copy-protected programs. Alas,

Fonts!

Now one that is not copy-protected. Fontrix, which works only on PCs with a color monitor. Since Lucy Van Pelt, our fussbudget IBM PC, has only the high-resolution green screen, we can't tell if Fontrix will work with the Orchid Technology PCturbo 186 board.

Fontrix works fine with the Z-150, which has a color screen. After you've bought Fontrix, you can get a whole mess of very nice fonts, from Arabic to Russian to a bunch of electronics symbols, for $20 a disk. The program allows you to modify existing fonts or create, name, and save your own.

It's supposed to print, and there's a menu of printers, including the really high-resolution Toshiba. The printer connected to our Z-150 is an MPl Sprinter dot-matrix, not listed on the

Fontrix driver list; I'm sure the MPl emulates one of the many that are on there, but it's too late to call MPl tonight. More next time.

Meanwhile, Peter has had an hour to play with it and wants to get a copy for the Hewlett-Packard Touchscreen: connect that to the HP Laserjet printer and you'd have some really nice fonts, graphics, designs, and all kinds of stuff.

I think we're going to like it, but this is an early report.

Winding Down

I've decided that if I have products of the year 1 should also have a folly of the year.

It was awfully close: in fact, a tie. The Chaos Manor Folly of the Year Award for 1984 is shared. Winner number one is W. Krag Brotby chairman of the Vault Corporation, for his threat to market Killer Prolok, a copy-protection

scheme that will "create a variety of nasty effects" for people who use unauthorized copies. The effects would include planting software worms that would cause the computer to malfunction at random times and under random tasks.

Winner number two is Craig McClure, vice president of Defendisk of Denver, who also threatens programs that insert worms into your operating system. They wouldn't necessarily surface for quite a long time. Mr. McClure says, "Our booby traps will make Vietnam look like a birthday party."

1 understand that whole teams of lawyers are anxiously awaiting the appearance of these products. I'm sure Defendisk and Vault will take lots of precautions to see that the original copies of software they protect won't hurt your system. What could go

[continued]

CHAOS MANOR

Items Discussed

A+ Mouse $150 SideKick $49.95

Mouse Systems Corporation Borland International

2336 H Walsh Ave. 4807 Scotts Valley Dr

Santa Clara, CA 95051 Scotts Valley CA 95066

(408) 988-0211 (408) 438-8400

COMPANION Computer $995 Smartline Smartboard $399

Confipanion Computers Wico

P.O. Drawer CC 6400 Gross Point Rd.

Apex, NC 27502 NUes, |L 60648

(919) 362-6655 ,3,2, 647-7500

Encore 1200B $499 _

Mrv,„iT=l ThinkTank OmniTel a i n

3090 Oakmead Village Dr fPP'^, ^ ;°

Santa Clara, CA 950ll

(408)986-8236 , wS^'^^

Living Videotext

Expert-Ease $2050 ^^'^'^ Charleston Rd.

Human Edge Software Corp' ' Mountain View CA 94043

244 5 Faber Place (415)964-6300

Palo Alto, CA 94303

(415) 493-1593 Trace86 $12 5

Professional BASIC $99

Fontrix Morgan Computing

Apple $95 10400 North Central Expressway

IBM $155 Suite 210

Data TVansforms Inc. Dallas, TX 75231

616 Washington St. (214)739-5895

Suite 106

Denver. CO 80203 Tunesmith $49.95

(303)832-1501 Blackhawk Data Corp,

307 North Michigan Ave.

LaserJet $3495 Chicago, IL 60601

Hewlett-Packard (312) 236-8476 19447 Pruneridge Ave,

Cupertino, CA 95014 Tutsim

(800) 367-4777 demonstration disk $29,95

IBM PC version $495

MTBASIC $49,95 + $3,50 Applied i

Softaid Inc, postage & handling 200 California Ave., #214

POB2412 Palo Alto, CA 94306

Columbia, MD 21045-1412 (415) 325-4800 (301) 792-8096

TWEEK $18

PCturbo 186 Topology

128K bytes $1095 poB 13038

256K bytes $1245 Oakland, CA 94661

Orchid Technology (707| 833-2348

47790 Westinghouse Dr,

Fremont, CA 94539 Universe

(^15)490-8586 Atari $89,95

SEMiDiSK /PP'^' PC 59« 50

512K bytes $799 O^^^'t^end Software

2 megabytes $2499 ^^^^ gj^^bury, CT 06092

POBGC (203)658-6917

Beaverton, OR 97075 (503) 642-3100

wrong? But iust to be safe, i think I'll take the precaution of not using them at all.

The book of the month is Pascal for BASIC Programmers by Charles Seiter and Robert Weiss (Addison-Wesley Microbooks, 1984). I wish I'd had this one years ago. it's clearly written, well organized, and has good examples, and one of the best discussions of pointers I've seen anywhere. If you're into noncomputer reading, 1 recommend \n Search of Schrodinger's Cat by British science writer )ohn Gribbin (Bantam New Age, 1984), It's a layman's-level discourse on modern physics and quantum mechanics. The cat in question is in a sealed box, and it will be killed if a particular atom emits a particle of radiation, but will be alive otherwise. It turns out that until the box is opened there may be two cats, one alive and one dead.

Coming up is a look at the HewlettPackard Touchscreen and Thinkjet inksprayer printer. The Touchscreen is a nice computer all by itself; and used as a high-resolution terminal in connection with the CompuPro Shirley it allows us to run SCADA, a professional-level computer-assisted-design program that rivals some of the best available on big minicomputers. More on that another time.

Meanwhile Tony has my copy of the CompuPro PC Video Board that lets an 8/16 S-100 computer run IBM PC software, and they swear I'll have it Real Soon Now; the contractors have poured the foundations for the new office addition and partly filled up the moat where the grapefruit tree used to be; the software stack has grown another foot; and there seems to be no end to the marvels the computer revolution pours forth. I love it. ■

]erry Pournelle welcomes readers' comments and opinions. Send a selfaddressed, stamped envelope to ]erry Pournelk. do BYTE Publications. POB 372, Hancock, NH 03449, Please put your address on the letter as well as on the envelope Due to the high volume of letters, ]erry cannot guarantee a personal reply.

342 BYTE- MAY 1985

-very option you'll ever need.

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FRONT

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I UP TO 32 USERS M PARALLEL. Add 8 or

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IBM PC is a registered trademark of IBM. ULTRAFRAME is a registered trademark of IBS, Inc.

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355 L

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Mycomputer(s)is:a IBM PC □ IBM-XT □ IBM-AT □ Apple II □ Macintosh □ Other

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344 BYTE • MAY 1985

GAMES & EDUCATIONAL SOFTWARE (PlgcM add II thlpplng and handling for uch titit ordarad trom balow.) WholaMla

Bluflbuah Chess (Your Tougtiesi Opponent) S 34.00*

Bluaohip MillioneirelOil Baron or Tycoon 34.00*

Brodtrtaund Lode Runner 18.7S*

CBS Goren-Bridge Made Eas/ 4S.00*

CBS Mastering the SA T 61.00'

Epyx Temple ol Apshei ai.S7"

Intooom Zork 1 or Witness 21.80'

Infocom DeBdIine. or Suspended 27.00'

MIcroaoft Flight Simulator 27.00'

Mouia Syalama PC Paint-Turn your B9.9B'

PC into A Color Macinloshl Orion JBird (QBen Look fiJike) Scirtxirough Mastenype

Scraanplay Asylum (works with mono card too) Slarra On-Ltna Frogger SlfltTfl On-LIni CrossHre Sublogic Night Mission Pintail Splnnakar Alphabet Zoo Splnnakar Delta Drawing Splnnakar Face Maker Splnnakar Hey Diddle Diddle Splnnakar Kinder Comp Splnnakar flAiymes & Riddles Splnnakar Story Machine Splnnakar WostAma2(ng Thing virtual ComblnallcB Micro Cookbook

BUSINESS SOFTWARE

(Pleaaa add t2.S0 ahlpping and tinndllng for aach titia ordar from balow.)

ATI How 10 use Multimate S 42.00'

ATI How (0 use Microsott: Word 42.00'

ATI How io use Lotus 1 ■2-3 42.00'

> Aahlon-TaleDfld^'. /ii 315.00Ashlon-Tolor/,ir7J,'iw'A 315.00' A»hton-Tata Friday! 161.00' Borland Side Kick (Protected) 26.00'

► Ccnlrar Polnl 1 23,00* Concaptuel inilrumanta Desk Organizer 1S7.00' Digital fleaaarch CP'M-B6 33.00' Digital Raaaarch DR Logo 67.00' Digital Raaaarch PUI Compiler 309.00* Digital flaaaarch ConcurrentCPIM~Windov/s 185.07' Funk Softwara Sideways 38.00* Harvard l-ta'vatd Project Manager 166.00* Howardaott Tax Preparer 1985 177.00*

*■ Hrfyas \ ■ , .■. . .■ ■ 1 .■.■.(,■■ ■ 68.00

Human Edga The Management Edge 146.00*

Human Edga The Salestdge 148.00*

Human Edga Mind Prober 2B.46*

Uitllca C Compiler 310.00*

>■ Lotus Devoiopment(.ofus '-2-3 265.00*

Lotua Davalopmant Symphony MIcroRIm RBase 41300 Mlcroaoft C Compiler Microsoll ■ ,■ WerotoH Mulliplan Monogram Dollars & Sense

Oaala The Word Plus Opan Syatama PlO Sales AIR INV G'L AlP Team Mgr Raal World G'L AJP AiR PiR oi OE"WV Roaaaotl Prokey Version 3 Ryan McFarlandfiM COBOL fDev System) Samna Samna III Word Processor Sataiita Softwara WordPerfect Sottcraft Fancy Fonts Softatyia SET-fx Softwara Publiahing PFS: File Softwara Publiahing PFS Report Softwara Publlafilng PFS: Write Softwara Publlafilng PFS: Graph TC8 Total Ledger Varbatim Desk Drive Analyzer

Wfiolaaala S 15.50" 21.00* 18.00' 24.00* 15.97* 24.97* 15.97* 15.97*

is.gr

15.97' 15.97* 20.77* 21,00*

CALL S230.00* 275.00' 205,00" 105.00' CALL 239.0090.00' 370.00'ai 387.50* 74.00* 570.00* 325.00' 215.00* 125.00* 35.00* 72.00* 64.00' 72.00" 72.00' 440.00* 25.00'

HARDWARE (Plaaat add ahlpping and hartdling ohargaa found In Italics naxt to prica.)

CALL

CALL

CALL

CALL

2.735.00

159 08!

1,999.00'

H3.S0)

CALL

1.4&S.02*

(32 55)

1.962.52'

(4287)

CALL

CALL

920.00*

(■13.39)

1.775.00'

moo)

CALL

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' MMI J" JUMa LOW rawer w/ncnesJef

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Drive lor AT Maynard Floppy Disk Controller Maynard WS-l WMB Internal Hard Disk Mainard WS-2 same as WS-i but with

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HAYES COMPATIBLE E/.TEP.UA.L MODEM! Anchor Volksmodem 300 47.00' Hsyaa Smartmodem 1200B ,/rth r-tti 328.92'

Smencom IIVT100 Emulator Promalftaua PfomoOem 1200

External fOO% Hayes Compatible U.S. Robotics Password (Compact

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Apparat 256K Memory Board with 64K $ 81.00* (' 75)

Apparat Combo ll w/serlparlgamel 115.00' 12 48)

Clocklstwr

Apparat A T Ram Expansion card 136.00' (2 50)

AST Six-Pack Plus with 64K 229.00" (2 SO)

MT110 Plus II 120.00' (2.50)

AST Advantage lor AT CALL

EVEREX Magic Card.64K 160.00* '-O.i f-'ilt f i: - Game Pur!

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200.00' 190.00195.00"

545.00'

(12 00)

019.00'

(13.50)

4.900.00'

(106.00)

4,900.00'

(106.00)

03.00'

(2.50)

770.00'

(1B.15)

930.00'

(20.30)

149.00'

(2.50)

190.00'

(3.10)

145,00'

{2 -18}

109.00'

(2.20)

2,445.00'

(46.44)

22S.0O'

(5.29)

675.00285.00* 1,533.00*

225.00*

365.00' 520.00' CALL 21.00* 618.00* 615.001.160.00* 1,222.00* 1,590.00*

200.00*

(2 50) (2 50) 12 50)

118 90) (6 16) (33 12)

(100) (13 50}

is.2r

1.69* 13.00* 16.00"

270.00* 240.00*

(100) (100) (100) (I 00}

(1.00) (2.50)

(6.00) (5.60)

MONITORS Amdtii Video SOOGCompQsiTB Green S 110.00' (3.00)

Amdak Video 300A Composite Amber 120.00* (3.00)

Amdsk Video 31QA IBM Type Amber 130,00' (3.00)

Amdak Color 300 (NEW!) Composite 218.00' (4.64)

Amdak Color 600 (NEW!) High Res RGB 398.00' (8.53;

Amdak Color 700(NEW!) Ultra High Res 468,00* f9.fl3;

Amdak Color 710 (NEW!) 700 ^j/Non 488.00' (10.48)

GlarelLong Phosphor

Princaton HX-12 RGB Monitor CALL

Prlncaton WAX-12 /GS Mono CALL

Princaton SR-12 Ultra High Res RGB CALL

■ QuHdram ■ ■.■ ■ .■.'£VV' 370.00' (821)

o-iO«:oohGS'.v. Screen,

Black Pimpnoi MaskllBM Case • Samaung 17' TTL IBM Type Arntiei

Taxan 420 Super High Res RGB Monitor 360.00' (8.21)

Taxan 440 Highest ftes RGB (720x400) 828.00' (11 -34)

Currently Available Works With Persyst Bob Card

Zanlth ZVM-123 Green Hign Res 76.00' (2.50)

(Consumer Reports Rated Best Buy!)

PRINTERS

C. Itoh ^10/40 Stan^riter 40 CPS iO C. Itoh Prowriler8510AP Comrax CP-120 420 CPS DPILQ Printer

From the Epson Organization >■ Epson iiO iOOCFbSOCOt LO Mom:

— Nc-w Model"

► Epson rXSO Epson fx J00 + Epaon £.0)500

Epaon iBM'to-EPSON Parallel Cable

► NEC 2030 20CPS/.OPa'-a/le/

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IBM Version *- OkldataML IS2/Vew J20CPS/£.0

ModeiFRICPIBM Graphics + "lOre »■ Okldata W£rt"Coto'20S0CPSyi00+ Cotorsi 109.00'

1.0 MndeiIBM Graphics! t More (Requires Inlcrlaci^ I

► Okldata W.TIV IBM tnU-'lact^ lor OkmuiU.- 69.00*

► Okldata ML84P 200CPS 132 Col 820.00* OkldataML92Pr60CPSS0Co/Pm;e'- 360.00'

»- Okldala ML93P 160 CPS Wide Platen 550.00'

► Okldata24lOPPacemafce/350CPS 1.640.00'

► Okldata iBM-to-Okidata Parallel Cable 20.75* Quma Sprint 1V40 40CPS Letter Duality 1,155.00* Quma Sprint 1U90 90CPS Letter Quality CALL

New! rastesl Daisywheel Out'

Quma IBM Cable and interlace (required) 72.00*

► SilverReod - ■■ . ■ ■.J:..,i:!v 230.00"

► SilverReod EXr .■■■■ ■..i . ::■. i Lji/,,;-fv 280.00Texaa Inatrumanta 855 DPILO wiTractot 716.00* Toahlbs P- J 340 80 Col Version ol P-135 J 696.00' Toahlbs P- J35 M 60/100 CPS DratllLO 1,200.00'

LQ Printer

VIDEO CARDS Haroutaa Color Card wiParallel Port $ 148.00'

► Harculaa Monochrome Graphics Cards 273.00' Paradlaa New Modular Multidisplay Card 256.00* Parayat Bob Card Ultra High Res Color 366.00'

Card with Mono Quality Text m Color

► BTBGraphixPlusllNEW! 236.00' /5 00J

(simultaneous Mono Graphics & Color)

(13 40) 17 56)

(II 88)

(35 42) nOO)

(24 00)

(15 50) (15 03) (25 92)

(3 20} (2 50) [2 50) 12 50)

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Inquiry 309

At SSI, we face a monumental challenge; living up to the name we gave our word processing software. After all, with a name like WordPerfect the product had better measure up. Obviously if s doing just that For good reasoa

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Reaching for perfection.

346 BYTE • MAY 1985

Inquiry 353

CHAOS MANOR MAIL

New Software

Dear Jerry,

Enclosed is a complimentary copy of our new product. CLUBware DIsicette #1. I am sending it to you for a couple of

reasons.

First. I would like to thank you for your many humorous and useful insights into tiie microcomputer industry. 1, as do many of my acquaintances, always open BYTE to your column first.

Second, I hope you will find both our CLUBware concept and the first product intriguing enough to write about.

This release of CLUBware is an attempt to unbust the IBM PC's BASIC. (Guess what newsletter we have been reading.) That is, Microsoft made some poor design decisions in implementing the screen I/O of its BASIC. It is understandable, if for no other reason than that it was under considerable time pressure from Big Blue. We have essentially reverse-engineered the product and can dynamically apply a fix that accelerates screen output.

At any rate, please take an opportunity to run CLUBware on some IBM PC BASIC applications. I think you will discover that even a poor little IBM PC can really shine.

Joe Rayhawk Rayhawk Automation, N W, Inc. 11600 Southwest Barnes Rd.

Suite 230 Portland OR 97225

Great routines. If you put that good of a stuff on all your disks, you ought to get a lot of subscribers. Thanks.—jerry

Scientific Computing

Dear lerry

After reading the letter by Steve Maas in the August 1984 BYTE, which is the second letter in recent months trying to convince you that FORTRAN is the one and only language for scientists and engineers, past, present, and future. I decided that I finally had to overcome my laziness and write an opposing letter I too am a scientist, and I have worked for 24 years in research for one of the largest corporations. However, 1 am not a member of the Moral FORTRAN Majority but belong to the Immoral Pascal Minority because I had

the benefit of starting with ALGOLr60 as my first computer language, back in the early sixties on a Burroughs B-5500. Later 1 too had to convert to FORTRAN, and still later I learned BASIC because these languages were all that were available on the computers I was using. When I finally graduated to a CompuPro microcomputer and had my own choice of languages. I ran, not walked, to get a Pascal compiler. Comparing these four languages, I know from experience that Pascal is by far the best choice for science and engineering, for all the well-known reasons that you already have pointed out.

I submit that the dominance of FORTRAN in science and engineering is by no means an indication that it is the best language, or even a good language, but came about only by historical development. The FORTRAN myth is based on a vicious cycle: In the IBM-dominated world of mainframe computers, all that was available to scientists and engineers was FORTRAN. Therefore, in the past, the universities taught them to program in FORTRAN. Therefore, large libraries of existing programs, all written in FORTRAN, were built up. Therefore, in order to avoid duplication, all scientists and engineers are using FORTRAN. FORTRAN forever! No progress possible!

Well, not all is lost yet! This vicious cycle is being broken now The universities seem to be teaching mainly Pascal, and with the microcomputer revolution, Pascal is available to everybody. For the first time, individual programmers can make their own choice.

However. FORTRAN cannot be simply ignored; There is, after all, this large mass of existing programs and subroutines. Ways must be found to integrate FORTRAN modules into modern languages, such as Pascal, Modula-2, Ada, and C, so that FORTRAN can be used for existing programs. All new programs can, and should, be written in one of the modern languages. For this purpose, the design of Ada includes a language pragma, i.e., a compiler directive telling the Ada compiler to compile FORTRAN source code within an Ada program. The implementation of this pragma, however, seems to be in the future or, as you would express it. in the

Real Soon Now category. What is available right now are the "common back-end"

compilers by Microsoft and. more recently by Digital Research. These compilers are designed so that only the first pass is different for each language, while the second pass is the same for all languages supported. Thus, modules written in different languages can be linked together into one executable program.

All developers of Ada, Modula-2, Pascal, and C compilers should include a facility that allows you to link in compiled FORTRAN modules, folllowing the example given by Microsoft. Most of these systems do provide for linking in assembly-language modules.

I was using Digital Research's Pascal MT-t-86, but I switched to Microsoft's MSPascal partially because of its interlinkability with MS-FORTRAN77 and partially because it allows using the full address space of the 8086. Both compilers are written in MS-Pascal, and both produce object modules that can be linked together by the MS-DOS linker. The main program can be either in Pascal or in FORTRAN. Both languages support separate compilation of modules. The Pascal part supports modules (like Pascal MT+&6] as well as units (like UCSD Pascal). Procedures in the modules or units can be external and can be in FORTRAN or assembly language. Thus, I write the main program and all new work in Pascal and use the FORTRAN compiler for existing scientific subroutines that are made part of a Pascal unit as separately compiled external procedures. This works very well. The MS-FORTRAN77 compiler compiled a large FORTRAN iV program, ported from a mainframe, essentially without changes—no complaints at all!

In order to run MS-Pascal and MSFORTRAN, 1 had to switch my CompuPro 8/16 system from CP/M to MS-DOS, and I do not want to miss this opportunity to point out to you and all other CompuPro enthusiasts thfe availability of MS-DOS and, more recently IBM PC-DOS on CompuPro systems from Computer House in San Rafael, California, under the trade names MS-PRO and PC-PRO, Both systems are simply wonderful, and I hope that you

MAY 1985 -BYTE 347

CHAOS MANOR MAIL

will review them in your column when time and space permit. You can boot up either MS-DOS (MS-PRO) or PC-DOS (PC-PRO) on any standard CompuPro 8/16 system without losing your CP/M-80 or CP/M-86 capability

Please keep up your support of Pascal. Modula-2, and Ada and tell all your letter writers from the scientific and engineering community that, yes. FORTRAN and

BASIC programs are difficult to read, difficult to debug, and difficult to maintain, and let them know that they don't know what they are missing if they do not try something that is new to them. After all. science is the search for new frontiers, which would also include computer programming.

GUNTHER E. MOLAU

Clayton, CA

Thank you for a very thoughtful letter. Your point is well made.

I hadn't known about MS-PRO and PCPRO: the difficulty we've always bad running PC-DOS is teaching the machine to talk to whatever terminal we had running at the time. Now, though, I have Concurrent DOS, which does have MS-DOS as well as allowing me to run CP/M 8/16. giving me the best of both worlds. I'll try to get MS-PRO and compare.

Best.—jerry

U.S. Contacts

Dear lerry

I hope you will be able to help me. I represent a small group of French computer and data-network (not hackers, of course) enthusiasts.

We are looking for contacts with American fans, and we could give them access to a French electronic mailbox (free of charge!) on our national computerized data network (020807 5040371 or 0208075040864).

Pascal Lagadic Residence Cornouaille 28, Bd Bougainville F.29II0 Concarneau, France

Anyone out there interested? Please keep me posted.—\erry

Writing and Editing

Dear jerry

1 am half of an information-center support group responsible for microcomputers at a power company The staff consists of two groups: mainframe support and microcomputer support. We provide a monthly newsletter to all corporate users of either mainframes or microcomputers. Presently we are creating and editing this letter on our IBM mainframe using a fullscreen editing product (ISPF). As you have said often, any form of word processing, even a very crude one. is better than a typewriter.

What would you recommend to streamline the writing and editing process? We have access to several IBM PCs and compatible computers. Some members of our group use various word-processing programs (WordStar. WordPerfect, EasyWriter). and I have convinced the rest that we could produce a better newsletter on a PC with less effort. To add to the problem, many of our users submit articles. They submit them in a printed format, but most are generated on some type of microcom

348 BYTE- MAY 1985

Inquiry 6

CHAOS MANOR MAIL

puter. The articles could come off of noncompatible machines. Do you know a word-processing program that would allow all our writers to use any program they want and still make it fairly easy to bring it all together for formatting, spelling checking, indexing, etc.? I believe this would also be useful to the company's PC Club, which is open to members with any kind of computer. Our company has 5000 employees, so you can imagine the cross section of machines and programs we could be looking at.

Thanks for your time and keep up the great work!

Kevin Wandtke Milwaukee, Wl

My guess is that your common denominator is going to be WordStar IV/iat you need is a series of filters that will turn foreign files into something that WordStar can eat.

Those are not difficult to come by. I wrote my own for the Z80 (in assembly language, yet: just use the "Copy" program example in DR's MAC document as a base and start adding features). It shouldn't be hard to write 8088 filters: use Turbo Pascal or Logitech's Modula-2. After you've done a couple of filters you'll find the rest are easy.

The filter should take text from one editorial format and write a new file with the text in WordStar format. From there it's easy.

Best.—Jerry

CP/M-80 AND 8-BIT Machines

Dear lerry

What is the future of CP/M-80 and the 8-bit machine? I have been following software developments very closely for the past eight months, and it appears that aside from KAMAS, Hjrbo Pascal, and the three C compilers covered in the lune 1984 BYTE, there has not been a new software product introduced for CP/M-80 in two years. Even the latest public-domain software packages have 1982 dates in the copyright notices. NSWP206 excluded, of course.

Is CP/M-80 on the way out. or is it alive and well, hiding behind an impenetrable barrier of high-hype 16-bit advertisements? What do you see CP/M-80 being used for in the future?

Finally one more question: Has the supply of new CP/M-80 software dried up for good?

Allen Stanbury Barrie, Ontario, Canada

Clad you asked.

Some of the best bargains in computing are 8-bit CP/M machines new or used.

Their advantages: they 're plenty good enough for a lot of really interesting work. I managed my affairs for years with Ezekial, my friend who happened to be a Z80, and you can get a better machine than he was (sorry, old friend} for a lot

less than I paid for him.

There is a lot of software out there for 8-bit CP/M machines: particularly for those with a Z80 processor (which most now have). Most of that software is lowcost, and much of it is free or nearly so. You can even get ZCPR-3, which revamps the operating system into something a heck of a lot nicer than MS-DOS. There's

[conlimed]

Inquiry 7

MAY 1985 -BYTE 349

CHAOS MANOR MAIL

a lot more software that was published by companies that no longer support it and that has effectively fallen into the public domain: no one will give permission for swapping it, but no one cares much either And. of course, most 8-blt machines come bundled with some really good programs.

Finally: when you do upgrade, you can go the 8/16 route: machines like the Z-lOO and the CompuPro line immediately come to mind. These will run all your old familiar software: I'm writing this with an 8-bit text-editor program called WRITE that I prefer to anything else I've seen.

Disadvantages: you won't upgrade easily, and probably not at all. There's little new commercial software being written for 8-bit CP/M machines: that means you'll have to join user groups and scrounge about: and even so, as time passes you'll see more and more about the newest programs with fancy features that your 8-bit system just won't handle.

There's not a lot of support for either software or hardware. You 'II have to learn a bit more of what you're doing. CP/tA

takes a couple of days' study before you can do much with It and a couple of weeks' use before It becomes automatic. Most of the 8-blt software was written In times when computer users were expected to put some effort Into learning about computers.

Should you get an 8-bit machine? Like most questions, the answer is "That depends." If you're one of those people who has to have the latest and best no: but if you just want to get some jobs done while holding down costs, you'll think hard about 8-bit CP/M systems They'll be around for years yet—Jerry

Miscellanea

Dear lerry.

I enjoy your observations on the industry, your user viewpoint, and the generally good advice on products and systems. I am now involved in the computerization of a law office for my father. Because of your column, I have looked at the Zenith Z-150 plus network (four workstations) and the CompuPro System 10.

Either system will be built around a 40megabyte hard disk. The Zenith would run under Concurrent DOS. We have not made up our minds yet. iVly dad's office is less than 20 miles from the Heath factory that makes the units.

in the December volume of the ACM Sigplan Notices on Programming languages. David V. Moffat of North Carolina State University wrote a paper on Modula-2. As you have been writing about how great a programming environment Modula-2 is, I wonder if you feel Mr. Moffat's concerns have any merit.

When you discuss text editors you have not mentioned WordPerfect by Satellite Software. Have you used this package?

I think that Borland should get a company-of-the-year award for its fine products. My System Engineer wife has gone exclusively to Hirbo when programming in Pascal. TUrbo is very popular with the computer science students at Old Dominion University.

Robert Adams ■Norfolk. VA [continuedl

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CHAOS MANOR MAIL

Alas, I haven't seen WordPerfect.

Thank you for including Professor Moffat's paper on Modula-2. I can share some of his unhappiness about the lack of I/O within the Modula-2 language itself I'd like it better if there were richer I/O functions built in, or failing that if there were a defined standard I/O library (set of I/O definition modules) every compiler publisher had to implement.

Of course, what Moffat does here Is to reject Wirth's most basic philosophy of keeping compilers small and simple. Perhaps he's right. I don't think so.

In my early days with this column. I explicitly refused to examine languages per se and confined my attention to particular implementations that I could run •on my own machines. This got me into considerable trouble with the Pascal lovers. When Modula-2 came around I changed my rule: I liked what I saw of Modula-2 from the first instant. I was influenced in that by the ease with which you can translate programs from Pascal to Modula-2.

1 did not care for the lack of I/O within

Modula-2, but 1 was assured that there would be, with any Implementation, a library of I/O procedures adaptable to the particular machines (and I/O devices!) the compiler would support Alas, Moffat has a point: there seems to have been little standardization of the libraries I expect that to change: if it doesn't, Modula-2 will not become the language of the future for microcomputers.

It may not anyway. In the three years since I gave Modula-2 my support small computers have changed radically. They are faster, have more memory, and can access much larger files. As a result, we have got better and better versions of BASIC, with debugging tools and compilers: and while no one will ever write an operating system in BASIC, it has also taken longer than I would have bet to get the Modula-2 operating system Implemented on anything I can run it on.

Part of Moffat's objections regarding portability seem founded on an insufficient understanding of the difference between definition and implementation modules. His ad homlnem arguments—

the only Modula-2 enthusiasts are those who will somehow profit from Its success—are untrue and not worth com'

menting on.

His final observation, that there is no ' final" computer language, is probably true: but it fails to answer the question, "What should the user learn after BASIC?" For Moffat to tell us that SNOBOL and APL handle many problems perfectly Is probably not much use to the general public.

For now, my advice to readers is to learn some BASIC, then get Borland's TUrbo Pascal and a good introductory Pascal text. Follow that up by getting some books with Pascal source code and examine how good programs are written. Even if you never write any major programs In Pascal, learning the language will teach you a lot about program structure.

We also have good Modula-2 Implementations now. I already have review copies of professional programs written in IjOgitech Modula-2 for the IBM PC.

Best regards.—Jerry ■

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352 BYTE • MAY 1985

Inquiry 196

Make Any Computer Do Exactly What You Want With McGraw-Hill's

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Whether you use computers for business, for persona] applications, or for fun, off-the-shelf programs will never do everything you want them to do for you. That's because they were written by programmers to satisfy what they perceived as the needs of the greatest number of potential users—often missing some or many of your specific needs.

That's why McGraw-Hill's new Contemporary Programming and Software Design Series teaches you how to create your own software . . . either from scratch or by making key modifications to existing programs.

There is nothing magical about it. You learn the process of building a computer program step-by-step with McGraw-Hill Concept Modules sent to you one at a time, once a month. Each of the ten modules in the Series takes you through an important step in the development of the structure and detailed logic of a program, including testing, debugging, and documentation

Unique Interactive Hands-On Instruction

Each module includes an easy-to-understand guide PLUS a S'/i" floppy disk containing typical programs and interactive instruction that you can run on any IBM or IBM-compatible computer for hands-on experience.

In the first Module, for example, when your sample program (Declining Interest Loans) appears on your screen, youll find errors on certain program lines. YouH also see that the program is only three-quarters completed.

Now comes the fun part. Youll discover how this program is built, and in the process you'll learn how to identify and correct errors. And by the end of Module 1, you'll actually have completed this program yourself.

But there's more. Special graphics on your screen work in conjunction with the accompanying guide to amplify, illustrate, and deepen your understanding of software design principles.

Learn the Foundation of All Computer Languages

Although the Series teaches you programming procedures, it is not aimed at

any one language or machine. Why? Because 95% of the programming process is carried out using design techniques that are independent of a specific language or machine. Nevertheless, we include enough training in BASIC and machine language to get you started. You'll find that the whole process of learning new languages will be greatly accelerated once you complete the Series.

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The sample programs you work with throughout the Series are excellent learning tools. But they're more than that. By combining the sample programs onto one master disk, you'll create your own family financial package that will help you balance your budget, figure loan amortization, and much more. And — of course — you'll be able to further modify your financial package to fit your own specific needs!

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IBM IS a fcgislered trademark ol Inlernalional Business Machines. Inc

MAY 1985 -BYTE 353

IMSI Presents PC PaintbrusK"

With PC Paintbrush, you'll now be able to do things that you once only dreamed about.

Because, like your dreams, you'll be working with a palette of up to 256 vibrant colors and shades, depending on your color card.

And, as you'll notice, you'll also have drawing tools, drop-down menus, and a range of brush widths and shapes. Plus your choice of mouse or joystick.

In addition to freeform drawing, you'll be able to draw precise triangles, rectangles, boxes, circles and ellipses.

You'll be able to cut, paste, and move things around. Even enhance graphs, text, and images from other programs like Lotus 1-2-3, Microsoft Word, and SuperCalc 3.

But don't stop with painting. PC Paintbrush also gives you an electronic type shop to work with. Several fonts, from Olde English to Computer. Each in seven styles (boldface, italics, underline, etc.) and seven sizes.

All of which makes it great for designing everything from fliers and report covers to greeting cards and birthday banners. (For a wall-sized work of art, just print sideways.)

The possibilities are endless. But the best way to see for yourself is to see for yourself. Get a demonstration at your nearest computer store.

Then, draw your own conclusions.

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PC Parnlbrush is a registered Iractemark of ZSOFT CORP

354 BYTE • MAY 1985

Inquiry 202

New RAM chips and computers

BY*WilLLIAM M. RAIKE

William M. Raife, who holds a Pft.D. in applied mathematics from Not^fiwestem University, has taught

operations research and computer science in Aitslin. Texas, and Monterey, California, He holds a patent on a voice scrambler and was formerly an officer of Cryptext Corporation in the United States In 1980. he went to \apan looking for 64K-6it RAMs. He has been there ever since as a technical translator and software developer.

BYTE JAPAN

Megabits and Gigaflops

For about a week, lapan was closed for business. But that's not as strange as it sounds; the week was lanuary 1-7, and virtually all stores,

restaurants, and other businesses here close for the New Year holidays. After a frantic few weeks of bonenkai (literally, "forgetthe-year parties"), Tokyo's crowds vanish, with many people going off to visit relatives in rural areas.

After my customary New Year's Eve visit to a neighborhood shrine, listening to the drums heralding the new year and sipping sake from a traditional little square wooden box, there was plenty of peace and quiet for writing columns, and even time to get around to some long-delayed software chores.

Before the holidays, though, there were a number of computer-related develop. ments in the news, in addition to announcements of a new supercomputer and of the test production of 1-megabit memory chips, both NEC and Fujitsu introduced new personal computers.

Megabit RAM Chips from IBM Japan

The latest round in the ongoing competition for large-scale memory chips was the

start of IBM lapan Ltd.'s test production of 1-megabit dynamic RAM (random-access read/write memory) chips. Quantity production is still probably at least a year away; the entire output is destined for in-house consumption, with the chips to be installed in computers manufactured by IBM lapan. The plant, located in Shiga Prefecture in western Japan, has produced both 64K-bit and 2 56K-blt dynamic RAM chips for the past year or so.

New Supercomputer

Fujitsu Ltd. is the second-largest manufacturer of personal computers in Japan (well behind NEC); however, the company is the largest manufacturer of mainframes. It now claims to be the fastest, too, after having just

announced a new supercomputer The new behemoth is called the VP-400. and Fujitsu claims that it is capable of computing at the rate of 1 gigaflop (one billion floating-point operations) per second. Like the Hitachi S-810 supercomputer 1 talked about in BYTE lapan last month (see "The Fifth Generation in lapan," page 401). that is a peak rate, dependent on taking the greatest possible advantage of the pipeline structure of the hardware. The actual processing rate for the Hitachi machine can be as much as six times slower than the peak rate, depending both on the specific application and on how finely the software is tuned. Fujitsu is undoubtedly just as adept at playing the specifications game as Hitachi is. From the viewpoint of peak processing speeds it may look as if japan's supercomputer manufacturers are in a position to compete with the U.S.'s Cray Research Corp., but unless their software (and documentation) improves soon, the impact of lapanese supercomputers outside lapan is unlikely to be economically substantial.

No NEC-Compatible from IBM?

IBM Personal Computers (PCs) are downright rare in lapan, for reasons that include relative technical inferiority inability to support the Japanese language, high prices, poor distribution, and high-priced maintenance. The IX computer introduced by IBM Japan late last year has not been enthusiastically accepted for some of the same reasons. In addition to the MSX standard for very low priced computers, there is a de facto standard in Japan for powerful, multipurpose personal computers: it's the NEC 16-bit personal computer family, the PC-9801 series. In the 16-bit personal computer market here in Japan, the PC-9801 E and PC-9801 F command more than a 70 percent share of the market. (NEC's APC 111, introduced last year in the U.S., is similar to the PC-9801 F2 except for the floppy-disk capacity and the hardware features that

[continued]

MAY 1985 - BYTE 355

BYTE JAPAN

NEC has trumped its own ace with

the PC-9801M2.

support the Japanese language.)

When new software or peripheral equipment is introduced in lapan, the versions for the PC-9801 are invariably the first to hit the market; if you go to a computer show, most of the software and peripherals vendors demonstrate their wares on a PC-9801F2. (The F2 designation indicates the model with two built-in floppy-disk drives. There are also Fl and F3 models; the F3 has one floppy disk and one 10-megabyte hard disk built in.)

So dominant is the position of this machine that I've only half-jokingly suggested that IBM Japan, instead of bringing out the JX. should have borrowed a trick from the IBM PC's imitators and introduced a machine of its own that was fully NEC PC-980Icompatible.

The Latest and Greatest NEC Machine

In the past month, NEC has apparently trumped its own ace by introducing the PC-9801 M2. It's not really a new machine, but it represents several technical refinements over the F2 model, along with a substantial price reduction.

The two biggest differences are that the floppy-disk drives in the M2 hold 1 megabyte each instead of 640K bytes as in the F2, and the basic price (the list price is equivalent to about $1650) now includes a standard 2 56K bytes of memory instead of the F2's 128K bytes. A mouse interface is included with the M2; it was optional in the F2. Since adding 128K bytes of memory to the F2 costs about $160 and takes up one expansion slot, the extra memory on the main board of the M2 is a real advantage. And my own experience with the 1-megabyte disk drives in my Fujitsu computer has been very satisfying; it's a great relief

not having to swap disks or remember which program is in which drive during an edit-compile-debug cycle.

The central processing unit of the PC-9801 M2 is an 8086-2 running at 8 MHz, although you can switch to a 5-MHz clock rate for compatibility with earlier versions of the PC-9801 computer NEC offers an optional 8087-2 numeric coprocessor (there's a socket for it on the main board) that runs at 8 MHz, but the price for the chip is a hefty $325.

Main memory is expandable to 640K bytes. That may seem like a lot, but I'm spoiled; my Fujitsu can handle up to a megabyte (it has 768K bytes installed now), and I use 512K bytes of that as a RAM disk. Fujitsu's version of the CP/M-86 operating system "knows" that drive M: is the RAM disk, so I normally load any necessary files onto drive M; when I boot up the computer; then I just forget about waiting for disk I/O (input/output). The trouble with NEC's limit of 640K bytes is that many programs need at least 2 56K bytes to run in. That leaves only 384K bytes free for a RAM disk, which is squeezing things a bit if you want to load something like Digital Research's C compiler and its associated linker and library files, in addition to an editor and various utilities.

In addition to the standard 96K bytes of ROM (read-only memory) containing the BASIC interpreter the PC-9801M2 comes with a kanji ROM board with the 2965-character |1S (Japan Industrial Standard) No. I kanjicharacter set; the IIS No. 2 set of 3384 additional characters is available as an option for less than $50. Japanese characters are displayed on the screen in a 16- by I6-dot font, with 40 characters per line. As is common with personal computers in lapan at this price level, the operating system supports the full Japanese language; the basic price does not include an operating system, but both lapaneselanguage CP/M-86 and MS-DOS are available as options for about $40. You can also buy the PC-UX operating system, which is essentially a UNIX System III; it costs about $1200 and requires at least 384K bytes of mem

ory and a 10-megabyte hard disk. (The hard disk costs an extra $1775.)

The rest of the PC-9gOIM2 is unchanged from the F2 version; 192K bytes of graphics video RAM • is standard—graphics are in eight colors with 640- by 400-dot resolution. An 8-bit parallel printer interface is, of course, standard, as is an RS-232C serial interface and a calendar/clock with battery backup. There are three expansion slots.

NEC offers a wide selection of display monitors and printers. For example, there's a 14-inch high-resolution (640- by 400-dot) monochrome display that lists for about $230. while a 14-inch high-resolution color display goes for about $670. The PR-101 printer is a very high quality 24-pin dot-matrix printer that prints 80 characters per line and lists for about $950 (it also prints beautiful kanji characters), while the new PR-201CL is a 24-pin dot-matrix printer that prints 136 characters per line in eight colors and lists for about $1300. (The printers use conventional 8-bit parallel interfaces and print either alphanumeric or kana/kanji characters.)

FUJITSU'S BETA

You'd think that one FM-I6 would be like another FM-16. It's not necessarily so. Fujitsu's new FM-16/3, known as the Beta, bears little resemblance to the FM-16S that's sold in the U.S. This new computer is Fujitsu's answer to the NEC PC-9801 M2, and it's quite a machine. If I hadn't just bought my FM-I IBS, I'd want to own the FM-I6(3.

To begin with, the Beta uses Intel's 80186 microprocessor. The basic architecture of the 80186 is similar to the 8086, and it can run all 8086 software, but the 80186 has some features that make it quite a bit faster than the 8086. For example, the reduced number of instructionexecution cycles lets it perform integer multiplication and division about three times as fast as the 8086. From the hardware engineer's standpoint, the on-chip interrupt controller, timer clock generator and DMA (direct memory access) channel let

[contimecd

356 BYTE- MAY 1985

Howlb Solve The Problems PCs Create

In Two Words.

Back-UpT"

It's all you have to say when one of your PCs goes down. We specialize in servicing business PCs. Particularly IBM-PCs. We also service your mixed brands of peripherals, too.

Our service is fast, flexible and economical. We use a range I of service options to design a program that's right for your company. Fixed fee. Per-call. And our unique flexible fee, which can save you up to 70% over traditional maintenance contracts.

But no matter which options you choose, Back-Up gives you centralized support. So calling one number brings service to your company's PCs. Anywhere across the country.

Back-Up is just one of the ways we're using proven technology to solve computer maintenance problems worldwiae. Call 1-800-346-6789 (in Minnesota 612/292-2209). Outside the U.S., call your local Control Data office. Wherever you are. Whenever you need us.

CONTRpL DATA

Copyright @ I9S5 Control Data Corporation

IBM-PC and IBM are registered trademarks of the International Business Machines Corporation.

Inquiry 110

MAY 1985 -BYTE 357

BYTE JAPAN

the 80186 chip perform functions all by itself that otherwise would require additional chips. Finally, the 80186 offers some additional machine instructions, called stack-frame instructions, that could potentially improve the efficiency of programs written in highlevel languages. This last advantage is largely an illusion, though; at this writing 1 don't know of any compilers that take advantage of this feature.

In addition to the 80186, the Beta incorporates an MBL68B09 coprocessor running at 2 MHz to manage the display, graphics functions, and keyboard, relieving the main processor of these burdens. All of the functions handled by the coprocessor are accessible from application programs via BIOS (basic input/output system) function calls.

You get as much standard RAM with this computer as with any other personal computer 1 know—half a mega

byte (512K bytes). Main memory is expandable to a full megabyte, and additional 2 56K-byte RAM boards cost only about $240 each. Since the machine has four expansion slots (three in the hard-disk version), expanding the system up to the maximum memory capacity doesn't use up all the slots, as is unfortunately the case with the NEC PC-9801M2. Kanjicharacter support is excellent: both the IIS No. 1 and No. 2 standard character sets are supported from standard ROM, giving a total of over 6800 characters in addition to the full alphanumeric and kana character sets. The standard operating system is Japanese-language CP/M-86, which offers full kanji support at the operatingsystem level. It also includes RAMdisk support: just as in my FM-IIBS, you can reserve up to 512K bytes of main memory for use as a RAM disk. In addition to all the other memory

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you get 192K bytes of graphics video RAM. Custom LSIs are used to speed up graphics functions like drawing lines and circles, too. Besides the printer and RS-232C interfaces, the Beta includes mouse and light-pen interfaces. Finally it gives you a calendar/clock with battery backup, a feature that's missing from my FM-1 IBS.

The Beta comes in two models: one includes two built-in 1-megabyte floppy-disk drives, while the other has one floppy-disk drive and one 10megabyte hard disk. You can partition the hard disk between two different operating systems if you're so inclined (lapanese-language MS-DOS is available as an option), but I'd rather be drawn and quartered than run a computer under two operating systems.

For a new computer, especially in japan, the Beta is well supported by software from independent vendors. In addition to all the CP/M-86 and MSDOS public-domain software, over 350 major software packages are available from over 60 different cooperating vendors. They include business software, languages, utilities, English- and lapanese-language word processors, database managers, spreadsheets, communications programs, and graphics packages. A large percentage provide full lapanese-language interaction with the user Unfortunately the prices for the language processors imported from the U.S. (lapanese-language manuals are usually available) are very high, often double or triple the cost of the same software in the U.S. This situation is tantamount to an open invitation to piracy: I haven't yet been able to find out whether tariffs, greedy (but shortsighted) distributors, or some other factors are at the root of the problem.

Considering its power, the FM-16/3 is a bargain. The list price for the version with two floppy-disk drives is just under $1700: the hard disk version goes for just under $3000. In view of the stiff competition from the new NEC machine, discounts are prevalent; the typical 20 percent discount on computer equipment here in the Tokyo area is bound to extend to the FM-16|S very soon. ■

358 BYTE- MAY 1985

Inquiry 200 for Dealers. Inquiry 201 for End-Users.

Gifford's Multiuser Concurrent DOSiii The net that works!

Gifford has the network solution. It's simple, fast, secure, complete, and it works. Multiuser Concurrent DOS is based on Digital Research's Concurrent DOS, the only major microcomputer operating system specifically designed for networking.

Users can share disks and printers transparently, and can also take advantage of true mul tiuser features like fUe and record lockout. And Gifford has added a bundle of features that makes Multiuser Concurrent DOS easy to install and use. It lets you get right to work.

Our net isARCNET'

Multiuser Concurrent DOS utilizes Datapoint's ARCNET, the most popular network hardware in the industry. It's reliable, economical, and fast —s(^ you can add users without overloading the network.

You can network up to 255 single and multiuser systems. You can connect single or multiuser Gifford or CompuPro' systems as well as IBM PC-XTs" Dual processor Gifford and CompuPro systems can run thousands of 8 or 16 bit CP/M or MP/M applications. PC-XTs can run 16 bit CP/M and MP/M programs as well as most popular MS-DOS applications, such as Lotus 1-2-3™

Gifford adds to your net worth.

Our enhancements of Concurrent DOS make it possible to get more and better work done in less time. Networkwide features include electronic mail, event calendar, inter-terminal communication, user time accounting and usage report generation, telecommunications, user expandable HELP facility.

reminder messages, message of the day, automatic startup and shutdown procedures, and easily prepared files for initializing terminals, printers, and network nodes.

Gifford's Virtual Terminals™ increase productivity

by offering fullscreen concurrency; you can run up to four programs simultaneously from one physical terminal.

The safety net.

Multiple users can mean I I^^^^^^IB multiple security

problems. Gifford's security enhancements include

login account names and encrypted passwords to control access to the system. Users can be further restricted to specified ^^j^^ferminals, user areas, programs, or nodes on the "network. You're also safe from excessive down time, since the modular network architecture gives you immunity from single point failure.

1

Gifford nets a big one: Simplicity.

If you've gone through the ordeal of typing as many as seven commands just to get on and off a network,

Gifford has your number. A single, menudriven network command handles all your network options. Everything you need is right in front of you. The net effect is simplicity —and sanity.

If you'd like to see how Gifford's Multiuser Concurrent DOS can solve your networking problems, or if you'd like to know about Gifford's selection of multiuser systems and software options, call (415) 895-0798. Or write us at the address below. We'll send you a free networking brochure and give you the name of the nearest dealer.

Mulliiisir Cttniltrreni DOS is u iriiilcnmrk o/ GtilfrJ ('I'inpiilir Syslciiis. Colictirrein DOS la a trailcituirli i»/ Dtt;iuil RiSi-iirclu I'IC. AHCNF.Tis u ntuli'mark o/Diifilpoiiil Ctirftmilitni. IBM PC-XT k a rt'iiisicrvd ;ruJf/Hiir/i vj IHM Citrpimiliiui. CdjiipiiPro h a rcfiixnrcJ iradi niark iif CiiinftuPn) Corptmilwii. Li>im is a tradt niark i>/ Ltiiits Di vi lotMiiciii (^111 p. I 'iruidl Tcrtniiiuls IS a traJcttiartt fj Cii/liinl Contpitlcr Syslrnis.

COMPUTER SYSTEMS

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(415) 895-0798 TELEX: 704521

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THE MULTIUSER eOMIVlMY

Inquiry 176

MAY 1985 -BYTE 359

They've earned their stripes.

The supplies that wear the IBM stripes must first prove themselves wortliy ol the distinction.

Before they can join the ranks of all those IBM supplies that have gone on lo serve IBM customers so w^ell, they have to meet some stiff standards.

Our IBM supplies have to pass a series of rigorous insj^ections and battle their way through a barrage of quality controls.

This means every time you buy IBM word processing or data processing supplies, you're assured of getting a supply product that's designed with the same advanced technology as IBM hardware.

Take our latest line of IBM Quiet Supplies developed for the IBM Quietwriter* Typewriter and Quietwriter* Printer. The "Quiet" electronic fonts.

360 BYTE" MAY 1985

|)i inlheads and ihermal-liansfer riliiions were developed and engineered together with the hardware to work as a team. The resuh is a unique print technology that "paints" ink onto the page.

We've made it our business to make supplies that inspire confidence day alter day. So, the next time you're in the market for supplies, choose the ones that have earned the right to wear the IBM stripes.

More c()iiviMiieii( ways to buy. To get the IBM supplies you need, contact an IBM supplies representative or visit an IBM Product Center or IBM sujiplies dealer. For the store location nearest you, or to place an order by phone, call IBM Direct 1800 IBM-2468, Ext. 104.

Inquiry 198

MAY 1985 - BYTE 361

Combine VISIDll with PC Grapiiics

Captures Anything You Can See.

IMIGIT adds Iconselected Graphic Functions, text, and textures with a full pallette of vibrant colors.

Together You Enjoy Unparalleled Economy and Applications Flexibility.

The Illustration incorporates line art, photos, text,

textures and color elements.

You can do the same with

this icon-driven, user

friendly system.

For $695.00 you get the PC-EYE'" video digitizer board and IMIGIT'"' grapiiics software. PC-EYE allows you to capture real-life images with an ordinary video camera or VCR and produce them on your personal, computer. IMIGIT is an iconoriented graphics software package which allows you to modify the camera image by adding text, patterns, colors, lines and shapes. By using cut and paste features with multiple video images, you can store images for later retrieval and print images from the screen.

You get this Exciting Tool for integrating video images with graphics created by other software packages like Lotus 1 -2-3*; Graftalk*; GAD and business presentation packages. Imagine combining a real-life camera image, text and a pie chart generated by Lotus into one picture. It's really as easy as 1, 2, 3.

IMIGIT Supports...

High Resolution - up to 640 x 512 pixels with 16 colors or gray scale (64 with 6-bit PC-EYE). Flexibility to support the most popular graphics cards and printers for convenient display and hardcopy output. Speed - less than 2/10 of a second to capture an image in the IBM-compatible 320 x 200 mode. All in all, a powerful but easy-to-use package that allows you to develop sophisticated and dramatic graphic presentations.

CHORUS is the Single Source for

your graphics and imaging needs. Complete solutions in both hardware and software. Call us for other low cost/high performance imaging products such as Dr. Halo* and Halo* graphics software; video cameras and accessories; and graphic adapter cards. You can expect prompt delivery, technical support and complete OEM design assistance.

CALL 1-800 OCHORUS or 603-424-2900.

PC-EYE and IMIGIT are trademarks of Chorus Data Systems, Inc.

*Dr. Halo and Halo are trademarks of Media Cybernetics, Inc.

Graftalk is a trademark of Redding Group, Inc. Lotus 1 -2-3 is a trademark of Lotus Development Corporation.

Inquiry 72

CHORUS

Chorus Data Systems, Inc., 6 Continental Blvd., P.O. Box 370, Merrimack, New Hampshire 03054

BYTE WEST COAST

Homebrew Chips

MOSIS, two

packages for the Mac, Hirtle T^lk, and Concurrent DOS-286

BY John Markoff, Phillip Robinson, AND Donna Osgood

BYTE West Coast is prepared monthly by BYTE's editors and staff in San Francisco and Palo Alto. Correspondence should be addressed to BYTE West Coasi. BYTE Wiogazine. 42^ Battery St.. San Francisco. CA 94111.

Have you ever wanted to make your own VLSI (very large scale integration) chip? Do you think you have a foolproof design for an IBM PC AT compatible on a chip, but no one will take you seriously until you show them a working sample? Maybe you're in luck. The Syracuse AI coprocessor chip was actually fabricated through MOSIS (MOS Implementation System), a brokerage that connects chip and board designers with chip and board fabricators. MOSIS is an outgrowth of both the Arpanet and an idea from Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center (PARC). If you follow the MOSIS rules and can afford the prices, your chip could be sitting on your desk just a few months from today.

Before VLSI was more than a twinkle in anyone's eye, the defense department's ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) set up ARPANET, a computer network that connected a number of universities and defense contractors. Later, ARPA changed to DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency), but the network retained its original name.

In 1980, Xerox PARC offered to organize VLSI fabrication services for the ARPANET community. The PARC researchers knew that university engineering and computer science departments were getting shut out of much of the microelectronics revolution because they couldn't afford the equipment necessary to manufacture silicon chips. Even those universities that could afford some equipment could never keep up with the rapidly advancing state of the art. VLSI students and professors had been reduced to designing chips on paper and then seeing those designs languish in libraries.

At the same time, many chip manufacturers in Silicon Valley were fretting over their unused manufacturing capabilities. The best way to pay off millions of dollars of wafer-fabrication equipment is to run it as much as possible and the manufacturers had more idle machine time than they wanted.

While a single batch of wafers is too expensive for a university to buy, the engineers at Xerox PARC figured that if enough designs could be gathered together and made on a single wafer-fabrication run, the price per design would be affordable. Besides, while designers would be delighted to see their creations become hardware, the manufacturers would be thrilled to make some extra money with their equipment. Another advantage for the chip makers was that students would graduate with some hands-on chip-design experience.

So Xerox PARC invited the DARPA community to send in chip designs that Xerox would then organize into wafer runs. The first run was a bunch of student designs from a VLSI course taught by Lynn Conway in 1978 at MIT The first masks were made by Micro Mask and the first run was fabricated at Hewlett-Packard's Deer Creek Road facility. The service was immediately successful and DARPA wanted to see it continue, but Xerox didn't want permanent responsibility The Information Processing Techniques division of DARPA had a VLSI design research program and was an ARPANET node. DARPA let ISI (Information Sciences Institute) take over from Xerox and called the new service MOSIS. Although chip designs were initially only accepted from the DARPA community other groups were gradually added to the fold. First the NSF (National Science Foundation), then any government organization with DARPA permission, and finally practically anyone was permitted to submit VLSI designs.

MOSIS puts out a schedule of the waferfabrication runs for six months into the future. Those scheduled runs will be made even if too few designs show up to fill the wafers (the extra space will be devoted to test structures). That commitment assures designers that they can plan around fabrication dates and allows wafer-fabrication factories to schedule equipment time. However, demand has been so great that the

[continued)

MAY 1985 'BYTE 36J

BYTE WEST COAST

wafers have always been full of actual chips.

You can choose from NMOS (negative-channel metal-oxide semiconductor) 3- or 4-micron, CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) 3-micron, and CMOS-SOS (silicon-on-sapphire) 4-micron processes. A new, experimental CMOS 1.2-micron process should be in limited use by the spring of 1985. MOSIS will provide you with the design rules, process specifications, and device specifications for the process you choose.

MOSIS has masks made from your design and then gives the masks to any of 11 different Silicon Valley chip fabricators. The finished wafers are accepted on the basis of test-structure specifications. If those meet agreedupon levels—indicating that the process was properly executed—the wafers are accepted, whether or not

the customers' chips actually work. MOSIS also extracts Spice (a low-level circuit-simulation language) parameters from each and every run so there is a database of actual device parameters from which designers can take cues.

While many chips are made on share-the-silicon wafer runs, some runs have only a few or even a single type of chip. Some MOSIS customers only need a few chips to verify a design. Others need more to stuff a prototype board or a prototype system. Finally some customers need to get a small production run of the chips.

Chip fabricators used to be stuck with judging whether to take on a new, small customer. It was hard for them to gear up for a small run, but they didn't want to miss out on a small firm that might grow into a major account. Now, if a chip fabricator works with

"INSIGHT is essentially the equivalent or better than any other tool available for the personal computer."

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m

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Insight 2 is more than just an "expert." It's a knowledge base engineering tool with application capabilities. It can call up Pascal programs, read and write dBASE II® files, and its decision-making process can tie in directly to your existing databases. Run-only versions also can be developed and distributed.

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MOSIS. it doesn't have to deal with small outfits: MOSIS handles that for them. "We save them time and money," says Dr. George Lewicki of ISl. Plus, the manufacturer doesn't have to worry about competition from MOSIS. According to Lewicki, "We are a broker, nothing more than a broker."

As Dr. Oldfield of the Syracuse SUM (Syracuse Unification Machine) team told us, "It's becoming easier for universities to think of building experimental systems. It's an interesting historical point. If you go back to the 1950s and 1960s, a number of universities built machines. But the complexity overwhelmed them. Now, thanks to these custom CAD |computer-aided design] aids, it's feasible, though still very difficult, for a university to think about designing a real system without having an army of technicians to put it together."

So you want to make some chips? How many? MOSIS will make two or more if you send them your design in either CIF (Caltech Intermediate Format) or Calma-GDS 2-stream format. In 4 to 12 weeks, the packaged chips will be delivered to you. The turnaround time depends on which process you choose and how well the economy is doing. Choose 4-micron NMOS and you'll get your chips sooner than if you choose 1.2-micron CMOS. Even so, if the chip fabricators have long production queues, you'll have to wait longer.

As for the price—your chips will probably cost less than you think. For the DARPA, NSF and DOD (Department of Defense) communities, the service is free. DARPA pays the whole freight for those lucky customers. For the rest of us, MOSIS has a price schedule. Remember, however, that MOSIS is a nonprofit service. All you have to pay is your proportional share of the run's cost (there are about 900 chips in a run). Dr. Lewicki estimates that a batch of 20 chips would cost about $5000. If your chip is so successful that you need "zillions," MOSIS encourages you to deal directly with the chip manufacturer.

MOSIS is an impressive example of

icontimied)

364 BYTE- MAY 1985

Inquiry 238

NNhaf s New at

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19" COLOR X-Y DISPLAY

APPLE 2c DISC DRIVE

Original equipment drive, compatibie with Apple 2e, 2 + and 2C.

$139.50 RFE

115 CFM MUFFIN FAN

Originally designed for use in Atari coinoperated games. Contains a 19VLUP22 3-gun color tube, focus and brightness controls. Has electromagnetic deflection and solid state circuitry with three "Z" amp inputs (red, green, blue). Idea! for arcade replacement or, with the addition of external circuitry, for color graphics display. Manual included.

$129.00 NBA/

Metal frame with 5 high-impact plastic blades. For cooling Hi Fi, electronic equipment, computers, etc. Mounts for intake or exhaust. 115 VAC, 60 Hz., Dim.:4"A. " x 1%-D.

$7.95 RFE With adiustable speed control $10.95

bva" tandon disc drives

B.

V2 Ht. 96 T.P.I. TM55-4 DS/Quad

$99.00

K.

AUDIO & VIDEO MODULATOR

Made for Texas Instruments. Lets you use your TV set as a monitor for video and audio signals produced by home computers, surveillance cameras, video games, etc. Complete with 8', 5-pin din cord, hook-up diagram.

$7.95 NEW

Full Ht.

C. TM100-1 SS/DD $ 99.50

D. TM100-2DS/DD 159.00

F. TM100-4DS/Quad 179.00

G. TM101-4DS/Quad 199.00

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For IBM PC and compatibles.

Can be used for external or internal applications. Mfr. Disctron #526

XT & AT

Power Requirements; +12VDC + / -10% 1.3 amps (running)' 3.3 amps (start up)

+ 5VDC +/-5% 1.5 amps (running)

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Factory Warranty

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5

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8

N.A. Phillips A82310-l\/i2

$ 9.95

$14.95

1.8

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PM

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34.50

59.50

1.8

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2) \ dia. X 1 L

1

Superior Electric M091-FD-6009

34.50

59.50

1.8

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72

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Superior Electric M061-FF-6201B

19.95

37.50

7.5

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13

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6

Airpax AB2816

8.95

16.95

7,5

9

36

PM

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9.95

17.95

7.5

12

13

PM

1) 11x2'/. dia.

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3

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9.95

17.95

7.5

12

16

P M

1) 1.97Lx1.39Wx.68H

2) .375 X .125

4

Airpax K82201-P2

5.95

9.95

15

28

VR

],j Size 1 5

7

Rapid Syn. 15R-01X

29.95

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90

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115 CFM, 11 Watt

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Inquiry 26

MAY 1985 -BYTE 365

BYTE WEST COAST

a new, infornnation-age public utility, it brings together people with complementary needs. So what's keeping you? Get some time on a VAX (or a personal computer) with the right CAD tools, scrape together the $5000, read "Introduction to VLSI Systems" by Carver Mead and Lynn Conway (Addison-Wesley 1979), and join the VLSI age

PC Board Drafting System ON THE Macintosh

Now that a flood of mainstream ivlacintosh software has arrived, it is worth taking a look at some of the less-obvious programs being written to take advantage of the Macintosh graphics interface.

We recently visited the San Leandro factory of Douglas Electronics. If you've ever done any printed-circuit (PC) prototyping or breadboarding you may be familiar with Douglas, For 20 years they have supplied designers with circuit prototyping and interfacing products and manufactured custom PC boards. Douglas also manufactures the Ap'seed, a modular dedicated microcomputer system based on the Apple II.

At Wescon last year Douglas introduced a PC-board-design software package called QuikCircuit for the

128K-byte Macintosh. The new CAD package will make it possible for a designer to create a prototype board on the Macintosh, save it on a 3 '/2-inch floppy disk, mail the disk to Douglas, and then receive a finished prototype board in return. Douglas president Chad Pennebaker estimated that the Macintosh design system will cut the time involved in the design cycle by half and yield a significant savings in board cost because Douglas will be able to manufacture directly from the floppy disk by using Macintoshes to drive their equipment. Currently plans call for Bishop Graphics in Westlake Village, California, to market the CAD program and shortly other PC board houses around the country and internationally will also be able to manufacture directly from disk.

The design system makes extensive use of the Macintosh user interface and builds on many of the features found in generic drawing programs like MacPaint and MacDraw. Referred to by Douglas as a printed-circuitboard layout and manufacturing system. QuikCircuit allows the user to specify the type of PC board he or she wishes to design from a range of options including the Apple 11, IBM Personal Computer, Digital Q-bus, VME (virtual machine environment),

and a variety of special Douglas breadboard designs. It is also possible to design your own custom board shape and edge connector.

After selecting the proper board outline, the designer can place pads and patterns anywhere on the board with the aid of a grid that constrains movement. A variety of common pads and patterns are available from a menu of options or it is possible to design custom options. A MacDrawlike feature permits specifying a common feature such as a RAM (randomaccess read/write memory) IC (integrated circuit) pattern and then quickly replicating it many times on the board. Many of the MacPaint-style editing features are included in the program, so it is possible to continously alter the PC board layout. Edit commands let you select an item or a group of items, cut and paste, and they include a special pattern editor.

Once pads have been placed, the

user selects a trace width and then routes the trace. All traces are automatically constrained to vertical, horizontal, or 45-degree placement. To go through the board and continue a trace on the other side, the user presses a keyboard command and the

[contimedt

UNIX

POWER

100,000 software developers can't be wrong.*

UNIX is tfie chosen operating system for more than 100,000 software developers because It has the power they need. But

developers aren't the only people who need computing power. Any business that wants multi-users to access the same files at the same time or wants to simultaneously run multi-task operations .., needs UNIX. At Dynacomp, we offer UniPlus -f- ® System V by Unisofl Corp. For $1495. U.S. dollars you can run UNIX on the CompuPro'* System SIG/E'"... a powerful 68K S-100 bus computer system that ■ maximizes its memory for multi-user/multl-task operations. ^ R^J' IV|

210 W. Broadway Vancouver, B.C. V5Y 3W2 (604) 872-7737

UniPlus + includes all the standard UNIX System V features PLUS performance enhancements found only in UniPlus-i-. These features increase the portability, flexibility, and performance of UNIX, allowing an affordable operating system for program development, text preparation, and general office use.

If it's time for you to upgrade to UNIX, call your local Full Service CompuPro System Center in the United States or call Dynacomp in Canada for complete details.

UNIX is a trademark oi Bell LiUnratories, Inc. CompuPro is a revered trademark and System 816/E is a trademark of Viasyn CorpTCompuPro. UniPlus + is a re^stered frademaHt of Unisoft Corp. AT&T is a registered trademark of AT&T tntormatiotf Systems.

COMPUTER SYSTEMS LTD.

46-6535 Mill Creek Dr. Mississauga, Ont. L5N 2M2 (416) 826-8002

'AT&T* esiniales M ltwis ate more than WOOD people Macrotech and Ampra. Dealer InquMes Invited.

J66 BYTE- MAY 1985

Inquiry 143

introducing the worid's first autonomous personal robot...

J S i M if

UCIIIIIII

To Remote Communication Computer

NAVIGATION

Head Sonars (3) IR Door Edge Detector IR Room Beacon Detector

Motion Detector

USER INTERFACES

Function Keys 40x8 Adjustabie LCD Display

Tape or Disk Drive Keyboard (Detachable Cord

or Cordless) Convenient Joystick

COLLISION AVOIDANCE

Body Sonars (5) Bumpers (4).

PORTS

RS232 Dual Parallel Centronics Printer

Ligtit Sensor

Microptiones (3) Smoke Detector Dual Speakers Po»/er Distribution Board

Sonar.Sensor andStepper Motor Controller Signal Conditioning (Voice, Sound, Motion, Temperature, Smoke, Barometer, Batteries)

56K RAM/ROM Card

COMPUTERS

Voice I/O & Sound

Propulsion

Main

PROPULSION

4-Wheel Drive Two DC Motors Three 12-Volt6.5

AMP-Hour

Batteries

Your new robot will find its way around your home and office, perform preassigned tasks, charge its own batteries, talk to you and obey your spoken commands.

This remarkable life-sized robot Is controlled by three on-board computers, an unprecedented 108K bytes of built-in software and a sophisticated array of electronic sensors all integrated together to give it life-Imitating artificial intelligence.

You'll know the moment you power up GEMINI that you have a real robot. One that performs a self check of its hardware while verbally and visually informing you of the results. One that will keep itself alive while always monitoring its multiple Inputs for your commands.

Ready made, easy-to-use software will allow you to demonstrate most functions of the robot with single keystrokes. Missions for the robot to accomplish at future times can be assigned by anyone. No programming experience required. Important missions, too, such as periodic reminders, wake-up calls, storytelling for the kids, remote control of appliances and more.

An enhanced floating-point BASIC language will give you complete control of the robot. Commands like SPEAK, GOHOME, MOVETO, RANGE, etc., provide you with a means to develop complex programs, fast. Machine language level programs provide you with many debugging tools that you would expect to find on a real robot.

A high-level voice command language provides voice access for up to three users. And the voice I/O and sound

ARCTEC SYSTEMSTM is a member of the ARCTEC GROUP, INC., United States and Canada.

computer can store up to 256 words or phrases, and dynamically update these as you converse with the robot. Highly accurate text-to-speech software and music programs with vocals are built-in.

GEMINI Is ready for you now. Buy assembled or in modular, learn-as-you-go form. Either way, don't miss out on the chance to participate in the excltina new world of machine intelligence.

arctec

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9104 Red Branch Road • Colunnbia, MD 21045 (301) 730-1237 CA (619) 746-5511 • Canada (613) 592-2830

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□ Interested In Club Demonstration.

Mail to: ARCTEC SYSTEMS, INC. 9104 Red Branch Road Columbia, MD 21045

Name.

Address. City

State.

-Zip.

.Phone.

Inquiry 39

MAY 1985 -BYTE 367

WE UNLEASH THE WORLD'S

MOST POWERFUL GRAPHICS TECHNOLOGY.

To look at Infocom stories, you'd say they're all prose. No graphics. Ah, but there's more than meets your eyes.

We draw our graphics from the limitless imagery of your imagination—a technology so powerful, it makes computer screen pictures look like

gi^affiti by compaiison.

And no one

knows how to unleash your imagination like Infocom. With thrilling plots. Unpredictable situations. And original puzzles calculated to drive you out of your skull.

Step up to Infocom. All words. No graffiti. The secret | reaches of your imagination are beckoning.

It's time to open your mind's eye.

inpocom

INTERACTIVE FICTION SOFTWARE

Infocom's interactive fiction is available for a wide variety of personal computers. Inquiry 203

BYTE WEST COAST

board is flipped on tine screen, letting the trace continue on the other side. This command places a special feedthrough pad at that point. TVaces on the current side of the board are displayed in black, while traces on the reverse side appear in a lighter gray shade. It is possible to select a variety of background grids ranging from 0.001 inch to 0.156 inch.

In addition to being able to flip the board from solder side to component side, it is possible to change the scale of the view, zooming in and out to focus on various portions or view the entire board. At any time it is also possible to view a special x-y locator in the bottom left corner of the screen. This locator can be zeroed.

Currently it is only possible to get hard copy from the Macintosh Imagewriter printer. The quality is not high enough for many professional applications. Plans call for the develop

ment of a driver for the program to enable the Macintosh to produce a finished-quality pen plot.

Pennebaker acknowledges that the Douglas Macintosh design system is missing some of the bells and whistles of the most sophisticated CAD tools but points out that the systerh costs only a fraction of the cheapest systems now available.

"This is a drawing program." he says. "It's actually electronic drafting." He contrasts this against systems where the designer enters information and then the computer routes traces automatically (but not in real time). Frequently a system like that will fall in the $100,000 range he adds.

When the program was first introduced at Wescon it was priced at just $10, on the assumption that Douglas would make its profit from PC boards manufactured from disks that designers sent to the company Now that

Bishop Graphics has taken over the commercial marketing, the price has risen to $895. However. Martin Salvin, president of Bishop Graphics, said that his company plans on selling special Macintosh systems that include the Macintosh machine. Imagewriter and pen plotter for performing checkplots for "under $5000." Bishop Graphics is also preparing to manufacture photoplotting and drilling systems that are compatible with QuikCircuit for PC board manufacturers. Salvin says they will cost about one-third of the price of equivalent commercial systems. In the future, plans call for a network of manufacturers around the country offering what Salvin says is the PC-board equivalent of "one-hour photo service" based around the QuikCircuit and the Macintosh design system. One of the program's most unique

{continued)

This shape is worth saving.

REASON 1: Because next month's Byte will fill you in on a lot of savings. It will offer all volks quality and dependability at reasonable prices: on the entire CompuPro® 816 family —our powerful multi-user systems. On our versatile 286 system based on Intel's 80286 miaoprocessor. ^ J Plus all the operating system support you need. ^^^fjl^S^WM I

Don't miss next month's Byte insert with values ^^Jz T^"^ ■ all volks will appreciate! . „ ^ The CompuPro People

Where Computers Grow

3506 Breakwater Court, Haywaid, C.^ 94,^45 • Call 800/VIASYN-l • In CA, 415/786-0909

CompuPro is a registered trademark of Viasyn Corporation.

Inquiry 408

MAY 1985 -BYTE 369

^2 —

Now your IBM PC and AT can rea

With the Oberon OMNI-READER™ — the first optical character reader designed and priced for small computers.

Now you can transfer material direcdy from the typed page to the screen of your computer, without ever touching the keyboard — using specially designed interface software that allows input direcdy into your spreadsheet, database and word processing applications program.

And because the OMNI-READER uses a standard RS232 serial port hookup, it interfaces easily with your computer.

The technology is revolutionary. But what is most revolutionary is the price — under $500. IBM interface software, $50.

Find out more about the Oberon OMNIREADER. Dial 800-2-OBERON. In Texas, (214) 446-9567.

A is a fi'i^islercd inidemark of Inteniationat Business Machines,

Inquiry 298

OBERSN

INTERNATIONAL

BYTE WEST COAST

features is the ability for the user to get an automatic price quote on the cost of a PC board from Douglas over the telephone, yet without a modem. It works like this: First the user calls up the PC board manufacturer, then the user places the mouthpiece of the telephone handset near the Macintosh speaker. When a special command is given, the program transmits information on the complexity of the board directly to the manufacturer's computer, which then estimates the cost. An employee can then give an accurate price quote to the designer in a few moments.

Desktop Publishing WITH THE Macintosh

The introduction of the Apple LaserWriter laser printer has paved the way for "desktop publishing" on the Macintosh. According to Paul Brainerd, president of the Seattle

based Aldus Corporation, the combination of relatively low cost laser printers and graphics-oriented personal computers will make it possible for small companies or corporate work groups to produce productionquality multipage documents without doing mechanical pasteup or resorting to outside typesetting and printing services.

In January, Apple announced the LaserWriter and Aldus also introduced PageMaker for the 512K-byte Macintosh. PageMaker is a full-page composition software program for the Macintosh that allows the user to blend text and graphical documents on an "electronic layout board" displayed on the Macintosh. It is intended for professional publishing of small jobs such as newsletters, data sheets, price lists, training manuals, etc. Priced at $495 and scheduled for release during the second qyarter of

1985, the Aldus system will permit Macintosh users to integrate diverse documents from MacWrite MacPaint.

MacDraw, Microsoft Word, or virtually any program whose data can be stored in the Macintosh Clipboard, a special system buffer used for passing information between programs.

PageMaker is intended to serve the same market as electronic composition systems now being marketed by corporations like Interleaf and Compugraphic. PageMaker is priced significantly lower than these systems, however A complete system consisting of the newly introduced Macintosh XL (formerly the Lisa 2/10). PageMaker software, and the LaserWriter will be priced at approximately $11,500.

Aldus is currently writing its own drivers to take advantage of the Postscript device-independent page-description language that Apple has

[continued]

This shape is worth saving

REASON 2: Because economy plus quality is the only way to go. Expect this combination in a long list of CPU boards. In quality boards that let you mix or match 8-bit and 16-bit software. Boards compatible with IEEE 696/S-lOO specs, including DMA devices. Motherboards, too, ^ ^£JL ^""V ^ along with strong enclosures. And there's a great ^\rMM^^^^w\ I choice of CPU support. All make next month's insert J[ ,

the most appetizing Byte of the year. CompuPro People

Where Computers Grow

3506 Breakwatesr Court, Hayward, CA 94545 • CaU 800/VIASYN-l ■ In CA, 415/786-0909

CofflpuPro is a registered trademark of Viasyn Corporation.

Inquiry 409

MAY 1985 •BYTE 371

Systems Programmers and Programmer/Analysts: EDS Wants to Challenge Your Talents.

The EDS And GM Alliance

Has Created A Technical Arena That Other Companies Can Only Envy.

The alliance of Elecronic Data Systems (EDS) and General Motors is creatii^ maior career opportunities. As a SYSTEMS PROGRAMMER or PROGRAMMER/ ANALYST, your ddlls and abilities will be challenged.

EDS is oflFering you IMMEDIATE opportunities to enjoy hands-on experience with truly state-of-the-art iiardware and software. This state-of-theart experience will ensure that your sldlls are kept as current as possible. Also, EDS offiets trainii^ progranis that have become models for the industry and are geared to prepare you for the performance that ensures success. As one of IBM's largest customers and one of the nation's largest hardware users, EDS is creating one of the most automated work environments in the business world today. This is your once-in-a<areer opportunity to become involved in the leadii^ edge of technology.

EDSAND GM ARE PIONEERING TECHNOLOGY. AND SO CAN YOU.

EDS and GM are world-renowned leaders in technology. EDS ensures this leadership by continually upgrading our fodlities with the most advanced hardware and sc^ware available. And since we empiay components that accommodate change, our operating

systems are never limited by technology of the past. You benefit as a professional since you will never be hindered by outof-date equipment The best technology of tomorrow is built on the best technology of today. And that's all you find at EDS.

SYSTEMS PROGRAMMERS AND PROGRANftffiR/ANALYSTS: OUTSTANDING CAREER OPPORTUNITIES.

We have IMMEDIATE career opportunities for professionals who are interested in moving the industry onward If you are a SYSTEMS PROGRAMMER with two years experience in an IBM, IBM<ompatible or DEC/VAX envircximent with a solid working knowledge of ALC or ASSEMBLER, we have challenges in the areas of VTAM, VM, IMS, IDMS, and MVS. If you are a Programmer/Analyst with two years ejqjerience in an IBM or IBMcon^patible environment with a solid working knowledge of COBOL, PL/1 or ALC, EDS has the ideal environment to challenge your skills.

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EDS knows that new ideas and new technology are only as good as the pecple who create them. That's vAty developii^ the potential of our employees is a continuing priority. We believe our strength is enhanced when our employees develop new skills and accept greater responsibilities. Therefore, we have created an environment that lets you build your future by the knowledge and skills you acquire — not by rank or seniority. At EDS, you control your owtl future.

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ELECrn^ONIC DATA SYSTEMS

CORPORATION

755 W. Big Beaver

Suite .^10, Dept. 08-0585-03

Troy, MI 48084

Electronic Data Systems Corporation

372 BYTE- MAY 1985

Inquiry 152

BYTE WEST COAST

placed in the half megabyte of ROM (read-only memory) in the Apple LaserWriter printer. Postscript was developed by Adobe Systems in Palo Alto. California, and has recently been adopted by a variety of hardware manufacturers and software publishers in the personal computer industry Initially PageMaker will work with the Imagewriter dot-matrix printer, the l^serWriter, and also with at least two commercially available typesetting machines, Allied and Mergenthaler Linotype. This will make it possible for users to proof and review pages on the LaserWriter and then get finished copy output from a commercial typesetter.

PageMaker uses the Macintosh user interface to present an image of an 8/2- by 11-inch page surrounded by a layout board area for temporarily setting text and graphic elements while working on page design. The program

uses the Macintosh mouse for positioning elements of the page design. It is possible, for example, to open a window on the display select headlines, text, or graphics stored in files on disk, and then position them on the page with accuracy Each selected item is represented by a special icon. The cursor can be represented by a small paintbrush within a halfrectangle when a MacPaint document is selected, or it is represented by a text icon when a MacWrite file is selected. PageMaker permits the designer to set custom column guides and then "flow" text from a MacWrite document directly onto the page layout area. A special positioning indicator permits proper alignment of text at the bottom and top of each column, and the text flow can be continued in new columns or pages or interrupted for the insertion of graphics or charts. "Window shades" allow

the user to adjust each separate text block. A sign indicates that the text continues. A "#" icon indicates the end of a document.

To aid in positioning on the screen, both the column guides and up to 10 adjustable rules have a "snap-to" feature that causes a text block or graphic that is moved close to a boundary to automatically align itself with that edge. For precise alignment Page Maker also permits the page to be displayed in five different scales. The largest scale is magnified 200 percent, while the greatest reduction permits the user to view the entire page. At most levels of magnification, text is easily visible. The user can also pop up a set of horizontal and vertical rulers that will display in inches, centimeters, or picas and points.

PageMaker will also provide limited text-editing tools to alter copy while

[continued]

This shape is worth saving

REASON 3: Because of the reliability that's built into our memory boards, disk controllers and interface boards. You'll see them all lined up with the best prices in memory RAM boards in popular configurations. Disk controllers for floppies and Winchesters. Plus, a drive that can increase operating speeds to 3500%! (Look for our MDRIVEVH.) y //A/T^™ Everything you need to make your I/O super- \MMM^^^kS^t I productive. Count on next month's Byte insert to -rf r, ,

come through for you! \.„ ^ The CompuPro People

Where Computers Grow

3506 Breakwater Court, Hayward, CA 94545 • Call 800/VIASYN-l • In CA, 415/786-0909 CompuPro and MDRIVE are registered trademarks of Viasyn Corporation.

Inquiry 410

MAV 1985 "BYTE 373

Take control of your computer.

11

111111!

The Backups

Backup powerfor peace of mind and memory. Backup Power Source 1

• delivers up to 225 watts @ 120V.AC

• 40 minutes of power at 50% load

• visual and audible power interrupt alarm

• fast automatic switching

( Wilhiii 6 millisi'comis of peak milage deleclloii)

• 2 Outlets

• AC surge suppressor

• 3 stage noise filter

• thermal output protection

• lEC power connector

• attractive metal enclosure

• 314" high, 16" wide, 11" deep

$379"

Backup Power Source 2

All the features of Power Source 1 plus:

• 6 outlets controlled by front switches

• switchable visual and audible alarm

• 10 amp master switch circuit breaker

• cross suppression between all 6 outlets

• optional 2 hour auxiliary power pack

AuxUiary Power Pack

• 2 hours of power at full load

• plugs directly into either of our backup units

• includes 6 rechargable 12V power cells

• backup units keep power cells at full charge

• heavy duty power c^ble

• 3^4" high, 16" wide, 11" deep

$299*'"

The Expanders'

Controlpower and expand with floppy or hard disks. Power Expansion 1

• 1 stage noise filter

• AC surge suppression

• lEC power connector

• attractive metal enclosure

• ZVi" high, 16" wide, 11" deep

• optional internal power supply

• optional floppy and hard disk drives Power Expansion 1 $l49'''

w/lntemal Power Supply $219"*

w/Power Supply, DS/DD Drive, All Cables and Instructions. Expands XT

or Compatible <^4-Q"*

w/Power Supply, Half Height lOM Hard Disk Drive, All Cables and Instructions. Expands PC or Compatible ... J J 1499s*

20M Drive $1449"*

Power Expansion 2

All the features of Power Expansion 1 plus:

• 6 outlets controlled by front switches

• 10 amp master switch circuit breaker

• LED ground and line indicators •3 stage noise filter

• cross suppression between all 6 outlets

• optional internal power supply

• optional floppy and hard disk drives Power Expansion 2 $199"*

w/lntemal Power Supply $269"'

w/Power Supply, DS/DD Drive, All Cables and Instructions. Expands XT

or Compatible $399"*

w/Power Supply, Half Height lOlVI Hard Disk Drive, All Cables and Instructions. Expands PC or Compatible • • • $ JI99"*

20M Drive $1499"*

5 individual switches ^eyou control over" peripherals

Master switch, turns computer and all peripherals on or off at the same time

Our most

paverjul AC line filter system keeps' spikes, surges and glitches under control

The Controllers

Controlpower, peripherals, spikes, and glitches. Power Control 1

• 4 outlets control computer and 3 peripherals

• AC surge suppressor

• attractive metal enclosure

• 11/4" high, 16" wide, 10" deep

$69"m/«/;to(^

Power Control 2

All the features of Power Control 1 plus;

• 10 amp master switch circuit breaker

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• lEC power connector

$89"<»«/*/^

Power Control 3

All the features of Power Control 1 & 2 plus:

• illuminated switches

• 3 stage noise filter

• cross suppression between all 4 outlets $129" complete

*All/mces suggested retail.

Available at fine computer stores everywhere, or by mail or phone. MasterCard and Visa accepted. Dealer inquiries invited.

Relax

Technology

The company that works

so you can relax

and get down to business.

3101 Whipple Rd. #25 Union City, CA 94587 415/471-6112

Power indicator

LKD. ground and Hneimkators

Optional lOM hard disk or optional DS/DD floppy

'Organizespower /(ires 6 cords in — 1 cord out

J74 BYTE • MAY 1985

Inquiry 344

BYTE WEST COAST

it is being "pasted up." A small movable toolbox window offers a textediting cursor, a cropping tool, and box-, circle- and line-drawing functions. There is also a set of line and shade menus on the menu bar across the top of the display that permit the user to define and fill areas and shade behind text and graphics.

Icons in the lower left corner of the display represent up to 16 different pages and it is possible to alter the numbering scheme for even larger documents. Two special page icons permit the user to lay out page information that will appear on ail pages, similar to running headers and footers, but more extensive.

Brainerd says that he expects to see the development of commercial electronic printing centers that can directly receive PageMaker files and return either finished laser-printer or typeset copy.

Aldus says that it also has plans to develop PagelVlaker for the IBM PC AT with the enhanced graphics display at some time in the future.

Turtle Talk

From a teacher in Berkeley California, we learned that Ijogo has become the

language of the playground. A Logo version of "Simon Says" has evolved among the children in her school: One child calls commands and the others are the "turtles." As in other children's games, the rules are fluid and are passed from child to child, in a sort of playground folklore, without interference or coaching from adults. All right everybody REPEAT 4 |FOR

ward 10, right 90|!

Concurrent DOS-286 Challenges UNIX

In January Digital Research (of CP/M fame) unwrapped the latest product

in its Concurrent DOS line of multitasking operating systems. Concurrent DOS-286 is a multitasking, real-time, network-compatible operating system for single- or multiuser, 80286-microprocessor-based systems and is written in the C language. With that mouthful of attributes. Concurrent DOS is plainly in line to compete with the new microcomputer versions of UNIX. While ROJVI implementations of UNIX (see "The HP Integral Personal Computer" by Phillip Robinson, February BYTE, page 98) and new programs that allow UNIX to run PCDOS programs (see BYTE West Coast, lanuary page 415) are moving that powerful minicomputer operating system down into the microcomputer world, Concurrent DOS-286 is moving microcomputers up into the world of multitasking and passwords. Concurrent DOS-286 is not just a

(continued)

This shape is worth saving.

REASON 4: Because next month's Byte can make all smart volks satisfied

owners. Owners of advanced communication boards. Operators of multi-tasking systems who profit from peripheral sharing and networking. And viewers of the sharpest PC Video Board that highlights spec

tacular values — from systems to full system support. \ mm^^I^^^m^m

Reasons enough to recall this shape and head for our insert, the minute you get next month's Byte.

The CompuPro People

\/Vhere Computers Grow

Inquiry 411

3506 Breakwater Court, Haj'\vard, CA 94545 • Call 800/VIASYN-l • In OA, 415/786-0909 CompuPro is a registered trademark of Viasyn Corporation.

MAY 1985 'BYTE S75

BYTE WEST COAST

revision of the earlier Concurrent operating systems; it has an entirely new architecture. Specifically it is built around advanced hardware features of the Intel 80286 (also known as the iAPX286) microprocessor Those features—descriptor tables, call gates, and protection levels (see "The 80286 Microprocessor" by Paul Wells, November 1984 BYTE, page 231)allow speedy context switching as well as protection of files and programs.

Compatibility

Concurrent DOS-286 provides a migration path for PC-DOS or CP/M-86 users who need more power; it can run both CP/M and PC-DOS applications. Gary Gysin of Digital Research explained to us that "To start our strategy is one of following what IBM does. So, if they come out with PC-DOS 2, PC-DOS 3, PCDOS 3.1, whatever it is, our operatingsystem strategy is to embody whatever they're doing and at minimum to be compatible with |itl." An example of that strategy is Digital Research's new hierarchical file system: CP/M files have been left behind. The file system, all the system calls, and all of the

utilities are a superset of those in PCDOS 3.0. Because of this change if you want to run CP/M applications, you have to transfer them to PC-DOS disks (the native media of Concurrent DOS-286). Concurrent DOS is compatible with PC-DOS 3.0; with the PCDOS front end it will run PC-DOS 1.1, 2.0, 2.1, and 3.0 applications.

Although more will be available in the future, the two most important front ends, one for CP/M-86 users and one for PC-DOS users, will be available immediately This lets you run applications from those operating systems on Concurrent DOS-286. However, as Gysin further explained, "Theoretically if we wanted to add some other front end to the operating system, be it UNIX, XENlX-whatever might become an industry-standard operating-system front end—then that possibility is there," because of the modular design of Concurrent DOS-286.

Cross-compilers and cross-assemblers for the VAX are not available, but the source code we re told can easily be moved to a VAX. All Digital . Research languages will be available for Concurrent DOS-286. Also, if you

APPLICATIONS

FRONT ENDS

SUPERVISOR

PC-DOS FRONT ENDS

SUPERVISOR

MISCELLANEOUS

KEYBOARD

SCREEN

MOUSE

PRINTER PLOTTER GSX

COMMUNICATIONS SPECIAL OEM

Figure 1: A diagram of the three fmctional units, program, system, and physical, and two primal interfaces of Concurrent DOS-286.

know CP/M, you may be interested to know that ED is gone. Digital Research had a funeral for the text editor that is now replaced by DR EDIX—a function-key-driven editor.

Architecture

As shown in figure 1, Concurrent DOS286 has three functional units and two primal interfaces. The functional units are termed program, system, and physical hardware. The system receives requests from the programs and translates them into instructions for the physical hardware. Optional front ends let the operating system run PCDOS or CP/M applications. The supervisor portion of the system controls the flow of services to the underlying resource managers, which in turn control the actual physical peripherals.

Concurrent DOS-286 can run multiple applications using virtual consoles on each physical console, handle asynchronous events and softwareinterrupt handling, and deal with interprocess communications and synchronization. Storage depends on a hierarchical, shared-disk-file system with record and file locking. File ownership is controlled through user and group IDs requiring log-on with passwords.

The console is a standard VT52 interface with character and bit-mapped screen interfaces. The keyboard interface uses both standard 16- and 8-bit codes including function keys, numeric keypads, and multikeyed characters. Also, Concurrent DOS-286 supports windows, mice, graphics (raster and vector), and networks as well as file sharing, file locking, record locking within a file, locking a specified number of bytes within a file, and even overlapping locks.

Concurrent DOS-286 with floppyand hard-disk drivers, charactermapped and bit-mapped consoles, and a printer driver requires about I60K bytes of RAM. The minimum suggested system configuration has 512K bytes of RAM. The operating system is ROMable.

The kernel is based on an eventdriven dispatcher. Time slicing by a

{coHUmeii

376 BYTE -MAY 1985

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BYTE WEST COAST

timer event occurs once per tick (16 to 20 nnilliseconds), and scheduling of equal-priority processes is based on a round-robin schenrie. Process comnnunication and synchronization are done through named pipes that pass messages from one process to an-, other or synchronize processes by acting as semaphores. The 80286 chips have a protection mechanism based on address manipulations. Onchip calculations handle the translation of virtual and physical addresses. Certain segments of memory can be marked as exception areas for particular users or programs. Whenever a program tries to address an exception area, the central processor is interrupted, a trap is generated, and processing is forced to another routine.

Stopping the Operating System Bypass

Trapping is a vital element in Concurrent DOS-286's ability to handle poorly behaved programs. Programs that employ operating-system routines to handle the computer hardware are termed well behaved. Programs that bypass operating-system routines and make direct calls to hardware—for instance, to the screen—are poorly behaved. While bypassing the operating system sometimes improves a program's execution speed, it hurts program portability A program written around the operating system works on any computer running that operating system. A program tailored to a specific computer by means of direct hardware calls only runs on that computer and its nearly identical copiespoorly behaved programs are the Waterloo of clone-makers. Concurrent DOS-286, however, can trap the calls made directly to the physical hardware and route them to virtual hardware.

For example, Lotus 1-2-3 is a poorly behaved program that assumes it owns the entire computer display screen. Gysin pointed out that if you tried to run both Lx)tus 1-2-3 and WordStar concurrently on a system that couldn't trap hardware calls, "you'd have trash all over the screen." Lx)tus 1-2-3 wouldn't let WordStar have

a window. In Concurrent DOS-286, however, whenever a program tries to control the screen, the operating system traps the call and sends it to a window instead. The program thinks it is running on a full IBM Personal Computer but instead it is running on a virtual console manager—a part of the Concurrent DOS-286 system. This is another advantage for computer companies that want to sell IBMcompatible personal computers. As Gysin tells competitors, "Go ahead and build whatever kind of screen you want, go ahead and build whatever kind of super-duper machine you can, we can still guarantee you we'll run PC-DOS applications, given that you've got a 286 chip."

The 80286 provides you with both compatibility and practical concurrency All the fancy trapping could be done entirely by software, but it would take much longer than the

The 80286 provides

both

compatibility

and

concurrency.

hardware trapping. Trapping and rerouting signals could slow programs down to the point that they don't work properly Because all of the trapping chores are handled within a single chip (the 80286], Concurrent DOS-286 doesn't have that problem. According to Gysin, Digital Research's quest to have applications run as fast under Concurrent DOS-286 as they do under PC-DOS has been successful. He claims, "We've gotten there, there's no difference,"

Context switching—changing the active program by suspending one pro

icontiimed]

Inquiry 113

MAY 1985 -BYTE 379

BYTE WEST COAST

gram, saving the registers, restoring the registers, and then restarting another program—is now done in software. Digital Research estimates that each software context switch takes between 200 and 400 microseconds. Digital Research plans to take advantage of the 80286's on-chip context-switching hardware that can handle the switch in only 20 microseconds.

Dynaiviic Drivers

Another big change in Concurrent DOS-286 is that the device drivers are dynamic. In previous incarnations of CP/M and Concurrent DOS, all the

drivers were in a single section of code called BIOS (basic input/output system) orXIOS (extended input/output system). You had to load the drivers into the operating system before starting up. Dynamic loading means that you can add or modify device drivers while the operating system Is running.

User Interface

Digital Research is also presenting a new user interface for Concurrent

DOS-286 and Concurrent PC-DOS. It is essentially a menu system and a file manager that allows you to control all system utilities and all running applications with the function keys. "What we're trying to do is take away the A> prompt," says Gysin. But if you prefer the standard CP/M-style prompts, just press the Escape key to get back onto familiar ground.

TopView, gem, and GSX

what Digital Research calls "desktop primitives," which support such application environments as IVlicrosoft Windows, Visi On, TbpView, or "unannounced products from Digital Research" (Gysin's words), are built into Concurrent DOS-286. Gysin adds, "Whatever becomes standard, that is something that we'll map to our operating system, if some other bit-map graphics type of interface is the standard, then we'll also support that one. " Digital Research's new GEM (Graphics Environment IManager) is a Macintoshlike interface that fits that bill.

Digital Research's GXS (Graphics System Extension) software is also supplied with Concurrent DOS-286.

This graphics operating system lets you write to a standard set of graphics calls so you don't need to know at programming time which specific peripherals you will have.

International Flavors

Concurrent DOS-286 has three features that should delight software engineers outside the United States: All the system messages are kept in a separate pool, the user tables have a country code, and the keyboard interface supports 16-bit character 1/0 (which is required for kanji, for example). Those design tidbits are understandable when you realize that 40 percent of Digital Research's business is done overseas.

Summary

what's new with Concurrent DOS-286? The architecture has changed. Previous versions of Concurrent DOS provided support for PCDOS 1.1 and CP/M-86 applications. Concurrent DOS-286 provides support for PC-DOS 1.1, 2.0, and 3.0 applications as well as memory protection, log-on and log-off, dynamic local device drivers, a hierarchical file system, completely modular design, pipes, 1/0 redirection, and an addressexception mechanism. In essence, Concurrent DOS-286 is intended to release you from needing IBM hardware or a clone to run IBM Personal Computer programs such as Lotus 1-2-3. Now, any system that can run Concurrent DOS-286 can run IBM Personal Computer programs.

How well does Concurrent DOS-286 work? We don't know. The descriptions in this article are based on discussion with Digital Research and Intel technical experts, not on a review of the operating system itself. When we do get into testing Concurrent DOS-286, our first consideration will probably be its use of memory Although Concurrent DOS-286 is supposed to run as many programs concurrently as the hardware can handle, BYTE staff members have had problems with the voracious memory appetite of previous versions of Concurrent DOS. ■

Companies Mentioned

Hewlett-Packard

Bishop Graphics

3495 Deer Creek Rd.

5388 Sterling Center Or

Palo Alto, CA 94304

Westlake Village, CA 9135?

(818) 991-2600

MOSIS

USC/ISI

Aldus Corporation

Care of Kathy Fry

616 1st Ave., Suite 400

4676 Admiralty Way

Seattle, WA 98104

Marina Del Rey, CA 90292

(206) 467-8165

(213) 822-1511 ext. 230

Adobe Systems

Embarcadero, Suite 100

Apple Computer

Palo Alto, CA 94303

20525 Mariani Ave.

(415) 852-0271

Cupertino, CA 95014

(800) 538-9696

Digital Research

in Canada, (800) 268-7796 or

60 Garden Court

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POB DRI

Monterey, CA 93942

Douglas Electronics

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718 Marina Blvd.

ext. 400 In California

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(415) 483-8770

ext. 400 elsewhere

380 BYTE • MAY 1985

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The secret? Avocet's family of cross-assemblers. With Avocet cross-assemblers you can develop software for practically every kind of processor — without having to switch to another development system along the way!

Cross-Assemblers to Beat the Band!

Development Tools That Work

Avocet cross-assemblers are fast, reliable and user-proven in over 4 years of actual use. Ask NASA, IBM, Xerox or the hundreds of other organizations that use them. Every time you see a new microprocessor-based product, there's a good chance it was developed with Avocet cross-assemblers.

Avocet cross-assemblers are easy to use. They run on almost any personal computer and process assembly language for the most popular microprocessor families.

Your Computer Can Be A Complete Development System

Avocet has the tools you need to enter and assemble your soft-ware and finally cast it in EPROM:

VEDIT Text Editor makes source code entry a snap. Full- screen editing plus a TECO-like command mode for advanced tasks. Easy installation - INSTALL program supports over 40 terminals and personal computers. Customizable keyboard layout. CP/M-SO,CP/M-86, MSDOS,PCDOS $150

EPROM Programmers let you pro

gram, verify, compare, read, display EPf^OMS but cost less because they communicate through your personal computer or terminal. No personality modules! On-board intelligence provides menu-based setup for 34 different EPROMS, EEPROMS and MPUs (40-pin devices require socket adaptors). Selfcontained unit with internal power supply, RS-232 interface, Textool ZIP socket. Driver software (sold separately) gives you access to all programmer features through your computer, lets you download cross-assembler output files, copy EPROM to disk.

Model 7228 Advanced Programmer

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Avocet

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COP400

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XMAC682 NEW

68200

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Model 7956 and 7956-SA Gang Programmers — Similar features to 7228, but program as many as 8 EPROMS at once. 7956-SA stand-alone version copies from a master EPROM. 7956 lab version has all features of stand-alone plus RS232 interface.

EPROM; 27,58, 2716, 2732, 2732A, 2764, 2764A, 27128,27128A, 27256,2508.2516,2532,2,564,68764, 68766, 5133, 5143. CMOS: 27C16, 27C32, 27C64, MC6716. EEPROM: 5213, X2816A, 48016, I2816A, 5213H. MPU (w/adaptor): 8748, B748H, 8749, 8749H, 8741,8742, 8751,87,55,

7228 Advanced Programmer $ 599

7128 Standard Programmer 429

7956 Laboratory Gang Programmer 1099

7955-SA Stand-Alone Gang Programmer 979

GDX Driver Software 95

481 8748 Family Socket Adaptor 98

511 8751 Socket Adaptor 174

755 8755 Socket Adaptor 135

CABLE RS-232 Cable (specify gender) 30

HEXTRAN Universal HEX File Converter — Convert assembler output to other formats for downloading to development systems and target boards. Also useful for examining object file, changing load addresses, extracting parts of files. Converts to and from Intel, Motorola, MOS, RCA, Fairchild, Tektronix, TI, Binary and HEX/ASCII Dump formats. For CP/M, CP/M-86, MSDOS, PCDOS $250

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68000 CROSS-ASSEMBLER - With exhaustive field testing completed, our 68000 assembler is available for immediate shipment. XMAC68K supports Motorola standard assembly language for the 68000 and 68010, Macros, crossreference, structured assembly statements, instruction optimization and more. Linker and librarian included. Comprehensive, well-written manual.

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Inquiry 44

MAY 1985 -BYTE 381

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Parallel Processing

A look

at the ALICE hardware

language

BY Dick Fountain

In the August 1984 BYTE U.K. (page 361), I mentioned a team at London's Imperial College that was working on a parallel-processing computer that would run fifth-generation functional languages. , Since this month's theme is multipro

anO rlOpe cesslng, this is a good time to make proper acquaintance with that machine—ALICE.

The name ALICE is an acronym that stands for Applicative Language Idealized Computing Engine. The machine uses a number of processors working in parallel to execute functional and logic languages like Hope, LISP, and Prolog efficiently. Such languages, which are of great importance to current computer science research, tend to be inefficient when run on conventional sequential computers, a fact that has prevented their widespread use and has already led to the development of custom hardware such as the LISP Machine (which uses a microcoded instruction set optimized for LISP).

ALICE is a modular design, with possible configurations ranging from a single-user workstation up to a multiuser mainframe. The first machine will be an experimental vehicle using 64 processors to test the principles involved. The performance goal is to have a single-user ALICE workstation run applicative languages at speeds comparable to that of Pascal on a VAX-Il/750, and with a very favorable cost/performance ratio.

Performance may be increased simply by adding more processor modules. The processor elements will be INMOS TVansputers, two of which together with 2 56K bytes of RAM (random-access read/write memory) make a unit, and two units are installed on a single-board module. The intention is that a future design phase will further integrate these processor/memory/network modules onto single VLSI (very large scale integration) chips, which should allow performance to be increased substantially In 1983, INMOS published encouraging perfor, fhanee projections of a two-dimensional ar

Dick Pountain is a technical author and software consultant living in iondon. England. He can be contacted do BYTE. POB 372, Hancock. NH Q3449,

ray of TVansputers. The projected price/performance ratio of the initial design is already claimed to be 30 times better than current mainframes and superminicomputers.

The ALICE team is headed by Dr. John

Darlington and is funded by the U.K. Science and Engineering Research Council. The prototype machine should be nearing completion at about the time this article is published.

Applicative Programiviing

I can't explain how ALICE works without first discussing what applicative languages are and how tfiey work. In the December 1984 BYTE U.K. (page 3 5 5), I touched on the importance of declarative languages using the example of Prolog. In a nutshell, such languages try to replace the traditional programmer's activity of telling the computer what to do with the more productive activity of describing one's problem in a formal way that also happens to be an executable computer program. Prolog is representative of one family of declarative languages {relational or logic languages) in which predicate logic is the formalism used.

There is, however, another family called applicative or functional languages, of which LISP is a well-known, though not pure, example. In such languages, the only activity permitted is the definition, application, and combination of functions (hence the alternate names).

In particular, a strict applicative language does not allow the use of variables or assignment to variables, and the only control structure that is permitted is recursion. Many programmers' first thought will be that it's not possible to write programs without using variables; however this is not so. It means that all data must be passed as arguments to functions or returned as results from functions, without being stored permanently; in other words, data is produced and consumed "on the fly." lb com

(conUnuedj

Inquiry 274

MAY 1985 -BYTE 385

BYTE U.K.

pute the hypotenuse of a triangle from sides X and Y we would say

PRINT{ SQRT( SUM( SQUARE(X), SQUARECO ))) ;

rather than

Z := SQRT(X"2 + Y"2) ; PRINT Z ;

Those of you who know LISP will recognize that it tends in this direction, but most modern dialects allow assignment (using SET and SETQ) and iterative loops.

It's possible to get some of the flavor of functional programming by getting your Pascal compiler out and trying to write programs using only function {not procedure) declarations and using recursion instead of while ... do, repeat ... until, etc. You won't find it particularly useful though, for Pascal restricts the types of objects that can be passed to or

returned by a function.

Why bother with functional programming then, since it seems so restrictive? It turns out that purely applicative programs have some interesting properties. Because they don't use variables or assignment, they are free of side effects (the alteration of a program's environment by parts of the program). In a sense, applicative programs don't do anything, they merely return values. This makes it possible to reason about the correctness of such programs, and in particular, it opens up the possibility that we could use the computer to check programs for correctness, to modify them, and even to write them.

Since debugging and program maintenance now account for most of the time and money spent worldwide on computing, such developments would be of the greatest significance.

Of equal importance is the fact that

the absence of side effects renders each part of a functional program independent of every other and of the order in which they are evaluated, which means that these parts can be evaluated in parallel. Conventional procedural languages (like BASIC and Pascal) don't lend themselves to parallel processing; because routines typically depend on one another, most of the code ends up being devoted to making routines wait for the others or stopping them from fighting each other for resources.

Parallel processing is now widely held to be the way forward in computer performance: we can't just keep making faster sequential von Neumann machines forever, because we'll soon be running up against physical obstacles like the speed of light and the melting point of the conductors. Even from what puny infor

[tontinued)

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BYTE U.K.

Hope is a strongly typed, pure, higher-order applicative language. It doesn^t allow assignment and is side-effect-free.

mation we have at present about the

human brain, it seems clear that it couldn't achieve its staggering performance without its millions of neurons working in parallel.

Hope

Let's now take a look at a particular functional language called Hope,

which will be run on ALICE. Hope is a strongly typed, pure, higher-order applicative language. All this means is that it has data "types" as in Pascal. The data types must be declared and are checked by the compiler; the language doesn't allow assignment and is side-effect-free: it allows functions to be passed as arguments to other functions or to be returned as results.

Hope was designed at Edinburgh University by Burstall, McQueen, and Sannella. Burstall also developed the language POP-2 (see the October 1984 BYTE U.K., page 381). McQueen now works at Bell Laboratories in the U.S. 1 should stress that Hope is a purely experimental language right now, and it lacks some of the features required for production programming.

Unlike LISP and Prolog, Hope source code looks quite familiar to

programmers with a knowledge of, for instance, Pascal. Some of this familiarity is illusory, however, as the symbols don't mean what you'd expect from experience of a procedural language. As an example, take the factorial program

dec fact : num - > num ;

— faGt( 0) < = 1 ;

— fact( succ( n)) < =

( succ( n) X fact( n)) ;

The first line declares a function called fact, which takes an argument of type num and returns a result of type num. The next two lines are equations that define the function's value for all possible cases (type num represents positive integers so the negative case doesn't arise), in the case that its argument is 0, then it returns the value I. In any other case the factorial of one-more-than-n is

[continuedl

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Inquiry 205

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BYTE U.K.

Strong typing in Hope is called polymorphic typing and is of a different and more flexible sort than that in Pascal

and Modula-l.

one-more-than-n times the factorial of n.

The function succ (for "successor"), which returns a number one more than its argument, is called a "constructor" function; in particular it is a constructor function for the positive

integers. Every data type in Hope is built by its own constructor function(s). When we write a constant like 3, we are, in fact, evaluating a function called 3 whose value is, not surprisingly, 3, but that 3 is shorthand for the expression succ(succ(succ(0))).

The identifier n doesn't refer to a variable in the traditional sense but is a formal parameter that refers to the argument passed to the function at run time and has meaning only for the duration of the function application.

TWo other things are important to note. The < = symbol does not refer to anything being assigned to anything but means "is defined as," "could be replaced by," or "could be rewritten as." Such program lines, introduced by —, are called "recursion equations." The second point is that the order is quite unimportant; I could as easily write

dec fact : num - > num ;

— fact( succ( n)) < =

(succ( n) X fact( n));

— fact( 0) <- 1 ;

with the same effect.

Strong typing in Hope is of a different, more flexible sort than that in Pascal and Modula-2. It s called "polymorphic" typing, which means that you can write functions that will work on any type, while still controlling the relation between argument and result type. This is accomplished by using type variables in place of actual types in the declaration. For example,

typevar any;

dec member : any X list (any) - > truval ;

— member ( x,nil)< =

false ;

— member ( x, y::z) < =

true if X = y else member ( x, z);

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MAY 1985 'BYTE 391

ftUUIBI

BYTE U.K.

identifier

tuncno. i . ,

J' 'i3i

ret count

yields a function that tests whether its first argument x is a member of the list that is its second argument. The type declaration says that nnember must receive as arguments an object of type any, and a list of the same type of objects, and it returns a result of type truval (the Hope equivalent of Boolean). For instance,

mennber(2,[1,2,3]); true : truval

is the same as saying

member ('b',"aardvark"); false : truval

and any will be replaced at run time by type num or type char, respectively (notice that strings are lists of char). The constructor function :: is for lists (y::z means "the list whose head is y and tail is z") and is itself polymorphic, as is nil, the empty list constructor You use :: like an infix operator rather than a function ::(y,z)—this privilege can be extended to any userdefined function in Hope.

There is much more to Hope than this brief glimpse. Unlike Pascal, it enables you to pass structured data types to functions and return them as results. Data types of any complexity can be defined by the user and they can be made polymorphic. So you could define a type tree(alpha)—a binary tree of objects of arbitrary type—and then write functions that operate on such trees regardless of the type of objects they contain. It also supports proper mathematical sets in addition to lists.

There is not room here to go any further, but 1 have discussed enough here to give you some understanding of how ALICE works.

Reduction

You'll notice that in all the preceding examples the left-hand side of the equation is merely an application of the function being defined to some pattern describing a possible form of its arguments; for example, member (x, y::z) says "the first argument can be anything at all, but the second must be a list with at least one element" The equation's right-hand side

Figure 1: Packet structure.

describes an expression that can be substituted for a call of this sort (i.e., one whose actual arguments match the pattern).

The execution of a program proceeds by progressively rewriting expressions, using the appropriate recursion equation as a rewrite rule. Let's see how it works on member ('a',"bat").

1. member('a',"bat") doesn't match member(x,nil) because "bat" isn't nil.

Try another.

2. member('a',"bat") does match member(x,y::z) if x is 'a', y is 'b,' and z is "at". The equation says we can therefore rewrite it as true if 'a' = 'b' (which it doesn't) or else as member('a',"at"). Do the latter.

In this process we have successfully reduced member('a',"bat") to the simpler member('a',"at"). If you perform a second reduction of this expression, you'll end up with true, which can't be reduced any further because it doesn't involve the application of a reducible function that has rewrite rules. Constructor functions are the equivalent of constants in Hope and are not reducible—true is a constructor for type truval.

This process of reduction of expressions permits parallel evaluation because, in a side-effect-free language, subexpressions on the righthand side of an equation can be evaluated (i.e., reduced) independently of one another.

The ALICE IMPLEMENTATION

In ALICE, expressions are stored as packets, which are fixed-size blocks of data each divided into a number of fields. The overall structure of a packet is shown in figure 1.

A pool of these packets is maintained in RAM, and the processing agents sit around this pool fishing for

packets. A processor pulls a packet out of the pool and checks what function is referred to in its function field, if .it is a reducible function, the processor will try to reduce it and then throw it back into the pool. As long as there is work for them to do, all the processors can operate at once.

Of course it isn't quite that simple. For one thing, reduction of a packet often creates several packets (the joke among the ALICE team is that it's called reduction because it makes things bigger). In fact, this is necessary to exploit parallel processing.

Let's see how fact(3) gets evaluated in terms of packets. (This is not exactly as ALICE would do it; I've simplified the schema in some details to increase clarity) The reductions involved are

# of packets fact(3)

3 :- 3 * fact(2)

0

5 :- 3 *■ 2 * fact(1)

0

7 :- 3 *' 2 *" 1 * fact(O) 7 :- 3 *' 2 *" 1 1 answer 6

The packet representing fact(3) gets rewritten to contain * instead of fact, and it spawns two new packets whose identifiers are put on its argument list. These contain 3 and fact(2) and are created from two empty packets grabbed from the pool. There are now three packets. The one for fact(2) then is rewritten and spawns two more offspnng, making five, and so on until seven packets exist.

The packets containing the integers 3, 2, and 1 are not reducible and the

* packets can't be reduced further while one of their arguments is still

[antinued]

392 BYTE • MAY 1985

I

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The KT-7/PC supports Time Sharing, Enhanced Time Sharing

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Kimtron's multi-user solution may be tailored for cost effectiveness; as low as $1095 for an additional user, and for speeds more than ten times faster than LAN. You can add one or as many as 31 additional users per PC. Kimtron delivers the future now by allowing an everwidening network of multi-user PC's.

The KT-7/PC may be complemented with one (or more) I/O Card, Memory Card, 8086 Speed

Enhancer Card, 80286 AT Card, 8088 Multi-Processor Card, 80186 Speed Enhancer Card, 68000 Card, and related software.

For more information about Kimtron's Multi-User Solution, or general video data terminals for other mini or micro multi-user systems, call your local computer dealers, distributors or Kimtron Corporation Today!

(408) 727-1510

See us at Comdex, Booth #4636

^ 1705 Junction Court

p^" = Building #160 r ^= San Jose, CA 95112

NOTE: IBM PC, XT, AT, PC DOS, MS DOS, UNIX, XENIX, CPM 86, Multi-Link, Concurrent PC DOS are registered trademarks of IBM Corporation, Microsoft Corp., Bell Labs., Digital Research Inc., Software Link Inc. respectively.

Inquiry 226

Kimtfon

DM20, The Heavy Duty Professional

At last, letter quality for the president, spreadsheets for accounting and graphs for marketing. All from one printer ... the new technology DIV120 dot matrix.

Refinement of the print head design reduced the diameter of the wire ^^^^m pins. This produced sharper and crisper characters in the letter ^^^^B quality mode. Both the letter and draft modes offer a number ^ ' of type styles, all software select

^^^^^

A unique set of front panel controls for setting characters per inch and line spacing helps place this multi-purpose printer above the competition.

This work-horse comes standard with both parallel and serial interfaces making it compatible with all popular computers. It emulates Epson* and IBM* printer control codes. A tractor for ^^^H long print jobs is standard.

I^H^ Seethe DIVI20 at your dealer.

Look at the quality. One look and you'll agree, this is the one ^„ printer for all your needs.

"Epson and IBM are rL>f)istt!fed liiidcni.irks ol Epson Cnipcjiali and Intnrnntiunal Businuss Machinns Coiporatinn

Dynaxjnc.

□RTIS

i=aR-nsHSEa

us at Comdex, Booth #W5036

DYNAX, INC. OFFICES

HEADQUARTERS BU70 Hickonbackec Rd.. Commerce, CA 90040 • (213) Tn-\271 NEW JERSEY One Madison SI . East Rullierlord. NJ 07073 • (201) 471-0100 TEXAS 6012 Campus Citcle. Suite 250. Irving. TX 75062 • (214) 257-1700

ILLINOIS 533 West Golf Rd , Arlington Heights. IL 60005 • (31.?l 228-0707 MASSACHUSETTS 400 W Cummings Park. Siille 5300, Wobiirn, MA 01801 • (6171 933-8162 N. CALIFORNIA 1255 Oakmead Parkway. Sunnyvale. CA 94086 • (408) 730-1712

BYTE U.K.

ALICE'S network

allows packet-pool segments and any pair of processing agents to communicate and

operates at 200 megabits per second.

not an integer. In this situation, the thwarted parent packet puts its name on the signal list of the offending offspring packet, which means "let me know as soon as you have a value," and goes to sleep. When the final fact(O) packet is rewritten to 1, these signals are sent out and all the * packets know their arguments are ready, at which point they flag themselves as being reducible and are snapped up by the next free processor.

This program doesn't exploit parallelism as well as it might, because at each generation there is only one immediately rewritable packet created, thus providing work for only one processor during the middle part of the evaluation.

The function factlist, which returns a list of the factorials of a list of numbers, will perform better.

dec factlist: list(num) - > list(num);

— factlist(nil) < = nil;

— factlist(x::y) < = fact(x)::factlist(y);

When this program is run, two rewritable packets are created (one for fact and one for factlist) at each

generation

factlist([2,3,4]) 0

fact(2) :: factlist([3,4])

etc. etc. and these can be reduced in parallel.

in turn creating work for more processors. You'll see that the full benefit of parallelism is only obtained by writing programs with the maximum possible number of recursive subexpressions.

There are other more complex considerations, which cannot be fully dealt with here, relating to this evaluation mechanism. Sometimes it's necessary that subexpressions on the right-hand side of an equation be evaluated sequentially. For instance, in the expression 0 if x = 0 else 1/x, a divide-by-zero error would occur if both parts were always evaluated, so the test must be done first. Similarly, during I/O (input/output), it's necessary to print things in sequence, not all at the same time.

ALICE provides an alternative mode of evaluation (which is flagged by the programmer in the source code) that suspends execution of a subexpression. This also makes "lazy evaluation" possible; data structures with an infinite number of elements can be defined, but only those elements that are needed are ever generated.

Hardware

ALICE is conceptually composed of just a packet pool and a gang of processors, but the real hardware is organized into four types of functional units: a number of processing agents and packet-pool segments, an interconnection network, and a distribution system.

Processing agents and packet-pool segments are implemented by the same hardware unit consisting of two Transputers (see "The Transputer" by Paul Walker on page 219) and 2 56K bytes of RAM; the memory segments are therefore "intelligent." 'I\vo such units are mounted on a single board. Which role a unit will play is determined by Occam programs loaded into its TYansputers at initialization.

The packet pool is thus not a contiguous memory block but is distributed throughout the system in discrete 2 56K-byte segments. This is preferable to the alternative that would require the RAM to be multiported as many times as there are

processors. Instead a network is used to allow the segments and processors to communicate.

Designing this network was one of the big challenges of the project, as its performance crucially affects system throughput. The final design is a delta network whose building block is a four-by-four crossbar switch, implemented as a custom chip in ECL (emitter-coupled logic). This network allows any pair of processing agents and packet-pool segments to communicate and operates at 200 megabits per second.

The distribution system is a multichannel system bus upon which the identifiers of both processible and empty packets are circulated (as separate streams). Any processing agent can grab the next packet that comes along and start to process it, communicating over the network to find the packets containing its arguments and the rewrite rules. Once reduced, the packet is put back onto the bus (as are any newly created packets), to be picked up and processed further elsewhere.

Garbage collection is performed by reference counting: a field (ref count) in each packet records the number of other packets that refer to it. When this count falls to zero, the packet can be put on the "empty" stream. Garbage collection is thus happening all the time, concurrently with processing, and all through the system.

ALICE doesn't actually execute Hope directly but uses an "assembly language" called CTL (compiler target language).

Compilers have been written to compile Hope, Prolog, Parlog (parallel Prolog), and LISP into ALICE CTL. The ALICE hardware has a special mode that permits direct assignment to packets and, together with suspended evaluation for sequencing, this enables conventional procedural languages like Pascal to be supported if required. In this case, the multiple processors could be used (given a suitable operating system) to serve multiple users, as they would not otherwise provide any performance benefit. ■

Inquiry 144

MAY 1985 -BYTE 395

:m ADVANTAGE HOME COMPUTERS

^ THE BEST PRICES!

We will meet or beat any qualified price you find.

Next day shipping on all in stock items.

^ Free easy access order inquiry.

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^ Free techniclal support with our factory trained technical staff.

1^ There Is no limit and no deposit on C.O.D. orders.

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^ We accept purchase orders from qualified corporations. Subject to approval.

^ Educational discounts available to qualified institutions.

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Inquiry 102

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All prices show/n are for U.S.A. orders.

Call The Canadian Office for Canadian prices.

APPLE

APPLE Me CALL

APPLE lie CALL

MaclNTOSH CALL

lie LCD Display CALL

A ATARI

6SXE (64K)

130XE (128K) ^►.VV

130ST (128K) *?C*-*

520ST (512K) V*

600XL a aooxL call

WHILE SUPPLIES LAST

850 Interface $109.00

1010 Recorder $49.99

1020 Color Printer $79.99

1025 Dot (Matrix Printer $199.99

1027 Letter Quality Printer $269.99

1030 Direct Connect lulodem $69.99

1050 Disk Drive $179.99

Touctl Tablet $64,99

7097 Atari Logo $74.99

401 a Pilot (Honne) $57,99

5049 VisiCalc $59.99

CX30 Paddles $11,99

CX40 Joystick $7.99

4011 Star Raiders $12.99

4022 Pacinian $16.99

BOARDS FOR ATARI

Axlon 32K $39,99

Axlon 48K $69,99

Axlon 128K $269,99

(vlicrobits 64K (600) $109,00

Bit 3 Full View 80 $239,00

commodore

NEW

Commodore 128, LCD..CALL

SX-64 Ponatlle $499.00

Commodore Plus 4 $199.00

CBM 64 $149.00

C1541 Disk Drive $199.00

C1530 Datasette $39.99

tul-801 Dot tvlatrix Printer $189.00

1^-802 Dot Matrix/Serial $219.00

Ivies 803 Dot Ivlatrix $179.00

C1802 Color (VIonitor $199.00

C1660 Auto Modem $59.99

DPS 1101 Daisy Printer $339.00

Professional Software

Fleet System II w/Spell.' $59,99

File (64) $59,99

Report (64) $59,99

Precision Software

Superbase 64 $54.99

BATTERIES ^^NCLUOEO

Paperclip w/Spell Pack $79.99

The Consultant DBMS $69.99

Bus Card II $139,00

80 Col Display $139.00

commodore

CBM 8032

$639,00

CBM 4032

$599.00

2031 LP Disk Drive

$299.00

8050 Disk Drive

$999,00

8250 Disk Drive

$1249,00

4023 Printer

$329,00

8023 Printer

$589.00

6400 Printer

CALL

Z-RAM $299.00

Silicon Office $299,00

Professional Software

Word Pro 4 Plus/5 Plus each,,,$239,00

Into Pro $179,00

Administrator $399,00

Power $69,99

PORTABLE COMPUTERS

mm HEWLETT nm PACKARD

41CV $189,99

41CX $249,99

HP 71B $419,99

HP lie $62,99

HP 120 $89,99

HP 15C $89,99

HP 16C $89.99

HP 75D $999.99

HPIL Module $96.99

HPIL Cassette or Printer $359.99

Card Reader $143.99

Extended Function Module $63.99

Time Module $63.99

We stock the full line of HP calculator products

NEC

PC-8401 $749.00

PC-8201 Portable Computer.,..$299,00

PC-8231 Disk Drive $599.00

PC-8221A Thermal Printers $149,00

PC-8281A Data Recorder $99,99

PC-8201-06 8K RAM Chips $105.00

SHARP

PC-1350 $159.99

PC-1261 $159.99

PC-1260 $109.99

PC-1500A $165,99

PC-1250A $88,99

CE-125 Printer/Cassette $128,99

CE-150 Color Printer Cassette,$171,99 CE-161 16K RAM $134,99

DRIVES

HARD

PC Stor CALL

PC-Disc CALL

PC QlC-Stor CALL

PC Back-Up CALL

EVEREX

Hard Drives CALL

Tape Back Up CALL

IfiPAssociaes

5 meg Removable/Internal $1399,00

10 meg Fixed/Internal $1249,00

15 meg 5 Removable/10 Fixed$2149.00 25 meg 5 Removable/20 Fixed$2499.00

10 meg Bernoulli Box $2149.00

20 meg Bernoulli Box $2799,00

ffSRanaSystems

10 meg Internal $699.00

J% TAUGRASS & TECHNOLOGIES / COMMTrtDTOMEMOBY

20, 30, 80 meg (PC) from $2399.00

FLOPPY

Apple GT l^.P^ $209,00

Atari GT $249,00

C-64 GT $259,00

A1,5 Apple $199.00

A2 Apple $199.00

SD1 C-64 Single $269.00

SD2 C-64 Dual $469.00

flS RanaSystems

Rana 1000 (Atari) $199.00

Elite 1 (Apple) $189.00

■■ncjan

320K 5',(i" (PC) $129,00

mucHon

Volksmodem $59,99

Volksmodem XII $189.99

Mark IL Serial $79,99

Mark VII (Auto Ans/Auto Dial)$99,99 Mark XII (1200 Baud) $259.00

5) Hayes

Smarimodem 300 $199,00

Smartmodem 1200 $389,00

Smartmodem 1200B $359.00

Smartmodem 2400 $699.00

Micromodem lie $249.00

Smart Com It $89.99

Chronograph $199.00

AST

Reach 1200 Baud Half Card , ,$399,00

niPpmiCROBITS

MPP-1000E AD/AA (Atari) $109,00

MPP-1064 AD/AA (C-64) $69,00

Smart Cat Plus $329,00

J-Cat $99,99

Smart Cat 103 $179,00

Smart Cat 103/212 $399,00

AutoCat $219,00

212 AutoCal $549,00

Apple Cat II $249.00

212 Apple Cat $449.00

Apple Cat 212 Upgrade $259.00

Macmodem 1200B $339,00

TELELEARNINO

C64 300 Baud $49,99

ZT-l $339.00

ZT-10 $309.00

ZT-11 $369.00

maxell.

5y«" MD-1 $17.99

5%" MD-2 $23.99

8" FD-1 $39.99

8" FD-2 $49.99

IlTI Verbatim.

5%" SS/DD $21.99

5%" DS/DD $29.99

5V4" Disk Head Cleaner $14.99

Elephant 5'A" SS/SD $14,99

Elephant 5'A" SS/DD $16,99

Elephant 5>A" DS/DD $19,99

Elephant EMSP 5'A $24,99

DISK HOLDERS

INNOVATIVE CONCEPTS

Flip-in-File 10 $3,99

Flip-in-Fiie 50 $17.99

Flip-in-File 50 w/lock $24,99

Flip-in-File (400/800 ROM) $17,99

AMARAY

50 Disk Tub $9,99

Atari $39.99

C-64 $59.99

IBM $89.99

Apple/Franklin $79,99

f

Super Sketch Pad (C-64) $39,99

Super Sketch Pad (Atari) $39,99

■Polaroid

Palelle 5:399 00

MONITORS

300 Green $129.00

300 Arrber S149.00

300 Color/Audio $259.00

310 Amber IBM-Plug $169.00

Color 500 Composile/RGB $389.00

Color 600 Hi-Res (640x240) $439.00

Color 700 Hi-Res (720x240) $499.00

Color 710 Long Phosphor $579.00

9191U Color $199 00

o

12" Amber $69.99

12" Amber/Green TTL (ea.) $119.00

NEC

JB 1260 Green $99.99

JB 1201 Green $139.00

JB 1205 Amber $139,00

JB 1215 Color $229.00

JC 1216 RGB $379.00

JC 1460 Color $269.00

JC 1410 RGB $669.00

PRIN PRINCETON cs

MAX-12 Amber $189.00

HX-12 RGB $469,00

SR-12 RGB $629.00

SC-lOO Color $249.00

SG-1000 Green $129.00

SA-1000 Amber $139.00

115 12" Green Mono $99.99

116 12" Amber Mono $99.99

121 Green TTL $139.00

122 Amber TTL $149.00

210 Color RGB $239.00

400 Med-Res RGB $319.00

415 Hi-Res RGB $399.00

420 Hi-Res RGB (IBM) $429.00

440 Ulira Hi-Res RGB $589.00

8400 Quadchrome : $479.00

8410 Quadchrome II $469.00

8420 Amberchrome $179.00

ZVM 122 Amber $89.99

ZVM 123 Green $89.99

ZVM 124 IBM Amber $149.00

ZVM 13! Color $299.00

ZVM 133 RGB $429.00

ZVM 135 RGB/Color $459.00

ZVM 136 RGB/Color $629.00

INTERFACES

mmpmumcAL

Graphcard $79.99

Senall Card $99.99

Microbotler II + $169.00

Microbullar 32K $189.00

Microlazer from $139.00

Efazer (Epson) (rom $79.99

^Orange micro

Grappler CD (C64) $99.99

Grappler -i- (Apple) $109.00

Grappler 16K-1- (Apple) $189.00

DIGITAL DEVICES

Ape Face (Atari) $49.99

Uprinl (Alan) $59.99

Uprinl (C-64) $59.99

Prinler Bulfer P-16 $79.99

nwp miCROBITS

MB1150 Parallel (Atari) $79.99

MPP-1150 Parallel (Atari) $69.99

MP-1150XL (Atari 1200XL) $69.99

MicroSlulfer 64K Print Bulfer ..$109.00

>RINTERS

AT-100 Atari Interface Printer...$159.00

AT-550 Atari Dual Mode $259.00

GP-lOO Parallel Interface $189.00

GP-700 Atari Color Printer $489.00

GP-550 Parallel Printer $269.00

BX-80 Dot Matrix $229.00

#CITIZEN

MSP-IO (80 col) $349.00

MSP-15 (132 col) $539.00

MSP-20 (80 col.) $569.00

MSP-25 (132 col.) $729.00

CITCDH

Prowriter 7500 $219.00

Prowriter 851 OP $299.00

Prowriter 1550P $469.00

Son of Starwriter AlOP $459.00

Hot Dot Matrix $459.00

F10-40P Starwriter $899.00

F10-55 Printmaster $1049.00

ComW/riterll Letter Quality $399.00

DIABLO

620 Letter Quality $749.00

630 API Letter Quality $1549.00

(d^sywriter

2000 $899.00

EPSON

RX-80. FX-80 -(-. LX-80. JX-80 CALL

FX-100-1-. RX-100. LQ1500 CALL

Homewriter 10 CALL

■JUKI

6100 $399.00

6300 $749.00

MANNESPtUNN

Spirit 80 $239.00

160L $539.00

180L $699.00

IVEC

8027 Transportable $319.00

2010/15/30/50 $699.00

3510/15/30 $1299.00

3550 IBM $1369.00

8810/15/30 $1699.00

8850 IBM $1749.00

OKIDATA

82, 83. 84. 92, 93, 182,

2350, 2410, Okimate-20 CALL

Okimale (Specify C64 or Atari).$199.00

OLYMPIA

Needlepoint Dot Matrix $339.00

Compact RO $399,00

Compact 2 $439,00

Panasonic

KX1090 $199,00

KX1091 $279.00

KX1092 $409.00

KX1093 $599.00

Quadjet $749.00

^ SilYER-REeO

400 Letter Quality $279.00

500 Letter Quality $329.00

550 Letter Quality $429.00

770 Letter Quality $779.00

SGIO (120 cps) $239.00

SG15 (120 cps) $399.00

SD10 (160 cps) $359.00

SD15 (160 cps) $479.00

SR10 (200 cps) $499.00

SR15 (200 cps) $639.00

Powertype Letter Quality $319.00

TOSHIBA

1340 (80 column) $599.00

1351 (132 column) $1259.00

PC compatible:

PC-150 Desktop CALL

PC-160 Portable CALL

rI

2220 Dual Portable $1999.00

4220 Dual Desktop $1999.00

% SAIM VO

MBC 550-2 Single Drive $749.00

MBC 555-2 Dual Drive $1099.00

MBC 775 Portable CALL

ATAT

Safari CALL

6300 CALL

corona

PPC22 Dual Portable $1599.00

PPCXTA 10 meg Portable $2799.00

PC40022 Dual Desktop $2199.00

/VEC

PC-8800 8/16 Bit $1299.00

• Lotus

Symphony $429.00

1-2-3 $299,00

Hayes

Please (Data Base) $199.00

PeachPack (GUAP/AR) $199.00

III

WordStar 2000 $239.00

WordStar 2000 * $299.00

□ MICRORIM

R:Base 4000 $249.00

Clout 2.0 $129.00

MtfltiMate

Mulli Mate $249.00

Crosstalk $89.99

MK»OSOfT.

Flight Simulator $39.99

MultiPlan $129,00

.ASHTONTATHB

Framework $349.00

dBASE II $299.00

dBASE III $369.00

Professional Software

PC Plus/The Boss $249.00

Synapse

File Manager.. $49.99

.ELi;CTRONlC ARTS"

Get Organized $69.99

Cut -n- Paste $39.99

Music Construction $29.99

One -on- Qne $29.99

Financial Cookbook $34.99

Electronic Desk $199.00

BBORlAnO iMi HIjAIlONfll

Turbo Pascal $39.99

Sidekick $39.99

SPI

Open Access $379.00

# I liu-\ ai<l Softwiux: Inc.

Harvard Project Manager $209.00

Total Project Manager $269.00

V^

IBM/APPLE

Access (NEW) $79.99

Write

$79.99

Graph

$79.99

Report

$74.99

File

$79.99

Plan

$79.99

Proof

$59.99

Mac Soltware CALL

Human Edge™

Communication Edge $119.00

Management Edge $149.00

Negotiation Edge $179.00

Sales Edge $149.00

IBM PC SYSTEMS

Configured to your

specifications. Call for Best Price!

MULTIFUNCTION CARDS S^Jp

MAI $249.00

Six Pack Plus $239.00

Mega Plus II $269.00

I/O Plus II $139.00

Memory MBII $249.00

Advantage-AT $399.00

Preview Monograph $299.00

Graph Pak Mono/64K $599.00

MonoGraph Plus $399.00

5251/11 CALL

5251 $579.00

3780 $639.00

BSC $499.00

IRMA 3270.. $899.00

IRMA Print $999.00

EaSLE

Color $199,00

EVEREX

Color Card (Graphics Edge) $299,00

Magic Card $199.00

Graphics ..HER^.y.LES ^^^^^^

Color $169.00

ffilLsocialcs

IDEAmax ■ ZPR, 64K, C, S. P.$229.00

IDEAmini - YPR, C, S, P $189.00

IDEAminimax - MPR 128K $229.00

IDEAshare Software $219.00

IDES 5251 $649.00

PARADISE

Modular Graphics Card $279.00

Multi Display Card $299.00

Five Pack C. S $169.00

PLANTRONICS

Color Plus $369.00

ii^?aE

Captain - 64 $239.00

Captain Jr. 128K $339.00

Graphics Master $469.00

QUADIWI^

Quadboard II $229.00

Expanded Quadboard $239.00

Quad 612-f $249.00

Quad 2 Meg $879.00

Memory Board $229.00

QuadJr Exp. Chassis $539.00

QuadJr Exp. Memory $219 00

QuadMemJr $229.00

Chronograph $89.99

Parallel Card $69.99

Quadcolor I $219.00

Quadgraph $379.00

KEYBOARDS

Keytronics Keyboards 5150, 5151.

5151 Jr, 5149 Jr CALL

MEMORY CHIPS

4164 RAM Chips (ea.) $2.99

TOU 800-631'0^62^,,,o.er Se.'^^

EPSON all models

nx/FX and LQ1500 also NEW JX80 &|

I

r'i^^ 82/83/84 and 92/93!! also 2410 (350 cps!|

OKIDATA

IBM PC

or 2 drives/256K, 10 mg hard disk

M650

2 drvs :

«2295

10 mg. hard disk 256K, 1-360Kb drive only

IBM XT

$3395

HR-15XL$3C9 <^-'^ BROTHER

$799

LEHER QUALITY" High Speed 36 cps 7K Butter

HR-35

c

COMPUTERS

IBM PC t XT See special abovelll

PC with 1 drive;64K 1395

PC with 2 drive8;256K 1650

XTwilhlOmg HD/128K 3350

XT with 2 drlves/10MG 3475

Call tor details-Compatible brand

portables and desktops ..r.. NOW IN STOCK

~) ( PRINTERS )

( MONITORS )

IBM MONOCHROME

COLOR

AMDEK 300G

300A

310A

COLOR 600

COLOR 710 NEW

TAXAN 12" Green

12" Amber

420 RGB

PRINCETON HX-12

SR-12

MAX-12

ZENITH 122-12" G

12" A

124 MONO-IBM

135 RGB/COMP

POLO 16 COLOR RGB!!..

..135 ..145 ..165 ..419 ..515 ..114 ..117 ..439 ..459 ..649 ..163 93

..475 ..350

DOT MATRIX"

EPSON HX 80 100 cps 235

RX 80 F/T 100 cps 279

RX 100 100 cps, 132 col 399

FX 80 or JX 80 best price

FX 100 160 cps, 132 col In

LO 1500 200 cps NEW! magazine

OKIDATA miim Save

92P All

93P Models

2410 Drastically Reduced!!

GEMINI 10-X 239

15-X 349

DELTA 10 or 15 Special

RADIX 10 or 15 SCall

DAISY WHEEL'""

PRIMAGE I 55 cps, SER/PARR 1395

w/Cut Sheet Feeder 1695

BROTHER DAISY WHEEL HR-15XL 359

c

MODEMS

HR-25..

HR-35 (36 cps)..

JUKI 6100

JUKI 6300

DIABLO 620

36

630

DYNAX DX-15

NEC all models

OUME all models..

..599 ..799 ..389 ..724 829 ... 1276 1639 359 SCall seal!

HAYES 300

195

1200

459

1200B IBM INTERNAL

389

MICROMODEM II E

209

ANCHOR MARK XII

244

c

DRIVES

IBM 360 KB 219

TANDON 100-2 360KB 165

APPLE DRIVES Sale 135

TEAC 'k HI-360 KB 119

SHUGART '/i HI-360 KB 109

COGrrO 10 mg H.D. W/CONTRL 665

ATARI INDUS GT 349

( IBMSOFTV/ARE )

""•SPREADSHEET""

FRAMEWORK Monthly Special 355

FRIDAY 195

SUPERCALC 3 228

MULTIPLAN 136

"•IBM WORDPROCESSOBS^^^

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398 BYTE- MAY 1985

The Sale

of Computer Products

A self-help

buyers and sellers

BY Robert Greene Sterne and Perry J. Saidman

In this column we will discuss the legal aspects of buying and selling comw.i'^w. puter products, an important concern because each stage of the distribution network is involved. We'll deal with computer products—microcomputers of all types, offthe-shelf software packages, printers, floppy disks, computer furniture, and the likebut not services—customization of software, service calls, and so on—since services are treated somewhat differently We hope you find this a concise self-help guide to be retained and consulted when buying or selling computer products.

We'll examine both pre-sale activities and the sale itself. We'll attempt to present as balanced a view as possible, one that is neither pro-buyer nor pro-seller. However the subject is, by nature, very buyeroriented, since sellers in many respects have forced the marketplace to be sellerbiased. For clarity we will cast you, the reader, in the role of buyer.

The buyer being discussed is the individual person or business buying for personal or business use. The seller can be in the business of selling computer products—a local store, a mail-order house, a hardware manufacturer or software publisher—or an individual or business selling computer products on a one-shot basis. This second group is growing exponentially as older products are being supplanted.

The Law of Computer Sales

The legal aspects of computer sales involve a hybrid of federal and state laws. One part is in the form of statutory rules as interpreted by actual court cases. And another part is judge-made laws that have evolved over the centuries and trace their ancestry back to England. When you apply this patchwork quilt of legal rules to a given sales situation, you must examine the facts carefully, since it is not uncommon for a single fact to radically alter the end result.

The primary source of federal law is the Federal H-ade Commission's (FTC) Rules and

Robert Greene Sterne and Perry |. Saidman are attorneys with Saidman. Sterne. Kfsslcr, & Goldstein in Washington. DC. Jhey are also contributing editors for BYTE. Tfiey can be contacted do BYTE. POB 372, Hancock. NH 03449.

Regulations relating to mail-order sales and to warranties. At the state level, it is Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCQ that makes up the bulk of sales law. In certain states, additional laws govern deceptive trade practices. In each state, judgemade laws control those areas not addressed by federal law, the UCC. or the deceptive trade practice laws (if present).

The Buyer s Responsibilities

As a buyer, your first rule is to check out the product you intend to buy and the

various sellers from whom you could buy it. Buyer advocates stress that much pain and aggravation can be avoided if you observe this simple rule.

T^ke the time to read reputable and indepth reviews of the product, preferably from a nonpartisan journal. Some buyer advocates recommend that you avoid products that have just been released unless you have the wherewithal to deal with the product shakedown risks.

Find a way to use the product—examine the manual, try to run some functions, and determine if it will operate in its intended environment. You should try to talk to a person currently using the product; reputable sellers will put you in touch with such users.

Check out possible sellers. Price and product availability usually are not the only factors to be considered. Local stores are attractive, since they offer the advantages of product inspection and evaluation, support, and service as well as off-the-shelf delivery. But you should determine whether the product requires support or service. Obviously, a printer does and a floppy disk does not. If support and/or service are important, then you should evaluate the local store's capability to provide them. How well established is the store? What kind of staff does it have and how experienced are they? What reputation do the store and staff have? Do they stand behind the products they sell? Local stores constantly complain

(continued)

MAY 1985 'BYTE 399

COMPUTERS & LAW

to us that they do all the pre-sale work for mail-order houses, hardware manufacturer, and software publishers who get the sale due to their lower pre-sale overhead. If you intend to use the computer products in a business context where downtime is costly, you should be sensitive to this. You should try to determine if the

local store will be loyal to you if you are loyal to it. As a buyer, you should remember the time-tested adage of being penny-wise and pound-foolish.

Mail-order houses are the real wild cards in the seller's game. As a buyer, you should take a minute to look at magazine advertising. Any computer product imaginable can be purchased

by mail order And look at those low, low prices. They are often from 10 to 40 percent lower than those available from other sellers. But the support and service are not available, according to many buyer advocates and some seller attorneys. And even more importantly you should be aware that there is a significantly higher risk that you may get a late delivery or no delivery at all.

Mail-order houses argue that they are the force that keeps the marketplace truly competitive, resulting in the amazing gains in the performance/ price curve that the microcomputer industry has enjoyed in its 10-year life span. Without them, they argue, the local stores would conspire with manufacturers and publishers and artificially raise prices in the name of support and service. Apple Computer has been on the receiving end of such allegations in the lawsuits spawned by Apple's termination of dealers engaged in so-called transshipping—sales through the mail or by phone by sellers who provide little or no preor post-sale support or service.

Hardware manufacturers and software publishers make up the third group of regular sellers. They will be glad to talk to you about selling you their products. You should call them up, ask to talk to their sales departments, and get price and delivery quotes. Dealing with the manufacturers offers several advantages. Often they are the ultimate sources of support and service. In other words, the local stores are really fronting for them. You also stand a greater chance of getting the latest version of a product directly from the manufacturer. This is particularly true with small manufacturers and publishers who may not have the dealer network that warrants using a local store. Larger manufacturers may operate company stores in your local area.

Suppose you are about to buy or sell a computer product and the person you are negotiating with is not yet 18 years old. As any experienced seller knows, this is one of the danger points in the law of computer sales.

[continued)

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400 BYTE* IVIAY 1985

Inquiry 234

1

Double your IBM PC's processing speed for under $650!

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Quadram introduces a rapid advancement in IBM PC performance. QuadSprint. The innovative expansion board tliat doubles the processing speed of your personal computer Just plug the totally transparent QuadSprint into your system and watch all your PC programs (Lotus 1-2-3, dBASE 111. Wordstar, and more*) run faster and more efficiently than ever before... without special commands or interface software.

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Inquiry 335

IBM ■ PC. PC AT are registered trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation." 1-2-3 is a trademark of Lotus Development Corp. dBASE 111 isa trademark of AshtonTate. Inc. Wordstar isa trademark of MicroPro Corp. ©Copyright 1984 Quadram Corporation. All nghts reser^d.

SrOPGETTING YOUR WIRES CROSSEDl

One mix up, and a whole project can get thrown off. Which can mean costly delays. With Post-it™ Notes, you can put important notes or

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COMPUTERS & LAW

And with the rapidly expanding usedproduct market, there is a significant possibility that you may find yourself buying a product from a minor. The rule here is that you should alm\)s make sure that an adult (a person 18 years or older) signs the written sales contract for the minor. The reason is that a minor is not allowed by law to contract. In effect, a minor could buy or sell a computer product and then void the sale and get his money or product back even though he has made full use of the money or product for a considerable period of time. This rule traces its lineage back to the days when the law sought to protect minors from unscrupulous adults and from themselves. Minors today seldom repudiate their deals, but when big-ticket product purchases are involved, it's prudent to be on the safe side and make sure an adult signs the sales agreement.

The Sales Agreement

whether you are the buyer or the seller, you should always use a written sales agreement—a must if the transaction is for more than $500. And you should always get the other party to sign it or initial it. Sometimes, one party to a sale of over $500 will try to get the other party to sign the agreement but will try not to sign it himself. A section of the UCC says that a contract for more than $500 must be in writing and signed by the party that is on the receiving end of an enforcement action. Thus, if one party does not sign, that party can enforce the contract against the other party but can prevent it from being enforced against himself.

A sales agreement can be as simple as an itemized note or sales slip or as elaborate as the multisheet printed form with carbon paper that has become commonplace. If you are a buyer, it is imperative to get everything in writing to be able to prove those items that have been agreed upon. On the other hand, if you are the seller, only put in writing that which you intend to provide and nothing more. The reason for this is that the UCC explicitly states that all

discussions that lead up to a written contract are deemed to be contained in the written contract, unless otherwise stated. Most printed agreements, however contain an integration or entire-agreement clause. This clause is part of the boldface, capitalized verbiage usually found on the front of a form contract near the price or near

where the buyer's signature goes. This clause states in effect that the paper being signed is the entire agreement, understanding, and representation between the buyer and seller and supersedes all previous discussions, promises, and understandings. In other words, if it's not in the written

(contmuedi

You already own a computer that can talk.

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The \A31trax Personal Speech System is the least expensive sophisticated voice synthesizer available today The PSS's text-to-speech vocabulary is virtually unlimited, and you can define an exception vrard table and customize >i)ur translations. So the PSS can say just about anything!

if 5 a speech and sound specialist

The PSS can also mix speech and sound effects or speech and music It contains its own speal<ei; a programmable master ckxk, 256 programmable frequencies, a programmable speech rate for a more natural rhythm, and 16 programmable amplitude levels for incredible control of word emphasis. You can control the volume. Plus, it doesnt use any of your computer's valuable memory.

If s computer friendly.

The PSS is unbelievably easy to use. It doesn't need an interface card for most computers. It comes with standard serial and parallel ports. Speech, music, and sound effects are as simple as printing out a document

What do you do with a talking computer?

There are countless practical applications. Businesses may want the PSS for spoken transmission of information, narration of displays, and product demonstrations. It makes verification of data input possible for the blind. It can be part of a burglar alarm system. Children can use the res as a study aid. And it helps games come alive, speaking while you play

Whatever your computer can do, the PSS can help it do it better at a cost that makes ft all worthwhile: only $395.* Call (313) 583-9884 to hear an actual voice demonstration cf the PSS.

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There's also the lype 'N Talk.

If you warvt a less sophisticated unit and want to spend a little less, consider the \fetrax Type 'N Talk (TNT). Its vocabulary is also limited only by what you can type. It doesnt use any computer memory it's compatible with most computers, and it's only $249.* Just plug it in to your own speaker and go!

For more information about the Personal Speech System or the Type N Talk, see your lool osmputer retailer; call toll-free or write:

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1394 Rankin Troy. Michigan 48083 I-800-52I-I350 (In Michigan, call collect 313-588.0341)

Inquiry 415

MAY 1985 -BYTE 403

COMPUTERS & LAW

The seller should let you read and understand the boilerplate before you sign the contract.

404 BYTE • MAY 1985

contract, it's not part of the deal.

If you are the buyer, you cannot always trust the salesperson to adequately document the deal, so take these simple precautions. It is perfectly reasonable to require that the salesperson let you read and understand the boilerplate of the contract and to have all of the particulars of your deal

Inquiry 124

entered on the contract before you sign it, pay any money or take possession of the computer products. If a printed form contract is used, make sure all deletions and additions are initialed and dated by the seller in the margin beside the change on all of the copies. Also make sure that the contract is signed by an agent of the seller who has the authority to sign contracts.

Prudent sellers should pay great attention to making sure they have legally strong, well-drafted, and plainEnglish standard contracts and that their sales personnel are diligent in completing them and having them executed in each computer-product sale. This cannot be overemphasized. In the event of a dispute with a disgruntled buyer a seller, particularly if selling is the seller's regular business, will be at a great disadvantage if he doesn't have such a written agreement. Furthermore, if a buyer tries to cheat the seller out of money owed, the buyer must have a written contract. And if a seller should be unfortunate and become involved in a defective-computer lawsuit where the buyer may quite legitimately claim consequential and punitive damages in the millions of dollars, a written contract can be the seller's main shield against such liability.

Buyers often tell us that sellers will not change their standard contracts. This is a negotiation as much as a legal issue. If a seller will not document the terms of your deal—the computer products involved, price, delivery date, the name and address of the buyer and seller, any special terms, and the like—then you should probably find a different seller. However, if boilerplate language is the problem, then the issue is much more difficult. Many sellers just won't deviate from their standard agreement, particularly on single-system deals, because they are afraid that if they give in to one, they will have to give in to all future buyers. One way to get around this impasse may be to create a side letter that specifically incorporates the standard agreement but states that the modifications con

[conttnued)

GWEIDIIRPC THE GIBT OF SIGHT

Until now, your PC was telling only half the story. Because no matter how you look at it, words and numbers are simply that; words and numbers.

But the Datacopy 700 changes all that. TURN YOUR WORD PROCESSOR

INTO AN IMAGE PROCESSOR.

This remarkable peripheral enables you to combine photos, diagrams, even 3-D objects with word processing, data base, CAD and communications applications using standard software.

All you need to get the picture is an IBM XT, AT, or compatible Our friendly, yet powerful. Word Image Processing System™ software is included in your puichase.

Once installed, our electronic digitizing scanner allows you to capture images in high resolution. These can then be manipulated, stored, retrieved, and even printed.

But what's truly amazing is the range of applications for the Datacopy 700. Such as generating complex documents including text, drawings and pictures. Technical manuals. Catalogs. Personnel or document files. Or what ever you decide.

The result is a visionary achievement: the power to give words and numbers far more meaning. To publish information, not just data. And to extend the possibilities of your PC. All for a surprisingly low cost.

For more details, call toll-free 1-800821-2898 or in California 415-965-7900. Or write to Datacopy Corporation, 1215 Terra Bella Avenue, Mountain View, CA 94043. Telex: 701994 DATA. COPYUD.

DATACOPY

The Eye of the Computer

I

n the quiet city of Metropolis, SuperSoft Software

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When faced with the perilous threat of data overflow, this Spreadsheet will NEVER let you run Out Of Memory

Scratchpad Plus is the no-nonsense financial planning spreadsheet suit- ^^''^\f^\ able for every business Superhero.

• HANDLE HUQE SPREADSHEETS192K memory Is all you'll ever / need, it runs in much less. Use ^^2up to 9,999 rows or columns. Fill up to 25,000 cells simultaneously, riever see "Out of Memory" again.

• COriSOLIDATE LIKE CRAZY-Take as many spreadsheets as you would like and consolidate them into one. Get totals or averages of all entries.

• EnXER DATA WITH BLinDIMQ SPEED —Enter columns and rows of data with only one hand.

• LEAP TALL PROJECTS IM A SINGLE BOUND—Automatic pagination, format options, data transfer capabilities, windowing, built-in functions, formula display, precise error reporting, and help screens are just some of the time-saving features of Scratchpad Plus.

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(for all PC DOS, MS DOS, CP/M-86,

and CP/M-80 systems): $195 Demo available: $19.95

Stats-graph

Create Super Graphs Without Graphics Hardware

Bring excitement and immediacy to your reports and presentations. Create PIE GRAPHS, SCATTER PLOTS, and BAR CHARTS that can be output to any screen, printer, or text file. No matter what kind of system you have —color or black and white, graphics or no graphics, printer or no printer—Stats-graph will create great looking graphs. You can also produce statistics such as regression analysis and standard deviation. And Stats-graph works alone or with Scratchpad Plus, PDB, or any other program which outputs DIE files.

Stats-graph

(for all PC DOS, NS DOS, CP/M-86, and CP/M-80 systems): $195 Demo available: $19.95

Inquiry 383

PDB

The Superhero's Business Filing System

When up against a villainous quagmire of disorganized data. Superhero PDB puts you in control. File it, sort it search it, format it, enter it, delete it reorganize it, merge it, convert it subdivide it, print it report it...

PDB is the high-powered business filing system that even the INCREDIBLE HULK would find easy to use. Get PDB, PDQ.

PDB (for PC DOS and selected MS DOS systems): $195

Diagnostics II

Talie care of your microcomputer before it

takes care of you.

Protect yourself from time-robbing system failure. Pinpoint costly hardware problems before they cause serious trouble.

I^CR. XEROX. MORROW DESIGNS, and SONY all use this software to take care of their systems. Diagnostics II is the finest set of system diagnostics available for microcomputers. It thoroughly checks memory, CPU, terminal, printer, and disk drivesisolating many problems to the chip level. It checks both standard and non-standard components, including non-IBM add-ons. So get a copy of Diagnostics II for yourself—and keep your system in great shape.

Diagnostics II

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Mention this ad when ordering from SuperSofl: and get the following outstanding discounts on any of

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SupeiSs]ft

SuperSoft:, Inc. P.O. Box 1628, Champaign, IL 61820 Telex: 270365 SUP ACI CUM

MAY 1985 'BYTE 405

COMPUTERS & LAW

tained in the letter supersede comparable terms in the standard agreement.

The letter should be dated the same day as the standard agreement and should also be signed by the seller.

Advertising

Another problem that causes anguish for both buyer and seller involves ad

vertisements. The seller is not obligated to provide an unlimited number

of buyers with a particular product at an advertised price. The law recognizes that product supplies are not limitless. To be on the safe side, sellers should make sure that their advertisements specify the number of products that will be available at a

sale price or state minimally that "quantities are limited."

Rain Checks

what happens when the seller issues a rain check to the buyer? Must he sell the product to the buyer at a later date? Seller lawyers argue that there is no obligation under state law, since the rain check is considered merely an offer revocable by the seller prior to the actual purchase. Buyer advocates disagree but have little legal precedent on which to rely. To be on the safe side, buyer advocates suggest that you either purchase the products in full and await delivery or put down a partial payment and get a written rain check. The partial payment turns that written rain check into a binding contract.

Mail Order

Many buyers are scared of dealing with mail-order houses. They are afraid of being burned. Buyer advocates suggest the following strategy to minimize this. First, always deal with a seller whose business is located out of state to avoid paying sales tax. Second, call the seller, negotiate the terms mentioned below, and follow up with a letter documenting the oral agreement. One important term is the exact description of the product being purchased (model or version number etc.). Another is the price, including handling and shipping. Make sure the product is shipped "FOB your address" (so risk of loss only passes to you upon delivery), if the seller insists on "FOB shipping point," make sure he gets sufficient insurance. Specify the delivery date required and include the magic words "time is of the essence." Also state that the seller is not to deviate from the terms in the letter without your prior written permission. Third, always keep a copy of your letter along with your notes and all correspondence received from the seller

The FTC has rules requiring a mailorder seller after receiving a complete sales order, to deliver the product either within the time specified in

[continue

¥)ute inGoodCaipany WhenM Program inBettaMSIC

All of tliese companies rely on BetlerBASIC to write their software programs. Tliey have found that BetterBASlC combines the features they need from BASIC, Pascal, C and Forth in one familiar environment. Some of these features include the following. 640K Now you can use the full memory of your PC to develop large programs. STRUCTURED Create well organized programs using procedures and functions that ate easily identified and understood and completely reusable in future programs. MODULAR Use procedures and functions grouped together to form "library modules." INTERACTIVE BetterBASlC acts like an interpreter, responding to the users' commands in an immediate mode. However, each statement is actually compiled as it is entered. EXTENSIBLE Create your cwn BetterBASlC modules whidh contain BetterBASlC extensions (ideal for OEMs). COMPILED Each line of the program is compiled as it is entered

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ALSO AVAILABLE FOR THE TANDY 2000.1200 AND 1000

406 BYTE* MAY 1985

Inquiry 380

Now Showiiig In Black And White

If you own an IBM-PC or PC work-alike, Roland's new MB-142 monitor lets you show off your text and graphics in today's hottest colorsblack and white. That's right! The MB-142 gives you black characters on a paper-white backgroundjust like people have been reading for centuries. You can also have white characters on a black background with just the touch of a button.

Both of these black and white display formats are easier on the eyes and less fatiguing than the green or amber phosphor used in standard monochrome monitors. The MB-142's large 14-inch screen, combined with its ultra-high 720 X 350 resolution, can display characters that are larger and more legible than what you can get with ordinary monochrome monitors. Another great plus is that the MB-142 plugs directly into the monochrome board of your IBM or compatible—just like your present monochrome monitor, with nothing more to buy.

Because of the MB-142's advanced electronic circuitry, you even have the ability to mix graphics and text on the same display when using graphics and text boards from leading manufacturers such as Persyst, STB, Paradise, Hercules, AST and many others. What makes it all possible? The same sophisticated technology used in color monitors.

the MB-142 supports all the winning cards

ush a button for instant reverse screen

for business, black and white makes more sense than green and black

the big difference is ■ that the MB-142 monitor does the job for significantly less money. The MB-142 is designed to interface economically, too. Imagine seeing your favorite business graphics or CAD/CAM packages, such as Lotus 1-2-3, Energraphics, Chart-Master, AutoCAD, CADDraft and VersaCAD, in ultra-high resolution black and white. Also, take full advantage of your program's windowing capability using the large 14-inch screen. Tcike a good look at the differences that set the MB-142 apart from the rest. No other monochrome monitor gives you the fatigue-free black and white viewing, text and graphics capabilities and easy interface. Naturally enough, the MB-142 is from Roland DG-the new computer peripherals company that's pointing the way to the future. Look for this and other Roland products at fine computer dealers everywhere. For more information, contact: Roland DG, 7200 Dominion Circle, Los Angeles, CA 90040. (213) 685-5141.

The software programs listed are trademarks of the following companies: AutoCAD. AUTODESK. Inc.; CADDraft, Personal CAD Systems, Inc.; Chart-Master, Decision Resources, Inc.; Energraphics, Enertronic Research. Inc.; Lotus 1-2-3. Lotus Development Corp.; VersaCAD. T&W Systems. Inc.

Roland DG

Inquiry 345

MAY 1985 -BYTE 407

COMPUTERS & LAW

the advertisement or within 30 days if no time is specified. The FTC rule is superseded when you specify a delivery date. But what happens if the delivery date is missed' First, if the delivery date was specified along with "time is of the essence," the order becomes null and void. The seller must make a refund within seven busi

ness days (or within one billing cycle for a credit card) after the contract cancellation. If you did not specify a delivery date, then the FTC rule requires that the seller notify you of the delay, if the seller says shipment will occur within 30 days, then you have the option to cancel and get a refund, if you fail to respond to the seller's

notice, the new delivery date takes effect. However, if the seller says shipment will occur in more than 30 days, you are off the hook automatically unless you agree otherwise. Furthermore, the seller must refund your money within the 30-day period.

Forms of Payment

Buyer advocates argue that the payment mechanism is one of the most effective ways for guaranteeing that a seller delivers the desired computer product. They rank payment mechanisms from most to least attractive for the buyer as follows: credit card: cash on delivery (COD) (without deposit and with payment by personal check): personal check; other instruments, such as certified or cashiers' checks or postal or private money orders: wire transfer: and, as a last resort, cold hard cash. In descending order, each offers you less in control and protection.

By comparison, a seller prefers cash because it is immediate payment with no strings attached. A wire transfer, where your bank electronically sends the money to the seller's bank account, is practically cash since you cannot stop payment. Because you also cannot stop payment on certified or cashiers' checks or money orders, they are the next most attractive to the seller. On the other hand, many sellers will not accept personal checks, and those that do typically require that the check clear—two weeks is common—before the product is shipped. This is because sellers fear that you could stop payment on a personal check or might have insufficient funds to cover it. In a COD transaction, you pay for the product when it is delivered. When United Parcel Service (UPS) is the carrier, the seller can specify the mode of payment, such as cash or certified check as opposed to personal check.

Credit cards are attractive to sellers since the credit-card company is on the hook unless you (the buyer) successfully protest some aspect of the transaction. Furthermore, some marketing people believe that through

{contiHuedi

Change y

M PC

THE FILE CONNECTION

8' DISKETTE SYSTEM FOR THE IBM PC

Our TILE COMMECTIOn ' programs provide 8" diskette file exchange between the IBM PC and most Micro-Mlni-I^ain Frame computer systems.

Our WORD COMhECTIOrt' programs provide 8 ' diskette text document exchange between the IBM PC and many word processing systems.

Our DISPLAYWRITER COririECTIOM" programs transform documents from Textpack, Wordstar, Multimate, etc. to the new DisplayWrlte 2 format.

In addition to our hardware and program products, we also provide a conversion service for customer supplied diskettes. Please contact us for information about the hundreds of S'A" and 8 ' diskette formats and systems which we currently support.

ri-AGSTAfr EriGIMEERinG / P.O. Box 1970 / Elagstaff, AZ 86002 Telephone 602-774-5 188 / Telex 705609 FLAG-EhG-UD

408 BYTE" MAY 1985

Inquiry 167 for Dealers. Inquiry 168 for End-Users.

What every Apple owner should know about

WORD

juggler:

If you own an Apple He or lie—or you're planning to buy one—here are a few things you should know about Quark's Word Juggler word processor.

First of all, Word Juggler is the only word processor that gives you a powerful spelling checker and a built-in telecommunications feature. So you can create a document—check it for spelling errors—^and then send it via electronic mail. All with just one program.

Plus, Word Juggler is the most easy-to-use, professional word processor you can buy for your Apple. Even complicated "cut-and-paste" tasks can be accomplished with just a few keystrokes.

There's nothing to memorize, either. Because Word Juggler comes with replacement keycaps—and a special keyboard template—which identify principal editing and formatting commands. So you can focus your efforts on using the program, not learning it.

Fact is, no other word processor for your Apple He or lie gives you this unique combination of power, functionality and ease of use. And if all these advantages aren't compelling enough, check the price. Suggested retail is only $189.

So visit your favorite dealer today. Ask for a complete demonsu^ation—and for a copy of our brochure, "What Every Apple Owner Should Know About Word Juggler." If you don't have a favorite dealer, but would like one, just call 1 (800) 543-7711. We'll fix you up.

Quark

2525 West Evans. Suite 220 Denver CO 80219 Inquiry 338

Quark and Word Juggler are trademarks of Quark Incorporated. Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

Ask about our specially-priced educational version.

Copyright 198S, Quark Incorporated

Photography by Barbara Kaslen

TheMicromint Collection

TERM-MITE ST

SMART TERMINAL BOARD

TERM-MITE is a completely self-contained videc display controller.

All you ncpd lo build a Smart Video Terminal equivalent to the types aduerlised for $1000 or more is a Term-Mite ST circuit board, scanned or parallel keyboard, video monitor and power supply.

- Uses brand new Nat'l Semi NS405 Terminal Processor,

■ 24 lines by 80 characters, 25th reverse-video status.

' Upper Si lowercase. Line (block) graphics.

- Selectable data rate, parity & display opiions.

- Reverse video, tiaU intensity, double height S width, underline, blinking and/or blank character.

■ Separate sync or composite video output. Self Test.

TERM-MITE ST Video Display Terminal Board

BCC22 Assembled & Tested S284.

BCC23 Complete Kit $244.

MPX-16 MICROCOMPUTER IBM PC COMPATIBLE

As featured on the cover of B YTE Magatine. Also featured in Ciarcia i Circuit Cel/ar November. December J982 & Jariuary 1983

The Computer with a Split Personahty

- Use il as an IBM PC look alike that directly boots PC POS 2.0 and accepts all expansion boards designed for the IBM PC.

- Use it as a powerful 8088 single board computer for all your OEM applications. Just add serial terminal, disk drive and power supply. Directly boots CP/M-86.

Buy the MPX-16 in the form that best meets your needs or budget. As a bare board, as a wave soldered board that contains all components less I Cs, as an assembled and tested circuit board or as a complete system.

Directly boots PC DOS 2.0 and CP/M-86. Most IBM PC software executes with no modifications.

IBM PC bus compatible +9 expansion slots. Intel 8066 IG-bit microprocessor. Optional Intel 8087 math cocprocessor. 2&6K bytes on board memorv. Up to one megabyte of system memory. Up to 64K bytes of system ROM/EPROM. 2 RS-232C Serial & 3 Parallel I/O ports. Disk controller for bV," or 8" drives. Sixteen levels of vectored interrupts.

MPX-18 Circuit Board Assembled

W/64K RAM $1,200.

OEM 100 quantity price 840.

MPX-16 Circuit Bnsrd Assemhled

W/256K RAM 1,400.

MPX-16 Semi-Kit (wave soldered circuit

board w/bII components) Less ICs 595.

Complete Kit of ICs w/256K RAM 595.

MPX-16 Unpopulated (bare) PC Boerd .... 300.

CP/M-8G Operating System + Manuals 80.

MPX-16 Switching Power Supply 300.

MPX-16 Technical Reference Manual 50.

MPX-16 Metal Enclosure writh Fan 225.

Tandon TM 100-2 Double Sided/Density

Drive 3D0,

IBM/PC Keyboard Interface Adapter 100.

Shipping and handling additional on MPX-16 orders.

IBM PC isa trademark of International Business Machines Inc. CP/M-66 is a trademark of Digital Research Inc. Z8 is a trademark of Zilog Inc.

Z8COMPUTER SYSTEM

BASIC System Controller

The Z8 Basic System Controller is an updated version of our popular BCC01. The price has been reduced and features added. The entire computer is 4" by 4li" and includes a tiny BASIC interpreter, up to 6K bytes of RAM and EPHOM, one RS-232C serial port with switchable baud rates and two parallel ports. BASIC or machine language programming is accomplished simply by connediny a CRT terininal. Programs can be transferred to 2732 EPROMs with an optional EPROM programmer for auto start applications. Additional 26 peripheral boards include memory expansion, serial and parallel I/O, real lime clock, an A/D Converter and an EPROM programmer.

- Uses Zilog ZS single chip microprocessor.

■ Data and address buses available lor complete peripheral expansion

- Can be battery operated.

- Cross assemblers lor various computers. New BCC11 Assembled 8i Tested $149. LowPric

FORTH Language Version

With the new 28 with on board 4K FQ RTH you can program high speed control functions in a few simple high level language commands. Perlecl for data reduction, process control and high speed control applications.

BCC20 2BF FORTH Microprocessor chip . $150.

BCC21 Z8F FORTH System Conttoller (This board is a BCC11 witfi a BCC2fl installed) AMembled & Tested 2B0.

SPEECH PRODUCTS

Speech Synthesizer ICs

Memory, I/O Expansion, Cassette Interface

- 8K bytes of additional RAM or EPROM.

- Three additional 8 bit parallel ports.

- Cassette interface - 300 baud K.C. Standard.

- Software real time clock.

BCC33 w/OK RAM Assembled & Tested ... $150. BCC34 w/GK RAM Assembled & Tested ... $180.

Eprom Programmer

- Transfer BASIC or Assembly Language application programs from RAM lo 2716 or 2732 EPROM.

- Comes with programming & utility routines on EPROM.

- Requires Z8 I/O Expansion Board for operation. 8CC07 Assembled & Tested $145.

Analog to Digital Converter

- Uses Analog Devices 7581 IC, 8-channel 8-bit.

- Adds process control capability to the Z8 system

- Over 1,000 conversions per channel per second.

- Monitors 8 analog signals in one of two lOv Ranges. BCC13 Assembled & Tested S140.

Serial Expansion Board

- Adds additional RS-232C and opto-isolated 20 ma. current loop serial port lo the 28 System,

- Runs at 75 lo 19,200 baud in all protocols.

- Comes with listings of sample serial I/O routines. BCCOB Assembled & Tested $160.

16K Memory Expansion Board

- Add up to I6K of additional memory, RAM or EPROM, to your 28 System Controller in any multiple.

- Accepts 2016, 6116, 2716, ot 2732 memory types,

- Four 16K cards may be installed on ihe Z8 System bringing the total memory to 64K.

BCC14 Assembled 8i Tested w/4K RAM , $120,

Cross Assemblers

From Micro Resources

IBM PC, APPLE. 6502 Systems 5'/.",

CP/M 2.2 B" I'5.

From Allen Ashley TRS SO Model I, III. Northster 5'/<" CP/M 2.2 8"

. 75. 150.

Five Slot Mother Board

- Expand your Z6 BASIC System with minimum effort.

- Contains five slots complete w/44 pin connectors. MB02 Assembled 8i Tested $69.

Triple Voltage Power Supplies

tSVeaOO me.r-/-12VSl25 me.

UPSOt Assembled & Tested J35.

UPS02 Complete Kit 27.

t5V (? 1 Amp. tl 2V e .5 Amp. -12V $ 50 ml.

UPS03 Assembled & Tested GO.

UPS04 Complete Kit SO.

Lis' ner 1000 Voice

Recognition Board

Uses Ihe new, high performance SP1000 voice recognition chip.

The LIS' NER 1000 provides voice input capability for your computer, The unit functions in the same manner as your keyboard, serving as a data entry device for application programs or the normal operation of the computer. The LIS' NER lOOO recognition system works by analyzing human speech and extracting the most important features. These impressions of words arc compacted into "templates" which can be stored and later compared to someone talking lo Ihe recognition unit. The LIS' NER 1000 supports a 64 word vocabulary in speaker dependent, discrete utterance mode. The recognition accuracy is greater than 96%. Each unit comes with a professional quality headband style electrel microphone to assure accuracy, software on diskette and a user's manual. The APPLE II LIS' NER board has provision for an SSI 263 phonetic speech synthesizer chip with textto-speech algorithm. This addition provides all tliii features described for the Sweet Talker II as well as speech recognition. APPLE II LIS' NER 1000 with SP1000 recognition/synthesis components only

VROl Assembled & Tested S189.

VRD2 Complete Kit S149.

APPLE II LIS' NER 1000 with SP'iOOQ recognition/synthesis components and SSI 263 phoneme synthesizer chip with text to speech algorithm.

VR03 Assembled and Tested S259.

VR04 Complete Kit S219.

COMMODORE 64 LIS'NER 1000 with SPIOOO recognition/synthesis components

VR10 Assembled 8( Tested $149.

VR1I Complete Kit $119.

Sweet Talker II Text-to-Speech Synthesizer.

SWEET TALKER II, a 3rd generation speech synttiesizer, is based on the SSI 263. SWEET TALKER II directly drives a speaker to provide music, sound effects and continuous speech of unlimited vocabulary at data rates as low as 50-70 bps.

- SSI 263-based Apple II compatible speech speech synthesis board

- Comes with texl-to-speech algorithm on disk (DOS 3.31

- Appropriate control inputs for mapping with several buses

■ On-board 1 wall amplifier with volume control

- Measures 3" x 314"

- Operates on -t-S and -4-12v

ST22 SWEET TALKER II Apple II compatible speech synthesizer with text-to-speech algorithm on disk $104.

Microvox Text-to-Speech Synthesizer

Microvox is a professional voice quality text- to speech synthesizer that is easily interfaced to any computer, modem, RS-232C serial or parallel output device and provides speech of unbelievable clarity.

- Unlimited vocabulary,

- 64 programmable inflection levels.

- 6K texl-to-speech algorithm.

- Full ASCII character set recognition and echo.

- RS232C and parallel input.

■ 1000 Character buffer, 3000 optional.

- Adjustable baud rates (75-9600).

- Spelling output mode.

- 7 octave music and sound effects.

- On board audio amplifier fi power supply.

- X-On/X-Off handshaking.

MV01 Assembled with IK buffer $349.

MV02 Complete Kit with IK buffer $269.

Add SI 5.00 for 3K buffer option.

The SC-01A Speech SynthBsizer is a completely selfcontained solid state device that phonetically synthesizes continuous speech of unlimited vocabulary. SC01A Quantity 1-99 $32.

lOOt $24.

1000+ cill

The Silicon Systems SSI 263 Speech Synthesizer Chip is a third generation speech synthesizer chip that produces even more intelligible speech than did older devices. The SSI 263 has improved intonation, inflection and filtration. SSI 263 Quantity 1-9 $42. ei.

10-99 $34. ei.

100 $30. ei.

The Micromint is stocking thousands ot SPIOOO voice recognition chips. Call us for a quote.

MICRO D-CAM DIGITAL TV CAMERA

Give your computer the dimension of sight,

- Interprets, enhances and stores images. ' 256 X 12S digital image sensor.

- Plug-in boards for the IBM-PC, APPLE 11 or e.

- Software includes utilities tor auto exposure, multi-level greyscale, screen dump and image enhancement.

< Includes interface card, 4 foot extension cable camera assembly, manual, and software on diskette.

DC01 IBM PC Assembled & Tested $299.

DC02IBM PC Complete Kit $264.

DC03 APPLE II Assembled & Tested .... $299. DC04 APPLE II Complete Kit $264.

ULTRASONIC RANGING SYSTEM

The Micromint Sonar Ranging Experimenter's Kit is an updated and higher functioning version of the Polaroid SX-70 Camera sonar ranging circuit used in the original Polaroid Ultrasonic Ranging System Designer's Kit. There are similar performance characteristics but this unit requires far less support circuitry and interface hardware.

The Tl ranging module can function between 4.5 and 6.8v. With a 5v supply, Ihe ranging module 1/0 is TTL compatible and can be connected directly to most computers with one input and one output bit,

The Sonar Ranging Experimenter's Kit includes one SN28827 ranging module, one Polaroid 50 KHz electrostatic transducer, and user's manual with data sheets.

TI01 Sonar Ranging Experimenters Kit... $60.

300 BAUD ANSWER/ ORIGINATE MODEM KIT

Micromint's latest 300 Baud Modem Kit is crystal controlled, uses the Tl TMS99532 IC, conlains just 25 parts and requires no calibration or adjustments. Use with acoustic coupler or in direct connect mode.

MD04 Complete Kit as shown $60.

MD05 Transformer for Direct Connect Mode $9. AC01 Acoustic Coupler Kit $20.

MICROMINT INC. 561 Willow Avenue, Cedarhurst, NY 11516 To Order: Call Toll Free 1-800-645-3479 For Information Call: 1-516-374-6793 Call: Monday-Friday, 9-5 PM

w

410 BYTE- MAY 1985

1

COMPUTERS & LAW

credit-card transactions, larger sales occur because you can withhold payment—a buyer advantage—if you feel a delivered product is defective or does not meet your intended purpose. If you dispute the transaction, the credit-card company withholds that money from the seller. Regardless of whether you ultimately prevail, the cash-flow loss hurts the seller.

Taking Deuvery

Typically you receive computer products in sealed containers. This effectively prevents you from inspecting the products at the store or before the deliveryman leaves. Because some sales agreements say that you have accepted the products merely by taking possession of them, buyer advocates warn that you should make sure such language is stricken from any sales agreement in order to allow reasonable inspection prior to accep

tance. Where a written contract does not contain such language or there is no written contract, you are allowed a reasonable amount of time to perform a reasonable inspection before accepting the products. This includes, for example, operating hardware or running software to demonstrate that it fulfills the terms of the agreement.

Where the terms are not fulfilled, you have the right to reject the products. Buyer advocates caution that such rejection should be done as soon as possible by telephoning the seller and following up with an explanatory letter Buyer advocates also recommend that the goods be returned, especially when they have been purchased by credit card. Sellers are protected from unreasonable buyer rejection where you accept the products knowing that they do not conform to your agreement, where you don't inspect them within a rea

sonable amount of time, or where you use the products beyond the acceptance period or modify them. When you have accepted the products, you can only revoke your acceptance where the product defect was difficult or impossible to discover through reasonable inspection or short-term use.

A Practical Application

I^t's apply all these rules to a typical situation as if we had an expert system for the law of computer sales. Doc is a computer hobbyist who plays the stock market. After careful research, he decides to buy a new computer system from a mail-order house. Doc orders by phone and pays by certified check to get immediate shipment. Five weeks go by and he has neither heard nor received anything. Doc calls and is told by the

(continuedi

in our howroom

Come visit U! Long Island I

226 Sherwood Ave. Farmingdale, NY 11735

Se Habia Espahol 1-800-331-3341

Cable:COMSYSTEC NEWYORK Telex: CSTNY 429418

OUR SPECIALTY: IBM COMPATIBLE PRODUCTS. GRAPHICS. DATABASE, 68000 UNIX, EXPORT

IBM PC II ADD-ONS

IBM AT BOARDS, DRIVES, ETC. AT COMPATIBLES

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MORE RELIABLE DRIVE FOR PC 360K, 1.2Ma 1.6MB ALL FROM ONE DRIVE. BETTER THAN IBM!!

COMPUTERS

Zenith, IBM, Sanyo, Apple, Cromemco, Dual, Dec

Prices subject to change. American Express, Visa/Mastercard add 3%. F.O.B. point of shipment. 20% restocking fee for returned merchandise. Personal checl<s tal<e 3 weelts to clear. COD on certified checl< only. N.Y. residents add sales tax. Manufacturers' warranty only. International customers, please confirm price before order. Accept RO. from Fortune 500, schools and gov't.

Computer Channel TELEX: 226 Sherwood Ave. 429418 Farmingdale, NY 11735 CSTNY

For Information CALL (516) 420-0142 To order CALL 1-800-331-3341

AN AFFORDABLE CAD SYSTEM FOR ENGINEERS & DESIGNERS

IMilNTKll FXJ«1

IM-OTTKIi

DKilTIZKK

nMP.JIl

I)T-114

$5,800.00

Package with IBM PC/XT also available

SYSTEM CONFIGURATION

We assemble systems at special prices, including software, special operating systems, shells etc. Call us for business systems, CAD systems, networking, LANS, graphics, mainframe links, interfacing, application integration.

PLEASE ASK US FOR QUOTES! FORTUNE 1500 COMPANIESLET US SOLVE YOUR SYSTEM NEEDS!

NEW UNDER $4000 COMPLETE CASH REGISTER—COMPUTER—POINT OF SALE—COMBINATION SYSTEM—CALL!

ALSO — SYSTEMS FOR MULTI-USER ACCOUNTING, LEGAL, MEDICAL, DENTAL, PHARMACY, CHIROPRACTIC, WHOLESALERS, RETAILERS, WAREHOUSES, BUSINESS, DATABASES, COMMUNICATION, NETWORKS

PRINTERS EPSON, OKIDATA

EPSON U3I50O 24 wire, excellent

ThinkJel

LaserJet

80 col., 160 cps

8010 180 cps

•♦•Letter Quality***

18 cps parallel/serial. . . 20 cps for IBM PC... 35 cps for IBM PC...

50 cps

18 cps

w/lBM interface

ECS/IBM ext. char. set. 33 CPS

Hewlett PackanI

Toshiba P1340 Dalaprodnct

Star Power type NEC 2050 3SS0 Clloh F-10 Juki 6100 Qume 11/40 Diablo 630 Dynax HR3S Comrex Comwriter III. Thmslar 315 graphic, color.

.$450 . 3,300 ...799 ...S4S

...375 ,..760 , 1,520 , 1.350 .459 .1,420 .2,100 ...910 ..740 ...479

Zenith

ESPRIT

EXEC 10/102

QUME 102 103 21IGX

VISUAL 55 102 550

WYSE SO 75

TERMINALS

Z29

Z49

6310 14"

emul. VT102

14"

emul. VTIOO

emul. TEK4010....

14" emul. VT102. emul. TEK 4010.. 14" 80/132 coL.. ANSI X3.64 ,

.CALL ...880 ...580 ...850 .... 499 ...875 .1,050 ... 760 ...920 ..2,050 ...559 ....625

Inquiry 94

MAY 1985 'BYTE 411

COMPUTERS & LAW

t

seller that the computer is out of stock for the "foreseeable future" and that the price has gone up. Reluctantly. Doc pays the higher price and receives the machine six weeks later. The machine arrives four days before he goes on a one-month vacation. When Doc returns, he unpacks the machine, only to discover that it does not work. What should he have done differently?

First, Doc should have called several sellers and negotiated not only the best price but the most favorable payment and delivery terms. He should have paid by credit card and sent a confirmatory letter setting forth all the terms of the deal. The letter should have explicitly stated the magic phrase "time is of the essence." After not hearing from the seller for two weeks, Doc should have called to confirm that shipment had taken place. Having learned that it had not. Doc

had the option of canceling or demanding immediate shipment. In either case, he should have confirmed his decision in writing. If he had foolishly waited more than 30 days, he could have canceled under the FTC mail-order rule.

Second. Doc did not have to pay the higher price since the seller cashed his original check implying acceptance of the order for that price. Had he paid by credit card, he could have protested the change in price from the original agreement. Unfortunately. Doc accepted the computer by failing to inspect it within a reasonable time after receipt. He cannot revoke his acceptance since the defect was obvious. His vacation does not serve as a valid excuse for his failure to inspect the product, which he should have inspected immediately upon receipt. Then he could have rejected the defective goods and demanded

a working replacement. Such rejection should have been made immediately by telephone and followed up in writing. The defective computer should then have been returned. If the seller did not provide a working replacement within a reasonable amount of time. Doc could demand that the credit-card company issue him a credit, thereby canceling the transaction.

In Conclusion

This column has addressed the rights and responsibilities of both buyers and sellers of computer products. IVlost buyers and sellers are honest and most transactions go smoothly. The law of computer sales, however, must provide a set of rules that operate when transactions don't go smoothly. We will deal with the legal ramifications of an unsatisfactory transaction in a future column. ■

ACCESS THIS DATABASE FOR FREE

No sign-up charges. No connect charges. No long distance calling charges. And It's the handiest, most useful database you'll ever dial up. Need a particular product or service? This base can take you through all fifty states on a search for the best available. Let your fingers do the talking (on your keyboard of course). Sign on through our toll-free numbers today.

The following phone #s are for computer use only:

(Ohio) (800)223-5541 (24hrs.)

(National) (800) 231-3158 (24 hrs.) For more information, etc., call our voice line: (216) 327-1623 (9 AM - 5 PM EST) Mon.-FH. Or write:

^Tfl TelCor

L-©d America

P. O. Box 40206 Cleveland, Ohio 44140

The TelCor America Classified Directory USE IT LIKE THE YELLOW PAGES. . .ONLY BETTER.

I 'iyl k; i •j -i*Ji-'lt*ivj k'l il ii>i i -4 .kii

2357 CONEY ISLAND AVE., BROOKLYN. NY 11223 B00'VIDEO84OR800.44M144OR 718.627 1000

COMMODORE 64

$149.95 APPLE 2Ew/DRIVE

$819.95

APPLE 20

$889.95 STAR SG 10

■PRINTER SPECIALS"

Brother HR15XL

349

JuKieiOO Tflovidrxi

.■'53

B'olher HR35

777

Juki 6300

e?9

B'olher Keytioaril

129

Mannesman Spin' flO

178

Cihzen MSP 10

314

Mannesman 160L

459

Ciliier MSP 15

479

Mannesman loOL

629

Corona Laser

2468

NEC 2050

629

Daisywfiter

735

NEC 3550

1218

Diablo620APt

659

NEC 7730

1629

DvnaiDX 15 XL

342

NEC 8850

1679

Epson RX BO FT t

285

Nn- p3 p2

839

Epson RX 80

219

0kKt3lag2

349

Enson RX 1O0

374

Okid3laS3

564

Epson FX 80

369

Okimale 10

127

EpsonJXBO

546

Olympai Compaci 2

349

Epson FX !0f) 4

F;.','-'t, 1.0 K-.fin

593

Oivm,,n;fo

30:1

$210.95

Panasonic KXP 1092

379

Panasonic KXP 1093

K>Z

Panasonic XKP3151

4t>C

Powerlype

278

Quadiel

720

Riteman Blue +

195

Slar SGIO

211

S!arSG15

352

SlarSDIO

352

StatSD15

431

SlarSRIO

461

Siar SR15

571

SlarSaiO

678

Silver Reed Exp550

369

Silver Reed Exp 500

263

Si:v.'' Rpod F<p 770

659

WOW!WOW!WOW!

IBM

PC wlDnve

CALL

PC XT

CALL

PC Ponable w/Dnve

CALL

AST Six Pack

209

Tallgras5 20 Meg

2274

Quad Board

221

Keylronics

129

Hercules Color

142

Hercules Monochrome

294

Paradise Graphics

252

Paradise MulN Display

273

STB Graphics +2

246

STB RlO-2

236

TecmarGftiUhics

439

Tecmar Capiam

169

Persysl Color Caitl

1-18

Peisysl MonocarfJ

162

Bernouli Box

1953

10 Meg Drive

659

JoyslicK

34

Tandon 100-2

119

ZENITH

ZefiilhPC2150

1619

Zenilh PC 15152

2057

Zenith PC161-S2

2204

819 1365 887 473

Irom 224 429

APPLE

2E «/Disk Drive Macintosh Apple 2C Imagewriter AddL Drives Modem 12

ATARI

800 XL 1027 Printer 1050 Drive

Indus. Drive 1025 Primer Rana1O00 Koala Pad Primer l/F

MODEMS

Hayes 1200 Hayes1200B Hayes300

Mtcromodem 2E Access 123 Novation J-ca!

800-441-1144

378 314

MONITORS

Amdek 300 Green

114

Amdek 300 Amber

121

310 Amber

142

CotorSOO

221

CotorSOO

324

Color 600

384

Color 700

441

Color 710

509

Taxan2lO

199

Princton NX 12

419

Taxan 122A

139

Taxan 420

394

SANYO

ssoo.s,

645

947

CRT 70

509

MBC775 1799

COMMODORE

Commodore 64

149

1541 Disk Drive

177

1702 Monitor

189

MPS 602

186

Indus. Oftve

259

Items reflect cash discounl. For your protection wechecli for stolen credit cards.

412 BYTE" MAY 1985

Inquiry \&3

MldROWAY'S 8087 RUNS 1-2-3 !

MicroWay is the worlcfs leading retailer of 8087s and high performance PC upgrades We stock a complete selection of 8087s that run at 5 and 8mhz. All of our coprocessors are shipped with a diagnostic disk and the best warranty in the business - 180 days! We also offer daughterboards for socketless computers such as the NEC PC and PCjr, and a board which increases the clock speed of the 80287 in the PC AT. Our new NUMBER SMASHER'" includes 512K ram. It will run the IBM PC at clock speeds up to 9.5mhz and achieves a throughput of .1 megaflops

87FFT performs Forward and Inverse FFTs on real and complex arrays which occupy up to 512 K bytes of HfM. Also does convolution^ auto correlations hamming complex vector multiplication, and complex to radial conversions. Caiiabie from MS Fortran or 87BASIC/INLINE.... $150

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Energraphics (stand alone) 295

Grafmafic for MS Fortran or Pascal 125

Plotmatic for Grafmatic 125

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OTHER TOOLS

Alpha Software ESP 500

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SuperKey 70

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smARTWORK 895

SPSS/PC 695

MAYNSTREAM. 1695

□Fixer

A disk utility which thoroughly checks PC or AT hard disks for bad sectors and updates the MS DOS file allocation table accordingly $149

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HARDSCOPE includes a version of 87DEBUC3 which interfaces a Breaker Box which makes it possible to reset your PC and break program execution independent of DOS... 249

with87BASIC/INLiNE Intel Fortran,or Microsoft Fortran. Software reviewers consistently cite MicroWay software as the best in the industry! Our customers frequently write to thank us for recommending the correct software and hardware to meet their specific needs They also thank us for oursame day shipping! In addition to our own products which support the 8087 and 80287, we stock the largest supply of specialized software available anywhere. For information call us at

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Micro nay

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MicroWays daughterboard turns on your 8087 during 1-2-3'" execution and extends DOS functionality. Recalculations run up to 33 times faster. Includes an 8087 chipi When used with the NUMBER SMASHER™ it can provide a total increase in 1 -2-3™ execution speed of up to 80 to 1.

FASTBREAK" Smhz $339

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FASTBREAK"

for NUMBER SMASHER $239 FASTBREAK" BOX Option $60

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87 BASIC/I N LI NE™ converts the output of

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87 BASIC" includes patches to the IBM Basic Compiler and both aintime libraries for USER TRANSPARENT 8087 support Pnjvides super

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OBJ —"ASM" - a multipass object module translator and disassembler. Produces assembly language listings which include public symtrals, external symbols, and labels commented with cross references Ideal for understanding and patching object modules and libraries for which source is not available $200

RTOS - REALTIME OPERATING SYSTEM

RTOS is a multi-user, multi-tasking real time operating system It includes a configured version of Inters iRMX-86, LINK-86, LOC-86, LIB-86,OH-86, and MicroWays 87 DEBUG. Runs on the IBM-PQ XT, PC-AT and COMPAQ $400

INTEL COMPILERS'

FORTRAN-86 750

PASCAL-86 750

PUM-86 500

87C (LATTICE/MICROWAY) 750

ASM-86. 200

^ Requires RTOS or iRMX-86. All Intel compiler names and iRMX-86 TM Intel Corp

HARDWARE AND LANGUAGES

8087 Smhz $129

Including DIAGNOSTICS and 180-day wanfanty For IBM PC and compatibles

8087-2 Smhz $275

For Wang AT&T, DeskProi NEC, Leading Edge

80287-3 5mhz $275

For the IBM PC AT

64K RAM Set $15 256KRAM Set $89 128KRAM Set PC AT $169 NUMBER SMASHER " 1590

9.5mhz 8087 coprocessor board with 512K

FORTRAN and UTILITIES

Microsoft Fortran 3.2 229

IBM Professional Fortran 545

Intel Fortran-86' 750

FORLIB+ 65

STRINGS and THINGS 65

C and UTIUTIES

Lattice C 299

Microsoft CVaO. CALL

C86 299

C TOOLS 85

C Trigs and Trans 150

BASIC and UTIUTIES

IBM Basic Compiler 270

87BASiC/INLINE 200

Summit BetterBASIC" 175

Summit 8087 Module 87

MACRO ASSEMBLERS

IBM Assembler with Librarian 155

87MACRO 150

Microsoft Assembler V ao. 125

PASCAL

Microsoft Pascal 3.2 199

Boriand Turtxj Pascal 45

Turtio with 8087 Support 85

APL

STSC APL* PLUS/PC 475

Pocket APL 85

FASTBREAK and NUMBER SMASHER are trademari<s of MicroWay, Inc Lotus and 1-2-3 are tnademari<s of Lotus Development Corporatiba

MAY 1985 -BYTE 413

You Can TalklbUs!

^ ^.6B DIODES

JOHT

EMI

nil'

'^^^^1 ICS

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Size

5 mm

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COMPUTER CONNECTORS

9 pin plug - solder tail P-2664 »1.25 10 up S1.10 ea

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P'2687 if .So 10 up $1.45 ea

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P-2689 Sf .00 10 up .ase ea 25 pin plug - solder tall P-2690 Sf .95 10 up $1.80 ea 25 pin lack - solder toil P-2691 »2.eo 10 up «2.40 ea 25 pin hood

P'2692 »1.2S 10 up .9S« ea

Centronics Connectors 36 pin 'D' type plug - solder tail „^ p-26ea $a.is 10 up $a.so ea af^^^'-'36 way 'D' type lock - solder toll

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EXPLOSIVE SAVINGS I

'^ES BUSTED

'O /OA 84

3 terminal 5 volt 1A positive regulator 3 terminal 12 V 1A positive regulator 3 terminal 1 5V lA positive regulator 3 terminal 5V 1A negative regulator 3 terminal 12V 1A negative regulator 3 terminal 15V 1A negative regulator

90P

each

10 or more

eachi

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Solder _ Sucker '9"

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Cot No c„, V •*

Cream

Inquiry 128

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By simply filling in the coupon and either mailing it to our mail order center or dropping it into our new showroom in Redwood City, YOU have the chance to WIN A TRIP TO THE LAND DOWNUNDA FOR TWO FLYING ClANTAS. In addition to this we will automatically create your own personal file which opens the doors to great benefits such as special moil order only offers, priority on your mail orders and receive details on our latest products. HURRY - DON'T MISS OUTl

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Zip.

MAIL TO: Dick Smith Electronics^ Inc.

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/- HEVBHHEAmOfDICKSmnHELBCTIKUHCSm DICK SMITH ElECIIiONICS was lounded Downundo 17 years ago , by electronics enttluslastt and has grown to over 60 stores and g more than 300 retail outlets In Australasia by Insisting on the Idea = of SERVICE FOII ELECTBONICS ENTHUSIASIS BY ELECTRONICS EN= THUSIASTS.

= We reckoned Americans would like ttie same type of service so here we are - mail your order today or come on down fo 390 Convention Way Redwood City and be senred by someone wtio understands your requirements.

CASE

i*,niumw",»'

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'nrrois

10 up

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Send in the coupon opposite and we'll also put your name In the draw for the airfare for two people to Sydney. Australia and 6^ return. The draw will be made on June 30,1985

" Noie, Dick Smith Eioctfonicsinc mokes mtiorrflrtieelvand wHhotJitequirefneflrior you 10 buy. but your (roodom lo rake pari vrill be governed byttiQ lows Of VOW home

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SHOWROOM: 390 Convention Way, Redwood City, CA 94063

T.i__^ J. ■1(^15)

Telephone: (415) 368 8844 Telex: 160488 iJiCKS USA Rax 1 ("415) 368 0140 tvlAlL ORDER CENTER: 390 Convention Way, Redwood City, CA 94063 P.O. Box 2249, Redwood City, CA 94063 Teleptione: (415) 368 1066 >_ • ^ Mall Order Customers: Please write Cat no., product description and price on your order

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within USA: 5% of total order (tmin 1.50). This includes ail handling o( your order. Optional insurance: $2.00 per S10G of order. Tax Calllornlan residents add 6.5%. Outside USA: 20% of total order (mm $5.00). Optional inturanee: $3.00 per $100 order Payment: VISA Mastercard or bank draft (In US Dollars)

inquiry 128

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WN0SPSCI4l,*f4.M ^ I CatQ-IOli

^flLECTRQNICS

These specials llnlsh June 30.1985

INCORPORATED IN THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

EVERYTHING FOR THE ELECTRONICS ENTHUSIAST

People who want to spend their time analyzing results, not just crunching niunbers.

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And despite its impressive power, Statpro is easy to use. You just respond to simple menus and screen prompts with single keystrokes. No programmers, statpro to work.

416 BYTE • MAY 1985

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Inquiry 416

MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS

An Exercise in BASIC Bitwise Logic Operation

The game of

Nim is used to teach the use of the logical AND, OR, and NOT

By Robert T. Kurosaka

Robert T. Kurosaka teaches mathematics in the Massachusetts State College system. He invites your correspondence [do BYTE. POB 372, Hancock. NH 034491.

The April artificial intelligence (Al) theme got me thinking about Nim, one of the first strategy games that

programmers tried to teach computers to play. Nim is one of the oldest two-person games and is believed to have originated in China. Objects such as matches or coins are placed in rows before the two players, who take turns removing objects until none remain. The winner is the player who takes the last object. The rules are simple: You must not skip a turn, and you may take as many objects from any one row as you wish, up to, and including, the entire row. The number of rows is arbitrary {but less than three is trivial), and the number of objects in a row is up to you (but letting ail rows have the same number is also trivial).

Some strategies become obvious within the first few games. If you can reduce the board to an even number of equal rows, you will win. If your opponent faces a board like the one shown in table 1, he or she cannot win if you simply echo his or her move in the other row. Other winning patterns become apparent: the 1-2-3 and 1-4-5. In table 2, you have just created the 1-2-3 pattern. No matter how your opponent plays, you can make two equal rows. If he takes one from row one, you take one from row three; if he takes one from row two, you take all of row three, and so on.

In the 1-4-5 pattern, no matter how your opponent plays, you can always make two equal rows or the 1-2-3 pattern. Similarly, with a 1-6-7 pattern, you can make two equal rows, the 1-4-5 pattern, or the 1-2-3 pattern on your move.

It is tempting to think that the 1-7-8 must also be a winning pattern. But your opponent will take two objects from the last row, leaving you to face a 1-7-6 pattern.

With more rows and objects, the winning patterns become far too numerous to learn. Instead, of course, we prefer to learn the winning strategy.

The elegant strategy was first proved in 1901 by Charles Leonard Bouton. then as

sociate professor of mathematics at Harvard University. He also gave the game its present name, "Nim."

Every position can be considered to be "safe" or "unsafe" to the player facing it on his turn. If you can create a safe position and continue to do so, you will win. Every unsafe position can be made safe by a single move. Every safe position will be made unsafe by any move. Therefore, once you make a safe position, your opponent cannot help but make it unsafe with his move: you can make it safe with your next move, and so on.

Binary Analysis

The analysis of the patterns is as follows: The number of objects in the rows are written in binary notation and stacked vertically, as if preparing for addition. Reading down the columns, if every column has an even number of Is, the position is safe. We will denote an even-parity column with a 0, and an odd-parity column with a 1.

This procedure is simpler than it sounds. Consider the number 13. The largest power of two contained in 13 is 8: think "one 8." The remaining 5 contains one 4, no 2s, and one 1 (don't forget 2 to the 0 power). Hence, 13=8-1-4-1-04-1, or in binary, 1101.

Now consider table 3, where the pattern is 13-12-4. The numbers have been converted to binary and stacked. Reading down the columns, the first (leftmost) column has an even number of 8s, so its parity designation is 0, and so on. The column-parity pattern is 0101. For a safe position, all columnparities must be even. That is, a safe position will have a column-parity value of 0000. Thus, the table 3 position is unsafe, and may be made safe by one move. How do we find this move?

Find the leftmost odd-parity column. In our example, it is the 4's column. We must remove one of the 4s to make that column even parity. We have three choices of 4s. If we remove the 4 from the first row, we must

{continued)

MAY 1985 'BYTE 417

BITWISE LOGIC

also remove the 1 from its last column to make the last column of even parity. The move would be "row I, take 5." The resulting board is shown in table 4. All the column parities are even: the position is safe.

Alternatively, we could choose to remove the 4 from the second row in the table 3 position. In that case, we would have to replace 1 in order to make the last column even parity The move would be "row 2, take 3" and the resulting board would be that of table 5. Once again, the position is safe.

To familiarize yourself with the strategy, play solitaire fashion, making small random moves for your oppo

TABLE 1

row 1:

/////

row 2:

mil

TABLE 3

row1: /////////////

row 2: //////////// row 3: ////

nent and using precise binary analysis for your own moves.

Now, it may appear that the analysis used in playing from row 1 was different than the analysis used when we played from row 2. In the first case, we only removed column bits and in the second we had to replace some column bits. Actually we can perform both operations with one procedure. Here's how. T&ke row 1 and the column-parity number in table 3 and create a new number by comparing the parity of the row 1 number and the columnparity number. That is. write a 1 for the 8's column because there is an odd parity between the 13 and the column-parity number in that column.

TABLE 2

row 1:

/

row 2:

//

row 3:

'III

8 4 2 1 13 = 1 1 0 1

12 = 1 1 0 0 4 = 0100

BASIC has three kinds of bitwise logical operators: AND, OR, and NOT.

Write Os for all the other columns because they have even parity. The

resulting number is 1000, or 8 in base ten. Notice that this is the number we wanted to end up with in row 1 to make the position safe. Try the same procedure with the 12 in row 2 and the column-parity number of table 3. You end up with 1001, or 9. This is the number we should leave in row 2 if we play there.

What we have done with the row and column-parity number is a kind of bitwise logic operation known as an exclusive-OR (XOR to assemblylanguage programmers). An exclusiveOR operates on two arguments and returns a 0 for each column in which both binary representations have the same value (either both Os or both Is) and returns a 1 for each column in which one number has a 1 and the other number has a 0. Unfortunately BASIC does not have an exclusive-OR operation in it.

However, BASIC does have three kinds of bitwise logical operators. The first is NOT, which operates on a single argument and returns a 1 for each column that contains a 0 and returns a 0 for each column that contains a 1. TVy having your computer PRINT NOT a bunch of numbers. You will find that -1 is NOT 0. Why? Computers use a kind of binary representation called two's complement. For the sake of simplicity, assume that your computer uses one byte to represent a number Zero would be stored as 00000000. NOT 0 is then 11111111. This is called the one's complement of 0 and looks like 255. However, computers need to be able to represent negative numbers as well as positive numbers. So any integer that has a 1 in the most significant bit

{continued)

column-parities = 0101

TABLE 4

8 4

2 1

row 1:

////////

8 =

1 0

0 0

row 2:

////////////

12 =

1 1

0 0

row 3:

nil

4 5

0 1

0 0

column-parities =

0 0

0 0

TABLE 5

8 4

2 1

row 1:

iiiiiiiiiiiii

13 =

1 1

0 1

row 2:

iiiiiiin

9 =

1 0

0 1

row 3:

nil

4 =

0 1

0 0

column-parities =

0 0

0 0

418 BYTE • MAY 1985

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Inquiry 444

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BITWISE LOGIC

A computer uses the same circuitry to add and subtract.

(MSB) is defined to be a negative nunnber. The MSB simply represents the sign of the number. So why isn't lillilll = -127 then? It is cheaper to make a computer that uses the same circuitry to add and subtract than one that requires a different set of circuits for each operation. You can use addition to subtract if you take the one's complement of a number you want to subtract, add 1 to it (it is now called the two's complement), and add it to the number you wanted to take the original number from, l^t's go through the steps to subtract I from 2. First, change 00000001 into its one's complement: 11111110. Now add 1: lIlIllll. Now add it to 2 (00000010). You get 00000001, carry the 1. Throw away the carry and 2 - 1 is 1. As you experiment with NOT, you will discover that NOT 1 is -2, NOT 2 is -3. etc.

The second BASIC logic operator is OR. OR operates on two arguments and returns a 1 if there is a 1 in the corresponding column of one or both of the arguments, and a 0 if both arguments have a 0 in that column. TVy experimenting with PRINT argument 1

OR argument 2 until you are comfortable with this operation.

The final operation we will discuss is AND. AND operates on two arguments and, reasonably enough, returns a 1 just in case both the arguments have a 1 in the corresponding column. In any other case, it returns a 0 for that column. Again, familiarize yourself with this operation using PRINT argument_l AND argument 2.

So what good do these operations do us? We need an exclusive-OR operator. We can make an excIusive-OR out of NOT OR, and AND in the following way (assume that our two numerical arguments are stored in variables A and B):

Listing 1: The Nim program.

k*****************A********

NIM

BY BOB KUROSAKA

10 20 30

40

50 CLS

60 DEFINT A-Z:VICTORY$ = "NO"

70 REM DEFINE INITIAL BOARD CONDITIONS

80 INPUT "ENTER THE NUMBER OF ROWS (3< = ROWS< = 18)";R0WS 90 IF R0WS<3 OR R0WS>18 THEN PRINT "MUST BE BET\/VEEN 3 AND

18":G0T0 80 100 DIM ROW(ROWS) 110 FOR 1 = 1 TO ROWS

120 PRINT "ENTER NUMBER OF OBJECTS (1 TO 59) IN ROW ";! 130 INPUT ROW(I)

140 IF ROW(l)< 1 OR ROW(l)>59 THEN PRINT "NUMBER MUST BE

BETWEEN 1 AND 59": GOTO 120 150 NEXT!

160 GOSUB 540:REM DRAW THE BOARD

170 INPUT "ENTER 1 TO MOVE FIRST, 2 TO MOVE SECOND";MOVE 180 IF M0VE<1 OR M0VE>2 THEN 170 190 ON MOVE GOTO 210,340 200 REM

210 REM PLAYER'S MOVE SEQUENCE 220 REM

230 PLAYER$="YOU" 240 INPUT "ROW";ROW

250 IF R0W<1 OR ROW>ROWS THEN PRINT "INVALID ROW":GOTO 230 260 INPUT "REMOVE";REMOVE

270 IF REMOVE>ROW{ROW) OR REM0VE<1 THEN PRINT "INVALID":GOTO 240

280 ROW(ROW) = ROW(ROW)-REMOVE

290 GOSUB 540:REM REDRAW BOARD

300 IF VICTORY$ = "YES" THEN 500

310 REM PAUSE LONG ENOUGH TO SEE THE BOARD

320 FOR 1 = 1 TO5000:NEXT

330 REM

340 REM COMPUTER'S MOVE SEQUENCE

350 REM

360 PLAYERS = "I"

370 REM DETERMINE PARITY OF THE BOARD 380 PARITY = R0W(1) 390 FOR 1 = 2 TO ROWS

400 PARITY = (PARITY OR ROW(I)) AND (NOT{PARITY AND ROW(I)))

410 NEXT I

420 REM CHOOSE MOVE-SELECTION ROUTINE DEPENDING ON BOARD

SAFETY

430 IF PARITY = 0 THEN GOSUB 690 ELSE GOSUB 790 440 REM DRAW THE NEW BOARD 450 GOSUB 540

460 REM ANNOUNCE COMPUTER MOVE

470 PRINT "I HAVE REMOVED ";REMOVE;" PIECES FROM ROW ";ROW 480 REM LOOP FOR NEXT MOVE SEQUENCE 490 IF VICTORY$ = "NO" THEN 210 500 END

510 REM END OF MAIN PROCEDURE 520 REM BEGINNING OF SUBROUTINES

530 REM

540 REM BOARD-DRAWING ROUTINE 550 REM 560 CLS

420 BYTE • MAY 1985

BITWISE LOGIC

570 STATUS = 0 'HOW MANY ROWS ARE EMPTY?

580 FOR I = 1 TO ROWS

590 PRINT "ROW ";I;"(";ROW(I);")";TAB(20);

600 IF ROW(I) = 0 THEN STATUS - STATUS + 1:G0T0 640

610 FOR J = 1 TO ROW(I)

620 PRINT"/";

630 NEXT J

640 PRINT

650 NEXT I

660 IF STATUS-ROWS THEN PRINT PLAYER$;" WON":VICTORY$-"YES"

670 RETURN 680 REM

690 REM NO GOOD MOVES ROUTINE 700 REM

710 REMOVE=0:ROW*0

720 WHILE REMOVE = 0

730 ROW = ROW+1

740 IF ROW(ROW)>0 THEN REMOVE -1

750 WEND

760 ROW(ROW) = ROW(ROW)-REMOVE 770 RETURN 780 REM

790 REM FIND THE GOOD MOVE ROUTINE

800 REM

810 REMOVE = 0:ROW = 0 820 WHILE REMOVE = 0 830 ROW = ROW+1

840 RETAIN = (ROW{ROW) OR PARITY) AND (NOT(ROW(ROW) AND PARITY)) 850 IF RETAIN< ROW{ROW) THEN REMOVE = ROW(ROW) - RETAIN 860 WEND

870 R0W{ROW) = R0W{ROW)-REMOVE 880 RETURN

TABLE 6

8 4

2

1

row 1:

////////////

12 =

1 1

0

0

row 2:

////////////

12 =

1 1

0

0

row 3:

II

2 =

0 0

1

0

column-parities =

0 0

1

0

A XOR B =def (A OR B) AND (NOTCA AND B)).

In simple language, what this says is that A exclusive-OR B is by definition the same as A or B (there is a 1 in the appropriate column of A, or B, or both) except that XOR isn't true for the both A and B case. More formally A XOR B is true if and only if A OR B is true and A AND B is false.

Notice that we can make use of the exclusive-OR for determining the parity of the Nim board as well as for

plotting our best move. Successive applications of the XOR with the parity results for preceding rows will end up producing the parity of the entire board. Lines 380 to 410 of listing 1 show this procedure. [Editor's note: The listing is available for downloading via BYTEnet ListiM^s. Ihe telephone number is (603) 924-9820.1

Our procedure for implementing our strategy has one flaw. Consider table 6. If we XOR the 12 in row 1 with the parity value, we find that the number we want to leave in row 1 is

14. While that would make the board safe, it would also violate the rules of the game. The only sound move that makes the board in table 6 safe is to remove row 3. Thus, we must check to see that the value returned by the operation is a number less than the original number of objects in the row, The full unflawed strategy for a position that can be made safe is contained in the subroutine starting at line 790 of the listing. If we can't make the board safe, we just remove one object from the first row we can and hope that the opponent makes a mistake. (The subroutine beginning at line 690 includes everything but our hopes.)

Before leaving the program, look at line 320. Why is it there? After the player enters his move, the new board is redrawn and then the computer moves. Bitwise logic is what computers were born to do, so the computer will find the best move and redraw the position including its new move at approximately the rate that your computer can redraw a screen. You won't have time to see what the board looks like after your move if you don't slow the computer down. It's very irritating to people to be beaten by a machine that doesn't even appear to pause and think about the clever traps that they have devised. So 1 like to add a pause to make people feel better.

Now that you know the winning strategy to Nim, you might like to experiment with variations on the game. For example, you might limit the number of objects that can be removed from a row. What would be the optimal strategy for a game like that in table 3 if you could remove only 1 or 2 objects per turn? Alternatively, you might consider a three-person game. Would the ternary (base-3) number system hold the key to optimal strategy for the three-person game? Is there a winning strategy at all with a three-person game? I'd enjoy hearing your answers to any of these questions. Write me do BYTE, FOB 372, Hancock, NH 03449. If i get some particularly clever responses, I'll report on them in a future coJumn. ■

MAY 1985 -BYTE 421

422 BYTE ■ MAY 1985

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MAY 1985 • BYTE 423

CIRCUIT CELLAR FEEDBACK

Conducted by Steve Ciarcia A Word from Steve

Dear Circuit Cellar Project Builders,

In my November 1984 article on the LIs'ner 1000 volce-recognltlon board, I offered the software separately to Circuit Cellar project builders for $17 through March I, 1985. Requests have poured in throughout the offering period, but the majority of foreign mail has just started to arrive. To give everyone time to properly evaluate the project and respond, I am extending the availability of die software throu^ August I, 1985. Thanks for your support.—Steve

Multitasking Timex

Dear Steve,

I'm one of them hackers, and 1 wonder if I can get a superhacker to consider a little problem of mine and point me in the right direction.

I have completed building a system using a Timex 1000 circuit board. I'd like to experiment with adding another Timex 1000 board to create a multitasking system. Any ideas you can offer I'll appreciate.

Bill Jones Panama City. FL

A multitasking system usually contains system resources such as input and output devices that are used by all master and slave processors. Therefore, you will need some method of preventing more tiian one processor 6om accessing the same system resources at the same time.

There are several ways of avoiding this type of system clash. TWo of the more common methods are to use an interrupt-driven system and to use a technique called temporary master access (TMA).

In an interrupt-driven system, an interrupt Is initiated by a slave processor to the master processor when It requests use of the system resources. When the request is received by the master processor, it enters an interrupt mode and allows the slave processor the use of the system resources, depending on the priority of the requesting processor relative to any other processors making

simultaneous requests. When the Interrupt request Is completed, the control of the system's resources is again returned to the master processor

in a TMA system, the slave processor requests use of the system resources by sending a signal to a temporary master access control (TMAC) circuit Again, depending on the priority of the request the TMAC circuit will take control of the system resources from the master processor and allocate them to the requesting processor The difference between a TMA system and an interrupt-driven system is that, during the TMA operation, the TMAC circuit becomes the system resource master

These techniques are covered in detail In a book called Interfacing ta S-IOO IEEE 696 Microcomputers by Sol Llbes and Mark Caretz. If you intend to build a master/slave-type system, you should be familiar with the concepts offered in this book.—Steve

Speedy RAM Disk

Dear Steve,

I enjoy your columns in BYTE, especially your responses to readers' questions. Your responses certainly educate. I hope my own inquiry can provoke a response of similar general utility

A few months ago 1 purchased a Ivlorrow MD-3, with which I am contented. The problem is that the thing is slow. For instance, it takes several minutes to back up two 20K-byte files using the public-domain "squeeze" utility. I'd like to install a RAM disk in my Morrow to speed it up, but I don't know how. Can it be done easily, perhaps as a Circuit Cellar project?

Chandos Brown Cambridge, MA

A RAM disk will speed up your operation considerably when you are saving and recalling data from tiie RAM disk. However It will not increase your

speed when you finally save or back up your data to the physical disk since the same software that you are presently using will still have to be used for that operation. Several minutes to back up two 20K-byte files does seem a little long.

and it may be the "squeeze" utility that Is causing the time Increase.

I do agree that a RAM disk is a valuable feature, i use the RAM-disk feature available in my Trump Card (May and June 1984) for most of my word processing.

Building a low-cost RAM disk would be a good Circuit Cellar project and I will keep It In mind. However, the problems witi) this kind of project are twofold. The first is the software. The software would by necessity be specific to a particular operating system, for example, CP/M 3.0, MS-DOS, etc., which would limit the appeal of such a project to some extent. The second problem is that a RAM disk has a lot of RAM on it With today's prices, 256K bytes of RAM and the associated DIP sockets will cost about $150. Add to that the prices of the other components and a circuit board, and the low-cost RAM disk soon becomes a medium-cost RAM disk.—Steve

Z8 Vaive Control

Dear Steve, I am attempting to interface a computer

to some solenoid switching valves. Would the Z8 System Controller be a good interface? I want to connect the Z8's serial port to the computer and its parallel port to the valves. The Z8 will decide which of 40 valves, up to 7, are to be actuated according to the commands of the computer, so that while the controller is acting upon the valves, the computer can do something else. The controller's program should run about 16K bytes. Does the Z8 have the memory to handle a program this size?

lEFF Schneider San Francisco, CA

The Z8 System Controller would be an excellent choice for an application such as you described. A Z8 BASIC System Controller and a Z8 Memory I/O

Expansion Board would give you five 8-bit ports that could control the 40 valves that you mention. The two boards would also give you up to I4K bytes of memory space for ^ur program. If you

[continued)

424 BYTE* MAY 1985

COPYRIGHT © 1985 STEVEN A. ClARClA. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

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Your secretary will get along with your DaisyWheel 36 too—thanks to its sheet and tractor feed options, cartridge ribbon, and a whole garden of distinctive daisywheel type faces, each with its own protective cassette.

Best of all, the DaisyWheel 36 comes from a company with a most impressive name: Datasouth—the name that means high performance.

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ClARCIA FEEDBACK

still need additional capability, more I/O boards could be added to the system by adding them to the motherboard offered for the Z8 system.

You should also read my article in the December 1984 BYTE, "Build the Power I/O System." which describes methods of connecting peripherals in the real world. —Steve

Power Monitor

Dear Steve, In your September 1984 Circuit Cellar

project. "Build the AC Power Monitor," you have the differential amplifier ICla hooi<ed to a current-sensing resistor, Rs, which is connected directly to the hot side of the power line. This results in an input voltage to the iC of more than 100 volts, which exceeds the ICs input-voltage rating. How were you able to keep this IC from self-destructing—or is there something 1 don't understand? I would think it would be preferable to have the current-sensing resistor on the return or neutral side of the load. Your answer will be appreciated.

Lawrence Swanson Colorado Springs. CO

The differential amplifier shown In figure 1 of that article measures the voltage difference developed across Rs

when current is flowing in the AC line. This voltage difference is the product of the current in the AC line times the value of Rs. The large AC voltage on the line Is not detected by the differential amplWer because the ground systems of the AC line and the differential amplifier are isolated from each other by the l20-V-to-l2.6-V power-supply transformer

By using the isolation transformer, the measuring circuit and the AC line don't know electrically that each other exists. All the measuring circuit "knows" is that a voltage is applied between the input terminals of the differential amplifier and only this voltage difference Is amplified In the circuit.—Steve

Aids for the Blind

Dear Steve,

I have noted with interest your suggestion, mentioned in the October 1984 BYTE, of using acoustic ranging as an aid to the blind. Having had a personal experience with this type of electronic aid, I feel I must comment.

In the middle sixties I had a blind friend. During a trip to England in 19671 became

426 BYTE • MAY 1985

aware of a commercially available acoustic aid for the blind. A group of us ultimately purchased this for my friend, financed from a bloated laboratory coffee fund that we periodically dumped for good causes. The manufacturer was a British firm, Ultra Electronics, if 1 remember correctly The acoustic transmitter/receiver was housed in a flashlight-like case powered by nickel-cadmium batteries, and the output was an audio signal via an earpiece. Frequency varied with distance, enabling the user to "see" with his ears. The experiment with my friend failed for some very practical reasons.

In working with my friend, 1 learned many surprising things about simple devices that perhaps explains their existence in the blind community The white cane serves many more functions than I ever imagined. It senses distance from an object. It is useful in following a line, i.e., a hallway a curb, or the border between a sidewalk and grass. It senses texture. It senses steps and other dangerous forms of surface texture. It warns other people of the blind person's presence.

While the acoustic device could sense distance quite accurately in some situations, the nature of the surface returning the signal tended to muddy the interpretation. Soft things, drapery walls, and people were difficult to interpret. Hard surfaces could be "seen" quite accurately

Slant-range measurement (perhaps interpretation is a better word) was difficult. The device could be used to follow a line, the demarcation between sidewalk and grass boulevard, for example, but the return was substantially different if this was a concrete/snow demarcation. Patchy snow was exceedingly difficult to deal with.

The device just didn't see steps: another slant-range problem.

It was hard to see people, and they couldn't be aware of his problem since he was only carrying a "flashlight" in the daytime. Embarrassing collisions resulted.

After a diligent learning effort, my friend abandoned the electronic aid for his cane. He did not lack interest or ingenuity He was in his third year of an electrical engineering education when blinded, and he later developed his own test instrumentation to enable him to advance into better and better jobs with a nationally known instrumentation company. The last I heard of him, he was working in the computer field with a municipal government. I believe it would

have been difficult to find a more ideal subject for such an experiment.

In all fairness to the manufacturer, my friend did not take the training course that was required of all purchasers of the device Because this was a British firm the travel cost was prohibitive, and 1 managed to twist one of the devices away from them with tears and wringing of the hands. The training course may have made a difference, but 1 doubt it; the difficulties are quite fundamental when given a bit of thought. My friend thought the' device could have been of some assistance if it could have been incorporated into the cane. The cane, however, remained the primary system.

Finally the blind are not really a big market, and most firms are not interested in helping with these types of products. Any serious development involves a high degree of altruism and must depend on the bright Ciarcias of the world.

Richard ]. Reilly St Paul. MN

Assembled Whimsi-Bell

Dear Steve.

I liked your july 1984 article about the Whimsi-Bell. 1 work in an office that could use such a device, and although I could build your design, I wonder If there Isn't another such product on the market that's already built?

Eric VanDerveer Los Alamos, NM

The only unit comparable to my Whimsi-Bell is made by Heath. The company sells a kit that performs a similar function but with only four tunes to

choose from. It Isn't offered in assembled form either I haven't seen any assembled units advertised. However, I still believe that other products must be available.

The Whimsi-Bell is an easy-to-assemble kit that represents a low-cost solution to your problem.—Steve ■

Over the years I have presented many different projects in BYTE, i know many of you have built them and are making use of them in many ways.

1 am interested in hearing from any of you telling me what you've done with these projects or how you may have been influenced by the basic ideas. Write me at Circuit Cellar Feedback. POB 582. Glastonbury CT 06033. and fill me in on your applications. All letters and photographs become the property of Steve Ciarc'ia and cannot be returned.

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0.8660254 «V3/2

BY Dan Sandberg

Ah algorithm that converts decimals to fractions

IF YOU NEEDED the solution of 11/17 + 13/19 - 139/323 - 37/15 + 47/21 in fractional form, finding the lowest common denominator might be difficult. Instead, you can plug the decimal equivalent, 0.6723 57364, into the following program and obtain a solution of 7601/11305.

The program can help you factor 133133/1101373 to 11/91 orverifythat sin 60° = V3/2.

Listing I, which returns a fraction for every decimal input, uses a short algorithm. First, the program inverts the decimal to obtain a number greater than 1. The routine saves the integer and again inverts the decimal remainder. So it continues, until the algorithm finds a denominator that supports an integer numerator.

To find the denominator, the program uses the algorithm x„ x a„-, + a,-2 = «». where n equals the number of inversions and x„ equals the saved integers. Figure 1 uses 0.562 5 as an example. Using listing 1, you will obtain exact fractions only if the total number of digits in the fraction is less than the number of digits in the computer's precision. For example, if the calculating precision is 12 digits, the computer can con,struct a fraction like

135791/97531. But if the numerator or denominator contained one more digit, the computer would generate, unless you increased the calculating precision, only an almost exact solution. TVy running the program in single and double precision.

If you want fractions printed in mixed form, add

35 IF INT(A)>0 THEN PRINT INT(A);" + ";C*(A - INT(A));"/";C

Listing 2 is shorter and faster, but it may require higher calculating precision. It never returns an inexact (even

if close) fraction: it returns an error if you input insufficient precision.

Like listing 1, the program inverts the incoming number with a special algorithm until it finds the denominator. If the fraction is too difficult (i.e., requiring greater precision), an overflow error will occur. If you enter too few decimal digits, the program, which does not round A*B to an integer, will warn you by writing a decimal numerator that is close to an integer. With a precision of 12 digits, 0.333333333333 will generate the answer 1/3. However, 0.3333333333 will yield 0.9999999999/3. On the other hand, 0,333 gives the answer

333/1000, a useful feature for those needing precise fractions. Others might round A*B to the nearest integer. The constant, 0.00001, in line 110 is suitable for I2-digit calculating precision. TVy constants like 0.0001 and 0.000001 to produce the best possible conversion capability. For mixed output, you can add

130 PRINT INT(A);"-i-";(AiNT(A))*B;"/";B

Listing 3 detects constants like ir, V2, and V3; enter the sin 60° (0.8660254) and get V3/2. The program divides and multiplies the incoming decimals by the constants, one at a time, and uses a slightly modified version of listing 2 as a subroutine to determine whether the constants form part of the fraction. The decimal equivalent of arctan (-1), -0.7853983, gives the answer —7r/4. arcsin -1 returns -7r/2. You need not struggle with tables.

Note that the program always places the square root in the numerator. Therefore, l/Vs will appear as

(contmued)

Dan Sandberg (Tdppgatan 32, S-151 33 Sddertdlje. Sweden] is a medical student at the Karolinsha \nstitule in Stockholm.

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0.86602 54 « V3/2

H

Decimal

Inversion

lnteger(X)

Remainder

1

0,5625

1/0.5625

1

0.7777

2

oim

vo.mi

1

Q2857

3

0.2857

1/0.2857

3

0.5

4

0.5

1/0.5

2

0

The following equation determines the denominator:

n = 0 n = 1

n = 2 n = 3

x„ 1

1

3

2

Once vi/e know the denominator, the numerator Is simple to find, since N = Q ' D. Here, N = 0.5625 * 16 = 9. Therefore, 0.5625 equals 9/16. (Note that, in the first ,:ta^^jQ^ fjijijlip^ f«j fre ^j/y«!.y§.sei to. .1 and 0 res(?eciively,)

Figure I: An llluslralion of the algorithm in listing 1. The entry, 0.5625, is inverted. The routine saves the integer. 1, and inverts the result, 0.7777. Continuing the routine produces four integers: 1, 1. 3. and 2. The eKpression C = INT(E)*C + B in line 30 of listing 1 searches, as in the figure, for a denominator that supports an integer numerator.

Listing 1: This short program returns a fraction for every decimal input. Figure 1 helps to explain the

algorithm.

10 INPUT A;B = 0:C=1:

D = ABS(A-INT(A)) 20 IF D=0THEN 40 30 E = 1/D:F=C:C = INT(E)*C + B:B = F:

D = E-INT(E):IF A*C<>INT(A*C)

THEN 30 40 PRINT A*C;"/";C:GOTO 10

Listing 2: A shorter and faster version of listing 1. which returns only

exact fractions. You can adjust the constant in line 110 /or different conversion capabilities.

100 INPUT A: C = ABS(A):B=1 110 8 = B/C:C = (1/C) - INT(1/C):IF

C>0,00001 THEN 110 120 B = INT(B): PRINT A*B;7";B;

GOTO 100

Listing 3: This program uses a slightly modified version of listing 2 as a subroutine to determine whether constants like t and V2 form part of the fraOion,

10 K$ = " ":L$ = "":INPUT H:A=H:GOSUB 100

20 K$ = "sqr 2":A = H/SQR(2):GOSUB 100

30 K$ = "sqr 3":A = H/SQR(3):G0SUB 100

40 K$="sqr 5":A = H/SQR(5):G0SUB 100

45 Pl = 3,141592653589793#

50 K$="PI": A = H/PI:GOSUB 100

60 K$="PI exp 2':A=H/PI/PI:G0SUB 100

70 K$ = " '■:L$ = "PI":A = H*PI:GOSUB 100

80 L$ = "PI exp 2":A = H*PI*PI:G0SUB 100

100 C = ABS(A):B = 1

110 B = B/C:C = (1/C)-INT(1/C):IF B>10000 THEN RETURN

120 IF G>0.00001 THEN 110

130 B = INT(B): PRINT A*B;K$;'V";B;L$:END

SQR 3/3. lb eliminate this, simply add

125 B = INT(B):IF SQR(B)= H/A THEN L$ = K$:K$ = "":A = A*B:B = 1

I am sure that the third listing will be a useful subroutine for a variety of

tasks. You could easily add other constants for the program to search. ■

Inquiry 464

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432 BYTE • MAY 1985

Inquiry 243

PROGRAMMING INSIGHT

COMPUTING

PI

BY David J. Crawford

Using infinite series to compute ' mathematical functions

THE ANCIENT GREEKS, who had an almost religious obsession with geometry, were well aware that the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter is a constant. However, they had little success in measuring the value of the constant, which we now symbolize with the lowercase Greek letter "x" (pi). Even Archimedes, regarded as one of the three greatest mathematicians of all time, could do rto better than estimate X somewhere between 3/? and 3'%|. There were two reasons for this.

First, the numbering system of the Greeks did not allow easy arithmetic computations. Second, and most important, they had no algebraic method to compute tt: instead, they summed the perimeter of a manysided polygon.

In fact, mathematicians had no method for approximating the decimal value of TT and other irrational numbers until the arrival of calculus in the late seventeenth century The new tool was the infinite series, especially the technique now known as Taylor series expansion.

Like many other calculus operations named after individuals, full credit for discovery of the T&ylor series should

not belong to one person. In 1712, Brook Taylor (1685-1731), a mathematician at Cambridge, generalized the series and put it on a sound theoretical footing. Even before his birth, however, other mathematicians had discovered the "magical" properties of the infinite series.

By 1671, the Scottish mathematician lames Gregory knew that the function arctangent x (meaning "the angle whose tangent is x") equaled the sum of the series

x-y^{x^)+y,{x']-yAx-'] +...

for values of x between -1 and +1. This series, actually derived using a geometric rather than a Taylor series, provided a method for computing tt because arctangent 1 equals '"A in the radian measure of angles used in the calculus. Therefore, 4 times arctangent 1 is the exact value of it and is expressed as the series

Listing 1 sums the terms in this series. [Editor's note: The listings for the programs in this article are available for downloading via BYTEnet Listings. The telephone number is (603) 924-9820.1 Line 190 declares the variables as

double-precision. Line 210 prints a heading for each set of 10 terms. Lines 220-230 add another term to the sum. Lines 240-270 print a line of formatted output. Lines 280-300 update the variables in preparation for computing the next term in the series. Line 310 jumps back to do the next term. The program will run indefinitely.

TSble 1 presents the output of listing 1 for the first 10 terms of the series.

The cumulative sum in the righthand column is alternately greater than and less than the actual value of ■K. As more terms are added, the sum will continue to oscillate back and forth, but closer and closer to the true value of TT.

Mathematicians have referred to this series as an elegant method for computing tt because it is a clear and very simple formulation: however, a mathematician would be the first to admit that in practical terms the

{continued)

David I. Crawford (7025 Garden Grove Ave., Reseda, CA 9133 5) is completing a B.S. in applied mathematics and works as a consultant in the Computer Center at California State University, Northridge. His other interest include electronics and hi^ng.

MAY 1985 "BYTE 433

COMPUTING Pi

method is virtually useless. To illustrate the impracticality of the series, it is only necessary to let the program run for a few minutes. Tfeble 2 presents the output after 1000 terms.

The total is beginning to look more like IT. but we have added 1000 terms without resolving the third decimal place. Considering the amount of number crunching that has been done, this is not a satisfactory result.

lohn Machin found the answer to the problem in 1706. Another Scotsman and one of Taylor's instructors at Cambridge, Machin was able to show through the use of trigonometric identities that "arc

tangent 1" is exactly equal to "4 arctangent - arctangent 1^39." This rather bizarre-looking equality has considerable significance because, when computed as an infinite series, it will converge much more rapidly The infinite series for computing x raises x to higher and higher powers, in listing \.x=\ and remains equal to 1 when raised to higher powers. If, however, x is a fraction of 1, as it is in Machin's identity higher powers of K will become smaller and smaller, speeding the convergence.

lb use the new identity to compute TT, we again multiply by 4 and expand two different series. First, we compute

the sum of the series for "16 arctangent Yi" as follows:

16(/5)-'mP+'m)'-..

Then we calculate "4 arctangent J439" with the series

and subtract the second sum from the first. The result will again equal x but will require much less computation.

To see just how quickly these new series converge, we use listing 2, which incorporates the first program as a subroutine for summing a given number of terms of the arctangent series.

Line 190 declares the variables as double-precision. Line 200 sets up the parameters for the first call of the arctangent-series subroutine in line 210. Line 220 temporarily stores the returned sum. Line 230 sets up the second subroutine call in line 240. Lines 2 50-260 print the final answer. T^ble 3 is the complete output of the program.

Note how quickly the magnitude of the denominators in the second column increases for both series. The result, given in the lower right-hand corner of the output, is the value of 7r correct to 15 decimal places. The advantages of this method are obvious; it required only 12 terms of the first series and 4 of the second.

There is no point in adding any more terms to either series because for both the last term has an absolute value less than 10"""; the first 15 decimal places would not subsequently change. In fact, adding only a few more terms to the second series might cause an overflow error because most microcomputer programming languages are not equipped to handle numbers whose base-IO exponents exceed -1- or -39.

The value of tt computed above is the most accurate that Microsoft BASIC can derive in its doubleprecision mode. More accuracy would require special routines to handle decimal numbers with more than 16 significant figures. Of course, this has already been done. One of the first

(continued)

Listing 1: Summing the series 4 times arctangent 1.

100 REM "*******************************

110 REM *

120 REM * PI1.BAS 130 REM *

140 REM "••*«•.««••"**«"***"•"•....150 REM

160 REM THIS PROGRAM COMPUTES PI USING THE INFINITE-SERIES EXPANSION 170 REM OF 4 ARCTANGENT 1. 180 REM

190 DEFDBL A-D,P

200 A=4 : B = 1 : C = 1 : E = 1 : Pl = 0

210 IF RIGHT$(STR$(E),1) = "1" THEN PRINT "TERM #","RATIO",

"DECIMAL"„"PI TOTAL" 220 D = C*A/B

230 PI = PI + D ''" ■

240 PRINT E,

250 IF SGN(C)=1 THEN PRINT " + "; ELSE PRINT "-";

260 PRINT STR$(A);" /";STR$(B),

270 PRINT TAB(29);D;TAB(56);PI

280 C = - C

290 B = B + 2

300 E = E + 1

310 GOTO 210

Table 1; The jirsl 10 terms derived from listing 1.

Term #

Ratio

Decimal

Pi Total

1

+ 4/1

4

4

2

-4/3

- 1.333333333333333

2.666666666666667

3

+ 4/5

0.8

3.466666666666667

4

-4/7

-0.5714285714285714

2.895238095238095

5

+ 4/9

0.4444444444444444

3.33968253968254

6

-4/11

-0,3636363636363636

2.976046176046176

7

+ 4/13

0.3076923076923077

3.283738483738484

8

-4/15

- 0.2666666666666667

3.017071817071817

9

+ 4/17

0.2352941176470588

3.252365934718876

10

-4/19

-0.2105263157894737

3.041839618929402

434 BYTE* MAY 1985

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MAY 1985 -BYTE 435

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COMPUTING PI

tasks given to digital computers at the dawn of the computer age was to calculate the value of tt to an absurd number of decimal places. In 1949, at the Army Ballistic Research Center in Aberdeen, Maryland, the original

EN I AC, a vacuum-tube computer, computed xto 2037 decimal places. Over the next 20 years, the accuracy increased many times, until in Paris in 1967, a Control Data 6600 calculated

[continued)

Table 2:

later output from

listing 1.

Term #

Ratio

Decimal

Pi Total

1001

+ 4 / 2001

1.999000499750125D-03

3.142591654339554

1002

- 4 / 2003

-1.99700449326011D-03

3.140594649846294

1003

+ 4 / 2005

1.99501246882793D-03

3.142589662315122

1004

- 4 / 2007

-1.993024414549078D-03

3.140596637900573

1005

+ 4 / 2009

1.991040318566451D-03

3.14258767821914

1006

- 4 / 2011

-1.989060169070114D-03

3.14059861805007

1007

+ 4 / 2013

1.987083954297069D-03

3.142585702004367

1008

- 4 / 2015

-1.985111662531017D-03

3.140600590341836

1009

+ 4/2017

1.983143282102132D-03

3.142583733623938

1010

- 4 / 2019

- 1.981178801386825D-03

3.140602554822551

Listing 2: Summing Machin's series.

k ***** *

*********

**********

THIS PROGRAM COMPUTES PI USING THE INFINITE-SERIES EXPANSION OF "16 ARCTANGENT '/s - 4 ARCTANGENT Vaag."

100 REM 110 REM *

120 REM * Pi2.BAS

130 REM * 140 REM 150 REM 160 REM 170 REM 180 REM

190 DEFDBL B-G,P 200 A=12 : 8 = 16: C = 5 210 GOSUB 280 220 PI= P

230 A = 4 : B = 4 : 0 = 239 240 GOSUB 280

250 PRINT "16 ARCTAN Vs - 4 ARGTAN VisS = PI" 260 PRINT P1,P,P1-P 270 STOP

280 REM *** THIS SUBROUTINE SUMS "A" TERMS OF THE INFINITE SERIES 290 REM FOR "B" TIMES THE ANGLE WHOSE TANGENT IS (1/"C")

300 REM AND RETURNS THE SUM AS "P."

310 PRINT "INFINITE SERIES FOR";B;"ARCTAN( 1 /";C;")"

320 PRINT "TERM #";TAB(10)i"RATIO";TAB(38);"DECIMAL";TAB(61);

"SUBTOTAL" 330 D=1 : E = 1 : F = C : P = 0 340 FOR X = 1 TO A 350 G = E*F 360 P = P + D"B/G 370 PRINT X;TAB(8)

380 IF SGN(D) = 1 THEN PRINT ' + "; ELSE PRINT " - ";

390 PRINT STR${B);" /";STR$(G);TAB(37);D*B/G;TAB(60);P

400 F = F*C*C

410 E = E + 2

420 D= -D

430 NEXT X

440 PRINT : RETURN

436 BYTE • UK/ 1985

Inquiry 375 —

'SPSS/PC runs on the IBM PC/XT or AT with 320K memory and a hard disk. An 8087 co-processor Is recommended. Contact SPSS Inc. for other compatible computers. IBM PC/XT and AT are trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation. dBase II Is a trademark of Ashlon-Tate. 1-2-3 is a trademark of Lotus Development Corporation. SAS is a registered trademark of SAS Institute, inc. SPSS and SPSS/PC are trademarks of SPSS Inc. for its proprietary computer software. e Copyright 1985. SPSS Inc.

COMPUTING PI

Thble 3: The complete output of listing 2.

Infinite series for 16 arctan( 1 / 5 )

Term #

Ratio

Decimal

oUDtotai

1

+ 16/5

3.2

3.2

2

- 16 / 375

- 0.04266666666666687

3.157333333333333

3

+ 16 / 15625

0.001024

3.158357333333333

4

- 16 / 546875

- 2.925714285714286D-05

3.158328076190476

5

+ 16 / 17578125

6

- 16 / 537109375

- 2.978909090909091 D-08

3.158328956623608

7

+ 16 / 15869140625

1 008246153846154D-09

3.158328957631854

8

- 16 / 457763671875

-3 495253333333333D-11

3.158328957596901

g

+ 16/ 12969970703125

1.233618823529412D-12

3.158328957598135

10

- 16 / 362396240234375

- 4.415056842105263D-14

3.158328957598091

11

+ 16 / 1.001358032226563D+16

1.597830095238095D-15

3.158328957598092

12

- 16 / 2.741813659667969D + 17

- 5.835553391304348D-17

3.158328957598092

Infinite series for 4 arctan( 1 / 239)

Term #

Ratio

Decimal

Subtotal

1

+ 4/239

0.01673640167364017

0.01673640167364017

2

- 4 / 40955757

- 9.7666367148335220-08

0.01673630400727302

3

+ 4 / 3899056325995

1.025889257698589D-12

0.01673630400829891

4

- 4/3.118051949560246D +17

-1.282852263113878D-17

0.0167363040082989

16 arctan 1/5 - 4 arctan 1/239

= pi

3.158328957598092 0.0167363040082989

3.141592653589793

IT to a half-million decimal places!

We should not underestimate the importance of infinite series to computer science. Novice computer users often imagine that computers, for trigonometric and exponential functions, contain immense lookup tables like those found in the appendixes of mathematics textbooks. Obviously, this is not the case; the storage space required for such tables is prohibitive.

When a computer or hand calculator requires the sine of a given angle, it calculates the value on the spot with a method similar to the T&ylor series. Mathematical tricks that allow more rapid convergence of infinite series, like the one just demonstrated, are absolutely necessary to reduce computation time. Indeed, without employing special techniques, the series for finding the logarithm of a number

will converge slowly—if at all.

And for those who fear that 15 decimal places of x are not enough for their purposes, consider the following: if you had a circle the size of the earth's equator and you knew its diameter with the same degree of accuracy, you could use this value of ir to calculate the circumference to within a few hundredths of a micron! ■

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Inquiry 448

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Inquiry 98

MAY 1985 -BYTE 439

utile Tramp character licensed by Bubbles Inc., s.a.

Simple answers to your questions about IBM Personal Computers.

440 BYTE- MAY 1985

If you're pei'sonally interested in personal coinpuler-s. but want to know more, these definitions, (i(\S(;i-iptions and details should help.

"Just what is a personal computer, and how can I use it?"

An IBM Personal Computer is a computer

designed foi' a person. It's a tool to help accomplish just about anything a person needs to do with information. It can help you start a small enterprise at home just as surely as it can help a corporate planner solve complex problems.

''Suppose I've never had my hands on a computer. How 'easy' will it be?"

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"What kind of software programs do you have to help me?"

Perhaps the world's largest and most up-to-date library of business programs has been written specifically for the IBM PC family. And among the best

of this software is IBM's Personal Computer Software. A gi-eal deal of it is compatible from one system to another or from office to home. You might be interested in help with your writing, filing, graphing, planning or reporting. And if you want to get all your ducks in a row, line them up with the IBM Assistant Series. You can work with each program individually, or together as a team. There is also software to help you with accounting, inventory and payroll—practically anything, including communications packages to connect you to a company mainframe or outside information services.

"How expensive are they? And what if my needs change?"

With all the quality, power and performance built into IBM Personal Computers (including their extraordinary expansion capabilities), you'll find they're surprisingly affordable. But the value doesn't end there, because if your needs change you can always expand or upgrade within the IBM PC family. It's a very extensive, very compatible family of products that can help you protect your initial investment.

"If I want a demonstration, where do I go and who will show it to me?"

Go to any Authorized IBM Personal Computer Dealer or IBM Product Center, or contact your IBM marketing representative. All have received special training and you should find them quite helpful.

Ask to see the software progi-ams that interest you most, and get your hands on the system yourself. Then _ you'll begin to see what this tool for modern times can do for you.

For a store near you, call 1-800-447-4700, Dept. HC. In Alaska or Hawaii, 1-800-447-0890. =f==^%==®

Inquiry 197

MAY 1985 -BYTE 441

BOOKS RECEIVED

Die ABC's of 1-2-3, Chris Gilbert and Laurie Williams. Berkeley, CA: Sybex, 1985: 242 pages. 17.5 by 22.5 cm. softcovefi ISBN 0-89588-168-3. $14.95.

Ada: Language, Compilers and Bibliography. M. W. Rogers, ed. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984; 300 pages, 15.5 by 23 cm, hardcover. ISBN 0-52126464-2. $17.95.

Analog Integrated Circuits. Sidney Soclof. Englewood Cliffs. Nl: Prentice-Hall, 1985: 526 pages, 18.5 by 24 cm. hardcover. ISBN 0-13-032772-7. $39.95.

Apple Access: Users' Guide to Apple Computer-related Periodical Literature, Volume 1, Michael McAffee, ed. Petaluma. CA: Stony Point Publications, 1985: 256 pages, 18 by 23 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-931293-01-04. $19.95.

TVie Apple Computer Clubs' Activities Handbook, Samuel K. Miller and Michael E. Caley. Englewood Cliffs. NJ: PrenticeHall. 1984: 205 pages, 21.5 by 27.5 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-13039454-8. S14.95.

Apple Logo: A Complete Illustrated Handbook, Drew Berentes. Blue Ridge Summit, PA: l&b Books, 1984: 390 pages, 13 by 21 cm, softcover. ISBN 0-8306-1751-5, $13.95.

Atari XL User's Handbook. staff of Weber Systems. Cleveland, OH: Weber Systems, 1984; 352 pages, 15 by 22.5 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-93886208-1, $14.95.

1>iE Bank Street Writer Book. Don Beil. Reston. VA: Reston Publishing, 1985; 266 pages, 21.5 by 28 cm, spiral-bound. ISBN 0-8359-0361-3, $19.95.

Basic Adventure and Strategy Game Design for the TRS-80. lim Menick. New York: Facts on

File Publications. 1984: 272 pages, 15 by 23 cm. softcover. ISBN 0-87196-977-7. S9.95.

BASIC 6- FORTH IN PARALLEL. S. J. Wainwright. London: Bernard Babani Ltd., 1984; 119 pages, 11 by 17.5 cm. softcover, ISBN 0-85934;113-5. £1.95.

BASIC IN AcnoN. Stanislav Dvorak and Anthony Musset. Stbneham, MA: Butterworth Publishers, 1984; 304 pages, 15.5 by 23.5 cm. softcover. ISBN 0-408-01395-8. $29.95.

BASICALLY Kaypro: Programming THE 2. 4 AND 10. joseph K. Rensin and Larry Joel Goldstein. Bowie. MD: Brady Communications. 1985; 288 pages, 17.5 by 23.5 cm. softcover. ISBN 0-89303-360-X, $16.95.

bowker's 1985 complete Sourcebook of Personal Computing. R. R. Bowker. New York: R. R. Bowker Co., 1985; 2020 pages, 15 by 22.5 cm. softcover. ISBN 0-8352-1931-3, $19.95.

Brain Games for Kids & ADULTS Using the Apple II/ IIe/IIc. John W. Stephenson and Robert L, Randell. Bowie. MD: Brady Communications. 1985; 254 pages, 17.5 by 23 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-89303-362-6, $13.95.

Business and Home Applications FOR the Macintosh: Using Microsoft BASIC. Stan Schatt. Bowie. MD: Brady Communications, 1985; 224 pages, 17.5 by 23.5 cm. softcover. ISBN 0-89303-403-7, $14.95.

Business Mini/Micro Software Directory, Information Sources Inc. New York: R. R. Bowker Co.. 1984; 824 pages. 21.5 by 28 cm. softcover, ISBN 0-8352-1970-4, $75.

Business Programming on Your BBC Micro, Peter Jackson. North Pomfret, VT David & Charles Inc., 1985; 158 pages, 15.5 by 23.5 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-9465-7620-3, $14.95.

Business Programming on Your Commodore. Peter Jackson. North Pomfret, VT. David & Charles Inc.. 1985; 158 pages, 15.5 by 23.5 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-9465-7619-X. $14.95.

Charles Babbage: Pioneer of the Computer, Anthony Hyman. Princeton. NJ: Princeton University Press. 1982; 306 pages, 15 by 23.5 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-691-02377-8, $9.95.

COBOL WITH AN Emphasis on Structured Program Design, D. F. Galletta. Englewood Cliffe. NJ: Prentice-Hall. 1985; 368 pages. 21 by 28 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-13-139858-X, $21.95.

The Commodore Disk and Printer Handbook. David Bridges and Helen Naylor. North Pomfret, VT David & Charles Inc., 1984; 212 pages, 15.5 by 23 cm. softcover. ISBN 0-9465-7623-8, $14.95.

Commodore Logo, Harold Bailey, Kathleen Brautigam, and IVudy Doran. Bowie, MD: Brady Communications, 1984: 320 pages, 17.5 by 23.5 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-89303-376-6, $14.95.

Commodore 64: tutor for Home and School. Julie Knott and Dave Prochnow. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman and Co.. 1985; 220 pages, 19.5 by 23.5 cm. softcover, ISBN 0-673^, 18074-3, SI 5.95.

Communicating with Databases in Natural Language.

Mark Wallace. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 1984; 172 pages. 17 by 24.5 cm. hardcover, ISBN 0-470-20105-3, $29.95

Compaq Portable Computer: Use, Applications, and BASIC, William Arnold. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 1984; 240 pages, 17 by 23 cm. softcover, ISBN 0-03-O64119-5, $18.45.

The Complete Guide for the Commodore 64. Spencer Bateson. North Pomfret, VT. David & Charles Inc.. 1984; 334 pages, 13.5 by 21.5 cm. softcover, ISBN 0-9465-7621-1. $18.95.

TMe Computer Freelancer's Handbook, Ardy Friedberg. New York: New American Library, 1984: 160 pages, 15 by 22.5 cm. softcover, ISBN 0-452-25562-7, $10.95.

Computer Programming for

THE COMPLEAT iDIOT, Donald

McCunn. San Francisco. CA: Design Enterprises of San Francisco. 1984; 208 pages, 21 by 27.5 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-932538-14-2, $10.95.

Computer Programming in FORTRAN THE Easy Way. Lawrence S. Leff and Arlene Podos. Woodbury. NY: Barron's Educational Series. 1985: 326 pages, 19.5 by 27.5 cm. softcover, ISBN 0-8120-2800-7. $7.95.

CP/M Software Directory. . Xerox Corporation. New York: R. R. Bowker Co.. 1984: 768 pages, 21.5 by 28 cm. softcover, ISBN 0-8352-1973-9, $24.95.

Creative Computer Graphics, Annabel Jankel and Rocky Morton. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1984; 150 pages, 30 by 30.5 cm. softcover, ISBN 0-521-26251-8. $29.95.

Database and File Management Systems for the Micro(cotttinued)

THIS IS A LIST of book received at BYTE Pmlications. It is not meant to be exhaustiveits purpose is to acquaint BYTE reaikrs with recently publisfied titles in computer science and related fields. We regret that we cannot reviaii all the books we receive; instead, tfas list is meant to be a monthly acknowledamnt of these books and the publishersv^ sent them.

442 BYTE' MAY 1985

We've Put a

Local Area Network on a Disk

Corporate Information Sharing. It's been described as the key to increasing a company's productivity. It's also why large networks of PC's are becoming more and more common in the workplace...in spite of the fact that they're costly difficult to install, and incompatible with much existing software.

Finally there's a solution to this corporate dilemma. Its name is LANLink™

A Software-Driven LAN That Uses Standard, RS-232 Ports. A major breakthrough in local area networks, LANLink'" uses your computers' existing serial ports and runs under PC-DOS.

Because all of the Intelligence the network requires is on the server and satellite diskettes, expensive network interface boards aren't required;

A Powerful Network That's Cost-Conscious. If you've been pricing board-driven LAN's, you already know that they can cost over $1,000 per workstation.

LANLlnk^^ is different.

Boasting a data transfer rate In excess of 100,000 BPS, LANLink™ Is compatible with a wide range of programs, And because special boards aren't required, installation costs are one-third that of a traditional network.

A Network Designed the Way Business Works. With LANLink™ you're able to customize your network along departmental lines using a data-sharing hierarchy and password-protected access.

Get Started With LANLInk"" TODAY. Call The Software Link TODAY for complete details and the authorized dealer nearest you. The LANLink'^ Starter Kit, priced at $595 (U.S.), comes complete with network software for both a server and a satellite computer. For a limited time, 50 feet of RS-232 cable will be Included free of charge.

LANLlnk'^ is Immediately available and comes with a money-back guarantee. VISA, Mastercard, American Express accepted.

Developers of IVIultiLInk^" and IMultiLink Advanced^"

8601 Ounwoody Place, Suite 336, Atlanta, GA USA 30338 Telex 4996147 SWLINK CALL: 404/998-0700 Distributor Inquiries Invited

TM

THE SOFTWARE LINK, INC.

MultlLink, MultlLink Advanced & LANUnk are irademarks of The Software Link, Inc. PC-DOS Is a trademark of IBI^ Corp.

Inquiry 366

WIRED?

IIIIIIIIIIIIWI

EDI IOR S C HOICE _

AWARD APPLE TURNOVER "

A "wireless file transfer" package for the IBM PC" to Apple II and bock, and back again. Apple turnover is a firmware board whlchi fits Into any slot In ttie IBM PC" or compatible, and software running under MS-DOS". No modems, no serial links, no hassles, no problems. APPLE TURNOVER'" will format Apple CP/M- and Apple DOS 3.3 disks. Leave your IBM and Apple computers where they are. Simpiy bring your Apple disk to work and transfer your file to Q PC-DOS disk, Aiiows for modifications to text and data files, it's a simple, inexpensive, fast high performance alternative to complicated serial links and modems.

XENO*COPY PLUS'"

(NO LONGER COPY PROTECTED)

A "wireless file transfer" software program for your IBM PC and most PC look-o-likes. XENO-COPY PLUS'" formats, writes to and copies from over 100 different disk formats including 40 and 80 track 5'-< Inch CP/M disk formats, as well as TurboDOS. TRS-DOS. p-System and NEC-DOS formats. An uncomplicated and inexpensive way to transfer text and data files. Also, aiiows for modifications to text and data files. XENO-COPY PLUS'" can be upgraded to XENO-DlSK" for the price difference.

XENO-DISK™

(NO LONGER COPY PROTECTED)

The high performance model of XENO-COPY PLUS'", XENO-DiSK'" also formats, writes to, and copies from over 100 different disk formats Including 40 and 80 track 5Vj" disks. XENO-DISK'" contolns a powerful table driven text translator, "Text-Tran." For low volume disk production, XENO-DISK'" includes a track-by-track disk duplicator (which is faster than tile by file duplication). Gives you the option to input disk format parameters which allows you to utilize uncommon disk formats.

SOMate'

Simulates CP/M-80 in your MS-DOS computers. After programs have been transferred onto PC/MS DOS ' disks with XENO-COPY PLUS". XENO-DISK'". or APPLE TURNOVER'", SOMate'" lets you simulate most CP/M" 80 systems on your MS-DOS" computer. Includes all Internal CP/M ■ commands and many available functions. SOMate'" Includes a terminal emulator for 7 predefined terminals including APPLE CP/M"I Vou can also input parameters for other terminals that need to be emulated.

Sm yew d«Mil«r or Call for Inf•rimallent

(213)938-0857

syslems. inc.

Innovation in mioroconiputar product*

6022 W. Pko Blvd^ Lot Aimetes, CA 90035

APPLE TURNOVER. XENO-COPY PLUS. XENO-DISK and BOMate ore registered trademarks of Vertex Systems. Inc. • IBM PC 8c PC-DOS ore registered trademarks of International Business Machiines Corporation. • TurtxiDOSisa trademark of Software 2000, Inc. TRS-DOS isa registered trademark of Tandy-Radio Shack • p-5yslem is a trademark of SofTecti ivllcrosvstems. Inc. • APPLE is a registeied trademark of APPLE Computers. Inc. • CP/M is a registered frademark ot Digital Research, Inc. • MS-DOS'is a registered traderrratk of ivticrosolt Corp.

BOOKS RECEIVED

coiviPUTER. Nelson T. Dinerstein. Glenview. IL: Scott. Foresman and Co., 1985: 128 pages, 19 by 23 cm. softcover. ISBN 0673,18088-3. SI 5.95.

Databases: Role and Structure. P. M. Stocker. P. M. D. Gray, and M. P. Atkinson, eds. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1984: 416 pages, 15.5 by 23.5 cm. hardcover, ISBN 0-52125430-2. $39.50.

DBASE II & DBASE 111: An INTRODUCTION FOR INFORMATION

Services. Roger C. Palmer. Studio City. CA: Pacific Information. 1984: 102 pages, 21.5 by 28 cm. softcover, ISBN 0-913203-09-2. $25.

Diagramming TfecHwiouES for Analysts and Programmers. lames Martin and Carma McClure. Englewood Cliffs, N|: Prentice-Hall, 1985: 414 pages. 18 by 24.5 cm. hardcover ISBN 0-13-208794-4. S40.

Digital and Microprocessor Engineering. S. 1. Cahill. New York: john Wiley & Sons. 1984: 514 pages, 15 by 22.5 cm. softcover, ISBN 0-470-27301-1, $34.95.

Electronics the Easy Way, Rex Miller Woodbury NY: Barron's Educational Series, 1984: 336 pages, 19.5 by 27.5 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-8120-2709-4, $8.95.

Electronics Ready Reference Manual. E. Pasahow. New York: McGraw-Hill. 1985: 588 pages, 10.5 by 14.5 cm. hardcover, ISBN 0-07-048723-5. $24.50.

The Endless Apple. Charles Rubin. Bellevue. WA: Microsoft Press. 1984: 286 pages, 19 by 23.5 cm. softcover, ISBN 0-914845-27-6. SI5.95.

Epson Printer User's Handbook, the staff of Weber Systems. New York: Ballantine Books. 1984: 310 pages, 14 by 22 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-34531842-0, $9.95.

ThE Everyone Can Build a Robot Book, Kendra Bonnett, Gene Oldfield, and the editors of DIGIT Magazine. New York: Simon & Schuster 1984: 86 pages, 19 by 23.5 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-671-53059-3, $8.95.

Expanding Your IBM PC, Bil. Alvernaz. Bowie. MD: Brady Communications. 1985: 254 pages. 18 by 23.5 cm. softcover, ISBN 0-89303-44 5-2. S16.95.

Expert Systems, Richard Forsyth, ed. New York: Chapman and Hall. 1984: 248 pages, 15 by 23.5 pages softcover, ISBN 0-412-26280-0. $19.95.

Exploring Careers as a Computer TfeCHNiciAN. lean W. Spencer New York: Rosen Publishing Group 1985: 128 pages. 14.5 by 22 cm, hardcover ISBN 0-8239-0626-4, S8.97.

Fancy Programming in IBM PC BASIC, Gabriel Cuellar Reston, VA: Reston Publishing, 1984: 278 pages, 15 by 22.5 cm, softcover. ISBN 0-8359-1860-2, $19.95.

THE Fifth Generation, Artificial Intelligence and Iapan's Computer Challenge TO the World, Edward A. Feigenbaum and Pamela McCorduck. New York: New American Library. 1984: 354 pages. 10.5 by 18 cm. softcover, ISBN 0451-J3153-3, $3.95.

Financial Planning Software TbOL Kit, Robert T LeClair. Glenview. IL: Scott. Foresman and Co. 1985: 80 pages. 19 by 23 cm. spiral-bound. ISBN 0-673-15974-4, $44.95. Includes floppy disk.

Fundamentals of HumanComputer Interaction. Andrew Monk. ed. Orlando, FL: Academic Press. 1984: 312 pages. 16 by 23.5, hardcover ISBN 0-12-504 580-8. $26.50.

Fundamentals of Robotics. Larry Heath. Reston. VA: Reston Publishing. 1985: 432 pages, 18 by 24 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-8359-2189-1. S32.95.

Getting What You Want from the TRS-80 Model 100. E. Paul Cone. New York: Harper & Row, 1984: 256 pages. 18.5 by 23 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-06669022-6. $14.95.

The Graphic Macintosh Book. Richard Maran. Toronto. Ontario: Holt. Rinehart & Winston of Canada Ltd,, 1984;

{amtinuedj

444 B YTE • MAY 1985

Inquiry 407

than a speeding ^let

NOTHPGC SAFT'SNEWS SYSTEM (SPS)

Pull a fast one o! your conjiputer's me: drops or jjower outa; power piiotection uiifl the SAFTSPS-lOOOl

Th4 SPS-1000 System qaiiclo...exi the line ch ops to 108 leaps int(| action in 1 the cost 0 only about

STAND UP TO rPER PROTECT!

I the high cost of protecl 3ry against sudden 5. Get the fastest bn the market toi

:an do everything' cost a lot of moi^ the new SAFTl econd or less. Bi 60aoftheUPSpri6i

All computers, incluili networks, are right for i l i the SPS-IOOOVA. It pi power, which is both V' urrent limited.

Best of all, the Si hottest name in tin 200VA and 400VA : i)ve how extraordinai y i each comes with a 'i-^ For complete inf<j 1000VA, and 200 \ f 602-894-68(. System; i Tempe,

i lb YOU.

' VA is

IT and AT [fits of Ivave Id

by SAFT, So are terns. To ealiy

y super SAFT at Electronic hSt.,

inquiry 352

Inquiry 107

i^tJVM PC/XT

coHPim sism

NOVA bisic system 64K entry model

(nxpandable lo 256K) $645

Imrliidcs: 1 drive coiilniller. 1 64K molher iHjard. 1 liiief keytioanl, 1 lilOW power

S1]|1|.|V,

NOVA PC 256K system $1295

Includes: 1 hitec keyboard, 1 liiOW power supply, 2 360KB noppy drives, 1 Asl 6 pack compatible multifunction board, 1 color graphic card, 4-drive controller

NOVA n 256S systeni H935

Includes: 1 hitec keyboard, 1 130W power supply, 2 360KB floppy drives, 4-drive controller I WMB hard disk drive, 1 DTC hard disk contmiler card, I A.st 6 pack compatible multifunction Iward, 1 color graphic card,

NOVA pan BAKE BOARD »)MANUAL.... $79.00 DLSK DRIVE:

SlIUOART SA455 'A drive $90.00

Ibac 55B <A floppy drive $115.00

Miniscribe 10MB h.d. w/controller

card and CABLE $650.00

Mirdscrihe 20Mli Hard llisk Drive ,., $695.00 MiriiMTil)e 30MB-60MB liard disk for AT (:t()!iis seeking lime, cio.sc loop) CALL

mUM m FOR IBMMI

IBM/AT compatible CASE $165.00

BM/AT compatible POWER SUPPLV (195W) $225.00

IBM/AT compatible KEYBOARD CAU

#4128 pigiback ram $22.00

THE TOP OF THE IM IBM COMPATIBLE SUMMER SPECIALS

HARDWARE:

The best quality 130W power supply (110/220) same dimension as IBM

$130.00

Multifunction card $195.00

Case for PC/XT $90.00

Hitec Keyboard $130.00

Color graphic canl $150.00

Menkes compatible

monochrome card $185.00

Floppy disk controller card

with cable $100.00

STREAM TAPE:

Irwin lOMB stream tape for backup

(Use standard floppy contioUer) $025.00

MONITOR:

Amdck 300 color monitor 1245.00

Amdck 3I0A $143.00

Amdek RGB 600 color monitor $445.00

Amdek RGB 700 color monitor $495.00

Amdek 710 double scan $545.00

DEALER mums wmoME. - mm pmm/wmais

COMPUTRADE COMPANY (in Koll Commereial Center) 780 TYimble Road, Suite 605, San Jose, CA 95131 Itsl. (408) 946-2442, te: 171605

Hours: Mon-Fri 9:00 a.m.-6:00 p.m.

a message to our subscribers

From time to time we make the BYTE subscriber list available to other companies wlio wish to send our

subscribers material about their products. We take great care to screen these companies, choosing only those who are reputable, and whose products, services, or information we feel would be of interest to you. Direct mail is an efficient medium for presenting the latest personal computer goods and services to our subscribers.

IVlany BYTE subscribers appreciate this controlled use of our mailing list, and look forward to finding information of interest to them in the mail. Used are our subscribers' names and addresses only (no other information we may have is ever given).

While we believe the distribution of this information is of benefit to our subscribers, we firmly respect the wishes of any subscriber who does not want to receive

such promotional literature. Should you wish to restrict the use of your name, simply send your request to the following address.

BYTE Publications Inc. Attn: Circulation Department, 70 Main St., Peterborough, NH 03458

BOOKS RECEIVED

48 pages, 21.5 by 28 cm, softcover, ISBN 003-928875-7,

S9.95.

The Graphic PC-DOS Book, Richard Maran. Toronto, Ontario: Holt, Rinehart & Winston of Canada Ltd., 1984: 30 pages, 21.5 by 28 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-03-928876-5, $9.95.

A Guide to Apple Writer II/IIe. lohn A. Allen and Alex Ayres. Reston. VA: Reston Publishing, 1984: 352 pages, 15 by 23 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-8359-2613-3, S18.95.

Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution, Steven Levy. Garden City NY: Anchor Press/ Doubleday 1984: 480 pages, 14.5 by 21.5 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-385-19195-2, $17.95.

Here Come the Clones! Melody Newrock. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1984: 206 pages, 15 by 23 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-07-046458-8, $18.95.

A Hobbyists Guide to Computer Experimentation, lohn D. Lenk. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1985: 304 pages, 15.5 by 23.5 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-13-392473-4, $25.95.

Home Accountant Plus, Leslie Lauderdale. Reston, VA: Reston Publishing. 1985: 192 pages, 17.5 by 23.5 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-8359-2846-2, $16.95.

How Tb Build Programs on Your Commodore 64, Lou Goldstein. Bowie. MD: Brady Communications, 1985: 2 56 pages, 17.5 by 23.5 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-89303-522-X, $13.95.

How To Excel on Your Atari 600XL and 800XL. Timothy O. Knight. New York: McGraw-Hill. 1985: 144 pages, 14 by 20.5 cm, spiral-bound, ISBN 0-07035104-X, $9.95.

How To Make Money with Your Micro, Herman Holtz. New York: john Wiley & Sons, 1984: 336 pages, 15 by 22.5 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-47188455-3, $14.95.

How It) Multiply Matrices Faster, Victor Pan. Lecture Notes in Computer Science

#179. New York; Springer-Verlag. 1984; 224 pages, 16.5 by 24 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-38713866-8, $11.

How lb Start and Run Your Own Word-Processing Business, Gary S. Belkin. New York; lohn Wiley & Sons, 1984; 216 pages, 13.5 by 21 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-471-88396-4, S9.95.

Human Factors and Interactive Computer Systems. Yannis Vassiliou, ed. Norwood, N|: Ablex Publishing Corp., 1984: 304 pages, 15,5 by 23.5 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-89391182-8, S3 5.

IBM PC Graphics, lohn Clark Craig and leff Bretz. Blue Ridge Summit, PA: Tab Books, 1984: 268 pages, 18.5 by 23.5 cm. softcover, ISBN 0-8306-1860-0, $13.95.

The IBM PCiR for Students: User's Handbook, staff of Weber Systems. Cleveland, OH: Weber Systems, 1984: 564 pages, 15 by 23 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-938862-25-1. $17.95.

TlHE Individual Investors Microcomputer Resource Guide, Norm Nicholson. Chicago, IL: investment Information Services Press, 1984: 204 pages. 15.5 by 22,5 cm. softcover. ISBN 0-930369-01-7, $11.95.

Information Payoff: the Transformation of Work in the Electronic Age. Paul A. Strassmann. New York; The Free Press, 1985; 320 pages, 16 by 24 cm. hardcover, ISBN 0-0293172QN7, $20.75.

Interactive FORTRAN 77, Ian Chivers and Malcolm Clark. New York: lohn Wiley & Sons. 1984: 232 pages. 17 by 24.5 cm, hardcover ISBN 0-470-20101-0, S29.95.

Introduction to IntecratedCiRCUiT Layout Brian Spinks. Englewood Cliffs, Nl: PrenticeHall, 1985: 190 pages, 21 by 28 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-13485400-4. $19.95.

An Introduction to Programming THE Sinclair QL. r. a. and I. W. Penfold. London: Bernard Babani Ltd., 1984; 112

(eontimed)

446 BYTE • MAY 1985

MULTI-USER REQUEST:

THE DBMS THAT MAKES GREAT MINDS THINK ALIKE.

Now there's multi-user software to fjo with your multi-user hardware— including the new IBM PC/AT.®

Now there's reQuest.

reQuest is the datahase management system that can support just one PC, or an entire Local Area Network.

It gives your top managers the individual computing power to build high-performance applications. Plus the networking power to share their thoLights with your company's other great minds.

No executive is an island.

Think of the possibilities:

When everyone shares the same database, decision-making becomes more consistent, company-wide.

Sales can keep in touch with Productit)n.

Property can compare notes with Finance.

Reports will be more accurate.

Strategies will be more cohesive.

And you'll finally realize the full potential of your executive PCs. Proven, guaranteed performance. reQuest has been proven in hundreds of major government and business applications.

It works with a wide variety of hardware, including IBM PC® and PC compatibles, Burroughs, A.B. Dick, NCR, Hewlett-Packard, and many others.

It has the capacity to download information from your mainframe, process it, and send it back. And the versatility to serve as the foundation for dozens of popular programs, including LOTUS 1-2-3: Multiplan? and WordStar.®

Yet, its menu-driven format is so easy that even the most computershy managers can quickly build and operate their own applications. And reQuest is backed by full moneyback satisfaction guarantee. Request reQuest, today.

Call or write now for a free brochure or our $9.95 sample diskette;

1'800'321'DBMS.

You'll see how much more your company can do when you connect with reQuest.

reQuest

POWER TO SHARE

SystL'iii Autimiacion Software, Inc.

855S Sixteenth Street, Silver Sprint;, MD 20910

301-565-9400 inquiry 385

L'liiiirk AckiiiiwlL-Jyomi-'nts:

, Pt;. iinJ PC^VAT: Intcrn;itinniil BiLsini.-.vs Miii'liUKsC^orp., . llick: A.IV Dick Otmpnny, nummnlLs: hummfilisCAirponiJk-wlcrr-P.idnrJ:HL-wk-tt-!VkardQ...NC:R: Nt;RO)rp.. isiind l-2-i; U>ra-il\-\clupnicnrC^irp., Muldplun: MicmrinlV rp., Wun-iStiir: Micrupnit'orji, r^'Qiicsr 1.-^11 triidcinnrk ot Sysrcin utuiniirion C^)r|.x»ratinn.

0 1984 System AuromatinnStitrwarc. Inc.

BOOKS RECEIVED

pages. II by 17.5 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-85934-125-9. £1.95.

An Introduction to 6502 Machine Code. R. A. and ]. W. Penfold. London: Bernard Babani Ltd., 1984: 112 pages, 11 by 17.5 cm. softcover, ISBN 0-85934-122-4, £1.95.

AN Introduction to Z80 Machine Code, R. A. and 1. W. Penfold. London: Bernard Babani Ltd.. 1984; 144 pages. 11 by 17.5 cm. softcover. ISBN 0-85934-127-5, £2.25.

Ken Uston's Illustrated Guide TO THE Apple He, Ken Uston. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: PrenticeHall, 1984: 288 pages. 17.5 by 23 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-13514688-7. $9.95.

Ken Uston's Illustrated Guide TO THE Commodore 64. Ken Uston. Englewood Cliffs. Nj: Prentice-Hall. 1984; 272 pages, 17.5 by 23 cm, softcover ISBN 0-13-514621-6, $9.95.

Keyboard Challenge with Commodore 64, David D. Busch. Bowie, MD: Brady Communications, 1985: 204 pages, 17.5 by 23.5 cm. softcover. ISBN 0-89303-601-3. $12.95.

Local Area Networks, james Harry Green. Glenview. IL: Scott, Foresman and Co.. 1985: 288 pages, 16 by 23.5 cm. softcover. ISBN 0-673-18065-4. $17.95.

Magic Writing. John Stratton with Dorothy Stratton. New York: New American Library, 1984: 368 pages, 13.5 by 20 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-45225563-5, $12.95.

Making Money with Your Home Computer. Dana K. Cassell. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co, 1984: 160 pages, 13.5 by 21 cm, softcover. ISBN 0-39608448-6. $5.95.

Making Music with Microprocessors, Bonaventura Antony

Paturzo. Blue Ridge Summit. PA: T&b Books. 1984: 294 pages. 13 by 21 cm. softcover. ISBN 0-8306-1729-9, $11.95.

Manager's Guide to Small Computers, Charies W. Bradley. New York: Holt. Rinehart and Winston, 1984; 366 pages, 17.5 by 23, softcover, ISBN 0-03059538-X, $20.45.

1>IE Master Handbook of High-level Microcomputer Languages. Charles F. T&ylor. Blue Ridge Summit, PA: T&b Books. 1984: 366 pages, 18.5 by 23.5 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-8306-1733-7, $15.50.

Mastering the 8088 Microprocessor, L. V. Dao. Blue Ridge Summit. PA: Tkh Books. 1984; 336 pages, 13 by 21 cm, softcover. ISBN 0-8306-I888O. $15.95.

Mastering FORTH. Anita Anderson and Martin IVacy. Bowie. MD: Brady Communications. 1984; 224 pages, 17,5 by

23.5 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-89303-660-9, $19.95.

Mastering Symphony Douglas Cobb. Berkeley. CA: Sybex. 1984; 800 pages. 17.5 by 23 cm, softcover. ISBN 0-89588244-2. $24.95.

Micro Interfacing Circuits. Book 2. R. A. Penfold. London: Bernard Babani Ltd., 1984; 96 pages, II by 17 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-85934-106-2. £2.25.

Microcomputer Assembly Language Programming. Gary Elfriiig. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. 1984: 314 pages, 15.5 by 22.5 cm. hardcover. ISBN 0-442-22261-0. $29.95.

Microcomputer Buyer's Guide. 3rd ed., Tbny Webster New York: McGraw-Hill, 1984; 360 pages, 21 by 27.5 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-07-068963-6, $19.95.

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MAY 1985 'BYTE 449

TOGETHER, STOPPING B

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Tne key to KnowledgeMan's versatility is its exclusive synergistic integration, allowing you to accomplish your computmg needs within one program. Unlike other software, there's no need to exit one function before entering another. The result: different kinds of processing can be intermingled. Quickly and easily.

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Operating Systems: PCDOS. MSDOS; CP/MS6. Minimum RAM required: 192K, K-Graph: PCDOS only.

Inquiry 263

MAY 1985 -BYTE 451

Inquiry 360

Fifth Conference on

Microcomputers in Education and Training

DEVELOPMENT OF EFFECTIVE INTERACTIVE INmUCnONMATERIALS

Pentagon Quality Inn Arlington, Virginia June 19-21, 1985

Presentations cover:

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Technological Implementation

Effectiveness Criteria Implementation Capability Generic Programs

Pre-conference tutorials are scheduled for June 18.

For further information contact:

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SOCulpeperSt.. Dept. B

Warrenlon, VA 22186 (703) 347-0055

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BOOKS RECEIVED

Macintosh, Larry Joel Goldstein and David i. Schneider. Bowie, MD: Brady Communications, 1985: 576 pages. 17.5 by 23.5 cm, softcover. ISBN 0-89303662-5. $19.95.

Microsoft Word Made Easy, Paul Hoffman. Berkeley, CA: Osborne/McGraw-Hill, 1985: 258 pages, 18.5 by 23,5 cm, softcover. ISBN 0-88134-144-4, S14.95.

The Mind and the Machine, Steve Torrance ed. New York: lohn Wiley & Sons, 1984: 220 pages, 17 by 2 5 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-470-20104-5, S29.95,

More from Your Micro, Charles Piatt. New York: Avon Books, 1985: 192 pages, 10,5 by 17.5 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-38089529-3, S2,50.

My Personal Computer and Other Family Crises. Ben Ross Schneider Ir. New York: Macmillan Publishing. 1985: 254 pages, 14,5 by 22 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-02-949610-1. $15.95.

1985 Computer Buying Guide, the editors of Consumer Guide. New York: New American Library 1984: 384 pages 10,5 by 17.5 cm, softcover. ISBN 0-451-13244-0, $4.50.

Office Technology for the Nontechnical Manager. Phyllis |. Peck and Gilbert I. Konkel. Stamford. CP Office Publications. 1984: 226 pages. 15 by 23 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-911054-07-3, $13.95.

100 Programs for the Commodore 64, lohn Gordon and Ian McLean, Englewood Cliffs Nl: Prentice-Hall, 1984: 352 pages, 14.5 by 23 cm, softcover. ISBN 0-13-634650-2, SI4,95.

Owning Your Home Computer. Robert L. Perry New York: Dodd, Mead & Co, 1984: 2 56 pages, 21.5 by 28 cm. softcover, ISBN 0-396-082 50-5, S13.95,

Pascal Programming for the IBM PC AND XT W. M. Fuorl, L. Gioia. S. Gaughran, L. Aufiero. and M. Fuorl. Reston, VA: Reston Publishing, 1985: 270 pages. 17.5 by 23.5 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-8359-54354-8, $19.95.

PC Programming 1t:cHNiouES. A C Elliott. Bowie MD: Brady Communications, 1985; 174 pages, 17,5 by 23.5 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-89303-755-9. $14.95.

Personal Computers and the Disabled, Peter A. McWilliams. Garden City NY: Quantum/ Doubleday, 1984; 416 pages, 15 by 23 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-385-19685-7, S9.95.

Personal Graphics, Michael P Barnett and Graham K. Barnett. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Co., 1984; 332 pages, 21 by 27.5 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-31608220-1, $14.50.

THE Physics Disk, Sheridan Simon. Englewood Cliffs, Nl: Prentice-Hall, 1985; 82 pages, 17.5 by 23,5 cm, spiral-bound, ISBN 0-13-672387-X. $29.95, Includes floppy disk.

THE Power Of: Professional Tax Planning Using Lotus 1-2-3, Mitchell H, lacobs and Robert B. Rice. Englewood Cliffs, Nj: Prentice-Hall, 1984; 224 pages. 21 by 27.5 cm. softcover. ISBN 0-13-688276-5. $29.95.

The Power Of: Professional Tax Planning Using Multiplan, Mitchell H. lacobs and Robert B. Rice. Englewood Cliffs. N|: Prentice-Hall, 1984; 218 pages. 21 by 27,5 cm. softcover, ISBN 0-13-^688250-1, $29.95.

A Practical Guide to Computer Communications and Networking. 2nd ed., Richard Deasington. New York: lohn Wiley & Sons, 1984; 126 pages, 17 by 24 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-470-20078-2, $24.95.

A Practical Guide to Machine Language Programming on the TImex/Sinclair 1500 and 1000 (and ZX8II, David B. Wood. Lexington, MA: SiriusWare, 1985: 252 pages 15 by 23 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-926848-00-3. SI4.95.

Procedural Elements for Computer Graphics. David F Rogers. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1985; 448 pages, 16.5 by 23.5 cm, softcover ISBN 0-07053534-5, $24.95.

ProDOS Quick and Simple for THE Apple II Family, lohn G.

[emtimecl).

452 BYTE- MAY 1985

Inquiry 439 for Dealers. Inquiry 440 for End-Users.

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Inquiry 291

MAY 1985 -BYTE 453

BOOKS RECEIVED

Burdick and Peter B. Weiser. Glenview. IL; Scott. Foresman and Co.. 1985; 256 pages, 19 by 23 cm. softcover, ISBN 0-67318077-8. $19.95.

Programmer's Guide to ms-dos for the ibm pc, Dennis N. lump. Reston. VA: Reston Publishing. 1984; 266 pages. 17.5 by 23.5 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-8359-5655-5. $16.95.

Programming HALO Graphics IN C. Robert I. H-aister. Englewood Cliffs, N|: Prentice-Hall, 1985; 192 pages, 17.5 by 23 cm, softcover. ISBN 0-13-7293100, SI 7.95.

Programming Languages: A Grand Hdur. 2nd ed., Ellis Horowitz, ed. Rockville, MD: Computer Science Press, 1985: 768 pages. 22.5 by 28.5 cm, hardcover. ISBN 0-88175-073-5. $39.95.

Ready. Run, Fun: IBM PC Edi

tion, loan T&rg and |eff Levinsky Englewood Cliffs. N|: Prentice-Hall, 1985; 208 pages, 21.5 by 28 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-13-762220-1, $14.95.

Robotics, lames W. Masterson, Elmer C. Poe. and Stephen W. Fardo. Reston, VA: Reston Publishing, 1985; 272 pages. 18 by 24 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-8359-6692-5. $27.95.

Running Your Best Race: Programs for Improving Speed and Distance, |oe Henderson. Dubuque. lA: Wm. C. Brown Publishers, 1984: 208 pages. 19 by 23 cm. spiralbound. ISBN 0-697-00459-7. $18.95. Includes floppy disk.

Silicon Valley Guide. Daniel Remer, Paul Remer, and Robert Dunaway. Bellevue, WA: Microsoft Press, 1984; 320 pages, 18.5 by 23.5 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-914845-09-8, $19.95.

16-bit Microprocessors: Architecture, Software, and Interface Hechniques. Walter A. D-iebel and Avtar Singh. Englewood Cliffs. NJ: Prentice-Hall. 1985; 400 pages. 18 by 24 cm, hardcover. ISBN 0-13-811407-2, $29.95.

16/32-BIT Microcomputer System Components, Tfechnical Information Center. Phoenix, AZ: Motorola Semiconductor Products, 1984; 230 pages, 17.5 by 23 cm, softcover, DL127, $2.05.

THE Software Catalog: Microcomputers. Winter 1985, Menu/International Software Database. New York: Elsevier Science Publishing, 1985; 1688 pages. 21 by 27.5 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-444-00883-7. $75.

THE Software Handbook, Dimitris N. Chorafas. Princeton. N|: Petrocelli Books. 1984; 472 pages, 16 by 24 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-89433-248-1, $49.95.

TViiNKiNG Small: The Buyer's Guide to Portable Computers. Charles Rubin and Michael McCarthy Reading. MA: Addison-Wesley. 1984; 302 pages, 16 by 23.5 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-201-05793-X. $12.95.

A TbuRisT's Guide to Computers. Dave Morice New York: Simon & Schuster 1984; 192 pages. 15.5 by 23.5 cm, softcover. ISBN 0-671-50200-X, $7.95.

THE Under $800 Computer Buyer's Guide. Anthony T. Easton and Tbny Seton.

Reading. MA: Addison-Wesley 1984: 272 pages, 16 by 23 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-201-04191-X, $12.95.

User Friendly Guide to Lap Portables, Sam Redman and Michael Stanford. New York: McGraw-Hill. 1985; 270 pages, 15 by 22.5 cm, softcover, ISBN 0O7-051388-0, $16.95.

Using Computers to Learn ... About Computers, I. L. Lawrence. Princeton. NJ: Petrocelli Books, 1984; 292 pages, 17.5 by 25 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-89433-254-6. $24,95.

Using the Eagle PC and 1600 Series, Kenniston W, Lord ]r.

New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1984; 352 pages, 15 by 22,8 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-442-26035-0, S16.95.

Using the IBM PC: MultiMate, C. I. Puotinen. New York: Holt. Rinehart and Winston. 1984; 350 pages. 17.5 by 23.3 cm. softcover, ISBN 0-03-071411-7, $20.45.

Using the IBM PC: OrganczaTioN and Assembly Language Programming. Mark Franklin. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1984; 384 pages. 17.5 by 23.3 cm. softcover, ISBN OO3-062862-8. $20.45.

Using Lotus 1-2-3 to Solve Your Business Problems. George Gershefski. Tbtowa, NJ: Rowman & Allanheld. 1984; 160 pages, 18 by 25 cm. softcover. ISBN 0-8476-7346-4, S19.95.

Using the Wang for Business: The ItcHNiciAN's Perspective. Volume 1, Bert Dumpe. New York: Harper & Row, 1984: 368 pages, 21 by 27.8 cm. softcover. ISBN 0-06-041801-X. S22.95.

Wang Word Processing Companion. Debra I. "felt. Bowie. MD: Brady Communications, 1985; 256 pages, 18.5 by 23.5 cm. spiral-bound. ISBN 089303-945-4, $17.95.

Whole Earth Software Catalog, Stewart Brand, ed. New York: Quantum Press/ Doubleday 1984: 208 pages, 21 by 27.5 cm, softcover ISBN 0-385-19166-9, S17.50.

THE Word Processor Buyers Survival Manual, Ralph Roberts, Blue Ridge Summit, PA: Tab Books, 1984: 320 pages. 13 by 21 cm. softcover. ISBN 0-8306-1642-X, $10.95.

WbRDSTAR with Style on the DEC Rainbow, Roger B. White Jr. Reston, VA: Reston Publishing, 1984; 252 pages. 15.5 by 23 cm. spiral-bound. ISBN 0-8359-8808-2. $18.95.

Your T1 Professional Computer: Use, Applications, and BASIC, Thomas W. Madron and C. Neal l&te. New York: Holt. Rinehart and Winston. 1984; 222 pages, 17.5 by 23.5 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-03-071921-6, $18.45. ■

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454 BYTE • MAY 1985

Inquiry 132

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Inquiry 140

MAY 1985 • BYTE 457

LETTERS

[continued from page 32)

tempt to maintain their prices with more promotion and advertising?

Economic theory says that when excess profits are being made (excess profits being profits higher than would be expected given the risk of the investment), then new competitors will enter the marHet to grab some of these high profits. This new competition will push prices down. As a hot new market with only a few suppliers changes into one with a much larger number of suppliers and a much wider customer base (a classic free market), the pricing should change to reflect the new realities. Unfortunately, a large number of companies were founded with the idea that these juicy profits would go on forever that the products' pricing would never have to relate to the costs of production. These companies developed without understanding the organic nature of a free market, that they themselves were the new entrants whose role was to bring prices down to mature market levels,

I don't believe that the software market has approached anything like its potential sales levels, but this won't change until prices come down. The recent integrated packages (Symphony, Framework, Enable) have all aimed themselves at the corporate market. They figure that their products are the perfect productivity packages for a personal computer except that prices would have to be lowered to appeal to the private owner Would Borland's SideKick, elegant piece of work that it is, have nearly the impact if it was $199? I'd rather have a car without a radio than a PC without SideKick, but part of its success is its utility-class price.

When we see prices for the full-featured integrated packages come down to the $300 to $400 range, the market will react with the same excitement created by those breakthrough spreadsheets. VisiCalc and Lotus 1-2-3.

Zave Shapiro Winnipeg, Manitoba. Canada

Sign-Language Software Wanted

I would greatly appreciate the assistance of BYTE readers in my research project. I am attempting to identify public-domain and proprietary microcomputer software packages that teach sign language. I am defining sign language as any system of hand gestures used for communicating with the hearing-impaired. If you have such information, please contact me at POB 19142, Washington, DG 2Q036. or

leave a message at (202) 475-4939 and 1 will return your call. All responses will be acknowledged.

Ellen L. Bouwkamp Washington, DC

Toward a Less Structured Approach

So much hype has been published about the wonders of structured programming, and so much of the criticism of it has been from petulant programming wizards worried about being accountable to their supervisors, that a more dispassionate voice is called for Every benefit has its cost, and structuring is no exception.

A key problem of the structured approach is strikingly illustrated by the index in Niklaus Wirth's book, Programming in Modula-2, reviewed by David D. Clark in the August 1984 BYTE. Consider for a moment two programs to print an index whose entries are in the array INDEX of dimension N. an even number (I'll use vanilla BASIC here to reach the widest audience; granted, both programs could be improved in many ways by applying structured techniques in another language, but it's the difference between the programs that's important here):

10 FOR 1 = 1 TO N STEP 2; LPRINT INDEX(I); TAB(40); INDEX(I-hI) : NEXTI

and:

10 PL = 60: FOR 1 = 1 TO N STEP 2: IF(I -f- PL<= N) LPRINT INDEX(I); TAB(40); INDEX(I-(-PL): ELSE LPRINT INDEX(I)

20 NEXT I

By every structured standard, the first program wins: it has fewer lines, fewer statements, fewer variables, it's easier to read and understand at a glance, etc. There's only one problem. The first program produces the sort of index that's in Wirth's book: the second entry opposite the first, the third back under the first, the fourth under the second, and so on. It's a royal pain to use.

Thus one of the costs of structure is insensitivity to the end user Structured programmers typically take the condescending attitude that users are ill-served by programs that have bugs: therefore, they shouldn't quibble about inconveniences they may have to put up with to get bijgfree programs. This attitude may pass in the academic world,, but the software

market today demands programs (and documentation) that are bug-free AND convenient to use.

The best the structure gurus have to offer here is pious exhortations to keep the user in mind, the equivalent of saying. 'Hey! Let's be careful out there!" This is a cop-out. This is like the attitude of the computer pioneers who regard program bugs as character flaws: their approach to debugging it to sniff that, with proper conscientiousness, there would be no bugs. This is just the attitude that structured techniques are touted as rebutting. With so much of the programmer's mind focused on the mechanics of structured programming, concentration on how the final product will look to the user is bound to suffer, and kludges like Wirth's index must be expected.

Don't misunderstand me. Structured programming is a fine thing in a production-type environment, when the programmers thoroughly understand the system they're working with (what it can't do, and how to make it do what it can do) and the programs they're trying to write (because they're writing their zillionth database application, process-control routine, etc.). But when programmers are exploring new systems and developing new kinds of programs, they need the flexibility of a less structured approach. Debugging can corne later

Erwin S. Strauss Fairfax, \^^

Bargain Computing in Japan

After living in lapan for over a year I picked up some recent issues of BYTE and was surprised by the current state of the art in personal computers being sold in the United States. It seems that many advertisers in the U.S. offer systems that just do not come close to what we can get here in Tokyo. 1 was taken aback by this, because I thought that, if in anything, American technology was leading in the personal computer field.

For example, a few weeks ago 1 purchased a Fujitsu FM-16 Beta, which is not available in the United States. This computer's standard features include:

Hardware

512K bytes of main RAM (expandable to 1 megabyte), two 514-inch 1-megabyte floppies, DMA access, 192K bytes of video RAM, 52K bytes of ROM, 80186 16-/16-bit main microprocessor MBL68B09E (8-bit) subprocessor (2

[continued^

458 BYTE • MAY 1985

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MHz) (for graphics and I/O support) full 102-key keyboard with everything, 640 by 400 (by 4) graphics (partitionable to different pages), 80 by 25 roman character lines (16 by 16 dots/character), lapanese character ROM, RS-232C (transmission rate, etc., softwarecontrollable), all cables, connectors, and interfaces for printer, mouse, light pen. and voice synthesizer

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All for only about $1200, which is what 1 paid at Akihabara, the big electronics neighborhood in Tokyo.

It seems, from looking at recent issues of BYTE, that the current 16-bit American systems usually come with only about 128K bytes or 256K bytes of RAlvl and that minifloppies are way behind the commonly used dual 1-megabyte floppies that are built in to current computers here in lapan. And the prices! It seems that for these substandard systems you have to pay more than twice what you pay here, $2500 to $3000 or morel Why is that?

Anyway, to complete my system, 1 bought an RGB high-resolution monitor and a Kanji printer (24 x 24 dot) and the entire system, everything, came to less than $2000! Can they beat that in the U,a yet?

1 am now happily running my system, using the included FBASIC and assembler as well as Optimizing C and the very nice screen editor that comes with TUrbo Pascal (it seems to handle the Japanese conversions very nicely).

By the way, I spent the last year here working for the Toyo Links Corporation of Tokyo, a computer-graphics company We created a computer-graphics movie for the Fujitsu Pavilion at the Science and Technology Worki's Fair (Expo '85). which opens this March, The film is quite exciting: completely computer-generated and projected on a specially-built Omnimax dome, in stereo.

1 hope that many American readers of BYTE can visit the fain which will run for six months, and drop by the pavilion. If anybody would like more information about the fair or movie, drop me a line and I will be glad to pass your name and address onto the fair committee and you'll get some literature from Japan. 1 would

also welcome hearing from people who just want to write and talk about computers here in Japan and elsewhere.

Doug Lerner Ota Ku Nishi Kamata 8-24-6-302 Tokyo, 144, Japan

Language Considerations

The entertaining and informative dispute among champions and critics of rival computer programming languages should consider the following:

1. language size. To compare languages without considering their sizes which may vary by one or two orders of magnitude. Is disinformatlve.

2. External size constraints. Tbday's 8K-byte to 16K-byte BASICS are constrained by the allotted ROM room, not by the nature of the language itself. A 64K BASIC interpreter is the obvious and natural size for a microprocessor which, like the 6509/ 6510 or 8088/8086, organizes a memory in 64K pages. Will a language that sounds great compared to an 8K Procrustean BASIC still sound great compared to a 64K full-page BASIC?

3. Factional interests. Interpretation vs. compilation represents the real power struggle between do-it-yourself computer users and the caste of professional priests and scribes (systems programmers and applications programmers) attempting to insinuate itself between the computer and its end users. Lxigo versus BASIC versus Pascal represents the power struggle among elementary, secondary and higher education. There's always the simple bias of salesmen "pushing" their own wares and "knocking the competition." Important personal, social, economical, and political fortunes ride on the outcomes of language competitions, and it would be hopelessly naive to imagine otherwise.

4. Personal sentiments Some language criticism reveals more of the critic than of the language criticized. Scratch a critic of line numbers, find an unconfessed mathophobe. FORTH's arcane magic attracts a personality radically different from those attracted to Pascal and Modula-2. Sentiments should be addressed explicitly, not glossed over by coats of pseudorational. pseudotechnical varnish.

5. Language essentials. Features that can be optionally added to or deleted from a language don't distinguish it from other languages. Logo's supposedly distinctive "turtle graphics" and some of Pascal's supposedly distinctive "powerful structuredprogramming constructs" have been absorbed by some BASICS. APLs matrix

operators could be added to Modula-2, C's advanced assembly-language commands could be added to COBOL, and whitewall tires could be added to any car without effecting any fundamental change So what are the essential differences among languages that merit discussion? Do any exist? I don't know.

But I do know that some purported feature advantages are mythical. Pascal fans argue that invoking procedures by semidescriptive names like ERRMSG. for display an error message, and FIXERR, for fix the error condition, enable you to scan a listing and grasp its flow. But to grasp a BASIC line like

500 IF X = 0 THEN GOSUB 2500:

GOTO 5720

you've go to look up lines 2 500 and 5720. Surprise! Microsoft BASIC on the Commodore PCs I recently checked has an undocumented feature that gives the best of

both approaches. You can write:

500 IF X = 0 THEN GOSUB 2500 ERRMSG: GOTO 5720 FIXERR

While scanning the program you can ignore the line numbers and grab the semidescriptive names. But when you do want to find ERRMSG and FIXERR. the line numbers tell you exactly where to look in a long listing. Will this revelation cause wholesale defections from the Pascal camp? I doubt it. though I'm sure it will provoke some giggling among BASIC fans. More generally. 1 do hope that future critiques and comparisons of languages will shed more light on the five general Issues i've mentioned.

J. G. Krol Arjaheim. CA

FUBAR Again

As one of the 10 million Americans overseas during World War II, I can surely recall FUBAR and its friends ("The Origin of 'FOOBAR,' " February page 420).

There were three of them: SNAFU, TARFU, and FUBAR. All fared well because there was a nonvulgar word, "fouled," that could be substituted for the original, SNAFU means Situation Normal—All Fouled Up. TARFU means Things Are Really Fouled Up, and FUBAR means Fouled Up BeyondAll Recognition, as jou indicated.

These three survived, I believe, partly because they showed a slight ring of culture and restraint, even in the otherwise unbearable military,

Noel ). T>iompson Warren, OR m

460 BYTE • MAY 1985

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WHAT'S NEW

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The Total Talk PC system based on the HP 150, along with some optional peripherals.

Total T^lk PC Aids Visually Impaired

Maryland Computer Services' Total T&lk PC is a talking computer based on Hewlett-Packard's HP 150. The system includes a speech-synthesis board, voice-generation firmware, software, and a speechcontrol pad that turns any group of characters into a spoken word.

With Tbtal T&lk PC, a blind or visually impaired user can hear data entered through the keyboard or appearing on the screen. The user can control pitch, volume, and the rate of speech (from 45 to 720 words per minute). The user can also choose to listen to information either a single word, a sentence, or a paragraph at a time. Another feature is user-definition of words that don't follow standard rules of pronunciation, such as abbreviations and mnemonics.

The Search String and Programmable Key functions let the user locate a word or phrase and combine several routinely used keystrokes into one key The Enunciator Key announces functions before the system performs them.

Also, more than 50 speech functions are built into the Total TSlk PC and controlled through its modified numeric keypad. The system connects to most computers from micros to mainframes. It uses MS-DOS and includes a built-in Talking Information Manager for keeping track of addresses, phone numbers, and dates.

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and sells for $7995.95. The second model uses a 15-megabyte Winchester hard-disk drive and costs $10,995.95, Contact Maryland Computer Services, 2010 Rock Spring Rd., Forest Hill, MD 21050, (301) 879-3366. Inquiry 615.

The TERl 16 bit Microcomputer

The TERl is an integrated unit that contains a CRT 80-cps dot-matrix

printer, two double-sided double-density disk drives, clock and calendar, modem, and Tfelex capabilities The screen collapses into the mein unit to form a low profile, and the footprint is slightly larger than that of a typewriter. A remote unit is also available.

The TERl uses Intel's 8086 chip and is IBM softwarecompatible. The basic system contains those features mentioned above, a case in three color choices, 192K bytes of memory expandable to 768K bytes, an 80<haracter 12-inch built-in

screen, graphics capabilities in color and monochrome, a remote CRT hookup, five expansion slots an RS-232C port, a security-card activator, and such software as MS-DOS. Some available options are a color monitor, hard-disk drive, and remote monitor with keyboard.

The system's basic unit is selling at $3600. Contact Israel Strategic Computers Ltd., 19 Nachon St., Yemin Moshe, lerusaiem, Israel, tel: 02 247-681/243-368; Tfelex 35770 COIN IL TER. Inquiry 616.

Expert 32

Multiprocessor

Computer

Elite Computer Systems' Expert 32 is a 32-bit multiprocessor computer that supports four true 32-bit processor card sets. However the system is designed to support more

processors, with quantity dependent on application. The E82/CPU2 processor card is based on the 32032 processor from National Semiconductor. It includes the floating-point processor memory-management unit, real-time clock/calendar, and 32K bytes of cache memory

The system has a 16-slot double-width VME bus backplane and comes standard with a processor board set. Other features include 512K bytes of main memory expandable to 16 megabytes; a peripheral-interface card with DMA SCSI disk interface 4 intelligent RS-232C serial channels expandable to 20; a Centronics-compatible parallel printer interface: a 500-watt power supply: and 5'/j-inch cartridge hard-disk drives with 5 megabytes of removable storage and 5 megabytes of fixed storage. You can expand the Expert 32 to accommodate up to 140 megabytes of storage.

The Expert; 32 uses ECS PVS, a portable virtualstorage operating system that supports real-time and {eonameet)

464 B YTE • MAY 1985

GOmPUTER UmREHOUSE

CALL TOLL

PRINTERS

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F-10 Parallel or Serial S869 55 CPS Serial or Parallel . .51035

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WHAT'S NEW

multiple-processor environments. ECS PVS also supplies demand-paged virtual memory, multiuser and multitasking operation, mountable file systems, and dynamically installed device drivers. UNIX will soon be supported on the Expert 32. Elite provides additional software support with compilers for FORTRAN. Pascal. C, Modula-2, LISP, and SMPL.

Quantity-one prices for the Expert 32 start at $17,700. Additional E82/CPU2 processor sets are S3850. Contact Elite Computer Systems. 4129 May St., Wichita, KS 67209, (316) 942-6619. Inquiry 617.

Multifunction CAD Workstations

MNC international created the MCAD family of workstations specifically for computer

aided design. The workstations are based on MNC's IBM PC-compatible computers and come complete with hardware and software.

The first three available models. MCAD 1000. MCAD 2000. and MCAD 3000. integrate the AutoCAD 2 software with three levels of hardware. All members of the MCAD family use an IBM PC-compatible processor and an 8087 coprocessor.

MCAD 1000 comes standard with a lO-megabyte hard-disk drive and 2 56K bytes of RAM. The monochrome graphics adapter provides 720- by 348-dot resolution. AutoCAD 2 basic design software and an integral mouse come with the package.

MCAD 2000 has the same processor configuration as MCAD 1000 but uses two monitors: a monochrome display functions as the system console, and the graphics design console is a .

medium-resolution color display This display combined with an Artist II graphics adapter from Control Systems gives you up to 16 simultaneous colors with a 640- by 400-dot resolution. Control is through the keyboard or an optical mouse.

The top-of-the-line MCAD 3000 also uses two monitors, including a highresolution color-graphics monitor that supplies 1024by 768-dot resolution with 16 simultaneous colors. MCAD 3000 disk memory is 22 megabytes, half of which is a removable cartridge. It comes standard with 512K bytes of RAM.

Options include plotters, printers, extended memory to 640K bytes, and software extensions. Several Tektronix emulation packages are also available.

Prices for the packages include software. MCAD 1000 is $4850, MCAD 2000 is $6995. and MCAD 3000 is

$11,995. IBM PC owners can purchase add-on kits to make their systems equivalent to any MCAD model. Contact MNC international. 2817 Anthony Lane S. Minneapolis, MN 55418, (612) 788-1099. Inquiry 618.

Spirit 68 32-bit Microcomputer System

Spirit 68 from First Computer Corporation is a 32-bit system that runs with UNIX System V. Spirit 68 can handle up to 12 users and addresses up to 4 megabytes of parity MOS memory while offering full processor functionality The system also supports localarea networks and remote communications.

The basic Spirit 68 contains 40 megabytes of online disk storage that comprises a 20-megabyte removable disk cartridge and 20 megabytes of fixed storage. It also has a 22-bit addressing capability.

The system is available in two styles: a clamshell, pedestal-type cabinet that opens along the full length of the unit and a standard rack-mount version. Both styles accept three models of field-installable expansion modules that increase disk storage with 40 megabytes of combination fixed/removable storage and either 72 or 142 megabytes of fixed storage.

Basic Spirit 68 system pricing ranges from SI6.200 to $19,500. Contact First Computer Corp., 645 Blackhawk Dr., Westmont, IL 60559, (312) 920-1050. Inquiry 619.

466 BYTE • MAY 1985

It doesn't take much to make your programs run up to 20 times faster.

^4^95 to be exact.

If you've been writing programs for your Commodore 64, Apple He or Apple lie in BASIC you can take ^ a giant step forward in speed of execution and in programming productivity for just $49.95.

You can get program performance that you only thought possible from machine language programs. While still using a powerful, understandable highlevel language. A language that's similar to Pascal, but much easier to learn and use

You Ccin create programs with our advanced, full-screen editor-much like you would on a word processor, and it even locates your compilation errors.

And when you com pile your programs, you have a fast onepass compiler, a recursive descent compiler that can compile a 100-line source program in 10 seconds or less.

PROMAL™ also gives you an elegant operating system "Executive" which includes powerful file, program and memory management commands and even I/O redirection.

You get all of that with PROMAL-improved programming productivity, faster compile and run time andpower that you may never have thought possible. PROMAL-for the beginning or advanced programmer.

Whether you are just beginning to write or are an experienced programmer, you can be more productive with PROMAL (PROgrammer's Micro Application Language). It's easier to learn than Pascal, Cor Forth. It provides you with a full range of powerful structured statements like IF-ELSE, WHILE, REPEAT, FOR and CHOOSE. And, because indentation is part of the language's syntax, it helps you write programs neatly and logically. There are no line numbers to worry about, and since comments don't take up memory space, you Ccm docimient your programs completely.

COMMODORE 64 BENCHMARK

(Sieve of Eratosthenes)

documentation and PROMAL system diskette including sample programs) for just $49.95. There's a 15-day, no-risk moneyback guarantee. And the entire $49.95 may be credited against later purchase of the "Developer's Version:' The "Developer's Version"-all the components of the "End User" system plus the "run time" object module generation capability, additional documentation and an unlimited right to sell or distribute PROMAL applications-is only $99.95.

Or-for only $10.00 plus $2.50 postage and handling you can get the PM-100 demo system. It includes a 32-page manual and all the

capabilities of the PM-200 except the ability to print or save files to disk. It's a very inexpensive way to explore the wonders of PROMAL.

Our Guarantee: Try PROMAL for 15 days. If you are not completely satisfied, return it to us undamaged and we'll refund your money. No questions asked. Dealer inquiries invited.

For quicker response on credit card orders,

callToUFree 1-800-762-7874

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Systems Management Associates 3700 Computer Drive, Dept. PB-3 Raleigh, North Carolina 27609

PROMAL BASIC COMAL FORTH

Execution Time (sees.) 30 630 490 51

Object Code Size (bytes) 128 255 329 181

Program Load Time (sees.) 3.2 3.8 6.3 11.2

Compile Time (sees.) 8.5 — — 3.9

PASCAL 55 415 23.5 108

PROMAL-a language especially for small systems. Unlike languages developed for larger systems and squeezed into small systems environments, PROMAL was conceived and developed specifically for the small system. With PROMAL there's hnally a language created for the environment in which you work.

Speed up your programs and step up your programming productivity. You get all of that speed and productivity-with the PROMAL PM-200 "End-User" system (220 pages of

OrderFomt Please send me my copy of PROMAL

My system is (checic one): □ Commodore 64 □ Apple He □ Apple Uc PROMAL Packiige Desired (checkone):

□ PM-200 (iorsysiem.s listed above) $49.95 plus $5.001'orshlpping and handling ata total cost of$54.95. Satisfaction cjuaranteed.

□ PM-300 Developer's Version $99,95 plus $5,00 ior shipping and handling for a total cost of $104,95, Satisfaction Guaranteed,

□ PM-100 demo diskette $10.00 for the diskette plus $2.50 for postage and handling fora total cost of $12.50. (Non-refundable.)

□ My check is enclosed. □ Please charge my purchase to my □ Visa □ Mastercard

Cu-il Kuillin I Signature

City, State, Zip

North Carolina Residents add 4-1/2% sales tax. Foreign orders add $15.00 additional shipping and handling.

Inquiry 386

MAY 1985 • BYTE 467

WHAT'S NEW

Model 256DIS EPROM Programmer

The Model 256DIS is a single EPROM programmer from Softalk. a subsidiary of Dynatec International. It can program any EPROM from a 27i6 to a 27512. including "A" version and CMOS EPROMs. This programmer does not require additional modules or adapters.

Softalk's Model 256D1S programs one EPROM at a time. You can enter data from the programmer's own keyboard or from a development system through a standard RS-232C port. The programmer can also load from a master PROM into its 64K bytes of memory for programming a copy The system uses a two-digit device code to set up the appropriate pin configuration and algorithms for the device being programmed.

The Model 256DIS costs $895. Contact Softalk Inc., 3594 West 1820 S, Salt Lake City UT 84104. (800) 722-7425; in Utah. (801) 973-9500. Inquiry 620.

The Apple in Color

An RGB color module for the Apple lie is available from Telemax. The Peacock Model CM2C is an outboard module that comes with two cables and connectors. One short cable plugs into the 1 S-pin video output connector at the rear of the lie. The other 3-foot cable plugs into your RGB monitor

With the Peacock, you can select text and background colors from 14 color combinations. The Peacock Model CM2C sells for $199.

Another Tfelemax product, the Kaleidoscope JI, is an RGB color board for the

ROMDISK PC card for the IBM PC.

Apple II, lie and 11 + . and the Franklin ACE 100, 1000. and 1200. The board has a two-page memory operating system for programming both foreground and background colors. You can set each line of text to one of eight foreground and background colors.

The Kaleidoscope 11 plugs into slot 7. It lets you use your 80-column card or any other card that provides 80 columns and extended memory in slot 0 of the Apple lie. For the Apple 11+ and II and the Franklin series, you can use the Model VSP-80 switchplate option to interface 80-column boards to the Kaleidoscope 11.

Apple versions of the Kaleidoscope 11 sell for $199; Franklin models are $219. The VSP-80 is $30. and the monitor connector is SI 5. Contact Telemax Inc.. 780 [x)rraine Dr., POB 339, Warrington. PA 18976, (215) 343-3000. Inquiry 621.

Universal Programmer

Logical Devices' PROMPRO-XP is a 16-bit MOS EPROM programmer that will support software

for the IBM PC as well as for other systems. This unit can program MOS EEPROMs, MOS EPROMs. CMOS EPROMs. bipolar PROMs, programmable logic devices, and microprocessors with on-board EPROMs.

PROMPRO-XP has a base system that handles 1/0, internal memory control, and power functions. It can program MOS or CMOS EEPROMs and EPROMs without the aid of plug-in adapters. Adapters are available to handle devices with widely different technologies, such as bipolar PROMS and programmable logic devices.

This universal programmer directs I/O communications through a serial RS-232C port or a detachable keypad with an alphanumeric display It can send data to a printer or be remotely operated.

You can organize a 5I2Kbyte internal RAM buffer in 64K-byte by 8 or 32K-byte by 16 arrays so that two EPROMs with different data can be programmed simultaneously An In-CircuitEmulation option lets you download a 16-bit file in memory and run a 68000 or 8086 program from the PROMPRO-XP's memory Other features include a built-in eraser, range command, and complete selfdiagnosis.

The PROMPRO-XP base unit is $1995; bipolar and PAL adapters are $495 each. Contact Logical Devices Inc., 1321 Northwest 65th Place, Fort Lauderdale. FL 33309, (8001 331-7766; in Florida. (305) 974-0975. Inquiry 622.

ROMDISK PC Accessory Card

ROMDISK PC for the IBM PC and compatibles consists of a ROM and circuitry that emulates a writeprotected disk and disk-drive controller. This full-size card fits into an accessory slot inside the microcomputer case.

ROMDISK PC works with PC-DOS. MS-DOS. and equivalent DOSes. A utility program copies a userselected DOS, programs, or program files from disk Into the ROM, thus converting the software to firmware. You can use DOS commands to auto-boot or selectively load software into RAM from ROMDISK PC.

The microcomputer's power supply supports ROMDISK PC You can erase the EPROMs with an ultraviolet eraser without removing them from the printedcircuit board, then load new programs into ROM. Dataaccess time is 100 microseconds; program characteristics and the DOS determine overall speed improvements.

ROMDISK PC-0. a half-size board with 180K bytes of storage, sells for $599. ROMDISK PC-1. a full-size board with 180K bytes of storage upgradable to 360K bytes, is also $599. ROMDISK PC-2 is a full-size

[continued)

468 BYTE- MAY 1985

Lifeboat.

C is the language, Lifeboaf is the source.

Productivity Tools from the Leading Publisher of C ProgramsT

The Lattice® C CompUer

The cornerstone of a program is its compiler; it can make the difference between a good program and a great one. The Lattice C compiler features:

• Full compatibility with Kerhighan and Ritchie's standards

• Four memory model options for control and versatility

• Automatic sensing and use of the 8087 math chip

• Choose from the widest selection of add-on

options

• Itenowned tor speed and code quality

• Superior quality documentation

"Lattice C produces remarkable code.. .the documentation sets such a high st^dard that others don't even come close... in the top category for its quick compilation and execution time and consistent reliability."

Ralph A. Phraner, Byte Magazine

Lattice Library source code also available.

Language Utilities

Pfix 86/Pfix 86 Plus — dynamic and symbolic debuggers respectively, these pro\'ide multiple-window debugging with breakpointing Ciipability.

Plink 86 — a two-pass overlay linkage editor that helps solve memory problems. Text Management Utilities — includes GREP (searches files for patterns), DIFF (differential

text file comparator), and more. LMK (UNIX "make") — automates the construction of large multi-module products. Curses — lets you write programs with full screen output transportable among all UNIX, XENIX and PC-DOS systems without changing your source code.

BASTOC — translates MBASIC or CBASIC source code directly to Lattice C source code. C Cross Refeience Generator—examines yoxa

C source modules and produces a listing of each symbol and where it is referenced.

Editois

Pmate — a customizable full screen t&A editor featuring its own powerful macro command

language.

ESiP for C — C program entry with automatic syntax checking and formatting. VEDIT — an easy-to-use word processor for use with V-PRINT.

V-PRINT — a print formatting companion for

VEDIT.

CVUE — a full-screen editor that offers an easy way to use command structure. EMACS — a full screen multi window text

editor.

Fast/C — speeds up the cycle of edit-compiledebug-edit-recompile.

Graphics and Screen Design

HALO — one of the industry's standard graphics development packages. Over 150 graphics commands including line, arc, box, circle and ellipse primitives. The 10 Fontpack is also available.

Panel — a screen formatter and data entry aid. Lattice Window — a library of subroutines allowing design of windows.

Functions

C-Fbod Smorgasbord — a tasty selection of utility functions for Lattice C programmers; includes a binary coded decimal arithmetic package, level 0 I/O functions, a Terminal Independence Package, and more. Float-87 — supports the 8087 math chip to boost the speed of floating-point calculations. The Gieerdeaf Functions — a comprehensive library of over 200 routines. The Greenleaf Conun Library — an easy-to

use asynchronous communications library. C Power Packs — sets of functions useful for a wide variety of applications. BASIC C — This library is a simple bridge from IBM BASIC to C.

Database Record Managers

Phact — a database record manager library of C language functions, used in the creation and manipulation of large and small databases. Btrieve—a sophisticated file management system designed for developing applications under PC-DOS. Data can be instantly retrieved by key value.

FABS — a Fast Access Btree Structure function

library designed for rapid, keyed access to data files using multipath structures. Autosort — a fast sort/merge utility. Lattice dB-C ISAM — a library of C functions that enables you to create and access dBase format database files.

Cross-Compilers

For programmers active in both i nicro and mini environments we provide advanced crosscompilers which product Intel 8086 object modules. AH were developed to be as functional — and reliable — as the native compilers. They are available for the following systems: 'WVX/VMS, VAX/UNIX, 68K/UNIX-S, 68K/UNIX-L Also, we have available: Z80 Cross-compiler for MS- and PC-DOS — produces Z80 object modules in the Microsoft relocatable format.

New Products

Run/C—finally, a C interpreter for all levels of C Progranuners.

C Sprite — a symbolic debugger with breakpoint capability.

CaU LIFEBOAT: 1-800-847-7078. In NY, 1-212-860-0300.

YES! Please rush me the latest FREE Lifeboaf" catalog ofCproducts.

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BY

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WHAT'S NEW

iiiiiiiiiii^^

board with 360K bytes of storage and costs $999. Contact Curtis Inc., 22 Red Fox Rd., St. Paul, MN 55110, (612) 484-5064. Inquiry 623.

512K-byte Memory Upgrade for the Mac

Micro Conversions has developed an upgrade kit for converting a 128K-byte Macintosh to 5121C bytes. Installation does not require adding wires or drilling holes—only basic soldering. The kit includes a tool to

open the Macintosh's case, miniature flush cutters, an integrated-circuit insertion tool, stainless steel electronic-assembly tweezers, an X-Acto knife, and three rolls ' of desoldering braid. Parts for the upgrade include a multiplexer chip, seventeen 2 56K-byte RAM chips, 16-pin low-profile sockets for all chips to be installed, a miniature printed-circuit board assembly and resistors and capacitor required for the new multiplexer chip.

The price of the 512K-byte upgrade kit is $3 50. You can

also have the kit installed by Micro Conversions for a total cost of $399. Contact Micro Conversions, 3606 Knoll Crest Dr., Arlington, TX 76014, (817) 465-5758. inquiry 624.

The Macintosh 512Kit

hree versions of the 512Kit from l^vco

Enterprises let you upgrade your 12 8K-byte Macintosh to 512 K bytes. Kit I contains complete installation instructions, a printed<ircuit board.

a pair of 2.2k-ohm resistors, a single O.l-microfarad

capacitor, a seven-position pin strip, and a 74AS2 53 integrated circuit. Kit II also has sixteen 16-pin goldplated sockets for the memory chips. Kit III includes all of the above plus seventeen 2 56K-bit DRAMS.

The 512Kit prices are $49.95 for Kit I, $59.95 for Kit 11, and $298.95 for Kit 111. A fully installed upgrade costs $399.95. Contact Levco Enterprises, 4954 Sun Valley Rd., Del Mar, CA 92014, (619) 755-7827. Inquiry 625.

PERIPHERALS

,;^iiiHi&uiiiltM

Hard-Disk Storage iPor the PC AT

PS20 Plus is a plug-in 20-megabyte hard-disk drive for the IBM PC AT It works directly with the AT's controller board to provide the same capabilities as the extended AT

If you need more storage, you can add a Perstor Expansion System for up to four additional hard-disk drives.

PS20 Plus sells for $1295; Perstor Expansion Systems start at $2000. Contact Systems and Software Inc., 7825 East Redfield Rd.. Scottsdale, AZ 85260. (602) 948-7313. Inquiry 626.

Commodore Modem Disk Drive

Commodore recently announced a 1200-bps modem and a disk drive.

The 1670 Modem/1200, a compact modem, uses many of the same commands as the Hayes Smartmodem and has an internal speaker that

PS20 Plus for the IBM PC AT

lets you follow the progress of a call.

Included in its $200 list priice are communications software for the Commodore 64 and one hour on CompuServe. A 300-bps version is offered for about $70. Commodore plans a version of the 1200-bps modem with an RS-232C interface.

The Commodore 1571 disk drive works with the Commodore 128 as well as Commodore's 64, Plus/4, and LCD computers. It features compatibility with the older 1541 drive and enhanced

disk capacity and speed. In its CP/M mode it stores 41 OK bytes of data and

transfers data at 3 500 cps. Data-transfer rates under C64 and C128 control are 300 and 1500 cps, respectively It will also read and write other CP/M-formatted disks.

The Commodore 1571 disk drive will cost approximately $300. Contact Commodore International Ltd., 1200 Wilson Dr, West Chester. PA 19380, (215) 431-9100. Inquiry 627.

IBM PC AT Une of Hard Disks

Genoa Systems has a line of hard-disk products for the IBM PC AT that includes 20- and 32-megabyte drives. These drives work with the existing PC AT controller and power supply Both systems are compatible with all PC AT operating systems.

You can install one or two of the drives in your computer. They function with any network that works with the PC AT

The drives cost $1795 for 20 megabytes and $2295 for 32 megabytes. Contact ■ Genoa Systems Corp., 73 East Trimble Rd., San lose, CA 95131, (408) 94 5-9720. Inquiry 628.

Removable-Cartridge

Winchester

for IBM PC AT

Interface's removablecartridge Winchester disk subsystem provides data storage, data security and multiuse of a single PC AT. You can remove the disk

[continued)

470 B Y T E • MAY 1985

SOME FLOPPY DISKS WILL GIVE YOU A BYTE YOU'LL NEVER FORGET.

You'll find them lurking in stores wherever floppy disks are sold. Those evil denizens of computer drives that are eagerly waiting to devour your valuable information, bit by bit. What they can do to you and your business is too painful to print.

At TDK, we grimace at that thought. Which is why we took great pains to develop an absolutely flawless disk. One that is made with such technical superiority that it meets or exceeds the most rigid industry standards.

Whether you choose our 8-inch, 5.25-inch standard, 5.25-inch High Density or 3.5-inch No-Risk Disks, you'll be assured of consistent error-free performance, through years of extended usage. And although you'll probably never need it, it's nice, to know that all our disks are covered by a lifetime replacement warranty

It's also nice to know that our disks share both the technology and dedication to quality that have made TDK the world's largest manufacturer of magnetic media—including our higher-performance audio and video recording tapes. The fact that millions of people rely on our products is a true testament to our 50 year heritage in the industry

So, the next time you enter the cluttered jungle of floppy disks, don't pick up something hazardous to your company's health. Avoid a bad byte. Use the TDK No-Risk Disk.

THE NO-RISK OISK.^TDK

®

Inquiry 393

MAY 1985 •BYTE 471

WHAT'S NEW

cartridge when you finish working to help decrease the incidence of damaged or erased data.

The cartridge drive fits into the B slot on the IBM PC AT, It has lO'/i megabytes of formatted storage per cartridge. Track-to-track access time is 22.5 milliseconds and an average access time, including head-settling time, is 98 milliseconds. The drive has a 5-megabit-persecond data-transfer rate.

The removable cartridge for the PC AT model l^ATDMAIO. sells for $1695. A PC version, model PDMAIO, is $2295, Contact Interface Inc., 21101 Osborne St„ Canoga Park, CA 91304, (818) 341-7914. Inquiry 629.

Mac Private Eye Video Digitizer

Mac Private Eye is a video digitizer that converts video signals into images on an Apple Macintosh. Reproduction quality is reportedly good enough for professional use. The system accepts images from any standard NTSC video source, such as a black-and-white or

color television camera, television monitor, or videocassette recorder

The subject does not have to be stationary because Mac Private Eye works with moving video images. It captures a complete video frame in real time. Each video frame is converted into a 512- by 512-pixel image that you can see on the Macintosh with a movable window.

You can also manipulate images with MacPaint and store them in MacPaint files. The digitizer uses a random dot-pattern generator that creates images with continuous shades of gray

You can make television camera adjustments by viewing the image on the Mac, so you do not need a television monitor. Also, you can transfer the image using a modem to the user's Mac, another Mac Private Eye user, and directly from Mac to Mac.

Suggested retail price for Mac Private Eye is $595, Also available is a blackand-white television camera for $225 or both units for $799, Contact I/O Video Inc.. 222 Third St., Cambridge, MA 02142. (617) 547-4141. Inquiry 630.

Speed Up the 512K Macintosh

TurboCharger quickens floppy-disk access on the 512K-byte Macintosh by keeping critical areas of disk in RAM, According to Nevins Microsystems, disk performance is often doubled or tripled, with reported peak performance more than 500 percent faster (The company cited a test using pfs:File to search a database of 132 5 forms. With HirboCharger, the test took 11 seconds; without HirboCharger, it took 60.5 seconds.)

Once installed on a Mac start-up disk, TjrboCharger works automatically The program analyzes disk usage, buffering critical areas of disk in RAM. As little as 32K bytes of RAM can be used for buffering.

HirboCharger works with copy-protected software and can be used with almost every package written for the Mac. including MacWrite and MacPaint, Multiplan, Word, and Jazz. The price is $95. Contact Nevins Microsystems Inc., 210 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10010, (212) 563-1910. Inquiry 631,

Ensemble: Integrated Software for the Macintosh

Hayden Software's Ensemble is an integrated software package that runs on Apples Macintosh, This package contains wordprocessing, spreadsheet, graphics, and list-management applications, and it will work on either a I281C- or a 5I2K-byte Macintosh. Ensemble lets you use the

Macintosh's mouse and pulldown menus when using the

word processor or when entering data into the

spreadsheet. The word processor is said to be functionally similar to MacWrite, You can generate 10 types of graphs, including bar. pie, and line charts, from spreadsheet data, and you can use the list manager to merge addresses and letters.

Ensemble is available for $299.95, Contact Hayden Software Co Inc.. 600 Suffolk St., Lowell, MA 01854, (617) 937-0200. Inquiry 632.

Applesoft Screen Routines

Magic Screen, a set of Applesoft screenhandling routines, consists of a screen-generator program for designing screens and a screen processor that contains a set of input and output routines. These routines can be called with ampersand (&) statements in an Applesoft BASIC program to handle full-screen data entry, reports, menus, and help screens.

With the screen generator, you can specify the protected and unprotected fields along with the attributes for data-entry fields. A data field can be defined as numeric, alphanumeric, or as a question field.

The screen processor, which becomes part of the Applesoft program, contains 18 screen routines, including & WINDOW, & MOVE, and & WAIT

Magic Screen retails for $30 and can be copied. Contact Graphware Inc., POB 373, Middletown, OH 45042, (513) 424-6733. Inquiry 633.

icoHtinuect)

472 BYTE • MAY 1985

NORTHROP

Where 21st Century Technology thrives in an 18th Century Setting

Annapolis, Maryland, is a place of history in America's proud past. Today it is also a place of tfie future. The newest element of Northrop Defense Systems Division will move to the ANNAPOLIS SCIENCE CENTER this summer. Defense Security Systems offers the kind of challenges, environment, and commitment to excellence that you can build a future on. Career professionals are offered a work environment that includes:

• A new VAX 11/7B0 computer facility with IBM PC systems

• $1,000,000 dlgltal/analog signal analysis laboiaioty

• An advanced systems engineering laboiatory

• Microprocessor4)ased development system

• Comprehensive USi/lbreign technical library

Every assignment represents a KEY POSITION in our organization for professionals with BS or equivalent, MS/PhD desirable who are experienced in one of the following

disciplines:

Systems Engineering

Experience in design/implementation of hardwarefeoftware systems in support of signal data collection and processing efforts. SYSTEIy^S ENGINEERING MANAGER, PROJECT MANAGER, and TEAM LEADER positions available.

Signai Science

Experience with IR&D studies in signal technologies, high speed digital signal processing, acoustooptics, advanced antennas, and modern modulation techniques preferred. Performance of predictive foreign capabilities euialysis and deliverable systems development will be required.

Digitai Engineering

Background in digital communications circuit design/analysis; hardware/software development; hardware testing; assembly language programming and microprocessor design. TEAM LEADER positions available.

Software Systems Analysis

Experience in defining user/system requirements and software development. Knowledge of VAX 11/780 systems and FORTRAN language helpful. TEAM LEADER positions available.

Software Engineering

Experience/technical mastery of key software development areas (structured systems design/modular programming, algorithms analysis, microprocessor software development, data base management).

Other positions also available:

• DIGITAUANALOG SIGNAL ANALYSTS

• INTELUGENCE ANALYSTS

■ OPERATIONS RESEARCH ANALYSTS

For immediate consideration, send resume to: Ms. Joyce Hicks, Professional Employment Dept. 012. NORTHROP CORPORATION, Defense Systems Division, Defense Security Systems, 1901 N. Beauregard Street, Ste. 208, Alexandria, VA 22311.

New Annapolis Address: 177 Admiral Cochrane Drive, Annapolis, MD 21401.

Equal opportunity employer M/F/V/H. US. Citizenship Required.

NORTHROP

Defense Systems Division

Electronies Systems Group

MAY 1985 -BYTE 473

WHAT'S NEW

Graphic

Communications

Acommunications package for the Macintosh, Tfeiescape features an integrated communications directory, intelligent macros, universal terminal emulatior\, error-checking file transfer, and unattended message

service. But according to the vendor, the package's most innovative feature is its graphics capability.

Telescape uses charactercoded messages to produce graphics shapes as well as text of various sizes and styles. You can send messages by electronic mail or place them on any infor

mation utility. Business uses include transmission of

charts and graphs. You can also create and send simple animated messages.

The program can be set to emulate any terminal. Definitions for TTY, VT52, VTI00A^T102, "feleray, and TfeleVideo are provided. Protocol selections include

ASCII and XMODEM at 300, 1200, or 2400 bps.

Telescape works with any Mac or Lisa running under MacWorks. Suggested retail price is $12 5. Contact Mainstay, 28611B Canwood St., Agoura Hills, CA 91301, (818) 991-6540. Inquiry 634.

Program Analyzer for C

Asuperset of the UNIX LINT utility Pre-C is

designed to increase programmer productivity by quickly identifying program statement errors, including interface inconsistencies that require cross-file checking. The developer claims that a single execution of Pre-C spots many errors difficult to isolate when tracing a program with a debugger.

Producing a collection of diagnostic messages, the analyzer is said to identify incorrect subroutine calls and other problems up to 100 times faster than a programmer using a debugger. Pre-C can complement a debugging tool, because debuggers find dynamic errors (such as incorrect data values) that Pre-C cannot find. Pre-C makes approximately 1000 instruction checks per minute.

Pre-C is neither machinenor screen-dependent. It will run on any MS-DOS or PCDOS machine running versions 2.0, 2.1, or 3.0 and supports many popular C compilers, including Mark Williams' C Computer In

novations' C86, and Lattice C. The price is $395. Contact Phoenix Computer Products Corp., 1416 Providence Highway Norwood, MA 02062, (617) 762-5030. Inquiry 635.

UNIX-like Tools for MS-DOS

Acollection of 19 tools adapted from UNIX.

QTools is intended to provide a concise way to specify complex file manipulations, formats, and views. The toolbox operates under MS-DOS or PC-DOS on IBM PCs and compatibles.

QTools supports 1/0 redirection and pipes, wild cards, environment variables, command-line options (all parameters are passed to the utilities on the command line so that they can be used in automated batch processing), and on-line help.

The utilities fall into three general classes: file listing: file maintenance: and pattern search, substitution, and translation.

QTools costs $49.95. Contact QCAD Systems Inc., 1164 Hyde Ave., San lose, CA 95129, (800) 538-9787; in California, (408) 255-5574. Inquiry 636.

Electronic-Circuit Analysis

ACNAP is a generalpurpoie. AC network

analysis program for active and passive electronic circuits consisting of resistors, capacitors, inductors, transistors, and operational amplifiers. You can examine circuits with up to 200 components and 30 nodes in a single pass.

The program has a circuit editor that supports addition, deletion, and changes of components, tolerances, and node connections. ACNAP automatically computes the magnitude and phase at any node in the circuit and includes Monte CaHo. worst-case, noise equivalent bandwidth, and sensitivity analyses. Logarithmic or linear frequency sweeps may be specified.

ACNAP costs $72.95 and is available for systems running MS-DOS, PC-DOS or CP/M-80. Contact BV Engineering, Suite 207, 2200 Business Way Riverside. CA 92501, (714) 781-0252; Inquiry 637,

Ensure Unreadabillty of Deleted Data

Erasesure is an MSDOS/PC-DOS utility that

reportedly makes erased or deleted files completely unreadable. The utility's developer noted that files thought to be deleted are often left on disk until DOS needs the space: only then is the data overwritten. That data can still be read, using a disk-reading utility or the DOS utility Debug.

Erasesure first prepares the data for removal and then deletes it according to DOS conventions. Instead of Delete or Erase, you use the program's Sure command and the filename. The software is not copy-protected, so it can be transferred to hard-disk systems. Erasesure costs $30 and is available from MPPi Ltd., 2200 Lehigh Ave., Glenview, IL 60025. (312) 998-8401. Inquiry 638.

WordStar

from Any Directory

Hard-disk WordStar users can run from any directory or subdirectory including the floppy-disk drive, with a utility called SmartPath. Until now. the vendor said, hard-disk users had to keep multiple copies of the

474 BYTE • MAY 1985

WHAT'S NEW

.§.IW-AR,e:^.»..cp/

5.

•IBM PC

iSS. i

Dfltem's dDCMSlO Bi'tte support package.

word processor on disk because WordStar didn't

recognize directories or subdirectories.

With SmartPath, you can run any program tliat uses overlays from any directory With only one copy of WordStar on the hard disk, you can group letters, documents, and programs into separate directories

SmartPath is priced at 529,95 and runs under PCDOS 2.0, 2,1, 3.0, and 3,1, Contact Software Research Technologies Inc.. Suite 211. 3757 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles. CA 90010. (213) 384-4120. Inquiry 639.

Support

for the Bitbus

Datem's dDCMSlO package provides applications programmers with a

high-level interface between MS-DOS computers and the

Bitbus distributed control network. The software runs

on any IBM PC-compatible machine equipped with a Datem dDCMSOO Bitbus interface adapter.

Facilities within the support package include message packet management, named device interfaces, full message protocol, and userspecified flow control. Datem offers utilities to let you manipulate the RAMresident dDCMSIO operating environment. The software provides an interface for users who want to develop real-time, hierarchical distributed control systems for data acquisition, process control, and robotics.

In addition to userspecified flow control, dDCMSIO manages the routing of sporadic response messages. The software also provides automatic response-connection generation when operating the host PC as a slave node.

The application support package costs S415 |U,S. currency). Contact Datem Ltd.. 148 Colonnade Rd., Nepean, Ontario K2E 7R4, Canada, (613) 225-5919. Inquiry 640.

Volkswriter for Scientists

Aword-processing package for scientists and academics, Volkswriter

Scientific features more than 400 bit-mapped science and math characters, Roman and Greek alphabets, and multiple type styles and sizes. According to Lifetree Software, the package heightens the quality of dot-matrix output because it drives each pin rather than using the native character set of the printer.

The program offers userdefinable and recallable composite symbols and macros, five text levels for each line, on-screen tutorials, and nine help menus. It's a page-oriented word processor with hyphenation and underlining as you edit,

Lifetree stresses that Volkswriter Scientific, priced at $495, is not an upgrade of Volkswriter Deluxe. The program runs on the IBM PC and close compatibles, including the Compaq, Corona, Chameleon, and Hyperion, and requires 256K bytes two disk drives, a color monitor, and colorgraphics adapter. Contact Lifetree Software, 411 Pacific St., Monterey CA 93940, (408) 373-4718. , Inquiry 642.

FORTH for XENIX and UNIX

Ubiquitous Systems has introduced a FORTHlanguage software-development system tailored specifically for XENIX and UNIX. u4th is a portable, standard FORTH that is source-transportable to any

other environment that has a standard C compiler with a UNIX-compatible library.

u4th's features include access to UNIX system calls, the capability to incorporate new primitives written in C, the capability to compile high-level FORTH words into the load image, a directthreaded interpreter, and an object-oriented extension word set. The system is largely cornpliant, the vendor said, with the FORTH-83 standard (word size of 32 bits may be used where applicable, and lowercase characters are standard).

The object-oriented FORTH extensions provide a set of system-building tools suitable for AI research and other complex tasks, yet they can drop into "normal" FORTH when necessary u4th has several object classes, including memory managers, lists, and tagged data objects.

The price of u4th for the IBM PC XT and PC AT is $395, Contact Ubiquitous Systems Inc, 13333 Bel-Red Rd, NE, Bellevue, WA 98005, (206) 641-8030. Inquiry 641.

TelePaint Includes

Paint Software, Can Enhance Any Graph

LCS/Telegraphics' TelePaint software lets you capture, edit, enlarge, and enhance graphs generated by such programs as Lotus 1-2-3. With TfelePaint, you can reposition charts, add new text or graphics, and change, add, or highlight colors and patterns. Added text can use any of 16 fonts and can range from simple labels and captions to full paragraphs. Entire graphs or parts of graphs can be stored to disk or jarinted in color or black and white.

[contiHued)

MAY 1985 'BYTE 47S

WHAT'S NEW

S O F T W ARE • IBM PC

STATA statistical program jor the IBM PC.

You can use TelePaint as a standard paint program, similar to Apple's MacPaint for the Macintosh. It's fully

mouse-driven and uses pulldown and pop-up menus. TelePaint runs on the IBM PC. XT. AT and compatibles. It requires 2 56K bytes of RAM, one double-sided disk drive, .an IBM color-display adapter, and a Microsoftcompatible mouse.

TelePaint is available for SI49. Contact LCS/Telegraphics, 261 Vassar St., Cambridge, MA 02139, (617) 547-4738. Inquiry 646.

Program Development from Mainframe to Microcomputer

You can off-load program-development work done on a mainframe cofnputer to an IBM PC with VS COBOL Workbench. Designed to provide uninterrupted development, testing, and maintenance of programs downloaded to a PC, the Workbench supports many features of COBOL as implemented in IBM's OSA^S COBOL and VS COBOL II. OS/VS COBOL and VS COBOL II syntax can be used separately or coexist in a single program. You can convert OS/VS COBOL programs to VS COBOL 11 using flags that report errors in code compiled from one syntax to the other.

Support of CALLS and EXEC statements enables you to edit, debug, and test applications that use IBM host interfaces such as IMS/VS, CICS/VS, DL/I, and SOL/DS. A Session Controller facility records keystrokes of testing and debugging sessions. The syntax<heck compo

nent examines the COBOL source code and generates executable intermediate code. It also flags code that is not ANSI-74 standard.

VS COBOL Workbench, which costs $4000. supports the IBM PC, PC XT PC AT and Portable PC. Contact Micro Focus inc., 2465 East Bayshore Rd., Palo Alto CA 943G3, (415) 856-4161. Inquiry 643.

Statistics and Data Analysis

STATA, a program designed to help you manage, display, and analyze data, has features in

common with spreadsheet, database-management, and statistical packages. The program lets you ask "what if" questions Like a database manager. STATA enables you to create complex data sets, transform them, and locate pieces of information. The package can calculate the standard univariate statistics, correlations and covariances, and chi-square tests for independence in two-way tables.

STATA runs on an IBM PC, PC XT or PC AT with at least 2 56K bytes of RAM and one double-sided disk drive. The package will use but does not require, the 8087 math coprocessor. The Professional System costs

1

-•1

$395: the Student Version, sold only to college bookstores, costs $30. Contact Computing Resource Center, 10801 National Blvd., Los Angeles. CA 90064, (213) 470-4341. Inquiry 644.

Error Checker for Lotus 1-2-3

Atool for validating Lotus 1-2-3 models, the Cambridge Spreadsheet Analyst permits automatic location of all circular reference errors. This CIRC feature reportedly eliminates hours spent tracking down interlocking formulas.

A complete package for spotting errors and scrutinizing a model's logic, the Analyst will scan a worksheet for more than a dozen conditions likely to indicate problems. TWo interactive features let you examine the assumptions behind a 1-2-3 model. The cross-reference function shows where and how a given cell, range, or 1-2-3 function is used. The interactive probe capability lets you explore the cells that affect a formula.

The Analyst works directly with 1-2-3 spreadsheet files and, where possible, reflects the command conventions of the Lotus software. A help screen is available at every decision point.

The Cambridge Spreadsheet Analyst costs $95, runs on the PC family, and requires at least 192K bytes of RAM. two disk drives, and PC-DOS 1,1 or higher. Contact The Cambridge Software Collaborative, 56 Garden St,. Cambridge. MA 02138, (800) 343-0663 ext. 4200; in Massachusetts, (800) 322-1238 ext. 4200. inquiry 645.

WHERE DO NEW PRODUCT ITEMS COME FROM? Tfi? new products listed in this section of BYTE are cfwsen from the thousands of press releases letters, and telephone calls we receive each month from mamijacturers. distributors designers and readers. The basic criteria for selection for publication are: [a] does a product match our readers interests? and [b] is it new or is it simply a reintroduction of an old item? Because of the volume of submissions we must sort through every month, the items we publish are based on vendors' statements and are not individually verified. If you want your product to be considered for publication [at no charge), send full information about it. including its price and an address and telephone number where a reader can get further information, to Hew Products Editor. BYTE, POB 372, Hancock. NH 03449.

476 BYTE • MAY 1985

Contact us for other low prices on hardware and software.

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camPAa'

comPAa

256K,1/360K drive, 10 Meg Internal

,Ulll $2695

Functional equivalent 10 a Compaq Plus."

Now using 3 M " shock-mounted Winchcslcr drives.

The same as used in the Compaq Plus. <•

Also available with 2 balfrheight drives and 10 MEG HD-lai95.

Or upgrade )Vttr Compaq to a Compaq Plus* equivalent with our " shock-mounted Wfaicbestcr disk kh. Includes Hard Disk, Controller, Cables, Manual. Software, and Mounting Hardware. One year warranty. ^^^^

IRWIN

TAPE BACKUP SYSTEM

$595

'HallHetiht •10.35 Meg

• Low Power Formatted Capacity

• Uses floppy • Used In Compaq CbolroIlerCard Deskptotti

// M/np/v \i-(.jrA',> />c'tfcv.

Functional equivalent to Compaq Deskpro^ Model 4.

$3895

Includes Monitor

Xr" POWER 135W

Solve your power problem. A ■ ■ A Fully XT' compatible. 5119 One Year Warranty.

Directly Replaces Power Supply in PC".

640K, One 360K Drive, One 10 Meg Internal Hard Drive, Tape Backup Unit.

flonpaq b J KflticiTil (radrmtrk ind ( „mpii| Plui ind (.ompiq llr»kpn>arr indtmjfks nf Coinpiq (.unipuirr ( nrpiimJori.

I2»k HAM Slil HIK l'( Al '"

$149

II MH, limnul i.( Mf.(, liilirnal llaril Disli Hard Dislt

$795 $1195

TbcM irc bl|(b-pcrroniuDcr dlik drlvo, wcll-sulictl for the AT'*'

INTEL

8087

$99

10, 20, 33 AND 42 MEG INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL HARD DISK SYSTEMS

Willi Hard Disk by

Microscience > Inlernational Corporation (

Half-Height

10 Meg Internal

$549

20 MEG

33 MEG

42 MEG

Bnniliil Hiril Disk

Hiuii^irmr

Rddimr

Hiidimr

Internal

$695

$1395

$1595

External

$895

$1495

$1695

Extcrnils mouoted with indqKodeot power supply and fan. Fully DOS 2.1 or }.0 cooipatible. Both lolcmaU and Extenuls boot from Hard Disk. 33 and 42 Meg Internal Disks Include eitcndcr power supply. The system comes complete and ready to Install witfi the Hard Disk, Controller, Cables, Hamial, Software, and Honntii^ Hardware. One Year Warranty.

64KRAM $16

Set of 9 chips, 200 or 150 Nanosccoads

Quantliln of 50-149 sell

Qainlltln of ISO sew or more

$14p.r«. $12

256K RAM

$69

HARDWARE

Persyil Time Spectrum w/0K-$189 w/384K-$a8S

ASrSisPak Plut »t3ll4K.

.»329

Pcny.sl Muftiii-hninic Card w/Parallcl.

P«SHX-I2

POS MAX I2

EpMin .

AST SllPall W/64K 124.9 Juki 6100

Hcrcuin Color Card 1175 Okldala 92/(l3/«4

Hercules Graphic! Cant w/Paralld 1349 Tl 855

Paradise .Modular Graphics Card S29S Hayes Smartmiidem I2H()...

Paradise .Module A Parallel Port S 69 Hayes Smarlmodem 12(II)H..

Pandlse Module B64.2;6K/Clock..... 1209 Keylrimic Si5l Keyiioard..

»I7S

1479

1179

CALL

..S.199

.i.U9ti;69tl7t9

1719

»449

».(69

iisy

Framework or dBase III—$349

Copy II PC $24

Copywrite CAIL

Disk Explorer CALL

Zero Disk CAIL

Prokty3.0 »79

Sideways }39

Tfalnktank tll9

SOFTWARE

BBORiAncr INTERNATiONAL

Sidekick $Hperk.y TurkcToelbax

NoB-C.pyPralMledSid.kick THib.Tiit.r T.iiMtacal3.e.r3.e iMlurfOiftPack Tiiibetacriw/S0S73.e.r3.0 leriandOillPackw/BOST

CALL FOR PRICES!

(Onr pricei arc to low, liiey mide u\ take them out ofihc id,|

Norien Utilities-," "

Dec, 114 Release

-$59

Wordstar 2000... Wordstar 20004 CrosstalliXVl... Multlmate ......

Lotus l-2'3

Lotus Symphony .

.1269 .»319 .tU9 .1269 .1309 .1429

Irraii l>M»OOT km ptknudUHnan ihii

■MkorlntleB aiBber oa ill nrruty npaln. toy HUBitoiiud rtinr* inMni u i I0\

tm, Uilir{»4. Anrrifis (ipnii. o< ippmtetanpU) punkivaidinm jtiepied ■M uKkuic far VIM ta MuitrCtrd. )\

MIcrtJidcMc InterDiiloMl Corponiica, Irwin Nl|BCtlC), TEAC, COMPAQ, Pioitoalc I8.M, Mliiuhlihl. Bnrlind Inlf rniUnnil. ind OKIIMT^

PC'S LIMITED

OUTSIDE TEXAS, ORDERS ONLY, CALL 1-800-IBM-5150 7801 N. Lamar, #E-200, Austin, Texas 78752 All calls for technical support and inside Texa^ call(512) 452-0323.

Telex No. 9103808386 PC LTD

Ad number 405

Inquiry 317

Inquiry 382

SUnlTKOiyiCS QO.,iE^O.

12621 Crenshaw Blvd., Hawthorne, CA 90250

XT Compatible Products

CPU Board (w/128K) $350.00

Computer Cabinet $69.00

83 Key Full-Function Keyboard $85.00

Monochrome Graphic Card [w/parallel printer port] $190.00

130 Watt Power Supply $125.00

135 Watt Power Supply $129.00

150 Watt Power Supply $135.00

Color Graphic Card $139.00

FDD Controller Card $85.00

Parallel Printer Card $59.00

ASYNC & RS232 Card $75.00

360KB DSDD (Slimline) Disk Drive $109.00

IBM Parallel Cable S19,00

IBM Prototype Board 89.00

Apparat EPROM Blaster SI 29.00

MicroLog Z-80B Baby Blue II Co-Processor, Multi-Function

(Run CP/IVI Software, Require 64K RAM) S499.00

IBM Up-Grade Kit (41B4-150NS) 14.50 per kit

10MB Hard Disk (w/Controllerl S675.00

IBM PC Mouse 3147.00

Quad Board II S249,00

Quad 512 (w/G4K RAM) S259.00

Koala Graphics Table [w/Software] 3105.00

Keyboard Extension Cable 39.00

Multi-Function OS IK v> B4K RAM l SeMalSParallellciocKCalendari $179.00

1-800-4215775 (Older Only! (213) 644-1140 (CA Order & IniD,)

STORE HOUHS Mon.-Fri. 9 a.m. to 6 p.m.

Sat 10 a m to 5 pm.

TERMS: VISA, MASTEHCARD, C.O.D. ICasIl or Comto] ■

Ctieck Required) Check (Auow 2-3 Weeks lor Clcmngi h

Shipping & H C S3.00 (or3 ti». pkjs SOe for eacli add i Lt> I Cant resideiMsaddCalil SalesTaNStOODMinimumOidoi

IBM and Apple are regislereduade marks ollBr,! & App:,.. ■

Compatible Products

■■_nyrM

Sun Z80 Card (w/o Software APPLE II & IN only) 349.00

Sun 80 Column Card (w/5oft Switch) S85.00

Power Supply (5 Amp] S59.95

Cooling Fan S42,00

Floppy Disk Controller S42,00

16K RAM Card S49.00

12BK RAM Card 3159.00

Parallel Printer Card S49.00

Serial Printer Card S89.00

RS232 Card for Modem S99.00

EPROM Programmer (2716.32.64) 375.00

Apple Disk Drive (Full height) $159.00

Apparat EPROM Blaster 3119.00

Grappier $75.00

S-100 Single Board Computer (Z80AJ Kit S99.00 B/B 349.00

S-100 Universal Floppy Disk Controller ... Kit S125.00 B/B S49.00

S-100 Clock Calendar Kit 389.00 B/B 342.00

S-100 64K Static Memory Board (w/o RAM). Kit 389.00 B/B 349.00

S-100 Prototype Board (Sun-721] 39.95

12" Amber TTL Hi-Res Monitor (20mHz) 3135.00

12" Green TTL Hi-Res Monitor (20mHz) 5129.00

12' Green Composite Hi-Res Monitor (22mHz) 399.00

SKC DS/DD 574" Diskette $14.95 per 10

SO M E B O D Y Has To Have The Lowest Prices!

IBM PC, 256 K, One Half Height 320 K Disk Drive DS/DO,

Persyst Color Card, Taxan Green Monitor, DOS 2.1 PLUS a 10MB Hard Disk Sub System all for:

$2690.00

IBM PC, 256 K, Two Half Height Drives DS/DD, Persyst Color Card, Taxan Green Monitor, DOS 2.1,130 Watt Power Suply PLUS a 10MB Hard DIsK Sub System all for:

$2980.00

IBM PC, 256 K, Two Half Height Drives DS/DD, Persyst Color Card, Taxan Green Monitor, DOS 2.1, 130 Watt Power Supply. 10MB Hard Disk Sub Systetn, PLUS

10MB Tape Back Up System all for:

$3579.00

IBM PC, 256 K, Two Half Height Drives DS/DD, Persyst Color Card, Taxan Green Monitor, DOS 2.1,130 Watt Power Supply, 20MB Hari Disk Sub System all for

$3380.00

IBM PC, 258 K, Two Half Height Drives DS/DD, Persyst Color Card, Taxan Green Monitor, DOS 2.1,130 Waft Power Supply, 20MB Hard Disk Sub system PLUS 10M8 Tape Back Up System all for:

$3979.00

(We configure and test the system for you at no extra cost.)

MONITORS

AMDEK 300 $135.00

PGS HX-12 $475.00

PGS MAX-12 $190.00

PGSSR-12 $625.00

TAXAN GREEN COMPOSITE $125.00

TAXAN AMBER COMPOSITE $135.00

TAXAN GREEN W/TTLPLUS $149.00

TAXAN AMBER W/TTLPLUS $159.00

IBM MONOCHROME DISPLAY $260.00

IBM COLOR DISPLAY $590.0q

PRINTERS

EPSON FX 60 . $425,00

EPSON FX 100 $625.00

EPSON RX 80 $245.00

EPSON RX SOFT $295.00

OKI DATA 82A $299.00

OKIDATA 83A $569.00

OKIDATA 92P $399.00

OKIDATA 93P $625.00

OKIDATA 84P $759.00

OKIDATA 2410P $1959.00

TOSHIBA P1351 $1295.00

NEC SPINWRITER 3550 $1595.00

NEC PINWRITER 80 COI $699.00

NEC PINWRITER 136 COI $899.00

BROTHER HR-25 $699.00

BROTHER HR-35 $925.00

(Accessories on NEC & OKIDATA printers available)

DRIVES

TANDON TM-100-2 $179.00

SLIMLINE-TOSHIBA $155.00

SLIMLINE - TEAC 55B $155.00

MULTIFUNCTION BOARDS

AST 1/0+1 SER & 1 PAR $179.00

AST SIX PACK 64K, 1 SER & 1 PAR $269.00

QUADBOARD 64K $269.00

IBM COLOR GRAPHIC ADAPTER $225.00

IBM MONO PRINTER ADAPTER $230.00

PERSYST COLOR ADAPTER $190.00

PERSYST MONO PRINTER ADAPTER $210.00

HERCULES GRAPHIC ADAPTER $349.00

HERCULES COLOR CARD $210.00

STB GRAPHIX PLUS II $375.00

MODEMS

HAYES SMART MODEM 1200 $469.00

HAYES SMART MODEM 300 $209.00

HAYES 1200B PLUG IN CARD $429.00

QUBIE PC 212A/1Z00 INT $275.00

QUBIE PC 212E/1200 EXT $299.00

HARD DISKS

10MB SUB SYSTEM INT $850.00

10MB SUB SYSTEM EXT $1025.00

10MB TAPE BACK UP $599.00

GENERAL

CONTROL DATA DISKETTES- $25.00/box

KEYTRONIC KB5151 $189.00

PARALLEL CABLES $25.00

64K RAM UPGRADE KIT $50.00

128K RAM UPGRADE KIT (For AT) $109.00

IBM PC POWER SUPPLY (Original)

63.5 Watts $89.00

IBM KEYBOARD FOR PC (Original) $109.00

2640 Walnut Avenue, Unit K, Tustin, California 92680 (Prices & availability subject to change wittiout notice— IBM is a registered trademark ot IBM Corporation.)

Inquiry 272

Now, the lowest prices ever on

3M Scotch®

DISKETTES

LIFETIME WARRANTY!

$-i4g».oo $-igg

I Qty.50 5'/4-DSOD I Qty. 50

W SSDD-96TPI -> $2.29 ea, 5'/<- DSDD-96TPI $2.85 ea SOFT SECTOR ONLYI MINIMUM ORDER: 20 DISKEHES ADD 3% FOR ORDERS UNDER 50!

FREE!

FLIP N FILE 15 W/1D DISKEnES. (En. Thru 5/30/85)

These are lactory-lresh 3M diskettes packed in boxes of 10 with Tyvek sleeves, reinforced fiubs, identification labels and writeprotectlabs.

3.5"MICH0-DISKEnES-SS-135TPI ^ $2.89 ea LIFETIME WARRANTY ON ALL 3M SCOTCH DISKEHESI

HOURS: 8AM-5PM Central Time, Monday-Friday WE WILL BEAT ANY NATIONALLY ADVERTISED PRICE ON THE SAME PRODUCTS AND OUANTITIESI DISK WORLD!, Inc. Suite 4806 .30 East Huron Street. Cfiicago, iliinos 60611

DISK Authoiind DiUributor Infornwtion ProcvtBlriQ

WORLD!

L

BETTER MODEMS AT LOWER PRICES! ...and get 24-hour shipping on your DISK WORLD! orders

1200/300 Baud 300 Baud

Avatex Modem Avatex Modem

$189.95 ea. $59.95 ea.

Avatex Modems have everything. Tliey're inexpensive, Hayes-compatible, Auto Dial, Auto Answer and high quality (backed by a one-year warranty).

Best of all, our combination includes a One-Year FREE subscription to IVICI MAIL and special communications software for placing TOLL-FREE orders with DISK WORLD!.

Orders received via MCI MAIL are shipped within 24-hours (subject to product availability).

(Cables are not included.) for orders only: information & 1-800-621-6827 inquiries:

(In Illinois: 1-312-944.2788) 1-312-944-2788

HOURS: 8AIVI-5PIVI Central Time. Monday-Friday WE WILL BEAT ANY NATIONALLY ADVERTISED PRICE

ON THE SAI^E PRODUCTS AND QUANTITIES! DISK WORLD!, Inc.

Suite .liiOD . 30 Eas: Hun;!! S;'eel • Cliii :i(io lllinos 60611

DISK A„,HorizedDi..rib..or AVATEX

WORLD!

DISKETTE STORAGE CASES

AMARAY MEDIA-MATE 50: A REVOLUTION

fi IN DISKETTE STORAGE

' Every once in a while, someone takes ttie

1^,. simple and makes it elegant! This unit holds 50 5'/<" diskettes, has grooves for easy stacking, inside nipples to keep diskettes from slipping and several other features. We like it! cm Ql^ ±%2m

O IU.9J ea Shpng. DISKETTE 70 STORAGE: STILL A GREAT BUY.

S^^ft Oust-free storage for 70 5'/4" diskettes. ^H|^ Six dividers included. An excellent '^^^^^■^ * ^i.qK r^AnniPs $11"95

Shpng

3ISK CADDIES

• The original flip-up holder for 10 5'/." diskettes. Beioe or grey only J "I gg

+ 20C Shpng.

for orders only: information & 1-800-621-6827 inquiries:

(In Illinois: t-312-944-2788) 1-312-944-2788

HOURS: 8AM-5PM Central Time. Monday-Friday WE WILL BEAT ANY NATIONALLY ADVERTISED PRICE ON THE SAME PRODUCTS AND DUANTITIES! DISK WORLD!, Inc.

Suite 4806.30 East Huion Street • Chicago, lllinos 50611

DISK WORLD!

$105

FANTASTIC LOW PRICES ON

^ BASF ^

^ QUALIMETRIC DISKETTES!

LIFETIME WARRANTY!

$129isDD $ |49

5'/.- SSDD-96TPI -. $1.46 ea. 5V4" DSD0-96TPI _ $1.75 ea. PACKED IN CARDBOARD CASESI BASF QUALIMETRIC DISKETTES have a LIFETIIvIE WARRANTY v»ith Tyvek sleeves, reinforced hubs, user identification labels and write-protect tabs. SOFT SECTOR DNLYI IVIINIIi^UM ORDER: 20 DISKETTES BASF 3.5' MICRO-FLOPPIES BASF 5V4-HIGH DENSITY

FORIBMPC-AT SSDD-135TPI ^ $2.50 ea. DSDD-HD ^ $4.91 ea.

for orders only: information & 1-800-621-6827 inquiries:

(In Illinois: 1-312-944-2788) 1-312-944-2788 HOURS: 8AM-5PM Central Time. IVIonday-Friday WE WILL BEAT ANY NATIONALLY ADVERTISED PRICE ON THE SAME PRODUCTS AND OUANTITIESI

niSK Authorized Reseller _ ■ DI^K

UIOIX Information ProcessingRASFI ^IIOIV

WORLD! "-^'^ I WORLD!

Incredible value!

Nashua.

Diskettes

LIFETIME WARRANTYI

$115"

Q I Qty.50

51/4" SSDD ■ Qty.50 51/4" DSDD

These are poly-bagged diskettes packaged with Tyvek sleeves, reinforced hubs, user identification labels and whte-protect tabs.

NASHUA Corporation Is a halt-billion dollar corporation and a recognized leader in magnetic media.

SOFT SECTOR ONLYI Sold In multiples of SO onlyl

for orders only: information & 1-800-621-6827 inquiries:

(In Illinois: 1-312-944-2788) 1-312-944-2788 HOURS: 8AM-5PM Central Time, Monday-Friday WE WILL BEAT ANY NATIONALLY ADVERTISED PRICE ON THE SAME PRODUCTS AND OUANTITIESI

DISK WORLD!, Inc.

Suite 4806 • 30 East Huron Street • Chicago, lllinos 60611

NASHUA Authorized Dietributor MAGNETIC MEDIA

DISK WORLD!

Ordering & Shipping Instructions

Shipping: SU* & 3.5' DISKETTES-Add $3.00 per each 100 or fewer diskettes. Other Hems: Add shipping charges as shown in addition to other shipping charges. Paymenl: VISA and MASTERCARD accepted. COD Orders: Add additional $3.00 Special Handling charge. APO. FPO, AK, HI S PR Orders: Include shipping charges as shown and additional 5% of total order amount to cover PAL and Insurance. Taxes: Illinois residents only, add 8% ssIbs tsx

Prices subject to change without notice.

This adsupercedes all other ads. Not responsible for typographical errors. MINIMUM TOTAL ORDER: $35.00

FOR ORDERS ONLY:

1-800-621-6827

(In Illinois: 1-312-944-2788)

INFORMATION a INQUIRIES: 1-312-944-2788

HOURS: 8AM-SPM Central Time Monday-Friday WE WILL BEAT ANY NATIONALLY ADVERTISED PRICE ON THE SAME PRODUCTS AND OUANTITIESI DISK WORLDMnc. Suite 4805 .30 East riiiren .Siree: • Chicago llliiins 60611

DISK WORLD!

PRINTER RIBBONS:

at

extraordinary

prices!

Brand new ribbons, manufactured to Original Equipment Manufacturer's specifications, in housings. (Not re-inked or spools only.)

LIFETIME WARRANTYI

Epson MX-70/80 .. $3.58 ea. -i- 25it Shpng.

Epson MX-100 .... $4.95 ea -n 25it Shpng.

Okidata MicroBS.. $1.48 ea. + 254 Shpng.

Okldata Micro84.. $3.66 ea. + 25e Shpng. for orders only: information & 1-800-621-6827 inquiries:

(In Illinois: 1-312-944-2788) 1-312-944-2788 HOURS: 8AM-5PM Central Time, Monday-Friday WE WILL BEAT ANY NATIONALLY ADVERTISED PRICE ON THE SAME PRODUCTS AND OUANTITIESI DISK WORLD!, inc. Suite 4806 • 30 East Huron Street • Chicago, lllinos 60611

The value leader In I DISK

Computer supplies ■

And accessories. ■ Vi/ORLD!

ATHANA

DISKETTES The great unknown!

QQC ssoo $-109

^^Qty.50 5,^.DSDD^| Qty.50

You've used these diskettes hundreds of

times...as copy-protected originals on some of the most popular software packages. They're packed in poly-bags of 25 with Tyvek sleeves, reinforced hubs, user identification labels and

write-protect tabs.

LIFETIME WARRANTY!

SOFT SECTOR ONLY! Sold in multiples of 50 only. for orders only: information ft 1-800-621-6827 inquiries: (In Illinois: 1-312-944-2788) 1-312-944-2788 HOURS: 8AM-SPM Central Time, Monday-Friday WE WILL BEAT ANY NATIONALLY ADVERTISED PRICE ON THE SAME PRODUCTS AND OUANTITIESI DISK WORLD!, Inc. Suite 4806.30 Eas: Huion Stree: • Cfiic.ifi::, lllinu:: 60611

DISK WORLD!

ATHANA Authorized Distributor MAGNETIC MEDIA

Nail down great prices on

MEMOREX

diskettes!

LIFETIIVIE WARRANTY!

$128i. „$170"

I Qty 20 DSDD | Qty 20

MEMOREX DISKETTES COnne wittl heavy, llntless paper sleeves, reinforced hubs, write-protect tabs and user ID

3 6-MICRO FLOPPIES -„-Tcei.TnD nui»i SW DSDD-HD SSDD-135TPI SOFT SECTOR ONLYI FOHIBMPC AT $2.44 ea. MINIMUM ORDER: 20 DISKETTES $3.89 ea INFORMATION & INQUIRIES: 1-312-944-2788 HOURS: 8AM-5PM Central Time Monday-Friday WE WILL BEAT ANY NATIONALLY ADVERTISED PRICE ON THE SAME PRODUCTS AND OUANTITIESI DISK WORLD!, Inc. Suite 4806 • 30 East Huron Street • Chicago, lllinos 60611

DISK WORLD!

inquiry 134

MAY J985 •BYTE 479

HE CLASSIC

'COMPUTER ENGINEERING"-Ju/y 7977 Byte Cover

One of the truly classic Byte covers —and boy, does it look great on a T-shirt! The vivid colors really jump out. But don't mistake this for one of those rubbery patches that crack and peel off after a few washings. This is true four-color process: the inks are silk-screened into the fabric of the shirt, resulting in a beautiful, full-color image that lasts.

You'll also appreciate the shirt itself: a real heavyweight made of 50% cotton, 50% polyester. You'll enjoy cotton comfort in a tough shirt that keeps its crisp, fresh look through many washings—with almost no shrinking! The price for each Byte Classic T-Shirt is only $9.50 ($8.50 each for 3 or more). Your order will be shipped within a week.

Please send me the following T-shirt(s) at $9.50 each, or $8.50 each for 3 or more. I have included $2.00 for shipping and handling.

Oty.

Size Amount

_ Adult—Extra Large $

_ Adult—Large $

_ Adult—Medium $

_ Adult—Small $

_ Child—(sizes 10-12) $ .._ _

Shipping and Handling $2.00

(Overseas add $3.00) $

TOTAL $.

□ I have enclosed check or money order.,

□ VISA □ MasterCard □ Send Dealer Info.

Card*;

Exp. Date: ■■„■; = ^s"'-- „

Ship my T-Shirt{sHf>:

Name;

(Business);

Address; . .

City: . : : .—

State: . Zip;

Mail this coupon to:

Robert Tinney Graphics

1864 North Pamela Dr. Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70815

480 BYTE • MAY 1985

FC 135-40 Features

•Full Replacement

to your regular IBM® PC

65 W. Power Supply •4 Disk Drives Connectors •Built-in High Air Flow

High Quality Cooling Fan • ®File #E82453 •Schematics included •One year Warranty •-I-SV/15A. +12V/4.2-8.5A

(peak)

-I2V/1A. -5V/1A. (max. outputs)

•110-230 VAC Convertible

FORTRON CORPORATION Power Supply Professional

3797 YALE WAY, FREMONT, CA 9453B INFORMATION S. CAUF. RES. [415] 490-8171

ORDER TOLL FREE: [800] 821-9771

Quality That You Can Trust

140 W.(max) Power Switcher

#FC 135-40

only

175°<»

[Assembled & Fully Tested in USA]

IDEAL FOR: •Upgrade IBM® PC •OEM Manufacturer •Do it yourself an IBM® PCXT Compatible

Please do not coniuse this high quality product with the cheap imported units sold by others because of same outlook.

Dealers/OEMs are Invited

For "BuiJd Your Own Computer" and OEM's Convenience, we also carry:

FC 427 Keyboard

•For IBM ■ PC or its compatible products >2Q Million Time 00 Life Cycle

'Light on Num and " ,

Caps Lock Keys

FC 630A-2 Cabinet

•IBM identical

•Use FORTRON FC 135-40 power supply •7 & 6 slots rear QQ OO

panels, good for

0.75" or 1" apart

slot coanectoxs.

HSC 130-40130 Watt Switching Power Supply

•Good For Faraday, DTC Mega- _ ' ^BQ OO

board, Colby Computer and Other .^^^■toBK—. ID9i

Compatible Level CPU boards •Backside On-Off Switch •Use Cabinet FC-630 •110-230 VAC Convertible

FC-330 Hard Disk Controller

•Up to 2 HaidOliic 910 OO

Drives JO.

•Fully Buffered I/O Bus jmM.-±A.'.a.H ilitT

•Accepts 5 to ^(HWBP^^©

20 MB Hud Disk

FC-630 Cabinet

•On-ofI switch to be on back side •Use FORTRON HSC-130-40 power supply an OO

•Good for Faraday wva and other compatible level CPU boards.

iVIonochrome/Graphic/Printer Card CT-6040

•80 x25 Text Mode (Default) i^|S •720 x 348 Graphic Mode •Can Run Lotus 1-2-3 •64K Gritphic Diqcilajr Memoiy •18 KHz Monitor and Printer Inieiiace

FC-230 Floppy Disk Controller

FDD 99.°

FC-530 Monochrome Card

•Drives 4 X •IBMiully compatible

•8x25 Screen •9 X 14 Character Box •7x9 Character •TTL Level o output

159."

FC-730 Multifunction Card, Expandable to 384K

•From 64 to 384K ^OQ 00

•1 HS-232C, 1 Cen- If r

ironies Printer '""^ ^

Ports

FC-830 512K RAM Card

•From 64K to 512K •Boundary and Total Memory

169°°

(64K on BotiTd)

FC-930 R8a32/Parallel Printer Port Card

Fully IBM Compatible

99."

FC^940 RSesaC/Cloek Calendar Card

•One RS-232C Port, One Clock Calendar, Battery Back-up

Color/Graphic/Printer Card CT-6020

•RGB Color Port and Parallel

Port For Printer •Light Pen Interface •Graphic Mode:

320 Dots X 200 Lines Color

640 Dots X 200 Lines B/W •Text Mode:

40 Columns X2S Rows Color / B/W 199 ® ®

80 Coliimns x 2S Rows Color / B/W

99,

OO

OO

Hard Disk Drives

(with cable & controller) (iq MB)

Half Height, Top Brands, 10-32 MB Available

64K DRAM 19.®'*/9 pes. 2764 EPROM 4."/pc8.

8237A-5

8284A

8284C

MC1489

74LS245

6.50 2.90 1.50 0.29 0.65

Check with us for PC/AT Power Supply

SALES

TERMS

1. Shipping & Handling charge $6.00 mini- 2. CA add 6.5% tax

4. RMA § is required for all 5. Prices subject to

actual charcies

3- Restockmcj charge l!3°b

return mGrchandi.se

change without notice

Inquiry 169 for Dealers. Inquiry 170 for End-Users.

MAY 1985 • BYTE 481

^uiry 11 >^

^^i^BI ^1 O'^^OTCHil OCT implementation of the new

■ H B ^■^LM_ V ■ V M This means extreme speed, unequaied power,

HjpH^H I HIB ^ E D I E C and the ultimate in reliability, and of course, the m ' ■ W b III k W innovators at CCT behind it.

This series in the CCT Iihe exploits the speed and power of the fntel 80286 and Zilog Z-80H (8MHz), on the 286Z CPU

board. This combination, along with CompuPro DMA controllers and I/O boards, yields a dramatic improvement in system throughput speeds, from basic CP/M operation, up to large powerful multi-user/multi-tasking machines. The CCT-4 represents the most advanced hardware presently available in a microcomputer to run the thousands of CP/M type software programs on the market, and with CONCURRENT DOS 8-16 and the CompuPro PC Graphics board (when available), all software written for the IBM PC machines. This series is for the serious business&cientific user.

CCr-4A State^-the-art power in it's basic form. Consists of CCr-286Z CPU board and CCTM256 (256K), along with CompuPro: Encbsure 2 Desk (21 slot MF), Disk 1 A, System Support 1, Interfocer 4, the CCT-2.4 floppy drive system, and CP/M 80 and CP/M 86, and with SF-200 surge suppressor system $5,599.00

0Cr-'4B Sihgle-user/hard disk power. /\s the 4A, except priced without the CCn^2.4, to add in your choice of CCT hard/floppy

combination drive subsystem, at the published pricing. ... -. $4,499.00

(Example: CCT-4B Mainframe with CCr-10/1 = $6,548.00) cost of selected drive sulwystem

CCT-4C Multi-user/hard disk power. As the 4B, with the CCT-M512 (512K static RAM board) instead of M256; Interfacer 3 instead of Interfacer 4; SF400 instead of SF-200, plus Concur. DOS 8-16 O.S. (6 user system) $6,199.00

(Example: CCMC Mainframe with CCT-40/1 = $9,248.00) cost of selected drive subsystem

C-'^^^'^!^ '-''"'^^^ Time Offer - FREE Supercalc 86 with any CCT4

^Or' The above systems include all necessary cabling, assembly, testing, minimum 20 hour burn-in,

and the CCT unconditional 12 month direct warranty CCT-M512 CCT introduces it's 512K static RAM board. IEEE Standard 12MHz. 512K in one slot! Introductory Price: $1,899 CCT-M256 256K version of M512 upgradeable to full 512K. Perfect 256K RAM board for any CompuPro system $ 979

CUSTOM COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY / BOX 4160 / SEDONA, ARIZONA 86340

. TOLL FREE ORDERING: 800-222-8686 / For technical support / service: 602-282-6299

]QOK WAVE MATE BMNGS MUSCLE 10 YOUR IBM PC/XT WITH IT'S 80286 MOTHERBOARD

BULLET-286 makes the XT perferm with greater pewer and speed than the IBM PC/AT

It's the new BULLET-286 motherboard for the IBM PC/ XT marketplace. This advanced-technology product utilizes the Intel microprocessor 80286 while maintaining both hardware and software compatibility with the IBM PC/XT By simply replacing the existing XT board with our new BULLET-286, you get greater power and speed than the IBM PC-AT. Thus, existing PC/XT users can preserve their investment in hardware and software while moving a quantum leap beyond PC-AT performance.

The BULLET-286 contains a 6 megahertz no wait state 80286 microprocessor in place of the XT's 4.77 MHz 8088. There is an 80287 math co-processor option, 8 IBM expansion slots, and enhanced ROM BIOS. The BULLET-286 is equipped with 256K bytes of

memory, expandable to 1 megabyte on-board.

The BULLET-286 is compatible with the IBM PC/XT to a degree far beyond the IBM PC-AT product. Applicar tion programs and operating systems (PC-DOS, CP/ M, UCSD Pascal, Pick, Oasis, Unix-derivitives) available for the XT, can run without incompatibilities on the BULLET-286. • You can order now. The BULLET-286 Is available with 256K RAM, with options to 1 full megabyte. Prices start at SI,995.

Quantity discounts available. OEM and dealer inquiries welcome.

APOLLO MARKETING

(a division oi Cal. Digital)

22048 Sherman Way #316 Canoga Park, CA 91303 Tel: (818) 883-8390 Telex: 194369 In Europe call: Brussels649-1070 Telex 61828

482 BYTE • MAY 1985

Inquiry 32

TOLL-FREE ORDERING: 800-222-8686

FOR TECHNICAL SUPPORT/ SERVICE/IN ARIZONA: 602-282-6299

CCT

CUSTOM COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY

1 CCT PLAZA — P.O. BOX 4160 — SEDONA, ARIZONA 86340

Purchase your Hardware and Software directly from an OEM / Systems Integrator. Take advantage of our buying power! We stock a full line of Board Level Components, Software and Perlptierals. Call for your needs. We'll give you the Lowest Prices, and the Technical Support and Know-How we are quickly becoming well-known for Satisfied Customers Nationwide, The Nation's Custom Systems House for Business, Education and Science. Call for a system quote. CCT implements tomorrow's technology today!

FOREMOST QUALITY • ADVANCED SUPPORT • REASONABLE CoW^

80286 NOW! □ CCT-286Z is our model designation for the MI-286 dual processor board fropfiMacrotech. itteatures the super high speed combination of Z-80H and 80286, with provision for the 80287 math chip. Directly replaces 8085/88 and 8086 CPUs running CP/M, MP/M Concurrent DOS, and MS-DOS, at throughput increases of 3X to 5X!

SPECIAL PRICE-$995 80287 Option - Installed - $395

SEE THE CCT-4 SERIES USING THIS BOARD DETAILED ON THE FACING PAGE

NEW-TRUE IBM PC INTERFACE ULTRA HI-RES GRAPHICS!

CCT S-100/PC is a break-through for the Science/Business user Mini-enclosure accepts PC & compatable boards and directly connects to your S-100 system, Rinning PC-DOS or Concurrent DOS. Hercules™ Graphics System—Coming this May! !! THE BEST OF BOTH WORLDS! I

LIBERTY TERMINALS • Superior Reliability •

110-14" GREEN-80/132 Column .... $499

110-14" AMBER $519

200-14" GREEN-80/132 Super Deluxe $569 200-14" AMBER $589

OKIDATA PRINTERS - Top Quality 62 - 80 Col... $329 83-132Coi... $619 92 - 80 001. . . $429 93-132Col... $659 84-132 Col/200cps-Top of the Line . $799 For Serial Interfaces—Add $100

TOSHIBA P3S1 - 288 CPS/24 PIN - $1499

DIABLO - Letter Quality Series Model 620 .. $969 Model 630 . . $1799

WEHAVEALLSOFTVURE-CALL

INDUSTRIAL GRADE SUPERIOR QUALmr

$ PRICE REDUCTION $

CCT DISK DRIVE SYSTEMS

s-100 HARD DISK SUBSYSTEMS

ROLLS ROVCES OF THE INDUSTRY

Professionally engineered SF506 type systems for the business market S-100 Computer user. Includes industry top quality drives, CompuPro Disk 3 DMA controller, all cabling, A&T, fomiatted, burned-in. Provisionsforuptotwo hard disks in each system. Weincludeoperatingsystem update. CP/M 80, CP/M 86, CP/M 8-16, MP/M 8-16, CP/M 68K. (/I Systems are CCT innovated hard/floppy combinations, with Mitsubishi DSDD 8" drive.) 12 month warranty.

CCT-10(11 -^ MEG) $1499

CCT-20{22-i- MEG) $2019

CCT-40(36-i- MEG) $2499

CCT-60 (58 + MEG) (New) $3699

CCT-90 (87 + MEG) (New) $4909

CCT-125 (123 + MEG) (New) $6099

NEW

CCT-10/1 $2049

CCT-20/1 $2569

CCT-40/1 $3049

CCT-60/1 $4249

CCT-90/1 $5459

CCT-125/1 $6649

10 MEG REMOVABLE CARTRIDGE DRIVE SYSTEM

for hard disk back-up — DMA using Disk 3 controller. Super fast/Ultra reliable—Available April

FLOPPY SYSTEMS

CCT-2.4 • Dual 8" DSDD oioicmo pj.^ g, gy^,, pgpp

Mitusblshi2.4 Megabyte in Extra Heavy horizontal enciosurs, IBM Compatible Tandon 320K. Extra Heavy Cabinet removeablefllterairsystem.allcabllng.A&T.Bumedin.The accommodatestwodrives,haFdorfloppy.Allcablhg,A&T,

fastest system available: $1229 Bumed-in. Perfect for our PC-DOS Package $399

CCT-8/5 • FULLIBM CDMPATABILITY One Mitsubishi 8" DSDD (1.2 Meg)/One 5-1/4 " DSDD (360K) IBM Drive Both 3ms step rate — For Concurrent DOS and PC DOS $1029

^ SUPER PRICES ★ COMPUPRO COMPONENTS IN STOCK ir

CPU-Z-$229 • Disk 1A-$399 • Disk 1A vi//CP/M - $499 • CPU 8086/10 - $349 • SPU-Z-?

CPU 8085/88-$229 • CPU 8086-$559/10Wlhz-$599 • CPU 68K ■ $519/10Mhz - $639 PCGraptiics-$399 • Disk3-$459 • RAM22(256K)-$1179 • RAM23/64K-$309/128K-$599 NEW - M-Drive/H - 512K - $599 / 2 Meg - $2099 Enclosure 2 Desk-$649/Rack-$699 • lnterfacer3-$499 • lnterfacer4-$349 • System Support 1 - $329 Concunent DOS 8-16 (CCTCMX)-$309 • CP/M 80 (CCTHMX) - $125 • CP/M 86 (CCnMX) - $175 CP/M 8-16 (CCTTMX)-$199 • CP/M 68K (CCICX) - $279 • Operalina System Updates/Remakes - $30

16 Bit Upgrade Kit; CP/M 86, RAM 23, System Support 1, Cable $759 □ CP/M 8-16 ■ Kit ■ $783

CCT-1 - ENTRY LEVEL S-100 BUSINESS SYSTEM

• Enclosure 2-Desk-21 Slot Mainframe • • CCr-2.4-Dual 8" Mitsubishi ' CPU 8085/88 - 6Mhz 8085/8Mhz 8088 • DSDD Drive System - 2.4 Megabytes •

• DisklA-DMAFtoppyDlskController- • CP/M 80-2.2 HMX-CCT Modified •

• RAM 23-64K Static RAM-12Mtiz» .All Cabling, Complete CCT Assembly,

• Interfacer4-3 Serial/2 Parallel I/O • Testing, and Minimum 20 Hour Bum-in •

r , . r... c- r-l-r -.-..^-r.y- ... ,-,,„, „ f_,Qfjyj, DIRECT WARRANTY

SPECIAL PRICE

$3^75

Prices & availability subject to change. All products nevi^, and cany full manufacturer's wanBiities. Call for catalog. Free technical tielp to anyona All products wre well are CCT individually tested and set up for your system - Plug-In & Go! Arizona residents add sales tax CCT* Trademark — Custom Computer Technology; MS-DOS® Trademari< — Microsoft; IBM® Trademark International Business Machines; CompuPro® Trademark—W. J. Godbout; CP/M® MP/M® Trademarts—Digital Research; HERCm£S™Trademari(-Hercules Computer Technology

Inquiry 119

MAy 1985 -BYTE 483

LOOK NO FURTHER

WE'LL BEAT ANY PRICE IN THIS MAGAZINE OR ANY OTHER

64K RAM

SET OF 9 $-(700

2764-200 $400

27128

$780

2732-200 $350

41256-150 $goo

8087-3 $175»»

27256 $4995

6264LP-15

$1150

27C64 $925

6116P-3

$275

8000

8031 AH

750

8035

276

8039

• 300

8085AP

340

8086P

10"

8088

100a

8155

2™

8216

1"

8237A5

810

8251A

270

8253C

270

8255A

270

8257P-5

270

8259AC-2

270

8274

750

8284A

2»

8288

BIO

8755

12»»

8748

8749

13«»

LINEAR

CA3082 1»" 74490

2" 74S570 2" 4516

110

Z-80

Z8OBCPU 4"

Z80BCTC 475 Z80B-PIU 4'5

LM312H

LM318CN

LM319N

-|60 145 110

7400

74S00

74S571

270

74LS00

7443

58

74S124

250

CMOS

74LS145

105

MCC1330

ISO

7444

52

74S132

1"

4034

175

74LS147

220

MCC1349

1"

7489

1"

74S133

40

4035

75

74LS148

1"

MCC1350

10s

7497

247

74S194

135

4094

270

74LS154

I"

MCC1358

-ftO

74100

155

74S195

135

4098

225

74LS166

1»o

MCC1372

6"

74142

255

74S251

85

4099

175

74LS181

1»o

CA3023

245

74143

445

74S253

85

4507

116

74LS189

goo

CA3059

260

74144

265

74S280

175

4508

175

74LS348

225

CA3060

261)

74390

130

74S287

170

4514

116

74LS364

170

CA3081

150

74393

132

74S288

170

4515

ISO

74LS674

850

74HC00

74HC85 1«

74HC154 2"

74HC166 2"

74HC299 4S»

74HCT00

74HCT85 1" 74HCT154 270 74HCT166 270 74HCT299 4"

Interactive Components

4401 Atlantic Ave. #219 Long Beach, California 90807 • 213-423-6644 • TELEX 592022

CALL COLLECT///

$100.00 Min. Order—U.S. Funds. California residents add 6V2%. Shipping—5% plus $1.50 Insurance. Visa, MC, M.O., Cashier Checks, Preapproved Company Checks. We reserve right to substitute nnanufacturers. We are not responslbie for typographical errors.

HIGH REL SWITCHING POWER SUPPLIES ^ low cost

SW40W

SW70W

SW80W

SW138

SW150

S3 & S4

ITEM

Rl & RiA

Wx Dx H in.

TERMINALS

PRICE

SW40W TERM. & 2 ALPS DRIVES 2.5A - 2/2.5A pk.

SW70W APPLE III", IBM PC-I, II" 7A .3A 2.5/3.5A pk.

SW80W PC WITH SOFT DRIVES 8A .3A 3/4A pk.

SW138 IBM PC-XT' P/S RPLCMNT 15A 1.0A 4/6A pk.

SW150 PC WITH HARD DRIVES 12A .3A 4/5A pk.

6.3 X 3.9 X 1.9 9.6 X 4 X 2.'

7.4 X 4.5 X 2.3

9.5 X 5.6 X 4.6 10.4 X 5 X 2.5

MOLEX 5051 MOLEX 126-PI MOLEX 2139 MOLEX, AMP. TERM. BLOCK

S 54.95 64.95 74.95 129.95 139.95

SPECS. OF ABOVE SWITCHERS: 117/220 VAC SELECTABLE, INPUT 90-132 VAC/180-275 VAC, EFFIC. 75% TYPICAL, LINE REGUL. 0.3%, LOAD REGUL. 1% ON +5V, 5% ON OTHER VOLTAGES, 6.2 OVP SETTING ON +5V, OVERLOAD & SHORT CIRCUIT PROTECT, LOW OUTPUT RIPPLE &

MTBF RELIABILITY, UL, FCC & VDE SAFETY & NOISE STANDARDS,

5A 1A * - - 5/7Apk. 12A 3A 10x6x5

4A 1A * - - 4/5A pk. 8A 2.5A 8.4 x 5 x 4.8

3A .5A * - - 3/4A pk. - - 8 x 4 x 3.4

3A .5A 3/4A pk. - .5A - - - 8 x 4 x 3.4

COMPATIBLE TO COMMODORE C64 (OR C-4) POWER SUPPLY; r5V/1.7A, 9 VAC/1A & 117 VAC IN, POTTED, U/L & CSA + 24V CAN BE CHANGED TO + 12V BY FACTORY PLEASE SPECIFY WHEN YOU ORDER. OEM WELCOME

THE ABOVE 5 LINEAR P/S ARE WITH 3% LOAD REGUL., OVP ON -I-5V, FUSED: INPUT & OUTPUTS.

S3 S4

Rl RiA ^64

NOISE, 1% MAX, 50,000 HRS. FOR S-100, 10 SLOTS FOR S-100, 6 SLOTS 2 FLOPPY DRIVES APPLE II PC"

SOLDER POST SOLDER POST SOLDER POST SOLDER POST

C64

$105.95

89.95 44.95 46.95 19.95

UNINTERRUPTIBLE A. C. POWER SUPPLY: UPS-90W @ $330.00 & UPS-200W @ $475.00 EA.

SAVES YOU FROM LOSING DATA DURING A C. POWER LINE FAILURES OR TRANSIENT OVER VOLTAGES CAUSED BY OFFICE EQUIPMENT HOME APPLIANCES, LIGHTNING, ETC., SPECS: CUT-IN VOLTAGE, 102V; TRANSFER BACK TO LINE, 106V: BATTERY BACKUP IN 4 MS TYPICAL, OUTPUT VOLTAGE 102-132V STEPPED SINE WAVEFORM, BATTERY OPERATING PERIOD: 5 MIN. AT FULL LOAD & 15 MIN. AT HALF LOAD, EXTERNAL 12V BATTERY TERMINALS, ALARM ALERT FULL PROTECTIONS ONE-YEAR WARRANTY UPS-90W IDEAL FOR APPLE'S PC WITH MONITOR: UPS 200W IDEAL FOR IBM PC/XT/AT WITH MONITOR.

SHIPPING $16.00 EA. SIZE: 4H X 6W x 9L

UPS-90W

UPS-200W

SHIPPING:

FOR EA. POWER SUPPLY: $6.00 IN CALIF: SB.00 IN OTHER STATES: $18.00 IN CANADA. FOR EA, TRANSFORMER: $6.00 IN ALL STATES; S12.00 IN CANADA, CALIF. RESIDENTS ADD 6,5% SALES TAX,

IBM PC/PC-XT-. APPLE ll/lll- & COMMODORE C64/C ■ -r ARE TRADEMARKS OF IBM CORP, APPLE COMPUTER INC & COMMODORE BUSINESS MACHINES. RESPECTIVELY

MAILING ADDRESS: P.O. BOX 4296 TORRANCE, CA 90510

SUNNY INTERNATIONAL

IN BUSINESS SINCE 1975 (213) 328-2425 MON-FRI 8:30-5:30

SHIPPING ADDRESS: 22129V2 S. VERMONT AVE. TORRANCE, CA 90502

484 BYTE • MAY 1985

Inquiry 381

Buy your PC products direct.

Buy direct from PROGRESSIVE MICRO DISTRIBUTORS and you'll discover that low prices together with a knowledgeable sales staff can make a surprising difference.

You'll be shocked by the lucrative prices PROGRESSIVE MICRO DISTRIBUTORS can offer on one of the largest selections of PC products anywhere. But you won't be surprised by our limitless supply of expert advice, support, service and information. After all, you expect these services from your computer supplier.

But did you expect same day insured shipping, complete product warranties (some up to 5 years), and no surcharge on most credit cards? All this combined with over 25,000 square feet of computerized warehouse space assures you prompt and efficient service.

Look Us Over and Compare.

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MAIL in your coupon TODAY to start receiving PROGRESSIVE MICRO DISTRIBUTORS monthly PRICE HOT LIST immediately ORDER TODAY if you're ready to cash in oh the savings right away. Call TOLL FREE 1-800-446-7995 for a quote On any of the thousands of PC products you need.

[ PROGRESSIVE

I MICRO

I DISTRIBUTORS

I □ Please send me your FREE catalog.

I □ Please send your monthly PRICE HOT LIST.

I □ Please send me information on the following:

I am a □ new-user □ experienced-user i I am a □ business-user □ home-user

Name i

Address j

City State Zip |

Please clip and mail to:

7000 Peachtree Industrial Boujevard, Norc_ros_Sj_GA_30CI71_j

PROGRESSIVE MICRO

DISTRIBUTORS

□ Please send me your FREE catalog.

□ Please send your monthly PRICE HOT LIST.

□ Please send me infomnatlon on the following:

I am a □ new-user □ experienced-user

I am a □ business-user □ home-user

Name.

Address.

City '. State Zip

Please clip and mail to:

7000 Peachtree Industrial Boulevard, Norcross, GA 30071 j r^.-^»T?».r,?sB!5«^.-:-?^-.^

ADW\NCED COMPUTER PRODUCTS,

SINCE 1976

AT RAM SZ3.B9

2SSK MM tS.9S

e4K RAM SET. 24.gS

iBiaii

ALS CP/M 3.0 PLUS CARD S2S9.00

coat 16K RAM CARD SALE 38.8B

COEX PAR. PRINTER CARD W/CASLE. .49.86 COEX 00 COL EXT e4K CARD, . SALE Sfl.SB

IS PKASO IK) (lUlal .'... 139.95

KENNSINQTON SYSTEM SAVER . .60.95 KENNSINGTON PC SAVER. . .. 39,9S KRAFT JOYSTICK ... 38,95

UCT SPEED DEMON 249 95

MICROSOFT 2-80 SOFTCARO 247 SS

QRAPPLEB PLUS 99.05

1985

MAIL ORDER PRICING ONLY

BUFFERED QRAPPLB1 $189.95

QRAn>LER SUPER SERIAL. - SALE $119 95

VIDEO 7 ROB lie I/O 189 95

APPLE llo SERIAL CABLE 36.95

APPLE lis KEYBOARD 4995

APPLE imiB POWER SUPPLY . . . . 59 95 APPLE ll'llu DISK CONTROLLER 49.95 APPLE U'Me COOLING FAN SYSTEM 49.95 STREET ECHO II SPEECH SYSTEM 99 95 TITAN ACCELERATOR II CARD 449 95

WIZARD 80 COLUMN CARD .SALE 99 00

FARADAY IBM PC®

ROCKWELL AIM wot Unvta BoMd Co $249.00

AST "COMBOPLUS " S4K

S1S9 00

SIGMA ■ MAXIMIZEH'- 64K

249 95

SIGMA DISK CONTROLLER .

.169 05

HARD DISK CONTROLLER. .

.249.96

10 MD INTERNAL HARD DISK

.695 00

10 MO EXTERNAL HARD DISK.

.669.00

15 Mb INTERNAL HARD DISK

.649 00

tS Mb EXTERNAL HARD DtSK.

104900

SO WATT BOOSTER SUPPLY

.149 95

130 WATT IBM SUPPLV. ..

159.95

PC COMPATIBLE KEYBOARD

99.00

IBM PC CHASSIS

. 129.96

PLANTRONICS "COLOHPLUS"

.389.05

10 Mb INT. TAPE STREAMER

1150.00

PERSYST MONO CARD

.iM.ra

PARADISE MOWVCOLOR

.40S.B5

HERCULES MONO CARD.....

.308.00

■IJhdJ;L^IBAJiB;IIL-l

lilsli

U8T

ACP

IS83tOO ZBO CPU

tzoo

seo-os

ISB3101 280Uiriv. CPU

200

88.05

ISB3110 8005 CPU

200

78.95

ISB321S IBK CMOS RAM

810

08.05

1883216 IBK Static RAM

200

38.06

ISB3220 leK CMOS RAM

7S0

118.05

ISB3330 ZBO PIO ID mVna)

210

49.05

ISB3331 UnhmulPIO

210

4806

ISB3340 Goto Ptra. Input

300

110.05

ISB3400 Floppy ConlfdWf ■

215

70.95

iSfi3.iin ^iASMDMAi WINI Inter

255

09.95

isEia'.aa rnur.

2)5

99.95

isoaaio opio ijo Inpui

270

119 05

ISB35Z0 SPST Relay

150

69 06

ISB3521 DPDT Relay

190

69.05

ISB3600 Anihmetic

375

149.05

iSB36IO EPnOM Proaramsr

260

79 95

ISB370O Sync'AsyrK

245

69 OS

ISB3711 Univ Syfy:/Aivric

245

eo.9s

1SB3720 REMDACS

315

149 05

1563630 \2 Bil AID

720

269 95

■ 1 roRS ■

AMDEK 300G (GREEN)

$138.95

AMOEK 300A lAMBER)

149.95

AMDEK 310A |IBM AMBER)

169 95

CALL FOR COLOR 1 & NEW MODELS

PCS NX 12 (IBM COLORI

469 95

PCS SR t2 IHI RESI

599 95

PGSMAX-iaiiBM GREENI

198 95

PGS DOUBLER BOARD

227 00

TAXAN 4B0 (HI RES IBMf

398.00

ZENITH ia?AM23G

sa.ss

ZENITH ZVM131/135

Call

SANYO esDf, iWEn npr,!

279 00

SANYO (;-^.

379.00

SANYO llC "'-L.r-E ■. .V.'OE;

lE 74.95

IBM PC HARDWARE

BIZCOMP - PC INTELLIMODEM ' |INT) S340.SS HAYES SMARTMODEM 1200 (EXT] 4B9.B6 HAYES SMARTMODEM 1200B (INT| 399 05 HAVED SMARTMODEM 300 (EXT) 209 95 MICHOMOIJEM APPLE ll« 249 95

PROMeTHtUS 1200M (MACINTOSH) 469 95 PROMETHEUS 1200 (PC EXT) 359 05

NOVATION ACCESS 1-2-3 389.05 CAT COMMUMCATIOIS SYSTEM 410 95 APPLE COMP LOW COST MODEM (300)40 95

SEAGATE STSOe 5Mb SEAGATE ST410 116Mb) SEAGATE (10Mb) STZIE CMI 10. 15. 22MB RODIME 10. 15. 22MtJ SMUGARI SA604 15Mbl SYOUEST REMOVEABLE

CALL FOR QUOTE ON KIQHER CAPACITY HARD DRIVES!

S269.00 449.00 449.00

SUPER SAVER

5HUQART SAe04 HARD

5Mb $129.95

NEW FACTOnV (Hy 10 110.01

omec^^^^^^^^t^o^MjOB

TEAC 5GB MITSUBISHI 4S51 SHUGAHT 455 TANDON TM100-2

B" DISK DRIVES SHUGART 80IR SIEMENS FDOlOO-a SIEMENS FDD200-B DSmO MITS M28e4 MITS M2696 VtHl, TANDON 84BE HHt. OUME 243 %HI.

S1Z9 95 149.95 124.Q5 160.95

$260 95

129 05 195 00 439 95 439 96 369.05 399.95

569.95

SH" CASE POWER SUPPtY 5)4" DUAL VkHl. wmWER SUPPLY 8" DUAL CASE w/POWER SUPPLY 279.95 a" THINUNE DUAL w/POWER SUPPLY 199 95 6U" HARD DISK w/POWER SUPPLY 199 95 &M" Yt HIOH HARD DISK 199 95

APPLE DISK DRIVES

KEYTHONIC 5150/51 .IS800MB9.00 MOUSE SYSTEMS MOUSE W/SW . 149 95 QUADBOARO W/64K. , . . 263.00

TECMAR GRAPHICS MASTER 499 00

TECMAR CAPTAIN 64K 319 00

CURTIS PC PEDESTAL 39.00 PGS or QUADCHROME ADAPTOR . 9 00 TILT and SWIVEL STAND 21 00

SYSTEM STAND 21 00

EXTENSION CABLE IBM MONO . 38.00

KEYBOARD EICTENSION CABLE 28.00

SUHQE SURPRESBORS:

DIAMOND (LEMON) 39.00

EMERMJ} (UME) 49.00

SAPPHIRE (PEACH) 50.00

RUBY (ORANGE) SO.OO

COEX 384K MULTICMRD wAK 169.00

64K STATIC RAMCARD SI 99.95 PLUS MAJOR OEM PURCHASE WHILE SUPPLY LASTS ALL NEW. WITH DOCUMENTATION ■ TUART BOARD SALE 09 06

• FRONT PWEL BD (1MSA1| SALE 79.95

• 8080 MPU BOARD SALE 49 95

• 8 -FLOPPY CONTROLLER IMoJfow) 149 95

• S-lOO EXTENDER CARD 24 95

OluF DISC BYPASS CAPACITOR 100/S5.50

.1 uF DISC BYPASS CAPACtrOR 100/6.50

.OluF MONOLITHIC CAPACITOR 100/11 25

1 uF MONOUTHIC CAPACITOR 100/14.25

PN2360A

PN018

2N221BA

2N2219A

2N2d05

2N2907

2N3055

2N3565

2N363e

2N3772

7($1.00 S/1.00 SJI.OO

2N30O4 2N380e nP28A TIP30A TIP31A TIP32A IN4148

It/Sl 00 11/1.00 2/1.00 2/1 00 2/1 25 2/1 25 25/1 00 5/1 00 12/1 00 10n 00

OPTO ISOLATORS

MCT-2

MCT-e

MCT-66

MCA-26S

4N26

4N2r

4N2a

4N33

4N35

4N37

4N38

TIL117

8PX33

4N25

S .88

1.25 1.25

55 05 s

5 25 Wig urn S 99

S8 95 S

Hooa SI 25 DE37S IFomale)

DE37P {Malal

Hood Si 75 DD50S (Fetnalel DD50P (Mold) 0 00

Hood $3 25 Wlu MW S 9S

(OTHEfl STYLES IN CATALOG) CENTRONICS

IDC 38 Pin Mala IDC 36 Pin Female Solder 36 Pin Male Solder 39 Pin Female

(CAa TOLL FREE FOR IDC'I)

MACHINED

HIGH RELIABILITY SOCKET SALE CALL FOR SPECIAL RATES

SPinST/LP 14 pm ST/tP

16 Bn ST/LP 16 Pin STaP 20 Pin ST/LP 22 Pin ST/LP 24 Pin ST/LP 28 Pin ST/LP 36 Pin ST(LP 40 Pin ST/LP 64 Pin ST/LP

S ,13 « -to

WIREWRAP (GOLD)

. S 49 S 40

2 90 7 75 18 95

68000 S48.95 68O00L10 69 95 6600 6602 6603 6eOOE

0502 0502A 6502B

8035 $ 5.75 8039 6.75 8080A 2,05 80B6A 4.00 aOCSSA 805 24 50

6810 S 2 85 6850 S 3 25

6500

$4.50

6604 Se 76

- 6522

SB. 75

6.80

6507 8 75

6632

850

9.6D

SS20 4.SS

6551

11.50

8000

B2U S 3 7S

8216 I.B5

8224 2,20

822B i.es

6226 3 40

B237 14 75

B237-5 t8 95

8238 4 26

8275 8270 8282 8283 8284 8266 6267 6266

Z80a2 34 9!

l'lMiH'l!»il'»1=lig

UPD765S24B5 1771 1505 1701 24 76 1703 26.60 1705 2650

1797 $29 05

2791 4B.9S

2793 49.05

2795 49.96

2787 2a99

6645 ■

G8B4S

6847

46505

66047

6275 S26 60 I 7220 39 95 5027 17 95 5Q37 21 05 I NEC7220 Gtnpnu

TMSeOIS $30.50 8350 30.05 6S4S 14 95

8002 19 95

3G05

UARTS/USARTS

1702 (ImSl 2708 |450nS) 2758 (5Vl 2716 (450nSI 2716 (350nSl 2516 (5VI TMS2716 TMS2S3a 2732 [450nS) 2732 |2S0nS) 2732 |20DnS)

5 50

7 50 5.60 4,60 8.2S 10.96

0 50

2732A.4 (450nSl S 6 SO

2732A (aSOnS) 8 95 273JA.2 |200nSl ?'r.'l USOnSi

:•'.■(}■■. I^EOnSi 7 '^0

2:m r^OOr.Si 1 / 50

TMS2564 llSOnSl 1? 95 MCM68764 |4S0nS| 34 95

MCMearas (350nS) 3095

37128-3 tSOOnS) 2) 50 87126 (2S0nS) 22 95

STATIC RAMS

2101 (450nS| S2 20

21L02 |450nS) .SB 2102-1 (450nS) .79 21L02-2(250nS) 139 2)11 [450nS) 2 75

2112(4S0nS) 2 75

2II4(450nS) 1.45 8^.50 21)4L-4 |450n) 1 60 B/12 SO 2114L-3[300n) 1,79 8/13 30 2ii4L-2(a00n) 1.69 8/13.60 2147 (SSnS) 4 50

4044 4 (450nS) 3 23

•1044-3 (3O0nS) 3.75 4044 2 {200nS) 4.35 UPO4i0(IO0nS) 3.76 5101 (CMOS! 3.60

S-i iit

TMM2016-2 I200n< TMM2016-15 |1iO"|4 95 TMM2016-1 nOOnSlfi 10 HM61t6P-4 <200nSj 4 75 HM8l16P-3M50nS|4gS HM6tl6P-2 It20n5l 8.85 HMBt)6LP'4 (LP| 5 00 HMeiteLP-3 (LP) 6 75 HMB116LP-2(LP) 9 05 28132 (SOOnSl 32 95 HMe264P-15 (160)32 05 HMe264LP-15ILP)38 05 74SIB9 (35nS) 1 85 93415 (60nS| 3 05

93425 (SOnS) 305

DYNAMIC RAMS

4027 (250nS| 51 29

1103[300nS] 79 4l16N-2(150nS) 160B/1395 4T16N'3i200nSl I.e58'12.50 4n6N-4 |250n5t 1 45 8/10.50 4164N-150 I16Dn)S.B5 9179 BS 4164N.200 (200n|4.95 9^4 95 4ie4N<120(120nS) 8.40 TMS4164(lS0nSl 5 05

TMS4416[150n5) $9 75

41256-150 llSOnI 1795

41256-200 I200nl 15 95

TMS4050 (300nSI 1 85

TM54060 |300nSI 1 EI5

MM5260 [300n5) 1 65

UP041t {300nS) 165

GAVILAN SPECIALS

8 or 16 LINE COMPUTERS IQ LINE BY BO LCD DISPLAY

9 LINE BY 80 LCD DISPLAY THERMAL PRINTER MECHANISM GAVILA'MBM KEYBOARDS

av, > 11 THERMAL PAPER (600 sh PASCAL ;WFTWAHE w/MANUAI.

20 f.:n

!j iil.V

SUPER SAVER

IBM PC®

Camp. DS/DD DUh Drive

i9S

*89»

HI-TECH SPECIALS

AMD7910

300 BAUD MODEM IC

$2995

AOCOBOO SI 4.95 ADC0a04 3.45 DAC0S06 1.00 ADCOBOO 4.45 ADC0616 14.25 AD7523JN 1.0S

ADC0BI7 $9.75 0AC0800 4.75 DAC0808 2.85 0AC1020 7.95 DAC1022 8.86 LF3S3N 1.99

1408LB SI 08 1408L8 2.05 DAC100 7.95 DAC08 7.95 DACOl 8.98 LFt3201H 1.99

NOW LIQUIDATING GAVILAN COMPUTER I CALL FOR GAVILAN 8/16 LINE COMPUTERS! See Below ■ GAVILAN SPECIALS^^^s^ss^

Corporate Buyers ... \ ««* toijii'^

Call For Volume Quotes! \S>>'^^

LINEAR

LM108AH

S3 95

~~~~

LM3909

98

LU300H

.99

LM3BU

S2 95

LM301N

.36

LUT^4

LM3B15

2 95

LM304H

1.89

LM3916

2.95

LM30W

.95

MC4024

3.75

LUSOBH

4,78

MC4044

435

LU307N

40

RC4t3l

375

LM308CN

.65

7^

RC4t3e

1.10

LM310CN

1 65

1

RC4t51

3,75

LM311CN

62

CA3023

2.75

LM312H

1.75

CA3039

1.25

LMaiSCN

1.45

CA3046

1.25

LM31BH

1.55

LI4741H

40

CA305B

2.B5

LM31SN

1 19

CAsoeo

2.85

LM320 Ise

s VRs)

CA3065

1 69

LM324N

55

LM74B

55

CA3080

1.10

LM339N

95

CA3081

1.60

LM340 I^B

E! VRa)

CA3082

1 60

LM348N

95

1 45

CA3063

1 55

LU35BCN

65

CA3oae

BO

LM359

1 75

CA3089

2.95

LMSeON

2 95

CA3096

3 45

LM370N

4 95

CA3130

1 29

LM373N

3 95

MCI 372

CA3140

1 15

LM376N

3 75

CA3146

1 79

LM377N

1 90

LMISSflH

gg

CA3160

1 49

LM380CN

85

LM13080

1 25

LM380N

1 05

LM13600

1 45

LM361N

1 59

LMiaao

3 40

LM 13700

1,45

LW3e2N

1 35

LF347

2 19

LM383N

1 95

LM1872

5 45

LF351

60

LM384N

1 75

LMia77

3 20

LF353

99

LM386N

Q9

LM1689

1 90

1 10

LM387N

1 29

LM1896

1 70

LF356

1 10

LM389N

1 IS

ULN2001

1 95

LF357

1 39

LM392N

S9

ULNZ003

1.49

TL07)CP

.79

LM723N

XRZ206

3 75

TL072CP

I.3S

.95

XR2207

2.90

TL074CN

1.90

NE531

2.85

XR2208

2.40

TLOaiCP

.50

NESS5

35

XRa211

3.76

TLaa4CN

1.90

NE5S6

65

LM2877P

2.00

TU84

4.10

NE558

I 40

LM287aP

2.25

TUB6

1.05

NE561

23 50

LM2900

.63

TL4flr

3.20

NE564

285

LM2901

99

MC3423

1.49

LM555

95

LM2903

69

MC34S3

4 95

LM5Qe

1 45

LM2907

2 45

MC3456

1.29

LM567

65

LM2&17

2S5

MC3459

3 75

NES70

385

LM3S0O

.55

MC34B9

5.25

NE571

2.90

LM3005

1.16

MC3470

7 05

VOLTAGE REGULATORS

7805T Also _—

8.12.15.24V .by

78L05. 12. tSV 85 78M06C. 80 7BMG/70MG 78H05KC. 7805K Also

la, 16. 24V. 7006T Also

8. 12. 16. 24V

8.75

.1.29 .79

7905KA)lo ^ 12. 15. 24V. . 1

79L05, 12. 1BV 75

LM308K. 1 25

LM337K LM338K. LM350r. . LM3S0K

MC14411 Sll 50

Bfll941 1150

34702 12 50

5016 14 95

8116 10 50

5307 10 50

MC4024 3 75

eoaa 3.75

5359 3 50

58167 12.25

SP1000 SpeseH

58174 511,26 5832 3 75

AY52376 11 50 AY536O0 11 50 25I3O01U 950 2513002L 950 UPD7201 27 95

3341

4.50

ncoo

MClSBoe 2.96 9,95 TR1863

gsHoo

76477 76488 76489 AY38910 AY38912 SSI-263

S 0 25 3 75

5 75 8 75 7 95 7 95

36 95 39 95 34.95 LM13600N 1,96 8V UART 4.25

DISKETXES

$1.1 9aa/1000

"IBM PC",'*' DS/DD

Hub Rings $"1.35ea/250

Tyvac Cover

Major Mfgr 5 I .OOea/2S

5'/4" DISKETTES

VERBATIM 52^ 01 ,SSiOD VERBATIM 55001 DS/DD MAXELL MD-1 SS/DO MAXELL MD 2 OS'DD DVSAN 1Q4MD SS'DQ DYSAN 104f2Q DS/DD GENERIC SS/SS GENERIC DS/DD 3V,' DISKETTES [MAC, etc) 5»' HEAD CLEANING KIT 8" HEAD CLEANING KIT DVMEC IBM PC OIAQNCSTIC APPLE II DIAQNOSTIC DISK MACINTOSH DISKETTE HOLDER 51i'' DISKETTE HOLDER (50|

EXPANSION MEMORY

64K UPGRADE (S:> ci 9i$24.95 256K RAMS (256KX1I $15.95

BM PARALLEL (ShIMlad)

S29.9&

IBM SERIAL IShialdod)

24 95

KEYBOARD EXTENSION

9 95

RS232 GENDER CHANGER Male-Male

IJ 95

PS231^ GENDER CHANGER Female Fitm.i'p

T4g6

lULL P.^ODEM ADAPTOR

\e 95

SPECIALS OF THE MONTH

8087 - 80287 SALE

Call

AB PRINTER SWITCHBOX (Parallel) $69.96

TELEDATA MODEM VIC 20/64

' 4295

APPLE lie KEYBOARD

49.95

IBM COMPATIBLE KEYBOARD

99.95

POTTER POWERLINE MODULE

5,99

CALL FOR DEC RAINBOW BLOW

OUT

NEC8201 PORTABLE

369.95

NEC8027 PORTABLE PRINTER

369.95

ZENITH Z151PC COMPUTERSALE

1995.00

IBM PC. 256K 2 w/DRIVES

1795.00

IBM PORTABLE

1860.00

COMPAQ PORTABLE

2195.00

7400 J

7401

7402

7403

7404

7405

7406

7407

7408

7409

7410

7411

7412

7413

7414

7416

7417

7420

7421

7422

7423

7425

7426

7427

7428

7430

7432

7437

7438

7433

7440

7441

7442

7443

7444

7445

7450 7451 7453 7454 7450 7460 7470 7472 7473 7474 7475 7476 7479 7480 74B2 7483 7485 7486 7489 7490 7491 7492 T403 7494 7495 7496 7497 74100 1,50 74107 24 74109 37 74116 1.45

74121 29

74122 44

2 70

;41?8 49

74132 45

74136 75

74141 BS

74142 2.95

74143 3,70

74144 2 05

74145 59

74147 1 49

74146 t 19

74150 1 09

74151 55 74152 74153 74154 74155 74156 74157 74156 1 65 74159 74160 74161 74162 74163 74164 74165

D 75 1 1 75 74162 I 15 74104 2 25 741B5 2,25 74190 ,67 74iai 67

74192 67

74193 67

74194 67

74195 67

7416

75

74197 86

74198 1 15

74199 1 15 74221 1 19 74251 ,75 74273 1,65 74278 1 69 74270 75

74283 1 40

74284 2 90 74295 2 00 74230 1 49 74298 I 49 74365 56 7436Q 55

74367 55

74368 56 74390 1 45

74LSO0 $ .20

74LS01 .25

74LS02 .25

74LS03 .25

74LS04 .33

74LS05 25

74LS08 .27

74LS09 26

74LS10 25

74LS11 33

74LS12 33

74LS13 39

74LS14 .59

74LS15 33

74LS20 26

74L521 29

74LS22 29

74LS26 29

74LS2 7 20

74LS2e 29

74LS30 25

74LS32 33

74LS33 .53

74LS37 35

74LS3e 39

74LS40 25

74LS42 44

74LS47 74

74LS48 74

74LS51 25

74LS54 29

74LS55 29

74LS73 ,30

74LS74 .34

74L&75 .38

74LS7S .39

74LS7a 39

74LS83 ,59

74LS6S .69

74LS88 30

74LS90 54

74LS02 .54

74LS93 54

74LS95 75

74LS96 89

74LS107 39

74LS109 39

74LS112 39

74LS113 r4LSl14 74LSt22 74LS123 74LS124 74LS125 74LS126 74LSI 32 74LS136 74LS13a 74LS139 74LS145 74LS148 74LS151 74LS1S3 74LS154 74LS155 74LS156 74LS1E7 74LS158 7dLS160 74LS161 74L5162 74LS163 74LS164 74LS165 74LS166 74L5166 74LS160 74LS170 74LS173 74LS174 74LS175 74LStB1

74LS190 74LS191 74LSt92 74LSI93 74LS1B4 74LS195 74LS106 74LS197 r4LS221 74LS240 74LS242 741S243 74LS244 74LS245

74LS24T 74LS24S 74LS249 74LS251 74LS253 74LS257 74LS25B 74LS259 74LS260 74LS261 r4LS260 74LS273 74LS275 74LS279 74LS263 74L5290 74LS293 74LS295 74LS29B 74LS32-! 74LS347 74LS348 74LS352 74LS353 74LS3e3 74LS365 74LSSe6 74LS367 74LS38e 74LS373 74LS3T4 74LS375 74LS377 74LS385 74LS3a8 741.S3M

74LS3as

74LS3S9

74LS424

74LS668

74LS670

81LS9S

eiLS9e

61LS97

B1LS9B

25LS2S21

25LS2569

4000 S

.29

4028

i .65

4059 S7 90

4505

6 95

4001

24

4029

75

4060

85

4506

1 10

4002

.24

4030

,39

4086

30

4607

1 to

4006

79

4031

32S

4088

28

4500

1 90

4007

.25

4032

2,15

4070

35

4510

.78

4D0B

.95

4034

1,91

4071

28

4511

78

4009

39

4035

79

4072

.28

4512

79

4010

.39

4037

1 95

4073

.28

4514

1,18

4011

24

4040

.75

4076

.26

4515

1.79

4012

24

4041

75

4076

,75

4518

1.19

4013

35

4042

65

4077

35

4518

86

4014

75

4043

85

407B

35

4620

.75

4015

39

4044

69

4081

29

4555

B5

4016

35

404B

80

40B2

29

4556

95

4017

65

4047

89

4065

95

4566

1 35

4018

79

99

40&G

95

B0C95

1 50

4019

39

35

45

60097

49

65

4094

2 95

MCI 4406

12 95

4021

69

4051

75

4098

1 90

WC14409

12 95

4022

69

4052

75

4099

MCI 4410

9 05

4023

25

4053

75

69

MCI 4411

11 95

4024

60

4055

3.95

450^

95

12 95

4025

25

4056

2.95

4503

49

MC14-119

4027

45

CALL FOR 74HC

74S00/PHOMS

74S00S 35

74502 35

74503 35

74504 45

74505 45 74S08 .39 74809 .39

74510 .36

74511 .35 74S1S 35 74S20 35 74S22 35 74S30 35 74S32 45 74S38 69 74S40 39 74S51 .35

74564 .39

74565 39

74C00S.36 74C02 .36 74C04 .29 74C0B .35 74C10 .35

74S74 S 55

74S85 1 69 74S35 55 7451 12 .55 74S113

74S11

.55

7431242.69 7431321,39

745133 .45

745134 50

745135 60 74S1361 39 74S138 89 74S139

74S14

-55

74S151 74S153 09 74S157 .99

7431/^ 1 19

74Sie8* 1 49

74St94 149

748195 1 40

74S186 1.49

74S24D 1 99

74S241 1 99

748242 1 99

745243 I 99

745244 1 99 74S251 1 13 74S263 1 10

745257 1 19

745258 1.19 CALL FOR 74HC

74S287- 1 74S2e6-'

745373 :

745374 1 74S387'1 74S471*1 743472 ■ 74S473'74S474'' 74S475*■ 74S570' ; 74S571- : 74S572' ' 74S573''

745940 :

745941 ;

74C74 S.65j74C161S1 1S[74C373S2 36 74C85 l.aO 74C175 1 15 74C374 ^38 74C00 1.15 74C240 1.88 74C801 -59 74003 l is I 74C244 1.89 I74C92S 4.4S fllORE 74C IN STOCK — ALSO IH CATALOQ

NOTICC TO DEALERS — We Will Pny To|i [Jolliir Fi)i Yoiii Ekccss Inveiilory

Mail Order: P.O. Box 17329 Irvine, CA 92713 , Edinger, Santa (714) 558-8813

800-854-8230 '-JiT^^i-r "

TWX

910-595-1565 ''^'^'^ '^^^^^ pricing only

Inquiry 14

What the world really needs is a 99 cent Double Sided, Double Density Diskette! with a LIFETIME WARRANTY!

And DISK WORLD! has it.

Introducing Super Star Diskettes: the high quality diskette with the lowest price and the best LIFETIME WARRANTY!

In the course of selling more than a million diskettes every month, we've learned something: higher prices don't necessarily mean higher quality.

In fact, we've found that a good diskette manufacturer simpiy manufactures a good diskette...no matter what they charge for it. (By way of example, consider that none ofthebrandsthatwecarryhasa return rale of greater than 1/1,000th of 1 percent!)

In other words, when people buy a more expensive diskette, they aren't necessarily buying higher quality

The extra money might be going toward flashier advertising, snazzier packaging or simply higher profits.

But the extra money in a higher price isn't buying better quality

All of the good manufacturers put out a good disltette.

Period.

How to cut diskette prices .. .without cutting quality.

Now this discovery posed a dilemma: how to cut the price of diskettes without lowering the quality

There are about 85 companies claiming to be "diskette" manufacturers.

Trouble is, most of them aren't manufacturers.

Rather they are fabricators or marketers, taking other company's components, possibly doing one or more steps of the processing themselves and pasting their labels on the finished product.

The new Eastman Kodak diskettes, for example, are one of these. So are IBM 5Vi' diskettes. Same for DYSAN, Polaroid and many, many other familiar diskette brand names. Each of these diskettes is manufactured in whole or in part by another company!

So, we decided to act just like the big guys. That's how we would cut diskette prices...without lowering the quality

We would go out and find smaller companies to manufacture a diskette to our specifications...specifications which are higher than most...and simply create our own "name brand" disl«tte.

Name brand diskettes that offered high quality at low prices.

DISKETTE STORAGE CASES

PERFECTDATA DIAL'N FILE

Terrific! Holds 10 514' diskettes. Just flip Iheleverandtheyallslideupforeasyaccess .v-""^x and identification. Grey with smoked jilasHc :, front. '"\ $2.75 Ea. + .35 Shpng.

DISK CADDIES

Tfie original llip-up holder for 10 514" diskettes Beige or Grey only.

$1.65 ea. -f .20 Shpng.

DISKETTE 70 STORAGE Dust lree storage for 70 5'A" diskettes. Six dividers included. An excellent value. . $11.95 ea. -I- $3.00 Shpng.

HOURS:

Human: 8AM-6PM Central Time, Monday through Friday Answering Machine: 6PM-8AM, Ail Times MCI MAIL: 24 hours a day.

Super Star diskettes are sold in multiples of 50 only. Diskettes are shipped with wliite Tyvec sleeves, reinforced hubs, user ID labels and wrlte-ptotect tabs.

Boy, did we get lucky. Our Super Star Dislcettes are the same ones you've been using for years.. .without knowing it.

In our search for the low priced, high quality diskette of our dreams, we found something even more interesting.

We found that there are several manufacturers who don't give a hoot about the consumer market for their diskettes. They don't spend millions of dollars in advertising trying to get you, the computer user, to use their diskettes.

Instead, they concentrate their efforts on turning out the highest qualify diskettes they can...because they sell them to tfie sottware publishers, computer manufacturers and other folks who (in turn) put their name on them...and sell them for much higher prices to you!

After all, when a software publisher or computer manufacturer or diskette marketer puts their name on a diskette, they want it to work time after time, everytime. (Especially software publishers who have the nasty habit or copyprotecting their originals!)

Mm

ORDERS ONLY:

1.800-621-6827 (In Illinois: 1-312-944-2788) INQUIRIES:

1-312-944-2788 FOR FASTEST SERVICE, USE NO-COST WiCl MAIL: Our address is DiSKWORLD. It's a FREE MCi MAIL letter. No charge to you. (Situation permitting, we'll ship these orders in 24 hours or less.)

SHIPPING: 5%- & 3'A" DISKETTES—Add $3.00 per each 100 or fewer diskettes. OTHER ITEMS: Add shipplna charges as sliown in addition to other shipping charges. PAYMENT: VISA, I^ASTERCARD and Prepaid orders accepted. COD ORDERS: Add additional $3.00 special handling charge. APO, FPO, AK, HI i PR ORDERS: Include shipping charges as shown and additional 5% of total order amount to cover PAL and insurance . We ship only to United States addresses, except for those listed above. TAXES: Illinois residents, add 8%

SfliOS tfHX

MINIMUM ORDER: $35.00 or 20 diskettes.

Super Star Diskettes. You already know how good they are. Now you can buy them...cheap.

Well, that's the story

Super Star diskettes don't roll off the boat from PagoPago or emerge from a basement plant just east of Nowhere.

Super Star diskettes have been around for years.. .and you've used them for years as copy-protected software originals, unprotected originals. Sometimes, depending on which computer you own, the system master may have been on a Super Star diskette. And maybe more than once, you ve bought a box or two or more of Super Star diskettes without knowing it. They just had some "big" company's name on them.

Super Star Diskettes are good. So good that a lot of major software publishers, computer manufacturers and other diskette marketers buy them in the.tens or hundreds of thousands.

We buy them In the millions.

And than we sell them to you.

Cheap.

When every little bit counts, it's Super Star Diskettes.

You've used them a hundred times...under different names.

Now, you can buy the real McCoy, the same diskette that major software publishers, computer manufacturers and diskette marketers buy...and call their own.

We simply charge less.

Super Special!

Order 50 Super Star Diskettes and we'll be happy to sell you an Amaray Hfledia-Mate 50 for only $8.75, shipping inclu(led...a lot less than the suggested retail price of $15.95

V Regular DISK WORLD! price: $10.95 ea. J \ -I-$2.00 Shpng. ^

The Super Star LIFETIME WARRANTY!

Super Star Diskettes are unconditionally warranted against defects in original material and workmanship so long as owned by the original purchaser. Returns are simple: just send the defective diskettes with proof of purchase, postage-paid by you with a short explanation of the problem, and we'll send you the replacements. (Incidentally, coffee stained diskettes and diskettes with staples driven through them don't qualify as "defective".)

WE WILL MEET OR BEAT ANY NATIONALLY

ADVERTISED PRICE ON THE SAME PRODUCTS AND QUANTITIES

SUBJECT TO THE SAME TERMS AND CONDITIONS.

DISK WORLD!, Inc.

Suite 4806

30 East Huron Street

Chicago, Illinois 60611

Inquiry 13!

MAy 1985 •BYTE 48J

IsBASF

DISKETTES

BASF Diskettes at competitive price. Call TOLL FREE (800) 235-4137 for prices and information. Visa and Master Card accepted.

PACIFIC EXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blud San Luis Obispo. CA 9:m\ (InCal call (H05|.S4:M(»7|

f PC/XT USERS!

# COGTREE Utilities by

Cogitate SI 29.95

# LYNC by Norton-Lamber S199.95

# DATAPLEX by Data Access... Varies r RM/COBOL by Ryan/

McFarland Varies

# Universe by Omnitrend. . . . S 98.50

' Blue Mac! by Cogitate S599.00

t CadPower+ by Trilex S995.00

# Softext Teaching Aids S 95.00

f PrintSet by Cogitate S 79.95

^CogiTAPE by Cogitate CALLII

0 Antl-Static Products Varies

Uninterruptible Power

Backups Varies

JTTeleVldeo Software CALLII

"A Higher Form of Software" 24000 Telegraph Road Southfleld. Ml 48034 |313| 352-2345/Telex 386581

VISA/IVIASTERCARD ACCEPTED Dealer Inquiries Welcomed

16 USERS ON YOUR I.B.M. P C.

TurboSlave - P.C.

B MHZ Z-80H

IZ8K RAM

2 RS-!3Z pons

MULTIPROCESSOI

UCHITeCTUIE

p.a coariniif

• fistestepm coprocesur

• ibTiihoSuiieipeip.c

• tPI-ID COaPRTIBlE

• nUEIOlThUEl

• LOiCOn-SUt. lETMl

TunaoSuwE p.c. turns vour i e m into a muiti-oser multi

PHOCESSOn SUPER MICRO. ONE TuRBoSlAVE CAN BE USED AS A SIMPLECPMCOPROCESSOR ByADDlNGTHETuRBoDOSOPERATING SYSTEM. UP TO 16 TuRBoSlAVE PC S CAN BE ADDED. EACH SUPPORTING ONE USER ON A STANDARD TERMINAL All CPM 2.2 PROGRAMS AND MOST MULTI-USERM^MAPPUCATIONSCAUSE DUN UNDER TurboOOS. true RECOliliiOCKIIIGAllDT>HltiTSPaOUIIG ARE FULLY SUPPORTEO

EARTH COI*>UTt«

'BulUmg Btocks For The Soptr Micro"

lELEX' 9109976)20 EARTHfV P.O MX 8087 • FOUNTAIN VAtlEV. OA J27a MIL'I7MIIIMIU

* FULL LINE OF S-lOO TURIODDS PRODUCTS IMIUIU *

REUlbllHLQ IFl^LLMAKKS Z-B0H.2ILOG INC. TuRBODOS.SOHWAHE2000INC

Inquiry 310

Inquiry 77

Inquiry 146

INVENTORY REDUCTION

COLOR TERMINALS INTECOLOR 2405

• 8 COLORS THIN LINE GRAPHICS

• ANSI 3.64 PROTOCOL

• PROGRAMMABLE FUNCTION KEYS

NEW IN CARTONS WITH MANUALS LIST $1695 NOW $995

Includes Installation Instructions For Use With Wordstar© & Newword©

INTEX/MICROVOX TEXT-TO-SPEECH SYNTHESIZER LIST $349 NOW $299

THE COMPUTER GROUP

12156 LACKLAND ROAD ST. LOUIS, MO. 63146

Inquiry

One-of-A-kind Data Management Program Developed Especially for You. $175.00

STOP thinking about any olhei programs STOP worrying about custom programming START saving time and money START being your own MASTER

California (800) 423-0320

Outside (800) 482-DATA .

C.D.A. llvJTERNATIONAL SOFTWARE CORP.

(818) 986-3:'J3 h'lex. 215666

NEW BUS

FOR DATA ACQUISITION & CONTROL

Now available^ lor IBM PC. XT, AT S Apple II.

The Local Applications Bus. LAB 40, is a versatile compulei to peripheral interface and a product development system. It is optimized for connecting directly to micro-processor compatible I.C.S& hybrids. Appllpatlons: data acquisition, robotics, instrumentation, control, conventional peripherals. Capabilities: access up to 64 sixteen bit ports, 8 Interrupts, DfvlA speeds, more. Presently available Applications modules include 8 & 12 bit high speed A/D w/programmable gain. Prices for the LAB 40 developers kit (cirCLiit soi'v.'ar^ innniiah sta'l .':t S200.

(omputerj^i^ntinuum

75 Southgate Ave.. Suite 6

Daly City. CA 94015 (415) 755-1978

■|BM« PC/XT/AT Cotnpalible

[jpcpTpeun^]^

•4164-120/150/200

•128K-150/200 for AT 9^5

•256K-150

•Teac holl-heighl for AT II900

•20 Mb Hard disk for AT 695°°

8087-3 11900

Apple Drives — halt heights 12400

•Tondon/CDC full height drives I0900

•CDC/Teoc holt height drives IO900

•Micro Science 20 Mb kit (or PC/XT 839oo

•10 Mb Hard Disi< Systein 649oo

•20-100 Mb Hard Disi< Drives Lowest Prices/Coil •Everex Magic Card 0-384 expansion .... 179oo •Everex Magic Card W/384K RAM populated 259oo

•Everex Graphic Edge Color Cords 339oo

•Drive Instollation Kits Call

Add $3,95 shipping to all orders • Prices suOjecl lo change • PO s on approval •COD OK • All new no surplus no seconds. QtJANTITY DISCCUNTS • Corporals accounis invilea 3310 West Main St. Tampa. FL 33607 In FL and for inlo. call 813-875-0299 FOR ORDERS ONLY, 800-237-8910

Wm TSr TELEX 330690

^«**»' — FAX LINE 813-876-7194

u/TAPE WORLD

1-800-245-6000 maxell. i

irs Worth II

MO-I SU-.SSOO L59 1(H/1D Sr, SSOD l.<9

MD-2 Sr.DSDD 2.19 t04/2D.. SK'. DSDD 2 E9

FD-1 «".SS0P.....2.69 37W1D 8",SSDD 2.G9

FD-2 r.DSDO 323 ' 37M/2D... R", DSDD 3.29

MF-1 3'/r. MICRO 2.99 MFMnPFY

«MHO 5.r.DSHD 4.99 s.-ssdo""™""", ,e,

BASF 5'/.-DS0D 1.99

SCOTCH

VERBATIIM su-DSDo 1.99 5'/'" ssDo 1.69 ELEPHANT

5WDSDD 2.19

WE WILL BEAT ANY PRICE BY 3%

Factory Scaled. Shipping 3.75 any size order. Pre-paid, COD, or credit card. COD add L95 SCHOOLS & GOVT. ON PO. Also, TDK, and Maxell audio and video cassettes. 220 SPRING ST BOX 361 BUTLER. PA 16001 412-283-8621 M-Fri. 8:30-5:00

Inquiry 387

Super Tools by Peiragon Coursewao'e

Tools for Turbo PascalTM on the IBMTM pc Window Management ~ menus, help Tiles. . .

• Unlimited windows • vyindow overlay & recall

• Cursor save & jump • Access all colors S chars

• Window Compiler/Librarian manages window files Graphics Drawing = HUtes plotting powerl

• Ellipses, polygons, etc. • Region fill and clear String Formula Evaluator = euycalciilation

• 22 functions with nesting and implicit multiplication

• Won't bomb on overflow or division by zero System Check and Control = maxllexibilityl

• Time & date access • Get disk types & room

• Get & set default drive • I/O information

All this for only $39.95'. . . Incredible! You get 321K of source code on a double-Sided disk and a 35 page manual. For single-sided drives add $2. Works with DOS 2.0, Turbo 2.0. ' Please Include $2 for postage and handling ($4 if outside of USA). Callfomlans add 6%. MC/VISA

Paragon Courseware

4954 Sun Valley Road Del Mar, CA 92014 (619)481-1477 Super Tools Is a trademark of Paragon Courseware Turbo Pascal is a trademark of Borland International IBfVI is a trademark of the IBM Corporation

Inquiry 67

Inquiry, 316

315

★ PRICE WAR ir CUIUS LAST

WITH YOUR BEST QUOTES it

PRINTERS

EPSON FX-80+ . . .$399 FX-100 +

LO-ISOOPorallel $1099 Serial ....

JX-80 160 cps, dot-matrix/7 color graphics....

HI-80 4 Pen Plotter

LX-80 draft (100 cps) & NLQ modes

..$599 $1199 ..$569 ..$469 ..$299

OKIDATA92P/92-IBM

93-P/93-IBIVI $569 84-P/84-IBM .

OKIMATE 2Q-IBM Parallel with Plug & Print.

182-IBM Parallel Personal Printer

92 Tractor $70 84 Sheet Feeder

$359 $679 .$219 $239 $390

TOSHIBA 1340P (80 column) $599

TOSHIBA 1351P (132 column) $1169

Tractor $170 Font Disk lor 1351 $50

JUKI 6100 (18 cps), 13-wide $379

JUKI 6300 (40 cps), 16-wide $699

Tractor 6100/6300 $130/$ 140

BROTHER HR-I5XL(20 CPS) $359

HR-IS Troctor/Keyboord/Sheet Fdr... .$n0/$160/$l90 HR-25 (23 CPS) ... .$589 HR-35 (36 CPS) .... $789

Tractor/Sheet Feeder for HR-25/35 $120/$200

M-1009 Dot Molrix - 9 pin, 50 cps $ 199

20241 LQ/Grophics ■ 24 pin, 160/80 cps $999

2024LCutsheet Feeders-Narrow ..$220 Wide ..$290

C. ITOH8510-BPI $319 8S10-SEP $389

8510-SCEP $449 1550-EP $439

1550-P $449 1550-SEP $539

YI0-20-P $429 A10-30-P $479

F-10-40-P $869 F-10-55-P $1069

QUME LETTERPRO 20P - 20 cps $429

20P Tioctor/Sheet Feeder $ 140/$380

SPRINT1140+ .$1299 SPRINTI15S+ ..$1499 INTERFACE MODULES Centronics/Serial/IBM Par.. .$80 SPRINT Tractor/Sheet Feeder $ 210/$690

PANASONIC KX-P1090 $229

KX-P1091 $279 KX-P1092.$419 KX-P1093.$649

STAR MICRONIQ NEW 10" & 15" MODEIS

SG-1O/15 120CPS $249/$409

SO-10/15160CPS $369/$489

SR-1O/15 200CPS $529/$649

NECP-2 $649 P-3 $899

NEWEIF360(19CPS) $449

2050 ... $669 3550 . $1299 8850 ... .$1699 Spinwrifer Tractor/Sheet Feeder $190/$790

DIABLO 630 ECVIBM. . . $ 1799 630 API... $ 1599

Advantage D-25 $549 620 API $729

DATA PRODUCTS Makers of IBM color printer

SPG 8051 (Same as IBM Color Printer) $1399

SPG 8071 (Same OS 8051 at Nee the speed) $ 1799

DISPLAY CARDS

EXCLUSIVELY FOR IBM PC

CALL FOR LATEST SYSTEM PRICES

FLOPPY/HARD DISKS

TEACHoll HtFD55B-DSDD $109

(WarronteedforlBMPConly) 10+ $105

TANDON100-2 Full Ht - DSDD.

$119

IBM Full Ht-DSDD

$159

HARD DISKS/BACKUP for IBM PC

lOMBHDInt $599 lOMBHOExt $799

20MBHDInt $999 20 MBHDExt $1199

10 MB Tope Bockup $599 Larger Backup CALL

TALL GRASS NEW PC/T FORMAT DRIVES/BACKUP 25 MB w/60 MB ... $2799 35 MB w/45 MB ...$3599 50 MB w/60 MB ... $4399 80 MB w/60 MB ... $5999 Controller $140 Curtridge(60 MB)... $35

QUBIE10/20 MB Internal or External All Oubie Hard Drives include 1 DIr software

CALL

MAYNARD10MB/WS-1$899 1OMB/V»-2$1069

20MB/WS-1 $1149 20MB/WS-2 $1319

30MB/WS-1 $1899 30MB/WS-2 $2079

Gemini WS-1 . . . .$1029 Gemini WS-2 . . . .$1169 The "Gemini" Includes 10MB Hord Disk & Half Ht. floppy MoynStream - System 27 $1299 Cartridge 450 $35 MaynStreom System 60 $1349 Cartridge 600 .$50

EVEREXlOMBInt $649 20MBInt . . .$999

EXCEL 4500-PC Internal 45MB Tape Backup $949

EXCEL 4500 External 45MB Tope Backup $999

IRWIN MAGNETICS

10 MB Internal Tope Backup $569

10 MB Externol Tape Backup CALL

★ SUPER SPECIALS ★

SIOOO + 9N6U ORDER ENTITIES YOU TO THESE SFKIAl PRICES

EPSON FX-80+ $389 FX-100+ $579

OKIDATA 92P/93P/84P $349/$559/$669

EVEREX Graphics Edge Best Price Ever

AST Monograph Pius w/dod(. Par & Ser Ports ..

.$399

PERSYSTBoB Board

Shait-PoitCalar $169 Mini-Mano

$449 CALL

Color Gmbo: Multihjnctk)n & Color Adapter horn $349

Mono Combo: Multifunction & Mono Adapter... from $349

MYLEX Chairman

S439

PARADISE Modular Brd . .$269 Modules

.CALL

INTELLIGENT B-450Mono/Color/printer ...

$249

TECMAR Graphics Master w/PC Palntbnjsh...

$459

HERCULESMonoGraphks.. $299 Color

$159

GENOA Spectrum

.ttLL

IBM Cok)r Card $229 Generic

$129

QUADRAM QuadColor 1 or II $ 199 Both

.$390

BROTHER HR-15/25/35 $349/$569/$769

PGSHX-12

$439

HAYES 1200Bw/sft . . $349 1200 Ext . . , .$379

PROMETHEUS PROMODEM1200 Ext

$279

NOVATION SmorKot w/sft - Int or Ext $359

ANCHOR Signalman MK XII.

$219

MODEMS

MICROCOM ERA.2 Int. w/sft

..$339

HAYES 1200 B Internal w/softwoie

1200 Standalone w/o software

NEW 2400 Baud Ext

$359 $389 CALL

POPCOMC-100/X-100 Special Low Prices

PROMETHEUS PROMODEM 1200 Ext.

PROMODEM 1200 B Intemol w/softwore

..$289 ..$259

NOVATION SmartCat w/sft - Int or Ext ...

..$369

ANCHOR Signalman MK XII

..$229

Ven-Tel Half Cord w/Crosstalk XVI

1200 Plus External w/o software

$359

S329

MONITORS

PGSMAX-T2E.

SR-12

.CALL HX-12 $449

$599 HX-12E CALL

TAX AN COMPOSIT 115 Green/116 Amber . $139 MONO 121 Green/122 Amber (1000x360) $159 COLOR 41 1 (510x260) . $349 425 (640x262). $449 COLOR 440 (720x400) $549 W/Persvst BoB Brd .$969

SAKATA SG 1000 Green Composlf $119

COLOR MONITORS CALL

AMDEK 300G/300A/31 OA (M) $139/$ 149/CALL COLOR 600 (640x240).. $429 710 (720x480).. $539

QUADRAM AMBERCHROME (720x350). .CALL QUADCHROMEIi (640x240) Color Graphics & Text $429

SAMSUNG Mono-Green/Amber

$129

ROLANDMB-14214"Mono B/W CALL

MULTI-FUNCTION CARDS

AST SIXPAK w/64k ... $249 Exp to 384k ... $379

QUADBOARD 0-k .. $219 Exp to 384k .. $369

ORCHID Blossom 0-k ..$189 Exp to 384k .. $339

BT 6 PLUS w/64k $219 Exp to 384k .

.$349

IDSB-5120-k $199 Expto512k $389

P/S/G/ Ports, Clo(k/Cal, disk emulation & Sockets for 512k

PARADISE 5-Pock 0-k $159 Exp to 384k $309

TECMAR Coptoin 0-k .... $199 Exp to 384k .... $349

TALLTREEJRAMO-k . $129 Exp to 512k . $319

MISC. ADD ONS

64KRAMSet .$20 10+ Sets .$18 50+ .$17

8087-3 Math Chip for IBM PC CALL

ORCHID PCturbo 186 (128k to 640k) Best Prices

TECMAR Graphics Master w/PC Pointbrash.... $449

HERCULES MonoGwphics . . . $289 Color . . .$149

COMPANY POUCYt Min onkf SIOO. Pikes I cvoilabclity subject to (honge. We ship UPS only. Shippm^/handling dnHges vary. COD requtres oihien died;. All rennm musi be autfnrizBd in 10 days & oe subject to 20% rastoddng ke (Min. S50}. Defectiw menhaixfce mvered umfef oppropriate vrtinanfy. Non-defective items retumed as defective subject to 10% secvicB dioige (Min. $50). No lefwids, only CompumQil credH issued. Not responsible for hcxdwoie or softwon axTtpatifaitity of any pcodixt. Call for return outbodintion # fn npiViBtuim. NooMiint. PC's or feceign ofden. Foi advance rnynxnt (penontfinipandlldcsllfa 9 0( mP: Pteose dl first fee vnkonW

AllflERICAN

EXPriESS

w

NO SURCHARGE ON COD, VISA or MC

QUADRAM QUADsprint $499

CABLE Parallel, 6 ft .. Keyboard Extenston, 6 ft.

$20 Parallel, 10 ft. ...$10 Serial,6ft.

$25 $25

MAXELL MD-ISSDD Box

(10 per box) MD-2 DSDD Box..

$20 10+ Boxes. $17

$25 10+ Boxes...$22

IBMFbppyController $119 Generic.

.$79

IBM's originni K Keyboard CALL

QUBIEKeyboord5150 $119 5151 $149

KEYTRONIC Deluxe Keyboard KB 5151 . $159

QUADRAM Microlazer 8k to 384k .

.CALL

COMPUTER ACCESSORIES P2 (5)... $109 POWER DIRECTOR P22 (4) ... $79 P12 (6) ... $149

KENSINOTON Master Piece (5 Outlets).... $109

PC Keyboard Storage Drawer $89

STANDBY PWR SUPPLY w/surge protection 200 Watts $299 300 Watts .$399 800 Watts $799

KOALA Toudi TaUel w/sollwote.

.$89

EPD Surge Protectors QU.L

CURTIS Surge Protectors & Accessories.

CALL

COMPUM'^n

805-987-7015

406-C CONSTITUTION AVE., CAMARILLO, OA 93010

WHEN ORDERING PLEASE REFER TO AD #B797

IVIAY 1985 -BYTE 489

>^y^(Same Day Shipping)

^DISKETTES

LIFETIME WARRANTY

ITTTTrmrTTT

iiiiiir^iia

null

For the IBM PC, XT. AT. PCjr, and Compatibles

PC102 precisely emulates DEC VT102. 101.100. and VT52 terminals

PC4010 mcludesalt PC102 features plus Tektronix 4010 graphics

A few reasons why thousands ot customers — including GE. Dow, Raytheon, Wtjslinghouse, and Slanlord Umversily-oreler our products

• Complete keyboard and screen emulation w/line graphics (optional 132-columns)

■ ANSI color, local printer, bidirectional file transfer support

• Quaranteed compatibility with all DEC appttcalions including EOT, WORO-lt. ALL-IN-ONE. DEC-CALC. UNIX vi

• New DOS shell key. ten programmable softkeys. plus full DOS 2.X-3.X path names.

• Written in C and ASM' up to 38.4 KB

PC102-JR '€89.00'

S69.00

PC102 siaaoo

$89 00

iror PC XT AT ONXl

PC40I0 5/79«^

SI39 00

P'epaid COD MasiciCA

a VISA

30-DAY

money back

guaraniec'

CALL TODAY!

liilWthl

r 6440 Flying Cloud Dr Mmnsapolis, MN 55344 (612)944-0593

dBASE II USERS

INCREASE DEVELOPMENT PRODUCTIVITY AND PROCESSING THROUGHPUT WITH

dTOOLKIT

CONTAINING MANY dBASE III FACILITIES .. and MORE

dLIBRARV ■ OBJECT CODE flOUTINES

ARRAYS, EXTRA 256 MEMORY VARIABLES, dBASE III DATE

f ACILIIIES, AMOUNT IN WORDS, DOS TYPE. SOUNDEX COOES,

CHECK DIGITS, RANDOM NUMBEKS. SORT. TOLOWER,

CAPITALIZE, ISALPHA. ENCRVFTION," COMPRESSION, .

and MANY MORE. dBASIC ' FUNCTIONS:

PROCESS dBASE II DATA AND INDEX FILES USING CBBO OR CB8E

COMPILED BASIC. dfIX ■ UTILITY:

FIX CORRUPTED DATA FILES. dCBYPT . UTILITY

ENCRYPT AND DECRYPT DATA FILES dMENU - dBASE RUNTIME MENU SYSTEM:

MAINTENANCE ROUTINES, MENU HIERARCHY. SECURITY.

Omwm DCTAILS:

OZISOFT. P.O. BOX 2360. ROSEVILLE, CA 95749 $90 or $20 DEMO DISK

CP/M-80, CP/M-86 MS-DOS. PC-DOS. 8" or 5" IBM FORMAT CHECKS MONEY ORDERS. TAX- 6% (CALIF ONLYl

100..

1 Sod Sector 5%" SS/OD

35..

S.H Sectoi

5V." DS/DD

PLUS MANY OTHER TOP NAME BRAND DISKETTES

• OYSAN •MAXELL BASF

• 3M • NASHUA Free Catalogue: Our Satisfaction money-back guarantee...

• Ceililied 100% error Iree

• Non-metallic write protect tab I7"5C^

• Reinforced hub rings

• TVvec Sleeve

• Plus Packaged in a hard library case (optional) (CORPORATE ACCOUNTS WELCOME) HOURS: 8 AM . 5 Pl^ Mountain Time Monday-Friday For Order Only: Intormatton & Intiuiries: 1.BG0.621-8385 Eil 148 1.303-758-6134

SOFTWARE PLUS

3095-D South Peoria Street Aurora, CO 80014

Inquiry 174

Inquiry 307

Inquiry 367

SUPERCOPY FOR IBM PC

Powerful utility copier, it allows making of baclcups of any disl<ette for IBM PC and connpatibles.

Very compact, it replaces the Diskcopy without virtually losing any space. Its menu offers easy access to functions such as protection against copies from a diskette; analysis diagnosis; parameter modification and erasing of tfie target diskette.

Available in English, French and Spanish with instructions included in the diskette.

Frequently updated, its price is $30 each or $15 for orders of ten or more. This product is provided for the purpose of enabling you to make archival copies only.

Send check or money order to:

Yetiware

P.O. Box 1368 New York, NY 10025 212-222-6682 IBM PC Is s trademark of IBM Corporation.

WE WANT DEALERS.

ITc

PROMPT DELIVERY!!!

S SAME DAY SHIPPING (USUALLY)

OUTSIDE OKLAHOMA: NO SALES TAX

DYNAMIC RAM

256K 256KX1 150 ns $ 5.77

64K 64Kxi 120 ns 2.30

64K 64Kxi 150 ns 1,69

64K 64KX1 200 ns 1.87 EPROM

270256 32Kx8 250 ns $21.25

27256 32Kxa 250 ns $18.75

27128 16KxB 250 ns 9.37

27064 BKx8 200 ns 8.75

2764 8Kx8 250 ns 3.97

2732A 4Kx8 250 ns 4.69

2716 2Kx8 450 ns 3.21

STATIC RAM

6264LP-15 8Kx8 150 ns $10

6116LP-3 2KX6 150 ns 2

OPEN 6» DAYS: WE CAN SHIP VIA FED-EX ON SAT.

MasterCard VISA or UPS C-.:^H COO „

Factory New, Prime Parts OJl-'oo MICROPROCESSORS UNLIH4ITED

24.000 S. Peoria Ave . BEGOS. OK. 74421 (918) 267-4961

IN STOCK

MODEMS

All modems listed are Hayes

compatible with Free Communications Software

RACAL-VADIC MAXWELL

300PC 300, PC Internal w/'soU $ 21S

300 V 300. RS232C External $219

1200 PC 300/1200. PC Internal w/sott $ 337

1200 V 300/1200, RS232C External $ 388

2400 V 2400 Baud. RS232C External $ SIB

George Communications Software $ 79

HAYES 1200 SMARTMODEM External $399

2400 $845

UA ROBOTICS Password $ 235

PROMETHEUS

Promodem 1200 $ 334

DIRECT CONNECT DEVICES

651 Chorro Sle, 6, San Luis Obispo, CA 93401

CALL TO ORDER (80S)S43-630S

CALL FOR

FREE CATALOG

PO/COD/VIM MC/Check - Many Iteim Not Lislad.

Inquiry 425

Inquiry 271

Inquiry 131

maxell

PERSC»JAL COMPUTER PRODUCTS

The floppy disks that meet or exceed every standard of quality.

MD1-D 5V4" MD2-D 51/4"

9IN0LE SIDE DOUBLE DENSITY

tort sEcion

DOUBLE SIDE DOUBLE DENSITY SOFT SECTOR

$-|5?

$299

SOLD IN Boxes OF TEN ONLY

tremendous selection of software books, accessories and supplies

UP TO 50% OFF'

^Software for IBM PC .349 Multlmale ,

■ III 349 Multlmale 269

Frameworti 349 Sympliony 419

Home Aeet. Plus 89 Wordstar 2000 279

- w/Ullraflte 149 Wordstar Pro Pac .. .249

'I MIFTWAM AVAILABLE lltOIHERFOnMMS CALL FOR.

ABC data products

331 1 ADAMS AVE SAN DIEGO, CA 92116

619-283-5488 ^2 80O-854-15S5

I.B.ItA. Compatible

Case

Motherbmrd (256 K RAM space,

RAM not iududtid) Color Graphic Adapter Floppy Disk Driver OmlroUa Card Plotter (4 colors)

Computer (2 DD Driver Color Grap/i/c Ahpler,

256 K RAM, Gise, Keylmrd and

135 W Pmcer Supply) Keyboard

APPLE Compatible

Z 80 arii 80 Colum Curd I.e. Tester

$ss.w

W.00 150.00 75.00 495.00

1,500.00 100.00

40.00 50.00 125.00

Prom 8200 PrOgrmmer IBsl Unhrnul Type

Eprom & Prom Prommmer) for Eprom: 2716-27512; 2516-25512; TNo Atoter Needed) for from, 63xx. 74Sa, MSrt, ISSlI, 24SlI, 28Sll,

82Sxx. S7Sxx, /ndu* RS232 Interface

CALL NOW (312) 280-7610 Telex 280208 HFFMN INT CGP DIST. WANTED

HOFFMAN INT'L

600 N McClurg CT STE, 309A

Chicago, Illinois 60611

CZl

r~i ry czi czi □ □ ■^cz7

PRODUCTIVITY TOOLS FOR IBM PC or Compatible

Encrypt Global Replace

Hexdump Compress

Scan Batch Builder

DIFF and many more

$24.95 plus $5 Shipping & Handling MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

14081 749-1331

I ^r-:r-> r-1 i 1^^^ ^ 1=1 O

505 W, Olive, #300, Sunnyvale, CA 94006

$av-On Computers 800-345-7100

ORDERS INSIDE CALIF - 213-675-2115

CUSTOMER SERVICE & TECHNICAL HELP - 213-675-2382

WE HAVE THE LOWEST PRICES IN BYTE - WE HAVE MOST ITEMS IN STOCK AND WE WILL BEAT ANY ADVERTISED PRICE ON THE SAME TERMS'

DISK DRIVES

DISK DRIVES

DISK DRIVES

DISK DRIVES

DISK DRIVES

TEAC 55B

Vi! HIGH DRIVE

$109.00

TANDON 100-2 FULL HEIGHT FOR PC

$109.00

MP!

FULL HEIGHT FOR PC

$89.00

MICRO SCI

A2 FOR APPLE

$179.00

RANA

DRIVE CONTROLLER

$85.00

55A 169.00 55F CALL

101-4 CALL

Vz HIGH CALL

OTHERS CALL

RANA DRIVES CALL

DISK DRIVES

DISK DRIVES

IBM

IBM

IBM

IBM CONTROLLER

HANDLES 4 DRIVES

$69.00

OTHER DRIVES AVAILABLE

CALL

MEMORY 64K $15.95 128K $30.00

IBM PC

CALL FOR

IBM XT

$3195.00

MANY MORE CALL

DEALERS CALL

BEST PRICE

w/10 MEG HD

IBM

IBM

IBM

IBM

COMPUTERS

IBM

PORTABLE $2195.00

W / 2 OR & 256K

IBM

TO PRINTER

$19.95

OTHER CABLES

AVAILABLE CALL

IBM

MONO CARD

$219.00

CALL FOR MONITORS NOT LISTED BELOW

WE WILL BEAT ANY IBM PRICE CALL!

COMPAQ DESK PRO 2

$2379.00

WITH MONITOR

COMPUTERS

COMPUTERS

COMPUTERS

COMPUTERS

COMPUTERS

SANYO 555-2 W/MON. & SOFTWARE

$1099.00

COMPAQ PORT.

2 DRIVES & 256K

$2095.00

APPLE PRO SYSTEM

$1349.00

APPLE MAC

1 DRIVE & 256K

$2095.00

CALL FOR OTHER

SANYO PARTS AVAIL.

wow

WHILE THEY UST

FATMAC AVAILABLE

CPU's

MODEMS

MODEMS

MODEMS

SOFTWARE

SOFTWARE

HAYES 1200B

INTERNAL W/S.W.

$345.00

ANCHOR MARK XII

$219.00

VOLKS MODEM

$199.00

LOTUS 1-2-3

$299.00

SYMPHONY

$409.00

ALL HAYES AVAILABLE

ALL ANCHOR AVAILABLE

WHILE THEY LAST

WHILE THEY LAST

WHILE THEY LAST

PRINTERS

PRINTERS

PRINTERS

PRINTERS

PRINTERS

OKIDATA

FOR IBM

$345.00

JUKI

6100 (18cps)

$379.00

EPSON

FX80T

$379.00

GEMINI

SG AVAILABLE

CALL

BROTHER

HR15XL

$389.00

HARD DISK

MONITORS

MONITORS

COLOR CARD

EXPANSION CARD

CAL PEK

10 MEG HARD DRIVE

W/CONTROLLER 120 DAY WARRANTY

$729.00

AMDEK

310A MONOCHROME

$165.00

PRINCETON

HX12

$439.00

HERCULES

W/PARALLEL PORT

$179.00

DATA PLUS

256K EXP CARD FOR PC / COMPATIBLES

$169.00

RNANCING AVAILABLE-wilh approved Credit DEALERS: Open Accounts available, call for applications TERMS: We accept VISA, MASTERCARD, COD's, and Wire Transfers. UPS, Federal Express and Emery shipping available. California residents please add 6Vi% sales tax to order. Prices are subject lo change without notice. Not resposlble for typographical errors.

Inquiry 334

$av-On Computers, Inc.

12595 Crenshaw Blvd., Hawthorne, CA 90250

OPEN:7:3Qam till 6:00pm Monday-Friday and SrOOam till S:00pm Saturday

MAY 1985 -BYTE 491

Your I.e. Connection (213)516-7018

4164-150NS

2.45

STATIC RAMS

2016P-1 (100NS)

4.45

6116P-3(150NS)

3.75

EPROMS

2716-450NS

aoo

2532-450NS

4.50

MANY OTHERS IN STOCK CALL FOR SPECIAL PRICES

• Low, low prices

• Top Quality Parts

• Wide Selection

• Fast Delivery

INTERNATIONAL.

13760 Grammercy Place Qardena, CA 90249 TLX: 664747 HYEXIM FAX: (213) 217-0363

DISK DRIVES

Half Height IBM Compatible

ONE YEAR WARRANTY

40 tr. DS/DD $115.00

80 tr. DS/DD $139.00

1.2 meg. floppy CALL

Enclosures and mounting kits Special bracketed pair pricing

IN

STOCK

2 DAY SHIP

9 ALLIED MICRO DEVICES

2809 Boardwalk, Ann Arbor, Ml 48104 (313) 996-1282:T}( 2907707 AMEL *Maniifacturacl by SANYO

SAVE TIME AND MONEY WITH LOW COST PI-SWITCH BOXES.

I jj.f'l Starting at $59.95

•Quickly shares your computer among multiple terminals, printers, moderns, etc. witti just a flick of the wrist. •Compact black & beige aluminum enclosure features a higli quality rotary switch with rear mounted connectors. •Serial RS-232 Models have tern, 2S-Pln Conn. (Unas 1-7 & 20)

PI-OZ-S (Witches 2 tot $59.9S

PI.03-S switches 3 to 1 79.95

PIOS-S switches 5 tol 109.95

•Parallel models have fern. SfrPIn cent. conn.

PI.02.P switches 2 to 1 94.95

Pi04-P switches 4 to 1 154.95

•Dealers, schools & custom Inquiries welcome. •One Year Warrantee, COD, VISA, MIC. •Shipping UPS $2.0Wea. AIR $4.00/ea Cflf) 7301 NW 41 St.

' MIAMI, FL 33166 (305) 592.6092

Inquiry 163

Inquiry 30

Inquiry 3 50

Over 135,000 GAS STATIONS

Neeci Specialized Bookkeeping Software

STATION MASTER]^

(.Dmplctc intcgralcti system \\ iih c|iiick. easy duta cntn' to automatically crcatc daily acc(nintin){. Reports shilt clieckoiit, TBA. profit iS: margins. Has lull inventory control. AR. Pavroll. I' I., many oilier features. MS l)C)S 41 CIV,VI >ersft)tl.s, fully M'orking demo availahle.

Small Business Computer Systems, Inc.

313 Llewellyn Ril.. Ambler. PA 19002 215-542-9639

Inquiry 359

NEW!

KEYBOARD PROTECTOR Remains in place during keyboard use. Prevents damage from liquid spills, dust, ashes, etc. Fits like a second skin, excellent feel. Homerow and numeric locators. Available for: IBM-PC. Apple lie. Radio Shack Model 100, Commodore 64. Send $29.95, check or M.O., Visa & MC include exp. date. Specif computer type. Dealer inquires invited. Free brochure available.

MERRITT Computer Products, Inc. 2925 LBJ, *180 / Dallas, Texas 75234 (214)942-1142

wabasK

When it conies to Flexible Disks, nobody does it better than Wabash.

MasterCard, Visa Accepted. Call Free: (800) 235-4137

PACIFIC EXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd San Luis Obispo. CA 93401 (In Cal cal (805) M3.1037)

Inquiry 310

ST IN llME

30 - 60% SAVINGS on

Computers Word Processors Peripherals

EXBEt

OFFICE EQUIPMENT BROKERS

800-624-2001 NY (716) 325-5530

3M Diskettes Lifetime Warranty

Think you're getting the best price on 3M Diskettes?

You're right . . . BUT ONLY IF . . . You're buying from NORTH HILLS CORP. We will beat any nationally advertised price* or give you a 15 disk library case FREE!

Call us last—TOLL FREE—{or our best shot every time.

1-800-328-3472 Formatted and hard sectored disks in stock.

Dealer inquiries invited. COD's and ciiarge cards accepted. All orders shipped from stock within 24 hours Why wait 10 days to be shipped?

North Hills Corporation

3564 RoHinq View Dr White Bear Lake. MN 55110 MN Call Collect 1 612 770 0486 'veriilable; same product, same quantifies

Inquiry 296

pATA HXTends boot hassles, stops data thieves—

DATAMAC, DAVONG. GREAT LAKES, IOMEGA. XEBEC, ZOBEX, others.

No-Slot Installation for IBM PC, COMPAQ. COLUMBIA $70 - $95 + tax/shpg

GOLDEN BOW SYSTEMS Box 3039 San Diego CA 92103 619/298-9349

Inquiry 259

Inquiry 162

inquiry 178

KRUEGER

Technology, Inc.

offers you an attractive alternative on the purchase of guaranteed ICs.

COMPARE OUR PRICES!

100% GUARANTEED ICs

GROUP SPECIALS

74 Series

74XX

.25

741XX

.35

742)(X

.49

743XX

.49

74LS Series

74LSXX

.25

74LS1XX

.35

74LS2XX

.49

74LS3XX

.49

74S Series

74SXX

.35

74S1XX

.45

74S2XX

.59

74S3XX

.59

OUR POLICY

Delivery: Orders normally shipped wilhin 2 business days Add $3 lor UPS ground-5# & under. Add $4 for UPS blue (air), 2# & under; for each additional air pound add $1. Arizona residents add 6% sales tax.

Payment: Visa. MC. cashiers checl<. cerlilied check, money order personal check accepted. (Allow 10 days lor personal checks to clear) No surcharge on credit card orders CODs welcome with cash, certified check, cashiers check or money order. Add $3 COD handling charge.

Pricing: Minimum order $20. 30% discount on orders over $500. Prices subject to change without notice. All items limited to stock on hand.

COMPARE

2764 200NS 3.95 i

EPROMS

1702

2K

'2.63

2708

8K

2.37

6B708

8K

7.50

2716 30O-450NS

16K

2.63

2716 500-6SONS

16K

1.88

2532,2732 200NS

32K

4.20

2S32,2732 2S0NS

32K

3.75

2763

64K

3.20

68766 (24 PIN)

64K

11.86

2564,2764 300NS

64K

3.95

27128 250NS

128K

7.45

27128 300NS

128K

6.95

27128 450NS

i2eK

5.95

COMPARE

TMS4416 1.75!

DYNAMIC RAMS

4164 1S0I4S

64K

9/13.95

4164 150NS

64K

1.76

TMS4416 ■

64K

1.76

4164 250NS

64K

1.26

2620

64K

1.75

4332

32K

3.00

2118

15K

1.50

4116 150NS

16K

.89

4116 200NS

16K

.59

4116 250NS

16K

.39

4027

4K

.45

COMPARE

6264P-12 14.40

STATIC RAMS

10415

IKxl

6.26

2115

IKxl

1.13

2125

IKxl

1.50

93415

IKxl

3.38

93425

IKxl

3.38

2510

IKxl

3.38

2511

IKxl

3.38

2148

, I kx4

3.92

2149

1Kx4

3.92

10474

110(4

3.00

2114 200NS

1Kx4

.70

2114 450NS

1Kx4

.50

4801 70NS

1Kx8

3.38

4118 250NS

1Kx8

2.93

6116 200NS

2Kx8

3.68

6116 2S0NS

2Kx8

2.93

10470

4Kx1

10.44

2141

4Kx1

1.05

2147

4Kx1

3.38

TIMS4044 200NS

4KX1

1.05

TMS4044 300NS

4Kx1

.90

1420

4Kx4

4.50

2168

4Kx4

4.50

2167

16Kx1

4.50

COMPARE

6810 .75

6500/6800 MICROPROCESSORS

6502

1.50

6503

1.50

6504

2.75

6512

1.25

6522

2.76

6532

3.75

6545

8.00

6800

1.75

6802

3.25

6803

7.50

6809

5.00

6810

.75

6820

1.50

6821

1.25

6844

10.50

6850

1.50

6852

2.25

6860

3.25

6876

2.75

COMPARE

8080A 1.95

8000 Series

8031

9.00

8243

5,00

8035

3.75

8251

3.25

8039

3.75

8253

3.50

8080A

2.25

8253-5

4.00

8085

3.75

8265

3.25

8085A2

7.50

8255-5

3,75

8086

12.00

8257

3,50

8088

11.25

8257-5

4 00

8155

2.85

8259

3 50

8741

12.00

8259-5

4 00

8748

12.00

8272

12,50

8202

13.50

8274

12,00

8205

2,25

8276

17,50

8212

1.00

8279

4,00

8214

2.25

8279-5

5.00

8216

1.00

8284

4.00

8224

1.50

8286

4,50

8226

1,25

8287

4,50

8228

2.25

8288

10.00

8237

6.75

8289

18.00

8237-5

7.50

8292

5.00

8238

3.00

COMPARE

TMS9918 22.50

MISCELLANEOUS

TMS9901 1,50 TMS9904 1,50 ™S9914 3,00

TMS9980 13,26

TMS9900 3,00

9602 1,10

96L02 225

96LS02 3,75

"L" Series slightly higher. NOTE: This is just a sampling of our 6 million IC Inventory.

COMPARE

Z80CPU 1.131

Z80 Series

2.5 MHZ 4,0 MHZ (Z80 A)

CPU 1.13 CPU 1,88

CTC 1,13 CTC 1,88

DART 3,00 DART 4,60

DMA 3,00 DMA 4,50

PIO 1,13 PiO 188

SIO (Any) 3 00 StO l,An\M ,1 50

c

ADC0809 2.48

DATA ACQUISITION

DAC0800 DAC0806 DAC0808 ADC0809

9.90 1.14 1,44 2,48

COMPARE

D765 11.25;

FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLERS

D766 1791

1793

8876

11,25 11.25

11,25

I 1 25

8877 8272

2143

11,25 12,00

5 25

n 25

CRT CONTROLLERS

CRT5027

CFIT5037

6B45

S.00

10.00 ■

500

COMPARE

AY5-1013A 2.00

UARTS

AY5-1013A

2.00

1482

4,50

AY3-1015A

3,00

2350

4,50

TR1402

2,00

2651

4,50

TR1602

2.25

6402

3.50

TR1863

2.25

7201

10.50

TR1472

4,50

f RUEGER Technology, Inc,

(MasterCard)l

2219 South 48th Street • Tempe, AZ 85282

800-245-2235

In Arizona 602-438-1570

HOURS:8a.m.-5 p.m.

(MOUNTAIN TIME)

Monday Thru Friday

Inquiry 227

MAY 1985 'BYTE 493

CONVERSE COMPUTER

PRINTER RIBBONS

PRICE PER PER

RIBBON DOZEN

ANADEX 9500 10.50 109.80

APPLE DMP 5.50 58.80

BROTHER HR-15/25 MS 5.95 68.40

C. ITOH PROWRITER 5.50 58.80

COMMODORE MPS-801 8.00 90.00

EPSON MX-FX 70/80 5.00 48.00

EPSON MX-FX 100 6.95 75.00

EPSON LQ-150O 9.75 111.00

GEMINI 10-10X-15-15X 2.50 23.40

IBM/IDS 4-COLOR 15.75 180.00

IDS MICROPRISM-480 5.75 58.80

NEC- 3500 M/S Non Flip 6.25 69.00

NEC - 3500 NYLON 9.00 96.00

NEC - 8023A 5.50 58.80

OKIDATA 80/82/83/92 2.50 23.40

RADIO SHACK DMP-2100 7.50 87.00

RADIO SHACK LP VI & VIII .,„ 5.75 58.80

RITEMAN 8.50 96.00

SILVER REED EX 550 M/S 8.50 90.00

SILVER REED EX 550 NYLON .... 6.95 75.00

TALLY SPIRIT - 80 M/S 7.50 84,00

TALLY - MT,-160 8.00 90.00

TALLY - MT-180 8.50 96.00

TOSHIBA - 1350/1351 7.50 87.00

Adil $3.00 Ship. & Hand. — To Order Call Toll Free 1-800-742-1122 In Ml (313) 569-3218 or Write for our Catalog

DWIGHT COMPANY, INC.

15565 Northland Drive - West Tower Southfield, Michigan 48075-6496

DATA ACQUISITION

and control for AN Y computer

Inquiry 141

The Model 1232 communicates via RS-232, and has 8 analog inputs (±4 VDC; 12 bits), 8 digital inputs and outputs, and a 2000 point buffer. Suitable for field data logging or lab use, the 1232 costs only $690. The 8-bit system (0-5 VDC) is $490. Detailed manual, $6. Phone our applications engineer at 617-899-8629 or write:

^ M STARBUCK

'T- ^ DATA COMPANY

225 Crescent St., Waltham, MA 02154

Inquiry 376

AT LASTI A FULL IMPLEMENTATION o! tlio oriqinal ELIZApiogratn is

row available to run on your rriicrocornouter'

CreaTcd al MIT in 1966. ELIZA has become ihe world's most celebrated ariilicial iniclligence derT^onstralion.pn)ciram..ELIZAifta nofvi]irecttva psychotherapisi who analyzes eachsttttlBinenl asydi) tWO H In and Iften responds with her own commeni Of question—and tier remarks are

often amazingly approptiaio'

Designed to run on a large mainlrame. ELIZA has never before been available to personal computer users except 'n greatly stripped down versions lacking the sophistication which made the original program so lascinaling.

Now. our new microcomputer version possessing the FULL power and range of expression ot the original is being offered at the introductory price of only $25 And if you want to find oul how she does it lor leach her to do more), we will include Ihe complete SOURCE PROGRAM for only S20 addilional.

Order your copy of ELIZA today and you U never again wonder how to respond when you hear someone say. "Okay, let's see what ttiis comQuter of yours can actually dot"

ELIZA IS AVAILABLE IN THE FOLLOWING FORMATS: 1 Slj mcti dtsk tor Ihe 4aK Apple II. Il Plus. He or tic S25 for Protected Version- $4S for Applesoft Source Version

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE RESEARCH GROUP

ll 92t North La Jolla Avenue, DepI 6

' Los Angeles. CA 90046

|l (213)656-7368 (2131654-2214

W MC. VISA and Checks accepted

ViSA

Inquiry 40

Sure

SAFEWARE Insurance provides full replacement of hardware, media and

purchased software. As little as $35/yr covers: • Fire • Theft • Power Surges

• Earthquake • Wilxs Damage • Auto Accident

For information or immediate coverage call:

1-800-84S-3469

In Ohio call (614) 262-0559

SAFEWARE, THE INSURANCE AGENCY INC.

BLUE BOOK

Prices shown for thousands of computers, software, and peripherals.

Each listing includes suggested list, avg. retail, wholesale, and used prices for all the geographical regions of the United States.

Send $12.95 -I- $.50 postage to: NCDA

National Computer Dealers Association

5420 Hwy. 6 North Houston, Texas 77084

Wk TCtNftcli n,PREMIUM COLOR mk DISKETTES

LOWEST PRICE EVEH TIMELESS v7aRRa7!tY~H

$465'

1

5-1/4" QTY.20

2

•96 TPI

{^Discounts Starting At Quantity 50 fi Above

DEFINITELY COLOR-CODED DISKEHES ARE THE MOST EFFECTIVE IVIETHQD FOR ORGANIZING YOUR DISKETTE FILES. Available in Red. Blue, Gr^en. Yellow, Orange and many other colors 100% error-free and backed by TIE^ELESS WAHRANTY Factory fresh and boxed tn ID's with Tyvek sleeves. reinforceiJ hLibs, wrir.e-pratect tabs and l;fh(?is SHIPPING: Add S3 00 r>er 100 riisket tns tract n Same day diSDntch VISA Mn^rorcrfrcj ar.rei orders only ^id-l S"' i"lP -i:!"-!!." ; ■ 'mtk-. Ut-.m '■"■■..[tt-"; 5 "j'Vr: sales r..ti

WE WILL H!-:i trn anv pi-iu:!. iin the TiAme phi id

AND QUANTITIES ADVERTISED NATIONAL: Y TOLL FREE ORDER LINE ONLY:

[■■■Pi 1 -SOO-S33-S477

^'^ liyFORfVlATION AND INQUIRIES:

1-B01 -S'^a-GTI 7

mi

r« 2028 E FT, UNION BLVD. "105

l-(10mpUter salt lake city. UTAH 84121 / IffairS, inc. CALL. 1-800.AFFftlBS

Inquiry 351 * ' ^

Inquiry 88

Inquiry 92

Serial ^Umxtt^ Parallel

Convert What You Have To What You Want!

- nS2K Serial ■ 8 Baud Ratas * Latched Outputs

* CanironlcB Parallai

* Handshake Signals

* Compact y/. X 451 X 114

rate selection to ig.2K, wltn handshake slana(5.to maximize transfer efficiency. Delalled dOQUmenfatloh 'allows simplified Installation. Order Iha Model-770 (Sar/Pa^ or Model 775 (Par/Ser) Todayl

iii^BrtmiCB

2734-C Johnson Dr. Post Office Box 3717 Vsnlura. CaWnmta 93006

r Option 110,00

Janti tax

UPS Shipping K.00

C9

CALL (805) 658-7466 or 658-7467

For FAST Delivery ,

maxell disks

LIFETIME WARRANTY

Think you're getting the best price on Maxell Diskettes? You're right . . . BUT ONLY IF . . . You're buying from NORTH HILLS CORP. We will beat any nationally advertised price* or give you a 15 disk library case FREE!

Call us last—TOLL FREE—lor our best shot every time.

1-800-328-3472 Formatted and hard sectored disks in stock.

Dealer inquiries invited. COD's and charge cards accepted. All orders shipped trom slock within 24

hours. Why w<iil 10 days lo be shipped?

AM ^

North Hills Corporation

.)564 Rollmq View Dr. White Bear Lake. MN 55110

MN C..11 (~.-lle:.:' I f li 770

DATA ACQUISITION TO GO

INTERFACE FOR ANY COMPUTER

Connects via RS-232. Built-in BASIC. Stand alone capability. Expandable. Battery Option. Basic system: 16 ch. 12 bit A/D, 2 ch. D/A, 32 bit Digital I/O. Expansion boards available. Direct Bus units for many computers.

SPECIALISTS IN PORTABLE APPLICATIONS

(201) 299-1615

P.O. Box 246, Morris Plains, NJ 07950

inquiry ffi\

Inquiry 297

Inquiry 153

icro

roducts nternational

714/898'0840

Flower Specials

^m^M New Hayes SmartlKodem Compatible! MM

Finally a priu brMkthmgh on a Hayes compatible, external 300/1200 • Huns tne popular baud modem. This low prfce is without Hayes communicabons soitware

' driver$olh*are,bulifyoun««litaii<U85.00. ^^^^^Z^^^Jj^^^Kl • FCCapprvd lot direct RJ-11 connection" ' Call for a 26 page catalog of our special (Ms. ||^^HH|MW|pp^ , ^ ^ supply included for this ^Look in this spot every month for Hot, New itttna H^^^^^^^B^ onelowpr'ce. tfn-re\ nn

sure to catch your interest. MOD-8100-00 . $279.00

PC-XT SELECTRIC KEYBOARDS

^ - . ^ V , - purchase of these excellent Seleclric type l(eyboards will bring the

^^^" ^ <<® ^ ^^^eaiuresyounavebeenwantingdownloapficeyoucan'tresist So many features -■?;^ r-{> -A ^ , ^ -iPlr -you'll love ill! • Single xey reset aeparate numeric i<eypad

vO'' <S"xei' O'' o>X • Separate "Arrow'keypad ^ ayX • Dimple marked "5 ", F,S J keys i^'-Cy*^ fSP^EY-IOSiOOSeleclric $129.00 t<? KEY-1050-00 Standard 89.00

IBM STYLE MOTHERBOARD

Micro Pniducts anno uncesa powerful new IBM XT type motherboard. 4 layers for superiorreliability & speed. Turbo mode allows 75% higher thru-put by increasing system clock to 7.0MHz under soflwarecontrol. Dasigneil lo use new 25(K RAM chips or 64K chips. 640Kmemoiy expansion does not require useof valuable card slots. Many outstanding features combined with our new7 PAK Multifunction board make previously expensive options standard features at a LOW LOW Cost. BOA-6068-00 Supplied witli OK $349.00

ADD-ON POWER SUPPLY

Power Supply with Fan and Power RIter. Uses 140 watts, runs Hard Disks Tape Back-Up. IBM Replacement type for Hard Disk. New High Velocity Fan! New Low Price!

4>

POW-1040-00

$99.00

SUPER 12 PAK MULTI-FUNCTION

This one Is really loadsdl Features: One Parallel Port, One RS232-C Serial Port, One Game Port, Real-Time Clock/Calendar with Battery Bacl<-up, Expandable to 384Kof F^rity-checi<ed Memory, Supplied OK Memory, all cables, PrIntSpooler and RAM Disk Software.

BOA-6335-00 $199.95

"Additional (9) 64K Memory Chips KIT-6000-00 $ 15.00

Do it Yourself! OEM^1245'Single^149S

'elhlhkoftliisSysteniasa"DoitYourssir'Systein.StGrtbyclwo9ing JK^ COtnOlotC

or 8 Slots. Some of the standard Features: •e4K RAM expandable _ _ .

256K • 4 DMA Channels • Runs MS-DOS™ and CP/M-86™ ' Jftware not induded) • Multi-funclion Keyboard 4 Cable ^ J^^S

^Features!

System! XPC Tiirbo!

Add-On H.D. & Tape

Hard Disk Ready Power Supply • And MORE! '$■8000-00 Only $525*/695

* type Case only

Slot CAB-3065-00 $65*/99

Slot CAB-3068-00 $6S*/99

This is OUR Junior!

eltiis''£i™iess''wo(kstationforl(M-costNelwod(ing. . .j, ■lurar. • 4-slot IBM™ camistlble Motherboard '^■■a 128K Standard Memory • 8088,8087 Math Co-prossor • Opitonal Floppy Drive with Controllers. S-8100-00 $475*/675 H System w/Keyboard. Mono Monitor, Video Display rd,128KRAM IDme SYS-8725-00 S895*/950

KRAM DisK MGame Port a640K cpcty

WPrintSpooler WTurbo mode!

4.77MHz to

7.00MHz!

mSer,Par mciock

*OEM Qty 12-h

10 Meg H.D.

Complete SystemI

*1995<"**

20 Meg Color

Complete System!

*2550'"'* 40 Meg w/Tape

Complete SystemI

Software

XWORD XBASIC

• XBASE •XCALC

• XCOM

10 Meg $1295 20 Meg $1395 26 Meg $1595

10 Megabyte liwin on the top, your choice of Hard Disk on the bottom. Super appeerancel Requires one slot in yoor PC for SASI interface and an extension connector on the floppy card. Everythiig else is supplied by us.

40 Meg $1995 105 Meg $4395 140 Meg $4995

Add-On Hard Disic

Two ways logo. The InlemalsystemlacheaiierbecaiMit does not need a P/S t Clussls. The same PfS t Chasais can be used for a 10 Meg Tape Baek-up on your XTI .

10 Megabyte •595inl/'895eM

20 Megabyte '79Slniy>1095ext

26 Megabyte *995lnl/'1295axt

40 Megabyte

•1295lni;'1595exi 105 Megabyte

•3795lri;>3995ext 140H«gibyt«

'439Slnt/'46g5ext

Check These Standard Features:

' Full-size, Feather-Touch. Capacitance Keyboard, 10 Function Keys, Calculator-Type Numeric Keypad • • Parallel & Serial I/O • RealTlme Clock • Game Port • 2-Slimline 5%' DS/DD 48 TPI360K Drives • •8 IBM expansion slots 'RAI^Disk •PrIntSpooler • 4 DMA S3 Timer channels • • Full 640K capacity on-boarO • 808816 bit CPU • Monochrome Video Card • • Up 10 32K of EPROM (full 8K supplied) • Supports PC-DOS - MS-DOS - CP/M-86 • . • Power Supply Hard-Disk-Ready, no need to add-on additional power • t'-• High resolution 12' Monitor, Green Screen, 22 MHz bandwidth •

Add-On lOa^egTape

If your IBM-XT needs a little help in the Back-up category, you won' t tw able to beat this price! Cat>les, software and everything!

SUB-8300-00-f^ $495'/695

Not enough room here - Call for Catalog

KA ¥'¥'^5 MultiMedia Interactive tpr\i M <J Training Systems

INTERACTIVE Video or Audio Tape Training! That's Right!

Learn at liome - at your own pace Lotus 1-2-3™ Framework™ WordStar™ IBM-PC DOS™ dBase If" Symphony™

SuperCalc'^" BusinessMaster™ Kt lasti An inexpensive, convenient means of learling how to use a Computer and Software. With his System you sit comfortably in front of yoiu;;omputer. watch a demonstration, and then, the rape system (Audio or Video) actually INFERACTS with you! Telling you what keys to itrike. waiting for you to do the exercises at your )wn rate. As much practice time as You want. A jace that you set. Some classes 10 hours In length! Fantastic detail and tips! Call us for more informaJon and practical demonstrations. Nothing like it mywhere else!

Iw lolowirig He rsgstwedTradwrafia irid IhorCoiTVeilies: 1-2-3, Symphofiy. Lolu^ ientComp«iy MS-OOS PC'DOS Fl^gnl&nwrartx-Microsoft. dBase 11 ■ AsMon-Tale. WofdSlar

McroProInlBfnaiior.iCor-. S,.r.i.^^: lesfla/cn inc IBM, IBM PC IBM i'( ' T

POWER BACK-UP

Protect ytm Dilal Datashlekl' Is a battery operated RiwerQeneralor wlllcll Instantly supplies even, uninterrupted AC Power to a Microprocessor In tlie event of a Power Drop or Outage. Also provides Surge Protection, which filters and eliminates voltage spikes (surges) above 140 VAa

200 watts mN-WOm $289.00

300 watts mmasm $399.oo

INTERNATIONAL ORDERS

Micro Products is ready to serve your needs In several countries. Eacli Office has Sales Literature, Local Pricing, Inventory and Technical Service available to support your needs. There aie no problems with U.S. Brport FOrnis.

HEAD OFFICE Darryl R. OrMn

15392 Assembly Lane, Unit A Huntington Beach, OA 92649 Phone; 714 (898-0840 Telex: 887841 XORDATAHTBH AMSTERDAhfl OFFICE Cynthia Clark Building 70,4th Floor 1117 ZH Schlphol-Easi Amsterdam, The Netherlands Phone: (020) 45 26 SO Telex: 18306

AUSTRALIAN OFFICE

8 Irwin Street, Bellevue

W Australia 6056

TAIPEI OFFICE William Wang

Suite 60S, WorldwIdeTlouee

685MlnShengE.Rd. Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. Tel: (02) 712-8877 Tlx: 21405 MARACAIBO OFFICE Jim Steven* AV.3F Esq. Calls 81 Centre Com. Maelga - Local #5 Maracalbo, Venezuela 4001-A Phone:061-913328 Telex: 62344 PEMIN CANADIAN OFFICE

- - PENDING -

PROM LASER

This li (hi Onil Our PROM Burner allows reading, sloring-to-disli, recalTing, and burning. Hi-speed algorithmes bums 2764 h 4S seconds! Also handles 2716,2732, 27128,27256. Ftiturts: Zero Insertion force socl<ets; On-boeid Vdtags Qeneiator No Interference with nomial computer operations.

BOA-864(KI0. $199.00

MISCELLANEOUS $$$ SAVERS

7 PAK Multifunction Floppy, RTC, 2 Serial, 1 Parailel, Game, RAM Disk

BOA-6250-00 $189.00

S4KMemoryChlp8(9)NECIorlBM KIT-8000-00 $ 15.00

2S6)( DRAM Memory Chips (9) = 256K KlT-9000-00 $ 81.00

AdMn Memory, (up to 512K) supplied OK BOA-63S0O0 S 09.00

Floppy CoiMlar, Controls up to four drives, SVt' 48196TPi

BOA-6100^)0 .. $ 95.00

Monochrome Graphics Car4 (Hercules type) (1-2-3 compatible) 720li x 346v

BOA-6150-00 $175.00

tMor Graphics Card, 320 x 200 Res. Color, 640 s 200 Monochrome

BOA-620M0... ....,...$145.00

Clock Calemtar Board, fits In '^hort slot" wfbattery Bacl(-up

BaA-6375-00 $ 50.00

Hard Disk Conlroller, standard ST506 Interface lor DOS 1.1 S 2.0

BOA-8050-00 $245.00

300 /1200 8aud Modem Internal w/PC Talk 111 Communications Software

BOA-8725-00 $239.00

Monochrome Monitor, 22liflHz bandwidth, composite inout or TTL MON.1725.00 Green/ComD 99.00 MON-1700-00 Amber/Comp 104.00 MON.i7;5-rjOGteen.'ni. 104.00 MON-175C.00 Amber.TT!. 109.00

inquiry 2(i6

Micro Products

• 15392 Assembly Lane • Huntington Beach, CA 92649

NEC PRINTERS

2050 $ 655

3550 $1315

8850 $1685

2010/15/30 $ 625

3510/15/30 $1185

8810/15/30 $1625

Elf 360,370 $ 399

Pinwriter P-2 $ 490

(w/lnterface & Tractor)

Pinwriter P-3 $ 690

(w/lnterface & Tractor)

Terms: PREPAID - FREE FREIGHT!!

QUALITY PRINTERS 8415 Cement City Rd. Brooklyn, Michigan 49230 Phone: 517-592-3749

™Heath Users

Double Your 5'/," disk storage capacity without adding a drive.

Get twice as much from your H88 or H89 microcomputer. Our FDC-880H floppy disk controller, in conjunction with your 5'/i" drives, for example, expands memory capacity from 256 bytes to .512 bytes per .sector.

And it handles single and doublesided, single and double-density, 8" and 5%" drives — simultaneously.

C.D.R. Systems Inc. Controlled Data Recording Syatenu Inc. 7210 CUnnont Mesa Blvd., San Dieto.CA 92111

(619) 560-1272

$99 SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER / CONTROLLER

MODEL MCG-85 FEATURES

8085A CPU

- Automatic Baud Rate

2K System Monitor ROiW ■ 5 Interrupts

- 256 Bytes of RAM ■ RS232 Port

- Parallel & Serial I/O

■ Two 8 Bit Prog Potts

■ One 6 Bit Prog Port

- 4'/! X 6'/i PCS

- 14 Bit Countet'Timet Onboard Prolotyping

■ 6.144 MH! Crystal

- Onboard Expansion • 4K ROM &/0r

■ 4K RAM or CMOS RAM

STOCK. $99 KIT. S135 ASSEMBLED & TESTED.

A/D, Parallel I/O. Memory S Mother Cards Avail. STD Product Line also avaitabte. Visa, M.C., Amex & COD. Add $5.00 Shipping.

CUSTOM DESIGNS & DEVELOPMENT OUR SPECIALTY SYNALTA SYSTEMS

31-14 Broadway Astoria, New York 11106 (718) 728-6700

Inquiry 'Hfi

Inquiry 68

Inquiry 384

FoxBASE™

Interpreter/Compiler

■ dBASE II® source compatible

■ Runs 3-20 times faster than dBASE II

■ 8087 coprocessor support

■ 14 digit precision

■ Up to 48 fields per record

■ Full type-ahead capabilities

■ Provides compact object code and program security

■ Twice as many memory variables as dBASE II

FOX SOFTWARE INC

13330 Bishop Road, P.O. Box 26^ Bov^ling Green, OH 43402 419-354-3981

Inquiry 171

^DOUBLE ^'f^*^-- •

THE OPTION CAPACITY

OF YOUR IBM PEftSONAL COMPUTER

PC-XTRA

• DIRECT EXTBKSltfM OF IBM PC BUS

• NO SOrrWARE CHANCES

• NO HARDWARE MODIFICATION

• STYLINa CONSISTENT WITH IB1 Addsll ll^ofieSQSCial ootions trial you ve beei wanting without worrying about (illing youi plug-In and bacK panel apace

DEALER INOI

>00'

*549"" F.O.B. SANTA ANA •CALIFORNIA HESIOENTS ADD 6% SALES TAX

PC HORIZONS. INC.

1701 E. Edinger, Ste. A6, Santa Ana, CA 92680 . . (714), 853-5396

VT100 or D200

on your

PC, jr, XT, AT

or compatible

ZSTEMpc-VnOO Smart Temiinal EMulator 132-col, by wtndowlng-no addit, hardware

Double High/Double Wide Characters Full VT100 line graphics. Smooth scrolling 2-way lllc transleis Incl. XMODEM Full keyboard softkeys/MACROS Speeds to 3e.4KB. High Throughput ZSTEMpc-VT10C $150. ZSTEMpc-D200 $125. 30 day money back guarantee. MCA/ISA. ZSTEM Communlealiona DIviaion KEA SYSTEMS LTD. Ml 2-2150 W. Broadway Vancouver, B.C. CANADA V6K 4L9 Support (604) 732-7411

Orders (800) 663-8702

Inquiry 4i!6^

CPM IBM-PC TPS-DOS XENIX

Multiple Regression

Stepwise

Ridge

All Subsets

Backward Elimination Time Series Analysis Descriptive Statistics Transformations

* Survey Research

* Nonparametrios " X-Y Plots

* ANOVA

* Random Samples ' Data Base

■ Search & sort ' Hypothesis tests

Please call TOLL FREE 1-800-334-0854 (Ext. 814)

Q

for more information or write: Quant Systems

Box 628

Ciiarleston, SC 29402

VISA-M/C Accepted

controls up to 4 motors from any CRT, terminal or computer

STEPPING MOTOR CONTROLLfR

• powerful 5 amps/ • acceleration winding deceleration

• RS232 interface •1-4 axis moves Standard Version wHIl BASIC $985 16K BASIC wHti Batleiy Backup $1335 CNC VERSION $1950 Stepping Motor Tips Cookbook $8 CNC Manual $12

CENTROID (814) 237-4535 Box 739, State College, PA 16804

Inquiry 69

Maxell Fbppy Disks

The Mini-Disks with maximum quality.

Dealer inquiries invited. CO.D's accepted. Call FREE (800) 235-4137

PACIFIC EXCHANGES

10(1 1-oothill Blvd , San Lu.s San Luis Obispo. CA 93401 n Cal call (800) .592-593.S or

. l80.Sl-,4:Mn37

Inquir/fOS.

Inquify 337

Inquiry 310

SINCE 19771

Computer Discount Products

Monthly Mail-Order Listing For Apple, IBM & Macintosh Users

Retail Showrooms In California: ^. SmJosetSmMateo*San Francisco .

INFOCOM

Appit, IBM t UacMosli

CUTTHROATSfENCHANTER

M25.M

OEAOLINEfiUSPECT

ea29.99

NFIOELySORCERER

W26.99

HITCHHIKEfVSEASTALKER

U26.99

WITNESS 20RKI

6827.99

ZORKII /ORKIll

ea29M

MOGKINGBOARD

Sound Boaid 79.99

.J| Speech Oiips 79.99

Sound AND Speed! lie 145.99

SoundANDSpeechllc 145.99

ENTERTAINMENT

Ap

Ap

Ap

Ap

IBM

IBM

IBM

Ap'IBM

ApJlBM

Ap/IBM

Ap/IBM

Ap'IBM

Ap'IBM

Ap/IBM

Ap/IBM

Ap/IBM

Ap/IBM

BEAGLE 1.0. Silyet-ZVEW/ DECATHLON

SIR TECH KnightolDiaininl

WIZPLUS

QATO

MASTERIYPE SIR TECH Wizajdty CHAMP. LOOERUNNER ELECTRONIC ARTS Aichon

Music/PinlallC«i$t.

One On One/Sky Fox FLIGHT SIMULATOR SARGONIII

TRILLIUM AiTU2on/Rama Faliienlwit4S1/Shailow

WINDHAM Below The Rool Swiss Family Robinson

SCAU 23.99 34.99 23.99 29.99 32.99 44.99 24.99 29.99

H29.99

U29.99 35.99 31.99

ea27.99

18.99 18.99

APPLICATION

Home & Business

Ap

ASCII Express

99.99

Ap

CONTINENTAL Hm.Aod

44.99

Ap

Home Accountant MAC

TSM

Ap

Tax Advantage

39J9

Ap

MONOGRAM OoHars/Seiise He 69.99

Ap

Forecast

49.99

Ap

PFS Repl, File, Gfaph. Whle

ea79.99

IBM

ASCII Expiess Fio

139.99

IBM

ASHTON-TATE dBase II

289.99

IBM

dBase III

389.99

IBM

Frameworlt

389.99

IBM

CONTINENTAL FCM

71.99

IBM

Home AccounianI +

84.99

IBM

Tax Advantage

45.99

IBM

CROSSTALK

10S.99

IBM

LOTUS 1-2-3

299.99

IBM

MICROPRO Telmefge

119.99

IBM

MONOGRAM Dollars & Sense

109.99

IBM

PFS Rept,Rle. Graph, Whte

et89.99

Ap/IBM MICROCOOKBOOK

32.99

Ap/IBM MICROSOFTMULTIPLAN

169.99

WORD PROCESSING

Ap

BANK STREET Wnte Spell

e>43.99

Ap

KENSINGTON Formal II

99.99

Ap

MICROPRO Mbidslar

189.99

Ap

WbidstafProw/CP-M

265.99

Ap

SENSIBLE SPELLER

79.99

Ap

SIERRA Screenwnter II

89.99

IBM

BANK STREET Wnlcr

49.99

IBM

UFETREEVolkswnter Deluxe

159.99

IBM

MICROSOFT Mxdw/Mouse

289.99

IBM

MICROPRO WxdSlaraOOO

259.99

IBM

Wordstat 2000Plus

325.99

mOEHS

HAVES 300 Baud

209.99

1200 Baud

474.99

1200BtorlBM

359.99

Micromodem He

239.99

NOVATION Applecat II300 Bd.

198.99

Expansion Module

29.99

JCa

104.99

EDUCATIONAL

1^ April

DLII

Ap Alien AddHion/Mlnus Mission ea21.99

Ap AlgalotMix/Ocagon Mix ea21.99

Ap Oivision/Mulliplication 6a21.99

LEARNING COMPANY

Ap BumlileGamesrPlcl ea25.99 Ap Gerlnjdes Puzzle/Secret sa27.99 Ap RockysBoot/Rolxil Odyssey ea31.99 Ap/IBM Addition Magidan/Wird Spinner 27.99 Ap/IBM MagicSpen/NumlierStiimp. M25.99 ApriBM MoplownHolelfleadetRatiMaiSSM

PEACXniEEALQEniAHV M&99 ALGEBRA Vt VI aB32.99

SPINNAKER

Ap Grandmas House/Kidwrlter

Ap KidsOnKeys

Ap Sum Ducte/Trains

Ap/IBM Facemaker/Fraclion Fever

Afi/IBM Diddle Diddle/Kinderrximp

Ap/IBM Presidents Choice

A|i/IBM SnooperTroopslorll

COLLEGE BOmO Ap BARONS SAT Ap CBS Mastering SAT Ap PEACHTREESAT/PSAT CROSSWORD MAGIC

Ml 9.99 19.99 Ba24.99 6819.99 0819.99 2S.99

59.99 94.99 ■134.99

39.99

MMDNHfff

Ap

CDP16K Ram Card

39.99

IBM

KENSINGTON PC Saver

Ap

Parallel Interlace w/Cable

39.99

IBM

KOALA Toucll Par)

Ap

DAN MYMAR Lower Case 1

25.99

IBM

PLANTRONICS Color-1- Board

Ap

Lower Case2,Rev7

19M

IBM

QUAOflAM512-F64K

Ap

EXTENDED 80 Col. Card-lie

129.99

IBM

ERamSO

Ap

JOYSTICK Kralt or TG

39.99

IBM

MicrofazerSK-AIIConfig.

Ap

KENSINGTON System Saver

65.00

IBM

Quadt»ardlorll-NoK

Ap

KOALA Touch Pad

75.99

IBM

Quadcolorl

Ap

MICRO-SCIA-2 Drive

195.99

IBM

Quadcolor Upgrade to II

Ap

ORANGE MICRO Grappler +

99.99

IBM

TEAC'/i Height Drive #5SB

Ap

Buffered Grappler

159.99

VIDEO?

Ap

THUNDERGLOCK

109.99

Ap

RGB 80/64 lie

Ap

TITAN Accelerator He

219.99

Ap

Stol7RGBCardll + c

Ap

NeplurieMK

199.99

Ap

RGB Adapter lie

IBM

AST Six Pack Plus MK

245.99

Ap

Mappler Connector

129.99

139.99 219.99 195.99

mat

159.99

1S9.99 109.99

149.99 39.99

UTILITIES & ENHANCEMENTS

BEAGLE D/Code-Wlf/ Beagle Graphics

Fat Cat

GPLE

Tnple Dump BRODERBUNO Dazzle Draw

Graphics Lllirary

Print Shop COPY 11+ Program EASTSIDEWiMcanlll FONTRIX

FINGERPRINT For Epson MERLIN

PENGUIN CompMe Graphics

Graphics Magician COPY II Program FONTRIX GET ORGANIZED NORTON UTILITIES SIDEKICK SIDEWAYS TURBO WSCAL

Toolbox

Tutor

29.99 35.99 15.99 21.99 29.99 27.99 44.99 19.99 31.99 25.99

111.99 49.99 44.99 44.99 49.99 37.99 25.99 99.99

149.99 55.99 35.99 44.99 35.99 29.99 29.99

APPLE PRE-BOOTS

AppleVIHer 14.99

AjipleWiterlorUltratefn 23.99

Visicaic 39.99

Expansion 66.99

\^isicalc lor Ultralenn 54.99

VIDEX-Apple

ENHANCER II FUNCTION STRIP HAHDS«IITCH

PSIO

SORSV/ITCH

ULTRATERM

VIDEOTERMw/Softsw.

99.99 31.99 14.99 145.99 25.99 239.99 179.99

MAXELL5y.SS10/100 MEMOREXS'ASS 10/100 MEMOREX 5'/. SS10/100 FLIP-FILE Holds 50-5'/. MEDIA MATE Holds 30-3'/%

13.99/189. 34.99/339.

18.99/179. 14.99 11.99

MACINTOSH

BRODERBUNDLodeiunwr COPY II MAC HOME ACCOUNTANT MAC FUN MAC VEGAS MAC VISION

MEDIA MATE Holds 30-3',^' MEMOREX 3«-Dislieltes MICROSOFTBasIc

Chart

File/Multiplan MONOGRAM Dollars i Sense Forecast PFSRIe/Report

27.99 24.99 63.99 32.99 34.99

9.99 34.99 94.99 74.99 eat 29.99 94.99 59.99 ea79.99

INFOCOM FOR MAC!-See Separate Box!

Printers A Monitors

EPSON FX80 Rxeo

PRINCETON HX-12 RGB Max-t2Amt]er

TAXAN#1l612'Amt>.Ap #12212-AraberlBM #420 RGB Color-IBM

OKIDATA92wiPlug'nPlay

USIPi4-Amb

499.99 329.99 459.99 179.99 129.99 159.99 389.99 459.99 99.99

Computer Discount Products

860 So. Winchester Bi.. San Jose. CA 95128

Purchas

PLEASE ALLOW TIME FOR PERSONAL CHECKS TO CLEAR

We reserve ttie right to charge for freight on orders less than $100

Inquiry 96

(408)

(408) 985-0400 from sam pst

U.S. Mail —$10 Minimum Chg. • Hardware Shipping —$CALL a rirHor Priroc DiHor (^all Pirct • Priroc Qiihiof-t Tn P.hanno • .Qnftu/aro Qabc Pinal

AMPianl'"^"" , . code

. SVSIEW S""^™"!,; & cables 598 •SCS\PLUS--°^^8,p, , 5189

DUST COVERS

For Personal Computers and Small Business Systems, Peripherals, Game Units - Protective, Long-Lasting Vinyl Resists Both Dust and LIquida -CHOICE OF COLORS

Amdek

Apple

Atari

BMC

Columbia

Commodore

Corona

Eagle

Epson

Franklin Ace

IBM

Kaypro

Okldata

Rana Systems

Star Micronlcs

Televldeo

Texas Instruments

PLUS OTHERS

GROUP/VOLUME DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE

FOR FREE BROCHURE WRITE: ENCHANTED FOREST P.O. Box 5261, Newport Beach, CA 92662 (1 IB Onyx)

Dealer Inquiries Invited

PAL, EPROM

& UV ERASERS

FROM $49.95

LOGICAL DEVICES INC.

"kZ/te^ (lelialulittf, and U' 0^ utmost Ompjo^ioHce,

SEE OUR AD ON PAGE 240

ORDER TOLL FREE

1-800-EE1-PR0M

(1-800-331-7766)

Inquiry 111

Inquiry 246

LETTER QUALITY

Enhancement for Okldata ML82A/83A Dot Matrix Printers

• Easy to install

• Plug-in module

• Letter Quality: 30cp5

• Draft Quality: 120cps

• 10, 12, 17 cpi

• Full dot addressable graphics

• Front panel access to all features

• Proportional spacing, bold, double width, underlining, self-test, etc.

• Serial and parallel interfaces retained

• HELP mode; Diagnostic HEX dump

• And many other features

o

RAINBOW TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

17971-E Skypark Circle, Irvine, CA 92714

(714) 261-0228 Telex 386078 UK Distributor: X-DATA(0753) 72331

Inquiry 341

PC EXPANSIONS

Qume 142A $189

TeacFD55B $129

Tandon TM100-2 $129

Tandon TM101-4 $239

CDC 9409 $129

Maynard Disk Controller $114

Sandslar Series $oall

IniernallOMBHDsyslems WSI $769

WS2 $929

MaynSlream tape backup . . $1229

Quadboard(64K) $254

Quadboard (384 K) $349

Ouadcolor I $199

AST SixPakPlus (64l<5 $259

SixPakPlus (384K) $354

MegaPlus (64K) $269

Aduaniage $419

I/O Plus $129

PCnet • starter kit $809

HERCULES graphics board $339

Color Card with PP $169

HAYES Modems: 300 $199

Smartmodem 1 200 $429

Smanmodem I200B $389

Set ol 9 chips (64 K) $19

256K chips (eachi $6

8087 chip $139

Verbatim Datalile disks (20) . .. $49

VLM Computer Electronics

10 Park Place • Morristown. NJ 07960 (201) 267-3258 Visa, MC, Check or COD.

mi mflRYmflc INDUSTRIES INC.

800-231-3680

Radio Shack TRS-80's' Epson Printers

People you Trust to give you the very best!

' Lowest Discount Prices

> Reliable Service

• Quality Products

"Warlds larger volume TRS-80 dealerf' 22511 Katy Fwy., Katy (Houston) Texas 77450

(7131 392-0747

Telex 774132

Inquiry 254

FLOWCHARTER

EasyFlow-PLUS Is a program that helps you to

produce neat, accurate flowcharts. You describe the chart using simple flowchart description commands; EasyFlow-PLUS then produces a complete flowchart for output to the printer or a disk file.

• automatic line routing • automatic text centertng within shapes • charts up to 16 shapes wide by 16 shapes high • organization charts • standard flowcharting shapes included • user defined shapes easily added

• wide charts can be printed In strips • text blocks can be placed anywhere In the chart • arbitrary lines can be drawn anywhere in the chart • fast: 12 seconds typical • 140 page manual • works with all printers • minimum memofy MSDOS/PGDOS128K; CP-M/80(requlres ZaO)64K

$89.95 + $2.00 s&h. Check, VISA or M£).

HavenTree Software Limited

P.O. Box 1093-A

Thousand Island Park, NY 13692 (613) 542-7270 Extension 80

m

IBMT"/APPLE^"/COMMODORE^" BARECOMTM MODEM

ADD-ON MODEM FOR PERSONAL COMPUTER

• BELL 103 AND/OR 212 COMPATIBLE

• CCITT V2I AND/OR V 23 COIVIPATIBLE

• AUTO DIAL/ANSWER(DISCONNECTION

• FREE OF CHARGE COMMUNICATION SOFTWARE

DEALERS AND DISTRIBUTER INVITED. OEM DESIGN/MANUFACTURE WELCOMED

P.O. BOX 58144 TAIPEI, TAIWAN, R.O.C. TELEX: 20370 COMPOWER TEL: (02) 3937976, 3213060

AFFORDABLE M-68000 COMPOTBR SYSTEM

M68KCPU6.I0 MHz CPU. 20K static RAM, t6K EPROM, on board monitor. two RS'232 serial ports. 16-bit parallel |»rt. 5 timer/*

counters expansion bus.

Bare board 8 99.95

Complete Kit 6595.00

nD512K 128.512K static RAM. floppy disk controller

& hard disk interface Bare board « 99.95

CpmpleleKlt(12BK) 9725.00

Enclosure wittt power supply, fan. filter. 4 slot card cage

a249.00

N68KASNM68000 Macro Cross Assembler For CP/M80. IBM PC. TRS-80 and Apple II computers

S 199.00

UPS shipping Chandiina S 4.00 COD orders add 9 3.00

Foreign orders add 920.00 California residents add 6.5% tax

17 IMC Educational

HItIO Microcomputer (714)854-8545 Sytima ^ '

P.O. Box 16115 • Irvine, CA 927 13

COASTLINE COMPUTERS

CALL COLLECT-FREE 213-329-4828 213-324-8087

il956 W. 153 St., Gardena, CA 90247

WHY GO OFFSHORE WHEN YOU CAN SAVE MORE ON THE COASTLINE!

IBM PC

• 2 55B Teac High Drives

• 256K, BMC 13" Amb Mon.

• Monitor Interface

$1729

IBM

EXCECUTIVE SYSTEM

• IBM PC W/256K

• 2 Half High Drives

• 8087-3 Math Coprocessor

• Monochrome Monitor

• Mono Card w/Par Port

• DOS 2.1 Operating System

• Okidata 92P Dot Matrix Printer (160cps)

$2399

IBM PC

The Great Deal! Coastline Color Sys •

2 Drives 256K Memory • Color Card w/Par. Port • HX12 Color Monitor

$2395

IBM PC

• 2 Full Height MPI Drives

• Keyboard & Dr Controller

• 256K Memory

$1549 IBM PRO

EXECUTIVE SYSTEM

• IBM PC W/256K

• 2 360K Vz High Dr w/Cont

• 10 Meg Internal Hard Disk

• Monochrome Monitor

Mono Card w/Par Port DOS 2.1 Operating System Juki 6100 Letter Quality Printer (18cps)

$3495

CALL FOR DAILY SPECIALS!!!

INTEL Math Coprocessor

8087-3

(FOR IBM PC AND COMPATIBLES)

$119.00

Call for 8087 for IBM AT

AST SIXPAC +

Comes with 384K Expandable Clock Calendar, Par/Ser Port Plus Software

$359.00

IBM Memory Upgrade

For IBM & Compatibles

9 - 4164 64K Upgrade $19.95 128K Upgrade $40.95

IBM CABLE

Computer to Par Printer

6 Foot Long

$14.50

BMC

\:V' Amber Mdiiilor

$89.00

IBM DOS 2.1

IBM PC & XT

Operating System

$54.99

QUANTITY ORDERS

Call for Bigger Discounts

Corporate & School Accts

Call for Information Dealer Programs Avail - P.Cs Expedited

HERCULES GRAPHICS CARD

Monochrome w/Par Port For IBM & Compatibles

$319.00

Other Product Lines Available from Coastline

Amdek • Princeton Graphics • Techmar • Teac Hercules • Compaq • Tandon • NEC • Intel Okidata • (Juadram • Hayes • Alpha Omega

Anchor • Biracomp • Juki • Epson • Plus More!

CAL DEK 10 Meg INTERNAL HARD DISK

For PC or Compatible Comes w/Drive Controller

! ,\J\J 120 day warrantyl

OKIDATA 92P

With Plug and Play

$339.00

CALL FOR NEW PRICING ON . .

STAR MICRONIC

GEMINI'S

Mail Orders To: 1956 W. 153 St., Gardena, CA 90247. Terms: Visa, Mastercard, COD;s and Wire Transfers. No surcharge for credit cards. UPS, Federal and Emery shipping available. Calif, residents add 6'/2% sales tax. Prices subject to change without notice. Not responsible for typos.

Inquiry 76 MAY 1985 «BYTE 499

Apple II + Paper Tape I/O Is This Easy

10101011010001010:.:.:.:.::.::.:.:.::.:.: 01010101010010100.:.:.:.:.::.:..:.::.:.: One minute you're without, the next you're up and running! Just plug into your APPLE II PLUS. A neat and complete package.

• Model 600-1 Punch — 50cps, rugged

• Model 605 Reader — 150cps

• Parallel Interface Board/Cable

• Data Handling Program

Code conversion available. TRS-80 package soon. ADDMASTER CORP. 416 Junlpero Serfa Dr., San Gabriel, OA 91776 * 213/285-1121.

Specify son, 10 or 16 sector

Minimum Ortfer 20

Single sided double density

1.49.

1.99.

Double sided double density

CertMed Check - Momy Order - Personal Check. Allow up to 2 weele tor personal checks to clear. Add $3.0S penoo or part to each order tor URS. shipping charges. NJ ResMenls add M sales tax.

^>dr-H^Nise, INC. 178 Route 206 South, P.O. Box 993

Department C

Sg:i^s-/:'ic, MJ, n8f?7G f?01> v^-, 5050

Inquiry 121

WRITE

For creative and report writing. Includes many features missing from WordStar, sucfi as alphabetized directory listings, fast scrolling, and trial printing to the screen. Write is $239.

Software Essentials

This package contains a word processor, printer program, database prograniis, arid more for $124. For all MS-DOS and IBM PC compatibles.

Workman ^ Associates

112 Iklarlon Avenue Pasadena. CA 91106 (818) 796-4401

Please request our new catalog.

CHIPS 'n DIPS

8088

256K DRAM 64K DRAM 1 sons 64K DRAIM 200ns 128K DRAM

MosteklSO'ris 5y4" Diskettes

$129.00 29.00 12.00 2.20 2.18

18.00

1.75

FRfc-f. UP.3 SHIPPING

All parts in stock, first quality. No seconds or surplus. Satne day shipping!

CHIPS'n DIPS

P.O. 60x2517 • The Mall Duxbury, MA 02331

617-934-2414

15 BiT A/D CONVERTER

FOR IBM® PC

+ /-5 VOLT INPUT RANGE. FULLY DIFFERENTIAL 0.025% ACCURACY, 4 CHANNELS

/SAMPLES/SECOND $265

6-CHANNEL THERMOCOUPLE THERMOMETER

FULLY DIFFERENTIAL $175

64-CHANNEL DATA LOGGING SOFTWARE

VOLTAGE. CURRENT OR THERMOCOUPLES

16 CHANNEL STRIP CHART INCLUDED POWERFUL AND EASY TO USE $150

******

FOR APPLE II®

BROAD LINE OF DATA ACQUISITION AND CONTROL

PRODUCTS INCLUDING: 8-, 12-, AND 13-BIT A/D CONVERTERS SAMPLING RATES UP TO 111,000/SECOND THERMOMETRY: DIGITAL I/O DATA l,PG6ING SOFTWARE CUSTOM HAROWAflE AND SOFTW/ARE REASONABLE PRICES

LAWSON LABS, INC.

5700 RAIBE ROAD

COLUMBIA FALLS, MT 599'

Inquiry 235

Electronic

Circuit

Analysis

• New release

• Transient, AC, DC analysis

• Full nonlinear

• Over 200 nodes

• Full editing

• Macro circuits

• Worst case, Monte-Carlo

• Temperature effects

• Frequency dependent parts

• Time dependent parts

For MS-DOS. i28k inliflittuin. $395.00

TatHien Labs P.O. Box 698 Sandy Hook, CT 06482 (203) 426-2184

6809

Single Board Computer

68((? IvlPO, 2 serial p6rli, 4lp(|fQilel\ RAM, EPROM, teal-tlme clocK,w(jtcliddg timer, 44-pln 4.5" « 6.5" PCB EXPANSION MODULES: RAM, EPROM, CMOS RAM/baHery, analog I/O, serial I/O, parallel I/O, counter/timer, IEEE-488, EPROM programmer, (loppy disks, cassette, breadboard, keyboard/display,

^ 1 Wintek Corp,

\kM IVIM'rKir '801 South Shear

II I n I li Ik Lolayotte. IN 47901 1^ I 317-742-8428

InqHiry

64 K 150 NS64KXI $2.00

256 K 150NSZS6KI1 $10.50

* PARTS IN STOCK

* FACTORY NEW, PRIME PARTS

* WILL MEET MOST ADVERTISED PRICES *

* NEXT DAY SHIPMENT *

E.C.I.

P.O. BOX 8067

FOUNTAIN VALLEY, CA 92728 TELEX: 910 997 6120 EARTH FV

CALL (714) 964-5784

Inquiry 147

_ FOR THE BEST OF US ...

THE CYPHER

A COMPLETE 68000 & Z 80 SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER SYSTEM WITH ULTRA-HIGH-RES GRAPHICS!!

IlL

Inquiry 421

Inquiry 388

Inquiry 279

i

ESTABLISHED 1977

'STtMim I data >^*^ I systems

Z-1 50 PC THE MOST COMPATIBLE PC W/MSDOS 2.1 MS-WORD, MS-MULTIPLAN 320K RAM DUAL 5'/. ' DS DD DRIVES $1,929

Z-150 PC W/106Mb H.D. $2,450 Z-160 PC PORTABLE w/gold s"

SCREEN, 320K RAM. DUAL hVt" DSDD

10Mb HARD DISK & ALL SOFTWARE «Z,849

SMC-200 DUAL DRV. SMD l/F CTRL BO. DGC-100 CTRL BD./6V<" H.D.. ST-606 l/F

•eoo

«325

5V«" HARD DISK SUBSYSTEMS

W/CONTROLLER, ALL CABLES. CABINET. P/S., FAN AND SOFTWARE DRIVERS

27M b

OUflflTUffl

MICROPOLIS

RpDIME

CALL FOR IBM-PC/AT SUBSYSTEMS

SOmSEC $1.S2B $1,29S 42M b

4SmSEC $1,996 «1,7g6 62M b

SOmSEC $2.3B0 «2,09B 85M b

SOmSEC S2.99S $2,72B 105M b

aOmSEC $3,695 $3,695 140M b

30mSEC $4.39S $4,495 DOUBLE-SHOCK MOUNT

12Mb IN SIDER $639

CompuPn

WE STOCK. SUPPORT, AND AGGRESSIVELY SELL ALL COMPUPRO PRODUCTS. CALL OUR EXPERT SALES DEPT. FOR EXCEPTIONAL VALUES AMONG THESE ARE:

SYSTEM 816/C H40 W/ 5V4" & 8" FLPY S7,777 SYSTEM 816/10-H40 35,595 CPU286 CSC W/80287 CO-PROCESSORS 1,449 CPU32016 WITH MMU $699 HUDSON 8087 PIQGY-BACK FOR 808B/88 S435 RAM22A8iT256K STATIC RAM $939 RAM23A8.T128K STATIC RAM $479 MDRIVE/H-512K S525 MDRIVE/H 2Mb $1,839 FUJITSU 2302B 23 2Mb 8" ADD ON H.D. $1,995 DISK 2 B" H.D. CTRL. SET FOR ABOVE $495

MORROW

PIVOT PORT. W/DUAL 5V." DRVS., BATT..

640K, MODEM, MSDOS, NEWWORD CALL MD3 W/TERMINAL81 BROTHER HR15XL $1,645 MD2 WITH MOT 70 AND

HR-10 PRINTER »1,449 MD5 W/TERMINAL ft BROTHER HR15-XL •2.025 M011 W/ TERM, ft BROTHER HR36-XL «2,979

^Vectrix

me COMPUTER GRAPHICS COMPANY

TODAY S 672X480 HI RES GRAPHICS SOLUTION FOR YOUR MICRO COMPUTER W/9 BIT PLANES, 512 COLORS/PIXEL FROM PALETTE OF 16,800,000 COLORS. 384K GRAPHICS RAM. STAND ALONE RS232 VX384A $3,395 vx. PC 2 BOARD SET WITH 4098

COLOR PALETTE $2,195 VXMA 13 ' HI RES COLOR MONITOR $1,395 IBM-PC INTERFACE CABLE $150 VX/PC PAINT PROGRAM $400 STANDARD PAINT PROGRAM $725

S-100 DIV./696 CORP. 14455 NORTH 79TH ST. SCOTTSDALE, AZ 85260

PraModeinl2aO)roni..

PRO MODEM 1200 haves compat.

WITH B uilt-in power s upply $298 1200A apple card modem $297

1200B IBM-PC CARD MODEM W/ MITE $265 1200 M MAC MODEM W/CABLE ft MITE$365

CO-PROCESSOR $79 ALPHANUMERIC DISPLAY $79

U.S. ROBOTICS, INC.

PASSWORD 1200 AUTO ANS./DIAL $249

S-100 BO. 300/1200 MODEM "NEW" $295

IBM PERSONAL MODEM W/ TELPAC $289

IBM PERSONAL MULTIFUNC. MODEM 64K $465

TELPAC FOR MSDOS $59

COURIER 2400 $526

software:

SALES 800-528-3138

CUST. SERVICE/TECH. 602-991-787 ,TELEX 9103806778 SONEHUND

8" SS SD OR AS SPECIFIED SOFTWARE IS NOT RETURNABLE bos "c" compiler s bit «99 computer innovations c86 "c" $299 compuview vedit-86 = $166 ms-dos= $120 Dataplex m ulti- user data base call new word word processor with 30 day money back g uarantee $ 169

LATTICE C (CP/M86 ft MS/PC-DOS) $299

LOTUS 1-2-3 $299 CLOSE-OUT 60% OFF EXISTING INVENTORY

StARSOFT-S ACCOUNTING PARTNER

CP/M80 8 ' $239 dBASE II 8 ■ CP M 808,86 $295

MicroPro

H DIGITAL RESEARCH

CALL FOR SUPER LOW PRICES ON LATEST VERSIONS

"C" LANGUAGE COMPILER-86 $229

[TERMINALS:

LIBERTY TERMINALS

WYSE-50 14" 132 COLUMN

CALL

$499

MONITORS

ITATUNG

AMDEK 710 HI RES RGB color S59S

PRINCETON GRAPHICS HX-12 $449 CM-1322 13" RGB-TTL

640X400 $396 $395

TAXAN RGB VISION 420 $439

ZENITH ZVM 122A AMBER NON-GLARE $89

ZENITH ZVM 123A GREEN NON-GLARE $89 ZENITH a/M-13e 13" RGB 640 X 480 LONG

PERSIST. PHOSPHORS FOR INTERLACE $596

IPRINTERS:

BROTHER DAISYWHEEL

HR-15XL SER. OR PAR. 17 CPS (SeE

HR-26 SER. OR PAR. 23 CPS $625

HR-3S SER. OR PAR. 36 CPS $849

BROTHER DOT MATRIX

2024L 24 PIN HEAD, GRAPHICS $936

BROTHER M1009 60 CPS 6LBS. $195

EPSON ALL MODELS ft ACCESSORIES CALL OKIDATA ALL MODELS ft ACCESSORIES CALL

:drives:

WE SERVICE FLOPPY DRIVES

5V4"OR 8" $45 + PARTS + SHIPPING

MITSUBISHI ELECTRONICS

A4851 Vi HT 5V." 48TPI 4853 VjHT 5V«" 96TPI M2894 STD 8" DSDD M2896 Vi HI 8" DSDD SANYO SW '/4HT FLPY. $109

S125 $139 $369 $389

tKf^lM Amcodyne

THIS IS THE FINEST HARD DISK SYSTEM YOU CAN BUY! IT'S SPEED (SSmSEC AVG. ACCESS) and EFFICIENCY (BACK-UP 20Mb IN 10 MIN.)

ARE SUPERB FOR MULTI-USER AND/OR NETWORKING CONFIGURATIONS.

ARAPAHOE 7110 SUBSYSTEM w/

CONTROLLER. CAB.. P/S. FAN, CABLES. SFTWARE DRIVERS.8" 25Mb FIXED

AND 25Mb REMOVABLE

TURBODOS, COMPUPRO CONCURRENT DOS ft CP/M816, AND MSDOS FOR IBM-PC, ETC. SUPPORTED $4,795

(S) ujongteii'

> PC-36 60Mb TAPE BACK-UP FOR IBM-PC 6Mb/MIN. PC-INTERNAL SUBSYSTEM $1,625 PC-EXTERNAL SUBSYSTEM $1,595

S^=- PC W/2B6K, FLPY & iS?S? 10Mb H.D.

$2,330

9 CHIPS/SET:

64K RAM 4164-150 NS $16.95 256K RAMS (§> 150nS $79.00 8087-3 MATH CO-PROCES. $139 MUSCLE-150XT ibm-pc 160 watt

REPLACEMENT P/S W/ALL CABLES $125

S UPER RES 400 UP TO 64K DISPLAY

BUFFER DUAL PORTED. 640X400.

25KH2, UP TO 16 COLORS GRAPHIX PLUS II RGB/ MONO

COMP. OR TTL RIO PLUS II 384K 2S. P. G PORTS SUPER I/O II W/ALL CABLES

S. P ft G PORTS QUARTER BYTE 25eK FOR SHORT SLOT SUPER RIO 256K W/ S, P. G PORTS BIG BYTE 384K MEMORY BOARD GRANDE BYTE 2.6Mb FOR IBM-AT RIO GRANDE I.BMb, 2S, P. G PORTS

DYNAMIC MEMORY 64K GRAPHICS MASTER - HIGH RES. COLOR LAB MASTER W/ TM40PGL AND LABPAC SOFTWARE

$269 $369

$149 $229 $349 S269 $1,419 $1,065

$139

$469 $1,149

PC-SLAVE/16-2S6K bmhz

2 SERIAL PORTS — TURN YOUR PC INTO A HIGH SPEED MULTI-USER

MACHINE W/ TODAY'S TECHNOLOGY $760

SUPER SIX 128-6MHZ $696

SUPER SLAVE 128-6MHI $625

SUPEA 186'256K MSTR/SLAVE-4 USERS $1,296

CP/M 3.0 $300

TURBODOS VER. 1.4 8 BIT MULTI-USER $460

/

K ■ ,Mlem Systems 1

— i

CPZ 4B006 6Mtt MASTER 256K MB MEMORY BOARD

CPZ-186 256K

CPS-ie 266K 8MHl 8086 SLV

CPS-B4D 64K RAM SLAVE 4MHz CPS-B6A 128K RAM SLAVE 6MHz MUTD-E Z80 MULTI-TURBODOS

$739 $709 $1,276 $989 $389 $529 $556

TURBODOS CONFIG. "I" Z80 OR 80186 MASTER, Z80 OR 8086 SLAVES & PC NETWORK $939 ,

FULL DEALER SUPPORT VISIT OUR SHOWROOM Mrs. 8:30AM - 5:00PM M-F

lnquiry43'tfor Dealers. Inquiry43')for End-Users.

Ail marehandise new. We accept MC, Visa, Wires, COD ($5 min. fee) with Cashiers Check/MO. P.O.'s from qualified firms. APO accepted. Shipping: minimum $4. first 3 Lbs Tax: AZ Ros Only add 6% sales tax All returns subject to 20% rsslocking fee Advertised prices for Mail Order Only Retail prices slightly higher Prices subject to change.

Inquiry 255 . . .

X.OW COST UNTVEKSAT. E(E)PROM PROGRAMMER

» SUPI'OHT.S: (KPitOHS) 25Hj TiffiU 64. :d7IK THHU 512. -/(:16 THHU llTH. bH7;i:i THHU Kb (EEPIiOMS) 52B13 THRU 33. 2H1BA THHU MA (MICROS) 8741 THHU 49H

* NO PBRSONALITY NODULES, ONBOARD POWER SUPPLY

* RS23ZC INTERFACE, XON-XOFF, RTS, CTS, DTR

* ACCEPTS KEYBOARD ENTRY WITH LINE EDITING

* ACCEPTS ASCII, INTEL. AND HOTOHOU roHMATS

* USKH KHIKNfll.V .MONITOH TOH I/O DEBUGGING

» ^'AST PHaiHA^WI^^G SUPPOHTKD: '^764 UNDKR 3 HIN.

* I,OW/HIGH BYTE PH0GHAf*11NG VOU IB BIT DATA PATH « HYTK. BLOCK. OR CHIP EHASE (EEPHOHS ONLY)

* LIST IN INTEL OH MOTOHOLA HEX FORMAT

» VERIFY PROGRAM AND VERIFY BLANK COMMANDS

* 1403-01: 4K FIRMWARE. PCB, XPORHBR. DOC $90.00

* 1409-02: 1409-01 + FULL SET OF PARTS $200.00

* 1409-03: ASSEMBLED AND TESTED UNIT $300.00 » 1409-11: 8K FfRMWAHt:. I-CH, KFOHMEH. IHX' $125.00 » 1409-12: 140H- 11 t FULL SET OF HARTS $2ri0.00

* 1409-13: ASSEMBLED AND TESTED UNIT $3S0.00 « C0»«UNICATION DRIVERS FOR HOST PC'S $35.00

BS.C MTCROSYSTKMr;

B'A?.?. MO.UVK DR. J^AN .lOSF q'iT'Ci

Cables

EIA RS 232-C

Quality cables with immediate delivery and low prices.

Conductor

Price

1-4

1 1.50 -H .15/M.

5-7

1 2.00 -1- .22/ft.

8-12

1 3.00 + .30/ft.

13-16

14.00 + .40/ft.

17-25

16.00 + .50/ft.

Specify Male or remale connectors, length o(cable and pins to be connectedExtended Distance. Centronics (Parallel). Coaxial (RG59U. 62A/U), Dual Wang, Twin-axial. Ribbon, IBM. DEC Compatible cables and AB Switches also available. We supply connector parts, bulk cable, tools and hardware (wall plates), for those who prefer to build their own cables.

Communication Cable Company

PC Box 600-U Wayne, PA 19087 215-964-9404

build your ideas withtutsim;^

Design a real system ™ model by simulation! , TUTSIM allows you the power to model, conduct experiments, eval uate strategies and much more. TUTSIM models:

■ Control and Servo Systems

■ Robotics

■ Fluid Dynamics

■ Batch Chemical Processes

■ l3iological Processes

■ Thermodynamics

Write or call for more information. For the IBM PC's and other micros. Slum form S29.95

200 California Ave.. #214 Palo Alio, CA 94306 (415) 325-4800

Inquiry 35

SPECIAL DISKEHE OFFER

verbatim Datallfe Disks have 6 datashieiding improvements for greater disi< durability and longer data life. PLUSI if you call, write, or utilize reader service in response to this ad—we'll send you our full-range catalog of computer supplies with Special Offers good for further savings on Verbatim diskettes and many other quality products.

Call or write for our discount catalog.

LYBEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS

1250-E Rankin Dr., Troy, Ml 48083 Phone: (3131 589-3040

DATALIFE • THE NAME IS THE PROMISE THE WARRANTY IS THE PROOF

Inquiry 248

Osborne

As available only! Very limited quantity.

(mponant:

To fix vourself.

Guaranteed for 30

Always call to

or for

parts.

days. May be new

check availa

Complete, bui

or lefurb

, depen

biliiy before

l<nown

not

dinq on

avdil.

orderin9.

worlcing.

Excli/

Outright

Refiiiii

Main Board 05-1

S49

S79

Si 59

Main Board Exec.

SI 59

SI 39

8299

Batterv Pack, 40 Watt

S49

loouble Density Kit "

S79 1

1** Includss board, cable, documentation &

disk 1

5" CRT (Grn/Whiie)

S9.95

S19

S29

CRT (Ambetl

S19

$49

599

15" CRT, no case

$85

Drive Analog Card

S9.95

$2»

$59

Drive Mechanism

S25

S59

Power Supply

S4.9&

$24

$29

Keyboard (No enclos.)

$19

$99

Shipping charged on all orders

Computer Parts Mart 415-493-5930 3200 Park Blvd * Palo Alto * CA 94306

0&

Real-Time Multhasking Executive

m ROMable (<- 3K)

■ No royalties

■ Source code included

■ i-anguage interfaces

■ low interrupt overhead

■ Inter-task messages options;

• C, Pascal, PL/M. Fortran interfaces

■ CP/M-80 BDOS interface

- IBM PC DOS interfacf

• Extended memory { 61ki •Configuration Builder

Utility

• Resource Manager

- Buffer Manager •IntegerMath Library

- Real-Time C Library

AMX (for 8060) $800U.S.

(for 6609) $950 US.

(for 8086) $9S0U.S. Manual only $ 75U.S. (specify processor)

AMX. AMX86. T

KADAK Products Ltd.

zBOisTMoiziioaCorp.

CP/M-80l«™orDI— IBM.PC0OSttrBTl

KADAK Products Ltd.

JL 206-1647 W. Broadway

WVancouver, 8.C., Canada V6J1Y5

Telephone: (604) 734-2796 Telex: 04-55670

Inquiry 225

Get the Proportional Printing Program whicli Really Worksl

Get type-set quality true proportional spaced printing from unmodified WordStar and NewWord document files. PropStar prints on most daisy-wheel printers with ps type-wheels including Diablo, Qume, |MEC, Brother, Juki, 5-R, Cltoh and many others.

PropStar is a stand-alone program, not a patch to your w.p. program, it maintains correct letter spacing, never crowds capitals (even on short lines), gives higher quality print than modified WordStar. PropStar supports most of the common WordStar and NewWord print enhancements. No installation patching required. For CP/M-8G systems on 8" and 5-1/4" media, also for MS-DOS systems on 5-1/4" PC media. Only $ 49.95, Visa & M/C o.k. Specify computer and printer. Dealers wanted.

CIVIL

COMPUTING

CORPORATION

Inquiry 75

28 PIN PROM BLASTER

WnH UFETIME WARRANTY*

fhigsinloyoiir IBMPCXrorPPCand programs most 28 pin EPROMS. Includes the following features:

• Menu llrivt'ii • r.(iii fiiiicliiin for the dflla buffer • Moves svstenis menior\' inlo dam liuffer • fcrfomis :i check sum • Reads RI'ROM into data huffer fflU program llic folkmlng EPROMS: • 27(>i ■nils- 272« • ;764A -VVM

OTHER APPABAT .ADDWS: H Pin Prem Blaslci, B SUb Combo CM. M2K RAM I',:inl. iUr. Ml/Cluck. Hard^Dilk Subsyslan, AlldiOn Disk Drive, Clock/ralciidar 2'i(iK IttMtanl, I'arallel/SaM Cart forPPC. l28WHSI«in

Slot Cud for tlie ITC and mote.

^Apparat.inc.

ADO ON MO ON 4ND ON MD ON AND ON

4401 So Tamarac Paikwav / Detiver. CO 80237 /.WWl-ITTS ORDERIKi; ffii) DF.llHi INKOHMATION 800/525-7674 Storts in Denver J4 t^liicago ' 'On ail cards sold after June I. I9H4

Inquiry 81

Inquiry 103

Inquiry J3

IDM PC" Compatible Hard Disk Subsystems

As Low As:

$599

Internal

Exfemal

$599* BgPRIPCSUBIOI

lOMbyt^

$799* BgPHIPGSUBlOX

$999* BgPmPG8UB20l

20Mbyte

$1199 BgPRIPCSUB20X

$1595B0PfllPCSUB33l

OOMbytet

$1795 BgPRIPCSUB33X

'Hllt-lllIgH iMn Snipping cliarges: Internal S5.00 / Exieinal: S9.00

t Hlgk-i^if Mn. Sams ictta and hIglMpiM an partaci lar mlwoiliing lystamsl

100MHz DuqI Trace DuqI Dose

?^if^<Sf^*P'fOBES INCLUDED!

pf*

BQBKP1580

List Price: $1595.00

VIDEO MONITORS lOM-PC" COMPATIDlf MONtTOM

MODEMS

TAXAN 12' green screen lor IBM 16lbs

B0TAX121

S 159

TAXAN n" amber screen lor IBM leibs

BQTAX122

S 189

TAXAN ir color RGB w/cable 2Blbs

BQTAXnGSKO

$48B

GENERAL USE

SANYO 1ZUHZ ir AnterlS Ul

e<lSyDDM2212

< 7S

SANYO IflMHz 12- 6iwn 24 bi

BaSyODM8l12CX

S <2B

SANYO 18MHz 12" Ante 24

t 129

TAXAN ISUHz ir Green 18 to.

80TAX11S

S 189

TAXAN ISMHlirAntelSta.

BQTAXtlS

S 188

SANYO 13- RGB color 7MHz 30 Ibl

BasyonM7soo

S 379

TAXAN 12" RGB color 6MHi 50 Its

BaTAX22a

S 819

STD CARDS

(2 Us. eadi)

Super RIO (64 K)

BQSTBSfllO

S 319

Sisotf I/O II

BOSTBSiO

8 199

RIO PLUS II (UK)

BQSTBfilOPLS

S 289

Graphic PLUS II

8QSTB6flPLS2

S 395

QUARTER BYTE

8QSTB0B

S 219

GRAND BYTE

B0SrSGBI29

S 298

RIO GRANDE

BQSTBflGBI28

S 449

TECMARDOARDS

Tta CAPTAIN' UuJN board 64K

BQTECCAPTAIN

S 288

GMPMCS MASIEfl

BOIECGMISni

S 488

PtwIpHoii PonHe. Mo*

HAYES

2408 bps Smartmolem 4 \b&

BQDCH2400

S 585

1200 Baud Smanmodem 4 lbs.

BQDCH0400P

S 429

1200 Baud lor ISM-PC- v>/solMaie

BOOCHIZOOB

S 429

300 Baud Smailinodem

BOOCHOSSOP

S 249

Mlaanldiiii II tit KHili

S 249

EXPMISIOII CHASSIS kl IBM PC- BaUBOTECSIPCHS S 749

HERCUUS eRAPHIC CARDS

High res monodwome csd BQHEC6C S 339

Color card wtti pmttr pan 8QHECCDL0R $179

QUADRAM CARDS

EXPANDED QUAOBOARO (0 K) 0UAD80ARD II QUADCflLORr QUADCOLOfl r 0UAD512(64Kna«ed)

(2 lbs each)

QUAOVUE

QUAD SPRINT

Serial ml card 1-RSZ32

Pataltlcaid

BODDROOBRDXPO S 239 BOODRODfiROIIO S 229 BQODflODCLRI S 199 BOQDRQDCLRII B0Q0Rffl}S1Z+ BQODRQOLINK BOQDRQVUE BOODRQSPRINI aQ0DflRS232 BQOORIPIC

5 449 S 259 S 539 S 299 S 549

PROMETHEUS

PtoModem 1200 baud auto dial/ans 4 lbs BPPRMPM120O 5 299

PraModem IBM-PC* card w/sottware BPPRMPM1200B S 289

ProModcni Apple It card w/sottviare BPPRMPM1200A S 349

ProModsflitarMatinwhw/edleSsoftwire BQPRMPMIZOOM S 399

Alpha/mm dispm tor ProModarn BOPRMOISPLAY S 79

Optlans pnxessor br ProtMem BQPRMOPTPRO S 79

64K Menwy ocp-lor oplins imcsssor BOPDBORHEXPU S IB

DISK DRIVES a "DRIVES

SIEMENS SmgltSMldHUinsllliais BOSIEFDOiaOB t 125

2 10 5 Orim $110 each / 6 or mora Dnvas 898 eacn WORLD DISK DRIVES OouUe sidB BOWDD200BP S 219 dbVdensitvlSibs. 2 u 5 Dms $199 each

6 or more Olives $188 each MITSUBISHI dbl lUe, dU dens 18IIK B0MITM!894e3B S 875 lAHOOM hMlhlsgllide.dUdins8W 8(nNDTM848ie S3I9 TANDONfthelohldUsikdNdnaait BinNDnH4<2E S iu

5V4" DRIVES

SHUGAflT40ld(t4hei^dUsideaib& B0SHUSA455 S 98 SHUGART40MiMtdblside3lbs. B0SHUSA465 $ 89 TANDOH 10O-2 40lrk full he^I. B0TNDTUI8O2 $ 149

5V4" HARD DISK

SHUGABT SA712 12 Mbyte B0SHUSA712 S 399

SHUGART SA604 SMbyle B0SHUG04 s 99

Seagate ST225Vbhltfl25MbyleSeis 8QSEAST225 S 595

seagaasnaSFinntMifiiiBMPC BasEA8r225F 5749

llUAimiM42MbyUHalllliak8tal BOCIIMO540 SI395

64K&256K Memory Expansion Sets

64K Expansion Contains BOPOBIBMIVIEfflS 9 64K X 1 150nS RAMs rtf :ff»;»l 256K Expansion Contains BQPDBiaMMEMSB 36 64K X 1 150nS RAMs t-f-i-W-H 256K Expansion Contains BqPDBZ56WE«l9 9 256K X 1 RAMs t-WJT'I'l

PRINTERS 0 DUFFERS

DMoiprton

Pott no.

Ptlc*

OKIDATA

B2A w/tractor feed 25 lbs.

BQ0KIDAT82AT

S 349

63A w/traclor teed 35 lbs.

BO0KIDATa3AT

S 569

a4A - parallel 35 lbs

BQ0KIDATa4AP

S B95

B4A • serial 35 lbs.

B00KIDATB4AS

S 979

92A - parallel 25 lbs

SaOKIDATSZAP

8 469

92A - senal 25 lbs.

BO0KIDAT92AS

S 610

93A • parallel 35 lbs

BQOKIDAT93AP

S 699

93A - serial 35 lbs

aQ0KIDAT93AS

$ 825

MANNESMANN TALLY

MTIBOLaOoilIini

BOTAlMTieOL

.< 575

MTiBOLIKcoliilta.

BOTALMTieOL

i 799

PftACnCAL PERIPHERALS

84KHIcrobulli>(seflall2lls.

S0PRPMBIS64

S 249

64KMicniliullsr(|)mil02lbS. BQPRPMB1P64 S 249

MlaDBufl«rll4-JorAppla(SV&|»i12 lB30PnPMB2PLUSt6 S 159

EPSON & STAR IN STOCK! Call For Our LOWEST PBICEI

S-100 CPU BOARDS

Srinilngwei(fHanalS'1(lj>

Muds 2te. each

Dwcitpttoo taf no. We*

CompuPro B085/8S dual processor

BOGBTA041

i 259

CompuPro CPU-Z 8MHi

BaGBTA537

S 249

CompuPro 8085/88 5/8MH;

B0GBTAD41

S 249

CocnpuPra CPU-8086 lOMHi

BOGBTA044

S 375

CompuPn CPU-B0Z86

S0GBTA494

$ B95

ConvuPro CPU-2B6 WJ802B7 Gh)p

BOGBTA048

J1195

CorrpuPro CPU-6BK tOMHz

B0GBTA340

S 395

CornpuPre CPU-68K wMon Mgr lOMHi

8aQBTA341

« 69S

CompuPro CPU-32016 eUHz

BaaBTA054

S 795

SDS SBC-3004MHZ

BOSDS38095

S 5«

SOS SBC-SOO 6MHl

BQSOS3B092

S B99

ADVANCED DlGtTAL SuperSix w/fkppy

fiQ«)CSUP6128

S 699

cantrDKer. 128K RAM

ADVANCED DIGITAL 4MHi SBC. SW

BQADCSBC15

S 595

floppy conlroller. 64K aAM

ADVANCED DIGITAL 4MHi SBC, B"

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S 595

floppy controller, 64K RAM

S-100 RAM BOARDS

CompuPro RAM23 / 64K

B0GBTA316

S 349

CompuPrti RAM 23/12eK

BQ66TA313

S 599

SDS ExpandoRAM 111/896

BQSDS38097

S 499

SQS ExpandoRAM IV

BQS0538088

S SZ5

MACROreCH 1 Megabyle

BQMACMAXM

S2195

OoinpuPraRAM 22/256K

BQGBTAOTO

$1099

S-100 RAM DISK DOARDS

CompuPro M-Drtve/H* 512K

BOGBTA072

S 599

SDS RAM <iA 256K

aOSDS380B2

S 649

S-100 I/O DOARDS

Vector Inieifacer II

BQVCT800GF2B

S 259

CorrvuPro Interfacer 3

aOGBTA078

S 449

CompuPrti Interlacer 4

aQGBTA080

S 329

CompuPro System Support I

B0GBTAia3

S 329

SDS 4 port Async scriat

BOSDS38096

$ 449

SDS 3 port Async serial

BQSDS3S093

S 529

SDS S pon 4-Async 4-sync

SOSDS38094

S 649

CompuPra pC Video S-100 Card

BQGrA3S6

S 475

KEYTRONICS

IBM PC- ndlceraeia keyttd 5 BOKETKBSISI S199

IBM PC|r- lenacenm keyM BOKEVKBSISUB 8199

PCjr-HumeticDataERhyPadSlbs. B0XEYKB5t4gLJR 8 89

PARADISE

5 Pack MullltuncUl card 384K B0PAnSPACK384 8249

Mow lUalay Card BOPARMOC $349

ModKarGratMsCerd BOPAAMGC 8295

64KeKpa(1Sttl lor above exp to 3S4K BOPARMO0A384 8169

ParM port Mr above BOPARMOOBQAR S 79

Serial port lor atam bqparuodbseb 5 79

IDM-K Power Supply

leOWDropHnRBplacemem BQTEATP409B S 159

WYSESO Liberty Fteedeen 80

TERMINALS

32 lbs. Bowysso

34 lbs. BOUSFSO

^4 OO EftCH in Boxes ol 250

QS0 EACH in cartons ot lOOOl

S-100 CONIROllCR DOARDS

FORROPfYMSKS

CompuPro DISK1A DMA BQGBTA084 S 44

FOR HARD DISK

CompuPm DISK3 Seagate ST500 series BQGBTA0B7 $ 549 ADVANCED DIGITAL Seagate 500 BQADCHDCIOOlS S 399

DISK DRIVE ENQOSURES 6" ENaOSURES

Surge Suppressor Noise FiHer

ParaOyitanws dual desktop 35n)S

BQPONZ300D

s m

ParaDynamlcs dual rack mount 35lbs

D0PON2200R

S 499

JMR Dual desktop 3Dlbs.

BQJMR2Ce

S 229

5V4" ENCLOSURES

JMR Single Sibs

flOJMRICS

S 59

JMR Dual lull heigiii giUs

BDJMR2CS

S 89

JMR Dual luN (■,.-,,,!,; ,v ,.,[,;

rji daia

B0JMfl2C5C

£ 99

cable 9it)s

JMR Dual lull heigtit ven n

KUTit ribs

BQJMR2SV5

S 65

JMR Single Itard disk enclos

lure IGlbs.

BOJMtmDCSI

S 199

JMR Dual hard disk encktsu

r8 2fflbs

60JMnHbC52

S 299

PRIORITY ELECTRONICS

9161 Deenng Ave, ChatsvvCrth CA 9131V W

Inquiry 326

$29.95

BgWBflOGIISS List $49.95

(Sli.wt.2ibs.)

ORDER TOLL FREE (800) 420-5922, Loco!: (818) 709-5111

MINIMUI^ PREPAID ORDER $2S.0O. Terms U.S. \/ISA.MC. BAG, Checl<, Money Order, U.S. Funds ONLY. CAresMents add 6Vz»/o Sales Tax. Include MINIMUM SHIPPING & HANDLING ol $3.00 lor Ihe llisl 3 lbs., plus 40« for each additional pound (20t 11 within Calitomia) PLUS 25t per $100.00 value of your order for Insurance. Orders over 70 lbs. sent freight collecl Just In case, Include your phone numtier. Prices subject to i^ange without notice; We wllUo our best to maintain prices through May. 1885. Ciedil card orders will be charged appropriate freight We are not responsible for typographical errors.

■ ORDER TOLL FREE (600) 423-5922 (NOW IN CALIFORNIA, TOO!)

I*U*C0 is an idea wliose time lia^ come.

rU*CO is the International Union of Computer Owners, an organization designed to protec the interests of personal computer owners and users against those who would take their

money»iiarid then deliver less than they promised.

Here's an overview of some of the vital services l*U*CO provides:

1. Access to the lowest priced, reputable vfindor for nearly every computer related need; and,

2. Protection from the rip-off artists, vaponivare specialists, false advertisers and other creepy, crawly creatures who have been attracted to the computer industry by the scent of your money; and,

3. Constantly updated information on software,

l*U*CO™:

hardware and peripheral releases, upgrades, bug reports, bug fixes, reviews, letters to the editor and other data Individually tailored to your needs through the exclusive l*U*CO COMPUTER REGISTRY™; and, 4. Finally, a chance to get even with those characters out there who promised a lot, took your money...and than delivered less than they promised.

a lynch mob with a purpose. Every computer dwrrer has been ripped off at least once.

Or maybe a dozen times or more might be a nrare appropriate number.

In any event, weVe all been victimized by the computer irtdustry.

And It wasnt accidental.

Today"$ computer industry is filled with hypesters, rip-off artists, vaporware specialists and other s whose sole function in life is to part you from your money by delivering a little less than you bargained for...or by charging you more than you would othepMse have to pay. The rip-off might have been a computer that wasnl quite as "compatible" as advertised. Or it could have been a well-known computer that was to be delivered at the same time that "hundreds" of programs would be available with it...if you consider the same time to be a year-and-a-half later.

Or the rip-off might be in the form of measures taken by certain manufacturers and software publishers to limit sales of their products through "authorized" dealers only.

This is, of course, designed (they say) to get you better service.

But it's tdso a neat way to keep prices

artificially high by restricting competitive forces In the market place. The nunyber of ways you're being ripped off grow everyday, as greed becomes the major motivating factor in the computer maritetpiace.

Possibly, you've been had by a software manufacturer who continuously upgrades

their software...charging you a pretty penny street system today.

But when the woriters organized, they got tot of power.

Even automobile owners learned the lesson a long time ago. Back when the early driVe got tired of dirt roads, they organized tl American Automobile Association...ar that's part of the reason the United States is laced with an incomparable highwiy an

for the elimination of bugs which shouldn't have been there in the first place I

in a few cases, it's nothing more complex than a vendor who takes your money and simply takes their time in delivering. If they ever get around to delivering at all. In any event, the computer industry just isn't the friendly place it used to be, when everyone was trying to help each other learn about their machines.

Today's computer market has been an Invitation to be ripped off.

Until now, that is. i*U*CO means protection. |*U*CO"' subscribes to some very ancient wisdom: there's strength in numbers. Labor unions learned the lesson a lorig time

Needless to say, the computer indusi knows the value of organization as well.

Computer manufacturers, softwan publishers and others eager to get as mu as they can from you have formed varioi associations to acheive such lofty goals i making sure that they can' be he responsible when their products don't wortc to prevent you from copying the software yi "licensed" from them...so they can sell you < track-up disk.

In short, everyone seems to have learn the kwnefits of getfing organized and gain! power.

Except the personal computer owner a user.

And that's why there has to be an I^U'CQ

■ i

The individual worker had no clout.

504 BYTE • MAY 1985

I*U*C0™ Is designed to be what ery collective organization Is: a sans to protect the special terests of its own membersi

Vnd, in this case, thp members are the tims...the people who own and use rsonal computers.

The people who until now have been 0 w e r I e s s . First of all,

i«u*co™

means low prices.

he first benefit an I'U^CO"' member gets is I opportunity to dave money.

.ots of It.

While certain manufacturers of software, ipherals and hardware are trying hard to ick down on what they call the "grey irl<et" (thus l<eeping prices higher than ly should be), l*U*CO™ will ma'ntain a labase of every mail-order advertisement it appears In the major national computer igaazlnes. A similar database will also be }t for selected major retail markets, so I can take advantage of special sales and he like. Vhen you want the lowest price on nothing, just (electronically) mail your jpping list to l*U*CO™. Ithin a day, you'll get the three lowest and St recently quoted prices...and, quite ssibly, special prices that haven't been /ertised anywhere!

I*U*C0™ protects you. f course, buying by mail or from a supplier t don't khow can get you more than low ces.

can get you problems in delivery, service i general dissatisfaction with the product J bought.

io, along with the knv price quotations, you 0 get l*U*CO^ member evaluations of the •duct and the vendor and a bibliography of lews, letters to the editor, articles and er information that just might convince J not to spend the money in the first place.

(Remen^r, most sellers are pretty itrictive about returns, particularly oftware returns. )

So, as an l*U*CO™ member, you get: 1. The lowest posssible prices.

2. An assessment of both the product and the vendor.

3. Information on the actual use value of the product. (An awful tot of prodducts sound better In their advertising than they are in reality. Thaf s why so few compianies offer a money-back guaranty.)

Continuing protection from i*U*CO™: the Computer Registry™.

As an l*U*CO™ member, , you can also become part of our exclusive Computer Registry™.

You simply register the appropriate information about all the hardware, software and peripherals you own with ru*CO™.

Then, as updates are announced, bugs discovered or fixed and so on, you automatically get this information as part of a customized and Individualized monthly bulletin.

Nk} more finding out a year after the fact that you're still using Version 1.00 and everyone else has Version 9.41 Or, you might find out that the problem you thought was yours alone is actually widespread.

(As a personal note, you'll find that this |*U*CO™ sen/ice is invaluable.

In the past few weeks, I found out that a) the ROMS in my Anadex printer have been upgraded, b) there's at least one uridocumented bug In running MacPaint with the 512K upgrade, c) the ROMS In my IOMEGA Bernoulli Box were upgraded, and d) [best of all] Mk;roPro knew of a bug in Infostar 1.6 which they didn't tell anyone about for 18 monthsl)

In none of these instances did the manufacturer tell the consumer.

As an l*U*CO™ member, you could get this information on a customized and individualized basis, each and every month for every piece of hardware, software and peripheral equioment you own or acquire.

|*U*CO™: the Iron fist. The best part of rU'CQM has been saved

for last.

Yes, l*U*CO™ will help you get the lowest prices on everything you want to buy for your computer.

And |*U*CO™ will give you solid Information on the integrity of products and vendors.

Finally, If you choose to become a part of l*U*CO's™ exclusive Computer Registry™, you can also stay current with the products you own or acquire.

But with i*U*CO™, you also get power!

But, more importantly, your membership in |*U*CO™ gives you the power of belonging to a communlty...a community of personal computer owners and usere who need to protect their rights.

For instance, a group of software publishers managed to get the Louisiana legislature to pass a law "legalizing" the non-warranties they provide with their software. (You know, Ihis software is sold without any guaranty that it will work." Just pay your money and take your chances.)

1*U*C0™ Will fight for youl

l*U*CO™ will fight that kind of nonsense by lobbying against it, organizing PAG's and. In general, by doing what every other special interest group does: fight for its own special needs and interests.

As one person, there is little you can do when you're ripped off by a vendor. The powers that be...such as the FTC...dont pay much attention to one person.

But when a special group like l*U*CO™ has a lot of members which can be translated into publicity and political pressure, you'd be surprised what can be done.

There's a lot more to the TU'CO™ story.

More than we can afford to tell here.

Complete information costs only $ 1.00. So, fill in the coupon below.

Free!

A guide to your legal rights as a personal computer owner!

Send a dollar for more information on l*U*CO™ membership and we'll include FREE a guide four legal rights (and obligatkins) as a pei'sonal computer owner.

This synopsis, written by an attorney who also happens to be an electrical engineer will e you helpful information on questions such as using copy programs for making your own d(-up copies, how to complain effectively and other Issues which affect you as a 'sonal computer owner.

Ifs a stim volume, to be sure, because unless you 're both rich and tough, you're ng to learn that you haveni got all that many rights.

Intamattonal Union of Computer Owners, Inc. 30 East Huron Street Chicago, Illinois 60611

YES, I'm tirad of being ripped off. Enclosed Is $1.00. Please send information on I'U'CO™ I understand that I am under no ot)llgatk)n to enroll as a member.

Please print all InfomnaUonl

Name^

Company

Address

City

State ZIP.

NIakeof computer:

Inquiry 429

MAY 1985 - BYTE SOS

DoKai

won [iDMfifini

STATIC RAMS

tlOl

tNi4|4S0ii|

1.00

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2H14 |4t0n| (iMil

a.oo

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1.30

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1.40

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6« = Single 5 Volt Supply

EPROMS

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74LXZ47

74

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316

74L8108

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74LX24B

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741X783

91 OR ZO.VB

7418112

38

74U240

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111 lis

1 IR I.4B

74L8I13

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74U25I

.68

811X88

1 46

74LSI14

.38

74U263

.66

81U07

1.46

74U122

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74U2&7

.68

81U88

1.46

74U1U

.71

74U2S8

.88

26UZ6t1

17B

T4UI24 tJI

74UtBS

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tSUtBIB

4i0

CRT CONTROLLERS

eiU 11.11 U7i tl.>6

IIHS ia.gs Tito 30.06

HD46tOBip .... I MS CIITi027 IB.OS

5147 lO.OS CRTS037 20.06

MCI372 6.00

M047 Z3.gS

TM8001BA

mm...

3I.IS 41.05

DISC CONTROLLERS

1771 14.15 1717 S4.B5

1791 tin IU3 33.95

1793 Z6.95 It7t 11.95

1795 ZI.9S UPD7a5 IMS

1797 ZI.95 MIS87I Z3.95

Z79I 49.96 IIBS977 Z5.95

Z7a3 49.16 1891 5.95

Z795 64.16 ZI43 6.96

UV ERASERS

QUV-T8/I $49.85

ECONOMY Modal

6500

1 MHZ

2 MHz

65022. BSD4 . 6505 . 1507 . 5520

4.00 5502A 6.90

6.00 6520* 5.90

B.OO BSZ2A 9.90

0.00 gS32A 10.00

4.30 6645A 12.00

6622 4.00 6551A 10.90

663Z 9.00 , uu,

6646 9.00 3 MHZ

6661 9.00 060Z6 7.90

6800

1 MHz

6100 .

6002 .

6003 . 6000 . 6800E. 6009 . 6610 .

6620 .

6621 . 66Z6 . 6840 .

6643 .

6644 .

6646 .

6647 . 6650 . 6652 . 6860 . 6862 . 6875 . 6880 . 6083 .

2.00 7.90 17.00 12.00 8.90 8.00 2.00 4.30 Z.OO 13.00 11.90 33.90 24.90 11.00 10.00 Z.OO 6.00 7.00 10.00 6.90 1.90 21.90

68B00

2 MHz

68800 1.90

68BaZ 11.90

68809 11.90

68B09E 11.90

68610 6.90

60621 6.90

56846 16.90

66645 16.90

68660 6.00

68000

66000-6 34.90

68047 Z3.90

60486 18.80

B886Z 14.00

80861 8.00

68764 17.05

68766 19.06

8000

0031 14.00

0035 5.00

8039 6.00

IH8-8080 16.90

III8-8073 Zg.90

8080A 3.99

8005 4.00

0006A-2 11.00

0006 24.00

0007-3 IBM Hi}.. 159.90 0007-2 |6aiH4..Z79.90

8088 19.90

8080 69.90

8100

0131 Z.OO

0156 6.90

0156-Z 7.90

8156 6.90

0106 Z8.90

BI66-Z 36.90

8200

8Z0Z z3.go

0Z03 30.00

8305 2.00

8212 1.76

8214 3.76

8Z16 1.76

6224 2.20

8226 1.76

8Z28 3.46

8Z37 1Z.90

8237-5 14.90

8238 4.46

8Z43 4.46

6Z50 9.00

BZ5I 3.90

ilfll 4.46

8Z63 8.90

8Z63-5 7.90

8Z65 4.46

8Z66-5 4.90

8Z67 7.90

8Z67-5 8.90

8Z69 6.90

8269-5 8.80

8271 69.00

8Z7Z 19.90

6Z74 Z6.9D

6Z76 Z8.I0

8Z70 6.90

6Z7a-6 7.90

0Z6Z 6.46

8Z63 8.46

8Z84 4.00

6Z86 6.46

8Z67 8.46

6Z88 1Z.90

6Z80 44.00

aZ9Z 1Z.90

8300

8303 Z.OD

8304 1.90

8307 Z.90

8309 ZJO

8310 MO

8311 3.90

8700

8741 Z6.90

8748 19.90

8749 Z8.00

6756 Z3.90

80000

80165-6 . 80156 ..

99.90 , OOJO

2 MHz

ZOO-CPU

ZOO-CTC

ZOO-DIIT

Z90-DIA

Z60-PI0

Z60-8I0/0

Z60-6I0/I

Z50-SI0/Z

ZOO-tlO/9

4 MHz

Z80A-CPU

Z60A-CTC

Z00A-0A8T

UOA-OMA

Z60A-PI0

Z-80

1.95 Z80A-6I0/0 9.05

IJ6 Za0«-6I0/I 0.05

0J6 aOI-OIIA 0.06

7J6 ZOOl-OIO/0 9.05

i:H 6 MHz

8.95 ZB08-CPU 7.96

9.95 Z805-CTC 5.96

0.95 Z805-PI0 8.96

Z805-0tn 18.95

2899 110/0 .... Z9.95 2.4S Z80 810/2 29.96

7:21 ZILOG

8.96 Z613Z Z9.0B

Z.45 Z8S71 38.06

MEMORY EXPANSION KIT

• Erases IS EPROMS In 20 minutes

• Plastic Enclosure

4164 200ns 9 for $19.98

DIP SWITCHES

- * \ \ \ s

4 POSITION .1

5 posmoii i

0 POSITION J

7 POSITION J

8 POSITION J

ZIF SOCKETS

14 »1l ZIF 4

16jllZIF 4

24 III ZIF 6

ZOfliZIF 6

40 |li ZIF 0

ZIF = TEXTOOL (Zero Iniartlon Fore

IC SOCKETS

(1 to 99)

t}kn iz

14 III n 14

i6piin 16

18 Hi n 19

zo pli n. 2t

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8 Ik WW.

14 ihWW.

15 III WW. IS iliWW. ZOikWW. ZZfkWW. Z4|liWW. ZOikWW. 40pkWll.

WW = WIrawra

CRYSTAL CLOCK OSCILLATORS

PAST NO.

FSEQUENCY

PR|[

tooo

1.0000 II Hi

e.(

IJ43

1.643ZHHZ

6.1

ZJIOO

Z.OOOOMHz

8.1

4O00

4.0000 MHi

8.1

8.000

8.0000 NHi

6.1

10.600

10.0000 MHz

6.1

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16.0000 MHi

6.1

10.432

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10.6000 ■»

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20.0000 IHl

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32.0000 81 Hi

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CRYSTALS

1.9000 MHz MO

l.84az MHz 2.00

2.0000 MHz 1.96

2.0072 MHz 1.96

2.4676 MHz 1.06

32768 MHz 1.06

3.6705 MHz 1.05

4J)O0Q MHz 1.06

4.1043 MNz 1.06

4.0100 MNz 1.06

SJIOOO MNz 1.06

6JI605 MHz 1.06

6.1160 MHz 1.06

624Z0 MNz 1.95

6.7143 MHz 1.95

6.0000 MHz 1.05

6.1440 MHz 1.96

6.4000 MHz 1.96

6.6536 MHz 1.06

3Z.788 KHz.

OJMOt MHl. lOilOOOMHl. 10.7886 MHi. IZJOOO MKi. I4.3I0ZMHI. 1 SJIOOO MNt. ISOSOOMNz. 17.4300 MHi. 11.0000 MHt. 18.43Z0 MHi. 10.6601 HHi. ZOJIOOO MHz.. 22.1164 MHz.. a2Jn00 MHl. 36.6000 MNz. 48.0000 MHi. 49.4350 MHz.. 494000 MHz.. 00

VOLTAGE REGULATOR!

ROBOT KITS!

PIPER-MOUSE

Controlled by sound sensor and 1 -channel electronic circuit. Use the whistle in this kit and Piper-Mouse follows your commands, turning left or right, stopping and starting. Uses 2 AA and 1 QV battery (not Included).

MV-915 $44.95

RIBBON CABLE

SINBLE COLO*

COLOR CODED

CgiTtCTS

V

10'

r

10"

10

.46

4.30

.76

7.20

16

.to

4.70

.06

6.70

20

.60

B.eo

1.16

10.10

25

.70

B.SO

1.22

11.60

26

.70

6.60

1.27

11.60

34

.91

1.60

1.66

14.40

40

liT

11J0

1.11

16.70

BO

lil

IMS

2.40

21.10

RESISTORS

V* WATT 5% CARBON FILM

ALL STANDARD VALUES FROM 1 0HM-10MEG OHM

50 PCS 1.25

100 PCS 2.00

1,000 PCS 15.00

Checkmate Technology, Inc.

APPLE lie Special

Extended 80-Col. VIDEO CARD

^64K to128K^

MULTIVIEW 80/160 249.<">

SO-ieo columns with any monltorl

• Scraana: 80x24, 80x32, 80x48, 86x24,132x24,132x30,180x24

• On-aeraan BOLD and Undarllna a Ravaraa scrolling

a Eaty^-raad Vndm-mglm mods a Appla II and lla compatlbia a Prompt Unas a Uppar & lowercase letters

APPLE & IBM ACCESSORIES

BOColumn Apple II-«-... 149.95 80 Column Apple ME ... 119.95

Z80 Apple IIH- 89.00

Z80 Apple IIE 89.00

IBKCard 39.95

Cooling Fan 38.95

Power Supply 74.95

Joystick 29.95

RF Modulator 13.95

Disk Drive 169.95

Controller Card 59.95

Paddles 7.95

INNOVATORS IN MICRO-COMPUTER TiCNNOLOCV

VIEWMAX-86 149.^5

80-Column card for Appla II aarles

• Video Soft Switch s Inverse Video

• VIDEX's VIdeotarm compatible

VIEWMAX-80e

80-Column extended video card for Appla lla

• e4K RAM, expandable to 128K a Double Hlgh-rasolutlon circuit a Compatlbia with Pascal A CP/M

PRINTMAX

59."

Parallel printercard, Apple II series e Centronics compatlbia

• Variable print widths

• Up to 5000 eharactara/sacond

APPLE & IBM Compatible DISK DRIVES

APPLE or IBM JOYSTICK

$29.^^

Compatible for either: APPLE II and APPLE lie OR

IBM-PC, JR., & IBM-XT MULTIFUNCTION CARD

a 64K to 384K RAM a Clock Cilendir a Pinllil Port a Sollwira Inciudail

aSirialPort a i-YnrWimity

$249.95 MEMORY CARD

a Expindibla to S1ZK

a Folly eompitlble with IBM softwirt

• Fully compilllilo w/IBM dlignoitic utIlltiM

a Seriil Pirt Anilibli

a 1-YMrWarnnty

$199.95

MEMORY EXPANSION KIT

• Shugarl mechanism, made In U.S.A.

• Directly replaces Apple Disk II

• Fully compatible wilti Apple Controller or other Apple compatible controllers.

• One Year Warranty

FULL or y2-Height

16K RAM Card - Apple ll-»

• 2-Year Warranty

Assembled & Tested ...

39.95

4164 200ns 9 for $19.98

DISKETTES

ATUABkiA. f SOFT SECTOR .

ATHANA: ( whub ring )

25 per package

SS/DD 29.75 or 1.19 la.

DS/DD 34.7B tr 1.39 aa.

LIFETIME WARRANTY ON ALL ATHANA DISKEHES

^a^ a AB^pa / SOFT SECTOR >

NO LABEL:( w/hub rinb )

25 per package

SS/DD 24.75 or .99 oa.

DS/DD 29.75 or 1.19 aa.

2-YEAR WARRANTY ON ALL BULK DISKEHES

ROBOT KITSr

PEPPY

2-way sensor detects noise or solid objects In its patti. When front sensor contacts an obstacle or hears a loud noise (hand-clap), Peppy automatically turns to the left. Uses 2 AA and 1 9V battery (not included).

MV-916

$24.95

Reg. Power Supply Model 4A/PS (99/4) 3 DC Outputs:

12V @ .4A, +5V @ 1.1 A -5V @ .2A Highly Filtered

6.95

KEYBOARD (99/4)

48keys 4"X10" 6.95

TERMS: Minimum oraer SIOOO, For shipping and handling, include S2 50 for UPS ground or S3,50 for UPS Blue (air) For each additional air pound, add SI for UPS Blue shipping and handling California residents must include 6% sales tax. Bay area and LA residents include 6' ;% sales lax Prices are subiect to change without notice. We are not responsible for typographical errors We reserve the right to limit quantities and to substitute manufacturers All merchandise subject to prior sale

ICALUslVOLUME Quotes

HOURS: Mon - Fn 7:30 to 5 00 Saturdays 10.00 to 3 00 VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE

2100 De La Cruz Blvd Santa Clara. CA 95050 (408) 988-0697

ALL MERCHANDISE IS

100% GUARANTEED ,

Telex: 756440

DoKa

Inquiry 139

SPRING CLEANING

Call Toll Free IMow!

PERSONAL SYSTEMS

APPLE

Apple Professional System IncI: Apple HE, 128K, Tilt

Monitor, Duo Disk, 80 col. card $1375

Mac 128K w/Drlve, Mac Write, Mac Paint and

mageWriler 2425

Fat Mac 512K,sanne as above 2995

Appleilc... 989

Applellcw/Monltor&Stand 1059

IBM

IBMPCBarew/Cont.&64K $1345

IBM PC64K,1 Drive 1475'

IBMPC64K,2Drives 1575'

IBMPC128K,1 Drive 1495"

IBMPC256K,2Drives 1599*

IBM XT, 10 Meg. Floppy &128K 3295

IBM AT Base Call

IBM AT Enhanced Call

* Call For Currant IBM Prices KAYPRO

Kayproll Caii

KayprollX For

Kaypro4 Current

Kaypro4;88 Price

KayprolO And

Kayproie Stocl<

SANYO

MBC550-2W/1 320K Drive&sllwr $ 895

M BC 565-2 w/2 320K Drives &

more software 1065

Serial Port for Sanyo 79

Sanyo Video Board 165

TAVA

TAVA PCI Par. & 1 Ser. Ports, 128K, 2-320K Drives,

ColorCardS Monitor $1499

TAVA XT same as aboveincl. 10 meg Hd Disk .. .$249S

COMPAQ

256K, w/2-320K Drives $1945

DeskTop Model! 1650

Desk Top Model 2 1999

Desk Top Model 3 3795

DeskTop Model 4 4995

SOFTWARE

LOTUS DEVELOPMENT CORP.

Lotus 1-2-3 $289

Symphony 434

ASHTONTATE

DBase II $329

OBaselll 389

PRINTER SWITCHBOX

SRS-2 Serial $ 65

SRS-4 Serial 89

SCN-2 Parallel 79

SCN4 Parallel 98

Run 2 to 4 Printers off 1 Computer

20% to 40% OFF LIST ALWAYS

PRINTERS

OKIDATA

ML182A, Replaces 82A "New" $ 279

ML83A, 15"Para.8Ser 539

ML92P, 160cps,Corr.Qualily 349

ML92 IBM Graphics Gomp 349

ML92S, 160 cps.Corr. Quality 465

ML92AppleMac.2KGraphics 475

ML93P. 160 cps.Corr. Quality 579

ML93 IBM Graphics Comp 579

ML93S, 160cps,Corr.Quallty 659

MLB4P,200cps 679

ML84IBMGraphicsComp. 679

MIJ4S,200cps 779

Oklmateao 139

Interface Module for OKI 20 79

RITEMAN

RIteman Plus 120 cpswn"ractor $ 257

Riteman Blue Plus 140 cps IBM 342

Ritemanll 160cps.8Kmem. wfTrac 369

Riteman15, leocps, 15"carr 549

QUME

Letterpro20PProp.Spc.EnhPrnt $ 399

Sprint 1140+,2K, 40 ops,

132ool.v^ldth 1229

STAR MICRONICS

SG10Ft,120cps,corrqual $ 239

SG15Ft,120cps,corr.qual 399

SD10FI,160cps,corr.qual 359

SD15Ft,160cps,corr.qual 475

SR10Fl,200cps,corr.quai 499

SR15Ft,200cps,corr.qual 629

SB10Drafl,144cps,NLQ60cps 795

Powerlype, 1BcpsBI-Di 359

C. ITOH

Prowriter 851OAP, 120 cps. Parallel $ 299

Prowriler 8510BC2,120 cps, Serial 399

ProwriterB510SP, ISOcps, Parallel 399

8510 BPI (IBIvl Compatible), 120 cps 335

Prowrlterll 1550P, 15" 120cps, Parallel 445

ProvKrlterll1550BCD,15"120cps,Serlal 499

1550 EP(iBM Compatible), 120 cps 445

1550SP, 180cps 549

StarwrilerF10-40PU,40cps 869

StarwrilerA10,205P,29cps 499

PrintmasterF10-55PU,55eps 1069

BROTHER

HR25,23ops $629

HR35,36ops 839

□YIMAX

DX15XLByBrother,20cps $ 379

JUKI

6100, LQ. 18 cps w/proportlonal spc $ 389

6300,40 cps 689

TOSHIBA

P1351 Dot Matrix, 192 cps, letterquality lOOcps, does

graphics. 3 in 1 printer $1195

P1340sameasabovebul10''oarr ., 585

PANASONIC

1091 w/Traclor, 120 cps, 1 yr war. $ 269

1092.10"car.,180cps 439

1093.15'car. 160ops 669

LEGEND

880,80 cps, FT & Graphics $ 229

1080,120cps,FT&Graphics 275

CLEARAN

COMPAQ

Desktop 1

APPLE

Professional System S1375

IBM PC 2 Drives, 256K Color Card w/Para. S1845

ORANGE MICRO

Grappler + S89

PARADISE 5 PAC

INTEL 8087 S115

PRINTER ACCESSORIES

ORANGE MICRO

Grappler + ....... $ 85

Buffered Grappler + ,16Ke>fp.64K ,.. isg

TOSHIBA

Bi-Directional Tractor $ 149

Font Disk for Down loading P1351 48

MICROTEK

Dumpling GX(sameas Grappler +) $ 69

Dumpling GXW/16K buffer 145

Dumpling GXW/32K buffer 12

Additional Buffering 16K 16

FOURTH DIMENSION

Par. Card & Cable for Apple $ 45

OKIDATA

Plug and Play for IBM $ 49

OkigraphHor82A 49

Okigraph I for83A 49

Tractor for82A& 92 49

JUKI

Bi-Direciionallraotor, 6100/6300 $ 145

Serial Interface 65

BROTHER

Tractor for DX-15 $ 99

Tractor for HR25 129

Tractor for HR35 > 129

Cut Sheet FeederforDX15 175

Cut Sheet Feeder for HR25/35 199

Keyboard forDXlS 165

STAR MICRONICS

Graphstar, Apple Interface S 69

Universal Atari 79

Universal Commadore 59

Serial InterfaceCard 59

CABLES

IBM PC to Parallel printer $ 18

SerlalCable 18

Cent. toCent. IvI/MorM/F 18

IF YOU SEE IT ADVERTISED FOR LESS, CALL COMPUTER CONNECTION FIRST FOR LOWEST QUOTE!

GIVE US A CHANCE TO BEAT THE COMPETITION'S ADVERTISED PRICE.

NO SURCHARGE 1 FOR CREDIT CARDS '

We accept VISA, MasterCard, COD [w/deposit]. Certified Checks or Wire Transfers. Minimum Sfiipping Ctiarge S4.00. Some items subject to back order. California Res. add B'/a% Sales Tax. All returns are subject to a 15% restocking charge and must be authorized by store manager Within 10 days. Prices subject to change without I loticu This Ad supersedes all others.

CLEARANCE SALE

[800] 732-0304

OA

SPECIALS

PRINTER BOX

A-B Para/Serial S79 / S65

STAR MICRONICS SG-10Ft S239

PARADISE

5 Pack, Serial, Clock, Cal. 0-384K S175

PANASONIC KXP1091 S269

TOSHIBA P351 S1295

MPI FOR IBM

$75

TEAC 55B S97

APPLE & FRAIMKLIN ACCESSORIES

ACCESSORIES

KensingionSystemSaver $ 69

FanlorApplell&IIEw/surge 45

APPLE

Supef Serial Card $ 139 *

Com Card w/Pro Dos 80

Monilorll 159

SOCol.Card 65

ASTAR

RF Modulator $ 17

MICRO-SCI

64K, OOCol.Card $ 85

ADVANCED LOGIC SYSTEMS

ZEnglne2.2 $ 115

CPM/3.0 245

MICROMAX

Viewmax 80e, 128K extended 80 ool. card

forApplellE $ 124

Viewmax8d,80Col.CardforApplelr&ll+ . 139

DISKETTES

PC DISKETTES

Sfjl./Dbl.(Boxol 10) $ 16

Dbl /Dbl (Boxof 10) 18

COMPUTER CONNECTION

Sgl,/Dbl.(Boxot 10) $ 14

Dbl./Dbl, (Box 0(10) 16

Sgl./Dbl.w/DisKConlainer(10) 20

DblJDbl. w/DiskConlainer(10) 22

Bulk50&Up-Sgl./Obl 1.25ea.

BulkSOS Up —Dbl./Dbl 1,35ea.

All Diskolles come w/5 Year Warranty

IBM PC ACCESSORIES

IBM

IBM Mono Card w/Printer Port $ 245

IBM Mono Monitor 225

IBM Dos 2.1 59

IBM Dos 3.0 ea

IBM Tech Ref. for PC 85

AST RESEARCH

SixPak + W/64K $255

Mega Plus II 265

Monograph + 329

PARADISE

Modular GraphlcsCard $ 265

Module A Paralell orSerial 75

Module B 189

5 Pack 175

PC PEACOCK

Color Graphics Card w/Par. Printer Port, Compat w/AIIIBMSoftware,2yr.war. $ 199

64K MEMORY UP6RAD|

64K19 chips) 200 ns, 90 day war. $ 16

QUADRAM

Quad Color 1 Board $ 199

Exp. Quadboard wy64K & Game Port 249

Ouadlink 3000 Run Apple sftwr on IBM 359

VUTEK

Vutek ■ CPS Board, RGB & Composite w(Par. & Ser.

Ports. 2 Yr. War $ 239

Color Card (Here, comp.) 175

Monograptiic Card (Hero, comp,) ...,, 275

TECHMAR

Graphics Master .■ ,$ 459

PERSYST BOARD

Bob Hi Res Display Adp. $ 375

KEYTRONICS

KB5151 ...$ 188

HERCULES

Monochrome Graphics Card $ 345

Color Card w/Prlnter Port 185

ORCHID

Blossom, like Six Pak + w/Network capabilities $ 245 DATA PLUS

384K Mem. Board w;OK S 115

XT Short Card, 384K Mem 183

Multiplus. same asSix Pak 199

MICROTEK

Monochrome Text Card Par & Ser $ 185

Color Graphics Card 165

MODEMS

ANCHOR

Mark XII $225

Volksmodem XII, 5 yr, warranty 185

Express 1200 Call

HAYES MICRO

300 Baud Smart Modem $ 205

1200 Baud Smart Modem 399

1200 B lor IBM PC 379

2400 Baud Modem 645

Micro Modem HE 259

Chronograph 189

BIZCOMP

Inlelli Modem ST $ 299

Intelli Modem XL w/Voice 339

Inlelli Modem XT Short Modem 369

DISK DRIVES

TANDON

TM100-2forlBMPC $ 119

TALL GRASS TECHNOLOGIES

25 Meg. HD w/lntegral 55 Meg. Tap^ Backup $2795

ALPHA OMEGA

10MegHDforlBM13MonthWaFranty $699

TEAC

558 Double Sided 360K $ 97

Quad Density 169

IBM

IBM Logo Disk Drive S 160

MPI

B-52forlBM S 75

Drives For Apple fi Franklin RANA SYSTEM^

Elite 1 $199

339

389

85

Elite II

Elite III

Controller add... MICRO-SCI

A-2 . $174

A.SCforllcw/cable 185

A.5y2 height for ME 199

Controller Add 59

DISPLAY MONITORS

QUADRAM

Amberchrome IBM compatible $ 175

AMDEK

V300G $129

V300A 139

V310AforlBMPC 159

Color 300 249

ColoreOO 415

Color 710 545

TAXAN

Composite #115, Green $ 120

Composite#116,Amber 125

IBMGreenMonochrome#121 139

IBM AmberMonochrome#122 145

RGBIBMw;Cable#420 389

RGBSuperHi-Res.#415 393

RGB Super Hi-Res. #440 529

RGB/Comp.Med.Res.#220 245

PRINCETON GRAPHICS

HX.12forusewilhlBMPC $ 455

Max12AmberforlBM 175

SR 1.2 Super Hi-Res , 595

Scan Donbler ., 185

ACCESSORIES

8087 Math Chip $ 115

COMPUSERVE

Starter Kit Incflides: Infoplex, Electronic Conferencing', Prdfessional Forums and Much More $ 39

Executive ,., 55 J

MOST ORDERS SHIPPED SAME DAY

MAIL ORDER & WAREHOUSE:

171 El South Central, Unit L

Carson, California 9074B

CUSTOMER SERVICE: [213] 635-5065

Mon.-Fri. 9 a.m. to 3 p.in. Inquiry 95

ORDER LINE [800] 732-0304

COtitsida California)

[213] 635-2809

Dnsida California]

Mon.-Fri. 7 a.m. to 6 p.m. Saturday 11 a.m. to 3 p.m.

UNIVERSITIES,

THE ULTIMATE PC COMPATIBLE ENCLOSURE}

IDEAL FOR MEGA-BOARDXT OR ANY IBM-PC PC-XT COMPATIBLE BOARDS

OEM AND DEALER QUANTITY DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE

EASYACCESSU

FLIP-TOP-CASE" OPENS FOR EASY ACCESS TO INSIDE!!

Bus Expansion Slot

Allows External Access To PC Bus

■POWER SUPPLY

Blank Label Inset

For Your Company Or University Name Here

EXCLUSIVE FLIP-TOP-CASE™

Overcomes Problems With PC Case

Mounts Standard Half or Full Height

Floppy Disk or Hard Disk Drives

Rugged Heavy Gauge Steel Construction

ADVANCED KEYBOARD

ONLY

$9995

COMPLETE

Full PC Compatibility

FEATURES: • Horizontal Return Key • Caps Lock and Num. Lock Indicators

Enter Key for Numeric Keypad

ONLY

$14995

Fully Assembled and Tested with One Year Limited Warranty

'DISPLAY

TELECOMMUNICATIONS .CORPORATION

4100 SPRING VALLEY ROAD SUITE 400 DALLAS, TX 75234 (214)991-1644

TERMS: We accept cash, checks, money orders, or purchase orders from qualified firms and institutions. Prices and availability subject to change withou notice. Shipping and handling charges extra.

'IBM and IBM PC are trademarks of International Business Machines 510 BYTE • MAY 1985

©1984 Display Telecommunications Corporation

CHOICE OF MAJOR OEM MANUFACTURERS, UNIVERSITIES, ^ it I RESEARCH LABS ETC. A THOROUGHLY FIELD PROVEN DESIGN. ^

^" HIGH VOLUME PRODUCTION ENGINEERED.

• FULL IBM PC-XT* COMPATIBILITY!

• FULL MEGA-BYTE RAM CAPACITY ON MOTHERBOARD!

THOUSANDS

SOLD WORLD WIDE!

DEALERS AND OEM MANUFACTURERS QUANTITY DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE

Standard Keyboard Interface

(Full PC compatible)

Eight Compatible I/O interface Connectors

(Full PC compatible) (compatible with all IBM-PC* plug-In cards)

Special J1 Interface

(Allows horizontal mounting of compatible expansion cards for easy bus expansion and custom configuring) (Board has 62 pin gold plated compatible connector)

Hardware Reset

(Overcomes reset flaw in PC)

Power Connector

(Full IBM* pinout compatible)

8088 Processor

(Same as PC)

8087 Numeric Processor

(Same as PC)

Peripheral Support Circuits

(Same as PC)

Extended ROM

Capability

(Runs all compatible PC ROMS) (Jumper programmable to accommodate all popular 8K, 16K, 32K and 64K ROM chips and NEW EE ROMS! VPP power pin available for EP ROM burning!) (External VPP voltage required)

Configuration Switches

(Same as PC)

Speaker/Audio Port

(Same as PC)

Wire Wrap Area

To facilitate special custom applications!

Triple-tested, fully socketed and assembled with IC's.

Full Mega-Byte Ram Capacity! On board!

(With parity)

□ 256K Bytes using 64K chips a 1 Mega Bytes using 256K chips

Includes highest quality PC board with gold plating, silk screen, solder mask

Board Size lo.s inch x i3.5 inch

99.95

□ MEGA-BOARD" — XT

□ BARE BOARD KIT

□ ASSEMBLED AND TESTED

SOCKET KIT $199.95

(l£SS IC'S) (FULLY SOCKETED)

□ ASSEMBLED AND TESTED —

COMPLETE $499.95

(INCLUDES USERS MANUAL AND MEGA-BIOS ROM)

□ USERS MANUAL WITH THEORY OF

OPERATION, SCHEMAHCS, BUDCK

DIAGRAt^, APPUCATION

NOTES $ 19.95

□ MEGA-BIOS'" ROM (2764) FULLY XT

COMPATIBLE, M&DOS,

PC DOS $ 29.95

□ HARD TO GET PARTS CALL

FREEI Displaytel™

Exclusive.

Our CoiTimitinent to

Microcomputer

Education!

FREE Intel 8088 Data Book with each Mega-Board™Order!

ORDER NOW!!!

Fast, friendly service

CALL 214-991-1644

VISA

EURO 1 CARD I

Immediate shipment! Most instock items shipped same or next day!

10 Day money back guarantee if not completely saMsliedl

'DISPLAY

TELECOMMUNICATIONS ..CORPORATION

4100 SPRING VALLEY ROAD

SUITE 400

DALLAS, TX 75234

(214) 991-1644

TERMS: We accept cash, checks, money orders, or purchase orders from qualified firms and institutions. Prices and availability subject to change without notice. Shipping and handling charges extra.

'IBM and IBM PC are trademarks of International Business Machines Inquiry 137

©1984 Display Telecommunications Corporation MAY 1985 •BYTE 511

California Digi

17700Figueroa Street m Carson^ CalifOi

NEC RGB^^^^ COLOR f2SQ

MONITOR

The NEC JC-1401D is a 13" medium/high resolulion RGB monitor suitable (or use wiih the Sanyo MBC-550/555 or the IBM/PC. The monitor features a resolution of400 dots by 240 lines. Colors available are Red, Greets. Blue. Yellow, Cyan, Magenta, Black and White. These monitors are currently being used in applications far more critical than microcomputers.

The NEC monitor carries the Litton-Monroe label and was originally scheduled (or use in their "Office ol the Future" equipment. A change in Monroe's marketing strategy has made these units excess inventory Vi^ich were sold lo California Digital. We are offering these prime "new" RGB monitors at a flr^ction of their original cost. Sanyo compatible NEC-1401/S; IBM/P/C Computer comoatlbfe NEC-1401/PC

MONITORS

BMCIZAgreenphosphorlSMHz composnwdeo. BMC 12- lilgh Fesotulion. 20MHi. Amdek 3001312" green phosphor Amdek 300A 12" amtierphos., hi-resolutlon Amdek 310A designed lor I8M/PC, amtw Zenith ZVMl 22 AmtMr Ptwsphor 12" 40/60 column switch.

IHz.c(mip08ll video.

nrM123 green (^osohor 12" 40/BO colunwi swilch, NBSJ&lfiOlBfBonphoBphoMSMHi " NB;jfl»6i!omrnerciBtg^ Gor^ opan frame mqinres horz sync-S12tf. supply.

NECJC1«lDPitedium/Higti )3 HGB BMCAU919IUC{«anX(iiposilv.deow«fi sound BMC 9191M RGB designed tor use wiih \m IBM a NECJC1203DM. RGB color momior NEC JCi:!lScolGr cnmposil Zenith ZVM13b RGB S ccmposile suilabiu (or IBM AmdeX Color I. ia composii video Amdek Color II <, 13' RGB hi/resoluiion Amdek Color 111 ■, 13' RGB. medium rosoluiiion Pnnceton HX-12 RGB IBM/PC compaliDio

SMC-I2A

BMC-12EN

AMK-3O0Q

AMK-300A

AMK-310A

ZTH-122

ZTH-Z123

NEC-JB120!

nIC-JB1260

C0N-BW9

78.95 119,00 128.95 13B,95 1SS,9S

B9.95

09.95 159.00 119.00

59 00

MEC-1.I01/X 259 UO

BMC-9131 238.95

BMC-S191M 379 00

NEC-t203 699 00

NEC-JCI215 33900

ZTH-2135 475 OD

AMK-100 299 00

AMK-2afl ^119 95

AMK-3aO 359 95

PRN-HX12 95

PRINfERS

MATRIX PRINTERS

Slar GBmmi' 10X120 char/sec. SlarGemini-15X. lOOchar./sec. 15" paper SlarGemim Delia 10. l60Criar/ssc Toshitu P1351.192 chaf/sec. loiter quality Okidaia S2A sonal & parallel 9'';" paper Otldata 92A parallel interlace. 160 char/uc. OfudataSaA&parsHel 15-paper OMdata 84A S parallel 15-pqier ^aon RX-S010" 120 Char/sea Epson RX-80/FTfrictlon&|rattor ^isoit FX80FT. tO"t60char./aeaw)|hgruAtraK Epson FXtOOFT 15" 160 diar./sec with or~^ Epson IjQISOO. iS'coro^ndBnce" Epson JXBO CoTor printer Prowriter 8510 parallel 9t^" paper Prowriier II. parallel 15" paper, graphics Dataproducts B.fiOO-3, band pnnief 600 LPM. PnnirDnri P300 high speed printer300 lines per minulE Prinlronix P600 ulfra high speed 600 lines per minute.

quwity

STR-GIOX

STR-GI5X

STR-D10

TOS-t35t

OKI-82A

0KI-92A

0KI-S3A

OK1-84A

EPS-RX80

EPS-RXaOR'

EPS-FXeO

EPS-FX10Q

EPS-LQISOO

EPS-Jxao PRO-aslOP

PH0-2P DPS-B600

PTX-P300

PTXPeoo

WORD PROCESSING PRINTERS

Siarwrdor F10 piirallel. 40 iJiar/SBC. PRO F 10P

NECaaiO 55 mar second, senal inlerlaco NEC-8810

fJECBsnii 55 f;Hiir.'soc. par i interlace. NEC-a830 NEC3550 popular piinief designedloflhe IBM/PC NEC2050 dBsignod lor IBM/PC 20 char/sec. pari. Silver Reed EXP5O0,14 char/ssc par I Interlace Sflver Reed EXP55017 Char/sec pari miertace. Oialilo 630 40 char/see. serial

Oiat>>o620,proportlon«>spadng,hor2.avat1.lab.20cps. DBL-GSO

JuUGiOO. IBchar./sac. JUK-6100

Jiilae300.40c}»r./Ma JUK-^W Cornrm CR2,5k IxiKar. proportional spacing, paa

NEC-3550 NEC-2D50 SRD-EXP50D SHD-EXP550 DBL-630

CRX-OttP

249 00 365.00 359 DO 1495 00 299 DO 379 DO 549.00 929,00 239,00 279.00 399 00 599 00 1079 00 579.00 329 00 599.00 6985 00 3995 00 ^795 00

499 00 1659.00 (659.00 1599.00 669,00 319.00 429.00 15G9,00 769.00 399 00 699 00 395 00

TERMINALS

Freedom 100. splil screen, deialchabta Ice^ioanl LlBFiOO

Qume t02 green phosphor terminal OUM-102

Ampex Dialogue 125 green screen. APX-D125G

Ampex DIalouge 175 amber sctoan. Im paoe. func. keys APX-Oi 75A

Wyss SO. 14" green phosphor WYS-50

Wyse 300, Elghi color display. spM scraen WYS-300

ZenAh 29 terminal. VT52 compalitile. detalch.ble ftajtxiard- ZTH-Z29

Talevidao BIO Pius, block mode TVI-910P

Telewii^92S.ctBtalctieble keyboard, 22 lunctkxikaya TVI-925

TetevWeo 950, graphicchar..splil screen. 22 tunc. TVI-950

Telovideo970,14"green. 132 column, European TVl-970

495 00 539 00 675.00 719.00 595 00 1159 00 765,00 575,00 759.00 950.00 1095.00

COMPUTER PLOTTER

The Comrex Comscriber I is the ideal solution to mal<e shorl worl< of transiating financial and numeric data into a grapfiic presentation.

Many ready to run programs such as Lotus 1-2-3, Visi-on and Apple business graphics ali-eady support this plotter.

The Comscriber I features programmable paper sizes up to 8V2 by 120 inches, 6 inch per second plot speed and 0,004" step size.

Easy to Implement Centronics interface allows the Comscriber I immediate use with the printer port of

most personal computers.

The Comscriber 1 is manufactured for Comrex by the Enter Computer Corporation. Tiie plotter is marketed by Heath Kit and also sold under Enters own "Sweet P" Label. This is your opportunity to purchase a graphic plotter which was originally priced at $795 for only $219.

Also available is a support package which includes demonstreition software, interface cable, amulticolor pen assortment and a variety of paper and transparency material.

1200 BAUD

MODEM

The Team 212A offers all the features of the Hayes' Smart fulodem 1200 tor a fraction ol the price. Now is your opportunity to purchase a 1200 baud modem at the price of a 300 baud modem. California Digital is so confident of your complete satisfaction that we will allow the return the Team 212A and apply the full credit towards the purchase of any other 1200 baud triodem, TEM-SM1200

PROMETHEUS

ProModem 1200

The Prometheus Promodein 1200 is besl value thai we have seen in a 300/1200 baud modem. "Riis Hayes compatible modem features completely unattended operation, auto answer/auto dial and even includes "redial number when busy". Internal diagnostics makes the Promodem 1200 an easy modem to Install, Hdp connnands, real time clock and internal spe^r add lo the ease of use of (Ms uniL An optional processor accessory allows batteiy back up, extra memory space for storing addilioial phone numbers, messages received, and can act as a transfer buffer wfren exchanging programs. The Alphanumeric dfsplay option allows messages saved to be displayed when (hey w&e received, diagnostic test r^ts, nunibers in the directory, as well as modem Status.

229 00 299 00 35 00

31900 279 00 239 00 75 00 42DO0 399 00 239 00 279 OO 1&9 00 .139 00 195 00

teg.oo

219.00

359 00

Team 120D Hayes Cofnpatibia CTS212AH 1200 luud, autodial Teiminal soflwaro for CTS 21ZAH

PromelliGiJS 1200 super (ealiires

PtomettiDii'; IPOOB inieinal PC

Signalmnri M.-iik i:.' i;'(fD tj^u.ri H.iyi". i:oi"naiitiic

Sigrtafman M.iri- i r^.f. r' cvw^-.: ■■■''.r- t^'rininiilcutile

Hayes Sm.itI MaCi.'m 1.?rXiDiiu(l. .iuUi .iriswor. autodial

Hayes l20i)Dtor usu wininelBU'PC 1200 baud Hayes Smartmodem. 300 baud only auto answer, auio i Hayes Micronrodem II, 103 Apple direct connect Haves Chronogiaph, imeA dale U S RobOOcsZtZA300/1200baud, auiodmiianswor. Penril 300/1200 indusinal quality UnivHsal Data 103LP. line power, answer & ongmaie Universal Data 302.1200 baud, hall duplex i»ily ■'- -rsal D;itfi 212LP. full 1300 bniirtrlupldi; ImiMfflwei

TEM-SM1200 CTS-2t2AH CTS-212SFT PflM-Pl200

PRM-P)y00D

SGL-MK12

SGLMK1

HVS-212AD

HYS-130IIO

HYS-IDIIAD

HYS-Mf/?

HYS-CNR232

USR-212A

PEN-1 SAD

U05-ID3LP

UDS-202LP

unsptpi p

> IIE/2 Computer features a 12" non-glare green phosphor CRT. typewriter style keyboard with separate numeric cluster. This unit provkles two 5 1/4" drives for a combined storage capacity of 780 K/Byte. TTie computer contains a 4Mhz Z-80A, DMA disk interface, two RS-232C serial puis, CentnHiics printer interface, along wHh an

auxiliary parallel port.

Software Included consists of ULTRACALC electronic spread sheet. SPELLBINDER word processor. CBASIC2, CP/M 2.2, and an exclusive Eagle menu driven utility package. These units are all "factory new" and are being offered far below their suggested price of S2495. This is your opponunity to purchase a complete CP/M system (or only $895.

Return of a Smash HHSelhai

DRAGON

99

Compatible wlUi most Radio Shack Color Computer soliware. The world (amous Dragon computer is now available in the United States. Manulaciured by the Tano Corp. under license of the British Broadcasting Company. The Dragon comes complete with 64K Byte of memory, serial modem port along with a Centronics printer interface. This unique microcomputer features Motorola"s advanced 6809E microprocessor and comes standard wilh Microsoft Color Basic, data base manager, and a complete word processing package The computer outputs color composite video along with R.F. video that allows the unit to be used in conjunction with any color televiaon. This is the Ideal low cost computer to be used with any diaj up information system such as the Source, Weslern Union's EasyLink or any other IiiTKi 5ili,iro soivicn

California Digitai

77700Figueroa Street # Carson^ California90248

C.ITOH FIO STARWRITER

LETTER QUALITY PRINTER

C. Itoh's STARWRITER F-10 is the answer for the perfect daisy wheel printer. The F-10 produces letter quality printing at 40 characters per second. Auto installs with Wordstar and Perfect Writter. Features extensive built-in word processing functions that allow easy adaptability and reduced software complexity. Industry standard Centronics interface provides instant compatibility with all computers eqiilped with a parallel printer port.The Starwriter F-10 ac

cepts paper up to 15 inches in width.

These phnters were originally priced to sell at over $1400. Through a special arrangment California Digital has purchase these units from a major computer manufacturer and Is offering these printers at a fraction of their original cost.

Options available include tractor feed, buffered memory and an assortment of printer cables for a variety of computers.

10 MEGABYTE WINCHESTER

SPECIAL

California Digital has recently purchased several thousand 10 Megabyte Winchester disk drives. The manufacturer has asked us not to advertise their name. Please telephone for details

MEMORY

41M 1 sons. MK 12B refresh 4i:!S6 150ns. 256K 4lieiM)ns.16K 411G200nB.1BK 412S for IBM/AT

21LD2 21L02450IW.1KSMJC 2112450m. 2KaMic 2114300m. 1Ki4

S2S73(IDm.4KKl «11«P4200m.2Kii 8110 P3 ISOna. 2K X

3706450ns. IK 1 G 2716450ns.2K xS 2716TMS 45Qns, Tfi2732450ns.-IK i fl 2764n!L0ns (iK i a 27l?[l yjQi^-. I&K >

ICU-S2S7300 ICIM11S2aO

IC1H-61161S0

ICE-270e ICE-2716 ICE-3716TMS

ICE-3732

I I

1.SB

3.70 4.1 B

Shuftait

These'^.y Megabyte drives are new units recently released by the Shugart division of Xerox. The Shugart 604 is fully 506 industry compatible. Each drive is tested before shipment and is supplied with a 90 day warranty. SHU-604

ive Inch Winchester Hard Disk Drives

FUJITSU M2235AS 27 Meg. 899 859

RODIME RO-208 53 Meg. 1589 1493

MAXTOR XT10140 140 Meg. 3895 3785

SHUGART 712 13Meg. V2Ht 495 465

SHUGART 604 6.7 Meg. 99 89

TANDON 502 10 Meg. 419 395

TANDON 503 19 Meg. 695 675

SEAGATE 225 25 Meg. 695 625

mr Chohs TFA^SSB 55F I b#^W48TPI'96TPI

One Two Ten Five Inch Double Silled Drives

TEAC FD55B half height 119 115 109

TEAC FDS5F 96 TPI, half ht. 119 115 109 CONTROL DATA 9409 PC 169 159 155 SHUGARTSA455 Hall Height 119 115 109 SHUGARTSA465V2Ht.96TPI 119 115 109 TANDON 100-2 full height 149 145 139 TANDON 101-4 96TPI full ht. 299 289 279 MITSUBISHI 4851 half height 139 135 129 MITSUBISHI 4853 96/TPiy2Ht. 155 149 139 MITSUBISHI 4854 8" elec. 295 285 275 QUME 142 half height 219 205 199

Eight Inch Single Sided Drives SHUGART 801R 159 159 154

SIEMENS FDD 100-8 119 115 109

TANDON S48E-1 HaHHelgMt 369 359 349

Eight Inch Double Sided Drives SHUGART SA851R 495 485 475

QUME 842 "QUME TRACK 8" 319 319 313 TANDON 848E-2 Half Height 459 447 435 REMEXRFD-4000 219 219 209

MITSUBISHI M2896-63 V2 Ht. 459 449 409

Shipping: First five pounds $3.00, each additional pound $.50. Foreign orders: 10% shipping, excess will be refunded. California residents add 6V2% sales tax. • COD's discouraged. Open accounts extended to state supported educational institutions and companies with a strong "Dun & Bradstreet" rating.

California Digitai

17700Figueroa Street • Carson, California90248

IBM COMPATIBLE ^,

OPERATES MS/DOS & CPM86 Monitor and Disk Drives inciuded.

The Olympia Computer is a current technology, IBM/PC compatible computer complete with two quad density disk drives, 128K/ byte of user memory (expandable to 512K) and a 12 inch high resolution monitor. This unit features a 8086 CPU, a true 16 bit microprocessor, built In RS-232 serial port and a Centronics parallel printer port. The Olympia includes a dual operating system and both MS/DOS 2.1 and CP/M 86 are provided. The computer will also support Concurrent CP/M. And will operate Lotus 1 -2-3 as well as Flight Simulator. The Olympia uses Digital Research's GSX/86 graphics extension system which allows application programs to use the full capabilities of screen graphics.

The original suggested list price on the Olympia Computer was $3,595 but California Digital offering these units, while supplies last, at only $995.

WINCHESTER

JlWSYSTEM

The California Digrtal Winchester subsystem provides over 10 megabytes of memory for onfy $519. This low cost exiernal hard dish systems is supplied with controller card and operating software.

Eveiyttiingyou need to install this Winchester on your \BWPC is included with the subsystem kit. And at only SSI 9, this 1b by far ttie best value that has ever been aSfered in a hard disk system.

TELETYPE *

ANCHOR AUTOMATION

MODEM

The Anchor Automation Mark VI is direct connect modem that plus into any stot otyour IBM/PC- This modem supports auto answer and autodial capabililies. dlher features include telephone number storage, send / receive text files, single key siroke dialing akir^ with many othw functions provided on disk. The Mark Vlj^^originally pri(»datOVerS300.

FREE

Plastic library case supplied with all diskettes purchased from California Digital.

Each box 10 Boxes 100 Boxes FIVE INCH DOUBLE SIDED DOUBLE DENSITY

95 95

CAL DIGITAL IPI; 19-95 SCOTCH

VERBATIM viiB.»oMo

_ _ ' _^ . HXL.MD2r96

MAXELL / HD Ki

DVa<104^20

DYSAN S;::IS3iig 42.

OV5.204J20

18.75

17.85 24.75 23.75

27.95 27.95 CALL

50:40.50135.50

DYSAN/96

N/A

HIA

49.95l47.95l45.75

Other diskettes available include V/2" and

ioii" io: prices.

DUALTEAC

SUBSYSTEM

The dual Teac55F subsystem leaiurestwo9$fl'ackperinctlSW"douDieSided disk drives Afso supplied within the strisysIemrsSOwatt powersljpplyanda

four fool shielded signal cable.

BAR CODE READER iForlBM/PO,

MODEL r^nW^ 40 i^L^^s

The Teletype Model 40 printer is continuous heavy duty communication equipment lhat nave recently come off lease from a Cado Compuier customer. It is seldom lhat California Digital liecomns irvoIvlkJ in the marketing of reconditioned equipment but we fell itiai ihis printer represented such an exceptional value that we had to offer this equipment lo our customers. The full character chain printer is capable oi priming text in excess of 300 lines per minute. This printer, long used in high speed mini-computer applications, will provide the small business user wilh good quality multi-part printouts at speeds lhat can nol be attained by dol malnx printers This unit also ha^i ;i lour channoi vortical lorms loed controller lhal allows tor quick clianae of various (orm lenqlils The Teictvp'? Model 40 printer lias a proprietary etial r I il r II I fir

setting baud rair please phone for c ■; \.

55

The DalaLogic bar code reader plugs directly between the keyboard and the mainframe of your IBf«1/PC All instnjclions are supplied in firmware butll into the reader device By the flip ol a dip switch this bar code reader is capable of reading eight different formats of code including UPC. 2/5 and mswy more. Bar code is suitable for inventory control, freight and invoice records, personal records and other application limited only by imagination. Olher D.-ilaLogic bar cad(> re;idG[^ are dosignod (oi Ihf; Apple II and RS-232 serial leiminals P'oriSf; [ifiutin loi lisl ot olhui bar code products available.

DIGIGRAPHICS

MULTIFUNCTION

The Otgigraphic 384M multifunction card is a work-a-like lo Itie over priced AST Sixpack Plus but at a much more attractive price. Memory is expandibfe (o 384K/byte, t>attery backed up clock/calendar, lully programmable RS-232 communication port, Centronics parallel port, and game port as standard equipment making this card an outstanding value. Software is also provided for clock/calendar functions, RAM-Disk up to 360K, print spooler for up to 3 printers, as well as diagnostic momoiy tests. Si79.00 nomemory DGC-3a4/0;$219.0064K/bytememeiyD6C>384/64.

CONNKCTORS

rasyi

EasyLink gives any personal computer access to over i .5 million Western Unions World Wide terminials. With EasyUnk service you can send Telexs. Telegrams and Mailgrams from your own compuier. Through the use of the "MaiTbox" messages can be received even when your computer is turned off, and "picked up" at your convenience.

Joining the World of Western Union's EasyLink is FREE of charge and Ihere is no monthly service fee. Sending a domestic Telox is aboul Si.75 and a

Mailqram ha? nn adverage coM uf '52.50 Wcstom Union does (eqnirr a

100 Gold

DB25P

RIBBON CONNECTORS

DB25Pmale CND-f25P 5 65 5 25 -116

OB25S lemaie CND-f25S 5 95 5 59 ■! 50

57-30360 male CNC-r36P 7 95 6 75 5 90

57-303601 male CNC-r36S 7 95 6 75 5 90

ZOpinedge CNI-DE20 4.35 3.30 250

20 pin socket CNI-DSZO 2.75 1.65 1.60

26pinodge CNI-DE26 4.95 3.50 2.70

26pins0ckGt CNt-DS26 3.50 2.40 2.15

SJpinL-dgB CNI-DE34 4,95 4,50 3,50

3'lpinsoc:kct CNI-OS34 4.50 3.95 3,15

SDpinatJgo CNI-DE50 5.95 5.60 4,90

SOpiriBOCkel CN1-DS50 4 95 4 60 3 80

AMPHENOL / CENTRONICS TYPE

-D ■ TYPE

DE9Pmale DE9S1enialc DE Pood DA15Pmale DA15S lemaie DAtShood DB25P male [}B25S female DBZShood DC37P male DC37S female DC37ho(x)

Doropi'-iif

CND-9P CND-SS CND-9H

CND-15P CND-15S CNni5H CND-2bP CND-25S CN025H CND-37P CND-37S CND-37H run r-"!r

1.60 V

2,25 2.

150 I

2 35 2

3 25 :l

100+

.40 1.30 .00 1,30

Shipping: First five pounds S3,00, each additional pound $.50. Foreign orders: 10% shipping, excess will be refunded. California residents add 6V2% sales tax. • COD's discouraged. Open accounts extended to state supported educational instituwith a strong "Dun & Bradstreet" rating.

TOLL FREE ORDER LINE

(800) 421-5041

TECHNICAL & CALIFORNIA

(213) 217-0500

IHIyperon Software

Specializing in innovative programming tools.

■ Complete documentation and C-source provided (presently DOS

only).

■ Reasonable prices

■ High quality and good perlormance

Products currently available: C Preprocessor, Features include variables and expressions, loops, and full macros. Price — $39.95 General purpose editor. Line onented commands wXh a screen oriented submode. Command window Pnce - $29.95 Order from:

HYPERON SOFTWARE

P.O. Box 3349 Costa Mesa, CA 92628 Enclose check or money order. California residents add 6%

2532 Orange Ave Costa Mesa. CA

DISKS

W n fit SS/DD

LOW AS

BULK

Highest quality disks, complet* with labels and sle«ves. Suaranteci lOQZ error free. Full one year replacement warranty' Call for volume pricing and private labeling. •UDID SS/DD +SLEEVE b LABEL 10/*H,80 •UOiN SS/DD ND SLEEVE/LABEL " •tJD2D Iffi/DD -i^LEEVE & LABEL tli02N DS/DD NO SLEEVE/LABEL

-- 500/*420

100/«82 1000/«770 10/»12.90 I00/«119

RFS ICS p

.fiO .99

3.00

2764 3.50

4116 .34 4164-150 t.88 8253 3.50 B748 18.50

Pay by HC/Visa/Aaes, COD, or send check with order. Ue charge standard UPS/Postal shipping, with no handling charge. In the USA, we ship only to a street address, not a PO Box or RFD. Please .nclude your day phone number. Minimum order %17.

Money-back 30 day guarantee'

800)343-0472 ..Slcr

§§§200 HUHLEY ST, CAMBRIDGE, MA 03141

Send for FREE CATAL06 listing 1000*s of iteas!

Monitor Mover Gives Back tlie Desk

• Models to fit most CRTs

• Rotates 360° on base

• Adjustable height

• Support tray swivels and tilts

• Holds up to 50 lbs

• Clamp, screw and wall mountings

urngkMiiiiii

P.O. Box 8056 Grand Rapids, Ml 49508 (616) 241-4040

Inquiry

Inquiry 404

Inquiry 242

^ Macinffish" "

r

512K

iBCtodCtMH:

$1995

Call for prices on other Macintosli products.

PCS LIMITED

OUTMH mU, ORDIU ONLY, CAU1-800-426-51S0. 7M1 N. iMMr, 11-200, AMttlR, Tizos TST52. Al Mil lniMt Iktw ml ii RM>M^r liiq*M«i,

Ml (111) 493-0933. gega

^ MuNfcf1»M6UMKm HB f^m

■ MiciaMt »■ HiJc—> toMc* JtoMKdWBCMTtUWHuteiCuri. I

NEW LOW-COST EPROM PROGRAMMER

Programs IVIOS EPROMs and EEPROMs to 256k for only 51,450 (U.S, list price). Full-strol<e i<eyboard • Large alptia display • Full editing • Intelligent algoritinms • RS 232C • Remote control.

Call (800) 547-4000, Dept. 123»* for more information.

"In Oreqon 1-503 684-3000.

10525 Willows Road N E , PO Box 97046 Redmond, WA 98073-9746

NEW

qpeijMliliw*'

Stacks printed pages neatly on top of your computer printer!

• Rests on top of most Epson and Okidata 80 col. and similar printers

• Saves space

• Eliminates paper stacking problems

• Low $49.95 suggested retail price

See Paper Catcher at a dealer neat you, or contact: Buddy Products

1350 S. Leavitt Street Chicago, IL 60608 (312) 733-6400

inquiry IIS

Inquiry tiJ

DSDD-$1.39 IBM PREFORMATTED (360K) $1.55

QUALITY MEDIA-ANY QUANTITY

LIFETU\/1E REPLACEMENT GUARANTEE

HUB RINGS-TYVEC ENVELOPES

Because we buy in tiuge volume to supply software manutacturers, our prices can't be beat.

BlACKSHIP

COMPUTER SUPPLY

PO Box 883362 ■ San Francisco, CA 94188 (415) 550-0512

Add $3.00 shipping and handling (CA residents add 6.5%) VISA/MC/COD

4t

Guard Your RS-232 Ports i Against Costly Damage i

Caused By Lightning •Voltage Peaks '

RS-232 SURGE PROTECTOR

Only $34.95 Model 232SP.

; voltage

Suppresses < above 26 volts wittiout affecting normal RS-232 voltage levels. Protects pins 2, 3, & 7. ORDER NOW! Only $34.95. All cast! orders postpaid (IL res. add 6% sales tax). MC, Visa accepted. FREE: New illustrated catalog of RS-232 interface and It^onitoring Equipment. Phone: (815)-434-0846.

B&nelectrnnicK BhIpmanufacturing company

P.O. Box 1008B, OHAWA, IL 61350

NOW C HERE!

CROSS SOFTWARE for the NS32000

Also Available for IBM PC INCUJDBS:

* Cross Assembler * * Cross Linker *

* Debugger *

* N.S. ISE Support *

* Librarian *

* Pascal Cross Compiler *

* C Cross Compiler *

t;.S. prices .start at .S.500

SOLUTIONWARE

1283 Mt. Vlnr-Alvlso Rd.

Suite B SimiiTVale, CaUL 94089 408/745-7818 • TLX 4994264 i

Inquiry 52

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iquiry 216

APPLE lie SERIAL PORT

STANDARD PRINTER * CONNECTOR

MW-lOO J3I-C SERIAL TO CENTRONICS S99

PARALLEL PRINTER INTERFACE FOR ALL MAJOR CENTRONICS PRINTERS

INTERFACES THE APPLE IIC, EPSON PX8, AND HX:0 TO STANDARD PARALLEL PRINTERS

MWOOO UNIVERSAL INPUT-OUTPUT BOARD

BOARD FOR IBM PC 16 EIGHT BIT ANALOG INPUTS 14 HI VOLTAGE/CURRENT OUTPUTS/ BASIC DEMO PROGRAM INCLUDED I ANALOG OUTPUT--PROTOTYPING AREA 10 PROGRAMMABLE DISCRETE INPUTS/OUTPUTS

MW-lDl UNIVERSAL SERIAL I/O BOARD

WITH RS-3a2 INTERFACE 16 EIGHT BIT ANALOG INPUTS M HI VOLTAGE/CURRENT OUTPUTS ONE ANALOG OUTPUT APPLE-IBM-KAYPRO- COMPATIBLE TALKS TO ANV SERIAL RS.232 PORT MICROPROCESSOR CONTROLLED • 6311Q AUTO BAUD RATE SEEKING - AUTO DATA LOGGING

Micro World Electronix, Inc, 3333 S. Widiworth_BM.^^C105.

Two Dollars SALE

Thi Groat Book of Gamsi 46 games, 144 pages Order-Ho.182vm 19JB now 12.

Mora on the Sixtytour

Machine Language Pro^mi for the

advanced user.

Order-No. 183 wai 19.96 now S 2.

Machina Language Programming on the C-64

Onler Mo. 184 wssS 12.9G

now S 2.-

Cornmedare-64 Tunenip Hardware expaniions, t/O programming, A/D conversion. Order-No. IBS was S 12.95

now S 2.

Thfl programs from the book) are alio svailabla <

SUPER BOOK FOR THE APPLE II

The APPLE in your Hand Advanced BASIC programs, introAictlon Into machint! language, FORTH. Tlw 8i Triclis (220 pages). Order-Nb. 178 waiS 12.95

now 3 2.-

BOOKS FOR ATARI 8

) XL

Ganws (or (he ATARI

112 [lacjei lull ol super gamei, Ofder-No. 162 was 8 7.95now i 2.

ATARI BASIC-Learning by Utirtg Order-No. 164 was 2 7.9Snow S 2.

ATARI Machine Language Program m in g

Order-No. 169 was S 9.96nowS 2.Haekerbook for the ATARI Onler-No. 172 was t 9.S5now 12.

a day

)5nowS2.ndiik. Each disk ii 19.95.

ELCOMPPUBLtSHING. IMC 1174 Vim FootMII er*d., Unil E Upt*fld.CAS1786

PhoiM: 17141 SSS-447} .Til.: » 81 91

PAVMENT^ Montv Onltr, VISA. MC

l>USA:<ddt»«le

WESOME

TECHNOLOGY, INC.

Poor Man's TopView" "MULTIPLE CHOICE" Provides:

A) Screen switching under DOS

B) Up to 8 programs in memory

C) Efficient memory use - run 123 Willi WordStar in 256K

D) Data transfer screen snapstiot >'E) All of tfie above available NOW Multiple Choice is only $64 and runs on IBM PC/XT/AT/clones

For Information, Call (408) 646-1384

AWESOME TECHNOLOGY, INC. 177 Webster St. Ste. A-416 Monterey, CA 93940

Order Toll Free (VISA/tvIC) Outside CA (800) 548-2255 Ext 803 Inside CA (BOO) 624-2644 Ext 803 TopView is a trademari< of \BM Corporation

Inqi'irv 267

Inquiry 454

inquiry 46

Erases Most Eproms in 3 Minutes ^

Solid state 2-8 Min.

Timer Version $54.95

For all 24 or 28 pin devices—2 at a lime.

90 DAY VI/ARRANrEE SHIPPING S HANDLING DEALERS WELCOME ,»,^o%,s

W^LLIHGCQ

4401 S. JUNIPER • TEMPE, AZ 85282 • (602) 838-1277

Inquiry 417

Your IBM Model 50,60,65,75,85,95 or WHEELWRITER Typewriter can be a computer printer or terrrtlnal using our interface modules: Model 5060 RS232 Serial Model 5060-CP Centronics Parallel

Both Versions NEW can be easily installedand require NO moditicationatotlie typewriter. A 2K buffer Is standard, 8K optional.

CALIFORNIA MICRO COMPUTER

9323 Warbler Ave., Fountain Valley, CA 92708 (714) 964-9301

EPROM

PROGRAMMER

a APPROTEK 1000

JSjSgJ^ ONLY

^HJaJ^^BB COMPLETE WITH

(VIODULE 1 17 AC POWER-RS232 6 BAUD RATES HANDSHAKE TO HOST ALLOWS READ, WRITE, VERIFY & COPY

Conieb complete with CPM & BASIC Dnvei Pfogram Listings lof niosi small diicros

Full 1 Year Warranty

Progiams trie following 5 Voll 24 or 28 pin

devices 27\k senes Ihfough 27256,

25xx senes, 68766 plus olhers

Specifv Peisunalilv WucJule desiiecJ with order

Additional Petsonalilv Modules only $ 1 5 00 ea

TO ORDER CALL OR WRITE

APROPOS TECHNOLOGY

I 0 7 1 -A AVENIDA ACASO Add CAMARILLO. CA 930 I 0 »4.00 ShIpplng-USA (8081 482-3604 VISA or MC Add 3%

Inquiry 38

MEMOREX

FLBXIBLB DISCS

WE WILL NOT BE UNDER

SOLOn Call Free (800)235-4137

for prices and informatioa Dealer inquiries Invited and CO.D.'s accepted

PACinc

EXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd. San Luis Obispo. CA 93401 In Cal. call (800)592-5935 or

(805)543-1037

M.ROSE DATA SWITCHES

ELECTRONICS CLjAnir

SHARE computers, printers, any parallel or serial device ELIMINATE cable swapping INEXPENSIVE way to network COMPATIBLE with all computers.

: Businesses, Schools, Homes WE ALSO OFFER: Data Btiflers, Line Drivers, Modems. Protocol Converters, Parallel - Serial Converters, Cables, Computers, Printers, Disk Drives, and more, AUTOMATIC - CARETAKER is ideal for a business or school to share a printeror modem among many computers. Operation is fully automatic with no software required Parallel or Serial 4 channels - $295 8 channels - $395 MANUAL - HARDSWITCH is Operated with the flip of a switch, 2:2 and 2:4 models allow simultaneous communication.

Serial 1:2-$59 1:4-$ 99 2:2-$109 2:4-$16g Parallel l:2-$99 1:4-$1S9 2:2-$1Be 2:4-$279 LED and spike protection on serial models add $20. CODE ACTIVATED - PORTCR connects one computer to multiple peripherals. Asoftwara codesalectsthe peripheral. Parallel or Serial 4 channels • $295 8 channels - $393 Buffer option 64K-$100 256K - S2S0 REMOTE • TELEPATH connects multiple computers to multiple peripherals, A selector al each computer or terminal chooses up to A peripherals and displays busy status. 4:4 - $495 4:8 - $795 selector - $39.

: ^ilwe d e» foun eompufft

ROSE ELECTRONICS (713) 240-7673

P.O. BOX 742571 MC & VISA Accepttd HOUSTON, TX 77274 Dealsr Inqulriei Inviled CAll US FOR ALL YOUR INTERFACE NEEDS

Metal CE-31

Powerful Real Time 8031 Emulator

That Runs on your IBM PC

The MelalCE series of emulators provide full speed, real time, transparent in-circuit emulation capability for eittier ttie 8031, 8032 or 8344. Many unique features are provided including over 16,000 tiardware breakpoints. f^etalCE emulators simply connect to your IBN^ PC or compatible ttirougti an RS232C interlace. Each MetatCE emulator includes an advanced menu driven host interface. Prices start at under $1,500.00. A Demostration Package is available for $3S.(X). Call toll free for more Information: 1-800-METAICE.

MetaLink Corp. 33 W. Boxelder Place Ctiandler, AZ 85224

1-800-METAICE ,',1 AZ |602) 926-0797

Inquiry 310

Itiqulry 260,

9/19.95

41256'"ar" 8.95

STATIC RAMS

2101

5101

2102-1

2102L-4

2102L-2

2125

2111

2111L

2112

2114

2114-25

2114L-4

2114L-3

2114L-2

2114L-15

TC5514

2141

2147

2148

TMS4044-4 TMS4a44-3 I TmS4(M4,2 TMS4QM4-2 UPD410 MK4118 TMIV12016-200 TMM2016-150 TMM2016-100 HM6116-4 HM611E-3 HM6116-2 HIVI6116LP-4 HIVI6116LP-3 HIVI6116LP-2 TC5516 TMS4016 Z-6132 HM6264P-15 HM6264LP-16 HM6264LP-12

256x4 256«4 1024x4 1024x1 1024x1 1024x1 256x4 256x4 256x4 1024x4 1024x4 1024x4 1024x4 1024x4 1024x4 1024x4 4096x1 4096x1 1024x4 4096x1 4096x1 4096«l 4096if1 4096x1 1024x8 2048x8 2048x8 2048x8 2048«S 2048x8 2048x8 2048x8 2048x8 2048x8 2048x8 2048x8 4096x8 8192x8 8192x8 8192x8

I460IIS) (450nB)(cmos) (450ns| [450ns)(LP) |250ns}(LPl (45ns) |450ns) (450ns||LP| 1450ns) 1450ns) (250ns) (450nii)(LP) (300ns)(LP) (200ns)(LP) (150n5](LP) (650ns)[cmo8) (200ns) (55ns) (70ns) (450n8) (300ns) (200n8) (200ns)(LP) (100ns) (250n9) (20qhs| (ISOna) (100n>) (ZOOnsUcmos) il50n8)(cmos} (120n.)(cmos) (200ns)(cnios)(LP) (150ns)(cnios)(LP) (120ns)(cnK>s){LP) (250ns)(cmos) (200ns) (300ns)(Qstat) (150ns)[cmos) (150ns)(cmos)(LP) (120ns)(cmo3)(LP)

1.95 3.95

1.45 2.95 2.49 2.95 2.99 8/9.95 8/10.95 S/12.96 8/13.45 8/13.95 8/19.95 4.95 2.95 4.95 4.95 3.49 339 4.49 4.95 3.95 9.95 3.25 3.75 4.75 3.69 3.95 5.95 3.95 4.2S 6.95 9.95 6.95 34 95 10.25 10.95 12.95

l-P=Low power Qstiit=auaqi-Static

DYNAMIC RAMS

TMS4027

4096x1

(250ns)

1.99

2107

4096x1

(200ns)

1.95

MMS280

4096x1

(300ns)

1.95

TMS40S0

4096x1

(300ns)

1.95

UPD411

4098x1

(300ns)

1.95

TniS4060

4096x1

(300ns)

1.95

MK4108

8192x1

(200ns)

■ .49

MM5298

8192x1

(250ns)

.49

4116-300

16384x1

(300ns)

a/6.95

4116-250

16384x1

|250ns)

8/6.95

4116-200

16384x1

(200n<|

8/8.95

4116-160

16384x1

(ISOiu)

8/10.95

4116-120

16384x1

(120ns)

8/12.95

2118

16384x1

(150ns)(5v)

4.95

IVIK4332

32768x1

(200ns)

9.95

4164-200

65536x1

(200ns)(5v)

9/19.95

4164-150

65536x1

(150ns)(5v)

9/21.95

4164-120

65536x1

(120ns)(5v)

4.95

MCIVI6665

65536x1

(200n5)(5v)

4.95

T(U1S4164-20

65536x1

(200ns)(5V)

4.25

TMS4164-15

65536x1

(150ns)(5v)

4.95

4164-REFRESH

65936x1

(150ns)|SV)(REFRESH) 8.95

TMS4416-2a

16384x4

(200ns)(5V)

8.95

Tms44ie-i5

16384x4

(150ns)(5v)

9.95

41256 200

262144x1

(200ns]l5v)

8.95

41256 mo

262144x1

|150ns)|5v)

9 95

5v-S(ti(jlL. 5 Vo

I Supply

REFRESH Pii>

1 Rtifrtish

EPROMS

1702

256x8

dual

4.S0

2708

1024x8

(450ns)

3.95

2758

1024x8

(450ns)(5V)

5.95

2716-6

2048x8

(650ns)

2.95

2716

2048x8

(450ns)(5V)

3.95

2716-1

2048x8

(350ns)(5V)

4.95

™S2516

2048x8

(450ns)(5V)

4.95

TMS2716

2048x8

(450ns)

7.95

TMS2532

4096x8

(450ns)(5V)

4.95

2732

4096x8

(450ns)|5V)

4.25

2732A-4

4096x8

(450ns)l5V)(21V PGM)

4.95

2732A-35

4096i(8

(350ns)(5V)(21V PGM)

4.95

2732A

4096x8

|250ns)(5V)(21V PGMI

6.95

2732A-2

4096x8

(200ns)(5V)(21V PGIW)

10.95

2764

8192x8

(45ans|(5V)

4.95

2764-250

8192x8

(250ns)(5V)

5.25

2764-200

8192x8

|200ns)(5V|

8.95

TMS2564

8192x8

|450ns|l&V)

10.95

IVICM68764

8192x8

(4Sans)(SV)(24pin|

24.95

IVICM68766

8192x8

(350hsl(SV)(24 pin)

42.95

27128-45

16384x8

|460ns|(5V)

9.95

27128-30

16384x8

l300ns)(5V)

10.95

27128

16384x8

l250ns)(5V)

11.95

27256

32768x8

|250ns)(5V)

29.95

5V=Single 5 Volt Supply

21V PGM=Program at 21 Volts

* ★★★HIGHTECH*^** 8087-6 $119.00

* 4.87 MHz VERSION OF 8087 MATH COPROCESSOR

* IBM-PC COMPATIBLE

* RUNS TURBO PROGRAMS AS MUCH AS 100 TIMES FASTER THAN 8088 ALONE

* ★★★SPOTLIGHT***^

ORDER TOLL FREE

890-662-6279

(CALIFORNM RESIDENTS)

CRYSTALS

32.768 KHz

1.95

1.0 MHz

3.95

1.8432

3.95

2.0

2.95

2.097152

2.95

2.4576

2.95

3.2768

2.95

3.579545

2.95

4.0

2.95

4.032

2.95

5.0

2.95

5.0688

2.95

5.185

2.95

5.7143

2.95

6.0

2.95

6.144

2.95

6.5536

2.95

8.0

2.95

10.0

2.9S

10.738635

2.9S

14.31818

2.95

15.0

2.95

16.0

2.96

17.430

2.95

18.0

2.95

18.432

2.95

20.0

2.95

22.1184

2.95

24.0

2 95

32.0

Z-80

2.5 MHz

Z80.CPU

2.49

280.CTC

2.95

Z80-DART

7.95

ZSO-DMA

8.95

Z80-PIO

2.95

zeo-sio/0

935

ZSO-SIO/I

9.95

Z80-SIO/2

9.95

ZSO-SIO/9

9.95

4.0 MNz

Z80A-CPU

2.95

Z80A-CTC

3.95

Z80A-DART

8.95

Z80A-DMA

9.95

Z80A-PIO

3.95

Z80A-SIO/0

10.95

Z80A-SIO/1

10.95

Z80A-SIO/2

10.95

Z80A-SIO/9

10.95

6.0 MHz

ZSOB-CPU

8.95

280B-CTC

9.95

Z80B-PIO

9.95

Z80B-DART

19.95

Z80B-SIO/0

29.95

Z80B-SIO/2

29.95

ZILOG

Z6132

34 95

6500 1.0 MHz

6502 4.95 65C02(CmOS112,95

6504 6.95

6505 8.95 6507 9.95 6520 2.95 6522 5.49 6532 9.95 6545 9.95

I 6551 9.95

2.0 MHz

5.95 5.9S 9.95 11.96 12.S5 11.95

6S02A

e^zoA

6522A 6532A 6545A 6551A

3.0 MHz

t6502B 8.95,

UARTS

6800

I 6800O-8 39.95

6800 2.9S

1 6802 7.95

6803 19.95

6808 13.90

6809 8.95 6809E 8.95

6810 2.95 6820 4.35

I 6821 2.95

6S2B 14

6840 12

6843 34

6844 25

6845 12 6847 11 6850 3 6852 5 6860 7 687S 6 6880 2

I 6883 22

68047 24

8000

6031

AY5-1013

3.95

AV3-1015

6.95

PT1472

9.95

TBI 602

3.95

2350

9.96

2651

8.95

IM6402

7.95

IM6403

8,95

UPD7201

19 95

6800^1 MHz

68BO0 10.95

68B02 11.95

68B09E 11.95

68B09 11.95

68B10 5.96

6SB21 5.95

68B40 19.95

68B45 19.95

68B50 5.95

29.95 6.96

I 8039 5.95

INS-8060 17.95

I1MS.8073 49.95

8080 3.95

8085 4.95 8085A.2 11.95

8086 24.95 8087.3 129.00 8087-6 119.00

1936

SOSg 69.95

8155 6.95 8155-2 7.95

8156 6.95 8185 29.95 8185-2 39.95 8741 29.95

8748 24.95

8749 39.95

I 8756 24.95 .

MISC.

TMS99531

9.95

TMS99532

29.95

ULN2003

1.29

3242

7.95

3341

4.95

MC3470

4.95

MC3480

9.00

MC3487

2.95

11C90

13.95

95H90

7.95

2513-001 up

9 95

291:1 002 lov

9 95

8200

I 8202 24.95

8203 39.95 8205 3.50 8212 1.80

8214 3.85 8216 1.75 8224 2.25 822G 1.80 8228 3.49

8237 13.96

, 8237-5 15.95 «238 4.49 8243 4.45

I 8250 10.95 3251 3.95 8251A 4.49

I 8253 6.95 82$3-6 7.95

I 8255 4.49 82S5-5 5.25

' 8257 7.95 8257 5 8.95 8259 6.90 8259 5 7.50

8271 79.95

8272 19.95

8274 39.95

8275 29.95 I 8279 6.95

8279.5 7.95

8282 6.50

8283 6.50

8284 5.50

8286 6.50

8287 6.50 1 82fi8 14.95

H289 49 95

2 14 95 ,

6845

12.95

68B45

19.95

6847

11.95

68047

24.95

HP46505SP

15.95

MCI 372

6.95

8275

29.95

7220

39.95

CRT5027

19.95

CRT5037

34.96

TMS99iaA

39 95

DP8350

49.95

DISK

CONTROLLERS

1771

15.95

1791

23.95

1793

23.85

1795

23.96

1797

23.95

2791

39.95

2793

39.96

2795

39.95

2797

39.95

6843

34.95

8272

19.95

UPD765

19.95

MB8876

29.95

MBS877

34.95

1691

7.95

2143

7.95

KEYBOARD ^

CHIPS

AY5-2376

11.95

AY5-3600 STD

11.95

AY5-3600 PRO

11.95

CRYSTAL OSCILLATORS

CRT

I CONTROLLERS

CLOCK CIRCUITS

I MM5314 , 4.95

MM5369 1.95

MM5369.EST 1.95

MM5375 4.95

MM5B167 8.95

MM58174 11.96

, MSM5832 3.95 .

1.0MHz

7.95

8.0

7.95

1.8432

7.95

10.0

7.95

2.0

7.95

12.0

7.95

2.4576

7.95

15.0

7.95

2.5

7.95

16.0

7.95

4.0

7.95

18.432

7.95

5.0683

7.95

20.0

7.95

6.0

7.95

24.0

7.95

6.144

7.96

74LS00

74LS00

.24

74LS189

8.95

74LS01

.25

74LS190

.89

74LS02

.25

74LS191

.89

11 S03

.25

74i.S192

.79

j /;.S04

.24

74LS193

.79

y4LS05

.25

74LS194

.69

74LS08

.28

74LS19S

.69

74LS09

.29

74LS196

.79

1 74LS10

.25

74LS197

.79

74LS11

.35

74LS221

.89

1 74LS12

.35

74LS240

.95

1 741.S13

.45

74LS241

.99

1 74LS14

.59

74LS242

.99

74LS1S

.35

74LS243

.99

74LS20

.25

74LS244

1.29

74I.S21

.29

74LS245

1-49

1 74LS22

.25

74LS247

.75

74LS26

.29

74LS248

.99

74LS27

.29

74LS249

.99

74I.S28

.35

74LS251

59

74LS30

.25

74LS253

.59

74LS32

.29

74LS257

.59

74I-S33

.55

74LS258

.59

74LS37

.35

741.5259

2.75

74I-S38

.35

74LS260

.59

1 74I.S40

.25

74LS261

2.25

74LS42

.49

74LS266

.55

1 74LS47

.75

74LS273

1.49

74LS48

.75

74LS275

3.35

1 741.S49

.75

74LS279

.49

74LS51

.25

74LS280

1.98

1 74LSS4

.29

74LS283

.69

1 74LSS5

.29

74LS290

.89

74LS63

1.25

74LS293

.89

74LS73

.39

74LS295

.99

74LS74

.35

74LS298

.89

74LS75

.39

74LS299

1.75

74LS76

.39

74LS322

5.95

74LS78

.49

74LS323

3.50

74L583

.60

74I-S324

1.75

74LSS5

.69

74LS348

2.50

74LS86

.39

74tS352

1.29

74LS90

.55

741S353

1.29

74LS91

.89

74LS363

1.35

74LS92

.55

74LS364

1.95

74LS93

.55

74LS366

.49

74LS95

.75

74LS366

.49

74LS367

.45

74LS107

!39

74LS368

.45

74LS109

.39

74LS373

1.39

74LS112

.39

74LS374

1.39

74LS113

.39

74LS375

.95

74LS114

.39

741.S377

1.39

74LS122

.45

74LS378

1.18

1 74LS123

.79

74LS379

1.35

74LS124

2.90

74LS385

3.90

74LS125

.49

74LS386

.45

74LS126

.49

74LS390

1.19

74LS132

.59

74LS393

1.19

74LS133

.59

74LS395

1.19

74LS136

.39

74LS396

1.89

74LS137

.99

74LS399

1.49

74LS138

.55

74LS424

3.95

74LS139

.55

74LS447

.95

74LS145

1.20

7415490

1.95

74LS147

2.49

74LS540

1.95

74LS148

1.35

74LS541

1.95

74LS161

.55

74I.S624

3.99

74LS153

.55

74LS640

2.20

74LS1S4

1.90

74LS645

2.20

74LS155

.69

74LS668

1.69

74LS156

.69

74LS669

1.89

74LS157

.65

74LS670

1.49

74LS158

.59

74LS674 14.95

74LS160

.69

74LS682

3.20

74LS161

.65

74LS683

3.20

74LS162

.69

74LS684

3.20

74LS163

.65

74LS685

3.20

74I.S164

.69

74LS688

2.40

74LS165

.95

74LS689

3.20

74LS166

1.95

81I.S95

1.49

74LS168

1.75

81LS9E

1.49

74LS169

1.75

25LS25ia

4.13

74LS170

1.49

25LS2521 2.80

74LS173

.69

25LS2538 3.74

74LS174

.55

25LS256g 2.80

74LS175

.55

26LS31

2,19

L 74LS181

2.15

26LS32

2.19

56 S. BA

SCO

M AVEN

UE

JDR Microdevices

1224 S. Bascom Avenue, San Jose, CA 95128 800-538-5000 • 800-662-6279 (CA) • (408) 995-5430 FAX (408) 275-8415 • Telex 171-110

HOURS: M-V

PLEASE USE Yl

Copyright 19B5 JDR MIcrodevI

TERMS: Minimum order S10.00. For shipping and handling include S2.50 for UPS Ground and S3.50 tor UPS Air. Orders over 1 lb. and foreign orders may require additional shipping charges - please contact our sales department for the amount. CA. (esidenls must include 6% sales tax, Bay Area and LA residents include SWo. All merchandise is warranted lor 90 days unless otherwise staled. Prices are subject to change without notice. We are nol responsible for typographical errors. We reserve the right to limit quantities and to substitute manufacturer. A)l merchandise subject to prior sale.

520 BYTE • MAY 1985

Inquiry 218

HM6264P-15'%r'10.25

SSI263

SPEECH QQ QR SYNTHESIZER 09. 90

74S00

CMOS

74S135

.89

74S244

- 2JS.0

.35

74S138

.85

745251

.95

'^^^^

74S139

.85

745253

.95

'«

.55

74S257

.95

74S151

.95

74S258

.95

.35

74S153

.95

74S260

.79

T n

74S157

,95

74S273

2.45

T c n 74S10

.35

74SI 58

.95

74S274

19.95

1.95

748275

19.95

.35

74S162

1.95

745280

1.95

74S163

1.95

74S2JB3

3.29

74S168

3.95

74S287

1.90

.35

74S169

3.95

74S28B

1.90

74S174

.95

74S289

6.98

74S37

88

74S299

7.35

74S38

.85

74S180

11 95

74S40

!35

74S181

3.95

74S373

2^45

74S51

.35

74S182

2.95

74S374

2.45

74S64

.40

74S185

16.95

745381

7.95

74S65

.40

74S188

1.95

745387

1.95

74S74

.50

74S189

6.95

74S399

2.95

74585

1.99

74S194

1.49

74S412

2.98

74S86

.50

74S195

1.49

74S470

6.95

74S112

.50

74S196

1.49

74S471

4.95

74S113

.50

74S197

1.49

74S472

4.95

74S114

.55

74S201

6.95

74S474

4.95

74S124

2.75

74S225

7.95

74S570

2.95

74S132

1.24

74S226

3.99

745571

2.95

74S133

.45

74S240

2.20

74S573

9.95

74S134

.SO

74S241

2.20

87S181

16.25

875185

16.95

7400

7400

.19

7483

.50

74172

5.95

.59

7402

'l9

7486

.35

74174

!S9

7403

.19

7489

2.15

74175

.89

7404

.19

7490

.35

74176

.89

7405

.25

7491

.40

74177

.75

7406

.29

7492

.50

74178

1.15

7407

29

7493

.35

74179

1.75

7408

.24

7494

.65

74180

.75

7409

.19

7495

.55

74181

2.25

7410

.19

7496

.70

74182

.76

7411

.25

7497

2.75

74184

2.00

7412

.30

74100

1.75

74185

2.00

7413

.35

74105

1 14

74189

2.99

7414

.49

74107

.30

74190

1.15

7416

.25

74109

.45

74191

1.15

7417

.25

74110

.45

74192

.79

7420

.19

74111

.55

74193

.79

7421

.35

74116

1.55

74194

.85

7422

.35

74120

1.20

74195

.85

7423

.29

74121

.29

74196

.79

7425

.29

74122

.45

74197

.75

7426

.29

74123

.49

74198

1.35

7427

.29

74125

.45

74199

1.35

7428

.45

74126

.45

74221

1.35

7430

.19

74128

.55

74246

1.35

7432

.29

74132

.45

74247

1.25

7433

.45

74136

.50

74248

1.85

7437

.29

74141

.65

74249

1.95

7438

.29

74142

2.95

74251

.75

7439

.79

74143

4.95

74259

2.25

7440

.19

74144

2 95

74265

1.35

7442

.49

74145

.60

74273

1.95

7443

.65

74147

1.75

74276

1.25

7444

.69

74148

1.20

74278

3.11

7445

.69

74150

1.35

74279

.75

7446

.69

74151

.55

74283

2.00

7447

.69

74152

.65

74284

3.75

7448

.69

74153

.55

74285

3.75

7450

.19

74154

1.25

74290

.95

7451

23

74155

.75

74293

.75

7453

23

74156

.65

74298

.85

7454

.23

74157

.55

74351

2.25

7460

.23

74159

1.65

74365

.65

7470

.35

74160

.85

74366

.65

7472

.29

74161

.69

74367

.65

7473

.34

74162

.as

74368

.65

7474

.33

741S3

.69

74376

2.20

7475

.45

74164

.85

74390

1.75

7476

.35

74165

.85

74393

1.35

7480

.59

74166

1.00

74425

3.15

7481

1.10

74167

2.96

74426

.85

7482

.95

74170

1.65

74490

2.55

4000 4001

4002

4006

4007

4008

4009

4010

4011

4012

4013

4014

4015

4016

4017

4018

4019

4020

4021

4022

4023

4024

4025

4026

4027

4028

4029

4030

4034

4035

4040

4041

4042

4043

4044

4046.

4047

4048

4049

4050

4051

4052

4053

4060

4066

4068

4069

4070

4071

4072

4073

4075

4076

4077

4078

4081

4082

4085

4086

4093

4094

4098

4099

14409

14410

14411

14412

14419

14433

14490

4502

4503

4507

4508

4510

4511

4512

4514

4515

4516

4516

4519

4520

4621

4522

4528

4527

4528

4529

.95 .95 .49 2.99 2.49 1.95 12.95 12.95 11.95 12.95 7.95 14.95 4.95 .95 .65

.35

:453i

4532

4538 4539 4541 4543 4553 4555 4556 4558 4560 4569 4581 4S82 45S4 4585 45151 4702 4724 74C00 74C02 74C04 74C08 74C10 74C14 74C20 74C30

74C32 .39

74C42 1.29

74C48 1.99

74C73 .65

74C74 .65

74C76 .80

74C83 1.95

74C85 1.95

74C86 .39

74CB9 4.50

74C90 1.19

74C93 1.75

74C95 .99

74C1S0 5.75

74C151 2.25

74C154 3.25

74C157 1.75

74C160 1.19

74C161 1.19

74C162 1.19

74C163 1.19

74C164 1.39

74C165 2.00 74C173 79

74C174 1.19

74C175 1.19

74C192 1.49

74C193 1.49

74C19S 1.39

740200 S.75

74C221 1.75

74C244 2.25

74C373 2.45

74C374 2.45

74C901 .39

74C902 .85

74C903 .85 74C905 10.95

74C906 .95

74C907 1.00

74C90S 2.00

74C909 2.75

74C910 9.95

74C911 8.95

74C912 8.95

74C914 1.95

74C915 1.19

74C918 2.75 74C920 17.95 74C921 15.95

74C922 4.49

74C923 4.95

74C925 5.95

74C926 7.95

74C927 7.95

74C928 7.95 74C929 19.95

74C930 4.95

80C95 .85

80C96 .95

80C97 .95

80C9S 120

HIGH SPEED CMOS

A new family of high speed CMOS logic featuring the speed of low power SchoRky (8ns Typical gate propagation delay), combined with the advantages of CMOS: very low power consumption, suptirior noise immunity, and improved output drive.

74HC00

74HC: Operate at CMOS logic levels and are ideal

for new. all-CMOS designs.

74HCO0

.59

74HC17S

.99

74HC02

.59

74HC193

1.25

74HC04

.59

74HC194

1.04

74HC0S

.59

74HC195

1.09

74HC10

.59

74HC238

1.35

74HC11

.59

74HC240

1.89

74HC14

.79

74HC241

1.89

74HC20

.59

74HC242

1.89

74HC27

.59

74HC243

1.89

74HC30

.59

74HC244

1.89

74HC32

.69

74HC245

1.89

74HC51

.59

74HC251

.89

74HC74

.75

74HC257

.85

74HC75

.85

74HC259

1.39

74HC8S

1.35

74HC273

1.89

74HC86

.69

74HC299

4.99

74HC93

1.19

74HC367

.99

74HC125

1.19

74HC373

2.29

74HC132

1.19

74HC374

2.29

74HC138

.99

74HC393

1.39

74HC139

.99

74HC4017

1.99

74HC151

.89

74HC4020

1.39

74HC153

.89

74HC4024

1.59

74HC154

2.49

74HC4040

1.39

74HC157

.39

74HC4049

.89

74HC161

1.15

74HC4D50

.89

74HC164

1.25

74HC4060

1.29

74HC166

12.95

74HC4511

2.39

74HC174

.99

74HC453S

2.29

74HCT00

74HCT: DirSct, drop

n replacements for LS TTL and

can be intermixed with 74LS in the same circuit.

74HCT00

.69

74HCT175

1.09

74HCT02

.69

74HCT193

1.39

74HCT04

.69

74HCT194

1.19

74HCT08

.69

74HCT195

1.29

74HCT10

.69

74HCT238

1.49

74HCT11

.69

74HCT240

2.19

74HCT14

.89 .69

74HCT241

2.19

74HCT20

74HCT242

2.19

74HCT27

.69

74HCT243

2.19

74HCT30

.69

74HCT244

2.19

74HCT32

.79

74HCT245

2.19

74HCT51

.69

74HCT251

1.09

74HCT74

.85

74HCT257

.99

74HCT75

.95

74HCT259

1.59

74HCT8S

1.49

74HCT273

2.09

74HCTS6

.79

74HCTZ99

5.25

74HCT93

.1.29

74HCT387

1.09

74HCT125

1.29

74HCt373

2.49

74HCT132

1.29

74HCT374

2.49

74HCT138

1.15

74HCT393

1.59

74HCT139

1.15

74HCT4017

2.19

74HCT151

1.05

74HCT4020

1.59

74HCT153

1.05

74HCT4024

1-79

74HCT154

Z99

74HCT4$4a

t.S9

74HCT157

.99

74HCT4049

,99

74HCT161

1.29

74HCT4050

.99

74HCT164

1.39

74HCT4060

1.49

74HCT166

3.05

74HCT4511

2.69

74HCT174

1.09

74HCT4538

2.59

BSPECTRONICS CORPORATION

EPROM ERASERS

Capacity

intansilv

Timer

Chip

luW/Cm')

P6-14

9

8.000

$83.00

PE-14T

X

9

8,000

$119.00

PE-24T

X

12

9,600

9175.00

PL-265T

30

9,600

S255.00

PR-125T

25

17,000

9349.00

PR.320T

42

17.000

S595.00

TRANSISTORS

2N918 .50

MP5918 .25

2(M2102 .75

2N2218 .50

2N22iaA .50

2N2219 .50

2rU2219A .50

2N2222 .25

PIM2222 .10

MPS2369 .25

2N2484 .25 2N2905 2N2907 PN2907 2N3055 3055T 2N3393 2N3414 2N3563 2N3565

PN3565 .25

IVIPS363S .25

MPS3640 .25

PN3643 .25

PN3644 .25

mPS37a4 15

MPS3706 .15

SO

.40

IC

SOCKETS

8 PIN ST .13 .11

14 PIN ST .15 .12 16 PIN ST .17 .13

15 PIN ST .20 .18 20 PIN ST .29 .27 22 PIN ST .30 .27 24 PIN ST .30 .27 28 PIN ST .40 .32 40 PIN ST .49 .39 64 PIN ST 4.25CA|.L

ST'SOLOeiCTAIL

8 PIN 14 PIN 16 PIN 18 PIN 20 PIN 22 PIN [ 24 PIN 28 PIN 40 PIN

WW .59 .49 WW .69 .52 WW .69 .58

WW .99 .90 WW 1.09 98 WW 1.39 1.28 WW 1.49 1 35 WW 1.69 1.49 WW 1.99 1.80

"interface"

DATA ACQ

^90001

SOUND "

8T26

1.59

ADC0800

15.55

9304

.95

CHIPS

8T28

1.98

AOC0804

3.49

9316

1.00

8T95

.89

ADC0809

4.49

9328

1.49

76477 3.65

8T96

.89

ADC0816

14.95

9334

2.50

76488 8.95

8T97

.89

ADC0817

9.95

9368

3.95

76489 8.95

8T98

.89

ADC0831

8.95

9401

9.95

SSI-263 39.95

DM8131

2.95

OAC0800

4.49

9601

75

AY3-8910 12.95

DP8304

2.29

DAC0806

1.95

9602

1.50

AY3-8912 12.95

DS8833

2.25

DAC0808

2.95

9637

2.95

MC3340 1.49

DSS83S DS8S36 DS8837 DS8838

1.99

.99

DAC1020 DAC1021 DAC1022 IVIC1408L6

8.25

7.95

96S02

1.95 .

. SPIOOO 39.00

1.65 1.30

5 95 1 95

' OPTO-ISOIATORS

INTERSIL

ICi.7106 9.95

fVIC1408L8 2.95

EXAR

4N26 4N27 4N2S

1.00 1.10 .69

MCA-7 4.25 MCA-255 1.75 IL-1 1.25

ICL7107

12.95

XR2206

3.75

4N33

1

75

ll-A-30 1.25

ICL7660

2.95

XR2207

3.75

4N35

1.25

ILO-74 2.75

ICL8038

3.95

XRZ208

3.75

4N37

1.26

H1IC5 1.25

ICM7207A

5.59

XR2211

5.25

MCT-2

1.00

TIL-111 1.00

ICM7208

15.95

XR2240

3.25

. MCT-6

1.60

TIL113 1.75

I have had nothing but good experiences with JDR and look foward to more of the same . It's not often a company is willing to help customers to the extent JDR has .

- Sieplm r. Uajft

1 Copyright 1985 JDR MIcrodavlcM

VOLTAGE REGULATORS

TO-220 CASE PACKAGE I 7805T .75 7905T .85

7808T .75 7908T .85 7812T .75 7912T .85 7815T .75 7916T .85 7824T .75 7924T .85

TO-3 CASE PACKAGE 7a05K 1.39 7905K 1.49

7812K 1.39 7912K 1.49

7815K 1.39 7915K 1.49

7824K 1.39 7924K 1.49

TO-92 CASE PACKAGE 78L05 .69 79L05 .79

78L12 .69 79L12 .79

78115 .69 79L15 .79

OTHER VOLTAGE REGS I 78M05C Svolt Viamp TO.220 .35 LM323K Svolt 3amp TO-3 4.95 LM338K Adj. Samp TO-3 3.95 I 78H05K Svolt Samp TO-3 9.95 78H12K 12uolt5.-.mp TO-3 9.95 7RP05K !ivoll lO.imp TO-3 1'1 . UA78S40 FAIRCHILD DIP 1

LINEAR

LM301

-34

NE570

3.95

LIUI301H

.79

KESTI

2.95

LM307

.45

NE590

2.50

LM308

.69

NE592

.98

1JV1308H

1.15

LM709

.59

IJVI309H

1.95

LM710

.75

LM309K

1.25

LIVI711

.79

LM310

1.75

Lm723

.49

LIVI311

.64

IJVI723H

.55

LIV1311H

.89

LM733

.98

I.IVI312H

1.75

IJV1741

.35

UVI317K

3.95

LM741IM-14 .35

LIMSITT

1.19

L1M741H

.40

LM318

1.49

UM747

.69

UVI31BH

1.59

LIVI748

.59

LM319H

1.90

LM1014

1.19

LM319

1.25

UVI1303

1.95

LM320 see7900

LM1310

1.49

LM322

1.65

MC1330

1.69

LIV1323K

4.95

MCI 349

1.89

LM324

.59

MCI 350

1.19

LM329

.65

MCI 358

1.69

LM331

3.95

MCI 372

6.95

LM334

1.19

LM1414

1.59

LM335

1.40

IJM1458

.59

LM336

1.75

LM1488

.69

LM337T

1.95

LM1489

.69

LM337K

3.95

UVI1496

.85

LM338K

3.95

LfVI1558H

3.10

UVI339

.99

LM1800

2.37

LM340 •M7800

LM1812

8.25

UVI348

.99

uviia3o

3.50

LM350K

4.95

UVI1871

5.49

LM350T

4.60

UVI1872

5.49

LM358

.69

LM1877

3.52

LM359

1.79

UVI1889

1.95

LIVI376

3.75

LM1896

1.75

LK1377

1.95

ULN2003

1.29

UVI378

2.50

XR2206

3.75

LM379

4.50

IJVI2877

2.05

LM380

.89

UVI2878

2.25

IJVI380N

8 1.10

1M2900

.85

IJVI381

1.60

1M2901

1.00

LM382

1.60

MPa2907

1.95

LIVI383

1.95

UVI2917

2.95

LIVI384

1.95

IVIC3487

2.95

LM386

.89

LM3900

.59

LIVI387

1.40

UVI3905

1.25

LM3S9

1.35

1M3909

.98

UM3dO

1.95

. LJVI3911

2.25

LM392

.69

1M3914

3.95

Lm393

1.29

IJVI3915

3.95

LM394H

4.60

LIV13916

3.95

LM399H

5.00

MC4024

3.95

NE531

2.95

MC4044

4.50

NE555

.34

RC4136

1.25

NE556

.65

RC4151

3.95

1ME558

1.50

UM4250

1.75

NE564

2.95

LM4500

3.25

UVI565

.99

RC4SS8

.69

utiis6e

1.49

LM13600

1.49

LM567

.89

LM13700

1.45

H=T0.5 CAN. K=TO-3. T=TO-220

RCA

CA3023

2.75

CA3083

1.55

CA3039

1.29

CA3086

.80

CA3046

1.25

CA3089

2.99

CA3059

2.90

CA3096

3.49

CA3060

2 90

CA3130

1.30

CA3065

1.75

CA3140

1.15

CA3080

1.10

CA3146

1.85

CA3081

1.65

CA3160

1-19

CA3082

1.65

CA31S3

99

Tl

TL494

4.20

75365

1.95

TL496

1.6S

75450

.59

TL497

3.25

75451

.39

75107

1.49

75452

.39

75108

. 1.49

7S453

.39

75110

1.95

75454

.39

75150

1.85

75477

1.29

75154

.1.95

75491

.79

75160

4.95

75492

.79

75188

1.25

78493

.89

75189

1.25

75494

.89

Bl

FET

TL066

.99

Lf347

2.19

TL071

.79

LF351

.60

TL072

1.19

LF353

1.00

Tl.074

2.19

LF35S

1.10

TL081

79

I.F356

1.10

TL082

119

LF357

1.40

T1.033

1 19

LF411

1 7f)

TLOB-l

2 19

Lf-ir.'

1 f|9

3

Inquiry .218

MAY 1985 • BYTE- 521

2

.DERCUP

BAROAIN HUNTERS CORNER

SPECIAlk ^UBCN ASE!

ITAXAN

SUP^WHl-R ORIGINALLVIVIADf^l

299.95

GB MONITOR ,COAN COMPUTER

* 12" SCRE6N « 18 IVIH» BANDWIDTH

' 640 X 262 Pit-^S ." urns x'lSO COL.

. .38mm DOT PItCH WTH ^LACX. MATRIX FOR A SHARP IMAGE AND HIQH CONTRAST.

N^.O.p. ORDERS (mSE!

COLOR DISPLAY^ . RGB CABLE FOrIBM

IBIHtPC/XT «129.00 »16.95

RF

MODULATOR

(ASTECUM1082)

QUANTITIES LIMITED

• PRESET TO CHANNELS

• USE TO BUILD TVCOMPUTER INTERFACE

• »S VOLT OPERATION

$6.95

ENDS 6/30/85

HARD TO FIND 'SNAPABLE" HEADERS

j Can easily be snapped apart to make { any size header, all with .1" centers

1x40 STRAIGHT LEAD .99

1x40 RIGHT ANGLE 1.49

2x40 STRAIGHT UAD 2.49

I 2x40 RIGHT ANGLE 2.99 ]

SHORTING BLOCKS

SPACED AT .1" CENTERS IDEAL FOR DISK DRIVES

OR ANY .1" HEADER

5 1.00 ,

DIP SWITCHES

4 POSITION

5 POSITION

6 POSITION

7 POSITION

1 8 POSITION 10 POSITION 1.29 ,

.8S .90

.90

VIDEO RP OUT

EDGECARD CONNECTORS

S-100ST S-100 3.95

S-100WW S-100 4.95

I 72 PIN ST 6.95

72 PIN WW 7.95

I 62 PIN ST mm PC 4.9S

50 PIN ST APPLE 4.95

.11 PIN ST :

, 44 PIN WW 4.95 ,

36 PIN CENTROIMICS

IOCEN36

IOCEN3G

RIBBON CAOI-E n/lALE FMBGON CABLE EEIVIAI E SOLDER ( UP O^iALL

DIP CONNECTORS

DESCRIPTION

ORDER BY

CONTACTS

s

14

16

18

20

22

24

28

40

HIGH RELIABILITY TOOLED ST IC SOCKETS

AUGATxxST

.99

.99

.99

1.69

1.89

1.S9

1.99

2.49

2 99

HIGH RELIABILITY TOOLED WW IC SOCKETS

AUGATxxWW

1.30

1.80

2.10

2.40

2.50

2.90

3.15

3.70

5.40

COMPONENT CARRIES (DIP HEADERS)

ICCluc

.49

.59

.69

.99

.99

.99

.99

1.09

1.49

RIBBON CABLE DIP PLUGS IIDCI

lOPxx

.95

.95

1.7B

2.95

R

EMI FILTER

■ MAJOR MANUFACTURER

■ LOW COST ' FITS LC-HP BELOW

$4.95

LINE CORDS

LC-2 2 CONDUCTOR 6 ft .39 LC-3 3 CONDUCTOR 6 ft .99 LC-HP 3 CONDUCTOR WITH STANDARD

FEMALE SOCKET 6 ft 1.49

LC-CIR CIGARETTE LIGHTER

PLUG WITH 6 FOOT CORD

2.95

MUFFIN FANS

4.68" SQUARE 14.95 L 3" SQUARE 14.95 ,

RESISTORS

Vi WATT 5% CARBON FILM ALL STANDARD VALUES FROM 1 OHM TO 10 MEG OHM 50 PIECES SAME VALUE .025 100 PIECES SAME VALUE .02 11000 PIECES SAME VALUE .015

BYPASS CAPS

.Oli/IDISC 100/S6.00

I .01 (If MONOLITHIC 100/412.00 .1 lA DISC 100/S8.00

.1 li MONOUTHIC 100/415.00 J

DIODES

1N751

5.1 VOLT ZENER

.25

1N759

12.0 VOLT ZENER

.25

1N4148

(1N914)SWITCHING

25/1.00

1N4001

50PIV 1A

12/1.00

1N4004

400PIV RECTIFIER

10/1.00

1N5402

200PIV 3A

.25

KBP02

200PIV 1,5A BRIDGE

.45

KBP04

400PIV 1.5A BRIDGE

.55

IVIDABOI

50PIV 12A BRIDGE

1.39

MDA9B0-1

50PIV 12A BRIDGE

1.95

MDA980-2

100PIV 12A BRIDGE

2.25

. VM4a

DIP-BRIDGE

.35

TO-220

TO-220

TO-3

TO-220

TO-3

HEAT SINKS

SCREW ON CLIP ON SCREW ON INSULATOR INSULATOR

10/1.00 10/1.00

SWITCHES

I SPOT MINI-TOGGLE ON-ON 1.25

DPDT MINI-TOGGLE ON-ON 1.50

DPDT MINI-TOGGLE ON-OFF-ON 1.75

I SPST MINI-PUSHBUTTON N.O.

SPSt MIMI-PUSHBUTTON N.C. .39

. BCD OUT10 POSITION 6 PIN DIP 1.95.

CAPACITORS

TANTALUM

J -i.Ofii 15V .40 .47//f 35V 6.8 15V .70 1.0 35V

10

15V

.80

2.2

35V

.65

22

1SV

1.35

4.7

35V

.85

.22

35V

.40

10

35V

1.00

DISC

lOpI

50V

.05

560

SOV

.05

22

50V

.05

680

SOV

.05

25

50V

.05

820

SOV

.05

27

50V

.05

.OOM

SOV

.05

33

50V

.05

.0015

SOV

.05

47

SOV

.OB

.0022

50V

.05

56

50V

.05

.005

50V

.05

68

50V

.05

.01

SOV

82

SOV

.05

.02

SOV

.07

100

50V

.05

.05

SOV

.07

220

SOV

.05

.1

12V

.10

MONOLITHIC

.01;/(

SOV

.14

.1,;l

SOV

.18

.047(/l

SOV

.15

.47;il

SOV

.25

ELECTROLYTIC

RADIAL

AXIAL

1/,l

25V

.14

lul

SOV

.14

2.2

35V

.15

4.7

16V

.14

4.7

SOV

.15

10

16V

.14

10

SOV

.15

10

SOV

.16

47

35V

.18

22

16V

.14

100

16V

.18

47

SOV

.20

220

35V

.20

100

15V

.20

470

25V

.30

100

35V

.25

2200

16V

.60

220

25V

.30

330

16V

.40

COMPUTER

500

16V

.42

fiRADE

1000

IGV

SO

/:^n()

1 6V

70

44.000.

3 95

liUlJO

1 liV

.05

LED DISPLAYS

HP5082-7760

CC

.43"

1.29

MAN-72

CA

.3"

.99

MAN-74

CC

.3''

.99

FND-35713591

CC

.375"

1,25

FND-5001503)

CC

1 49

FND-50715101

CA

5"

1 .49

TIL-311 -1x7 H

:XW LOGIC

.270'

■) 9 5

DIFFUSED LEDS

1-99

lOO-up

JUMBO RED

TIV.

.10

.09

JUMBO GREEN

TIV.

.18

.15

JUMBO YELLOW

TH4

.18

.15

MOUNTING HDW T1U

.10

.09

MINI RED

T1

.10

.09

MINI GREEN

T1

.IB

.15

MINI YELLOW

T1

.18

.15

RECT RED

2x5mm

.25

.22

RECT GREEN

2x5mm

.30

.27

RECT YEUOW

2xSmm

.30

.27

D-SUBMINIATURE

DESCRIPTION

ORDER BY

CONTACTS

9

15

25

37

50

SOLDER CUP

MALE

DBxxP

1.19

1.59

1.90

2.85

4.25

FEMALE

DBxxS

1.50

1.85

2.25

3.90

5.i5

RIGHT ANGLE PPSOLDER

MALE

DBxxPR

1.65

2.20

3.00

4.83

FEMALE

DBxxSR

2.18

3.03

3.00

6.19

WIREWRAP

MALE

DBxxPWW

1.69

2.56

3.89

5.60

FEMALE

DBxxSWW

2.76

4.27

6.84

9.95

IDC RIBBON CABLE

MALE

IDBxxP

2.95

3.90

4.75

6.95

FEMALE

IDBxxS

3.25

4.29

S.2S

7.95

HOODS

BLACK

HOOD-B

.99

GREY

HOOOxx

89

.99

,99

1.09

1.19

MOUNTING HARDWARE-$1.00

FOR ORDERING INSTRUCTIONS SBE IDC CONNECTORS BELOW

TEXTQOLZERO INSERTION FORCE SOCKETS AND RECEPTACLES

SCREWDRIVER CLAMP ECONOZIF

LEVER CLAMP ZIF SOCKET

WW RECEPTACLES ZIF RECEPTACLE

TYPE

CONTACTS

14

16

24

28

40

ECONO ZIF

4.95

6.75

7.75

9.95

ZIF SOCKET

4.95

4.95

5.95

6.95

9.9S

ZIF RECEPTACLE

8.25

6.75

9.75

16.50

1J.75

IDC CONNECTORS

DESCRIPTION

ORDER BV

CONTACTS

10

20

2G

34

40

50

SOLDER HEADER

IDHxxS

.82

1 23

1 Gii

2.2li

2.58

3.24

RIGHT ANGLE SOLDER HEADER

IDHxxSR

.85

1.35

1.7G

2.31

2.72

3.39

WW HEADER

IDHxxW

1.86

2.98

3.84

4,50

5,28

6,63

RIGHT ANGLE WW HEADER

IDHxxWR

2.05

3.28

4.22

4.45

4,80

7,30

RIBBON HEADER SOCReT

IDSxx

.79

.99

1.39

1.59

1-99

2.25

RIBBON HEADER

IDMxx

5.50

^.06

7.50

&.50

RIBBON EDGE CARD

lOExx

1.75

3.95 ■

RIBBON CABLE

ORDERING INSTUCTIONS: INSERT THE NUMBER OF CONTACTS IN THE POSITION MARKED 'xx" OF THE

"ORDER BY" PART NUMBER LISTED FXAMPI. F A 10 PIN RIGHT ANGI f HOLDER STYLE WOULD BE IDHIOSR

CONTACTS

SINGLE COLOR

COLOR CODED

10'

!■

10'

10

.18

1.60

.83

7.30

16

,28

2.50

1.00

8.80

20

.36

3.20

1.25

11.00

25

.45

4.00

1.32

11.60

26

.46

4.10

1.32

11.60

34

.61

5.40

1.65

14.50

40

.72

6,40

1.92

16.80

50

.89

7.50

2.50

2? 00

224 S. Bascom Avenue, San Jose, CA 95128 538-5000 • 800-662-6279 (CA) • (408) 995-5430 FAX (408) 275-8415 • Telex 171-110

PLEASE USE YOUR CUSTOMER NUMBER WHEN ORDERING

TERMS: Minimum order S10.00. For shipping and handling include S2.50 lor UPS Ground and S3.50 lor UPS Air. Orders over 1 lb. and ioreign orders may require additional shipping charges - please conlact our sales department lor the amount. CA. residents must

522

BYTE • MAY 1985

Copyrlsht 1965 JDR Mlcrodevl*

Inquiry 219

IBM PC PROTOTYPE CARD WITH DECODING CIRCUITRY $29.95

WIRE WRAP PROTOTYPE CARDS

FR-4 EPOXY GLASS LAMINATE WITH GOLD-PLATED EDGE CARD FINGERS

DISK DRIVES

TANDON

.BMPR2

BOTH CARDS HAVE SILK SCREENED LEGENDS AND INCLUDES MOUNTING BRACKET IBM-PRI WITH'SV AND GROUND PLANE . . . . S27.95 IBM PII2 AS ABOVE WITH DECOOrNG LAYOUT

S-100

P100-1 BARE ■ NO FOIL PADS $1S.15

P100-2 HORIZONTAL BUS S21.80

P100-3 VERTICAL BUS 321.80

P100-4 SINGLE FOIL PADS PER HOLE S22.7S

APPLE

P500-1 BARE ■ NO FOIL PADS S15.15

P500-3 HORIZONTAL BUS S22.75

P500-4 SINGLE FOIL PADS PER HOLE S21.80

7060-45 FOR APPLE No AUX SLOT S30.00

GENERAL PURPOSE

22/44 PIN BOGE-CARO 1.156" SPACING)

P411-1 BARE NO FOIL PADS 4.5" K 6.0" S9.45

IM11-3 VERTICAL BUS 4.5 ■ X 6.0" S13.95

I><1/11 4 SINGLE FOIL PADS 4.5" K 6.0" S14.20

IM42 1 LIARE NO FOIL PADS 4.5" x 9.0" .... S10.40

P442 3 VERTICAL BUS 4.5" X 9.0" S14.20

P442 4 SINGLE FOIL PADS 4.5" X 9.0" S13.50

36/72 PIN EDGE-CARD (. I" SPACINQI

P721-1 BARE . NO FOIL PADS 4.5" X 6.0" $9.45

P721.3 VERTICAL BUS 4,5" X 6,0" S13.25

P721-4 SINGLE FOIL PADS 4.5 ' X 6-0" $14.20

P722 1 BARE . NO FOIL PADS 4 5" x 9.0" .... S10.40

P722 3 VERTICAL BUS 4.5 ■ X 9.0" S14.20

P722 4 SINGLE FOIL PADS 4.5" X 9.0" S15.15

BARE GLASS BOARDS EXTENDER

NO EDGE-CARD FINGERS OR FOIL CARDS

P25x45 2,5" X 4.5" S2-40 IBM 545,00

P45k65 4.5" k 6.5" S4.70 APPLE $45.00

P45x85 4.S"«8.S' $6.20 MULTIBUS $86.00

P45X170 4.5" X 17.0" 911.3B P85x170 8.5" X 17.0" $18.95

TM 100-1 B%" IFOR IBM) SS/DD S139.9S I TM 100-2 5'/." IFOR IBM| DS/OD $159.95

MPI

MPI-B52 5V<" IFOR IBM) DS/OD $109.95 TEAC

FD-S5B V4 HEIGHT OS DD $119.95

FD-SSF 'A HEIGHT DS QUAD $139.95

SHUGART

SA 400L 5'< • (40TRACK1 SS DD $199.95 SA460 5'J • ISO TRACK) OS QUAD $199.95

8 " DISK DRIVES

FD100-8 BY SIEMENS, SHUGART 801 EQUIV,

SS DD S129.00 FO200-8 BY SIEMENS. SHUGART 851 EQUIV,

DS/DO S1S0.00

JFORIVlAT-2 S49.95

SUPPORT FOR QUAD DENSITY DRIVES FROM TALL TREE SYSTEMS

PLEASE INCLUDE SUFFICEN! AMOUNT FOP SHIPPING ON ABOVE lltMS

TAMDON TM100-2

DISK DRIVE CABINETS

CABINET #1 S29.95

' Fits orie full heighl 5V4"disk drive

• Color tnotches Apple

CABINET #2 S79.00

• Fits one full height S'/4"disk drive

• Comptete with power supply, switch, line cord, fuse and standard power connector

• Please specify Grey or Tan

CABINET #3 $89.95

• Fits two half height 5^A"disk drives

• ComplotB with power supply, switch, line cord, fuse and standard power

connoctors

8" DISK DRIVE CABINETS

ALSO AVAILABLE-PLEASE CALL

''I FASF INCI I TIF SIIFFICIf-NT

SWITCHING POWER SUPPLIES

PS-IBM $159.95

• FOR IBM PC-XT COMPATIBLE

■ 130 WATTS

■ -SVeiSA, '12V@4.2A ■5V (3 .5A. -12V (H) .5A

• ONE YEAR WARRANTY

PS-A

$49.95

■ USE TO POWER APPLE TYPE

SYSTEMS > -SV @ 4A. •12V @> 2-5A

■5V @ .5A, -12V @ .5A • APPLE POWER CONNECTOR

PS-3

$39.95

AS USED IN APPLE III -5V^L4A, .12V@'2.SA -5V ® -25A. -12V @ .30A. 15.5" X 4.5" X 2". .884 LBS.

PS-ASTEC

$19.95

WIRE WRAP WIRE

PRECUT AND STRIPPED

Note: 1 incti of insulation is stripped on ■:ich end. A 3.5" wire has only 1.5" of insui.iiion.

TRANSFORMERS

FRAME STYLE

LENGTH

QUANTITY

IINCHES)

100

500

1000

2.5

1.60

4,70

8.20

3

1.60

4.70

8.20

3 5

1.65

5.00

8.90

4

1.75

5.40

9.60

4,5

1.80

5,75

10,30

1,85

5,10

11,00

5,5

1 90

6,50

11,75

G

2 00

G,85

12 50

G,5

2,30

7.80

14.30

7

2.40

8.20

15.05

75

2.90

8.55

15.85

8

2.60

8.95

16.60

8.5

2.65

9.30

17.40

9

2.70

9.80

18.15

9-5

2.80

10.00

18.95

10

2.90

10.50

19.70

12,6V AC 12.6V AC CT 12.6V AC CT 12.6V AC CT 25.2V AC CT

2 AMP

2 AMP

4 AMP

8 AMP

2 AMP

4,95 5.95 7.95 10.95 7.95

PLUG CASE STYLE

12V AC 12V AC 12V AC 12V AC

250ma 500ma

1 AMP

2 AMP

3.95 4.95 5.95 6.95

DC ADAPTER

, 12V DC SELECTABLE WITH

CAN POWER TWO SW FDDS

•5V@Z.SA. -IZV® 2A -12V @ .1A

•5V 5A IF >12V IS NOT USED 6.3" X 4.0" X 1.9"

MICROCOMPUTER HARDWARE HANDBOOK

FROM ELCOMP $14.95

Over 800 pages of manufecturer's data sheets on the most commonly

used IC s

■ TTL - 74, 74LS & 74F

• CMOS

• Voltage regulators

■ Memory - RAM. ROM. EPROM

• CPU S - 6800, 6500, Z80, 8080, 8085 a 8086 8

■ MPU Sii|Ji)ort a lni,'rf,u: 6800, GTiOO 230, ^'/.\OVi. ■

PRECUT ASSORTMENT IN ASSORTED COLORS $27.50 lOOaa: 6.5". 6". 6.5". T250eB: 2.5". 4.5". 5" 500ea: .3". 3.5", 4"

800-538-5000 800-662-8279

(CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS)

OK INDUSTRIES

EX-1 IC EXTRACTION TOOL

• ONE PIECE METAL CONSTRUCTION

• EASILY EXTRACTS 8-24 PIN DEVICES

• LOW COST S2.19

EX-2 IC EXTRACTION TOOL

• EXTRACTS 24-40 PIN DEVICES

• HEAVY DUTY METAL CONSTRUCTION

• GROUND LUGS FOR MOS EXTRACTIONS

• EASY ONE HAND OPERATION $12.74

IC INSERTION TOOLS

lNS-1416 for 14-16 pin IC's S5.15 MOS-1416 lor 14-16 pin IC s S10.92 IVIOS-2428 for 24-28 pin IC s S10.92 MOS-40 lor 40 pin ICS SI 2.43

MOSseriBS insertion toolshava matal consluclion and include grounding lug lor CMOS applications.

BW-630 WIRE WRAP GUN

• BATTERY POWERED-USES 2 NI CAD C CELLSINOT INCLUDED)

• POSITIVE INDEXING ■ ANTI-OVERWRAP DEVICE $41.55

WSU-30 WIRE WRAP TOOLS

• WRAPS, STRIPS, AND UNWRAPS

• WSU.30M WRAPS AN EXTRA TURN OF INSULATION

WSU-30 $8.84/WSU-30M $10.14 WIRE WRAP TERMINALS

INS.1416 INS.2428

WWT-1 WWT-2 WWT-3 WWT-4 INS-1

SLOTTED SINGLE SIDED IC SOCKET DOUBLE SIDED INSERTION TOOL

25/S7.06 25/S4.2S 25/S7.06 25/2.80 S3.64

WIRE DISPENSER

• WITH 50' ROLL OF WIRE

. BUILT IN PLUNGER CUTS WIRE . BUILT IN STRIPPER STRIPES 1"

• REFILLABLE

WD-30 S6.50 WD-30TRI $9.50

Specify Blue, vuhite, With 50' of each: Yellow or Red Red. Blue and White

SOCKET-WRAP I.D ™

• SLIPS OVER WIRE WRAP PINS

• IDENTIFIES PIN NUMBERS ON WRAP

SIDE OF BOARD ■ CAN WRITE ON PLASTIC; SUCH AS IC tt

WSU-30/30M

PINS

PARTH

PCK. OF

PRICE

8

IDWRAP08

10

1.95

14

IDWRAP 14

10

1.95

16

IDWRAP 16

10

1.95

18

IDWRAP 18

5

1.95

20

, IDWRAP 20

5

1.95

22

IDWRAP 22

5

1.95

24

IDWRAP 24

5

1.95

28

IDWRAP 28

5

1.95

40

IDWRAP 40

5

1.9G

PLEASE ORDER 8V NUMBER OP PACKAGES (PCK. OF)

GE NICKEL CADMIUM RECHARGABLE BATTERIES NI CAD CHARGER PACKAGE

PRICE INCLUDES CHARGER (WALL PLUGJ. BATTERIES. & MODULAR BATTERV HOLDER AAA CELLS QTV. 2 S11,71

AA CELLS QTV. 2 S11.71

C CELLS QTV. 2 S13.21

D CELLS QTV 2 S13.21

9 yOLI QTY 1 S13.21

AAA CELLS AA CELLS C CtLLS

BATTERIES ONLY

PKG PKG

PKG

SG.07 pr. S3.03 e;»

53 7R

20 MHz DUAL TRACE OSCILLOSCOPE

UNSURPASSED QUALITY AT AN UNBEATABLE PRICE

' BAND WIDTH- DC: DC TO 20mHz (-3dbl

AC: 10Hz TO 20MHI |-3dbl > SWEEP TIME- -2 jiSEC TO -5 SEC/DIV ON 20 RANGES i VERT./HORZ. DEFLECTION: SmV TO 20V/DIV ON 20 RANGES ' COMPLETE MANUAL AND HIGH QUALrfV HOOK-ON PROBES INCLUDED

• INPUT IMPEDANCE: 1 MEGOHM

• TV VIDEO SYNC FILTER ■ X, Y AND Z AXIS OPERATION . 110^220VOLT 50/60HZ OPERATION . COMPONENT TESTER

• LP CONSUMPTION-19 WATTS . FiUtlT IN CALinRATOR

. AUIOn,TA!K; Of! 7 R) G (i f.: H i: D TIMFBA?

$399.95

WITH PROBES

FULL ONE YEAR

WARRANTY

MULTIMETER PEN

AUTO RANGING, POLARITY & DECIMAL!

LARGE 3'/i DIGIT DISPLAY

DATA HOLD SWITCH FREEZES READING

FAST. AUDIBLE CONTINUITY TEST

LOW BATTERY INDICATOR rkKIIV OVERLOAD PROTECTION UIM 1.Y

ONLY 1'." )t6V." K v." ^wDC VOLTS .ImV-SOOV 349 95

AC VOLTS ImV-SOOU .1 OHM.20 MEG OHMS WEIGHS ONLY 2,3 OUNCES

LOW PARTS COUNT-CUSTOM 80 PIN LSI INSURES RELIABILITY

INClUnrS MANUAL nATTRRILS SOFT CAS! :?FM10QEHPS Ar.JD Al i iC.^fOF? CLIP

Inquiry 219

' Copyright 19S5 JDR MIcrodcvlcvi

MAY 1985 -BYTE 523

FOR IBM I

MPI-B52T.TMn 09.95

EPROM PROGRAMMER

FOR APPLE COMPUTERS

^•n RP525 $79.95

• LOW COST! « DUPLICATE OR BURN ANY

STANDARD 27xx SERIES EPROM

• EASY TO USE MENU-DRIVEN SOFTWARE INCLUDED

• MENU SELECTION FOR

2716, 2732, 2732A, 2764 & 27128

• HIGH SPEED WRITE ALGORITHM

• LED INDICATORS FOR ACTIVITY

• NO EXTERNAL POWER SUPPLY REQUIRED

16K RAM CARD $39.95

BARE PC CARD AND INSTRUCTIONS $9.95

* 2 YEAR WARRANTY

* EXPAND YOUR 48K APPLE TO 64K

* USE IN PLACE OF APPLE LANGUAGE CARD

DISK DRIVES

FOR APPLE COMPUTERS

BAL-525 $139.95

• Vz HEIGHT-ALPS MECHANISM

• 100% APPLE COMPATIBLE

• FULL 1 YEAR WARRANTY

BAL-500 $169.95

* TEAC MECHANISM- DIRECT DRIVE

* 100% APPLE COMPATIBLE-35TRACK

* 40 TRACK WHEN USED WITH OPTIONAL CONTROLLER

MITAC AD-1 $179.95

* FULL HEIGHT SHUGART MECHANISM

* DIRECT REPLACEMENT FOR APPLE DISK II

DISK DRIVE ACCESSORIES

DISK CONTROLLER CARD S49.95 APPLE lie ADAPTOR CABLE S19.95

NOW rOH APPLE lie

DISK DRIVES FOR IBM

TEAC

FD55B

$119.95

TANDON

TIVI100-2

$159.95 MPI

IVIODELB52

$109.95

IBM ACCESSORIES

MAXIMIZER $259.95

SIGMA MULTIFUNCTION CARD

HAYES SMARTMODEM $419.95

1200B FOR IBM

PRINTER CABLE $19.95

PARALLEL 6' SHIELDED CABLE

KRAFT JOYSTICK $39.95

1^ BMC MOHITOR STAND

MODEL PA-900

TILTS AND SWIVELS TO PROVIDE OPTIMUM VIEWING ANGLE, REDUCES OPERATOR FATIGUE

DISKEHE FILE

$8.95

IF PURCHASED WITH 50 DISKETTES OR MORE

$9.95 IF PURCHASED ALONE

HOLDS 70 SVa' DISKETTES, WITH ROOM TO SPARE

—j

NASHUA DISKEHES

5V4" SOFT SECTOR DS/DD WITH HUB RINGS

BULK PACKAGED IN FACTORY SEALED BAGS OF 50 INCLUDES DISKETTE SLEEVES AND WRITE PROTECTTABS. IDEAL FOR SCHOOLS, CLUBS, AND USERS GROUPS. THIS IS A SPECIAL PURCHASE, SO QUANTITIES ARE LIMITED. THERE IS A 5 YEAR WARRANTY.

$1.39ea. $1.49ea. $1.59ea.

QTY250 QTY100 QTY50

NASHUA DISKETTES WERE JUDGED TO HAVE THE HIGHEST POLISH AND RECORDED AMPLITUDE OF ANY DISKETTES TESTED ISEE "COMPARING FLOPPY DISKS". BYTE 9 84|

SS/DD

SS DD

DS [.'i;

SOFT SECTOR

10 SECTOR HARD

S29.95

S29 95

^34 95

^FACTORY SPECIAL $14.95^ VERBATIM DamiFEOiSKEnES^

ORDER TOLL FREE

800-538-5000 800-662-6279.C.,

4) BMC BX-80 PRINTER

PRINTEF

$199.95

80 CPS DOT MATRIX PRINTER

' BI-DIRECTIONAL > SUPERB GRAPHICS ' CENTRONICS INTERFACE

CLOSE-OUT SPECIAL OUANTITIFS I IMITFP

IBM COMPATIBLE POWER SUPPLIES

130 WAH cr:*

$159.95 il f>

APPLE ACCESSORIES

VIEWMAX-80 VIEWMAX-80e GRAPHMAX THUNDERCLOCK

KRAFT JOYSTICK

POWER SUPPLY

$159.95 $129.95 $129.95 $129.95

S39.95

S49.95

KT COMPATIBLE

. .5V (S) 15A, »12 Sil4.2A

-5 @ .5A. -12 @ .5A ' UPGRADE YOUR PC, POWERS HARD ' POWER CABLES FOR 4 FDDs ' ONE YEAR WARRANTY < SWITCH ON SIDE (FITS IBM CASE)

100 WAN

$99.95

■ SWITCH ON REAR . FOR USE IN OTHER

IBM TYPE MACHINES

AVAILABLE IN 100W

OR 130W VERSIONS

90 DAY WARRANTY

130 WATT MODEL

$129.95

EflSJDR Microdevices

■■ 1224 S. Bascom Avenue, San Jose, CA 95128 800-538-5000 • 800-662-6279 (CA) • (408) 995-5430 FAX (408) 275-8415 • Telex 171-110

RETAIL STORE - 1256 S. BASCOM AVENUE HOURS: M-W-F, 9-5 TU-TH, 9-9 SAT, 10-3

PLEASE USE YOUR CUSTOMER NUMBER WHEN ORDERING

< Copyrlghl1985 JDR Mlcrodevlcai

TERMS: Minimum order $10.00. For shipping and handling Include S2.S0 lor UPS Ground and $3.50 lor UPS Air. Orders over 1 lb. and loreign orders may require additional shipping charges - please contact our sales department (or the amount. CA. residents must include 6% sales tax, Bay Area and LA residents include All merchandise is warranted lor 90 days unless otherwise stated. Prices are subject to change without notice. We are not responsible tor typographical errors. We reserve the right to limit quantities and to substitute manufacturer. All merchandise subject to prior sale.

APPLE IS A TRADEMARK OF APPLE COMPUTER CO.

524 BYTE • MAY 1985

Inquiry 220

UNCLASSIFIED ADS

WANTED: United Cerebral Palsy seeks tax-deductible donation of six IBM PCs with printers for vocational training program. UCR Suite 204. 1904 Franklin St. Oakland. CA 94612. (4151 832-7430.

WANTED: Nonprofit agency needs donation of microcomputer and printer to help low-Income veterans, youth, handicapped individuals, exoffenders, and unemployment recipients attain training and employment. Will pay shipping. Bill Slovick, Prolect I.O.V.E. Inc.. Suite 2K. 2725 Congress St., San Diego, CA 92110, (619) 238-3826.

WANTED: Small nonprofit YMCA seeks taxdeductible donation of computer system with disk drives and printer. Need word-processing capabilities, network-information management, inventory and office management. Will pay shipping. Icy lackson. Kosciusko Community YMCA. 1401 East Smith St.. Warsaw, IN 45680. (219) 269-9622.

WANTED: Private educational organization seeks taxdeductible donation of any disk-based microcomputer with printer for educational and administrative purposes. Will pay shipping. Duane D. Hartman, Lord's Mission, POB IOCS, Whitefish, MT 59937, (406) 721-2347.

WANTED: Nonprofit educational institution welcomes tax-deductible contributions of computer equipment for classroom instruction, especially Applei TRS-80, and IBM-compatible R. M. Edwards, Caufomia Lutheran University. 60 Wfest Olsen Rd.. Thousand Oaks. CA 91360, (805) 492-2411, ext 464,

WANTED: Missionary seeks donation of IBM PC or Compaq with word-processing capabilities for aid to Bible translators. Will issue tax-deductible receipt Reverend Steve Hopkins. Evangel Bible H-anslators, 39 Maple St.. Centerville OH 4 54 59.

WANTED: Psychology lab needs a reliable terminal and S-100 bus interface cards. Instructor will pay shipping and provide letter for tax purposes. Barry W. Godolphin. PhD, Psychology Department. Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA 94928.

WANTED: Nonprofit club needs microcomputers, even used, such as C-64, Apple TRS-80. or IBM PC. plus peripherals and public-domain programs. M. Peleg, Mofet-Club, POB 3252, Haifa 31032. Israel.

WANTED: Contact with Altair user group or individuals for mutual support, Walter Gordon, 10 Bonnie Brook Dr., Shelton, CT 06484.

WANTED: Contacts worldwide for exchange of ideas and individual or public-domain software for Apple lie 1. Paulino Fen-eira, Apartado 37. Cortegafa. 3882 Ovar Codex. Portugal.

TRADE: ^nt to trade a copy of TSnnenbaum & Augenstein's Data Structures Using Posed for the PL/I version of the same book. R. C. Pierce, 404: Summit Dr. Corte Madera, CA 94925.

FOR SALE: Victor 9000 hard-disk system with quaddensity floppy drive, monitor, 18 months old: S2200 or best offer. American Philosophical Association, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, (302) 451-1112.

FOR SALE: HP CRT, model I332A hi-res 7-inch flatface electrostatic XYZ CRT, HP 1984 price S2730: clean and working with manual: S200 plus shipping. Mating camera with Polaroid back: $60 plus shipping. Mark Goldstein, POB 825, Tfempe, AZ 85281. (602) 437-1767.

FOR SALE: Apple 1. number 37 of the first 175 manufactured. Historical value, excellent condition, runs. Keyboard, cassette interface power supply Full 8K memory. Make an offer, lohn Victor, 24 Sawmill I-ane Greenwich. CT 06830. (203) 869-4479.

FOR SALE: NEC APC H03 computer reset button: S15, Howard D. Roney 4840 Andrea Dr. NW. Salem. OR 97304.

FOR SALE: Commodore color monitor, model 1702: $160 or trade for hi-res amber monitor plus $60. MPI 5!<-inch DS/DD 40-track drive model B-52 with case and power supply: $160 or trade for bare halfheight 5 !4-inch DS/DD 4(Mrack drive Evan Americh, 1366 Marie Court, Santa Maria. CA 93454, (805) 922-0102.

FOR SALE: IBM PC XT 768K, 20 megabytes. AST SixPack. Tfecmar 1st Mate, Hercules. Plantronics. 8087, Z80. I200B. second hard disk and floppy IBM mono and color monitors, game I/O. mouse. Okidata 93, HP 7475A. Qume 11/40, 64K buffer, and more: $6750. Bert Baker, 724W 1720N #109, Provo, UT

84604. (801) 377-7343.

WANTED: Public-domain software for IBM PC on astrology and cosmogram construction. Hanspeter Graub. POB 141. 4125 Riehen. Switzerland.

FOR TRADE: IBM PC public-domain software Send name and address. Marc David Seidel, 149 Carol St., Danbury. CT 06810. (203) 798-1375.

FOR SALE: Commodore 64. modem, datasette recorder, phone. All about one year old, original packages, reasonable. David Haaland, POB 1704, Minot ND 58702. (701) 852-5463.

FOR SALE: Hayes Smartmodem 1200B. like new. Does not conform to Spanish standards: asking S325. F Tljsell. Avenida Tblosa, 95, 28. 20009 San Sebastian. Spain,

FOR SALE: Morrow SlOO system: MPZ-80, 64K static RAM. D12D/B. two DS/DD 8-inch drives. 5-megabyte Winchester. HDCDMA, Multi I/O board, ADM-20 terminal, and more. Best offer. May part out. Dave Edick, 15938 Cramercy San Leandro, CA 94578.

FOR SALE: Complete BYTE issues in excellent condition: 1975 (4 issues): $15; 1976 to 1978 for $30/year; 1979 for $35. Complete KiloBaud, 1977 to 1978: $25/year: 1979 for S30. Postage Included. Sold in annual blocks only Ricky Peterson, 206 Pine Valley Dr. Warner Robins. GA 31093. (912) 922-1196.

FOR SALE: S-100 boards with documentation. 8080 CPU: $35: Vector Graphic 16K static RAM: $60; Ithaca Audio 8K static RAM: S30: Micro Applications 4K static RAM: $15: Ithaca Audio 16K ROM: S75: solid-state music video interface VBl-B: S30: and others. Neil Schmidt, 2201 San Miguel Dr.. Walnut Creek, CA 94 596. (415) 939-5342.

FOR SALE: IBM PC with 128K, 360K disk. IBM 10-megabyte hard disk, i30-watt power supply monochrome and printer adapter. Key TYonic 5150 keyboard. Asking 60 percent of current IBM price. Will sell hard disk and adapter card separately. |oe Gunter. RR2. Box 823. Lot 12 5, Pompano Beach, FL 33067, (305) 421-6301, days 7-11 pm.

FOR SALE: Three Shugart 850 1.2-megabyte 8-inch floppy drives. Brand new. double-sided: $150 each. Ray 1\jrner. 3026 Reece Way San lose. CA 95133. (408) 745-1440. ext, 270,

FOR SALE: Logic analyzer, Paratronics lOOA/10. Displays truth table on oscilloscope, 3 bytes by 16 words deep. Intensified trigger word 8 to 24 bits wide. 8-MHz data<ollection rate. 200-page manual, S300 plus UPS. Perfect for micro development, test, repair Ron Dalpiaz. 308 High St.. POB 573. Tljscarawas. OH 44682. (614) 922-9446 after 7 pm.

WANTED: BYTE issue volume 5. number 11, November 1980, Will pay top dollar. Call collect, lames Baldwin. (812) 422-3348.

FOR SALE: Lear Siegler ADM 3A+ monitor, hardly used: S250 firm for quick sale; you pay sliipping. Patrick Gleeson. 3470 19th St, San Franclscot CA 94110, (415) 864-1967.

FOR SiU£: Hewlett-Packard 868. 12-inch monitor, dual 314-inch drives. RS-232C interface two 128K memory modules, modem, ROMs, cables, and more. Retail $6598: asking $3300, Also printer (82906A) and plotter (7475A). Retail $2890; asking $1450. Shannon W. Davis, POB 813, Corvallis, OR 97339, (503) 758-]432.

FOR SALE: TWo Radio Shack Modem lis, 300 bps. auto-dial/auto-answer direct connect, programmable, good condition, complete with manual. $125 each (retail $200). Gary Uirkel, 141 Lafayette Ave, Suffem, NY 10901, (914) 357-5183.

UNCLASSIFIED ADS MUST be noncommercial, from readers who fmx computer equipntent to buy. sell or trade on a onetime basis. All requests for donated computer eciuipment must be from nonprofit or^aniiations. Program to be exchanged must be written by the individual or be in the public dormn. Ads must be typed double-spaced, contain 50 words or less, and Include full name and address. This is a free service: ads are printed as space permits. BYTE reserves the right to reject any unclassified ad that does not meet these criteria. "When you submit your ad (BYTE. Undasafied Ads, POB 372, Hancock, NH 03449), eilow at least four months for it to appeat.

FOR SALE: Shugart SA460, SA800-2, 514-inch power supply and case, and Atari 850 interface. Excellent condition or new. Best offer. Lee Fischman, 1332 East lOOthSt., Brooklyn, NY 11236. (718)251-232).

FOR SALE: S-lOO complete board set from Vector Graphic including CPU disk controller. I/O board, 64 K RAM. PROM/RAM board. Flashwriter 80<olumn board, and two extra boards: SI 199, A. TSn, 5749 South Nepal Way, Aurora, CO 80015,

WANTED: Architecture student seeks used graphics computer terminal (at least 1024 by 1024 addressable points) with memory, light pen. manuals, and RS-232C or RS-422 interface. Massimo Stefanl, via Lazzaretto 11. 20124 Milano Italy

WANTED: 1 would like to know how to convert educational programs from C-64 to IBM PC. G. Sawabini Ir.. POB 524, Dearborn. Mi 48121.

FOR SALE: Remex 8-inch DS/DD drives, two units: Si50 each or trade for S-50 bus equipment. |. W, Wilson, 400 North Pierce St,. Lansdale PA 19446. (215) 855-0102,

WANTED: Vixbbte Magazine volume 3, number 2 and volume 3, number 1. Also volume 2. number 7 and earlier Issues if the price is right. Send prices to Michael Chlng, 2118 Kula St., Honolulu, HI 96817,

WANTED: Inexpensive, bare S-100 mainframe and 8-inch floppy<Iisk enclosures. Dale Kashuba. S.-7 C.-10 RR#1, Vfemon, British Columbia VIT 6L4 Canada.

FOR SALE: TWo TSndon TM 100-1 SS/DD IBM PC disk drives. Excellent condition, $175 each new: will sell for S125 each, S200 for both. Will pay shipping. Mike Molohon. 305 ludy Lane 186. Copperas Cove, TX 76522. (817) 547-5579.

FOR SALE: 64K North Star Horizon-2. FPB-A board, extra I6K IMS static RAM board. Matrox ALT-256 video board, full documentation plus books on CP/M and Z80 assembly language Make an offer, R. A. lacobson. 9 Shadiewood Lane, Hilton Head Island, SC 29928.

TRADE: Computer Learning Center public-domain software for the Apple 11 for your CLC disks. Send SASE for list. Dale Flatow. 7684 South Logan Ave., Oak Creek, Wl 53154,

WANTED: Hardware, parts, accessories, information for the Exidy Sorcerer computer. Particularly need disk controller, BASIC compiler. EPROM burner, utilities, cassette-to-disk converter etc. Gary Pewitt. 3039 West 4375 S Roy UT 84067,

WANTED: IBM PC two floppy drives, graphics paper plotter 2 56K, etc.. to design double-sided layout PC boards. CAD system. Steven Abraitl. M.QS. Inc., 90 East 212th St., Cleveland, OH 44123.

FOR SALE: Tfexas Instruments 99/4A technical reference manual: $20. TWo Tfeac SS/DD half-height disk drives from Sanyo MBC 555: $75 each. All in excellent condition. Michael I. Vargo. 2999 Lutheran Rd., Gilbertsville PA 19525.

FOR SALE: VT-100 terminal with AVO, Sierra Data Sciences Z80 single-board computer, two Oume DS/DD DatdTVak 8-inch disk drives, OT 12-slot S-100 mainframe with power has room for drives. Any reasonable offer accepted. Mark Fowler. 2740 San Carlos Lane Costa Mesa, CA 92626, (714) 754-1708.

FOR SALE: IBM-compatible boanJ for TRS-80 Model 111/4 with 128K RAM. RS-232C serial I/O port, Centronics parallel port, power supply and enclosure: S500. 8088 microprocessor: $20. 8031 microprocessor: $40. T&ndon TM 100-1, 160K disk drive: $100. Other equipment available Dave Engelbert, 1625 Lake Dr. Haslett. Ml 48840, (517) 339-1771,

WANTED: Correspondence with other computerists in English or Italian, Magnaterra Aiessandro. Via Tomba I, 47040 Santarcangelo di Romagna, Forll, Italy

FOR SALE: Apple Usa 2/10, 10 megabytes: $4500. IBM PC Portable two disk drives; $1950 Apple lie: S800. Apple He one drive and monitor $900. Osborne 1 single density: S3 50. Atari 800XL disk drive and printer: 8600, Apple 1I4-: S800. Betty V*ber POB 413, Gates Mills, OH 44040. (216) 729-2808.

WANTED: Used EPROM eraser for 2716s. etc Andrew R Siska. 331 South Grant \M5Stmont IL 60559, (312) 960-2176. evenings,

WANTED: Engineering student needs Xerox 820 CPU board or Heath H-8. any condition. Curtis L. Martin. POB 341. Fayette City. PA 15438. (412) 326-8759.

MAY 1985 • BYTE 525

BOMB

ARTICLE# PAGE

4 5 6

7 8

9 10 II 12

13

14 15 16 17 18

19 20

21 22

23

24

25

48 98 108

128 143 152

155 160

171 185 201 219 239

260 270 279 291 307

355 363

385 399

417

429

433

BYTE'S Ongoing Monitor Box

ARTICLE AUTHOR(S)

Ask BYTE Ciarcla

The AT&T UNIX PC Williams

Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar: Build the Home Run Control System.

Part 2: The Hardware Ciarcia

Set Extensions with Apple Pascal Schumer

Build a Talking Clock Speech Synthesizer. . Piette

Methods; A Preliminary Look Webster,

Yonkman

Smalltalk-PC . Made

thie Smalltalk Programming Language .... Anderson,

FIshman

Multiprocessing: An Overview Kralewski

Extending Microprocessor Architectures, .. Seals Applying Data Flow in the Real World .... Paseman

The Tlansputer Walker

Data-Movement Primitives Roskos,

Hsieh

The Compaq Deskpro Grady

IBM PC AT Finger

Tl-ue BASIC Vose

The GTX-100 Modem Haas

Computing at Chaos Manor:

in Search of the Perfect Product Pournelle

BYTE Japan: Megabits and Gigaflops Raike

BYTE Wtest Coast: Homebrew Chips Markoff,

Robinson,

Osgood

BYTE U.K.: Parallel Processing .Fountain

Computers and Law:

The Sale of Computer Products Sterne,

Saidman

Mathematical Recreations: An Exercise

in BASIC Bitwise Logic Operation Kurosaka

Programming Insight: 0.8660254 = ■v/3/2. .Sandberg Programming Insight: Computing Pi Crawford

THE FEBRUARY SEVEN

"Build a Serial EPROM Programmer," an essential hacker's tool designed in Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, won the blue ribbon in February. In second place is Phillip Robinson's Product Preview on "The HP Integral Personal Computer," a system that makes UNIX portable And "Ttoubles" didn't prevent jerry Pournelle's column, Computing at Chaos Manor, from placing third. "Copying Mass-Marketed Software." the subject and debut of Computers and l^w, won fourth place. Robert Greene Sterne and Perry j. Saidman will coauthor this new column scheduled to appear quarterly The discussion with lames H. Wilkinson on the design process of Turing's Universal machine placed fifth. That interview, entitled The Birth of a Computer." was conducted by lohn C. Nash.

Because the first five articles are written by BYTE technical or contributing editors, the articles that placed next in line are eligible for the prize money Eric Aubanel and Keith Oldham's "Fourier Smoothing Without the Fast Fourier Ttansform" won sixth place: these coauthors will split the $100 bonus. In seventh place and the winner of the S50 bonus is leffrey Star for his "Introduction to image Processing." Flearty congratulations to all.

BYTE ADVERTISING SALES STAFF:

|. Peter Huestis, Advertising Sales Manago-, 70 IVIaln Street, Peterborough, NH 03458, tel. (603) 924^281

NEW ENGLAND

ME. NH, VT. MA. Rl

Paul McPherson |r. (617| 262-1160

McGraw-Hill Publications ^^^^^ Boylston Street Boston, M.A 02116

ATLANTIC

NY NYC CT, Nl INORTHl Dick McGurk (2121 512-3588 Leah Goldman 12121 512-2096 McGraw-Hill Publications 1221 Avenue of the Americas— 39th Floor

New York, NY 10020 EAST

PA (EASTI, NI (SOUTHI. MD. VA. W.VA, DE. D.C. Daniel Ferro 12151 496-3833 McGraw-Hill Publications Three Parkway Philadelphia. PA 19102

SOUTHEAST

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526 BYTE • IvlAY 1985

READER SERVICE

Inquiry No. Page Na

437 2500 AD SOFTWARE 236,237

2 3-M COMMERCIAL OFFICE SUPPLY DIV. 402

3 800 SOFTWARE 243

4 A.S.T. RESEARCH 19

5 A.aT. RESEARCH 19

6 AB COMPUTERS 348, 349

7 AB COMPUTERS 348, 349

8 ABC DATA PRODUCTS 490

438 ACM SICWRAPH 85 328

9 ACS INTL. INC 428

10 ACTION COMPUTER 145

11 ACTION COMPUTER 145

12 ADDMASTER CORP 500

13 ADV. BUSINESS COMR SYS. ... 298

14 ADV. COMR PROD. 486

15 ADV. COMPUTER SYSTEMS ... 390

18 AFTEK BUSN.MACHINES 340

• ALF PRODUCTS. INC 60

19 ALL ELEaRONICS CORP. 84

20 ALLIED MICRO DEVICES 492

21 ALLOY COMPUTER PROD. .. 56, 57 428 ALLOY COMPUTER PROD. .... 248

22 AMARAYCORP. 241

' 23 AMBER SYSTEMS 323

24 AMDEK CORP 8

26 AMERICAN DESIGN COMPNTS. 365

27 AMERICAN RESEARCH 226

28 AMERICAN RESEARCH 226

463 AMERICAN SEMICONDUCTOR . 430

29 AMPERE INC 150

30 AMPRO COMPUTERS INC. ... 230

31 ANTHRO CORR 199

32 APOLLO MARKETING 482

33 APPARATINC 502

• APPLE COMPUTER INC CII. 1

34 APPLIED DATA SYSTEMS 139

35 APPLIED I 502

36 APPLIED SOFTWARE TECH. ... 251

37 APRICOT INC 12, 13

38 APROPOS TECHNOLOGY 519

39 ARCTEC SYSTEMS 367

40 ARTIFICIAL INTL RESRCH.GRP.. 494

41 ASHTONTATE 94,95

42 AT&T GENERAL BUSN. SYS. ... 378

43 AUCAT PACKAGED PROD. 69

145 AVATEX MODEMS 216, 217

44 AVOCET 381

45 AWARD SOFTWARE. INC 212

46 AWESOME TECHNODOCY INC . 519

47 B6B ELECTRONICS 515

• BSC MICROSYSTEMS 502

48 BASF SYSTEMS 133

49 BAY TECHNICAL ASSOC 23

JO BEST POWER TECHNOUOGY.... 69

• BEST WESTERN INTL 138

51 BIBLE RESEARCH SYSTEMS ... 132

52 BLACKSHIP COMR SUPPLIES .. 515

53 BLAISE COMPUTING INC 244

455 BORLAND INTL 41

456 BORLAND INTL 41

457 BORLAND INTL 43

458 BORLAND INTL 43

459 BORLAND INTL 45

460 BORLAND INTL 45

461 BORLAND INTL 46, 47

462 BORLAND INTL 46. 47

452 BUDDY PRODUCTS 515

58 BUSINESS TOOLS INC 439

• BYTE PUBL.INC 446

59 BYTEK COMR SYS CORR 66

• CWARE 292

60 C ITOH DIGITAL PRODUCTS.... 38

61 C, ITOH DIGITAL PRODUCTS.... 38

• C.\UF. DIGITAL 512, 513

• CALIE DIGITAL 514

• CAUE MICRO COMPUTER 519

62 CALIF. MICRO HOUSE 136

63 CANON US.A 28, 29

64 CAPITAL EQUIPMENT CORR . . .280

65 CAPITAL MICRO 192

67 CDA INTL SOFrWARE 488

68 CDR SYSTEMS 496

69 CENTROID CORP, 496

71 CHIPS 'N DIPS 500

72 CHORUS DMA SYSTEMS 362

Inquiry No.

Page No.

73 CHRISLIN :ND INC 389

74 CITIZEN A.MERICA 268, 269

75 CIVIL COMPUTING CORR 502

76 COASTLINE COMPUTER 499

77 COGIWE 488

78 COMARK INC 176

80 COMMTEK ELECTRIC INC 30

81 COMMUNICATION CABLE CO, . 502

82 COMR COMPNTS. UNLTD 461

83 COMP. COMPNTS. UNLTD. 462, 463

• COMPAQ COMPUTER CORP.. 88, 89

84 COMPETITIVE EDGE 66

87 COMPOWER TECH. CORP. 498

• COMPUMAIL 489

89 COMPUSERVE 35

90 COMPUSERVE 215

91 COMPUTATIONAL SYS INC... 232

92 COMPUTER AFFAIRS INC ..... 494

93 COMPUTER AFFAIRS INC 294

94 COMPUTER CHANNEL 411

• COMPUTER CHRONICLES 315

95 COMPUTER CONNECT. INC508. 509

• COMPUTER CONTINUUM 488

96 COMPUTER DISCOUNT PROD.. 497

97 COMPUTER GROUP, THE 488

98 COMPUTER HUT OF N.E 455

99 COMPUTER INNOVATIONS ... 320

101 COMPUTER INNOVATIONS .... 310

102 COMPUTER MAIL ORDER 396, 397

103 COMPUTER PARTS MART 502

• COMPUTER WAREHOUSE 465

105 COMPUTERBANC 74

107 COMPUTRADE 446

441 CONROY-LAPOINTE 166, 167

442 CONROY-LAPOINTE 166, 167

443 CONRO\^LAPOINTE 166, 167

109 CONTROL DATA 147

no CONTROL DATA MICRO SERV . 357

111 CORVUS SYS INC 231

465 CRANE ASSOC. INC 430

112 CROMEMCO 5

113 CUESTA SYSTEMS 379.

117 CUSTOM COMR TECH 173

118 CUSTOM COMR TECH 482'

119 CUSTOM COMR TECH 483

120 DATA BANK 78

121 DATA EXCHANGE 500

• DATA I/O INC 515

439 DATA SPEC 452

440 DATA SPEC 452

123 DATA TRANSLATION INC 233

124 DATACOPY CORR 404

125 DATASOUTH COMP. CORP. .... 425

126 DAYNA COMM 148, 149

127 DELUXE COMR FORMS 70

128 DICK SMITH ELECTRONICS4I4, 415

129 DIGITAL PRODUCTS INC 146

130 DIGITAL RESEARCH COMR 76

131 DIRECT-CONNECT DEVICES ... 490

• DISCOUNT COMPUTER CENTERS 398

132 DISKETTE CONNECTION 454

133 DISKS PLUS 498

134 DISKWORLD!, INC 479

135 DISKWORLD!. INC 487

137 DISPLAY TELECOMMNTNS 510. 511

139 DOKW COMP. PROD INC. 506. 507.

140 DOW lONES SOFTWARE. . 456. 457

141 DWIGHT CO., INC 494

143 DYNACOMP COMPUTER SYS .. 366

144 DYNAX. INC 394

146 EARTH COMPUTERS 488

147 EARTH COMPUTERS 500

148 EASTMAN KODAK CO. 338

149 EASTMAN KODAK CO. . . . 422. 423.

150 ECOSOFT 54

151 EDUCATIONAL MICROCOMR .. 498 454 EUCOMP 519

152 ELECTRONIC DATA SYS 372

Inquiry Na

Page Na

153 ELEXOR INC 494

■ ELLIS COMPUTING INC 221

• ENCHANTED FOREST 498

155 ENTER COMPUTER 289

156 ENTER COMPUTER 289

159 ERICSSON COMPUTER CO. . 36, 37

161 EVEREX SYSTEMS 64

163 EXIM INTERNATIONAL 492

165 EXPRESS BUSINESS SOFTWARE . 52

162 EXSELINC 492

166 FACITAB 319

167 FLAGSTAFF ENGINEERING .... 408

168 FLAGSTAFF ENGINEERING .... 408

169 FORTRON. INC 481

170 FORTRON, INC 481

451 FOX AND GELLER 436

171 FOX SOFTWARE INC 496

172 FRIENDLY COMPUTER 165

173 FUNK SOFTWARE 258

174 GENERAL MICRO SYSTEMS ... 490

175 GENERAL TECHNOLOGY 205

444 GENICOM CORP. 419

176 GIFFORD COMP. SYS. 359

177 GOLD Hia COMPUTERS 170

178 GOLDEN BOW SYSTEMS 492

179 GRAPHIC COMMUN1CATIONS62, 63

180 GTEK INC 85

181 H&E COMPUTRONICS 137

182 HAMMER COMPUTER SYSTEMSBO, 81

183 HANZON DATA INC 248

184 HARMONY VIDEO & COMP,..,. 78

185 HARMONY VIDEO & COMP.... 412 232 HARRIS/LANIER EOS DIV 382, 383

• HAVENTREE SOFTWARE LTD . . 498

187 HERCULES COMPUTER TECH. . . 25

188 HERCULES COMPUTER TECH. . 179

189 HOFFMAN INTL 490

• HOLIDAY INNS INC 312, 313

190 HOOLEON COMPANY 165

191 HOOLEON COMPANY 165

192 HOUSTON INSrR/BAUSCH&U)MB304

193 HYPERON SOFTWARE 515

194 IBC 195

195 IBC 195

196 I.nSYSTEMS 352

197 IBM CORR 440, 441

198 IBM NDD SYS SURR 360, 361

200 ILAR SYSTEMS INC 358

201 ILAR SYSTEMS, INC 358

202 IMSI 354

• INDEPENDENT BUSNSYSINC . 343

203 INFOCOM 368

427 INOVION CORR 242

205 INTEGRAND 388

206 INTERACTIVE COMPONENTS . . 484

207 INTERCONTN, MICRO SYS 4

208 INTERCONTN, MICRO SYS 4

209 INTERFACE INC 247

210 INTERFACE INC .247

211 INTERFACE TECH. CORR 238

429 INTERNATIONAL UNION OF

COMPUTER OWNERS INC 504, 505

212 IOMEGA 337

213 IOMEGA ., 339

214 IOMEGA 341

215 lADE COMR PROD. 516. 517

216 lADE COMR PROD. 518

217 lAMECO ELECTRONICS .. 228. 229

218 IDR MICRODEVICES INC . 520. 521

219 IDR MICRODEVICES INC . 522, 523

220 IDR MICRODEVICES INC 524

221 lEDEN 278

222 lOHN WILEY 6 SONS 252

225 KADAK PRODUCTS 502

226 KIMTRON CORR 393

227 KRUEGER TECHNOUOGY INC . 493

228 bCOM INC 318

229 LABORATORY MICROSYS. 132

TO GET FURTHER information on th« pick up your touch-tone telepfione ai or fill out the reader service card. [ vided following this reader service i tional service by the publisher, wh< omissions. 'Correspond directly w:

Droducts advertised in BYTE, either i use TIPS (if you are a subscriber), ther way full Instructions are prodex which is provided as an addiassumes no liability for errors or 1 company.

Inquiry Na

Page Na

448 LARK SOFTWARE 438

234 LATTICE. INC 400

235 LAWSON LABS INC 500

236 LEADING EDGE PROD. 49

237 LEADING EDGE PROD. 71

238 LEVEL 5 RESEARCH 364

239 LIFEBOAT ASSOQATES IB

241 LIFEBOAT ASSOCIATES 469

242 LINTEK INC SU

243 LIVING VIDEOTEX 432

245 LOGICAL DEVICES 240

246 LOGICAL DEVICES 498

,247 LOMAS DATA PRODUCTS 197

248 LYBEN COMR SYS 502

249 LYBEN COMR SYS 448

250 LYCO COMPUTER 459

251 MANAGEMENT INFO SOURCE . 138

252 MANX SOFTWARE SYS. 53

253 MARK WILLIAMS CO. 75

254 MARYMAC INDUSTRIES INC , . 498 ,255 MASTERBYTE COMR OF N.Y . . 502

256 MAXELL DATA PRODUCTS ,7

257 MAYNARD ELEaRONIX 15

• MCGRAW-HILL CEC 353

258 MEGATEL COMPUTER TECH 86

259 MERRITT COMR PRODUCTS ... 492

260 METAUNK CORR 519

261 MFI ENTERPRISES INC 91

, 262 MICRAY ELEaRONIX 246

263 MICRO DATA BASE SYS .. 450. 451

264 MICRO DESIGN INTL 431

265 MICRO MART INC 72, 73

266 MICRO PRODUCTS. INC 495

267 MICRO WORLD ELECTRONIX.. 519

268 IWXOCOMPaiBRAXESSORIES.336

269 MICROCOMPUTER ACCESSORIES. 336

270 MICROGRAFX 135

• MICROMINT INC 410

271 MICROPROCESSORS UNLTD... 490 464 MICROSCOPE 430

272 MICROSHOP 478

• MICROSOFT CORP. 126. 127

• MICROSOFT CORR 283

• MICROSOFT CORR 285

• MICROSOFT CORR 287

• MICROSOFT CORR PRESS 306

274 MICROSTUE INC 384

275 MICROTIME 92

276 MICROWAY 218

277 MICROWAY 413

278 MIDWEST MICRO-PERIPHERALS .. 34

• MINORITY HITECH INDUSTRIES , 281

279 MOTEL COMPUTERS UTD. 500

280 MOUNTAIN VIEW PRESS 77

281 MTI SYSTEMS CORP. 146

282 MULTI-TECH SYSTEMS 234

286 NANTUCKET 184

287 NANTUCKET 184

288 NATL PUBUC DOMAIN SFTW, ... 86

289 NATIONAL INSTRUMENTS 125

88 NCDA 494

290 NEC HOME INFORMATION SYSCIll

291 NESTAR SYSTEMS INC 453

292 NEW GENERATION SYS 250

293 NEWSNETINC 55

294 NICOLET PARATRONICS 30

295 NIGHTOWL SOFTWARE 253

296 NORTH HILLS CORR 492

297 NORTH HILLS CORR 494

• NORTHROP 473

• NRI SCHOOLS ELECTR, DIV ... 449

298 OBERON INTERNATIONA! 370

300 OLDEN 181

104 OPUS COMP PROD 16

301 ORCHID TECHNOUOGY 131

302 ORCHID TECHNOLOGY 321

303 ORION INSTRUMENTS 198

304 ORYX SYSTEMS. 254.255

305 ORYX SYSTEMS 254. 255

306 ORYX SYSTEMS 254. 255

307 OZISOFT 490

308 RC HORIZONS INC 496

309 PC NETWORK 344, 345

310 PACIFIC EXCHANGES

488, 492, 496. 519

311 PACIFIC PAYROLL SYSTEMS 92

MAY 1985 • BYTE 527

READER SERVICE

Inquiry No.

Page No.

312 PACIFIC PAYROa SySTEMS .... 92

• PALADIN SOFTWARE 316, 317

314 PANASONIC SENIOR PARTNER. , 93

315 PARAGON COURSEWARE 488

• PASCOM COMPUTING 51

316 PC PIPELINE 488

317 PC'SUMITED. ...477

318 PCS LIMITED 515

319 PERSOFTINC 61

320 PINNACLE SYSTEMS, INC 324

322 POCKET TECHNOLOGY 295

447 POLAROID CORP, 208, 209

323 PRACTICAL PE3UPHERALS ,,,, 207

324 PRINCETON GRAPHIC SYS 191

325 PRINCETON GRAPHIC SYS

325, 327, 329, 331, 333

326 PRIORITY ONE 503

329 PROGRAMMERS SHOP 309

330 PROGRESSIVE MICRO DISTR... 485

331 PROMETHEDS PRODUCTS 17

332 OANTEX DIV. 193

333 QIC RESEARCH 427

334 QUADRAM CORR 106, 107

335 QUADRAM CORP. 401

336 QUALITY PRINTERS 496

337 QUANT SYSTEMS 496

338 QUARK INCORPORATED 409

339 QUBIE ■ 20,21

340 RADIO SHACK CIV

341 RAINBOW TECHNOLOGIES.... 498

342 RATIONAL SYSTEMS 300

343 READIWARE SYSTEMS INC.... 311

344 RELAX TECHNOLOGY 374

345 ROLAND CORR 407

453 ROSE ELECTRONICS 519

430 S-lOO DIV. 696 CORR 60

431 S-lOO DIV 596 CORR 60

Inquiry Na Page Na

434 S-lOO DIV 696 CORR 501

435 S-lOO DIV 696 CORP. 501

350 SAB-LINK, INC 492

351 SAFEWARE 494

352 SAFT AMERICA INC 445

353 SATELLITE SOFTWARE 346

354 SAV-ON COMPUTERS 491

• SCOTTSDALE SYSTEMS 82

355 SEMIDISK SYSTEMS 189

• SILICON SPECIALTIES 387

• SILVER FOX 50

357 SLICER COMPUTERS 26

358 SLR SYSTEMS 350

359 SMALL BUSINESS COMR SYS.. 492

360 SOCIETY-APPLIED LRNG.TECH.. 452

361 SOFTCRAFT INC ITX) 24

• SOFTCRAFT, INC |W]| 235

■ SOFTLINE CORR 87

363 SOFTWARE BOrrUNG 301

364 SOFTWARE GAUDRE 314

365 SOFTWARE GALORE 314

366 SOFTWARE LINK. THE 443

367 SOFTWARE PLUS 490

368 SOFTWARE SOLUTIONS INC ,, 377

369 SOLA ELECTRIC 31

327 SOLUTION SYSTEMS 308

328 SOLUTION SYSTEMS 308

370 SOLUTIONWARE CORR 515

371 SONY CORR OF AMERICA 182. 183

372 SORCIM 142

373 SORD COMPUTER OF AMERICA293

374 SPECTRUM SOFTWARE 203

445 SPERRY CORR 79

375 SPSS 437

376 STARBUCK DATA CO, 494

446 STB SYSTEMS 334. 335

377 STRIDE MICRO 210

Inquiry Na Page No.

378 STRIDE MICRO 211

379 STSC INC 326

449 SUMICON 386

450 SUMICON 386

380 SUMMIT SOFTWARE TECHN, INC 406

381 SUNNY INTL 484

• SUNNYVALE COMM, CO 213

382 SUNTRONICS CO. INC 478

383 SUPERSOFT 405

384 SYNALTA SYSTEMS 496

• SYSCEN INC 290

385 SYSTEMS AUTOMATION CORR .447

386 SYSTEMS MANAGMNT ASSOC .467

387 TAPE WORLD 488

388 TATUM LABS 500

389 TATUNG 32

390 TAXAN CORR 249

391 TAXAN CORR 249

392 TCI SOFTWARE RESEARCH 54

393 TDK ELECTRONICS 471

" TEKTRONIX INC 435

• TEirOR AMERICA 412

394 TELEBYTE TECHNOLOGY INC, , . 84

395 TELEBYTE TECHNOLOGY INC . 448

• TELEVIDEO SYSTEMS 351

• TEXAS INSTRUMENTS 11

• TEXAS INSTRUMENTS . . . 296, 297

397 THREE M COMPANY .... 302, 303 154 TIGERTRONICS 494

• TINNEY ROBERT GRAPHICS, .. 480

398 TOSHIBA AMERICA INC.. 276. 277

400 TRANSTECTOR SYSTEMa INC.. 223

401 TRIFOX 490

402 U.S. ROBOTICS 67

283 U.S SERVEX 322

403 UNISOURCE 59

404 UNITECH 515

Inquiry Na Page Na

406 VEN-TEL INC 27

407 VERTEX SYSTEMS 444

408 VIASYN 369

409 VIASYN 371

410 VIASYN 373

411 VIASYN 375

412 VIASYN 391

413 VICTORY ENT TECHNOLOGY ... 68

414 VLM COMPUTER ELECTR 498

415 VCTRAX. INC 403

416 WADSWORTH PROFESSNAL SFrW416

417 WALLING COMPANY 519

• WAREHOUSE DATA PRODUCTS 227

418 WESTERN TELEMATIC INC.... 200

419 WINTER CORR 330

420 WINTEK CORR 500

421 WORKMAN & ASSOCIATES.... 500

424 XEROX CORR 140,141

425 YETIWARE 490

426 ZSTEM COMMUNICATIONS DIV 496

* Comspmd iMln M compenn.

INTERNAnONAL ADVERTISING SECTION

500 AMERICAN BUYING & EXPORT288B ■ BYTE 288D. 2881, 288K

501 CASIO COMPUTER CO. 288C

504 DYADIC SYSTEMS LTD 288F

505 ENTER COMPUTER 288L

506 ENTER COMPUTER 288L

503 GREY MATTER 288F

502 HELIX EXPERT SYSTEMS .... 2S8E

• MICROMINT 288H

512 MULTITECH INDUSTRIAL CORR288G

522 MULTITECH INDUSTRIAL CORR 2881

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1. nDDllffll 6. □□□[fill 10. □□□

2. □□□mai 7. □□□fflffl

S.nDDffilHl 8. □□DIlIl

4. DDD[fflIl 9. □□□mi

5. □ □ □ 11 HI

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11. □ □ □ Iffl ffi] 15. □ □ □ 11II

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If yon are not a subscriber fill out the subscription card found in this issue or, call BYTE Circulation 800-258-5486. 'Itoinegtlc and Canadian Subscriben Onlyl 528 BYTE • MAY 1985

ommmmm dot matrix

PRIHTBtS CAM SATAU THIS.

44

Pinwritei printers are available m black & while ana color models

The reason most people buy a dot matrix printer is for versatility.

And tliat's exactly why you should buy an NEC Pinwriter "'printer.

Pinwriters are the final word in versatility.

The Pinwriter lets you do more than any other dot matrix printer. Three different speeds cover all your needs—300, 900 or 1800 words per minute.

Pinwriter printers also let you create

I CAN PRINT PICA HIGH SPEED. OR PICA CORRESPONDENCE QUALITY OR PICH NEAR LETTER QUALITY OR ELITE CORRESPONDENCE QUALITY OR ELITE NEAR LETTER QUALITY

OR PROPORTIONALLY SPACED CORRESPONDENCE OR PROPORTIONALLY SPACED NEAR LETTER QUALITY

OR ANY PROGRAMMABLE TYPEFACE

The Pinwnler prints in 8 dttlereni lypefaces at the touch ol a btitton

44

The quick brown fox The quicker brouin fox The qijickest brown to

7/ifer.' punting speec/s covei a!t yout needs

unbelievably cleai' graphics. In black and white. Or in seven crisp colors. But that's not all. Every Pinwriter gives you a choice of 8 different type styles. Plus, you can choose from a wide range of easy-touse NEC forms handlers.

With Pinwnler. yoi can chaiige spac ing. type pilct'. and speed wilh one finger

And to make things even easier, Pinwriter printers work with the most popular PCs and software packages.

All the controls at your fingertips.

The Pinwriter is also much easier to use than any other dot matrix printer.

Press a button and you can change typefaces. Or speeds. Even spacing

and pitch selection. And that's a refreshing change. Of course, you can do it through your software, too.

See your dealer for a quote.

For all this versatility, you might expect to pay a bundle for a Pinwriter printer. Not so. Pinwriter prices are also easy to handle

For more information, call

1-800-343-4418 . (in MA call 617- M f W

264-8635). And find out why more and more PC owners are saying, "NEC and me'.'

99

NEC 4^

AMD

Pinwriter is a trademark ol NEC Corp.

NEC Information Systems, Inc.

7474 Massachusetts Ave. Department 1610 Boxborough. MA 01719

Inquiry 290

A STAR IS BORN

Out of Radio Shack's Famed Model 100 Evolves the Advanced Technology Tandy 200

Our new Advanced Technology Tandy 200 portable computer does what no other computer could.

It takes our amazing Model 100 , one step further. i

Get Much More Power

I mmmmm i A new 40- I

Q/Tfcwrau^^^ character by SERIES 16-line flip-up -^gl,.■.■.M„,,„u.u.uJ^ screen gives

the Tandy 200 improved text and I graphics. The 24K memory (ex- | pandable to 72K) is great for data

storage and other big jobs, and the built-in Multiplan software makes the Tandy 200 a portable spreadsheet analysis tool.

Five other "instant-on" programs include an improved version of the Model 100 word processor, a telecommunications program, a personal calendar and a telephone and appointment file. You can even write your own programs in BASIC. And the Tandy 200's tone-dialing feature lets you use long-distance phone services.

See It Today

Get a hands-on demonstration of the Tandy 200 (26-3860, $999) at any Radio Shack Computer Center or participating Radio Shack store or dealer

The Technology Store*^

A DIVISION OF TANDY CORPORATION

Prices apply at Radio Shack Computer Centers and at participating stores and dealers.

Inquiry 340