Byte Magazine Volume 05 Number 08 - The Forth Language

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In The Oueue

EITE August 1980Volume 5, Number 8

Page 22

Page 58

Page 164

Foreground

22 A BUILD-IT-YOURSELF MODEM FOR UNDER $50

by Steve Ciarcia

This originate-only modem will allow you to get started in intercomputer communica-tion with minimal expense.

58 THE HARD-DISK EXPLOSION: HIGH-POWERED MASSSTORAGE FOR YOUR PERSONAL COMPUTER

by Tom Manuel

Thanks to new hard-disk technology, personal computer users can add millions of bytesof mass storage to their systems at a reasonable cost.

100 WHAT IS FORTH? A TUTORIAL INTRODUCTION

by John S James

Here is an overview of FORTH that lays the foundation for the other theme articles inthis BYTE.

150 BREAKFORTH INTO FORTH by A Richard Millerand Jill Miller

If you can't imagine any personal use for FORTH, can you imagine a 96-line programthat plays a fast, animated game with sound on the TRS-80?

164 FORTH EXTENSIBILITY: OR HOW TO WRITE A COM-PILER IN TWENTY-FIVE WORDS OR LESS by Kim Harris

This tutorial explains the capability for defining new families of FORTH words.

210 CONSTRUCTION OF A FOURTH-GENERATION VIDEOTERMINAL, PART 1 by Theron Wierenga

Part 1 of this article presents a new design using the 8275 controller and a dedicatedZ80 microprocessor.

Background

76 THE EVOLUTION OF FORTH, AN UNUSUALLANGUAGE by Charles H Moore

The inventor of the language recalls its design and how it evolved over a 10-yearperiod.

198 KHACHIYAN'S ALGORITHM, PART 1: A NEW SOLU-TION TO LINEAR PROGRAMMING PROBLEMS

by G C Berresford, A M Rockett, and J C Stevenson

Now you can study the algorithm that promised to revolutionize linear programming.

Nucleus

Page 210

6

Editorial: Threads of a FORTH

94

BYTELINES

Tapestry

98

Selected FORTH Vendors

14

Letters

196

A FORTH Glossary

40

Product Review: The Ohio Scien-

226

Clubs and Newsletters

tific CA-15 Universal Telephone In-

230

Event Queue

terface

234

Ask BYTE

46

Product Review: The Heath H-89

248

What's New?

Computer

302

Unclassified Ads

72

Programming Quickies: Self-

303

BOMB, BOMB Results

Reproducing Programs

304

Reader Service

August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Publishers

Virginia Londoner,Gordon R WilliamsonAssociate PublisherJohn E HayesAssistantCheryl A Hurd

Editorial Director

Carl T Helmers Jr

Editor-in-Chief

Christopher P Morgan

Editors

Richard S Shuford, Gregg Williams,

Curtis P Feigel, Harold Nelson

Stan Miastkowski

Consulting Editor

Mark Dahmke

Book Editor

Bruce A Roberts

Chiet Copy Editor

David William Hayward

Copy Editors

Faith Hanson, Warren Williamson,

Robin M Moss, Anthony J Lockwood

Assistant to the Editors

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Assistants

Debe Wheeler, Karen A Cilley

New Products Editor

Clubs, Newsletters

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Drafting

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Production Director

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Assistant Production Director

Christine DixonProduction/Advertising Coordinator

Wai Chiu LiProduction Art

Holly Carmen LaBossiere,

Deborah Porter

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ON THE COVER

This month's cover by Robert Tinney shows a rocket-like needlethreading its way through granite cubes labeled:DOUBLE , DUPLICATE , and + . The threaded path of theneedle is a representation of the process used in FORTH and otherthreaded languages to create a new word (here, DOUBLE ) with

previously defined words (here, DUPLICATE and + ).

Other aspects of this fascinating language are described in theeditorial, "Threads of a FORTH Tapestry," and in the themearticles for this issue.

Officers of McGraw-Hill Publications Company: Paul F. McPherson, President; Executive Vice Presidents: JamesE. Boddorf, Gene W. Simpson; Group Vice President: Daniel A. McMillan; Senior Vice President-Editorial: Ralph R.Schulz; Vice Presidents: Kemp Anderson, Business Systems Development; Stephen C. Croft, Manufacturing;Robert B. Doll, Circulation; James E. Hackett, Controller; William H. Hammond, Communications; Eric B. Herr,Planning and Development; John W. Patten, Sales; Edward E. Schirmer, international.

Officers of the Corporation: Harold W McGraw Jr, President, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board;Robert F Landes, Senior Vice President and Secretary; Ralph J Webb, Treasurer.

BYTE is published monthly by BYTE Publications Inc, 70 Main St, Peterborough NH 03458, a wholly-owned sub-sidiary of McGraw-Hill, Inc. Address all mail except subscriptions to above address: phone (603) 924-9281. Addresssubscriptions, change of address, USPS Form 3579, and fulfillment questions to BYTE Subscriptions, PO Box 590,Martinsville NJ 08836. Controlled circulation postage paid at Waseca, Minnesota 56093 - USPS Publication No.528890 (ISSN 0360-5280). Canadian second class registration number 9321. Subscriptions are $18 for one year, $32for two years, and $46 (or three years in the USA and its possessions. In Canada and Mexico, $20 for one year, $36for two years, $52 for three years. $32 for one year air delivery to Europe. $32 surface delivery elsewhere. Air deliveryto selected areas at additional rates upon request. Single copy price is $2.50 in the USA and its possessions, $2.95in Canada and Mexico, $4.00 in Europe, and $4.50 elsewhere. Foreign subscriptions and sales should be remitted inUnited States funds drawn on a US bank. Printed in United States of America.

Address all editorial correspondence to the editor at the above address. Unacceptable manuscripts will bereturned if accompanied by sufficient first class postage. Not responsible for lost manuscripts or photos. Opinionsexpressed by the authors are not necessarily those of BYTE. Entire contents copyright © 1980 by BYTE Publica-tions Inc. All rights reserved. (0

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August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Editorial

Threads of a FORTH Tapestry

Editor's Note: This month's editorial is by BYTE Editor Gregg Williams.Gregg was responsible for the preparation of this month's special sectiondevoted to the FORTH language. Carl Helmers returns next month withan editorial CM

What do a portable heart monitor, the new Craig LanguageTranslator, a peach-sorting machine, and a movie called BattleBeyond the Stars have in common? The answer is FORTH, a not-so-newlanguage as comfortable in industrial machinery as it is in a personal com-puter. In fact, it was originally used by its inventor, Charles H Moore, to con-trol the telescope and equipment at the Kitt Peak Observatory.

Although I have known about FORTH for about a year, it was only duringthe preparation of this issue that I began to actively keep my ears open formention of this unusual language. I have uncovered a lot of information (andsome experience) about FORTH and its variations. The language is so unusualthat no single line of thought could give you a picture of what the language islike. Instead, the following sections represent several threads from the richtapestry called FORTH.

FORTH in the Real World

No language I know of is as comfortable in real-world situations as FORTH.Here are some examples of the breadth of applications that have been createdusing FORTH:

• Elicon Inc of Brea, California, is using FORTH software to drive thesame kind of computer-controlled cameras that were used to film thesophisticated space-battle scenes in Star Wars. New World Productions ofVenice, California, is using this camera system to film the spaceship sequencesin the motion picture Battle Beyond the Stars. In a related development,Magicam Inc (which devised a number of the special effects for the recentmovie Star Trek) is in the process of converting control of its master-slavecamera pair from an analog computer to a digital computer running FORTHsoftware. In the Magicam process, the master camera follows actors on aspecial blue stage while the computer guides the slave camera across a detailedmodel. Later, the two images are optically combined, producing the effect ofthe actors actually being in the landscape depicted on the model.

• Allen Test Products of Kalamazoo, Michigan, has developed an igni-tion analyzer for use in service stations and automobile repair shops thatanalyzes the behavior of automobile ignition systems and displays bothdiagnostic and corrective information. Formerly, the voltage waveform from aspark plug was displayed on an oscilloscope, after which a mechanic wouldattempt repairs based on his interpretation of the waveforms.

• Atari Inc is using FORTH in two of its divisions and is rumored to becontemplating other uses for the language. In its Coin-Operated Division,

6 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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have been installed. The Minifloppy lookssmall—but it stores a lot of data. 250kilobytes on one side, or up to 500 kilo-bytes in the double-sided model. That'sabout 50 pages of printed information on asingle-sided Minidiskette, and twice thaton the double-sided version. You'll haveplenty of storage capacity for your pro-grams, letters, forms, or ledger entries.And you find your data fast, too, becausethe Minifloppy is a random access device

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which develops and markets thestand-alone games found in pinballarcades and restaurants, a 6502-baseddevelopment system employsFORTH software to debug and testarcade circuit boards. In addition,Atari has developed its own customversion of the language, called game-FORTH, that is awaiting its first useto replace machine code as the lan-guage used to create arcade games.Someday soon, you may play a coin-operated game without knowing thatyou are actually running a FORTHprogram.

In the Consumer Group of Atari, aversion of FORTH that has been ex-tended to allow manipulation of thevideo screen and game peripheralshas been developed for the Atari 800computer. Although no definite planshave been made, Atari may market itas an option for the Atari 800, or, likethe Coin-Operated Division, use it ina "transparent" mode to implementgames and other programs.

• FORTH is used in a portable1802-based computer that aids in thetreatment of patients with infrequentheart flutter. The device, smallenough to be worn comfortably by

the patient during his or her daily ac-tivities, constantly updates a "snap-shot" of the patient's heart activityevery 7 seconds. In addition to re-cording this information in real time,the device analyzes the data for evi-dence of a heart murmur. When amurmur is detected, the device storesthe data containing the evidence andsignals the patient to return with thedevice to the doctor's office foranalysis and diagnosis.

• In another medical applica-tion, FORTH is the sole languageused in a computer at the Cedar-SinaiMedical Center in Los Angeles, Cali-fornia. Using FORTH, a DigitalEquipment Corporation PDP-11/60simultaneously performs, amongothers, the following tasks: manages32 remote terminals; stores patient in-formation from an optical reader intoa large data base; runs a statisticalpackage that analyzes the patientdata base in search of trends in thephysical makeup, treatment, andresults of similar patients; andanalyzes blood samples and heartbehavior in real time while a patientis exercising on a treadmill machine.Spencer SooHoo, in the pulmonary

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medicine section, is also developing aportable 6800-based FORTH systemto be used for monitoring intensive-care patients.

• A stripped-down version ofFORTH was used to create the hand-held Craig M100 Language Trans-lator under time, size, and otherdesign constraints. This same lan-guage also runs the software insidethe translator unit. In a related pro-duct, a hand-held ASCII terminalmanufactured by MSI Data Corpora-tion of Costa Mesa, California, alsouses FORTH internally.

• In what must be the most in-teresting FORTH application I haveencountered, a central Californiafruit farming cooperative uses an8080-based machine running FORTHto adaptively sort and grade peaches.Infrared sensors send information tothe computer on the coloring andquality of pitted peach halves thatpass the sensors on a conveyer belt.After analyzing this data, the FORTHprogram causes flippers to knock thepeach halves into appropriately grad-ed bins—extra fancy, fancy, etc. Inaddition, the program keeps track ofthe percentage of peaches in each binand changes its selection criteria tomaintain a certain fixed ratio amongthe various grades of peaches.

• Last but not least, FORTH isused in several aerospace applica-tions. A FORTH-like language calledIPS (running on an 1802-basedsystem) is orbiting Earth in anamateur radio satellite called theOSCAR Phase III. Avco Inc is usinganother 1802-based system (again,for the small size and power corn-sumption of the 1802 microprocessor)to monitor temperature and take careof ground-to-satellite and satellite-to-ground telemetry in a militarysatellite.

Who Should Try FORTH?

FORTH is an easy language: a highschool student, Arnold Schaeffer,wrote an arcade-type game calledBREAKFORTH. (See "Breakforth in-to FORTH," by A Richard Miller andJudy Miller, on page 150.)

FORTH is a difficult language: iteasily beats APL as a "write-onlylanguage"; you can write a programin the language, but you can't easilyread what you've written.

Given these two valid extremes,your initial reaction might be, "Thisdoesn't make sense." True, learning

8 AuhusI 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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At Intersystems,"dump" is an instruction.

Not a way of life.

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Whatever your needs, whydump your money into obsoleteproducts labelled "IEEE timingcompatible" or other words peo-ple use to make up for a lack ofproduct. See the future now, atyour Intersystems dealer or call/write for our new catalog. We'lltell you all about Series II and thenew IEEE S-100 Bus we helpedpioneer. Because it doesn't makesense to buy yesterday's productswhen tomorrow's are already here.

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FORTH takes some time; it's some-what like learning a foreign language.So far, my experiences with FORTHremind me of my attempts at learninga smattering of Russian; both lan-guages are so different from any I'veseen before—French or Spanish,BASIC or FORTRAN—that I have tomentally shift gears to work in thenew language.

You should give FORTH a try ifyou are excited by what you see here.Especially important in this respectare the articles, "What is FORTH? A

Tutorial Introduction," by JohnJames, and " A FORTH Glossary,"pages 100 and 186, respectively. Yourbest bet is to get to a computer thatcan run a version of FORTH; or, bet-ter yet, get someone who knows thelanguage to demonstrate it to you.

My first experience with FORTHwas at the Fourth West Coast Com-puter Faire in May 1979. A memberof the FORTH Interest Group wasdemonstrating the language using anApple II and an Advent televisionscreen. First, he defined a word called

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COUNT, like this:

: COUNT 0 DO I . LOOP ;

Then he said { 6 COUNT } (note:the braces are not part of the expres-sion; see the accompanying text box),the computer replied with{012345 OK }. I was instant-ly hooked on learning more aboutFORTH. What he had done closelyparalleled the iota function in APL,and anything that even resembledAPL was going to get my full atten-tion.

If you are at all dissatisfied with thecapabilities of your current com-puter, or if you feel that there shouldbe more to computers than BASICand assembly language, you shouldtry FORTH. Once you get accus-tomed to its peculiar syntax, you canmake it do nearly anything you wantit to. In fact, you can even make ithave features it did not previouslyhave. Assembly language is like thisto some extent, but FORTH is ahigher-level language with the sameabilities—only magnified. FORTH iswhat I call a "homebrew" language;its enthusiasts carry with themselvesthe same look-how-this-works en-thusiasm as do most hardwarehackers who build their own hard-ware. If we ever have a homebrewsoftware issue, FORTH will certainlybe included.

FORTH is the ultimate softwarehacker's language because, like a bagof components before a hardwarehacker, you can do anything youwant to with it. It can be argued thatassembly language is the ultimateprogramming language; strictlyspeaking, this is true, but it takes somuch more time to craft a piece ofsoftware in assembly language that itis practically ruled out in most cases.

However, this total freedom carrieswith it complete responsibility. Since,for example, the FORTH programyou write is free to use an arraysubscript that is out of bounds, youmust be responsible enough to either(a) put in error-checking routines(you can take them out later), or (bjbuild your program up from smalltested modules to assure that yourprogram will never execute an im-proper subscript. If you would ratherhave the language system do this kindof work for you, stick to BASIC orwhatever you're running now.

Text continued on page 128

10 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Qi What equipment can be used with the AIO?

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Letters

Programming KnowledgeIs Not Enough

Isaac Newton explained it over 300years ago. Introductory physics studentslearn it less than three months into theirfirst course. Yet now it seems to betreated as an argument over words,rather than principles, in BYTE's Letterscolumn. I speak of the description of cir-cular motion under the influence of

gravity, and in particular of DelmerHinrichs' recent contribution "MarsportForces Resurface'' (January 1980 BYTE,pages 16 and 17).

In the situation described, there isonly one force acting: gravity, given byGMm/r2. The other relation Hinrichspresents does not show how to calculateanother kind of force, but is simply astatement of Newton's second law ofmotion, namely, if any net force acts on

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a body, an accelerated motion will beobserved. For circular motion, the ac-celeration is equal to v2/r, and the forcegiving rise to such motion, fromwhatever physical source, is called acentripetal force; ie: a force toward thecenter of the circle, which is quite theopposite of Mr Hinrichs' "centrifugal"force (of which there is none in thesituation under discussion). The physicshere is thus simply to note that thegravitational force acts centripetally, andthus can be equated to m times the ac-celeration, or ma.

It is unfortunate that many peoplehave not yet realized that programming,once one is past the initial hurdles, is nolonger a self-sufficient discipline, butmust be viewed as a tool within the con-text of some other discipline in order toacquire real value. If the discipline iseconomics, for example, the programmermust be a reasonably accomplishedeconomist if one is to trust his results; ifthe discipline is physics, then the physicsmust be understood thoroughly, and notjust pulled out of some handbook; andso on....

S Leslie BlattProfessor of PhysicsThe Ohio State UniversityVan de GraaffAccelerator Laboratory1302 Kinnear RdColumbus OH 43212

More Marsport Commentary

In Delmer Hinrichs' second letter inthe January 1980 BYTE, he continues tomiss the point about the nature of forcesin circular motion. (See "Marsport, HereI Come," April 1979 BYTE, page 84.) Ashe points out, the National Aeronauticsand Space Administration (NASA) ex-plains circular orbits in terms of cen-tripetal force and gravitational force,while Mr Hinrichs says, "The attractionof gravity is exactly balanced by thecentrifugal force at all times." This is notjust a matter of "slightly different" ter-minology. As can be confirmed with adictionary, a centripetal force is onedirected toward the center of motion,but a centrifugal force is one directedaway from the center of motion. Thusthe terminology of Mr Hinrichs is in factopposite that of NASA.

Perhaps the confusion results from theuse of two names, centripetal andgravitational, which suggests the ex-istence of two forces. However, gravita-

14 August 1980 © BYTE Publications In

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tional forces are centripetal; ie: directedtoward the center (of Mars in this case).In other words, for circular orbits thegravitational force and the centripetalforce are one and the same and cannotbalance one another.

You might then wonder why twonames and two formulas are used for thesame force. The answer is that the twodifferent formulas come from twoseparate types of analysis, one indepen-dent of motion, the other requiring mo-tion. The formula for gravitationalforce, F2 = GMm/r2, comes frommeasurements of forces between twomasses. The two masses might be or-biting each other, in contact, on a colli-sion course, or moving apart. Thegravitational-force formula works thesame in all of these cases. On the otherhand, the formula for centripetal force,F, = mv It, comes from measurementsof forces needed to keep a single massmoving in a circular path. These forcescan be of any type. Examples includetension in a string, friction between acar's tires and the road surface, elec-tricity, magnetism, and gravity. Thecentripetal force equation works thesame in all of these cases. Notice thatboth of these formulas apply to circularorbits and can be set equal because thecentripetal force is supplied by gravity.

As a high school physics teacher witha Master's degree in physics, I havediscussed this subject with over a dozenphysicists and hundreds of students. Allof the physicists and most of thestudents would agree with what I havewritten here.

Robert Reiland

RR 1

Portersville PA 16051

A Message About the Reminder

My article in the January 1980 BYTE"A Computer-Generated ReminderMessage" (page 160) has promptedseveral people to contact me, raisingvarious questions related to the article.

The data conversion routines causedthe most comment. They require aBASIC processor which maintains atleast seven full decimal digits of preci-sion; many do not. To determine if agiven BASIC maintains seven digits ofprecision, enter "PRINT 9999999". If"9999999" is printed, the BASIC main-tains sufficient precision. References forfurther study of data-processingalgorithms may be found in the follow-ing articles:

Fliegel and Pan Fladen, "A MachineAlgorithm for Processing CalendarDates," Communications of the

ACM (CACM)October, 1968.

volume 11,

Robertson, "Remark on Algorithm398," Collected Algorithms fromCACM.

Stone, "Tableless Date Conversion,"Algorithm 398, CACM, volume 13,October, 1970.

Tantzen, "Conversions BetweenCalendar Date and Julian DayNumber," Algorithm 199, CACM,volume 6, August, 1963.

The only known error in the Januaryarticle appears on page 172. Thereference to line 9500 should be deleted,since the line was deleted from the pro-gram listing.

Another area of questions concernedthe conversion of the program to otherdisk BASIC s. I have been asked aboutTSC BASIC, North Star BASIC, andother versions. The usual two areas ofconcern are the required seven digits ofprecision and disk input/output (I/O)methods. Without reference to specificimplementations, Microsoft-like BASICsshould prove the easiest to convert.Other implementations which do not useFIELD statements are also convertible,though with some increase in difficulty.

Edgar M Pass

Computer Systems Consultants Inc

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Here's a Good Book onCurve Fitting

In response to F R Ruckdeschel'sappeal for a good, balanced referencebook on curve fitting (Letters, March1980 BYTE, page 16), I heartily recom-mend Applied Linear Statistical Modelsby John Neter and William Wasserman(Richard Irwin & Sons, 1974).

This book features a unified approachto both simple and multiple cases oflinear and polynomial regression tech-niques, and through the use of indicatorvariables, it also offers a regression ap-proach to basic and multifactor analysisof variance.

It is a good book for both beginnersand statisticians alike, since it starts outat an introductory level, introducesmatrix theory early, and goes on toshow how matrix operations (o^jrationson two-dimensional arrays, which mostcomputer languages can handle) can beapplied to a large variety of statisticalanalyses.

After I had struggled for years in theseemingly muddy area of statistics, thisbook has been instrumental for me in

16 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Getting Into a Metric Gear

As an avid cyclist, I was glad to seethe Programming Quickie in the March1980 BYTE ("Gear-Ratio Calculation forBicycle Derailleurs," page 68), but as anardent proponent of "metrication" 1 wassorry to see that, contrary to your statedpolicy, you did not include a metricequivalent. Metric countries use a morerational and intuitively meaningfulmeasure of the gear ratio than our sillysystem does; they simply measure howfar the bicycle will travel in one com-plete turn of the pedals. The followingprogram (listing 1) should serve to makethe principle clear.

Listing 1.

PROGRAM GEARS;CONST PI = 3.14159;VARDIAMETER.CIRCUMFERENCE,DEVELOPMENT,

CHAINWHEEL, SPROCKET: REAL;BEGIN WRITE ('WHEEL DIAMETER INMETERS; ');READ (DIAMETER);

CIRCUMFERENCE : = PI * DIAMETER;REPEAT WRITE (TEETH ON CHAINWHEEL: ');READLN (CHAINWHEEL);WRITE ('TEETH ON SPROCKET: ');READLN (SPROCKET);DEVELOPMENTS (CHAINWHEEL/SPROCKET) * DIAMETER;WRITELN ('DEVELOPMENT: ',DEVELOPMENT: 4:2, ' METERS.')UNTIL EOFEND.

David A Mundie104 Oakhurst CirCharlottesville VA 22903

Beware of Handshakes

If any BYTE readers are thinkingabout installing a dot-matrix printer intheir microcomputer system, I have afriendly warning to pass on: pay closeattention to your manufacturer's recom-mendations, or know the risk you'retaking if you ignore them.

For example, North Star Computers,Inc recommends that owners connect theAnadex DP-8000 to the parallel interfaceof its Horizon computer. But comparingprinter specifications, I chose to save afew bucks by building a Heath H-14 lineprinter for the Horizon's serial interface.

I saved some money: the printer kitcost $625 plus shipping, plus an addi-tional $82.98 at the Heathkit Electronic

18 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 12 on inquiry card.

Circle 13 on inquiry card.

Mountain Hardware makes

more peripherals for

the Apple Computer

than Anybody.

INTROLXH

for lights andchedules andenergy conservation. Complete applicationssoftware package. Home security with randomscheduler. Power usage accounting package forhome energy cost control. No wiring required.

ion. Interruptsground operation ofously. Battery back-up.i accuracy. OnboardROM for easy access from BASICS. SupportsPASCAL. Time from one millisecond to one year.

and...

a place to put them

Mountain Hardware

room, or sound effectas well as output is un

grams. I/O capabilitypted inputs. Use output forannouncements in a control-aims. Easy to use because inputpecial software operating system.

•--"

Ms. Create your own firmware...PROMs. Disk software packageprovides easy EPROM programming. EPROMs are verifiedafter BURN. RUN your programs from on-board socket orinstall them on ROMPLUS+.

■'" system through firmware. Six socketsi or ROM equivalents. Six or any com-at once. Scratch-pad RAM and two TTLconnectors. Special 2K ROMs available for powerful systemenhancement: Keyboard Filter ROM—COPYROM—Otherscoming soon.

vailable only onlainframe corn-eal instrumentalmusic synthesizer system. 16 voices instereo. Instrument definitions simulate thesound of real instruments—and more. Fullyprogrammable waveforms. Envelope Con-trol. Composition system—sheet musicinput using standard music notation.Chords and multi-part scoring up to 16voices. A true instrument that anyone withan Apple can play.

:o digital input. 16I to analog output,lution. Super-fast &nsec. conversion time. Monitor andoutput to the real world. All on onecard.

'XPANSION CHASSIS

in Expansion Chassis the same way as in yourApple. Only one additional command to specifyin Apple or in Expansion Chassis. Compatible withall Apple peripherals.

MOUNTAIN HARDWARE has the most compre-hensive line of Apple peripherals available.Anywere. From anybody. We know the Appleinside and out and are committed to providingthe most innovative and unique products toexpand and enhance its capabilities and use.After all, we were the first company to make anApple peripheral—except Apple Computer.

The message is simple. If you have an Apple, youneed to know MOUNTAIN HARDWARE.

Available at Apple Dealers worldwide.

Mountain Hardware

Leadership in Computer PeripheralsA Division of Mountain Computer, Inc.300 Harvey West Blvd.Santa Cruz. CA 95060 (408) 429-8600

I MOREI NAME| ADDRE| CITY

PERIPHERALS? Send

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Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer Inc.

Center in Seattle when the H-14 flunkedits initial power-on tests. The servicepersonnel replaced two defective CMOS(complementary metal-oxide semicon-ductor) integrated circuits and repairedthree open-foil breaks in the 5 V supplyat no charge, but they detected er-roneous installation of seven transistors.(Considering the obvious textual errorsin the documentation, which would youbelieve—the text or the pictorials? Iguessed wrong and followed the pic-torial: customer error!)

My H-14 printer tested perfectly at4800 bps (bits per second) under HDOSin Seattle. It went ape at 4800 bps onthe Horizon after I got it home. A quickphone call to my friendly Horizon dealerdivulged the fact that North Star DOSdoes not test for handshaking signals!(The Heath manual advises to run nofaster than 110 bps without hand-shaking.)

So now I have a 110 bps line printerdawdling along, while the 4 MHz Z80Aand 1 are twiddling our respectivethumbs! Does anybody out there wantto trade an in-warranty Anadex DP-8000printer for an in-warranty Heath H-14plus some extra cash?

John R Dye

4807 Fifteenth Ave SE

Lacey WA 98503

Specialized Business Program

As a charter subscriber to BYTE, Iquite often see references by many ofyour software reviewers and articlewriters to the lack of good softwareavailable for microcomputers in thebusiness field. I thought, to give someperspective, that I would tell BYTEreaders about the Electric Log. It ishighly specialized and useful in no fieldother than the operation of a televisionstation; therefore it is directed to a verysmall group of very small businesses(less than 8000 in the entire US).

The point I would like to make is this:since there is an adequate supply ofstandard business packages available, theopportunity in business software lies inthe specialized application field. Thesewill never be marketed in magazinesoutside the trade, never by computercompanies, and never with any greatpublicity. There is more of this donethan you realize, and this may be theundercurrent that stimulates smallbusiness to invest in microcomputers.

Pete CharltonThe ManagementPOB 111

Aledo TX 76008

Figure 1.

16 RESISTORSIN SERIES

-H-

Pass the Pi

Emory Sprenkle remarked in his letter(February 1980 BYTE, page 16) that1/(113/355) is a good rational approx-imation of ir, and is easily remembered.In fact, 355/113 is the best rational frac-tion approximation to 7r having no morethan three digits in the numerator.

I was reminded of the following prob-lem which appeared a few years ago inAmerican Mathematical Monthly:

What is the smallest number ofperfect 1-ohm resistors needed to

create a network with an equivalentresistance of t ohms, ± 10 "6 ohms?

This problem leads one to discover howpositive rational fractions may bepresented as continued fractions .Thesolution shown in figure 1 includes threeresistors in series with a network con-sisting of sixteen series-connectedresistors in parallel with seven parallel-connected resistors, making twenty-sixin all.

W Lloyd Milligan8604 Maywood DrColumbia SC 29209 ■

Industrial quality componentsfor S-100 system builders, fromCalifornia Computer Systems.

Distt Cuntrottei '■density controller for up to four Sy" or 8"single-sided drives, or two double-sided drives.Shipped with CP/M 2.0, the controller readsand writes IBM-standard single density.Automatically determines disk density—single or double. Supports PerSci auto eject,plus fast-seek for voice coil systems.

2810 Z80 CPU Board. Capable CPU for S-100Systems operates at 2 or 4MHz, is fully Altair/Imsai compatible, Z-80 monitor is availableseparately. Includes auto addressing to4K boundaries, plus a serial port for serialdevices, including terminals and printers.Supports both front-panel operation andpower-on memory jump, plus wait-state gen-eration for slower memories. Compatible withproposed IEEE S-100 standards.

2032A 32K Static RAM. Fast static memoryoperates without wait states at a full 4MHz.Supports full and partial bank select, forexpansion beyond 64K. Addressable in 8Kblocks at 8K boundaries. Address and datalines are fully buffered, and there are noDMA restrictions.

201616K Static RAM. Fully buffered boardfeatures 2114 static RAMs for +5v operation.Bank select available by bank port or bankbyte, for system expansion beyond 64K.Addressable in 4K blocks at 4K boundaries.LED indicators for board selection andbank selection. Available in 200,300, or 450nsec versions. All versions support 4MHzoperation with no wait states.

2200A Mainframe. Rock solid, heavy gaugecabinet includes 12-slot, actively terminatedS-100 motherboard, fan, and power supply.Fbwer supply features 105,115, or 125 voltAC input power; provides +8vDC at 20 amps,± 16v DC at 4 amps. Available in five colors.Includes convenient, front mounted, lightedreset switch.

2501A Mother Board. 12 slots, activelyterminated, with all S-100 connectors included.Distributed power line bypass, low induc-tance interconnect—extremely low bus noise.

Prototype Boards. Four high quality prototypeboards: Solder Tail, Extender/Terminator,Wire Wrap, and Etch.

P2802AA6502 CPU. Stand-alone CPUgenerates fully S-100 compatible I/O signals;executes 6502 machine language. Operates at2MHz; capable of DMA operation.

Available nationally.

California Computer Systems industrialquality S-100 products are available at over250 computer retailers. Volume customersshould contact the marketing department atCCS.

CCS. Industrial standards.

20 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 14 on inquiry card.

the S-]fifi

9

We mass-produce S-100

products to deliver industrial

quality, at industrial prices.

You systems builders who need top quality, fullfeatured, workhorse S-100 building blocks at the mostcompetitive prices now have a source. CaliforniaComputer Systems.

Industrial quality means top grade materials, com-ponents, and assembly, plus complete testing for absolutereliability.

Industrial quality means solid designs, a fullcomplement of the important features you require, anda product line that delivers performance.

Industrial pricing comes from mass production. Webuy at the right prices, and build in quantity, usingstate-of-the-art facilities and techniques. Includingcomplete burn-in, for full performance right off the shelf.

Our industrial point of view means you get higherperformance, greater reliability, and lower prices. If theseare features you would like to see in your S-100 system,see things our way.

Because for serious users with serious uses forthe S-100, these are the industrial standards.

5

California Computer Systems

250 Caribbean Sunnyvale, CA 94086 (408)734-5811

Gispcis's Circuit Cellar

Copyright © 1980 by Steven A Ciarcia. All rights reserved.

A Build-It-Yourself Modemfor Under $50

Steve Ciarcia

POB 582

Glastonbury CT 06033

I receive many personal-computerclub newsletters. Some of the largerclubs around the country have put meon their mailing lists to keep meinformed of what's going on in theirarea. One I recently received wassignificant because it demonstratedthe tremendous advancements in per-sonal computing in a very subtleway.

It was not the content of thisnewsletter that was important. It con-tained the usual new business, old

business, and other information. Thesignificant point was the preparationof the document itself.

According to an editorial, thispublication has an editor/publisherand four columnists spread across thestate. Each columnist prepares histextual material on his own personalcomputer, using a word-processingprogram. He then telephones theeditor's computer and down-loads thetext to it. The editor, using his com-puter, combines the four individual

Photo 1: The prototype modem circuit of figure 1 was assembled on the blue perforatedcircuit board as shown. It was then installed under the top cover of a COMM-80 I/O-e.xpansion unit, shown at left. The COMM-80 was described in the June Circuit Cellar.(See "I/O Expansion for the TRS-80, Part 2: Serial Ports," June 1980 BYTE, page 42.)The COMM-80 and this modem are sufficient to turn a Radio Shack TRS-80, or a com-puter that uses a similar bidirectional bus, into a timesharing terminal. The modem canbe used on any computer.

columns, along with his work, andlays out the complete newsletter.Finally, the editor telephones theprint shop and transmits the entirenewsletter for typesetting and print-ing.

The significant point is that all thecommunication is between computersand is conducted over the telephonelines.

Transmitting and receiving datausing the telphone is not a difficulttask if you have the correct equip-ment. Virtually any microcomputercan be configured for this activity. Tocommunicate properly, the systemmust be a serial terminal or emulateone and be attached to the phonelines through a modem.

A "terminal" describes any equip-ment with hardware and softwaredesigned to facilitate serial data com-munication with prescribed data ratesand protocol. My June 1980 article onthe COMM-80 was such a hardwarepackage. (See "I/O Expansion for theTRS-80" June 1980 BYTE, pages 42thru 62.) With the COMM-80 attach-ed and using the communication soft-ware provided, the TRS-80 computeremulates a terminal. Any other com-puter system calling itself a"terminal" and using the same datarates and protocol would be able tocommunicate with it. This includesall users of The Source and MicroNettimesharing services.

A modem is the device that allowsthe computer to be connected to atelephone.

The problems associated with con-necting your computer to a telephone

22 August 1980 ; BYTE Publications lnc

There are twosides to our story.

Side One

The DISCUS 2+2 Quad-Density Hardware

Now you can use yourS-100 system to tackle bigjobs. Because the DISCUS™2+2 Quad-Density DiskSystem puts 1.2 megabytes offast-access memory on yourside for just $1545.00 complete.

With the DISCUS™ 2+2 System,complete means complete.

You get a full-size (IBM-compatible 8") double-sided/double-density disk drive,

factory mounted in a cabinet withpower supply, fully-buffered S-100single-board controller, and inter-connecting cables. All fullyassembled, system-tested andfully warranteed.You get the speed andefficiency of 1.2 megabyte-per-diskette memory...and you get it for 0.13$per byte.

Side Two

The DISCUS 2+2 Quad -Density Software

1.2 megabyte quad-density hard-ware is only one side of the story.The DISCUS™ 2+2 System priceincludes all the fully-interfaced,high-performance software youneed to take full advantage of yourquad capacity.

The system includes our exclusiveBASIC-V™ virtual disk BASIC, whichallows you to address your quad-density diskettes as easily as main memory. Theoperating system you get is the widely acceptedCP/M* 2.1. And you get our powerful DISK-ATEtext editor/assembler; The most advanced software

development tool available.

Micro-Soft BASIC 5.1 and Micro-Soft FORTRAN are available asoptions. Both run under CP/M* 2.1.Check out the full system price ofDISCUS™ 2+2 Quad against anyother floppy disk system at yourlocal computer store. At $1545.00,we think you'll take sides withDISCUS™ 2+2.If your dealer doesn't carry THINKER TOYSproducts, write MORROW DESIGNS Inc., 5221Central, Richmond, CA94804. Or call (415)524-21019 - 5 weekdays (Pacific Time).

9

MORROW DESIGNS 7 Thinker Toys

*CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research.

Circle 15 on inquiry card.

Photo 2: Comparison of two generations of modems. At right is an early model madeby Anderson-]acobson, shown with the covers open. The old modem uses discretesemiconductor components and toroidal inductors. On the left is an example of a cur-rent model of modem: a Novation Cat acoustic-coupled modem, which is popular withhome-computer hobbyists.

Photo 3: First of a series of photos (3 thru 9) showing how you can easily contruct anacoustic-coupler pickup. My design for the pickup uses such "exotic" materials as a hot-water pipe foam insulation, a pair of 2-inch, 8-ohm dynamic speakers, a foam-backeddinner placemat, rubber cement, and adhesive tape.

Step 1 of the process (shown here) is to cut a wedge-shaped piece from the insulatingfoam. The foam I used had an inside diameter of 1% inches with a Yz-inch wall,giving anoutside diameter of about 2% inches. The high side of the wedge should have a height ofabout 1 inch, the low side about % inch.

Next, cut and trim a rectangular piece of foam measuring V2 by % by 3V2 inches. This isused to help fit the speaker snugly into the hole in the wedge-shaped piece previouslycut.

Solder the electrical connections to the speaker before proceeding to apply rubber-cement to the rectangular foam piece and wrap it around the voice coil of the speaker.Hold it in place until the cement sets.

are not unlike those associated withthe cassette data-storage system on apersonal computer. Like thetelephone, the cassette recorder isincompatible with digital data andhas a very narrow bandwidth (a fewthousand hertz). Since all personalcomputers accommodate cassettedata storage, there is obviously areasonable solution.

Rather than using digital voltagelevels, as in a direct-wired com-munication link, audio-frequencytones are recorded instead. In mostsystems, one tone of a given fre-quency signifies a logic 0 and a toneof a different frequency signifies alogic 1. When we change or shift thetones to correspond with the logicinput, we are performing frequency-shift-keyed (FSK) modulation. Whenwe play back the tape into the com-puter, a demodulator distinguishesthe tones and separates them backinto Is and Os.

How Does a Modem Work?

Terminal-to-terminal communica-tion is more complex than a simplecassette system even though itemploys similar techniques. Trans-mission over the two-wire phonesystem from one terminal, called theoriginating terminal, to another,called the answering terminal, usesFSK tones. The major distinction isthat terminals, unlike cassetterecorders, can operate in full-duplexmode and communicate in both direc-tions over the same pair of wires.Rather than using a single pair oftones, which would be confusing ifboth terminals tried to transmit at thesame time, a modem uses two sets oftones.

One set of tones (1070 Hz and 1270Hz) is used by the originating ter-minal and another (2025 Hz and 2225Hz) is used by the answering ter-minal. If your computer were con-nected to a timesharing computer,your computer would be theoriginating system and all your datawould be sent with FSK tones of 1070Hz and 1270 Hz for logic 0 and 1,respectively. The timesharing com-puter would answer you with 2025Hz (logic 0) and 2225 Hz (logic 1) FSKdata.

Almost universally, if you are dial-ing up a large computer network, youare the originating terminal. Anoriginate-only modem, which is all

Text continued on page 28

24 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 16 on inquiry card.

The trouble with video terminals todayis that most of the low-cost models just don'thave the performance to handle your toughapplications. And the few that do are usuallynot compatible with your existing system. Butnow, Intertec has resolved this age olddilemma with the introduction of its newEmulator™ Video Terminal.

The $895* Emulator™ performs exactlyas you command. With the depression of justa few keys, Emulator users can selectterminal control codes of any one of fourpopular video terminals. The Lear-SieglerADM-3A. The Soroc 1Q-120. The DEC VT-52. Or the Hazeltine 1500. Incredible! It's likehaving four terminals for the price of one.

But, best of all, not only does theEmulator replace these terminals, it outper-forms them by offering enhanced user-oriented features. Features that those otherterminals just don't have - at any price.

Standard Emulator™ features include: asharp, crisp 12" non-glare screen with a full24 line by 80 column display. Twin RS232Cserial ports - one for the host computer andone for your printer. Four separate cursorcontrol keys. A separate 18 key numeric pad.Keyboard selectable baud rates and operatingmodes. And, a host of visual attributes.

No matter which dumb or smart terminalyou're using today, don't buy another until youcheck out our new Emulator™. You'll get the

performance of four terminals for the price ofone. And you'll probably save hundreds ofdollars over the price you paid for your lastterminal. Plus, you'll get unparalleled relia-bility, nationwide service and quick delivery.Call or write us today for all the details.Intertec terminals are distributed worldwideand may be available in your area now.

iE INTERTEC

Warn

< SYSTEMS.

2300 Broad River Rd, Columbia, SC 29210(803) 798-9100 TWX: 810-666-2115

^Quantity one - Dealer inquiries invited.

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26 AugusI 1980 ® BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 17 on inquiry card.

Now! North StarApplication Software!

North Star now offers applicationsoftware for use on the HORIZON!Now you have one reliable sourcefor both hardware and softwareneeds! The first packages avail-able are:

North Word—

NorthWord is a simple-to-operateword processing system designedfor use with the popular North StarHORIZON. NorthWord enables youto increase office efficiency and cutdocument typing time and cost.NorthWord incorporates the mostsought-after word processing fea-tures: easy editing, on-screen textformatting, simultaneous documentprinting, and much more. NorthWordcan be integrated with other NorthStar software packages to producecustomized letters, labels andreports quickly and efficiently.

MailManager—

MailManager enables you to com-pile and maintain complete organ-ized mailing lists. Lists are easilyaccessible and can be compiledwith a great deal of flexibility. Entries,corrections and deletions are easilymade. The North Star MailManagercan print your list on individual enve-lopes, on mailing labels, or in com-pact summary form.

InfoManager—

InfoManager is a powerful list-oriented, data management system.It will accept up to 50 categories ofinformation for each record and hasthe ability to select and sort beforeprinting. The North Star InfoManagerhas power and flexibility for manyapplications: product inquiry, in-ventory, customer/client records,calendar reminders, and as an easyway to fill in often-used forms.

General Ledger—

General Ledger and FinancialReporting, two programs in one,maintains general ledger accountsbased on such input as checks,bank deposits and journal entries,and uses the information in thegeneral ledger to produce custom-ized financial statements andfinancial reports.

NorthWord is the central buildingblock for all the North Star applica-tion software to follow. Packagesnow being tested include otheraccounting and professional appli-cation packages. For more informa-tion or a demonstration, contactyour local North Star dealer.

NorthStaf^

North Star Computers, Inc.1440 Fourth StreetBerkeley, CA 94710(415) 527-6950TWX/Telex 910-366-7001

MODULATOR SECTION

Number

Type

+ 5 V

GND

-12 V

+ 12 V

IC1

LM741

4

7

IC2

MC1458

4

8

IC3

XR2211

4

1

IC4

CD4011

14

7

IC5

NE567

4

7

IC6

LM386

6

4

IC7

LM741

4

7

RS-232C f- ,,,

1N914

SPEAKER

1 ^ i ^

CARRIER DETECTFROM FIGURE 1A

Figure lb: Modulator section of the modern circuit in schematic form. The tone frequency for a mark (1270 Hz) is set up by choosingthe proper values for capacitor C2 and adjusting the 20 k-ohm potentiometer. When transistor Q2 gates capacitor Cl in parallel withC2, the oscillator frequency changes to 1070 Hz.

Capacitor Cl (0.0037 jiF) may be formed from a parallel combination of two components, a 0.0015 /if and a 0.0022 [iF part. For usein the answer mode, the proper value for capacitor Cl is 0.001 fiF, and the value for C2 is 0.01 fiF.

If RS-232C communication is not a necessity, transistor Q3 may be omitted from the circuit.

Text continued from page 24:

you need in this instance, has a1070/1270 Hz modulator and a2025/2225 Hz demodulator. On stan-dard dial-up telephone lines the

acceptable speed limit is 300 bits persecond (bps).

An answer modem is necessarywhen someone else calls you andchooses the originate frequencies for

gUBBECEME-

~'r ARTISTS "iDESIGNERS

Photo 4: Apply rubber cement to the outside of the wedge-shaped piece of pipeinsulation.

himself. In the answer mode, themodulator uses 2025/2225 Hz and thedemodulator uses 1070/1270 Hz.

The choice is arbitrary: eithermodem can use originate mode oranswer mode so long as they don'tboth use the same mode. Owning anoriginate-only modem is not a handi-cap as long as someone trying to com-municate with you can set his modemto the answer mode to accommodateyou.

The modem attaches to the serialinput/output (I/O) port on the com-puter. Most serial ports use the RS-232C protocol, and most commercialmodems also use RS-232C. Whilethere are various handshakingrequirements listed in the completeRS-232 specification, for the mostpart handshaking is ignored in simplefull-duplex modem applications.Usually the only signals required foroperation, beyond the data itself, areCarrier Detect and Data Set Ready.

Build Your Own OriginateModem

Gaining the capability to dial up a

28 August 1980 © BYTE Publications lnc

ti in I iTi irnn

BANK SELECT - 64K BYTE EXPANDABLE MEMORY BOARD

MODEL DMB6400 SERIESFULLY COMPATIBLE WITH:

ALPHA MICRO

CROMEMCO

NORTH STAR

MP/M

Four independent, 16K software

selectable banks.

Switch selectable bank sizes —

from I6K to 64K in 16K increments.

Eight banks (512K) per I/O port for

each of the 256 ports.

Z-80 4MHz operation with ho

wait states.

Low power — 8 watts maximum.

Reliable, tested and burned-jn

memory.

ONE YEAR GUARANTEE

IEEE S-100 compatible timing.

Attractive Dealer &, OEM Prices

BYTE August 1980 29

IC1

IC2

IC3

IC7

/A

MICROPHONE

BANDPASSFILTER

DEMODULATOR

*

RS-232CCONVERTER

SERIAL

/; \U

(2025/2225 Hz)

OUT

IC4

TELEPHONEHANDSET

CARRIERDETECT

U

MUTINGIC6 ,,

IC5

Q3

\VT\

SPEAKER

MODULATOR

*RS-232CCONVERTER

SERIAL

V

(1070/1270 Hz)

IN

Figure 2: Block diagram of the originate-only modem presented in this article. The blocks marked with asterisks (*) indicate the com-ponents that provide RS-232C compatibility; these may be left out of the circuit if RS-232 communication is not needed.

national timesharing network orphone any of a hundred computer-information services on your per-sonal computer is a significantmilestone. When connected to thesesystems, _you go beyond the hardwarelimits of the personal computer andinstantly add large-computercapabilities. Figure 1 is the schematicdiagram of a 0-to-300 bps originatemodem which meets all therequirements for communicating withthese systems. The prototype isshown in photo 1, mounted under the

top cover of the COMM-80serial/parallel interface.

There are two kinds of modems:direct-connect and acoustic-coupled.The former type requires attachmentto the telephone wires through a data-coupler transformer. The latter type,the use of which has fewer legalstrings attached, employs an acousticcoupler. This is nothing more than aspeaker and microphone that situnder the mouthpiece and earpiece ofthe telephone handset. The speakertransmits the modem's output tones

ffef

Photo 5: Adding pliable material to produce a tight fit around the phone handset. Ifound a plastic placemat at a discount store with a Vs-inch foam backing that wasperfect. Cut a strip 1Y2 by 8 inches and glue this around the outside of the wedge asshown. Trim to the exact circumference and cover with a strip of fabric adhesive tape.The latter helps hold everything together.

into the telephone, and themicrophone listens for the other ter-minal's response.

Modems vary in complexity. Fif-teen years ago they were very expen-sive and contained many discrete,precision components, includingmany toroidal inductors for the filtercircuits. Photo 2 shows, on the right,an old Anderson-Jacobson modem.Newer technology is shown on theleft: the Novation Cat, which is prob-ably the most popular acousticmodem around. The reduction in sizeis accomplished through integrated-circuit technology.

Figure 2 is a block diagram of themodem circuit in figure 1. The designI am presenting takes advantage ofadvanced technology and uses onlysix integrated circuits for the com-plete modem. Two additional RS-232-converter devices can be added ifRS-232C interfacing is required.

The modem is divided into two sec-tions: modulator and demodulator. Italso features carrier detection andautomatic muting. A light emittingdiode (LED) lights to signify that theanswering modem is on the line andconnected when the 2025 Hz tone (the"carrier") is detected on the line. Asignal generated upon detection of thecarrier automatically enables themodulator output (of the 1070 Hztone) in response. Without this fea-ture, the 1070 Hz tone would be blar-ing out of the speaker continuously.

The modulator section of figure lbis not very difficult to understand.Tone decoder IC5 (an NE567 device)

30 August 1980 © BYTE Publications lnc

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From a combined alphanu-merics-semigraphics mode to ahigh resolution 256- by 192-element full graphics mode, themicroprocessor-controlled ElectricCrayon™ is capable of generating10 distinctly different displaymodes.

Colors are brilliant and true, andup to eight are available depend-ing on the mode.

As shipped, the Electric Crayon™interfaces a TRS-80* computer viayour Expansion Interface or Printer

Adapter. It may be easily adaptedfor interfacing to any computer or toan ordinary parallel ASCII keyboard.

But that's not all

The Electric Crayon is not just acolor graphics generator/control-ler.

It is also a complete self-contained control computer. Withbuilt-in provision for 1K-byte ofon-board program RAM, anEPROM chip for extending EGOS™,its on-board ROM graphics OS,and a dual bidirectional eight-bitport — over and above the com-puter/keyboard port — forperipherals. The applications areendless.

Shipped with EGOS™, 1K-byte ofdisplay memory and a com-prehensive user's manual that in-cludes an assembly language list-ing of EGOS™ and listings ofBASIC demo programs, the Elec-tric Crayon™ costs only $249.95.

Options include:

• LEVEL II BASIC colorgraphics programs onminidiskette: $17.95.

• A 34-conductor ribboncable to interconnect the Elec-tric Crayon™ to a TRS-80*:$24.95.

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• Electric Crayon™Sketchpad, a sketching gridof proportioned picture ele-ments (pixels) in a tv aspectratio. For 128 x 192 or 256 x192 graphics modes. 11-inchby 17-inch, 25-sheet pads:$3.95 per pad.

SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS: the video cir-cuitry of the Electric Crayon™ provides di-rect drive input to a video monitor or mod-ified tv set. An internal up-modulator for rfantenna input may be constructed by add-ing inexpensive components to the existingvideo circuitry.

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Get into computer color graphics the easy, low-cost way with a Per-com Electric Crayon™. Available at Percom dealers nationwide. Calltoll-free, 1-800-527-1592, for the address of your nearest dealer,or to order direct if there is no Percom dealer in your area.

Circle 18 on inquiry card.

BYTE August 1980 31

einO

• C>EOUT

w0= 2w f0

BANDWIDTH B=2/R3C

GAIN

G=-R3/2R!

0 FACTOR

Q=f0/B

CENTER FREQ.

w* = 1/R3C2(1/R1+1/R2)

FOR: Ri = 6.2k R2 = 510J1 R3=120k C=0.01/iF

CALCULATED PARAMETERS:

B=265 Hz

G = -9.7

Q = 8

f0 = 2117Hz

CL

<

A/72"

TYPICAL BANDPASS FILTERRESPONSE CURVE

B

FREQUENCY

FOR AN ANSWER MODEM WITHf0 = 1170Hz USE:

R2 = 9ion

R3=220kC = 0.01^F

Figure 3: The multiple-feedback, second-order bandpass filter: schematic diagram, response curve, and parameter-value calculationfor given center-of-passband frequency.

is configured as a very stable current-controlled triangular-wave oscillator.The space frequency (1270 Hz) isdetermined by the setting of the 20k-ohm 10-turn potentiometer andcapacitor C2. In response to a logic 1input (inverted from logic 0 by IC4c)transistor Q2 gates capacitor Cl inparallel with C2. The oscillator fre-quency will now be 1070 Hz. This 567

oscillator, while very stable, has ahigh-impedance output. One sectionof the CD4011 NAND gate (IC4d) isused as a high-impedance linearamplifier to match the output ofIC5 to the 50 k-ohm impedance in-put of IC6, the LM386 amplifier.Also connected to pin 13 ofthe CD4011 is the carrier-detectsignal, which mutes the tone output

Photo 6: Insert the speaker into the hole and align it with the angle of the foam wedge.In the unit shown, I used a black broad-tip marker to darken the white surfaces on theinside.

when no 2025 Hz carrier is beingreceived.

The demodulator section of figurela is more complicated and accountsfor the major expense in a modem. Inan acoustic demodulator there arethree basic sections: preamplifier,bandpass filter, and demodulator.Either a crystal microphone or a stan-dard 8-ohm speaker (the latter ofwhich is really about the same thingas a dynamic microphone) can beused with this circuit.

The output of the speaker/mike isamplified by ICl, an LM741. Youmay not need the gain provided bythis circuit (22 X) if you're using acrystal mike. In that case you shouldeliminate ICl and the 10 k-ohm and220 k-ohm resistors, and feed themicrophone output directly to the6.2 k-ohm resistor leading to IC2. Ineither case, the signals acquired bythe mike are sent through a sharpbandpass filter which passes onlysignals between 2000 Hz and 2250 Hz.

We use an MC1458 operationalamplifier (IC2) to construct amultiple-feedback, second-orderbandpass filter. IC2 is configured astwo such elements, cascaded toimprove response. The mathematicalcalculations behind component selec-tion in this type of filter are outlinedin figure 3. The objective is to pro-

32 August 1980 © BYTE Publications lnc

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finally, it strips 30 AWG wire nick-free.WSU-30M makes a "modified" style of wrap, in which approximately 1J turnsof insulated wire are wrapped in addition to the barewire for purposes of addedmechanical stability. Designed for the serious amateur, the WSU-30M features

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Circle 19 on inquiry card.

BYTE August 1980 33

SIGNAL INPUT?4

LOCK-DETECTOUTPUTS

5

-OQ

ORIGINATE MODEMfj =2025 Hzf2 =2225 Hz

Rl=200k

R0=18k

Cl = 0.0047n.F

CF=0.005^.F

C0=0.022/iF

ANSWER MODEM^ = 1070 Hzf2=1270Hz

Rl = 100k

R0 = 18k

C1 = 0.01^F

CF = 0.005/iF

CO = 0.039/j.F

Figure 4: Block diagram of the XR2211 phase-locked loop component, which is IC3 in figure la. Appropriate component values forthe two modem modes are shown.

duce a filter with a center-of-passband frequency midway between2025 Hz and 2225 Hz, with a band-width wide enough to allow these twofrequencies to pass easily but rejecteverything else. The computed filterhas a center frequency of 2117 Hz, atotal gain factor of about 95, and a

bandwidth of 300 Hz. When thetelephone handset is inserted in thecoupler, nothing is passed except thetones we want.

The output of the filter is sent toIC3, which is an XR2211 monolithicphase-locked loop (PLL) especiallydesigned for FSK data communica-

Photo 7: Cutting the grill cloth. The stiff canvas used for needlepointing is ideal. Cut acircular piece and fit it to cover the speaker.

tion by Exar Integrated Systems.Figure 4 presents a block diagram ofthis device with pertinent externalcomponent selection.

A phase-locked loop is basically anelectronic servo loop consisting of aphase detector, a low-pass filter, anda voltage-controlled oscillator(VCO). Its function is to synchronizeits own oscillator to the incomingsignal. If the incoming signal changes,the phase-detector output changescorrespondingly to adjust the VCO totrack the signal. In the XR2211, if thesignal amplitude at the locked fre-quency is above a minimal value, theFSK comparator signifies this condi-tion with a binary 1 output. TheXR2211 can accommodate analoginput signals between 2 mV and 3 V.

As shown in figure 1, the com-ponents are chosen for originate fre-quencies, and the XR2211 is poweredby +12 V. (The specification saysanything between +4.5 V and+ 20 V is acceptable, but +5 V ismarginal in my experience.)

Alignment is simply a case ofadjusting the 5 k-ohm potentiometer(R4). With a 2225 Hz signal appliedto the microphone input, adjust R4until pin 7 of IC3 goes low. Changingthe input frequency to 2025 Hz

34 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 20 on inquiry card.

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should make this pin go high.

In addition to the FSK output onpin 7, there is a lock-detect output onpin 5, used to denote carrier detec-

tion. It is connected to one section ofthe CD4011. This circuit is al-second-on/2-second-off delayed-trigger monostable multivibrator

Photo 8: The final assembly can be spray-painted black as I have done, but this is notnecessary. Caution: some paints act as solvents on foam and will produce a sticky mess.Test a small sample before spraying the whole unit, and don't spray the speaker cone.

(one-shot). Either tone (consideredthe carrier in this case) has to be pre-sent for at least 1 second to trigger thecircuit into operation, allow data toflow from the modem to the terminal,and turn on the modulator amplifier.IC7 and Q3 are added for RS-232Cinterfacing. If RS-232C communica-tion is not a requirement, then theseparts can be eliminated. Using theCD4011 (IC4b), the circuit can direct-ly drive one low-power Schottky (LS)transistor-transistor logic (TTL) inputload. A CD4049 inverting buffer orCD4050 buffer can be added to drivemore input loads if necessary.

Construction Hints

We are dealing with highimpedances and critical capacitancesin this modem circuit. Layout shouldbe compact, and Mylar orpolystyrene capacitors should be usedwhere indicated. Shielded cableshould be used between themicrophone and the modem board toreduce electrical-noise interference.

The acoustic coupler can be sal-vaged from an old modem, such asthe Anderson-Jacobson unit

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36 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

For years many small business system buyersthought that in order to get "real" performanceand enough storage to be a "real" business systemthey would have to sacrifice the family jewels.

But with the introduction of the Smoke SignalChieftain series office computers a lot of people'sminds have been changed.

Because we designed the highly reliableChieftain small business system with the mostinnovative combination of performance and effi-ciency around.

At your fingertips there are 64,000 charactersof random access memory and you can addressanywhere from 740,000 characters to 2 millioncharacters with Smoke Signals's new double den-sity controller. For larger concerns, there's a 20Mbyte hard disk available.

At a time when other small computer manu-facturers tell you "you're on your own", SmokeSignal offers an abundance of easy-to-use softwareprograms such as order entry, inventory control,

accounts receivable, invoice entry, payroll, wordprocessing and much, much more. There's BASIC,COBOL and FORTRAN - even a multi-user BOS(Business Operating System) that allows fornumerous users simultaneously.

Chieftain systemsstarting at under $200.00per month display per-formance on par with sys-tems costing twice tothree times as much.

So call (213) 889-9340for your nearest autho-rized Smoke Signal dealer — he'll be glad todemonstrate the Chieftain's high reliability andease of operation. For dealers only, circle 22

All other inquiries, circle 21

SMOKE SIGNAL m, BROADCASTING

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y_

4r

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Circle 23 on inquiry card.

^T

CP/A

OPTIMIZED SYSTEMSSOFTWARE

PRESENTS

CONTROL PROGRAM/APPLEthe DOS you have been waiting for

OSS CP/A is an all new, disk-basedoperating system which providescommands and utilities similar toCP/M*. CP/A has byte and block I/O, asimple assembly language interface,and direct access via Note and Point.And it's easy to add your own com-mands or device handlers. CP/A isexpandable, flexible, consistent,easy-to-use and available now withcompatible program products:

BASIC — Some of the features of OSSBASIC are syntax checking on programentry, true decimal arithmetic (great formoney applications), 32K byte string sizes,flexible I/O, long variable names (up to 255significant characters), and the ability to getand put single bytes.

BUSINESS BASIC WITH PRINT USING —

This is virtually the only basic available onthe Apple that has PRINT USING. It alsohas record I/O statements and all thefeatures of our standard BASIC.

EDITOR/ASSEMBLER/DEBUG — OSS

EASMD is a total machine language de-velopment package. The editor providesfunctions like FIND, REPLACE, etc. Theassembler uses standard 6502 mnemon-ics, can include multiple files in one assem-bly, and can place the object code inmemory or to a disk file.

Prices of CP/A with:

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OPTIMIZED SYSTEMS SOFTWAREis a product uf

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Photo 9: With the production of two of the speaker assemblies I have described, we arein business. The one wired to the microphone input of the modem should be placedunder the earpiece of the phone, and the one designated as the modem output speakeragainst the telephone mouthpiece. Dial your favorite computer, place the handset in thecoupler, and when you see the carrier-detect indicator light, you are ready to go.

(bought on the surplus market for$20.00), purchased from the source Ilisted, or you can make one fromreadily available materials which costvirtually nothing.

Photos 3 thru 9 illustrate the con-struction of an acoustic coupler. Boththe transmitter and receiver use a2-inch Radio Shack 8-ohm speakerand such "exotic" materials as foampipe insulation, a plastic placemat,needlepoint canvas, and rubbercement.

When you are through building thecoupler, connect it to the modem cir-cuit and dial your favorite timeshar-ing system. When the telephone con-nection has been made and you hearthe tone, place the handset into thecoupler. The carrier-detect LEDshould light, and you'll be inbusiness.

If you succeed in building themodem and use it to call The Source,send me a message describing youreffort. My user-identification numberis TCE317.

Next Month: A simple remote data-entry terminal for use in home con-trol applications. ■

Readers who wish to obtain themodem may order the following:

• a complete kit ofintegrated circuits andcomponents as shown infigures la and lb, aprinted-circuit board,and directions forassembly—$39.95

• two commercially maderubber cushions designedto fit 2-inch speakers, foruse in acoustic couplersarid two 2-inchspeakers—$12.95

• this modem is availablecombined with theCOMM-80 serial/parallel interface (JuneCircuit Cellar) and calledthe "chatter box. "Assembled and testedwith software—$259.95

Order these from:

The MicroMint Inc917 MidwayWoodmere NY 11598(516) 374-6793

Please add $2 for shipping andhandling. New York residentsplease add 7% sales tax.

38 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 24 on inquiry card.

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Versafloppy till—A floppy disk controller for up tofour drives, supporting single/double density andsingle/double-sided disk formats.

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Prom 100—A specialty board of SD Systems whichallows you to program 2708/2716/2732 proms.

Z-80 Starter Kit —A low-cost entry into the world ofmicrocomputers designed primarily for educationand experimentation.

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Product Review

The Ohio Scientific CA-15 UniversalTelephone Interface

Gregg Williams, Editor

Imagine the following scenario: a businessman in SanFrancisco calls his office in Boston. The phone rings fourtimes, then a metallic voice answers.

"Hello," it says, "this is the message service of MorellPharmaceuticals. If you wish to leave your number,please type it in using your push-button phone. Thankyou."

Since the man calling is John Morell, the owner, heknows he can type in a special access code. He types in999 on the Touch Tone phone. The computer on theother end of the line recognizes this sequence.

"Business status," the metallic voice answers. "Zones 1thru 8 secure—no intruders. Zones 1 thru 8 report no firealarms. Do you wish messages?"

Mr Morell types in 9, which stands for yes.

"You had three calls. Mr Morse called at 6:04 PM. MsMorell called at 7:40 PM. Unidentified caller, phone555-1501, called at 7:51 PM. Do you wish controls?"

Mr Morell types in another yes.

"Operation ?" the computer asks. Mr Morell presses thebuttons for the digits 0 and 2.

"Office lights on. Time to turn off?" the computer asks.Mr Morell presses the buttons 1, 0, 4, and 5, instructingthe computer to turn the lights off at 10:45 that night.

"Another command?" Mr Morell types in a 6, whichstands for no.

"Thank you. Good night," the computer voice says,then hangs up.

Is this another computer user's fantasy? (After all, weknow that computers cannot do useful things like startcoffee in the morning or water the lawn.) No, the abovescene is entirely possible. In fact, I have seen a scaled-down demonstration similar to the above during a recenttrip to Ohio Scientific to see its new CA-15 universaltelephone interface (UTI).

Description

The CA-15 universal telephone interface (shown inphoto 1) is a one-board peripheral device that will fit inany Model C8P, C2-8P, C2-OEM, or C3-series OhioScientific computer. The internal organization of the

Touch Tone is a registered trademark of the BellTelephone System for its dual-tone, multiple-frequency signaling system.

Photo 1: The CA-15 universal telephone interface board, shownwith its optional Votrax voice synthesis module.

Photo 2: Rear panel of an Ohio Scientific C8P computer, show-ing connections from the CA-15 universal telephone interface tooutside components. The board connects to a CBT-type datacoupler through the DB-15 connector (the small gold-coloredconnector in the center of the back panel). Other connectionsare made through the six phono jacks in the upper right-handcomer of the back panel. The jacks, listed in row order from leftto right, are: cassette-recorder on/off control, phone-linemonitor output, Votrax output (if used), cassette-player on/offcontrol, cassette-player input, and auxiliary input.

40 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Meet the IMPs. A pair of stylish 3V2 inch highimpact printers that will look great on any desk.

Styled for desk top use, these sleek units stand just 31/2inches high, yet the unique fan-cooled printing systemcan knock out 80, 96 or 132 columns of crisp hardcopywith continuous throughput of one line per second.

A winning pair. IMP-1, with friction feed, can makemulti-copies on plain 81/2 inch wide paper, or on teletyperolls. In addition, IMP-2 has tractor feed and full formscontrol, with tractors adjustable from 1 inch to 91/2 inches.

Interfaces abound. All IMPs have Centronics paralleland RS232C/20mA serial inputs as standard equipment.But if you need something different, then we makeinterfaces for just about any system — high speed serial,Apple, Pet, TRS-80, IEEE 488...

Versatile, too. 96 ASCII character set is standard. Andyou can select 6 character sizes, even graphics, undersoftware control. Options include 2K buffering andspecial character sets.

Service — a big difference. No other printermanufacturer offers Axiom's combination of lowcosf andnation-wide service and distribution — in the USA andeighteen overseas countries.

Pssst — the price!!! It's low. $695 for IMP-1. $795 forIMP-2. And that's the single unit price.

Better phone, write or mail the bingo card today!

Circle 25 on inquiry card.

5932 San Fernando Road, Glendale, CA 91202Tel: (213) 245-9244 • TWX: 910-497-2283

BYTE August 1980

41

COMPUTERBUS

UNIVERSAL TELEPHONE INTERFACE (INSIDE DOTTED LINES)I

DATA/CONTROL INTERFACE

TAPE PLAYERCONTROL

l_.

VOTRAX *

300 BPSMODEM

SOUNDDETECTOR

TOUCH-TONEDECODER

DUPLEXER

AMPLIFIER*

TAPE

RECORDER

CONTROL

TONEDIALER

PULSEDIALER

SOUNDMULTI-PLEXER

FAILSAFE

RINGDETECTOR I

PHONE LINE

CONNECT

CONTROL

TAPEPLAYER

SPEAKER

TAPERECORDER

AUXILIARYDEVICE

CBT-TYPE DATACOUPLER

Figure 1: Block diagram of the CA-15 universal telephone-interface board. The boxes inside the dotted linesare part of the interface board (shown in photo 1). The unshaded boxes are external equipment that must besupplied by the user, with the exception of the Votrax module and amplifier {both marked with an asterisk),which are optionally supplied with the interface board.

PHONE LINE

board is shown in figure 1.The CA-15 interface can:

Initiate either Touch Tone or rotary pulse dial-ing of telephone numbers of any length.Use Touch Tone dialing to transmit numeric andcontrol data.

Sense a phone line ringing (on an incoming call)or a busy signal (on an outgoing call).Answer incoming calls and disconnect outgoingcalls.

Act as a 300 bits per second (bps) originate-or-answer modem.

Play a prerecorded message from an externalcassette player onto the phone line.Record a voice message onto an external cassetterecorder.

Place audio information (eg: computer-generatedmusic from a digital-to-analog converter) on thephone line from an auxiliary input device.Optionally, speak using a computer-controlledVotrax speech synthesizer.

The CA-15 interfaces to the outside world via sevenoutput jacks, as shown in photo 2. The board connects toa dedicated (ie: not used for any other purposes)telephone line through a CBT-type data coupler, whichcan be purchased from Ohio Scientific or rented from thetelephone company. The data coupler is necessary tomake a reliable, safe, and legal connection between acomputer and the telephone line.

The universal telephone-interface board connects tothe external data coupler through a DB-15 connector (the

small gold connector in the center of the C8P rear panelshown in photo 2). The remaining six connections aremade through the two rows of three jacks each in the up-per right-hand corner of the computer's backplane. Thejacks, listed in row order from left to right, are: cassette-recorder on/off control, phone-line-monitor output,Votrax output (if used), cassette-player on/off control,cassette-player input, and auxiliary input.

In keeping with Ohio Scientific's "hardware-first"orientation, the interface is controlled through examiningand writing to (PEEKing and POKEing, in BASIC) cer-tain memory locations. For example, to dial the threedigits 6, 0, 3 (after initializing the interface board), we ex-ecute the BASIC instructions:

POKE 63494,189POKE 63494,215POKE 63494,190

The documentation supplied with the CA-15 universaltelephone interface includes complete instructions thatdetail manipulation of the interface through reading andwriting the appropriate memory locations.

Commentary

Coupled to the security and home-control optionsavailable in the Ohio Scientific line of computers, theCA-15 universal telephone interface is the link that ex-tends the influence of a computer beyond its immediateenvironment. This extended environment includes anypoint within reach of the existing telephone network.With the Ohio Scientific AC-12P wireless remote-controloption, the CA-15 interface can control home appliances

42 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

INTRODUCING HP-OS

A NEW WORLD OF

PERSONAL-PROFESSIONAL

COMPUTATION.

Imagine the new worldthat would unfold beforeyou if you had a powerful,portable, completelyintegrated computer sys-tem at your personaldisposal. And at an afford-able price. That's exactlywhat Hewlett-Packard hasjust created.

THE HP-85:

A PERSONAL

COMPUTER FOR

PROFESSIONALS.

At the lab, on your deskor in your study this20-pound, self-containedsystem provides pro-fessional computing powerwhen and where youneed it. That means nomore waiting for datato be remotely processedand returned.

A COMPLETE

COMPUTER SYSTEM

IN ONE SMALL

PACKAGE.

You get all this in theHP-85:

Interactive graphics underkeyboard control.16K RAM Memorystandard.

Standard typewriter key-board with separatenumeric key pad and eightuser-definable specialfunction keys.

High resolution CRT display withpowerful editing capability.Built-in thermal printer produces ahard copy of the display on commandBuilt-in tape cartridge drive.Each cartridge provides 217K bytesof storage capacity.Operating system and BASIC lan-guage, permanently stored in ROM.

A SOPHISTICATED

COMPUTER ATYOUR FINGERTIPS.

Hewlett-Packard has combinedthese sophisticated capabilities withadvanced design to give you asystem that is easy to use yet uncom-promised in its power.

A key to this achievement isHewlett-Packard's choice of BASICfor the HP-85's language. The

/

^ULit&TlT!

You can enhance thesystem's capability byadding powerful HPperipherals like a high-speed, full-width lineprinter, full-size plotter, orflexible disc drives.

And HP ApplicationPacs offer preprogrammedsolutions in a widevariety of disciplines onprerecorded magnetictape cartridges.

So, when you buy theHP-85, you're not justbuying a computer system,you're buying the con-fidence that the Hewlett-Packard name bringsand the knowlege that theHP-85 can expand withyour changing needs.

For the address of yournearest HP dealer, CALLTOLL-FREE 800-547-3400except from Hawaiior Alaska. In Oregon, call758-1010. For detailson the HP-85, send theattached coupon, or write:Hewlett-Packard,1000 N.E. Circle Blvd.,Corvallis, OR 97330,Dept. 276C

HP-85 has more than 150 commandsand statements to let you solveyour problems swiftly and easily.

In addition, sixteen graphic com-mands have been added to theHP-85's extended BASIC to give youeasy control of its amazinglyversatile graphic capabilities.

DESIGNED FOR TODAYAND TOMORROW.

Whether you're in science,engineering, industry or business,the HP-85 you need today caneasily be expanded or customized tomeet your needs tomorrow.

You can double RAM capacity to32K or expand ROM firmwareto 80K with optional modules thatplug right into the HP-85.

11

HEWLETTPACKARD

619/26

HEWLETT-PACKARD

Di'pl. 276C

1000 N.E. Circle Blvd.

Corvallis. OR 97330

Please send details on HP-85.

TITLE

COMPANY-ADDRESS-CITY

STATE-

Circle 26 on inquiry card.

BYTE August 1980

43

Improved!

mpostmastM^

Tomorrow'smail system.

Today.

One package does it ALL. Teratek'sPostmaster offers the most powerful and flexible

mail-management system available for any

CP/M or compatible derivative capable of running

CBASIC II, now including Apple II.

Menu Driven.

Up to 250K Records Per

File Name.

Up to 16 Drives Supported.

9 Digit Zip Code Supported.

Batch Entry: Entering namesand addresses to a mailinglist is simple. Repeatedelements of a record needonly be entered once.

Powerful Record Extraction:

Used in conjunction with theOptional Reference Field,

this feature allows simplecreation of user specified"target-files!'

Dedicated Record Editor: List,modify or delete records.Allows intact or extractedbackup of original file.Automatic "ID" FieldInsertion: (optional) Key in aname, and a unique 10 char-acter record identifier will beentered automatically to theReference area.

Envelopes: Postmaster pre-pares single or continuousenvelopes.

Mailing Labels: Standard oruser-specified formats up tofive across. Any number oflabels per name.

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Dealer Inquiries Invited

Translator Program NADto Postmaster Provided asFull Source.

Form Letters: Supportscourtesy titles, nicknames,single page or continuousform. Optional text or saluta-tion inserts in any letter.Dedicated Record Sorting.Attractive Reports: Neat,paginated reports on either80 or 132 column paper.Clear, CompleteDocumentation.Quality That's Affordable andAvailable: The Postmasterprograms are available in avariety of 5" and 8" disk for-mats (40k of RAM, CP/M andCBASIC2 are required).Among the formats sup-ported are TRS-80, North Star,Heath H8 and H89, standard8" IBM, Vector MZ and otherCP/M derivatives capable ofrunning CBASIC.

Sample Data Files Included.Powerful Yet Easy to Use.

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44 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

from any Touch Tone telephone. (A dial-type telephonecan also be used if the person called has an externaldevice that generates the standard Touch Tones.)

With the AC-17P home-security option, the CA-15 in-terface allows you to remotely determine whether intru-sion, fire, or car alarms have been activated. And, with asufficiently sophisticated BASIC program running, youcan interconnect and control the security and wireless-control options from any telephone.

Other applications that come readily to mind are asophisticated telephone-answering service (such as thescenario at the beginning of this review) and a stand-alone terminal, which can be used to call up computerbulletin boards, time-sharing services, and other remotedevices.

The CA-15 universal telephone interface requires threepower-supply voltages ( + 5 V, +12 V, and —9 V), whilethe popular model C4P computer (and its predecessor,the C2-4P) supply only +5 V. Other difficulties includethe large number of input and output lines the interfacerequires and the limited number of slots in the C4P andC2-4P. Because of these problems, the interface cannot beused with the above two machines. However, I was toldthat an area of the CA-15 board has been left blank (seethe bottom center of the interface board in photo 1) for avoltage-doubler circuit that would make its use feasible inthe C4P and C2-4P. C4P or C2-4P owners interested inthis option should express their interest to Eric Davis atOhio Scientific, 1333 S Chillicothe Rd, Aurora OH44202.

The CA-15 universal telephone interface is availablethrough Ohio Scientific dealers for $499, or $799 with theVotrax voice module added. A Federal Communica-tions Commission (FCC) approved CBT-type telephoneline isolator is available for $199. Finally, a modified diskBASIC called Security BASIC is available for disk-basedOhio Scientific machines only. It is a modified Microsoft9-digit-precision BASIC with extensions for the wirelessremote-control, home-security, and telephone-interfaceoptions; these software extensions replace some of thePEEKs and POKEs otherwise used for device control withBASIC-like mnemonic commands. The Security-BASIClanguage system is available for $99. ■

Official Flag of Auti-FORTH Programmers

Circle 27 on inquiry card.

The MODEL 800 MST is certainly pleasing to look at, but its true beauty lies beneath the surface. A glimpse at itsfeatures reveals why it is rapidly becoming the most sought after printer in the world . . .

Four standard interfaces:

RS-232 (15 baud rates)

Centronics compatible parallel

IEEE-488

20ma current loopSix line densities: 64, 72, 80, 96, 120, 132100 CPS at all six densitiesUnidirectional or bidirectional printingSixteen horizontal and ten vertical tabsElongated characters in all six densities1920 character bufferUses either perforated or roll paperFully adjustable tractors to 9Va"Auto self-test

Up to 10 character fonts

Standard 96 character ASCII

User defined character font

Provision for up to eight additional fontsDot resolution graphics in six densitiesVariable line spacing control from 0 to 64 dots inhalf-dot increments

Auto form-feed for any form length at any linespacing

Heavy-duty all aluminum chassis1 lOvac or 220vac, 50/60Hz.100 million character prirltheadMeasures only 15" wide, 3" high, and 1 1" deepWeighs only 15 lbs.

but maybe its most attractive feature is the price $699.00.

bo/e_ inc.

w

P.O.

&

BOX 3548 FULL.. CAL. 98634 / C714) 998-4344

Product Review

The Heath H-89 Computer

Mark Dahmke, 1515 Superior St, Apt 15, Lincoln NE 68521

The Heath H-89 is Heath Company's latest in theirrapidly expanding line of desk-top computers. The H-89has a number of unique hardware features, and the sameexcellent software support and documentation as theoriginal H-8 8080-based system.

Heath Company is promoting the H-89 as the all-in-one computer, which it most certainly is. It is based onthe Zilog Z80 microprocessor, which makes it upward-compatible with all H-8 8080 software. Not only is thecomputer based on the Z80, but the video display ter-

Photo 1: The Heath H-89, a Z80-based all-in-one personal com-puter with built-in 5-inch floppy-disk drive, WH-19 terminal,and 16 K bytes of programmable memory (expandable to 48 Kbytes). The price for the assembled unit is $2295.

x 1

Ti'lfll

-

r- ,-, --<Vf!

n

W\V:

i

n

,:

/I

W"

. , ■ ™ ', : • J

f

^ -

.&i

m-ij.m M, >*\

^m^^i ; * - /,-./

"

1

SSk

my

_j

Photo 2: Interior of the Heath H-89 computer.

46 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

minal and keyboard subsystem also contains a Z80.

The processor board Z80 runs at 2.048 MHz — slightlyfaster than an 8080 at 2 MHz, but not at the 4 MHz max-imum possible with a Z80. Up to 48 K bytes of mainmemory may be plugged into sockets directly on the pro-cessor board, as well as up to six expansion cards ontwenty-five pin connectors. The processor board also hassingle-step and full interrupt logic, a serial RS-232 portthat connects to the terminal board, and sockets for three2708 EPROMs (erasable programmable read-onlymemories).

The terminal board consists of a Z80, a 6845 video con-troller chip, two read-only memories, two 2112-2 pro-grammable memory components, an S740 keyboardencoder circuit, and an 8250 UART (universal asyn-chronous receiver/transmitter) for RS-232 communica-tions. The terminal has a 12-inch video screen thatdisplays twenty-four lines of eighty 5-by-7 dot-matrixcharacters. The twenty-fifth line is accessible under soft-ware control for special applications. Lowercasedescenders and thirty-three 8-by-10 dot graphicscharacters are also provided.

A full keyboard with repeat key (this repeats any keypressed), eight user-definable function keys (see table 1),and a separate numeric keypad are standard on the H-89.

The special function keys generally send out a series ofcharacters such as ESC H for cursor home, ESC E forerase screen, and so on. Although Heath has its own setof escape functions, the terminal may be placed in theANSI (American National Standards Institute) mode fora standardized set of the same functions. The numerickeypad actually has three possible modes: the unshiftednumeric mode (normal), the keypad shifted mode, andthe alternate keypad mode. Table 2 shows the keycodesfor each mode. A complete list of escape sequences isshown in table 3.

The ESC r X sequence allows the user to set the datarate from 110 to 9600 bits per second. For example, ESC rC sets the data rate to 300 bits per second.

Another nice feature is the special twenty-fifth line ofthe screen. This line is separate from the other twenty-four and will not scroll with the rest of the screen. Theline may be enabled by sending ESC x 1 from either thecomputer or the keyboard. After enabling the twenty-fifth line, the cursor must be positioned somewhere in theline before writing characters using the direct cursoraddressing sequence: ESC Y (line number) (columnnumber) where the line and column numbers are sent astwo ASCII characters after the ESC Y. In this case, theline number is 25 + 31 (31 must be added to the actualline and column number values) which is equal to 56 or"8" in ASCII codes. The column number (1 to 80) mayrange from 32 (ie: 1 + 31) to 111. To position the cursor

Circle 28 on inquiry card. ^^^-

MEMORY EXPANSION FOR TRS-80

All you have to remember is to plug it in

Memory expansion. It's a field packed withintriguing theories. For instance, it has beensuggested that the memory areas of thehuman brain are transferable from one bodyto another, like transplanted kidneys. In manor machine, a larger memory is always awelcome acquisition.

If you are interested in expanding yourTRS-80 memory without shelling out dollarsfor a full blown expansion interface,we havejust the solution.

Introducing the MT-32. Our new, brilliantlydesigned Printer/Memory expansion modulefor the TRS-80. This unit will add 16K or 32Kof dynamic RAM to your basic 16K machine.The module also contains circuitry to driveMicrotek's MT-80P dot matrix printer, or anyother Centronics-compatible printer.

No hardware modification to your TRS-80 isrequired. Just plug into your bus connectorand you are ready to go.

All Microtek products are covered by a oneyear warranty.

TRS-80 is a Registered Trademark of Tandy Corp.

Four configurations are available:

Without RAM in kit form(MT-32K @ $79.50)

Without RAM assembled and tested(MT-32A @ $99.50)

With 16K RAM assembled and tested(MT-32B @ $159.50)

With 32K RAM assembled and tested(MT- 32C @ $199.50)

Available from Microtek

or your nearest computer dealer.

MICROTEK^

9514 Chesapeake DriveSan Diego, CA 92123Tel. (714) 278-0633TWX 910-335-1269

MHHORY TRANSPLANT

Key

Heath Mode

ANSI Mode

F1

ESCS

ESC OS

F2

ESCT

ESCOT

F3

ESC U

ESCOU

F4

ESCV

ESCO V

BLUE

ESC P

ESCO P

RED

ESCQ

ESCOQ

GRAY

ESCR

ESCO R

Table 1: Special function keys on

the Heath H-89 computer.

Unshifted Shifted

Alternate

Key Key

Keypad Mode

0 0

ESC? p

1 ESC L

ESC?q

2 ESC B

ESC? r

3 ESC M

ESC? s

4 ESC D

ESC? t

5 ESC H

ESC? u

6 ESCC

ESC? v

7 ESC @

ESC? w

8 ESC A

ESC?x

9 ESCN

ESC?y

ESC?n

ENTER RETURN

ESC? M

Table 2: H-89 numeric keypad functions.

DEALERS...OEM USERS.

Call on Monday...your North Starcomputerwill be

(H&I&KMmdl byThursday.

WHOLESALE PRICESAVAILABLE.

GBC maintains readystock on the follow-ing products andsoftware:

• North Star

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• Epson

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mess Computers

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in column 1 of line 25, the following sequence would beentered via the keyboard or sent from the computer: ESC"Y" "8" " ". If the sequence is sent from the keyboard, itis necessary to look up the character equivalents for eachvalue (as above), but if the terminal is driven from a pro-gram in BASIC, the process is much simpler:

PRINT CHR$(27); "Y"; CHR$(56); CHR$(32);

Note that the CHR$(27) causes the ASCII "ESCAPE"code to be sent; 56 and 32 are the line and columnnumbers, added to 31. The CHR$ function converts thedecimal code number into the corresponding character.

MTR-88 Monitor Program

The H-89 comes with a monitor program in program-mable read-only memory that allows the user to operateat machine level or use the system without disk drives (ortape, for that matter). The MTR-88 cassette I/O func-tions are compatible with the cassette entry points in thePAM-8 front-panel monitor of the H-8, so software writ-ten for the H-8 will execute correctly on the H-89.

The monitor supports the following commands:

Boof

Load HDOS from disk.

Dump

Dump a program to cassette tape

Go

Execute a program at the given

address.

Load

Load a program from cassette

tape.

Program Counter

Set the program counter address

(prior to entering the Go com-

mand).

Substitute

Inspect or change memory loca-

tions.

The load and dump commands are set up to work withthe H-88-5 cassette interface board. MTR-88 also main-tains a tick counter in memory. The counter is a 2-bytefield at memory addresses 040.033 and 040.034 (in splitoctal notation) that is incremented by 1 every 2 ms aslong as interrupts are enabled. It is possible to assigninterrupt vectors for special applications (as with allHeath software) by changing the addresses in the bottom64 bytes of memory.

HDOS Disk Operating System

HDOS (Heath Disk Operating System) is a comprehen-sive disk-management package. HDOS allows the user tocreate, manipulate, and display the contents of disk filesand the disk directory. Other commands allow the userto display disk statistics (ie: usage, remaining space,errors) and to set device options such as console/printerdata rate, whether or not a back-space cursor function isavailable on the terminal in use, uppercase orupper/lowercase mode, tabs, console width, and so on.HDOS provides "device drivers," special subroutineswhich perform all necessary initialization and housekeep-ing functions for each peripheral interface — console, lineprinter, alternate console, and so on. The device driversmay be called by the user's program, saving the user theeffort of writing device interface routines.

48 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 29 on inquiry card.

Circle 30 on inquiry card.

IcrosoftZ-80 SoftCard.

Leading a WholeNew Lineup for

Your Apple II.

Plug the new Microsoft Z-80 SoftCard tntApple II™ and start using all of the system and applicati.software written for 2-80 based computers. Software thatyou could never use before on your Apple II.

The SoftCard actually contains a Z-80 processor andlets you switch between the Apple's 6502 and the Z-80 withsimple commands, so you can use software written foreither processor.

Starting with Two Software Standards. VersatileCP/M," the most widely used microcomputer operatingsystem ever, is included on diskette in the SoftCardpackage, ready to run on your Apple II

You get Microsoft's 5.0 BASIC too, the most powerfulversion to date of our famous BASIC interpreter.

PRINT USING, 16-digit precision, CALL, and CHAINand COMMON are just some of the major BASIC featuresyou'll add. Applesoft's graphics extensions are still included.

More Power Down the Line. You can get even moreprogramming power and versatility by adding Microsoft'sFORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC Compiler and AssemblyLanguage Development System. All are availableseparately to run with the SoftCard system.

And the whole host of CP/M-based business, scientificand educational applications can be easily transferred toyour Apple with SoftCard.

The Microsoft Z-80 SoftCard is compatible with mostevery Apple product from the Apple II to the Apple II Plus,Language Card and peripherals. Independent peripheralsfor the Apple are supported>as well. The SoftCard packagerequires a system with 48K and a disk drive.

Line up a SoftCard demonstration at your MicrosoftConsumer Products dealer today. They'll be glad to showyou how the Z-80 SoftCard and your Apple computercombine to form a system that can't be beat for eitherpracticality or pure pleasure by any personal computeravailable today. Or give us a call, 206/454-1315, formore information.

But act quickly. At the low price of $349 for SoftCard,CP/M, Microsoft BASIC and complete documentation, youmay have to stand in line to get one!

'"Apple II is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc." CP/M Is a registered trademark of Digital Research.

CONSUMER PRODUCTS

10800 Northeast Eighth, Suite 507Bellevue, WA 98004(206)454-1315

All devices on the H-89 have been assigned devicenames. Table 4 lists all devices. For example, to list a fileon the printer, the command

COPY LP: = SYO:FNAME.EXT

is used, where LP: is the destination, and FNAME.EXT isthe disk file on device SYO: to be listed.

The H-89, Heath's all-in-one computer,has a number of unique hardwarefeatures and the same excellent soft-ware support and documentation as theoriginal H-8 system.

ESC H

Cursor home

ESCC

Cursor forward (right)

ESCD

Cursor backward (left)

ESC B

Cursor down

ESC A

Cursor up

ESC 1

Reverse index

ESCn

Cursor position report

ESCj

Save cursor position

ESCk

Set cursor to previously saved position

ESC Y

Direct cursor addressing

ESCE

Clear display (also shift erase)

ESCb

Erase beginning of display

ESCJ

Erase to end of page

ESCI

Erase entire line

ESCo

Erase beginning of line

ESCK

Erase to end of line

ESCL

Insert line

ESC M

Delete line

ESCN

Delete character

ESC @

Enter insert character mode

ESCO

Exit insert character mode

ESCz

Reset to power-up configuration

ESC r Bn

Modify data rate (Bn is a character to select data

rates from 110 to 9600 bps.)

ESC x Ps

Set mode: (select Ps from:)

1 = Enable twenty-fifth line

2 = No key click

3 = Hold screen mode

4 = Block cursor

5 = Cursor off

6 = Keypad shifted

7 = Alternate keypad mode

8 = Auto line feed on receipt of carriage

return

9 = Auto carriage return on receipt of line

feed

ESC y Ps

Reset mode(s): (same as set modes listed above)

ESC <

Enter ANSI escape-sequence mode

ESC[

Enter hold screen mode

ESC \

Exit hold screen mode

ESCp

Enter reverse video mode

ESCq

Exit reverse video mode

ESCF

Enter graphics mode

ESCG

Exit graphics mode

ESCt

Enter keypad shifted mode

ESCu

Exit keypad shifted mode

ESC =

Enter alternate keypad mode

ESC >

Exit alternate keypad mode

ESC }

Keyboard disabled

ESC{

Keyboard enabled

ESCv

Wrap around at end of line

ESC w

Discard at end of line

ESCZ

Identify as DEC VT52 terminal

ESC]

Transmit twenty-fifth line

ESC#

Transmit page

Table 3:

H-89 escape sequences.

SYO:

SY1:

TT:

AT:

LP:

ND:

Table 4:

System disk drive #0

System disk drive #1 (optional)

Console device

Alternate terminal (optional)

Line printer

Null device (This eats up characters sent to it.)

H-89 device assignments in HDOS.

The two directory-oriented devices are SYO: and SYl: .On these devices (ie: disks), the directory keeps track ofwhat files exist and where they are. Each file can have aneight-character name with a three-character extension.The extension is useful when keeping track of a numberof related files. For example:

MYPROG.ASMMYPROG.LSTMYPROG.ABS

Here the .ASM indicates that the first file is the assemblersource of MYPROG entered via the text editor. The .LSTfile is the listing output of the assembler, and .ABS is theobject code resulting from the assembler run.

HDOS Utilities

HDOS also comes with a number of useful utility pro-grams:

PIP (peripheral interchange program)

A generalized disk-filemaintenance program.

ONECOPY A program that allows the userwith only one disk drive to copyfiles from one disk to another.

SET A very useful program that

allows the user to redefine devicedriver configurations. Table 5lists all options of the SET com-mand.

STAT Displays system performance,

number of disk errors, etc.

FLAGS Sets disk-file flags to write-protect

a file, to suppress normal listingand copying of a file, and(optionally) to lock the fileagainst further flag changes.

DBUG

The Heath console debug program allows the user toenter and debug machine-language programs from theconsole. DBUG will perform the following functions:

• Display and alter contents of any memory location.

• Display and alter contents of any 8080 processorregister.

• Single step through a program.

• Execute a program.

• Set breakpoints in a program.

• Load or dump user programs to or from a device(eg: tape or disk).

Note that DBUG supports only the 8080 register set, notthe extra registers in the Z80. Also, DBUG does not havea disassembler feature.

50 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

BRAIN

Once in a great while someone comes alongwith a simple improvement for an already greatproduct. Take our SuperBrain, for example. Really asimple concept. A high-powered, low cost micro-computer packaged in an attractive desk topcabinet. So how do you improve on that?

WE DID IT...

It wasn't enough that our SuperBrain hadsuch standard features as twin double density5%" drives with over 300,000 bytes of diskstorage. A full 32K of dynamic RAM - expandableto 64K in seconds. A CP/M* Disk OperatingSystem which assures compatibility to literallyhundreds of application packages presently availa-ble. A crisp, 12" non-glare screen with a full 24line by 80 column display. A full ASCII keyboardwith a separate keypad and individual cursorcontrol keys. Twin RS232C serial ports for fastand easy connection to a modem and/or a printer.And, dual Z80 processors which operate at 4 MHZto insure lightning-fast program execution. No, itwasn't enough. So we made it better.

ANNOUNCING SUPERBRAIN QD...

Our new QD model has all of the features ofour phenomenally popular SuperBrain with theaddition of double-sided disk drives and an extra32K of dynamic RAM. So, for only a modest in-crease in price, you can order your next SuperBrainwith more than twice the disk and memory storagecapability. But, best of all, the new QD model hasthe same tough, rugged construction andexceptional quality that made our SuperBrainsuch a success.

HOW DID WE DO IT?

The secret of SuperBrain QD's incredible diskstorage lies within our new double-density double-sided disk drives. A total of nearly 720,000 bytesof data are formatted on two specially designed5%" drives. And that's more than enough to getyou started with most serious small businessapplications. And SuperBrain QD's standard 64K ofdynamic RAM will handle even the most complicat-ed programming tasks.

Of course, if you're into megabytes instead ofkilobytes, you may think neither SuperBrain is rightfor you. Not so! Intertec offers 20-96 megabytes ofhard-disk storage which connects in seconds toeither the SuperBrain or SuperBrain QD. So, youroriginal investment is always protected. As yougrow. No matter how much your needs expand.

BUT IS IT RELIABLE?

Our best salesmen are our present users. Notonly have SuperBrain users been impressed withthe inherent reliability of the system, they tell usthat no other microcomputer system availabletoday offers such a unique modular design con-cept. Just about the only tool required to easily

maintain the system is a common screwdriver. AndIntertec's total commitment to product service andcustomer support, with service outlets in mostmajor cities, insures your original investment willbe a valuable one for many years to come.

THE DECISION IS YOURS.

Whether your next SuperBrain is a regularmodel or our QD version, you will have thesatisfaction of knowing you purchased what isbecoming one of the world's most popular micro-computer systems. And regardless of which modelyou choose, you'll probably never outgrow it be-cause you can keep expanding it.

So, call or write us today for more infor-mation. Intertec systems are distributed worldwideand may be available in your area now.

Circle 31 on inquiry card.

3

, NTE3TEC

Cdata

= SYSTEMS.

2300 Broad River Rd„ Columbia, SC 29210(803) 798-9100 TWX: 810-666-2115

'Registered uaoemark of Digital Hesearch. inc

The Text Editor

The Heath Text Editor is used to enter and editassembly and BASIC programs, as well as to create andedit reports, letters, and manuscripts.

EDIT uses all available memory in the system as a textbuffer. When the buffer is full, all or part of it may betransferred to a disk file. This allows the user to work onfiles in size up to the limit that will fit on disk. EDIT has avery unusual command format:

< range > <verb> < qualifier string >< parameters >

< option >

Range defines the buffer lines the command is to operateon. Characters to indicate certain lines are as follows:

t$

+

+ 'string'— 'string'

Defines the first line of the buffer.Defines the last line of the buffer.Followed by a decimal number, refersto the nth line past the current linepointer.

Followed by a decimal number, refersto the nth line preceding the currentline pointer.

The first line in the buffer which con-tains the 'string' after the current line.The first line in the buffer which con-tains the 'string' preceding the currentline pointer.

Multiple line ranges can be specified by using two ofthe above range expressions in sequence with a commabetween them. A blank preceding a verb will cause thecommand to operate on the entire buffer. An equals signreuses the range of the last command.

The verb specifies the action to be taken by the editor.Examples are: Print, Replace, Delete, Read, Write, Use,Search, Bye, and so on.

The qualifier string is a further restraint on the rangeexpression and is optional. For example, it is possible tooperate on only those lines that contain a phrase or stringof characters. If the phrase is entered in single quotes inthe qualifier string field, only those lines containing thespecified string will be affected.

The option field determines if the current line is to bedisplayed before it has been modified, after it has beenmodified, or both. Use of this field is optional.

The parameter field is a special field used to direct diskI/O actions of the editor.

This is the most difficult editor I have ever tried towork with. Even after carefully reading the manual andspending a great deal of time learning how to use it, it isincredibly frustrating. The range and other fields areunconventional and require some getting used to. Whenwriting programs in BASIC, it is far easier to use the lineentry and edit commands in the BASIC interpreter. Try-ing to write assembler programs with this editor is nearlyimpossible.

Considering all the excellent software and hardwaredocumentation and support of the H-89, and the power-ful intelligent terminal features for full-screen editing, it

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52 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 32 on inquiry card.

Circle 33 on inquiry card.

26 MEGABYTES

Suddenly, S-100 microcomputer systems can easily handle 100 millionbytes. Because Morrow Designs™ now offers the first 26 megabyte hard diskmemory for S-100 systems-the DISCUS M26™ Hard Disk System.

It has 26 megabytes of useable memory (29 megabytesunformatted). And ifs expandable to 104 megabytes.

The DISCUS M26™ system is delivered complete-a 26 megabyte hard disk drive, controller, cables and operating system-forjust $4995. Up to three additional drives can be added, $4495 apiece.

The DISCUS M26™ system features the Shugart SA4008Winchester-type sealed media hard disk drive, in a handsome metal cabinetwith fan and power supply.

The single-board S-100 controller incorporates intelli-gence to supervise all data transfers, communicating with the CPU viathree I/O ports (command, status, and data). The controller has the ability togenerate interrupts at the completion of each command to increase systemthroughput. There is a 512 byte sector buffer on-board. And each sector can beindividually write-protected for data base security.

The operating system furnished with DISCUS M26™systems is the widely accepted CP/M* 2.0.

See the biggest, most cost-efficient memory ever intro-duced for S-100 systems, now at your local computer shop. If unavailablelocally, write Morrow Designs,™ 5221 Central Avenue, Richmond, CA 948041Or call (415) 524-2101, weekdays 10-5 Pacific Time.

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Q /MORROW DESIGNS™

Thinker Tbys

SETVERSET HELP

prints the version number of the SET program,gives information on the SET command.

SET TT: HELP gives information on the SET command for aparticular device; TT: in this case.

SET TT:

Option

Description

NOBKSBKS

uses the back-slash character for errors,allows back-spacing to correct typing errors.

BKMNOBKM

causes back-space (control-H) to be treated as

a delete.

lets HDOS receive the back-space character.

MLINOMLI

maps lowercase input to uppercase,allows lowercase input to HDOS.

MLONOMLO

maps lowercase output to uppercase,allows lowercase output from HDOS.

NOTABTAB

HDOS expands TAB (control-l).lets terminal expand TABs (faster).

2SB1SB

uses 2 stop bits (universal),uses 1 stop bit (normal).

WIDTH n

sets console width to n characters, 80 isdefault.

FILLc n

sets c as a character that needs n fillcharacters following it; for slow hardcopy ter-minals.

SET LP:

6LPI8LPI

sets the H-14 printer for six lines per inch,sets the H-14 printer for eight lines per inch.

PAGE nPORTnWIDTH m,nBAUD n

sets the number of lines per page to n.sets the port address for LP: to n.sets the width control switch positionsets the data rate for LP:

SET AT:

same as for TT:

SET SY:

STEP n

sets the step time between tracks on the diskdrive. (The TEST command is used to deter-mine the value of n.)

Table 5: SET command options.

REPLACE "fname"CNTRL iexpl ,iexp2

FREE

FREEZE "fname"

UNFREEZE "fname"LOCK

UNLOCKUNSAVE "fname"

replaces "fname" with current pro-gram, if it exists; works like SAVE ifthe file doesn't exist.CNTRL 0 sets a GOSUB to line iexp2when a CTL-B is typed.CNTRL 1 sets iexp2 digits before ex-ponential format is used.CNTRL 2 controls the H-8 front panel.Does nothing on the H-89.CNTRL 3 sets the width of a printzone to iexp2 columns.CNTRL 4 controls the state of theHDOS system overlay. iexp2 = 0,swap overlay. iexp2 = 1, keep overlayin memory.

displays the amount of memoryassigned to tables and program text,saves BASIC interpreter, current pro-gram, and data values on the file"fname".

reloads the file saved with a FREEZEcommand.

protects the program by preventingexecution of BUILD, BYE, CHAIN,UNFREEZE, DELETE, RUN,SCRATCH, and CLEAR commands,reverses a LOCK command,deletes the file "fname" from disk.

Table 6: Extended Benton Harbor BASIC commands notfound in other versions of BASIC.

seems incongruous that this system should have such adifficult editor to work with.

The Assembler

The Heath Assembler is a very straightforward,absolute 8080 assembler (not Z80) with most of the stan-dard assembler directives (ie: DB, DS, DW, END, EQU,ORG, SET, TITLE). The XTEXT directive is used toinclude whole disk files of assembler text into a program.This is convenient if there are some standard symbols ormemory addresses that are to be incorporated into everyassembler program, such as HDOS definitions. Also,useful subroutines may be included in this way. Thisfeature may be used as a macro-instruction library facili-ty, because the assembler does not allow macro-

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Circle 34 on inquiry card.

Now you can multiply your

computing power as you grow.

Geof

Director of Systems Development

"At ADDS, we've just designed a unique computerfamily that can take you all the way from small to big.

"We call it ADDS Multivision™-a trio of stacking,CP/M®-compatible computers that lets you multiplycomputing power as needed. Without a change inoperating system or programming languages. Withoutcostly conversion. It works like this:

"MULTMSION 1 (top module) is a get-startedcomputer with 5 MHz processor, 64K bytes of RAMand mini disk storage capacity of 700K bytes. It listsfor $3,785 without terminal.

"MULTMSION 2 (top and bottom modules) pro-vides 5M or 10M bytes of additional hard-disk storage.Priced thousands less than other hard-disk systems,it lists for $7,995 with 5M bytes of disk.

"MULTMSION 3 (entire stack) tops off the line,giving you a multi-user system with up to 256K bytesof RAM that supports up to four display terminalssimultaneously.

"We even offer an ADDS-developed package thatlets you use Multivision as a word processor.

"Before you decide upon any small computer, •look into ADDS Multivision. For years we've been thelargest supplier of display terminals to computergiants. Now we're making a system for you."

For information write: Systems Division, AppliedDigital Data Systems Inc., 100 Marcus Boulevard,Hauppauge, N.Y 11787. Dealer inquiries invited.

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc.

Circle 35 on inquiry card.

BYTE August 1980 55

instruction definitions. A file comes with HDOS calledHDOS.ACM. It contains standard HDOS system-callsymbols for easily interfacing a user-written programwith HDOS and the device drivers.

Extended Benton Harbor BASIC

Extended Benton Harbor BASIC (herein referred to asEBH BASIC) is Heath's own version of BASIC. It is anextension of Dartmouth BASIC with some uniquefeatures. One of the first differences I noticed was thecommand that initiates automatic line numbering whileentering programs. In most versions of BASIC it is calledAUTO, but in EBH BASIC it is BUILD. The BUILD com-mand works exactly like AUTO. Another important dif-ference is the lack of a RUN "FNAME" command. Ifthe user wishes to execute a program that is on disk as thefile "FNAME", the following must be entered:

OLD "FNAME"RUN

To clear the machine of program and data, the com-mand is SCRATCH, not NEW as in most versions ofBASIC.

EBH BASIC has some unique and useful commands.(Table 6 lists these special commands and theirfunctions.) But it is not without its problems. Even themost insignificant of syntax errors, such as leaving out acomma or right parenthesis, causes EBH BASIC todisplay a simple SYNTAX ERROR message. Unfor-

tunately since it has to access a disk file called ERROR-MSG.SYS to get the text of the error message, the user isforced to wait several seconds to find out what he or sheprobably already knows. The philosophy of storingerror-message text on disk to save space in memory is auseful one, but in this case it severely hampers develop-ment of programs. The best approach would be to havethe most frequently occurring error messages in memoryand then access the disk for the remainder.

Microsoft BASIC

Microsoft BASIC is widely used and is very stan-dardized. I will not spend time describing its features.

The Heath implementation of Microsoft BASIC doeshave one significant fault; when a program is loadedfrom disk, the disk read head is raised and lowered foreach and every sector of the file. This produces an annoy-ing banging sound that seems to go on forever. It is alsobad for the drive mechanism and will contribute to thewear and tear of the unit.

Conclusions

The H-89 has flexibility and does not require the userto understand anything about the hardware to take fulladvantage of all the features. One important pointremains: after all the HDOS operating system utilities areput on a single 5-inch floppy disk, there is very littleroom for any large user programs. To make the systemreally useful, a second disk drive is a necessity. If theH-89 were to be used in a business with a really large database, the data would be a tight fit even with two drives. ■

RACET SORTS — RACET UTILITIES — RACET computes — RACET SORTS — RACET UTILITIES — RACET computes — RACET SORTS — RACET UTILITIES — RACET computes - a

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Build directory of directories!! Sorts by disk or by program.Abbreviated or full form — full form includes dates of creation

and last update, and other directory data.Wild card select options with masks. Build consolidated

directory of all GL#?/BAS files. Select on filename and extension.Save or load XDIR catalog files.Concatenate new data with loaded file.Extended Copy (XCOPY)

Copies multiple files with a single command using masked selectoptions! Source disk may be non-operating system disk. Singledrive capability. Recover bad files — invalid sectors Itemized butcopy continues.

Merge files with or without replacement.Superzap (SZAP)

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RACET SORTS — RACET UTILITIES — RACET computes — RACET SORTS - RACET UTILITIES - RACET computes - RACET SORTS - RACET UTILITIES - RACET computes -56 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 36 on inquiry card. Circle 37 on inquiry card. ™^^

MOD II BASIC CROSS REFERENCE UTILITY

SEEK and FIND functions for:

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'All' options available for line numbers and variables.

Load from BASIC - Cal I with <CTRL> R

Output to screen or printer.

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Machine language Superzap — Editor Assembler, Disassembler

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H-19 ProfessionalVideo Terminal

You'll bea little richerafter buildingone of these.

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' in knowledge

Once you build your own computer, you'llknow it inside out. You'll know how tomake it work for you, how to make it growas your skills grow.

Richer in savings

Build-it-yourself kits cost less - about 30%less than comparable assembled comput-ers. And you'll probably never need to paysomeone for service because no one willknow your computer better than you.

Is it hard?

Not at all. Heath makes it simple with easy-to-assemble designs and with step-by-stepmanuals that guide you from unpacking tofinal plug-in. And a Heathkit helping handis always just a phone call away.

H-14 Serial Printer

Innovative software

Heath offers you innovative programs forrunning your home or business, and excit-ing games for your family. You can haveMicrosoft™ BASIC™, one of the most power-ful and widely used languages.Heath User's Croup (HUG) will share withyou a library of over 500 programs to makeyour computer serve you in ways younever imagined.

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Self-Instruction for Assemblyand BASIC Programming

power for your most complex programs.The Heathkit line includes video terminals,matrix and letter-quality printers and acomplete selection of accessories. You'lleven find award-winning self-instructionpackages to teach yourself programmingin BASIC or Assembly.

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Heathkit

'Visit your Heathkit Electronic Center In the U.S. or Canada where Heathkit Products aredisplayed, sold and serviced. See your white pages for the location nearest you. HeathkitElectronic Centers are units of Veritechnology Electronics Corporation in the U.S.

Write to Heath Company, Dept. 334-686, Benton Harbor, Ml 49022(in Canada write Heath Company, 1480 Dundas St E., Mississauga, Ont. L4X 2R7)

CP-186

The Hard-Disk Explosion

High-Powered Mass Storage for Your Personal

Computer

Tom Manuel

1208 Apollo Way, Suite 502

Sunnyvale CA 94086

High-performance, high-quality,and large-capacity hard-disk drivesare now a low-cost reality for yourpersonal-computer system. Mosthard disks use Winchester media,head technology, and other moderntechniques to achieve high densityand high performance in a smallspace. One side effect is low powerconsumption. Some of the drives suit-able for personal computers use theolder 14-inch standard diameter plat-ters. Many new drives use one of two

new small sizes—200 mm (7.87 inch)or 210 mm (8.27 inch) diameter—andone new drive uses 130 mm (5.12inch) platters. Even so, their datacapacities are significantly larger thanfloppy-disk drives of the same ap-proximate size.

The latest disk drives can be divid-ed into two general categories:

• low-cost, relatively low-performance drives that willeventually replace floppy-disk

Photo 1: The Memorex Model 101 hard-disk drive. (Photo courtesy of Memorex.)

58 Augusl 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

drives, especially where multipledrives would normally be neces-sary to obtain enough storage.For example, instead of addingmore floppy drives to increasethe storage capacity of a system,one set of dual floppy-disk drivesmight be replaced with an 8-inchhard-disk drive that fits in thesame space. This improves thestorage capacity and system per-formance dramatically. Theselow-end disk products will com-pete on a cost-per-drive basis.• high-capacity, top-performancedrives that must compete on acost-per-byte basis. The 8-inch orsmaller versions will likely (atleast at first) be more costly perbyte than the 14-inch models.However, their advantages ofsmall size, light weight, lownoise, and low power re-quirements make them very at-tractive for desktop and personalcomputers as well as smallbusiness systems.

The Winchester disk-drive tech-nology developed by IBM providedexpensive, large-capacity, high-per-formance, and low cost-per-byte disksubsystems (ie: the IBM 3350 and3370 disk-drive systems) for large, ex-pensive computer systems. Thistechnology and development in otherareas of disk-drive performance arenow being applied to the develop-ment of products suitable for smallersystems. The tremendous growth ofmicrocomputers has created a de-

GrnaphJca

The Paper Tiger'puts mare bile into

everything you da

The Paper Tiger strikes again. With a DotPlot"" graphicsoption that lets you make the most of your Apple II, TRS 80*or other personal computer..

With DotPlot and available software drivers,you can print screen graphics, draw illustrations,write block letters, plot charts. And DotPlotincludes an expanded, 2K-byte buffer.

That's not all. Every Paper Tiger gives you 8software-selectable character sizes. 80 and132 column formats. Multi-part business formshandling. Forms control. Reliable stepper-motor paper drive. Adjustable width tractor feed.Continuous duty cycle operation. Plus lots more.

t Apple II is a trademark of Apple Computer Inc.

^TRS-80 is a trademark of Radio Shack, a division of Tandy Corp.

The Paper Tiger costs only $995. The DotPlot option only$99 more. But don't let these low prices fool you. Because thePaper Tiger is rugged enough to stand up to themost demanding printer-plotter requirements.

fFor the name of the Paper Tiger dealer nearest• you, call toll-free 1-800-343-6412 (except Massa-chusetts, Alaska, and Hawaii).Integral Data Systems, 14 Tech Circle,Natick, MA 01760. (617) 237-7610.

Circle 38 on inquiry card.

Integral Data Systems, Inc.

mand for small, compact disk drives.The industry has responded and is be-ginning to produce them. AWinchester disk drive for your per-sonal computer is now, or soon willbe, a possibility. However, it maystill cost you five to ten times theprice of your processor to get a com-plete small hard-disk subsystem withdrive, controller, interface, powersupply, and packaging.

Photo 2: Close-up of a Winchester-typeread/write head. (Photo courtesy ofKennedy Company.)

Photo 3: The remarkable ShugartTechnology Model ST506 hard-diskdrive, offering 6 megabytes of massstorage in a 3.5-pound package that fits inthe same space as a 5-inch floppy-diskdrive. (Shugart Technology is a new com-pany located in Scotts Valley, California,and is not affiliated with either ShugartAssociates or Xerox. Photo courtesy ofShugart Technology.)

What Is Winchester Technology?

Three disk technologies haveevolved, all pioneered by IBM. Othermanufacturers have refined thedesigns. These technologies are usual-ly referred to by the model numbersof the original IBM product employ-ing the technology: "2314"technology (in the 1960s), "3330"technology (late 1960s, early 1970s),and "Winchester" technology (1973).

Disk storage, being a special typeof add-on memory, can directly affecta computer system's performance,throughput, and reliability. Becauseof this crucial role, the principaldesign objectives for disks are largecapacity, fast access time, absolutereliability, and low cost.

Each of the three advances hasbrought a significant increase instorage density. One way to increasedensity is to reduce the flying heightof the heads over the disk surface.Each reduction in height allows an in-crease in tpi (tracks per inch) and bpi(bits per inch) (see figure 1). Ad-vances in head design and positioningmechanisms have also contributed toincreases in tpi and bpi.

Head flying heights have evolvedas shown in table 1.

Just prior to 1973, disk-drivetechnology approached some limits.The flying height had been reduced to31 microinches. Without furtherreduction, significant improvement indata density was difficult. At lowerflying heights, a single smoke parti-cle, whose diameter may be up to tentimes the distance between the headand disk surface, can damage the diskand data. Therefore, cleaner condi-tions were required. Also, the diskplatters and magnetic surfaces wereinadequate for large increases in trackand bit densities.

The 3340 Winchester disk drive, in-troduced by IBM in 1973, was thefirst breakthrough. StorageTechnology Corporation announceda similar disk drive around the sametime: the STC 8800 superdisk.

Winchester Characteristics

Winchester disk drives have thefollowing characteristics:

• sealed disk, head, and position-ing assemblies

• new trimaran head design—twooutriggers supporting a narrowerinner hull containing theread/write head (see photo 2)

• thinner magnetic coating: 44microinches versus 185 micro-inches in the 2314 disk drive

• lubricated disk surfaces

• heads resting on disk surfacewhen drive is stopped—they takeoff and fly low when motionstarts (normal take-off and land-ing are done on an area reservedfor that purpose)

• light loading force (10 g) andlighter heads.

These characteristics permit manyperformance improvements: very lowflying heights (19 to 20 microinches),improved reliability, and a dramaticreduction in head crashes are possiblebecause of the clean environment,new head and loading designs, andlubrication. Data densities are in-creased because of lower flying heightand thinner platter coating. Thehigher densities improve throughputperformance directly. More bits perinch allow more data to pass underthe heads per unit time. More tracksper inch mean that track-to-track ac-cess times are shorter. The lighterheads and head mounts have less in-ertia and can be positioned faster.Throughput performance can be im-proved by increasing the rotationalspeed, up to a point—the aero-dynamic characteristics of the flyinghead put some constraints on therotational speed. The reliability of theWinchester drives surpassed that ofany moving-head disk drive that waspreviously available.

Improvements and refinementshave continued from many manufac-turers. The costs of many of the mostexpensive elements in a disk (themotor, head actuator, and controlelectronics) are relatively indepen-dent of the capacity of the disk plat-ters. It is, therefore, cost-effective toincrease the density of the plattersand the number of platters. The in-centive has been to add capacity byany conceivable means, and trendshave been toward more platters perspindle and greater bpi and tpi den-sities (data density has gone fromabout 1000 bpi on early 2314s to over8600 bpi on some of the recent disks,and tpi density has gone from 200 tpion 2314s to over 600 tpi on new pro-ducts). Cost effectiveness has alsobeen enhanced by reducing the accesstime and increasing the data flow; theeconomic payoff is increasedthroughput and efficiency of the total

60 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Hard andFast...

...Bulk Storage fromIndustrial Micro Systems

THE NEW MODEL 16

The new Industrial Micro Systems Model 16 Hard DiskSubsystem is a "fixed-removable" high speed, bulkstorage device providing from 32 megabytes (32million characters) to 96 megabytes of on-line storagefor the Industrial Micro Systems 8000 or Series 5000microcomputer systems. The Model 16 includes acredenza enclosure that provides a quiet, strong andattractive package for officeor industrial applicationswhere large memory isrequired. The Model 16 alsoincludes a fully bufferedDMA S-100 bus controller forfast and easy interfacing.

WINCHESTERTECHNOLOGY WITHBUILT-IN BACKUP

The Model 16 includes a 16megabyte removable

cartridge and a 16, 48, or 80

megabyte fixed media that employs Winchester 3340technology. Files and programs may be copiedbetween the fixed media and the removable cartridgefor fast, easy backup and archival storage.

FAST ACCESS

The interface between the Model 16 hard disk and the

Industrial Micro Systemscomputer is provided by theHard Disk Controller. TheHard Disk Controller utilizesDirect Memory Access (DMA)for fast data transfer withminimum processor interven-tion. The maximum datatransfer rate is 1.2 megabytesper second and the controllerfully buffers the data, asector at a time, to and fromthe disk Available in 220 V,50 HZ Versions

Now you don't have to look hard for fast computing power. Contact your Industrial Micro Systems Dealer today.

INDUSTRIAL MICRO SYSTEMS

Marketing Manufacturing

628 N. Eckhoff, Orange, CA 92668 2800 Lockheed Way, Carson City, NV 89701(714)978-6966 (702)883-7611

Circle 39 on inquiry card. BYTE August 1980 61

system. In applications where diskstorage is a key element, the pro-cessor is often disk-I/O-bound. Pro-gram execution speed depends ondisk speed. Every increase inthroughput will improve the totalperformance.

Other improvements in throughputperformance in disk subsystems have

Photo 4: BASF Systems' 6170 Series8-inch, fixed hard-disk drive, available in8- and 24-megabyte versions. (Photocourtesy of BASF.)

come from RPS (rotational postion-ing sensing), which frees the disk con-troller and I/O (input/output) chan-nel for other work during seek time(head actuator movement) and dur-ing part of the rotational delay time.Improvements have also includednew automatic error detection, cor-rection, and recovery capabilitiesbuilt into disk controllers.

Voice-coil actuators, described inthe next section, are common onhigh-performance disk drives. Thereare both linear and rotary voice-coilpositioners. Rotary voice coilstypically take up less space, requireless power, and generate less heatthan linear voice coils. Steppermotors with band actuators areusually used in lower-performance,lower-cost disk drives. Many of thenew small drives use brushless DC(direct current) motors with directdrive on the platters. Designed as partof the spindles, these motors are com-pact (about 1 inch high), maintainspeed more accurately, use lesspower, and require simpler powersupplies than AC (alternating cur-rent) motors with belt drives. Inmany drives, each recording surfaceis split into inner and outer bandswith a head for each band, reducingthe average access time by one-half,

because twice the amount of data canbe read or written without movingthe heads.

Comparing the New Hard Disksto Floppy-Disk Drives

The current trends toward multi-terminal systems, real-time transac-tion oriented systems, small businesssystems, and more powerful personalcomputers for a great variety of ap-plications have created a demand formore on-line data storage. Floppy-disk drives and tape cassettes often donot have the required performance(access times, throughput, etc),reliability, or capacities. Thus, theneed for secondary storage is beingfilled by new, inexpensive, high-performance, highly reliable small-disk drives with capacities, speeds,and reliability close to the very ex-pensive drives. These new drives arephysically much smaller and morereliable than 14-inch cartridge ordisk-pack drives. They are aimed in-itially at a gap between floppy drivesand 14-inch drives (eg: Winchester,5440 cartridges and 3330 type packs).They are designed for use on smallbusiness systems, distributed-processing systems, word-processingsystems, and advanced personal com-puter systems.

The new drives offer a lower costper unit than 14-inch drives, andlower cost per byte than floppy-diskdrives. They provide the advantagesin capacity and performance of harddisks in a package the same size as an

Photo 5: Priam 14-inch (at left) and 8-inch Winchester hard-disk drives. (Photocourtesy of Priam.)

Photo 6: Kennedy Series 7000 8-inchhard-disk drive. (Photo courtesy ofKennedy Company.)

62 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Multi-User

UniFLEX is the first full capability multi-useroperating system available for microprocessors.Designed for the 6809 and 68000, it offers itsusers a very friendly computing environment.After a user 'logs-in' with his user name andpassword, any of the system programs may berun at will. One user may run the text editorwhile another runs BASIC and still another runsthe C compiler. Each user operates in his ownsystem environment, unaware of other useractivity. The total number of users is onlyrestricted by the resources and efficiency of thehardware in use.

Supp

The design of UniFLEX, with its hierarchical filesystem and device independent I/O, allows thecreation of a variety of complex supportprograms. There is currently a wide variety ofsoftware available and under development.Included in this list is a Text Processing Systemfor word processing functions, BASIC interpreterand precompiler for general programming andeducational use, native C and Pascalcompilers for more advanced programming,sort/merqe for business applications, and avariety ofdebug packages. The standardsystem includes a text editor, assembler, andabout forty utility programs. UniFLEX for 6809 issold with a single CPU license and one yearsmaintenance for $450.00. Additional yearlymaintenance is available for $100.00. OEMlicenses are also available.

FLEX

Multi-Tasking

UniFLEX is a true multi-tasking operating system.Not only may several users run differentprograms, but one user may run severalprograms at a time. For example, acompilation of one file could be initiated whilesimultaneously makinq changes to another fileusing the text editor. New tasks are generatedin the system by the 'fork' operation. Tasks maybe run in the background or 'locked' in mainmemory to assist critical response times. Inter-task communication is also supported throughthe 'pipe' mechanism.

UniFLEX is offered for the advancedmicroprocessor systems. FLEX, the industrystandard for 6800 and 6809 systems, is offeredfor smaller, single user systems. A full line of FLEXsupport software and OEM licenses are alsoavailable.

Box 2570, West Lafayette, IN 47906(317) 463-2502 Telex 276143

'"UniFLEX and FLEX are trademarks of TechnicalSystems Consultants, Inc.

Circle 40 on inquiry card.

Circle 41 on inquiry card.

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S-inch or even a 5-inch floppy-diskdrive—many will actually fit thepanel openings for floppy-diskdrives. Reliability will be better thanwith floppy and cartridge drives, andpower consumption will be signifi-cantly lower than that of the 14-inchdrives.

Systems based on 16-bit processorsor microcomputers often requiremuch more and much faster secon-dary storage than floppy disks canprovide. The more sophisticatedmultiprogramming and file-management software currently beingadded to small computer systems re-quires so much continuous use ofmass storage that the high perfor-

TPI —

BPI

Figure 1: Detail of hard-disk surface, il-lustrating the ideas of tpi and bpi.

mance and durability of hard disksmay soon be a necessity.

The new 8-inch and 5-inch diskdrives offer several advantages overboth floppy and 14-inch hard drives:

• They have five to sixty times thestorage capacity of a floppy-diskdrive in the same space.

• They access data four times fasterthan the floppy-disk drive.

• They weigh less, take up lessspace, and use less power than14-inch drives.

• They are only three to five timesmore expensive than floppy-diskdrives, with cost reductions like-

ly.

The availability of low-cost-per-function hard disks has long beenawaited by the small systemmarketplace. The wait is all but over.This summer a score of products arescheduled to be available, at least insample or evaluation quantities.

Though many of the new smalldisk products are advertised as fittingthe same 4.6 by 8.5-inch opening asthe standard floppy-disk drive(Shugart Technology's 5-inch MicroWinchester fits a 5-inch floppy-driveopening, see photo 3), a floppy-diskdrive cannot literally be pulled outand replaced by the hard drive. Tobegin with, the packages contain dif-ferent electronics. Most of the drives

Head flying height

(in microinches)

2314

100 to 120

3330

31 to 45

Winchester

19 to 20

Table 1: Evolution of head flying heights in hard-disk drives.

Floppy-Disk Drives

Hard-Disk Drives,

Cartridges and Disk

Packs

Standard platterdiameters

8-inch5-inch

14-inch, 8-inch,and 5-inch

Capacity

100 K bytes to 1 megabyte

2 megabytes to 300 +megabytes

Average Access Time

0.1 to 1 second

25 to 70 ms

Rotational Speed

300 rpm

2400 to 4700 rpm

Reliability and UsefulLife Relative to Floppy-Disk Drives

1

2 +

Table 2: Technical comparisons between floppy-dbk drives and hard-disk drives,cartridges, and disk packs.

64 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Look what's happened to

HIPL0T

TM

DMP-4$1,385-

DMP-3$1,250'

DMP-6$1,850'

DMP-71,985-

It's grown into a completefamily of quality low cost digital plotters

In just two short years, TheHIPL0T has become the mostpopular digital plotter amongsmall systems users. With arecord like that, what can we dofor an encore? WE'VE IN-TRODUCED A COMPLETE LINEOF HIPL0TS...with a modelsuited for just about every plot-ting application.

The HIPL0T DMP Series is anew family of digital plotterswith both "standard" and "in-telligent" models available withsurface areas of 8V2" x 11" (DINA4) and 11" x 17" (DIN A3). Forthe user needing a basic reliableplotter, we have the "old stan-dard" DMP-2 (8V2" x 11") and the"new standard" DMP-5 (11" x17"). For those needing a lit-tle more capability, there arethe DMP-3 (81/2" x 11") andthe DMP-6 (11" x 17")-both

TM HIPLOT and DM/PL are Trademarksof Houston Instrument

Circle number 42 for literature

Circle number 216 to have a representative call

Yes, they are UL listed!**

microprocessor controlled andproviding easy remote position-ing of the X and Y axes (perfectfor the OEM). For those whowant this intelligence plus theconvenience of front panel elec-tronic controls, we've providedthe DMP-4 (81/2" x 11") and theDMP-7 (11" x 17").

The "standard" plotters comecomplete with an RS-232-C anda parallel interface. The "intel-ligent" DMP plotters accept datafrom either an RS-232-C or Centronicsdata source. For the "standard" plot-ters, software is available fromour ever expanding "MicrographicUsers Group." The "intelligent"HIPLOTs use our exclusiveDM/PL™ language which min-inimizes plot software to afraction of that normally as-

houston instrument

GRAPHICS DIVISION OF

BAUSCH&LOMB

sociated wth digital plotting.

With the new DMP Series,high quality digital plotting cannow be a part of your system. Itjust doesn't make sense to bewithout this valuable tool whenthere is a DMP plotter with theplot size, speed and capabilitiesthat are exactly tailored to yourspecific needs...and yourbudget.

Prices for the DMP seriesrange from $1,085* to $1,985".For complete information anddescriptive literature, contactHouston Instrument, OneHouston Square, Austin, Texas78753. (512) 837-2820. In Europecontact Houston Instrument,Rochesterlaan 6 8240 Gistel,Belgium 059/277445. For rushliterature requests and sales of-fice information, personsoutside Texas call toll free1-800-531-5205.

'U.S. suggested retail prices only.■-DMP2, 3 and 4 UL listedDMP 5, 6 and 7 UL listing pending

Memorex CorporationSanta Clara CA

New World Computer

Co Inc

Costa Mesa CA

Shugart AssociatesSunnyvale CA

Shugart TechnologyScotts Valley CA

Model

101

211

SA1002/SA1004

ST506

Unformatted Capacity(millions of bytes)

11.7

2.1

5.33/10.67

6.38

Platter Sizemillimeters and (inches)

200 (7.87)

8 inch

200 (7.87)

130(5.12)

Number of Platters

2

1

1 or 2

2

Average Access Time

70 ms

18.825 ms

70 ms

170 ms

Maximum Data Transfer Rate —(K bytes per second)

756

543

625

Average Latency

10.1 ms

8.825 ms

9.6 ms

8.3 ms

Rotational Speed

2964 rpm

3600 rpm

3125 rpm

3600 rpm

Motor Type

DC

—

AC

brushless DC

Spindle Drive

direct drive

—

belt drive

direct drive

Actuator Type

high speed band

simplified band

band

band

Positioning Mechanism

open loop stepper motor

stepper motor

stepper motor

open loop stepper motor

Density bpi

6100

8000

6270

7690

Density tpi

195

100

172

254

Physical Size(inches)

4.38 by 8.55 by 14

2 by 9.5 by 9.5

4.62 by 8.55 by 14.25

3.25 by 5.75 by 8

Weight (pounds)

10

8

17

3.5

Single Quantity Price

—

$4,500

$1,600/$1,980

$1,500

OEM Discount Price

$1,200'

$1,250

$1,140/51,400

$925

Cost Per Thousand Bytes(OEM Discount)

$.103

$.595

$.214/$.131

$.145

Comments

Includes a dataseparator

20 heads, 8 tracks per

head. Low-end only in

capacity, not in

performance.

First micro Winchester

Drive. Fits 5-inch floppy

space

Table 3:

Specifications and characteristics of low-end, 5-inch

and 8-inch hard-disk d

■ives.

have the basic drive electronics,signal amplifiers, read/write elec-tronics, and motor and servo controlcircuitry integrated into the package.Some have room to add optional,separately priced controllers to doerror-checking and correction, dataformatting, and interfacing to thecomputers.

Stepper-motor actuators are atechnique borrowed from floppydrives for use in hard-disk drives.This idea allowed lower prices forWinchester-technology units such asthe 14-inch Shugart SA4000 andCentury Data Systems Marksman,but at a cost of greater access timeand reduced storage capacities whencompared with voice-coil actuator-based units.

A voice-coil actuator is a cylin-drical, permanent magnet with a hole

machined from pole to pole. A coilrides on bearings within the magnetand moves back and forth. Theread/write positioning mechanismwith electromagnetic heads isattached to the coil. A voice-coil ac-tuator is positioned by servo-controlwith servo tracks written on one plat-ter's surface at the factory.

Voice-coil actuators allow in-creases in data-storage capacitybecause their accuracy in smallmovements allows high tpi densities.Since the distance between tracks issmaller, access time is reduced. Also,voice-coil actuators do not imposethe additional penalty of settlingtime.

One disadvantage of a voice-coilactuator is the magnetic field pro-duced by the coil: the coil's magneticfield must not get too close to the disk

platters or it could erase them. Effi-cient design can keep the magneticfield intensity at a safe level near therecording surfaces. Table 2 gives apartial technical comparison betweenfloppy-disk drives and hard disks.

Future Technological Progress

Some of the more recent develop-ments in heads (such as thin filmheads) and disks (thin-film-plateddisks) mean that data densities willprobably advance from the presentlyattainable 8 to 10 megabytes per8-inch surface to 50 or more mega-bytes per surface as track densitiesof 1000 tpi and bit densities of 10,000bpi are achieved. A small, relativelyinexpensive disk drive could thenstore 100 megabytes or more of datawith an additional 100 megabytesadded for nominal cost. Thin-film

66 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

AIM 65. The professional'smicrocomputer.

Printer, display, full keyboard. Under $500.00.

For professional learning,designing and work, Rockwell'sAIM 65 microcomputer gives youan easy, inexpensive head start.That's Rockwell Micropower!

• 20-column printer and display

• Dual cassette, TTY andgeneral purpose I/Os

• R6502 NMOS microprocessor

• System expansion bus

• Read/write RAM memory

• Prom/ROM expansion sockets

• Self-prompt interactivemonitor firmware

• Big terminal-style keyboardFor more on AIM 65 and how

€>

you can develop programs inassembly language or BASIC,write Rockwell International,Microsystems, RC 55,P.O. Box 3669, Anaheim,CA 92803 or contact yourlocal Rockwell distributor.For application informationcall (714) 632-3729. For locationof nearest dealer call800-854-8099, in California800-422-4230.

Rockwell International

...where science gets down to business

Circle 43 on inquiry card.

BYTE August 1980 67

technology may be the next break-through in mass-storage techniques.

Secondary storage and storagebackup are currently being suppliedby a wide variety of devices,including

cassette tapes

8-inch floppy-disk drives

5-inch floppy-disk drives

reel-to-reel magnetic tapes

cartridge magnetic tapes

cartridge-disk drives

disk-pack drives

fixed storage Winchester drives

combinations: fixed Winchester-disk/cartridge-disk drive orfixed Winchester/magnetic-tape cartridge

streaming-tape drives

bubble memories

nonvolatile semiconductorprogrammable memory

videocassette recorders

video disks

The last three or four types aremore for the future than now. Bubblememories and nonvolatile integratedcircuits will have the great advantageof no moving parts and the potentialconvenience of plug-in modules; but

they are still quite expensive. At leastone interface and controller forAmerican and European standardVCRs (videocassette recorders) isavailable to provide removable back-up for high-capacity disks on smallsystems (the Corvus Mirror, manu-factured by Corvus Systems Inc, SanJose, California). It stores up to 100megabytes on one videocassette andhas a transfer rate of 15 K bytes/se-cond. Video disks have the potentialto offer extremely high data-storagecapacity and fast access rates (up to1250 megabytes per 12-inch disk,equal to approximately four times thecontents of the Encyclopaedia Britan-nica).

Small vs Large Hard-Disk Drives

Hard-disk drives for small systemsfall roughly into two size categories:up to 12 megabytes and over 12megabytes; and two performancecategories: slow, with stepping-motorpositioning, and fast, with voice-coilpositioning. Those with stepping-motor positioning have average ac-cess times of 70 ms and capacities ofunder 12 megabytes. The drives withfast voice-coil positioning have

average access times ranging from25 ms to 50 ms, with models that fallinto both size categories. The less ex-pensive units are aimed at replacingfloppy-disk drives directly. Examplesof this type of product are theMemorex 101, the Shugart AssociatesSA-1000 series, and the ShugartTechnology ST 506. The high end isled by IBM with the Piccolo drive,which is integrated into the System34, and is an add-on peripheral forthe Series 1. It features a rotary voicecoil, 17 ms average access time, andup to 64.5 megabytes of storagecapacity. Other contenders in thiscategory offer high performance in awide range of sizes (eg: the BASFSystems 6170 Series, IMI (Interna-tional Memories, Inc) 7700 Series,Kennedy Company 7000 Series,Microcomputer Systems MSC-8000,Micropolis Corporation Micro Disk1200 Series, Pertec Computer Cor-poration D-8000, and Priam Diskos2050/3450).

The disk capacity and the perfor-mance you need depend on your par-ticular application, which in turn hasa significant impact on the cost of asystem. Small-system applications, as

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What's the differencebetween b&s ic and rascal?

COMPARE THESE APPROACHES TO DRAWING A CIRCLE

m Bfcsic

"This is easy.

loo Move* Rp

110 for t*~o to 3<*> snrp zsr

ISO NEXT T

"Oops, didn't quite meet...

... but that's easy to fix.

100 HlOVE1 R>0

I 10 FOR T-0 TD 36c/STEl» 2ST

130 N^XTT

"Oft, now it closes.in fact, it overlaps.

Programming by trial and error

in Pascal

"The simplest circle drawn with linesegments is a regular polygon..."

procedure Circle (X, Y, Radius: real);const Sides = 16; Pi = 3.14159265;var N : integer; Theta : real;begin

Move (X+Radius,Y);for N: = 1 to Sides do beginTheta: = 2 * Pi * (N/Sides);Draw (Radius * cos (Theta) + X,Radius * sin (Theta) + Y);end;end;

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BYTE August 1980 69

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• Single-user, single-task systemsare usually stand-alone work-stations, intelligent terminals, orpersonal computers. Their chiefuse of magnetic storage, ingeneral, is for program storageand data storage. The amount ofstorage required is often less than10 megabytes. Because the speedneed only match one humanoperator's response time, there isno benefit to be derived fromdisks with extremely fast accesstimes. An average access time of70 ms is usually sufficient in suchapplications. This class of ap-plication is cost-per-unit-oriented, since the storage deviceis dedicated to one user. It isprice-oriented, and performanceis not a vital factor. The low-end,small hard-disk drives fill thisneed splendidly.

• Multi-user, multi-task systems re-quire that more than one,sometimes many, users have ac-cess to a common data base.

They typically require from 30 to100 megabytes of magneticstorage, usually on one spindle.Some require less storage andsome will require multiplespindles. The cost per byte ofstorage is a more important con-sideration than the cost per driveunit, because the basic devicecost is spread over many users.

Multi-user, multi-task systems re-quire an average access time of 50 msor less because multiple users mustcontend for the common storage de-vice. The main purpose of these ap-plications is usually not to share theprocessing power, but rather to sharethe data. These systems are often"disk-bound" rather than "computer-bound." Disk performance becomes acritical factor in system performance.Even when the disk capacity requiredmight be relatively small (8 to 10megabytes), the fast performance ofthe high end mini-disks will be re-quired.

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$1000 to $5000 (some may soon dropbelow $1000), both classes of the newhard-disk drives should be attractiveto personal-computer systemsbuilders who want additionalcapacity and performance, but notthe traditional 14-inch disk size andprice per unit. Some completepackages of drives, controllers, inter-faces, and power supplies areavailable for about $5000. Eventhough they cost five to ten times asmuch as the processor, these units arestill cheaper per drive than 14-inchdrives. They are also applicablewhere more capacity and perfor-mance than a floppy disk can supplyare needed, but the space or the costof a 14-inch disk drive is prohibitive.Tables 3, 4, and 5 list some of the cur-rent disk-drive products for smallsystems. The reliability and main-tainability of these products areessentially high and are consistentacross the board. (See table 6.)

Controllers and Interfaces

One of the problems with the new8-inch hard-disk drives is the varietyof interface systems to choose from.Such variety is inevitable at this stagebecause of the many personal com-puters already on the market, and thediversity of interface requirements. Inthe absence of a comprehensive inter-face standard, many of the drive sup-pliers have designed their own. Asimilar situation has developed in theaudio industry. Consider the manytypes of noncompatible audio record-ing standards including: the LP (long-playing) record, 45 rpm records, openreel tapes, cassettes, and eight-trackcartridges. This kind of variety at theoutset of new products is not neces-sarily bad—there is much freedom forinnovation.

In August of 1979 an ANSI (Amer-ican National Standards Institute)Subcommittee (number X3T9.3)began to standardize an interface for8-inch hard disks. If a standard inter-face is widely accepted by the in-dustry, users may soon be able to in-terface drives from several vendors.

Types of Interfaces

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Programming Cuicfcies

Self-ReproducingPrograms

John Burger, David Brill, Filip Machi,

System Development Corporation, 2500 Colorado Ave,

Santa Monica CA 90406

Listing 1 is a C program that duplicates itself. When theprogram is run it produces (on the standard output) a filecontaining an exact copy of its own source code. Thisprogram runs under the UNIX operating system and usesthe American Standard Code for Information Inter-change (ASCII) character set. If this program is compiledon a system using a different character set, the octalvalues of "q" and "n" must be changed to the numbersrepresenting that system's codes for the quote and new-line (or linefeed) characters, respectively.

Why We Wrote a Self-Reproducing Program

A while back, Pascal News contained a listing of aPascal program called PRINTME that performs this feat.(See reference.) The Pascal listing took 46 lines of code.

We are currently writing a large system in the C lan-guage. We considered the Pascal program to be anunstated challenge, and in response we wrote a C versionof the PRINTME program that works pretty much thesame way as the Pascal version. This version is shown inlisting 2.

This version is more elegant than the Pascal versionand is 12 lines shorter. It takes a total of decimal 1313bytes to store the source code. Then, one of us who oncehad done a lot of LISP programming wrote a LISP func-tion that evaluates to itself. This function takes exactly279 bytes of memory in which to store the print image ofthe code. The LISP function is shown in listing 3.

A week or so after the LISP function had been written,we were all discussing the similarities of LISP and C.From this discussion, we developed the C program oflisting 1. It works like the LISP function and takes 126bytes in the source code file.

For purists, though, a still shorter C version can bewritten. The C compiler, like a LISP compiler, sees allprograms as a stream of bytes, and linefeed characters areparsed as spaces. Thus a C program could be written allon one line. The program in listing 4 is written on a singleline in order to remove the necessity of printing linefeedsin the internal print.

Note that the octal ASCII values for the quote and line-feed characters have been replaced by decimal values(gaining one byte per number) and that all linefeeds ex-cept the last have been removed. Our C compiler seemsto require at least one linefeed at the end of the file. Thesource code for this program is only 101 bytes longlH

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BYTE August 1980 73

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Listing 1: Four-line C program which duplicates itself without any user input. If a non-ASCII character set is used on your system, the values of "q" and "n" must be changedto the values representing that system's quote and newline (linefeed) characters.

main()1

char q=042,n=P12,

*a="raain()I %cchar q=042,n=012,%c*a=%c%s%c;%cprintf(a,n,n,q,a,q,n,n);}%c";

pr intf(a,n,n,q,a,q,n,n);)

Listing 2: Original self-duplicating C program.

char *text 11=1

"char *text || = (" ,

"0 );",

"main () {",

" char newline = 012, quote = 042, escape « 0134, *p, **pp;

" printf (\"%s%c\", *text, newline);",

" for (pp = text; *pp; pp++) {",

" printf (\" %c\", quote);",

for (p = *pp; *p; p + + ) 1" ," if (*p == quote)",

" putchar (escape);",

" putchar (*p) ; " ,

" printf (\"%c,%c\", quote, newline);",

" for (pp = text + 1; *pp; pp++)",

" printf (\"%s%c\", *PP< newline);".

0 );main () i

char newline = 012, quote = 042, escape = 0134, *p, **pp;printf ("%s%c", "text, newline);

for (pp = text; *pp; pp++) (

pr intf (" %c", quote) ;for (p = *pp; *p; P++) (if (*p == quote)

putchar (escape);putchar (*p);

}

printf ("%c,%c", quote, newline);

1

for (pp = text + 1; *pp; PP++)

printf ("*s%c", *pp, newline);

Listing 3: Self-duplicating LISP function which inspired the C program in listing 1.

(PRTNTME (LAMBDA NIL (PROG (A B)

(SETQ A (QUOTE (PRINTME (LAMBDA NIL (PROG (A B)

(SETQ A (QUOTE FOO))

(SETQ B (COPY A))

(RPLACA (CDADDR (CADDAR (CDDADR B))) A)

(RETURN B))))))(SETQ B (COPY A))

(RPLACA (CDADDR (CADDAR (CDDADR B))) A)(RETURN B))))

Listing 4: Final one-line, self-duplicating C program. This program is written on a singleline to remove the necessity for code to generate linefeeds. However, the program is toolong to display here without breaking the line. The program shown is to be written andcompiled as a single line of source code.

main()(char q=34,n=10,*a="main(){char q=34,n=10,*a=%c%s%c;printf(a,q,a,q,n);)%c";printf(a,q,a,q,n);)

Reference

Pascal News, Pascal Users' Group, number 12, June 1978. (Pascal Users' Group, c/o AndyMickel, University Computer Center: 227 EX, 208 SE Union St, University of Minnesota,Minneapolis MN 55455.)

74 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE Augusl 1980 75

The Evolution of FORTH,an Unusual Language

Charles H Moore

FORTH Inc

2309 Pacific Coast Hwy

Hermosa Beach CA 90254

Introduction

When I invented FORTH about 10years ago, my goal was simply tomake myself a more productive pro-grammer. When I first worked withcomputers at MIT and Stanford in theearly 1960s, I figured that in 40 yearsa very good programmer could writeforty programs. And I wanted towrite more programs than that. Therewere things out in the world to bedone, and I wanted a tool to help medo them. As I worked on programsthat ranged from satellite orbits tochromatography to business systems,I developed FORTH in line with myoverall goal. For several years now, Ihave been able to work at ten timesmy original rate.

As I began thinking of ratherdrastic improvements to programs, Ithink I was arrogant. I wanted to dothings my way. I was not convincedthat I should not be permitted to, andI was a bit hard to get along with. Thearrogance was necessary because Ifelt insecure. I was promoting ideasthat everyone said were wrong andthat I thought were right. But, if Iwere right, that meant that all the

About the Author

Cliarles H Moore is Chairman of the Board ofFORTH Inc, a firm created in 1973 to provideapplication programming services and pack-aged FORTH systems. This article is adaptedfrom a speech delivered at the FORTH Con-vention held in San Francisco in October 1979.

other people would have been wrong,and there were many more of themthan me. And it took a lot ofarrogance to persist in the face ofmassive disinterest.

FORTH is a polarizing concept.There are people who love it and peo-ple who hate it. It's just like religionand politics. If you want to start anargument, say, "Boy, FORTH's reallya great language."

This is partly because FORTH is anamplifier. A good programmer cando a fantastic job with FORTH; a badprogrammer can do a disastrous job.I have seen very bad FORTH codeand have been unable to explain tothe author exactly why it was bad.There are some visible characteristicsof good FORTH, such as very shortdefinitions (many of' them). BadFORTH often takes the form of onedefinition per block—big, long, anddense. It is quite apparent, but dif-ficult to explain, why or how aFORTH program is bad.

BASIC and FORTRAN are less sen-sitive to the quality of the program-mer. I was a good FORTRAN pro-grammer; I thought that I was doingthe best job possible with FORTRAN,but it was not much better than whateverybody else was doing. In thissense, FORTH is an elitist language.

On the other hand, I think thatFORTH is a language that a gradeschool child can learn to use quiteeffectively, if it is presented in bite-

size pieces with the proper motiva-tion.

FORTH is the first language thathas come up from the grass roots. It isthe first language that has been honedagainst the rock of experience beforebeing standardized. I hesitate to say itis perfect; I will say that if you takeanything away from FORTH, it is notFORTH any longer—the basic com-ponents are all essential to the viabil-ity of the language.

History

What might be called theprehistory of the FORTH languagegoes back much further than 10years. The first element of FORTH toexist was the text interpreter, shownin listing 1. This early version, pro-grammed in ALGOL at the StanfordLinear Accelerator Center in the early1960s, was part of a program calledTRANSPORT, which designedelectron-beam transport systems.Besides the text interpreter, this print-out also shows an early version of thedictionary. The influence of LISP isevident in the indivisible entity(which in FORTH is called a word)named ATOM. As the interpreterreads a word from a punched card, itexecutes the associated routine, as forDRIFT in this example. The styleresembles that of modern FORTH:there is no limit on the length of aword, as you can see by the length ofthe word SOLENOID, but only the

76 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE August 1980 77

first characters are significant andwords are separated by spaces.

Other very early concepts haveeither changed in form or haveevolved dramatically. In listing 2, theword that has become { : } (colon) inmodern FORTH is called DEFINE ,while END has become { ; }

(semicolon). This listing also showsstack operators being defined. As anexample of a concept that hasevolved, consider the dictionarybeing sealed by the word SEAL andbroken by the word BREAK . Suchsealing and breaking has since beenreplaced by the idea of vocabularies.

Listing 1: An early version of the FORTH text interpreter (written in ALGOL).

IF ATOM = "DRIFT" THEN DRIFTELSE IF ATOM = "QUAD" THEN QUADELSE IF ATOM = "BEND" THEN BENDELSE IF ATOM = "FACE" THEN FACE(-I)ELSE IF ATOM = "ROTATE" THEN ROTATEELSE IF ATOM = "SOLENO" THEN SOLENOIDELSE IF ATOM = "SEX" THEN SEXELSE IF ATOM = "ACC" THEN ACC

ELSE IF ATOM = "MATRIX" THEN BEGIN IF NOT FITTING THEN BEGINREAL A;

WRITE1(3,0,0,CORE[S]); LINE(-(8 + 42 x (ORDER - 1)));FOR J-l STEP 1 UNTIL 6 DO BEGIN

FOR K-l STEP 1 UNTIL 6 DO WRITE1(2,8,R1[J,K] xUNIT[K]/UNIT[I],2);

LINE(O) END;IF ORDER = 2 THEN FOR C-l STEP 1 UNTIL 6 DO BEGIN

Listing 2: An early version of the FORTH words { : } (called DEFINE here) and { ; }(called END here).

"- "OPEN DEFINE MINUS + END

SEAL "< "OPEN DEFINE - < END BREAK

"NOT "OPEN DEFINE MINUS 1 + END

"> "OPEN DEFINE •< END

"AND "OPEN DEFINE x END

"OR "OPEN DEFINE NOT .NOT AND NOT END

"T 1 1 "REAL DECLARE"= "OPEN DEFINE T- ; DUP T< • T> OR NOT END"* "OPEN DEFINE = NOT END"< "OPEN DEFINE > NOT END"> "OPEN DEFINE < NOT END"DUMP "OPEN DEFINE NAME 10 "ALPHA WRITE; 3 10 "REAL WRITE 0 LINE END

Listing 3: Another prototype of the FORTH text editor, again in ALGOL. In this listing,the word ATOM (the predecessor of the basic unit in FORTH, the xoord) has beenreplaced by the word W .

120 CYCLE; FILL OUTPUT WITH BUFFER[1],BUFFER[2];

1 WHILE WORD NEQ "END " DO

2 IF W = GM1 THEN REPLYCOK ")

3 ELSE IF NUMERIC THEN L: =MIN(W - l,$OF)

4 ELSE IF W = "+ " THEN L: =MIN(L +WORD,EOF)

5 ELSE IF W = "- " THEN L: =MAX(L -WORD.0)

6 ELSE IF W = "T " THEN BEGIN

7 IF WORD = GMl THEN W: = l; W: =MIN(L +W - 1 ,EOF);

8 FOR L: = L STEP 1 UNTIL W DO BEGIN

9 POSITION; TYPE END; L:=L-1 END130 ELSE IF W="R " THEN BEGIN

1 POSITION; REPLACE END

2 ELSE IF W = "A " THEN BEGIN

3 L; = EOF: = EOF+l; REPLACE END

4 ELSE IF W = "I " OR W = "D " THEN BEGIN

5 IF NOT RECOPY THEN BEGIN

6 RECOPY: =TRUE; REWIND(CARD) END;

7 POSITION; IF W = "I " THEN BEGIN

8 PLACE; REPLACE END

9 ELSE BEGIN EMPTY: = TRUE; IF WORD NEQ GM1 THEN BEGIN140 L:=MIN(L + W-l,EOF); SPACE(CARD,L - L0+1); L0: = L + 1

1 END END END

Listing 3 shows another prototypein ALGOL, this time of a FORTH texteditor. Here ATOM has become Wand I am looking up plus, minus, andthe commands T, R, A, and I, to edita deck program.

Another method of implementing adictionary is shown in listing 4. I amlooking up the words in a conditionalstatement and setting NEXT, the keyroutine of modern FORTH's addressinterpreter, to the index.

Listing 5 shows an early implemen-tation of a stack. Since it is written inBALGOL, which allows assignmentstatements inside other statements, Icould replace STACK[J] with [J + l]in order to push items onto the stack.I did this so that I could manipulateparameters that were interpretedfrom the card deck as arguments tothe routines. When I wanted, forinstance, to convert angular measurefrom one unit to another, this addedthe ability to use arithmeticoperators.

From Stanford I moved to the EastCoast, where I programmed on afree-lance basis for several years.Some of you probably rememberthat, in the 1960s, a programmer at atypical computer center needed tolearn about nineteen languages inorder to function adequately: JCL(Job Control Language); languages tocontrol utilities and facilities, such asthe linking loader; assembly languageand the assembler's control language;plus several high-level languages andthe methods for controlling theircompilers.

Listing 6 shows two of theselanguages, a PL/I program and theJCL necessary to run it. Note theobvious difference in syntaxes.FORTH developed in response tosuch conditions. In terms of modernFORTH, the importance of this exam-ple lies in the use of NEXT as a pro-cedure that goes off to get the nextword and do something with it.

Listing 7 shows a version ofFORTH coded for the IBMSystem/360 with the routines PUSHand POP, which executed in about15 //.s. They include stack limitchecking, which doubled the cost andwas one of the things that led me tobelieve that execution-time stackchecking is not desirable. This wascoded in a macroassembler that didnot have stack operations, which ledto the deck full of statements like L19

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Listing 4: An early version of the FORTH dictionary.8 PROCEDURE RELEVANCE; BEGIN REAL T,K0;

9

]:=0; I:= -1; WHILE WORD NEQ "END " DC

180

IF W = "= " THEN NEXT: =3

1

ELSE IF W = "GT

" THEN NEXT: =4

2

ELSE IF W = "LT

" THEN NEXT: = 5

3

ELSE IF W = "NOT

" THEN NEXT: =6

4

ELSE IF W = "AND

" THEN NEXT: =7

5

ELSE IF W = "OR

" THEN NEXT: =8

6

ELSE IF W = " +

" THEN NEXT: =9

7

ELSE IF W = "-

" THEN NEXT: = 10

8

ELSE IF W = "*

" THEN NEXT: = 11

9

ELSE IF W = 'V

" THEN NEXT: = 12

190

ELSE IF K0:= SEARCH 1(W) GEQ 0 THEN BEGIN

1

NEXT: = 1; NEXT

= K:=K0 END

2

ELSE BEGIN

3

NEXT: =2;

4

IF BASE[K] = " "

THEN NEXT:=WORDS[0]

5

ELSE NEXT:=W

END;

6

NEXT:=0 END;

Listing 5: An early implementation of the FORTH stack, written in BALGOL.7 BOOLEAN PROCEDURE RELEVANT; BEGIN

I:

9

210

1

234567

220

123

= ]:= -1; STACK[0]: = 1;J: = -l;

STACK1J: =] + !]:STACK[J:=J+1]:STACK[J:=J-1]:STACK[J:=J-1]:STACK|I:=I-1]:

DO CASE NEXT OF BEGIN

= CONTENT;

= NEXT;

= REAL(STACK[I] = STACK[J + 1 ]);

= REAL(STACK[J] GTR STACK[I+1]);

= REAL(STACK[I] LSS STACK[J+1]);

:REAL(NOT BOOLEAN(STACK[J)));

STACK1I]STACK[J:=J-1]:STACK[J:=J-1):STACK[I:=J-1]:STACK[J:=I-1]:STACK[J:=J-1]:STACK[J:=I-1]:END UNTIL J LSS 0;RELEVANT: =BOOLEAN(STACK[0])

= REAL(BOOLEAN(STACK[I]) AND BOOLEAN(STACK[J+1]));= REAL(BOOLEAN(STACK[J]) OR BOOLEAN(STACK[J+1]));= STACK[J] + STACK[I + 1];= STACK[J]-STACK[J + 1];= STACK[J]xSTACK[J+l];= STACK[I]/STACK[I+1];

END;

DC AL2(*-L18), which gave me a linkfrom L19 to the previous label. Itworked but it was not pleasant.

Listing 8 shows a similar routine,this time coded in COBOL. I am set-ting up a table of identified wordsthat will be interpreted from an inputstream. Since COBOL does not allowparameters for subroutines, it isawkward to do anything meaningful.

New Concepts

About this time, I began to think ofdefining a word that would defineother words; and at that time, thisidea was staggering. For example,{ ;CODE } was a very esoteric word.I explained it to people, but I couldnot express the potential I thought ithad.

It took time to find out exactlywhat { ,CODE } should do (itspecified the code to be executed for apreviously defined word). I do nothave the records, but I think the ini-tial code for { ;CODE } was three orfour lines long; to simplify that code

was one of the driving forces behindthe address interpreter—to make itpossible to code { ;CODE } cleanly.This had implications as to whatregisters should be available.

The fact that W should be saved ina register for defining words led toindirect, rather than direct, threadedcode. That was the most complicatedconcept I had coded in this evolvingprogram—probably deserving of apatent in its own right.

A little bit later, it seemed thatthere ought to be an analog of{;CODE } that specified the code tobe interpreted when you executed aword. It seemed the natural balance,but when the idea first arose, I did nothave the foggiest notion of what to door what the implementation shouldbe. The first definition of this analog,called { ;: } (semicolon-colon),required three or four lines of code. Ithad to do what { ;CODE } did, andthen more.

Out of that came the distinctionbetween compile-time action and

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execute-time action. It was conve-nient for words to be coded to act thisway, but it was expensive. It requirednot only the address of the code to beexecuted, but the address of the codeto be interpreted, as well as theparameter to be supplied to the codebeing interpreted so you could dosomething useful.

Late in the 1960s I went to work forMohasco Industries, where I putsomething strongly resemblingFORTH on a Burroughs 5500, cross-compiled to the 5500 from an IBM1130. (There is no assembler on the5500; there is a dialect of ALGOLcalled SBOL that Burroughs used tocompile operating systems, not

available to users.) Listing 9 showsthe code definitions of stack opera-tions on the 5500, which was a stack-oriented processor at a time whenstack machines were not popular.The names of some FORTH stackoperators stem from that machine'soperations; see, for example, DUP .The symbol <t stands for CODE anddistinguishes the assembler's OR fromthe FORTH OR . (Vocabularies werenot yet available.)

Listing 10 gives an example ofFIND (a dictionary search routine)coded for the 5500. Notice the wordSCRAMBLE , a colon definition mak-ing a hashed search. Apparently I hadeight threads to the dictionary here, a

Listing 6: The NEXT procedure in PL/I and its associated ]CL (Job Control Language)statements (lines 1 thru 8).

1 //UTILITY

2

3

4

5

6

7

//SYSUT2

II

II

//SYSIN

./

DD

DDADD

910123456789201234

JOB SYSTEM,OVERHEADEXEC PGM = IEBUPDTE,PARM = NEW//SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT = A

DSNAME = OUTLIB,UNIT = 2314,DISP = (NEW,KEEP),VOLUME = SER = MOORE,SPACE = (TRK,( 100, ,10)),DCB = (RECFM = F,LRECL = 80.BLKSIZE = 80)DATA

NAME = WORD.LEVEL = 00,SOURCE = 0.LIST = ALLDECLARE KEYBOARD STREAM INPUT,PRINTER STREAM OUTPUT PRINT;NEXT: PROCEDURE CHARACTER^);DECLARE (1 TEXT CHARACTER(81) INITIAL((81)" "),

2 C(81) CHARACTER(l), I INITIALED,W CHARACTER^),WORD CHARACTER(32) VARYING BASED(P),P,NUMERIC BIT(l)) EXTERNAL;DO WHILE C(I) = " "; 1 = 1 + 1;IF 1=82 THEN BEGIN; 1 = 1;

READ FILE(KEYBOARD) INTO(TEXT); END; END;P = ADDR(C(I»;

IF C(I) = "-" OR C(I) = "." OR "0" LE C(I) THEN BEGIN; NUMERIC = "1"B;IF C(I) NOT = "." THEN DO 1 = 1 + 1 BY 1 WHILE "0" LE C(I); END;IF C(I) = "." THEN DO 1 = 1 + 1 BY 1 WHILE "0" LE C(I); END; END;ELSE DO; NUMERIC = "0"B;

IF "A" LE C(I) THEN DO 1 = 1+1 BY 1 WHILE "A" LE C(I) OR C(I) = "-";END; ELSE 1 = 1 + 1; END;W = WORD; RETURN(W);

Listing 7: The FORTH words PUSH and POP written in IBM 360 assembly language.

0056

00

400004

5AC0 6014

00014

5040 C000

00000

19CB

0729

47F0 667C

0067C

001A

0444D2CF50400008

41 CO C004

00004

5840 C004

00004

41C0 C004

00004

59C0 602C

0002C

07C9

47F0 667C

0067C

830 L18 DC AL2C-L17)

831 NAME 3,X'445550',0 DUP832+ DC AL1(3),X'445550'833 + DC X'0'

834+ ORG *-2-V0

835+ DS OH

836+ ORG * + V0+l

837+ DC AL1(0*XV40' + X'40'),AL2(4)

838 PUSH A SP.MFOUR COSTS 15 US

839 ST T,0(,SP)

840 CR SP,DP

841 BCR 2,NEXT BHR842 B ABORT

843 L19 DC AL2C-L18)

844 DC AL1(4),X,44D2CF50',X'40',AL2(8) DROP

845 LA SP,4(,SP)

846 POP L T,4(,SP) COSTS 21 US

847 LA SP,4(,SP)

848 C SP, SP00

849 BCR 12,NEXT BNHR850 B ABORT

concept we added back to FORTHwhen we developed polyFORTH lastyear.

FORTH and the IBM 1130

At Mohasco I also worked directlyon an IBM 1130 interfaced with anIBM 2250 graphics display. The 1130was a very important computer; ithad the first cartridge disk, as well asa card reader, a card punch (asbackup for the disk), and a consoletypewriter. The 1130 let the program-mer, for the first time, totally controlthe computer interactively.

FORTH first appeared as an entityon that 1130. It was calledF-O-R-T-H, a five-letter abbreviationof FOURTH, standing for fourth-generation computer language. Thatwas the day, you may remember, ofthird-generation computers and I wasgoing to leapfrog. But becauseFORTH ran on the 1130 (which per-mitted only five-characteridentifiers), the name was shortened.

What came out of the 1130 was across-assembler that assembled theinstructions, which were then to beexecuted by the 2250. I think the 2250had its own memory, and these thingshad to be programmed carefully.What I accomplished was that the1130 in FORTRAN in 32 K bytescould draw pictures on the 2250, fair-ly slowly; and FORTH, in 8 K bytes,could draw three-dimensional mov-ing pictures on the 2250—but it coulddo that only if every cycle wasaccounted for and if the utmost wassqueezed out. That is whyFORTRAN had to go—I required anassembler and could not do animpressive enough job with FOR-TRAN.

But high-level or colon definitionswere not yet compiled—the compilercame much later. The text was storedin the body of the definition, and thetext interpreter reinterpreted the textin order to discover what it was todo. This contradicts the efficiency ofthe language, but I had big words thatput up pictures and I did not have tointerpret too much. The clevernesswas limited to squeezing outextraneous blanks as a compressionmedium. I am told that this is the waythat BASIC acts today in manyinstances.

This machine had a disk drive, andI am almost certain that the wordBLOCK existed in order to access

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records off the disk. I do rememberthat I had to use the FORTRAN I/O(input/output) package and that itwould not put the blocks where Iwanted them; it put the blocks whereif wanted them, and I had to pickthem up and move them into my buf-fers.

At Mohasco I also implementedFORTH on a Univac 1108, interfacingit with their COBOL compiler.Listing 11 displays a set of recorddescriptions in a Dun and Bradstreetreference file (for looking up baddebts). The layout shows namedfields followed by the number ofbytes allocated.

The Mohasco programs mark thetransition point between somethingthat could be called FORTH andsomething that could not. All theessential features except the compilerwere present by 1968.

The First Modern FORTHs

The first modern FORTH wascoded in FORTRAN. Shortlythereafter it was recoded inassembler. Much later it was coded inFORTH. It took a long time before Ithought that FORTH was completeenough to code itself. The first thingto be added to what had alreadyexisted was the return stack. Thatwas an important development; therecognition that there had to be exact-ly two stacks, no more, no less.

The next thing to be added waseven more important—the full-fledged dictionary, that is, the dic-tionary in the form of a linked list. Upuntil then, flags had been set or com-puted GO TOs had been executed toprovide some mechanism for asso-ciating a subroutine with a word. Thereplacement of all that by a code filecontaining the address of the routinemade an incredibly fast way ofimplementing a word once it wasidentified.

The first use of modern FORTHoccurred when it was written for aHoneywell H316 at the NRAO (Na-tional Radio Astronomy Observ-atory). In 19711 was hired by GeorgeConant to write a radio-telescopedata-acquisition program: that led tothe next step, the compiler. Thismeant the recognition that, ratherthan reinterpret a string of text,words could be compiled and anaverage of 5 characters per wordcould be replaced by 2 bytes perword. This gave a compression factor

1

MOVE

2

MOVE

3

MOVE

4

MOVE

5

MOVE

6

MOVE

7

MOVE

8

MOVE

9

MOVE

70

MOVE

Listing 8: A structured table routine, in COBOL.

"CONFIGURATION" TO IDENTIFY(4);"DATA" TO IDENTIFY(5);"FILE" TO IDENTIFY(6);"FD" TO IDENTIFY(7);"MD" TO IDENTIFY(B);"SD" TO IDENTIFY(9);"WORKING-STORAGE" TO IDENTIFY(IO);"CONSTANT" TO IDENTIFY(ll);"PROCEDURE" TO IDENTIFY(12);"INPUT-OUTPUT" TO IDENTIFY(13);

Listing 9: Code definitions of FORTH stack operations on the Burroughs 5500, writtenin SBOL.

LIST

0001 ( "PRIMITIVES' 26 LAST = 30 SIZE = )

0002 c = _S RETURN

0003 « @ <SD RETURN

0004 <f + V 241, RETURN0005

0006 C OR tOR RETURN

0007 <t AND «AND RETURN

0008 <t NOT 115, RETURN

0009 « DUP «DUP RETURNO00A « SWAP <tSWAP RETURN000B <t DROP CDROP RETURN000C <t + +1 RETURN

000D t - -1 RETURN

000E * MINUS CMINUS RETURN

000F * * *1 RETURN

0010 <t / /l RETURN

0011 n MOD <tMOD RETURN

Listing 10: A dictionary search routine, FIND , written for the Burroughs 5500.

0013 <tSM TFIND SCRAMBLE <SD eDUP

0014 41 >A 41 >B eBEGIN V <U 1771, <fIF

0015 <tBEGIN V0 <U 1771, *IF

0016 1 <L RESULT

0017 cTHEN _ADDR «DUP 1 <L <S

0018 OS WORD <U tEQUAL «IF

0019 VI _U OS RESULT

001A CTHEN CDUP <SD CBACK

001B <tTHEN GET "tBACK

001C : FIND TOP 0FIND <tIF UR < UD <tB tTHEN;

Listing 11: Prototype of a file layout, running under FORTH on a Univac 1108. Thisversion of FORTH was written in COBOL.

3 DBI DBI/MOORE 33 33

4 DUNS 8 NAME 24 STREET 19 CITY 15 STATE 4 ZIP 5

5 PHONE 10 BORN 3 PRODUCT 19 OFFICER 24 SIC 4 SIC1 4 SIC2 4

6 SIC3 4 SIC4 4 SIC5 4 TOTAL 5.0 EMPL 5.0 WORTH 9.0 SALES 9.0 MFG 1

7 SUBS 1 HDQ 1 HEAD 8 PARENT 8 MAIL 19 CITY1 15 STATE1 4

8 NAME1 19

9 END

of 2 or 3, not drastic but appreciable.But execution speed would be muchfaster. Again I asked myself, as I haddone when I first began modifyingprograms: if it was that easy, whyhadn't anyone else done it? It took mea long time to convince myself thatyou could compile anything andeverything.

Interrupts came around this time. It

was important to utilize the interruptcapability of the computer, but it hadnot been done by me before that—Idid not know anything about inter-rupts. I/O, however, was not yetinterrupt-driven. Interrupts wereavailable for the application if itwanted them—FORTH did notbother.

The multiprogrammer came along

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a couple of years later when wedeveloped an improved version of thesystem for NRAO's telescope at KittPeak. This computer was a PDP-11;the multiprogrammer had four tasks.Input was still not interrupt-driven,which was unfortunate.

The Second FORTH Programmer

Ten years ago there was oneFORTH programmer, me. The se-cond FORTH programmer, ElizabethRather, came along in 1971. That isquite a quantum jump, from one totwo; the next step was four (the nexttwo came out of Kitt Peak NationalObservatory); the growth can betraced from there to the several thou-sand today.

The first FORTH user was Ned

Conklin, head of the NRAO stationat Kitt Peak, Arizona. NRAO runs amillimeter-wave radio telescope thatis in great demand by observers, inpart because it is responsible over thelast 10 years for discovering half ofthe interstellar molecules that areknown to exist. FORTH is still run-ning on that telescope at Kitt Peakand on a lot of other telescopes.

Given interest from otherastronomers, a few believers split offfrom NRAO in 1973 and formedFORTH Inc. We were deluged byrequests for FORTH systems fromastronomers and went into businessto try to exploit that market. It wouldstill be our principal line of businesstoday except that there are so fewnew telescopes in the world that you

Listing 12: Field and record layouts for a recent FORTH Inc data-base managementsystem.

64 LIST

0 ( GLOSSARY FILE)

1 2 ( LINK) 12 BYTES WORD 12 BYTES VOC

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We developed miniFORTH™(FORTH on minicomputers) with theidea of having a programming tool.An important implementation of thetool came when we put an LSI-11 andFORTH into a suitcase. I think Ibecame the first computer-aidedprogrammer—computer-aided in thatI had my computer and took itaround with me. I talked to my com-puter, my computer talked to yourcomputer, and we could com-municate much more efficiently thanI could communicate directly withyour computer before it could runFORTH. Using this tool, we have putFORTH on many computers.

We added the feature of interrupt-driven I/O when FORTH Inc pro-duced its first multiterminal system.It did not speed things up particularlyfrom the user's point of view, but itdid prevent any loss of characterswhen several people were typing atthe same time. You did not have tolook quickly to get the characterbefore the next one came along. Theywere all buffered and waiting for you,which is an important distinction formultiprogrammed systems.

Data-base management came alongat this time. It has been extensivelychanged, just as FORTH has. But fun-damentally, nothing has changed.The concept of files, records, fields,and relational pointers thatpolyFORTH™ offers dates back from1974 or so—years and years ago.Listing 12 shows a recent applicationof the FORTH Inc data-base manage-ment system.

With microFORTH™ in 1976 camethe first version of our current targetcompilers. They are very complexthings, much more so than I expectedthem to be. At about the same time,we worked out the current implemen-tation of DOES> .

This new form of { ;: } does notrequire the address of the code to beinterpreted. Since that is supplied bya different mechanism, the parametercan occupy the parameter field as it issupposed to. You can "tick" it andchange its value, which is nice. [TheFORTH word { ' } (called "tick"above) places the address of the wordthat follows it onto the stack....GW]But we save 2 bytes for everyDOES> word, 2 bytes for very com-mon words—and for 3 years, we did

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not realize that we had missed theoptimum by so much.

I know no way of speeding thisprocess from initial thought todevelopment, except to let a certainamount of time pass. We could sit,we did sit and debate this thingendlessly, and we missed the obvious.

I think that completes thecapabilities that I think of as FORTHtoday. You see how they dribbledin—at no point did I sit down todesign a programming language. Isolved the problems as they arose.When demands for improved perfor-mance came along, I would sit andworry and come up with a way ofproviding improved performance.

polyFORTH is a condensation ofeverything that we at FORTH Inchave learned in the last 10 years ofdeveloping FORTH. I think it is avery good package. I foresee no fun-damental changes in the design of thelanguage except for accommodationto FORTH standards, which arebecoming increasingly important.

Implementations of FORTH

I would like to review theimplementations of FORTH of whichI am aware. It is actually a tourthrough the history of computers andit is fascinating that this could allhave happened in 10 years.

FORTH has been programmed inFORTRAN, ALGOL, PL/I, COBOL,assembler, and FORTH; and I amsure some of you can come up withother languages with the samehistory. My list is strictly personal.

FORTH has been implemented onthe Burroughs 5500; the IBM 1130;the Univac 1108; the Honeywell 316;the IBM 360; the Data General Nova;the HP 2100 (not by me but by PaulScott at Kitt Peak); the PDP-10 andPDP-11 (by Marty Ewing at theCalifornia Institute of Technology);the PDP-11 (by FORTH Inc); theVarian 620; the Mod-Comp II; theGA SPC-16; the CDC-6400 (by KittPeak); the PDP-8; the IV-Phase; theComputer Automation LSI-4; theRCA 1802; the Honeywell Level 6;the IBM Series 1; the Interdata; the6800; the 8080; the 8086; the TI-9900;and soon the 68000, the Z8000, the6809, and a Child Inc computer.Some independent groups have6502s, ILLIAC, and others runningFORTH. I raise the question—is it thecase that FORTH has been put on

every computer that exists?

Some people think FORTH oughtto be machine independent, but thatpremise is wrong. The equivalence isFORTH—each machine requiresmeticulous attention to its individualcharacteristics. You must use all thehardware capabilities of eachmachine and must then work to forceit into the mold specified by FORTH'svirtual machine.

For example, we put a subset ofFORTH on an SMS-300 microcom-puter. It had only eight instructions.The internal characteristics of every

At no point did I sitdown to design a pro-gramming language. Isolved the problems asthey arose.

machine can and must be exploited.You do not need any particularnumber of registers or stacks oranything. All can be simulated, but ifyou neglect the abilities of themachine, you can end up a factor of 2down in performance from whereyou might otherwise be.

FORTH-in-Hardware Computers

The first FORTH computer I knowof was built at Jodrell Bank inEngland around 1973. It is a redesignof an English Ferranti computer thatwent out of production. The obser-vatory at Jodrell Bank was going tobuild their own bit-slice version; theydiscovered FORTH about the sametime, modified the instruction set toaccommodate FORTH, and builtwhat I am told is a very fast FORTHcomputer. I have never seen it, buthave talked to its competent designer,John Davies, who is one of the earlyFORTH enthusiasts.

In 1973, before Dean Sandersoncame to FORTH Inc to developmicroFORTH, he had a FORTH com-puter at a company called GeneralLogic. It qualifies as a FORTH com-puter because it has a FORTHinstruction. And there is a storythere. Dean showed me his instruc-tion set, and there was this funnyinstruction that I could not see anyreason for—I figured it was somekind of no-op or catchall or

something; it had the weirdest pro-perties, and it could not possibly beuseful. It was NEXT. It was a one-instruction NEXT which wasbeautiful. And it was a very simplemodification (this was a bit-slice com-puter) to the instruction set—a fewwires here and there—and that is thefirst time I saw a FORTH computer, ifyou will. I call it a FORTH computerbecause it had the ability to changeitself from an ordinary computer intoa FORTH computer.

I think that hardware today is inthe same shape as software was 20years ago. No offense, but it is timethat the hardware people learnedsomething about software. There isan order or two of magnitudeimprovement in performance possiblewith existing technology. We do notneed picosecond computers to makereally substantial improvements inexecution speed. Faced with thatrealization, there is no point in tryingto optimize the software any furtheruntil we have taken the first crack atthe hardware. The hardware redesignhas to be as complete as the softwareredesign was. The standard micro-processors did not have FORTH inmind. Those minicomputers that canbe microprogrammed cannot bemicroprogrammed well enough toeven be worth doing. The improve-ments available are much greaterthan you can achieve by these halfmeasures.

I have built a small FORTH com-puter. The design changes as fast asthe chips can be plugged into theboard. But it is not difficult to do.Here are the characteristics of aFORTH computer:

• It does not need a lot of memory(16 K bytes is about right—halfprogrammable read-only memory,half user programmable memory,maybe).

• It does not need a lot of I/O ports;in fact, it does not need any I/Oports except for the applicationrequirements.

• A serial line and interface to a diskdrive are useful but not required.

We have put FORTH on an8080-based machine with a virtualdisk in memory, enough memory tohold eight blocks. The system is quiteviable and has no particular problemwith system crashes. Bubble

88 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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memories are coming. A FORTHcomputer does not need much massstorage; 100 K bytes are adequate,and 250 K bytes are plenty. The factthat FORTH can exist quite happilyon a machine that is very small bycontemporary standards should beexploited.

Organizations

Finally, I would like to run throughthe history of the organizations thathave been involved with FORTH.They have formed another thread ofthe tapestry. It began with Mohasco,of course, followed by NRAO and

Kitt Peak National Observatory: thencame FORTH Inc.

The next step was probablyDECUS (Digital Equipment Com-puter Users' Group). Marty Ewinggave his PDP-11 FORTH system toDECUS. FORTH Inc was not surewhether free FORTHs floatingaround was a good idea at the time.But it turned out that a lot of peoplewere exposed to FORTH who other-wise would not have been.

Cybek came along and provided anentry into the business-systemsmarket. Art Gravina, the president ofCybek, is the person who designed

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our data-base management system.He provided us the opportunity to docommercial systems and the ability tohandle ten times as many terminals ashe could with the BASIC programthat preceded it.

In about 1976, a committee of theInternational Astronomical Unionmet and adopted FORTH as a stan-dard language. That was a boost inthe world of astronomy, although theworld of astronomy was no longerthe major driving force in thepopularity of FORTH.

I think EFUG (the EuropeanFORTH Users' Group) came alongabout that time (1976). It turned outto our surprise that Europe was ahotbed of FORTH activity that wewere largely unaware of (and perhapsstill are, in that we are not involved inthat world and do not appreciate thelevel of interest). An internationalFORTH Standards Team probablygrew from their first meetings. A cou-ple of years later, the FORTH InterestGroup started. Now we haveFORML —FORTH ModificationLaboratory, an idea-generatingorganization.

Conclusion

The tendency seems to be for peo-ple to organize themselves in groups.Some of these groups are companies,others are associations. It looks likeFORTH is going to be a communalactivity in that sense—that it willgrow from the work of unstructuredclusterings of like-minded people.The suggestion is that this wholeworld of FORTH is going to be quitedisorganized, uncentralized, anduncontrollable. It's not bad, perhapsit's good.

My view of the future is moreunsettled today than it has been foryears: promising, confusing, perplex-ing. The implications are perhaps asstaggering now as they were 20 yearsago. The promise of realization ismuch higher. My original goal was towrite more than forty programs inmy life. I think I have increased mythroughput by a factor of 10. I do notthink that that throughput isprogram-language limited anylonger. So I have accomplished whatI set out to do: I have a tool that isvery effective in my hands. It seems itis very effective in others' hands aswell. I am happy and proud that thisis true.

90 August 1980 @ BYTE Publications Inc

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Circle 60 on inquiry card. ■

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Components of FORTH

FORTH is characterized by five major elements: dic-tionary, stack, interpreters, assembler, and virtualmemory. Although not one of these is unique toFORTH, their interaction in FORTH produces asynergistic effect that creates a programming system ofunexpected power and flexibility.

• Dictionary: The resident FORTH system isorganized into a dictionary that occupies almostall of program memory. The dictionary is athreaded list of variable-length items, each ofwhich defines a word of the vocabulary. Theactual content of each definition depends on thetype of word: noun, verb, etc. The dictionary isextensible, growing toward high memory. In amultiterminal system, terminal tasks may haveprivate dictionaries that are connected in ahierarchical tree structure.

• Stack: Two push-down stacks (last-in, first-out,or LIFO, lists) are maintained for eachmultiprogrammed task in the system. These pro-vide the primary communication betweenroutines as well as an efficient mechanism forcontrolling logical flow. A stack normally con-tains items one computer word long, which maybe addresses, numbers, or other objects. Stacks,which are of indefinite size, grow toward lowmemory.

• Interpreters; FORTH is fundamentally an inter-pretive system, meaning that program executionis controlled by data items rather than bymachine code. It is a common assumption thatinterpreters are severely wasteful of processortime; this is avoided in FORTH by maintainingtwo levels of interpretation.

The first of these is the text interpreter, also knownas the outer interpreter. It works in a conventionalmanner, parsing text strings that come from terminalsor mass storage and looking up each word in the dic-tionary. When a word is found in the dictionary, it isexecuted (unless the task is in compile mode) by invok-ing the address interpreter.

The address interpreter (also known as the innerinterpreter) interprets strings of absolute memoryaddresses by executing the definition pointed to byeach. Most dictionary definitions contain addresses ofpreviously defined words that are to be executed bythis interpreter. This level of interpretation requires nodictionary search since these words have already beencompiled by the text interpreter, which generated theabsolute addresses.

The address interpreter has several important pro-perties. First, it is fast. Indeed, on some computers itexecutes only one instruction for each word, in addi-tion to the code implied by the word itself. Second, itinterprets compact definitions. Each word referencedin a definition compiles a single memory location.Finally, the definitions are machine independentbecause the definition of one word in terms of othersdoes not depend upon the computer that interprets thedefinitions.

• Assembler: FORTH includes a residentassembler, which allows the programmer todefine words that will cause specified machineinstructions to be executed. This type of defini-tion is necessary to perform device-dependentinput and output operations, to implementelementary operations, and to do highly time-critical processing.

• Virtual memory: The final key element ofFORTH is its blocks: fixed-length segments ofdisk space that may contain program text ordata. A number of buffers are provided inmemory; blocks are read into them automatical-ly when referenced. If a block is modified inmemory, it is automatically replaced on disk. Ex-plicit read and write operations, therefore, arenot required; programmers may presume thatprogram text or data is in memory whenever it isreferenced.

[The above paragraphs present a concise overviewof FORTH as a language; the following paragraphsdescribe features of a FORTH Inc product,polyFORTH...GW]

The standard polyFORTH system utilities includethe following:

Text editor: Facilitates editing program source

text, both by line and bycharacter.

Source listings: Prints program source listings andindexes.

Disk copy: Provides for disk-to-disk copying

of data file and program sourcefiles for backup purposes.

Disk diagnostic: Produces a simple, read-only diskdiagnostic that may be run at anytime without disturbing otherusers. (More extensive hardwarediagnostics are optional.)

Each polyFORTH system also contains a TargetCompiler capability; this allows the user to develop,for run-time applications only, a computer system thatdoes not require the entire operating system. SinceFORTH is an interpretive language, an interpretermust always be present; but the target compilationprocess creates the minimum dictionary necessary,thus allowing a program to be run with a minimum ofmemory overhead. Typically, this overhead is lessthan 1000 bytes.

Full data-base management support is available inan optional Extended File Management package. In-cluded within its structure are the essential features ofthe CODASYL standard along with the characteristicspeed, compactness, and flexibility of the FORTHlanguage. Facilities include commands for file defini-tion and formatting and for field and record descrip-tions, as well as several file-accessing techniques,operators for accessing individual fields by name andfields within specified files, and such utility functionsas a report generator and an optional key-sortroutine. ■

92 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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market, prices must

memory) and to have

announcing products long

Prices Increasing: Both

decrease, not increase. The

changed the copyright

before they will be

Texas Instruments (TI) and

experts are therefore

notice. Nestar is taking ac-

available in production.

Atari recently announced

disturbed over what they

tion in this case.

This will, no doubt, have

price increases for their

feel will be a real damper

This type of software

an impact on sales of the

personal computer

to personal-computing

piracy will have a more

Zilog Z8000 and Motorola

systems. Radio Shack,

sales.

serious financial impact on

MC68000, as purchasers

Commodore, and Apple

the software vendor than

may now wait for a more

are holding the line, at

Ooftware Piracy: Over

hobbyist copying. Here,

powerful product.

least for the present.

the vendor is actually los-

The 32-bit micro-

Atari increased the price

the years, software vendors

ing dealer sales, since

processor will be known as

of its Model 400 from $550

have complained many

many dealers are purchas-

the iAPX-432, and will be a

to $630 and the Model 800

times about hobbyists copy-

ing the software from the

3-chip set with a brand-new

from $1000 to $1080. The

ing software from one

pirate at a much lower

architecture and instruction

company attributed the in-

another instead of buying

cost—and probably mark-

set. Intel claims that it will

crease to rising component

it. One supplier even has

ing it up more—than if the

provide the power of a

costs, particularly com-

gone so far as to offer a

dealer purchased it from

medium-scale IBM 370

ponents that incorporate

$10,000 reward for informa-

the legitimate vendor. In

system. It will directly ex-

precious metals.

tion leading to the convic-

most instances, end users

ecute Ada code. Ada is an

TI, on the other hand,

tion of anyone found copy-

are not aware that they

upward extension of Pascal,

has subtly unbundled the

ing its software. I am not

have purchased a pirated

and it is the language

99/4 system. Previously, a

aware that this plan has

copy until they try to get

designed for and to be

purchaser bought the key-

had any positive results. It

software support from the

used by the US Department

board/processor console

has, however, raised the ire

rightful vendor.

of Defense. It is interesting

and a 13-inch color video

of many hobbyists, and

to note that at this time

monitor for $1150. Now he

there may have been a

X ektronix Sets Up

there is no Ada compiler

can buy the console for

negative effect on this par-

up and running.

$950 and the monitor for

ticular supplier's software

Handicapped Person's Hot

The two new 16-bit

$450, a total of $1400. Or,

sales, because he sells

Line: Physically handicap-

microprocessors are essen-

he can buy the console and

cassette software mostly to

ped persons, or people

tially 8086s with integrated

an RF (radio-frequency)

hobbyists.

wanting information on

functions and higher speed

modulator ($75) and hook it

Although copying by

special electronic equip-

to improve performance.

up to a standard color

hobbyists remains a prob-

ment for coping with

They are intended for

television set. This com-

lem for software vendors, a

physical impairments, can

multiprogram and multi-

bination costs $1025, which

much greater problem has

get answers to questions by

user systems.

is only $125 less than the

developed: software piracy

calling the Tektronix

Intel promises that all

old complete system price.

for commercial purposes,

Special Interest Group on

three new microprocessors

Although Radio Shack,

by pirate vendors who are

Computers and the

will be available in 1981,

Commodore, and Apple

marketing copies in much

Physically Handicapped in

with the 32-bit micro-

have not raised the prices

the same way as audio- and

Beaverton, Oregon, at

processor becoming

of their basic systems, cer-

videocassette pirates do.

(503) 357-4354.

available first.

tain peripheral devices and

For example, Nestar

add-ons have increased in

Systems of Palo Alto,

Xntel Releases Data on

*Xerox Opens Computer

price. Furthermore, when

California, has charged

the Federal Communica-

that its read-only-memory-

32-Bit Microprocessor:

Stores: The Xerox Corpora-

tions Commission (FCC)

based "Basic Programmer's

Intel, the recognized leader

tion recently opened retail

RF-radiation standards go

Toolkit" (for the Com-

in microprocessor develop-

stores in Dallas, Texas, and

into effect on January 1,

modore PET) is being

ment, has "leaked" ad-

Denver, Colorado. Ap-

1981, there may be signifi-

distributed in Europe in

vanced information on

parently these are the first

cant price increases.

both cassette and floppy-

three new forthcoming

links in a chain of retail

Most personal-computer

disk format. The pirating

16- and 32-bit micropro-

computer stores across the

marketing experts agree

distributor is alleged to

cessors. Intel is now play-

country. The store is selling

that for personal computing

have changed the code

ing the game of trying to

Xerox 510 small-business

to become a true mass

(relocating it into user

scoop its competition by

computers, Apple II com-

c«*'

^

3-DA/v7M>\r£DSOLOfl GRAPHICSThe Program madefamous onNational TV!

FOR 48K APPLE 11COMPUTERS WITH DISK

APPLE WORLD turns your Apple into a sophisticated graphicssystem capable of creating animated three-dimensional colorimages, projecting them in true perspective on the screen, rotatethem, move them closer, further away, and many other exciting andimaginative things.

A powerful screen-oriented text editor is included to facilitateimage formation. This program was recently featured on TomSnyder's Prime Time Saturday TV Show and is now available forsale.

APPLE WORLD'S powerful editor is so easy to use that children willlove it. You can now "sketch" your dream house, boat, car. orfantasy empire. Then view it as it would be seen from 10.000 feet, oryou can ZOOM in until the screen is filled with a doorknob. Youcould then go inside and move from room to room examiningfurniture placement as your screen rotates within the room. I magesor specific parts of images can easily be saved to disk or printer.

Does all this sound I ike science fiction? You won't think so after youhave visited Apple World.

Introductory Price $59.95

36 page manual included

Look for the RED-WHITE-BLUEUnited Software Display at your localcomputer dealer, or send check ormoneyorder, plus $3.00 shipping to:

i= UNITED^5 SOFTWAREOF

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(212) 682-0347 Telex 640055

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

KEYED

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ACCESS METHOD

Many times more powerful and efficient than the primative "relativerecord" method used by Apple & Commodore.

FOR APPLE II & COMMODORE PET

KRAM is the FASTEST and MOST POWERFUL keyed accessmethod available for the Apple & Commodore CBM (Pet)Computers. Written entirely in 6502 machine code. KRAM isextremely fast, comprehensive in scope, very compact, and easy touse. KRAM function calls are invoked via a single instruction.

Using the sophisticated capabilities of KRAM the Apple& CBM (Pet)can now fully meet the requirements of information managementapplications, such as: Accounts Receivable/Payable. InventoryControl, General Ledger, Payroll, Mailing lists, and DatabaseManagement. Programs can now be 30% to 90% shorter and runmany times faster! Less experienced users can now create powerfulprograms!

KRAM Release 2.0 Functions:

• Create/Open a dataset

• Put record by Key

• Add & delete records by Key

• Get any record by Full/Partialkey in 4/10ths of a second(2/10ths with Corvus Disk)

Supports multiple disksRead next or previous recordDynamic space allocationDynamic space reclamationDynamic index compressionNever needs filereorganization!

An 87 page manual fully documents KRAM 2.0 detailing KRAMfunctions and illustrating with programming samples. KRAMarchitecture is fully explained and a sample mailing list applicationprogram is included.

PET & Apple Requirements

KRAM is designed to work with both Apple's Disk II, or CorvusSystems 10 Megabyte Winchester Disk, and Commodores 2040,3040, and 8050 Disk units. KRAM 2.0 requires an integer Apple orApple Plus with integer card and at least one disk drive. KRAMworks on any 40/80 column 16K/32K PET.

Introductory Special $99.95

FOR COMMODORE 16K/32K COMPUTERSDATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM — A comprehensive,interactive system like those run on mainframes! Six modulescomprising 42K of programming allow you to; create, edit, delete,display, print, sort, merge, etc., etc. - databases of up to 10,000records. Printer routines automatically,generate reports and labelson demand. 60 pages of concise documentation are included.Requirements - 16-32K PET and 2040 Dual Disk (printeroptional) COST $125

OTHER SOFTWARE

APPLE COMPUTERS

Super Space Wars $ 9.95

States & Capitals 9.95

Moving Point

Average 19.95

Stock Options ., 24.95

Finance 12.95

Bonds 12.95

COMMODORE PET

Stock Options 24.95

Finance 12.95

Bonds 12.95

Stock Analyzer 22.95

Mortgage 14.95

Space Intruders("Best Game of 1979") ..$19.95

Jury/Hostage 9.95

Kentucky Derby/Roulette 9.95

Alien I.Q./Tank 9.95

Tunnelvision/Maze Chase 14.95

Submarine Attack 9.95

Battle of Midway 7.95

Laser Tank Battle 9.95

Swarm 14.95

Baseball 9.95

Super Startrek 14.95

PET Music Box 29.95

puters, Centronics printers,

available a low-cost con-

ting closer and closer to

print at 120 cps, with proof

Hewlett-Packard

troller which interfaces the

reality.... CompuServe, the

copies at over 200 cps.

calculators, and ADT secu-

5!4-inch hard-disk drive

company that provides the

rity systems. Xerox plans to

and floppy-disk drives to

MicroNet information util-

1 oo Good To Be True? A

open at least 200 such

several personal-computer

ity, has been negotiating

outlets in at least 50 cities

systems. These products

with H & R Block about a

rumor recently heard at

within 2 years.

should become available in

corporate merger, with in-

BYTE says that a major

1981.

tent to become a subsidiary

manufacturer will shortly

AApple Foundation

of the income-tax firm.

introduce a 5-inch floppy-

Jtlandom News Bits:

disk drive with a tenfold in-

Awards Grants To

JTLandom Rumors: A

crease in density. This

Schools: The Apple Educa-

Votrax (Division of Federal

sounds too good to be true.

tion Foundation, chartered

Screw Works, 500 Stephen-

semiconductor manufac-

Will standard media sup-

by Apple Computer Inc,

son Hwy, Troy MI 48084)

turer will soon introduce

port such an

has awarded $120,000

has announced a new voice

two integrated circuits that

extension?... CH

worth of equipment to

synthesizer with an

together will handle all in-

schools and individuals to

unlimited vocabulary in

terfacing requirements for

X'iicrominis and

expand the use of

seven languages and con-

the S-100 bus, thereby

microcomputers in educa-

trollable inflection. The

reducing the number of

Micromaxis: Two new

tion. The foundation plans

Model VSB, built on a

components required by

words have been coined to

to donate another $250,000

single printed-circuit card,

S-100 master and slave

describe the newer micro-

worth of equipment to sup-

is intended to interface with

boards. The two devices

processors. If an 8-bit pro-

port programs at all educa-

terminals, electronic type-

will provide all the

cessor is called a "micro,"

tional levels. Current reci-

writers, word processors,

necessary bus buffering,

then a 16-bit

pients include Iowa State

and other equipment. The

control signals, and

microprocessor must be a

University; Bowditch

unit is controlled by 8-bit

address decoding and will

"micromini." That is the

Middle School in Foster

input commands that select

meet IEEE S-100 specifica-

conclusion of many in the

City, California; North

phonemes and inflection.

tions.. . .Hewlett-Packard

industry, particularly since

Texas State University;

Original equipment

(HP) is rumored to be

many of these new 16-bit

Educational Services

manufacturer price is

working on a hand-held

microminis will be com-

Management Corporation

$280....A national FORTH

calculator that is program-

peting head-on with ap-

in Raleigh, North Carolina;

language group is in

mable in BASIC (maybe

plications that were

Children's Hospital in

operation. They publish a

they should call it a com-

previously the exclusive do-

Philadelphia; the National

newsletter, distribute soft-

puter). Rumor is that they,

main of the 16-bit minicom-

Science Foundation; Dr

ware, and conduct

and several others, will in-

puters.

Robert N Noyce, vice presi-

meetings. For information

troduce such units by year

It therefore follows that

dent of Intel Corporation;

contact: Jim Flounoy, 17370

end. A few have already

the 32-bit microprocessors,

and others.

Hawkins Ln, Morgan Hill

been introduced in

which are expected within

Other participating con-

CA 95037....Radio Shack

Japan Texas Instruments

three years, should be call-

tributors include the Bell &

has released a software

(TI), which has been work-

ed "micromaxis," since

Howell Company,

package for its TRS-80

ing on a disk-drive system

they will most likely com-

Heuristics Inc, and Integral

Model I which enables

of its own, is now

pete for applications

Data Systems Inc.

users to originate Mailgram

negotiating with a number

previously handled by

For more information,

messages. Users must have

of outside suppliers for

large mainframe com-

contact the Apple Educa-

a Western Union (WU)

8-inch Winchester-type

puters. At least that is what

tion Foundation, 20605

Electronic Mail account,

hard-disk drives to be in-

many industry watchers

Lazaneo Dr, Cupertino CA

and if so, users are billed

cluded in a new small-

think.

95014.

monthly by WU for

business/word-processor

Well now...my question

messages sent....Matsushita

system to be introduced

is: what do we call a 4-bit

0%-Inch Mini-

Electric, Osaka, Japan, has

next year. TI, however, is

microprocessor? Is it a

introduced a single-

still pursuing in-house

"minimicro"?

Winchester Disk Introduc-

component voice syn-

designs. TI is also

ed: Shugart Technology of

thesizer that generates

negotiating with several

MAIL: I receive a large

Scotts Valley, California

either 10 seconds of high-

tape-drive suppliers for a

number of letters each

(not to be confused with

quality speech or up to 30

backup storage

month as a result of this

Shugart Associates) has in-

seconds of low-quality

system The rumor is that

column. If you wish a

troduced a 5 Va -inch

speech. The integrated cir-

Tandon Magnetics,

response, please include a

Winchester-type hard-disk

cuit uses only 28 pins and

Chatsworth, California, is

stamped, self-addressed

drive with a 6.38-megabyte

operates from +5 V. The

about to announce a

envelope.

unformatted capacity. It is

device will probably be

2-megabyte quad-density

the same size and uses the

used in consumer ap-

5-inch floppy-disk drive

Sol Libes

same power-supply

pliances, cars, etc Na-

with a $375 original eguip-

Amateur Computer

voltages as a standard

tional Semiconductor, San-

ment manufacturer price

Group of New Jersey

5!4-inch floppy-disk drive.

ta Clara, California, has in-

tag Look for Integral

(ACG-NI)

[See Tom Manuel's article,

troduced a microprocessor

Data Systems to introduce a

1776 Raritan Rd

"The Hard Disk Explosion,"

that includes a read-only-

$1500 letter-quality dot-

Scotch Plains NJ 07076

on page 58 of this issue for

memory-resident BASIC in-

matrix printer. It will use

more cfefaz/s.... CM]

terpreter and 64 bytes of

overlapping dot-matrix

Lobo Drives, Goleta,

user memory. The single-

printing. To be called

California, plans to make

chip computer keeps get-

"Paper Tiger Plus," it will

Circle 62 on inquiry card.

IT U i .W. i

NOBODY DOES IT BETTER.

In 1975. Microsoft wrote the first BASICinterpreter for the 8080. Today, hundredsof thousands of microcomputers run withMicrosoft software. And tomorrow—a fullline of system software for the 8086 andZ8000. With microcomputer software,nobody does it better.

BASIC Compiler Microsoft's BASICcompiler is the ideal software tool for thedevelopment of BASIC applications pro-grams for resale. Compiled object code forany application may be distributed to yourcustomers on diskette or ROM, thus safe-guarding the source program. And execu-tion speeds with our compiled BASIC codeare faster than with any other BASIC. Highlyoptimized, compact object code meansmaximum efficiency in any application.The BASIC Compiler supports all the lan-guage features of our BASIC-80 Interpreter.Comes with macro assembler and loader.RunswithCP/M, ISIS-ll.TRSDOS. $395.

BASIC Interpreters for 8080,Z80,8086,6800,6809 Languagefeatures above and beyond any other BASIChave made Microsoft's BASIC the world'smost popular interpreter. And now three newversions are available for the 8086,6800, and6809. The latest releases of BASIC-80 andBASIC-86 support the new WHILE condi-tional, plus CHAINing of programs withCOMMON variables, dynamic string spaceallocation and variable length records in ran-dom files. All versions have double precisionarithmetic, full PRINT USING, tracing,renumbering, edit mode, and many otherfeatures. BASIC-80 for CP/M, ISIS-II.TEKDOS: S350. BASIC-86 standaloneon SBC 86/12: $600. BASIC-68 for FLEX:$200. BASIC-69 for FLEX: $250.

CO BO L-80 Compiler The best im-plementation of the world's most widely usedprogramming language is COBOL-80 fromMicrosoft. As small business applications be-come not-so-small, COBOL-80 is ready withpowerful use of disk files, data manipulationfacilities. CHAIN, segmentation and inter-active ACCEPT/DISPLAY Plus three-dimensional arrays, full COPY facility,indexed and relative files and an optionalpacked decimal format that saves on massstorage by as much as 40%. Comes withmacro assembler and loader. Runs onCP/M, ISIS-II, and TRSDOS. $750.

NEW! muSIMP/muMATH 79

At last, a sophisticated math package formicrocomputers. muMATH performs mathe-matical operations efficiently and accu-rately. Use it to solve equations and simplifyformulas; or perform exact arithmetic, sym-bolic integration and differentiation, infiniteprecision integer arithmetic and symbolicmatrix inversion. muMATH is an invaluabletool for engineering and scientific applica-tions involving lengthy, analytical computa-tions. It is also an ingenious teaching methodfor all levels of math from arithmetic tocalculus. muMATH is implemented in mu-SIMP, a highly structured language forcomplex symbolic manipulations. muSIMP/muMATH Package, CP/M versions: $250.

NEW! muLISP-79 LlSP-thelingua franca of the artificial intelligenceworld—is now available in this efficient, low-cost version for microcomputers, Featuresinclude dynamic allocation of storage re-sources; program control structures suchas an extended COND and a multiple exitLOOP; user functions defined as CALL byValue or CALL by Name; and 83 LISP func-tions. muLISP-79, CP/M version: $200.

NEW! XMACRO-86 For the

development of 8086 programs, our newXMACRO-86 cross assembler has just beenreleased. It supports the same features asour MACRO-80 assembler. Develop 8086programs now on your current CP/M, ISIS-II,or TEKDOS system. $300.

NEW! Micro-SEEDDBMS If you

are developing applications software in-house or bundling hardware and software forresale, a database manager could be thesoftware tool you've been looking for. Micro-SEED is the first CODASYL compatibledatabase management system to run withCP/M; and Microsoft's FORTRAN-80 hasbeen implemented as the host language.When an application becomes limited by trad-itional floppy disk file handling, but remainsoverpowered by the cost and mainte-nance of a minicomputer, the solution isMicro-SEED. $900.

FORTRAN-80 Compiler Micro-soft FORTRAN-80 is the most completemicrocomputer FORTRAN available. Ithas all of ANSI-66 FORTRAN (exceptCOMPLEX data), plus unique enhancementsfor use in the microcomputer environment.An extensive library of single and double

precision scientific functions, too. Comeswith macro assembler and loader. Versionsfor CP/M, ISIS-II, TEKDOS. $500.

M ACRO-80 Assembler The mostpowerful microcomputer assembler on themarket today is Microsoft's MACRO-80. It isfast, and it supports Intel-standard macros,relocation pseudo-ops, conditionals and list-ing controls. MACRO-80 comes with a relo-catable linking loader and runs with CP/M,ISIS-II, and TEKDOS. $200.

EDIT-80 Text Editor Randomaccess to floppy disk files makes EDIT-80 thefastest microcomputer text editor. It's theessential tool for creating and maintaining allfiles. EDIT-80 includes FILCOM, a file com-pare utility. EDIT-80, CP/M version: $120.

Prices quoted are USA domestic only.OEMs should contact Microsoft for prices.

N. os

MICROSOFT\

5

O-O

aco

CO

CO

OQCOCC

I-

CO

O

CO El

PS

CO

OQ

111

F

BASIC-80INTERPRETER

BASICCOMPILER

•

□

•

FORTRAN-80COMPILER

•

□

■

•

COBOL-80COMPILER

•

•

muMATH/muSIMPmuLISP

□

MICROSEEDDBMS

EDIT-80TEXT EDITOR

□

■

MACRO-80ASSEMBLER

•

□

■

•

♦contact Microsoft Bcontact Manufacturer

□contact Microsoft Consumer Products

10800 NE 8th, Suite 819Bellevue.WA 98004206-455-8080 Telex 328945

We set the standard.

This selected list of FORTH vendors is meant to be an overview only. For complete details contact the vendors. Many of the products, listedas fig-FORTH versions, are implementations of the FORTH Interest Croup software customized for a given machine and available in machine-readable (as opposed to printed) form.

When purchasing a version of FORTH, check to see what source the version is based upon. AH good versions of FORTH are based on eitherthe FORTH Inc or the FORTH Interest Croup versions. Some existing implementations use nonstandard shortcuts that limit the usability of theproduct; these should be avoided.

Literature on FORTH is scarce, so be prepared to puzzle through cryptic documentation. Miller Microcomputer Services offers a wide selec-tion of books on FORTH (the only selection we know of). Particularly suitable are microFORTH Primer (supplied with the purchase ofMMSFORTH) and Using FORTH, both written by FORTH Inc.

STOIC is a FORTH-like language available from the CP/M Users' Group and is listed because of its low price. N/A refers to informationunavailable at the time this table was compiled....GW and CHF

Selected FORTH Vendors

Manufacturer

Product Name(s)

Machine Requirements

Format

Cost

Notes

Acropolis Software17453 Via ValenciaSan Lorenzo CA 9458014151 2766050

AFORTH (based onfig-FORTH)

Any machine running Micropolis disksand MDOS operating system

Floppy disk

5150

Includes 8085 assembler, doubleprecision fixed-point math, enhanceddisk access, other features.

Cap'n SoftwareP0B 575

San Franciso CA 9410114151 540-0202

fig-FORTH

Apple II with disk

5 inch floppy disk $140

FORTH hot line available for questions. Extra packages (Apple highresolution graphics, floating point)available at extra cost.

CP/M Users Group1651 Third AveNew York NY 1D028

STOIC [not FORTH,but a FORTHvariant)

Any CP/M machine.

8-inch floppy disk $20

See editorial lor further details.

FORTH Inc

2309 Pacific Coast HwyHcrmosa Beach CA 90254(213I 372-8493

FORTH, polyFORTH,

microFORTH,

picoFORTH

Versions for various machines: 8080,8086, 6800, 1802, LSI-11; alsohandles versions for'minicomputersand mainframes

Varies with machine. $2500 up($495 forpicoFORTHI

These are the inventors of thelanguage; they supply custompackages and extensive support;picoFORTH (for 8080 or 1802] canbe directly upgraded to polyFORTH.

FORTH Interest Group

POB 1105

San Carlos CA 94070

i-FORTH

Various machines with 16 K bytes ormore: 8080, 6502, 6800, LSI-11,9900, PACE; disk preferable

Printed listings; must be $20customized by user.

$20 includes installation manual andassembly language source for one processor (8080, etc); requires somework by user to install; quality pro-duct at a low price.

FORTH Power17390 Hawkins LnMorgan Hill CA 95037(415) 471 1762

j FORTH

Heath WH-89 or 6800 EXORciser

NIA

N/A

Forthright EnterprisesPOB 50911Palo Alto CA 94303(415) 856-0450

fig-FORTH

CP/M machine, 16 K bytes

8-inch CP/M floppy disk $30

Includes all source code.

John JamesPOB 348

Berkeley CA 94701(415) 526-8815

fig-FORTH

PDP-11, all models; stand alone orrunning under RT-11 or RSX-11M;24 K bytes or more

■inch floppy disk

$140

Package includes all documentationand source code; also offers a bookol FORTH reprints.

M&B Design820 Sweetbay DrSunnyvale CA 94086(408) 243 0834

polyFORTH CP/M

8080 CP/M system

8-inch CP/M floppydisk

$4000

Multitasking version of FORTH run-ning on CP/M system with 32 Kbytes or more; includes utility programs and interface to CP/M; systemuses CP/M 1/0 drivers only.

Miller Microcomputer Services61 Lake Shore RdNatick MA 01760

MMSFORTH (based on TRS-80 Model I, with Level II BASIC, Cassette or 5-inch $59.95, cassette

FORTH Inc micro- 16 K bytes or more floppy disk $79.95, disk

FORTH)

Offers support of product, consultation, newsletter, additional FORTHproducts, and a wide selection ofFORTH books.

The Stackworks321 E Kirkwood AveBloomington IN 47401(812) 336 1600

SL5 (FORTHunder a different name)

Any CP/M machine, 8080 or Z80

8-inch CP/M floppy disk $150 (noncommercialuse), $1500(commercial use)

This language is essentially an im-plementation of the 1977 FORTHStandard: SL5 includes a debugpackage and packages that allow thegeneration of condensed, stand-aloneprograms as either CP/M, .COM files,or as programs to be placed in readonly memory.

Talbot Microsystems7209 Stella LinkSuite 112Houston TX 77025(7131 666-7588

fig-FORTH

Minimum 12 K bytes (20 K better

for FLEX 9.0)

6609 SwTPC FLEX 9.0

5-inch floppy disksoft sectored

$39.95

Offers telephone support of product.

What do you need?

Program listings . . . inventory listings .. .custom logos and letters . . . mailing labels in amultitude of sizes . . . custom forms and the datato complete them . . . curve plotting or bargraphs . . . digitized images from video or bitpads . . . multi-part forms . . . preprinted forms. . . tickets . . . and the list goes on . . .

How do we do it?

High speed bi-directional full logic printing; twostandard character sets, upper/lower casewith descenders; high speed font at 165 cps;letter quality font at 90 cps; expandedcharacters, solid underlining; programmablecharacter sets; complete dot control graphics;adjustable tractor feed 3"-16"; user adjustableplaten; programmable tabs, forms length andline spacing; out of paper signal; self-test;interface options — RS-232C, Centronicsparallel, Apple, S-100; and the list goes on . . .

The Malibu Model 165

Find out if it's the easy solution to your hard copy needs — contactyour local computer dealer or you can write or call us today forcomplete specifications and print samples — you won't be disappointed.

Versatility, Quality and Reliability: We build it in.

malibu

Electronics Corporation

Dealers and OEM'S, caJI us about our new purchase programswith prices, terms and delivery to meet your needs too.

2301 Townsgate Road, Westlake Village, CA 91361 (805) 496-1990

a subsidiary of DBtametrtCH Corporation

Circle 63 on inquiry card.

BYTE August 1980 99

What Is FORTH?A Tutorial Introduction

John S James

POB 348

Berkeley CA 94701

FORTH is a programminglanguage with a small but fast-growing and enthusiastic user com-munity. Though easy to learn at a ter-minal, it is difficult to explainabstractly because it is so differentfrom other languages. Evenadvocates do not agree why it is goodor how it should be used.

FORTH was developed for controlapplications (using a computer to runother machinery), data bases, andgeneral business. It is least useful forbig number-crunching jobs (eg:writing a matrix inversion routine),although it can link to subroutinepackages written in other languagesto incorporate such functions. UnlikePascal, FORTH gives the user com-plete access to the machine and doesnot try to guard the programmeragainst mistakes. But its modularityand other forms of error controlallow production of remarkably bug-free application programs—perhaps

Acknowledgments and Availability

Listings 1 thru 7 were run on a FORTHsystem for the Apple II provided by Cap'nSoftware, POB 575, San Francisco CA 94101.The PDP-11 examples were run on a systemwritten and distributed by the author. The8080 example was provided by John Cassadyof the Forth Interest Group, POB 1105, SanCarlos CA 94070; a similar 8080 FORTHsystem is available from Forthright Enterprises,POB 50911, Palo Alto CA 94303. Othermembers of the Forth Interest Croup con-tributed helpful suggestions. And of course weare indebted to the inventor of FORTH,Charles Moore of FORTH Inc, 2309 PacificCoast Hwy, Hermosa Beach CA 90254, whostarted it all.

more than any other language incommon use. The compiler usesmuch less memory than Pascal does,and its programs run about equallyfast. FORTH is much more interac-tive than most conventionalimplementations of Pascal. FORTH isavailable on most common personalcomputers (eg: Apple, TRS-80) andall major microprocessors (eg: 8080,6800, 6809, 6502, PACE, LSI-11, and9900). An international FORTH Stan-dards Team exists, and standardsystems are virtually identical amongall different machines.

This article will describe what it islike to program in FORTH. A groupof annotated terminal sessions,shown in listings 1 thru 10, will pro-vide more details on the languageitself.

The Philosophy of FORTH

FORTH reduces the cost of asubroutine to very little, and thewhole language is built on functionsthat are like subroutine calls. Theprogrammer keeps defining newwords (new functions) from old onesuntil, finally, one of them is thewhole job. Most programmers keepeach definition short, usually one tothree lines not counting comments.The definitions are compiled asentered and are immediately ready torun.

Because FORTH definitions areshort, all possible execution paths ofthe definition can be tested easily.Since most functions work exactly thesame when executed as commandsfrom the terminal or when used ascomponents in further definitions,

they can be tested immediately fromthe terminal. And the functions are sogeneral that there is no sharp distinc-tion between program and data.

Since programmers define theirown operations, special applicationlibraries of FORTH words can bedeveloped. The new routines areintegrally part of the language, sothey do not need any special callingsequences, and they are immediatelyready to run. Even the original wordssupplied with the system (there areabout one hundred of them), can beredefined if desired, adapting thelanguage for special circumstances.Also, programmers can create theirown data types or operation types(eg: their own kinds of arrays orother data structures, or new classesof operations). This flexibility allowsunprecedented "customization" of alanguage to the requirements of a par-ticular installation or application.The finished programs are easilymodifiable when requirementschange because they are composed ofpretested building blocks speciallydesigned for that kind of program.

Stack and Postfix Notation

A smaller convenience of FORTHis that you do not have to do muchcoding when you start a new pro-gram. As soon as the system comesup, all your previous work is ready togo, just as if it were originally part ofthe language.

A feature that some people do notlike is FORTH's use of a stack(explained below) and its postfixnotation (also called reverse Polish

100 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE August 1980 101

Most FORTH operationscommunicate onlythrough a stack.

STACK

OPERATION

JUST

PERFORMED

7

5

6

6

13

4

4

9

9

9

9

117

117

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

(BEGIN)

4

5

+

6

7

+

*

(END)

notation or RPN). In postfix notation(a system used on most Hewlett-Packard calculators), arithmetic for-mulas are written with the operationsafter their arguments, not betweenthem. For example, "2 + 3" becomes{23+} in FORTH or otherpostfix systems; "(4 + 5)*(6 + 7)"becomes {45 + 67+*}. (Seeexplanation below.) No parenthesesare needed in postfix.

Some programmers do not likepostfix, and they ask, "Why doesn'tsomeone write an algebraic-to-postfixtranslator for FORTH? That wouldbe easy to do." The reason is thatpostfix has benefits far more impor-tant than the compiler-writer's conve-nience. It greatly simplifies linkage tosubroutines. With postfix, you do notneed any CALL statement or argu-ment list, or any formal parameters inthe subroutine. While arithmetic-formula operations (add, subtract,etc) must take either one or twoarguments and return exactly oneresult, postfix functions can have anynumber of arguments or results.

In FORTH, most operations com-municate only through a stack. Thestack, perhaps the most importantdata structure in programming, isused in almost all languages, but mostlanguages hide it from the user. InFORTH, the user controls the stackdirectly.

A stack is a pile of numbers wherethe last ones put in are the first onestaken out; that is, you can onlyremove the number that is on top ofthe stack. It is like a stack of trays in arestaurant; trays are convenientlyadded and removed only at the top.(Unfortunately, computer-sciencetexts do not agree on terminology,and a few call the top of the stack "thebottom.")

To see how a stack works in com-putation, consider the expression{23+} above. In FORTH,numbers are compiled as operationswhich place their values onto thestack. So when the 2 is executed,it is placed on top of the stack, whichthen looks as follows:

Figure Is Evaluation of the postfix-notation expression, {45 + 67+ *}.Numbers are pushed onto the stack at the top. Operators (here, + and *) pop the toptwo entries off the stack and push the result of that operation back on the stack. For ex-ample, the first plus sign (column 4) replaces the 4 and 5 on the stack with 9, the resultof the addition operation.

compiler's code may do number-crunching several times faster still.

where the dashes represent whateverdata may have been on the stackbefore. Then after the 3 has been en-countered, the stack becomes:

3

2

Then the + is executed. The1-character word + takes twoarguments from the stack (destroyingthem), performs the addition, andleaves the result on the stack. So thestack finally is:

The reader can verify that when theformula {45 + 67+*} isexecuted, the stack goes through thesequence shown in figure 1.

Now we can see why FORTH is notthe best language for big number-crunching jobs. Numbers to beoperated on must be moved to thestack in addition to whatever opera-tions are to be carried out, and thisextra movement slows FORTH downfor this kind of computation. Onceon the stack, however, arithmetic isfast (for example, single instructionexecution for addition on some 16-bitmachines, more for 8-bit machines).Also, FORTH can link the useful in-structions of one routine and those ofanother in as little as one or two in-struction executions (depending onmachine architecture). This makesFORTH programs much faster thanBASIC, usually ten times faster ormore (assuming an interactiveBASIC, that is—FORTH is always in-teractive). But a good FORTRAN

Characteristics of FORTH Code

FORTH is a structured language (asis Pascal) in that it has no GOTO orstatement labels in the language.Discussion of structured program-ming is outside the scope of this arti-cle, but its importance for programcorrectness and maintainability isrecognized.

FORTH object code (ie: a compiledprogram) is extremely compact, evenmore so than machine language. Thereason is that no matter how muchwork an operation performs, eachinvocation of it takes the same spacein the object program—two bytes.The bigger the program, the greaterthe memory advantage, since thehierarchical structure of programsallows increasingly powerful andapplication-targeted operations to bebuilt up. But FORTH has a relativelylarge run-time memory overhead, sosmall programs can take less totalspace in other languages.

{The reason that a FORTH call canbe shorter than a normal machine-language subroutine call (usuallythree bytes) is that a FORTH programis interpreted by a FORTH interpreter(also part of the FORTH language) inmuch the same way that a BASICprogram is interpreted by a BASICinterpreter. The "relatively large run-time memory overhead" mentionedabove is the FORTH interpreter plusa core of FORTH words defined inmachine language. When a FORTHprogram is very large, it saves enoughmemory in FORTH calls to make up

for run-time memory overhead

GWj

The complete FORTH system(itself largely written in FORTH)takes about 7 K bytes, and this wholesystem including the compiler is com-

102 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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monly left in memory as a run-timepackage. Therefore, 16 K bytes and afloppy disk for storing source pro-grams are sufficient hardware for anexcellent FORTH system (comparethis with the memory requirements ofPascal, 48 K bytes or more). Whencompactness is especially important,as when programs are burned intoread-only memory and embedded inmachinery, FORTH's compiler, ter-minal handler, and operationnames—anything not needed torun—can be stripped out of theapplication program, leaving a run-time package of about 800 bytes,

instead of the usual 7 K bytes.

FORTH programming is reentrant;this means that different users canshare the same copy of a program inmemory while running at the sametime. FORTH easily handlesmultitasking, including multiple ter-minals used for program develop-ment. (At present, however, most ofthe low-cost systems on the marketare still single-user.) FORTH is recur-sive, meaning that routines caninvoke themselves.

Suppose you want to link yourhigh-level-language program to amachine-language subroutine (eg:

iAdn

LAIAbC

B""*'

LWJ

*«S?

m

THE

UADI

IrAKI

ititiMUi

We know you hardcore bit hack-

• It replaces subroutines by

ers will recognize the computing

individual words and related

power derived from combining the

groups of words called

FORTH language with the 6809,

Vocabularies. These are quickly

today's most advanced 8 bit

modified and tested by editing

microprocessor.

1024-character text blocks, called

And we know you'll understand

screens, using built-in editor.

this machine's 16 bit math, indirect

addressing and two stacks are

tFORTH is a basic system imple-

ideally suited for implementing

mented for SS-50 buss 6809 systems

FORTH.

with the TSC FLEX 90 disk oper-

But...should anyone need further

ating system. It is available on 51/4"

convincing that FORTH provides a

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new dimension in power, speed

floppy disks. $100.00

and ease of operation, consider

the following:

tFORTH + consists of tFORTH plus a

• It's a modern, modular, structured-

complement of the following

programming high-level com-

FORTH source code vocabularies:

piled language.

full assembler, cursor controlled

• It's a combined interpreter,

screen editor, case statements,

compiler, and operating system,

extended data types, general I/O

• It permits assembler code level

drivers. $250.00

control of machine, runs near

speed of assembler code, and

firmFORTH is an applications pack-

uses less memory space than

age for use with tFORTH. It provides

assembler code.

for recompilation of the tFORTH

• It increases programmer produc-

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tivity and reduces memory hard-

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ware requirements.

(

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you may be controlling a high-speeddevice and need the full speed of thecomputer to keep up). Manylanguages make this linkage difficultor impossible. In FORTH, however,it is very convenient. You can type inor load from disk a machine-languageroutine, using a FORTH assembler,and the new routine can be executedimmediately. Listing 9 showsexamples for PDP-11 and for 8080.

The word CODE invokes theFORTH assembler and begins thedefinition of a machine-languageroutine. Mnemonic instructions andaddress-mode symbols areunderstood by this assembler, and thewhole power of FORTH is availablefor address arithmetic at assemblytime. FORTH assemblers use postfixnotation, so op codes come after theiraddresses, not before as in conven-tional assemblers.

The machine-language code isgenerated as the definition is beingentered. The completed operationworks just like any other FORTHword, so the user does not need to useany special calling sequence, or evenneed to know which operations aredefined in code and which are not. (Infact, about fifty FORTH words arewritten in machine language—allother words in FORTH are ultimatelydefined in terms of these fifty words.)

The FORTH assembler allowsstructured conditionals and loops atthe machine-code level; it can alsoassemble unstructured code ifdesired. Users can define their ownmacro-instructions, use custom-madedata types, etc.

In other words, the FORTHassembler allows structured program-ming even in machine code, and itlinks the resulting machine-languagesubroutines into the systemimmediately. No separate assemblyand linking-loader passes are needed,and the associated file managementoverhead is avoided.

Some More Advantages

FORTH programs are highlytransportable between different com-puters. Any assembly-languageroutines used by the program must berewritten, but most applications donot need any assembly, and very fewneed more than a handful of short,critical routines. When FORTHsystems have been designed for com-patibility, large applications can bemoved among very different

104 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE August 1980 105

machines, with little or no change.For example, it can be practical todown-load program developmentfrom a PDP-11 to a TRS-80 or anApple II. It is even possible to writethe software for a product before ahardware commitment is final.

Another advantage is that FORTHis a self-contained operating system.The 7 K bytes include terminal anddisk handlers and a rudimentary filesystem. No other software is neededanywhere in the computer. Yet, if amonitor in read-only memory isavailable, FORTH can use it; andFORTH can run as a task under someother operating system (eg: CP/M)when that is wanted. FORTH can linktogether otherwise incompatiblepieces of systems: software in read-only memory, operating systems,subroutine packages, and hardware.It provides a user interface thatenables subroutine packages normal-ly used by batch (ie: noninteractive)programs, mostly on older, largercomputers, to be used interactively.

FORTH puts you in charge of yourcomputer. You can understandeverything happening in your soft-

ware or in any desired parts of it, andyou can change it. This means nomore "black box" systems that onlythe manufacturer's specialists canunderstand, no more dependence onsomeone else for upgrades, fixes, ordocumentation, and no more ques-tion of who is responsible if softwaredoes not work. The whole system iswritten in FORTH, right down to thebits—your application programs, thecompiler, the operating system, theI/O drivers, etc. You do not have tolearn some other language or be asystems specialist to modify it.

Disadvantages

Few FORTH systems used todayhave floating-point arithmetic. This isnot a fault of the language; rather, itreflects its history in microcomputercontrol applications, where integerarithmetic is often needed for speed.Now there is more pressure forfloating point, and it is becomingavailable.

A more fundamental limitation ofFORTH is that it is not a typedlanguage (unlike Pascal). For exam-ple, if an integer operation is per-

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formed on a floating-point quantity,no message is printed either at com-pile time or at run time to warn of thiserror. (However, the user can addtype checking and other error-preventing operations into anyFORTH word.)

It may seem that unreliable codewould result from the untyped natureof FORTH, but, in fact, FORTH codeis remarkably solid and bug-free. Themodularity and excellent testingenvironment aid error control; andtype mismatches are less dangerousthan most other mistakes becausethey are easy to detect.

Another criticism of FORTH is itslack of a directory file structure.Again, this is historical and is not acharacteristic of the language, whichcan be developed to use any kind offiles.

The traditional FORTH file systemis primitive, but in practice it hasworked very well. The entire disk (ordisks) is a single virtual array ofblocks numbered from 1, with theblock size standardized at 1024 bytesregardless of physical disk sector size.The blocks (called screens becausethey can be displayed as sixteen64-character lines on a terminal) areautomatically buffered so that theyare physically read and written onlywhen necessary. A LOAD commandwill read a given screen and treat theinformation exactly as if it had beentyped in a terminal session, therebycompiling source code or executingcommands (depending on the con-tents of the screen). The LOADinstruction can be executed within ascreen; in this way, a single LOADcommand can control the compila-tion of large source programs.

This disk-based file system allowsany part of the disk to be read orwritten with a single access. Loadscreens or data areas can be saved byname, and portions of the disk can beprotected by redefining the names ofa few input and output operations sothat they check before writing and/orreading.

The disadvantage of this system isthat there is no directory; when a newdisk is inserted, the user or the pro-gram must know the block numbersfor load screens and data files. Also,FORTH source programs are tradi-tionally stored without tabs or trun-cation of blank lines, making white-space (ie: unused area on a line) and

106 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 68 on inquiry card.

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BYTE August 1980 107

No.15:

lake a byte.

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Soltwaro consists ol the operating system, text edi-tor, assembler, debugger and other utilities for filemanagement and system maintenance. Complete setol Digital Research's documentation and additionalimplementation notes included. Systems marked 'and ** include firmware on 2708 and 2716. Systemsmarked + include 5440 media charge. Systemsmarked % require the special % versions ot softwarein this catalog. Systems marked v have minor variantsavailable to suit console interlace ol system. Call orwrite lor full list of options. 0 Includes hardware addi-tion to allow our standard versions ot software to rununder It.

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D BASIC-80 - Disk Exlended BASIC, ANSI compatible■:i ■ with long variable names, WHJLE/WEND, chaining,

m variable length (lie records $325/$25

I j BASIC COMPILER - Language compatible with(0 BASIC-80 and 3-10 limes (aster execulion. Produces® standard Microsoft relocatable binary oulput. In-cludes MACRO-E0. Also linkable to FORTRAN-80 orCOBOL-80 code modules $350/$25

□ FORTRAN-BO(p many extensl

ANSI 66 (except lor COMPLEX) plusis. Includes relocatable object com-iador, library with manager. Also in-cludes MACRO-80 (see below) $425/$25

a COBOL-80 - Level 1 ANSI '74 standard COBOL plus(y most ot Level 2. Full sequential, relative, and In-@ dexed tile support with variable file names. STRING,UNSTRING, COMPUTE, VARYING/UNTIL. EXTEND,CALL. COPY, SEARCH, 3-dlmonslonal arrays, com-pound and abbreviated conditions, nested IF. Power-ful interactive screen-handling extensions. Includescompatible assembler, linking loader, and relocat-able library manager as described under MACRO-80 $70O/$25

□ MACRO-80 - 8080/Z80 Macro Assembler. Intel and© 2ilog mnemonics supported. Relocatable linkable,u, output. Loader, Library Manager and Cross Reler-

ence List utilities Included $149/$15

n XMACRO-88 — 8086 cross assembler. All Macro and

® utility features of MACRO-80 package. Mnemonics

slightly modified from Intel ASM86. Compatibility data

sheet available $275/$25

□ ED1T-80 — Very fasl random access text odilor for text© with or without line numbers. Global end inlra-line

commands supported. File compare utility Included. $89/$15

□ PASCAL/M" — Compiles enhanced Standard Pascal® to compressed efficient Pcode. Totally CP/M com-patible. Random access files. Both 16 and 32-blt Inte-

,[') gers. Runllmo error recovery. Convenient STRINGS.

,-.'. OTHERWISE clause on CASE. Comprehensive man-

J--' ubI (90 pp, Indexed). SEGMENT provldos ovorlay

' f structure. INPORT, OUTPORT and untyped files for

arbilrary I/O. Requires 56K CP/M. Specify 1) 8080

CP/M, 2) 280 CP/M, or 3) Cromemco CDOS . $175/$20

L"J PASCAL/2 - Z80 native codo PASCAL compiler. Pro-CD duces optimized, ROMable re-entrant code. All inlcr-® lacing lo CP/M is through the supporl library. Thepackage Includes compiler, relocating assombler andlinker, and source for all library modules. Variantrecords, strings and direcl I/O are supported. Re-quires 56K CP/M $395/$25

□ PASCAL/MT - Subset ol standard PASCAL. Gener-® ates ROMable 8080 machine code. Symbolic dobug-

l ® ger Included. Supports Interrupt procedures, CP/M'-.,;'tile I/O and assembly language Interface. Real varl-,'> ables can be BCD, software floating point, or AMD9511 hardware floating point. Includes strings enu-(J meralions and record dale lypes. Manual explains,,.■.'■' BASIC to PASCAL conversion. Requires 32K.

¥* S2SO/S30

[~1 ALGOL-B0—Powerful block-structured language com-® pller featuring economical run-lime dynamic alloca-tion ol momory. Very compacl (24K total RAM) sys-tem implementing almost all Algol 60 report featuresplus many powerful extensions including string han-dling direct di3k address I/O etc $199/520

D CBASIC-2 Disk Extended BASIC-Non-interactive6 BASIC wilh pseudo-code compiler and run-lime in-terpreter. Supports full file control, chaining. Integerand exlended precision variables, etc $120/$15

MICRO FOCUS

□ STANDARD CIS COBOL - ANSI 74 COBOL stand-CD ard compiler fully validated by U.S. Navy tosts lo

ANSI level 1. Supports many lealures lo level 2 in-cluding dynamic loading ol COBOL modules and afull ISAM lile facility. Also, program segmentation,interactive debug and powertul interactive extensionsto support protected and unprotected CRT screenformatting Irom COBOL programs used with anydumb terminal $850/$50

□ FORMS 2-CRT screen editor. Oulput Is COBOL dala® descriptions (or copying into CIS COBOL programs.

Automatically creates a query and update program olindexed files using CRT protected and unprotectedscreen formals. No programming experience needed.Output program directly compiled by STANDARD CISCOBOL $200/$20

^Zww p^tcejf

EIDOS SYSTEMS

Q KISS - Keyed Index Sequential Search. Offers com-© plete Multi-Keyed Index Sequential and Direcl Ac-cess tile management. Includes built-in utility func-tions for 16 or 32 bit arithmetic,strlng/integerconvor-sion and string compare. Delivered as a relocatablelinkable modulo in Microsoft format (or use wilh

FORTRAN-80 or COBOL-80, etc $335/523

D KBASIC - Microsoft Disk Extended BASIC version

© 4.51 integrated by implementation of nine additional

commands In language. Packago Includes KISS.REL

as described above, and a sample mail list program.

$585/$45

To licensed usors ol Microsolt BASIC-80 (MBASIC) $435/$45

□ XYBASIC Interactive Process Control BASIC - Fulldisk BASIC lealures plus unique commands lo handlebyle rotate and shift and to test and set bits. Avail-able in several versions:

Integer ROMable $350/$25

Integer ROM squared 5350/525

11 Integer CP/M $350/525

' Exlended ROMable $450/525

Extended ROM squared $450/$25

Exlended CP/M $450/$25

Extended Disk CP/M $550/525

Integer CP/M Run Time Compiler 5350/525

Extended CP/M Run Time Compiler $450/525

D RECLAIM-A utility to valldale media under CP/M.

Program lesls a diskette or hard disk surface for

fii.i errors, reserving the imperfections In invisible files.

■ and permilllng continued usage of the remainder.

Essential lor any hard disk. Requires CP/M version 2.

$80/$5

fl BASIC UTILITY DISK-Consisls of: (1) CRUNCH-14

9 — Compacting utility lo reduce Ihe size and increasethe speed ol programs in Microsolt BASIC 4.51,BASIC-80 and TRS-80 BASIC. (2) DPFUN - Doubloprecision subroutines for computing nineteen trans-cendental functions including square root, naturallog, log base 10, sine, arc sine, hyperbolic sine,hyperbolic arc sine, etc. Furnished in source ondlskelte and documentation $50/S3S

D STRING/80 - Character string handling plus roulinesfor direct CP/M BDOS calls from FORTRAN and Olhercompatible Microsoft languages. The utility librarycontains roulines lhat enable programs lo chain loa COM lile, retrieve command line parameters, andsearch (lie directories wilh full wild card lacilities.Supplied as linkable modules In Microsolt format. $95/$20

□ STRING/80 source code available separately $295/NAHI THE STRING BIT - FORTRAN characler siring han-9 dling. Roulines to find, fill, pack, move, separate.

concatenate and compare characler strings. Thispackage completely eliminates Ihe problems asso-ciated wilh characler siring handling in FORTRAN.Supplied with source $65/$15

□ VSORT — Versatile sort/merge system lor fixed length8 records with fixed or variable longlh fields. VSORT

can be used as a stand-alone package or loaded andcalled as a subroutine from CBASIC-2. When used asa subrouline, VSORT maximizes Ihe use ol bullerspace by saving the TPA on disk and restoring II oncompletion of sorting. Records may be up to 255bytes long wilh a maximum ol 5 fields. Upper/lowercase translation and numeric fields supported.

$175/520

C! CPM/374X- Has lull range of functions to create orre-name an IBM 3741 volume, display directory Infor-mation and edit the data sal contents. Provides lull(lie transfer facilities between 3741 volume data sels

and CP/M files $195/510

[~| BSTAM — Utility lo link one computer to anolher also5 equipped with BSTAM. Allows file transfers at fulldala speed (no conversion to hex), wilh CRC blockcontrol chock lor very reliable error detection andautomatic retry. We use III ll's greatl Full wildcardexpansion lo send *.COM, elc. 9600 baud wilh wire.300 baud with phone connection. Both ends needone. Standard and ©versions can talk to one anolher. $150/510

□ WHATSIT?" Interactive dala-base system using as-sociative lags lo retrieve Information by subject.Hashing and random access used (or last response.Requires CSASIC-2 5175/525

□ SELECTOR lll-C2-Da!a Base Processor lo createt and mainlain mulli Key dala bases. Prints lormnlled■ij. sorted reports wilh numerical summaries or mailing

labels. Comes with sample applications, includingSales Aclivlly, Inventory. Payables, Receivables.Check Register, and Client/Pa lien I Appointments, elc.Requires CBASIC-2. Supplied In source -. .5295/520

□ GLECTOR - General Ledger option to SELECTORIII-C2. Interactive system providos for customizedCOA. Uniquo chart o( transaction types insure properdouble entry bookkeeping. Generates balance sheets,P&L statements and journals. Two year record allowsfor statemen! ot changes In linancial position report.Supplied In source. Requires SELECTOR III-C2.CBASIC-2 and 56K system $350/525

Pricesandspecillc;

s subject to change without notice.

Lifeboat Associates, 1651 Third Avenue,

10028 (212) 860-0300 Telex: 220501

□ CBS - Configurable Business System is a compre-f henslve set of programs for delining custom data filesand application systems without using a program-ming language such as BASIC. FORTRAN, elc. Mul-tiple key fields for each data file are supported. Set-upprogram customizes system lo user's CRT and printer.Provides last and easy interaclive data entry andretrieval wilh transaction processing. Report genera-tor program does complex calculations with storedand derived data, record selection wilh multiple cri-teria, and custom formals. Sample Invenlory and mail-ing list systems included. No supporl language re-quired $295/540

MICRO DATA BASE SYSTEMS

D HDBS-Hierarchical Dala Base System. CODASYLoriented wilh FILEs, SETs, RECORDS and ITEMswhich are all user defined. ADD, DELETE. UPDATE.SEARCH, and TRAVERSE commands supported.SET ordering is sorted, FIFO. LIFO, nexl or prior.One lo many set telalionship supported. Read/writeproteclion al the FILE level. Supports FILEs whichextend over multiple floppy or hard disk devices.

□ MDBS - Micro Data Base Syslem. Full network database with all lealures ol HDBS plus multi-level read/write proteclion for FILE. SET. RECORD and ITEM.Explicil represenlalion of one to one, one lo many,many to many, and many to one SET relationships.Supports mulliple owner and multiple record typeswithin SETs. HDBS files are fully compatible.

□ HDBS-280 version 5250/540*'

D MDBS-280 version $750/$40**

8080 version available at S75 extra.When ordering, specily one of Ihe language inter-faces listed below. Additional language interlacesavailable al time of purchase for $100 0r $125 IIpurchased later.

*. "The single manual covering HDBS and MDBS whenpurchased alone comes without specific languageinterlace manual. Manuals are available for the fol-lowing Microsoft languages:

1) MBASIC 4.51, 2) BASIC-80 5.0, 3) Compiled BASICor FORTRAN-80, 4) COBOL-80. 5) MACRO-80. 5NA/$10

MICROPRO

D SUPER-SORT I - Sort, merge, exlract utility as abso-© lute executable program or linkable module in Micro-soft format. Sorts fixed or variable records wilh dalain binary, BCD, Packed Decimal, EBCDIC. ASCII,floating & fixed poinl, exponential, field Justified, etc.Even variable number ol fields per record! $225/525

□ SUPER-SORT II -Above available as absolute pro-© gram only $175/525

D SUPER-SORT III -As II without SELECT/EXCLUDE© $125/$25

□ DATASTAR—Professional forms control entry and© display system lor key-to-dtsk data capture. Menu

, driven with built-in learning aids. Inpul field verifica-,/ lion by length, mask, attribute (i.e. upper case, lowerPS) case, numeric, auto-dup. etc.). Built-in arithmeticcapabilities using keyed data, constant and derivedvalues. Visual feedback lor ease of forms design.Files compatible with CP/M-MP/M supported lan-guages. Requires 32K CP/M 5350/535

□ WORD-STAR — Menu driven visual word processing© system lor use wilh slandard terminals. Text format-ting performed on screen. Facilities tor lext paginale,page number, justify, cenler and underscore. Usercan print one documenl while simultaneously editinga second. Edit facililics include global search andreplace. Read/Write to olher lext tiles, block movo.etc. Requires CRT terminal wilh addressable cursorpositioning 5445/S40

□ WORD-STAR Cuslomization Nolcs-For sophislicaledusers who do not have one ol Ihe many standardterminal or prinler configurations In the distributionversion of WORD-STAR NA/$95

□ WORD-MASTER Tex! Edilor - In one mode has supor-© set ol CP/M's ED commands including global search-ing and replacing, forwards and backwards in tile invideo mode, providos lull screen editor for users wilhserial addressable-cursor terminal 5145/525

fl TEXTWRITER III - Text formailer lo justify and pagi-® nate lellers and other documents. Special featuresinclude insertion of texl during execulion Irom olherdisk files or console, permitting recipe documentsto be created from linked fragments on olher files.Has facililies for sorted index, lable ol contents andfootnote insertions. Ideal for conlracls, manuals, etc.Now compatible wilh Electric Pencil" prepared files. $125f$20

SA5/C wC&l/jMZZl--

PEACKTREE SOFTWARE "

□ GENERAL LEDGER - Records details of all linancial© transactions. Generates a balance- sheet and an in-t come statement. Flexible and adaplable design lor

both small businesses and lirms perlorming clientwritoup services. Produces reports as follows: TrialBalance. Transaction Registers. Balance Sheet. PriorYear Comparative Balance Sheet, Income Statement,Prior Year Comparative Income Statement and De-partment Income Statements. Interaclive wilh olherPEACHTREE accounting packages. Supplied insource code for Microsoft BASIC $990/530

'"The Software Supernwker is a trademark of Lifeboat Associates

P ACCOUNTS PAYABLE-Tracks current and aged© payables and incorporates a check writing feature.t Maintains a complete vendor file with intormalion onpurchase orders and discount terms as well as activeaccount status. Produces reports as follows: OpenVoucher Report, Accounts Payable Aging Report andCash Requirements. Provides input to PEACHTREEGeneral Ledger. Supplied in source code for Micro-soil BASIC $990/$3O

□ ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE - Generates Invoice legis-(p ler and complete monthly statements. Tracks current

t and aged receivables. Maintains customer file includ-ing credit information and account status. The cur-rent status of any customer account is instantly avail-able. Produces reports as folljws: Aged AccountsReceivable, Invoice Register, Payment and Adjust-ment Register and Customer Account Status Report.Provides input to PEACHTREE General Ledger. Sup-plied in source code for Microsoft BASIC . .$990/$3O

□ PAYROLL - Prepares payroll for hourly, salaried and© commissioned employees. Generates monthly, quar-t terly and annual returns. Prepares employee W-2's.

Includes fables for federal withholding and FICA aswell as withholding for all 50 slates plus up to 20cities from pre-computed or user generated tables.Will print checks. Payroll Register, Monthly Summaryand Unemployment Tax Reporl. Provides input toPEACHTREE General Ledger. Supplied in sourcecode for Microsoft BASIC $99G/$30

□ INVENTORY - Maintains detailed information on© each inventory item including part number, descrip-

t tion, unit of measure, vendor and reorder data, Itemactivity and complete information on current itemcosts, pricing and sales. Produces reports as follows:Physical Inventory Worksheet, Inventory Price List,Departmental Summary Report, Inventory Status Re-port, The Reorder Report and the Period-to-Date andYear-to-Date reports. Supplied in source code forMicrosoft BASIC S11907S30

GRAHAM-DORIAN SOFTWARE SYSTEMS

□ Comprehensive accounting software written in© CBASIC-2 and supplied In source code. Each soft-<S) ware package can be used as a stand-alone systemf or integrated with the General Ledger for automatic

posling to ledger accounts. Requires CBASIC-2.

GENERAL LEDGER $995/$35

ACCOUNTS PAYABLE $995/535

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE $995/$35

INVENTORY SYSTEM $590/$35

JOB COSTING $995/535

APARTMENT MANAGEMENT $5907535

CASH REGISTER $590/535

G POSTMASTER — A comprehensive package for mail(Bi list maintenance that is completely menu driven.Features include keyed record extraction and label. production. A form letter program is included whichfo provides neat letters on single sheet or continu-ous forms. Compatible with NAD files. RequiresCBASIC-2 $150/515

STRUCTURED SYSTEMS GROUP

D GENERAL LEDGER - Interactive and flexible syslem7 providing proof and report outputs. Customization ofCOA created interactively. Multiple branch account-ing centers. Extensive checking performed at dataentry for proof, COA correctness, etc. Journal entriesmay be batched prior to posting. Closing procedureautomatically backs up input files. Now includesStatement of Changes in Financial Position. RequiresCBASIC-2 $1250/525

□ ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE-Open item syslem witht output for internal aged reports and customer-ori-ented statement and billing purposes. On-Line En-quiry permits information for Customer Service andCredit departments. Interface to General Ledger pro-vided if both systems used. Requires CBASIC-2. $1250/525

□ ACCOUNTS PAYABLE-Provides aged statementst of accounts by vendor with check writing for selected

invoices. Can be used alone or with General Ledger

and/or with NAD. Requires CBASIC-2 $1250/525

Q PAYROLL-Flexible payroll system handles weekly,t bi-weekly, semi-monthly and monthly payroll periods.Tips, bonuses, reimbursements, advances, sick pay,vacation pay, and compensation time are all part ofthe payroll records. Prints government required peri-odic reports and will post to multiple SSG GeneralLedger accounts. Requires CBASIC-2 and 54K of

memory $1250/$25

Q INVENTORY CONTROL SYSTEM - Performs controlt functions of adding and depleting stock items, add-ing new items and deleting old items. Tracks quantityof items on hand, on order and back-ordered. Op-tional hard copy audit trail is available. Reports in-clude Master Item List, Stock Activity, Stock Valua-tion and Re-order List, Requires CBASIC-2 $1250/$25

□ ANALYST - Customized data entry and reporting sys-t tern. User specifies up lo 75 data items per record.

Interactive data entry, retrieval, and update facilitymakes information management easy. Sophisticatedreport generator provides customized reports usingselected records with multiple level break-points forsummarization. Requires a disk sort utility such asQSORT, SUPER-SORT or VSORT and CBASIC-2. $250/$15

□ LETTERIGHT - Program to create, edit and type let-ters or other documents. Has facilities to enter, dis-play, delete and move text, with good video screenpresentation. Designed to integrate with NAD forform letter mailings. Requires CBASIC-2 . .$200/$25

□ NAD Name and Address selection system — Interac-tive mail list creation and maintenance program withoutput as full reports with reference data or restrictedinformation for mail labels. Transfer system for ex-traction and transfer of selected records to createnew files. Requires CBASIC-2 $100/520

□ QSORT - Fast sort/merge program for files with fixedrecord length, variable field length information. Up tofive ascending or descending keys. Full back-up ofinpul files created $100/$20

*• ** •* *•

CONDIMENTS

□ HEAD CLEANING DISKETTE-Cleans the drive Read/Write head in 30 seconds. Diskette absorbs looseoxide particles, fingerprints, and other foreign parti-cles that might hinder the performance of the drivehead. Lasts at least 3 months with daily use. Specify5" or 8".

Single sided $20 each/$55 for 3

Double sided $25 each/$65 lor 3

□ FLIPPY DISK KIT - Template and instructions tomodify single sided 5V.%" diskettes for use of secondside in single sided drives $12.50

□ FLOPPY SAVER - Protection (or center holes of 5"and 8" floppy disks. Only 1 needed per diskette. Kitcontains centering post, pressure tool and tough7 mil mylar reinforcing rings for 25 diskettes.

5", Kit J14.95

5", Rings only $7.95

8", Kit $16-95

8", Rings only $6.95

Q PASCAL USER MANUAL AND REPORT - By Jensenand Wirlh. The standard textbook on the language.Recommended for use by Pascal/Z, Pascal/M andPascal/MT users $12

□ THE C PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE - By Kernlghanand Ritchie. The standard textbook on the language.Recommended for use by BDS C, tiny C, and White-smiths C users $12

□ STRUCTURED MICROPROCESSOR PROGRAMMING- By the authors of SMAL/80. Covers structured pro-gramming, the 8080/B085 instruction set and theSMAL/80 language MO

□ ACCOUNTS PAYABLE & ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE-CBASIC - By Osborne/McGraw-Hill $20

□ GENERAL LEDGER-CBASIC-By Osborne/McGraw-Hill $20

D LIFEBOAT DISK COPYING SERVICE - Transfer dataor programs from one media format to another at amoderate cost from $25

• * *• ** **

Hearty Appetite.

"CP/M and MP/M are trademarks of Digital Research.Z80 is a trademark of Zllog, Inc.UNIX is a trademark of Bell Laboratories.WHATSIT? is a trademark of Computer Headware.Electric Pencil Is a trademark of Michael ShrayerSoftware.

TRS-80 is a trademark of Tandy Corp.Pascal/M is a trademark of Sorcim.

tRecommended system configuration consists of 48KCP/M, 2 full size disk drives, 24 x 80 CRT and 132column printer.

® Modified version available for use wilh CP/M as im-plemented on Heath and TRS-80 Model I computers.

©User license agreement for Ihis product must besigned and returned to Lifeboat Associates beforeshipment may be made.

©©This product Includes/eXcludes the language manualrecommended in Condiments.

(DSerial number of CP/M system must be supplied with

orders.©Requires Z80 CPU,

NEW! NEW! NEW!NEWSLETTERFROM LIFEBOAT

• Latest VersionNumbers Listof Software

• Update onCP/M Users Group

• The Great ZOSO Speaks

Out from Behind the Scenes

$18 PPd. for 12 issues (U.S., Canada,Mexico). Elsewhere $40.Send Check to "Lifelines," 1651 Third Avenue,New York, N.Y. 10028 or use your VISA orMastercharge-ca\i (212) 722-1700

I Copyright © 1980 Lifeboat Associates. Noportion of this advertisement may be repro-duced without prior permission.

Ordering Information

MEDIA FORMAT ORDERING CODESWhen ordering, please specify formal code.

LIFEBOAT ASSOCIATES MEDIA FORMATS LIST

Diskette, cartridge disk and cartridge tape format codes to bB specifiedwhen ordering software for listed computer or disk systems. All sollwareproducts have specific requirements in terms ol hardware or softwaresupport, such a MPU type, memory size, support operating system orlanguage.

Computer system Formil Coda

Allalr B800 fl-.v . Sen M1TS 3200

Alios - .-A1*

Applo + Microsoft SollCard , RO

BASF Systirn 7:00 BD

Blackhawk S-noJe Density ... 03

Blackhawk Mlcropoi:s Mod II 02

CDS Versatile 3B . Q1

CDS Versatile 4 02

COMPAL-B3 .02

Form*! Code

) Z2D .

CSSN BACKUP (tape)

, ,R8-Tiff

Digital MicrosystemDisc

« DlBCUa

Ouranoo F.85 .

Dynabyte DB8/2 H1

Dynabyte DB8/4 AI'

E*1dy Sorco^er + Uleboe! CP.'M . .0?

Exldy Sorcerer - E.idy CP/M 04

Healh HB 4 H17/H27.. P4

Healh 89 + Litebcet CP/M P4

HoBth 89 + Magnolia CP/M P7

Hallos II .. See Processor (.■ ■ ■

Horlion Sae North Si.

ICOM 2411 Micro Floppy R3

ICOM 3712

ICOM 3812

ICOM 4511 5440 Cerlfldge CP/M 1.4 D1#

iCOM 4511 5440 Cartridge CP/M 2.2 D2#

IMS 500O RA

IMS B000IMSA1 VDP-40IMSAI VOP-42

Computer system

RAIR Oouble Density HE

Research Machines 8" Ai

Reiearch Msctilnea 5W " ., RN

REX . 03

SO Systems B" . . AI *

SO Syslsmi 5W" R3

Sorcerer See Eiidy Sorcerer

Soscebyte -AI

SuperBreln .See Inieriec

Terbell A1*

TEl 5tt" -A3

TEI B" AI*

Thlnkerloys See Morrow Olscul

TRS-80 Model I 5V." ...R2

THS-80 Model I + FEC Freedom .. -RNTHS-B0 Model I + M.cromauon .. A4*TRS-80 Model 1 + OmiHron iV," . RMTRS-80 Model 1 ■+ OmlWon 8" ..,. AITRS-80 Model I 4 Shutlleboerd 8" ,A1

TRS-80 Model It AT

VDP.40/42/44/80 See IMSAI

Vector MZ QJ

Versatile See CDS Versatile

Viste V80 5Vt" Single Dens-ly . . P5Vine V200 SV." Double Density ..,.P8

Zenith ZB9 -I- Llleboat CP/M P4

Zenith ZBB + Magnolia CP/M P7

Prices F.O.B. New York.Shipping, handling and C.O.D,charges extra.Manual cost applicable against

of subsequent softwarepurchase.

The sale of each proprietarysoftware package conveys alicense for use on onesystem only.

0FTWARESUPER-MARKET

VISA'-

®w

space for comments costly in diskspace and load time, discouraginggood program layout. For thesereasons, there is increasing interest inchanging to a directory file system.Perhaps it will be written on top ofthe screen system currently in use.

The most important criticism ofFORTH is that its source programsare difficult to read. Some of thisimpression results from unfamiliaritywith a language different from othersin common use. However, much of itresults from its historical develop-ment in systems work and in read-only-memory-based machine control,where very tight programming thatsacrifices clarity for memoryeconomy can be justified. Today'strend is strongly toward adequatecommenting and design for readabili-ty-

FORTH benefits most from a new,different programming style; tech-niques blindly carried over fromother environments can producecumbersome results. Most FORTHprogrammers seldom use namedvariables; they use the stack insteadso that the implicit commenting nor-mally available through choice ofvariable names is only providedthrough comments and user-definedoperation names. Single definitionsthat would have more than aboutthree unrelated numbers on the stackat any one time are best split into twoor more operations; most program-mers learn to keep their definitionsshort.

FORTH enforces extrememodularity, so the decomposition ofeach task into component parts iscritical. Top-down design is especial-ly important. Large jobs should bewritten as application-orientedlibraries of operations to make team-work and maintenance easier. Amuch larger fraction of the total pro-gramming effort is spent on design,with less on coding and debugging.For these and other reasons, FORTHcreates its own issues of style, whichare only beginning to be explored.

A Taste of FORTH

FORTH is an interactive languagebest explained by example. Becauseof this, a series of listings (listings 1thru 10) with fairly detailed explana-tions make up the rest of this article.In the listings that follow, underliningdenotes user keyboard input.

August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 109

FORTH uses punctuation in some of itswords, which makes representing them intext a difficult problem. For example, oneFORTH word is ("), which could be takento mean one of several character combina-tions. (For your information, the word hasthree characters and is made from a leftparenthesis followed by a double quotemark and a right parenthesis.)

To decrease the chance of confusionwhile trying not to clutter text unnecessari-ly, we will sparingly use braces, { }, toisolate the character string within as aFORTH word or phrase. (For example, theabove word would be written { (") } .)Braces will be used only under the follow-ing situations:

• when the material being quoted is a

phrase of FORTH words (eg: { 26LOAD } or { 3 5 + } )

• with the FORTH words { . } (period),{ , } (comma), { : } (colon), { ; }(semicolon), { 1 } (questionmark), { ! } (exclamationpoint), { ' } (single quote mark),and { " } (double quote mark)

• with any word using the above punctua-tion marks (eg: { $. } or { ." } ).

All other FORTH words will be set apartby a space on either side of the word. So, inthis and other FORTH articles in this issue,braces will always signal a FORTH word orphrase. The braces are not part of the wordor phrase, and FORTH words will neveruse braces within the body of a figure orlisting.. ..GW

64KB RAM MEMORIES

LSI-11 - $750.00 • SBC 80/10 - $750.00S-100 - $750.00 • 6800 - $750.00 • 6800-2 - $995.00

||ll 11*11

|{i§||i:I||

III I I 19 91

CI-6800-2 64K x 9

CI-S100 64Kx8

CI-1103 32Kx 16

CI-6800 64K x 8

CI-8080 64K x 8

CI-6800-2 — 16KB to 64KB. Plugsdirectly into Motorola's EXORciser I orII. Hidden refresh up to 1.5 Mhz. Cyclestealing at 2 Mhz. Addressable in 4Kincrements with respect to VXA orVUA. Optional on Board Parity. 64K x 9$995.00.

CI-S100 — 16KB to 64KB. Transparenthidden refresh. No wait states at 4 Mhz.Compatible with Alpha Micro and allMajor 8080, 8085 and Z80 Based S100Systems. Expandable to 512 K bytesthru Bank Selecting. 64K x 8 $750.00.

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On the Necessity of UsingCamera-Ready Copy

Examination of listings 1 thru 10 willreveal a variety of typefaces used. Thisvariety is present because each listingwas created by the printer of thesystem producing the listing. Suchlistings are called camera-ready copy,which means that we can reproducethem in BYTE without inadvertentlyadding the errors that creep in with theretyping of a listing. Contributors toBYTE and onComputing are stronglyencouraged to submit camera-readylistings made with a fresh ribbon, sincethis helps us to improve the accuracyof the article.

Listing 1: FORTH as a calculator. FORTHis easy to approach because it can be usedas a calculator. Here, the programmer hasnot defined any new operation but hasused addition, multiplication, and print(the dot means print). These are three ofabout one hundred operations that areavailable when FORTH first comes up.Programming consists of defining newoperations which can be custom designedfor a particular task or a particularindustry.

FORTH uses postfix (also called RPN orreverse Polish notation) arithmetic, whichis best known from its use in Hewlett-Packard calculators. In postfix notation,the operations are written after theirarguments, not between them. The text ofthis article shows how postfix notationworks, using a data structure called thestack, and it explains the formulas in thisexample. ,

Postfix notation, which does not useparentheses, is more general thanordinary arithmetic notation. Its biggestadvantage is that it greatly simplifies thewriting and calling of subroutines.

In these examples, underlining indicateswhat the user has typed on the terminal.FORTH does not process the line untilyou type a carriage return. The OKprompt means that the system has com-pleted its work and is ready for new inputfrom the user.

2

3

+

s

OK

4

5

+

6

/

+ *

117

OK

Listing 2: Changing number bases.FORTH can work in different numberbases and can change any time, so itserves as an octal/ hexadecimal/binary/decimal calculator within thelimits of 16-bit numbers (or 32 bits fordouble precision). The FORTH word HEXconverts FORTH into a hexadecimalmachine, and all numbers are printed inListing 2 continued on page 112

110 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Listing 2 continued:

hexadecimal until some other operationchanges the base again. FORTH alwaysbegins a session in decimal radix.

The operations DECIMAL and HEX arebuilt into the system; OCTAL ,BINARY , and TRINARY (base 3) arenot. So when OCTAL was first used, theerror message { OCTAL 1 } indicatedan undefined word; that is, the system didnot recognize the word OCTAL . In thenext line, the user defined OCTAL (line6). This example illustrates FORTH'sextensibility; users can extend thelanguage to include new operators.

Incidentally, the second error message{ 12885 ? } in line 12 resulted becausethe system was in binary (from the lineabove), and, in binary, numbers mustcontain only the digits 0 and 1 , so 12885was not recognized as a number. It wastreated as a word, and, because there wasno operation named 12885 , the errormessage was generated.

OCTAL and the other number-baseoperations work by giving a new value toBASE , a variable used by the system.Defining new operations is more fullyexplained in listing 3. The { ! } operation(store) is explained later.

Number bases only affect input andoutput. All internal computation is inbinary, so there is no speed penalty forusing nondecimal numeric bases.

HEX OK

3BE8 C8 + . 3CB0 OK

25 2F * . 6CB OK

DECIMAL 1348 HEX . 541 OK

DECIMAL 1348 OCTAL . OCTAL ?

: OCTAL 8 BASE ! ; OK

DECIMAL 1348 OCTAL . 2504 OK

DECIMAL OK

: BINARY 2 BASE ! ; OK

: TRINARY 3 BASE ! ; OK

12885 BINARY . 11001001010101 OK

12885 BINARY . 12885 ?

DECIMAL 12885 BINARY . 11001001010101 OK

DECIMAL 12885 OCTAL . 31125 OK

DECIMAL 12885 HEX . 3255 OK

DECIMAL 12885 TRINARY . 122200020 OK

DECIMAL -12885 TRINARY . -122200020 OK

DECIMAL OK

TRUE BRANCH:EXECUTED IFN*0

FALSE BRANCH-EXECUTED IFN = 0

(a)

I N IS ASSUMED |

H TO BE ON TOP |

I OF STACK I

1 I

"l

TRUEOO)

A

D

B

E

C

"%

t'

(b)

Figure 2: An explanation of theIF ... ELSE ... THEN construct. (Seelisting 4.) As shown in figure 2a, the por-tion of code executed depends on thevalue of the number on top of the stackwhen the word IF is encountered. If wecall this number N and say that thenumber has a boolean value of true if itsnumeric value is nonzero and false if 0,then figure 2b gives the equivalent con-struct to figure 2a in conventionalflowchart notation. Here and in figures 3thru 5, the dotted box indicates the boun-daries of the construct (as opposed tovalues assumed to be on the stack).

Listing 3: Defining new operations. Here, a new operation CUBE is created. CUBEreplaces whatever number is on top of the stack with the cube of that number. Thestatements within the parentheses are comments.

The colon, { : j, begins a FORTH word definition; the word following it is the namebeing defined. Semicolon, { ; }, ends the definition.

The new word CUBE will first execute DUP, which duplicates the number on top ofthe stack, making a second copy. The second DUP leaves three copies. The first * causesthe top two copies to be replaced by the square of the number; the next * computes thecube, and then all three copies of the original number are gone, leaving the cube of thenumber on top of the stack.

This colon definition shows one of several ways to create new words in FORTH.Most words that appear inside the definition are compiled and not executed immediate-

ly.

All words and numbers in FORTH are separated by one or more blanks (and/or car-riage returns). FORTH operation names can be up to thirty-one characters long and canconsist of letters, numbers, or any other characters. For example, an operation namecould be a number, or it could be nonprinting characters only. In practice such namesare rarely used, but they illustrate the flexibility that is available.

Listing 3 continued on page 114

112 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Listing 3 continued:

This listing shows CUBE being executed from the terminal. It can also be used as acomponent in further definitions. A fundamental property of FORTH is that operationsdefined by users are indistinguishable from those which were originally part of thesystem.

CUBEPUP DU

N -> N. CUBE A NUMBER)

( NOW THERE ARE THREE COPIES)

GET THE CUBE)

; OK5 CUBE . 125 OK-28 CUBE . -21952

OK

HEX 17 CUBE BINARY . DECIMAL 10111110000111 OK

Listing 4: Conditional branching. The IF ... THEN is for conditional execution. IF takesone argument off of the stack; this argument is interpreted as a boolean or truth value,with 0 meaning false and any nonzero value meaning true. If true, any statements be-tween the IF and THEN are executed. In either case, execution continues after theTHEN , which terminates the conditional. There is also an optional ELSE clause that isexecuted only if the argument is false. (See figure 2.)

. Here, the true-clause co)itains only one word, MINUS , but it could contain almostany FORTH statements, including other conditionals and loops nested to any practicaldepth. These statements run fast because they are compiled into a form of object pro-gram called threaded code.

Incidentally, the FORTH word 0< returns a boolean value indicating whether itsargument (the number on top of the stack) is less than zero. The DUP is necessarybecause 0< follows the FORTH convention that operations should destroy theirarguments on the stack. MINUS reverses the sign of its argument (the top stacknumber).

Iterns in parentheses are comments. The comment "N — > N" in the first line is toshow that this operation takes one number off of the stack and returns one number to it.Perhaps the most important information to put in the comments accompanying eachnew operation is what arguments it takes off of the stack and what results it returns tothe stack.

ABSOLUTE-VALUE ( N -> N. ABSOLUTE VALUE)

DUP 0< ( GET BOOLEAN. TRUE IF NEGATIVE)IF MINUS THEN ( NEGATE THE NUMBER IF TRUE); OK

10 ABSOLUTE-VALUE . 10 OK

-5 ABSOLUTE-VALUE . 5 OK

Listing 5: The DO ... LOOP, a structured loop with a counting index. DO takes twoarguments from the stack, the initial value of the index (on top) and the final value plus1. (See figure 3.) These indices are written in reverse order from most other languages,making the loop terminating value (which is more often passed as an argument) moreaccessible on the stack.

CR simply performs a carriage return. In this example, the index values are literals (10and 0), but they can also come from variables or from computations of any complexity;anything that gets the indices onto the stack is legitimate.

This listing also shows a timing benchmark; the word TIME-TEST does 30,000 emptyloops. On an Apple II running FORTH, TIME-TEST executes in less than 4 seconds. InApple Integer BASIC (which is a fast BASIC), 30,000 empty loops take 40 seconds.

: 10CUBES ( ->. PRINT A TA8LE OF CUBES OF 0-9)

10 Q

INDICES OF LOOP)

_DQ_

CR I

( START LOOP)

I CUBE

LOOP ( END OF LOOP); OKlOCTJBES

0 0

1 1

2 8

3 27

4 64

5 1255 216

7 343

8 512

9 729 OK

: TIME-TEST 30000 0 DO LOOPTIME-TEST OK

PRINT A NUMBER AND ITS CUBE)

OK

114 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Listing 6: The BEGIN ... UNTIL loop. This loop takes one argument, a truth value,usually computed within the loop, at the end. If it is false (O), control branches back tothe corresponding BEGIN ; if the value is true (nonzero), the loop ends, and controltransfers to the next word in the program. (See figure 4.)

Note that the test of the value on top of the stack occurs at the end of the body of theloop; this guarantees that the body of the loop will be executed at least once.

The word = removes the top two numbers from the stack and returns a truth valueof 1 if they are equal, O otherwise. In this example, the index stays on the stack and isduplicated before each use. The DROP at the end throws away the top stack value; thisprevents the used index from cluttering the stack.

The warning message "10CUBES ISN'T UNIQUE" notifies us that the same name hasalready been defined. The only penalty for reusing a name is that the former definitionbecomes inaccessible for the rest of the program. Therefore, you do not have toremember a list of reserved words in FORTH; if you do not know about a name or haveforgotten about it, you probably were not planning to use it anyway. But, in case of amistake, the bad definition can be deleted with a FORGET operation, or the source codecan be changed on disk.

/Some versions of FORTH use BEGIN ... END instead ofBEGIN ... UNTIL .... GW/

: 10CUBES ( ->. SAME, USING 'UNTIL1 LOOP) 10CUBES ISN'T UNIQUE

( INITIAL VALUE OF INDEX)BEGIN ( START LOOP)

CR PUP . PUP CUBE . ( PRINT A I AND ITS CUBE)

1 +

PUP 10

UNTIL

( INCREMENT)

( TEST FOR INDEX=10)

ENO OF LOOP

PROP

THROW AWAY USEO INDEX)

• OK

10CDBES

0 0

1 1

2 8

3 27

4 64

5 125

6 216

7 343

8 512

9 729 0

Listing 7: The BEGIN ... WHILE ... REPEAT loop. This looping structure tests thevalue on top of the stack at the beginning of the loop; because of this, this loop can ex-ecute 0 times. REPEAT causes an unconditional branch back to BEGIN , and WHILEbranches out of the loop (just beyond REPEAT ) if the truth-value which it finds on topof the stack is false (ie: 0); see figure 5.

All of these looping and conditional branching structures can be nested within eachother to any practical depth. Any mismatching can be detected at compile time. MostFORTH systems allow these structures only inside colon definitions; they cannot beexecuted directly from the terminal.

(Some versions of FORTH use: BEGIN ... IF ... WHILE orWHILE ... PERFORM ... PEND instead of BEGIN ... WHILE ... REPEAT .... GWj

: 10CUBES ( ->. SAME, USING 'WHILE' LOOP) 10CUBES ISN'T UNIQUE0 ( INITIAL VALUE OF INPEX)

BEGIN

PUP 10 < ( LOOP TEST)WHILE

CR PUP . PUP CUBE . ( PRINT A # ANP ITS CUBE)1 + ( INCREMENT)REPEAT

DROP ( THROW AWAY USED INDEX)T_~0~K10CUBES

0 0

1 1

2 8

3 27

4 64

5 125

6 216

7 343

8 512

9 729 OK

116 August 1980 ® BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE August 1980 117

1 + ENDING VALUEOF LOOP VARIABLE

BEGINNING VALUEOF LOOP VARIABLE

BODY OF LOOP; WITHINLOOP, FORTH WORD "I"HAS VALUE OF LOOP

LOOP VARIABLE, I, IS INCREMENTED,IF I <L, CONTROL TRANSFERS TO "DO";IF I >L, CONTROL TRANSFERS TO FIRSTWORD AFTER "LOOP"

[a)

BEGIN

A

UNTIL

-BODY OF LOOP; AT END,LEAVES TRUTH VALUE,N,ON TOP OF STACK

:

BEGINNING VALUE OF LOOP IS

"I

. ON TOP OF STACK; 1 + ENDING' VALUE OF LOOP IS NEXT-TO-TOP

N IS TESTED HERE;

IF N=0, CONTROL TRANSFERS TO "BEGIN";IF N#0, CONTROL TRANSFERS TO FIRST WORDAFTER "UNTIL"

(a)

OF STACK

-J

J WITHIN BODY OF LOOP,

FORTH WORD "l"B + 2,--- L-l

BY THIS POINT.

THE TRUTH VALUE, I

N, IS ON TOP OF I

I STACK I

I I

Figure 3: An explanation of the DO ... LOOP construct. As shown in figure 3a, the topnumber on the stack is taken to be the lower limit of the loop variable, I, and the next-to-top number on the stack is the upper limit of the loop variable + 1. The body of theloop is shaded, and the loop variable is incremented and tested after the body of theloop is executed. Figure 3b gives the equivalent construct in conventional flowchartnotation.

Figure 4: An explanation of theBEGIN ... UNTIL construct. As shown infigure 4a, the body of the loop (shaded) isrepeated only if the value on top of thestack when the word UNTIL is reached isfalse. Figure 4b gives the equivalent con-struct in conventional flowchart notation.

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BYTE August 1980 119

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Listing 8: An example of FORTH looping. A practical use of FORTH's structured loop-ing is this terminal output handler. This example is for a PDP-11; an example for othercomputers would be similar. Address 177564 (octal) is the output status register of theconsole terminal; bit 7 of this address is set when the device is ready to receive acharacter. The ASCII code for the output character can then be placed in address177566 (the data buffer register).

The FORTH word @ (pronounced fetch) does the work of PEEK in BASIC; it treatsthe number on top of the stack as an address and replaces it with the contents of that ad-dress word. AND does a "bitwise" boolean AND operation. So{ 177564 @ 200 AND } indicates true (nonzero) only if bit 7 of the status register isset. Until then, the BEGIN ... UNTIL loop does a waiting loop ending on the abovecondition. When the device is ready, the argument that was given to TERMINAL-OUT(the ASCII character to be written) is still on top of the stack. { ! } (pronounced store)stores the word that is second on the stack into the address that is on top of the stack;so { 177566 ! } transmits the character to the terminal data buffer register, fromwhich it will be written onto the terminal by the hardware of the PDP-11 system.

The FORTH word ASCII-TEST was written to test the TERMINAL-OUT word. Ittransmits ASCII values for all of the printable character set.

Listing 9 shows the same device handler, only written in machine-language code witha FORTH assembler.

jCTHL !"K

; TERHiPL-nuT

i f

Hrlp -;

TERHJNfiL

Hi

TPuT hhND

Fi?

PDF

-ii)

BEGIN 177564

§ 21

!l RNB

UNI IL ; M

T

TILL FORT

RE?

BY)

177566 ' I

TRfir

SHIT !

rlE ^MHKflCTER

NT CHfiRJiC

TPP

S h T )

! OK: HSCII-TEST

( - >

, TEi

T hRNBtER -

:R

17? 4lj ( T

R H fj S F

IT HSC

II BUM THR

ill!

iH !*!)

i }

BO I TERrtlNH

L-OU"

i nop

i |iiJTpuT ThE

chhRhcter

I ijfc

IECIHHL ok

HSH11 -TEST >'!$>£: ?w*+!-,' 0123456789;<<- • ? §fl B C D E F Q HIJ k l fi ri t • P y R S T J y N 5^ f Z ?" 3i*_(fi8CB

EF5HI,TKLHNGF5RSTLH;NXYl{i}* OK

Listing 9: FORTH words defined by machine-language subroutines, for PDP-11 and for8080 processors. The operation TERMINAL-OUT-2 behaves exactly the same asTERMINAL-OUT defined in listing 8, but it is written in assembly language. FORTHassemblers use postfix notation, so address-mode symbols and operation codes (instruc-tion mnemonics) follow their operands, unlike conventional assemblers. In the PDP-11example (listing 9a), { 177564 200 # BIT, } in line 2 assembles a "bit test" instructionthat does a logical AND between address 177564 and the literal 200 (§ indicates literal),setting condition codes. { UNTIL, } assembles a conditional branch back to the cor-responding { BEGIN, }. The commas are part of the operation names, not punctua-tion. The word NE tells the { UNTIL, } what kind of conditional branch to assemble.There are also { IF, }...{ THEN, }and{ IF, }...{ ELSE, }...{ THEN, } operations;all these code-level structures can be nested.

In the 8080 example (listing 9b), the machine-language subroutine sets up a call to thecharacter-output routine in the North Star disk operating system. In contrast, thePDP-11 example outputs directly to the hardware without using any software outside ofFORTH. Either approach could be used on either machine, of course, and each has itsown advantages.

The word CODE , like { : } (colon, introduced in listing 3), creates a new definitionin FORTH's dictionary for the word following it. CODE also sets the number base (tooctal for PDP-11 and to hexadecimal for 8080), saving the original number base, whichis later restored by { C; }. CODE also changes the vocabulary, which allows the samenames to have different meanings in the assembler and in the rest of FORTH withoutconfusion. Users can create their own vocabularies and subvocabularies to keep dif-ferent application libraries separate.

Many FORTH programmers never need to write machine-language subroutines, sothey do not need to use an assembler. FORTH assemblers have an unfamiliar postfixnotation, but they have the advantage of giving immediate feedback. You know rightaway whether an operation works, with no wait for assembly passes, linkitig passes,and file handling. This interactive assembly greatly speeds program development andallows more thorough testing.

Listing 9 continued on page 122

120 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Listing 9 continued:

Collectively, { : } and CODE are called defining words because they are used tocreate new FORTH words. There are several other such functions in FORTH, and userscan also define their own types of defining words, creating new data types or operationtypes; see listing 10.

CCSE TERHINRL-QUT-2

i.'HHk'

TERMINAL OUTPUT HANDLER; PBP-ii?

BEGINi

17

"564 200

i BIT

NE

UNTI

L>

NHIT TILL

P\\"

REPDf ■

S )+ 17

75bb

HOU, (

POP

"ORTH

3T8CK

INTO

BATH REGIS

rER i

bi

NEXT.

( a

2-IflSTRU

:tion

rlRCRO

TO C

MINI

E FORTH EX

^uTI

ON) OK

« GET OUT OF THE FORTH ASSEMBLER) OK

flCTJL OK

RSCII-TEST-2

'BINT RSCii CHRRHCTER SET*

177 40 ( ASCII BLANK THROUGH '*')

BO I TERriiNHL-OUT-2 LOOP ( OUTPUT THE CHARACTERS)_L OKIECIHAL OKNSiiI-TEsT-2 s|J«U'*+!-i'Uii3456?B9iK = ;'i?HECBEFGHiJ«LM^iniil'i!iTijja(S*Z! ■

CBEFGHlJKlHStOP8RSTUMNXYZ'{i}* OK

.■ ,". r. T t rrr.T i c u i. i ,.-.■/ \ - . . .-. j .-. .-v j r— r *t ■■■..-.-■ i r-- J-. ."% IV .-. T* r* r- ."v i : T t i .-1 lj | t .». r\ ,-. r.■-. t p r : t 1< i ij -t r . i .".

H-l 11-Tt^ I I if%8 I )*t< -, ■• "li.ii'h; hS; i \ = f ■^HJSi-l!tHirHi!HnHl,r'b!Kl): U'JW,-I LI -jEFGHIJKLNNOPSRSTUVHXYZtl }* OK

0 CONSTANT DEV ( DEVICE NO FOR NORTHSTAR DOS ) OK

200D CONSTANT COUT ( NORTHSTAR DOS CHAR OUT JUMP POINT ) OK

CODE TF.RMINAL-OUT-2 ( CHAR->. 8080 WITH NORTHSTAR DOS ) OK

H POP ( CHARACTER IS ON STACK, POP TO 1IL ) OK

B PUSH ( BC IS INSTRUCTION POINTER, SAVE IT ) OK

L B MOV ( DOS EXPECTS CHAR IN B REGISTER ) OK

DEV A MVI ( AND DEVICE NUMBER IN ACCUMULATOR ) OK

COUT CALL B POP NEXT JMP C; ( DO ]T AND CONTINUE ) OK

Listing 10: User-defined data types. Because this example is longer, it was not typed indirectly like the others, but was stored on disk with an editor (the editor session is notshown here). This example is contained in two disk screens, each of which is a virtualblock of 1024 bytes (see text). The commands { 58 LIST } and { 59 LIST } print thesescreens. The line numbers (0 thru 15) are not part of the program and are used only bythe editor.

This example creates table-lookup sine and cosine routines for integer-degreearguments. The results are accurate enough for most graphics applications, making thissituation an example of the versatility of FORTH, even without floating-point routines.

The definition of TABLE creates a new data type. When TABLE is executed, it createsa new table of numbers taken from the stack; the number on top of the stack tells howmany items there are in the table. In this case, { 91 TABLE SINTABLE } creates atable called SINTABLE with ninety-one entries; these entries are the values of the sine of0° thru 90°, multiplied by 10,000 so that they can be expressed as integers. SINTABLEgives the sine (scaled by 10,000) of 0° thru 90° degrees; SIN does the same, except thatits argument can be any number of degrees (from —32,768 to 32,767).

Incidentally, few FORTH programs use as much depth of stack as this one. Thesystem used for listings 1 thru 7 limits the stack depth in order to use "page 0" memoryfor speed, so this example would have to be modified to run on it.

The <BUILDS ... DOES> construct, which creates the new data type, is one of themost advanced concepts of FORTH. Briefly, the < BUILDS part is executed whenSINTABLE is defined; that is, it creates the table. The DOES> part defines what hap-pens when SINTABLE is executed. Once TABLE has been defined, any number oftables of varying length can be declared using the word. Similar definitions can createspecial-purpose arrays such as word, byte, or bit arrays, user-defined record structuresor other data objects, or user-defined classes of operations. /An excellent explanation ofthe words <BUILDS and DOES> is given in Kim Harris' article "FORTHExtensibility," also in this issue GW/

- NITH SINE *10000 MIT)CREATE 'TABLE' BATA TYPE,)< COMPILE N ELEMENTS)( EXECUTE TABLE LOOKUP)

OK

58 L

SCR t

58

i)

TRIG LOOKUP ROUTINES

1

TABLE ( ... N -) .

2

(BUILDS 0 BO ■ LOOP

3

BOES) SWAP 2 * + 3

4

I

Listing 10 continued on page 124

122 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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• Built-in speaker.

• Plastic cover.

Three comprehensive manuals:

• Instruction Manual—20 video gamelistings, schematics, much more.

• User's Guide—operating instructionsand CHIP-8 for the beginner.

• RCA 1802 User's Manual (MPM-

201B)—complete 1802 reference guide.

RC/1

Add computer power aboard at a time.

With easy-to-buy options, the versatileRCA hobby computer means evenmore excitement. More challenges ingraphics, games and control functions.For everyone, from youngster to serioushobbyist.

Built around an RCA COSMAC micro-processor, our hobby computer is easyto program and operate. PowerfulCHIP-8 interpretive language gets youinto programming the first evening.Complete documentation provided.

Send the coupon now...

Complete the coupon below and mail to:RCA Microcomputer Customer Service,New Holland Ave., Lancaster, PA 17604.

Or call toll free (800) 233-0094

to place your Master Charge or VISAcredit card order. In Pennsylvania,call (717) 397-7661, extension 3179.

Please send me the items indicated.

□ VP-111 New low cost Microcomputer

(See description above) $ 99

D VP-114 Expansion Kit for VP-111—Includes

3K RAM, I/O Port and connectors $ 76

□ VP-711 The original VIP Microcomputer

(See description above) $199

□ VP-44 RAM On-Board Expansion Kit—Four

2114 RAM ICs. Expands VP-711

memory to 4K Bytes

D VP-590 Color Board—Adds color. Fourbackground and eightforeground colors

□ VP-595 Simple Sound Board—Provides

256 programmable frequencies. Forsimple music or sound effects.Includes speaker $

□ VP-550 Super Sound Board—Turns

VP-111 /711 into a music synthesizerTwo independent sound channels.Outputs to audio $

D VP-551 4-Channel Super Sound—IncludesVP-576 and demo cassette. RequiresVP-550 and 4K RAM $

D VP-570 Memory Expansion Board—

Plug-in 4K RAM memory $

□ VP-580 Auxiliary Keypad—Adds two-player

interactive capability. Connects

to VP-590 or VP-585 $

D VP-585 Keypad Interface Board—Interfacestwo VP-580 Auxiliary KeypadstoVP-111/711 $

□ VP-560 EPROM Board—Interfaces two

271 6 EPROMS to VP-111/711 .. $

$ 36

$ 69

30

49

74

□ VP-565 EPROM Programmer Board-

Programs 2716 EPROMs.

With software $ 99

□ VP-575 Expansion Board—Provides 4

buffered and one unbuffered

expansion sockets $ 59

□ VP-576 Two-Board Expander—Allows

use of 2 Accessory Boards in eitherI/O or Expansion Socket $

□ VP-700 Tiny BASIC ROM Board-BASIC

code stored in 4K of ROM $

□ VP-701 Floating point BASIC for

VP-711 on cassette. Requires 16KBytes RAM (avail. 7/80) $ 49

□ VP-710 Game Manual—Listing for 16

exciting games $10

D VP-720 Game Manual-ll—More games .. $ 15

20

39

ASCII keyboards.

□ VP-601 Keyboard—128-character ASCII

encoded alphanumeric 8-bit paralleloutput $ 69

D VP-606 Keyboard—Same as VP-601.

Asynchronous serial output $ 99

□ VP-611 Keyboard—Same as VP-601 plus

16-key numeric keypad $ 89

□ VP-616 Keyboard—Same as VP-606 plus

16-key numeric keypad $119

□ VP-620 Cable—Connects VP-601/611 to

VP-111/711 $ 20

□ VP-623 Cable—Unterminated for

VP-601 /611 $ 20

D VP-626 Conneclor—Male "O" mates to

VP-606/616 $ 7

Enclosed is $ for items checked plus shipping & handling charge of $3.00.

Add your state and local taxes $ Total enclosed $

I enclose □ check or D money order. Or charge my □ VISA □ Master Charge.Credit card account No.

95 Master Charge Interbank No.

Expiration date.

20

15

Signature (required for credit orders):

Name (please type or print):

Street address:

State & Zip:

. Telephone:!

.City:.

34 Make checks payable to RCA Corp. Prices and specifications are subject to change without notice.

Circle 80 on inquiry card.

BYTE August 1980 123

•Iv PERSONALATARI* COMPUTER

A Warner CommunicalicCompany ^W

SYSTEMS

ATARI® 800™List $1080

ONLY $849

ATARI® 400™, List $630OUR PRICE ONLY $499

820 PRINTER, List $599.95 $499

810 DISK DRIVE, List $699.95 $589

HP-85

Call for Price

• Extended BASIC Language

• Advance Graphics

• CRT Built-in Display

• Magnetic Tape Cartridge for Storage

CALCULATORS BY

HEWLETT

M

PACKARD

HP-41C Calculator, "A System" .. .$289.95HP-32E Scientific w/Statistics ... $ 53.95HP-33C Scientific Programmable ... 99.95HP-34C Advanced Scientific

Programmable 123.95

HP-37E Business Calculator 58.95

HP-67 Handheld Fully Advanced

Programmable Scientific for

Business & Engineering 298.95

HP-97 Desktop w/Built-in Printer.. 579.95

APPLE II, 16K, List $1195 $ 989

32K, List $1395 $1169

48K 1259

COMMODORE PET Call for Prices

Prices do not include shipping by UPS. Allprices and offers are subject to change withoutnotice.

R

ersonalomputerystems

C

S

609 Butternut Street

Syracuse, N.Y. 13208

(315) 478-6800

Listing 10 continued

5

10000 9998 9994 9986 9976 9962 9945 9925

6

9848 9816 9781 9744 9703 9659 9613 9563

1

9397 9336 9272 9205 9135 9063 8988 8910

8

8660 8572 8480 8387 8290 8192 8090 7986

9

7660 7547 7431 7314 7193 7071 6947 6820

10

6428 6293 6157 6018 5878 5736 5592 5446

li

5000 4848 4695 4540 4384 4226 4067 3907

12

3420 3256 3090 2924 2756 2588 2419 2250

13

1736 1564 1392 1219 1045 0872 0698 0523

14

0000 ( 91 ELEMENTS OF TABLE PLACED

15OK

91 TABLE SINTABLE ( RETURNS SINE. 0-90

9903 98779511 94558829 87467880 77716691 65615299 51503746 35842079 19030349 0175ON STACK)DEGREES ONLY)

:r j 59

3456789

101112131415OK

SINE AND COSINE TABLE-LOQPUP ROUTINES)

S180 ( N -> N . RETURNS SINE- 0-180 DEGREES)

DUP 90 > ( IF GREATER THAN 90 DEGREES!)

IF iSO SNAP - ENDIF (SUBTRACT FR0H 180)

SINTABLE ( THEN TAKE SINE)

J

SIN ( N -> SINE. RETURN SINE OF ANY NUHBER OF DEGREES)360 HOD ( BRING WITHIN + OR - 360)DUP 0< IF 360 + ENDIF ( IF NEGflTIUE- ADD 360)DUP 180 ) ( TEST IF GREATER THAN 180)IF 180 - S180 MINUS ( IF SO- SUBTRACT 180. NEGATE SINE)ELSE S180 ENDIF ( OTHERWISE! STRAIGHTFORWARD)

COS ( I -> COSINE.)

360 HOB ( PREUENT OVERFLOW NEAR 32.767)90 * SIN ! ( COSINE IS SINE WITH 90 DEGREES PHASE SHIFT)

OK

58 LORD 59 LOADI SIN . 0 OK

OK

ills

_ 10000 OK30 SIN . 10000 Of45 SIN ■ 7071 OK1 SIN ■ 175 OK61 SIN ■ 175 OK060 SIN ■ -98480000 SIN ■ -98480000 COS ■ 1736-25281 COS . 156432767 SIN

OK

OKOK

OKOKOK

1219

US ■ 9925

OK

N DEGREES

-1 SIN

-175

SINSCALE

N

SCRL

SINE)

SIN 10009 */ ( riULHPtY. THEN BiUIEEJ 32 BITS INTERMEDIATE)

_L OK

100 45 SINSCALE , 70 OK

10000 45 SINSCALE ■ 7071 OK

30000 -5 SINSCALE ■ -2616 OK

Circle 81 on inquiry card.

By Natronics

ASCII/BAUDOT,STAND ALONE

Computer SgrTerminal 1W

The Netronics ASCII/BAUDOT Computer Terminal Kit is amicroprocessor-controlled, stand alone keyboard/terminalrequring no computer memory or software. It allows the use ofeither a 64, or 32 character by 16 line professional display for-mat with selectable baud rate, RS232-C or 20 ma. output, fullcursor control and 75 ohm composite video output.

The keyboard follows the standard typewriter configurationand generates the entire 128 character ASCII upper/lower caseset with 96 printable characters. Features include onboardregulators, selectable parity, shift lock key, alpha lock jumper,a drive capability of one TTY load, and the ability to matedirectly with almost any computer, including the new Ex-plorer/85 and ELF products by Netronics.

The Computer Terminal requires no I/O mapping andincludes Ik of memory, character generator, 2 key rollover,processor controlled cursor control, parallel ASCII/BAUDOTto serial conversion and serial to video processing—fullycrystal controlled for superb accuracy. PC boards are thehighest quality glass epoxy for the ultimate in reliability andlong life.

VIDEO DISPLAY SPECIFICATIONS

The heart of the Netronics Computer Terminal is the micro-processor-controlled Netronics Video Display Board (VID)which allows the terminal to utilize either a parallel ASCII orBAUDOT signal source. The VID converts the parallel data toserial data which is then formatted to either RS232-C or 20 ma.current loop output, which can be connected to the serial I/Oon your computer or other interface, i;e., Modem.

When connected to a computer, the computer must echo thecharacter received. This data is received by the VID whichprocesses the information, converting to data to video suitableto be displayed on a TV se't "(using an RF modulator) or on avideo monitor. The VID generates the cursor, horizontal andvertical sync pulses and performs the housekeeping relative towhich character and where it is to be displayed on the screen.Video Oulput: 1.5 P/P into 75 ohm (EIA RS-170) • Baud Rate:110 and 300 ASCII • Outputs: RS232-C or 20 ma. current loop* ASCII Character Set: 128 printable characters—

!"m4,()*+,-./0123456789: ;<=>?WBC0EFWIJKUtCP«c3TUUyXVZt\]A.

xabcdef9KijklAnowrstuvwxyz-C'iHI

BAUDOT Character Set: A BCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ-?:*3$#().,9014!57;2/68*Cursor Modes: Home, Backspace, Horizontal Tab, Line Feed,Vertical Tab, Carriage Return. Two special cursor sequencesare provided for absolute and relative X-Y cursor addressing •Cursor Control: Erase, End of Line, Erase of Screen, FormFeed, Delete • Monitor Operation: 50 or 60Hz fjumpeiselectable.

Continental U.S.A. Credit Card Buyers Outside Connecticut

CALL TOLL FREE 800-243-7428

To Order From Connecticut Or For Technical _, __IT Assistance, Etc. Call (203)354-9375

I Netronics R&D Ltd., Dept. B-8333 Litchfield Road, New Milford, CT 06776

I Please send the items checked below—

ID Netronics Stand Alone ASCII Keyboard /ComputerTerminal Kit, $149.95 plus $3.00 postage & handling.ID Deluxe Steel Cabinet for Netronics Keyboard/Termi-nal In Blue/Black Finish, $19.95 plus $2.50 postageI and handling.D Video Display Board Kit alone (less keyboard), $89.95

I plus $3 postage & handling.D 12" Video Monitor (10 MHz bandwidth) fully assem-Ibled and tested, $139.95 plus $5 postage and handling.D RF Modulator Kit (to use your TV set for a monitor),

I $8.95 postpaid.D 5 amp Power Supply Kit In Deluxe Steel CabinetI(±8VDC @ 5 amps, plus 6-8 VAC), $39.95 plus $2postage & handling.I Total Enclosed (Conn. res. add sales tax) $ By-

ID Personal Check □ Cashiers Check/Money OrderD Visa D Master Charge (Bank #_ )

I Acct. tt .

- Signature.

I Print

■ Name

_Exp. Date .

I

City.

„ Zip

D Send Me More Information i^m t^m J

Start Computing For Just $129.95 With An8085-Based Professional Computer Kit—

Explorer/85

100% compatible with all 8080A and8085 software & development tools!

No matter what your future computing plans maybe, Level "A "—at $129.95—is your starting point.

Starting at just $129.95 for a Level "A " operating system,you can now build the exact computer you want. Explorer/85can be your beginner's system, OEM controller, or IBM-formatted 8" disk small business system.. .yet you're neverforced to spend a penny for a component or feature you don twant and you can expand in small, affordable steps!

Now, for just $129.95, you can own the first level of a fullyexpandable computer with professional capabilities—a com-puter which features the advanced Intel 8085 cpu, therebygiving you immediate access to all software and developmenttools that exist for both (he 8085 and its 8080A predecessor(they are 100% software compatible)—a computer whichfeatures onboard S-100 bus expansion—plus instant conver-sion to mass storage disk memory with either 5-1/4" diskettesor standard IBM-formatted 8" disks.

For just $129.95 (plus the cost of a power supply, keyboard/terminal and RF modulator, if you don't have them already),Explorer/85 lets you begin computing on a significant level...applying the principles discussed in leading computer maga-zines. . .developing "state of the art" computer solutions forboth the industrial and leisure environment.Level "A" Specifications

Explorer/85's Level "A" system features the advanced Intel8085 cpu, an 8355 ROM with 2k deluxe monitor/operatingsystem, and an 8155 ROM-I/O—all on a single motherboardwith room for RAM/ROM/PROM/EPROM and S-100 ex-pansion, plus generous prototyping space.

(Level "A" makes a perfect OEM controller for industrialapplications and is available in a special Hex Version whichcan be programmed usingthe Netronics Hex Keypad/Display.)

PC Board: glass epoxy, platedthrough holes with solder mask• I/O: provisions for 25-pin(DB25) connector for terminalserial I/O, which can also sup-port a paper tape reader... provision for 24-pin DIPsocket for hex keyboard/dis-play. . .cassette tape recorder in-put.. .cassette tape recorder output.. .cassette tape controloutput.. .speaker output... LED output indicator on SOD(serial output) line.. .printer interface (less drivers).. .total offour 8-bit plus one 6-bit I/O porls»Crystal Frequency: 6.144MHz • Control Switches: reset and user (RST 7.5)interrupt.. .additional provisions for RST 5.5, 6.5 and TRAPinterrupts onboard • Counter/Timer: programmable, 14-bitbinary • System RAM: 256 bytes located at F800, ideal forsmaller systems and for use as an isolated stack area inexpanded systems.. .RAM expandable to 64k via S-100 bus or4K on motherboard.

System Monitor (Terminal Version): 2k bytes of deluxesystem monitor ROM located at F000 leaving 0000 free for userRAM/ROM. Features include tape load with labeling .. .tapedump with labeling.. .examine/change contents of memory.. .insert data.. .warm start.. .examine and change allregisters.. .single step with register display at each break point,a debugging/training feature...go to execution address...move blocks of memory from one location to another.. .fillblocks of memory with a constant.. .display blocks of memory... automatic baud rate selection. .. variable display line lengthcontrol (1-255 characters/line). . .channelized I/O monitorroutine with 8-bit parallel output for high speed printer...serial console in and console out channel so thai monitor cancommunicate with I/O ports.

System Monitor (Hex Version): Tape load with labeling...tape dump with labeling.. .examine/change contents of mem-ory... insert data... warm start.. .examine and change all

J Netronics R&D UoT, Bep™ ™ ^ ^ ™" mmI 333 Litchfield Road. New Milford, CT 06676

■ Please send the items checked below— plus $2 p&h.

By Netronics

Level "A" at $129.95 is acomplete operating system,perfect for beginners, hob-biests, or industrial con-troller use.

Hex Keypad/Display.

Explorer/85 with"C'cardcage.

□ Explorer/85 Level "A" Kit (ASCIIVersion), $129.95 plus $3 p&h.

D Explorer/85 Level "A" Kit (Hex

Version), $129.95 plus $3 p&h.

D 8k Microsoft BASIC on cassette

tape, $64.95 postpaid.

D 8k Microsoft BASIC in ROM Kit

(requires Levels "B," "D," and "E"),

$99.95 plus $2 p&h.

□ Level "B" (S-100) Kit, $49.95 plus$2 p&h.

□ Level "C" (S-100 6-card expander)Kit, $39.95 plus $2 p&h.

D Level "D" (4k RAM) Kit, $69.95plus $2 p&h.

□ Level "E" (EPROM/ROM) Kit,$5.95 plus 5(K p&h.

D Deluxe Steel Cabinet for Explorer/85, $49.95 plus $3 p&h.

□ ASCII Keyboard/Computer Ter-minal Kit (features a full 128 characterset, upper & lower case, full cursor con-

Itrol, 75 ohm video output convertibleto baudot output, selectable baud rate,IRS232-C or 20 ma. I/O, 32 or 64 char-acter by 16 line formats, and can beI used with either a CRT monitor or a TVset (if you have an RF modulator),m $149.95 plus $2.50 p&h.I D Hex Keypad/Display Kit. $69.95

k HM HM MM !1M HI ■■■ KJIII

registers.. .single step with register display at each break point...go to execution address. Level "A" in the Hex Versionmakes a perfect controller for industrial applications and canbe programmed using the Netronics Hex Keypad/Display.Hex Keypad/DisplaySpecifications

Calculator type keypad with 24system defined and 16 userdefined keys. 6 digit calculatortype display which displays fulladdress plus data as well asregister and status information.

Level "B" Specifications

Level"B" provides the S-100 signals plus buffers/drivers tosupport up to six S-100 bus boards and includes: addressdecoding for onboard 4k RAM expansion select-able in4kblocks.. .address decoding for onboard 8k EPROM expan-sion selectable in 8k blocks.. .address and data bus drivers foronboard expansion.. .wait state generator (jumper selectable),to allow the use of slower memories.. .two separate 5 voltregulators.

Level "C" Specifications

Level "C" expands Explorer'smotherboard with a card cage,allowing you to plug up to sixS-100 cards directly into themotherboard. Both cage and*-"' cards are neatly contained insideExplorer's deluxe steel cabinet.Level "C" includes a sheet metal superstructure, a 5-card goldplated S-100 extension PC board which plugs into the mother-board. Just add required number of S-100 connectors

Level "D" Specifications

Level "D" provides 4k or RAM, power supply regulation,filtering decoupling components and sockets to expand yourExplorer/85 memory to 4k (plus the original 256 bytes locatedin the 8155A). The static RAM can be located anywhere from0000 to EFFF in 4k blocks.Level "E" Specifications

Level "E" adds sockets for 8k of EPROM to use the popularIntel 2716 or the Tl 2516. It includes all sockets, power supplyregulator, heat sink, filtering and decoupling components.Sockets may also be used for soon to be available RAM IC's(allowing for up to 12k of onboard RAM).

Order A CoordinatedExplorer/65 Applications Pak!

Experimenter's Pak (SAVE $12.50)—Buy Level "A" and HexKeypad/Display for $199.90 and get FREE Intel 8085 user'smanual plus FREE postage & handling!Student Pak (SAVE $24.45)—Buy Level "A," ASCII Key-board/Computer Terminal, and Power Supply for $319.85 andget FREE RF Modulator plus FREE Intel 8085 user's manualplus FREE postage & handling!

Engineering Pak (SAVE $41.00)—Buy Levels "A," "B,""C," "D," and "E" with Power Supply, ASCII Keyboard/Computer Terminal, and six S-100 Bus Connectors for $514.75and get 10 FREE computer grade cassette tapes plus FREE8085 user's manual plus FREE postage & handling!Business Pak (SAVE $89.95)—Buy Explorer/85 Levels "A,""B," and "C" (with cabinet), Power Supply, ASCII Key-board/Computer Terminal (with cabinet), 16k RAM, 12"Video Monitor, North Star 5-1/4" Disk Drive (includes NorthStar BASIC) with power supply and cabinet, all for just$1599.40 and get 10 FREE 5-1/4" minidiskettes ($49.95 value)plus FREE 8085 user's manual plus FREE postage & handling!

Continental U.S.A. Credit Card Buyers Outside Connecticut

CALL TOLL FREE 800-243-7428

To Order From Connecticut Or For Technical

Assistance, Etc. Call (203) 354-9375 ™" "1

sonalized disk operating system—just|plug it in and you're up and running!),!$699.95 plus $5 p&h.DPower Supply Kit for North Star!Disk Drive, $39.95 plus $2 p&h.

□ Deluxe Case for North Star Disk!Drive, $39.95 plus $2 p&h.

□ Experimenter's Pak (see above),!$199.90 postpaid.

D Student Pak (see above), $319.851postpaid.

G Engineering Pak (see above), I$514.75 postpaid.

O Business Pak (see above), $1599.401postpaid.

□ Deluxe Steel Cabinet for ASCIIKeyboard/Terminal, $19.95 plus $2.50p&h.

D Power Supply Kit (± 8V @ 5 amps)in deluxe steel cabinet, $39.95 plus $2p&h.

D Gold Plated S-100 Bus Connectors,$4.85 each, postpaid.

□ RF Modulator Kit (allows you touse your TV set as a monitor), $8.95postpaid.

□ 16k RAM Kit (S-100 Board expandsto 64k), $199.95 plus $2 p&h.

□ 32k RAM Kit, $329.95 plus $2 p&h.

□ 48K RAM Kit, $459.95 plus $2 p&h.

□ 64kRAMKit,«89.95pIus$2p&h.D 16k RAM Expansion Kit (to expandany of the above up to 64k), $139.95plus $2 p&h each.

D Intel 8085 cpu User's Manual, $7.50

postpaid.

D Special Computer Grade Cassette

Tapes, $1.90 each or 3 for $5, postpaid.

□ 12" Video Monitor (10 MHz band-width), $139.95 plus $5 p&h.

D North Star Double Density FloppyDisk Kit (One Drive) for Explorer/85 (includes 3 drive S-100 controller,DOS, and extended BASIC with per-

Total Enclosed $ I

(Conn. res. add sales tax) By— |

P Personal Check D M.O./Cashier's |Check □ Visa D Master Charge ■

(Bank*.

->'

SignaturePrint

Exp. Date

City

State

7ip

Circle 82 on inquiry card.

Circle 83 on inquiry card.

D Send Mc Information ■■ ■

BYTE August 1980 125

SERIES OF STATEMENTSTHAT LEAVE A TRUTHVALUE, N, ON TOP OF STACK-

I

| BEGIN A 8

I

I WHILE D E

j_REPEAT

N IS TESTED HERE;IF N=0,JUMPTO FIRSTWORD AFTER "REPEAT"

I

■BODY OF LOOP:EXECUTED IF AND ONLYIF N# 0

(a)

Figure 5: An explanation of theBEGIN ... WHILE ... REPEA T construct.As shown in figure 5a, the FORTH wordsbetween BEGIN and WHILE performoperations that leave a truth value, N, ontop of the stack. The value of N deter-mines whether the body of the loop (thewords between WHILE and REPEAT) isperformed or not. The loop repeats untilN evaluates to false (N—0). Figure 5bgives the equivalent construct in conven-tional flowchart notation.

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

I. Bartoldi, P, "Stepwise Development and Acta Press, Anaheim CA, 1976, pp 117-122.

Debugging Using a Small Well-Structured In-teractive Language lor Data Acquisition andInstrument Control," Proceedings of the In-ternational Symposium and Course on Mini-and Microcomputers and their Applications,

2. Ewing, M S, The Caltech FORTH Manual,California Institute of Technology, PasadenaCA, 1978.

3. Forsley, L, URTH Tutorial, University ofRochester, Rochester NY.

4. Hicks, S M, "FORTH's Forte is TighterProgramming," Electronics, March 15, I979,pages 114 thru 118.

5. James, J S, "FORTH for Microcomputers," Dr Dobb's Journal of ComputerCalisthenics & Orthodontia, May 1978;reprinted in SIGPLAN Notices (Special In-terest Group on Programming Languages ofthe Association for Computing Machinery),October 1978.

6. Meinzer, K, "IPS, an Unorthodox High-Level Language," BYTE, January 1979,pages 146 thru 159.

7. Moore, C H, "FORTH: a New Way to Pro-gram a Computer," Astronomy andAstrophysics Supplement, 1974, number 15,pages 497 thru 511.

8. Moore, C H, and E D Rather, "The FORTHProgram for Spectral Line Observing," Pro-ceedings of the IEEE, September 1973,pages 1346 thru 1349.

9. Rather, E D, and L Brady, Using FORTH(2nd rev ed) FORTH Inc, Hermosa Beach CA,1980.

10. Rather, E D, and C H Moore, "TheFORTH Approach to Operating Systems,"ACM 1976 Proceedings, Association for Com-puting Machinery, 1976.

11. Sachs, J, An Introduction to STOIC,Technical Report BMEC TR001, Harvard-MITProgram in Health Sciences and Technology,Cambridge MA, June 1976.

12. Stein, P, "The FORTH Dimension: MiniLanguage Has Many Faces," Computer Deci-sions, November 1975, page 10.

13. Stevens, WR,/( FORTH Primer, Kitt PeakNational Observatory, Tucson AZ, 1979.

14. Taylor, A, "FORTH Becoming Hothousefor Developing Languages," Computerworld,July 30, 1979.

15. Taylor, A, "FORTH Setting CodingTrend?," Computerworld, August 13, 1979.

16. Taylor, A, "Trade Language Families CanSprout from FORTH," Computerworld,August 27, 1979.

17. Wells, D C, "Interactive Image Analysisfor Astronomers," Computer, August 1977,pages 30 thru 34.

f S-1OO USERS: GIVE YOUR COMPUTER THE GIFT OF SIGHT!

The DS-80 Digisector® is a randomaccess video digitizer. It works inconjunction with a TV camera (eitherinterlaced or non-interlaced video) andany S-100 computer conforming to theIEEE standards. Use it for:

• Precision Security Systems

• Moving Target Indicators

• Computer Portraiture

• Fast To Slow Scan Conversion

• Robotics

• Reading UPC Codes, schematics,paper tape, musical scores

CHECK THESE FEATURES:

□ High resolution — a 256 x 256 pic-ture element scan

□ Precision — 64 levels of grey scale

□ Speed — Conversion time of 14microseconds per pixel

□ Versatility — scanning sequencesuser programmable

□ Economy — a professional toolpriced for the hobbyist; comes fullyassembled, tested and burned in,with fully commented portrait print-ing software.

Price: $349.95 MastetCharqe and Visa

• IMAGE PROCESSED BY DS-80

THmo©L^§)

[^^©[Mi^S3 P.O. BOX 1110, DEL MAR, CA 92014 714-756-26871

126 Augusl 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 84 on inquiry card.

■ mg:0

Even at 5:12 a.m., its hard to quitplaying Personal Software strategy games.

Gammon Gambler

A quick game before turning in can become an all-nightsession when you load any of the Personal Software'" strategygames into your Apple,* PET* or TRS-80* They'll challenge,teach and entertain you. And now there are two new games-Gammon Gambler'" and Checker King'"—joining BridgePartner,'" Time Trek'" and the best-selling Microchess.'"

Gammon Gambler is a sure bet. With ten levels of skill,you can begin a novice and becomean expert. Whichever level you play,the computer moves so quicklyyou don't have to wait. Theprogram follows U.Stournament rules, and in-cludes the doublingcube to spice up thegame. Written forthe Apple andPET by WillyChaplin.Checker King—you probably forgothow much fun it is! If you move andchange your mind, take it back and moveagain—without a peep from the computer.Play eight skill levels. Add and removepieces. Save three board positions for laterplay. And solve three challenging checkerpuzzles. Written by Michael Marks forthe Apple, PET and TRS-80.

Microchess, the most widely usedpersonal computer chess program, is anearly perfect chess opponent for the totalnovice or the advanced enthusiast. Writtenby Peter Jennings for the Apple, PET andTRS-80.

'Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.; PET is atrademark of Commodore Business Machines, Inc.; TRS-80 isa trademark of the Radio Shack Division ofTandy Corp.

Bridge Partner. You against the computer in over 10 milliondifferent hands of contract bridge. You can even specify thehands' high card points. Written by George Duisman for the Ap-ple, PET and Level II TRS-80.

Time Trek is easy to learn, dif-ficult to master and impossible toforget. Take command of a starshipin real-time action to make the gal-axy safe again. PET version by BradTempleton. TRS-80 programby Joshua Lavinsky.

Personal Software, Inc.,

also produces the VisiCalc'"

program (the software that's

revolutionizing personal

computing), CCA Data Management Sys-tem, the Vitafacts series and other excitingsoftware for the Apple, PET and TRS-80.Now that you've read about thePersonal Software programs, go see ademonstration. For the name of yournearest Personal Software dealer, call(408) 745-7841 or write to PersonalSoftware Inc., 1330 Bordeaux Dr.,Sunnyvale, CA 94086.

Checker King

STRATEGY GAMES SERIES

Text continued from page 10:

You should also look at FORTH ifyou have limited computer or finan-cial resources. FORTH is a biglanguage in a small package, and youcan buy a version of FORTH for aslittle as $20.(See "Selected FORTHVendors," on page 98.) Unlike mostnew languages that gobble up moreand more of the 64 K bytes allotted toan 8-bit microcomputer (some won'tcomfortably fit in 64 K bytes), there isplenty of room for very large FORTHprograms even in a 16 K machine.FORTH takes up only about 8 Kbytes, and this can be pared down; inan industrial application that will runonly one program, the FORTH inter-preter can be made as small as 800bytes. Also, FORTH can be run oncassette-based systems due to itssmall size; although this is still moreinconvenient than running FORTHon a disk system, most languages thatuse a disk are impractical or impos-sible on cassette-only systems.

Finally, you may want to considerFORTH for applications where speedis of the utmost importance. Sinceportions (or all) of a FORTH programcan be written in the assembly lan-

guage of the host computer, FORTHprograms can be written that com-pare favorably in speed withmachine-language programs. And,again, productivity is higher usingFORTH than it is with machinelanguage.

What Is a Threaded Language?

Imagine a language that starts witha few fundamental subroutines writ-ten in the machine language of thehost computer; eg: routines to put acharacter to the display device, to geta character from the keyboard, tomultipy two fixed-point numbers.Then imagine that the only way tocombine these subroutines is to stringthem together (with embedded databytes) as a series of subroutine calls;eg: a routine to get a signed multidigitnumber from the keyboard is writtenas a controlled series of calls to thesubroutine that gets a character. Thenthese routines are called by otherroutines that perform even biggertasks. For example, a routine to sum aseries of signed numbers entered fromthe keyboard is written as series ofsubroutine calls that includes the onementioned just above. The final pro-

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Special Notation Used inThis Issue

Because FORTH is such anunusual language (it uses punctua-tion marks by themselves andwithin words), a pair of braces,{ } , is sometimes used to setapart FORTH words from the restof the text. Braces are used underthe following conditions:

• When the material beingquoted is a series of FORTHwords; eg: { 26 LOAD } ;

• When the FORTH word is orcontains any of the followingpunctuation marks: period,comma, colon, questionmark, exclamation point,single quote mark, or doublequote mark. Two examplesare { . } and { (") }.

In addition, spaces are alwaysused to separate FORTH wordsfrom other words or punctua-tion—even when this means doingsomething like "...the wordsBEGIN , WHILE , and REPEATare all..." (spaces between FORTHwords and the commas that followthem). There are two reasons fordoing this: first, for clarity; and se-cond, to emphasize that theFORTH word in question does notinclude the punctuation thatfollows. Some FORTH words docontain punctuation (eg: { IF, }),but such words will always beenclosed in braces (except withinprogram listings).

gram in such a threaded language is aseries of calls to lower and lowersubroutines, dipping repeatedly intomachine-language routines under thecontrol of higher-level routines. Theaddresses in each subroutine thatpoint to the subroutine or machinelanguage under it make up a "thread"of control that runs through the entireprogram.

FORTH has so far been im-plemented as a threaded language.Threadedness is a language im-plementation technique, not an in-herent quality of any language;SNOBOL and FORTRAN compilershave been written using threadedcode.

128 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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129

FORTH: Pro and Con

Pros: I have already mentionedmost of the advantages of FORTH.The language is:

• Compact;

• Fast, although this is due to itsimplementation in threadedcode, not its inherent qualities;

• Structured: it has the majorconstructs of structured pro-gramming and, in fact, doesnot have any kind of gotostatement, thus forcing it to bestructured;

• Extensible;

• Highly portable.

These last two features deserve fur-ther description. The extensibility ofFORTH is probably its most impor-tant feature. Never before in a high-level language has it been so easy toadd new features, new data types,and new operators to a language.Unlike other languages, these newwords (everything in FORTH is calleda word) have the same priority andreceive the same treatment as wordsdefined in the standard FORTHvocabulary. For example, you can

define a word 10+ that will add tento any number it is given; or, in fact,you can even redefine the additionoperator + . You can also define en-tirely new families of words inFORTH. This advanced topic is ablydiscussed in what I believe is the onlywritten treatment of the subjectanywhere in FORTH literature byKim Harris in his article, "FORTHExtensibility," on page 164.

Most FORTH programs can betransferred from, say, a mainframecomputer to a microcomputerwithout modification; therefore,FORTH is highly portable. Most ofthe FORTH words supplied in a givensystem have been defined to do thesame operation regardless of the com-puter used. Although the vocabularyof words varies from supplier to sup-plier, most FORTH programs will runwith minor or no modifications. Astandard set of words, calledFORTH-79, collectively developed bymany of the major suppliers and usersof FORTH, will help in this situation.

Cons: Here are some of the disad-vantages of FORTH:

• FORTH code is hard to read.

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This is probably the most commoncomplaint against the language. As anew user, I can say that you slowlyget used to the odd syntax of thelanguage. The stack architecture (seebelow) of the language contributes tothe novice's initial disorientation, butthis feeling is usually blamed on theunreadability of the language. In ad-dition, the stack architecture en-courages the storage of workingvalues on the stack rather than invariables with names. Variablenames, if chosen properly, give vitalclues to the workings of a program;this scarcity of variable names makesmost FORTH programs less readable.Adequate indentation and commentscan help a FORTH program, but pro-grammers of FORTH, like program-mers of all other languages, oftenomit these aids to comprehension.

• The stack architecture ofFORTH offers disadvantages as wellas advantages. Remember the oddfeeling you got the first time you useda Hewlett-Packard calculator and hadto punch in " 5 ENTER 3 + " insteadof the more understandable "5 + 3= " ? FORTH uses the same reversePolish notation (abbreviated RPN),where the objects being entered comebefore the operators that work onthem.

Not only does this take some get-ting used to (it takes even longerbefore you can fluently "think inFORTH"), it also encourages a scar-city of named variables, as mentionedabove. In addition, stack-manipu-lating words like SWAP, DUP (forduplicating the top entry on thestack), ROT (for rotating the topthree items on the stack), and othersmuddle the FORTH program andmake it hard to tell just what variableis being operated on. This uncertaintyis particularly evident during debug-ging; most of your time is spent find-ing out why what you thought wason the stack isn't there.

• FORTH encourages program-ming "tricks" in place of plain, easierto read programming. Although theexamples to support this statementhave already been mentioned, I thinkthe statement as a generality is true.We must remember that, especiallysince lack of memory is usually not aproblem in FORTH, FORTH pro-grammers should name appropriatevariables and, in general, worry lessabout fitting a program on one screen(a basic unit of FORTH program-

130 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE August 1980 131

ming) and more about making itreadable.

However, drawing a comparison toAPL, any language that compresses alot of program into a small number oflines suffers from readability prob-lems. Broad, powerful algorithmsoften represent complex processes;when they are described in a tersenotation, they look like programmingtricks. In this case, the only remedy isto use a lot of comments. The lack ofsuch comments is solely the fault ofthe programmer, not of the computerlanguage.

• FORTH lacks many of theprogramming constructs we are usedto—strings, arrays, floating-pointnumbers—but that's not the wholestory. Many applications, for exam-ple, can get by without floating-pointnumbers: look at the number of pro-grams written in Integer BASIC forthe Apple II. With a maximum ab-solute numeric value of 32,767, nor-mal FORTH can handle many prob-lems by simply assuming a decimalpoint. In addition, all versions ofFORTH can add all these features andmore, simply by defining new words.For example, MMSFORTH, a version

of FORTH for the TRS-80 by MillerMicrocomputer Services, has over tenscreens (each screen is 16 lines ofsource code) that implement theirversion of words for double-precisionmath, arrays, strings, randomnumbers, and TRS-80 graphics. Youcompile a series of screens, thus add-ing to the size of your residentFORTH interpreter, only if you needthese features. So you can have allthese programming constructs andtools, but only if you write themyourself or get somebody else to writethem for you.

Friends of FORTH

Almost everyone who is workingin FORTH professionally is doinggood work, but a few people orgroups of people deserve special men-tion. Foremost in this group isCharles H Moore and, through him,the company FORTH Inc. Mooredeveloped the language over a longperiod of time (see his article "TheEvolution of FORTH, an UnusualLanguage," on page 76) and pro-moted it through his companyFORTH Inc. Elizabeth Rather, whocontributed significantly to the

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development of the language andwho is vice-president at FORTH Inc,should also be mentioned in this con-text.

Then there is the FORTH InterestGroup (POB 1105, San Carlos CA94070), without whose efforts low-cost versions of FORTH would not beavailable. Although many people inthe group have contributed to itsworking, names that must be men-tioned are Bill Ragsdale(coordinator), Dave Boulton, KimHarris, John James, and GeorgeMaverick. Over the past two years,this group has collectively raised itsmembership from a few dozen peoplein northern California to over a thou-sand members worldwide. In the pro-cess, they have also publicizedFORTH at numerous conventionsand have distributed public-domainversions of FORTH (called fig-FORTH) for all the major micro-processors; ie: 8080, 6800, 6502,9900, PACE, and LSI-11. Althoughthey supply only listings anddocumentation, versions customizedfor various popular microcomputersare available inexpensively. In addi-tion, they are working on standard-izing certain extensions to FORTH(floating-point numbers, arrays, etc),and they publish a very professional-looking bimonthly magazine calledFORTH Dimensions. The group hasmonthly meetings at the LibertyHouse Department Store inHayward, California, on (what else?)the fourth Saturday of each month.Membership in the FORTH InterestGroup (which includes a subscriptionto its magazine) is $12 per year, $15overseas.

A final group that must be men-tioned is Miller Microcomputer Ser-vices of Natick, Massachusetts,which sells and supports a version ofFORTH, called MMSFORTH, andother related FORTH products for theRadio Shack TRS-80 Model I. Notonly do they provide a fine version ofFORTH with arrays, strings,graphics, and other extensions, theyare the only microcomputer-FORTHvendor that supports its product withboth information and new vocabu-laries of FORTH words. (For exam-ple, they have a set of FORTH wordsthat add 6- and 15-digit floating-pointarithmetic, complex numbers, and afull Z80 assembler, all for $29.95.)They also publish an MMSFORTHNewsletter that always has some

132 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE Augusl 1980 133

goodies you'd expect to pay moneyfor. The people at MMSFORTH areA Richard (Dick) Miller and JudyMiller, along with free-lance pro-grammer Tom Dowling, who wroteMMSFORTH for the TRS-80.

In addition, the major vendors ofFORTH should be commended forthe way they have worked and areworking together to help standardizethe language. The people mentionedabove, along with the EuropeanFORTH Users' Group (EFUG), havemet as the International FORTHStandards Team to work out a stan-dard set of FORTH words (with stan-dard behavior) that can be used to in-crease the already high portability ofFORTH programs. Once the pro-posed FORTH-79 standard is ap-proved by this standards team,FORTH Inc, the FORTH InterestGroup, and Miller MicrocomputerServices have indicated that they willbring out new FORTH versions con-forming to this standard.

Variants of FORTH

A few other FORTH-like languagesshould be mentioned here. URTH(University of Rochester THreaded

language) is simply FORTH byanother name. I am told that CON-VERS, an experimental language thatwas offered by the Digital Group, is aFORTH-like language.

STOIC is a language that is dif-ferent from FORTH primarily insome small syntax rules, although itsenthusiasts claim it is more powerfulthan FORTH. From reading the docu-mentation, I have found that STOICinteracts differently and has moresophisticated disk access thanFORTH. CP/M Users Group (1651Third Ave, New York NY 10028)distributes STOIC on two 8-inchsingle-density CP/M floppy disks;the cost is $20, which includespostage, documentation (on CP/MDOC files), and group membershipfees. STOIC was developed by RogerG Mark and Stephen K Burns in theBiomedical Engineering Center forClinical Instrumentation, funded bythe Harvard-MIT Program in HealthSciences and Technology in Cam-bridge, Massachusetts.

Also, I am very excited about abook nearing publication: ThreadedInterpretive Languages by RonLoeliger. This book, to be published

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soon by BYTE Books, delves deeperinto the practical aspects of designingand implementing a threaded lan-guage than any book I have seen. Notonly does it demonstrate exactly howthe machine code must work, it alsodetails the specific implementation ofZIP (which looks like FORTH underanother name) in Z80 assemblylanguage. The book promises to bethe definitive work on how threadedlanguages perform.

Final Notes

As we received more and moreFORTH articles, I realized that wewould soon have too many for thisspecial August issue. I immediatelyscheduled for subsequent nonthemeissues those extra articles we couldnot use at this time, a process knownas "holding down the FORTH." Inany case, we have several FORTH ar-ticles that will appear in upcomingissues of BYTE. These include an arti-cle on recursion in FORTH by GeorgeFlammer, a tutorial on string-manipulating FORTH words by JohnCassady, a history of the FORTHStandards Team by Bill Ragsdale,and a detailed discussion of the dif-ferent kinds of threaded codes byTerry Ritter and Gregory Walker.

We hope you will enjoy looking atthe FORTH tapestry presented in thisissue.!

Articles Policy

BYTE is continually seeking qualitymanuscripts written by individualswho are applying personal computersystems, designing such systems, orwho have knowledge which will proveuseful to our readers. For a more for-mal description of procedures andrequirements, potential authors shouldsend a large (9 by 12 inch, 30.5 by 22.8cm), self-addressed envelope, with 28cents US postage affixed, to BYTEAuthor's Guide, 70 Main St, Peter-borough NH 03458.

Articles which are accepted are pur-chased with a rate of up to $50 permagazine page, based on technicalquality and suitability for BYTE'sreadership. Each month, the authors ofthe two leading articles in the readerpoll (BYTE's Ongoing Monitor Box or"BOMB") are presented with bonuschecks of $100 and $50. Unsolicitedmaterials should be accompanied byfull name and address, as well as returnpostage.

134 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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• dynamic insertion from disk file • underlining and backspace

TFS lets you make multiple copies of any text. For example: Personalized formletters complete with name & address & other insertions from a disk file. Text isnot limited to the size of RAM making TFS perfect for reports or any big job.

Text is entered using CP/M standard editor or most any CP/M compatibleeditor. TFS will link completely with Super-M-List making personalized formletters easy.

Requires: 24K CP/M.

Supplied with extensive user manual: $85.00 Manual alone: $20.00.

Source to TFS in 8080 assembler can be assembled using standard CP/Massembler) plus user manual: $250.00.

MAILING LIST

SUPER-M-LIST: A complete, easy to use mailing list program package.Allows for two names, two address, city, state, zip and a three digit code field foradded flexibility Super-M-List can sort on any field and produce mailing labelsdirect to printer or disk file for later printing or use by other programs Super-MList is the perfect companion to TFS. Handles 1981 Zip Codes!

Requires: 48K CP/M.

Supplied with complete user manual: $75.00. Manual alone: $10.00

UTILITIES

Utility pack #1: A collection of programs that you will find useful and maybeeven necessary in your daily work (we did1). Includes

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

• recursive procedures/functions •

• FOR (loop)•IF... THEN... ELSE

• READ & WRITE

CMP- Compare two files for equality.ARCHIVER Compacts many files into one. useful when you run out of directoryentriesSORT In core sort of variable length recordsXDIR Extended, alphabetical directory listing with groupings by commonextension.PRINT Formatted listings to printer.PG Lists tiles to CRT a page at a time.. plus moreRequires- 24K CP/M _- T

Supplied with instructions on discette $50 00 TlrSt IM OOltWare leClinOIOCjy

Circle 93 on inquiry card.

SuperSoft

FORTH: a full, extended FORTH interpreter/compiler produces COMPACT,ROMABLE code. As fast as compiled FORTRAN, as easy to use as interactiveBASIC.

SELF COMPILING: Includes every line of source code necessary to recompile

itself.

EXTENSIBLE: Adds functions at will.

Z80 & 8080 ASSEMBLERS included

Single license, OEM licensing available

Please specify CPU type: Z80 or 8080

Supplied with extensive user manual and tutorial: $150.00

Documentation alone: $25.00

ENHANCED 'TINY' PASCAL: We still call it Tiny' but it's bigger and betterthan ever! This is the Famous Chung/ Yuen Tiny' Pascal with more featuresadded. Features include:

•integer arithmetic -CASE•sequential disk I/O • one dimensional arrays•WHILE •'PEAK'& POKE'

•REPEAT... UNTIL -more'Tiny' Pascal is fast. Programs execute up to ten times faster than similar BASICprograms.

SOURCE TOO1 We still distribute source, in Tiny' Pascal, on each discettesold. You can even recompile the compiler, add features or just gain insight intocompiler construction.

Tiny' Pascal is perfect for writing text processors real time control systems,virtually any application which requires high speed. Requires: 36K CP/M. Suppliedwith complete user manual and source on discette: $85.00.Manual alone: $10.00.

SOFTWARE SECURITY

ENCODE/DECODE: A complete software security system for CP/M. Encode/Decode is a sophisticated coding program package which transforms data storedon disk into coded text which is completely unrecognizable. Encode/Decodesupports multiple security levels and passwords. A user defined combination(One billion possible) is used to code and decode a file. Uses are unlimited. Beloware a few examples:

• data bases • general ledger • inventory

• payroll files • correspondence • accounts pay/rec

• programs • tax records • mailing listsEncode/Decode is available in two versions:

Encode/Decode I provides a level of security suitable for normal use.Encode/Decode II provides enhanced security for the most demanding needsBoth versions come supplied on discette and with a complete user manual.

Encode/Decode I: $50.00

Encode/Decode II: $100.00 Manual alone: $15.00

—INTERCOMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS

TERM: a complete intercommunications package for linking your computer toother computers. Link either to other CP/M computers or to large timesharingsystems. TERM is comparable to other systems but costs less, delivers more andsource is provided on discette!

With TERM you can send and receive ASCII and Hex files (COM too. withincluded convertion program) with any other CP/M computer which has TERM otcompatible package. Allows real time communication between users on separatesystems as well as acting as timesharing terminal.

• Engage/disengage printer • error checking and auto retry

• terminal mode for timesharing between systems • conversational mode

• send files ■ receive filesRequires 32K CP/M.

Supplied with user manual and 8080 source code $110 00

Manual alone: $15.00.

CP/M Formats: 8" soft sectored, 5" Northstar,5" Micropolis Mod II, Vector MZAll Orders and General Information:SUPERSOFT ASSOCIATESP.O. BOX 1628CHAMPAIGN, IL61820(217)359-2112

Technical Hot Line: (217) 359-2691(answered only when technician is available)

"CP/M REGISTERED TRADEMARK DIGITAL RESEARCH

VISA

BYTE August 1980 135

[ALwOi)

COMPUTER SYSTEMS

*Z80 is a registered trademark of Zilog, Inc.

"CP/M and MP/M are registered trademarks ot Digital Research. Inc

ALTOS BREAKSTHE MICROBARRIER.

3

Yesterday, microcomputer meant microperformance. Once you outgrew it, you had to stepup to a mini. Which meant a big step up in price.

Today, there's the new Altos ACS8000-6 single-board microcomputer system.

It's the first system for the OEM, small business-man and personal user, that offers minicomputerperformance and minicomputer storage capacities—at a microcomputer price.

MULTI-USER, WINCHESTER STORAGE,FLOPPY BACK UP: $14,260.

The new Altos ACS8000-6 is a highly advancedZ80* based microcomputer system with high-speedRAM, floppy disk and Winchester harddisk controllers, DMA, six serial andtwo parallel I/O ports and the AMD9511 floating point processor all ona single board. A typical four-usersystem configuration with twomegabytes of Shugart floppyand 29.0 megabytes of ShugartWinchester storage, includingCPU and 208K bytes of RAM,costs only $14,260—com-pared to $30,000 or more fora similar minicomputer system.And that adds up to miniperformance at less than halfthe cost!

MULTI-USER EXECUTIVE

SUPPORTS FOURINDEPENDENT USERSRUNNING CP/M**COMPATIBLE PROGRAMS.

This revolutionary new microcomputer systemfeatures the MP/M** Multi-User Executive softwareprogram that's unique in two ways. It includes amulti-user CP/M capability and the ability to handleWinchester-type hard disks. The advanced Z80operating program supports four independent CP/M

compatible programs in any of six popular lan-guages: BASIC, FORTRAN, COBOL, PASCAL, APL,C, and a large assortment of additional businessapplication packages. MP/M is compatible with boththe 1.4 and 2.0 versions of Digital Research'sCP/M, which means programs based on eitherversion can run under MP/M without modification.

With MP/M at the helm, your AltosACS8000-6 system can support up to four simul-taneous users with 48K bytes of RAM each plus58 megabytes of Winchester storage and 4 mega-bytes of floppy back up. And that adds up to thefirst microcomputer to give you the power and

performance of a minicomputer.SINGLE-USER, HARD-DISKSYSTEMS START AT $9450.The Altos ACS8000-6series. It's a barrier breakeri n every sense. Our entry-level, single-user, hard-discsystem with floppy backup is priced under $10,000and even our 4-user CP/Mmodel is available forunder $12,000. And allconfigurations are easilyupgraded. For specificdetails about pricing orperformance, call or write:Altos Computer Systems,2360 Bering Drive, San Jose, CA(408) 946-6700. TELEX 171562 ALTOS SNJ.

(altoS)

COMPUTER SYSTEMS

Circle 94 on inquiry card.

BASF SystemsBedford MA

Corvus Systems, Inc.San Jose CA

IBM CorporationGeneral Systems Div

International

Memories Inc (IMI)

Cupertino CA

Model

6171/6172

11T

4963 29A/64A

7710/7720

Unformatted Capacity(millions of bytes)

8/24

11

29/64

11/20

Platter Size

210mm (8.27 inch)

200mm (7.87 inch)

210mm (8.27 inch)

200mm (7.87 inch)

Number of Platters

1 or 2

2

3 or 6

2

Average Access Time

42 ms

50 ms

27 ms

50 ms

Maximum Data Transfer Rate(K bytes per second)

800

648

1030

648

Average Latency

8.3 ms

8.3 ms

9.7 ms

8.3 ms

Rotational Speed

3600 rpm

3600 rpm

approx. 3100 rpm

3600 rpm

Motor Type

brushless DC

brushless DC

—

brushless DC

Spindle Drive

direct drive

direct drive

—

direct drive

Actuator Type

linear voice coil

linear voice coil

rotary voice coil

linear voice coil

Positioning Mechanism

servo

servo

servo

servo

Density bpi

6542

5868

8530

5868/6000

Density tpi

500

300

450

300

Physical Size(inches)

4.59 by 8.99 by 18

5.5 by 8.57 by 19.25

—

5.5 by 8.57 by 19.25

Weight (pounds)

20

22

—

22

Single Quantity Price

—/$3,100'

$5,350'

approx. $9,300/$10,700

$2,990/$3,590

OEM Discount Price

Competitive OEMdiscounts available

—

—

$1,900/82,290(100)

Cost Per Thousand Bytes(OEM Discount)

—1—

—

—

8.173/8.112

Comments

Available with integratedSMD interface @$3,500and integrated controllerwith host bus interface for$3,900; all prices quotedare for 24 megabyte

Model 6172.

1. Includes disk bus

interface

Up to 4 drives per

subsystem. Add-on drives

@$2,990. Uses IMI 7710

drive.

2. Complete subsystem

ntegrated into System/34.

Add-on peripheral for

Series 1.

Optional integrated

controller available

@S500 (quantity 1); 8325

(quantity 100). Power

supply @$250

Text continued from page 70:

• hardware-oriented controlstatus

and

The main characteristics for the hostlevel are:

• parallel data transfer

• formatting/de-formattingincluded in drive electronics

• function-oriented control andstatus by functional commandlike read/write sector andformat

Device-level interfaces can bedivided into four groups:

• ANSI

• ANSI-like

• SMD

• Floppy-disk-like

The ANSI interface, as far as it iscurrently defined, will use a single50-conductor flat cable. Up to fourdrives can be connected in a daisy-chain configuration. Differentialdrivers and receivers will be usedonly for block and data signals forread and write functions. All otherlines will use standard TTL(transistor-transistor logic) signals.Control commands and status infor-mation will be transferred over an8-bit-wide bidirectional bus. The buscontrol lines use an asynchronoushandshake mechanism, allowing sim-ple adaptation of the bus speed to anymicroprocessor. Data is transferred in

serial NRZ (nonreturn-to-zero) for-mat separated from the clock signal.

In the ANSI-like interface, most ofthe current device-level interfaces aremore or less similar to the ANSI inter-face. Common to all are an 8-bitparallel control bus and serial NRZdata transfer.

SMD (storage module drive) inter-face is a de facto industry standardfor 14-inch drives and is beingadapted for 14-inch drives by ANSI.It has also been implemented for8-inch drives. The SMD interface usesdifferential drivers and receivers forall signals. (They give excellent per-formance as regards high speed, longcable lengths, and high noise immuni-ty.) The drives are connected through

138 August 1980 © BYTE Publications lnc

Kennedy CoAltadena CA

Microcomputer SystCorpSunnyvale CA

3ms

Micropolis CorpChatsworth CA

Pertec Computer CorpChatsworth CA

PriamSan Jose CA

7000

MSC-8000

1201 -1/1202-1/1203-I

D8000

2050/3450

4/12/20

40

9/27/45

20

20/34

210mm (8.27 inch)

8 inch

200mm (7.87 inch)

210mm (8.27 inch)

8 inch

1, 2, or 3

3

1, 2, or 3

2

2 or 3

50 ms

25 ms

42 ms

50 ms

50 ms

—

1200

922

870

1030

8.3 ms

—

8.3 ms

—

6.4 ms

3600 rpm

— .

3600 rpm

—

4700 rpm

AC

—

brushless DC

—

brushless DC

belt drive

—

direct drive

—

direct drive

rotary

—

rotary voice coil

—

linear voice coil

servo

—

servo

servo

servo

5280

—

8626

6000

6370

300

—

478

476

480

5.25 by 8.5 by 16.5

—

4.62 by 8.55 by 14.25

4.62 by 8.55 by 14.25

4.62 by 8.55 by 14.25

20

—

22

—

20

$2,100/$2,300/$2,650

—

$1,962/$2,591/$3,007

$3,000

$3,000/$3,750

$1,680/$1,840/$2,120(100)

—

—

$1,800

$2,200/$2,750(100)

$.42/$.153/$.106

—

—

$.09

$.11/$.08

Included in package isan 80 megabyte, V2 inchmagnetic-tape drive onthe same motor spindlefor removable back-upstorage

Available with integrated

controller as Models:

1221-1 $2,834; 1222-1

$3,463; 1223-1 $3,879,

single quantities

Table 4: Specifications ana

characteristics of high-end,

8-inch hard-disk drives.

one daisy-chain cable for control andone radial cable for read/write andadditional control. Control informa-tion is transferred on a 10-bit-wideunidirectional synchronous bus. Datais transferred in serial NRZ format.

The SMD interface allows veryhigh transfer rates and long cablelengths. Because SMD uses differen-tial drivers and receivers for allsignals, it is somewhat more costlythan other interfaces using TTL cir-cuits. Because of the 10-bit syn-chronous bus structure, SMD is noteasy to interface to current 8-bit pro-cessors. The main advantage of SMDfor 8-inch drives is that it is a stan-dard, and controllers are readilyavailable for easy integration into ex-isting or currently supplied systems.

Having a floppy-disk-like interfacefor 8-inch hard disks allows the com-bination of floppy-disk drives andhard-disk drives in one system.Because of the differences in transferrates and other parameters, floppy-and hard-disk drives are not fullyinterface-compatible. Hard-disk usersmust add a radial cable for differen-tial read/write signals in addition tothe normally used daisy-chain cable.By adding 15% to 20% more cir-cuitry, a hard-disk controller can bedesigned to also control floppy-diskdrives. However, a floppy-disk con-troller cannot handle a Winchester-type hard-disk drive.

In comparing floppy-disk-like in-terfaces with other device-level inter-faces, there are three major differ-

ences. First, with floppy-disk-like in-terfaces there is no control bus be-cause commands and status signalsare transferred on discrete lines.Second, positioning control isachieved with step and directionsignals as opposed to the transfer of aparallel-cylinder address with otherinterfaces. Third, data is transferredin the raw format as recorded on thedisk. This implies that synchroniza-tion, separation (or generation) ofclock and data, and generation anddetection of sector and address marksmust all be performed externally tothe drive. The floppy-disk-like con-cept minimizes drive electronics, butputs the burden of developing andproducing the balance of the requiredelectronics on the user.

August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 139

Anatomyof a

ThreadedLanguage

**********

Threaded languages (such asFORTH) are an exciting new class of languages.They are compact and fast, giving the speed of assemblylanguage with the programming ease of BASIC, and combine featuresfound in no other programming languages. An increasing number of people are usingthem, but few know much about how they work. Is a threaded language interpreted or compiled?How much memory overhead does it require? Just what is an "inner interpreter"? Threaded In-terpretive Languages, by R. G. Loeliger, concentrates on the development of an interactive, ex-tensible language with specific routines for the ZILOG Z80 microprocessor. With the core inter-preter, assembler, and data type defining words covered in the text, it is possible to design and im-plement programs for almost any application imaginable. Since the language itself is highlysegmented into very short routines, it is easy to design equivalent routines for different processorsand produce an equivalent threaded interpretive language for other development systems. If youare interested in learning how to write better FORTH programs or you want to design your ownpowerful, but low-cost, threaded language specific to your needs, this book is for you.

This and other BYTE/McGraw-Hillbooks are available from BYTEBooks or your local computer store.

Please send □

ISBN 0-07-038360-XPrice $18.95

copies of Threaded Interpretive Languages

Name

Title

Company

Street

Available in Nov. 1980

City

mniMi

70 Main St,

Peterborough, NH 03458_.

State/Province

Code

i ! Check enclosed in the amount of S□ Bill Visa I J Bill Master Charge

Card No

Exp. Date.

Add 75<t per book to cover postage and handling.Please remit in U.S. funds or draw on a U.S. Bank.

B8

A NEW WORLD OF 5AAALL COMPUTERSIS AT YOUR FINGERTIPS THIS FALL

V 4th Annual

NATIONAL SMALL COMPUTER SHOW

New York Coliseum, October 30 to Nov. 1, 1980

When we say "fingertips" we mean just that: a hands-on-inspectionopportunity for you to try the small computers and systems that willwrite the history of microprocessing in the 1980's.

Manufacturers will fill over 30,000 square feet with computers, soft-ware and peripherals. Amazing strides in technology are reflected inexhibits and lecture series.

New hardware and software for business, education, the sciencesand professions, graphics and personal use are being gathered forthe largest and most beautifully presented National Small Computer

Show ever produced.

As always, the show contains attractions for the seasoned compu-ter professional, as well as those who wish an introduction to theexciting world of small computers for business, professional orpersonal use. In just a short time, you can discuss your interest withmany industry leaders, vendors, technologists, and our expertlecturers.

Registration fee is only $10 per day, and all registrants have freeaccess to the hourly lectures.

FREE LECTURES FOR VISITORS

Introduction to Small Systems for Business, Stan Velt, Associated Computer Ind., noon, Oct. 30 & 31.

Mailing Lists: Several Directions. Dr. Norman Agin. Mathtech. Inc., noon, Oct. 30&2pm, Oct. 31.

Selecting A Small Computer for Business, David Benevy, Computer Mart of NJ, 1 pm, Oct. 30 & 31.

Evaluating and Improving Your Computer's Performance, Philip Grossman, Raytheon Co., 1 pm, Oct. 30.

Law Office Systems Aspects of Word Processing, Bernard Sternln, 2 pm, Oct. 30.

Future Smart Machines: 2000 A.D. and Beyond, Dr. Earl Joseph, Sperry Univac, 2pm, Oct. 30.

Computer Contracts - Facing the Issues, Alan C. Verblt, Verbit & Co., 3 pm, Oct. 30.

Acc'ts Receivable/Acc'ts Payable/Gen'l Ledger. 3pm, Oct. 30.

Advantages of Distributed Processing & Multi-Processing, John Steefel, Ql Corp., 4 pm, Oct. 31.

Investment Analysis of Stocks & Commodities on a Microcomputer, Fred Cohen, Shearson Loeb Rhodes,

Inc., 4 pm. Oct. 30, 3 pm, Oct. 31.BASIC Programming, Michael Mulcahey. Worcester State College, noon, Oct.31.Vldeoprlnts: Full-Color, Low-Cost, Hard-Copy Computer Graphics, Warren Sullivan, Image ResourceCorp.,1pm, Oct. 31.Business Applications Software Development Via Data Base Management, Dr. Andrew Whlnston, Micro

Data Base Systems, 2 pm, Oct. 31.

Application of PASCAL to Small Systems for Business, Panel, Stan Veit, Associated Computer Ind.,

Moderator, 3 pm, Oct. 31.Educational Software: the Good, the Bad, the Ugly, Jo Ann Comito, S.U.N.Y. at Stony Brook, noon,

Nov.1.Introduction to Personal Computing, noon, Nov. 1.Computer-Assisted Mathematics Courses, Dr. Frank Scalzo, Queensborough Community College,

1 pm, Nov. 1.Artificial Intelligence Update, Prof. Peter Kugel, Boston College. 1 pm, Nov. 1.Compiling and Retrieving Personal Medical Data with a Microcomputer, Derek Enlander, MD, St. Luke's

Hospital, 2 pm. Nov. 1.The Present State of CP/M Compatible Software, Tony Gold, Lifeboat Associates, 2 pm, Nov. 1.High Volume Data Handling: Intro, to File Processing, Prof. Peter Kugel, Boston College, 3 pm, Nov. 1.Connecting the Computer to the Outside World, Prof. James Gips. Boston College. 3 pm, Nov. 1.Educational Applications In the Home, David Ahl, Creative Computing Magazine, 4 pm, Nov. 1.Household Applications - Some of Them New, Dr. Dennis J. McGuIre, 4 pm, Nov. 1.(Additional lectures to be announced)

SPECIAL: EXECUTIVE EDUCATION SESSION FOR BUSY PEOPLE

NSCS offers an Intensive five-hour Introduction to computers tor the executive whose time Is limited, but wants to learn how to cope on various levels in business with computers. Covers basicsIn computer hardware and software, determining your needs, how to buy, how to upgrade, how to get the most out of systems. Given lour times, Oct. 29 to Nov. 1. Fee $200, including run-of-show registration. Call or write lor Information. Attendance limited.

r REGISTRATION FOR AMERICA'S BIGGEST SMALL COMPUTER SHOW 1

Please register me for the 4th Annual National Small Computer Show, Oct. 30 ■ Nov. 1, 1980 New York Coliseum.

NAME

COMPANY (If Any)_ADDRESS

(Check main Job function)

1 D Accountant/CPA

2 G Advertising

3 □ Administrator (Business)

4 D Architect/Builder

5 D Art Director5 □ Banker

7 D Chemist

8 □ Commodities Broker

9 Q Communications

10 D Computer Dealer

11 D Computer Distributor

12 D Computer Hardware Consult.

13 DComputerOEM

14 D Computer Software Consult.

15 □ Computer Systems Consult.

16 D Computer Technician

17 D Data Processing Mgr.

18 D Electronic Engineer

19 □ Engineer

20 □ Financial Manager

21 D Industrial Des,

22 D Lawyer/Law Office Mgr.

23 □ Manufacturer

24 □ Marketing

25 D Medical Doctor

26 D Medical Technician

27 □ Military

28 □ Office Manager

BUSINESS TITLE (If Any)_TELEPHONE

_ZIP_

29 D Public Servant

30 □ Real Estate

31 D Religious

32 □ Research/Development

33 D Scientist

34 D Stock Broker

35 □ Teacher

36 D Transportation

37 D Utility

38 D WP Manager

39 □ WP Operator

40 □ Student

41 D Other (Please specify)

DONE DAY $10 D TWO DAYS $201

DTHREE DAYS$30Mail with payment of $10 for each day you Iwish to attend. Use one form per person. IRegistration badge will be sent by mail in Iearly October. Check or money order)only. Mall prior to October 10,1980.

Foreign orders: October 1,1980.1National Small Computer Show110 Charlotte PlaceEnglewood Cliffs, NJ 07632 j

201-569-8542 j

Circle 95 on inquiry card.

BYTE August 1980 141

Century Data SystemsAnaheim CA

Century Data SystemsAnaheim CA

Fujitsu America IncSanta Clara CA

Model

Marksman M-10/M-20/M-30

Hunter H-32/H-64/H-96

M2282/M2283/M2284

Unformatted Capacity

(millions of bytes)

10/20/30

34/67/100

66/133/166

Platter Size (inches)

14

14

14

Number of Platters

1, 2, or 4

2, 3, or 4

—

Average Access Time

60 ms'

30 ms

27 ms

Maximum Data Transfer Rate

960

1209

1012

(K bytes per second)

Average Latency

12.5 ms

8.3 ms

10.12 ms

Rotational Speed

2400 rpm

3600 rpm

3000 rpm

Motor Type

—

—

—

Spindle Drive

—

—

—

Acutator Type

band

—

rotary

Positioning Mechanism

stepper motor

servo

servo

Density bpi

—

—

6475

Density tpi

—

—

668

Physical Size (inches)

8 by 16.5 by 21.5

10.5 by 17.5 by 30

10.3 by 18.9 by 26.6

Weight (pounds)

45

175

100

Single Quantity Price

—

—

$4,350/$5,200/$5,500

OEM Discount Price

—

—

$3,450/$4,300/$4,600(quantity 100)

Cost Per Thousand Bytes(OEM Discount)

—

—

$.052/$.033/$.028

Comments

Winchester Technologyincludes settling time

16.7 megabytes of removable

storage on each model

(5440 Type)

Optional 655 K byte fixed headstorage for $700

Host-Level Interface

A typical implementation for host-level interface is the BASF 6170 seriesdrive with integral formatter/con-troller. The BASF host bus interfaceuses a single daisy-chain cable thatcan connect one or more units to thehost adapter. Transfer of data, com-mand, and status information is doneacross one common 8-bit-wide bi-directional asynchronous bus. Theeight bus lines, as well as additionallines for bus control and interruptgeneration, all use standard TTLdrivers and receivers. Using a host-level interface is the easiest and fastestway to interface an 8-inch Winchesterdrive to a given host system.

How Intelligent Should a Con-troller Be?

With the decreasing cost ofmicroprocessors and memories, thetrend is toward the use of intelligentsubsystems to handle all I/O-related

functions, rather than tying up theprocessor.

These subsystems can communi-cate with the main system through ahigh-level command language (eg:one that is file-oriented as opposed tohardware-oriented). Functions suchas automatic backup, automatic errorrecovery, power-on bootstrap load-ing, etc, can be completely controlledlocally in the subsystem, thus takingthe burden off the main processor andimproving the system's performance.

Further improvement can be gainedby adding hardware and software forsuch things as double-buffering fordata transfer, overlapped operationin a multiple drive configuration, andRPS (rotational-positioning sensing)for access optimization.

There is a limit to the transparencyof the disk system to the operatingsystem. If a disk with higher packingdensity is substituted, the number ofsectors on each track or the number

of tracks per surface will likely be dif-ferent. This information must becommunicated to the operatingsystem. (With luck, this is a smallparameter change in the I/O driver ofa well-designed, modular operatingsystem). But, however easy or dif-ficult it is to change, it must be doneto take full advantage of the newhigher-capacity drive.

The Question of Backup for FixedDisks

The usefulness of removable mediaon fixed-disk-based systems arisesfrom three needs:

• system backup for crash/faultrecovery

• program and data-basedissemination

• archival storage of information

The excellent reliability record ofWinchester-technology disks is caus-

142 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Fujitsu America IncSanta Clara CA

Kennedy CoAltadena CA

PriamSan Jose CA

Shugart AssociatesSunnyvale CA

M2201/M2211

5300

3350/6650/15450

SA4000

50/83

14/42/70

33/66/154

14.5/29

14

14

14

14

2 or 3

1, 2, or 3

1

1

30 ms

70 ms

50 ms

87 ms

819

—

1030

—

12.5 ms

10 ms

9.7 ms

—

2400 rpm

3000 rpm

approx. 3100 rpm

—

—

AC

brushless DC

—

—

—

direct drive

—

linear motor

rotary

linear voice coil

band

servo

servo

servo

stepper motor

6135

6000

6370

5534

370

300

480/960/—

172

10.3 by 19 by 30.2

7 by 19 by 22

6.8 by 16.6 by 20

—

150

75

33

—

$5,400/$7,200

$3,200/$3,700/$4,200

—

—

$3,900/54,990 (quantity 1

30)

$2,560/$2,960/$3,360(quantity 100)

$1,800/—/—

—

$.078/$.060

$.183/$.07/$.048

$.055/—/—

—

Front-loading cartridgeremovable storage

Winchester Technology

Winchester Technology

Winchester Technology

Table 5:

Specifications and characteristics

of 14-inch, hard-disk drives.

ing some system builders and users totake a fresh look at backup re-quirements for data storage. They areconcluding that, for some applica-tions, it is no longer necessary to in-clude removable media for backupprotection in systems design.

Error-correcting capabilities of sys-tem software and intelligent control-lers help to eliminate the need forbackup in some cases. However,there will probably always be appli-cations—perhaps the majority—inwhich backup cannot be eliminated.Many systems require removable me-dia for program and data-base dis-semination and/or archival storage inaddition to any backup considera-tions. Therefore, it seems that therewill be a continuing need for remov-able-media storage peripherals onsome fixed-disk-based systems.

According to many small-systemdesigners and users, system backup isneeded regardless of the hardware

reliability of the fixed-storage subsys-tem. System crashes or failures can becaused by software bugs and humanerror as well as by hardware faults.

Until the new wave of smallWinchester disks came on the scenebeginning about a year and a halfago, the small-systems hard-diskmarket was being served primarily byproducts based on IBM 5440-typeremovable-cartridge disk technology.Most of these products have the uni-que characteristic of having 50% oftheir spindle capacity removable—inother words, they have built-inbackup. But the major drawbacks totheir use in small systems are relative-ly low performance (70 ms averageaccess time); relatively high cost perbyte; large physical size; and highmaintenance costs that get higher asfield engineering labor costs grow.Even with the introduction of cost-ef-fective, small, reliable Winchester-type products, these 5440-based pro-

ducts still have a place in some smallsystems. After all, the backup pro-blem is solved, whereas no generallyaccepted backup method has yetemerged for the "mini Winnies" tomake most customers feel comfort-able. It is a problem yet to be solved.

Several approaches are being triedfor backup. There are floppy disks,tape cassettes, tape cartridges, reel-to-reel tape drives, and, in at leastone case, videocassettes.

The ideal characteristics of abackup device are:

• The cost of the modularremovable medium should below (less than $20).

• The cost of the transport deviceshould be low.

• The data-transfer rate should besimilar to the transfer rate of thedisk.

• A single removable moduleshould hold more, or at least as

Augusl 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 143

Error Rates

Recoverable Unrecoverable

Seek Errors

1 in 10'° bits 1 in 10'2 bits to 1 in

10" bits

1 in 106 seeks to 1 in107 seeks

Maintainability

Preventive Maintenance (MTBF) (Mean Time

Between Failures)(sealed modules)

(MTBF) (Mean Time

Between Failures)

(product)

(MTTR) (MeanTime toRepair)

Component Life

None 25,000 hours

8000 to 10,000*POH (power-on hours)

'/a to 1 hr

5 years

* Exception: Kennedy 7000 Series, 1500 hours

Table 6: Reliability data for hard-disk drives.

Call on John D. Owens for all Your Computer Needs

COMPUTERS, PRINTERS, CRTs, MODEMS, MAINFRAMES,

MEMORY, CONTROLLERS, FLOPPY AND HARD DISK

DRIVES, I/O, DISKETTES AND SOFTWARE.

IMS 5000 and 8000 Systems

The new rising starsl Beautifully designed and constructed with the Industrial MicroSystem reputation for fine quality. These systems feature a Z80 CPU, S-100 bus; doubledensity drives (either single or double sided) CP/M®. 5000 series uses mini floppies,8000 uses maxi floppies.

Model 5-00125 with two double density drives, 32K Static RAM $2,765

Model 8-00125 as above but with 8" drives $4,185

Other configurations available.

TELETYPE Model 4320 AAK .. $1,185Model 4330 punch/reader. 10 or 30 CPS.

8 level, 1" tape $2,595

Limited supply of Model 45 available.

DRIVES

Per Sci 277 $1,210

Siemens $395 Shugart $525

MPIB51 . . . . $265 B52 $365

Innotronics and QUME also available

HAZELTINE 1500 $885

1510 $980 1520 $1,210

DEC LA 35/36 Upgrade $750

Increases baud rate to 1200. Microproces-sor controlled. Many features includeTOF, tabs and margin control.

IBM 3101 CRT Model 10 $1,195

Model 20 $1,395

Selectric-like, detached keyboard. 9x16dot matrix. Maintenance contract fromIBM only $70 per year.

TELEVIDEO SMART CRTs912 B and C

.. $780

920 B and C

<R«sn

IMS MEMORY 16 K static ....

32 K static

64 K Dynamic with parity . . .

$285

$585

.. $950

TEI MAINFRAMES, S-100

12 slot

.. $500

22 slot

S670

TARBELL

Double density controller.

$420

COMPLETE SYSTEMS AND WORD PROCESSORSCONFIGURED FOR YOUR PARTICULAR APPLICATION

We have no reader inquiry number.

Call on us for product sheets.

Dealer inquiry invited.

Prices subject to change without notice.

CODs accepted at no extra charge.

Shipping $14 for light printers and CRTs.

Credit cards add 4%.

NY residents add tax.

WE EXPORT:

Overseas Callers:Phone 212 448-6298

TWX 710 588 2844

or Cable: OWENSASSOC

We Are Known for Our Prompt and Courteous Service!

JOHN D. OWENS

83 Associates, Inc. 21

12 Schubert StreetStaten Island, New York 10305

212 448-6283

212 448-6298

much, data as the fixed disk,preferably an integer multiple ofthe disk capacity (ie: a 100-mega-byte videocassette to back up a20-megabyte disk).

With the relatively unsophisticatedoperating-system software present inmany small systems today (thoughthis is rapidly changing), the backupstrategy is usually to write the entirecontents of the disk to a removablebackup medium on a daily basis. Thisprocedure results in a significant lossin system availability (while dumpingor restoring) unless the backup devicehas a fast transfer rate and a largecapacity.

Perhaps the most appropriatebackup for a small Winchester is adevice that can be included in thesame package, sharing the samespindle drive mechanism and/ orsome of the same electronics. For thelow end this may be a floppy disk; forthe high end it can be a cartridge tapedrive or a streaming reel-to-reel tapedrive. But, except for the very lowend where system cost is a prime con-sideration, a small-capacity, slowfloppy disk is not an ideal backup fora large, fast, fixed disk. Streamingtape drives may be good backupdevices for high-performance, high-capacity hard disks, but they are tooexpensive for most personal com-puter systems. Nevertheless, somestreaming tape drives are becomingavailable. Kennedy Company ofMonrovia, California, is delivering(60 to 90 days) its Model 6809 DataStreamer. It is a microprocessor-controlled reel-to-reel (10.5-inchreels) tape transport with formatterfor reading, writing, and controllingthe 9-track, 100 ips (inches per

144 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

second), 1600 character per inch,ANSI- and IBM-compatible half-inch tape drive. It has an unformattedcapacity of 46 megabytes per reel. Itcan transfer 12 megabytes in 75seconds and 40 megabytes in 250seconds. It costs about $2500 in OEMquantities. Data Electronics Inc(DEI), of Pasadena, California, ismarketing a 34-megabyte streamingmicrotape cartridge drive for $1219(OEM quantities). Cypher Data Pro-ducts Inc of San Diego, California,produces a 37-megabyte streamingreel-to-reel tape drive for under $2000(OEM quantities). IBM's answer tothe backup problem for its 8-inch diskdrive is the model 8809 streamingtape drive.

The Products and the Companies

The specifications in tables 3, 4,and 5 speak for themselves. There area few special features of some of theseproducts worth mentioning. BASFSystems of Bedford, Massachusetts(whose parent corporation, the BASFGroup based in Germany, inventedmagnetic recording tape in 1934),established a Memory Division inearly 1979 to manufacture computer-disk drives. Their first product is the6170 Series 210 mm Fixed-DiskDrives available in 8- and 24-mega-byte versions. The 24-megabyte ver-sion with the integrated, micro-programmed BASF host-bus interfaceand controller at $3900 (single quanti-ty price, substantial discountsavailable for OEM quantitites) is acost-effective, high-performancesource of reliable data storage forsmall systems. BASF offers a varietyof interfaces. BASF is also a supplierof disk and tape media.

Century Data Systems, a XeroxCompany, of Anaheim, California,offers a wide range of disk productsfor small systems including the14-inch Marksman model (Win-chester technology) with capacitiesfrom 10 to 30 megabytes, and theHunter model with a removable16.7-megabyte 5440-type cartridge,plus fixed-disk capacity ranging from16.7 to 83.9 megabytes. CenturyData Systems is a long-time manufac-turer of computer peripherals.Corvus Systems Inc, San Jose,California, is offering a completehard-disk subsystem based on the IMI7710 10-megabyte 8-inch disk. It in-cludes the Z80-based Corvus in-telligent disk controller with com-

prehensive diagnostics and interfacesfor TRS-80, Apple II, S-100-bus, andLSI-11 computers. As mentionedabove, Corvus also markets a100-megabyte removable backup inthe form of an interface to a standardvideocassette recorder using themicroprocessor and interface bus ofthe Corvus disk subsystem. IMI wasthe first manufacturer to deliver ahigh-performance 8-inch Winchesterdrive.

Memorex Corporation of SantaClara, California, is introducing itsfirst in a planned family of 8-inchhard-disk products, the Model 101. It

offers low cost per megabyte, lowweight (10 pounds), low power re-quirements (56 W), and high reliabili-ty. With 11.7 megabytes and 70 msaccess time, it is a good example of aproduct in the low-end segment of thesmall hard-disk-drive market.Memorex has been manufacturingdisk drives since 1967 and has been amajor supplier of magnetic mediasince the company was formed in1961. The MSC-8000 from Micro-computer Systems Corporation ofSunnyvale, California, is an 8-inchdisk drive with built-in removablebackup in the form of an 80-mega-

Call on John D. Owens for all Your Computer Needs

GROUP PLANS AVAILABLE TO COMPUTER CLUBS

COMPLETE PET BUSINESS PACKAGE

31 fully integrated programs including Inventory,Sales summary, Accounts Receivable/payable, taxstatements, general ledger, etc. etc. Prompts user.Validates each entry. Menu driven. Produced inLondon by G.W. Computers, Ltd.

Users manual only (including postage) $7

Complete package $750

Complete listing only $300

ATARI SUMMER SALE

LIST PRICE SALE PRICE

Computer, Model 800 $1,080 $845

Disk Drive, Model 810 $ 699 $545

Printer, Model 820 $ 599 $457

Cassette, Model 410 $ 89 $75

Paddle Controller Pair $ 19 $ 17

MARINCHIP SYSTEMS M9900

Elegant 16 bit CPU, S-100 compatible multi-user,multi-processor operating system. Extended precisioncommercial BASIC, FORTH, META, PASCAL,Word Processor and Text Editor. Fast and powerful!

Complete kit and software package $550

Assembled $750

We configure complete systems with floppy or harddisk.

WORDSMITH Video Subsystem $1,550

S-100 Compatible, 40 lines, 80 columns. Powerfulword processor and word processor keyboard.

MICROANGELO $1,795

High resolution graphics system. Wordsmith andMicroangelo feature 15", 22MHZ, green phospherscreen, 72 key keyboard; includes complete cablingand software. From SCION.

INDUSTRIAL

MICRO

SYSTEMS

TELETYPE

HAZELTINE

IBM

TELEVIDEO

TEI

TARBELL

SIEMENS

PER SCI

NEC

ITHACA

INTERSYSTEMS

MARINCHIP

DATA SOUTH

QUMECENTRONICS

TEXAS

INSTRUMENTS

ATARI

DEC

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COMPUTER

SYSTEMS

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TECHNOLOGY

INNOTRONICS

XEROX

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DATA SYSTEMS

CROMEMCO

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NOVATION

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CDC

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POWER ONE

MEASUREMENT

SYSTEMSAND CONTROL

SEE OUR AD AND ORDERING DETAILS ON FACING PAGE!

JOHN D. OWENS

212 448-6283 Associates, Inc. 212 448-6298

12 Schubert Street,

Staten Island, New York 10305

August 1980 @ BYTE Publications Inc 145

byte half-inch tape drive on thesame motor spindle. Micropolis Cor-poration, of Chatsworth, California,is offering the largest capacity (nowavailable) 8-inch Winchester disk, theModel 1203-1, with 45 megabytes onfive surfaces. The density is high(8626 bpi, 478 tpi), the access timefast (42 ms), and the price reasonable.It is another good example of a high-capacity, high-performance 8-inchdisk in the high-end segment. NewWorld Computer Company Inc, ofCosta Mesa, California, is making anunconventional, miniature hard disk,the Mikro-Disc 211. It is a cross be-tween a high-performance, one-head-per-track disk and a cost-effectivemoving head mini-Winchester drive.It is small, light (8 pounds), and veryfast (18.825 ms access time). It hasrelatively low capacity (2.1 mega-bytes) but makes up for it in perfor-mance, price (less than $1000 in largeOEM quantities), size (9Vz inch by9Vx inch), weight, and power re-quirements (less than 50 W). In thewords of company president, Phil

Haines, "It's a little screamer." TheMikro-Disc 211 is a versatile storagesystem suitable for a variety of uses:it can efficiently augment or replacefloppy-disk drives, supplement otherlarger and slower mass-storagedevices by acting as a high-speedcache memory, improve systemresponse time by providing fast-ac-cess key-directory storage, and be theprimary file device in small systems.It has an assembly with twenty pro-prietary low-cost heads that writeand read data onto 0.008-inch-widetracks. The head assembly is movedonly seven 0.010-inch steps (eightpositions) across the disk. Each step isaccomplished in 5 ms, precisely andaccurately, by a low-cost open-loopstepper motor.

The Model 3450 from Priam, SanJose, California, is another examplein the high-end segment, along withBASF and Micropolis. It has 34 mega-bytes on five surfaces, fast transferrate (1.02 megabytes per second), andhigh density (6370 bpi, 480 tpi). It is astate-of-the-art product at a

reasonable price. The ShugartAssociates SAlOOO-series drives areanother example of the low-end seg-ment along with the Memorex 101with 5-and 11-megabyte models.

Shugart Technology of ScottsValley, California (a new companynot connected with ShugartAssociates or Xerox) has just an-nounced its Model ST506 5-inch6-megabyte Winchester disk drive. Itis the size of a 5-inch floppy drive andweighs only 3.5 pounds — 6 mega-bytes of reliable Winchester diskstorage in the palm of your hand for$925 (OEM quantity 500)! In thepopular parlance, this is a hot littleproduct for the small computersystem. Evaluation units are sched-uled to be available this month andproduction quantities by next month.

The latest in disk drives for smallsystems are these 8-inch and 5-inchwonders. The hard disks are upon us,and they're taking personal com-puting forward by a giant step.B

Directory of Hard-Disk Manufacturers

BASF Systems

Kennedy Company

Pertec Computer Corporation

OEM Peripheral Sales

1600 South Shamrock Ave

Peripherals Div

Crosby Dr

Monrovia CA 91016

9610 De Soto Ave

Bedford MA 01730

(213) 357-8831

Chatsworth CA 91311

(617) 271-4000

Memorex Corporation

(213) 999-2020

Century Data Systems Inc

Recording Components Div

Priam

A Xerox Company

San Tomas and Central Expys

3096 Orchard Dr

1270 North Kraemer Blvd

Santa Clara CA 95052

San Jose CA 95134

Anaheim CA 92806

(408) 987-1000

(408) 946-4600

(714) 632-7500

Microcomputer Systems Corporation

Shugart Associates

Corvus Systems Inc

432 Lakeside Dr

475 Oakmead Pky

900 S Winchester Blvd

Sunnyvale CA 94086

Sunnyvale CA 94086

San Jose CA 95128

(408) 733-4200

(408) 733-0100

(408) 246-0461

Micropolis Corporation

Shugart Technology

Fujitsu America Inc

21329 Nordhoff St

340 El Pueblo Road, Suite C

2945 Oakmead Village Ct

Chatsworth CA 91311

Scotts Valley CA 95066

Santa Clara CA 95051

(213) 709-3300

(408) 438-6550

(408) 985-2300

New World Computer Company Inc

International Memories Inc

3176 Pullman St, Suite 119

10381 Bandley Dr

Costa Mesa CA 92626

Cupertino CA 95014

(714) 556-9320

(408) 446-9779

146 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

DYNACOMP

Quality software for:

PET

Apple II PlusTRS-80 (Level II)North Star

All software is supplied with complete documentation which includes clearexplanations and examples. Each program will run with standard terminals (32characters or wider) and within 16K program memory space. Except wherenoted, all software is available on PET cassette, North Star diskette (NorthStar BASIC), TRS-80 cassette (Level II) and Apple cassette [ApplesoftBASIC). These programs are also available on PAPER TAPE (MicrosoftBASIC).

BRIDGE 2.0 Price: $17.95 postpaid

An all-inclusive version of this most popular of card games. This program both BIDSand PLAYS either contract or duplicate bridge. Depending on the contract, your com-puter opponents will either play the offense OR defense. If you bid loo high the com-puter will double your contract! BRIDGE 2.0 provides challenging entertainment foradvanced players and is an excellent learning tool for the bridge novice.

HEARTS 1.5 Price: $14.95 postpaid

An exciting and entertaining computer version of this popular card game. Hearts is atrick-oriented game in which the purpose is not to take any hearts or the queen ofspades. Play against two computer opponents who are armed with hard-to-beat play-ing strategies.

FLIGHT SIMULATOR Price: $17.95 postpaid

{as described in SIMULATION, Volume II)

A realistic and extensive mathematical simulation of take-off, flight and landing. Theprogram utilizes aerodynamic equations and the characteristics of a real airfoil. Youcan practice instrument approaches and navigation using radials and compassheadings. The more advanced flyer can also perform loops, half-rolls and similaraerobatic maneuvers.

SIMULATION, Volume II (BYTE Publications): $6.00

V ALDEZ Price: $14.95 postpaid

A simulation of supertanker navigation in the Prince William Sound and ValdezNarrows. The program uses an extensive 256X256 element radar map and employsphysical models of ship response and tidal patterns. Chart your own course throughship and iceberg traffic. Any standard terminal may be used for display.

CHESS MASTER Price: $19.95 postpaid (available for North Star and TRS-80 only)

This complete and very powerful program provides five levels of play. It includes castl-ing, en passant captures, and the promotion of pawns. Additionally, the board may bepreset before the start of play, permitting the examination of "book" plays. To max-imize execution speed, the program is written in assembly language (by SOFTWARESPECIALISTS of California). Full graphics are employed in the TRS-80 version, andtwo widths of alphanumeric display are provided to accommodate North Star users.

FOURIER ANALYZER Price: $14.95 postpaid

Use this program to examine the frequency spectra of limited duration signals. Theprogram features automatic scaling and plotting of the input data and results. Prac-tical applications include the analysis of complicated patterns in such fields as elec-tronics, communications and business.

TEXT EDITOR I (Letter Writer) Price: $14.95 postpaid

An easy to use, line-oriented text editor which provides variable line widths and simpleparagraph indexing. This text editor is ideally suited for composing letters and is quitecapable of handling much larger jobs.

MAIL LIST II Price: $19.95 postpaid (available for North Star only)

This many-featured program now includes full alphabetic and zip code sorting as wellas file merging. Entries can be retrieved by user-defined code, client name or Zip Code.The printout format allows the use of standard size address labels. Each diskette canstore more than 1000 entries (single density; over 2000 with double density systems)!

STARTREK 3.2 Price: $9.95 postpaid

This is the classic Startrek simulation, but with several new features. For example, theKlingons now shoot at the Enterprise without warning while also attacking starbases inother quadrants. The Klingons also attack with both light and heavy cruisers and movewhen shot at! The situation is hectic when the Enterprise is besieged by three heavycruisers and a starbase S.O.S. is received! The Klingons get even!

Price: $9.95 each postpaid

LUNAR LANDER, CRAPS,

GAMES PACK I and GAMES PACK II

GAMES PACK 1 contains BLACKJACK

HORSERACE, SWITCH and more.

GAMES PACK II contains CRAZY EIGHTS, JOTTO, ACEY-DUCEY, LIFE,

WUMPUS and more.

Why pay $5.95 or more per program when you can buy a DYNACOMP collection for

just $9.95?

All orders are processed within 48 hours. Please enclose payment with order. If paying byMASTER CHARGE or VISA, include all numbers on card. Foreign orders add 10Vo forshipping and handling.

Write for detailed descriptions of these and other programs available from DYNACOMP.

DYNACOMP, Inc.

6 Rippingale Rd.

Pittsford, New York 14534

(716) 586-7579

New York Stale residents please add 7% NYS sales lax.

Circle 97 on inquiry card.

NllEIAbl

1

OSBORNE COMPATABLE

READY to RUIM

BUSINESS SOFTWARE

in CBASICS or 1* features *

Four Complete Packages—

• General Ledger

■ Accounts Receivable

• Accounts Payable

• Payroll with Cost AccountingStrong support from Osborne ManualsCBASIC2 runs under CP/M or under CDOSversion 1.07 on Cromemco computers16K BASIC runs on Cromemco computersCursor addressing routines for Hazeltine,Lear Siegler and Cromemco (Beehive)Terminals

Source Codes and Installation Instructions

provided along with disks

Automatic Command Start-up

Easy 1o apply to all of your business and

systems needs

6K BASIC

• hardware required *

• One or more 8" or 5" Floppy '•■"Drives

■ CRT with cursor addressing

• t32-Column Printer

perpackage

ArlilSSIurihipripnKCjN.idrif, 1*28 -uleiTj!CKmiTCAHD^. ACCEPTED

• DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED •

•

OSBORNE READY to RUN

•

EXPAND(Run Cromemco

•

HUP 1{Disk util-

liUSINKSS SOFTWARE

Software on CP/M)

ities for Cromemco

•

.SM0S(CP/M for

•

MICROPLOTCVersatile

•

DUP 4(Double sided)

Cromi'itico computers)

Printer Graphics)

•

DOT 5(Disk Util-

•

X-I05(KP/M for

•

DRlVE(Customizctl

ities for CP/M

Cromemco Computers)

Printer Drivers)

•

hup 6(Obl. Density]

• Call or Write lor Free Catalogue and More Information •

+ We will Customize any of our programs at our Standard, Consulting Rales

W All orders usually shipped 8"

For 5" disks arid :!?0.00 for downloading

— MIC AH H<>\ I987 w"*I.MTCRrhk.C\IU, 94*M ph. 4ls/«J3»ZT83MICro Applications and Hardware. CONSULTANTS and SOFTWARE DEVELOPERS .

The2nd Generationis shaping up...

MEASUREMENT

systems &. controls

incorporated

Circle 96 on inquiry card.

BYTE August 1980 147

NEECO

PROUDLY

INTRODUCES

alto>)COMPUTERS

ALTOS ACS 8000-5

• Dual 8" floppy disks

• Megabyte storage. 64K RAM

• Totally expandableto Hard Disk (29MB)and Multi-User

$5990

ALTOS OFFERS OUR USERSTOTAL SYSTEM CAPABILITIESAND FLEXIBILITY.. .

• Z80 based • CP/M • Multi-User

• Hard Disk • Seven languages

• MP/M • NEECO system support

• Full Word Processing

"ALTOS Computers offer you SystemFlexibility and Reliability"

CONTACT NEECO FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ONHOW ALTOS CAN BECOME YOUR COMPUTER SOLUTION

Altos computers range in price from less than $3000 to over $14,000. Altos Computer Systems' capabilitiesrange from single disk-single user to 29 Megabytes-Multi-User.

ALTOS computers are distributed to Dealers/OEMs in the N.E. Region by MICROAMERICA

Trial Tested Osborne Business Packages on the Superbrain• Accounts Receivable $250.00 Complete 4 ModuleCACTIAIADC • General Ledger $250.00 Package s795

WWB I VVHIIE • Accounts Payable $250.00 MicrosoftBASIC

(Business Packages written in MicrosoftBASIC) • Payroll Package $250 00 s325

SUPERBRAIN

32K RAM $279564K RAM $2995FORTRAN $ 450

The Superbrain is ideal for use as an intelligentterminal or stand alone microcomputer system forOEM's, commercial customers, and other •

sophisticated computer users."

SPECIAL OFFER!

Purchase a 64K Superbrainat $2995 and will includeMBASIC5 for only $250!(regularly $350)

SPECIAL OFFER! - Purchasea Centronics 704-9 (RS232,180 CPS, retail $2380) printerand a 64K Superbrain togetherfor only $4595 - cash price only.

Two 5.25" Shugart Minifloppies with over300 K (CP/M Version 2.2 or later) Disk Storage.

Integrated in a single compact housing.

CP/M operating System with MBASIC5 andother interpreters/compilers available.32K or 64K RAM models available.

2 I/O Ports - one fully enabled RS232port for communications. Other port forRS232 serial printer output.

Too many software packages are nowavailable to list them here.

OEM/DEALER INQUIRIES

All pricing and specifications are subject to change.l

$2995

ISUPE2BRAIN

The Honor Graduate

KICKT^/1^ Mon-Fri 9:30-5:30

INCLvU MasterCharge &

679 Highland Ave. visa Accepted

(617)449-1760

Telex: 951021

Needham, MA02194

MICROAMERICA DISTRIBUTING!

"Nationwide distributors of Computer Equipment"21 Putnam StreetNeedham, MA

02194 (617) 449-4310

148 BYTE August 1980

Circle 98 for NEECO

Circle 99 for microamerica

NEECO PROUDLY ANNOUNCES OUR

NEW ONE YEAR WARRANTYON ALL CBM COMPUTERS!

"Your complete sourcefor all CBM Hardwareand Software Products"

"All CBM Computers purchased between June 15th and Sept. 15thwill automatically carry a full one year NEECO warranty"

The 8032 CBM Computer is now available! CBM™ 8000 SERIES BUSINESS COMPUTERS

Ql commodore

The new Commodore 8000 series computers offer a wide screendisplay to show you up to 80-character lines of information. Textediting and report formatting are faster and easier with the newwide-screen display. The 8000 series also provides a residentOperating System with expanded functional capabilities. Youcan use BASIC on the 8000 computers in both interactive andprogram modes, with expanded commands and functions forarithmetic, editing, and disk file management. The CBM 8000series computers are ideally suited for the computing needs ofthe business marketplace.

CBM™ 8050 DUAL DRIVE FLOPPY DISK

The CBM 8050 Dual Drive Floppy Disk is an enhanced version ofthe intelligent CBM 2040 Disk Drive. The CBM 8050 has all of thefeatures of the CBM 2040, and provides more powerful softwarecapabilities, as well as nearly one megabyte of online storagecapacity. The CBM 8050 supplies relative record files andautomatic diskette initialization. It can copy all the files from onediskette to another without copying unused space. The CBM8050 also offers improved error recovery and the ability toappend to sequential files.

CBM

2001-8KN

2001-16KN

2001-16KB

2001-32KN

2001-32KB

6016

8032

2023

2022

PRODUCT DESCRIPTION

8K RAM-Graphics Keyboard16KN RAM-Graphics Keyboard16K RAM-Business Keyboard32K RAM-Graphics Keyboard32K RAM-Business Keyboard16K RAM-80 CoL-4.0 O/S32K RAM-80 Col.-4.0 O/SFriction Feed PrinterTractor Feed Printer

PRICE

HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS

Dual Drives

Two microprocessors

974K Bytes storage on two

5.25" diskettes (ss)Tracks 70Sectors 17-21Soft sector formatIEEE"-488 interfaceCombination power (green) and

error (red) indicator lightsDrive Activity indicator lightsDisk Operating System Firmware

(12KROM)Disk Buffer (4K RAM)

FIRMWARE

DOS version 2.0Sequential file manipulationSequential user filesRelative record filesAppend to sequential filesImproved error recoveryAutomatic diskette initializationAutomatic directory searchCommand parser for syntax

validationProgram load and save

CBM

PRODUCT DESCRIPTION

$ 795.00

2040

Dual Floppy-343K-DOS 1.0

$1295.00

$ 995.00

2050

Dual Floppy-343K-DOS 2.0

$1295.00

$ 995.00

8050

Dual Floppy-974K-DOS 2.0

$1695.00

$1295.00

C2N Cassette

External Cassette Drive

$ 95.00

$1295.00

CBM to IEEE

CBM to 1st IEEE Peripheral

$ 39.95

$1495.00 *

IEEE to IEEE

CBM to 2nd IEEE Peripheral

$ 49.95

$1795.00

8010

IEEE 300 Baud Modem

$ 395.00

$ 695.00

2.0 DOS

DOS Upgrade for 2040

$ 50.00

$ 795.00

4.0 O/S

O/S Upgrade for 40 Column

$ 100.00

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BYTE August 1980 149

Editor's Note

We are particularly pleased toinclude this article by Dick and JillMiller in this FORTH theme issue.One of the problems with pastBYTE language issues has been thelack of concrete examples of thelanguage being showcased—name-ly, a full, nontrivial program thatdoes something useful or fun and,at the same time, shows an exam-ple of the language at its best.

The program BREAKFORTH,written for the MMSFORTHlanguage running on the RadioShack TRS-80, does show thelanguage FORTH at its best. Thisreal-time video game, which is aversion of the arcade-type gamethat requires the user to chip awayat a "brick wall" by directing abouncing ball at it with a paddle, iswhat Dick Miller calls "electronicflypaper"—a game so addictivethat it keeps people trapped attheir TRS-80, unable to stop play-ing.

In addition to being playable(quite a testament to the speed ofFORTH, especially if you haveever seen the same game written inTRS-80 BASIC), the game alsogives an example of how a goodFORTH program is put together,

as well as how it can be morereadable when properly writtenout with adequate indentation andcomments.

Another departure fromprevious language issues is theavailability of the languageFORTH at reasonable cost on awide range of microcomputers (seechart of FORTH sources,elsewhere in this issue). MillerMicrocomputer Services (MMS)supplies one of the most completeand well-supported versions ofFORTH available, along with anewsletter and other FORTH pro-ducts available at reasonableprices. (For example, MMS sells aFORTH software package thatadds floating-point arithmetic(both single- and

double-precision), complexarithmetic, and a full Z80assembler, all on floppy disk for$29.95.)

This article was produced withthe help of two other people notyet mentioned. The first is TomDowling, who wrote theMMSFORTH language for theTRS-80 and who does a large por-tion of the FORTH programmingfor MMS. The second person isArnold Schaeffer, who wrote the

BREAKFORTH program as hisfirst FORTH program. If thisachievement were not impressiveenough, then I should add thatArnold is a high school student.This is proof that FORTH can belearned by anyone with sufficiententhusiasm for the language.

Analyzing the BREAKFORTHprogram is a great way to learnabout FORTH and how to pro-gram in it. The program can betyped in as is on a TRS-80 usingMMSFORTH's full-screen editorand virtual memory, but I suggestthat you first read John James' arti-cle in this issue, "What Is FORTH?A Tutorial Introduction," beforeseriously studying theBREAKFORTH program.

One final note on alteration: thisprogram is meant to work on aTRS-80 Model I runningMMSFORTH. Users of otherFORTH systems having a graphicdisplay of 48 by 128 resolution orbetter can probably get the pro-gram running by rewriting somewords unfamiliar to their system.Some information designed to helpin this conversion effort has beensupplied in this article....GW

BREAKFORTH Into FORTH!

A Richard Miller and Jill Miller

Miller Microcomputer Services

61 Lake Shore Rd

Natick MA 01760

About the Authors

A Richard (Dick) and Jill Miller foundedMiller Microcomputer Services in 1977 as aconsulting firm specializing in support for theRadio Shack TRS-80. After continueddissatisfaction with other languages availablefor the TRS-80 (FORTRAN. COBOL, Pascal,PILOT, BASIC), they settled on FORTH as alanguage that combines the seemingly incom-patible traits of language complexity, highoperating speed, and low memory overhead.They released their first version ofMMSFORTH (version 1.5) in June 1979, andhave been improving disk and cassette versionsof the system ever since. MMSFORTHresembles the FORTH Inc version of thelanguage called microFORTH, and was writtenindependently with permission from that com-pany.

Introduction to BREAKFORTH

This BREAKFORTH program wascreated by Arnold Schaeffer. Theprogram, which was purchased byMMS, has received minor modifica-tions and is now included with thepurchase of MMSFORTH version 1.9(on a different range of blocks fromthose shown here, blocks 69 thru 74).We think it is a classic game as is, andfully expect individuals to modify itin accord with their gamepreferences—for their individual use.

The BREAKFORTH program is astraightforward one, although it isnot a trivial one. It combines many ofthe techniques of FORTH and can be

followed easily with a little time andstudy. Figure 1 shows a typicalBREAKFORTH video display, withan operator-controlled game paddleat the bottom, a bouncing ball, and abarrier to be knocked out one brick ata time by successive bounces until allthe bricks have been cleared away.Each removed brick scores one pointor more depending on its level, andthere is a surprise bonus for a com-pletely cleared barrier. Ball speed andnumber of balls are selectable, but bewarned that, as you bounce your wayup to the higher layers, the ball speedincreases! You might want to startwith short games using five balls and

150 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

NO FRILLS! NO GIMMICKS! JUST GREAT

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BYTE August 1980 151

a ball speed of seven. Fifty balls and aspeed of four will present a challengefor high scorers.

BREAKFORTH offers some otherfeatures, too. As you and yourfriends try for better scores, a BESTscore is kept to challenge your presenteffort. In addition, the paddle addsbackspin in certain cases that we willleave you to discover.

To add sound, plug an externalspeaker into the EAR jack of yourcassette tape recorder, attach the mid-dle cable from the keyboard unit (notthe motor remote cable) to the AUXjack of the tape recorder, and openthe tape compartment door. Whiledepressing the write-protect detectorswitch at the left side of the back ofthis compartment, simultaneouslypress the Record and Play keys. Thisprocedure allows the cassette taperecorder to be used as an amplifier.The BREAKFORTH programmanipulates the cassette port (nor-mally used for writing a program totape), causing a sound to be amplifiedby the recorder and played on thespeaker.

Like other brands of electronicflypaper, BREAKFORTH may keepyou glued to the keyboard. If youhave to leave but do not want to giveup the game, press shift-® to pausethe game. Pressing any other key willcause the game to resume where you

BREAKFORTH isdeveloped in the FORTHmanner, with top-downdesign and bottom-up pro-gramming.

left off. To start a new game inmidstream while keeping the BESTscore, press the Break key, type in theword BREAKFORTH , and press theEnter (Return) key.

BREAKFORTH is developed in theFORTH manner, with top-downdesign and bottom-up programming.Figure 2 shows the organization of theprogram. These modules shown infigure 2, along with the various1-byte and single-precision (2-byte)variables and constants they invoke,are listed with explanations in table 1,a directory of the BREAKFORTHwords that this program will add tothe FORTH vocabulary.

The program's source code is on sixconsecutive blocks, and in this casehappens to be located on blocks 50thru 55; see listing 1. InMMSFORTH, one entersj 50 6 LOADS j to load the pro-gram—that is, to compile and executeall the information on blocks 50 thru

BREAKFORTH IN MMSFORTH

SCORE: 253 BEST.

Figure 1: One view of the TR.S-80 video screen during a BREAKFORTH game.

55, ending with the immediate execu-tion of the word BREAKFORTHfrom line 15 of block 55 (which causesthe program to be run). (Other ver-sions of FORTH that lack theconsecutive-blocks word, LOADS ,will have another way of doing this.)

The First Block

Let us take a detailed look at block50 in listing 1. Lines 0 thru 2 are allcomment lines, as are any words sur-rounded by parentheses. Notice thatbecause FORTH words are set off byspaces on either side, the "begin com-ment" word, j ( | , must beseparated from the first word of thecomment by at least one space.(Because of the way j ( } is defined,the closing parenthesis need not beseparated from the last word of thecomment by a space.)

Most definitions in FORTH beginwith a colon ( { : j ) and end with asemicolon ( j ; j ), where the firstword after the colon is the word beingdefined. In line 3, the first word de-fined is TASK . Since the only wordfollowing TASK is the closingsemicolon, we can conclude that theword TASK does not do much.However, it does serve as a"bookmark," marking the beginningof the words and variables that arespecific to this application (game).We will come back to TASK later, atthe end of block 55.

Line 3 also causes two other blockson the MMSFORTH system disk tobe loaded into memory. Block 32,when loaded, adds several special-purpose words having to do withrandom numbers: RANDOMIZEand RND . Block 33, when loaded,adds several words that have to dowith graphics: DCLR , DSET ,{ D? } , ECLR , ESET , and{ E? } . (The last three are the sameas TRS-80 BASIC words RESET,SET, and POINT, and the variablesbeginning with D are the same, butreferencing double-width characters.)

Lines 4 thru 6 initialize sevendouble-byte variables and two single-byte ( CVARIABLE ) variables. InFORTH, unless specified, allvariables, constants, and stack entriesare 16 bits (2 bytes) long. See table 1for the meaning of these variables.

Line 7 defines a new word, LINE ,using a colon to begin the definitionand a semicolon to end it. Severalspaces (usually three) are placed be-

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BREAKFORTH

PADDLE

GAMECHK

BALLCHK

XCHK

CLR

BOP

1CASSOUT

2CASSOUT

Figure 2: A hierarchical diagram of the BREAKFORTH program. Each box contains aword used within the BREAKFORTH program and is used by the word(s) in the box(es)above it. See table 1 for a definition of each word.

tween the word being defined and thefirst word of the definition; this addsto the clarity of the definition. PTC(for "put cursor") places the cursor ata given point on the screen, much likethe PRINT® instruction in TRS-80BASIC. It expects two numbers onthe stack, the row (second-to-top)and the column (on top) giving thedesired position for the cursor. (Forexample, j 8 32 PTC 1 puts thecursor near the center of the screen, 8rows from the top and 32 charactersfrom the left edge of the screen.)

However, our new word LINE ex-pects only one number on the stackbecause the first thing it does when itis called is to put a zero on top of thestack. So the words f 0 PTC ) putthe cursor at the beginning of a givenline (that is, at position (x,0), where xis the number on top of the stackwhen LINE is called).

The FORTH word ECHO (EMIT insome other versions of FORTH) islike the PRINT CHR$ function inBASIC—it outputs the correspon-ding ASCII character for the number.In this case, ( 30 ECHO ) outputs a

clear-to-the-end-of-the-line signal onthe TRS-80. (By the way, the 30 is thedecimal number thirty; although youcan change to hexadecimal with theword HEX or to any other numericbase, MMSFORTH assumes decimalnumbers unless told otherwise.)

Now we are finally able to saywhat the word LINE does: thephrase { x LINE j clears line x andleaves the cursor at row x, column 0.{ 0 PTC j puts the cursor at thebeginning of the line, and( 30 ECHO j clears the line with aspecial character (ASCII decimal 30)and leaves the cursor where it is.

The final word described in block50, INIT , begins in line 8. Its defini-tion is longer than most words, but itsfunction is not at all mysterious onceyou know a few FORTH words. CLSclears the video screen (as in TRS-80BASIC), ( 0 LINE j clears line zero,and { " j (( ". J in some FORTHs)causes the character string until thenext quote mark to be printed, just asPRINT " STRING " does in BASIC.The word #IN causes a single-

Text continued on page 158

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Listing 1: The BREAKFORTH program. These six blocks, when loaded into anMMSFORTH system, cause the BREAKFORTH program to compile, execute, and,once finished, erase itself from the system. Tape-based users should omit the last threewords in the last block. This program does require that the MMSFORTH words for ran-dom numbers (block 32 on the MMSFORTH system disk or cassette) and for TRS-80graphics (block 33) be available to the FORTH system. If these blocks have already beenloaded, delete the two LOAD commands in block 50, line 3. Also, the se-quence | A MVI 255 ) in lines 10 and 11 of block 51 is the notation FORTH uses forthe 8080 assembly-language statement MVI A,255. [To speed up paddle response,you can replace the 3 in block 55, line 8 with a higher value. Personally, I enjoy playingthe game at speed level 1, with a 12 replacing the 3....GW]

BLOCK

50

0 ( BREAKFORTH/MMSFORTH, BY ARNOLD SCHAEFFER, PART 1 OF 6 )

1 ( COPYRIGHT 1980 BY MILLER MICROCOMPUTER SERVICES )

2 ( W/SOUND - USE THE LEFT AND RIGHT ARROWS TO MOVE THE PADDLE )

3 : TASK ; 32 LOAD ( RANDOM #'S ) 33 LOAD ( GRAPHICS ) RANDOMIZE

4 0 CVARIABLE SPEED 0 CVARIABLE SPVAR 0 VARIABLE SCORE

5 0 VARIABLE XPOS 0 VARIABLE YPOS 2 VARIABLE PPOS

6 1 VARIABLE YDIR 1 VARIABLE XDIR 0 VARIABLE BEST

7 : LINE 0 PTC 3 0 ECHO ;

8 : INIT CLS 0 LINE " SPEED ( 1 - 10, 1 IS FASTEST )"

9 #IN 1 MAX 10 MIN 10 U* SPEED C!

10 0 LIME " NUMBER OF BALLS DESIRED" #IN

11 CLS 64 0 DO 3 I DSET 4 I DSET LOOP

12 48 3 DO I 0 DSET I 63 DSET I 1 DSET I 62 DSET LOOP

13 191 15616 320 FILL 0 SCORE !

14 0 LINE " BREAKFORTH IN MMSFORTH SCORE: 0 BEST:"

15 BEST ? 0 54 PTC " BALL:" ;

BLOCK

51

( BREAKFORTH/MMSFORTH, BY ARNOLD SCHAEFFER, PART 2 OF 6 )

: PCLR 32 PPOS 8 16320 + 8 FILL ;: PSET 176 PPOS @ 16320 + 8 FILL ;

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

BLOCK : 52

PADDLE14400 C@ 3214400 C@ 64

CODE 1CASSOUTCODE 2CASSOUT: BOP 10 0 DO

IF PCLRIF PCLR

-1 PPOS @ + 2 MAX PPOS ! PSET THEN1 PPOS @ + 54 MIN PPOS ! PSET THEN

1 A MVI 255 OUT NEXT ( THESE 3 LINES )

2 A MVI 255 OUT NEXT ( PRODUCE THE SOUND. )1CASSOUT 2CASSOUT LOOP ;

( BREAKFORTH/MMSFORTH, BY ARNOLD SCHAEFFER, PART 3 OF 6

XCHK

XPOS @ 2 <

XPOS @ 61 >

IF XDIR @ MINUS XDIRIF XDIR @ MINUS XDIR

2 XPOS !61 XPOS !

BOP THENBOP THEN

BOP THEN

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

BLOCK : 53

0 ( BREAKFORTH/MMSFORTH, BY ARNOLD SCHAEFFER, PART 4 OF 6 )1

Listing 1 continued on page 158

YCHKYPOSYPOSYPOSYPOS

52319

15

IF 1 YDIR !

IF SPVAR C@

IF SPVAR C@

IF SPVAR C@

5 YPOS ! 1 SPVAR C!4 MIN SPVAR C! THEN3 MIN SPVAR C! THEN2 MIN SPVAR C! THEN

156 August 1980 @ BYTE Publications Inc

=° -«2 n m 9 B

FORTH

FORTH GENERATION SOFTWARE

ConcurrentFORTH 64 users/CPU

Data General and cornpatable systems

Digital Equipt Corp PDP 11, LSI 11 VAX 11-780

IBM Series 1 Texas Instrument 990

Custom Systems Professional/Commercial/OEM

1802 6502 6800 6809 68000 8080 8085Z80 28 Z8000 TI9900 micronova HP21

Systems level software

File SystemsData base managementNon-procedural query languagesWord processing Office AutomationIndustrial Control

Send RFP with your requirements to;

fl

NCON

17370 Hawkins LaneMorgan Hill, CA 95037

Circle 106 on inquiry card.PUBLICSERVICE ANNOUNCEMENTFor general information join FORTH interest group $12.00 to; P.O. Box1105, San Carlos, CA 94070. Source code for popular micros $10.00,installation manual $10.00, Programming manual "Using FORTH" $25.00.No purchase orders. Circle 311 on inquiry card.

The 2ndGeneration...

It's all that it'sCracked up to be.

MEASUREMENT

systems & controls

incorporated

BYTE August 1980 157

Text continued from page 154:

precision number to be entered fromthe keyboard and placed on top of thestack. The phrase

( 1 MAX j causes the number tobe replaced by 1 if the number justentered is smaller. Similarly, thephrase ( 10 MIN ) limits thenumber on the top of the stack to amaximum value of 10.( 10 U* j multiplies the number by10 ( U* is an unsigned single-precision multiply), and/ SPEED C! j stores the valuefrom the top of the stack in thesingle-byte variable SPEED .

Each of the above phrases containsa number and an operation. Sinceeach operation requires two numberson the stack, the number entered by#IN is the first number, with the se-cond number always being suppliedby the first word of the phrase.

Using the same words as listedabove, line 10 again clears line 0,prompts for the number of balls to beused in the game, putting thatnumber on top of the stack with theword #IN .

Line 11 clears the video screenagain and sets up the back (top) wallof the BREAKFORTH "court" using ado-loop and double-width graphics.In FORTH, the parameters of theloop go on the stack before the loop iscalled, so j 64 0 DO ) begins theloop, and the word LOOP ends it.The loop will be executed sixty-fourtimes, and the word I puts on top-of-stack the current value of the loop (0,1, 2, 3, ... ,63); note that I does nottake on the limit value of 64. Thephrase ( 3 I DSET j sets a double-width character at row 3, (double-width) column I; similarly,f 4 I DSET j sets the double-widthcharacter on the next row below thefirst.

Similarly, line 11 sets the right andleft walls of the BREAKFORTHcourt, columns 0 and 1 for the leftwall and columns 63 and 64 for theright wall.

The phrase ( 191 15616

320 FILL ) in line 13 creates the ini-tial wall of bricks by using charactercode decimal 191 (a whited-outcharacter cell) to fill an area ofmemory (the video display area of theTRS-80) starting at location 15616and filling for a total of 320 bytes.

The phrase ( 0 SCORE ! } , alsoin line 13, shows us how we store a

Listing 1 continued:

2 2

3

4 :

5

6

7

8

91011

12 ;131415

BLOCK

CONSTANT 2

-2 CONSTANT

PCHK 0 YPOS I 47 >=

IF 46 YPOS ! XPOS @ PPOS §

IF -1 YDIR !NCASE 0 12XDIR !ELSE DROP 1+THENTHEN

BOP3 4 5 6 7

DUP 0 >= OVER 8 < AND-2-1-1-11112 CASEND

54

0 ( BREAKFORTH/MMSFORTH, BY ARNOLD SCHAEFFER, PART 5 OF 6 )1

CLR

XPOS 8 2 - 12 4 AND 2+ DUP 4 + SWAP DO YPOS 8 I DCLR LOOP

YPOS 8 27 - ABS SCORE +! 0 32 PTC SCORE ? BOP

YDIR 8 MINOS YDIR !

BALLCHK

9101112131415

YDIR @ YPOS +! XDIR 8 XPOS +!YPOS 8 XPOS 8 D? IF CLR THEN

XCHK YCHK PCHK

BALL YPOS 8 XPOS @ DCLR

BALLCHK DUP 0= IF YPOS @ XPOS 8 DSET THEN ;

GAMECHK SCORE 8 1800 MOD 0= IF 191 15616 320 FILL THEN

BLOCK : 55

0 (

1 :

2 :3

4567

BREAKFORTH/MMSFORTH, BY ARNOLD SCHAEFFER, PART 6 OF 6 )DELAY SPEED C8 SPVAR C8 U* 0 DO LOOP ;BREAKFORTHBEGIN INIT 0

9

10111213

14 ;

15 BREAKFORTH

ELSE -1 THEN! 29 YPOS !0 DO PADDLE LOOPGAMECHK DELAY

DELAY PADDLE LOOP5 SPVAR C!

XDIR !

PSETDO 2000 SPEED C8 / 0 DO

0 60 PTC I 1+

2 RND 1 = IF 1

58 RND 2+ XPOS

BEGIN 3BALL

ENDLOOP SCORE 8 BEST 8 MAX BEST !8 18 PTC " RUN GAME AGAIN " Y/N

1 YDIR !

END

FORGET TASK DIR

value (0) in a variable ( SCORE ) byusing the store operator ( ! j . Twopoints should be mentioned here.First, executing a variable name (likeSCORE ) causes the address of thevariable, not its value, to be pushedonto the top of the stack. Second, thestore operator ( ! j requires the valueto be the second-to-top item in thestack and the address of the variablereceiving the new value to be the topitem in the stack.

The words in line 14 clear line 0and print a message on the same line,setting the score to zero but leavingthe cursor just after the colon that

ends the message.

In line 15, the phrase( BEST ? j causes the value ofBEST to be displayed on the screen,and the rest of line 15 completes themessage that is shown on line 0 of thescreen. Finally, the semicolon on line15 ends the definition of INIT begunon line 8.

The Middle Blocks

Whew, that was a lot of explaining!Now you see why FORTH is not veryeasy for beginners to read—you arepacking a lot of work into a smallspace, using an ever-more-specialized

158 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

... i

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Circle 107 on inquiry card.

BYTE August 1980 159

f BEGIN J

START GAME OVERAGAIN, RETAININGONLY VALUE OFBEST

ALL BALLS HAVEBEEN PLAYED;CURRENT GAMEIS OVER

TA

YES

BEST " MAX(SCORE, BEST)

12

PUT 0 ONTOP-OF-STACK

THIS IS A DO-LOOPBEGINNING AND ENDINGON LINE 4; BEGINNINGVALUE IS ZERO, ENDINGVALUE IS (X* - 1)

PUT 1 ONTOP-OF-STACK

YES

TEST OF

LOOP

BEGINNING

AT LINE

3; TEST

IS

"DID

PLAYER

PRESS 'Y'

KEY?"

5

PRINT BALLNUMBER (=1+1)AT (0, 60)

5

SPVAR = 5

6

R* = RND (2)

f FINISH J

Figure 3: A flowchart for the BREAKFORTH program (given in listing 1, block 55). The number above each box is the linenumber within block 55 that performs the action of the box. Many calculations in FORTH are done on the stack and do not acquirevariable names. Because of this, an asterisk in a variable or procedure name (eg: X*, 3PADDLE*) denotes that the name was givenonly in this flowchart to add clarity.

instruction set. Experience withreading and writing FORTH codemakes the process easier, but spacing,indentation, use of descriptive wordnames, and lots of comments arealways helpful. A surprise to theBASIC user: none of these source-

code editing improvements use anyextra programmable memory space.Table 1 explains much of what thewords in blocks 51 thru 54 do, but letus look at some of the interestingfeatures contained in these lines ofFORTH code.

When the ten-to-twenty timesspeed increase of FORTH overBASIC is not enough (or when wewant to do things that cannot be donewith existing FORTH words), we canredefine some FORTH words in theassembly language of the computer

160 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

PUT 1 ONTOP-OF-STACK

PUT -1 ONTOP-OF-STACK

XDIR'TOP-OF-STACKYDIR «1

XPOS-RND (581+2YPOS=29

BEGIN LOOP AT LINE 8,TEST AT LINE 10

3PAODLE *

PADDLE IS PERFORMED3 TIMES WITHIN SHORTDO-LOOP

MOVE BALL TO NEWCALCULATED POSITION

CHECKS TO SEE IFBALL HAS GOTTEN PASTPADDLE-, IF SO, PUTS 1ON TOP-OF- STACK;ELSE PUTS 0(IF BALLSTILL IN PLAY)

GAMECHK

IF WALL IS COMPLETELYGONE, DRAWS NEWWALL

DELAY

NO

TEST OF LOOP ATBEGINNING OF LINE 8;TEST IS: "HAS BALLGOTTEN PAST PADDLE?"

NBP* =NBP * +1(INCREMENT NUMBEROF BALLS PLAYED

THIS IS END OFDO-LOOP BEGUN AT LINE4-, GO TO BEGINNING OFLOOP FOR LIMIT TEST

(in the case of the TRS-80, 8080 orZ80 assembly language). When wewant a FORTH word (program) torun faster, usually a short assembly-language definition of the word thatgets used the most will speed thingsup sufficiently. Lines 10 and 11 ofblock 51 are the only two words usedin BREAKFORTH that are defined in8080 assembly language.

(MMSFORTH comes with a com-pact 8080 assembler built in, likemany Z80-based FORTHs. A full Z80assembler also is available from MMSat a modest price.)

Inspection of lines 10 and 11 ofblock 51 shows that assembly-language definitions begin with theword CODE (instead of [ : J ) andend with the word NEXT (instead

of { ; ) ). Here, FORTH's 8080assembler is used to define a new typeof word to output to a port. Both1CASSOUT and 2CASSOUT drivethe cassette recorder port (I/O port255 on the TRS-80), and the wordBOP executes both these words in ado-loop ten times to create a shortsquare-wave sound on the externalspeaker.

The definition of PCHK ("paddlecheck" of ball location) in block 53uses two more constructs. There aretwo if constructs, the inner one begin-ning in line 6 and ending in line 10,the outer beginning in line 5 and end-ing in line 11. (Notice that only the in-ner loop uses the optional else clause,as in line 9.) The second construct is anumeric case construct, NCASE ,■ asshown in line 7. When NCASE is ex-ecuted, it expects the number on topof the stack to be one of the numberslisted between NCASE and the dou-ble quote marks (here, zero thruseven). The value found causes theexecution of the correspondingFORTH action word in the series ofapparent numbers between the dou-ble quote mark and the wordCASEND. (Numbers are words butare not in FORTH's dic-tionary—when they are "executed,"they are pushed on top of the stack.MMSFORTH case statements requiretheir action words to be words in theFORTH dictionary and not numericliterals, so in block 53, line 2, 2 and—2 are defined as constants (FORTHwords). 1 and —1 are already definedas constants by standard FORTH.Taking { 2 CONSTANT 2 J as anexample, the first 2 is the value of theconstant, while the second 2 is thename of the constant; we might haveused the word TWO in its place.) Inour program, j 0 NCASE } causesthe word —2 to be executed.{ 1 NCASE } , { 2 NCASE } ,or ( 3 NCASE j cause -1 to bepushed on top of the stack, and so on.Only one of the words is executed;execution then continues with thefirst word after CASEND .MMSFORTH also has an alpha-numeric case statement that brancheson the value of a single character.Each may be thought of as a compact,structured, many-branched alter-native to a nested series of ifstatements.

The Last Block

Block 55, the last block used to

August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 161

Word Name Usage

SPEED CVARIABLE contains speed of play.

SPVAR CVARIABLE contains speed multiplier, depends on height ball reaches.

SCORE VARIABLE contains current score.

XPOS VARIABLE contains current ball X position (range, 2 thru 61).

YPOS VARIABLE contains current ball Y position (range, 5 thru 47).

PPOS VARIABLE contains current paddle position (range, 2 thru 54).

XDIR VARIABLE contains current ball X increment (possible values: - 2, - 1,1,2).

YDIR VARIABLE contains current ball Y increment (possible values: - 1,1).

LINE Expects n on top of stack; moves cursor to line n, clears line.

INIT Asks questions and draws display.

PCLR Clears paddle.

PSET Draws paddle.

PADDLE Checks for right- or left-arrow key being pressed and moves paddle appropriately.

1CASSOUT 8080-code procedure for sound.

2CASSOUT 8080-code procedure for sound.

BOP Makes one bounce noise.

XCHK Checks if ball hit either side wall, modifies XDIR and XPOS if necessary.

YCHK Checks if ball hit top wall and modifies YDIR and YPOS if necessary; also sets speed multiplier.

PCHK Checks if ball at paddle level; if so, did it hit paddle or is it out of play? Leaves F on top of stack; F = 0 if ball still in

play, else 1.

CLR Clears brick, modifies score and YDIR.

BALLCHK Increments ball position and checks for wall, paddle, or brick hits. Leaves F on top of stack; F = 0 if ball still in play,

else 1.

BALL Clears old ball position, calls BALLCHK, and draws new ball; see BALLCHK for value left on top of stack.

GAMECHK Checks if all bricks cleared and draws new barrier if so.

DELAY Causes a given time delay between ball moves.

BREAKFORTH Main game loop.

Table 1: Table of variable names and FORTH words used in the BREAKFORTH program. Note that all variables leave their ad-dress on the stack, that LINE removes one entry from the stack before executing, and that PCHK , BALLCHK , and BALL addone entry to the stack after executing.

define the word BREAKFORTH , word (which is also the program) specialized words that are helpful in

defines one last word ( DELAY , in BREAKFORTH . This is a good solving problems of a given class or

line 1), then puts all the words de- demonstration of how FORTH is application, then you use them to

fined so far together to define the meant to work: first you define write the specific program needed.

WHY CANTMICROPOLIS DO

THINGS LIKEEVERYONE ELSE?

162 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

(The building words, if chosen anddefined properly, can be used to helpwrite other programs in the sameclass.)

The word BREAKFORTH is de-fined in lines 2 thru 14. A flowchartfor the program is given in figure 3;the number to the left of each boxgives the line number within block 55which the box is associated with.

Line 15, the last line of block 55, isinteresting in that it triggers all thework done so far. The wordBREAKFORTH causes the definitionof the word to be executed. Once thegame is finished, the nextwords, { FORGET TASK J , areexecuted; these words cause the wordTASK (remember block 50?) andevery word defined after it to beerased from the vocabulary of thelanguage. This is done to free up thecomputer once we are finished play-ing BREAKFORTH. You can omitthese words if you wish, but the diskprogram is recalled into memory soeasily (with the phrase j 50 6LOADS j ) that most people preferto keep the FORTH dictionary asuncluttered as possible. The lastword, DIR , causes the standard disk

MMSFORTH directory to bedisplayed on the screen. (The lastthree words should be deleted if youare running the cassette version ofMMSFORTH.)

Summary

It takes some work to understandyour first FORTH program. But thiswork is only the flip side of the samecoin that makes FORTH such apowerful language—where else canyou easily write such a large andspeedy program in such a smallspace? [The only other candidatelanguage I can think of is APL, whichis also known for its compactness andunreadability to the uninitiated. , .GW] But, of course, your secondFORTH program is easier than yourfirst, and so on. Better yet, yoursecond program may be 90% writ-ten by your first, thanks to FORTH'sstructured and modular design.

We hope you have enjoyed this in-troduction to FORTH. We can assureyou that it has just scratched the sur-face of FORTH, which performsequally well in process control proj-ects and business applications.FORTH improves our programming

skills while improving our computer'seffective speed, memory capacity,and instruction set. It is a most satis-fying language. ■

Miller Microcomputer Servicesoffers a number of products andservices based on the FORTHlanguage. Version 1.9 ofMMSFORTH, the language usedin this article, runs on a 16 K-byteor larger TRS-80 Model I withLevel II BASIC. The disk version is$79.95, and the cassette version is$59.95. Each package contains thecomplete MMSFORTH system (in-cluding a fullscreen editor and an8080 assembler), FORTH sourcecode, documentation, and themicroFORTH PRIMER book fromFORTH Inc.

For further information, send aself-addressed, stamped businessenvelope to:

MMSFORTH Information

Miller Microcomputer Services

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Consider the current hubbub about "new"96 TPI disk drives. You should know that what maybe new to our competition is anything but newto us.

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August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 163

FORTH Extensibility

Or How to Write a Compiler in 25 Words or Less

Kim Harris

1055 Oregon Ave

Palo Alto CA 94303

A computer language should help users solve prob-lems. Languages bridge the gap between the primitiveoperations the computer can perform (add, fetch frommemory, etc), and the tasks a user needs (invert a matrix,search a file, etc). When the operations of an applicationare well matched to those of a language, the solution canbe simplified and developed in less time; in addition, theresulting program becomes more readable.

Because all applications have various needs, it is im-possible for a nonextensible computer language to satisfyall needs equally well. Although languages have beenproduced which attempt to include all possible opera-tions, structures, and facilities, these have not beensatisfactory.

FORTH's approach is to provide a few techniques thatallow a user to quickly add the special operations his par-ticular application requires. The remainder of this articlewill describe some of these techniques and give examplesthat add arrays (with and without subscript range check-ing), virtual arrays, and a case selection controlstructure.

Extending the Language

The ability to add language facilities and compilerstructures is called extensibility. FORTH is extensible onthree levels of increasing power:

• using existing compilers

• creating new compilers

• creating new operating systems

Editor's Note

In this article, Kim Harris uses the syntax ofFORTH-79, which is different from that of existingFORTH implementations, for his examples.FORTH-79 is a standard set of FORTH words that, ifused to build all other FORTH words needed for agiven application, insures the complete portability of agiven program between different versions of FORTH.Members from FORTH Inc, the FORTH InterestGroup, the European FORTH Users' Group, andMMS worked together to define FORTH-79. I havenoted the differences between the text and existingFORTH implementations (in particular, fig-FORTHand MMSFORTH) where known....GW

This article focuses on the second level and demonstratesthe construction and use of specialized compilers. Thespecialized compilers are usually simple (definable in afew source lines), but permit entire new classes oflanguage or compiler facilities to be added to a FORTHsystem.

The compilation of any computer language is dia-grammed in figure 1. Compilation is the process of con-verting a source language program into a form that acomputer can use.

FORTH uses multiple compilers to implement differentcompiler functions. For example, compiling a data struc-ture declaration (eg: an array) is distinctly different fromcompiling an executable statement. FORTH uses separatecompilers for these two activities. Such compilers aremany times simpler than the compilers for most popularlanguages (eg: BASIC, Pascal, COBOL); however, acollection of FORTH compilers can perform all the func-tions of the other languages' compilers (when these func-tions are adapted to a FORTH-like environment).

FORTH uses the English word "word" to mean an ex-ecutable procedure, not a piece of memory. In this arti-cle, "word" will be used in the FORTH sense, and storagesizes will be specified in terms of 8-bit bytes.

User-Defined Words

The input language to the FORTH compilers is a se-quence of FORTH source language word-names sepa-rated by spaces. (Unlike other languages, a space inFORTH is very important.) The output is one dictionarydefinition for each new word (procedure) compiled. Thecompilation process is controlled by special FORTH pro-cedures called defining words. A source definition, whichis a series of FORTH words including defining words,specifies a procedure that can be compiled by executing(typing in) the sequence. The result of compilation is a

USER'SSOURCEPROGRAM

EXECUTECOMPILER

USER'SOBJECTPROGRAM 1

Figure 1: Compilation of any computer language. A program insome computer language is input to a compiler. The compilerproduces a functionally equivalent program in a different, ob-ject language.

164 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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The2nd Generationis shaping up...

MEASUREMENT

systems &. controls

incorporated

Circle 108 on inquiry card.

BYTE August 1980 165

(a)

SOURCEDEFINITION

, 2 *

DUP

+

'<

DICTIONARYDEFINITION

2*

ADDRESS OF

ADDRESS OFDUP

ADDRESS OF

+

ADDRESS OFEXIT

NAMEL FIELD

CODEFIELD IK

PARAMETER

FIELD j

BODY

(b)

SOURCEDEFINITION

DICTIONARYDEFINITION

VARIABLE % INTEREST

ADDRESS OF

ADDRESS OFEXIT

% INTEREST

ADDRESS OFVARIABLE

SPACE FORVALUE

FROM DEFINITIONOF 2*

NAMEFIELD

CODEFIELD

BODY

Figure 2: Examples of extending the FORTH language. The first source line adds a new operator named 2 * (see figure 2a); the secondsource line adds a new operand named %INTEREST (see figure 2b).

dictionary definition, which is a block of FORTH-inter-pretable instructions. All compiled FORTH words arekept in this dictionary, which is usually located in thecomputer's memory.

User-defined words are treated the same as system-supplied words. If some new words are defined whichbehave like operators (eg: triple-precision versions of theFORTH words + , -,*,/, etc), then thelanguage has been truly extended to include theseoperators. Subsequent words may use these new wordsas system-supplied operators.

Examples of standard, system-supplied defining wordsare { : } (colon), which starts the compilation of subrou-tine-like procedures, and VARIABLE , which compiles anamed memory location for the variable's value.

A source definition consists of a defining word fol-lowed by the name of the word being defined and then byother FORTH words and numbers. Figure 2 illustrates thesource definitions and the corresponding dictionarydefinitions for two new words named 2* and% INTEREST . (FORTH word-names may be made ofany nonblank characters.) The word 2* simulates amultiplication by 2 by adding a value to itself.

The defining word { : } compiles the words thatfollow it in a definition, which is then added to the dic-tionary. Each FORTH dictionary definition consists oftwo parts: a head and a body. The head contains system-internal information including a name field and a codefield. (A link, which points from a definition to aprevious definition, is part of the head but will be ignoredin this article.) The name field contains the name of theword. The code field contains a pointer to the instruc-tions that will be executed when the word is executed.

For definitions compiled by { : }, the code field pointsto a procedure that begins the execution of the wordsreferenced in the definition. The body of this kind ofdefinition, called the parameter field, is a series of ad-dresses that point in order to each FORTH word in thedefinition. The addresses of these referenced words areplaced in the parameter field by the { : } compiler, and

the definition is ended by the FORTH word { ; }(semicolon). The execution of the word EXIT (compiledat the reference to { ; }) ends the execution of the word.

Some Examples

The word 2* will leave a result that is twice the value ofits input. (See figure 2a.) Examples in this article willunderline the input typed by the user and will end in anunseen carriage return; the computer's response follows.The following line shows the use of the word 2* :

3 2*. 6 OK

The use of 2* causes the words in its definition to be ex-ecuted, as if the user had typed:

3 DUP two copies of 3 on the stack

+ add both 3s

print result from top of stack

Any subsequently compiled word may call the word 2*as if it were any other FORTH word. When called, 2*performs its function and then returns. This is analogousto the execution of a subroutine call in other languages.A word is called by simply using its name, as in thefollowing source definition for 4* .

: 4* 2* 2* ;

The defining word { : } has been used to compileanother definition into the dictionary.

Using 4* will cause 2* to be called and executed twice.Here is an example of the use of the word 4* .

3 4*

12 OK

The second word defined in figure 2 uses the definingword VARIABLE to compile a dictionary definition thatcontains data. The source word-name %INTEREST iscompiled into a new dictionary definition containing a

166 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Level Method

I Using standard FORTH defining words to addnew operations (programs).

II Creating new user-defined defining words that, inturn, create new classes of words.

III Creating new FORTH-like systems throughmetaFORTH.

Table 1: Levels of extensibility in FORTH. Level I refers tothe act of defining ordinary words in FORTH using standarddefining words. Level II refers to the creation of new definingwords that are then used to create a family of ordinaryFORTH words. Level III refers to the act of altering and re-compiling FORTH itself (sometimes called metaFORTH) tocreate significantly different variant FORTH-like systems.Higher levels imply greater capability and flexibility.

2-byte area where the value of the variable will always bestored. (The use of the word-name %INTEREST , eitherinside or outside a definition, will cause the address ofthis variable's value to be returned, not the value of thevariable.)

The dictionary definition for % INTEREST containsthe variable's name, a pointer to the instructions executedwhen % INTEREST is executed, and a 2-byte data area.The code fields of all words defined by VARIABLE pointto a procedure which returns the address of the data areaof the variable when the variable's name is referenced.All FORTH words, even data words, have some codethat is executable.

The two defining words of this figure are actually dif-ferent compilers. The defining word { : } compiles pro-cedure definitions, while the defining word VARIABLEcompiles data definitions. All user-added operators andoperands can be used exactly like the system-suppliedones. Even new control structures can be added to theFORTH compiler by the user.

Levels of Extensibility in FORTH

As shown in table 1, there are three levels of exten-sibility supported by FORTH. The two words defined infigure 2 are examples of extensibility level I, the mostcommonly used level. It comprises the "ordinary" act ofprogramming in FORTH. Although it is very useful, thislevel is the most restrictive and the least powerful of thethree.

The process of writing and using new defining words isthe second level of extensibility. Level II, which is morepowerful than level I, allows a new "family" of words tobe added to the language or compiler. This is done bycreating a special word, called a defining word, that willbe used to create FORTH words in the same family. Theuser specifies via the defining word how the compilationof a new family member (itself an ordinary FORTHword) is to be performed and what the result will be. Alsothe user specifies what a member of the family will dowhen it is executed.

Level III, the highest level of extensibility, is calledmetaFORTH. It uses the entire FORTH system to compilea collection of source definitions (including both lowerlevels) in order to produce a clone or a mutation ofFORTH.

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168 BYTE August 1980

Circle 113 on inquiry card.

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(Please don't be misled by my use of the word "com-piler." I have been asked, "Can you write a compiler inFORTH that will compile BASIC, Pascal, COBOL...?"The answer is not easy. Defining words can compileapplication-oriented languages, but those languagesshould be FORTH-like in nature. Ordinarily, thelanguage being compiled satisfies the syntax ofFORTH—words separated by spaces. The compilationwill result in FORTH-interpretable instructions that willadd to its dictionary of word definitions.

In keeping with the FORTH philosophy of keeping alldefinitions small, defining-word definitions are alsosmall. This results in compilers (defining words) that aresimple and specialized, although the range of complexityof these compilers can vary greatly. A simple definingword such as VARIABLE may accept only one sourceword and produce a single, simple definition in the dic-tionary. A more complex defining word such as { : }may take several source words and produces a more com-plex definition.)

The remainder of this article concentrates on level II,defining new families of words. The scope and usefulnessof new defining words are discussed using functionaldescriptions and examples. New defining words can becreated which can later compile application-orientedlanguages.

Creating Families of Words

The technique of creating new defining words permits

TIME:

SEQUENCE 1

DEFINING-WORD

SOURCE

DEFINITION

EXECUTEEXISTINGCOMPILER

SEQUENCE 2

MEMBER WORD

SOURCE

DEFINITION

DEFINING WORD

DICTIONARY

DEFINITION

EXECUTE

NEW

COMPILER

FORTHEVENT:

COMPILE ANEW DEFININGWORD.

SEQUENCE 3

INPUTDATA

MEMBER WORD EXECUTE

DICTIONARY NEW

DEFINITION MEMBER WORD

EXECUTE THEDEFINING WORD-,COMPILE A NEWMEMBER WORD.

OUTPUTDATA

EXECUTE THEMEMBER WORD.

Figure 3: The order of events governing defining words. Thefirst event creates a word that will define a new family of words;this family currently has no members. The second event usesthis new family-defining word to create a new family member, anamed FORTH word. The third event occurs when any namedFORTH word belonging to this family is used.

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August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 169

a user to later create a family of FORTH words that canhave any number of members. Each member shares somefamily traits but can also have individual characteristics.The family members are all the words that have beencompiled by a defining word. Their common traits arespecified by the defining word. However, each word inthe family has individual characteristics that are assignedwhen added to the family.

For example, the defining word VARIABLE defines afamily with individual members, each of which has a dif-ferent name and value, but all share the same executiontrait: specifically, the use of the name of any variablereturns the address of its value.

It is important to understand that there are three time-ordered events related to defining words. These are listedin figure 3. These events will be explained using anexample.

The compilation of the new words in figure 2 is a se-quence 2 event (ie: using a defining word to compileanother word). When the defining word VARIABLE isexecuted, as in:

VARIABLE % INTEREST

the source word % INTEREST is compiled.

Storing a value into the variable is a sequence 3 event.

-BEGINSDEFINITION

USED AT SEQUENCE 2

defining-word <BUILDS compile-time wordsDOES> execution - time words

USED AT SEQUENCE 3

-ENDSDEFINITION

Figure 4: The structure of the source definition of a definingword. These source lines create a defining word for a new family(sequence 1). Execution of the defining word (sequence 2)<BUILDS a dictionary definition for a new family member.The contents of that definition is constructed by the compile-time words. Executing any family member (sequence 3) DOES>(ie: executes) the execution-time words.

The following words store a 5 into the variable.5 % INTEREST !

Since VARIABLE is system-supplied, the sequence 1event (the compilation of VARIABLE ) occurred whenthe FORTH system was generated.

< BUILDS and DOES >

To illustrate a simple sequence 1 event, a definition ofVARIABLE is presented.

: VARIABLE < BUILDS 2 ALLOT DOES> ;

The defining word { : } (colon) is used to compile thesource definition of VARIABLE . To the word { : },VARIABLE is an ordinary definition (level I), and itsdefinition is a sequence 2 event for { : }. VARIABLE is adefining word because the special words < BUILDS andDOES> are used. (The < and > characters are part ofthe names of the words; they are used like parentheses toindicate that < BUILDS comes before DOES> .)

As illustrated in figure 4, a defining word specifies boththe compile-time behavior (sequence 2) and theexecution-time behavior (sequence 3) of all words com-piled by this defining word. The sequence 2 behavior isspecified by <BUIILDS and any following words up toDOES> . The sequence 3 behavior is specified byDOES> and any following words up to { ; }. TheEnglish meaning of < BUILDS is "compiles" and themeaning of DOES> is "executes."

Figure 5 demonstrates what occurs when VARIABLE isexecuted. The end result of the execution of VARIABLE isthat a new dictionary definition is created for the word% INTEREST . The following describes each step in thecompilation of %INTEREST :

1. The execution of VARIABLE causes < BUILDSto be executed. < BUILDS reads the next word-name after the word VARIABLE from the inputtext stream. (In this example, the next word-name is % INTEREST .)

2. < BUILDS then adds the head of a new definitionto the end of the dictionary. Within this head,the name field contains the member's word-name

SOURCE FOR

SEQUENCE 2

VARIABLE %1

INTEREST/

1

1

//

EXECUTES WORD

NAME

1 /

DICTIONARY

VARIABLE

<BUILDS

2 ALLOT

DOES>

EXIT

DEFINITION /

11COMPILES/*

1 kCOMPILES \

\ \

n i

RESULT OF \SEQUENCE 2]

% INTEREST

NAME CODE

\ PARAMETER

FIE

LD

FIELC

\

FIELD

Figure 5: The result of executing a defining word. The first line is executed, resulting in the compilation of the word-name%INTEREST . The result is a new definition in the dictionary.

170 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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TFORTH is a procedural languagespecifying a process rather than adesired result. The ability to have thelanguage grow in the direction the userdesires is unusual but excellent for novelapplications. New data types and newprocesses can become part of thelanguage. Due to the modular construc-tion, very compact code is producedwhich, even so, executes at speeds be-tween machine code speeds and about20% typical overhead. Memory re-quirements may be "less" thanassembler coding or other high levellanguages.

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( % INTEREST ), and the code field contains apointer to the instructions that will be executedwhen % INTEREST is executed (during sequence3).

3. The two words { 2 ALLOT } are executed next.These will reserve 2 bytes of dictionary space forthe value of the variable. This space is in theparameter field of the dictionary definition.

4. Finally, DOES> terminates the compilation of% INTEREST and links the code field of% INTEREST to the execution-time part ofVARIABLE .

When % INTEREST is executed (sequence 3), DOES>is executed, followed by the FORTH words betweenDOES> and the end of the definition. (In this example,there are no words following DOES > ; the word EXIT isa routine left by the end-of-definition word { ; }.)DOES> returns the memory address of the parameterfield within the dictionary definition of % INTEREST .Since the parameter field of a word defined byVARIABLE contains only the value of that word, execu-tion of the word % INTEREST returns the address of itsvalue, which is then pushed onto the parameter stack.(That is, in fact, the execution-time behavior of a FORTHvariable.)

Figure 6 shows an example of the execution of% INTEREST .

[The above definition and usage of the wordVARIABLE are valid for existing FORTHs. However, thedefinition of VARIABLE supplied with most FORTHs re-

quires the initial value of the variable before the word

VARIABLE (eg: { 5 VARIABLE %INTEREST } ).

This definition of VARIABLE is:

{ ■. VARIABLE <BUILDS , DOES> ; }

...,GW]

The previous example demonstrated the followingprinciples:

• Sequence 1: the definition of a defining word

specifies both the compile-time behaviorand execution-time behavior of all wordsbelonging to the family of the definingword (ie: all words created using the defin-ing word).

• Sequence 2: the execution of a defining word

causes the compilation of the word-name(s)that follow. This creates a new dictionary

(SEQUENCE 3)

5 PUSHED ONTO THE STACK

% INTEREST

EXECUTES ( DOES > JWITHIN ( VARIABLE ) .THIS PUSHES THE ADDRESSOF THE VALUE ONTO THE STACK

STORES THE VALUE 5 INTO

THE ADDRESS RETURNED

BY { % INTEREST }

Figure 6: The execution of a family member word. The value 5 isstored in the variable %INTEREST .

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definition and adds a new member word tothe family of the given defining word. Italso extends FORTH because another user-defined procedure is added to the language.• Sequence 3: the execution of a member wordcauses the execution of the execution-timewords within the defining word thatcreated the member word.

To illustrate the versatility of defining words, examplesof new defining words follow. These examples presentthe creation of new data structures, control structures,and software tools.

Creating a String-Handling Defining Word

To show how defining words can create data struc-tures, a one-dimensional array of 8-bit values will becreated. A defining word named STRING will be con-structed. After STRING has been compiled, any numberof strings may be created; each can have a different nameand size. Before the definition for STRING is shown, anexample will first be used to describe how STRING willbe used.

To create a string 5 bytes long with the name BEANS ,the following words would be used ( BEANS is the nameof the string, not the value put into the string):

5 STRING BEANS

This is a sequence 2 event that will create a dictionarydefinition for BEANS ; this definition will contain 5bytes of data space for the value of the string.

To fetch or store a character in BEANS , a subscriptwill be passed to BEANS . BEANS will return the ad-dress of the subscripted byte. For example, the words

3 BEANS C@

would fetch character number 3 from BEANS . This is asequence 3 event because it is a normal use of a worddefined by STRING . The subscript precedes BEANSbecause FORTH prefers to pass data values on a stack.

The definition of STRING can now be written asshown in listing 1. This definition is similar to that ofVARIABLE .

The parameter for ALLOT is omitted in this definition;the string size declaration at sequence 2 will supply thesize parameter for ALLOT . (The word ALLOT looks forthe number of bytes to be reserved to already be on thestack; this is why the string size precedes the wordSTRING when the string variable BEANS is defined.)

Following DOES > is the word + . This will add theaddress of the start of the string (supplied by DOES > )to the subscript (supplied to BEANS at sequence 3).Figure 7 illustrates how this works.

Listing Is A user-defined defining word. The word STRING ,once defined, can be used to define new FORTH words withunique properties.

( defined at )( sequence 1 )

used at sequence 2 used at sequence 3STRING < BUILDS ALLOT DOES> +;

174 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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When STRING is executed (sequence 2), it builds a dic-tionary definition for BEANS , which is allotted 5 bytesof data space. When BEANS is executed (sequence 3), itdoes the addition of the subscript on top of the stack tothe address of the first character within BEANS .

The following examples show how BEANS could beused in a FORTH program. The word STUFF-BEANSwill store the American Standard Code for Information

Listing 2: Using a FORTH word created by a user-defined defin-ing word. The 5-character string variable BEANS was previous-ly defined with the FORTH statement { 5 STRING BEANS }.Now the word BEANS can be used like any other word inFORTH. In listing 2a, the five characters of BEANS are filledwith the letters A thru E. In listing 2b, the characters are printedout. Listing 2c gives the results of executing the words defined inlistings 2a and 2b. (The underline denotes user input followedby a carriage return; the computer output, not underlined,follows.)

: STUFF-BEANS 5

(a)

0 DO165

I BEANS C!

LOOP

:SPILL-BEANS(b)

5 0 DO

I BEANS C@EMITLOOP SPACE

(c)

STUFF-BEANSSPILL-BEANS

OKABCDE OK

( for all of 'BEANS' )( add 65 decimal to )( do-loop index, yielding( an ASCII character )( store character in the )( T th byte of 'BEANS' )

( for all of 'BEANS' )

( fetch the T th character )

( print it )

( print an extra space )

Interchange (ASCII) characters A thru E in the stringvariable BEANS . (See listing 2a.) The word SPILL-BEANS will print the characters in BEANS on the user'sterminal. (See listing 2b.) Using these words would pro-duce the results shown in listing 2c.

In a similar way, multidimensional-array definingwords may be defined; the size of each element can beany number of bytes.

Since the execution-time function of all familymembers is specified only once in the definition of thefamily's defining word, programming time is reduced,memory space is saved, and readability is improved. Bychanging the definition of the defining word and recom-piling the FORTH words using it, the capabilities of everymember word are changed. This can be done so that theuse of all member words in a user's program is the same.

To illustrate the power of this technique, several varia-tions on STRING will be presented.

Variations on the Defining Word STRING

The original version of STRING did not initialize thecontents of the array when it created member arrays. Thefollowing version will store blanks in a string when it iscreated (at sequence 2). It is convenient to first define aword which allocates and blanks dictionary space. Thedefinition of BLANK&ALLOT is a sequence 2 event. (Seelisting 3a.)

Next, we create a new version of STRING that is thesame as the original, except that BLANK&ALLOT issubstituted for ALLOT . (See listing 3b.) (The redefini-tion of STRING is a sequence 1 event.) This version isused exactly like the original, but initialized strings arecreated automatically.

Another variation of STRING checks if a subscript ex-ceeds the string size when member strings are executed(at sequence 3). If the subscript is less than the string size,the result is the same as before; but, if the subscript isnegative or greater than the string size, an error message

/ SOURCE FOR ]^SEQUENCE 2 J

EXISTING

DICTIONARY

DEFINITION

RESULT OFSEQUENCE 2

5 STRING

I

I

IEXECUTES

I

STRING

BEANSIIIWORD-NAMEI

< BUILDS

ALLOT

DOES>

EXIT

(SEQUENCE 3)

3 BEANS

Figure 7: The creation and use of a character array. The defining word STRING is executed, causing the compilation of a dictionarydefinition for BEANS containing 5 bytes of data space. When BEANS is executed (last line), the DOES> part of the definition ofSTRING adds the address of the parameter field of BEANS to the subscript (which is 3), returning the address of the desired characterwithin BEANS .

176 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 122 on inquiry card.

Listing 3: A more sophisticated definition of STRING . Theword BLANK&ALLOT (shown in listing 3a) allocates space forand assigns blanks to a newly defined string. The new definitionof STRING (shown in listing 3b) uses BLANK&ALLOT to blankout a string when it is created.

BLANK&ALLOTHERE

(a)

: STRING(b)

OVER BLANKALLOT

( get the address of the )

( start of the string )

( store blanks in the string )

( allocate space for the array

< BUILDSDOES> +

BLANK&ALLOT

( used at sequence 2 )( used at sequence 3 )

Listing 4: Another definition of STRING . This definition storesthe size of the string variable when the variable is created andchecks for a correct subscript when a character within the stringvariable is referenced.

STRING

( used at sequence 2: )< BUILDS DUP ,

ALLOT( used at sequence 3: )DOES> 2DUP

@ U< IF

+2 +

ELSE

. " RANGE ERROR"OVER . @ .

2 +

THEN

store string size in )member's parameter field )allocate string space )

duplicate both the subscript& parameter field address )if the subscript is less )than the string size )add subscript to address )step over the string size )stored in the first 2 bytes )otherwise the subscript )is too large or negative )print error message )print string size and )and bad subscript )leave address of first byte, )a "safe" address )

is produced and the illegal subscript is printed. The stringsize must be stored in the dictionary definition of memberstrings when they are compiled (at sequence 2) so that therange check can be made when they are executed (at se-quence 3).

A new definition of STRING (a sequence 1 event) thatdoes the subscript checking defined previously is given inlisting 4.

The range check slows the execution of every referenceto a member string, but such checking may be useful dur-ing program development. Since this version and theoriginal version defining STRING are used exactly thesame, it is possible to compile this definition of STRINGwhile debugging (then compile all references to it or itsmember strings). After the program has been debugged,the original version can be compiled (followed by thecompilation of all references to it or its members), and theprogram will run faster.

The next version of STRING allows very large stringsto be created and used.

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August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 177

Virtual Strings in FORTH

If the maximum string size exceeds the amount of pro-grammable memory in the computer, the only solution isto write your program using virtual memory manage-ment. This means that data stored on disk or tape is con-sidered part of the memory of the computer, and that alloperations working on these data take care of readingand writing data between main memory and the magneticstorage device.

Using virtual memory management, a program canoperate on a string array that is larger than mainmemory; pieces of the string can be read into memoryand written back to disk or tape when required. And,although this technique will slow the execution rate of aprogram using it, it may be the only way to get a problemsolved—and better a slow solution than none at all.

(It is more common to need to manipulate large arraysof numbers rather than strings. Still, the same techniquedescribed here can be applied to numeric or any otherkind of array.)

With most traditional languages, it would be necessaryto rewrite the user program so that all array referenceswould call some function that could perform the diskread operations. Execution time could be decreased if fre-quently referenced array elements were kept in memoryas much as possible. Therefore, it would help if ourvirtual-memory-array program could keep track of whatdata is in memory as the program executes.

To show the difficulty of implementing this techniquein traditional languages, a FORTRAN example will beused. In standard FORTRAN, the statement:

ARRAY(5,7,2)=AR1(1,2)+AR2(10,20,30)

is equivalent to the FORTH words:

1 2 AR1 @ 10 20 30 AR2 @ +5 7 2 ARRAY !

In either FORTRAN or FORTH, if the arrays could notfit into memory and were instead on disk, the arrayreferences would have to be changed so that some addi-tional procedures read and wrote selected pieces of databetween disk and memory. But in FORTRAN, the entiresource program would have to be changed. (In FORTH,the body of the program would remain the same; only theappropriate defining word would be changed.)

The following might be the simplest modificationpossible in standard FORTRAN to do the previous state-ment using virtual memory management of the arrays:

TEMP = FETCH2(AR1(1,1), 1,2)+FETCH3(AR2(1,1,1),

10,20,30)

CALL STORE3(ARRAY(l,l,l), 5,7,2, TEMP)

The functions FETCH2 and FETCH3 are user-writtenprocedures to read the referenced array elements. Thesubroutine STORE3 is a user-written procedure to write agiven value into an assigned array element. If a large pro-gram using many normal array references had to bechanged to use FETCH and STORE calls, a lot of workwould be required.

FORTH's separation of control between definingwords and their members permits the necessary changesto be made in the definition of the defining word; in this

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BYTE August 1980 179

(SEQUENCE 3)

START BLOCK #

subscript BEANS

Figure 8: Accessing a virtual array. The data for a large array iskept on a disk. When a byte is referenced, BEANS is executed.One block containing the byte is read into a memory buffer (if itis not already present). Finally, the memory address of thereferenced byte is returned by BEANS .

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way, the program that uses the arrays does not have to bechanged.

Furthermore, FORTH's virtual memory facility fordisk reading and writing automatically keeps track ofwhat data has been read into memory and tries to keepfrequently referenced sections in memory.

Figure 8 illustrates how the array will be read in blocksof 1024 bytes into memory buffers. The new definitionfor the defining word STRING is given in listing 5.

Adding New Control Structureswith Defining Words

The next example illustrates the use of defining words

to add control structures to the FORTH compiler.

FORTH supplies { IF ... ELSE ... THEN } compiler

structures and also loop structures like { DO ...

LOOP },{ BEGIN ... UNTIL }, and { BEGIN

... WHILE ... REPEAT } loops.

In this example, we will create a case (choose one of nalternatives) selection mechanism. A case number willdesignate one of several words to be executed. Figure 9presents how a case statement selects one of several pro-cedures for execution. No matter which one is chosen, ex-ecution continues with one common procedure thatfollows the case structure.

The new defining word will be named { CASE: }and can be used similarly to { : }, as the following

Listing 5: Another definition of STRING . This definitioncreates a virtual string array that stores the string on disk andreads it into main memory when necessary. With this definitionof STRING , it is possible to manipulate a string that is largerthan main memory without changing the program that uses thelong string. The disk operations are transparent—that is, theprogrammer does not know he is using the disk except forresponse time.

STRING

( used at sequence 2 )

< BUILDS NEXT-BLOCK/?

DISK-ALLOT

( used at sequence 3 )DOES> @

SWAP

1024 /MOD

ROT +BLOCK

qet the next available )disk block § )

store it in the member's )parameter field )reserve disk space for )the array )

get start-block § )subscript on top, )start-block § beneath )divide subscript by )# bytes in a disk block; )the quotient is the block )index within the array; )the remainder is the byte )index within the block )add start-block § to the )block index )call the FORTH virtual )disk manager to read the )referenced block; )if it is already in memory )no read is performed )add the byte index to the )memory address of the )buffer where the block is )located, the result is )a memory address of the )byte specified by the )subscript before BEANS )

180 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE August 1980

181

example shows. (In this implementation of the case con-struct, the selection of a case causes the execution of oneFORTH word. Since there is no restriction as to the inter-nal complexity of a given word, the selection of one case

Listing 6: Example of a new user-defined programming con-struct. In listing 6a, we define the words we want to executewhen the numbers 0, 1, and 2 are on top of the parameter stack.In listing 6b, the user-defined defining word{ CASE: } defines the word ANIMAL , which will executeOPET , 1PET , or 2PET , depending on the value on top of theparameter stack. Listing 6c illustrates what happens when thecase-word ANIMAL is executed. See listing 7 for the definitionof { CASE: } .

OPET1PET2PET(a)

" AARDVARKBEAVER" ;COUGAR";

( print the quoted string )( when executed )

( sequence 2 )

(b)

( sequence 3 )(C)

CASE: ANIMAL OPET 1PET 2PET

0 ANIMAL

1 ANIMAL

2 ANIMAL

AARDVARK OKBEAVER OKCOUGAR OK

Listing 7: Definition of the defining word { CASE: } inFORTH-79. This word allows the user to create case-words thatexecute one of several FORTH words depending on the value ontop of the parameter stack.

CASE:

used at sequence 2< BUILDS

]used at sequence 3DOES>SWAP 2*

EXECUTE

create head for member )begin ':' compilation )

( convert case number to )

( a byte index )

( fetch the address of the )

( indexed case word )

( execute the selected word )

can cause any combination of conditional, loop, or casestructures to be executed.)

In our example, let us first define three words,OPET , 1PET , and 2PET , that are to be executedwhen the value on top of the stack is 0, 1, or 2, respec-tively. This is done in listing 6a. Then we use the{ CASE: } defining word (which we will look at later) todefine the word ANIMAL (listing 6b). Now thatANIMAL and the case words it uses are defined, callingANIMAL with the appropriate value on the stack ex-ecutes the proper case word (listing 6c). For example,pushing a 2 onto the stack and calling ANIMAL causesword 2PET to be executed; this causes the English wordCOUGAR to be printed.

Since { CASE: } is a defining word, ANIMAL is amember of the { CASE: } family. The definition ofANIMAL consists of a list of addresses for the case wordsassociated with ANIMAL.

The definition of { CASE: } is a sequence 1 event.Listing 7 shows the definition of { CASE: } inFORTH-79. [Listings 8a and 8b show the same definitionforfig-FORTH and MMSFORTH, respectively....GW]Figure 10 shows how the word ANIMAL is built using{ CASE: }. The { : } compiler is used to compile thewords following ANIMAL. When ANIMAL is

CASE NUMBER

OCASE

2CASE

Figure 9: The function of a case control structure. The casenumber selects one of several procedures for execution, thencontinues along a single exit path.

SOURCE FORSEQUENCE 2

EXISTING

DICTIONARY

DEFINITION

RESULT OFSEQUENCE 2

OPET 1PET 2PET

PARAMETERFIELD

Figure 10: The creation of a case control word. The execution of { CASE: } causes a definition for ANIMAL to be appended to thedictionary. The ']' word uses the { : } compiler to compile the addresses of the case words following ANIMAL .

182 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Listing 8: Definition of the defining word { CASE: } in fig-FORTH (listing 8a) and in MMSFORTH (listing 8b).

( CASE: as implemented in fig-FORTH): CASE: < BUILDS SMUDGE ]

D O E S > SWAP 2*(a) + @

EXECUTE

( CASE: as implemented in MMSFORTH)

)

( new word )) replaces SMUDGE: )) 1 STATE C! 21144 ;: CASE < BUILDS ))

DOES> SWAP 2*

(b) + @ 2 +

EXECUTE

Listing 9: Definition of a defining word that acts as a program-ming tool. The word LOADED-BY allows the user to execute(or load) a screen by name rather than by number. For example,if you define { 125 LOADED-BY ACCOUNTING }, ex-ecuting the word ACCOUNTING will have the same effect asexecuting the phrase { 125 LOAD }.

(sequence 1

LOADED-BY < BUILDS ,

DOES> (ELOAD

( store screen # )( in members def. )( fetch screen # )( load it )

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executed, the case number that precedes it (which is tvovjon top of the stack) is used just like an array subscript tocalculate the address of the case word to be executed. Itscompiled address is then fetched and executed.

As with array-defining words, many variations of

{ CASE: } can be constructed. A case number-range

check may be added. An "otherwise" case word can be

specified to be executed whenever the case number is out

of range.

Defining Words as Programming Tools

The final example applies defining words to the crea-tion of software tools. Such tools are conveniences forthe user. Good tools can increase a programmer's pro-ductivity, reduce errors, and improve program read-ability. Defining words can be used to add powerful toolsto the FORTH language and operating system.

In FORTH, the word LOAD will compile source defini-tions from the disk starting at a specified screen number.A screen is a block of disk space where source text can bestored using an editor. Additional screens may be loadedif the initial screen contains more LOAD commands.

Application programs and utility programs begin onvarious screen numbers determined by the user. Thedefining word LOADED-BY allows words to be definedwhich will LOAD a screen without calling it by number.

For example, assume a business application starts onscreen 125. Then the defining word LOADED-BY can beused to define a word that will load screen 125 when themember word is executed. When we define:

125 LOADED-BY ACCOUNTING

screen 125 will be loaded when the single word AC-COUNTING is executed. (If LOADED-BY looks strange,think of it as a FORTH word like VARIABLE .)

The definition of LOADED-BY is given in listing 9.This definition is similar to the definition of the wordCONSTANT except that, rather than returning the valuestored in the definition of the member word, LOADED-BY uses that value to provide a parameter to the wordLOAD .

Summary

FORTH exploits its own extensibility to support auser's need for a variety of language facilities and com-piler structures.

A defining word controls the compilation and execu-tion of all words compiled by it. New defining words thatdefine a new family of capabilities may be constructed.Subsequently, any number of individual members can beadded to the family.

The source definitions of most defining words are shortand simple. Proper use of defining words in a softwaredevelopment project reduces program development time,improves program readability, and makes program mod-ification and maintenance easier.

Defining words are applicable to data structures, con-trol structures used by the FORTH compiler, and soft-ware tools. The ability to create new kinds of definingwords (which are, in their own way, small compilers) is aunique feature of FORTH and is one of the most powerfulprogramming tools in the language. ■

184 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE August 1980 185

Gregg WilliamsEditor

This glossary is a compilation of most of the FORTHwords used in the listings and figures of all the FORTHarticles in this issue. It does not include all the standardwords in FORTH (there are quite a few), nor does itinclude user-defined words required by each article. Thepronunciations of some words are given in parentheses.Wherever possible, an example is given showing the useof the defined word. The words "before" and "after"show the stack before and after the word is executed. Inthese representations of the stack, the top of the stack isthe rightmost number, and the words influenced by thedefined word are depicted in boldface.

The columns marked "uses" and "leaves" show howthe execution of a FORTH word affects the top entries ofthe stack. FORTH words remove the stack entries theyuse and sometimes leave one or more entries on the stack.Therefore, the number under "uses" and "leaves" should

equal the number of entries in boldface in the "before"and "after" stacks. Asterisks in both columns mean thatthe numbers are not given for multiword constructs forthe purpose of clarity.

Multiword constructs, like the following example:

{ IF

ELSE

THEN }

are enclosed in braces with the keywords separated byellipses that represent zero or more FORTH words. Also,these constructs are listed only under the first word of theconstruct. In general, all the words in this table are sortedby ascending ASCII value — for example, the word *(ASCII hexadecimal 2A) is listed before the word +(ASCII hexadecimal 2B).

This glossary assumes that the output device used bythe FORTH system is a video terminal. When any defini-tion refers to the video display or display, it actuallyrefers to whatever output device or devices are currentlyenabled.

FORTH Glossary

Word

{ ! } (store)

{ " }

{ ' } (tic)

{ ( }

+

{ , }

{ • }

Uses Leaves Notes

2 0 Sees top-of-stack as address of a 2-byte variable and stores second-on-stack in this

variable; for example, suppose that address 20000 points to a 2-byte variable;then:

before: 9 9 -1150 20000

after: 9 9 ( — 1150 is stored in a 1-byte variable.)

0 0 { " HI THERE!" }, when executed, prints HI THERE! on the video display.

0 1 Puts onto top-of-stack the address of the word that follows it.

0 0 { ( THIS IS A COMMENT) } , if included in a definition, will not be compiled;

{ ( } requires a { ) } to end the comment.

2 1 Multiplication; example:

before: 9 9 3 5after: 9 9 15The word * multiplies 5 and 3, leaving 15.

2 1 Addition; example:

before: 9 9 3 5after: 9 9 8The word + adds 5 and 3, leaving 8.

1 0 Embeds the number on the top of the stack into a dictionary definition, increment-

ing the dictionary pointer.

2 1 Subtraction; example:

before: 9 9 3 5after: 9 9-2The word — subtracts 5 from 3, leaving —2.

1 0 Displays the number on the top of the stack; example:

before: 9 9 3 5after: 9 9 3 (5 is printed on screen.)

186 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

YOU KNOW WATSON, (lHAXDEN SOFTWARE \OFFERS THE BESTSEASONS TO OWN AMICROCOMPUTER...

I had heard everyone speak aboutHayden software. How it was the finest available."I would be so pleased," said I, "if we could discusssome of their programs."

"Sounds delightful, Watson. ThisSARGON II plays a marvelous game of chess. Ithas 7 levels of play, and levels 0-3 play in tour-nament time. It has a randomized opening bookfor all 7 levels of play through 3 moves. And, aspecial hint mode is included at all levels of playbut 0. Imagine that, old fellow. Small wonderthey call it, 'the champ of champs.'"(#03403, TRS-80 Level II; #03404, Apple II;each $29.95; #03409, Apple II Disk Version;#03408, TRS-80 Disk Version; each $34.95)

I then looked around, and spotteda new program. I lifted the cassette, examined itcritically, and then began to speak. "This DATAMANAGER looks to be as fine a specimen asthat SARGONII. It stores up to 96,000 alphanu-meric characters on just one floppy disk. And onethird of this information may be recovered fromRandom Access Memory at a time. This means, thaton just eleven diskettes one can store and retrieveup to 1,000,000 characters. It is, in my judgment,a clever program to have around."C #04909, Apple II Disk, $49.95)

"Extraordinary. Here's another pro-gram for the Apple II. They call it APPLESOFTUTILITY PROGRAMS. It contains 9 subroutines,among them 3 statement formatters: REM, PRINT,and POKE writers. You can calculate the decimaladdress of your machine language programs,get an exact byte and line count, renumber the pro-gram in any increment, and much more. I wonderwhat other fine programs are to be had fromHayden?" (#03504, Apple II, $29.95)

Holmes leaned back, still puffing athis black pipe. "Wait a minute," said he. "Here'ssomething."

Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer Company, Inc.and is not affiliated with Hayden Book Company, Inc.

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"What is it?" said I.

"It's APPLE ASSEMBLY LANGUAGEDEVELOPMENT SYSTEM. It features a cursor-based editor, global and local labels, and disk-basedmacros which allow you to incorporate subroutinesinto any program. And, one can write and modifymachine language programs quickly and easily.It is indeed quite remarkable."(#04609, Apple II Disk Version, $39.95)

"Quite. But let us not forget BLACKJACKMASTER, what. Unlike other blackjack pro-grams that emphasize graphics and harmless fun,this is a serious game. Imagine being able to per-form complex simulations and evaluations of anyplaying and betting strategies that are enteredinto the microcomputer. And, it will tutor one inhow to play these strategies! Good gracious,there's also a $250.00 BLACKJACK Challenge!(#05303, TRS-80 LevelII, $19.95; #05308,TRS-80 Disk Version, $24.95)

"What is that ?"

"My dear fellow, just see the packagefor details! Holmes, you do agree then, that theseprograms are a fine lot?"

"I'm satisfied, Watson."

"A very sensible reply, Holmes. It'ssimple to see why one would want to own a micro-computer when Hayden software is available.It's easy-to-use, ready-to-run, comes with fulldocumentation, and can be had at any local com-puter store."

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BYTE August 1980 187

Division; example:

before: 9 9 13 2

after: 9 9 6The word / divides 13 by 2, leaving 6. (Remainder is lost.)

0<

If top-of-stack is <0, it is replaced with a 1 (true); if top-of-stack is > 0, it isreplaced with a 0 (false); example:

before: 9 9 3 5

after: 9 9 3 0

1 +

Adds 1 to top-of-stack; example:before: 9 9 3 5after: 9 9 3 6

{ :

{ : } begins the definition of a word; {{ : 3* 3 * ; }defines the word 3*.

} ends the definition; example:

If the two top items on the stack are exactly equal, both of them are removed andreplaced with a single 1 (true); if not, both are replaced with a single 0 (false);example:

before: 9 9 3 5

after: 9 9 0

If the second item on the stack is less than the top item on the stack, both of themare removed and replaced with a single 1 (true); if not, both of them are replacedwith a single 0 (false); example:

before: 9 9 3 5

after: 9 9 1

TARGET HOST-TARGET HOST

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Circle 133 on inquiry card.

BYTE August 1980 189

{ < BUILDS... DOES> }

{ 1 }@ (fetch)

ALLOTAND

BASE

* Used to define new defining words; see "FORTH Extensibility" article, figure 4.

1 Similar to entry for < ; example:before: 9 9 3 5after: 9 9 0 (3 is not less than 5.)

0 Sees top-of-stack as address for 2-byte variable; displays value of that variable;using the example for { ! } , then:

before: 9 9 20000

after: 9 9 ( — 1150, contents of 20000, prints on screen.)

1 Sees top-of-stack as address for 2-byte variable and replaces it with value of thatvariable; using the example in { ! } :

before: 9 9 20000

after: 9 9 -1150 (-1150 is contents of 2-byte variable at 20000.)

0 Sees top-of-stack as number of bytes to be reserved (and filled in later) during thedefinition of a word.

1 Does an AND operation on the corresponding bits of the top two stack entries(both 16-bit numbers); example:

before: 9 9 3 5

after: 9 9 1 (3 AND 5, in binary, is 1.)

1 BASE is a 1-byte variable that contains the number base being used; for example,{ 2 BASE C! } causes all subsequent input and output to be in binary (base 2);execution of this word causes the address of this 1-byte variable to be placed ontop-of-stack.

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190 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Circle 135 on inquiry card.

JOIN THE APPLE INFANTRY!

Judging by the letters we've receivedfrom buyers of Computer Bismarck,™home computer historical wargamingis a great mind-stretching recreationto uncramp the old synapses after afew hours of trying to cram 54K ofcode into 48K of memory. Butbefore you read any further, let uswarn you that our neui game,Computer Ambush,™ is more gut-wrenching than mind-stretching.

Strategy versus Tactics

Computer Bismarck is a "strate- '

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each soldier, and your ability as a squad leader.

Battlefield

Street fighting is the most challenging tactical commandsituation in modern warfare. Using "Higher Text", acharacter generator, the computer displays a map showingbuildings (your plastic explosives can turn them into rubbleduring the game), walls, hedges, doors,windows (nasty sniper positions), andeach of your men by name. Theenemy is usually hidden.

Play the Computer

The computer plays the Ger-man squad leader (Feldwebel KurtReich) to perfection. It defends thetown with sniping, machine guns,grenades, and finally, with hand-to-hand combat.

You're Sergeant Buck Padooka.You maneuver your men and fire atrevealed and probable German posi-tions. If you kill all the Germansbefore they get you, the town is yours.But the computer's a tough, experi-enced squad leader, so don't expectto win very often.

Play a Friend

You take turns examining the

video map display, moving your men,and firing weapons. Your options areimited by casualties, wounds, physi-cal exhaustion, ammo supplies, ter-rain, and the individual skills ofeach of your men. The same istrue for your opponent. And everyaction takes precious time, eventhe flight of a grenade or bullet.(Remember, time is life or deathon the battlefield and in ComputerAmbush!) After each turn, thecomputer displays the movementsand weapons fire of both squads astracks on the video map...just once,so watch carefully to figure out wherethe enemy is, or was.

The Sweat and Death of War

The time pressure and complexityof Computer Ambush create the stress ofactual combat command. Your palms sweatas you watch PFC Chuck Lawson get blownaway by that damned Kraut machine gun you forgot whenyou ordered him to sneak across the alley. If you canimagine a game that's more complex than chess, requiresmuch faster decision-making, rewards courage and cruellypunishes foolhardiness...that's Computer Ambush!

$59.95 and an Apple

If you've got an Apple II Plus (or an Apple III or anApple II with Applesoft Firmware ROM Card) with 48Kmemory and a 5lA inch mini-floppy disc drive, you can beplaying Computer Ambush in a few days. For $59.95, youget the game program disc; 2 mapboard charts (for plottingstrategies in grease pencil while your opponent is at thecomputer); 2 squad leader's data cards; and a rule book.You also get a game selection card which tells you how to setup any of seven wargames: NCOTraining, Ambush or Raid against thecomputer; and Patrol, Ambush,Strongpoint, or Free Form against ahuman opponent.

Call 800-648-5600 (toll free),

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With our 14-day money backguarantee, your satisfaction is assured.So come and join our Apple Infantry!

COMPUTER AMBUSH™.. You Ve got a war on your hands.

Circle 136 on inquiry card.

BYTE August 1980 191

{ BEGIN... UNTIL }

Looping construct that tests at the end of the loop; see "What Is FORTH?" article,figure 4.

{ BEGIN... WHILE... REPEAT }

Looping construct that tests at the beginning of the loop; see "What is FORTH?"article, figure 5; other forms are { BEGIN ... PERFORM ... PEND } and{ BEGIN ... IF ... WHILE }.

{ C; }{ C! }

Sometimes used to end a machine-code word definition; most versions use NEXT.

Similar to { ! } except that only low byte of second-to-top is stored in 1-bytevariable pointed to by top-of-stack; for example, suppose that address 21000points to a 1-byte variable; then:

before: 9 9 103 21000

after: 9 9 (103 is stored in 1-byte variable.)

Note that the maximum value that can be stored in 1 byte is 127.

C@

Same as the word @, only for 1-byte variable; using the example of { C! }then:

before: 9 9 21000

after.- 9 9 103 (103 is contents of 1-byte variable at 21000.)

{ CODENEXT }

Defining words, used like { : } and { ; } , used when defining a newword using assembly language only.

CONSTANT

Creates a constant that has the value of top-of-stack; for example, before ex-ecuting the phrase { CONSTANT CON } , the stack looks like:9 9 25140

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192 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 137 on inquiry card.

Circle 138 on inquiry card.

Put your applications

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We can take you one bigstep further. By showing you howto take the programs you havedeveloped using your TRS-80(or other Z80 based computer)and place them in PROM on alow-cost stand-alone micro cardsystem. This will not only free upyour main computer for new ap-plications, but will also permityour current application to be"on-line" continuously,or even"cloned"-for multiple installationsor sales to other users.

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Circle 139 on inquiry card.

BYTE August 1980 193

Circle 140 on inquiry card.

COLOR SOFTWARE

Unless otherwise noted all programs are $15 each, for Apple II,

Atari 1 6K, Tl 99/4

UNITS: Practice converting yards-feet- 3-D STARTREK: Discover new planets, fight ROADRACE: Race around 2.25 mile course,inches, pounds-ounces, metric units, etc. Klingons in 3-dimensional galaxy. 1 or 2 players. Not for Tl 99/4.

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After the phrase has been executed, the stack looks like:

9 9and the word CON , when executed, will place 25140 on the top of the stack.

CR 0 0 Causes the cursor to jump to the beginning of the next line of the display.

{ DO ... 2 0 Looping construct that specifies a beginning and an ending-value-plus-one; see

LOOP } "What Is FORTH?" article, figure 3.

DROP 1 0 Drops top entry from stack; example:

before: 9 9 3 5after: 9 9 3

DUP

Duplicates item on top-of-stack; example:before: 9 9 3 5after: 9 9 3 5 5

ECHO

Isolates the low-order byte of the 2-byte entry on top of the stack and writes it tothe video display; example:

before: 9 9 32

after: 9 9 (A space, ASCII decimal 32, is printed.)

ECHO is named EMIT in some versions.

FILL

0 Fills an area of memory with a given value; for example,

{ 255 3000 100 FILL } fills memory locations from 3000 thru 3099 (100 bytes)with the value 255.

FORGET 0 0 Causes system to delete all definitions including and after the word following

FORGET ; for example, { FORGET BASEPGM } causes the system to deleteBASEPGM and all FORTH words, variables, and constants defined after it.

S-100 8086

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194 August 1980 © BYTE Publications In

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THE ORIGINAL MAGAZINE FOROWNERS OF THE TRS-80™* MICROCOMPUTER

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A COMPLETE INCOME TAX PROGRAM (LONG AND SHORT FORM)

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Circle 142 on inquiry card.

BYTE August 1980 195

H

HERE

{ IF ... ELSE 1... THEN }

KEY

2-byte variable containing address of the top of the dictionary; execution of thisword causes the address of the variable H (not its value, which equals the addressof the top of the dictionary) to be placed on top of the stack.

Places the address of the next byte to be used in the dictionary (the value of H) ontop of the stack.

When executed within a { DO ... LOOP } , the word I pushes onto thetop of the stack the value of the index counter; for example,{ 10 0 DO I . LOOP } prints the numbers from 0 thru 9.

Conditional execution of words depending on value of top-of-stack. If nonzero,execute words between IF and ELSE . If zero, execute words between ELSE andTHEN ; for example, { IF " NUMBER ON TOP IS NONZERO"ELSE " NUMBER ON TOP IS ZERO" THEN } prints the appropriate messagedepending on the value on top of the stack.

Gets a single character from the keyboard; for example, if the stack before wepress the space bar is:

9 9 3 5Then, after we press the space bar (ASCII value decimal 32), the stack is:

9 9 3 5 32

MAX

Compares the two top entries on the stack and leaves only the larger; example:before: 9 9 3 5after: 9 9 5

MIN

Compares the two top entries on the stack and leaves only the smaller; example:before: 9 9 3 5after: 9 9 3

MINUS

Changes the sign of the entry on top of the stack; example:before: 9 9 3 5after: 9 9 3-5

OVER

Copies the second-to-top entry onto the top of the stack; example:before: 9 9 3 5after: 9 9 3 5 3

PAD

SWAP

PAD is a 2-byte variable that points to the beginning of a 64-byte area for tem-porary storage of character strings; execution of this word causes the address ofthis 2-byte variable to be placed on top of the stack.

Exchanges the two top entries on the stack; example:before: 9 9 3 5after: 9 9 5 3

U*

The lower 8 bits of the two top entries on the stack are isolated and multipliedtogether, leaving their unsigned 16-bit product; example:

before: 9 9 3 5

after: 9 9 15Each factor will effectively be 255 or less, giving a product that will not overflowin 16 bits.

VARIABLE

{ 1 }

Creates a variable that has the value of top-of-stack; example, before executing thephrase { VARIABLE VAR } , the stack looks like:

9 9 -14017After the phrase has been executed, the stack looks like:

9 9and the word VAR , when executed, will place the address of the variable on thestack. (The 2-byte number stored at that address will contain the value —14017.)Unlike a constant, the value of a variable can be changed using { ! } (store).

Resumes compilation of a colon definition. ■

196 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

One small word about computers.

Osborne

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BYTE August 1980 197

Khachiyan's Algorithm, Part 1:

A New Solution to LinearProgramming Problems

G C Berresford, A M Rockett, and J C Stevenson

Dept of Mathematics

C W Post Center, Long Island University

Greenvale NY 11548

Editor's Note:

This two-part article presents some of the most dif-ficult mathematics we have ever published in BYTE,but we believe that the attention given to theKhachiyan algorithm of late warrants a complete andrigorous treatment here. Part 2 will contain a linearprogramming example and a TRS-80 BASIC programdesigned to illustrate the algorithm CM

Khachiyan's Vector Notation

The vector notation used in Khachiyan's paper isdifferent from that used by most Western mathemati-cians, so a word of explanation is in order. A system oflinear equations (or, as in equation (1.1), linear in-equalities) can be expressed in the form:

Ax = b

where x is a column vector of the variables xx thru x„, bis a column vector of the coefficients bx thru b„ (onefor each of the m equations in the system), and A is anm-by-n matrix (m rows, n columns), where each rowof the matrix A contains the coefficient for the corre-sponding equation. Khachiyan's notation expresseseverything in terms of column vectors. In particular, a,is a column vector containing the coefficients of the ithequation. But since the coefficient vector must be arow vector in order to be multiplied by the columnvector x, we follow Khachiyan's notation and denotethe corresponding row vector as dlt where thesuperscript t denotes the transposition of column vec-tor a,...GW

The three-column headline "A Soviet Discovery RocksWorld of Mathematics" was spread across the bottom ofthe front page of the New York Times for Wednesday,November 7, 1979. In the following weeks, subsequentarticles were heralded as "Shazam! A Shortcut for Com-puters" and "Mathematician Is Obscure No More." Over-night, Leonid Khachiyan became famous as the author ofa revolutionary discovery in the field of linear program-ming.

What has Khachiyan accomplished? All of the articlesin the press are based on second- or third-hand reportsand interpretations. [In fact, the first New York Timesarticle incorrectly heralded the discovery as a solution tothe still-unsolved "traveling salesman" problem....GW]Lynn Steen's article in Science News, "Linear Program-ming: Solid New Algorithm," (October 6,1979) and GinaBari Kolata's article in Science, "Mathematicians Amazedby Russian's Discovery," (November 2, 1979) discuss thebasic problem of linear programming and then report ona paper by Peter Gacs and Lazslo Lovasz that^ discussesKhachiyan's algorithm. The Gacs and Lovasz paperopens with the statement "we have ignored his[Khachiyan's] considerations which concern the precisionof real computations..." and then proceeds to describe amodification of Khachiyan's algorithm, although the dif-ferences between the two procedures are never made ex-plicit.

The notation used in this article, although explained in the text,deserves some attention. In particular, the distinction between boldfaceand italics is an important one. An italicized variable refers to a scalarquantity (eg: xr=3). A variable in boldface refers to a column vector ora matrix. For example, in the equation Ax=b, A is a matrix and x and bare column vectors.

Also, although this article is based on a paper written by Khachiyan,his discovery was not made without the benefit of previous work byother men. Khachiyan's paper is based on earlier work by A Yu Levin,N Z Shor, D B Judin, and A Z Nemirovsky....GW

198 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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This article will present a summary of and a commen-tary on Khachiyan's original paper. A graphic example ofhow the algorithm works is shown in figure 3. We willshow how Khachiyan's method handles linear program-ming problems and discuss some possible improvementsin the computer application of Khachiyan's proposals.We will then turn to the practical question: IsKhachiyan's algorithm capable of immediate computerapplication? Although our conclusion is a qualified "no,"we will discuss a BASIC program (in Part 2 of this article)for the TRS-80 that can be used to gain an appreciation ofKhachiyan's achievement.

Khachiyan's Paper

Our discussion of Khachiyan's paper is based on BSeckler's translation of the paper into English. We wouldlike to thank Professor Seckler for making this transla-tion for us. We use Khachiyan's notations in this discus-sion so that what he did and how he described it will beclear.

Consider the regions of the plane R2 shown in figure 1.The region in figure la is the intersection of the four half-planes Xi>l, *i<2, *2^1, and *2<2. These inequalitiesmay be rewritten in the form:

~X\ + 0*2 < -1

*i + 0*2 < 2

0*i - x2 < -1

0*i + x2 < 2

(1.1)

*1 + 0*2 <

1

0*i + *2 <

1

-*1+ 0*2 ^

-2

0*1 - *2 <

-2

Since there are points in the plane that satisfy all fourinequalities at once, this system of linear inequalities issaid to be consistent.

In figure lb, the shaded region on the lower left-handside is defined by *i<l and *2^1, while the shadedregion on the upper right-hand side is given by *x > 2 and*2^2. If we combine these inequalities into one system:

(1.2)

we notice that there is no point in the plane that satisfiesall four inequalities at once. Such a system of linearinequalities is said to be inconsistent.

We shall use the letters a, b, ... to denote column vec-tors and a' to denote the transposition of the column vec-tor into a row vector. (See text box.) We will write R" forthe usual re-dimensional Euclidean space. [Readers un-familiar with vectors and matrices will find descriptionsin many engineering mathematics texts. AdvancedEngineering Mathematics by E Kreyszig, Wiley, 1967,2nd ed, is particularly good....CM]

Using the above notation, we may let x' = (*:, *2), ai= (-1,0), a2 = (1,0), a^ = (0,-1), and a; = (0,1). Then(1.1) may be rewritten in the form:

a;«x < bi (for i = 1,2,3,4)

where b-i = —1, b2 = 2, b3 = —1, and fo4 = 2.

As we see from figure 1, such a system of linear in-equalities may or may not be consistent. We will consider

only inequalities in which all coefficients are integers.This is no loss of generality, since numbers in a computercan be expressed only to a fixed number of decimalplaces. By multiplying each inequality through by anappropriate power of ten, we may express each inequal-ity in integers alone.

Thus we are led to the following problem. Given asystem of linear inequalities:

a/«x < bt for i = \,...,m

(2)

with integral coefficients, is the system consistent orinconsistent?

Advantages of Khachiyan's Algorithm

Khachiyan's algorithm is a procedure for decidingwhether the system given in (2) is consistent. In addition,if the system is consistent, it finds the coordinates of apoint satisfying all of the inequalities, or it at least deter-mines them within a small margin of error. Furthermore— and this is the "revolutionary" aspect —the methodgives at the start a maximum number of steps (each step

(a)

Figure 1: Consistent and inconsistent systems of linear inequal-ities. The shaded area in figure la represents the solution set ofthe four inequalities, Xi>l, x^<2, x2>l, x2<2. Since pointsexist that satisfy all four inequalities, the system is said to beconsistent. The system shown in figure lb is inconsistent. Thelower shaded area is given by the equations xx < 1 and x2<l; theupper shaded area is given by ;ti>2 andx2>2. No point satisfiesall four inequalities simultaneously.

200 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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requiring a fixed number of mathematical operations)that will be required to solve the problem. This maximumnumber of steps increases as the number of variables inthe problem increases. With Khachiyan's method,however, the maximum number of steps grows far moreslowly than with any other known method, as will bedescribed shortly.

For a system given by (2), let:

L =

m n

L £1=1

log2(|«{|+l) +

LU=i ;=i

m

£ log2(i = 1

bt\ +1) + \og2nm

+ 1

(3)

where []VJ denotes the greatest integer less than x. Thisquantity gives a measure of the size of the system (2) ofinequalities and an estimate of the number of binary sym-bols (0 and 1) needed to pose the system for Turingmachine solution.

The execution of the algorithm involves N = 16Ln2iterations. The values computed at each step are requiredto be accurate to 2'37"L. Notice that as the system of in-equalities is made more and more complicated, thenumber of steps in the algorithm increases as apolynomial in n. This means that the problem of deter-mining the consistency of a system of linear inequalitiesbelongs to the class of problems that are solvable inpolynomial time on deterministic Turing machines. Butfrom a practical viewpoint, it must be noted that theprecision required also increases tremendously with thesize of the problem.

[The phrase "solvable in polynomial time" means thatthe time (or amount of computation) necessary to solvethe problem is always less than a certain computableamount. The amount is computed by evaluating a func-tion of n, the number of variables in the problem; andwhen the problem is solvable in polynomial time, thefunction uses only powers of the function (eg: time t = K„"for Khachiyan's algorithm, for some very large value of Kand some constant value p). This is an advantage whensolving a linear programming problem because existingmethods solve the problem in exponential time (a func-tion that uses the term e"), and, for a sufficiently largevalue of n, a solution in exponential time will take much

longer than a solution in polynomial time. To date, theextremely high computation time has made computersolution of very large linear programming problems im-possible. The significance of Khachiyan's algorithm beingcomputable in polynomial time is that, on the surface, itopens the possibility of computer solution of these prob-lems.... GW]

Details of the Algorithm

The steps of the algorithm involve four quantities: avector xk in R" representing the estimate of a solution atthe conclusion of the fcth iteration; an n-by-n matrix, Qfc,representing the dimensions of an ellipsoid containing thesolutions of the system; the current discrepancy 6k (xk)which measures how far the current estimate %k is frombeing a solution; and the discrepancy of record, Qk,which keeps track of the best estimate of a solution foundso far by being equal to the smallest 6 value encounteredwithin its first k values.

The principle of the algorithm is like the traditionalmethod of catching fish in a net: casting the net over sucha large region that some of what is wanted must be inside,then gradually decreasing the volume of the net. Whenthe volume is sufficiently reduced, it becomes obviouswhether or not anything has been caught.

At the initial step, k = 0, we set:

x0 = 0

Qo = 2L X I„

©o = do (x0) = max (bi)

i

(where I„ is the n-by-n identity matrix)

(4)

The execution of the algorithm at the /cth step beginsby finding the current discrepancy

dk (xj = max (a! • xk—bt)

i

and recording the value of i (labeled i(k)) of the equationgiving this maximum value. 6k measures the discrepancyof the current xk from being a solution of (2), while i(k)specifies the index of the inequality that is the worst of-fender. The discrepancy of record, 9k+i, is defined as theminimum of Qk and 6k(xk).

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The algorithm then shifts the center of the ellipsoid netin the "direction" of i(k) and shrinks the ellipsoid to closein on the desired solution. (See figure 3 and the followinggeometric interpretation of the algorithm in the text.)This is accomplished by setting:

Xjt+i — x* H

Qt-F*

n+1 |Ffc|

(5)

Qk+.

2l/(8n>) x Qk . Qrt (Ft) . An

where:

Ft = -QE • a„t)

I Fk I is the norm (or magnitude) of the columnvector F*

Ort (Ffc) is an orthogonal n-by-n matrix (con-structed by the Gram-Schmidt process) with thefirst column equal to F*/JF*| (remember that,because of its orthogonality, Ort(F^) is a distance-

Figure 2: A set of linear inequalities. The shaded area representsthe solution set of the two inequalities, x^>l and z2 > 2. Figure 3shows how Khachiyan's algorithm solves this system of linearinequalities.

preserving linear transformation)• A„ is the n-by-n diagonal matrix with diagonal en-tries (n/(n + l)), (n/Vn^T), ... , (nA/n^T)

It is possible to show by induction that the sizes of thequantities in (5) obey the following constraints:

x*

<4k2,8£

10*1 *2*

^ det(QJ

(6)

where the norm of matrix Qk (|| Qk \\) is the square root ofthe sum of the squares of its entries. It is important tonote that the point xk generated by this algorithm mayjump around in a rather random and sometimes ex-travagant manner, and that it is only the steady contrac-tion of the region (which has a volume equal to det (Q*))that ensures that a solution will ultimately be found.

If 6k (xt) becomes zero or negative at any step, then x* isa solution of the system (2), and the algorithm is ter-minated. If the algorithm runs through all N. = 16Ln2steps, the discrepancy 0jv+1 is calculated and the processends.

Geometry of the Algorithm

Geometrically, each solution x for the system (2) of in-equalities can be considered as a point in n-dimensionalspace, and the aggregate of all such solution points formsa certain volume, the solution set. In Khachiyan'salgorithm, each matrix Qk specifies an ellipse Ek centeredat the point %k according to Ek = [y: y = x* + Q*z, |z|< 1]. [A less formal description of Ek is as follows: then-dimensional ellipse Ek is the set of points (or columnvectors) y that are formed by adding the column vectorQtz to the current estimate \k, where z is an arbitraryn-dimensional column vector with a length (magnitude)of 1 or less....GW]

The initial choice of x0 and Q0 specifies a sphere ofradius 2L centered at the origin. It can be shown that thissphere contains at least a certain minimum volume ofsolution points, if any exist. The ellipses then changeposition and shrink, but they always contain at least theprescribed minimum volume of solutions. Khachiyan'sobservation is that, once the ellipse has shrunk to that

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The SIRIUS 80+4 Floppy Disk add-on is adouble sided, 160 track (80 per side), 5Vi"monster! The ultimate in state-of-the-art 5'/""Floppy Disk technology, to 80+4 is seen by theTRS-80* as two single sided disk drives, eachwith 80 tracks. Thus, in terms of capacity one80+4 is equivalent to 4% standard Radio Shackdrives — a savings of over 73% (not to mentiondiskettes!!!). (With a double density converter,the available memory is huge!) The 80+4 issimilar to the 80+2 in that it arrives configuredas Drive 0 and any of the other three addresses(with the standard Radio Shack Cable) or as anyof four drives (with the SS Standard Cable). The80+4 INCLUDES TRAKS-PATCH on Diskette.(The plug board is also included.) Formatteddata storage is 408K single density or 816Kbytes double density.SIRIUS 80+4 $624.95

All 80+ Series Floppy Disk add-ons operate a 5milliseconds track-to-track access time (eighttimes faster than the SA 400) but are ExpansionInterface Limited to 12 milli-seconds for theTRS-80-.•TRS-80© Tandy Corp.

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The SIRIUS OMEGA Series Controller Moduleutilizes an on-board microprocessor tomediate data transfer to a wide variety ofperipherals from an equally wide variety of hostcomputer systems. Up to four Winchester HardDisks (8" or 14"), four 5'A" Floppy Disks Drivesand/or up to eight 8" Floppy Disk Drives may bein use at one time. Host systems interfacingis accomplished via a parallel or a serial inter-face. With the additon of a Personality module,the OMEGA Series Controller Module is directlycompatible with many popular com-

Kuter systems (among them the TRS-80*,pple, Heath, and others). Provision is made forthe addition of a streaming tape drive, also.

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m Control of up to lour WINCHESTER typePRIAM DISKOS Disk Drives

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■ Performance parameters may be changed byEPR0M replacement or Dynaminic Repro-gramming

Dedicated systems cards are also available on alimited basis for the STD-BUS and the S 100.These cards feature shared memory also (again,software selectable) in addition to the regularOMEGA Series Controller Module features. Con-sult SIRIUS SYTEMS for current price andavailability for the entire line of OMEGA SeriesMemory Units and Controllers. Dealer inquir-ies are invited.

Circle 71 on inquiry card.

BYTE August 1980 205

(a)

(b)

Figure 3: A graphic example of Khachiyan's algorithm. TheKhachiyan algorithm (described here for a two-dimensionalproblem) begins with a circle centered at the origin with a radiusof a given size such that the circle is guaranteed to contain thesolution points, if they exist. Successive iterations ofKhachiyan's algorithm produce ellipses of smaller area that stillcontain the solution points. Here, the initial circle E0 is shown infigure 3a. Ellipse E[ is then computed from E0, as shown in figure3b, and ellipse E'2 is computed from E[, as shown in figure 3c. Inthe last two figures, the current ellipse is shown in black, and theprevious ellipse is shown in gray. The shaded area in all threefigures describes the inequalities' solution set.

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minimum volume (and it does so within 16Ln2 steps), itcan contain only solutions. Thus, either the center xk is asolution (making the discrepancy < 0), or there were nosolutions in the first place, and the system is inconsistent.To see graphically how the ellipses evolve, we will con-sider the following simple system of linear inequalities:

—Xt + 0;c2 < —1Ox, - x3 < -1

graphed in figure 2. These are, in fact, the first and thirdinequalities of system (1.1).

To make the diagrams clearer, we do not take L = 7,as equation (3) would dictate, but L = 2, which we willlater show (in Part 2) is permissible. This makes x0 = 0and Q0 = diag(4,4) (a 2-by-2 matrix with 4 in the maindiagonal elements, 0 elsewhere). The initial ellipse E0 isshown in figure 3a.

206 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 148 on inquiry card.

THE 6502 BOOK YOU'VE WAITED FOR. .

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A complete assembly language course for the6502 consisting of:

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In 20 chapters and more than 100 formal program examplesPRACTICAL MICROCOMPUTER PROGRAM-MING: THE 6502 covers fundamental assembly languagetechniques as applied to the 6502 with the same thor-oughness and attention to detail as its predecessors did forthe 8080, 6800 and Z80. The "difficult" topics such as in-terrupts aren't skipped or glossed over but treated in fulldetail. The example programs address real world program-ming problems and in many cases can be taken whole fromthe book for use in application programs. There is no non-sense, no games, just chapter after chapter of solid, accu-rate programming information. There is nothing else like itavailable anywhere at any price. If you intend to program the6502 at assembly level you need PRACTICAL MICRO-COMPUTER PROGRAMMING: THE 6502.

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A debugging monitor with self restoring breakpoints, fillingand searching of memory, direct viewing of stack contents,memory "windowing" and many other features. This de-bugging monitor runs specifically on the Apple II but can bemodified to run on other 6502 configurations. If you're tiredof inserting and removing BRK instructions by hand this pro-gram is for you. The source of the debugging monitor is alsoincluded in the book.

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The object of both the editor/assembler and the debugging monitor are sent to book purchasers without charge on either Apple II compatiblecassette or paper tape when the licensing agreement at the back of the book is returned. The object code is also available on disk for the Apple IIfor a nominal charge.

IF YOU NEED TO PROGRAM THE 6502 ATASSEMBLY LEVEL AND YOU'RE TIRED OFTHE "QUICKIES" AND REHASHES OF THEMANUAL, THEN PRACTICAL MICROCOM-PUTER PROGRAMMING: THE 6502 IS FORYOU. AT $32.95 YOU WILL NEVER SEEMORE VALUE FOR THE MONEY.

Available August 25th 1980. Please allow 30 days fordelivery.

Apple and Apple II are trademarks of Apple ComputerInc., Cupertino, CA

Please send my copy of PRACTICAL MICROCOMPUTER PRO-GRAMMING: THE 6502 US Funds only. No COD please.O Check enclosed □ Money Order enclosed

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Khachiyan's algorithm is an approximation of thefollowing geometric construction of the next ellipse Ek+iwith center xt+I from the known ellipse Ek with center xk.Since this construction does not give the exact results ofthe formulas in (5), we will denote the results of our con-struction by E'k+i and x*+i.

The ellipse E{ is determined from E0 and x0 (see figure3b) as follows:

• Draw a chord through x0 parallel to the boundaryof the inequality most severely violated (indicatedpreviously as having subscript i(k)). This chordcuts the ellipse E0 at two points, pi and p2. Thesolution set of the inequality i(k) will lie on oneside, the "solution side," of the chord. (The solu-tion side of the hyperplane can be determined byexamination.)

• The new ellipse E{ passes through p! and p2, hasits center on the solution side of the chord, and istangent to the old ellipse £0 at the point T.

• Of the infinite family of ellipses satisfying theabove conditions, choose the one with thesmallest volume. \{ is the center of this newellipse E{.

The ellipses E{ and E'2 (determined similarly from E{)are shown in figures 3b and 3c, each with its predecessordrawn in gray. Note that the ellipses are shrinking, thethree having approximate areas of fifty, forty, and thirty-two square units respectively. The algorithm ended withellipse Ei, since its center x'2 is in the solution set.

It is important to notice that, while the requirements oftangency and minimal volume in our construction areaesthetically pleasing, they are impossible to achieve inpractice. Remember that Khachiyan is concerned with acalculation procedure having only a limited degree of ac-curacy. If any of the numbers encountered in the execu-tion of the algorithm could not be exactly represented inthe computer, the cumulative effect of the resultingroundoff errors could be fatal, particularly in the detec-tion of the inconsistency of a system of inequalities. Thepaper of Gacs and Lovasz, mentioned previously as ig-noring questions of computational precision, presents amodification of the algorithm that computes the tangentellipses of minimal volume. Thus the Gacs-Lovasz for-mulas cannot be expected to be successful in any actualcomputation.

Khachiyan overcomes this difficulty by choosing hisellipses slightly larger than necessary so that, even withhis limited accuracy, he can assure that the region hewants is contained in them. The trick here is that if theellipses are made too large, they will not shrink down onthe solutions fast enough. Khachiyan's formulas in (5) forthe ellipses achieve the proper balance between the prob-lem of accuracy and the need for a rapidly shrinkingseries of ellipses.

If you carry out the calculations for the example offigure 2, you will find that, while E{ passes through thepoints (O, 4)' and (4, O)', Khachiyan's ellipse Et passesthrough (0, 4.12)' and (4.06, 0)*.

Part 2 of this article will discuss a fundamental short-coming of Khachiyan's algorithm and will include a pro-gram in BASIC for the TRS-80. ■

208 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 150 on inquiry card.

THE OASIS

RECIPE FOR QUALITY

APPLICATION SOFTWARE

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Because oasis has betterdevelopment tools—and more of them—creating very sophisticatedsoftware is possible,practical, easier, faster. Justone example: basic that isan Interpreter and Compilerwith Debugger andEditor. If you do your owndevelopment, you'll reallyappreciate these kindsof features. For software

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oasis; Single or Multi-User with a sizzling arrayof features and tools;almost unlimited softwarepossibilities (and applica-tion software for Single-User oasis is Multi-Usercompatible); the mostextensive documentation inthe industry—indeed, youget a lot to like. And that'sput oasis System Software*among the hottest productson the market.

Drop us a line todayfor a complete, freeApplication SoftwareDirectory. And see youroasis Distributor, or sendthe coupon direct, to getthe products you want. Tryus. We believe you'll savorthe oasis recipe.

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Construction of a Fourth-Generation Video Terminal, Part 1

Theron Wierenga

POB 2007Holland MI 49423

The construction of this fourth-generation video terminal is a projectthat began as a detour from the plansfor building a 16-bit microcomputer.I have had a long-standing interest inbuilding an advanced-design videoterminal that would have a scrollingfeature and a large 2000-characterdisplay. It was my desire to have theterminal utilize one of the new pro-grammable video-display-controllerintegrated circuits, and be a stand-alone unit with its own micropro-cessor that would not steal cyclesfrom or otherwise load down thehost computer. The number of addi-tional parts that are needed to add the

microprocessor is quite minimal and,in turn, the microprocessor reducesadditional interfacing that would beotherwise needed. The circuitry ofthis terminal, when wire-wrapped ona single board, could fill one slot inthe motherboard of the planned16-bit microcomputer, or could beused with any other host computer asa stand-alone unit.

Upon receiving a copy of Intel Cor-poration's Peripheral Design Hand-book (April 1978 edition), I found aset of plans for just such a terminal.The article is entitled "CRT TerminalDesign Using the Intel 8275 and8279." This circuit and its associatedsoftware were the basis for mydesign. This month, in Part 1, I'lldescribe the construction up to thepoint where you can get the 8085microprocessor operating. Next

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month, in Part 2,1 shall tell about theprocedures for assembling thekeyboard and video circuitry, puttingthe control software into operation,and checking out the system. Readersplanning to build this terminal shouldobtain a copy of the PeripheralDesign Handbook, as well as theMCS-85 Users Manual, whichdescribes the operation of the 8085microprocessor. Included in the fifty-seven-page article are detailed designtheory, system specifications, systemhardware and software design, an ex-planation of software subroutines,and the original design schematicsand data sheets on the Intel peripheralcircuits that are utilized in the design.The Intel handbooks are availablefrom Intel Corporation, LiteratureDepartment, 3065 Bowers Ave, SantaClara CA 95051.

Terminal Features

Here are some of the features ofthis video terminal:

Display format: eighty charactersper display row, twenty-fivedisplay rows.

Character format: 5-by-7 charactercontained within a 7-by-10 matrix,first and tenth lines blanked, firstand seventh columns blanked,ninth line cursor position, blinkingunderline cursor.

Character recognized: Displayablecharacters: sixty-four AmericanStandard Code for Information In-terchange (ASCII) uppercasealphanumeric characters,Control characters:Line feed (control-J),Carriage return (control-M),Back space (control-H),Escape sequences:Cursor up (ESC, A),Cursor down (ESC, B),Cursor right (ESC, C),Cursor left (ESC, D),Clear screen (ESC, E),Home (ESC, H),Erase to end of screen (ESC,

J),Erase line (ESC, K).Characters transmitted: sixty-four

210 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 152 on inquiry card.

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Robert Tinney Graphics is now issuinglimited editions of selected Byte Cov-ers, each, signed and numbered bythe artist, Robert Tinney. The first fourCollector Edition covers are shown atright. Unlike previously publishedByte covers, these magazine-sizeprints are made from the original Bytecolor separations, and can be offeredat a substantially lower price.

Collector Edition Byte Covers offerthe following features:o THE PRINT—Each Collector EditionByte Cover is 11"x14", includingV/z" borders at top and sides, anda 1 %'' border at bottom. The paperstock is a smooth finish, 65 lb. an-tique cover weight. This heavy, verywhite sheet reproduces the depthand brilliance of the original art.o THE EDITION—All Collector Edi-tions are strictly limited to 100prints, and the printing plates aredestroyed after the run. Mr. Tinney

inspects and approves the qualityof each print before personally af-fixing the individual number andsignature at bottom. A Certificate ofAuthenticity accompanies eachprint and certifies the number of theedition as well as the destruction ofthe printing plates. Each certificateis also signed and numbered by Mr.Tinney.o SHIPMENT—Collector Editionprints are packed flat betweenheavy binder bo ardstoavoid rollingand to assure undamaged ship-ment. However, should any dam-age occur, your print will be im-mediately replaced. Shipment, ofcourse, is always first class,o PRICE—The price of each CollectorEdition Byte Cover is $15, plus $3for postage and handling ($6 for or-ders outside the U.S. and Canada).If all 4 covers are ordered, the priceis only $50 plus postage and han-dling.

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ASCII uppercase alphanumericcharacters, ASCII controlcharacter set, ASCII escapesequence set.

Program memory: 2 K bytes, 2716erasable programmable read-onlymemory.

Display/buffer/stack memory:2 K bytes, 2114 static program-mable memory.

Data rates: 300, 600, 1200, 2400,4800 bits per second (bps).Interface to host computer: 20 mAcurrent loop.

Scrolling capability: Scroll-upfeature implemented with 8257direct-memory-access controller.The author of the Intel article usedan 8080A-based single-board com-puter, the Intel SDK-80, and an

Photo 1: The complete video terminal circuitry constructed on a wire-wrap board. Thecomponent side is shown.

* i WIIINC JIM 'JSH L-

Photo 2: The bottom or wired side of the video terminal board.

SBC-905 prototype board for theadditional circuitry needed. I wantedeverything to fit on a single boardand to run off a single 5 V power sup-ply, so extensive changes were madein my design. The schematic diagramappears in figure 1. The completedunit retains all of the original featuresplus one or two more.

Hardware Changes

The following are the major hard-ware changes that were made in mydesign:

• An 8085 microprocessor wassubstituted for the 8080A device.Although the parts count is aboutthe same, the 8085 system needsonly a single 5 V power supply.The 8085 microprocessor needs anadditional 8212 latch for the loweraddress lines and a 74LS257 multi-plexer to produce the control bus.The interfacing to the 8257 direct-memory-access controller is some-what involved; a detailedschematic of this is provided in thePeripheral Design Handbook onpages 1 thru 82.

• The additional 8216 buffer fromMEMR and MEMW is un-necessary. These signals can betaken directly from the 74LS257.

• A single 74LS138 decoder was usedfor enabling the peripheral cir-cuitry (ie: the 8251, 8257, 8275,and 8279 devices).

• A 5 V type, 2513 character-generator read-only memory wassubstituted for the 2708. This savesprogramming the sixty-four 5-by-7matrices into a 2708-type program-mable read-only memory.

• The MD (mode) lines on the two8212s that buffer the 2114 memoryintegrated circuits are tied toground instead of +5 V. This isan error in the Intel schematic.

• Interrupt lines for the 8251 and8275 are not connected into the8085. The TRAP interrupt is pulleddown to ground through a dual-in-line pin (DIP) switch. Opening thisswitch pulls up the TRAP inter-rupt, vectoring the 8085 micropro-cessor to a small system monitor.

• Video and sync signals were addedtogether through the use of a 7401open-collector NAND packageand a single transistor to form acomposite-video output.

Text continued on page 216

212 August 1980 © BYTE Publications inc

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SERIAL INTERFACE

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Figure 1: Schematic diagram of the video terminal circuit. The Intel 8275 video-display controller is in the center of the figure.

214 August 1980 6 BYTE Publications Inc

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August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 215

Text continued from page 212:

• With a system clock of 6.144 MHz,data rates of 300, 600, 1200, 2400,and 4800 bps were generated witha 7490 and 7493 counter. Data-rateselection is through five positionsof an eight-position DIP switch.

• A current-loop interface was used,since only a 5 V supply wasavailable. There is also provisionfor direct access to the universalasynchronous receiver/transmitter

(UART) pins.

An 8131 comparator wassubstituted for the 74LS138 usedfor 2716 decoding.Decoding was done somewhat dif-ferently for the programmablememory, although the addressesstill extend from hexadecimal 8000to 87FF. These addresses makecompatability with the 8257 direct-memory-access controller easy.Details are given as to how the

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his mf w sar ;•%'' '-A-

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M |M) M W W W Ml M M Nl I'M ri*l Ns ''I; v «*—4^ ^im^ i^zi H N M N N iMi N ^ W" I"'" I N

Photo 3: The sixty-three-key Jameco keyboard mounted on its printed-circuit boardand installed on support blocks.

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keyboard is connected to thesystem. This is missing in theoriginal article. An inexpensiveunencoded keyboard (availablefrom Jameco Electronics) wasmounted using a printed-circuitboard as well as some wire-wrapconnections.

• The video monitor that I used is a12-inch Motorola unit that takes acomposite-video input signal. Itwas obtained as surplus in usedcondition. Whatever brand or sizeis used, it should have a bandwidthof 12 MHz.

Software Changes

A number of changes were made inthe software as supplied in the Intelarticles. Several minor changes haveno direct effect on the program execu-tion, but rather just shorten the code.The major changes are as follows:

• The interrupt vectors at the top ofthe program were removed. Asingle vector for the TRAP inter-rupt was left in. When the TRAPswitch is opened, the 8085microprocessor will transfer con-trol to a small system monitor thatcan be used for debugging.

• A polling system is used in place ofthe interrupt system to check thestates of three of the peripheralsystems. First, the system checks tosee if a character has been receivedby the 8212; second, if the 8275 hasrequested that the 8257 bereinitialized; and third, if the 8279has a character to be transmittedfrom the keyboard. A data rate of4800 bps is still possible using thispolling system.

• The table for character lookup forthe keyboard has been changedcompletely. This was done to com-ply with the way that I had wiredthe scan matrix for the unencodedkeyboard. A few additional ASCIIcodes were added that can betransmitted from the video ter-minal. These codes were for keyson the Jameco keyboard.

• The initialization of the 8251 and8279 was changed. The values usedshould work for most systems.

• The 8257 was initialized to Mode 0because of the change to a stan-dard 2513 character generator.

• A system monitor was added at thebottom of the program which hasfive commands. The use of themonitor is covered in Part 2 of thisarticle.

216 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 153 on inquiry card.

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BYTE August 1980 217

Photo 4: The etch side of the keyboard circuit board, showing the jumper connectionsmade necessary by use of the single-sided board.

• The port numbers for theperipheral circuits have beenchanged. These values are set atthe beginning of the video-controlsoftware.

Construction

The order in which the sections ofthis video terminal are built is veryimportant. It is most unusual to puttogether a project as complex as thiswithout having some sort of pro-

blems. Following the order as it isgiven here will help with some debug-ging, and hopefully make things gomore easily. Do not try to assembleeverything and then give it the smoketest.

I chose to connect the electronicparts by wire-wrapping. With thehundreds of connections necessary, itis almost impossible to not make afew wiring errors the first timearound. Wire-wrapping allows you

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to add or change connections easily ifit is necessary. Wire-wrap also allowsfor a very compact design, whichhelps to cut down the electrical noisein the system. You should haveavailable an oscilloscope, frequencycounter, a general-purpose volt-ohmmilliammeter, a wire-wrap gun,30-gauge wire strippers, and aquantity of 30-gauge wire ias well asthe usual pliers, screwdrivers, solder-ing iron, etc).

A large Vector wire-wrap board(#4350) was used for the circuit, butseveral other general-purpose wire-wrap boards could also be used.Some individuals may choose one ofthe S-100 type boards, which wouldwork just as well. Use one that haspower and ground planes on it. Thismakes it easy to distribute the powersupply lines to integrated circuits,and provides a good method for in-stalling noise capacitors.

Glue the integrated-circuit wire-wrap sockets in place with an epoxy-type glue that comes in two com-ponents and must be mixed beforeuse. After mixing the adhesive, waituntil it starts to thicken considerablybefore applying it to the sockets. Ifthe integrated-circuit sockets that youuse do not have a few small holes inthe bottom of the plastic body, maketwo or three holes with a 1/16-inchdrill. This will give the gluesomething to which it can adhere. Donot use any of the "super glue" typesof instant-bonding adhesive, as theseare very thin and can bleed into theintegrated-circuit socket, plugging upthe pin holes and cementing the con-tacts together. An illustration of theparts layout is shown in figure 3.

Following my own particularorder, I first make all connections tothe power-supply pins on the in-tegrated circuits. These connectionsare given in table 1. Connect 5 V tothe power-supply bus and check outthe voltage at the proper pins of eachintegrated-circuit socket before in-stalling the integrated circuitsthemselves. When you do applypower to the circuit, have an am-meter connected to your powersupply. High current readings are aquick indication of serious problems.The entire circuit when completedshould draw about 1.6 A at 5 V. Theusual precautions against static elec-tricity when handling metal-oxidesemiconductors (MOS) should beobserved for the memory circuits, as

218 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 157 on inquiry card.

Circle 158 on inquiry card.

Circle 159 on inquiry card.

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Circle 160 on inquiry card.

BYTE August 1980 219

well as all of the 8000-series Intelcircuits.

Next, make a photocopy of the en-tire schematic diagram. As you beginto wrap connections, use a red pen totrace each connection made on theschematic. This simple methodeliminates the need for a wiring table,but establishes a complete bookkeep-ing system that indicates which con-nections are installed or incomplete.

It is helpful to use as many differentcolors of wire as possible. The ad-dress bus can be done in one color,the data bus in another, power-supply lines can be red for +5 V andblack for ground, and so forth. Thisis a great help when you have to tracedown wires to check connections.Take the time to cut each wire to theexact length needed. Do not makewires any longer than necessary.Route wires neatly in between thewire-wrap sockets, and try to keepthe interior portion of the socket areafree from bundles of wires. A neatboard is much easier to troubleshootthan the "rat's nest" variety.

The few resistors and capacitorsthat are needed can be mounted on

one 16-pin and one 24-pin headerplug. The 22.68 MHz crystal and2N3710 transistor can also bemounted on the 24-pin header plug.The 6.144 MHz crystal with its two20 pF capacitors is mounted next tothe 8085 with Vector T-49 Klipwrappins.

Getting the 8085Microprocessor Operating

The first integrated circuits to in-stall are the 8085 (ICl), 8212 (IC2,low address latch for the 8085),74LS257 (IC28), 8131 (IC35), 2716(IC34), 8251 (IC7), 74LS138 (IC18,peripheral decoder), 7490 (IC16),7493 (IC17), the eight-position DIPswitch, and ICll (the 7400 NANDpackage that contains a gate to bufferthe clock output of the 8085). All ofthe connections should be made tothese devices. Program the 2716 read-only memory with the 22-bytecheckout program that is given inlisting 1. Temporarily ground theHOLD input to the 8085 (pin 39) andthree of the inputs that are normallydriven by the AEN output (pin 9) ofthe 8257. These inputs are at pin 4 of

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IC18 (the 74LS138 peripheraldecoder), pin 1 of IC2 (the 8212 latchthat holds the low address lines fromthe 8085), and pin 15 of IC28 (the74LS257).

After you reset the 8085microprocessor, the simple test pro-gram should send out continuousASCII "U" characters from the 8251transmitter data output (pin 19).With the 300 bps switch closed, pin19 of the 8251 should produce asquare wave at 150 Hz, which is 300bps. The IOW line (pin 12 of the74LS257) should show 30 Hz on a fre-quency counter. The negative pulseson IOW are very narrow and maynot show up on an inexpensiveoscilloscope. If you have these signalspresent, your 8085 microprocessorand its associated circuitry are work-ing correctly.

Do not go beyond this point in con-struction until your 8085microprocessor is functioning cor-rectly. If you have problems, checkthe following items. Make sure thatthe clock output of the 8085 is 3.072MHz, and that this signal is getting to

Text continued on page 224

Number

Type

+ 5 V

GND

IC1

8085

40

20

IC2

8212

24

12

IC3

8212

24

12

IC4

8212

24

12

IC5

8212

24

12

IC6

8224

16

8

IC7

8251

26

4

IC8

8257

31

20

IC9

8275

40

20

IC10

8279

40

20

IC11

7400

14

7

IC12

7400

14

7

IC13

7401

14

7

IC14

7410

14

7

IC15

7474

14

7

IC16

7490

5

10

IC17

7493

5

10

IC18

74LS138

16

8

IC19

74LS138

16

8

IC20

74LS138

16

8

IC21

74163

16

8

IC22

74166

16

8

IC23

74175

16

8

IC24

74175

16

8

IC25

74175

16

8

IC26

74175

16

8

IC27

74175

16

8

IC28

74LS257

16

8

IC29

2114

18

9

IC30

2114

18

9

IC31

2114

18

9

IC32

2114

18

9

IC33

2513

24

10

IC34

2716

24

12

IC35

8131

16

8

Table 1:

Power connections foi

the in-

tegrated

circuits in

the sc

lematic

diagram

of figure 1.

220 August 1980 @ BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 161 on inquiry card.

Circle 162 on inquiry card.

Disc/3

MART, INC.

DO IT YOURSELF

LOW-LOW PRICES

ANADEX PRINTER, DP-8000 $ 825.00

ANADEX PRINTER, DP-9500 1,425.00

BASE II Printer (complete with options) 645.00

CENTRONICS 730 Matrix Printer 745.00

(with 4 free zip pack)

HAZELTINE 1520 ...' 1,319.00

NEC Spinwriter 5510 (RO) 2,643.00

SOROC 10. 120 750.00

SOROC IQ 140 Assembled 1,225.00

Tl 810 Basic (upper & lower case) 1,669.00

Tl 994 Personal Computer 1,150.00

LA 34 DEC Writer Teleprinter 1,195.00

CARTRIDGES • DISKETTES • MAG TAPE • ACCESSORIES

ADDS, CENTRONICS, HAZELTINE, IMSAI, LEAR SIEGLER,TECHTRAN, Tl, VECTOR GRAPHICS AND OTHERS

STORE HOURS: 9 A.M.-5:30 P.M. Mon. through Fri.

Call or write for quotes or information.

Circle 129 on inquiry card.

1840 LINCOLN BLVD.,SANTA MONICA, CA 90404MART, INC. (213)450 5911

Circle 163 on inquiry card.

Disc/3

TBS-80

$685

SYSTEM

The world's most popular microcomputer, with 16K ofmemory and Level 11 basic for only $685, complete withfull 90 day Radio Shack warranty. We accept check,money order orphoneorders with VisaorMasterCharge.(Shipping costs added to charge orders).Disk drives, printers,peripherals, softwareand games . . . youname it, we've got it(Both Radio Shack &other brands). Writeor call for ourcomplete price list. //I BS9K \

Shown is Level I.Level II includesAlphanumeric keypad.

C&S

ELECTRONICS MART

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AUTHORIZEDDEALERSHIP

Radio /hack

32E.MainStreet«MilanMichigan48160«(313)<39-1400

Introducing the UltimatePersonal Timesliare Networkand the Star Modem

Now Available for Pet IEEEand KS232C Ports

Now for the first time ever youcan get the Star Modem by Livermoreand the nation's most sophisticated newtime sharing service, CompuServe, in anintroductory package at an unbelievableprice.

Imagine access to an everincreasing world of database, investment,financial, and Wall Street information, adaily newspaper, plus U.P.I, and A.P.news, and games. Plus electronic mailwhich allows instant personal messagetransmission to users nationwide from aproven industrial timesharing network. Atremendous capability increase for just $5per hour of usage.

The Star Modem, the market'smost sophisticated acoustic coupler, iscompatible with standard RS232C

Circle 164 on inquiry card.

ports. An

exclusive triple

seal within the cups

locks your phone into

the acoustic chamber with

a vacuum seal to prevent

distortion. Includes full answer, originate

and test modes with full and half

duplex operation. Quality guaranteed as

proven by Livermore's unequalled

two year warranty.

DWS marketing international, aleader in electronic marketing since 1975,now offers this introductory package ofthe Star Modem, adaptor and theCompuServe hookup, (order product#320), for only $189.95. Star IEEEmodem, adaptor and hookup, (orderproduct #330), only $269.95. Optional

10' cables areavailable for $24.95(order product #280).Quantities are limited so ordertoday. Charge customers, to order only,call our toll free number 24 hours a dayor send your check but please allow timefor checks to clear. VISA,Mastercharge or American Expresscards are accepted. Add $5.00 fornsured postage and handling. Californiaesidents add 6% sales tax.

(800) 854-3831

In California(800) 432-7451

|"N\ A/C marketing

1 international

350-A Fischer Avenue, Depl. 99

Costa Mesa, California 92626

For dealer inquiries or product information call

(714) 540-4549. & DWS marketing initriutioul 1980

BYTE August 1980 221

Buy By Mailand Save!

COMPUTERS

',. b&\ \« '■■

INTERTEC SuperBrain® 32K . $2495

64K RAM, List $3345 $2695

64K Quad, List $3995 $3395

NORTH STAR Horizon I®

16K D.D. Kit $1259

32K D.D. Kit $1579

32K Assembled, List $2695 .... $2149

Horizon 2 32K DD, Assm., $3095 $243932K QD, Assm., List $3595 .... $2859

CROMEMCO Z-2, List $995 ... $ 829

System 2, 64K, List $3990 $3179

System 3, 64K, List $6990 $5479

ATARI® 400, List $630 $ 489

800, List $1080 $ 839

TI-99/4, List $1150 $ 985

DISK SYSTEMS

THINKER TOYS® Discus 2D . $ 939

Dual Discus 2D $1559

Discus 2+ 2, List $1549 $1288

PRINTERS & TERMINALSPAPER TIGER IDS-440 $ 849

with Graphics Option $ 949

CENTRONICS 730-1, List $995 . $ 639

737, List $995 $ 849

T.I. 810 $1575

INTERTUBE II, List $995 $ 729

PERKIN-ELMER Bantam 550 .. $ 789

TELEVIDEO 912C $779

920C $ 839

HAZELTINE 1420 $ 839

1500 $ 879

SOROC 120 $ 745

FLOPPY DISKS SPECIAL

5%" Box of 10 ONLY $29.95

(specify TRS-S0, North Star, SuperBrain, etc.)

Most items in stock for immediate delivery. Factory sealed cartons,w/lull factory warranty. NYS residents add appropriate sales laxPrices do not include shipping. VISA and Master Charge add 3YC.O.D. orders require 25% deposit. Prices subject to change withoutnotice.

ComputersWholesale

P.O. Box 144 Camillus, NY 13031E (315)472-2582

Listing 1: A test program for the 8085 microprocessor section of the video ter-minal. This should be programmed into the 2716 read-only memory. When thecheckout terminal is connected using the temporary interface shown in figure 2and the 8085 is reset, this program should cause the ASCII character "U" to beprinted continuously on the checkout terminal.

0001

oooooooo

OOOO 3E7B

0002 [1301

0004 3E27

0006 D301

i TEST PROGRAM I FOR rpl

CNCTL FIJI I ION IN fon 0CNOU1 FOU 0

f IN it iai. ize i:t:";;i i

i

MUI A.07BH

OUT CNCTI

MUT A»027H

dill CNCTL

r

i SFNn CONTINUOUS IJ'S FROM 8251

0008

OOOA

00 oc

00 OF00110013

riBoi

E601CA0800

3E55D300

r: 30 boo

.OOP

IN

ANT

.17

MOT

OUT

JMP

CNCTI

1

I OOP

A..055H

CNOUT

I OOP

0 fSMrl

; i

np in a

ASK IPOOP If

OAfJ A

FNlt OU

OOP AN

T ATI ISFAHY RTNUT lv II FTTFPT FROMIf SFNIi

I

AH i■II"8 2 SI

NI-XT "1.1

NO PROGRAM ERROR:

8080 MACRO Ai3SFMBI.FR. OFR 2.0 FRRflRS

0 PAGF

SYMBOI

TAHI F

* 01

A 0007 H

oooo

C

oooi

CNCTI

000 1

CNIN OOOO * CNOUT

oooo

li

OOO':'

F

00 03

H 0004 1

0005

1 OOP

0008

ii

OOOA

PSU 0006 SP

0006

CRT2B0

100000003E7BD301 3E27ri 501 HBO 11

cVO ICAO800

«"

-,'.'

060010005SD300C30800F7

oooooooooo

100wv-

CURRENT LOOPOUTPUT

CURRENT LOOPINPUT

Figure 2: Schematic diagram of the temporary interface for connecting the checkoutterminal to the new terminal for debugging.

Circle 165 on inquiry card.

Circle 166 on inquiry card.

779 upper CASE/lower case"Conversion Kit I"

Expand the capabilities of your 779 line printer toinclude word processing!! Available to all Centronics779/TRS 80 Printer I owners is the option of lowercase and changing slash 0 zero to standard 0. No etchcuts or soldering needed, installs in minutes with ascrewdriver. No program modification or additionalinterface is required. Price $125.00

Motor control conversion kit ir

FOR ALL CENTRONICS 779/TRS 80 PRINTER I UNE PRINTERS!!

Our "Conversion Kit II" Motor Controller gives your 779the ability to turn the motor on and off automatically.Removes the annoying noise of constant run,increasing the life span of your 779 / TRS 80 line printermotor! No soldering, software or hardware changesneeded. Installs easily. Price $95.00

SAVE! Buy Service Technologies "Conversion Kit I"and "Conversion Kit II" together for the single priceof $199.00

To order, please send check or money order in theproper amount to: f . <7~ / / . d

(Jervice ^Jechnoloaies, Jjnc.

32 Nightingale Rd.

Nashua, N.H. 03062

(603) 883-5369Visa and Master Charge accepted (please includesignature, expiration date and phone number)

Service Technologies will pay all shipping andhandling.

ASI INTEGRATED BUSINESSSOFTWARE

**************************

RECEIVABLES ORDER ENTRYPAYABLES INVENTORY

PAYROLL JOB COSTING

GENERAL LEDGER

****************************

PLUS TECHNICAL SUPPORTFOR END USERS AND DISTRIBUTORS

Available for 8080/Z80 CP/M systems on 8"

diskettes and Northstar compatible 5V4"

diskettes. Runs on Cromenco-Z2H hard disk

system.

ArkansasSystemsInc.

8901 Kanis Rd.Suite 206Little Rock, AR 72205501) 227-8471

Ng^ Produced and widely used in England and U.S.A.COMPLETE BUSINESS PACKAGE

INCLUDES EVERYTHING FROM INVENTORY TO SALES SUMMARY

PROMPTS USER, VALIDATES EACH ENTRY, MENU DRIVEN

Approximately 60-100 entries/Inputs require only 2-4 hours weekly and your entire business is under control.

PROGRAMS ARE INTEGRATED-

SELECT FUNCTION BY NUMBER-

01 = ENTER NAMES/ADDRESS, ETC

02 = ENTER/PRINT INVOICES03= ENTER PURCHASES04 = ENTER A/C RECEIVABLES05= ENTER A/C PAYABLES06 = ENTER/UPDATE INVENTORY07= ENTER/UPDATE ORDERS08= ENTER/UPDATE BANKS09= EXAMINE/MONITOR SALES LEDGER10= EXAMINE/MONITOR PURCHASE LEDGER

11 = EXAMINE/MONITOR (INCOMPLETE RECORDS)

12 = EXAMINE PRODUCT SALES

13 = PRINT CUSTOMER STATEMENTS14= PRINT SUPPLIER STATEMENTS15 = PRINT AGENT STATEMENTS16= PRINT TAX STATEMENTS17= PRINT WEEK/MONTH SALES18 = PRINT WEEK/MONTH PURCHASES19= PRINT YEAR AUDIT

20 = PRINT PROFIT/LOSS ACCOUNT

21 = UPDATE END MONTH FILES MAINTENANCE22= PRINT CASH FLOW FORECAST23= ENTER/UPDATE PAYROLL (NOT YET AVAILABLE)24 = RETURN TO BASIC

WHICH ONE? (ENTER 1-24)

01 SUB. MENU EXAMPLE: 01 = EXAMINE: 02 = INSERT: 03 = AMEND: 04 = DELETE

05 = PRINT (1,2,3): 06 = NUMERIC COMBINATIONS: 07 = SORT

VERY FLEXIBLE. ADD YOUR OWN FUNCTIONS. EASY TO INTEGRATE.

All programs in BASIC for CP/M. PET. 6800

G. W. COMPUTERS LTD, the producers of this beautiful package in U.K.

WE EXPORT TO ALL COUNTRIES:

BARCLAYCARD ACCEPTED

CBM APPROVED

CP/M Ver. 9.00 is one 16 K core program

using random access releasing both drives for

data storage, and 250 word vocabulary is

translatable in any foreign language.

PRICES: Programs 1-23 EXC (19,20,22,23) £475

CALLERS BY APPOINTMENT ONLY

89 Bedford Court Mansions

Bedford Avenue

London WC1, U.K.

CONTACT TONY WINTER 01-636-8210

BARCLAYCARD ACCEPTED

CBM APPROVED

CP/M Ver. 9.00 is one 16 K core program

using random access releasing both drives for

data storage, and 250 word vocabulary is

translatable in any foreign language.

£575 Stock Integrated Option + £100 Bank Integrated Option + £100

Circle 168 on inquiry card.

BYTE August 1980 223

8212

8212

24-PIN

DIP PLUG TO

KEYBOARD

c

RYSTAL .

\

8251

74LS138

8279

1

*

RESISTORS /

2114

a \

CAPACITORS \

8257

7401

8- DIP

SWITCHES

8224

2114

r

7493

7474

2114

8212

8212

MCT-2

MCT-2

7490

74LS138

2114

CRYSTAL

8085

J

7400

7410

74166

74LS138

7400

74S163

74LS257

2513

2716

74175

74175

8131

8275

74175

74175

74175

Figure 3: Diagram of the parts layout on the component side of the main circuit board of the video terminal. A type 4350 Vector wire-wrap board was used.

mmxri

371 FOB I»l TO K*N

379iF«ix>a<i)Trar*i

W*I>*CI>StlGCTI .4NOSUB7W411 IF F4 HO STOP*2» GOTO 138718 FOR M TO M711 F» J=l TO H721 Z*M)tt+j

73i if kzm no mm* '.

7¥i IF KZM THEN miMV r

r» tea j79 nm

TTiOKHJUiSm)

m war* • *,c

thoch

mmm

Photo 5: An example of the display pro-duced on the surplus Motorola videomonitor.

Text continued from page 220:

pin 20 of the 8251. Check the TxCand RxC inputs of the 8251 (pins 9and 25). The frequency on these in-puts should be sixty-four times thedesired data rate (ie: for 300 bps itshould be 19,200 Hz). If this frequen-cy is not correct, check the connec-tions on the 7490 and 7493, as well asthe data rate switch. The ALE line(pin 30 on the 8085) should have afrequency of about 650.8 kHz on it.There should be no activity on theMEMW line (pin 9 of the 74LS257).The IOR line (pin 7 of the 74LS257)should have a frequency of about92.2 kHz. The frequencies listedabove should all be read with a fre-quency counter that uses a full1-second count period, since thepulses on many of these lines do nothave a constant duty cycle.Erroneous readings can result fromcount periods shorter than one

second.

Until next month's BYTE arrives,you will have plenty of time to checkthe construction of this portion of thecircuit. Then, in Part 2, we can pro-ceed with the rest of the project. ■

Portions of this article are copyright byIntel Corporation, and used by per-mission.

What's going onwhere peopleworship today?

Find yourself—withpeople who worship.

A public service of WiT*this publication and Ihe Mfcyj 1

Adverlising C&jncil. COLHC

224 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 169 on inquiry card.

Circle 170 on inquiry card.

At last—NETWORKING!

SATELLITE

PRINTER

HUB

The CDL Network Operating System in your computers willgive you:

SA VIN GS One disk and printer can be shared amongany number of satellite computers. Hard and floppy diskversions are available.

POWER All satellites have a full CPM environment.You can access the largest collection of software availablefor microcomputers.

FLEXIBILITY The network software can be adaptedto your input/output hardware. It even adapts automa-tically to available RAM.

The CDL Networking Operating System is a quality soft-ware product with excellent documentation backed byextensive testing.

Write for information.

CAMBRIDGE DEVELOPMENT LAB

44 Brattle Street Cambridge, MA 02138

CATCH THE

S-100INC.BUS!

famObJWW

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OUR

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Tarbell Double Density Disk ControllerA&T

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Intertec "Super Brain" w/64K, 2Double Density Drives, CP/M etc.

North Star Z-80A CPU - ZPB-A A&T

495.00 399.00

295.00 *252.00

349.00 298.00

3,345.00 2,675.00

299.00 255.00

'Included free with every S.D. Systems Boardis an additional $25.00 manufacturers rebate coupon

Subject to Available Quantities • Prices Quoted Include Cash Discounts.Shipping & Insurance Extra

We carry all major lines such as

S.D. Systems, Cromemco, Ithaca Intersystems, North Star,

Sanyo, ECT, TEI, Godbout, Thinker Toys, Hazeltine, IMC

For a special cash price, telephone us.

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tki*<

THE MAGAZINE FOR COMPUTER ISTS

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Advertisers: The first time you advertisein BASIC, it's free! Write for details

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I ENCLOSE $20.00 FOR 12 ISSUES

BASIC

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P.O. BOX 42 SOUTH RIVER, NEW JERSEY 08882

(Please Print)

City/sute/Zip | may cance| my subscription any time and receive a refundfor the unused balance.

Circle 171 on inquiry card.

BYTE August 1980 225

Clods and Newsletters

Lifelines from Lifeboat

The primary objective ofLifelines is to keep readersinformed of the currentstatus of all CP/M-compatible software. Issuesinclude statistics on the widevariety of CP/M-compatiblesoftware productsdistributed by LifeboatAssociates. In addition therewill be three sections dealingwith changes, bugs, andnew products. Letters fromusers are featured. Thenewsletter recently publisheda Pascal review and an arti-cle on undocumented Z80op codes. The subscriptionrate is $18 for twelve issuesin the US, Canada and Mex-ico. Elsewhere the rate is$40. Write Lifelines, 1651Third Ave, New York NY10028.

International Computer

Chess Association Shifts

Headquarters

In order to handle thegrowing membership moreeffectively, the headquartersfor the International Com-puter Chess Association(ICCA) has been transferredfrom Northwestern Univer-sity in Evanston, Illinois, toBell Telephone Laboratoriesin Murray Hill, New Jersey.All inquiries and member-ship applications should besent to ICCA, c/o of Ken

Thompson, Rm 2C423, BellTelephone Labs, MurrayHill NJ 07974. Editorialmaterial for the newslettershould be sent to B Mitt-man, ICCA Newsletter,Vogelback ComputingCenter, Northwestern Uni-versity, Evanston IL 60201.Membership dues are $10.Back issues of the newsletterare $2 for a set of three.

Another Club in Florida

The Level II Club is anorganization where TRS-80owners can exchange soft-ware. The group has a largeprogram library and willsoon offer an ads sectionand programming contests.There are no membershipfees. For more information,write Level II Club, 3713Bay-to-Bay Blvd, Tampa FL33609.

FORTH Interest Group

The FORTH InterestGroup meets on the fourthSaturday of each month inthe Special Events Room ofLiberty House DepartmentStore, Southland ShoppingCenter, Highway 17 at Win-ton Ave, Hayward, Califor-nia. The group alsopublishes a newsletter,FORTH Dimensions.Editorial material is alwayswelcome. A subscription to

FORTH Dimensions is freewhen you join the FORTHInterest Group for $12 peryear in the US, or $15overseas. Contact the groupby writing, FORTH InterestGroup, POB 1105, SanCarlos CA 94070.

International Apple Core

The International AppleCore (IAC) is a nonprofit in-dependent organization thatwill act as the parentorganization for local Applecomputer groups. Member-ship is not open to in-dividuals, although theymay subscribe to the IAC'squarterly publication. Theorganization will offer infor-mation on hardware, soft-ware, application notes, andprogramming tips tomember groups. The IACwill also make its library ac-cessible to member groups.For more information,Apple user groups can con-tact the International AppleCore, POB 976, Daly CityCA 94017.

Free Pascal Newsletter

The Pascal Newsletter hasarticles of general interest tocomputer enthusiasts, suchas Pascal standards and pro-gramming techniques. Re-cent newsletter articles haveincluded a history of Pascalcompilers, a Pascal

bibliography, a comparisonof Rational Data Systems'(RDS) Pascal to competitiveproducts, and a section onmatters of programmingstyle. Free subscriptions toRDS's Pascal Newsletter anda product brochure areavailable by writing or call-ing Rational Data Systems,245 W 55th St, New YorkNY 10019, (212) 757-0011.

A Computer Group inAmarillo

The High Plains TRS-80Users Group of Amarillo,Texas, meets the second andfourth Tuesdays of everymonth at the downtownbranch of the AmarilloPublic Library on 413 E 4thSt, from 7 to 9 PM. Theannual dues are $15. For in-formation, write High PlainsTRS-80 Users Group, POB30545, Amarillo TX 79120.

TBUG-80 in Florida

This group in Tampa Bay,Florida, supports the use ofthe TRS-80 for games andbusiness applications.Tutorial sessions at themeetings cover everythingfrom the proper operationof the hardware to disk-based programming tech-niques. The club's newslettercontains program notes,reviews of products for theTRS-80, and letters of

AIM 65

AIM 65 is fully assembled, tested and warranted. With the addition of a low cost, readily available powersupply, it's ready to start working for you. It has an addressing capability up to 65K bytes, and comeswith a user-dedicated 1K or 4K RAM.

• Thermal Printer

• Full-Size Alphanumeric Keyboard

• True Alphanumeric Display

• Proven R6500 Microcomputer System Devices

1 Built-in Expansion Capabilityi TTY and Audio Cassette Interlacesi ROM Resident Advanced Interactive MonitorAdvanced Interactive Monitor Commands

PRICE: $389.00

Plus $4.00 UPS (shipped in U.S. must give street address), $10 parcel post to APO's, FPO's, Alaska,Hawaii.Canada, $25 air mail to all other countries

We manufacture a complete line of high quality expansion boards. Use reader service card to be addedto our mailing list, or U.S. residents send $1.00 (International send $3.00 U.S.) for airmail delivery of ourcomplete catalog.

PRICE: $139.00

We also carry the SYM-1Microcomputer with manuals $229.00

iTRNB>-

ENTERPRISES

INCORPORATED

2967 W. Fairmount Avenue • Phoenix, AZ 85017 • (602) 265-7564

226 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 172 on inquiry card.

Circle 173 on inquiry card.

Circle 174 on inquiry card.

SOFTWAREWANTED

If you are an

inventive programmer

and could use

an extra income,

please call:

(213)894-9154

We are interested inGames and Business software.

Royalty or Gash-out basis.

DATASOFT

16606 Sehoenborn St.Sepulveda, Ca. 91343

TOLL FREE ORDERING

These FineProducts and More

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HRZ-1-32K-D 2100

HRZ-2-32K-D 2400

HRZ-2-32K-Q 2800

HARDDISCSYSTEM 3950

DYNA BYTE

DB8/148K 2395

DB8/2 48K 3900

DB8/4 3030

32M PHOENIX 11800

TERMINALS

TELEVIDE0912 775

TELEVIDEO920 835

SOROQ 10-120 740

PRINTERS

NEC5510 2700

NEC5520 2975

TI-820 1580

ANADEX 795

BASE2 600

EPSON CALL

THINKER TOYS

DISCUS2 + 2 1265

DISCUS 2D 980

DISCUS M26 HARD DISC . . .4095

SOLIDSTATEMUSIC Kit AssmSB1 SYNTHESIZER... .161 227

VB1BVIDEO 125 170

CB2Z80CPU 168 220

MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS

DM 3200 32K 250ns 500

DM640064K250ns 640

DMB3200 650

SOFTWARE-DISCS—MISC

CPM-2 150

WORDSTAR 350

GRAHAM-DORIAN CALL

STRUCTUREDSYSTEMS . .CALL

VERBATIM 5 (10) 28

VERBATIM 8 (10) 35

ATARI CALL

TI99-4 CALL

WE WILL TRY TO BEAT ANY ADVERTISED PRICE

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(714) 739-4701 (800) 854-6003

*#5^q*

A NEW CONCEPT IN APPLE ][• SOFTWARE

Finally, a company specializing in software for the APPLE] tor] [ Plus and only APPLES! All your softwareshopping can now be done under ONE ROOF at TREMENDOUS SAVINGS! Because we sell software andonly software, we receive discounts from ALL major Suppliers, such as:

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and WE CAN PASS THESE SAVINGS ONTO YOU, the APPLE USER!

If you are tired of page thumbing looking for APPLE programs, and want the best prices on ALL programswritten for the APPLE, send for our FREE 40-page catalog and a $1 coupon good towards your first order orcall us for our price on any APPLE program written and order by phone. M/C, VISA, BankAmericard ac-cepted.

IF WE HAVEN'T GOT IT, IT HASN'T BEEN WRITTEN!! -Trademark of apple computers inc.

Software Concepts

948 Danvers Ave., Westerville, OH 43081

(614)882-8007

Hours:

10AM-9PM Weekdays12Noon-5PM SaturdaysClosed Sundays

NEW PRODUCTS

Lo-Res Graphics PadsVerbatim 5" DiskettesCASTLE ADVENTURE!

$ 1.75/ea.$2.65/ea.(Quan 1)$17.95/disk

Circle 175 on inquiry card.

BYTE August 1980 227

Circle 176 on inquiry card.

COMPUTERFORMS KIT

EACH KIT CONTAINS:

Samples, Prices, Order Form,

4 Checks, 2 Statements, 2 Invoices,

Programming Guides.

We specialize in small quantities, low prices.500 CHECKS ONLY $29.95

SEND COUPON, CIRCLE BINGO orPHONE TOLL FREE1+800-225-9540

FAST SERVICE - It Is our policy to ship within 6 workingdays following our receipt of your order. CODE 459

Name.

Address.City

State, Zip

NEW ENGLAND BUSINESS SERVICE, INC. GROTON, MASS. 01450

general interest frommembers. For informationon subscribing to thenewsletter, joining the club,or learning about its elec-tronic mail system, write tothe Tampa Bay TRS-80Users Group, T-BUG 80Newsletter, POB 247,Tampa FL 33602.

Apple for the Teacher

Apple for the Teacher isa user group with emphasison the educational uses ofthe Apple computer. Itsnewsletter features reviewsof educational software, pluscurrent information oneducational computer grantsand research. The groupoperates the nationalcomputer-aided instructionlibrary for the Apple and isreceiving donations fromthroughout the world. Con-tact Apple for the Teacher,5848 Riddio St, CitrusHeights CA 95610.

Computer Society inWashington

The Whidbey Island Com-puter Society (WICS) isdedicated to promotingeducation and fellowship inthe realm of home com-puting. The only require-ment for membership is aninterest in the field ofmicrocomputing. The groupcurrently has an AIM-65,Apple II, Heathkit H8,TRS-80, Exidy Sorcerer, anda Z80 homebrew system.WICS meets monthly on thesecond and fourth Saturday.For further information,contact Dee Minter, 1616Larch Dr, Oak Harbor WA98277, (206) 675-7964.

Gosub—TRS-80 UsersGroup

Gosub TRS-80 UsersGroup was formed to pro-vide TRS-80 users with aplace to exchange ideas, in-formation, and othercomputer-related material.The group meets on thethird Sunday of each monthin the computer room at theCamar Corporation, 186

Prescott St, Worcester,Massachusetts. The meetingsrun from 2 to 5 PM.Membership dues are $6 peryear and include a subscrip-tion to a monthly news-letter. The mailing address isPOB 712, Worcester MA01613, (617) 845-1851. ■

BYTE's Bits

First National

Conference on Artificial

Intelligence

Stanford University inPalo Alto, California, ishosting the first annual Na-tional Conference on Ar-tificial Intelligence. The con-ference will be held fromAugust 18 thru the 21. It isbeing sponsored by the new-ly created AmericanAssociation for Artificial In-telligence (AAAI) incooperation with SIGART.The topics will coverrobotics, cognitive model-ing, vision, problem solvingand search, artificial in-telligence languages andsoftware, theorem proving,theoretical foundations,mathematical foundations,specialized systems, andmore. Many artificial in-telligence research groupsand manufacturers will bedemonstrating AI and othercomputer hardware andsoftware. A tutorial pro-gram on August 18 will ex-amine the current artificialintelligence research in thiscountry. The AAAI is agroup whose purpose is tostudy and disseminate infor-mation on AI in the US.AAAI officers are AllenNewell of Carnegie-MellonUniversity, president; Ed-ward Feigenbaum of Stan-ford University, president-elect; and Donald Walker ofSRI-International, secretary-treasurer. Membership infor-mation may be obtained bywriting to Dr BruceBuchanan, AAAI Member-ship, Computer ScienceDept, Stanford University,Stanford CA 94305. ■

228 Augusl 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 178 on inquiry card.

CHECKERS

Our program can solve the difficultendgame problem on the right (solution22-18, 9-13, 18-15, 13-17, 11-16, 3-8, 16-12,8-3,15-11,17-22,12-16).

It also has. mam Vines for most of the ACF 3-

move openings in its book. special coding for 2 kings vs 1 and 3vs 2 with defenders in the doublecorners. the ability to take back moves. the ability to set up board positions. recent moves displayed along withtext or graphics representation ofboard position. 9 levels of play

. the ability to run in 16K RAM on a Z-80. a $24.95 price tag

Gomoku

Our Gomoku program was the highestranking program in the 1980 NorthAmerican tournament. It has two levelsof play, and is available with 19 by 19(except TRS-80) or 16 by 16 (exceptCP/M) board. It was written by the 75, 77,79 North American champion, requires32K RAM (for N'DOS must begin at loc.zero), and costs $29.95.

Guess Five

This number guessing program usesfive digits, each valued 0 thru 7 making32768 possible numbers. When the pro-gram is guessing it typically makes fourguesses from book, one by short calcula-tion and hits on the sixth guess. Youhave to try this to believe how high thatstandard is. It requires 8K RAM andcosts$19.95.

1

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2 ■

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3~M 4~11lH 1 12 [

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All programs

... are available for TRS-80 (deliveredon level II tape), North Star DOS(delivered on 5" North Star disketteswhich need N* drives to read them), andCP/M (on 5" N" or 8" single density IBMformat disk). Visa or Masterchargeaccepted. Please add 5 dollars extra for8" disk. Ontario residents add 7% tax,Canadian residents^add 9% tax. Orderfrom

VfVv

tware, Q

Five Stones SoftP.O. Box 1369.Station B,OttawaK1P5R4Canada

CP/ M is a trademark of Digital Research.TRS-80 is a trademark of Tandy Corp.

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CP/M®1 - based Business Software for TRS-80®2 computers on. .. the fastest Mod-ll CP/M with the most features!!!

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• Emulation of cursor addressing for

any of several "dumb" CRTs

Auto-LF printer support & ASCIItop-of-form software (LPIII)

Supplemental document describingour implementation

User-settable function keys

MOD-II CP/M $250.00 MOD-I CP/M $150.00 CBASIC2®3 (Mod I or II) $110.00

The following software for Mod-ll CP/M only unless otherwise stated (*-requires CBASIC2):

MAGIC WAND®5 - Full-feature word processing, true proportionalspacing, file merging, and use of full-screen editor for source

programs or data $400.00

RPA (Residential Property Analysis)-Analyzes income and expense,financing, taxes, inflation and depreciation on home, condo, orapartments over a user.-selectable time. Shows payoff in terms ofROI, Cap rate, cash-on-cash. Amortization schedules andworksheet $300.00*

demo disk & manual 35.00*

RBC (Rent/Buy Comparison) - Sales or investment tool to comparerenting and savings account investment vs. purchasing a particularproperty $250.00*

demo disk & manual 35.00*

RM/COBOL"4 - Only COBOL for CP/M with alternate keys (multi-key ISAM), CRT screen handling, interactive debug, Z80 code, andthe most useful Level 2 features. Compatible with Tandy's

COBOL-but runs faster! $495.00

PMS (Property Management System) - Interactive, menu-drivensystem includes full G/L, budgeting, cash journal, delinquencylist, tenant activity/rent roll, complete audit trail and reports

on vacancies, lost rent, and vendors $650.00*

demo disk & manual 75.00*

APH (Automated Patient History) - General-purpose question-asking, answer-printing system furnished as self-administeredreview-of-systemsgeneral patient history (Mod-I also)... $175.00*

Osborne & Assoc. CBASIC source programs (Mod-I also):

Payroll w/Cost Accounting $250.00* General Ledger w/Cash Journal $250.00*

Accts. Payable/Accts. Receivable $250.00* O&A CBASIC Books (ea.) $ 20.00

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BYTE August 1980 229

Circle 179 on inquiry card.

M7 Communicator

A complete A/D and D/AControl System-

Interface your computer to the analogworld of process monitoring trans-ducers and controlling actuators.

The M7 multiplexes analog and digital signals from yourprocess sensors-temperature, pressure, level, flow, mass,strain, etc.-and continuously down-loads this data in digitalform to your computer for display and processing. Simulta-neously, command signals are transmitted to the controldevices in your process.

Order a complete basic M7System ready for round-the-clock process control-

including a 16/32-Channel A/D Input Module (expandableto 256 channels), a Computer Interface Module, and a4-Channel (expandable) D/A Output Module. Supplied com-plete with cabinet, power supply, and all necessary hardwareand software for basic control. Bus accommodates eightadditional modules. Specify computer makeand model whenordering .. . each $2,990

Or,

order individual

IEEES-100

building block modules

Supplied complete with fundamental control software:A/D Module, AIM-12

• 16/32 channel • 12-bit precision/accuracy • 30 kHz datarates • 1 -1000 gain amplifier optional from $575

Thermocouple Compensation Module, THM-8

• 16 Inputs $350

Signal Conditioners, SIG-1 • Long-line drive $325

Additional Support Programs, PROG A,B,C...

• Signal averaging • control functions • special display •etc from $100

D/A Module, AOM-12

• 4-channel (expandable) • 12-bit precision/accuracy • Output: selectable voltage ranges andoscilloscope from $495

Control Output-Current Module, VIC 4-20

• 4-20 mA standard industrial control output • 12-bit pre-cision/accuracy • 4-channel • Use with AOM-12 .... $395

Programmable Clock/Calendar Module, CLK-24

• Minimum 1 year back-up $250

Parallel Output Module, REL-8

• 8-channel on-off (bang-bang) control $325

Add-On Nonvolatile Memory Modules

• 4K and 8K bytes from $320

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system reliability/system integrity

Event Cueise

AUGUST 1980

August 4-6

Data-Entry Management andSupervision Seminar,

Chicago IL. This seminar isdesigned for data-entrymanagers and supervisors.Topics will range from data-entry control techniques andimproving data-entryoperator productivity, topersonnel communicationsand motivation. ContactMIC, 140 Barclay Ctr,Cherry Hill NJ 08034, (609)428-1020.

August 12-14

Computer Graphics '80,Birmingham, England. Com-puter Graphics '80 will bringtogether experienced usersand specialists to present ap-plications experiences andresearch findings. Inaddition to the conference,there will be an equipmentexhibition and an animatedfilm festival. To register,contact Paula Stockham,Online, Cleveland Rd,Uxbridge UB8 2DD,England, phone Uxbridge(0895) 39262.

August 14-24

Electronics/China '80,

Guangzhou (Canton),China. This is the firstexhibition of US electroniccompanies in the People'sRepublic of China. TheUnited States-China TradeConsultants are the sponsorsof the show. Productsdemonstrated will includecircuit components, systemelements, test instrumenta-tion, product equipment,and materials. Details areavailable through Expo-consul Inc, Clapp andPoliak Inc, Princeton-Windsor Office Park, POB277, Princeton Junction NJ08550.

August 23-24

Personal Computer ArtsFestival, Philadelphia CivicCenter, Philadelphia PA.

Tutorials, seminars, musicalperformances, and graphicextravaganzas will befeatured in this show.Contact PCAF '80, c/oPhiladelphia Area ComputerSociety, POB 1954,Philadelphia PA 19105.

August 18-21First National Conference onArtificial Intelligence, Stan-ford University, Palo AltoCA. This is the first annualNational Conference on Ar-tificial Intelligence. It is be-ing sponsored by the newlycreated American Associa-tion for Artificial In-telligence in cooperationwith SIGART. The topicswill cover robotics,cognitive modeling, vision,problem solving and search,artificial intelligencelanguages and software,theorem proving, theoreticalfoundations, mathematicalfoundations, specializedsystems, and more. Manyartificial intelligence researchgroups and manufacturerswill be demonstrating AIand other computer hard-ware and software. Atutorial program on August18 will examine the currentartificial intelligence researchin this country. Informationmay be obtained by writingto Dr Bruce Buchanan,AAAI Membership, Com-puter Science Dept, StanfordUniversity, Stanford CA94305.

Angus! 25-27

Summer Computer Simula-tion Conference, OlympicHotel, Seattle WA.Emphasis will be on com-puter networks, graphicstools for simulation, data-base management, andmanagement science models,in addition to papers in suchtraditional areas as simula-tion. For details, writeSimulation Councils Inc,1980 Summer ComputerSimulation Conference, POB2228, La Jolla CA 92038.

230 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 180 on inquiry card.

August 25-28Implementing Cryptographyin Data Processing andCommunications Systems,

University of SouthernCalifornia, Los Angeles CA.For information on this con-ference, contact the Univer-sity of Southern California,Continuing EngineeringEducation, Powell Hall 216,University Park, LosAngeles CA 90007, (213)746-6708.

A ugust-DecemberShort Courses, GeorgeWashington University,Washington DC. Thesecourses will cover program-ming for beginners, con-figuration management ofsoftware programs, com-puter performance evalua-tion, Pascal programming,and more. Contact theDirector, ContinuingEngineering Education Pro-gram, George WasingtonUniversity, Washington DC20052, (202) 676-6106, ortoll-free (800) 424-9773.

August-DecemberInformation ManagementSeminars for ProfessionalDevelopment, HarvardUniversity, Cambridge MA.Courses on data com-munications, distributedsystems, office automation,minicomputers, data-basemanagement, computergraphics, computer map-ping, and more, are beingpresented by the Laboratoryfor Computer Graphics.Write the Center forManagement Research, 850Boylston St, Chestnut HillMA 02167, (617) 738-5020.

SEPTEMBER 1980

September 9-10

The Thirteenth InternationalSymposium and Exhibitionon Minicomputer andMicrocomputer Applica-tions, MIMI'80, Montreal,Canada. This symposiumwill cover communications,signal processing, data ac-quisition, control, robotics,education, hardware,languages, networks, andother topics. It is being heldin conjunction with the first

IASTED International Sym-posium and Exhibition onOffice Automation. Formore information, contactProfessor M H Hamza, Deptof Electrical Engineering,University of Calgary,Calgary, Alberta, I2N 1N4Canada.

September 11-13Internepcon SemiconductorInternational Exposition andConference, Republic ofSingapore. Featuring an ex-hibition of productionmachinery, tools, hardware,materials, and testinstruments, this showincludes conferences keyedto the needs of the engineer-ing, manufacturing, andsupport personnel ofSoutheast Asia. It is open toall persons engaged in elec-tronics and semiconductormanufacturing. ContactIndustrial and ScientificConference ManagementInc, 222 W Adams St,Chicago IL 60606,(312) 263-4866.

September 16-18

Wescon/80, AnaheimConvention Center,Anaheim CA. This year'sshow will include a largeexhibition and a variety oftalks covering communica-tions, computers, micro-processors, consumer elec-tronics, energy, officeautomation, semiconductortechnology, and more.Contact Wescon, 999 NSepulveda Blvd, El SegundoCA 90245, (213) 772-2965.

September 16 thru October 16Eastern European ElectronicsCatalog Exhibit. Exhibitswill focus on productiontools and machines, test in-strumentation, electroniccomponents and hardware,computers for production,chemicals, and othermaterials. Symposia willcover electronic manufactur-ing techniques and pro-gressive production com-puter technology. The hostcities will be: Warsaw,Poland; Bucharest,Rumania; Sofia, Bulgaria;Budapest, Hungary; andPrague, Czechoslovakia.

For more information con-cerning the dates of ap-

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August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 231

More Printing TerminalsFrom MICROMAIL . . .

DIABLO 1650

• Prints at 40 cps, using 88, 92, or96 char, metalized printwheels.

• Vertical resolution 1/48"; Horizontal1/120". Capable of proportionalspacing, bidirectional printing, andgraphics under software control.

• Bidirectional normal and direct tabs.Left, right, top and bottom margins.

R.O. $2890.00KSR $3285.00

DIABLO 1640

• Uses plastic printwheel and prints at45 cps. Otherwise, shares identicalfeatures with 1650 including:

— Friction or tractor feed, up to15" wide.

— Cartridge ribbon, fabric or carbon.

(Shown with optional forms tractor and numerickeypad).

• Prints 10, 12, 13.2, or 16.5characters per inch, upper/lower

• Friction feed, paper width to 15

$999.00

Options:

— Numeric keypad — $80.00

— Adjustable forms tractor —$130.00

R.O. $2745.00KSR $3140.00

• Includes upper/lower case option'.

• Bidirectional printing at 150 cps.

• Tractor-feed forms, 3" to 15"wide.

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Options:

— Forms length control—$100.00

— Vertical Format Control withCompressed Print — $125.00

Prints 132 columns, upper/lowercase with true descenders.

30 character/second print speed.110-300 baud.

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TO ORDER: Send check or money order to: MICROMAIL, P.O. Box 3297, SantaAna, CA 92703. Personal or company checks require two weeks to clear. Termi-nals in stock are shipped the business day after receipt of certified funds. Allequipment includes factory warranty.

SHIPPING: We ship freight collect by UPS when possible. Larger terminals areshipped by motor freight. Air and express delivery is available on all products.

pearance in each city andany other information, con-tact Harry Lepinske, East-West Operations, ISCM Inc,222 W Adams St, ChicagoIL 60606.

September 17-19

ACM Small/Personal Com-puter Conference, Rickey'sHyatt House, Palo Alto CA.This symposium will blendcontributed papers withpanel and informal discus-sions. Included will be hard-ware and software topics in-volving theory, design, con-struction, marketing, andapplications. Discussionswill cover microcomputerapplications in business,industry, education, and thehome. Details are availablefrom Conference Chairman,Philippe Lehot, PLA, 976Longridge Rd, Oakland CA94610.

September 18-21Mid-Atlantic Business andHome-Computer Show, DC

Armory/Starplex,Washington DC. This is anend-user exposition featuringsmall- and medium-sizedbusiness systems, scientificand engineering computers,microcomputers, and elec-trotechnology. ContactNortheast Expositions Inc,POB 678, Brookline VillageMA 02147, (617) 524-0000.

September 22-25

Software INFO, HyattRegency, Chicago IL. This isthe first national conferenceand exhibition on packagedsoftware held in the US. Formore information, or toreserve exhibition space, callor write Software INFO,Suite 545, 222 W Adams St,Chicago IL 60606, (312)263-3131.

September 23-25

Compcon '80 Fall, CapitalHilton Hotel, WashingtonDC. Sponsored by theInstitute of Electrical andElectronics Engineers (IEEE),this show exploresdistributed computing andrelated topics. Discussionswill cover interfaces, stan-dards, and protocols; datacommunications and net-working; computer systems;data bases; security; office

Circle 181 on inquiry card.

systems; and more. Detailsfrom Compcon '80 Fall,POB 639, Silver Spring MD20901.

September 24-27

The Tenth Annual Con-ference of the Society forComputer Medicine, SanDiego Hilton, San DiegoCA. This conference hasbeen planned for physicians,attorneys, administrators,computer professionals,comptrollers, engineers,nurses, and anyone in-terested in the use of com-puters for patient care. Ses-sions on medical subjects,technical subjects, and con-tributed papers on newresearch in computermedicine will be offered. Forinformation, contact Societyfor Computer Medicine,1901 N Ft Myer Dr, Suite602, Arlington VA 22209,(703) 525-0098.

September 25-28

Mid-Atlantic Personal andBusiness Computer Show,

Philadelphia Civic Center,Philadelphia PA. Generaladmission for adults is $5.This show is being producedby National ComputerShows, POB 678, BrooklineVillage MA 02147, (617)524-0000.

September 26-27Classroom Applications ofComputers in Grades KThru 12, Independence HighSchool, San Jose CA. Avisit to "Silicon Valley,"tutorials, workshops, andexhibits will highlight thisconference. The emphasiswill be to inform teachersabout the possible uses ofcomputers in all areas ofeducation. ContactComputer-Using Educators,c/o W Don McKell,Independence High School,1776 Educational Park Dr,San Jose CA 95133.

September 27-28New Jersey Personal Com-puter Show and Flea Market—80, Holiday Inn (North)Convention Center, NewarkNJ. This show will featurean indoor commercialexhibit and sales area, anoutdoor flea market withroom for 100 sellers, and

Circle 182 on inquiry card.

forums for all popularhobby computing systems.This show is primarily forhobbyists and small-businessowners. The admission priceis $4 in advance and $5 atthe door. Contact NJPCS,Kengore Corporation, 9James Ave, Kendall Park NJ08824, (201) 297-6918 after 7PM.

September 29-October 4The Eighth InternationalConference on Computa-tional Linguistics, Tokyo,Japan. This conference willprovide a forum for avariety of computationallinguistics topics includingtheories, methods, andproblems of computationallinguistics; models of naturallanguage processing; ap-plications of naturallanguage processing; hard-ware and software supportsfor language data process-ing; and more. For informa-tion, contact ProfessorDavid G Hays, TwinWillows, 5048 LakeshoreRd, Hamburg NY 14075.

OCTOBER 1980

October 6-8

APL Users Meeting. Toron-to, Canada. This conferenceis aimed at APL users aswell as those considering thefuture use of APL in theirsystems. Speakers will pre-sent papers that discuss thepractical use of APL,managing APL resources,teaching APL, and APL pro-gramming techniques will becovered. The registration feeof $180 (Canadian currency)includes a copy of the pro-ceedings. For a brochure andregistration material, contactRosanne Wild, I P SharpAssociates Ltd, 145 King StW, Toronto Ontario M5H1J8, Canada.

October 6-9 and 14-17

The Eighth World ComputerCongress, Tokyo, Japan,and Melbourne, Australia.Computer architecture andhardware, software, database and informationsystems, computer networksand communication, infor-mation processing andeducation, and computers in

everyday life are some ofthe topics that will bediscussed at this conference.There will also be a large ex-hibition of hardware andsoftware at the conferences.Contact the US Commit-tee for IFIP Congress '80,c/o The Bowery SavingsBank, 110 E 42nd St, NewYork NY 10017.

October 8-10

Circulation ComputerSystems Symposium,

Chicago Marriott Hotel,Chicago IL. More than 425newspaper publishers,general managers, circula-tion directors, controllers,and data-processingmanagers are expected to at-tend. Workshop sessionswill be held for participantswho already have or whoare considering automatedcirculation systems. Formore information, contactAmerican NewspaperPublishers Association, TheNewspaper Center, POB17407, Dulles Airport,Washington DC 20041, (703)620-9500.

October 26-29International DataProcessing Conference andBusiness Exposition,

Philadelphia Sheraton Hotel,Philadelphia PA. This con-ference is being sponsoredby the Data ProcesssingManagement Association.Contact Conference Coor-dinator, DPMA Interna-tional Headquarters, 505Busse Hwy, Park Ridge IL60068, (312) 825-8124. ■

In order to gain optimalcoverage of your organi-zation's computer con-ferences, seminars, work-shops, courses, etc, noticeshould reach our office atleast three months in advanceof the date of the event.Entries should be sent to:Event Queue, BYTE Publica-tions, 70 Main St, Peter-borough NH 03458. Eachmonth we publish the currentcontents of the queue for themonth of the cover date andthe two following calendarmonths. Thus a given eventmay appear as many as threetimes in this section if it issent to us far enough inadvance.

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August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 233

Circle 183 on inquiry card.

MwY°u can talk to moref 'computers, faster and easier,with the

VET/2 f™™ SCOTT

The Scott VET/2 is a compact, highly versatile VoiceEntry Terminal developed for TRS-80 users — andavailable soon for the PET and APPLE computers. Keyfeatures of the VET/2 include:

• Easy to use — all programs may be written in Level IIBASIC. One USRn statement is all that's needed toallow your program to be voice controlled.

• Performance comparable to systems costing $10,000or more.

• High accuracy (98+%) and fast recognition.

• Supplied with demo programs and software tools.

• Connects directly to screen printer I/O port.

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Card No

817/387-1054

Payment Enclosed □Master Charge □VISA □

C.O.D. D

Exp. Date

Ship to: _Address -City

-Zip

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Sig. .

Ask BYTE

Conducted by Steve Ciarcia

In "Ask BYTE," Steve Ciarcia answers questions on anyarea of microcomputing. The most representative questionsreceived each month will be answered and published. Doyou have a nagging problem? Send your inquiry to:

Ask BYTE

c/o Steve Ciarcia

POB 582

Glastonbury CT 06033If you are a subscriber to The Source, send your questionsby electronic mail or chat with Steve (TCE317) directly. Dueto the high volume of inquiries, personal replies cannot begiven. Be sure to include "Ask BYTE" in the address.

-All orders must be signed. ^

Liquid-Crystal Displays

Dear Steve,

I recently examined aMilton Bradley Microvisionminiature video game,which features a 1.5-inch-square liquid-crystal display(LCD) consisting of 16 rowsof 16 square blocks. I wantto build a circuit to drivethis display unit. How dif-ficult would it be to modifythe circuit you presented foruse with an 8-by-16 array oflight-emitting diodes (LEDs)?(See "Self-Refreshing LEDGraphics Display," by SteveCiarcia, October 1979BYTE, pages 58 thru 69.)The LCD display unit couldprovide useful capability toa single-board microcom-puter.

I have also considereddeveloping a programmablegame cartridge for theMicrovision console. Theconsole contains two 9 Vbattery cells, a voltageregulator, a potentiometer"paddle control," apiezoelectric beeper, a4-by-3 printed-circuitkeypad, the LCD unit, anda 40-pin dual-inline-packageintegrated circuit that ap-pears to be the displaydriver. The Blockbustergame cartridge that comeswith the console contains a28-pin integrated circuit, awindow for the display, andlabeled cutouts for fourcontrol keys, along withpassive components. Com-

munication between the car-tridge and the console is viaa 24-pin connector.

I don't expect you todesign circuits for me; if youdid that for everyone whowrites, you would not haveenough time for your ownwork. However, you coulddo me a real favor by identi-fying two integrated circuitsin the Microvision game.The first has 40 pins and ismarked "SCUS0488, H7920." The second has 28pins and is marked"TMS1100NLL, MP 3450A,DBU7932."

I hope you will keep upthe good work.Daniel Q Dye Jr

A lot of people are in-terested in using the LCDunit you mention. However,LEDs (light-emitting diodes)and LCDs have very dif-ferent principles of opera-tion. An LED becomes asource of light when youpass an electric currentthrough it, consuming a fairamount of power. LCDs, onthe other hand, act asvoltage-controlled reflectorsof light. When an ACvoltage (not DC) is appliedto a liquid-crystal display,the liquid changes fromtransparent to opaque, con-suming relatively littlepower. Because of this, thedesign approach in my LEDproject does not work forLCDs. But don't despair: 1

Continued on page 238

234 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 184 on inquiry card.

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MAPPER I adapts the TRS-80 to run the vastlibrary of CP/M software as well as the TRS-80software. All Lifeboat Software may be orderedfor the MAPPER I. All MAPPER I CP/M soft-ware is compatible with the CP/M for the ModelII. With MAPPER II and 8" drives, the ModelI becomes disk compatible with the Model II.

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See reviews in July 80 and August 80 BYTE By Jerry Pournelle.

•CIVM is a TM of Digital Research. TKS-80 is a TM of Tandy Corporation.

Circle 186 on inauirv card

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Two players are pitted against oneanother as one tries to defend a convoycrossing the 32 x 32 hex area of sea. Sub-marine commander player tries to sinkas many convoy ships as possible. If subplayer sinks 3 or more of the 6 convoyships, he wins. Standard hex-gridplaying surface, torpedoes, rammingpower, and depth charge capabilitiesbring back the thrill of open sea battles.16K level II cassette $14.95

INVASION

by Chris Freund

Your favorite arcade is now available forthe TRS-80. Try to hit the descendingaliens before they land on the bottom ofthe screen. Written in machine languagefor quick response, and no need to[ENTER]. Constantly moving graphicsand synchronized sound effects makethis a must for the arcade fanatic. Saveson quarters too!

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The original of ADVENTURE written forthe DEC-10 systems is now available forthe APPLE. Explore Colossal Cave fortreasures while avoiding the dangershidden within its many passages. 130different rooms, 15 treasures, andcharacters ranging from helpful todeadly await you within the cave. Becareful where you step, and also who'sbehind you!32K disk machine language $29.95

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by Leo ChristophersonThe game that made Leo Christophersonfamous is now available for the APPLE!The improved graphics and color of theAPPLE make the game even better. Try tobe the last one to shoot the androids onthe screen, if you do, you win! Alsoincludes realistic sound effects.24K cassette machine language . $14.95

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Hi-Res graphics package plus! Draw Hi-Res pictures using all APPLE'S colors.Connect any points on screen, fill areas,plot, rotate, and scale shapes, or 'paint'with a set of 9 brushes. Also comes withShape Table Designer and 2 demoprograms, Slot Machine and ApplesoftInvaders.32K disk Applesoft-ROM $29.95

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The best! A ROM cartridge holds thegame, a fast-paced, full-color, spacebattle in which you must defeat theenemy Zylon ships while protecting yourhome bases. Real-time action, andeffects make this game the best spacegame available. Sixty levels of ratingfrom Garbage Scow 4th Class toCommander make for continuouslyexciting play.ROM cartridge $59.95

3D GRAPHICS

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High quality graphics program for theATARI computer, allows you to rotate,distort, shrink, and combine threedimension graphic projections on thescreen. With the high resolution abilitiesof the ATARI, one of the finest graphicspackages available anaywhere!16K cassette $29.95

WALL STREET CHALLENGE 6402

A computer simulation of the StockExchange is easy to play and alwayschallenging. Invest in stocks, and try tomake it big!

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system includes rule book, battle

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TIME TREK

by Brad Templeton from PersonalSoftware. Real time action Star Trek typegame with sound effects. There are no'turns', the action continues whether youmove or not. You and the Klingons canmove, steer, and fire at the same time.8K cassette $14.95

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•TRS-80, APPLE, ATARI and PET are trademarks of Tandy Corp., Apple Computer Co., Warner Communications and Commodore, respectively.ItBG &UtEwM3lt*G mLXClMZMMtJG 6 SOUTH ST., MILFORD, NH 03055

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The Software Exchange & HardSide (Div. of Robitaille & Sons. Enterprises. Inc.;, SoftSide Publications

236 BYTE August 1980

Circle 187 on inquiry card.

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Circle 188 on inquiry card.

BYTE Augusl 1980 237

Continued from page 234:have written a tutorial arti-cle on LCDs to be presentedin the October Ciarcia'sCircuit Cellar.

Concerning the com-ponents in the Microvision:the 28-pin device is a TexasInstruments TMSlOOO-series4-bit microprocessor, thatuses CMOS (complementarymetal-oxide semiconductor)technology. The programfor the Blockbuster game (orother game) is containedwithin it in a read-onlymemory. The 40-pin part isa custom multiplexeddisplay-driver circuit for theLCD unit. The displaydriver is driven through theI/O (input/output) lines ofthe microprocessor. 1 hopeI've helped.Steve

The Very Busy Box

Dear Steve,

In all of your articles(which I read avidly) I havenot seen any projectsdirected towards the HeathH8 computer system. I con-structed my H8 hoping tolearn about computer hard-ware, but instead foundmyself only following in-structions. I find it very dif-ficult to apply your projectsto my system. It would beof great benefit if, in one ofyour articles, you would in-clude information on inter-facing your "house con-troller" (see "Computerize aHome," January 1980 BYTE,page 28) to the H8.

Bearing in mind that weH8 owners are basicallyhardware-oriented, I believethat we would be more like-ly to construct a projectthan someone who pur-chased a system completelyassembled. Please considerthe H8 in future articles; Iam sure that the receptionwill be well worth theeffort.Ted Benglen

Most computers are equalwhere interfacing is con-cerned. If you look closelyat the bus signals on yourH8 you will notice a strikingsimilarity between theirnames and the names of

signals on the Apple and theRadio Shack TRS-80. TheBSR interface (trademarked"Busy Box") requires anI/OWR* strobe (the "*" in-dicates a negative-truesignal), address lines A0thru A7, data lines DO thruD7, and power. All addressand data bus lines on the H8use inverted logic levels, so

the circuit of figure 1 isnecessary to make thesystem compatible with theTRS-80 attachment shownin the article.

1 generally try to listsignal inputs so that ex-perimenters will not bediscouraged by a title thatsays "TRS-80" or "Apple. "For simple input and output

ports, the signals are ofteneasily accessible and com-patible among systems.Steve

A Bit of Music

Dear Steve,

As a composer/performer,I found your article "Sound

Figure 1

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238 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 189 on inquiry card.

Circle 190 on inquiry card.

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Circle 191 on inquiry card.

BYTE August 1980 239

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IC4

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Off" (July 1979 BYTE, page34) quite intriguing. Thepotential of computer-controlled music generationinspired me to purchase aCommodore PET, but thetones generated by myrudimentary system are notexactly musical.

I would appreciate anyimprovements and sugges-tions you might have. Thelimiting factor in my case,and I am sure this is true forothers, is lack of proficiencywith the instrument.Jack Hobson

My talents are gearedmore toward building the in-strument than making musicon it. If you are reasonablyadept at building circuitry,there is a way to run theGeneral InstrumentAY-3-8910 ProgrammableComplex Sound Generatorfrom the parallel user port02) of the PET. The clock-ing of the integrated circuitis not critical, only the se-quence of events, but thecircuit does require 11 bitsof information.

UCSD* System for TRS-80 Model II

The most portable operating system now supports FORTRAN. Pascal and/or FORTRAN modules are compiled in universal P-code, so theycan run on most microprocessors, often without recompiling. Programs execute up to 10 times faster than comparable BASIC programs, anduse much less memory. Ready to run on TRS-80 Model II (64K).

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PCD Systems is a licensed distributor of theUCSD System for Pascal and Fortran. Dealerinquiries are invited.

"Trademark of the Regents of the University of California 'Trademark of Tandy Corporation 'Trademark of Digital Research 'Trademark of Digital Equipment Corporation

240 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 192 on inquiry card.

Circle 194 on inquiry card.

Circle 195 on inquiry card.

P&T CP/M® 2<S<TRS-80 MOD IIversatility!

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• Interactive tutorial program

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The versatile MAGSAM file management is now available in twomajor versions. MAGSAM IV, the new high performance assemblerversion, is ideal for business applications in which response time iscritical. Complete with an interface for CBASIC, MAGSAM IV is$295. MAGSAM III is the standard version and is in use world wide.Written in BASIC, it is available for CBASIC, Microsoft BASIC, orMicropolis BASIC for $145. The MAGSAM manual alone is $25.You're the Star

MAGSAM is available immediately —off the shelf. So you can beginsaving time and money now while providing your customers andclients with applications that truly meet their needs. Send for a freebrochure telling the full story on MAGSAM, or see a demonstrationat your computer dealer today.

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Circle 196 on inquiry card.

Circle 197 on inquiry card.

BYTE August 1980 241

The circuit of figure 2here uses only 74LS95 4-bitparallel-access shift registers.IC1, 1C2, and 1C3 areparalleled to form a 12-bitshift register, and IC4, IC5,and IC6 make up a 12-bitlatch. By setting the ap-propriate logic level on bit 7of the user port, the infor-mation will be loaded intothe 12-bit register when a

high/low/high transitionoccurs on bit 1. When 12bits have been loaded, alow/high/low transition onbit 0 can be used to latchthe binary value andstabilize the informationwhile more is loaded.

The fast action of the shiftand store operations shouldbe fairly transparent to theAY-3-8910, which should

operate as described in the

article.

Steve

A Bit More Music

Dear Steve,

I read with interest yourarticle on the AY-3-8910,and I am presently buildingthe interface for my

Southwest Technical Pro-ducts 6800 system. Do youintend to publish any soft-ware for the 6800-based pro-cessors that will drive thecircuit?Arnold Pung

The AY-3-8910 is made byGeneral Instrument on LongIsland (600 W John St.Hicksville NY 11802). They

Figure 3

120 VAC

£

FUSE

RECTIFIER/CHARGER

12 TO 48VDC TtSTORAGE JBATTERY

FUSE-&*\jt>—

SOLIDSTATEINVERTER

BYPASSi SWITCH

^r

^»-

-o

120VAC

TO COMPUTER

-o

Power to the Computer

Dear Steve,

I would like to suggest apossible future subject:backup power for micro-computers. I am very in-terested in home control andsecurity, but the moreresponsibility and power Igive my system, the morestrongly I feel that it shouldhave an uninterruptible

power source (UPS).Stanly W Pozeisky

Thank you for your sug-gestion. I have also beenconsidering uninterruptiblepower supplies. I have a26 K-byte Z80 computerrunning 24 hours a day, andan UPS is a requirement.Unfortunately, when westart talking about run-ning the computer and disk

drives, we start talkingabout quite a bit of power.This could conceivably re-quire several hundred watts,so a system similar to thoseused in commercial installa-tions might be in order. (Seefigure 3.)

This system uses batterybackup, with a large in-verter to supply normal ACduring an outage. Designingpower inverters is an art in

itself, and considerable caremust be taken so as not torun afoul of the FCC radio-frequency interference (RFI)standards. While I mull thisover, you might want to ob-tain a copy of the February1980 issue of Digital Designfor a good article on thesubject.Steve

Control Your Life!

Now have full computer control of up to 256 lights, appliances andeven wall switches without special wiring. The SciTronics REMOTECONTROLLER permits direct control of the inexpensive BSR remoteline-carrier switches sold by Sears, Radio Shack and many others.

• Controls all 256 BSR remote switches —not just 16

• Hardware driven —requires minimum software

• No ultrasonic link —prevents erractic operation

• No BSR command module necessary

The controller comes complete with full documentation, sample softwareand is designed to work with most of the popular computers includingany S-100 based system, TRS-80-1, Apple II, Heath HB and others

Applications:

• Make your entire home or apartment computer controlled

• Save energy by controlling lights & appliances

• Control security systems & alarms

Remote switches not included

CONTROLLER BOARD (S-100) $159.

ENCASED CONTROLLER (TRS-80, Apple, etc.) $184.

Send check or SciTronics Inc.

money order to: S2t s ciivvhi si. PO BOX r.W4

HtlHIIHbM. PA 1B01S

(211) 868-7220please list system with whu h you plan to use controller Master Charge and Visa,K cepted PA residents add sales tax

Real Time Clock Available. Please Inquire.

242 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 198 on inquiry card.

Circle 199 on inquiry card.

Circle 200 on inquiry card.

DATA DISKSYSTEMS

CP/M* FOR NORTH STAR SYSTEMS

CP/M 1.2 - The induslry standard 'software bus' specially tailored tor the North Star disk systems and 8080, 8085. ZBO nwocompulersFully supports all MandarD North Star I/O and single, double or quad capacity disk drives A minimum ol 24K ol continuous Mm memory startingat local on ;ero is required The following Oigiial Heseaicti |rjf) and Datadisk Systems |dd| programs are included on your CP'M rjiskette

tS150/J?5

ED (Or) - Ten Editor Used to write uro-grams m most languages and modily anyASCn flisk Me Delete substitute, search onciUT'Strtng/line numoer/relative positicnblock move, giooai change, macro com-mands ED is your window lo CP'M com-patible 'oltware

KM \ot) - tojo hssemoier Uses stan-dard 8080 mnemonics and pseudo-opsCondilional SSMfflbly, HEX lile generation,assemble listings multi-drsk lile transfer

PlP(df) — Peripheral interchange ProgramFile transfer between disk and logicalDevices Software file routing, concatin-anon. [agination, tent e>traction. caseconversion, line numbering and much more

SUBMIT (dr) -

ODT(dr) - Dynamic Oeouggmg Tool 8080assembly language run-lime monitor Realtime between break pornls. tracing, full internai register display and alteralion at anystep, single slep, disassembly, assembly.the list goss on and on if you write devicecontrollers. DDT is an invaluable tool

STAT (dr| - Status/alteraiion of logical-lo-physical devices, disk drive parameters,storage space, file size.

LOAD (On- Convert 8080 'HEX' tiles (oulput ol ASM) into machine eieculabie codePrograms are then e«ecutea by typingItic progran name

SYSGEN (on - Create new sysiem diskello

DSTAT fdd - Multi-purDOsc Disk statusroutine Logically assign disk drives tooperate with any combination ol single den-sity, double density, single side, doubleside, as well as stanOard or sequential disksectoring An oplionai selection allows laststepping and optimal sectoring lo srgmli-canlly reduce Oisk-inlensivc programexeculion line

An arJHilional fealure permits sysiem re-configuration lo quad capacity This allowsdouoie density owners to upgrade wilh noadditional sell ware expense

XSUB Idil - Extends me power ol SUBMITlo include ailomaiic line input to programs

FOLLOWING SOFTWAHE AVAILABLE IN MOST 5.25 AND B INCH FORMATS

MT mlcioSYSTEMS PASCAL/MT - reqSymbolic debugger BCD or floating :oienvironment Produccscompacimachme

sas/sis

S45/SS

S7D/S15

OESPOOl - Simultaneous life print and user operationTEX-T«Itormaller Ouahly hard copy

SID - Symbolic instruction debugger MullipiHack, histogram source code labels

lsSlDfor1IWH0ir.5trur_l.on si

COMPILER SYSTEMS CBASIC-2rel 2 06Compiler extended dtsk BASIC Selfprotection, line numoeis nol leguired

California residenls add 6X sales tax

Specify single double or quad capacity

Addilionai format; available soon

Structurec Systems Group programs require CP'M and CBASIC-2

•CP/M is i regtuorea naiiemirk ol Dignsi Reses<ch

ISotfware anil tiMumentation 'documenWion only

Cmicf

STflUCTUHEO SYSTEMS negu.resCBASIC-ZlGENERAL LEDGERINVENTORYACCOUNTS PAYABLEACCOUNTS RECEIVABLEPAYROLLANALYSTLETTEHIGHTQSORTNAD

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mmum memory

n lor the CP/M

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S695/S25S69S/S25S695/S25

S225/S20S i /:^i;'{)$95/510S75/SI0

Shipping 5? 0'

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una

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DATADISK SYSTEMS, P.O. BOX 195, POWAY, CA 92064, (714) 578-3831

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• DOUBLES APPLE ][ STORAGE

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• SHUGART 800 OR 850 COMPATIBLE

• IBM 3740 DATA ENTRY CAPABILITY

• CP/M, UCSD PASCAL CAPABILITYAvailable at your local APPLE Dealer: $400.

£SVA>

SORRENTO VALLEY ASSOCIATES

11722 SORRENTO VALLEY RD.SAN DIEGO, CA 92121

THE BEST OF BOTH WORLDS

NORTH STAR BASIC - CP/M

The Fabulous North Star Basic MeetsThe Industry Standard CPjM Operating System

Not all perfect marriages are made in heaven; this onewas made in SoHo! The software professionals at theSoHo group present The MATCHMAKER, an easy-to-use conversion kit which enables North Star ownerswho also own the CP/M operating system to gain thefull power of their North Star Basic, running underCP/M.

You'll have dynamic file allocation, automatic filecreation and extension, and automatic reuse ofdeleted files, all under the control of the powerful in-struction set of the outstanding North Star Basic inter-preter with its byte-access or random files, multilinefunctions, and extensive library of software. 32Kmemory is all you need. No relocation or modificationof Basic is necessary. And all your existing North Starprograms will run without modification!

The installation takes about 30 minutes and involvesno disassembly or machine coding. Every powerfulfeature of both systems is maintained with this profes-sional piece of software. And the instructions areCOMPLETE and easy to follow.

The SoHo Group

140 Thompson St.

Suite 4-B

New York, NY 10012

The MATCHMAKER

$89.95 ppd.

Manual only, $9.95

applicable

against purchase

NY residents include sales taxNote: CP/M and North Star are registered trademarks of Digital Research andNorth Star computers, respectively.

IEEE-488 BUS

SYSTEM BUILDING BLOCKS

For Commodore PET/CBM and other computers...

TNW-1000

TNW-2000

TNW-232D

TNW-103

SOFTWARE

^/tnw

CORPORATION

TNW-2000

Serial Interface: $129

1 channel output only

Serial Interface: $229

1 channel input ana output

Dual Serial Interface: $369

2 channels input and oulput plus RS-232 control lines

Telephone Modem: $389

Auto answer/aulo dial. Use wilh DAA

PTERM: A program that turns vour PET into a terminal(Use with TNW-2000, TNW-232D, or TNW 103)

SWAP: Allows storage ol up to 8 programs in PETmemory at once Run them in any order.

PAN: A sophisticated electronic mail program(use with TNW-103)

Write or call (or information today:

TNW Corporation3351 Hancock StreetSan Diego CA 92110

(714) 225-1040

Circle 201 on inquiry card.

Circle 202 on inquiry card.

BYTE August 1980 243

Circle 203 on inquiry card.

the electric pencil II

for the TRS-80 Model II* Computer

The Electric Pencil is a Character Orienred Word ProcessingSystem. This means that text is entered as u continuous stringof characters and is manipulated as such. This allows the userenormous freedom and ease in the movement and handling oftext. Since lines ore not delineated, any number of char-acters, words, lines or paragraphs may be inserted or deletedanywhere in the text. The entirety of the text shifts andopens up or closes as needed in full view of the user. Car-riage returns as well as word hyphenation ore not requiredsince each line of text is formotted automatically.

As text is typed and the end of a screen line is reached, apartially completed word is shifted to the beginning of thelollowing line. Whenever text is inserted or deleted, existingtext is pushed down or pulled up in a wrap around fashion.Everything appears on the video display screen as it occursthereby eliminating any guesswork. Text may be reviewed atwill by variable speed or page-at-a-time scrolling both in theforward and reverse directions. By using the search or theseorch and replace function, any siring of characlers may belocated and/or replaced with any other string of characters asdesired. Specific sets of characters within encoded stringsmay also be located.

When text is prinled, The Electric Pencil automaticallyinserts carriage returns where they are needed. Numerouscombinations of Line Length, Page Length, Character Spacing,Line Spacing and Page Spacing allow for any form to behandled. Right justification gives right-hond margins thatare «ven. Pages may be numbered as well as titled.

the electric pencil

.) Proven Wurtl Procetsinq Sysiem

The TRSDOS versions of The Electric Pencil II are our bos!evw! You con now type as fast as you like without losing anycharacters. New TRSDOS features include word left, word right,word delete, bottom of page numbering as well as extendedcursor controls for greater user flexibility. BASIC files mayalso be written and simply edited without additional software.

Our CP/M versions are the same as we have been distributingfar several years and allow the CP/M user to edit CP/M filesof our CONVERT utility for an additionalis not required if only quick and easy wordA keyboard buffer permits fast typing

with the additionS35.O0. CONVERTprocessing is required,without character los:

Serial Diablo, NEC, CAll other printers . .

CP/M TRSDOS

.me $ 300.00 $ 350.00... $ 275.00 $ 325.00

The Electric Pencil I is still available for TRS-BO Model Iusers. Although not as sophisticated as Electric Pencil II, itis still an extremely easy to use and powerful word processingsystem. The software has been designed to be used with bothLevel I (I6K system) and Level II models of Ihe TRS-80. Twoversions, one for use with cassette, and one for use wilh disk,are available on cassette. The TRS-BO disk version is easilytransferred to disk and is fully interactive with the READ,WRITE, DIR, and KILL routines of TRSDOS.

TRC Cassette $ 100.00

TRD Disk $ 150.00

Features

TRSDOS or CP/M Compatible ■ Supports Four DiskDrives * Dynamic Print Formatting ■ Diablo, NEC &Qume Print Packages * Multi-Column Printing ■ PrintValue Chaining • Page-ot-a-time Scrolling <Bidirectional Multispeed Scrolling * Subsystem withPrint Value Scoreboard » Automatic Word & RecordNumber Tally ' Global Search & Reploce • Full MarginControl • End of Page Control • Non Printing TextCommenting ■ Line & Paragraph Indentalian *Centering * Underlining • Boldface

ss

MICHAEL SHRAYER SOFTWARE, INC.

1198 Los RoblesDr.

Palm Springs. CA. 92262

(714) 323.1400

are the people to contactabout particular applicationsof that device. If you writeor call (516) 733-3107, directyour inquiry to the productmanager associated with tliecircuit.

It is important to talk tothe right person since onemanager may not befamiliar with another's pro-duct line. As most com-panies do, General Instru-ment Corporation puts out alarge amount of applicationliterature.Steve

No More Scanner

Dear Steve,

I have been reading BYTEfor over a year now and Ifind your Circuit Cellararticles useful and infor-mative. I would like to readyour article "I've Got You inMy Scanner: A Computer-Controlled Stepper MotorLight Scanner," November1978 BYTE, page 76. I amwriting you because thisarticle is no longer available

through BYTE's back-issue

department. Can you direct

me to a source for this

article?

Walter A Filimon

Thank you for the vote ofconfidence. There are anumber of sources you canuse for articles of BYTEspast: BYTE often has backissues which are availablefor the cover price pluspostage. Give BYTE a callon their toll-free number(800) 258-5485; they'll beglad to help. If your interestis specifically in my articles,let me suggest that you pickup a copy of the compen-dium book Ciarcia's CircuitCellar, volume 1, fromBYTE Books. It containsmost of my articles, in-cluding the November 1978one. It has the extra advan-tage that any proof errors inthe original articles are cor-rected. BYTE Books may becontacted at 70 Main St,Peterborough NH 03458.Steve!

Micro Computer Your One Stop For. . .Quality and Huge Saving*

DISCOUNT

COMPARE :

^^r M.\mJ ^^^ ^»—^ ^f X j M, Company

COMPARE PRICE^tQUALlTY-^DELIVERY^cSERVICEyou'll know why you don't have to look anywhere else!

fy APPLE fOMPIICOlOB J^f

CALIFORNIA DATA CORPORATION'S

VERSATILE

S-100 ANALOG I/O SYSTEMS

r A

i. *

r i

APPLE

M 6K Apple II or Plus $ 960

48K Apple II or Plus 1075

Disk w/Controllcr 539

'Disk 450

k-Pascal 495

ATARI

400 * 475

fgOO 777

I Disk 595

APF ELECTRONICS

k APF Computer * 495

.JVCENTRONICS PRINTERS

^^X 730-1 Parallel $ 695

r 730-1 Serial 735

•779-2 Tractor 995

•704 Serial 1695

700 Parallel 1095

COMMODORE PET

8K "N" $ 695

15951695

16K"N"or"B" 850

32K-N"or"B" 1095

2040 Floppy 1095

2022 Printer (Tractor) 6'5

8016 1325

8032 1575

8050 1495

C2 "N" Cassette add $89.90

AIL ORDER ONLY

COMPUCOLOR

16K

32K

CROMEMCO

System 3 * 544.

Z-2H 944:

HAZELTINE

1210 * 825

1500 109!

INTEGRAL DATA

440 (Paper Tiger) $

440-Graphics 929

INTERTEC

•SuperBrain 32K $ 2495

32K memory upgrade with purchase

$19.95•SuperBrain 64K 269!

NEC SPIN WRITER

•5530 RO $2695

•5520 KSR 2990

•5510RO 2795

Tractor add 200

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS

99/4 Computer $1095

810 Printer 1695

XEROX TERMINALS

•1740 RO $ 2619

•1740KSR 3000

■1750 RO 2800

•1750 KSR 3170

Tractors add 235

PHONE (212) 986-7690

*

Send Certified Check (Personal or Company Checks require 2 weeks to clear.^We pay all shipping and insurance charges except items marked with asterisk"VISA, MasterCharge add 5% N.Y.S. Residents add appropriate sales tax.

Micro Computer Discount Co -<de^ rreMs

60 E. 42nd St.. Suite 411, New York. N.Y. 10017

9^

95 r

10 r

MX

5 r

0 k.

9 r5 r

fc

C^

16 Channel A/D2 Channel D/A4 Channel D/A

rmimTimmiiiniiimiiiiilirni

High quality commercial grade S-100 bus compatible systems aredesigned for industrial and laboratory use.

• 16 channel 12 bit A/D conversion system nominallyoperates at 25 kHz

•12 bit resolution, ± the LSB accuracy

• Multiplexer, converter, and sample and hold on the

hybrid chip

• 7 control and measurement ports

• Utilizes Z80 and 8080 interrupt modes

• Optional Programmable Gain Instrument Amplifier

allows mixing of high and low level signals

• 2 and 4 channel D/A high-speed conversion systems

• Binary and 2's complement inputs•Outputs: ±5v, ±10v, 0 to -lOv, or 0 to +10v•Replaceable output amplifiers protect circuit

• 2 channel board has 16 bit parallel I/O and scope

intensification strobe

• A/D's from $575 D/A's from $395

CDC

CALIFORNIA DATACORPORATION

3475 Old Conejo Road, Suite C10Newbury Park, California 91320(805)498-3651

244 August 1980 © BYTE Publicabions Inc

Circle 204 on inquiry card.

Circle 205 on inquiry card.

Circle 206 on inquiry card.

FOR SERIOUS USERS

OF 8080, 8085, OR Z80 COMPUTERS

PRINTER WIZARD - Now add powerful capabilities toyour printer. Free your computer for use whilesimultaneously printing backlogged output on a first-in-first-out basis. Transparent operation without noticableslowing of the computer. Allows continuous computer andprinter operation on programs having sporadic output. Willbacklog up to 100 pages when used with a disk system.Adds optional automatic paging with numbers, adjustablemargins on 4 sides, indented overflow lines. Occupies lessthan 2% K.

Documentation only

EX80M103EX80M103D

$45.00$ 7.50

DISASSEMBLER — Disassemble machine code into stan-dard source language. Modify or relocate existing programssuch as DOS or BASIC using your existing assembler (notincluded). Disassembles any 8080, 8085, or Z80 code, in-cluding embedded data blocks and "trick" codes.Generates symbol and label tables.

Documentation only

EX80M217EX80M217D

$75.00$12.50

ALL EXCOM products are fully supported and warranted indefinitely againstoriginal defects. Available on single or double density NORTHSTAR 5'A"diskettes, 300 or 1 200 baud cassettes (specify). Washington residents add5.3% tax.

Excom

P.O. Box 1802 Bellevue, Washington 98009 U.S.A.Telephone (206) 641-6577

TM

6009 2H00 "k

SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER

• MEETS I.E.E.E. S-100 STANDARD

<£> • 10 addressing modess? • 24 indexed sub modes^p • auto increment/decrement• constant indexing from PC

• 4K/8K/16K ROM • 2K RAM

ROM / RAM relocatable on 4K boundary

• ACIA; PIA; 8080 SIMULATED I/O

• 20 PARALLEL I/O LINES • 256 I/O PORTS

ACIA provides RS-232 lines for asychronous com-munications with limited modem control at 8 select-able baud rates; I/O beatable at any 4K boundary

• COMPREHENSIVE MANUAL WITHSOFTWARE LISTINGS

• P.C. BOARD: SOLDERMASKED WITHPARTS LEGEND

P.C. Board & Manual $69.95* + shipping

• adsMON: ADS MONITOR SUPPORTSBREAKPOINTS

User definable interrupt service & more.

Available in PROM, write for prices.Illinois residents add sales tax. "add $1.00 for shipping & handling

Ackerman Digital Systems, Inc.

110 N. YorkRd., Suite208, Elmhurst, 111.60126 (312)530-8992

He'sjust completed production on our new36 page catalog and he's exhausted.

So, rather than put him right backto work on our August 2 pagespread, we're giving him a break.

Look for our regular ad in Septem-ber. In the meantime, send for ourbrand new free catalog. It's themost complete in the industry.

COMPUMARf

270 Third St. Cambridge, Mass/ J 02142^ Dept.108 /jf

BUY COMPUTERSBY MAIL ORDERAND SAVE 16%

APPLE

16K $ 958.00

32K $1,040.00

48K $1,100.00

Disk with Controller

$ 495.00Disk $ 440.00

Pascal $ 445.00

DYNABITE

Save 15%

CROMEMCO

System 3 $5,890.00

VERBATIM& MEMOREX

5V4 " —. $27.50

NORTH STAR

Horizon-2-32KDD

Memory 16K32K

HAZELTINE

14001410Add Regent 25

Send certified check

(regular checks require 2 weeks to clear) or

charge to VISA or Master Charge. Customer pays shipping.

MIRO COMPUTERS, INC.

27 Long Meadow Place, South Setauket, L.I., N.Y. 11720

(516) 423-7955

$2,390.00$ 389.00$ 579.00

$650.00$710.00$925.00

Circle 312 on inquiry card.

Circle 207 on inquiry card.

BYTE August 1980 245

Circle 209 on inquiry card.

Circle 208 on inquiry card.

CP/M SOFTWARE

^v

ADAPT 2.00

RunsCromemcoSoftware UnderCP/M 1,4or2,2 $75

Get Cromemco software to run on your CP/M Version 1.4 or 2.2 system.ADAPT interfaces most of those powerful Cromemco packages to anyZ-80 based CP/M system without patching. ADAPT works withoutchanges for any memory size.

RATFOR-80

Fast RATFOR Language (RATional FORtranj $95

RATFOR-80 lets you write structured code that translates to Microsoft orCromemco FORTRAN. TSWs RATFOR-80 JRATional FORlran) pre-compiler runs at more than 1000 statements per minute. Price includesextensive subroutine library. Documentation includes "Software Tools"book by Kernighan and Plauger. (ADAPT and RATFOR packagescombined $150)

FMT

FMT Word Processing Text Formatter for CP/M $75

FMT works with any CP/M editor to give you automatic page headingsand footings, page numbering, centering, underscoring, external filemerging, and in-line console input. FMT works with any video, CRT, orhardcopy terminal and printer combination. With daisy-wheel printers,FMT provides superscripting, subscripting, and half-line spacing.

THE SOFTWARE WORKS

8369 Vickers

San Diego, CA 92111

(714) 569-1721

VISA and MiisliTCharRt accepted.' CP/M is u trademark '>f Distill Research.

Business Softwarein Micropolis Basic

DATASMITH announces the availability of twonew turnkey business systems designedespecially for MICROPOLIS-Based computers,including the VECTOR MZ. Both systems arecompletely menu driven and highly interactive,so they can be used effectively by your presentoffice staff.

• GENERAL LEDGER. Everything you needto keep the books. Features easy-to-usedata entry and error correction, trial bal-ance, posting, and a variety of comprehen-sive reports. Automatic error detectionkeeps the books in balance. Writes checksand makes journal entries in one operation.

• PAYROLL. A very flexible system thatadapts to a wide variety of needs. Featuresfederal, state, and local tax calculations,EIC credit, and special pay and deductionamounts. Prints all necessary reports, pay-checks, and W-2 forms.

Put your computer to work with these compre-hensive systems now. Call or write for completedetails. Custom services also available.

DnTflSMiTH

15501 West 109th St., Lenexa, KS 66219, (913) 888-8486

"L.

Zo-SYSTEMS

3 ZOBEX

Complete computer on 3 S-100 boards with

32K RAM for Under $1000.00*

Runs M/PM and C/PM

Low power,

DMA operation,

Bank select in I6K sections

Can be disabled in 4K increments

2 or 4 serial ports, 3 parallel, one 4KEPROM, Vectored interrupts, real timeclock, Software controlled baud rates,Drives daisy wheel printer directly

All digital design for stable andreliable performance. No one-shots or analog circuitry. BIOS forC/PM available.

6 slot shielded motherboardfor good cooling and low noise.

64K RAM

4 MHz

No WAIT States

IEEE Std.

i i

Z80 CPU

2-4 MHZIEEE Std.

~i r

DISK CONTROLLER

8" and 5"DRIVES ,

CARD CAGE

and Fan

SEND FOR FREE INFORMATIONS

6 months warranty on our hoards with norma! use

ZS-SYSTEMS / ZOBEX

5333 Mission Center Rd., San Diego, Ca. 92108

P.O. Box 1847, San Diego, Ca. 92112

(714)447-3997

introductory offer for limited lime only

(F

A Messageto our Subscribers

From time to time we makethe BYTE subscriber listavailable to other companieswho wish to send oursubscribers promotionalmaterial about their products.We take great care to screenthese companies, choosingonly those who are reputable,and whose products, services,or information we feel wouldbe of interest to you. Directmail is an efficient mediumfor presenting the latestpersonal computer goods andservices to our subscribers.

Many BYTE subscribersappreciate this controlleduse of our mailing list, andlook forward to finding

information of interest tothem in the mail. Used areour subscribers' names andaddresses only (no otherinformation we may have isever given).

While we believe thedistribution of thisinformation is of benefit toour subscribers, we firmlyrespect the wishes of anysubscriber who does not wantto receive such promotionalliterature. Should you wish torestrict the use of your name,simply send your request toBYTE Publications Inc, Attn:Circulation Department,70 Main St, Peterborough NH03458. Thank you.

^z

J

246 BYTE August 1980

Circle 210 on inquiry card.

Circle 211 on inquiry card.

Circle 213 on inquiry card.

FORTH

VER. 1.7 FOR APPLE II* COMPUTERS *

100 PAGE, PROFESSIONALLY WRITTEN MANUAL

FORTH INTEREST GROUP COMPATIBLE

. DIRECT HOT-LINE TO SYSTEM DEVELOPERS

INCLUDES ITS OWN DOS

CA>P'N SOFTWARE HAS DELIVERED 100's OF

WORKING FORTH SYSTEMS

UPDATE OFFER: TRADE IN YOUR VER. 1.6. DISK

FOR FULL CREDIT OF PURCHASE

PRICE TOWARD VER 1.7

RUNS ON APPLE II OR APPLE II+ WITH

1 OR MORE DISKS AND 48K.

ALSO RUNS ON LANGUAGE CARD

AVAILABLE AT COMPUTER STORES OR

DIRECTLY FROM CAP'N SOFTWAREPRICE, SYSTEM $140, MANUAL ONLY $20

CAP'N SOFTWARE

P.O. BOX 575

SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94101

ALSO AVAILABLE FOR PDP-11f

COMPATIBLE WITH VER. 1.7 FOR APPLEDOWNLOAD PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT

OR EXECUTIONRUNS STAND-ALONE OR UNDER RT-11,1RSX-11Mt, OR RSTStAVAILABLE DIRECTLY FROM CAP'N SOFTWAREPRICE, SYSTEM $145, MANUAL ONLY $20

it

"Trademark ol Apple Computer Corp. tTrademark of DEC.

Introducing ...the NEW....H-P 85 Peripherals.

1

HEWLETTPACKARD

Hewlett-Packard's New PeripheralsAre Available Now.

Suggested retail prices

HP-85A Computer '3250.00

HP 7225A Graphics Plotter 2050.00HP 2631B Opt. 885 Printer 3650.00HP-IB Interface Module 395.00

• WE MEET ANY PRICE IN THE NATION

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BYTE

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H

IS THERE A

GAP

IN YOUR LIFE

GAP General Accounting Package. Fantastic double

entry accounting system with user definable ac-counts. The account numbers are made up of 74-digit fields allowing 7 levels of accountclassifications. With the use of the OperatorReport Selector Generator (OSRG), you cangenerate any type of report you desire, or usereport programs in GAP-GL, GAP-AP, andGAP-AR.

GAP-GL Includes all basic GAP functions, plus entry ofGeneral Ledger transactions, prints GeneralJournal, General Ledger summary and detail,Balance Sheet, Profit and Loss.

Price $124.95

GAP-AR Requires GAP-GL to run, allows adding A/R in-voices, printing Sales Journal, detail A/R report,Account Aging, add/update Cash Receipts withregister, Cash Receipts Journal, and A/R Billing.

Price $99.95

GAP-AP Requires GAP-GL to run, allows adding of A/Pinvoices, printing Purchase Journal, detail A/Preport, Aging of Accounts, Check Writing,Check Printing, Cash Disbursements Journal.

Price $99.95

System requirements are 32K CP/M CP/M is registered trademark of Digital Research

PROFESSIONAL DATA SYSTEMS

%

318 E 18 St.

BAKERSFIELD CA. 93305

(805) 323-0891

Circle 214 on inquiry card.

BYTE August 1980 247

What's New?

PERIPHERALS

Printer Uses Plastic andMetallized Daisy WheelsInterchangeably

A series of serial impact printers thatproduce typewriter-quality output forword processing, data processing, andcommunications applications has beenannounced by Diablo Systems Inc,24500 Industrial Blvd, Hayward CA94545, (415) 786-5207. The Model 630daisy-wheel printers use plastic andmetallized print wheels interchangeably,with print speeds from 32 to 40 cps(characters per second) depending on thetype of print wheel, type style, and text.Model 630 printers accept all Diablo andXerox plastic and metal print wheels.Friction and pin-feed platens and otherpaper-handling options are offered. The630 series supports the RS-232C/V.24interface for communications applica-tions, and a microprocessor interfacethat permits direct attachment of theprinters to a variety of small office anddata processing systems. The price is$860 in original equipment manufac-turer's (OEM) quantities of 500.

Circle 490 on inquiry card.

An RS-232 Card Reader

The Model 121-4 card reader iscapable of reading any commonpunched or marked card and includesserial RS-232 or card image output (withHollerith-to-ASCII conversion ifnecessary), parallel 20 mA current-loopoutput, self-clocking on both markedand 80-column punched cards, or opera-tion with printed strobe marks on eitherside of the card. The 121-4 may be setfor card feed-through at 6 ips (inches persecond), or automatic return of cards tothe front after reading. This card readeralso has a self-test feature which enablesthe user to check sensor accuracy. TheModel 121-4 operates on either 50 or 60cps (characters per second) and sells forapproximately $520 in original equip-ment manufacturers quantities. For moreinformation, contact HEI Inc, JonathanIndustrial Center, Chaska MN 55318,(612) 448-3510.

Circle 492 on inquiry card.

Removable Disk Cartridges for CDC and Ampex Drives

The 4420 is a removable disk cartridgefor use on Control Data's cartridgemodule drive (CMD) 9448 series andequivalent disk drives. The product iscapable of storing up to 16 megabytes ofdata. The disk cartridge uses one surfaceto record data and one surface to func-

tion as a dedicated servo reference. Den-sity is 348 tracks per inch, with 823tracks per surface. The cartridge isavailable with factory formatting. Forinformation, contact Nashua Corpora-tion, 44 Franklin St, Nashua NH 03061.Circle 491 on inquiry card.

Two Printers from Facit

Facit Inc, 66 Field Point Rd, Green-wich CT 06830, has developed twoprinters, the 4520 and the 4542. The4520 is a bidirectional printer with aspeed of 100 cps (characters per second)and a noise level of less than 60 dB. The4520 is microprocessor-controlled, witha 100% duty cycle. The printer utilizesa 9-by-9 dot matrix, while accom-modating paper-roll or fanfold forms. Aserial or parallel interface is included.The unit price is under $1000.

The 4542 provides the full graphiccapability and control of Facit's 9-by-9matrix Stored-Force Flex Hammer Head.It features two-color printout, gray scale,and proportioned spacing. All Europeanversions, Katakana, APL, and Librischaracter sets are available. The 4542lists for under $4000.

Circle 493 on inquiry card.

Modem Eliminator

International Data Sciences Inc, 7Wellington Rd, Lincoln RI 02865, (401)333-6200, has introduced the Model6100 modem eliminator. The unit allowsinterconnection of data-terminal equip-ment without modems. It can be used inasynchronous or synchronous modes,and with terminals configured for half-or full-duplex operation. The IDSmodem eliminator also eliminates theneed for two back-to-back modemsoperating within a short distance.Features include internal strap selectionsfor primary and secondary RTS/CTSdelays, ring memory functions, andclock source. Data-terminal equipmentcan be located up to 50 feet from themodem eliminator, allowing a maximumseparation of 100 feet. Its DTE interfaceconforms to EIA RS-232C and CCITTV.24 standards. The Model 6100 ispriced at $360.

Circle 494 on inquiry card.

Where Do New Products Items Come From?

The information printed in the new products pages of BYTE is obtained from"new product" or "press release" copy sent by the promoters of new products. If inour judgement the information might be of interest to the personal computingexperimenters and hotnebrewers who read BYTE, we print it in some form. Weopenly solicit releases and photos from manufacturers and suppliers to thismarketplace. The information is printed more or less as a first in first out queue,subject to occasional priority modifications. While we would not knowingly printuntrue or inaccurate data, or data from unreliable companies, our capacity toevaluate the products and companies appearing in the "What's New?" feature isnecessarily limited. We therefore cannot be responsible for product quality or com-pany performance.

248 Augusl 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

What's New?

MISCELLANEOUS

Computhink UnveilsSmall-Business Computer

Computhink Inc, 965 W Maude Ave,Sunnyvale CA 94086, (408) 245-4033, isnow offering Minimax, a microcomputersystem designed for small businesses andindependent software organizations. TheMinimax can store over 100 K bytes ofinternal memory. By using various con-figurations of floppy-disk drives, thesystem can have an on-line disk storagecapacity ranging from 800 K to 4.8megabytes. A 6502 microprocessor isused in the system. The system featuresfull-screen data entry, field protect andautomatic skip to the next field, andsplit screen operation. The Minimax,with 800 K bytes of disk storage, has asuggested retail price of $7770. A con-figuration with a printer is under$10,000. These prices include business-applications software.

Circle 495 on inquiry card.

Introducing the QDP-100System

This product is a Z80A-based S-100machine. The single-board unit containsthe microprocessor; two serial and twoparallel ports; a double-sided, double-density disk controller for 5- and 8-inchfloppy-disk drives; an Intel-like 2716programmable read-only memory(PROM) burner; a real-time clock; and a2 K-byte monitor. The operating systemis CP/M 2.2. A 4 MHz, 64 K-bytedynamic memory board is also supplied.The video display is a "smart" terminalwith 80-character by 24-line display, a25th status line, reverse video, blinkingand half-intensity characters, protectedand unprotected fields, and otherfeatures. The display uses a Z80microprocessor for display operation. Ahard-disk system can be integrated intothe system. Accounting, data-basemanagement, word processing, realestate, statistics, and other softwarepackages are offered by Quasar. Theprice for the QDP-100 is $4795. Detailsare available from Quasar Data Pro-ducts Inc, 25151 Mitchell Dr, NorthOlmsted OH 44070, (216) 779-9387.Circle 496 on inquiry card.

A Printer from Mauro

Mauro Engineering, Rt 1, Box 133, MtShasta CA 96067, (916) 926-4406, hasintroduced the MP-250 PROAC penplotter. It uses standard paper sizes andplots at speeds of up to 2.5 inches persecond with 0.005-inch resolution. Thestandard machine uses one parallel out-put port and comes with full-vectordriver software for 8080, 6502, and 6800microprocessors. Interfaces are availablefor the TRS-80, Apple, and serial dataports. The MP-250 can be used forgraphics, schematics, music composi-tion, architectural drawings, and otherapplications involving plotting. TheMP-250 costs $650.Circle 497 on inquiry card.

Computer DevicesAnnounces Self-Prompting, PortableComputer

A portable, self-prompting computerfor the nontechnical user has beendeveloped by Computer Devices Inc, 25North Ave, POB 421, Burlington MA01803, (617) 273-1550. The Minitermmodel 1206/PAT operates through theuse of preprogrammed applicationmodules. The computer is aimed at in-dustrial, commercial, and financialclients. The 1206/PAT includes 32 Kbytes of programmable memory. Theapplication programs are written ineither BASIC or Motorola 6800assembly language. Other standardfeatures of the computer include an80-column, 50-character per second ther-mal printer; 5-inch floppy-disk drive;built-in modem; and acoustic coupler.The unit weighs 7.3 kg (17 pounds). Theprice for the computer is $5195.Circle 498 on inquiry card.

EPROM Programmer withRS-232 Interface

This erasable programmable read-onlymemory (EPROM) programmer, ModelEP-2A-87, with RS-232 and 20 mA loopinterfaces, has been introduced by Op-timal Technology Inc, Blue Wood 127,Earlysville VA 22936, (804) 973-5482.The programmer includes a 2 K- or4 K-byte buffer which can be loaded orread by another computer in the on-linemode. Data rates are 110 and 1200 bps(bits per second). In the off-line mode, akeyboard enables the operator to pro-gram, verify, and check if the EPROMis erased, and load the buffer fromEPROM. EPROMs may be copied in theoff-line mode by first loading the bufferfrom the programming socket. A built-inself-test includes provisions for checkingthe buffer and whether the EPROM willenter the high-impedance state. Priced at$600 with a 4 K-byte buffer, personalitymodules are $16 to $35 for programmingvarious EPROMs on the market.Circle 499 on inquiry card.

6502-Based Single-BoardComputer

Compas Microsystems, 224 S E 16thSt, Ames IA 50010, (515) 232-8187, hasannounced CSB 2, a stand-alone modulebased on the 6502 microprocessor. Theboard is compatible with the RockwellSystem 65 bus standard. EXORcisor-based cards may be used with CSB 2with minor modifications. CSB 2 in-cludes a 6502 microprocessor, 2 K bytesof static programmable memory, foursockets for Intel 2716 or 2764 erasable

programmable read-only memory(EPROM) integrated circuits, one VIA(6522), one PIA (6520), and one ACIA(6551). CSB 2 provides 30 input/output(I/O) lines, ten buffered output lines,two interval timers, input latching onperipheral ports, an RS-232 port withdata speeds from 110 to 19,200 bps (bitsper second), and up to 32 K bytes ofEPROM space. CSB 2 is priced at $395and the manual is available for $4.Circle 500 on inquiry card.

August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 249

What's

MISCELLANEOUS

Nuts & Volts

Nuts & Volts is a new publicationserving amateur radio and computerenthusiasts. It is devoted exclusively toclassified and display advertising fornew and used equipment. Items arecategorized for easy reference, and thereare sections for business opportunitesand wanted items as well. Classified adsare SO.10 per word with a $2 minimumcharge. Typesetting and art services areavailable for display advertisers. Nuts &Volts is available monthly for a one-time charge of $5 from Nuts & VoltsPOB 1111, Placentia CA 92670.Circle 538 on inquiry card.

Reset Extender for TRS-80

The Reset Extender is an aid forTRS-80 owners who have trouble access-ing the Reset button in the back of thekeyboard. Most TRS-80 owners use apencil to hit the Reset button. With littleeffort, the Extender attaches to the hoodand simplifies reset tremendously. TheReset Extender is available from Em-manuel B Garcia Jr & Associates, 203 NWabash, Rm 2102, Chicago IL 60601,(312) 782-9750, for $3.99.Circle 501 on inquiry card.

Microprocessor-C ontr oiledFloppy-Disk Drive andController

The System 2000/10 is amicroprocessor-controlled floppy-diskdrive and controller that plugs into theTeletype Model 43, the Texas In-struments Silent 700, and similartypewriter terminals. The System2000/10 can operate as a stand-aloneword processor, or as an on-line,storage, edit, and forward unit. In theon-line mode, the data rate is capable ofreaching 9600 bps (bits per second). Inthe on-line mode, it can be invisible tothe host computer. The system can alsobe used with ADM-3A, Televideo 912,and similar video displays. A softwarepackage includes global search andglobal replace commands. Options in-clude extra programmable memory upto 64 K bytes, a printer port, Telex in-terface, BASIC and IBM 3740 com-patibility. The price for the System2000/10 is $1695. Contact TerminalData Corporation, 11878 Coakley Cir,Rockville MD 20852, (301) 881-7655.

Circle 502 on inquiry card.

Memory and Expansion Module for TFs 16-Bit Board

George Goode & Associates Inc,12840 Hillcrest Rd, Suite 113, Dallas TX75230, (214) 980-0730, is offering aMemory and Input/Output (I/O) Expan-sion Module (MEM) for the Texas In-struments University Module 16-bitmicrocomputer board. The MEM ex-pands the University Module's memoryby an additional 8 K bytes and expandsI/O address space by an additional 480bits. An erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) programmer

with software driver, cables, andintegrated-circuit components are in-cluded. The MEM includes sockets forup to 8 K bytes of EPROM and 8 Kbytes of programmable memory, two44-pin connectors for I/O expansion,with space for an additional thirteenconnectors, and an EPROM programmerfor TMS 2708 and 2716s. The MEM ispriced at $299, including a manual.

Circle 503 on inquiry card.

Commercial Calculatorsfrom Texas Instruments

Texas Instruments has announced afamily of heavy-duty commercialcalculators incorporating the Seiko 350mechanical printer. Ranging in pricefrom $160 to $205, the TI-5213, -5215,-5217, and -5219, have been designed foroperator comfort and reliability. Eachmodel features two-key rollover and10-level keyboard buffering. The printerdelivers 2.8 lines per second using stan-dard 5.8 cm (2.25 inch) paper and printsup to twelve digits plus commas,decimal point, and two-column audittrail. Other features common to all fourmodels include multiplication and divi-sion by a constant, automatic computa-tion of percentage calculations, indepen-dent add register, grand total register,grand total on/off switch, decimal selec-tor, automatic rounding, and itemcount. Inquiries should be addressed toTexas Instruments Inc, POB 10508, M/S5889, Lubbock TX 79408.Circle 504 on inquiry card.

Serial Communicationsand Control on a SingleCard

Vantage Data Products has developeda single-card computer for use in com-munications and control applications.The 280-based card is used with serialinput/output (I/O), parallel I/O, pro-grammable memory, and erasable pro-grammable read-only memory(EPROM). Serial communications areasynchronous RS-232 and programmableto all standard data rates up to 5600 bps(bits per second). Modem-control func-tions are also included. Power re-quirements are +5 V and +12 V.Negative voltage for RS-232 communica-tion is generated on the card. Optionsinclude a software-monitor program onEPROM for operation of the computerwith a terminal, and single power-supply options. The suggested retailprice is $195. Contact Vantage DataProducts, 550 W 200 South, Suite 8,Provo UT 84601, (801) 377-6687.Circle 505 on inquiry card.

250 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Wtraft New?

MISCELLANEOUS

Floppy-Disk Drive Power Supplies

Powertec Inc, 20550 Nordhoff St,Chatsworth CA 91311, (213) 882-0004,has introduced the FD series of floppy-disk, dual-output power supplies. TheFD101 delivers main channel outputs of+ 5 V at 0.75 A and secondary channeloutputs of +12 V at 1.8 V. The FD101offers flexible strap-selectable inputs of103-127/206-254 VAC, single phase 47to 440 Hz. Standard features includeovervoltage, overload, short circuit andreverse voltage protections, no turn-onor turn-off overshoot, and a one-year

warranty. The supplies provide lineregulation of ±0.5% for a ±10% inputline change, and static loads of 50 to100%. Load regulation for the units is±0.5% on all outputs for a 0 to 100%load change, 5 mV peak-to-peak max-imum ripple, 0.03°C temperature stabil-ity over full operating ranges and 0.3%drift for a 24-hour period. Transientresponse is less than 50 ms for a 50%load change. Contact the company forprices and availability.Circle 506 on inquiry card.

Bidirectional Totalizer

The DigiTec Model 8222 bidirectionaltotalizer is used for counting functionsin industrial processes or product-testsystems where up-down counting is re-quired. All up-down counting functions,with count direction control, are user-programmable. Operating modes includetotalizing two inputs by adding and/orsubtracting one from the other based onphase relationship or logic input. Soft-ware response ensures that every pulse is

added or subtracted even duringsimultaneous occurrence. The Model8222 is available with either a 5- or7-digit LED (light-emitting diode)display. Both models offer polarity andoverflow indication. The unit is 4.8 by18 by 19 cm (1.89 by 6.6 by 6.86inches), and the cost is $415 for the5-digit model and $467 for the 7-digitmodel. Address inquiries to UnitedSystems Corporation, 918 Woodley Rd,Dayton OH 45403, (513) 254-6251.Circle 507 on inquiry card.

A Talking Voltmeter

This talking voltmeter allows users tokeep their eyes on the probes and avoidshocks, short circuits, and blown in-tegrated circuits. It is also an aid for thevisually handicapped. The dualmicroprocessor-based system providesvoltage readings that are automaticallyannounced via an internal 3-inchspeaker every 7 seconds, or uponoperator command. A slave processorselects the speech elements that are re-quired by the measurement, while themain processor controls the systemtiming and signal processing. The instru-ment is powered by a rechargeable nicadbattery pack. It weighs 1.1 kg (2.5 lbs)and measures 6.2 by 25.5 by 23 cm (2.5by 10 by 9 inches). An earphone jack isprovided for work in noisy en-vironments. Options include an LCD(liquid-crystal display), current andresistance measurement circuits, and aserial interface for recording the digitaloutput on audio cassette recorders.Foreign languages are also available.The price is $395. For details, contactthe Franklin Institute ResearchLaboratory Inc, The Benjamin FranklinPky, Philadelphia PA 19103, (215)448-1340.Circle 508 on inquiry card.

The Connection

The Connection is a modem designedfor TRS-80 Models I and II. It eliminatesacoustic couplng, so line sensitivity is in-creased and transmission errors arereduced. The RS-232 port provides themeans to simultaneously run a printer orinput data from a keyboard. It featuresa data rate of 300 bits per second (bps),single and duplex mode, direct connec-tion of wires between telephone andcomputer, software, and instructions.For further details on The Connection,contact The micro-Peripheral Corpora-tion, POB 529, Mercer Island WA98040.Circle 509 on Inquiry card.

August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 251

MISCELLANEOUS

The Hobby-Blox System

Hobby-Blox is a breadboard systemthat allows the user to customize theboard to fit projects. The system in-cludes plug-in tie points, interchangeablemodules, color-keyed and cross-indexedmodules. There are two starter packs;one for discrete component projects, theother for integrated circuits projects.The system includes 14 modules that canbe purchased individually, most with asuggested retail price below $3. The

modular packs include a tray, terminalstrips, distribution strips, discrete strips,bus strips, display strips, LED (light-emitting diodes) strips, vertical tray,speaker panel, control pane!, blankpanel, battery holder, binding poststrips, and tray extender clips. The twostarter packs are priced under $7. For in-formation, contact A P Products Inc,1359 W Jackson St, Painesville OH44077.Circle 510 on inquiry card.

SDI Graphics Interface

The Cromemco SDI is a high-resolution graphics interface designed foruse in Cromemco computer systems.The SDI displays color or black-and-white images with up to 756-by-484point resolution. It features color mapselection, dual page windowing func-tion, automatic area fill mode, andNTSC broadcast compatibility. The SDIconsists of two circuit boards that plugdirectly into the S-100 bus of anyCromemco microcomputer system. Eachpixel of the display may be mappedfrom one nybble or from one bit of thedisplay memory. Twelve or 48 bytes ofmemory may be used for the displaymemory, allowing four basic modes ofoperation. In nybble-mapped mode any16 of 4096 possible colors may bedisplayed in a single picture. In bit-

mapped mode any two of these colorsmay be displayed in a single picture. Forblack-and-white nybble-mapped modethere can be 16 shades of grey. A bit-mapped black-and-white picture yieldsonly a black-and-white display. Thethree outputs of the device can displaythree different pictures to three differentblack-and-white monitors simultaneous-ly. The SDI sync signals adhere to theRS-170 standard for the televisionbroadcast industry. The SDI can be syn-chronized to external television equip-ment through the use of an externalcomposite RS-170 sync signal, a com-posite video signal, or external horizon-tal and vertical sync signals. The SDIgraphics interface is available for $595from Cromemco Inc, 280 Bernardo Ave,Mountain View CA 94043, (415)964-7400.Circle 511 on Inquiry card.

Winter 1980 Catalog fromInmac

Twenty-four new computer supplyand accessory products are featured inInmac's Winter 1980 catalog. The newofferings include preformatted floppydisks, thirteen Clear Signal microcom-puter cables, sound enclosures designedto keep noise in and dust out, floppy-disk hanging file folders, and mini data-cartridge binder leaves. For a freesubscription to the full-color catalog,call or write Inmac, Dept BPR, 2465Augustine Dr, Santa Clara CA 95051,(408) 727-1970.

Circle 512 on inquiry card.

Computer Products fromElectronic Systems

A catalog featuring systems by Apple,Radio Shack, Atari, Compucolor, andother companies is available from Elec-tronic Systems, POB 21638, San JoseCA 95151, (408) 448-0800. ElectronicSystems also sells products for S-100 bussystems, tools, software, terminals, andmany other items. The catalog includesprices and order forms.Circle 513 on inquiry card.

Vector Offers ElectronicPackaging Catalog

Vector Electronic Company's cataloghas complete details on the company'selectronic-packaging products, tools,and kits. Emphasis is placed on micro-computer-interface boards for all con-ventional buses, a variety of card cagesand cabinets, breadboarding com-ponents, plus numerous sockets and ter-minals. Price lists are included alongwith the names and the addresses ofVector's distributors. Contact VectorElectronic Company, 12460 GladstoneAve, Sylmar CA 91342, (213) 365-9661.Circle 514 on inquiry card.

The Hayden 1980Computer Science Catalog

This publication contains the completeselection of Hayden titles on everythingabout computers from introductory in-formation and programming to softwareand advanced technology. It is availablefrom Hayden Book Company Inc, 50Essex St, Rochelle Park NJ 07662, (201)843-0550.Circle 515 on Inquiry card.

252 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 177 on inquiry card.

What's New?

MISCELLANEOUS

The Z-88 Processor Card

Trie 2-88 offers 16-bit processingpower to S-100 bus users. The cardcombines a Z80A and an 8088microprocessor to allow access to allcurrently available 8080 softwarewithout the need to translate into 8086machine language. The 8088 is fullysoftware compatible with the 8086, soall 16-bit software, such as Microsoft8086 BASIC, will run on the Z-88. TheZ-88 features an 8-bit data bus that usesexisting products without modification;direct memory address of 16 megabytes;selectable IEEE Preliminary Standard orAltair/Imsai S-100 bus; no wait stateswith 450-ns memory access; vectored ornoninterrupting modes that transfer con-trol between processors; a 1 K-bytephantom read-only memory (ROM)which initializes the microprocessor; andan 8-level TTL (transistor-transistorlogic) priority-vectored interrupt. Thecost to build a Z-88 is around $450. Formore information, contact the designersat Programmers Publishing Company,POB 2571, Kalamazoo MI 49003, (616)344-9323.

Circle 516 on inquiry card.

FORTH for Four Levels

FORTH is available from Ancon,17370 Hawkins Ln, Morgan Hill CA95037, (408) 779-0848. There are fourlevels offered for the following; the hob-byist; the personal high-level languageprogrammer who wants a ready-madeeditor and some basic utilities; theengineer in the microprocessor-development laboratory creating pro-ducts; and the commercial originalequipment manufacturer (OEM) orsophisticated end-users. The commerciallevel includes files, data-base manage-ment, source data entry, teleprocessing,distributed processing, and accountingpackages. The hobby versions are forthe TRS-80 with cassette for $29.95;Heath H8-H89 for $49.95; 8080-basedsystems with an 8-inch floppy disk for$49.95; and 6809-based systems with a5-inch FLEX floppy-disk drives for$49.94. Personal systems include TRS-80for $45.95 for cassette and S65.95 forfloppy-disk systems; Apple II disk for$99.95; KIM-1 for $90; and 8080systems with CP/M and 8-inch disks for$125. Industrial systems are available forthe EXORcisor, Rockwell System 65, theIntel MDS, 8080 with CP/M, Apple II,and others. Commercial levels are madefor Digital Equipment CorporationPDP-11 and VAX, Data General Novaand Eclipse, IBM Series 1, and others.Circle 517 on inquiry card.

Intel MDS-Compatible10-Megabyte Storage Unit

Advant Corporation, 696 Trimble Rd,San Jose CA 95131, (408) 946-9300, hasintroduced a 10-megabyte Winchesterhard-disk data storage unit. Interfacingwith all Intel MDS models, theMicroSupport Model 105 data storageunit utilizes Shugart 8-inch Winchesterhard disks. The MicroSupport 105features built-in error correction, amicroprocessor-based controller, and apower supply. For more information,contact the Advant Corporation.Circle 518 on inquiry card.

Books from MIT Press

Systems theory, computer sciences,artificial intelligence, programminglanguages, information, communication,and control are the topics covered by avariety of books published by the MITPress. The new catalog also containsseries and classified listings. For a copyof Computer, Science, Engineering, con-tact the MIT Press, 28 Carleton St,Cambridge MA 02142.Circle 519 on inquiry card.

Software for the Atari 800

Atari 800 software is now availablethrough Sebree's Computing. Atari's3-Dimensional Graphics Package, for$29.95, will run on 8 K- or 16 K-bytemachines. It features multiple-color con-trol, selectable resolution, line clippingand pushing, telephoto and wide angleviews, four program listings, and amanual. Using one of the four pro-grams, the user can input any scene,rotate it and view it from any locationin three-dimensional space or even frominside of it. Wumpus Adventure is amixture of two popular games that hascolor graphics and sound effects. Theuser can control arrow direction and ac-tion during the battles. The program isdesigned for the 16 K-byte unit andcosts $14.95. Contact Sebree's Com-puting, 456 Granite Ave, Monrovia CA91016, (213) 359-8092.Circle 520 on inquiry card.

ThesubLOGIC

FS1

Flight Simulator"

ou7:«r-5in:m-fOK:iT*T«SM

is just oneapplication ofour finegraphicsoftware.

Other

applicationscan be yours!

Choose from a coordinated softwareand hardware collection to fit yourgraphic needs...

SOFTWARE

A23D1 animation package for theApple II ($45 on cassette, $55 for disk).

8080/Z80 3D package for most S100systems ($41 on tarbell cassette orpaper tape, $51 on 5" North Star disk,or $52 on 8" CPM disk).

HARDWARE (S100)Godbout $399

Matrox ALT-256 $395

Matrox ALT-512 $595

Micro Angelo $1095

Panasonic Color Monitors $450 & up

Write or call for an informative catalogdescribing these and other graphicproducts and their easy use in yourapplications.

Most subLOGIC software is at yourdealer's. If he doesn't stock it, orderdirect from subLOGIC. Add $ 1.25 forUPS or $1.75 for first class mail. Visaand Mastercharge accepted.

*The FS1 Flight Simulator is availablefor Apple II and TRS-80 Level I & IIfor $25 on cassette.

(217)359-8482 ■ /"\^N|AV

•rm^LOGIC

^.A^ilL^y Distribution Corp.

BoxV, Savoy, IL 61874

The engineering and graphics experts.

August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 253

What's New?

SOFTWARE

Suprdump for the TRS-80

Definitive Micro Systems, 20 Glen-wood Cres, St Alberta, Alberta T8N1X5, Canada, have announced Supr-dump, a disk dump/modify utility forthe TRS-80 Model I. Suprdump isdesigned to expedite the debugging ofprograms utilizing disk files. It can alsocreate disk-file test data. The utility willdump a specified disk sector onto thevideo screen in a hexadecimal plusASCII (American Standard Code for In-formation Interchange) format.Modification of the information on diskis accomplished by typing over thedisplayed data. Suprdump is supplied ona floppy disk for $29.95.Circle 521 on inquiry card.

The Magic Wand

The Magic Wand is a word-processingprogram that provides underscoring,boldface, superscripting, and subscript-ing in any combination and even all atonce. Boldface can vary in intensity andunderlining can be broken or solid. Theprogram provides justification, discre-tionary hyphens, and other processingcapabilities. It can also create formletters from a mailing list, assist inwriting standard letters, performvariable line spacing, print with trueproportional spacing, print headers andfooters on each page, automatic pagina-tion, and more. It is written for theTRS-80 Model II and requires CP/M.The price is $350 from Pickles & Trout,POB 1206, Goleta CA 93017, (805)967-9563.Circle 522 on inquiry card.

Attach an Apple to aMalibu

The Malibu/Apple Input/Output(I/O) card serves as an interface be-tween the Apple II and the MalibuModel 165 printer. The Malibu card usesthe Apple's microprocessor to providebidirectional printing, changeable typefonts, high-resolution graphics printout,and other functions. The card is com-patible with Integer BASIC, Applesoft,Apple Pascal, as well as Applewriterand EasyWriter. The Malibu card uses atechnique whereby it substitutes its soft-ware for the Apple's during printing.After the printing is completed, controlis passed back to the Apple software.For further information, contact MalibuDesign Group Inc, 211109 Nordhoff St,Chatsworth CA 91311.Circle 523 on inquiry card.

6800 C Compiler

Wintek has introduced a C compilerfor the 6800 microprocessor. The com-piler includes the features described inthe book The C Programming Languageby Kernighan and Ritchie(Prentice-Hall). C is a structured-programming language for operatingsystems and numerical, text-processing,data-base programs, and other generalapplications. Characters, numbers, andaddresses can be combined and efficient-ly moved about with the 6800 arithmeticand logical operations. Consequently, Cis very efficient in the amount of 6800code generated. C provides pointers andthe ability to do address arithmetic. Anyfunction can be called recursively and itsvariables declared in a block-structuredfashion. Variables may be internal, ex-ternal, or global. Functions of a C pro-gram can be compiled separately. The Ccompiler is intended to run under theWizrd multitasking disk operatingsystem on the Sprint 68 microcomputer.The cost for C is $495. The cost for theSprint 68 with 48 K bytes of program-mable memory, dual 8-inch floppy-diskdrives, and Wizrd is $3995. ContactWintek Corporation, 1801 South St,Lafayette IN 47904, (317) 742-8428.Circle 524 on inquiry card.

Software for the HP-85:The Pro-Organizer

The Pro-Organizer is for applicationsranging from a daily appointmentorganizer to an index box for maintain-ing name and address lists, to a databank for the professional, executive,engineer, or scientist. The program isdesigned for the 16 K-byte HP-85 com-puter and is supplied on cartridge. It iscompletely automatic from power turn-on. Any data-management requirementsmay be custom formatted. Data may beedited easily. Additional cartridges maybe used to build up a library. The sug-gested retail price is $95. For details,contact Scelbi Publications, 20 HurlbutSt, Elmwood CT 06110, (203) 522-5515.Circle 525 on inquiry card.

Apple FORTH 1.7

With this FORTH Interest Group-compatible system, Apple users candefine operations and enter them ascomponents of the language. Machine-language subroutines can be entereddirectly from the keyboard, where theyare assembled immediately and ready torun or test. Apple FORTH 1.7 includes ascreen editor that can be customized. Ithas facilities to manufacture turnkeydisks which boot directly into user ap-plications. FORTH is its own operatingsystem and debugger, including compile-time checks. Progams run faster than In-teger BASIC, and object code is verycompact. This language is compatiblewith the FORTH International Standard,so programs can be run on 8080- andPDP-11-based systems. A 48 K-byteApple II or Apple II Plus with one ortwo disk drives is required. The price is$140, including a manual, from Cap'nSoftware, POB 575, San Francisco CA94101, (415) 848-6913.Circle 526 on inquiry card.

polyFORTH

polyFORTH is an operating systemfor microprocessor-development systemsand minicomputers. polyFORTH pro-vides the compiler, interpreters,assembler, character editor, virtualmemory, and multitasking capabilitywithin its 8 K bytes of memory. Ap-plications programs can be coded com-bining high-level with low-levellanguages. Program-development time iscut down because the interactive pro-gramming environment allows rapidtesting and debugging. Memory re-quirements for complex applications arereduced to as little as half that ofassembler programs and to about 10%

that of other high-level languages. Runspeed is controlled by the programmer.Time-critical routines can run at fullmachine speed. All versions ofpolyFORTH are compatible with aminimal number of machine-dependentfeatures. The language features 16-bitarithmetic on all systems, as well as32-bit capacity. For $2500, users receivepolyFORTH on a floppy disk, a set ofprogrammable read-only memory(PROM) integrated circuits containingthe precompiled system, two manuals,and access to a hot line service andnewsletter. Contact FORTH Inc, 2309Pacific Coast Hwy, Hermosa Beach CA90254, (213) 372-8493.Circle 527 on inquiry card.

254 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

10 Megabyte Hard Disk

>

•

5440-12 Top Load Drive* Factory rebuilt 10MB cartridge disk drive onlyA new Cameo Data Systems controller is available for $1,495$4,495 for a brand new Ampex 10MB drive only

We are the CP/M** and MP/M" specialist of South-ern California. We can supply you with the latest CP/M($150) or MP/M ($300) and with Standard BIOS ($150)or Custom BIOS ($300). Immediate delivery worldwide.Domestic and foreign inquiries invited...dealers too."CI' Mand Ml' M arc Trademarks ofDicital Research

We are a full service computer retailer. We totally inte-grate hardware and software into high quality, high reli-ability systems. Systems for use in development, processcontrol and general business. Word processing naturally,multi tasking and multi processing too.

Computer Components

Circle 215 on inquiry card.

5848 Sepulveda Boulevard Van Nuys, California 91411 213*786-7411

BYTE August 1980 255

Wbsrts New?

SOFTWARE

SBC-FORTH on EPROM

This implementation of FORTH canrun in many of Intel's and National'sline of SBC-80 microprocessor cards. Itruns stand-alone and requires no addi-tional memory, input/output (I/O)devices, or disks to operate. Standardfeatures include a resident compiler, an8080/8085 assembler, screen editor, andadaptive disk I/O. The disk I/O allowsa combination of four single-densitydrives or four double-density drives withtwo additional single-density units for atotal capacity of 2500 screens. Thesystem price is $500 including themanual Contact Zendex Corporation,6398 Dougherty Rd, Dublin CA 94566,(415) 829-1284.

Circle 528 on inquiry card.

FLEX for CustomHardware

A new version of the FLEX diskoperating system is available for users ofcustom or nonstandard 6800 and 6809systems. Developed by TechnicalSystems Consultants Inc, POB 2570,1208 Kent Ave, West Lafayette IN47906, (317) 463-2502, it is fully com-patible with most versions of FLEX.FLEX supports features such as dynamicfile-space allocation, random and se-quential file accessing, user startupfacility, user environment control,English-language error messages, andover twenty commands for normal diskoperations. This version contains amanual describing how to write disk andterminal input/output (I/O) routines toadapt FLEX to most any hardware. Theonly major system requirement is a soft-sectored floppy-disk drive that uses 256bytes per sector. When the adaptation iscomplete, the user's system will becapable of running any standard FLEXsoftware. The $150 price includes theFLEX disk with editor and assembler,and a set of manuals.

Circle 529 on inquiry card.

The Datahandler

The Datahandler is a data-basemanagement system running inMMSFORTH on the TRS-80 Model Iwith at least 32 K bytes of program-mable memory and one floppy-diskdrive. Users can specify up to ten datafields appropriate to each particular job.Standard and special report formats canbe output to the screen and the printer.The Datahandler includes mail-list andchecking-account programs with customreport commands and sample data files.It can sort a typical 100-record file in 5seconds, and lookups take less than 1second. An indexed-key structure incor-porates string and value selectionmechanisms including normal-comparesand values inside or outside a range.One feature allows the program area ofthe Datahandler disk to be softwarewrite-protected, while the data-file areais left open. Regularly used system con-figurations may be precompiled for5-second loading times. Additions to theDatahandler will be a report-generatormodule and a large-data-files module.The Datahandler costs $59.90 includingthe PIMS Manual. It also requires theMMSFORTH system disk which pro-vides its language and operating system,which costs $79.95 including an in-troductory manual. Contact MillerMicrocomputer Services, 61 Lake ShoreRd, Natick MA 01760, (617) 653-6136.

Circle 530 on inquiry card.

SL5—A Software-Development Tool

SL5 is a software-development toolfor small systems. It is an interactiveprogramming system with an integralcompiler, interpreter, assembler, diskoperating system, and library of pro-cedures. SL5 is based on the recommen-dations of the 1977 FORTH StandardsCommittee. Since SL5 is written in SL5,it adapts to most microcomputeroperating systems. A host-executablecode kernel, a source-code kernel, and asystem-generation program are provid-ed. The system generation programregenerates the kernel from the source orgenerates compact stand-alone read-onlymemory (ROM) object modules. An SL5development system requires less than32 K bytes of memory. Most applica-tions programs require less than 8 Kbytes. SL5 reads and writes standardCP/M files. Versions are available forboth the 8080 and Z80. The Z80 systemuses the additional registers and instruc-tions of the Z80, and contains anassembler with Z80 mnemonics. Thesingle-system price of $150 includescomplete source code and a manual.Original equipment manufacturer (OEM)and resale licenses are available. Formore information, contact TheStackworks, POB 1596, 321 E KirkwoodAve, Bloomington IN 47402, (812)336-1600.Circle 531 on inquiry card.

Word Processor and 8810 System from PolyMorphic

Wordmaster II is a menu-driven wordprocessor. The program enables users tocreate, edit, format, and printdocuments. It is designed for PolyMor-phic Systems 8810 or 8813 computers.The program can print with two-color rib-bons, print in boldface, printsuperscripts, subscripts, and multiple-line headers and footers. Repetitivespelling, phrase, or numerical errors canbe easily changed. The System 8810with Wordmaster II is available forunder $9000, including the NEC Spin-

writer or comparable printer. ContactPolyMorphic Systems, 460 Ward Dr,Santa Barbara CA 93111.Circle 532 on inquiry card.

256 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

WhafsNew?

SYSTEMS

Matrox Computer SystemsMACS-10

The MACS-10 microcomputer systemcombines Multibus-based hardware withthe CP/M 2.0 disk operating system.The system is configured around theZ80A microprocessor and includes 48 Kbytes of programmable memory andsockets for 8 K bytes of ROM (read-only memory) and EPROM (erasableprogrammable read-only memory). A2 K-byte monitor, a dual 8-inch double-density floppy-disk drive, a disk con-troller, and interfaces for a video ter-minal and line printer are also included.Other peripherals can be connectedthrough additional ports at the rear ofthe chassis. The microprocessor andfloppy-disk controller cards occupy twoslots in the card cage, leaving five slotsfor systems expansion. If more slots areneeded, up to three card cages can bestacked together for a maximum of nine-teen free card slots. Optional hardwareincludes a 128 K-byte programmable-memory card, and an alphanumeric andgraphic video-display controllers. Theprice for the MACS-10 system is $5990.Details are available from Matrox Elec-tronic Systems Ltd, 5800 Andover Ave,T M R, Quebec H4T 1H4, Canada,(514) 735-1182.

Circle 533 on inquiry card.

The System 1000 Seriesfrom CSSN

CSSN Inc has announced its System1000 family of microcomputers. Thismodular, bus-oriented line of systems isorganized around the IEEE (Institute ofElectrical and Electronic Engineers) S-100standard bus. The S/1000 includes a4 MHz Z80A microprocessor, 64 Kbytes of programmable memory, an8-inch Winchester hard disk, a13.4-megabyte cartridge-tape databackup, a variety of I/O (input/output)devices and other peripherals, and ex-pansion capability to 16-bit processors.It is available in different configurationsof operating systems and peripherals,and retails between $15,000 and$20,000. The S/1000 hard-disk cartridgebackup combination can store 24megabytes. Operating systems for theseries includes CP/M 2.0, MP/M,OASIS, and CSSN PDOS, a superset ofCP/M 1.4. Languages such as BASIC,COBOL, FORTRAN, C, and Pascal, canbe run on the systems. For further infor-mation, contact CSSN Inc, 120 BoylstonSt, 4th Fl, Boston MA 02116, (617)482-2343.Circle 534 on inquiry card.

AmZ800 Single-Board Computer

The Am96/4116 MonoBoard Com-puter uses the 16-bit processing power ofthe 4 MHz AmZ8002 microprocessor.Auxiliary support for the AmZ8002 in-cludes 32 K bytes of programmablememory, 8 K bytes of PROM (program-mable read-only memory) sockets, twoserial and three parallel I/O (input/out-put) ports, and five programmablecounter/timers. The two RS-232 serialports transmit data from 50 to 9600 bps(bits per second). The parallel I/O portsbreak down into twenty-four lines orthree 8-bit ports that can be programm-ed for input, output, or bidirectionaloperation. The computer can acceptmultiple interrupt channels from twenty-

three independent sources in non-maskable, vectored, and nonvectoredmodes of operation. Eight interruptchannels are handled by a program-mable interrupt controller whichallocates priorities, determines modes ofoperation and supports direct vectoring.The Am9513 System Timing Controllerincorporates five independent 16-bitcounters that can count up or down inbinary or BCD (binary-coded decimal)at rates up to 7 MHz. The price for theAm96/4116 is $2145. Contact AdvancedMicro Computers, 3340 Scott Blvd,Santa Clara CA 95051, (408) 988-7777.

Circle 535 on inquiry card.

System 800 from IPDI

The System 800 can be expanded from64 K bytes to 2.04 megabytes of pro-grammable memory and from 11.2 to31.2 megabytes of disk storage on fourdrives. The system allows a combinationof floppy and hard disks, as well as tapecartridge backup in the same systemenclosure. IPDI's video-graphics cardproduces a display of up to 3000

characters of over 256 user-definablecharacters and symbols on a 15-inchmonitor. The video-display systemfeatures sixteen levels of gray or fullcolor and is capable of driving overthirty-two displays. For more informa-tion, contact IPDI, 2584 Wyandotte,Mountain View CA 94043, (415)969-6086.

Circle 536 on inquiry card.

A Z8000 Board fromQuasar Data Products

This 16-bit Z8000 S-100 board con-forms to the proposed IEEE (Institute ofElectrical and Electronic Engineers) stan-dards. The system can read and write8-bit, 16-bit or mixed 8- and 16-bitmemories. The module also incorporateson-board, single-step circuitry hardware.The clock rate is 4 MHz. An 8080/Z80emulator enables users to employ mostof the software that has been developedfor the 8080/Z80 processors. The system

also has provisions to plug an 8-bitmicroprocessor card in the same bus asthe Z8000 module, allowing software tobe developed on an 8-bit system andthen transferred to and executed by theZ8000. Available software includes across assembler, text editor, word pro-cessing software, and a businesspackage. The QDP-8100 is availablefrom Quasar Data Products, 25151Mitchell Dr, North Olmsted OH 44070,(216) 779-9387, for $6395.

Circle 537 on Inquiry card.

August 1980 © BYTE Publications In

257

Circle 226 on inquiry card.

WAMECO

THE COMPLETE PC BOARD HOUSEEVERYTHING FOR THE S-100 BUSS

■K FPB-1 FRONT PANEL BOARD FOR 8080A AND Z80SYSTEMS IMSAI COMPATIBLE.PCBD $54.95 KIT $165.00

■* MEM-2 16K RAM 2114's. ADDRESSABLE IN 4KBOUNDARIES.PCBD ... $31.95 KIT (LESS RAMS) .... $80.95

■* EPM-2 16/32K ROM USES 2716 OR 2708. ADDRESS-ABLE IN 4K BOUNDARIES.PCBD .... $31.95 KIT (LESS ROMS) .... $74.95

■K CPU-1 8080A PROCESSOR BOARD WITH VECTORINTERRUPT.PCBD $31.95 KIT $124.95

■X- IOB-1 I/O BOARD. ONE SERIAL, TWO PARALLELWITH CASSETTE. PCBD $31.95

■X- FDC-1 FLOPPY DISC CONTROLLER BOARD USES1771. PCBD $44.95

•X- QMB-12 13 SLOT MOTHER BOARD.

PCBD $39.95 KIT $115.95

■X- QMB-9 9 SLOT MOTHER BOARD.

PCBD $34.95 KIT $89.95

•X- PTB-1 POWER SUPPLY AND TERMINATOR BOARD.PCBD $29.95 KIT $49.95

■3f RTC-1 REAL TIME CLOCK BOARD WITH TWOINTERRUPTS.PCBD $27.95 KIT $79.95

■X- MEM-1 8K RAM, USES 2102's.

PCBD .... $31.95 KIT (LESS RAM) $71.95

•X- EPM-1 4K 170Z BOARD.

PCBD .... $29.95 KIT (LESS ROM) .... $59.95

FUTURE PRODUCTS: 80 CHARACTER VIDEO BOARD.Z-80 CPU BOARD WITH ROM, 8 PARALLEL PORT I/O BOARD.

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED, UNIVERSITY DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE

AT YOUR LOCAL DEALER

MOST PRODUCTS FOR IMMEDIATE SHIPMENT. NO 4-8 WEEK DELAYS REQUIRED FOR OTHERS.

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C/MOS IOIODE CLAMPED)

4007 - 71 4030 -

4009 - .45 4034 -

4010 - .45 403S -

4011 - .36 4040 -

4012 - .35 4043 -

4013 - .40 4043 -

4014 - 1.20 4044

4015 - 1.00 4040 -4010 - 4G 4049 -

4017 - 1.06 4050 -

4018 - 90 4061 -

4019 - 45 4052 -

4020 - 1.10 4063 -

4021 - 1.10 4060 -

402S - 35 4076

74C2074C3274C4274C73

'4CI92 -'4CS26

14B8RS232 INTERFACE -MB9RS232 INTERFACE -25Q9TRI STATE STAT. SR -2522 STATIC SHIFT REG. -270BBKEPROM1450 nil -TMS 3409 NC 80 BITS OYN.S.R.271S(TI13 VOLTAGES-2716-llnleri . 5V - I

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210211450 ns! -21L023l350m1 -MM5270 4KX1DYN. -MK4D0BP -

2101-1254 i 4 STATIC -2111-1250 « 4 STATIC -21121256 * 4STATIC -MK40273 4K - 1 DYN. (200 ™tMK4090-11 4K . I DYN.RAM -4U6316KDYH.300NS -528021070 4K DYN. HAM -TMS4050L -

TMS4T

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DATEL'S DAC-08BC - 8 bit DAC - $9.95

8" DISKETTES - HARD SECTOR

$1.75,10/$16.00

4.000 MHz3.57 MHz5.000 MHz6.000 MHz

8.000MHz10.000MHz18.000 MHz20.000 MHz

RIBBON CABLEFLAT (COLOR CODED)

130 WIRE26 cond. ■ .KWpof foot40 cond. ■ .75/per fool60 cond. - ,90/per tool

RS232CONNECTORS

DB25Pmale $3.25

DB25Sfemale ... $4.25HOODS $1.50

FCS 8024 ■ 4 digitC.C. 8" displayFND503C.C..5-FND510C.A..5"DL-704-.3" C.C.

LED READOUTS

S5.9S DL-707 CA. .3"

S .85 DL747C.A. .6"

S .85 HP3400.8-CA

S ,B5 HP3405 .8" CC

S .75S1.50$1.9551.95

PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD

4" x6" DOUBLE SIDED EPOXY BOARD 1/16"

thick

5/S2.60

EPOXY glass

vector board

1/16" thick with 1/10" spacing 4'/;" x &A" ..

.. $1.95

74S00 -

.30 74S20 - .40 74S153

- 1.10

74S02 -

.30 74S30 - .40 74S151

- 1.25

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- 1.25

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74S15 -

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7 WATT LD-65 LASER DIODE IR $8.95

25 watt Infra Red Pulse (SG 2006 equiv.)Laser Diode (Spec sheet included)

MINIATURE MULTI-TURN TRIM POTS100, 5K, 10K, 20K, 250K. 1 Meg, $.75 each

2N3820 P FET

2N5457 N FET $ .45

2N2646 UJT.

ER 900 TRIGGER DIODES 4/$l .00

2N 6028 PROG. UJT $ .65

FP 100 PHOTO TRANS S .50

RED, YELLOW OR GEEN LARGE LED's. 2" G/S1.00

RED/GREEN BIPOLAR LED's. 2" 5 .55

MLED92 1R LED $ .75

MRD14B PHOTO DARL. XTOR $ .75

TIL-118 OPTO-ISOLATOR $ .75

IL-5 OPTO-ISOLATOR $ .BO

1 WATT ZENERS: 3.3.4.7. 5.1.5.6, 6.8,8.2, 9.1, 10,12.15,18, Of 22V 6'S1.00

TTL REED RELAY - SPST5V20mn S1.00

SCR'S TRIACS

1.5A

SA

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100

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lf/1

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1.55

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400

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t? 00

.;;:■:..

1.30

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3 60

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2.75

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SOMERVILLE, MASS. 02143 TEL. 16171547-7053

WE SHIP OVER 95%

OFOURORDERSTHE

DAY WE RECEIVE THEM

258 BYTE August 1980

Circle 227 on inquiry card.

TRS-80SERIAL I/O

• Can input into basic

• Can use LLIST andLPRINT to output, oroutput continuously •RS-232 compatible •Can be used with orwithout the expansionbus • On board switchselectable baud ratesof 110,150,300,600,1200, 2400. parity orno parity odd or even,5 to 8 data bits, and 1or 2 stop bits. D.T.R.line • Requires +5,-12 VDC • Board only$19.95 Part No. 8010.with parts $59.95 PartNo. 801OA, assembled$79.95 Part No. 8010C. No connectors pro-vided, see below.

EIA/F1S-23a con-nector Part NoOB25PS6 0O.vwch9'. B conductorcable $10 95 PartNo OB25P9

3' ribbon cabletv.th attached con-nectors to litTRS-80 and our serialboard S19 95 PartNo 3CAB40

COMPUCRUISE

$129.95; with cruise con-trol $ 169.95

PAPER TIGER

Prints address labels,multicopy invoices andlegal-size reports. Adjustthe tractor width from1-3/4 to 9-1/2 inches.8 switch-selectableforms lengths. Print 6or 8 lines per inch. Addthe software-selectablefull dot plotting graphicsoption to print illustra-tions, block letters,charts, graphs. Part No.

162172 $899.95* withgraphics option Part No.

162173 $1099.95

GAME PADDLES& SOUND

Ws&+

Includes: 2 game pad-dles, interface, soft-ware, speaker, powersupply, full documen-tation including: sche-matics, theory ofoperation, and userguide; plus 2 games oncassette (Pong andStarshipWar). $79.95Complete Part No.7922C

DIGICOM DATAPRODUCTS INC.

Series 312Acoustic Coupler

300 BAUD Originate.Part No. AC3122,$219.95. 300 BAUDAnswer, Part No.AC3122, $219.95.300 BAUD Answer/Or-iginate, PartNo.AC3123,$229.95.

IBEXLIGHT PEN

Comes with Backgam-mon and Tic-Tac-Toe ontape with full documen-tation and program list-ing. Requires 9v. battery.Part No. IBEX $19.95

SYSTEM

EXPANSION

from

LNW Research

• Serial RS232C/20mA I/O • Floppy con-troller • 32K bytesmemory • Parallel print-er port • Dual cassetteport • Real-time clock

• Screen printer bus •Onboard power supply

• Software compatible

• Solder mask, silkscreen. PC board anduser manual. Part No.LNW80. $69.95.

DISKETTES

Yfeitoatim

Box of 10, 5" $29.95,8" $39.95.Plastic box, holds 10diskettes, 5"- $4.50,8"-$6.50.

16K RAMS

For the Apple,TRS-BO or Pet $8each Part No. 4116/2117.

LEEDEXMONITOR

12" Black and White-12 MHz Bandwidth• Handsome PlasticCase-$139.00

AN S-100 bus Adapter—Motherboard for theTRS-80. Kit, Part No, HUH81DLXK, $295.95.Assembeled, Part No. HUH81DLXA. $375.95.

NOW!

A FULL SUPPORT SYSTEM

FOR TRS-80

• 32K of RAM • EPROM firmware • Diskcontrol • Data acquisition • Parallel I/O •Serial I/O • Plug into GPA's Motherboard.GPA's quality design includes • 6-44 pin edgeconnectors • +5V. -5V, +12V, -12V externalpower supply required • Active termination.The Motherboard, Part No. GPA80. is only$149.95.

TAKE ADVANTAGE OF

GPA-EXPANSION CARDS

FOR THE GPA80

Memory cards: Now with Fortran compilersavailable for your TRS-80, additional expansionmemory is a must! Card with sockets only, PartNo. GPA801 ,$119.95. Card with 16K of 4116Dynamic Ram, Part No. GPA802, $224.95.Card with 32K of 4116 Dynamic Ram, Part No.GPA803, $329.95. All cards come equippedwith sockets to accomodate 32 K of Ram.EPROM firmware card. Put those valuablesubroutines in firmware. Don't waste timeloading and unloading tapes and disks. For2708or 2716 EPROMS. Part No. GPA806. $79.95.Serial I/O card. Here's what you've beenasking for, a full serial terminal interface, withRS-232C or 20 mA. Current loop. Input/outputcapabilities. Part No. GPA807. $79.95.Parallel I/O Card. Control functions in theoutside world, monitor and store real timeevents. Two parallel output ports. Dip switchesselect ports (0-254). Part No. GPA808,$79.95.

FLOPPY DISKSTORAGE BINDERS

Three ring binder comeswith ten transparent plas-tic sleeves which accom-modate either twenty,five-inch or ten, eight-inchfloppy disks. Binder & 10holders, Part No. 81 OB—S9.95 • Extra holders.Part No. 810—69C each.

Three-ring binder withten 5 1/4 inch jacketsPart No. 51 OB—$9.95»Jackets only, fits stan-dard 3-ring binders, PartNo. 510-691 each.

DIGITALCASSETTE

5 min. each side. Boxof 10 $9.95. Part No.C-5.

TRENDCOMPRINTER

TRENDCOM 200, PartNo. TRCO200 $495.95.Interface for TRS-80.Part No. T80A $49.95,For Apple II, Part No.TRCALL. $75.95. ForPET, NO. TRCP2,$79.95. For Scoccerer,TRCSR1 $45.95.

SARGON: A ComputerChess Program

Features the complete program that won the1978 West Coast Computer Faire Tourna-ment. Part No. 00603 —TRS-80 Level II;Part No. 00604 — Apple II (24K). $19.95

SPINWRITERMODELS 5510 and 5520

Features—EIA RS-232C/CCITT V.24 Inter-face Standard • 55 Characters Per SecondMaximum Print Rate • Impeccable Print Quality(OCR Quality) • Microprocessor Electronics •High Resolution Plotting/Graphing • LowestOperating Noise Level • Self-Test Printing •Operator Engineered Control Panel • PrintsOriginal and up to Seven Copies • NEC Informa-tion Systems new Model 5510 Receive Only andModel 5520 Keyboard Send/Receive SPIN-WRITER terminals are microprocessor con-trolled serial, impact terminals designed forremote printing applications where impeccableprint quality is required. Model 5510 RO, PartNo. NECA30759 $2795.95 • Model 5520KSR, Part No. NECA30762 $3095.95

Send for FREE Catalog...a big self addressed envelope with 80<P postage gets it fastest!

TO OrdGf' Mention part no., description, and price. In USA shipping paid by us for orders accompanied by check or money1 order. We accept C.O.D. orders [U.S. only) or a VISA or Master Charge no., expiration date, signature and phoneno., shipping charges will be added. CA residents add 6.5% for tax. Outside USA add 15°/o for air mail postageand handling. Payment must be in U.S. dollars. Dealer inquiries invited. Prices subject to change without notice.

Order Line: (408) 448-0800

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS DePi B< R°-Box 2163a San Jose'CA USA 95151

Circle 217 on inquiry card.

BYTE August 1980 259

HEX ENCODED KEYBOARD

Four onboard LEDs indi-cate the HEX code gen-erated for each keydepression. The boardrequires a single +5volt supply. Board only$15.00 Part No. HEX-3,with parts $49.95 PartNo. HEX- 3A. 44 pinedge connector $4.00Part No. 44P.

T.V.TYPEWRITER

• Stand alone TVT

• 32 char/line, 16lines, modifications for64 char/line included

• Parallel ASCII (TTL)input • Video output

• 1K on board memory

• Output for computercontrolled curser •Auto scroll • Non-destructive curser •Curser inputs: up, down,left, right, home, EOL,EOS • Scroll up, down

• Requires +5 voltsat 1.5 amps, and -1 2volts at 30 mA • All7400, TTL chips •Char. gen. 2513 •Upper case only •Board only $39.00Part No. 106, withparts $145.00 PartNo. 106A

44 BUS MOTHERBOARD

Has provisions for ten44 pin (.156) connec-tors, spaced 3/4 of aninch apart. Pin 20 isconnected to X, and22 is connected to Zfor power and ground.All the other pins areconnected in parallel.This board also hasprovisions for bypasscapacitors. Boardcost $15.00 Part No.102. Connectors

$3.00 each Part No.44WR

UART&BAUD RATEGENERATOR

• Converts serial toparallel and parallel toserial • Low cost onboard baud rate gener-ator • Baud rates:110, 150, 300, 600,1200, and 2400 •Low power drain +5volts and -12 voltsrequired • TTL com-patible • All characterscontain a start bit, 5to 8 data bits, 1 or 2stop bits, and eitherodd or even parity. • Allconnections go to a 44pin gold plated edgeconnector • Board only$12.00 Part No. 101,with parts $35.00 PartNo. 101 A, 44 pin edgeconnector $4.00 PartNo. 44P

RS-232/20mAINTERFACE

This board has twopassive, opto-isola-ted circuits. One con-verts RS-232 to20mA, the other con-verts 20mA to RS-232. All connectionsgo to a 10 pin edgeconnector. Requires+12 and -12 volts.Board only $9.95,part no. 7901, withparts $14.95 PartNo. 7901A.

ASCII TO CORRESPONDENCECODE CONVERTER

This bidirectional board is a direct replace-ment for the board inside the Trendata 1000terminal. The on board connector providesRS-232 serial in and out. Sold only as anassembled and tested unit for $249.95.Part No. TA1000C

ASCII KEYBOARD

53 Keys popular ASR-33 format • RuggedG-10 PC. Board • Tri-mode MOS encoding• Two-Key Rollover • MOS/DTL/TTL Compat-ible • Upper Case lockout • Data and Strobeinversion option • Three User DefinableKeys • Low contact bounce • Selectable Par-ity • Custom Keycaps • George Risk Model753. Requires +5, -12 volts. $59.95 Kit.

ASCII KEYBOARD

TTL & DTL compatible • Full 67 key array

• Full 128 character ASCII output • Positivelogic with outputs resting low • Data Strobe

• Five user-definable spare keys • Standard22 pin dual card edge connector • Requires+5VDC, 325 mA. Assembled & Tested.Cherry Pro Part No. P70-05AB. $119.95.

A-to-D D-to-A CONVERTER

•rtgftmliiwiljfe «j

Analog to Digital,Digital to AnalogConverter A-D con-version time 20us.D-A conversion5us. Uses includespeech and musicsynthesizing andslow scan TV. Sin-gle power supply [5V1, B Bits wide, latched I/O,strobe lines. Part No. 79287K Complete Kit$49.95 • Part No. 79287A Assembled $69.95

SOLID STATE SWITCH

Your computer can control power(120VAC) to your printer, lights,and other 120VAC appliances upto720watts(6AMPSat120VAC).Input 3 to 15 VDC, 2-13 MA TTLcompatible, isolation 1500V. Part No. 79000K1 Channel Kit $9.95 • Assm. $12.50 • Part No.79004K 4 Channel Kit $34.95 • Assm. $44.95.

SUPER MODEM

Orignate, RS-232 and20 mA compatable, Fullduplex, and half duplex,direct connect or a-coustic coupled, onboard power supply, car-rier detect light, DB25 plug , 300 BAUD, Type103 compatable frequencies, Bare board PartNo. 2000,$19,95. Kit Part No.20O0A,$99.95.

T.V. INTERFACE

• Converts video toAM modulated RF,Channels 2 or 3. Sopowerful almost notuning is required. Onboard regulated powersupply makes this ex-tremely stable. Ratedvery highly in DoctorDobbs' Journal. Recom-mended by Apple •Power required is 12volts AC C.T., or +5volts DC • Board only$7.60 part No. 107,with parts $13.50 PartNo. 107A

SOROCIQ120

Upper/lower case dis-play • Numeric keypadS. cursor keys • Pro-tected fields, Vs inten-sity display • RS 232interface S. aux. port.IQ120—$799.95 •IQ140 Detachable key-board—$1199.95

RS-32/TTLINTERFACE

• Converts TTL to RS-232, and converts RS-232 to TTL • Two se-parate circuits • Re-quires -12 and +12volts • All connectionsgo to a 10 pin edgeconnector, kit $9.95 PartNo. 232 A10 Pin edge con -nector $3.00 part No.1DP.

TAPEINTERFACE

• Converts a low costtape recorder to adigital recorder • Worksup to 1200 baud •Dig-ital in and out are TTL-serial • Output ofboard connects to mic.in of recorder • Ear-phone of recorder con-nects to input on board

• No coils • Requires+5 volts, low powerdrain • Board only$7.60 Part No. 111,with parts $29.95PartNo. 111A

MODEM

• Type 103 • Full or halfduplex • Works up to300 baud • Originateor Answer • Serial TTLinput and output • con-nect 8 n speaker andcrystal mic. directly toboard • Requires +5volts* Board only $7.60Part No. 109, with parts$29.95 Part No. 109A.

COMPUCOLOR II

a

i

With reg. keyboardMODS 8K $1449.95M0D4 16 K $1495.95M0D5 32K $1699.95Without disk drive sub-tract $450.00. Add-ondrives, $495.00. With101 key option add$134.95. With 117 keyoption add $179.95.

DC POWER SUPPLY

• Board supplies a regulated +5volts at 3 amps., +1 2, -1 2, and -5volts at 1 amp. • Power required is8 volts AC at 3 amps., and 24 voltsAC C.T. at 1.5 amps. • Board only fi$12.50 Part No. 60B5, with partsexcluding transformers $42.50Part No. 6085A

To Order:

Send for FREE Catalog...a big self addressed envelope with 80$ postage gets it fastest!

Mention part no., description, and price. In USA shipping paid by us for orders accompanied by check or moneyorder. We accept C.O.D. orders (U.S. only) or a VISA or Master Charge no., expiration date, signature and phoneno., shipping charges will be added. CA residents add B.5°/o for tax. Outside USA add 15% for air mail postageand handling. Payment must be in U.S. dollars. Dealer inquiries invited. Prices subject to change without notice.

Order Line: (408) 448-0800

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS DePt- B< R0- Box21638, SanJose,CA USA95151

260 BYTE August 1980

Circle 217 on inquiry card.

16K$975.95, Extra 18KE.S. RAM installed$74.95, extra 32KE.S.RAM installed $148.95.

APPLE II HOBBY/PROTOTYPING CARD

PartNo.7907$14.95

APPLE IIPARALLELINTERFACE

Interfaces printers, syn-thesizers keyboards, andJBE A-D D-A Converter& Switches. This inter-face has 4 I/O portswith handshaking logic,a-6522 VIA's and a74LS74 for timing. In-puts and outputs areTTL compatible. PartNo. 79295K CompleteKit—$69.95 • Part No.79295A Assembled—$79.95

REALTIME

100,000 DAY

CLOCK

MI HARDWARE Dou-ble the utility of yourS-10D bus computerwith a real-time clock -that keeps time in100uS increments forover 273 years. Pro-gram events for the en-tire period with real timeinterrupts...without de-railing the system. Main-tain a log of computerusage, time and datetransaction printouts,call up lists. On-boardbattery backup.MHPX004- $349.00

16KEPROM

Uses 2708 EPROMS,memory speed selec-tion provided, ad-dressable anywhere in65K of memory, canbe shadowed in 4K in-crements. Board only$24.95 part no.7902, with parts lessEPROMs$49.95partno. 7902A.

PET COMPUTER

With 16K & monitor—$895.00 • Dual Disk Drive—$1095.00

OPTO-ISOLATED

PARALLEL INPUT

BOARD FOR

APPLE II

There are 8 inputs thatcan be driven fromTTL logic or any 5 voltsource. The circuitboard can be pluggedinto any of the 8 socketsof your Apple II. It hasa 16 pin socket forstandard dip ribboncable connection.Board only$15.00. PartNo. 120, with parts$69.95. Part No. 120A.

VIDEO TERMINAL

Strir *

16 lines, 64 columns-Upper and lower case

• 5x7 dot matrix • Se-rial RS-232 in and outwith TTL parallelkeyboard input • Onboard baud rategenerator 75, 110,150, 300, 600, &1200 jumper select-able • Memory 1024characters (7-21L02)

• Video processor chipSFF96364 by Necu-lonic • Control char-acters (CR, LF, -•, -,f, i, non destructivecursor, CS, home, CL

• White characters onblack background orvice-versa • With theaddition of a key-board, video monitoror TV set with TVinterface (part no.107A) and powersupply this is a com-plete stand aloneterminal • also S-100compatible • requires+ 16, S, -16 VDC at100mA, and8VDCat1A. Part No. 1000A$199.95 kit.

qiB|DjQiqiqjqir-ij

PARALLEL

TRIAC OUTPUT

BOARD FOR

APPLE II

This board has 8 triacs capable of switching110 volt 6 amp loads (660 watts per channel] or atotal of 5280 watts. Board only $15.00 Part No.210. with parts $119.95 Part No. 21OA

apple ii-::-

SERIAL I/OINTERFACE

Baud rate is continuously adjustable from 0to 30,000 • Plugs into any peripheralconnector • Low current drain. RS-232 inputand output • On board switch selectable 5 to8 data bits, 1 or 2 stop bits, and parity or noparity either odd or even • Jumper selectableaddress • SOFTWARE • Input and Outputroutine from monitor or BASIC to teletype orother serial printer • Program for using anApple II for a video or an intelligent terminal.Also can output in correspondence code tointerface with some selectrics. • Alsowatches DTR • Board only $15.00 Part No.2, with parts $42.00 Part No. 2A, assembled$62.00 Part No. 2C

8K EPROM PICEON

• Programs 2708's address relocation of each4K of memory to any 4K boundary • Power onjump and reset jump option for "turnkey"systems and computers without a front panel

• Program saver software in 1 2708 EPROM$25. Bare board $35 including custom coil,board with parts but no EPROMS $139, with 4EPROMS $179, with 8 EPROMS $219.

WAMECO PRODUCTS

With ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS parts

FDC-1 FLOPPY CONTROLLER BOARD willdrive shugart, pertek, remex 5" & 8" drivesup to 8 drives, on board PROM with powerboot up, will operate with CPM (notincluded). PCBD $42.95

FPB-1 Front Panel. (Finally) IMSAI size hexdisplays. Byte or instruction single step.PCBD $42.95

MEM-1A 8Kx8 fully buffered, S-100, uses2102 type RAMS.PCBD $24.95, $1 68 Kit

QMB-1S MOTHER BOARD, 1 3 slot, termi-nated, S-100 board only $34.95

$89 95 Kit

CPU-1 8080A Processor board S-100 with

B level vector interrupt PCBD .. $25.95

$89.95 Kit

RTC-1 Realtime clock board. Two independ-ent interrupts. Software programmable.PCBD $25.95. $60.95 Kit

EPM-2 2708/2716 16K/32K

EPROM card PCBD $24.95

$49.95 with parts less EPROMS

QMB-9 MOTHER BOARD. Short Version of

QMB-1 2. 9 Slots PCBD $30.95

$67.95 Kit

MEM-2 16Kx8 Fully Buffered 2114 BoardPCBD $25.95, $269.95 Kit

YOU MUST REFER TO THIS ADTO GET THESE PRICES.

D.C. HAYES MICROMODEM

Fully S-100 bus compatible including 16-bitmachines and 4 MHz processors. • Two soft-ware selectable Baud rates—300 Baud and ajumper selectable speed from 45 to 300 Baud.(110 standard). Supports originate and answermodes. • Direct-connect Microcoupler. ThisFCC-registered device provides direct accessinto your local telephone system, with none ofthe losses or distortions associated with acous-tic couplers and without a telephone companysupplied data access arrangement. • Auto-Answer/Auto-Call. The MICROMODEM 100can automatically answer the phone and receiveinput; it can also dial a number automatically. •Automatic Reset and Disconnect. • Softwarecompatible with the D.C. Hayes Associates80-103A Data Communications Adapter.Micromodem-DCHA32625—$379.95

TIDMA

Tape Interface Direct Memory Access • Recordand play programs without bootstrap loader (noprom) has FSK encoder/decoder for direct con-nections to low cost recorder at 1200 baud rate,and direct connections for inputs and outputs toa digital recorder at any baud rate • S-100 buscompatible • Board only $35.00 Part No. 112,with parts $110.00 Part No. 112A.

SYSTEM MONITOR

8080, 8085, or Z-80 System monitor for usewith the TIDMA board. There is no need forthe front panel. Complete with documentation$12.95.

RS-232/TTYINTERFACE

This board has twoactive circuits, one con-verts RS-232 to 20 mA,the other converts 20mA to RS-232. Re-quires +12 and -12volts. $9.95 Part Mo.600A Kit.

SERIAL I/O

Four Serial I/O RS-232ports. S-10D Bus. Soft-ware or jumper selectablebaud rate (110,300.600,1200,2400,4800,9600,19.2K). on board Xtal baudrate generator, Address-ing, switch selectable,Parity or no parity (odd oreven) switch selectable, 1or 2 stop bits, 5 to Bbits/character. Board only$29.95, Part Nd. 7908.With parts (kit) $199.95,Part No. 7908A.

S-100 BUSACTIVE TERMINATOR

Board only $14,95 Part No. 900, with parts$24.95 Part No. 900A

Send for FREE Catalog...a big self addressed envelope with 804: postage gets it fastest!

Tfl flrriPT" Mention part no., description, and price. In USA shipping paid by us for orders accompanied by check or moneylu Ul UCI. orrjer y\/e accept C.O.D. orders (U.S. only) or a VISA or Master Charge no., expiration date, signature and phone

no., shipping charges will be added. CA residents add 6.5°/o for tax. Outside USA add 15°/o for air mail postageand handling. Payment must be in U.S. dollars. Dealer inquiries invited. Prices subject to change without notice.

Order Line: (408) 448-0800

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS DePl-B- RQ Box 21638, San Jose, CA USA 95151

Circle 217 on inquiry card.

BYTE August 1980 261

COMPUTERSYSTEMS

J INC.

15335 South Hawthorne BoulevardLawndale, California 90260,„,,, (213) 970-0952

TELEVIDEOSMART (CRT)TERMINAL

• Reverse Video • Blinking/blank fields

• Upper/lower case character • Protected fields

• Non-glare screen • Underlining* 12 x 10 characterresolution • Single stroke editing keys • Functionkeys • Blinking cursor • TTY keyboard • Numericpad • 9 Baud rates (75-9600 Baud) • Self-test

• Printer port

912B $750100

920B $850.00

920C $900.00

OPTION:

2nd Page Memory $ 24.95

Freight Charge $ 15.00

Nationwide Field Service available from GeneralElectric Instrumentation and Communication Equip-ment Service Shops.

APPLE PRODUCTS

MICRO-MODEM II $350.00

SORRENTO CONTROLLER

for 8" Apple Disk Drive $360.00

INTROL X-10 SYSTEM

(turns appliances on/off) $275.00

MICRO-MUSIC (Software) $180.00

AlO/Serial-Parallel Board A4T SSM $155.00

INTEGER Firmware Card $179.00

PARALLEL INTERFACE CARD $ 90.00

VISICALC (Business Software

Package) $124.95

SUPER-MOD II (connects Apple to TV) ... $ 29.00ROM WRITER (Epromburner)

Mountain Hardware $175.00

PROGRAMMER AID #1 $ 50.00

APPLE CLOCK $280.00

SANYO 15" MONITOR $295.00

SWITCHABLE 2 or 4 MHz

THEQTZ+80REV1

Z-80A CPU with Serial I/O PortThis CPU can accommodate a 2708, 2716, or 2732EPROM in SHADOW mode, allowing you to use afull 64K of RAM. The MWRITE signal is generatedautomatically if you use the board without a frontpanel. There's also an independent on-board USARTto control the RS232 serial port at baud rates from110 to 9600.

CPU-Z+80K (KIT) $132.00

CPU-Z+80AT (A&T) $189.00

CPU-Z+BOBB (BARE BOARD) $ 33.00

VERBATIM & MEMOREX

Part No. Sectoring Pkg. ol 2 Box of 10

OTMO 525 01 Soft Sector $ 8.85 $29.95

QTMO 525 10 Hard 10 Sector $8.95 $29.95

OTMO 525 16 Hard 16 Sector $8.85 $29.95

QTF032 1000 Hard Sector $11.95 $34.95

0TFO34 1000 Soft Sector $11.95 $34.95

KASETTE/10LIBRARY

Part No.

CAS-10-8 Grey 8" Diskette Holder $4.50

Black ... or3/$ia00

Blue

BeigeCAS-10-5 Grey 5" Diskette Holder $4.25

Black or 3/$1O00

Blue

Beige

SPECIALPACKAGE PRICE

1 Male DB-25, 1 Female DB-25, 1 Cover

RS-232 SET $6.50

Look to QT for the

APPLE

SERIAL/PARALLEL

INTERFACE

Al/O Kit $125.00

Al/O A&T $165.00

16 X 64 VIDEO BD

BY ITHACA AUDIO

ASSEMBLED & TESTED

• Full upper/lower case ASCII character set,numbers, symbols and Greek letters

• 7 x 9 Dot matrix in 8 x 10 field

• Selectable display modes, normal & reverse video,blinking characters

• Memory addressable to any 1K page

• Software driver simulates TTY, provides full cursorcontrol, scrolling & paging

AST PRICE ONLY $139.96

IN STOCK

All our advertised itemsare in stock and availablefor immediate delivery!

DON SMITH

Don brings to QT thesame high level ofpersonal service which heoffered as sole owner ofJade Computer before heleft in February of 1979.

DISK DRIVE SYSTEMS

S-100

MS-800-1 (Drive with case, cables &

power supply) $1095.00

MS-800-2 (2 Drives with case, cables &

power supply) $1595.00

51/4" DISK DRIVES

MPI B-51 $295.00

SHUGART SA400 $295.00

8" DISK DRIVES

SHUGART 8" 801R $45000

REMEX RFD 4000 $635.00

TEXTOOL

ZIP* DIP II SOCKETS

L.fef 4

^ 1 ' nmn

16 PIN ZIP* DIP II $ 5.50

24 PIN ZIP* DIP II $ 7.50

40 PIN ZIP* DIP II $10.25

•ZERO INSERTION PRESSURE

QT MEMORY EXPANSION KITS

FOR

TRS-80* APPLE• EXIDY

4116 200 ns8 for $49.50

2716 (5V - 450 ns)$18.00

2716 (5&12V-450ns)$14.00

PAPER TIGER

• 132/80 Columns; 6 or 8 lines per inch

• 1.75"-9.5" Adjustable Tractor and Friction Feed

• Parallel and Serial Interface

• 98 Character ASCII Set

• 8 Software Selectable Character Sizes

• 110, 300, 600 or 1200 Baud

QT PRICES

PT-132 $ 950.00

PT-132G (Graphics & 2K Buffer) $1050.00

STATIC RAMBOARDS

SR-8K BARE BD (Ithaca Audio) 21L02 .... $ 19.00SR-16K BARE BD (Problem Solvers) 2114.$ 19.00SR-16K AST (Cal. Comp Sys)

2114L 4MHz $269.95

SR-32K KIT (Uses 2114L) 4MHz $47500

SR-32K A&T (Uses 2114L) 4MHz $500.00

PARTS

MICROPROCESSORS

Z80 (2 MHz) $10.95

Z80A (4 MHz) ... $12.95

8502 $11.25

6800 $12.50

6802 $19.50

8035 $20.00

8080A $ 3.95

8085A $20.00

8086-4 $60.00

8748-8 $70.00

8080A SUPPORT

8212 $ 3.50

8214 $ 4.50

8216 $ 2.95

8224 $ 4.00

8228 $ 6.00

8238 $ 6.00

8243 $ 5.00

8251 $ 7.00

8253 $19.00

8253-5 $27.00

8255 $ 6.25

8257 $17.95

8257-5 $19.00

8259 $19.95

8275 $69.95

8279 $17.50

8279-5 $1800

8295 $16.50

KEYBOARD CHIPS

AY5-2376 $1175

AY5-36O0 $1175

BAUD RATEGENERATORS

MC14411 $11.00

1.8432 XTAL $ 4.95

BR1941L $10.00

DISC CONTROLLER

1771B01 $24.95

1791B01 $39.95

EPROMS

1702A $ 4.95

2708 $ 6.75

2516 $22.00

2758 $27.00

2532 $75.00

2732 $75.00

USRT

S2350 $10.95

MISCELLANEOUSOTHER COMPONENTS

N8T20 $3.25

N8T26 $ 2.50

N8T97 $ 100

N6T98 $ 2.00

1488 $ 1.25

1489 $ 1.25

D3205 $ 3.00

D3242 $1015

D3245 $ 5.60

P3404 $ 6.75

TMS5501 $1900

DM8131 $ 3.00

CRT CONTROLLERMC6S45P $18.00

STATIC RAMS2114L (450 ra) $5.25 M.

100 M./W.50 •*.

21141. (300 ra) $5.50 ••.

100 M./S4.75 H.

UARTS

TR1602B $ 3.75

CHARACTER

GENERATORS2513 (Upper cm) $10.952513 (Lower cue) $10.952513 Upper (5 v) $ 9.752513 Lower (5 v) $10.95

EXPANDORAM I

EXPANDABLE TO 64K USING 4116 RAMS

Interfaces with most popular S-100 boards

Bank selectable; PHANTOM provision

Draws only 5 watts fully populated

Designed to work with Z-80, 8080.and 8085 systems

No wait states required

16K boundaries & protect via dip switches

Kits come with sockets for full 64K

Invisible refresh

MEM-16K (16KKIT) $198.00

MEM-16AT (16K A&T) $269.00

MEM-32K (32K KIT) $260.00

MEM-32AT (32K A&T) $329.00

MEM-48K (48K KIT) $315.00

MEM-4BAT (48K A&T) $379.00

MEM-64K (64K KIT) $370.00

MEM-64AT (64K A&T) $439.00

EXPANDORAM H

THE RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY

S-100 Bus Compatible

Up to 4Mhz Operation

Expandable Memory from 16K to 256K

Dip Switch Selectable Boundaries

Uses 16K (4116) or 64K (4164) Memory Devices

Page Mode Operation Allows up to 8 Memory

Boards on BusOperates with Z80 CPU'sPhantom Output DisableInvisible Refresh (Synchronized with Wait States)

MEMII-16K (KIT) .... $250.00

MEMII-1SAT (A&T) W^» • • • J30000

MEMII-32K (KIT) \0 \ ..$325.00

MEMII-32AT (A&T) /^\ V *G%- .$375.00MEMII-48K (KIT) . .. \J. »Qv» .... $395.00

MEMII-48AT (A&T) .. Ot^* $475.00

MEMII-64K (KIT) V $475.00

MEMII-64AT (A&T) $539.00

Z-80 STARTER KIT

COMPLETE Z-80 MICROCOMPUTER

On-board keyboard, display, EPROM programmer.

and cassette interface

On-board S-1Q0 interface

Wire-wrap area and room for 2 S-100 connectors

Two 8-bit parallel I/O ports. 4-channel CTC. 5

programmable breakpoints

Examine and change memory. I/O ports, or register

Z-80K (KIT) $310.00

Z-80AT (A&T) $369.95

SD SYSTEMS

VERSAFLOPPYI

SINGLE DENSITY DISK DRIVE CONTROLLERS-100 Bus CompatibleIBM 3740 Compatible Soft-Sectored FormatOperates with both Standard (8") and Mini (5V«") DriveProvides Control for Single or Double-Sided

OperationControls up to Four Drives SimultaneouslyOperates with SDOS or CP/M Disk Operation SystemOperates with Z80, 8080, and 8085 Central Processing

UnitsUtilizes FD 1771B-1 Controller DeviceControl and Diagnostic Software Available in PROMInterrupt Operation Optional

VF-IK (KIT) $235.00

VF-IAT (A&T) $295.00

VERSAFLOPPY H

DOUBLE DENSITY DISK CONTROLLER

Single or double density floppy disk controller

985600 bytes on 8" double sided diskettes

259840 bytes on double sided 5'/4" diskettes

S-100 bus (IEEE) standard compatible

IBM 3740 format in single density

8" and 5'/4" drives controlled simultaneously

Operates with Z-80. 8080, and 8085 CPU's

Controls up to 4 drives

Vectored interrupt operation optional

VF-2K (KIT) $335.95

VF-2AT (A&T) $385.95

SBC-100/200

OR 4 MHz SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER

S-100 bus compatible Z-80 CPU

1K of on-board RAM

4 EPROM sockets accomodates 2708, 2716, or 2732

One parallel and one serial I/O port

4-channel counter timer chip (Z-80 CTC)

Software programmable serial baud rates

SBC-100K (2 MHz KIT) $280.00

SBC-100AT (2 MHz A&T) $340.00

SBC-200K (4 MHz KIT) $299.00

SBC-200AT (4 MHz A&T) $359.00

$25 REBATE

on any SD Systems

microcomputer board

Offer expires 10-31-80

VDB-8024

VIDEO DISPLAYBOARD

WITH ON-BOARD Z80 MICROPROCESSOR

S-100 Bus Compatible

Full 80 Characters by 24 Lines Display

Characters Displayed by High Resolution 7 x 10

MatrixComposite or TTL Video OutputKeyboard Power and InterfaceForward and Reverse Scrolling CapabilityBlinking, Underlining, Field Reverse, Field Protect

and CombinationsFull Cursor Control96 Upper and Lower Case Characters32 Special Character Set128 Additional User Programmable Characters

(Optional)On-Board Z80 Microprocessor2K Bytes Independent On-Board RAM MemoryGlitch-Free Display

VDB-K (KIT) $365.00

VDB-AT (A&T) $440.00

PROM-100

PROGRAMMING BOARD FOR PROM DEVELOPMENTS-100 Bus CompatiblePrograms the Following EPROMs:

2708, Intel 2758, 2716, 2732 and Texas Instruments

2516Dip Switch Selection of EPROM type25 VDC Programming Pulse Generated On BoardMaximum Programming Time: 16,384 Bits in 100

SecondsPower Requirement: +8VDC at 300 ma; +16 VDC at

100 ma; -16VDC at 60 maTTL CompatibleSoftware Provides for Reading of Object File from

SDOS, CP/M or PROM and Programming into

EPROMProgram VerificationVerification of ErasureZero Insertion Force Socket

PROM-100K (KIT) $175.95

PROM-100AT (A&T) $235.00

S-100 BARE BOARDS

CB1A 8080 CPU $33.00

VB2 I/O Mapped Video Interlace $33.00

102 Parallel I/O Interlace $33.00

104 2P+ 2S I/O Interface $33.00

SB1 Music Synthesizer $40.00

OB1 Vector Jump & Prototyping Board $29.95

MB3 4K 1702 EPROM Board $30.00

MB6B 8K Static RAM $27.00

MB7 Low Power 16K Static RAM $30.00

MB8A 16K 2708 EPROM Board $30.00

T1 Terminator $26.00

MTI 15 Slot Motherboard $40.00

XB1 Extender Board $13.50

S-100 KITS & ASSEMBLED BOARDS

CB1A 8080 CPU

Kit $149.95

Assembled & Tested $199.95

CB2 Z-80 CPU

Kit

Assembled & Tested

$195.00. $275.00

MB3 4K 1702 EPROM Board

Kit - without EPROMS

Assembled & Tested

. $ 65.00$125.00

MB6B 8K Static RAM450 ns RAM

Kit

Assembled & Tested .

$139.95$199.95

^SS7PRODUCTS

MB7 Low Power 16K Static RAM

Kit $325.00

Assembled & Tested $375.00

MB8A 16K 2708 EPROM Board

Kit - without EPROMS $ 99.00

Assembled & Tested $159.00

MT1 15 Slot Motherboard

Kit (with Connectors) $119.95

Assembled & Tested $149.95

OB1 Vector Jump & Prototyping Board

Kit $ 55.00

Assembled & Tested $ 85.00

PB1 2708/2716 EPROM Programmer

Kit with Textool sockets $134.95

Assembled & Tested w/Textools sockets$174.95

SB1 Music Synthesizer (4)

Kit $199.00

Assembled & Tested $279.00

T1 Active Terminator

Kit $ 34.00

Assembled & Tested $ 64.00

Upgrade Kit for 80x24 Display

2 MHz $ 69.00

4 MHz $ 89.00

VB1B Memory Mapped Video InterfaceLIMITED SUPPLY — DISCONTINUED

Kit

Assembled & Tested

BOARD

$149.95

$180.00

VB2 I/O Mapped Video Interlace

Kit $160.00

Assembled & Tested $210.00

VB3 80 Character Video Interface80x24 Display, 2 MHz

Kit $324.95

Assembled & Tested $399.95

XB1 Extender Board

Kit (with Connector) .Assembled & Tested.

. $ 19.95. $ 29.95

80x24 Display, 4 MHz

Kit

Assembled & Tested..

. $369.95. $439.00

I02 Parallel I/O Interface

Kit

Assembled & Tested

. $ 59.00. $ 89.00

I04 2P + 2S I/O Interface

Kit

Assembled & Tested

. $134.95. $199.95

250 ns RAM

Kit

Assembled & Tested.

. $179.95. $245.00

COMPUTERSYSTEMSI I INC.

I 15335 South Hawthorne Boulevard_J Lawndale, California 90260quick » timhy (213) 970-0952

PLACE ORDERS TOLL FREE

1-800-421-5150(CONTINENTAL U.S. ONLY)

(EXCEPT CALIFORNIA)

TERMS OF SALE: Cash, checks, moneyorders, credit cards accepted Also CODorders under S100 00 Minimum order S10 00California residents add 6% sales tax Mini-mum shipping and handling charge S2 50Prices subiect to change without noticeInternational sales in American dollars only

$2130.00 COMPUTERGET A JADE INFLATION

JADE Saves You$1130

4 MHz BOARD SET T&tpZ

SBC-200 CPU with I/O $400.00

Versafloppy II Dbl density controllr . $430.00ExpandoRAM II 64K RAM 4 MHz . $1300.00

Total price $2130.00

JADE KIT PRICE $1074.95

Less SD Systems Rebate $75.00

YOUR COST ONLY $999.95

S-100 Boards

THE BIG Z - Jade

2 or 4 MHz switckable Z-80 CPU with serial I/O

CPU-30201K Kit $145.00

CPU-30201A A&T $199.00

CPU-30200B Bare board $35.00

SBC-100 - SD Systems

2.5 MHz Z-80 CPU with serial & parallel I/O ports

CPC-30100K Kit $257.50

CPC-30100A A&T $325.00

SBC-200 - SD Systems

4 MHz Z-80 CPU with serial & parallel I/O ports

CPC-30200K Kit $399.95

CPC-30200A A&T $475.00

CB2 - S.S.M.

2 or 4 MHz switchahle Z-80 CPU with RAM. ROM. & I/O

CPU-30300K Kit $185.00

CPC-30300A A&T $249.95

ExpandoRAM I - SD Systems

2.a MHz RAM board expandable from 16K to 64K

MEM-16130K 16Kkit $189.00

MEM-16130A I6KA&T $249.00

MEM-32131K 32K kit $234.00

MEM-32131A 32K A&T $294.00

MEM-48132K 48K kit $279.00

MEM-48132A 48K A & T $339.00

MEM-64133K 64K kit $324.00

MEM-64133A 64K A & T $384.00

ExpandoRAM II - SD Systems

4 MHz RAM board expandable from 16K to 256K

MEM-16630A 16K kit $249.95

MEM-16630A 16K A&T $299.95

MEM-32631K 32K kit $309.95

MEM-32631A 32K A&T $359.95

MEM-48632K 48K kit $369.95

MEM-48631A 48K A&T $409.95

MEM-64633K 64K kit $429.95

MEM-64633A 64K A&T $479.95

32K STATIC RAM - Jade

MHz expandable static RAM board uses 2114L's

2 or 4MEMMEMMEMMEMMEMMEMMEMMEM

16150K16150A-16151K16151A32150K32150A32151K32151A

16K 2 MHz kit16K2MHzA& T16K 4 MHz kit ...16K4MHzA& T32K2MHzkit ...32K 2 MHz A&T32K 4 MHz kit ...32K 4 MHz A&T

$249.95$299.95$259.95$309.95$399.95$449.95$409.95$459.95

16K STATIC RAM - Cal Comp Sys

2 or -I MHz I6K static RAM - a real memory bargain

MEM-16160K 16K 2 MHz kit $249.95

MEM-16160A 16K2MHzA&T ... $279.00

MEM-16162K 16K 4 MHz kit $279.95

MEM-16162A 16K 4 MHz A&T... $309.00MEM-16160B Bare board $29.95

Call for your free 1980 catalog

DOUBLE-D - Jade

Double density controller with the inside track

IOD-1200K Kit $299.95

IOD-1200A 8" A&T $389.95

IOD-1205A 5>A" A & T $389.95

IOD-1200B Bare board $65.00'

VERSAFLOPPY I - SD Systems

Versatile floppy dish controller for 8" or 5'A"

IOD-1150K Kit $219.95

IOD-1150A A&T $269.95

VERSAFLOPPY II - SD Systems

New double density controller for both 8" & 5'/>"

IOD-1160K Kit $309.95

IOD-1160A A&T $369.95

1/0-4 - S.S.M.

2 serial I/O ports plus 2 parallel I/O ports

IOI-1010K Kit $129.95

IOI-1010A A&T $189.95

IOI-1010B Bare board $29.95

PB-1 - S.S.M.

2708. 2716 EPROM board with built-in programmer

MEM-99510K Kit $119.95

MEM-99510A A & T $169.95

PROM-100 - SD Systems

2708. 2716. 2732. 27S8. & 2516 EPROM programmer

MEM-99520K Kit $175.00

MEM-99520A A&T $225.00

32K BYTESAVER - Cromemco

32K EPROM board with on-board 2716 programmerMEM-32550A A&T $295.00

100K DAY CLOCK - Mtn Hardware

Crystal controlled S-100 clock with NiCad bachupIOK-1400A A&T $329.95

SB1 - S.S.M.

15 Hz to 25K Hz music synthesizer for S-100

IOS-1005K Kit $189.95

IOS-1005A A&T $269.95

TB-4 - Mullen

Extremely versatile extender board with logic probe

TSX-180K Kit $55.00

TSX-180A A&T $75.00

TERMINATOR & EXTENDER - CCS.

Can be used as both an S-100 extender and terminatorTSX-150K Kit $39.95

S-100 EXTENDER - Cal Comp Sys

Puts problem boards within easy reachTSX-160A A&T $24.95

VDB-8024 - SD Systems

80 x 24 I/O mapped video board with keyboard I O

IOV-1020K Kit $324.95

IOV-1020A A&T $379.95

VB3 - S.S.M.

80 x 24 or 80 x 48 memory mapped with graphics

IOV-1095K Kit, 4 MHz $339.95

IOV-1095A A&T, 4 MHz $399.00

IOV-1096K 80 x 48 upgrade, 4 MHz . $89.00

VIDEO BOARD - Jade

64 x 16 assembled & tested S-100 video hoard

IOV-1050B Bare board $29.95

IOV-1050A A&T sale price $99.95

8K RAM BOARDS - Special Sale

Uses 211JI2 RAM chips2 boards & manual for $30.00

Call for your free 1980 catalog

Single Board Computer

AIM-65 - Rockwell

0502 computer with printer, display, & keyboard

CPK-50165 IK AIM $374.95

CPK-50465 4K AIM $449.95

SFK-74600008E 8K BASIC ROM ... $99.95SFK-64600004E 4K assembler ROM $84.95

PSX-030A Power supply $59.95

ENX-000002 Enclosure $49.95

■IK AIM. 8K BASIC, power supply, & enclosure

Special package price $599.00

32K RAM - for AIM-65

Dynamic memory board to expand your AIM-65MEM-99170A A & T Wlout RAM .. $275.00

MEM-16170A A&Tw/16K $325.00

MEM-32170A A & T w/32K $375.00

MEM-99170B Bare board $49.00

DISK CONTROLLER - for AIM-65

Add 5'A" or 8" disk drives to your AIM-65IOD-3013A A&T $575.00

VISIBLE MEMORY - for AIM-65

Video board with 8K memory & graphics for AIM-65IOV-3011A A&T $239.95

MEMORY-MATE - for AIM-65

The master-mater with 48K RAM. 1 O. PROM. & musicMEM-52301A A&Tw/16K $475.00

Z-80 STARTER KIT - SD Systems

Z-80 computer with RAM. ROM. I O. & keyboard

CPS-30010K Kit $289.95

CPS-30010A A & T $349.95

Accessories for Apple

16K MEMORY UPGRADE

Add 16K of RAM to your TRS-80. Apple, or Exidy

MEX-16100K TRS-80 kit $49.95

MEX-16101K Apple kit $49.95

MEX-16102K Exidy kit $49.95

DISK DRIVE for APPLE

5'/" dish drive with controller for your Apple

MSM-12310C with controller $495.00

MSM-123101 w/out controller $425.00

8" DRIVES for APPLE

Controller, DOS, two 8" drives, cabinet, & cableSpecial package price $1475.00

AIO - S.S.M.

Parallel & serial interface for your Apple

IOI-2050K Kit $115.00

IOI-2050A A&T $155.00

SUP'R'TERMINAL - M & R Assoc

80 x 24 video display board for your AppleIOV-2100A A&T ' $359.00

SUPERTALKER - Mtn Hardware

Speech recognition synthesizer w speaker & mikeIOS-2015A A&T $275.00

Z-80 CARD for APPLE

Z-80 CPU card with CP M for your AppleCPX-30800A A&T $345.00

MICROMODEM - D.C. Hayes

Auto answer dial modem card for Apple or S-100

IOM-2010A Apple modem $349.95

IOM-1100A S-100 modem $375.00

SUP'R'MOD II - M & R Assoc

Color or B & W TV interface recommended for AppleIOR-5050A A&T $29.95

NOW ONLYFIGHTING KIT T

JUST

ADD

SOLDER

Printers

BASE 2 - Impact Printer

!.'12 cps, bi-directional, tractor feed, & graphicsPRM-13100 $625.00

DP-9500 - Anadex

9 x 9 dot matrix, 176 column, 21)0 cps, & graphicsPRM-10500 Standard DP-9500 .... $1495.00PRM-10510 with graphics & 2K .. $1595.00

LP-80 - Matchless

9 x 7 matrix, 132 column, 125 cps, bi-directionalPRM-37204 $775.00

PAPER TIGER - Integral Data

132 Column, parallel & serial, 150 cps, graphics

PRM-33440 IDS-440 $950.00

PRM-33441 IDS-440 w/graphics .. $1050.00

MIPLOT - Watanabe Instruments

Intelligent graphics plotter uses 7 bit ASCII codePRP-10800 $1075.00

SPINWRITER - NEC

65 cps. bi-directional, letter quality with tractorPRD-55510 with 2K buffer ..'..... $2995.00

Motherboards

ISO-BUS - Jade

Silent, simple, and on sale - a belter motherboard6 Slot (5V," x »")

MBS-061B Bare board $19.95

MBS-061K Kit $39.95

MBS-061A A&T $49.95

12 Slot (!> i" x 8V')

MBS-121B Bare board $29.95

MBS-121K Kit $69.95

MBS-121A A&T $89.95

18 Slot (14!4" x »")

MBS-181B Bare board $49.95

MBS-181K Kit $99.95

MBS-181A A&T $139.95

Mainframes

MAINFRAME - Cal Comp Sys

12 slot S-100 mainframe with 20 amp power supply

ENC-112105 Kit $309.95

ENC-112106 A&T $349.95

DISK MAINFRAME - NNC

Dual 8" drive cutouts with 8 slot motherboardENS-112320 with 30 amp p.s $699.95

Video Monitors

VIDEO 100 - Leedex

12" II & W video monitor with 12 MHz bandwidthVDM-801210 $139.95

VIDEO 100-80 - Leedex

81 x 24 version of Video 100 with metal cabinetVDM-801230 $179.95

B & W MONITOR - Sanyo

High quality, high resolution video monitors

VDM-700901 9" monitor $209.95

VDM-701501 15" monitor $279.95

13" COLOR MONITOR - Zenith

The hi res color you've been promising yourselfVDC-201301 $449.00

Call for your free 1980 catalog

Disk Drives

JADE DISK PACKAGE

Double-D controller kit, two 8" double density

disk drives, cabinet, power supply, & cables

Special package price $1295.00

DUAL 8" DRIVES - Lobo

A pair of double density Shugarts in a cabinet

MSF-12800R 2 single sided $995.00

MSF-125202 2 double sided $1425.00

DISKETTES - Jade

Bargain prices on magnificent magnetic mediafi'/i" single sided, single density, box of 10

MMD-5110103 Soft sector $27.95

MMD-5111003 10 sector $27.95

MMD-5111603 16 sector $27.95

5'/i" double sided, double density, box of 10

MMD-5220103 Soft sector ...'. $39.95

8" single sided, single density, box of 10

MMD-8110103 Soft sector $33.95

H" single sided, double density, box of 10

MMD-8120103 Soft sector $55.95

8" double sided, double density, box of 10MMD-8220103 Soft sector ... $57.95

FLOPPY SAVERS - Tri-Star

Protect your valuable software from spindle damage

MMA-205 5'//" kit $13.95

MMA-208 8" kit $15.95

Software

CP/M 2.2 - Digital Research

Latest & most powerful release of CP/M

SFC-52506000D Manual set $24.95

SFC-52506000M 5'A" disk & manual $149.95SFC-52506000F 8" disk & manual $149.95

MP/M - Digital Research

Multi-user operating system for Z-80 computersSFC-52507000F 8" disk & manual $295.00

PASCAL/MT - MetaTech

.4 powerful language for CP/M systemsSFC-73301001F 8" disk & manual ..$99.95

SDOS - SD Systems

DOS. CBASIC-2, Z-80 assembler/editor/linker

SFX-55001000D Manual set $24.95

SFX-55001002M 5'A" disks & man $149.95SFX-55001006F 8" disk & manual $149.95

WORDSTAR - MicroPro Intl

The finest word-processing package for CP/MSFC-13600100F 8" disk & manual $395.00

VISICALC - Personal Software

Visible business accounting calculator for AppleSFA-24101005M 5'A" disk & manual $145.00

SINGLE DRIVE COPY - for Apple

Make back-up disks with just a single Disk IISFA-51150010M 5'A" disk & manual $19.95

SUPER-TEXT - Muse

Professional word-preteessing package for AppleSFA-13800085M 5'A" disk■& manual $99.95

Modems

NOVATION CAT

300 baud, auto answer originate acoustic modemIOM-5200A Special sale price $149.00

EPROM ERASER - L.S.Engineering

UV eraser for up to 48 EPROUsXME-3200 A&T $39.95

Circle 220 on inquiry card.

MICROPROCESSORS

Z-80 $10.95

7.-80A $14.95

(.502 SI 1.511

68(111 SI I.'15

6802 S17.95

6809 $39.95

8035 $24.00

80.15-8 $24.00

8080A S 6.95

8085 SI5.95

TMS9900.il.. S39.95

PROMS

2708 (450ns) $ 8.952716 (450ns) $29.96

2716 (5v) . . .$29.9527.12 (5v) . . . $69.952758(5v)... $29.95

RAMS

211.02(2 Mil/1 ... S 1.25 ~^HL\ ''211.02(4 Mil/) ... S 1.50 wP*lL

21141.(2 Mil/) ... S 5.75 ^* AI

21141. (4 Mil/) ...% 5.95 i i

4116 S 8.95

2147 (70ns) $ 39.95

4164(64K x I) $175.00

5257(2 MM/) $ 6.75

5257(4 Mil/) $ 7.25

DEVICFS tV VV^VL

8212.... $"4.95 ^X^\^^

8214.... S 4.65 NV-

8216 S 2.95

8224... $4.95 1 ARTS

8224-4 . . $9.95 AY5-10I3A .. $5.25

8226 S 3.85 AY3-10I4A . . S8.25

8228 S 4.95 TR1602B . . . $5.25

8238.... S 4.95 TMS60I1 ... S5.95

8243.... S 8.00 1M6403 59.00

8250 $14.95

8251 .... $ 6.50

8253.... $13.95 BAUD RATE

8255 .... $ 6.50 GENERATORS

8257....SI9.95 MCT441I ..$12.95

8259.... $17.95 CRYSTAL.S 4.95

8275 $49.95

8279 $15.95

68007.80SITPORT SI PPORT

3881 (PIO) S 9.5(1 6821P . S 5.95

3881-4 6828P . SI 1.95

(PIO-4 Mil/) .. $14.50 6834P . S12.95

3882 (CTC! S 9.50 6840P . $18.75

3882-4 6850P . S 4.80

(CTC-4MH/) .. SI4.95 6852P . S 5.79

3883 (SIO) S29.50 68751. . $ 7.40

3884 (SIO) S49.50 68488P S25.00

PLACE ORDERSTOLL FREE

Inside California Continental U.S

800-262-1710 800-421-5500

1- or customer sen iceor technical inquiries call 213-973-7707

Write for our FREE 1980 catalog

COMPUTER PRODUCTS

4901 W.Rosecrans. Hawthorne. CA 90250

TERMS OF SALE: Cash, checks, credit cardsmoney orders or from recognized institutionsPurchase orders accepted. Minimum order $10.00?1California residents add b% sales tax. Minim:.u*shipping and handling charge $2.50. Prices ar' forU.S. and Canadian delivery only and are subjcMto change without notice. For export prices jndinformation send for a JAPE INTERNATIONALCATALOG. |=

I L

.<

If

CaI-Forim-a DiqiTAl

Post Office Box 3097 B • Torrance, California 90503

NEW

fromINTEGRAL DATA

Paper Tteer

**** All the features of the 440 and more ****The 460 uses a dot matrix character formation technique in whichthe placement of the dots overlap both horizontally and verticallyto achieve a correspondence-quality printing.

The printer's nine-wire print head uses staggered needle rows locreate the vertically overlapping dots. The head is driven bi-direciionally under microprocessor control by a stepper motordriven mechanism with logic-seeking look ahead capability.Standard " Two-K Byte" buffer allows the printer to accept theentire content of a 1,920-character CRT screen. Weight 27 lbs.suggested list price $1,295. Calif. Digital price

$1,076

■J) M«t ts

t ' "" -h

DB25

•<s

each 10+

-i male >2.5° 1?5

W°\ female 3» 30s

llood-2p 12S 98

Ontronic 695

|BCDThus«eell?5

Ten PositionMfg. by Digiswitch1 7/8"high 1/2" wide

.

Authorized Distributor

Scotch'

Data Products

B

Edge

Connectors

GOLD100 PIN

IMSAI/ALTAIR

Imsai solder .125x250 $2.95 3 * 7.50

Imsai *,».125centers S4.95 3/113.00

Altatr snldertail .140 row 15.95 3-415.0O

SPECIALS

22/44 Him eyelet.156" $1.95 3 $5.00

25/50 solder tab .156" $1.09 3 S2 00

36/72 wide post w/w.156 $1.95 3/45.00

S-100 Mother Board

QuietSuss

WESTERN UNION

ENCLOSURE

TELETYPE MODEL 43

4320 KEYBOARD

TTL AAA $ 950

RS232. ...AAK 1050

Friction ... AAE

183 Modem AAB 1575

1100 shipping

TET

li jiroihn

Shipping weight 8 lbs.

$24.95

FREE

PLASTIC LIBRARY CASE

with purchase of each box of

Memoren mini-diskettes. »5 value.

DISKETTES

CKT TEH M I N .'S Ro|M. 2a tlm key pj

:lllne H20

NEC SpinwrlToam* InstruiCentronics 7

■-.iiKart SA801H H hsrd Iubo / Two Shucuri 1101 *

3WEI- *.ippl> Jul .-IK-k-BU

Qii.- Sh-.iK.iri Mill '

Lolio hard drive fur 1'ltSi.U IMS

Loiio 40o-i .=> 1/4' ior ritsao JW

Vista V-H0 for TlHaO Hutrk) IS*Corvus Systems li.trd drive

APPLE COMPATIBLE I'HODUCTSApple disk drive with control I i-r jfluApple drive without etmirulli-r 405Apple Parallel litter fact- 178

Ten Key Data Pad tor Apple lluMountain Hardware Kijti.-it.ilk 21VMountjlii / Inlt-.r X-1U for liSIl 138

C:l1. tiiRiial CAL-B5TreiT.ar a DUGScuttle Computer.! tiuilfiCodkMUl HOnS/BOlTitthacB tot ersy stems 7-HUiMISCtl.i.AM '.iCherry I* ru ASCI 1 KeybdMaxlswilcn IIL.\ KeviijarDV brascr lt-£

740-0 IBM soft format.740/2 Double side soft741-0 Double density743-0 Double/Double740-32 8" Hard sector744-(0)(J0)(16) 5 l/4"niiniLibrary case for any above834 A Data CassetteD C 100 Mini C artridgeDC 300 Data Cartridge920( ) Disk Cartridge

10 Pak$39.00

65. 00

53.00

70.00

39.00

39.00; Add $3.005.50

16.00

20.00

39. 90

50+ I3. 50|

6. 0014.906. 603. 503. 50

*^Sh

MEMORY

TRS-80S,APPLE II

16k memory (8) 4116's

ugart Associates

SA800-R Floppy Disk Drive

The most cost effective way to store data proc-essing information, when random recall is aprime factor. I'hc SA800 is fully compatiblewith the IBM 3740 format. Write protect cir-cuitry, low maintenance A- Shu gar t quality.

Installation is simple. Anyone who hasever changed a spark plug should be able ■to up-grade his microcomputer.How can California Digital offer thesememory up-grade sets at 25% below our competition?Simple, we buy in volume, wholesale to dealers andsell the balance directly to owners of personal micro-systems. These 16K dynamic memory circuits arefactory prime and unconditionally guaranteed for onefull year. NOW, before you change your mind, pickup the telephone and order your up-grade memoryfrom California Digital. Add $3 for TR.S80 jumpers.

£449 so

XEROX 800

WORD PROCESSING

KEYBOARD

ASCII ENCODED

□ATA INPUTTERMINAL

STATIC

1

-31

32

-99

100-5C

21L02 450nS.

1

19

99

.95

21L02 250nS.

1

49

1

39

1. 25

2114 1Kx4 450

5

95

5

50

5.25

2114 1Kx4 300

8

95

8

50

8.00

4044 4Kxl 450

5

95

3

50

5.25

4044 4Kxl 250

9

95

9

50

9.00

4045 1Kx4 450

8

95

8

50

8.00

4045 1KX4 250

9

95

9

50

9.00

5257 Low pow.

5

95

5

50

5. 00

-999.90

1K+

4.75 4.50

4. 80 4. 60

2716 EPROM

*** THOUSANDS ***We haVe slashed price in an effort toreduce our over stocked inventory.These are Single Five Volt Eproms,manufactured by one of the Worldslargest producers of semiconductors.Please phone for volume pricing.

CMC division ot th<iii was originally desienio magnetic tape.

i aluminium and finer,;!' aboard. Thincli luud speakII me ujiorjinr 01 punning problr" -

trrriTin.il. rUb a little Imagination, cJT .ui S-100 computer anil video display■ Honk well A1M-GS micro/consput.tr.upply is avalliitilii for an adiiilniiial $2Hidtliort.

direct connect

MODEM

Universal Data 107

Connects directly to the new modular phonejack. 1'ullv powered from your existingtelephone line. No need to locate externalAC power. Crystal control prevents fre-quency drift. Uirect connect feature elim-inates loss of information due to carboncompression that is associated witli acous-tic modems. Runs circles around thoseother "Domestic

PORTABLE DATA ENTRY SYSTEM

re originally designed Tor ciinin stortThe operator enters the Inventory omrj the unit price. After all pertinent data has been entered inthe recorder, !he main warehouse is telephoned, the handset is placed in the acinisliicoupler and all the recorded information is transmitted back to the master computer.With a little imagine!ion and one of these portable entry systems, you should be ableto exchange programs and computer information with associates across the country.All units were removed Ironi service In working condition. Original cost 82,506,Each system conies complete with:

•Hot-table Cassette Drive Unit »Five Gould "D" NiCada >DB25 Cable

•Removable Entry Keyboard -Acoustical Coupler .Shoulder starp

.villi I.hit Uisplay 'It.rt'.i.:-y l.'l;..r,\i- -lull Documcntatio

The new BSR timer runsyour home like clockwork.Turns on lamps and appli-ances while your awayfrom home.

Completely compatiblewith your existing sys-tem X-10 devices.

BSR Timer $65.00

Master Console 34.95

Ultrasonic Controller 19.95Modules: Appliance,Lamp or Wall Switch 13.95

VISA

All merchandise sold by California Digital is premium grade.Shipping: l-'irst five pounds $2.00; each additional add $.40

California residents add 6% sales tax. COD's discouraged.Open accounts extended to state supported educational institu-tions and companies with a "Strong IXin & Bradstrcet. "Warehouse: 15608 Ingle wood Blvd. Visitors by appointment*

TOLL FREE ORDER LINE

(800)421-5041

TECHNICAL & CALIFORNIA

213)679-9001

Circle 221 on inquiry card.

page

DEAL#1

Hobby Wire Wrap Starter Package

BW2630 WW Tool $19.95

BT30 #30 Bit 3.95

BC1 Batteries & Charger 14.95* Kit #1 Wire Kit 9.95

Regular Price $48.80

$3995

"Kit #1 Contains 900 pes. of precut wirein asst. sizes.

Choose from Red, Blue. White. Black.Green, Orange, Violet, Yellow, or assort-ment.

DEAL #2

Industrial Wire Wrap Starter Package

BW928BF WW Tool $52,95

BT30I #30 Bit a Sleeve. . 29.50BC1 Batteries & Charger 14.95'Kit #3 Wire Kit 32.95

Regular Price .., $130.35

$119

95

•Kit #2 Contains 4000 pes. of precutwire in asst. sizes.

Choose from Red, Blue, White, Black,Green, Orange, Violet, Yellow or assort-ment.

* * BIG DEAL * *

IC Sockets by the Tube

RN HIGH RELIABILITYeliminates trouble. "Sidewipe"contacts make 100% greatersurface contact with the wide,flat sides of your IC leads forpositive electrical connection.

0

SOLDER TAIL

Low Profile TinClosed EntryDesign

"Sockets sold at theseprices by the tube only.

1<P/pin

(over 5 tubes)

3/4<P/pin(over 100 tubes)

See tube quantities above.

ORDERING INFORMATION

Orders under $25 include $2 handlingAll prepaid orders shipped UPS Ppd.Visa, MC & COD's charged shippingAll prices good through cover dateMost orders shipped next day.

Limited to products Page Ditigal stocks. All discounts are off of list price.Call or write for list prices.

10% off on all OK hobby products!

10% off on all Bishop Graphics products!

5% off on all Vector products!

WIRE WRAPSOCKETS

Size

Quantity/Tube Price ea.

Price/Tube

08 pin14

5230

.39.46

$20.28$13.80

3-level Gold

16

26

.50

$13.00

Closed EntryDesign

182022

23

2118

.68.85.42

$15.64$17.85$16.56

•Sockets sold at theseprices by the tube only.

242840

171510

.941.231.60

$15.95$18.45$16.00

Above

prices include gold up

to $800/oz.

page

135 E. Chestnut Street 5A, Monrovia, California 91016 Phone (213) 357-5005

Circle 222 on inquiry card.

BYTE August 1980 267

Qume Datatrak 8

Double sided floppy with NO HEADACHES.Although many think this an impossibility,seeing is believing, and this drive is reallysomething! Shugart compatible, fully option-ed, reliable, and rapidly becoming the stand-ard in double-sided diskdom.

$599. Two/$549.

Siemens FDD 100-8D

Single sided 8" floppy drive, the latest

& greatest revision. Features double density

plus much more. An extremely reliable

drive $439 2/$409

Hard sector option kit... $9.95

Data separator option kit... $9.95

The following 5%." mini-floppies share mostfeatures with their 8" cousins, so withoutfurther ado. . .

Siemens FDD 100-5D $279.

Qume Datatrak 5 (double sided).. . . 399.

BASF Mini mini. 279.

SA 400 .. .... ......... 299.

All the above mini-floppies are fully SA400compatible.

Manuals for all drives are $10, refundable against future purchase ofdrives. Also, all 8" drives can be ordered with 220 v/50 hz for world-wide use.

Disk controllers

Delta Products double density $349

Micromation doubler 439

Tarbell single density, A & T 225

Tarbell single density, kit 184

Tarbell double density, DMA 425Sorrento Valley 8" single density

for Apple 375

Electrolabs'Monthly Special!!!

TELEVIDEO 912C $699

TELEVIDEO920C 799

Features typewriter keyboard, microprocessorcontrols. Upper/lower case, adjustable baud rates(75-9600 baud), special function keys, muchmuch more.

Second page memory option $29.00

HardDisk

Accessories

'M--'S

Cable kits for 8" drives with 10' 50 cond. flat cable,power cable, and all connectors. Assembled if de-sired. One drive 27.50, two 33.95, three 38.95for mini floppies (34 cond): one 24,95, two, 29.95

CP-206 Power-one power supply. Powers two drivesmore than adequately, top quality. 2.8A/24V,2.5A/5V,.5A/-5V $99.

mini-floppy power supply $79

CM HB 10 MBY fully REMOVEABLE cartridgedrive. Complete with controller, personality card,media, power supply, cabling, connectors anddocumentation. Highlighted by stylish & moderncabinetry. $6995.

Shugart SA4008 20MBY fixed disk sy stem. S-100,includes controller, power supply, and all that isnecessary to run $6995.

Data Display Monitors

used 12" Sylvania monitors. Compositevideo, 12 MHz, 120 VAC. with new P-39 orP-4 tube, $79, used tube $59, OEM style(without case), subtract $12. U-fix model,10/$300.

4116 dynamic ram, 16K Bonanza!!

Set of 8, 16K, for Apple, TRS-80, Exidy, Heath & more. 200 Ns.,prime parts, at the unheard of $49/8.

Large discounts available for quantity & dealers (500 & up). Offerlimited while supply lasts, as these will vanish quickly!!!

Media

Electrolabs

POB 4436, Stanford, CA 94305

415-321-5601 800-227-8266

Telex: 345567 (Electrolab Pla)Visa MC Am. Exp.

PRAGMATIX 1

Incredible!.' — Two 8" Shugart compatible single sided floppydisk drives (double density), CP-206 power supply, in hand-some color coordinated cabinet, with full cabling, connectors,and documentation, plus one box diskettes!!! All for an un-precedented $1295. Up to one MBY of storage.

with Qume Datatrak 8" double-sided drive $1695

8" ...$39.99 SS/SD8" ...$49.00 SS/DD8" ...$55.00 DS/SD8" ...$59.00 DS/DD5%" $34.95 SS5V $59.00 DSVerbatim, Memorex, Scotch, orequivalent name brandSpecial Introductory Offer!!!Wabash 8" diskettes $29.00 SS$39.00 DSPrice is cheap, but they runlike champs!!!!

Diskette head cleaning kit for 5Vi" or 8"$28.75 includes everything for 1 drivefor 1 year. Alignment Diskette forFloppy Drives $39.00

ENCLOSURES

Rackmount Mainframe MT-200. This gorgeousbeast is so appealing that it can easily functionalso as stand-alone mainframe. Very modernstyling with fully actively terminated S-100 bus.

With two 8" single-sided disk drives.. . $1899.With two 8" double sided disk drives in placeof single-sided variety. . $2499.

Desktop Mainframe MT-100. Contemporary styling, a handsome cabinet

coated with durable epoxy finish colors (blue, beige, off-white & silver).

Easy to fit into an office environment. The proper way to start your

system.

Above plus two 8" single sided disk drives $1 599.

Above with two 8" double sided disk drives in place of single-sidedvariety $2199.

$25 min. order. Calif, residents add 6% sales tax. Orders under $75, add 5% shippingand handling, over $75 add 2.5%. All pricing subject to change without notice.

268 BYTE August 1980

Circle 223 on inquiry card.

KeyboardSpecial 2 !!

Keytronics1660 $149.00

Hard Plastic enclosure 49.00BOTH only $152.00

KeyboardSpecial 1 !!

CHERRY "PRO" Keyboard $119.00

Streamlined Custom Enclosure

34.95

BOTH only $134.95

Daisy Wheel Printers

NEC Spinwriter 5510/2 $2899NEC Spinwriter 5520/2 callNEC Spinwriter 5530/2 for

ESAT 200B

BILINGUAL 80x24Communicating Terminal

Scrolling, full cursor, bell, 8x8 matrix, 110-19,200 baud, Dual Front Applications.Arabic & Hebrew, Multilingual Data EntryForms Drawing, Music, & Switchyards.

Alone $279.

with Cherry Pro keyboard &

custom metal case $399.

Qume S/5

prices

Disk Subsystem

Matchmaker TechnologyTURNKEY DISK SUBSYSTEMS

APPLE Single density disk controller. Expanded Apple DOS

TRS-80 Single or double density. Expansion interface neces-sary. Space for 48K dynamic RAM on controller cardRS232 portSORCERER . . Full RS-232 Interface. One S-100 slot for memory ex-pansion. Single or double densityAll above units come as follows: Complete, assembled and tested, withtwo 8" floppy disk drives (Apple available in one drive model). Includesall cabling, connectors and documentation in a stunning color coordina-ted cabinet with power supply. Ready to go, plug in and run!!!

When ordering specify single or double sided drives

Software available for above disk add-ons

TRS-80 & Sorcerer operate on alt CP/M compatible software

Sprint 5/45 RO

$2699

Sprint 5/55 RO

2829

Sprint 5/45 KSR

3029

Sprint 5/55 KSR

3159

Forms Tractor

$210

Pinfeed platen

155

paper guide

30

paper basket

50

QumeSprint 3\45

(requires self assembly)printer mechanism $1499

power supply 349

combination special 1699

cases 200

S-100 interface card 149

Circle 223 on inquiry card.

many print wheels, ribbons, & more available

Electrolabs

POB 4436, Stanford, CA 94305

415-321-5601 800-227-8266

Telex: 345567 (Electrolab Pla)Visa MC Am. Exp.

Peripheral Sale!!

Hiplot Plotter $875.

Hipad Digitizer 715.

IDS 440 Paper tiger 899.

SD Expandoram 11

(A81T, 64K) 560.

Imsai 65K dynamic RAM III 399.

DC Hayes Micromodem 100 . . 399.Super switcher power for

hard disk & more 349.

DC Hayes Micromodem 11

(for apple) $344DC Hayes Micromodem 100 $349

735 LOMA VERDE. HU.O ALTO. CA 94303

Database Management Systems

HDBS A hierarchical Database Manage-ment System featuring fixed length records,read/write protection at file level and oneto many set relationships.

Z-S0 Optimized 250.00

8080 Optimized 325.00

6502 Optimized 325.00

MDBS A large computer DBMS withhierarchical and full network data struc-tures (CODASYL Oriented). Explicitrepresentation of one to one, one tomany, many to one and many to manysets. Routines are callable from BASIC,PASCAL' COBOL or Machine Language.

2-80 Optimized8080 Optimized6502 Optimized

750.00825.00825.00

CommunicationsBISYfJC-8073780 a full function ibm

2780/3780 emulator that provides one ofthe most widely used communicationsprotocols. 550.00

BISYI\IC-80/HASP A full function HaspMulti-leaving Workstation package. 800.00

BISYNC-80/ASYNC An asynchronouscommunications package that uses thefull error correcting BISYNC protocol.

95.00

BISYNC-80/3270 a full function ibm

3275 or 3271/3277 terminal emulatorthat converts a "dumb" terminal into avery smart one. 550,00

Multiple License Pricing

- Upon Inquiry -

•LSI-11, PDP-11 TM DEC, UNIX TMWestern Electric, CP/M TM Digital Research

LSI11 Z-80 8080 8085 6502

PHONE: 415 493-8186

High Level Languages

8080, 8085, Z-80 (Under OS-1 or CP/M)

BASIC

Microsoft Compiler 395.00.

Microsoft "BASIC 80" 350.00

FORTRAN

Microsoft "FORTRAN 80"

(Includes MACRO 80) 500.00

COBOL

Microsoft "COBOL 80" 750.00

"C"

Whitesmith's "C" 600.00

PL/1

Digital Research's PL/1 500.00

PASCAL

M.T. Compiler 250.00

Z-80 Optimized (Under OS-1 or CP/M)

COBOL

R-M Z-80 COBOL ANSI '74 750.00LSI-11*/PDP-11* Under RT-11 or RSTS

COBOL - ANSI 74 Introducing:RJ-11 Compiler 1750.00

Applications in COBOL '74

Available in R-M COBOL, COBOL 80and RJ-11. (Source Included)

General LedgerAccounts ReceivableAccounts PayableInventory ControlOrder Entry/InvoicingCOMPLETE LEGALCOMPLETE DENTAL

Why COBOL?It's portable (ANSI '74) i

995.00995.00995.00995.00995.004200.004200.00

t's universal!

OPERATING SYSTEMSTM Z-80 Optimized

0S-1 A breakthrough in microcomputer

software from Electrolabs! UNIX*-like OSwith virtual I/O, bank-select memory controlto 16 MBY and optional memory protection!Totally compatible with all CP/M programs.You will be amazed at the difference! Ex-cellent brochure available. Includes editor,linker-loader, debugger, and one year update.

249.00

CP/M

Manua

CP/MZILOG

Only fManua

8080, 8085 & Z-80

Version 2.2s only

- MCZ Version 2.2.

MCZ and PDS-8000

rom Software Labs!s only

150.0025.00

Runs on

systems.200.0035.00

OUR CATALOGUE

SoftwareSuppliesMedia

Storage EquipmentPublications- Upon Request -

Circle 283 on inquiry card.

TO ORDER

*Price of manuals applied against softwarepurchase.

By Mail: Send check or money order (orP.O. from rated or institutional customers).

By Phone: Use Master Charge or Visa No.

Important Note: Please specify completesystem hardware and software configurationwith each order.

74LS00

SNM00N

19

SN74123N

.59

74LS00N

35

74LS164N

1.19

SN7401N

22

SN74125N

.39

74LS01N

28

74LS165N

.89

SN7402N

22

SN74126N

.44

74LS02N

28

74LSI66N

2.48

SN7403N

22

SN74128N

.59

74LS03N

28

74LS168N

1.89

SN7404N

22

SN74132N

69

74LS04N

39

74LS169N

1.89

SN7405N

23

SN74136N

95

74LS05N

28

74L.S170N

1.99

SN7106N

23

SN74139N

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74LS08N

39

74LS173N

.89

SN7407N

.23

SN74141N

.69

74LS09N

39

74LS174N

.99

5N7408N

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2.95

74LS10N

28

74LS175N

.99

SN7409N

.23

SN74143N

2.95

74LS11N

39

74LS181N

2.20

SN7410N

.22

SN74144N

2.95

74LS12N

39

74LS190N

1.15

SN7411N

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74LS13N

47

74LS191N

1.15

SN7412N

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SN74147N

1.95

74LS14N 1

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74LS192N

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SN7413N

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1.20

74LS15N

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74LS193N

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74LS20N

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74LS194N

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74LS21N

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74LS195N

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74LS27N

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74LS221N

1.49

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74LS28N

39

74LS240N

2.99

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74LS30N

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74LS32N

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165

74LS37N

79

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74LS244N

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1.69

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74LS51N

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1.79

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1.20

74LS54N

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74LS253N

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1.95

74LS55N

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74LS257N

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79

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169

74LS73N

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74LS258N

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5.95

74LS74N

59

74LS259N

2.95

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.79

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74LS75N

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74LS76N

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25

LM3053N

1.49

CD4024

.79

CD4516

1.69

LM323K 4

95

CA3059N

3.25

CD4025

38

CD4518

1.39

LM324N 1

25

CA3060N

3.25

CD4027

.79

CD4520

1.39

LM339N

95

CA3062N

4.95

CD4028

.99

CD4555

4.95

LM340K-XX' 1

49

LM3065N

1.49

CD4029

1.29

CD4556

.99

LM340T-XX* 1

25

CA308ON

1.29

CD4030

69

CD4566

2.25

LM340H-XX* 1

25

CA3081N

1.69

CD4031

3.25

74C00

.39

LM344H 1

95

CA3082N

1.69

C04032

2.15

74C02

.39

LM348N 1

85

CA3083N

1.99

C04034

3.25

74C04

39

LM358CN

98

CA3086N

1.29

CD4035

1 19

74C08

.49

LM360N 1

49

CA3089N

2.75

CD4037

1.95

74C10

.49

LM372N 1

95

CA3096N

2.49

CD4040

1 29

74C14

1.65

LM376N 3

75

CA3097N

1.99

CD4041

1.25

74C20

.39

LM377N 3

75

CA3130T

2.49

CD4042

.99

74C30

.39

LM380CN/N 1

25

CA3140T

2.49

CD4043

.99

74C32

.99

LM381N 1

79

CA3146N

2.49

C04Q44

.99

74C42

1.85

LM383T 1

95

CA3160T

1.49

CD4046

2.25

74C4B

2.39

LM386N 1

49

CA3190N

1.95

CD4047

1.25

74C73

.99

LM387N 1

49

CA3401N

.69

CD4046

69

74C74

.99

LM390N 1

95

MC3423N

1.49

CD4049

69

74CS5

2.49

NE531WT 3

76

MC3460N

3.95

CD4050

69

74C89

4.95

NE555V

39

SG3524N

3.95

CD405I

1.10

74C90

1.55

NE556N

98

CA3600N

3.50

CO4052

1.10

74C93

1.85

NE561T 19

95

LM3900N

.59

CD4053

1.10

74C95

1.85

NE562B 7

95

LM3905N

1.49

CD4055

3.95

74C107

1.19

NE565N/H 1

25

LM3909N

.98

CD4056

2.95

74C151

2.49

NE566H/V 1

75

RC4131N

2.95

CD4059

9.95

74C154

3.50

NE567V/H 1

50

RC4136N

1.10

CD4060

1.39

74C157

2.10

NE592N 2

75

RC4151N

4.50

CD4066

89

74C160

2.39

LM702H 2

99

RC4194

4.95

CD4069

.35

74C1S1

2.30

LM709N/H

29

HC4195

4.40

CD4070

.69

74C163

2.39

LM710N/H

98

ULN2001

1.25

CD4071

.35

74C164

2.39

LM711N/H

39

ULN2003

1.50

CD4072

.35

74C173

2.59

LM715N 1

95

SN75450N

.59

C04073

35

74C174

2.75

LM723N/H

75

SN75451N

.49

CD4075

.35

74C175

2-75

LM733N/H

98

SN75452N

.49

CD4076

1.29

74C192

2.39

LM739N 1

15

SN75453N

.49

CD4077

.35

74C193

2.39

LM741CN/H

33

SN75454N

.49

CD4078

35

74C195

2.39

LM741CN-14

19

SN75491N

,89

CD4081

.35

74C922

7.95

LM747N/H

79

SN75492N

.89

CD4082

35

74C923

6.95

LM748N/H

39

SN75493N

.89

CD(1085

195

MM80C95

1.50

LM760CN 2

95

SN75494N

.89

C040B9

2.95

MM80C97

1.25

LM1310N 1

90

RETAILSTORESOPEN MON-SAT

1310 "B" E. Edinger STORE 674 El Camlno Real

STORE 1310 "B" E. Edinger" I Santa Ana, CA 92705

loms, Retail, Warehouse

AEMVNCED

COMPUTERPRODUCTS

BECKMAIM

Digital Multimeters

'^N

10000

;TBr/

Ssifjj

a IKH 3lfl rosauto* touts 7 twrt<m29 ranges p*s Q25S Vfc actuaryTte TECH 300 to aO 5^ Wc accuracy and ad me aDtw teitutibut wUtuI Insia-Ohms™ eanrury fcfldfefl o tnc ID amp cm-

TECH 300 Digital Mulfmetor S100

TECH 310 Digila! MulnmeKH $130

VC-201 Vinyl Carrying Case $10

DC-202 Deluie Carrying Case $24

HV-211 High Voltage Probe $35.

RP-221 RP Probe $35.

Cl-231 AC Currenl Clamp $42,

DL-241 Deluie Tesi Lead K.I. $10.

TL-242 Spare Tesi Leads $6.

ACPAPPLE MUSIC MACHINE

WITH 9 VOICES!

• NEW Uses latest Stale M 0* Ait LSI Ttetmdogy •R«ines wty ere slot 13 9 mti • Usesinee AY3-8910S Inpcofett nne vm«s (Ointr coranliiive mottls have onty 3vKe5l • irtU3es software • S^ntiaies three ALF Boards

• Plays rusic generated fry me ALF Boan) • APPLE'" II

3 Times More Powerful Than ALFI

HT Hi! is

>S!EMILED1KD TESTED tI69 95

THE BONE FONE

I

X*

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4T&

• SKIERS

• JOGGERS

• SKATERS

• CYCLERSYou must hearit and teel ilto believe ill

AM/FM stereosurrounds and(ills your bodywith sound.No earplugs.You wear it!

'65

95

FLOPPY DISK DRIVES

MP! B51-5VV, 40 tracks 279.00

Shugart SA400-51/*" 35 lracks 295.00

Shugari 800/801R 8" 475.00

Siemens Shugari Compatible Modal

FDD-120-8D 429.00

PERSCI Model 277 Dual 1195.00

WANGO/SIEMENS 5'/." Drive 290.00

MPI B52 5V Dual 395.00

WANGO/SIEMENS 202 Dual 5'/4M .... 395.00WANGO/SIEMENS 82 290.00

MONITORS

Sanyo 9" $169.95

Sanyo 15" 279.00

Leedex 12" 139.95

Motorola 12", High Resolulion,

22 MHz. OEM Model

*M3000-340 219.00

Zenith 13"Color Monitor... 499.00

MGA 13" Color TV 349.00

VAMP 19" Color Monitor.,. 575.00VAMP 15" Color Monitor... 449.00

ESBCONTINENTAL SPECIALTIES

Modtl 3001 Digital Capacitance Meter . . 275.00Model 333 Tn-Mode Comparator . 29500

Modal LM-3 40-fchannel Logic Monitor 58500Modal LM-I Logic Monitor ..... 60.00

Modal LM-2 Logic Monitor 147.00

ModalZDOlSweepableFLinclionGenerator .. 1B6.00Mndol SDOI Universal Counter-Tinier ... 360.00Mndil GOO 1650 MHz Frequency Counter 385.00MM-IDO 100 MHz Portable Frequency Counter

149.00

PS-500 500 MHz Decade Prescaler 70.00

MM-50 50 MHz Handheld Frequency Counter

77.00

MAX-550 550 MHz Handheld Frequency Counter

165.00

Modot 4001 Pulse Generator 835.00

Modi! DM Digital Pulser 8300

Logic Probes

Modot LP-I Digital Logic Probe 50.00

Modoi LP-2 Economy Logic Probe.', 28.00

Modo! LP-3 High Speed Logic Probe 77.00

Modal LPK-1 Logic Probe Kit 21.95

Logic Probe Accessories 21

Modot LTC-1, LTC-2 Logical Analysis Kits. . 220/250

! Apple II. 16Kor Apple II. Plus $990

16K Apple Upgrade Kit $62.95

Hi-Speed Senal I/O...Centronics Printer I/O..Applesoft II Firmware.

Apple Clock

Introl X-10 System,.Introi X-10 ControllerAll Music Synthesizer..16 Ch Analog Input..2 Ch Analog Output

13-Key Keypad

Visi-Cat

5169.00 DS65 Okk-SkIh ...

. 199.95 Apple Graphics Tablet

,. 189.00 D.C Hayes Modem II

. 269.00 Disk II w/Conlroller

. 269.95 Disk II

179.95 Pascal Lang Sysiem

.25995 Parallel Prime* Card

. 249.95 Communications Card

164.95 BusinessSoftwarePkg

119.95 Corvus 10 Megabyte Drrve

.125.00

S34900

Integer ROM Card

Si 89 00

72500

Prolo Card...

. 2195

34995

M & R Modulatoi

2995

57500

Sanyo Cassette..

54 95

47500

16K Upgrade Kit

62.95

450 00

Desktop Plan

9800

16500

8" Floppy Controller

35000

18900

Heuristics SpeeChlab

. 179.00

62500

RompJus +

. 16900

rt

Supertafcer . .

27900

462500

Cashier

25000

v A ATARI 800 & 400

Personal Computer System

ATARI 800 $750.00ATARI 400 S449.O0

ATARI 800 Includes: Computer Console, BASIC Lang. Cartridge. EducationSystem Master Cartridge, BASIC Language Programming Manual, 800 Operator'sManual w/Notebook, Atari 410 Program Recorder, 8K RAM Module, PowerSupply, TV Switch Box.

Super Breakout™Mush ComcoserSur*r Bug"1ComputK Cdess

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Base FfccmatyBase iltftn

350035 003500

350035003S00

Oriving Controlef PairPaUle ConuUler PairJoystick Conlroiler Pa>

Texas Instruments

99/4 PERSONAL COMPUTER

ound and Graphics-and aic-All Built In.

$1099.00

Superior Color, Music. Sound and Graphics-and aPowerful Extended Basic - All Built In.

Tl 99/4 Console onlyavailable lor $698.90.

fs commodorePET L0WSAS $775.00

DISCOUNT PRICES

Hioi-eK

2O0M6KN2O01-l6KB(reg|2O0I-32KN2O01-32KB (regl2022 BO-CoI Pol M

. 77500 2023 BD-Col Plain Paper Pnntn 69500

97500 2040 Dual Mm O.sk Dnw 125000

975O0 Pel io IEEE CM 3995

12S00D IEEE to IEEE Cable 4995

125000 C2N E-ierral Cassene Deck 950079500

Model 41 S154.95without * ' ^■W5'

cruise controlAn onboard navigational cwnpuiei for aulantfxles, trucks, andrecrealjunal «liidas Features cruise control fuel manage-ment system. Dip computer, multrtunctiaied warn crystaltime counter, tfus many other functions

HOME BURGLAR ALARM

• No installation

• Protects a whole house

• Turns on lights automatically

• Powerful electric siren

• Exit and entry delay

• Battery back-up

CRAIG LANGUAGE

TRANSLATOR AND

INFORMATION CENTER

An instant translator

of words and

phrases Irom theworld's major lan-guages plus a lourfunction calculatorplus informationcenter lor nutrition.

bar and wineguide, etc.

SPECIAL LOW PRICE aH4A acLIMITED TIME ONLY $>1 ly.yO(UNTIL AUGUST 17)PLUS £20.00 REBATE FROM CRAIGCRAIG MODULES AVAILABLE FROM S24.95

The thermostat that uses microprocessortechnology Io save fuel and money.

PROGRAMMABLETEMPERATURE

CONTROLLER

ACP PRICE

$69.95

A fully automatic electronic thermo-stat. Easy to install and operate.Compare the cost: TPI's temperaturecontroller is the lowest priced elec-tronic thermostat on the market.

SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER SELECTION GUIDE

BOARD

KIM-1SYM-1

CromemcoSD-SBC100AIM 65Cosmac Vip

PROCESSOR

ACP PRICE

ENCLOSURE

6502

169.00

Add 29.95

6502

239.00

Add 39.95

Z80

409.00

N/A

Z80

239.00

N/A

6502

375.00

Add 49.95

1802

199.00

Inc.

#2 Tustin, CA 92680

Specializing In Systems

P.O. Box 17329 Irvine, Calif. 92713

Direct Order Lines: (714) 558-8813

(800) 854-8230 or (800) 854-8241

FOR INTERNATIONAL ORDERS:1401 E. Borchard (714)9530604SantaAna,CA92705 TWX: 910-595-1565

270 BYTE Augusl 1980

Circle 225 on inquiry card.

v^Iaemunced

t p>-computeh^xmoducts,

k5V

STATICA / RAM BOARDS

« S-100 32K (uses 2114) k** \,wi'

ASSEMBLED Kit l'/>.">-

450ns. 499.00 450ns. 469.00

250ns. 539.00 250ns. 499.00

Bare Board 49.95Bare Board w/all pan's less mem. 99.95

• S-100 16K (S-100 Compatible)

• 2 MHz " MHz WOW!

• Assembled & Tested2 MHz.. S250.0O4 MHz. .$265.00

• LOGOS I8K

SUfi

ASSEMBLED

450ns 149.95 KIT 450ns 12595

250ns 169.95 250ns 149.95

Bare PC Board w/Data S21.95

'Special Oiler" Buy I4| 8K 450ns Kits 5117 00

Th« VISTA V-80

Disk Drive System £,^c,

■ ?3Lt -rrf slwao* c^iaoly titan Tw> flnv,

THE VISTA V-200 FOR EXIDY

Price Skirling as low as S1199.00

Sltfifji Dim tvmn

ii.i CukIIt C m lit ■ film WH|I1 Pnu

WOO [ -20 400 2 Dnw 25 lbs 1199 00

Single Head

v?00 f-2? BOO 2 Dnw 35 lbs 1H900

Dcul* MeM

vaae-w soa 3Dnve, 3?ik 152400

Sinjte Head

Wild E<l! I? MEG 3 0nve, 32 lis 1999 00Cool* Head

ATTENTION VIDEO HOBBYISTS!!!

* BOX BUILDERS

* USE AS REMOTE TUNER/TIMER

* FULL SCHEMATICS AVAILABLE

* FOfl ONLY $5.90! - FREE W/PURCHASE

A Recenl Special Purchase Allows Us To Present The Following:

NEW, UNUSED COMPONENTS

From The RCA VDT-201

Videocassette Recorder

1 UHFrVHF Tuner SutHSsemaiy wiin al1 knob:

ana Video Demodulate

2 KF Mntjlalo win Auto I Vdeo inputs

Channel 3 or 4 Output

3 DrrjIa'Ciock Module AV'PM Fluorescent

ileada.', (Grtenl

4 300 Orim lo 75 Ohm Ualchirg

5 Compete Sel a

I The Al

S59.95

S39.95

S19.95

S 2.19

Subtalar S123.34

$74.95

Please Call For Volume Discounts

LOW COST FLOPPYDISK SUBSYSTEM

Shugarl 801R Drives {?) VISTA FloppyController (S-100), Case, Power SupplyS Cable. CP/M Disk Operating System

Assembled & Tasted SI499.00

• CHECK OUR FLOPPY DISK PRICING!ON THIS PAGE

SAVE S300.00 {$1799.00 Value}

WATANABE MIPLOT

Wucall* 05 mm built'

.lid 4 OWjfWi ot IDUtl

draw, alpha pnnnng dc

Ih simple commands $11 95.00 j

IMS STATIC RAM BOARDS

250 ns. 450 ns.

8K Static S209.00 S189.00

16K Static S449.00 S399.00

32K Static S729.00 S629.00

ANADEX PRINTER NEW APPLE VERSION

Model DP-8000 compact, impact, parallel orserial. Sprocket feed, 80 cols,84 lines/min., bi-directional.

New only S875.00

DP-8000AP (for Apple)$875.00

„.iel SD SYSTEMS BOARDS

S* TAKE 10% OFF! kit a

SBC tOO Singlet Board Comi

SBC 200 Single Board Compuler (■

ZBO Starter System

VDB G024 Video Display Board

Versa-Floppy II

Expands PROM

SDtOO Computer System W/64K

SD200 Compuler System W/64K

) S265.00 S 349.00

299.00319.00335.00325.00115.00

399.00449.00459.00429.00225.006995.00799500

9601 16 Stol Mother Board 175.00

9602 Card Cage 75.00

9603 8 Slot Mother Board 100.00.

9604 Power Supply 275.00

9605 DC Input Power Supply 325.009610 Utility Proto Board 39.00961 1 Anlh. Prcc/Memory Module 495.009612 Buttered Utility Proto Board 49.00

9616 32K EPROM/RAM Module 250.00

9617 EPROM Programming Head 250.009620 16 Channel Parallel I/O Module 295.009622 Serial-Parallel I/O Module 325.009627 16K Sialic RAM Module 470ns 395.00

9629 32K Static RAM 450ns 695.009629A 32K Static RAM 200ns 895.00

9630 Card E.tender 68.009640 Multiple Programmable Timer 395.009650 8 Channel Duplex Serial I/O Mod 395.009655 Intelligent Tape Controller 550.0096103 32/32 I/O Module 275.0096702 Contact Closure Module 350.00

UNPOPULATED BOARDS iAIso Available!

APPLE/EXIDY/EXPANDO

$54.95 TRS-80/APPLE $54.95

MEMORY EXPANSION KITS,

4116's, 16K(200/250 ns.)

8 pes for $54.95

w/instructions & jumpersCall For Volume Pricing

* Special: TRS80 Schematic S 4.95

* Expansion Interface Schematic .. S 4.95

* Expansion Interlace Connector... 7.95

EXPANDORAM II MEMORY KITS

* Bank Selectable + Uses 4116 200 ns.

+ Write Protect lfVW* Power 8VDC. ±16VDC

• Phantom w^ces * Up to 4 MHz

Expando 64 Kit (4116) Assem. S Tested Add $50.16K $269.00 48K $435.00

32K $349.00 64K $505.00

HAZELTINE TERMINALS

SALE $749.00

Model 1400 $71900 Model!500 . S108500Model 1410 $82500 ModeH510 .5124500

Model 1420 S945 00 Modeh520 $1495 00

U\^Eprortr^raser^^

" Model UVs-11 E $69.95

Holds 4 EprorrTs at a timeBacked by 45 yearsexperience.

Model S-52T... $265.00Prolessional Industrial Model

EMAKO-20.. Reg. S777.00 $599.00

UNBELIEVABLE!!

125Caps. 60 Ipm -VerticalFormal Unit -96 Charac-ters - Upper/Lower Case -4.5" to 9.5" Adjustable- BO col/40 col doublewidth - Full96char. ASCII

EMAKO-22 $799.00

Prints a 132 col/line. Available with parallel or serialoutput at same price.

MIKA20 $1280.00

9x7, 125 cps 136 characters/lineFull 15" width. Super for business applicationsrequiring large IBM format paper.

BASE II PRINTER

• 72,80, 96, 120132Char/Lme

• Sen-Test Switch

REG. S649.00

ACP PRICE $550.00

i "M" Terminal Scnl.tn Buffer [ I ['20 Char.] $50.00

i"S" Highspeed Papal Advance S Graphics 50.00

iTTmetorFwd so.oo

Z-80/Z-80A/8080 CPU BOARD

+ On board 2708 * 2708 included (450ns.)

• Power on jump * completely socketed

• 2-80 Assembled and Tested $185.00

• Z-80 Kit $129.95

• Z-80 Bare PC Board $ 34.95

• For 4MHz Speed Add 51 5.00

8080A Kit $ 99.95

8080A Assembled SI49,95

S-100 MOTHERBOARD SPECIAL

8 slot expandable w/9 conn.

reg S69.95 NOW S52.95

SIEMEN'S FLOPPY

SALE

SIEMENS$429.00

SHUGART

801 R$475.00

ACOUSTIC MODEM

NOVATION CAT™

0-300 Baud

Bell 103

Answer, Originate $179.95

DATA BOOKS • COMPUTER BOOKS

19801C Muster 59.95 imel MCS 80 Manual 7.95

NSCTTLDaln 3.95 Inlel MCS 40 Manual 4.95

NSC Linear 4.95 AMD B080A Manual 5.95

NSC Linear App Notes II 3.95 AMD Schotlfcy Databook..4.95

NSCCMOS 395 AMI MOS/LSI Data 3.95

NSCMomory 3 95 Gl MOS'LSI Data 4.95

Intel Daiabook . . . .7.50 Hams Analog Databook.. .4.95

Intel MCS 85 Manual . .7.50 Tl Linear Control Data 3.95

SALE • OSBORNE BOOKS ■ SALE

Inlro to Micros Vol 0 TSfiO 7.75

Inlro 10 Micros Vol I 8"SQ 7.75

8080A Programming &SQ 7.75

6800 Programming ETSQ 7.75

Z80 Programming . d~5Q 7.75

Vol. II Some Roal MiLiopuctissors */3 -iJt>" 3&SQ 27.50

Vol. Ill Some Roal S.;.■:»'! Devices wB.i>de' 29*0. 18.50

Intro to Micros Vol III . 2*90.18.50SALE ■ DILITHIUM COMPUTER BOOKS • SALE

Understanding Computers.. ,*-9*. 7.95

BOBOMicrocomputer Experiments TT9*. 11.95

Beginning. BASIC n-96. 8.95

Beginners Glossary & Guide 6*96. 5.95

Peanul Butter & Jelly Guide to Compote's T-9fc 6.95

8080 Machine Language Prog Mi'mm 3 "r-9i. 6.95

Home Computers Vol. I Hard*a'e 7-96- 6.95

Home Computers Vol, II Soflwa'C "r*96. 11,95

Starship Simulator T-96- 6.95

FIRST TO OFFER PRIME PRODUCTS TO THE HOBBYIST AT FAIR PRICES!1« Proven Quality Factory tested products only.

2. Guaranteed Satisfaction

3. Over $1,000,000.00 Inventory1980 CATALOG NOW AVAILABLE.

Send $2.00 for your copy of the most complete catalog of computer products.A must for the serious computer user.

MICROPROCESSORS

Z80O1 16 bil 1o 8Mb.. $189.00

ZBOO? 16 hilloR4K . 14900

Z80 .10.75

Z80A .... 1450

F-81.3850) 1695

2650 18 95

CD1802 . .... 13 95

8080A .... 8 50

8080A4MH7 1995

SALE 8085 19.95

8008 1 - - 14.95

3901 ,. 990

2901A 14.95

2903 inn Supersuce . 39 95TMS9900J:. 49 95

CP1600 39.95

6502 11.50

6502A 16 95

IM6100 . 29.95

aaoo 11.75

6800F3?0MH* 1995

6802P 17,95

B035 19.95

8755 4995

B748 .......... 69 95

6809 -84.95

80B6 . .68-95

ADVANCED SUPPORT

AM9511 Anlh, Processor ... 175.00

9512 Aritn Processor 175.00

9513 Univ. Timing 79.95

AM9517 DMA Controller 18.95

AM9519 Universal Interrupt... 18.95

Z-80 SUPPORT CHIPS

Z80-PIOZ80A-PIO

zao-cTc

ZB0A-CTCZ80-OMA

2 5 MHz

B.75

ZBOA-DMA 4 0 MH*

Z80'SIO/0 26 Mill

Z80ASIO/0 ■:0 :.■!'/

Z80SIO/1 2 5 MHi

Z80A-SIO/1 4 0 MHiZ80-SIO/2

4.0 MHz 12.95

25MHr 875

0 MHz ., 12 952 5 MHz 39 95

36 95

33 4035 9539 4035.95

STATIC RAMS

1*34

25-99

100

31L02 450ns

1.3<

1.25

.99

31L03 250ns.

1.5!

1.55

1.15

2111

3.7£

3.65

3.55

2112-1

;>,»*

2.85

2.65

2101-1

2.91

2.7C

2.55

2114L-250ns. 14045)

8.9E

7.50

650

2114L-450na. (4045)

5.5C

5.25

4.75

4044 250 ns.

835

7.50

690

4044 450na.

h«r-

5.95

4.75

EMM4200A

9.75

7.95

EMM4402

7 9^

7.25

6.25

EMM4B04

12.51

11.50

9.95

5101C-E

7.95

7.95

7,25

AMD9K

10.95

10.25

9.25

AMD9130/31

11.95

10.25

1101

1.95

1.75

1.25

P2l25/93425(45ns.)

9.95

8.35

825

6508 IH

X 1 CMOS

7.95

7.95

7.25

6518 1C

x1 CMOS

7.95

7.95

7.25

74S189 64 bit Ram

3.95

3.25

2.50

2147 Loi

w Power 4K Slat

19.95 18 95

16.95

DYNAMIC RAMS

Set oi 3

416's

S4.9S

41 15 OK [16 P>n)

4096 4«

. 1 (16 Pm) ,.

395

52615262

\U 64K

11C3

1.95

5370

"ot RAMS

6605

7.95

5290

•2«$175.00

6003

1.50

SOCKETS

:■• Pins

Lo-Pro Solde

f Wire Wrap 3 Level

rtall

15

45

14

36

.59

.20

.38

62

18

.24

.59

.84

20

.29

.69

99

22

.24

.79

1.10

24

.38

.85

1.20

26

.43

1.10

1.49

36

.58

1.25

1.69

40

.60

1.40

1 89

ZERO INSERTION FORCE

16Pin S5.50 24Pin S7.50

40 Pin

S10 25

FLOPPY DISK I/O

1771-01 8"& MinitloiWVuPd372 Nee Floppy1781 Dual Floppy ...1791-01 Dual FloppyuPd 765 Floppy

2995369549 95

A/D CONVERTERS

8703 8 bil TS .

9400 Von to Fien Co8750 3V; Digil BCD140BL66bil. .. .

. 13 50220013.507.2513.95.3.95.5 95.. 5.95

LED READOUTS

Z80-SIO/2 4 0 MHz .. .3940

8060/8085 SUPPORT

8155/815B I/O .. .24 95

8755 I/O with Eprom , ....6495

B202 Dyn. RumCont 34.95

6205/7<tS 138 Oci-odo-- 3 95

0212 8 bit l/o 2.75

8214 Prioritylnt 5.25

B216 Bus Driver 2.75

8224 Clock Gen 2.95

8224-4<4MHi) 975

8226 Bus Dnver 395

6T26 Bus Dr.ver 2.95

8228 Sys. Control ... 5.50

8233 Sys. Cont. .., ,. 5 50

8251 Prog. I/O .. 695

B253 inl. Timer.

8255 Prog. I/O....

8357 Prog. DMA 1695 frJoSO/lSIO] 500 flal

8359 Prog lm 17 95 FN0508 500 Rf

8375 CRT CO'.iro.*. 59 95 FN0530 500 &

8379 Prog. Keyboard . . 1895 fNrj550 500 ofange Goran Catnofle

.ann <•■ ir.ru-.n-r rumc FNDB03(800) flOO Red Goran CatModeOBUU aU^rVHI UniK» FND807(B10] .800 Red■ 6810 1 2B x 8 Ram 4 75 H(»OB273J0 600 Red

6820 PIA... . . 595 HP™2-7300 600 Ital

6821 PIA.. 6 50 HPeOB2-7?31 300 lied

TV CHIPS/SOUND

AY3850C-1 6 Games B/W 4 9

AY38515 Color Convener , 2 9AY38603-1 Roadrnce Game ..8.9AY39605-1 Warfare Game CALAY3B606-1 Wipeoul GamH 9.5'

AY3B607-1 Shooting Gallery 8.9AY38910 Sound Generator . 129SN76477 Tl Sound Generalor. 3.9MM5320/31 TV Synch Gen 9 9

MM5369 Prescaler 3.9

RF Modulalor 3.9

MM571O0 NSC Color TV .69

MM57104 Clock Gen 3.7

RF Modulator w/Audio 8.9

MSR Modulator 29.9

WAVEFORM GEN.

8038 Function Gen 3.95

MC4024VCO 2.65

LM566VCO 1.95

XR2206 Funclion Generalor . 5.25

SHIFT REGISTERS

MM500H Dua',25 . . 50

MM5056N Dual 256 2 95

MM5060N Dual 128 2 95

2510ADual 100 •■ 95

2847 Quad 80 -i 95

3341 Dual 80 4 95

3351 40x9FIFO 17.95

3357 Quad 80 6 95

9403 16x4 FIFO 24 95

9408 10 Bit Seg^pnr.-r T95

CTS DIPSWITCHES

CTS206-2CTS206-4CTS206-5CTS206-6

75 CTS206-7 1.75

.75 CTS206-8 1.95

75 CTS206-9 195

.75 CTS206'10 1.95

MilDL704DL707„ FND357,ti95 FN0501 500 Red

8-SO FN0503I500) 500 Rarj

357 Red

Ccmm. CathodeCorm AnodeCornn. CattiooeComm Cattrade 1 -tGoran CattiooeComm. AnoOeComm Anode (+1Comm CaUtode

CONNECTORS (GOLD)

DB25PIRS232) 3.25

DB25S Female 3.75

Hood 1.25

Set w/Hood, Sale S7.50.

22/44 WAV, S/T, KIM 2.95

43/66 WAV. S/T. MOT 6 50

50/100S-1COConnectorwAv. 4.9550/100 S-100 ConnectO'S/t 3.95

Comm. Anode

6828 P

6834-1 512x8 Eprom

6845/HD46SC5Cfll Conl

6847 Color CRT

6850 ACIA,

6852 Serial Adapie'

9.95

16 95119543 955 955 95

nuos

T1L308TIU09

270 H

A . 7 Sgl Digil RHDComm. AnodeArray 5 1 7

Numerical Display

6871A l.OMrHj OSC - 25 95 XAN3063

6875 825

6880 Bus Driver 2.95

MC6848B . .19 95

6B047 . ..24 95

1802 SUPPORT CHIPS

WN30611

XAN30S1XAN3052UN30S3XAN3054XAN30B1831 SCD2KRAM 2500 KSSS

822 SCO 256x4 RAM824 CD 32 . 8 HAM852 CD 8 b.l 7o854 Uan ..

■6 953 9510 95TO 95

856 CD I/O .. ... 8 95

857 CD I/O .8 95

1295

6502 SUPPORT CHIPS

6520 PIA 7.50

6622 Mull.. 11 95

6530-002.0CJ 004 005 21 95

6532 1995

6551 1995

PROMS

2708 450 ns .8 25

27086650ns 750

1702A. . . 495

2732 74 95

27165V ..29 95

2716'5V. 12V. 2995

2758-5V 2995

5203AG 13.95

5204AO ..14.95

IM 5610 3.90

SALE 8223 32*8 2.95

82S11S512xB(TSl 16.95

82S12332 * B 4 90

835126 356 <4 4 90

83S129 356 .4 (1SI 4 90

82S130512 » 4 (OC> 6.50

82S23 B.95

82S131 14.95

82S137 .... . . .1495

NOTE: WE PROGRAM PROMS

CHARACTER GEN.

,2513-001 (5V) Upper 9 50

2513-005 (5V) Lower 10.95

2513-ADM3 |SV) Lowor 14.95

MCM6571 11 75

MCM6571A 11.75

MCM6574 14,50

MCM6575 1450

320 Red Amy

270 Red Alpna Numeric

.300 Red Comm Anode Right 0

300 Red Comm Anode Let! DP

300 Red Overflow, CA Lell DP

.300 Rod Comm. Cathode Right

.300 Grrsfi Comm. Anode Right D

.300 Green Comm. Ancde Left DP

.300 Green Overflow CA, Lett DP

300 Green Comm Cathode. Right

300 Yellow Comm Anode. Righi

300 Yellow Comm Anode. Ul* "

300 Yellow Overflow CA. Left

300 Yellow Comm CatttoOe F

DP

IC SPECIAL PURCHASE

LF 1 3508 JFET Analog Mulli B bilICM 7045 Precision StopWatch ,,,ICM 7205 CMOS LED Stopwotcr-.TmICM 7207 Oscillator Controller. ,ICM 7208 Seven Decade Counier

iCM 7209 Clock Generalor

ICL 7107 y? Digil A/D (LED) .. .MC14433P 3', Digit A/D ConverterICL 8211 Vollage ReferenceLM390N Ballery Op. Audio Amp .,LM I800N PLL FMSterero .

LM 1820N AM Radio .

LM 1850N Ground Fault IC ... .

LM 2900N Quad Amplifier

LM 2901 N (HM) Quad Comparalm

LM 2917N Freg. to Volt Conv

AY-3-3550 4'. drgil DMM

AY-5-3507 40MHz DVM

MEM 4963 Mosfet Smoke Detector

27SOB 32 x 8 Prom (IM 56001

Gl 15M 6 channel Mosfet . '.. . .

ULN 20O3A 7 channel Driver

10146 1Kx 1 ECL Ham

ViCM 14505 64 bit Static Ram ... .

7520/25 50 LM377 .

148S/1489. 2/199 LM3B7.

MK50l4Calc..3/1.99 LM 3302

74S89 3/1.99 LM 4558 .

7BH05K 6.95 RC4136 .

LM323K ..4,95 RC4131..

MCI 372 . ...8 95 COM 5027

. 13 95.. 1,953/1.003/1 003/1.003/1 002/1.CO2/1 002/1.9924 959.9511.95

NAKED PC

Z-BOCPU (Ithaca)

80B0ACPU

BK Static RAM (Logos)

16K Sialic RAM (2114) .

32K Sialic RAM (2114)

BK Eprom (2708)

1702 Eprom Board . ..

270B/2716 Eprom (llhaca)

Z708/27 16 Eprom (WMC|

Reailimt.! Clock ..

ACP Proto Bd. I3M Conn.1

Vector 8800 Proto

Vector 8B03 11 slot MBACP Extender w/Conn ..Video lnioiface(SSM) ..Parallellntertace (SSMl13 Slot MolhorBoard (WMC) 32 959Slol MotlierBoard(WMC) 2995eSlolMothorle.fundable) . 34.95Proc-Tecr, Bare Boards CALL

•3-: ■■',34 9524.9529 9529.95

. 34 9530 0034 9527 95

.22 202'.l 9!i1R0531.95

COMPUTER SPECIALS

DISCOUNTS! list sale

Applell Plusw/!6K 1195. 990

PET2001-16N 995 895

Exidy Sorcerer w/16K 1099.

Cromemco Sys III 6990, 6290

Horizon I w/32K CAL'L

Pascal Microongme 1995.1595.

IPSI 1620 DiabloRO 3?96 rrL-95

Anadei DP 8000 995 B75.

Centronics Micro S-1 595 525

Soroc IO 120 995 795

Telelype Model 43 1349 11 50

HiPlot Piotlor 1085 B99

HIPIot Digitizer 795 735

999 750549 4491150.1099149 139.995 899.375 349595 525.220. 169.

295. 249.

296. 219.FREE CASSETTE

Atari 400Tl 99/4

Leedex 12" MonitcCenlron.es 737TrencomT-100Trencom T-200Sanyo 9" MonilotSanyo 15" MonitorMol22 MHz Moniti

UARTS/BAUD RATE

VERBATIMDISKETTES

100% CERTIFIED ERROR-FREE!

■ 95 TRACKS. nn-LISlF DENSITY single-sided sv.TYPE DESCRIPTION PRICE'BOX If)

525 Oi Sotl Sectored IRS BO el

AY5I0I5A/1863I;TMS601 1 15V. 121IM64021M6JQ3

id NS ApoC etc4.95 525-16 16 Hole Hard MtiopolS

6 95 a ID I 77 TRUCK DOUBLE DENSITY - SINGLE SIDED6 95 SV W/riUS REINFORCEMENT RING

5.52 5/701 Soli Secloreo THS BO el:

7.95 $77-10 10 Hole Hard NS A;o*. e!:

8.95 57/16 16 Hole Ham Mcopots

??i Qs • « r»"S OOUILt SIDED. DOUBLE DENSITY S'.i55001 Sot! Scclwed SA 450 MP! 520 Hole Hard. BASF. WANGCO

SOCKET SPECIALS

14 Pin wyVSI

i 35

16 Pin w/w-2L

40

18 Pinw/w2L

55

20 Pinw/w2L

75

40 Pinw/«-;'L

18 Pin s/i

15

23 Pin s/i

15

Call (or vcJune 0

• 1

550-11

16 H

WD >94 1 9 95

COM 5016 16.95

KEYBOARD ENCODERS

AY5-3376 13.75

AY5-3600 13.75

HD0165 9.95

74C922 9.95

74C923 9.95

• 8 \tV* CERTIFIED DISKETTES

fDfiJti-01 Smi. Single Densily, 3740 S33S0

F03-30-32 32 Hntd Single Density Snug 33 50

FDS32-01 Soil UouDle Densily. 3740 4160

f-0850-01 Soli Do,i!;:o S-JCrl rV,.!.-' L>nh-ly 3740 4080

VOLUME DEALER PRICING AVAILABLEWE ALSO STOCK DYSAN-CALL

TERMS: Use cnecK. M/C, VISAAMEX. CB, or COD COD requires25% deposit. Charge Orders pleaseinclude expiration date. Foreign payU.S. Funds. Order by phone, mail orTWX. MINIMUM S100O Please in-clude magazine issue and phone no.SHIPPING: USA add S2.00 for first2 lbs For surface add 30e for addi-tional lbs For air add 70e lor addi-lional lbs. FOREIGN: Add 10% ship-ping and handling. COD's S 1.B5 eitraNol responsible lor typos. Someitems subjeel to pnor sale. We re-servo right to limit quantities, some

Relail pricing may vary from MailOrder. We reserve tha right lo sub-

RETAILSTORESOPEN MON-SATSTORE 1310 "B" E. Edlnger STORE 674 El Camino Real

1 Santa Ana, CA 92705

Showrooms, Retail, Warehouse

2 Tustin, CA 92680

Specializing in Systems

P.O. Box 17329 Irvine, Calif. 92713

Direct Order Lines: (714) 558-8813

(800) 854-8230 or (800) 854-8241

FOR INTERNATIONAL ORDERS:1401 E. Borchard (714)953-0604Santa Ana, CA92705 TWX: 910-595-1565

Circle 225 on inquiry card.

BYTE August 1980 271

The Supermarket for TRS-80Add-on Components

*

(and other computers, too)

■ I II IlfcrVJI^llv? \dl^i?ll Vfcfl V»

The VISTA V-80Disk Drive System

• 23%more storage capacithan TRS-80 ^

• 120 day warranty

• 40 track patch at NOCHARGE

Single drive system $ 395.00

Two drive system $ 770.00

Four drive system $ 1450.00

Two drive cable $ 29.95

Four drive cable $ 39.95

The VISTA V-80 Expansion Module

• Provides douPle densitymodification to yourcurrent Radio Shackinterface (lets you formatdiskettes in either singleor double density).

• Increases storagecapacity up to 204KPytes (on single 40track drive).

• Includes all hardware

$239.00 software

The VISTA Model II

• Provides one, two orthree drives.

• Adds up to 1.5 millionbytes of on-line storage.

• 120 day warranty

• Does everything RadioShack's expansionsystem will do...for less!

$1000.00 Single drive

Expansion System$1550.00 Two drive Expansion System$2100.00 Three drive Expansion System$ 525.00 Additional drives alone

The TRS-80 Printers

Centronics 730... $945.00

7x7 dot matrix-

80 column ^

Anadex

DP8000... $895.00

9x7 dot matrix-

80 column _^~^ /

VISTA

Printer... $745.00

5x7 dot matrix-80 column

Cables $27.50 each

Add On Drives

MPI B51 40 Track, Double

Density-204K $275.00

MPI B52 Dual Head, Double

Density-408K $375.00

Siemens FDD100-5 40 Track Double

Density 204K $275.00

Siemens FDD100-5 Flippy,

records both sides $290.00

Siemens FDD100-8 8" Single

Sided Drive $448.00

Other Products

1. VISTA Verbatim diskettes (hard or soft sector) Certified40 track $ 38.95

2. 16K RPM upgrade kits, guaranteed for 120 days.PRIME PRODUCT $ 74.50

3. NEW! DOS + $ 110.00

4. LNW expansion bare board $ 66.95

5. H.C. Pennington book, TRS-80 Disk

and Other Mysteries $ 18.95

6. DDT Disco-Tech disk drive timer $ 19.95

7. Cryptext (An Encryption Module) $299.00

The VISTA V-200 for Exidy

• Completely packaged system, tested and ready to plug in, includes:power supply, two 40 track drives, case, controller, all cabling andtotal CPM documentation.

• Storage capacity from 400K to 1.2 meg. ^

• System software-VISTA CP/M Disk Operating System and BASIC-E Compiler'recorded on 5-1/4" diskettes.

Price: Starting as low as $1199.00

iflSfl

CALL TOLL-FREE 800-854-8017

•TRS-80 is a registered trademark of Radio Shack.

The Vista Computer Company 1401 Borchard Street* Santa Ana, California 92705 • 714/953-0523

272 BYTE August 1980

Circle 224 on inquiry card.

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

THE STARMODEM

from Livermore

STARS & STRIPESSPECIAL

LIST PRICE

199.00

OUR CORNERTHE MARKET PRICE

$139.00

FEATURE

FITS GTE HANDSETS!

The STAR modem from Livermore repre-sents a significant breakthrough in thedevelopment of acoustic modems. Thesmall, lightweight case houses a high-performance modem that competes withthe highest quality standard-sized couplersavailable. Yet, because of its cost effectivedesign, the STAR has become theprice/performance leader in the industry.CIRCUITRY

The switchable, four-section bandpassfilter provides the user with excellent out-of-band rejection to assure accurate pro-cessing of the received carrier, even atsignal levels of less than -47 dBm. Fur-ther, the proven soft limiter and phase lockloop discriminator yields data that isessentially jitter free.

The oscillator is built using highly stable,state-variable circuitry that delivers a near-ly harmonic free, phase coherent sine waveto the telephone network, assuring com-patibility with all other 103 type modems.Because of the pureness of the sine wave,the STAR modem exceeds even the str-ingent harmonic requirements of all CCITTcountries.CARRIER DETECT

To assure accurate teleprocessing connec-tions, the carrier detect circuitry preventsthe modem from attempting to operatewhen excessive noise would produce er-rors or cause marginal operation. The cir-cuitry also has a special amplitude sensorthat prevents chatter when the receivedsignal fades.

EXCLUSIVE ACOUSTIC CHAMBERS

The exclusive triple seal of Livermore's newflat mounted cups locks the handset intothe acoustic chamber yielding superioracoustic isolation and mechanicalcushioning. Designed to adapt to mostcommon handsets used throughout theworld, the STAR offers the utmost in flex-ibility and transmission reliability.SELF TEST

The self test feature on the STAR allowsthe user to verify total operation of theacoustic modem by using the terminal inthe full duplex mode. No need for remoteassistance in diagnosing terminal ormodem problems.

Utilizing the experience gained frombuilding high quality couplers for overtwelve years, Livermore has designed acoupler superior to any in its class for costefficiency in industrial, commercial,business or home situations. You can seewhy we call it the STAR!SPECIFICATIONSData Rate. 0 to 300 baud.

Compatibility. Bell 103 and 113; CCITT.Transmit Frequencies.* Originate -1070Hz/Space, 1270 Hz/Mark; Answer - 2025Hz/Space, 2225 Hz/MarkReceive Frequencies.* Originate -Hz/Space, 2225 Hz/Mark; AnswerHz/Space, 1270 Hz/Mark.Frequency Stability. ±0.3 percent.Receiver Sensitivity. -50 dBm ONdBm OFF.Transmit Level. - 15 dBm.Modulation. Frequency shift keyed (FSK).Carrier Detect Delay. 1.2 seconds ON; 120msec OFF.

EIA Terminal Interface. Compatible with RS232 specifications.

Teletype Interface. 20 milliampere currentloop.Optional Interfaces. IEEE 488; TTL; TTY 43.

'International (CCITT) frequenciesavailable.

Switches. Originate/Off/Answer; FullDuplex/Test/Half Duplex.Indicators. Transmit Data, Receive Data,Carrier Ready, Test.

Environmental. Ambient operatingtemperature 5° C. to 50° C. Relative humidi-ty 10 to 90 percent (non-condensing).Power. Suppled by 24 VAC/150 MA UL/CSAlisted wall-mount transformer. Input 115VAC, 2.5 watts. (A 220 VAC, 50 Hz adaptoris available upon request.)Dimensions. 10"x 4"x 2"Weight. 1.75 lbs. (2.2 lbs. shipping weightincluding AC adaptor.)Warranty. Two years on parts and labor, ex-cluding the AC adaptor which carries thmanufacturer's warranty.

20251070

-53

CENTRONICS

730 Dot Matrix Printer

LIST PRICE $795.00^^

SALE PRICE

$695.00

STANDARD FEATURES: • 50 Characters/second • Characters/line • 10 characters/inch• 3-way paper handling system • 7 x 7 dot matrix • 96 character ASCII • microprocessor I* electronics • unidirection print at 50 ips ■ high speed return approximately 10 ips • 21 fIpm with 80 columns printed * 5B Ipm with 20 columns printed • 80 character butter • 6 JIpi vertical • Centronics Colors and logo

FORMS HANDLING: Roll Paper; 8 5 In. x 5.0 dia. with 1 in. core maximum dimension. 3 5 |m. wide with .38 in. core minimum dimension. Fan Gold: 9.0 in. 122.9 cm. wide pin to pin ]9.5 in,/24.1cm wide overall. Up to 3 ply paper with 2 carbons (total thickness not to ex-ceed .012 inches) Cut Sheet: Maximum width 8.5 inches.

RIBBON SYSTEM: Continuous ribbon 9/16" (14mm) wide. 20 yards (18.3 meters) long.Mobius Loop allows printing on upper and lower portion on alternate passes

OPERATOR CONTROLS: Power on/otl Reset Switch -allows disabling of printer without |

dropping AC.

DATA INPUT: 7 or 8 bit ASCII parallel. TTL levels with strobe. Acknowledge pulse i

dicates that data was received

PHYSICAL DIMENSIONS: Weight: less than 10 lbs./5 kg Width: 14.5 inches/37 cm

-Depth: 11.0 inches/28cm -Height: 4.89 inches/13cm -Dimensions exclusive of roil paper

$19.95 SHIPPING WEIGHT: 14 lbs.

•TRS80 -CENTRONICS 70 TRS-80 Inteface Cable

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

16723K Roscoe Blvd. Sepulveda, CA 91343

Terms: Visa, MC, BAC, Check, Money Order. U.S. Funds Only. CA residents add 6% sales tax,Minimum order $10.00 Prepaid U.S. orders less than $75.00 include 5% shipping and handling.MINIMUM $2.50. Excess refunded. Just in case ... please include your phone no. Prices subject tochange without notice. We will do our best to maintain prices thru Auq 1980.'SOCKET and CONNECTOR prices based on GOLD, not exceeding $500 per oz.

'Sale Prices are for prepaid orders only credit card orders will be charged appropriate freight

FOR MORE INFORMATION SEE IOUR 52 PAGE AD in JANUARY]BYTE OR SEND $1.00 FOR|CATALOG• Sale Prices are for prepaid Iorders only • Quantities are |limited, subject to prior saleCREDIT CARD ORDERS WILL BlCHARGED APPROPRIATEFREIGHT

Circle 228 on inquiry card.

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

TRS-80/APPLE

MEMORY EXPANSION KITS0 4116's RAMS

8 for $48°° -<.

ADD $3.00 FOR PROGRAMMING JUMPERSFOR TRS-80 KEYBOARD

4116's 100 pes & UP $5.20 each1000 DCS & UP $4.45 each

Reg. Price Sale Price

SDS-EXPANDORAM I KIT OK $220.00 $210.00

SDS-EXPANDORAM I KIT 16K $249.00

SDS-EXPANDORAM I KIT 32K $299.00

SDS-EXPANDORAM I KIT 48K $349.00

SDS-EXPANDORAM I KIT 64K $398.00

. . $230.00 $220.00

$250.00

$325.00

$390.00

$459.00

Factory Rebate Sale

When you purchase any SD SYSTEMSComputer Board, either kit or A&T fromPRIORITY 1 ELECTRONICS, you willreceive a COUPON FOR A $25.00 CASHREBATE direct from the Manufacturer, SD

SYSTEMS. Combine the Rebate with our already low prices, and you can

hardly afford to pass up this special offer.

For more information, see last month's issue of Byte, or our catalog.

SDS-EXPANDORAM II KIT OKSDS-EXPANDORAM II KIT 16KSDS-EXPANDORAM II KIT32KSDS-EXPANDORAM II KIT 48KSDS-EXPANDORAM II KIT64K

Reg. Price Sate Price

SDS-VERSAFLOPPY I KIT $250.00 $220.00 |

SDS-VERSAFLOPPY II KIT $350.00 $299.00 |

SDS-VDB8024 KIT $370.00 $320.00

SDS-PROM-100 KIT $200.00 $175.00

SDS-SBC-100 2 Mhz KIT $295.00 $265.00

SDS-SBC-200 4 Mhz KIT $320.00 $289.00

SDS-Z80 STARTER KIT $340.00 $299.00

SD Systems Kits carry a 90 day limited warranty from SD Systems. 4116 ICssupplied by Priority 1 Electronics for use in SD Expandorams carry a 1 yearlimited warranty from Priority 1 Electronics.

Compare our Sale Prices, and then don't forget your Rebate!

<T

COMPUTERSYSTEMSINC.

Z+80CPU

IEEES-100COMPATIBLE

+ IK Ram On Board + 2 Programmable Timers

+ Switch Selectable 2 or 4 MHZ

♦ Power On Jump to On-Board IK or2K EPR0M (2708-27162732) Can beAddressed on any IK, 2K or 4K Boundary

Bare Board $ 45.00 A&T

EXPANDABLE + DYNAMIC MEM0RY(16K to 64K)

Kit

$169.95

IK Memory Kit $ 12.00

Programmable Baud Rate Selection (110 to 9600)On-Board EPR0M May be Used in Shadow Mode,Allowing Full 64K RAM lo be UsedOn-Board USART for Synchronous or AsynchronousRS-232 Operation (On-Board Baud Rate Generator) \$229.95

+ Works With Cromenco Systems +♦ Uses 3242 Refresh Chip ♦

+ 4 Layers Mean A Quiet Board +

I Bare Board { 49.95 32K Kit

16K Kit $295.95 32KA&T

UfiKA&T $345.95 48K Kit

Bank Selectable Write ProtectPhantom Output DisableSwitch Selectable Output Disable

$369.95 48KA&T $494.95

$419.95 64KKit $519.95

$444.95 64KA&T $569.95

CLOCK CALENDAR +

+ Time of Day in Hours, Minutes and Seconds♦ 24 Hour Time Format +

+ Month and Day Date Function +

Bare Board $45.00 Kit $99.95 A&T $149.95

Simple Read Instructions Allow Simple

Interface to Basic, CPM, Etc.

Will Run With 4 MHZ Processors

Can be Located at any Group of 4 I/O Port Addressecl

3 LOBO 8" DISK DRIVE CABINET

New from Lobo. a dual Cabinet with power supply.and internal data cable hook-up

• Cabinet accepts 2 801R. 800R, FD120. or FD200style disk drives.

• Power Supply for 2 drives.

• Assembled, tested and guaranteed by Lobo Drives.

• Shipping Weight 30 lbs.

LFJO — DUAL 8 PCS $329.00

BUY CABINETAND DRIVES AND SAVE

WITH 1 DRIVELBO-801R-1PSC . .

WITH 2 DRIVESLBO-801R-2PSC .... >1250™

'775"

DISC DRIVE ONLYSHU-801R $499.00

EXTERNAL DATA CABLESCARDEDGETO CARDEDGE CARDEDGE TO SOCKET

PRI-50CE-CE '19.95 PRI-50CE-SKT '19.95

MEMORY HEADQUARTERS

2716 16K 5 Volt only EPROM. .«22*» ea.

10/«200°0

2708 8K 450ns EPROM 8/'5500

s85° ea.

2114-3L 1Kx4 300ns Low Power. 8 s4500

100 + s460ea.

5257-3L4Kx1 300ns Low Power. .8/$55°°

100 + s5»ea.

2102AL-2 UP 250ns in lots of 20.1.25 ea,

100+ 1.10 ea.

SPECIAL PURCHASES

POWER SUPPLY5 Volt 3 Amp w/OVP

Input 110/220V Open Frame1995

MAGNIFIER

with T9 fluorescent tubeList $94.95Sales4995

LDU-MG-10A S49.95

Hitachi V302

30MHZ DUAL TRACEOSCILLOSCOPE

LIST 945.00- SALE S798°°

TV sync-separater circuit • Complete with 2 probes

High-sensitivity 1mV/div „• CHI. CH2. DUAL.

Sweep-time magnifier ' ' ADD. DIFF.

CO times) Vertical Detlection Modes

Z-axis input (intensity • V152 Oual Trace

modulation) 15MHZ - no delay sweep

Signal delay lineX-Y operationTraceRotation

LIST 695.00

SALE s595

00

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

16723K Roscoe Blvd. Sepulveda, CA 91343

Terms: Visa, MC, BAC, Check, Money Order, U.S. Funds Only. CA residents addMinimum order $10.00 Prepaid U.S. orders less than $75.00 include 5% shippingMINIMUM $2.50. Excess refunded. Just in case ... please include your phone no. Prichangewithout^ notice.We will do our best to maintain prices thru Aug 1980

6% sales tax,and handling,ces subject to

■SOCKET and CONNECTOR prices based on GOLD, not exceeding $500per oz.

'Sale Prices are for prepaid orders only credit card orders will be charged appropriate freight

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

FOR MORE INFORMATION SEElOUR 52 PAGE AD in JANUAflylBYTE OR SEND $1.00 FORICATALOG• Sale Prices are for prepaidIorders only • Quantities arlimited, subject to prior saleCREDIT CARD ORDERS WILL BE ICHARGED APPROPRIATEjFREIGHT

Circle 229 on inquiry card.

Com pu Pro

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

- MSR

MEET THE ECONORAM FAMILY

all ECONORAMS from COMPUKIT include:

• Fully static memory used throughout to promote reliable operation andfacilitate direct memory access. (DMA)

• 4 MHz with Z80 - 5 MHz with 8085

• Buttered tri-state outputs and buffered inputs.

• All lines buffered: address and data lines buffered to 1 low power SchottkyTTL load, all other lines buffered to less than 1 TTL load.

• Onboard regulation.

• DIP switch address selection and deselection (no wire jumpers).

• Low power Schottky support ICs.

• S-100 boards have WRITE strobe selections switch ■ allows use of memorywith or without front panel.

Most ECONORAMs come In 3 forms; UNKIT (UKT) • (this means that all sockets, disc capacitorsqualified under the Certified System Component (CSC) high-reliability program (200 hour burn-in, gleplacemeni in event ot failure with 1 year of invoice date).

All ICs are socketed (including support chips)

Unique multi-block configurations for addressing flexibility.

Industry standard board sizes.

High quality, double sided, plate through, solder-masked and legended

circuit board.

LOW current consumption and guaranteed specs.

1 year limited warranty (not just 90 days).

■jfif-

,^e

are already soldered in place for easy assembly), fully assembled & tested (A&Ti. oiuaranteed 4MHz operation over full temperature range, serial numbered, immediate

ne*

8K

ECONORAM

MA

We realize that this may not look like the 8K, Econoram II board you've known and lovedfor so many years; however, at Godbout.good things don't come to an end -they just getbetter! Our NEW 8K Econoram MA board retains all the best selling features of the oldEconoram II PLUS is now 4 MHz STANDARD-still static -with ultra low power consump-tion. S-100 compatible. Single supply required - guaranteed maximum current under900mA. Typical boards draw 700 to 800mA. Phantom feature is included on the newEconoram MA and is switch selectable. Organized as two 4K independently addressableblocks. Includes switched WRITE protect - block and board disable. Also, has provisionfor memory management. Shipping Weight 2 lbs.

Reg. Sale

GBT - ECONORAM MA UKT $169.00 $159.00

GBT - ECONORAM MA A&T $189.00 $169.00

CK022 S-100INTERFACER

Our new I/O board gives you unparalleled flexibility and opeiating convenience. We include suchfeatures as:

• 2 independently addressable serial ports (dip switch selectable addresses)

• Real LSI hardware UARTs for minimum CPU housekeeping

• RS232C. current loop (20mA), & TTL signals on both ports

• Precision, crystal-controlled Baud rates up to 19.2K Baud (individually dip switch selectable)

• Transmit 8 receive interrupts on both channels, jumperable to any vectored interrupt line

• Industry standaid RS232 level converters with five RS232 handshaking lines per port

• Optically isolated current loop with provisions for both on-board & off-board current sources

• UART parameters, interrupt enables & RS232 handshaking lines are software programmable withpower-on hardware default to customer specified hard-wired settings for maximum flexibility

• Pod connectors mate directly to ribbon cable & DB25 connectors in standard pinouts

• RS232 lines will conform to either master or slave configurations

• Board gives full leature operation with both 2 & 4 MHz systems

• Low power consumption. +8V @ 450mA; +16V @ 150mA; -16V (3> 70mA max.

• No sottwarc initialization required for board operation, although board parameters may be altered Dysoftware 2 lbs.

Reg. Sale

GBT- INTERFACER I UKT $199.00 $189.00

GBT- INTERFACER I A&T $249.00 $219.00

NEW! 32K X 8 ECONORAM X

Static storage for the S-100 buss.

Static storage for the S-100 buss. Guaranteed 4 MHz operation. Config-ured as two 8K and one 16K block, all independently addressable, protect-able & enableable. Suitable for use in phantom systems. Extra select/de-select qualifiers for systems using more than 64K of memory make this boardthe ideal building block for large memory systems. Maybe you can't believethe low pricing - but you can count on the Econoram performance! Alsoavailable populated to 16K. Shipping Weight 2 lbs.

Reg. Sale

GBT- ECONORAM X 16KUKT $329.00 $308.00

GBT-ECONORAM X 16K A&T $379.00 $319.00

GBT - ECONORAM X 32K UKT $599.00 $559.00

GBT - ECONORAM X 32K A&T $689.00 $589.00

INTERFACER II

The new Interfacer II I/O board incorporates one channel of serial I/O withall the features of the INTERFACER dual RS232 serial board, plus 3 fullduplex Parallel ports. The serial section includes all the features you've comelo expect - a hardware UART, on-board crystal controlled Buad rate genera-tor, hardware/software programmability, RS232 handshaking lines with realRS232 drivers, current loop & TTL drivers, full interrupts and more!!! Theparallel selection utilizes LSTTL octal latches for latched input & output datawith 24mA drive current, attention, enable & strobe bits for each parallel port(each with selectable polarity), interrupts for each input port, separate 25 pinconnectors with power for each channel and a status port for interrupt maskand port status. All in all - an incredibly flexible and easy to use board.

Reg. Sale

GBT - INTERFACER II UKT $199.00 $189.00

GBT - INTERFACER II A&T $249.00 $219.00

ECONORAMXIIIA-32

32K BANK SELECT! S-100 compatible. 4MHz guaranteed operation (0-70 C.) Featurestwo 16K blocks independently addressable on 16K boundaries. Two independent banks-individual phantom - 256 ports DIP switch selectable. .each block may be deselectedwith a single switch. Perfect for use in Alpha Micro Systems. Marinchip & others. Uses 4Kx 1 low power STATIC rams. Current consumption guaranteed 3500mA max. ShippingWeight 2 lbs.

Reg. Sale

GBT - ECONORAM XIIIA 16K UKT S349.00 S329.00

GBT - ECONORAM XIIIA 16K A&T $419.00 S369.00

GBT - ECONORAM XIIIA 24K UKT S479.00 $449.00

GBT - ECONORAM XIIIA 24K A&T $539.00 $479.00

GBT - ECONORAM XIIIA 32K UKT $649.00 $598.00

GBT - ECONORAM XIIIA 32K A&T $729.00 $649.00

ECONOROM2708

Has provisions for wait states for 4MHz operations. Configuredas four 4K blocks - each independently addressable and disab/e-able. Power-on jump. Does NOT include 2708s. Includes all sup-port chips, sockets, regulators, heat sinks, etc. Sold in UNKIT formonly. Shipping Weight 2 lbs.GBT - ECONOROM 2708 UKT $85.00

c#

$

tvN

Reg.

GBT-SPECTRUM (Color graphics) KIT.339.00GBT-SPECTRUM (Color graphics) A&T.399.00GBT-CPU-Z80 KIT 225.00

Sale GBT-CPU-Z80 A&T

319.00 GBT-CPU-8085 KIT

349.00 GBT-CPU-8085 A&T

210.00 GBT-CPU-8085/8088 KIT.

Re9- Sale ^ ^

.295.00 269.00 $V ^ Reg. Sale

.235.00 220.00 GBT-CPU-8085/8088 A&T 495.00 449.00

.325.00 259.00 GBT-BOX-DESK (S-100 Mainframe). ... 289.00 269.00

.385.00 365.00 GBT-BOX-RACK (S-100 Mainframe). . .329.00 309.00

ECONORAM XIV

16Kx8forS-100. Addressable on any 4K boundary. Direct addressing on up to24 address lines. Fully meets IEEE S-100 buss, specs. Low power, hi speedstatic memory. Operates up to 5MHz with newest 8085/8086/8088 CPUs. Can be used with 8080, Z80. 8085, 8086, 8088, Z8000, etc.

Reg. Sale Reg. Sale

GBT-ECONORAM XIV UKT $299.00 $279.00 GBT - ECONORAM XIV A&T $349.00 $298.00

Circle 229 on inquiry card.

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

S-100 VOICE

The ARTICULATOR board allowsyou to record, store, andplayback any vocabulary on yourS-100 computer. Input speech isdigitized by the ARTICULATORand sent to the computer via anon-board port for storage at 1Kto 2K bytes/sec. This data is thensent back from the computer tothe ARTICULATOR for very highquality playback. On-board VOXswitching minimizes memorystorage requirements.

PRICE — $319 A&TAVAILABLE NOW

Quintrex, Inc., 9185 BondShawnee Mission, Ks. 66215(913) 888-3353

SURPLUS ELECTRONICS

ASCII

ASCII

IBM SELECTRIC

BASED I/O TERMINAL

WITH ASCII CONVERSION

INSTALLED $645.00

• Tape Drives • Cable

• Cassette Drives • Wire

• Power Supplies 1 2V 1 5A, 1 2V25A,5V35A Others, • Displays

• Cabinets • XFMRS < HeatSinks • Printers • ComponentsMany other itemsREFUNDABLE FIRST ORDERWORLDWIDE ELECT, INC.

130 Northeastern Blvd.Nashua. NH 03062

Phone orders accepted using

VISA or MC

Call Toll Free 1-800-258-1036

Circle 230 on inquiry card.

Circle 231 on inquiry card.

OHIO

SCIENTIFIC

SYSTEMS

CALL FREE FOR OUR. PRICES

(800) 558-0870

or

WRITE FOR CATALOG

FARAGHER&ASSOCIATES

7635 BLUEMOUND

MILWAUKEE, WI 53213

(414) 258-2588

In Wisconsin

PASCAL

For programmers learning or desir-ing to learn PASCAL for the APPLEcomputer.

LEARN BYEXAMPLE

Thre e pra c tic a 1-us e ful PAS CAL pro-grams (Text & Code) are nowavailable on minidisk for only$55.00. Filecreate, fileupdate, andfilesearch will help you produce injust a very short time. Order todayfrom:

Personal Programs By Victor

P.O. Box 60034Sunnyvale, CA 94086

ICA. Residents add S3.57 Tax)

CUSTOM PROGRAMS UPONREQUEST

Acoustic Coupler Sale

Sl45ea.*

•Texas Residents Add 5% Sales Tax

• 1 Yr Warranty

(RTN to Factory)

• Latest Technology

(Phase Lock Loop)

• Up to 300 Baud

•EIA and/or 20 MIL

Technology Design 300

Please Rush: Qty_To:

. TD300 Coupler

D Check Enclosed zip code

Master Charge No

Visa No.

Exp. Date

Signature

Mail to:

TBI 11332 Mathis Ave./Suite 109

Dallas. Texas75229/214-247-1053

Circle 232 on inquiry card.

Circle 233 on inquiry card.

Circle 234 on inquiry card.

61 Dysan

^CORPORATION

Solve your disc problem*, buy 100% surfacetoted Dyun diskettes. All orders •hippedfrom stock, wtthfn 24 hour*. Call toll FREE(800) 235-4137 for price* and InformationVfea and Master Card accepted. AD orderssent postage paid.

PACIFICEXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd.San Luis Obispo. CA93401. (InCal. call(805) 543-1037.)

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With This Ad

HAZELTINE 1420 $780

CENTRONICS 779 WjTRACTOR $969NEC SPINWRITER $2250

Get the Catalog

&Our Low Prices

©,

DATA PRODUCTSMAINTENANCE CORP.

9460 Telstar AvenueEl Monte, CA 91731

(213) 573-59911714) 994-4180

Circle 235 on inquiry card.

Circle 236 on inquiry card.

Circle 237 on inquiry card.

©IEMP& IS READY. ifL

Z-80 CPU

DOUBLE/SINGLEDISK CONTROLLER

Two serial ports, three par-allel ports. 2/4 MHz, onboard Prom Monitor Phan-toms. {Less cable and Mon-itor). A & T $325.00

Two stage phase lock loopcircuitry for greatest relia-bility, data transfer at maxi-mum rate. Transparent den-sity selection. 8" or 5" op-eration 2 or 4 MHZ (Somerestrictions on DMA).DMA — $425.00STD. — $385.00

16K,32KSTATIC RAM

Worlds most reliable mem-ory, responds to extendedaddress lines A16, A17,cool running, fast.16K-$395.00 32K-S650.00

32K,48K,64KDYNAMIC RAM

Bill ■!■•Ill ■ ■ I II

■III III

Basic dynamic board testedto run at 4MHZ with ourZ-80 board. 4116 chips at200 nanosecond speed in-sures most reliable datasto-rage. Double density andDMA compatible.32K-$580.00 48K-$640.0064K-$750.00

32K, 48K, 64KERROR DETECTINGCromenco/ Alfa Micro

State of the art develop-ment. Parity generation anderror detection. Compatiblewith 16 bit CPU designs.16K bank, select under soft-ware control. 4MHZ Z-80,8086, Cromenco, Alpha Mi-cro compatible.32K-$650.00 48K$725.00 64K-$850.00

FLOPPYS

TELEVIDEO 912

TELEV1DEO 920

8" Shugart $550.00

8" Siemans $525.00

5" Siemans $350.00

(Double Sided)

8" CDC $675.00

8" Remex $645.00

FLOPPY DISKS

D YS A N Quality

80 x 24—Lower case des-cenders. Teletype or type-writer keyboard 110/220VAC. 50 to 19.2K BaudHex entry pad. Similar toSOROC but better lookingwith NO FAN NOISE

Similar to TV 912 but hasprogrammable functionskeys across top. Excellentfor WORDSTAR Text Edi-ting.

WINCHESTER/SHUGARTSA 1000

WINCHESTER/CENTURYDATA SYSTEM(Hunter Shown)

5 megs now expandable to10, works alongside floppydisk drive for expandedstorage. Use with controllerbelow.

$1950.00

20 megs expandable to40—Marksman series, plugsinto our CPU parallel portor MP/M board drive, cabi-net, power supply, 2.0 Bios.$4850.00

MPM®l/0 TIMER

ViM

COMINGSOON

WINCHESTER/FLOPPYINTERFACE

SOFTWARE/CABLES/PROMS

8" SSSD $4.25

8"SSDD $5.50

8" DSDD $7.60

5"SSDD $4.10

(Boxes of 10 only)

Designed for MP/M® soft-ware of Digital Research. 6users serial port, three 8 bitparallel ports for hard disk.Timer and vectored in-terrupt.

®TM Digital Research

Keyboard input, Z—80 Pro-cessor, on board RAMmakes this a non-memorymapped substitute for aterminal when mated witha keyboard.

$430.00

COMINGSOON

Allows mixing of ShugartWinchester and floppydrives on same cable whenused with DP-DSK. Sup-plied with software Biosfor MP/M®and 2.0<8>TM Digital Research

®CP/M 2.2.

MP/MV . . . .2708 Monitor2716 MonitorDisk 50 PinRS-232 . . .CPU to BackDisk DC . .Disk AC . .Winchester.

$150.00$350.00$ 25.00$ 40.00$ 22.0015.0032.004.502.5028.00

[(JMBJIilflilU

new mm mm mmm

S-100 MAINFRAME

• Twin Verticle DriveMounting, Fits Shugart,Siemans, Etc.

• Key-Lock Switch

• DetachablePower/Mother Module

INCLUDES

• Detachable Drive LI,-

D|,u.,_ mUUULt

Platform SHnWN AT

• 12-Slot Motherboard, Spur

Fully Terminated mum-

LESS DRIVES $849.00

INTRODUCTORY SPECIAL

S-100 MODULE

• 30Aof+8V6A of ±16V

• Disc Power Supply

6A of +24V5A of +5V1A of -5V

• 220V or 110V AC

50 or 60 Cycle Operation

• Connectors SuppliedFor Up To 4 Drives

• OPTIONAL Fans MountNeatly On 1 Side ForForced Air Cooling

$249.00

INTRODUCTORY SPECIAL

West'

DELTA PRODUCTS

15392 Assembly Lane, Unit A

Huntington Beach, CA 92649

TELEPHONE: (714) 898-1492

Circle 239 on inquiry card.

East:

DELTA PRODUCTS

11 Edison DriveNew Lennox, IL 60451TELEPHONE: (815) 485-9072

TELEX: 681-367 DELTMAR HTBH

Circle 240 on inquiry card.

6502 7.45 10 @ 6.95 50 @ 6.55 16502A 840 10 @ 7.95 50 0 7.35 16520 PIA 5.15 10® 4.90 50 @ 4.456522VIA 7.15 10® 6.95 50® 6.456532 7.90 10 @ 7.40 50 @ 7.00 1

2114-L4502114-L3002716 EPROM4116-200 ns RAM6550 RAM (PET 8K)21L02

S-100 Wire WrapS-100 Solder Tail

4.75 20 <S> 4.45 1

5.95 20 @> 5.45 1

21.00 5 i 19.007.00

2.852.35

00 @00 @100®100®00 ®00 ®00 ®

6.156.904.156.006.604.155.10

10 ® 17.00

8 ® 6.25

12.70

.90

10 ® 2.65

10 ® 2.15

CASSETTES—AGFA PE-611 PREMIUM

High output, low noise, 5 screw housing, labels.

C-10 10/5.65 50/25.00 100/48.00

C-20 10/6.45 50/29.50 100/57.00

C-30 10/7.30 50/34.00 100/66.00

All other lengths available. Write for price list.

DISKS

(write tor quantity prices)

SCOTCH 8" DisksSCOTCH 5.25" DisksVerbatim 5.25" DisksDiskette Storage PagesDisk Library CasesBASF 5.25" DisksBASF 8" Disks

8" - 2.95

10/S31.0010/ 31.5010/ 24.5010/ 3.955"-2.1510/ 28.0010/ 29.00

ATARI—INTRODUCTORY SPECIAL

Atari 400, Atari 800, all Atari Modules 20% OFF

Commodore CBM-PET SPECIALS

-Up to $235 free/</ merchandiseAy with purchase of one of<C following CBM-PETitems:

8032 32K-80 column CRT8016 16K-80 column CRT8050 Dual Disk Drive-950.000 bytesCBM Modem-IEEE InterlaceCBM Voice Synthesizer8N full size graphics keyboard16N full size graphics keyboard32N full size graphics keyboard16B full size business keyboard32B full size business keyboard2040 Dual Disk Drive-343,000 bytes

2022 Tractor Feed Printer

2023 Pressure Feed PrinterC2N External Cassette DeckUsed 8K PETs (limited quantities)

**** EDUCATIONAL DISCOUNTS ****

Buy 2 computers, get 1 FREE

CBM Full Size Graphics KeyboardCBM WordPro l-for 8K PETCBM WordPro 11-16 or 32K, 2040, PrinterCBM WordPro III-32K. 2040, Printer

7425

178

VISICALC for PET (CBM/Persunal Software) $128

CBM Assembler/Editor (disk) 89

CBM General Ledger, A/P, A/R NEW! 270

115 E. Slump RoadMontgomeryville, PA 18936

Programmers Toolkit-PET ROM Utilities $ 44.90

PET Spacemaker Switch 22.90

Dust Cover for PET 7.90

IEEE-Parallel Printer Interface for PET 79.00

IEEE-RS232 Printer Interface for PET 149.00

215699-5826 A B Computers

Centronics 737 Proportional Spacing Printer $845

NEC Spinwriter-parallel 2450

SYM-1 $209 with 4K RAM S 238

SYM BAS-1 BASIC in ROM 85

SYM RAE-1/2 Assembler in ROM 85

MDT 1000 Synertek Development System 1345

KTM-2/80 Synertek Video Board 349

KIM-1 (add $34 for power supply) 159

Seawell Motherboard-4K RAM 195

Seawell 16K Static RAM-KIM, SYM, AIM 320

S-100 Static RAM kit SALE 198

Leedex Video 100 12" Monitor 129

Zenith Z19 Terminal (factory asm.) 770

KL-4M Four Voice Music Board for PET S34.90

Visible Music Monitor (4 Voice) for PET 29.90

SPECIAL—KL-4M with Visible Music Monitor 59.90

MICROTHELL0 for PET by Michael Riley $9.95Machine language version—you can't win at Level 5.

PAPER MATE 60 Command PETWord ProcessorFull-featured version by Michael Riley

$29.95

Products 15% OFF

All Book and Software Prices are Discounted

PET Personal Computer Guide (Osborne) $12.75

PET and the IEEE-488 Bus (Osborne) 12.75

6502 Assembly Language (Osborne) 9.45

Programming the 6502 (Zaks) 10.45

6502 Applications Book (Zaks) 10.45

Programming a Microcomputer: 6502 7.75

6502 Software Bookbook (Scelbi) 9.45

WRITE FOR CATALOG

Add $1 per order for shipping. We pay balanceot UPS surface charges on all prepaid orders.

>i

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS16K RAM BOARD. Fully buffered addressable in 4Kblocks. IEEE standard for bank addressing 2114's.

PCBD $27.95 Kit 450 NSEC .. .$249.95

PT-1 PROTO BOARD. Over 2,600 holes 4" regula-tors. All S-100 buss functions labeled, gold fingers.PCBD $26.95

PT-2 PROTO BOARD. Similar to PT-1 except set-up to handle solder tail sockets. PCBD ...$26.95

CCS MAIN FRAME. Kit (S-100) $339.95

APPLE EXTENDER. Kit $22.95

APPLE IEEE INSTRUMENTATION INTERFACEKIT 7490. Kit $275.00

ARITHMETIC PROCESSOR FOR APPLE 7811 A.Kit $350.00

APPLE ASYNCHRONOUS SERIAL INTERFACE7710A. Kit $89.95

APPLE SYNCHRONOUS SERIAL INTERFACE

7712A. Kit $89.95

ALL OTHER CCS PRODUCTS AVAILABLE

==i7?

PB-1 2708 & 2716 Programming Board with pro-visions for 4K or 8K EPROM. No external suppliesrequired. Textool sockets. Kit $129.95

CB-1A 8080 Processor Board. 2K of PROM 256BYTE RAM power on/rest Vector Jump Parallel

port with status. Kit ....$129.95 PCBD $27.95

VB-3 80 x 55 VIDEO BOARD. Graphics included,

2 MHZ $294.95 4 MHZ $329.95

10-4 Two serial I/O ports with full handshaking20/60 ma current loop: Two parallel I/O ports.Kit $130.00 PCBD $27.95

VB-1B 64 x 16 video board, upper lower case Greekcomposite and parallel video with software, S-100.Kit $125.00 PCBD $27.95

CB-2 Z80 CPU BOARD. Kit $185.95

AIO APPLE SERIAL/PARALLEL $125.95

ALL OTHER SSM PRODUCTS AVAILABLE

W777C

inc. WAMECO INC.

FDC-1 FLOPPY CONTROLLER BOARD will driveshugart, pertek, remic 5" & 8" drives up to 8 drives,on board PROM with power boot up, will operate

with CPM™ (not included). PCBD $42.95

FPB-1 Front Panel. IMSAI size, hex displays. Byte,

or instruction single step. PCBD $47.50

MEM-1A 8Kx8 fully buffered, S-100, uses 2102

type rams. PCBD $25.95

QM-12 MOTHER BOARD, 13 slot, terminated, S-100

board only $38.95

CPU-1 8080A Processor board S-100 with 8 level

vector interrupt. PCBD $27.95

RTC-1 Realtime clock board. Two independent in-terrupts. Software programmable. PCBD $24.95

EPM-1 1702A 4K Eprom card. PCBD $25.95

EPM-2 2708/2716 16K/32K EPROM CARD.

PCBD S25.95

O.M-9 MOTHER BOARD. Short Version of QM-12.

9 Slots. PCBD $32.95

MEM-2 16Kx8 Fully Buffered 2114 Board.

PCBD $27.95

PTB-1 POWER SUPPLY AND TERMINATOR BOARD.

PCBD $27.95

IOB-1 SERIAL AND PARALLEL INTERFACE.2 parallel, one serial and cassette.

PCBD $27.95

2708 $ 9.49 2114L 450 NSEC $5.99

2716 $35.95 2114L 200 NSEC $6.99

m

(415) 726-7593P. O. Box 955 • El Granada, CA 94018

Please send for IC, Xistor and Computer parts list

AUG. SPECIAL SALEON PREPAID ORDERS

(Charge cards nol included on this otter)

WAMECO BARE PCBD SALE. 10% OFF THE

PRICE OF WAMECO PCBD WHEN 5 ORMORE ARE PURCHASED.

MIKOS PARTS ASSORTMENTWITH WAMECO AND CYBERCOM PCBDSMEM-2 with MIKOS =7 16K ram

With L2114 450 NSEC $249.95

MEM-2 with MIKOS =13 16K ram

with L2114 250 NSEC $279.95

CPU-1 with MIKOS -'2 8080A CPU $ 94.95

QM-12 with MIKOS -4 13 slot mother

board ...$ 95.95

RTC-1 with MIKOS "5 real time clock $ 59.95

EMP-1 with MIKOS =10 4K 1702 less

EPROMS $ 49.95

EPM-2 with MIKOS =11 16-32K EPROMS

less EPROMS $ 59.95

QM-9 with MIKOS =12 9 slot mother

board S 89.95

FPB-1 with MIKOS =14 all parts

for front panel $144.95

MIKOS PARTS ASSORTMENTS ARE ALL FACTORY MARKEDPARTS. KITS INCLUDE ALL PARTS LISTED AS REQUIREDFOR THE COMPLETE KIT LESS PARTS LISTED. ALL SOCK-ETS INCLUDED.

LARGE SELECTION OF LS TTL AVAILABLE

VISA or MASTEHCHARGE. Send account number, interbank num.ber, expiration date and sign your order. Appiox. postage willbe added. Check or money order will be sent post paid in U.S.If you are not a regular customer, please use charge, cashier'scheck or postal money order. Otherwise there will be a two-week delay for checks to clear. Calif, residents add 6% tax.Money back 30-day guarantee. We cannot accept returned IC'sthat have been soldered to. Prices subject to change withoutnotice. 510 minimum order. $1.50 service charge on ordersless than 510.00.

278 BYTE August 1980

Circle 241 on inquiry card.

WE WILL NOT BE UNDERSOLD

16K MEMORY UPGRADE KITS

for TRS-80*, Apple II, Sorcerer (specify)

PRINTERS

$54

NEC Spinwriter

Letter Quality High Speed Printer

Includes TRS-80* interface software, quickchange print fonts, 55 cps, bidirectional,high resolution plotting, graphing, propor-tional spacing $2689With Tractor Feed $2889

DIABLO 1650 R.O. $2890

779 CENTRONICS TRACTOR FEED PRINTER

Same as Radio Shack line printer I737 CENTRONICS FRICTION & PIN FEED PRINTER

9x7 matrix730 CENTRONICS FRICTION & PIN FEED PRINTER

7x7 matrix Same as Radio Shack line printer IIP1 CENTRONICS PRINTER

Same as Radio Shack quick printerPAPER TIGER (I P440)

Includes 2K buffer and graphics optionTI-810 Faster than Radio Shack line printer III

Parallel and serial w/TRS-80* interface softwarewith upper and lower case and paper trayOKIDATA Microline 80 Friction and pin feed

Tractor Feed, friction, and pin feedEATON LRC 7000 + 64 columns, plain paperANADEX DP-9500

KSR $3285$969

$839

$639

CAT MODEM Originate and answer same as

Radio Shack Telephone Interface IILEEDEX MONITOR Video 100

$939

$1575

$1665

$559

$679

$349

$1389

$148$129

DISK DRIVES

$314

More capacity than Radio Shack 35 Track (80 KBytes) drives. Fully assembled and tested.Ready to plug-in and run the moment youreceive it. Can be intermixed with each otherand Radio Shack drive on same cable. TRS-80*compatible silver enclosure.90 DAY WARRANTY. ONE YEAR ON POWER SUPPLY.FOR TRS-80*

5V4", 40 Track (102K Bytes) for Model I $314

5 Vi", 77 Track (197K Bytes) for Model I $549

8" Drive for Model II (V2 Meg Bytes) $795

CCI-100

CCI-200CCI-800For Zenith Z89

CCI-189Z-87

5Vt", 40 Track (102K Bytes) add-on drive $394

Dual 5Va" add-on drive system $995

DISKETTES — Box of 10 (5'A")-yyjth plastic library case $24.95

8" double density for Model II (box of 10) $36.49

$269 COMPLETE SYSTEMS

TRS-80* LEVEL II-16K with keypad

TRS-80* Expansion Interface

ZENITH Z89, 48K all-in-one computer

ZENITH Z19

TELEVIDEO 912B $745

ATARI 400 $489 ATARI 800 $799

MATTEL INTELLIVISION

NORTH STAR Horizon 1 32K, Double Density

DISK OPERATING SYSTEMS

PATCHPAK #4 by Percom Data

CP/M for Model I, Zenith $145 • for Model II, Altos

NEWDOS Plus — with over 200 modifications 35track

and corrections to TRS-DOS 40 or 70 Track

$719

$269

$2595

$740

920B $769

TI99/4 $894

$249

$2129

$ 8.95$169.00$ 89.00$ 99.00

SOFTWARE FOR THE TRS-80* 3E=,/KX-

CP/M BASED SOFTWARE forZenith, Altos, Radio Shack, Apple 3::,/:,:"

CCMNVESTMENT PORTFOLIO MANAGER: This iswhat investors have been wailing (or! This powerfulprogram was developed by security analysts workingwith software designers. It comes on one cassette —16K LEVEL II BASIC on one side, 32K DISK BASIC onthe other. Store and report data; Review your portfolio;Produce detailed status, value, gain, and securityanalysis; Compare alternatives $49.95/510

INTELLIGENT TERMINAL SYSTEM ST-80III BYLANCE MIKLUS: Enables a TRS-80' to act as a dial-up terminal on any standard time sharing network.Provides a TRS-80* with control key. ESC Key,Repeal Key, Rub Out Key. Break Key, full upper andlower case support, selectable printer output andprogram selectable transmission rates $139/510

CCA-DATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: Automate yourinformation processing tasks. You can create a file of

customer information; quickly and easily add, deleteor update records; search a file; keep a file in order ofthe value in any field; and print records and labels inany desired sequence or from just a part of a file.Requires 32K TRS-80 and one drive. $74.95/510

CSAMAILIST SYSTEM: Creates, maintains and effi-ciently utilizes a name, address and telephonenumber file. 400 individual name/address entries canbe maintained on a single density mini-floppy, and aremanipulated directly by record number (direct accessfile method). Sorts can be performed, name + addresscombinations can be coded. Listing-directories andlabels can be printed. A conversion facility is providedto convert most sequential name, address file formatsinto direct. Requires 32K TRS-80 and one drive.

$49.95/510

S & M SYSTEMS

INSEQ-80™: Indexed Sequential Access Method(ISAM) for the TRS-80 Model I. A must for anyone writ-ing business programs. Eliminate wasted disk spacefrom direct record processing. Split second access toany record. Access data records instantly via alpha/numeric "key" eg. Part NR, zip code or sequentially inascending key sequence. Add/modify records in anyorder. Access up to three files per program—Filesmay be spread over multiple disks. Machine languageprocessing from your basic program. Utility programto convert direct files to INSEQ-80 format. $49.95/510

FULLY INTERACTIVE ACCOUNTING PACKAGE:

ISAM (INSEQ-80) based. Includes General Ledger,Accounts Payable, Accounts Receivable and Payroll.System runs "stand alone" or "co-ordinated G/L" atusers option. Based on Osborne accounting method.Requires 32K, TRS-80. 2 or 3 drives. N/A CA.

General Lodger 599/510

Accounts Receivable $99/510

Accounts Payable 599/510

Payroll 599/510

Osborne books: Req'd as additional documentation$20 ea

INVENTORY Requires 32K, TRS-80, 1 drive 5125/510INSORT-80: Callable form BASIC via USR. Sorts "Ran-dom" Disk Files. "Disk" to "Disk" sort times — 350records in 35 sees, 1000 records in 6 minutes, 3500records in 12 minutes. Machine language processing.Up to 35 sort keys ascending/descending. Utility tobuild BASIC program. Runs under NEWDOS.

$49.95/510

ACCESSORIES

HEAD CLEANING DISKETTE- Cleans drive Read/Write head in 30 seconds. Diskette absorbs loose oxideparticles, fingerprints, and other foreign particles thatmight hinder the performance of the drive head. Lastsat least 3 months with daily use. Specify 5V«" or8".$20 ea/S45 tor 3

FLOPPY SAVER: Protection for center holes of 5%"floppy disks. Only 1 needed per diskette. Kit containscentering post, pressure tool, tough 7-mil mylar rein-forcing rings. Installation tools and rings for 25diskettes. $11.95

Re-orders of rings only: S 7.95

MICROSOFT

BASIC-80: Disk Extended BASIC ANSI compatiblewith long variable names, WHILE/WEND, chaining,variable length file records. $325/525

BASIC COMPILER: Language compatible with BASIC-80 and 3-10 times faster execution. Produces standardMicrosoft relocatable binary output. Includes M ACRO-80 Also linkable to FORTRAN-80 or COBOL-80 codemodules. S350/S25

FORTRAN-80: ANSI 66 (except for COMPLEX) plusmany extensions. Includes relocatable object com-piler, linking loader, library with manager. Alsoincludes MACRO-80(see below) $425/525

COBAL-80: Level 1 ANSI 74 standard COBAL plusmost of Level 2. Full sequential, relative and indexedfile support with variable file names. STRING, UN-STRING, COMPUTE, VARYING/UNTIL. EXTEND.CALL. COPY, SEARCH. 3-dimensional arrays, com-pound and abbreviated conditions, nested IF. Power-ful interactive screen-handling extensions. Includescompatible assembler, linking loader, and relocatablelibrary manager as described under MACRO-80.

$700/$25Z-80 SOFTCARD FOR APPLE Your key to future soft-ware expansion. Get the best of both worlds, Apple's6502 and CP/M Z-80. Plug in the card and get a Z80.Supports Apple language card and all Apple peripher-als. Comes with set of three manuals. $339/575

CCI-TELNET VERSION 5: A communication Packagewhich enables microcomputer users to communicateboth with Large Mainframes and other microcom-puters. Extensive commands make it useful in manyapplications where communication between com-puters is necessary. Powerful terminal mode enablinguser to save all data from a session on disk- Com-pletely CP/M compatible. Multiple communicationprotocols supported. Able to transfer files in bothdirections without protocol where the other machinedoes not support any protocol. Extensive ON-SCREEN help. Source code provided. $149/515

MICROPRO-WORD-STAR: Menu driven visual wordprocessing system for use with standard terminalsText formatting performed on screen. Facilities for textpaginate, page number, justify, center and underscore.User can print one document while simultaneouslyediting a second. Edit facilities include global searchand replace. Read/Write to other text files, blockmove. etc. Requires CRT terminal with addressablecursor positioning. 5399 /$40

BDS 'C COMPILER: Supports most features of lan-guage, including structures, arrays, pointers, recursivefunction evaluation, and overlays. Package contains:compiler, linker, library manager; sample source filesinclude games, a terminal emulator with disk I/O plusthe source for many standard library tunctlons; BOS CUser's Guide; Book - The C Programming Language byDennis Ritchie and Brian Kernigham. Requires at least24KofRAM $125/520

CONRGURABLE BUSINESS SYSTEM BY DMA: CBSis a data management system that allows true trans-action processing. Custom accounting systems forpayables, receivables, inventory control, order, entryand general ledger can be set up without using any pro-gramming languages. CBS can be used to define anapplication such as an inventory control system byspecifying master files to describe the inventory, cus-tomer and vendor files. Transaction files can then beused to describe activities such as purchases andsales. An extremely easy-to-use data entry program isused to enter information about customers, vendors,inventory, sales and purchases. After data entry is com-plete, an update program can process the transactionsagainst the various master files, updating accountbalances and inventory quantities. The system featuresa screen menu generator and a comprehensive reportgenerator which can be used to produce invoices, pur-chase orders, re-order reports, mailing labels or otherspecial reports specific to the application. Good docu-mentation and a demonstration inventory system sup-plied. Requires at least 48K memory. Does not requireany support language. $295

dealer (national/international) inquiries invited Send for FREE Catalogue

The CPU SHOP

TO ORDER CALL TOLL FREE 1-800-343-6522

Massachusetts residents call (617)242-3361For detailed technical information, call 617/242-3361Hours: 10AM-6PM (EST)M-F(Sat.till 5)"TRS-80 is a Tandy Corporation Trademark

5 Dexter Row, Dept. B8MCharlestown, Massachusetts 02129

Massachusetts residents add5% sales tax

Quantities on some items are limited

Circle 242 on inquiry card.

BYTE August 1980 279

Circle 243 on inquiry card.

"State of the art"theDG-80Z80CPU!

THE leading edge oftechnology for theHeath® H8

DG-80 CPU

$249

MANUAL ONLY $25

16K CHIP SETS (8-4116 Type Dynamic RAMS) forDG-32D, Apple®, TRS-80®, H88/89* and Pet®

(Tested) $ 64.00

32K/DG-32D $479.00

HALF POPULATED 16K/DG-32D $415.00

Documentation only (DG-32D) $ 12.00

FEATURES

• Compatible with Heath• H8 hardware and software

• Z80 CPU — Enhanced instruction set

• Provisions for up to 8K ROM/EPROM and/or 4K RAM

• Jump-On-Reset to any 1K boundary

• Operational up to 4 MHz (2.048 MHz standard)

• DIP switch selectable wait states for any or all 8K blocks of memory

• All Z80 interrupt response modes available

• Interrupt Acknowledge and Dynamic Memory Refresh signals avail-able on bus

• Frequently selected options by DIP switch or solderless jumper

• Machined contact gold sockets for ROM/EPROM, RAM

• Includes many advanced features for future expansion

• Assembled, tested and guaranteed

• Extensive operations manual and Z80 PROGRAMMING MANUAL

The DG-80 Z80 CPU is the "State of the art" CPU for the Heath® H8. The power ofa Z80, coupled with the flexibility designed into every DG-80, lets your imagina-tion set the limits in possible applications with this board.

The DG-80 Z80 CPU maintains compatibility of your current system hardwareand software but provides features and flexibility for future expansion. Some ofthe advanced features include on-board RAM, ROM, and EPROM capability,jump-on-reset to any 1K boundary, and operational speeds up to 4 MHz. TheDG-80 affords the user a superior alternative to the 8080A.

Write or call for complete product information.

Heath, H8, TRS-80, Apple, Mostek & Pet are Registered Trademarks.

CMS

ELECTRONICDEVELOPMENTS CO.

Ordering Information: Products listed available from D-G Electronic Develop-ments Co., P.O.Box 1124, 1827 South Armstrong, Oenison, Tx. 75020.Check, Money Order, VISA or Master Charge accepted. Phone orders(charge only) call (214) 465-7805. No COD's. Freight prepaid. Allow 3weeks for personal checks to clear. Texas residents add 5%. Foreignorders add 30%.

M

TRS-80's

DISCOUNTS of 10%, 15% and Moreavailable.

WE PAY Domestic U.P.S. shipping andinsurance on minimum orders.

NO TAXES are collected on out-of-stateshipments.

TOLL FREE Order Number 800/531 -7466.

OPEN 8:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m., CentralTime, Monday through Friday;9:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m., Saturday.

Pan American Electronics

Incorporated

a Radio /haek

AUTHORIZED SALES CENTER

1117 CONWAY MISSION, TEXAS 78572

TOLL FREE ORDER NUMBER 800/531-7466

TEXAS AND PRINCIPAL TELEPHONE NUMBER 512/581-2765

Hgg

280 BYTE August 1980

Circle 244 on inquiry card.

*»

Now a complete OHIO SCIENTIFICmini-floppy system for just $797!

Here's what you get:

lifted*6*11 --"-

Ohio Scientific Superboard II

The first complete computer system on a board! Includes

keyboard, video interface and audio cassette interface. SK

BASIC-in-R0M,4KRAM.

Requires power supply of + 5V @ 3 amps

$299

fii V

•ell-

_ ;«. K » * "

"We heartily recommend Superboard II for thebeginner who wants to get into microcomputerswith a minimum cost. A real computer with fullexpandability."

—POPULAR ELECTRONICS, MARCH, 1979

"The Superboard II is an excellent choice for thepersonal computer enthusiast on a budget."

—BYTE, MAY, 1979

Buy OHIO SCIENTIFIC^ 610 Expander Board andget $99 off reg. $299 price of mini-floppy disk drive[including connector cable]. ONLY $200!

610 Expander Board

For use with Superboard II and Challenger 1 P. 8K static RAMexpandable to 24K or 32K system total. Accepts up to twomini-floppy disk drives.Requires +5V@4.5amps

$298

Mini-Floppy Disk Drive

Includes Ohio Scientific's PICO DOS software and connectorcable. Compatible with 610 Expander Board.Requires +12V @ 1.5 amps and + 5V @ 0.7 amps.

Reg.$299 SALE! $200

TOTAL S797

79

4KP 4K RAM chip set S

PS003 Mini-floppy power supply

each SPS005 5V 4.5 amp open framepower supply S

SAMS manual C1 P/Superboard II SSAMS manual C4P S

0S-65D V3.2 Disk Operating Systemwith 9-digit extended BASIC, randomaccess from sequential files S

C4P computer 8K RAM expandableto 32K RAM S

C4P MF computer Mini-floppy,S4K RAM S1795

C8P computer 8K RAM expandableto 32K and dual 8-inch floppies S 950

C8P DF computer 32K RAMexpandable to 48K, dual 8-inchfloppies S2895

29

35

816

49

750

NEW! SAMS manual for theChallenger III Series 5 40

Attention Superboard II and C1P owners:

You can still take advantage of our summer sale. Purchase the 610Expander Board for the regular price and get £99 off on the mini-floppyand cable.Step up to mini-floppy operation for only $498.

COMING SOON! Color Video Adaptor for Superboard II and C1P!

Freight Policies

All orders of $100 or more are shippedfreight prepaid. Orders of less than $100please add S4.00 to cover shipping costs.Ohio Residents add 5.5% Sales Tax.

Guaranteed Shipment Cleveland

Consumer Computers 6. Componentsguarantees shipment of computer systemswithin 48 hours upon receipt of your order.Our failure to ship within 48 hoursentitles you to S35 of software, FREE.

To Order:

Or to get our free catalog

CALL 1-800-321-5805 TOLL FREE.

Charge your order to yourVISA or MASTER CHARGE ACCOUNTOhio Residents Call: [216] 464-8047.Or write, including your check or moneyorder, to the address listed below.

Hours:

Call Monday thru Friday8:00 AM to 5:00 PM E.D.T.

VISA

s©

.CLEVELAND CONSUMERBSSS COMPUTERS & COMPONENTS

P.O. Box 46627Cleveland, Ohio 44146

TO ORDER: CALL

1-800-321-5805

TOLL FREE

Circle 245 on inquiry card.

BYTE Augusl 1980 281

Circle 246 on inquiry card.

NEW & IN STOCK.

$599.00

77 TRACKDISK DRIVES

• 5V«" drive with power supply and enclosure.

C-ITOH™ STARWRITER $21950°

(DAISY WHEEL PRINTER)

SUPERBRAIN™ - COMPUSTAR

300 - K DISK STORAGE 64 K $2995 00

10 Maxell Diskettes FREE WITH EVERY UNIT

TM

TRS-80™ 64 K MODEL II S3626.00

IN STOCK • IMMEDIATE DELIVERY

ORDER NOW (1) 800 345-8102

MODEL II DISK DRIVES

1 drive, single enclosure S 899.00

1 drive, multiple enclosure S1069.S0

additional drives (or multiple enclosure j 540.00

MODEL I DISK DRIVES pertec 40 trk $340.00

$159.00 less than Radio Shack

EXPANSION INTERFACES

0 K S278.10

16 K $376.10

32 K $474.10

List Our PriceTRS-80 4K Level II S619.00 $575.70TRS-80 16K Level II S849.00 $789.60Telephone Modem S199.00 $ 185.10RS 232 S 92.10

NEC 5510 (In Stock)Centronics 730Centronics 737Centronics 779 Sale

Our Price$2950.00$ 695.00$ 950.00$ 995.00

VR DATA

ORDER 1-800-345 8102NOW (215) 461-5300

777 HENDERSON BOULEVARDFOICROFT INDUSTRIAL PARK ■""FOLCROFT, PA 19032 £

Our Prices Are For Cash ^*^

Payment Terms. Call For Other Terms.

V R DATA'S TRS-80™SWEEPSTAKES

Celebrating V. R. DATA's 8th Anniversary

OVER $1700.00 in PRIZESGRAND PRIZE- 16 K Lll TRS-80

TWO SECOND PRIZES - DISK DRIVES

FOUR THIRD PRIZES — *50.°° g.ftcertificates

SWEEPSTAKES RULES

1 ALL ENTRIES MUST BE SUBMITTED ONORIGINAL ENTRY BLANK.

2. ONE ENTRY PER PERSON.

3. WINNERS SELECTED BY RANDOM DRAWING,NOTIFIED BY MAIL.

4. ENTRIES MUST BE RECEIVED BY 10/31/80.

5. VOID WHERE PROHIBITED BY LAW,NO PURCHASE NECESSARY.

MAIL NOW TO

NAME

ENTER

V. R. DATA'S

SWEEPSTAKES

ADDRESS

CITY

TELEPHONECOMPUTER

EQUIPMENT OWNEt

..STATE

OCCUPATION)

...ZIP

INTENDED ISE

B

SEND

FOR

CATALOG

□

Dual Trace Oscilloscope

HITACHI 30 MHz

• TV sync-separater circuit

• High-sensitivity 1mV/div(5MHz)

• Sweep-time magnifier(10 times)

• Z-axis input (Intensitymodulation)

• Signal delay line

• X-Y operation

• Trace Rotation

$945.00

More sensitive to your input

SD SYSTEMS

Z-80

STARTERSYSTEM

The Z80 Starter Kit by SD Systemsuses the powerful Z80 microproces-sor as the heart of the complete micro-computer on a single board. Learn asfl&i-^WHHl Yl'.n step-bystep introduction to micro-computers with a keyboard and display, audio cassette inter-face, PROM programmer, wire-wrap expansion area, 4-channel Counter Timer and on Board RAM and PROM.Complete Opperation and Instruction Manual included. ZBUGMonitor in ROM.

27004 kit $340 38007 a/t $450

SBC-1 00 BOARD

COMPUTER KIT

27003 kit $295

PROM Programmer27014 kit S200

LOOK - MORE SDC

VERSAFLOPPY I

FLEXIBLE DISK

DRIVE Controller

27002 kit S250

38005 a/t S335

VDB-8024

VIDEO

DISPLAY BOARD

8080A

MICRO-PROCESSOR

:95

AP PRODUCTS

923101 .S 79.95

923102 . . 124.95103.. 124 95

O PLESSEY

SD SystemsEXPANDO RAM

27001 kit $220

38001 a/t $480

Add-On RAM Kit

27010 (lGK.edov,(:u.,) $165

FUNCTION GENERATOR KITXR2206KB

NEW

HICKOK

LX304

DIGITALMULTIMETER

ALSO - STILL AVAILABLE

LX303 $74-95

\v <"'H

32K

Part No. DP1000-2

$1295

32K HAM

DiiinxJ ClurEda> card

LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY

F". n.'n'fl' * HitJh Contrast RatioI+i,Dju,U * Wide Viewing AnglehnQQOHIBn • 0.5 in. Digit Height• ULTRA Low Power ConsumptionLCD10G $14.50

SYM-t

NEW LOWPRICE

$239.00

KTM-2 CHT/TV Kybd Term S349

EPROM

2708 $1050

EPROM

5299C

(5 Volt)

2716

POWER SUPPLY

5 Volt 3 AmpAPS 5-3

S42.50$40.66$38.85

* 15% *

DISCOUNT

COUPON

Bring this I OI l*OA" into one ofourstoresor

mail to our Mail Order address shown below and

receive a 15% IIISIOIXT

on purchases from this Ad of £1 00.00 or more.

Offer i: VIMIUS on Aii^tisl :t I. I 9MIO

NAME

ADDRESS

CITY STATE

ZIP PHONE NO

Coupons accepted only wilh full name and address filled in

®

Send check or ManeCalifornia residentsAdd SI 00 10 cover postage and hPlease include you' charge card nuInterbank number and expiration

i Ortlei iii P 0 flu. Z2DBY Culvm City CA 90230add 6% sales la* Minimum Oidi-i $10 00ig Master Charge and Visa welcomed

PHONE ORDERS: [213} 641-4064

MAIL ORDER

PO Box 2208R

ilrvei Oiv.CA 90230

1213) 641-4064

TUCSON

PORTLAND

15031 254-5641

HOUSTON

1713) 529-3489

14041 261 7100

CULVER CITY

'713) 39&3S95

SUNNYVALE

MORI 243-4171

282 BYTE August 1980

Circle 247 on inquiry card.

DIGITAL RESEARCH COMPUTERS

(214)271-3538

32K S-100 EPROM CARD

USES 2716s

Blank PC Board - $34

ASSEMBLED & TESTEDADD S30

SPECIAL: 2716 EPROM's (450 NS) Are S19.95 EA. With Above Kit.

KIT FEATURES

1 Uses +5V only 2716 (2Kx8) EPROM's

2 Allows up to 32K of software on line!3. IEEE S-100 Compatible.

4 Addressable as two independent 16K

blocks.5. Cromemco extended or Northstar bank

select6 On board wait state circuitry if needed.

7 Any or all EPROM locations can be

disabled.8. Double sided PC board, solder-masked.

silk-screened9 Gold plated contact fingers.

10. Unselected EPROM's automaticallypowered down for low power

11. Fully buffered and bypassed.

12. Easy and quick to assemble.

8K LOW POWER RAM KIT-S 100 BUSS

21L02(450 NS RAMS!)

.•&X:■'■% '"■"IPa*(f'iMlt-af tniiri-JUt

$1195K?T

ASSEMBLED & FULLYBURNED IN ADD S35

Thousands of computer systems rely on this rugged, work horse. RAM

board Designed for error-free. NO HASSLE, systems use

Blank PC Board w/Documentation - $29.95

Low Profile Socket Set - S13.50

Support IC's (TTL & Regulators) - S9.75

Bypass CAP's (Disc & Tantalums) - $4.50

ADD S10FOR 4 MHZ

FOR4MHZ

sM-el

LOW POWER - 300NS 8 FOR

2114 RAM SALE! *4«

4K STATIC RAM'S. MAJOR BRAND, NEW PARTS.

These are the most sought after 2114's, LOW POWER and 300NS FAST.

8 FOR $44

16K STATIC RAM KIT-S 100 BUSS

16K STATIC RAM SS-50 BUSS

PRICE CUT!

*229k,t

fi § i 111 Hi II1111 r

111111 iiiiiinii

FULLY STATIC!

KIT FEATURES

1 Addressable as (our separate 4K Blocks.

2 ON BOARD BANK SELECT circuitry. (Cro-memco Standard1) Allows up to 512K on line!3. Uses 2114 (450NS) 4K Sialic Rams. . _... pRnp|| cqnrKFT HFT-4H9

4 ON BOARD SELECTABLE WAIT STATES. LOW PHUr ILL bUOKb I t>t I »1<!

5 Double sided PC Board, with solder mask and SUPPORT IC'S & CAPS-$19 95silk screened layout Gold plated contact fingers

6 All address and data lines fully buffered

7 Kit includes ALL parts and sockets

8 PHANTOM is jumpered to PIN 67

9. LOW POWER: under 1.5 amps TYPICAL Iromthe +8 Volt Buss

10. Blank PC Board can be populaled as anymultiple of 4K

FOR 2MHZADD $10

j£3m

BLANK PC BOARD W/DATA-$33

ASSEMBLED & TESTED-ADD $35

FOR SWTPC6800 BUSS!

OUR #1 SELLINGRAM BOARD!

ASSEMBLED ANDTESTED - $35

KIT FEATURES

' Addressable on 16K Boundaries

2 Uses 2114 Sialic Ram

3. Fully Bypassed

4 Double sidec PC Board Solder maskand silk screened layout

5 M Pans and Sockets included

6 Low Powe1 Under 1 5 Amps Typical

BLANK PC BOARD—$26 COMPLETE SOCKET SET-SUPPORT IC'S AND CAPS—$19.95

$12

MtMM1- STEREO! new,

S-100 SOUND COMPUTER BOARD

16K EPROM CARD-S 100 BUSS

COMPLETE KIT!$8495

(WITH DATA MANUAL)

At last, an S-100 Board mat unleashes Ihe full power of iwounbelievable General Instruments AY3-8910NMOS computersound IC's Allows you under total computer control togenerate an intinile number of special sound effects forgames or any other program. Sounds can be called in BASIC,ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE, etc.KIT FEATURES:

* TWO Gl SOUND COMPUTER IC'S

* FOUR PARALLEL I/O PORTS ON BOARD. USES ON BOARD AUDIO AMPS OR YOUR STEREO

* ON BOARD PROTO TYPING AREA.

* ALL SOCKETS. PARTS AND HARDWARE ARE INCLUDED» PC BOARD IS SOLDERMASKED, SILK SCREENED. WITH GOLD CONTACTS

* EASY. QUICK. AND FUN TO BUILD WITH FULL INSTRUCTIONS

* USES PROGRAMMED I/O FOR MAXIMUM SYSTEM FLEXIBILITYBoth Basic and Assembly Language Programming examples are included

SOFTWARE:SCL'" is now availahle' Our Sound Command Language makes writing Sound Effects programsa SNAP1 SCL'" also includes routines lor Register Examine-Modify Memory-Examine-Modifyand Play-Memory SCL'" is available on CP M" compatible diskelle of 2708 or 2716 Diskelle$24.95 2708 - S19.95 2716 - S29.95 Diskette includes the source EPROM S are ORG atE000H

BLANK PC

BOARD W/DATA

$31

USES 2708s!

nrrrnt

Thousands of personal ana business systems around Ihe world use this board withcomplete satisfaclion. Puts 16K of software no line at ALL TIMES' Kit features a topquality soldermasked and silk-screened PC board and firs' run parts and sockets Anynumber of EPROM locations may be disabled to avoid any memory conflicts Fullybuffeied and has WAIT STATE capabilities

ASSEMBLED AND FULLYTESTED — ADD $30

OUR 450 NS 2708'SARE $8.95 EA. WITHPURCHASE OF KIT

RCA CMOS COMPUTER CHIP SET

INCLUDES:

1-CDP1802CD CPU 1-CDP1861CD VIDEO IC

2-CDP1822CE 256 x 4 RAM 1-CDP1862CE COLOR GEN.

1-CDP1858CE 4 BIT LATCH 1-CDP1863CE SOUND GEN.COMPLETE SET $45 limited qty

NEW! G.I. COMPUTER SOUND CHIP

AY3-B910 As featured in July. 1979 BYTE1 A fantastically powerful Sound & MusicGenerator Perfect lor use with any 8 Bit Micropiocessoi Contains 3Tono ChannelsNoise Generaloi. 3 Channels of Amplitude Contiol 16 hi I Envelope Per lOdConliol. 2-8Bit Parallel I/O 3 Dto A Converters, plus much more' All in one 40 Pin DIP Supet easyinterface to Ihe S-100 or other bussesSPECIAL OFFER: $14.95 each Add $3 for 60 page Data Manuai.

Digital Research Computers

** (OF TEXAS) '

P.O. BOX 401565 • GARLAND, TEXAS 75040 • (214)271-3538

TERMS: Add Si.00 postage we pay halation OideiS undet $15 add 75Chandling No C O D We accept Visa and MasteiChaige Tex Res add ?°oTax Foreign orders (excepl Canadat add ?0°k P & H 90 Day Money BaekGuarantee on all items. Orders ovet $50. add 85C for insurance.

•TRADEMARK OF DIGITAL RESEARCH.

Circle 248 on inquiry card.

NOT ASSOCIATED WITH DIGITAL RESEARCH OF CALIFORNIA. THE SUPPLIERS OF CPM SOFTWARE.

BYTE August 1980 283

Circle 249 on inquiry card

32K *1050 48K M125

APPLE II OR APPLE II PLUS

J-L.

The APPLE II is a completely assembled and tested computersystem. The system includes a rugged molded case, typewriter-style keyboard with N-key rollover, high-efficiency switchingpower supply, two hand controllers, demonstration programs ontape cassettes, AC power cord, cassette cable, referencemanuals.

APPLE II has ROM-resident Integer BASIC interpreter, monitor,mini-assembler and disassembler & BASIC Programming Manual

APPLE II PLUS has ROM-resident Applesoft Extended BASICinterpreter, Auto-Start ROM, disassembler & Applesoft TutorialManual

DISK ll-DRIVE ONLY

J429

PROGRAMMABLE TIMER MODULE

MSRSUPR-IERMINAL 80 COLUMN

DISK II DRIVE S CONTROLLER CARD

(89

No. )440A

145

BOARD

.in

MODEM I1BWJ INTERFACE

339

3". DIGIT BCOANALOGTO

MICROSOFT Z-80 SOFTCARD SYS1LM

MODEM MB ONLY (Novation Cat)

159

DITIGAL CONVERTER

135

WrCP/M

299

GRAPHICS TABLET.. ..

659

GPIB IEEE-488 (19781INTLRTACE

HICROWORHS DS-65 DIGISECT0R

339

No 7490A. . .

259

MOUNTAIN HARDWARE

SILENTYPE PRINTER

ASYNCHRONOUS SERIAL IN1ER1AC

APPLE CLOCK'CALENDER CARD

229

W/Apple Intelace

519

No 77IOA

145

SUPERTALHER SPEECH SYN1HISI2ER

APPLE COMPUTER

SYNCHRONOUS SERIAL INTERf ACE

SYSTEM

249

TOMPLUS-«'KIYB0AHIIIIUIR

169

PROTOTYPING/HOBBY CARD

$22

R0MPLUS- wo/KEYBOARD FILTER

165

NIROL X-10 REMOTE CONTROL

SYSTEM

249

Connector Cable

INTR0L X 10 CONTROLLER ONLY

169

Hl-SPEED SERIAL INTERFACE CARD

155

ROMWRITER SYSTEM

159

LANGUAGE SYSTEM WITH PASCAL

429

PROGRAMMAAPPLF JOYSTICK

39

CENTRONICS PRINTER

PCB ETCH BOARD

20

SEE THRU CLEAR PLASTIC TOP

INTERFACE CARD

185

CORVUS

FOR APPLE II

23

APPLESOFT II FIRMWARE CARD

CORVUS ID MEGABYTE HARD DISK

SSMA10SERIAL PARALLEL 10

W/Auto-Start ROM . .

149

DRIVE SYSTEM .

S4495

CARD (KID

129

INTEGER BASIC FIRMWARE CARD

CORVUS MIRR0R1 (VTR Required)

695

SSMA10 ASSEMBLED S TESTED

169

W/Mon. & Prog. Aid ROMS

149

CORVUS MIRR0R2 (VIH Required)

795

SYMTEC

ADD-ONS

CORVUS CONSTELLATION

595

APPLE LIGH1 PEN SVS11M

219

!6K MEMORY UPGRADE

DAN PAYMAR LOWER CASE ADAPTER 44

SUPER SOUND GENERAI0R (MONO)

139

(TRS-80, Apple Sorcerer)..

169

DCHAYESMICROMODEMII

319

SUPER SOUND GENERAlORiSIEREOI

m

ABT NUMERIC INPUT KEYPAD

HUERISTICS

SVA 8 INCH DISK DRIVE CONIR0LLER

(Old or New Kybrd). ...

119

SPEECHLINK 2000(64 Word

ALF MUSIC SYNTH'SIZER . .

239

Vocabulary)

219

VERSA WRITER 0IGIII2ER DRAWING

ALF TIMING MODE INPUT BOARD

19

SPEECHLAB 20A ICasselle)

169

BRIGHTPEN LIGHTPEN Irom SOFTAPE

32

SPEECHLAB 20A (Diskette)

189

119

I?K ROM/PROM ASSEMBLED

MODEL 70 CONTROLLERMiRSUP-R.MODTVMODULAlOR

75

VIDEXVIDEOTEBM W GRAPHICS[PROM

339

BOARD NO. 71 MA

569

ADAPTFR

|r m "1| ORDERING INFORMATION:^1'1'" orders may be pi

iced using

'

1

i.iiiow 2 weeks lo clear) Please

tiers n

cashier

iclude t

v.s,i, MiiHioriiiirt] or

VISA

i^4

S4

Check, money order or porsc

tlephone number with all orders

nal check 1

Foreign orci.

1

rs (exclud

Military PO'BJ add IO°u for shipping an

1 funds must be in U S dollar

5 Shipping,

widltng <

net - ^m

■v

insurance in U S is r»Oc ne

It) SU

face. Si 00 ner lb lor air

No CODs

APPLE IU APPLE II PLUSSOFTWARE

PASCAL with LANGUAGE SYSIEM J429FORTRAN tor use with LANGUAGE

SYSTEM 169CP/M tor use with MICROSOFT 2-80

SOFTCARD .... 299THE CONTROLLER General Business

System 5191HE CASHIER Retail Maiiageineiil &

Inventory 199

APPLLWRITER Word Processor 65

APPLEPOST Marling lisl System 45

APPLLP0ST Graph & Plot System 85

DOW I0NES PORTFOLIO EVALUATOH 45CONTRIBUTED VOLUMES 1 IHRU 5

*, MANUALS 35

VISI-CALC by PERSONAL S0F1WARE 125DESKTOP. PLAN by DESKTOP

COMPUTERS 85CCA DATA MANAGEMFNT

By PERSONAL SOFTWARE 85PIMS Personal In formation

Management System 23

ADVENTURE by MICROSOFT 27

SUB-LOGIC FS-I Flight Simulate 23

SARGON II Chess by HAYDEN (Cass) 27

SARG0N 11 Chesson Diskette 32

Bill Budges TRILOCY ol GAMTS 27

Bill Budges SPACE GAME ALBUM 32

SPACE INVADER on cassette 18

SPACE INVADER on Diskette 23

SYBEX APPLE SO 80SO SIMULATOR 17

FORTH II by PR0GRAMMA SOFTWARESINGLE DISK COPY ROUTINESAPPLEBUG ASSEMBLER

DISASSEMBLERAPPLEBUG DEBUGGERAPPLESOFT UTILITY PROGRAMS

By HAYDEN

PRINTERS, TERMINALS& MONITORS

PRINTERS, TERMINALS S MONITORS

ANADEX DP8000 or DP8000AP S

ANADEXDP9500or0P9501 I

BASE 2 » TRACTOR S BUFFER

CENTRONICS 700-9 !

CENTRONICS 737

MP1 88T

PAPER TIGER IDS 440

W GRAPHICS OPTION

NEC SPINWRITER 5530 oi 5510 2

TRENDC0M 100

TRENDCOM200

LEEDEX VIDEO 100

SANYO 9 INCH BSW MONITOR

SANYO 15 INCH MONITOR

Tl U INCH COLOR MONITOR

S0R0CIQ120

S0ROCIQ140 1

HA2ELTINE 1500

HA2ELTINE 1510 1

HA2ELTINE1520 I

HA2EL1INE 1410

HA2ELIINE 1420

'WE WILL NOT BE UNDER SOLD!"

COMPUTER SPECIALTIES

6363 EL CAJON BLVD., SUITE 205,SAN DIEGO, CA. 921 IS • (7141 5T9-0330

TECHNOLOGY, INC.

52 K STATIC RAID

S-lOO MEMORY BOARD

$49995

FULLY STATIC OPERATION-IK BANK ADDRESSABLEEXTENDED MEMORY MGMTMEETS IEEE PROPOSEDS-lOO SIGNAL STANDARDS4 MHZ OPERATION

74LS19374LS19574LS19674LS22T74LS24074LS24174LS24374LS24474LS24574LS253I 74LS257

CIRCUITS95 74LS258

74LS25974LS27974LS28374LS29374LS2982 20 74LS3662 45 74LS36774LS36874LS37374LS374

95

85

140

2 45

245

6 95

95

95

285

55

100

185

120

95

95

95

250

2 50

EPROM'S

2708 S6.7S

IKx8 450NS

8 FOR S48.5027I6 SIB 95

I6KI2KX8I450NS8 FOR SI42 95

2732 sjjfeo

*58.50

32K(4096*81

wideo

A79

MSM5B32 MICROPROCESSORREAL-TIMECLOCK/CALENDARGENERAL DESCRIPTION

745

CONCORD

COA1PUTER

"" componcrm

16K Memory Add-On For

APPLE 47501TRS-80 4995|

MEMORY ADD-ON KITINCLUDES INSTRUCTIONS.RAMS. AND JUMPERSNO TOOLS REQUIRED

VOLTAGE REGULATORS

NEGATIVE790515V J790818VI7915 (15V J

7918(18V( 7812/12W

POSITIVE

7805(5V( 7815(15Vi

7806/6V/ 7818118V)

7808(8V( 7824I24VJ

Leedex Corp

05*

12" BLACK & WHITELOW COST VIDEOMONITOR

1971 SOUTH STATE COLLEGE ANAHEIM,CA. 92806

VISA MASTERCHARCE lltA\nV7 tflCTT MINIMUM ORDER ilfj 00

CHECK OR M 0 \llH)\lSr\)bSI ADDJI50FORFRT

VISA MASTERCHARCt lyt»\nVJ tflCTT MINIMUM ORDER $1000

CHECK ORM 0 U«J"j'"UM/ ADO SI 50 FOR FRT

NO COO *• s,Kk and se" o»er!2.000 typesol semi conductor!, CAl.RES ADO 6%

* 2114L

1024x4 Static RAM'450 ns

$450

284 BYTE August 1980

Circle 250 on inquiry card.

HOB8YWOAID

ELECTRONICS, INC

Coll Toll-Free: USA (800) 423-5387

In California: (800) 382-3651

Local & Outside USA: (213) 886-9200

SSM VB2VIDCO BOARD

1/0 conlrolled video interface board With a TVmonitor, Ihe VB2 becomes a video terminal1No other I/O card is required for keyboard in-put and video display The cursor, linefeed.carriage return, backspace and clear screenare hardware controlled The display is 64 X16, ail upper case and is selectable for white-on-black or black-on-whiteProduces a dear, bright display, and featuresadjustable picture size and characler widthCircuitry is provided to drive a speaker forbeep loneCat No. Description Price

1438 VB2 kit $169.00

1439 VB2 A&T $234.00

LeedexVIDCO 10012" MONITOR

• Compatible with TRS-80 (no interface required)

• Compatible with many home computers'

Now Irom LEEDEX One ot the most popular low cost. ye! high res-olution (650 line) monitors currently available These units comparelavorably with monitors costing twice as much Because ot the tactthat standard composite video input is utilized no RF modulator isneeded An extremely sharp and stable picture is achieved The videobandwidth is 12 mhz + / - 3db with a 75 ohm input impedanceCat No. 1204 Video 100 Monitor Wt 18 lb. $149.00

Cat No. 1937 TRS-80/Leedex cable kit Wt. 6 oz. $3.00

Continental SpecialtiesLOGIC PROBCS

Compact and versatile. Perfect for test and trouble-shooting all types of digital applications! Simple tooperate . . . just connect the clip leads to the circuitspower supply, flip the logic switch, and test! LEDs Indi-cate test results and circuit conditions. Combines thefunctions of level detector, pulse detector, pulsestretcher, and memory. Available in three models.

LP-1 Hand-held instant readingof logic levels for TTL, DTL,HTL or CMOS.Cat No. 2067 $44.00

LP-1 Tne economy model withoutthe memory capability.Safer than a voltmeter, moreaccurate than a scope!Cat No. 2068 $26#85

LP-3 Faster version of the LP-1.High speed logic probe cap-tures pulses as short as

Cat No. 2069 $69.00,

S€ND FOR FR€€FLY€R,F€flTURING:

Page after page ot exciling productsComputerized toys and games, personal computers, disk drives, in-tegrated circuits, semi conductorsAdd new dimension to your Apple.Atari. TRS-80. etc with our special ap-plication boards and comprehensivesoftware library. Hundreds of pro-ducts available at terrific Hobbyworldprices Circle our reader servicenumber or write/phone for your freeillustrated tlyer today

HOW TO ORDCR

Pay by check. Mastsrcharge. Visa, or CODCharge card orders please include expirationdate Payment in US dollars only. Order byphone, mail or at our retail store. MINIMUMORDER 510 00 Please include phone numberand magazine issue you are ordering IromPrices valid thru last day ol cover date. SHIP-PING: USA: Add S2.Q0 for first 2 lbs.. 35ceach addt I lb. (or ground For AIR add S3.00tint 2 lbs.. 75c each addt lib FOREIGN: sur-face. 13.00 first 2 lbs.. 60c each addt 1 lb.AIR: Si 1 00 first 2 lbs . S5 00 each addt 'I lbCOOs add Si 25 addt I Not responsible fortypographical errors Some items subject toprior sale or quantity limitations. 120 dayguaranteed satisfaction. Exception partiallyassembled kits

TRS-80 CP/M

At last, CP/M is available for the TRS-801Long a standard lor software development andinterchange (or all the "other" 8080/Z80computers on the market. CP/M will now pro-vide the same environment for the TRS-80CP/M is a fife-oriented disk operating systemthai provides a common set of utilities lor pro-gram development and operation There aresix built m commands plus utilities called inrom disk CP/M will run on a TRS-80 with asittle as 16k ol memory and one disk driveComes complete with six manuals CP/M is aregistered trade mark ol Digital ResearchCat No. 1679 <1AO OK

THS-80 Level II I6k-w/disk *■•"•»*

:cs

16K StaticRam Board

True static RAM board designed specifically for theS-100 bus. Requires only +5VDC. Features true staticoperation, and all bus signals labeled on board! Uses2114 low power static RAS. S-100 compatible, fully buff-ered. Silk screened PC board, solder masked on bothsides.

Cat No. Description Wt Pries

1601A 16K RAM 450ns Kit 1 lb $253.50

1601B 16K RAM 200ns Kit 11b $333.50

1601C 16K RAM 300ns Kit 1 lb $293.50

1602A 16K RAM 450ns A&T 1 lb $285.75

1602B 16K RAM 200ns A&T 1 lb $371.50

1602C 16K RAM 300ns A&T 1 lb $328.50

1603 16K RAM Bareboard only 6 oz. $ 29.95

CCS 32K Static RAM Board$710

Uses 2114, 250ns fully Static Rams, bank selectable in8K blocks. Enable/Disable on Power up or Reset. Com-patible with North Star, Alpha Micro, Cromeco, etc. Alsofront panel compatible, addressable in 8K blocks.Selectable Wait state. Wt 1 lb. Assembled & tested.Cat No. 2644

TH€ PIC 2.0 $79.95(Programme Improved Cditor)

Don't be mislead by the low price of (his outstanding wordprocessingpackage PIE 2.0 is a powerful text editor and print format processorlhat has all the bells and whistles expected of wordprocessing soft-ware costing three times as much Some features include

1) Character/line insert and delete

2) Complete Cursor mobility

3) String search forward and backward

4) Single, conditional or global search and replace

5) Move and/or copy blocks of text

6) Page scrolling

7) Tabs, margins, paragraphing, etc.

Research conducted by IBM Corp. revealed that the time required tocreate, edit and complete a one page document was decreased by asmuch as 60% when comparing the performance of a Wordprocessingsystem to an ordinary typewriter Finding ways to remain competitivethese days is a challenge lor the business executive Todays officecan substantially improve their daily productivity level with PIE 2 0Wordprocessing software and an Apple II computer with 32k RAMmemory.

As a businessman you want every dollar you spend to count, sowordprocessing makes sense, and PIE 2.0 Wordprocessing soltwaregives you more for your hard earned dollar. PIE 2 0 Wordprocessingsoltware comes complete wi'h program diskette and detaileddocumentation in a handsome, simulated leather binderCat No. 2562

CCS 7811B

RRITHMCTIC

PROCCSSOA

Assembled & tested, adds advanced arith-metic power to your Apple II. AMD AM 9511pased. 16 and 32 bit fixed point. 32 bit float-ng point operation. Float to fixed and fixed tofloat conversions. Trig and inverse functions,square roots, logs, exponentiation. Interruptdaisy chain. DMA daisy chain, and muchmore. Wt. 2 t"Xt*f% OKCat No. 1635 #5YY.YD

DISKCTTC DfllV€ H€BD CURNING KIT

Oisketle drive heads need periodic maintenance to assure efficient and error-freeoperation. Unlike other peripheral devices, the read/write head(s) on diskettedrives are extremely difficult to clean without partially disassembling Ihe drive.The diskette drive head cleaning kit allows the user to clean the heads in just min-utes, without disassembling the drive. Available in 5Vi" or 6". both single anddouble sided. Kit contains 2 cleaning diskettes. 4 oz. bottle of CS-85 cleaningsolution and an easy pour dispenser.Weight 12 oz.

CAT NO. DESCRIPTION PRICE

2499 8" Disk Drive Cleaning Kit S30.75

2534 5V* - Disk Drive Cleaning Kit $30.75

16K MCMORVADD-ON KIT $55.00

Everything you need to upgrade yourTRS-80, Apple or Exidy! An additional16K includes illustrated instructions,RAMS and preprogrammed jumpers. Nospecial tools required. Wt. 4 oz.

CAT NO PESCRIPTION

1156 TRS BO Keyboard Unit

1 1 56 A TRS 80 Exp. Interlace (prior to 4/1/79)

1156 B TRS BO Exp. InteHacelallet 411.79)

1156 C lor Apple M

1156D for Exidy

VCRBRTIM 5% " DISK€TT€S

10 per box

CAT NO.

TYPE

DESCRIPTION

PRICE

1147

52501

Soli sector. TRS-80. etc.

$33 00

1148

525-10

10 hole, hard, Apple,

North Star

$33.00

1149

525 16

16 hole, hard, Micropolis

$33.00

2330

57701

Solt sector, certllled

$49.95

2331

577-10

10 hole. hard, certified

$49.95

2332

577-16

16 hole. hard, certified

$49.95

The EMAKO 22 microprinter is a de-pendable, low cost addition for yourpersonal computer system. Itfeatures a 9X7 dot matrix characterformat, bi-directional printing at 125CPS and sprocket feed paper mech-anism. Line length is selectable at 40,80 or 132 characters per line. Formsmay be loaded either from the bottomor the rear. Available with parallel orasynchromous serial interfacing.Weight 22 lbs.Cat No. Description Price

2455 Parallel Interface $834.75

2456 RS-232 Serial Interface S894.0Q

€MRKO 22 PRINT€R

J

Circle 251 on inquiry card.

Dept. (3819511 Business Center DrNorthridge, Calif. 91324

BYTE August 1980 285

Circle 252 on inquiry card.

BUILD YOUR OWN LOW COSTMICRO-COMPUTER

POWER SUPPLIES

FOR S-100 BUS, FLOPPY DISCS, ETC.

POWER TRANSFORMERS (with mounting brackets)

ITEMNO.

USED INKIT NO.

PRI. WINDINGTAPS

SECONDARY WINDING OUTPUTS2x8 Vac 2x14 Vac 2x24 Vac

SIZEW x D x H

UNITPRICE

T1T4

OV, 110V, 120 V0V, 110V, 120V0 V, 110V, 120V0V, 110V, 120V

2x7.5A

2X12.5A

2x9A

2x4A

2x2.5A2x3.5A2x2.5A(28 V, CT)

2x2.5A

48V, CT, @3A

POWER SUPPLY KITS (open frame with base plate, 3 hrs. assy, time)

ITEM USED FOR @+8 Vdc @-8Vdc @+i6Vdc @-16Vdc @+28Vdc

33/4"x3s/e"x3'/B"3%"x4%"x3Ve"3%"x4%"x3Vb"3%"x35/8"x3V8"

21.9527.9529.9522.95

SIZEWxDxH UNIT PRICE

KIT1 15 CARDS SOURCE 15A

KIT 2 SYSTEM SOURCE 25A

KIT 3 DISC SYSTEM 15A

KIT 4 DISC SOURCE 8A

2.5A 2.5A

3A 3A

2A 2A

*(SEE OPTION BELOW)

12"x6"x4%"12"x6"x4%"14"x6"x47/s"10"x6"x4%"

51.9558.9566.9549.95

1A 2A 2A 4A

1A '(SEE OPTION BELOW) 5A

EACH KIT INCLUDES: TRANSFORMER, CAPACITORS, RESIS., BRIDGE RECTIFIERS, FUSE & HOLDER, TERMINAL BLOCK, BASEPLATE, MOUNTING PARTS AND INSTRUCTIONS. 'OPTION OF KIT 4: SUBSTITUTE ± 16V, @4A, FOR + 28V, @5A.

DISC DRIVE POWER SUPPLY "R3" assy. & tested, open frame, size: 9" <w> x 5" (D) * 5" (H) 64.95

SPECS: +5V@5A REGULATED, -5V@1A REG., +24V@5A REG., SHORTS PROTECT. OPTION: SUBSTITUTE ±12V@4AIDEALFOR2SHUGART801/851ORSIEMANSFDD100-8/200-8DISKDRIVES&ROCKWELLAIM-65. FOR - 5V & + 24V.

SHIPPING FOR EACH TRANSFORMER: $4.75, FOR EACH POWER SUPPLY: $5.00 IN CALIF. $7.00 IN OTHER STATES. CALIF. RESIDENTS ADD 6% SALES TAX. OEM WELCOME.

MAIL ORDER:

P.O. BOX 4296

TORRANCE, CA 90510

SUNNY INTERNATIONAL

(TRANSFORMERS MANUFACTURER)Telephone: (213) 633-8327

STORE:

7245 E. ALONDRA BLVD.

PARAMOUNT, CA 90723

STORE HOURS: 9 AM-6 PM

BECKIAN I

ALL PRIME QUALITY - NEW PARTS ONLY

SATISFACTION GUARANTEED.

EDGE CARD CONNECTORS:

GOLD PLATED:

Abbreviations: S/E Solder Eye

. S/T Sold Tail:

W/W Wire Wrap.

PART tt DESCRIPTION. Row Sp.

1-Spc. 16-24pcs. 25pci. Up.

.156" CONTACT CENTER CONNECTORS.

'D' TYPE SUBMINIATURE CONNECTORS.

BRAND:

TEXAS INST.

PART * DESCRIPTION.

Row Sp.

19pc.

10-24pca. 25pcs. Up.

4070

501100 ImiailCrom. .250

•3.95eo. )3.55oa. »3.15aa.

15105

6112 SIE PETINSC

.140

• 1.80

• 1.65 11.45

4090

50/1 DO Imui W1W .250

4.36aa. 3.95ae. 3.45ea.

15110

6112 S/T PETINSC

.140

1.85

1.65 1.56

2599pc

BRAND:

SULLINS: U.L Rag.

15137

6/12 S/T PETINSC

.206

1.80

1.54 1.45

DF

8P Mela •1.60ea. I1.40ea.

• I.JOea

1298B5

501100 Seldar Ey> .140

8.80ea. 6.1 DM. 5.45aa.

15175

61- SIE Sgle Row

1.70

1.50 1.36

DF

1.96ea

129870

601100 S/T Imui .250

4.50ea. 4.1 Oaa. 3.70

15270

16126 SIE

.140

2.15

1.95 1.76

DF

1108631 2 pc. Grey Hood. 1.56ea. 1.35ee.

1.20ea

12987S

501100 WIW Imui .250

5.25 4.75 4.20

15275

10120 S/T

.140

2.00

1.95 1.60

129885

50/100 S,T Alltir .140

4.95 4.45 3.95

15435

12/24 S/E PET

.140

2.60

2.35 2.16

DA

15P Male 2.35ee. 2.15m.

2.00aa

129990

501100 ST Cromam. .250

4.75 4.25 3.90

15446

12124 S/T PET

.140

2.65

2.40 2.15

M

15S Female 3.25ee. 3.10ea.

2.90ea

15445

12124 S/T PET

.260

2.75

2.50 2.20

DA

512111 1. pc. Grey Hood 1.40m. 1.20aa.

I.ISea

OTHER .

25" CONTACT CTR CONNECTOR!

15505

15130 SIE GRI Key

.140

2.56

2.25 2.00

DA

512261 2 pc. Black Hood 2.50ee. 2.25ea.

2.00ea

12305

22/44 SIE No Earl .140

4.15 3.75 3.35

15516

15130 S/T GRI Key

.140

2.46

2.15 2.95

DA

1109632 2 pc. Grey Hood 1.66aa. 1.35ea.

UOsa

12759

36/72 S/T .140

5.40 4.85 4.35

15515

15130 WIW GRI Key .206

2.66

2.35 2.10

12790 40190 WW .250.100" CONTACT CTR CONNECTORS:

6.30 5.65 5.00

156661561615615

18136 SIE18136 SIT

18130 WIW

.140.140.200

3.353.60

3.60

3.05 2.762.76 2.463.20 2.80

DBDB

25S Female 3.66ea. 3.46ee.51212-1 1 pc. Grey Hood 1.56ee. 1.36ea.

3.20eaI.IOes

10048

13/26 SIE No Eari .146

3.40 3.05 2.15

15760

22144 SIE KIM/VEC .140

2.98

2.90 2.75

UK

512261 2 pc. Black Hood 1.90ea. 1.65ea.

10280

25/50 SIE TRS 06 .146

4.50 4.05 3.60

15705

22144 S/T KIM/VEC .140

3.98

3.30 3.00

10175

26/40 SIE TRS 86 .140

5.65 5.35 4.75

15710

22144 WIW KIM/VEC .200

3.49

3.20 2.85

DC

37P Mala 4.20aa. 4.00ea.

3.70si

10180

20146 WIW TRS 86 .266

3.36 3.66 2.15

15675

25150 SIE

.140

4.65

4.20 3.75

DC

10190

26146 S/T TRS 86 .146

3.20 2.96 2.55

15680

25150 S/T

.140

4.55

4.10 3.65

DC

1108634 2 pc. Grey Hood 2.25ea. 2.60ee.

1.75ei

104B5

36172 S/E Vector .140

5.56 4.96 4.40

15885

25150 WIW

.200

4.85

4.35 3.96

10490

36/72 W/E Vactor .266

5.80 5.25 4.65

16115

36/72 SIE

.140

6.56

5.85 5.26

DD

50P Male 5.5 Oea. 5.1 Oaa.

4.7501

10500

38/72 S/T Vector .146

5.70 4.20 4.60

16120

36172 S/T

.140

6.55

5.80 5.25

DD

50S Female 9.40ea. 8.60ee.

B.OOei

10535

46/60 SIE PET .146

5.85 5.35 4.75

16125

36172 WIW

.200

6.75

6.10 5.40

on

51216-1 1 pc. Grey Hood 2.46ea. 2.20oa.

2. 001

10540

46166 WIW PET .200

6.66 5.46 4.86

16145

36172 S/T

.200

6.56

5.85 5.26

DD

110963 5 2 pc. Grey Hood 2.66ee. 2.40ee.

2.1 Obi

10550

40/80 SIT PET .140

5.80 5.25 4.65

16235

43186 S/T Mot 6860 .146

6.86

5.95 5.36

1D585

43/86 SIE COS/ELF .140

6.95 6.25 5.55

16240

43/86 WIW Mot 6606 .206

7.86

7.65 6.25

11 Hood Sail

10805

43186 S/T COS/ELF .140

6.66 5.95 5.36

16280

43186 SIT Mot 8860 .266

6.56

5.85 5.26

10595

43186 WIW COS/ELF .200

6.86 6.26 5.95

16725

43/86 SIE Mot 6860 .140

7.20

6.56 5.75

10619

43106 S/T COSIEIF .206

6.86 6.16 5.46

K1

Pol-Keys

.15

.12 .10

I.C. SOCKETS GOLD.

COOLING FANS.

TERMS: MINIMUM ORDER: $15.00 ADO $1

35 Fo

WIWRAP 3 TURN

Extra Quiet.

Handling & Shipping. Orders over $30.00 in the U.S.A

14 pin

10.40 aa.

14 pin

•6.15 ee.

1 to 4

•16.66 ea.

We Pay the Shipping. CALIF. RESIDENTS: Please Ad.

16 pin

6.44 ea.

16 pin

6.17 eo.

5 to 9

17.60 ee.

6% Sales Tax.

NOTE: NO C.O.D. OR CREDIT CARD ORDERSACCEPTED.

8080A PRIME.

A/ILL B

• 5.00 ea.

CONNECTORS F

)R CENTRONICS 700 SERIES,ihenol 57 30366

$8.00 ea.

PHONE: 213-988-6196

BECKIAN ENTERPRIS

EIA 8 CONDUCTOR CABLES 8ft. Long.

ES

CLASS #1 Type

Cablet.

1 to 4 pes.

MAIL ORDERS TO:

P.O. BOX #3089

1. to 4 pes.5 to 8 pes.

• 22.6019.66

5 to 9 pes.

6.60 ea.

SIMI VALLEY, CA 93063

286 BYTE August 1980

Circle 253 on inquiry card.

NEW PRODUCTS!Super Color S-100 Video Kit$129.95 Elf II Adapter Kit $24.95

Expandable to 256 x 192 high resolution color Plugs into Elf II providing Super Elf 44 and 50 pingraphics. 6847 with all display modes computer plus S-100 bus expansion. (With Super Ex-pansion). High and low address displays, stateand mode LED's optional $18.00.

Gremlin Color Video Kit $69.95

32 x 16 alpha/numerics and graphics, up to 8colors with 6847 chip; IK RAM at E000. Plugsinto Super Elf 44 pin bus. No high res. graphics.

controlled. Memory mapped. 1K RAM expanda-ble to 6K. S-100 bus 1802, 8080, 8085, Z80 etc.Delivery January '80.1802 16K Dynamic RAM Kit $149.00

Expandable to 32K. Hidden refresh w/clocks up to 4MHz w/no wait states Addl. 16K RAM $63

Quest Super Basic

Quest, the leader in inexpensive 1802 systemsannounces another first. Quest is the first com-pany worldwide Co ship a full size Basic for 1802systems. A complete function Super Basic byRon Cenkor including floating point capabilitywith scientific notation (number range ±.17E3"),32 bit integer ± 2 billion; Multi dim arrays; Stringarrays; String manipulation; Cassette I/O, Saveand load, Basic, Data and machine language pro-grams; and over 75 Statements, Functions andOperators.

Easily adaptable on most 1802 systems. Re-quires 12K RAM minimum for Basic and userprograms. Cassette version in stock now. ROMversions coming soon with exchange privilege

allowing some credit for cassette version. Newimproved version with improved speed and accu-racy now avail. Source list for I/O now incl.

Super Basic on Cassette $40.00

Tom Pittman's 1802 Tiny Basic Source listingnow available. Find out how Tom Pittman wroteTiny Basic and how to get the most out ol it.Never offered before. $19.00.

S-100 4-Slot Expansion $ 9.95

Super Monitor VI.I Source Listing $15.00

Coming Soon: Assembler, Editor, Disassem-bler, DA/AD, Super Sound/Music, EPROMprogrammer, Stringy Floppy System.

RCA Cosmac Super Elf Computer $106.95

Compare features before you decide to buy anyother computer. There is no other computer onthe market today that has all the desirable bene-fits of the Super Elf for so little money. The SuperElf is a small single board computer that doesmany big things. It is an excellent computer fortraining and for learning programming with itsmachine language and yet it is easily expandedwith additional memory, Full Basic, ASCIIKeyboards, video character generation, etc.Before you buy another small computer, see if itincludes the following features: ROM monitor;State and Mode displays; Single step; Optionaladdress displays; Power Supply; Audio Amplifierand Speaker; Fully socketed for all IC's; Real costof in warranty repairs; Full documentation.The Super Elf includes a ROM monitor for pro-gram loading, editing and execution with SINGLESTEP for program debugging which is not in-cluded in others at the same price. With SINGLESTEP you can see the microprocessor chip opera-ting with the unique Quest address and data busdisplays before, during and after executing in-structions. Also, CPU mode and instruction cycleare decoded and displayed on 8 LED indicators.An RCA 1861 video graphics chip allows you toconnect to your own TV with an inexpensive videomodulator to do graphics and games. There is aspeaker system included for writing your ownmusic or using many music programs alreadywritten. The speaker amplifier may also be usedto drive relays for control purposes.

A 24 key HEX keyboard includes 16 HEX keysplus load, reset, run, wait, Input, memory pro-tect, monitor select and single step. Large, onboard displays provide output and optional highand low address. There is a 44 pin standardconnector slot for PC cards and a 50 pin connec-tor slot for the Quest Super Expansion Board.Power supply and sockets for all IC's are in-cluded in the price plus a detailed 127 pg. instruc-tion manual which now includes over 40 pgs. ofsoftware info, including a series of lessons tohelp get you started and a music program andgraphics target game. Many schools anduniversities are using the Super Elf as a courseof study. OEM's use it for training and R&D.Remember, other computers only offer Super Elffeatures at additional cost or not at all. Comparebefore you buy. Super Elf Kit $106.95, Highaddress option $8.95, Low address option$9.95. Custom Cabinet with drilled and labelledplexiglass front panel $24.95. Expansion Cabinetwith room for 4 S-100 boards $41.00. NiCadBattery Memory Saver Kit $6.95. All kits andoptions also completely assembled and tested.Questdata, a 12 page monthly software pub-lication for 1802 computer users is available bysubscription for $12.00 per year. Issues 1-12bound $16.50.

Tiny Basic Cassette $10.00, on ROM $38.00,original Elf kit board $14.95. 1802 software;Moews Video Graphics $3.50. Games and Music$3.00, Chip 8 Interpreter $5.50.

Super Expansion Board with Cassette Interface $89.95

This is truly an astounding value! This board hasbeen designed to allow you to decide how youwant it optioned. The Super Expansion Boardcomes with 4K ol low power RAM fully address-able anywhere in 64K with built-in memory pro-tect and a cassette Interface. Provisions havebeen made for all other options on the sameboard and it fits neatly into the hardwood cabinetalongside the Super Elf. The board includes slotsfor up to 6K of EPROM (2708, 2758, 2716 or Tl2716) and is fully socketed. EPROM can be usedtor the monitorand Tiny Basic or other purposes.A IK Super ROM Monitor $19.95 is available asan on board option in 2708 EPROM which hasbeen preprogrammed with a program loader/editor and error checking multi file cassetteread/write software, (relocatible cassette file)another exclusive from Quest, it includes registersave and readout, block move capability andvideographics driver with blinking cursor. Breakpoints can be used with the register save featureto isolate program bugs quickly, then follow withsingle step. The Super Monitor is written with

subroutines allowing users to take advantage ofmonitor functions simply by calling them up.Improvements and revisions are easily done withthe monitor. If you have the Super ExpansionBoard and Super Monitor the monitor is up andrunning at the push of a button.Other on board options include Parallel Inputand Output Ports with full handshake. Theyallow easy connection of an ASCI I keyboard to theinput port. RS 232 and 20 ma Current Loop forteletype or other device are on board and if youneed more memory there are two S-100 slots forstatic RAM or video boards. Also a 1K SuperMonitor version 2 with video driver for full capa-bility display with Tiny Basic and a video interfaceboard. Parallel I/O Ports $9.85, RS 232 $4.50,TTY 20 ma l/F $1.95, S-100 $4.50. A 50 pinconnector set with ribbon cable is available at$15.25 for easy connection between the SuperElf and the Super Expansion Board.Power Supply Kit for the complete system (seeMulti-volt Power Supply below).

Same day shipment. First line parts onlyFactory tested. Guaranteed money backQuality IC's and other components at factory prices.

INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

P.O. Box 4430X, Santa Clara, CA 95054Will calls: 2322 Walsh Ave.^(408) 988-1640

7400TTL

7400N7402N7404N7409N

~410N

7414f\7420N7422N7430N7442N7445N7447N74461*47450N7474N7475N7485N74S9N7490N7492N7493N7495N74100N7-I107N71121N71123N71125N74145N7J150N74151N74154N741S7N74161N74162N74163N74174N74175N74190N74192N741S3N74221N74298N74365N74366N74367N

74LSQO TTL

74LSDQN

74LS02N

74LS04N

74LSQ5N

74LS08N

74LSI0N

74.S13N

74.S14N

74L520N

74LS22N

74LS28N

74LS3QN

74LS33N

74LS3BN

74LS74N

74LS75N

74LS90N

74LS93N

74LS95N

74LS107N

74LS112N

74LS113N

74LS132N

74LSI36N

74LS151N

74LS155N

74LS157N

74LS162N

74LS163N 1.65

74L5174N 2.00

74LSI90N 1.25

74LS221N 2.50

74LS258N 1.60

74LS367N 1.65

LINEAR

CA3045 .90

CA3046 1 10

CA3081 180

CA33B2 1.90

CA3D89 2.95

LM301AN/AH 35

LM305H .67

LM307N 35

LM30BN 1.00

LM309K 1.50

LM311H/N .90

LM317M 3.75

LM316 t 35

LM320K-5 1 50

LM323K-5 5.35

LM320K-12 1.50

LM320K-15 1.50

LM320T-5 1.35

LM320T-B 1.35

LM320T-I2 1.35

LM320M5 1.35

LM324N 1.40

LM339N 1.00

LM340K-5 1-35

LM340K-B 1.35

LM34DK-12 1.35

LM34QK-15 1.35

LM340K-24 1.35

LM340T-5 1.25

LM34DT-8 1.25

LM340T-12 1.25

LM340M5 1.25

LM340T-18 1,25

LM340T-24 1.25LM350

LM377

LM379LM38QNLM361LM3B2LM703HLM709KLM723H/NLM733NLM741CHLM741NLM747H/NLM748NLM1303NLM1304LM13D5LM1307LM13I0LM145SLM18O0LM1B12LM1889LM2I11LM2902LM3900NLM3905LM3909NMC145BVNE550NNE55SVNE556ANE5B5ANE566V■ NE567VNE570B78L05

75491CN75492CN75494CN

3.50

Ala D CONVERTER

B700CJ

8701CN

B75DCJ

LO130

940DCJV.F

ICL7103

ICL7107

CD4026

CO4027

CD4028

CD4D29

CD4D30

CD4035

CD4040

CD4042

CO4043

C04044

CD4046

CD4049

C04050

CD405I

C04O50

CD4D66

CDJ06B

CD4069

CD4070

CD4071

C04072

C04073

CD4075

CD4076

CD407B

CD 4061

CD4082

CD41I6

C04490

CD4507

CD450D

CD45I0

CD451I

CD4515

C04516

C04518

CD4520

CD4527

CD452B

CD4553

CD4566

CD4583

CD4585

CD401H2

74C00

74C04

74C10

74C14

74C20

74C30

74C48

74C74

74C76

74C90

74C93

74C154

74C160

74C175

74C192

74C221

74C905

74C9Q6

74C914

74C922

74C923

74C925

74C926

74C927

ELECTRONICS

1.35.45

1.35

1.35.85.85.85

1.67.45.49

4116 200ns

9.50

6/4116 200ns 60.00

2513R

R30

MM 5262

40

MM52B0

;tiHi

MM5320

9.95

CONNECTORS

MM5330PD411D-3

5.944.00

30 pin edge 2 50

PD4I10-4

5.00

P5101L

6.95

100 ptn edge WW 5.25

IC SOCKETS

Solder Tin Low Prollle

PIN 1 UP PIN 1UP

.40

.GO

MM57100

4.50

B .15 22 30

GIAY3B500-I

HWi

14 .14 24 .35

MCM66751A

9.95

410D

10 00

20 .29 40 .57

KEYBOARDS

56 key ASCII keyDoard til

Fully assembled

53 key ASCII keyboard Kit

Fully assembled

Enclosure Plastic

Mela I Enclosure

167.50

77.5060,0070.0014 9529.95

.II «•

165 CLOCKS

..10 MM5311

35 MM5312 3

35 MM5314 3.

47 MM5369 2.

5.50 MM5B41 14,

1.00 MM5B65 7.

4.25 CT7001 5,

102 CT7010 8.

.94 CT7015 B.

2.52 MM5375AA/N 3

" MM5375AG/N '

2 MM:4 MHz

1.02 7205

1.02 7207

1.51 7206

.79 7209

3.50 DS0026CN

2.25 DS0056CN

2 35 MM53104

1 ]P mi rim i'it in

6504652268006802E8206850

Z80A8212621462168224822882518253825582578259

16.507.5015.95

5MK;

10 MHr 4.25

■ 8 MHz 3 90

20 MHz 3.90

32 MHz 3.90

3276BHZ 4.00

%%l 18432 MHz 4 50

i'l 3 5795 MHz 1 20

}'£ 2 0100 MHz 1.95

£M 2.097152 MHz 4 50

ISSOR 2.4576 MHz 4.50

10.95 3.276B MHz 4.50

9.95 5.0688 MHz 4.50

9.95 5.165 MHz 4.50

6.95 5 7143 MHz 4.50

11.95 6.5536 MHz 4 50

4 95 14.31818 MHz 4.25

5,95 IB,432 MHz 4.50

5,95 22.1184 MHz 4,50\?ll KEYBOARD ENCODERS

"■" AY5-2376 (12.!

,»■» AY5-3600 17.1

'J™ AY5-9100 10 J

i™ AY5-9200 IS,!

Ill 74C922 5.E

'•59 74C923 5J

2A«l HD0165-5 6.1

<•» AY5-9400 I0.E

CMOS

CD4000CD4001CD4Q02CD4O06CD40O7CD40O8CD4009CD4010CD40IIC04Q12CD4013CD4014CD4015CD4016CD4Q17CO4018CO4019CD4020CD4021CD4022CD4023CD4024CD4025

is'nn D Connectors RS232575 DB25P 2.95

10 95 0325S 3.95

14.95 Cover 1,50

152 1602CP plas 13.95 EJE9S 1.95

MS 1802DP plas. 17.95 DAW 2.10

,S 1B61P 11.50 DA15S 3.10

CDP1002CD 19.95 HIcM 3» Dlflll LED mil-'nn llmiler 69.95

Stopwatch Kit 26.95Auto Clock Kit 17.95Digital Clock Kll 14.95

8K/16K Eprom Kit

35 {less PROMS' 569

s Moinerboird S39

75 Extender Board SB

RESISTORS Vi watt 5%10 pet type .0325 per type .025100 pet type .0151000 pei type .012350 piece pack5 per type 6.75

'/1 watt 5% per type 05

LEDS

HedTOIB ,15

Gioen. Yellow T018 .20

Jumbo Red .20

Green, Orange, Yellow Jumbo .25Cllplite LED Mounllng Clips 8/51.25(speaty led, amber, green, yellow, dear)

CONTINENTAL SPECIALTIES in (lockComplete line ot breadboard lest equipMAX-100 B digit Fraq. Ctr. S12B.95OK WIRE WRAP TOOLS In stockPortable Mullfmeler 118.00

Complete line ol AP Products in slock.

SPECIAL PRODUCTSMM5B65 Stopwatch Timer

wild 10 pg. spec. 9.00

PC board 7.50

Switches Mom. Pushbutton 27

3 pos slide 25

Encoder HDD! 65-5 6 95

Paratronlci 100A Logic

Analyzer Kll $224.00

Mpdel 10 Trigger

Expander Kit S229.00

Model 150 Bus

Grabber Kit S369 00

Sinclair 3Vi Olgll

Multimeter $59.95

Clock Calender Kit $23.95

2.5 MHz Frequency

Counter XII S37.50

3D MHz Frequency

Counter Kll $47.75

TRANSFORMERS

6V 300 ma 3.25

12 Volt 300 ma transformer 1.25

12.6V CT 600 ma 3.75

12V 250 ma wall plug 2 95

12V CT 250 ma wall plug 3.50

24V CT 400 ma 3.95

10V 1.2 amp wall plug 4.8512V 6 amp 12.95

12V 500 ma wall plug 4.75

12V lamp wall plug 6.50

12V 3 amp 8 50

10/15 VAC 8'16VA wall plug 9 75

DISPLAY LEDS

MAM CA 270 2 90

MAN3 CC 125 39

MAN72/74 CA^CA .300 1.00DL704 CC .300 1 25

DL707/OL707R CA 300 U~

8095

.65.65

CDPIB020CDPI861

25.0012.95

UART/FIFO

AY510I3

5.50

1.25

AYS-1014

7.50

6T1D

4.50

3341

6.95

8T13

3.00

8T20

BT23

3.10

case6.

8T25

24.50

2716 Inlel

34.95

2758

22.50

MOS/MEMORY HI'

2101-1

2102-1

N82S123

6.50

3.75

6.50

NB2S131

8.50

8.75

2114L 450ns6.40

8223

2.90

DL727/72B

01747(750

DL750

FND359

FN0500/507

FNO50 3/510

FNDB00/BO7

3 digit Bubble

4 digit BubbleDG8 FluorescentDG10 Fluorescent

5 digit 14 pm display10 digit display7520 Clalre< photocellsTIL311 HexMAN 3640

1.901.95

CC 600 1 95

CC 357 .70

COCA 500 1 35

COCA .500 .90

CC'CA .BOO 220

MAN46I0MAN4640MAN4710HAN4740

MAN6640MAN6710MAN6740

.39

9.50CC .30 110CA .40 1.20CC .40 120CA .40 .95CC .40 1 20CC 56 2.95CA 60

CC .1

1.35

MA1002A

MA1002E

MA1012A

102P3 (rantlormer

MA1012A Transformer

Rockwell AIM 65 Computer

6502 based single board with full ASCII keyboardand 20 column thermal printer. 20 char, alphanu-meric display, ROM monitor, fully expandable.$375.00. 4K version S450.00. 4K Assembler$85.00. 8K Basic Interpreter $100.00.

Special small power supply for AIM65 assem. inframe $49.00. Complete AIM65 in thin briefcasewith power supply $485.00. Molded plasticenclosure to fit AIM65 plus power supply $47.50.Special Package Price: 4K AIM, 8K Basic, powersupply, cabinet $599.00

AIM65/KIM/VIM/Super Elf 44 pin expansionboard; 3 female and 1 male bus. Board plus 3connectors $22.95.

AIM65/KIM/VIM I/O Expansion Kit; 4 parallel and2 serial ports plus 2 internal timers $39.00. PROMprogrammer for 2716 $150.00. 32K RAM Boardassem. $419.00. I6K RAM assem $360.00

Multi-volt Computer Power Supply

8v 5 amp, ±18v .5 amp, 5v 1.5 amp, -5v.5 amp, 12v .5 amp, -12 option. ±5v, ±12vare regulated. Kit $29.95. Kit with punched frameS37.45, $4.00 shipping. Kit of hardware $14.00.Woodgrain case $10.00, $1.50 shipping.

PROM Eraser

Will erase 25 PROMs in 15 minutes. Ultra-violet, assembled $37.50Safety switch/Timer version $69.50

60 Hz Crystal Time Base Kit $4.40

Converts digital clocks from AC line frequencyto crystal time base. Outstanding accuracy.

NiCad Battery Fixer/Charger Kit

Opens shorted cells that won't hold a chargeand then charges them up. all in one kit w/fullparts and instructions. $7.25

LRC 7000-1 Printer S389.00

40/64 column dot matrix impact, std. paper.

Interface all personal computers.

S-100 Computer Boards

8K Static RAM Kit S129.00

8K Static Godbout Econo IIA Kit 145.0016K Static Godbout Econo XIV Kit $285.0024K Static Godbout Econo VIIA-24 Kit 435.0032K Static Godbout Econo X-32 Kit $575.0016K Dynamic RAM Kit 199.00

32K Dynamic RAM Kit 310.00

64K Dynamic RAM Kit 470.00

Video Interface Kit $129.00

80 IC Update Master Manual $55.00

Complete IC data selector, 2700 pg. master refer-ence guide. Over 51,000 cross references. Freeupdate service through 1980. Domestic postage$3.50. 79IC Master closeout $29.95.

Z80 Microcomputer

16 bit I/O, 2 MHz clock. 2K RAM. ROM Bread-board space. Excellent for control. Base Board$28.50. Full Kit $99.00. Monitor $20.00. PowerSupply Kit S35.00.

Video Modulator Kit $8.95

Convert TV set into a high quality monitor w/oaffecting usage. Comp. kit w/full instruc.

Modem Kit $60.00

State of the art, orig., answer. No tuning neces-sary. 103 compatible 300 baud. Inexpensiveacoustic coupler plans included.

BSR Controller $39.95

Connect your computer to the BSR Home ControlSystem. Computer controlled ultrasonic trans-mitter for your BSR. Software for 1802 user

TERMS: $5.00 min. orderU.S. Funds. Calit residents add 6% tax.BankAmericard and Master Charge accepted.Shipping charges will be added on charge cards.

FREE: Send for your copy of our NEW 1980QUEST CATALOG. Include 28c stamp.

Circle 254 on inquiry card.

BYTE August 1980 287

SPRINT 68MICROCOMPUTER

CONTROL COMPUTERDEVELOPMENT SYSTEM

6800 MPU, serial I/O, 48K RAM, dual 8"drives, WIZRD multitasking DOS,Editor, Assembler, 12K BASIC all for$3995.

SOFTWARE OPTIONS

C compiler, PL./W compiler, PASCAL

HARDWARE OPTIONS

EROM Programmer, analog I/O, parallelI/O, 488 GPIB

WliVTHK

Corp

1801 South StreetLafayette, IN 47904Phone: (317) 742-8428

APPLE II PLUS WITH 48K RAM

$1190.

TEXAS INSTRUMENT99/4 COMPUTER

S 989.

Tl 810 PRINTER

S1590

Tl 820 PRINTER

S1890.

CENTRONIC PRINTERS:

730-1 PARALLEL PRINTER

S 699,

737-1 PARALLEL INTERFACE

$ 879.

SPINWRITERS FROM NEC

5510 R/O SERIAL INTERFACE

S2499,

5520 KSR SERIALWITH KEYBOARD

$2790.

5530 PARALLEL INTERFACE

$2499

C0MPRINT912APPLE. TRS-80, PET

$ 559.

912SERIAL

$ 599.

PAPER TIGER 440

$ 929.

440/G

$ 990

BASE-2800ST. PRINTER

$ 559.

COMMODORE BUSINESS MACHINES

PET 2001 8K COMPUTER

$ 695

PET2001-32K

$1090.

PET 8032 80 CHAR. SCREEN

$1595.

PET 2022 TRAC. FEED PRINTER

$ 749.

PET 2023 FRIC. FEED PRINTER

$ 679.

PET 2040 DUAL FLOPPY DISK DRIVE

S1090.

PET 8050 1 MEG STORAGE

$1499.

ATARI 800

$ 889.

INTERTECSUPERBRAINI32K)

$2595.

NORTH STAR COMPUTERS

. HRZ-2-32K-D-ASM

$2275.

HRZ-2-32K-Q-ASM

S2675

DISPLAY TERMINALS:

INTERTUBEII

$ 775.

HAZELTINE1410

$ 775.

1420

$ 899.

1500

$ 999.

IMMEDIATE DELIVERY FROM STOCK

MULTI-BUSINESS COMPUTER SYSTEMS

28 MARLBOROUGH STREET

4Wa>» PORTLAND CONN 06-180^^f- 1203) 342-2747

i;n

EVERY MONTH

BUY, SELL OR TRADE ALL TYPES OFCOMPUTER EQUIPMENT AND SOFT-WARE (pre-owned and new) among20,000 readers nationwide in BIG(11x14") pages. Classified ads areonly 10' per word and are indexed foreasy and fast location. Subscription:$10 a year/12 issues. Bank cards ac-cepted. Money back guarantee.

CQiTIPUTeR SHDPPIBR

P.O. Box F-14

Titusville, FL 32780

(305) 269-3211

Circle 255 on inquiry card.

Circle 256 on inquiry card.

Circle 257 on inquiry card.

dbis

YOUR HEADQUARTERS FOR

SALES * SERVICE • SUPPORT

THE BEST NEW YORK AREA PRICESON ALL OHIO SCIENTIFIC COMPUTERS- LOCAL USERS GROUP -BUSINESS AND PERSONAL SYSTEMS

PROFESSIONAL BUSINESS SOFTWARE:Accounts Receivable Accounts PayableWholesale Industry DistributionGrants Accounting SystemPayrolI

ALSO AVAILABLE:"Eaton LRC 7000+ Plain Paper Printer...$356.*0kfdata MIcroline 80 Printer-upper/lower case, graphics, any paper,

software selectable print size 827.

"Hazeltlne 1420 Terminal 948.

MASTERCHARGE 6 VISA WELCOMEDesigners & Builders of Information Systems, Inc.One Mayfair Road - Eastchester, New York 10707

(914)779- 5292 (212) 933-4170

DISK DRIVE/CRTSALE

ShugartSA80IR

for

RS MOD. II

Only

s485

Hazeltine 1000 (unused) '499

Shugart SA400 «279

Pertec FD200 *279 FD250 . '359

MPIB51 »279B52 '349

SA801Rw/PS/Cab '750

Dual Drives w/PS/Cab '1640

Limited Quantities

MTI

3304 UJ. MocRrthur Blvd.Santo Rna, Cfl 92704

(714) 979-9923

CROMEMCOSYSTEMS

DISCOUNTED

System 2 with 64k RAM—$3195System 3 with 64k RAM—$5735

Discounts up to 20%

on most Cromemco hardware.

We carry the full Cromemco line.

TORREY PINES BUSINESS SYSTEMS

14260 Garden Rd„ Suite IB

Poway, California 9ZQ64

(714) 486-3460

Add 3% for shipping and handlingCalifornia residents add 6% sales tax

Circle 258 on inquiry card.

Circle 259 on inquiry card.

Circle 260 on Inquiry card.

80X24 VIDEOTERM™

7X9 MATRIX DISPLAY FOR

LOWER CASE W/ DESCENDERS Ml l L t I

m

columns by 24 lines with easy to read 7x9 dot matrix,upper and lower case with descenders using shift lockfeature • 1K firmware incorporates PASCA L and BASICprotocalls so user is not required to enter machinelanguage programs or change PASCALS. Misc. info, orGotoxy files • Compatible with all APPLE II peripheralsso user won't need new software patches for futuresoftware products • Crystal controlled dot clock forexcellent character stability • VIDEOTERM is the samesize as the Apple language card and power consump-tion is held to a minimum through the use of CMOS andlower power devices • Character set can be user de-finable up to a maximum of 128 symbols of 8x16 dotmatrix font • Display control character mode and fourstandard display formats controlled by escape sequen-ces • Built In light pen capability • Inverse displaymode • 50/60 HZ operation • Sockets on all IC's.PRiCE-Withom graphic EPROM $345OPTIONS: Graphics EPROM lino <Jwg.S25

VIDEO SWITCH PLATE, Inserts

In case slot to choose between

APPLEII- and VIDEOTERM $12 mm ™"'

MANUAL: 115 VK MM

VIDEX 3060 N.W. Thistle PI. Corvallls. OR 97330 Phone (503) 758-0521

Circle 261 on inquiry card.

We are interested in buy-ing new or used Zilog com-puters & accessories andVarian Minicomputers orparts.

Write or telephone:

Keith Jenkins& Associates Inc

Suite 354, Graybar Building420 Lexington AveNew York, NY 10170(212) 599-0447

Circle 262 on inquiry card.

MICROCOMPUTERS andPHYSIOLOGICAL SIMULATION

James E. Randall, Indiana UniversitySchool of Medicine, Bloomington

Foreword by Arthur C. Guyton, Universityof Mississippi School of Medicine, Jackson

This book provides microcomputer hardware andprograms suited For teaching simulations such asnerve action potential, cardiac action potential,cardiovascular system mechanics, and the glucosetolerance test.

"Sorely needed lor those ot us who are just begin-ning to adapt microprocessors to teaching appli-cations in Physiology. Dr. Randall is eminentlyqualified to do this special job. He has interactedfor several years with his potential readersthrough his activities in the American Physiologi-cal Society."

Beverly BishopSUiVV at Bu/foJo, School oj MedicineFeb. 1980. 250 pp.. illus. PaperG612H $14.50Price is subject to change without notice.

Addison-Wesley

Advanced Book Program

Reading, Mass. 01867, U.S.A.

II

Circle 263 on inquiry card.

PrecisionEngineered Drives

^^^ More Capacitance: Insures stable Scratch resistant steel cover: Primed and baked

operation over greater line / enamel finish. Virtually eliminates video interference. Color

Power supply guaranteed voltaqe variations (105-125 Vac ) / compatible with Radio Shack or Zenith Z89.

for one year. , I

Increased ventilation for

additional cooling: Top,

side and bottom vents mean lower

operating temperatures

for longer life.

Switch designed with highcurrent ratings (10 AMP).

Transformer designed as integralpart of system for best lineregulation. Not separately encased toavoid heat build-up providing longer life.

Simpler, morereliable circuitry.

Designed to UL specifications. Easy access to terminating

Wide operating temperature range (0°C to 50°C) resistor for easy field

Tested to 1500 volte-inpjiit to>output isolation for enhanced conversion from drive

power surge protection 0 to drive 1,2, or 3.

Extender:

Easy plug-in access

3-wire groundedjinecordfor added operator safety.

With the number of disk drives on the market increasing,more and more people are beginning to ask what's under-neath that cover.

The CCI™ series of disk drives have been designed for longlife and ease of operation. The features shown above are whatset our CCI drives apart from the rest. With a CCI drive you getan integrated professional design!

If you're still not convinced that you get the most for yourmoney with a CCI drive, just ask for our complete specifica-tions sheet. Then, compare our disk drives to anyone else's.

5i/4" DRIVES

CCI-100 40 Track (102K Bytes) forTRS-80* Model I $399.00

CCI-189 40 Track (102K Bytes) for Zenith Z89 $499.00

CCI-200 77 Track (197K Bytes) forTRS-80* Model I $675.00

8" DRIVES

CCI-800 77 Track (1/2 Meg Bytes) forTRS-80* Model II $895.00

All CCI drives are also available for 220 Vac (50Hz) operation.

ComputerCity

175 Main Street, Dept. B-8 , Charlestown, MA 02129Hours: 10AM-6PM (EST) Mon.-Fri. (Sat. till 5).

Operating Systems

NEWDOS Plus for 51/4", 40 and 77 Track Drives—with over 200modifications and corrections to TRSDOS $ 110.00

CP/M for Model I, Zenith $ 150.00

CP/M for Model II, Altos $199.00

Software by S&M Systems

INSEQ-80" -Indexed Sequential Access Method (ISAM)

fortheTRS-80Modell.Four machine language programs that can be called from yourBASIC program via USR functions to access records either sequen-tially or randomly. The INSEQ-80 programs maintain all indexes andchains for you. Includes reorganization utility to consolidate files.

$49.95Professional Business Software using INSEQ-80 forthe TRS-80* Model I and Zenith Z89.Accounts Payable, Accounts Receivable,

General Ledger, Payroll per package $99.00

Inventory per package $125.00

TO ORDER CALL

TOLL FREE 1-800-343-6522

TWX: 710-348-1796

TM Massachusetts residents call 617/242-3350

For detailed technical information, call 617/242-3350.Freight Collect, F.O.B. Charlestown.

"TRS-80 is a trademark of the Tandy Corporation

Products also available from: Radio Shack, NEC, Centronics, Paper Tiger, Tl, Altos, MPI, Zenith, ATARI, Mattel

PET, OKIDATA, Apple, Eaton/LRC.

FRANCHISE AND DEALER (NATIONAL/INTERNATIONAL) INQUIRIES INVITED

Retail Stores: MA: Burlington, Charlestown, Framingham, Hanover NH: Manchester RI: Providence

Circle 264 on inquiry card.

fill

MPATIBLE

] AS RAM

1 OPTION.1PACIT0R.

HICKNESS

ENT.

TH A ONE

H&&ffi£T'$BB&QL 1

■■■■■.in*i*

8K BYTE STATIC RAM MODULE FDR THE 6800; CO

WITH THE MOTOROLA EXOBciSB- BUS AND 0-2 KIT

TWO SEPARATE 4k ADDRESSES; EACH MAY BE USE

OR TREATED AS ROM.

SWITCHES SET ADDRESSES AND CONTROL RAMIRO

ALL IC's ARE SOCKETED; EACH IC HAS A BYPASS C

ACCESS TIME: 450 NSEC.

DIMENSIONS; HEIGHT 8.425IN. WIDTH 9.750 IN. T

.062 IN.

SIGNALS: H7W, VMA OR VUA IJUMPERI. (2

STATIC RAM: LOW POWER 2102AN 4L OR EOUIVAL

THE ALI688K COMES ASSEMBLED AND TESTED W

YEAR WARRANTY.

PRICE S250

APPLIED LOGIC, INC

P.O. BOX 328

JAMAICA. NEW YORK 11415

1212I 459 4064

'EXOHciser is a trademark of Motorola, Inc.

The World Has SeenTiny Basic, Tiny Pascal, and Tiny C.

Until Now,Microcomputer LISPs Have Been"Tiny LISP."TLC-LISP is tiny in only one way: its introductoryprice of S1 5D for aft the features described in the"What's New" column of the May BYTE, page 292.This offer will only last 'til Sept. 2,19BO; after thatdate, we require £20 for the manual and $250 forthe complete system. (Cal. residents, always add6% sales tax; and foreign orders, please add S3for shipping.)

In All Other Ways, TLC-LISP Is

It is a BIG subset of MIT's LISP Machine LISP, theworld's best LISP. It is BIG in performance, averag-ing 1 /3 the speed of a KA-10. It is BIG in docu-mentation, supplying a manual written by JohnAllen, founder of TLC. author of "Anatomy of LISP"and editor of BYTE's special LISP issue It is BIG inquality, being designed and implemented by a teamwith thirty years combined LISP experience. So,get on the TLC-LISP bandwagon early; discover thepower and flexibility of LISP using the BIG LISP withthe tiny price.

(T.(L.O), The LISP Company

Box 487 Redwood Estates, CA 95D44

The best choicein mainframes !

• S100 CARD FRAME • AXIAL BLOWER

• 22 MHi 12" CRT MONITOR • ASSEMBLED & TESTED

• 18 AMP POWER SUPPLY • HEADY FOR YOUR CARDS

• UPPER & LOWERCASE • S895.00 OEM QUANT. ONEASCII KEY BOARDS

>D

OOU IN FIN IT

CefcltmJng Oirr I.I'll Iiw.813 E. STRAWBRIDGE. MELBOURNE. FL 32901 - (3051 724-1588

Circle 265 on inquiry card.

Circle 266 on inquiry card.

Circle 267 on inquiry card.

STATIC RAM CHIPS

CAPTODV ddimc Fran the same shipmen! we usa in ourrHOIUni rnllVlt professional quality boards.

2114L450ns.$5.90 200ns.$6.904044 450ns. $5.90 250ns.$6.90

Add $5.00 Handling on Orders Under $200.00

32K STATIC RAM BOARD

FOR THE SS50 ANP SS50C BUS (SWTP etc.)

• SS50C Extended Addressing (can be disabled).

• 4 separate 8K blocks.

• Low power 2114L RAMS

• Socketed for 32K

• Write Protect

• Gold Bus Connectors

16K $328.12

24K $438.14

32K $548.15

Phone, write, or see your dealer (or details and prices on ourbroad range of Boards and Syslems for the SS507SS50C busincluding our UNIQUE 80x24 VIDEO BOARD, and our ACPower Control Products (or all computers.

GimiX (51

1337 W. 37th Place • Chicago, IL 60609(312)927-5510 • TWX 910-221-4055

The Company that delivers.

Quality Electronic products since 1975.

GIMIF and GHOSP are Registered Trademarks ol GIMIX INC.

Circle 268 on inquiry card.

3fc 3jc jjc j^c jjc >(c yf. 3ft j^c j^. jjt. ^. t.

t;:*THE..GREENSCREEN

*

-x-*****

*£vo.

• IMPROVE IMAGE CONTRAST

• REDUCE EYE FATIGUE

• ENHANCE SCREEN LEGIBILITY

• PROVIDE A MORE PLEASINGDISPLAY

• GIVE A DISTINCTIVE PROFESSIONALLOOK TO YOUR SYSTEM

ThB GREEN SCREEN is custom molded tofit nicely over the picture tube,ft ingeniously mounts in seconds withoutsny tools. » * .*„

CALL: (212)296-5916 BBB OHBor SBnd $12.50 I S2 SGH ■*■■ tSMB

ALPHA product co.

85-71, 79th St., Woodtiavon, N.Y. 114213)C3)cjf:3(t>^S^3tr;3^5(c5(r;5)C3^

6502

FORTH

... is a structured, high-level macro language wellsuited to microcomputers. 6502 FORTH is avail-able now for KIM, SYM. and AIM systems withat least 12 K of RAM starring at either $0200 or$2000. Includes a built-in 6502 assembler, texteditor, and virtual memory file software linkedto the system cassette interface. (An app. note isprovided which shows how 6502 FORTH caneasily be interfaced to a low-level disk driver) Thepackage, which includes a commented sourcelisting of the complete system, object code oncassette, and a user manual, sells for $90.00 (in-clude $4.00 S&H). Payment must be by U.S.check or money order, (Specify system type andstarting location) The user manual is availableseparately for $15.00 (include $1.50 S&H}

ERIC C REHNKE

1067 Jadestone LaneCorona, CA 91720

Circle 269 on inquiry card.

SAVE

15-50%OF YOUR DISK SPACE

HUFF n PUFF

• Bit compress your files withsavings up to 50%

• Cut your TP connect time by upto 50%

• Z-80 code compatible withCP/M and CROMEMCO CDOS

• Free 30 day money backguarantee

HUFF n PUFF is available on 8"diskette, single or double densityfor $75.

(California residents add 6% salestax)

J and S SOFTWARE

2406 TOItltl JON PLACECAM,SHAD CA. 92008

H9 OWNCftS!

Upgrade your video terminal with oneof these long overdue kits:

GflflFIX —Graphical display capa-bilities assembled and tested $69.95.Kit $59.95.

CURSOR CONTROL - A total of8 functions assembled and tested$34.95. Kit $29.95.

FLICK€R FR€€ — 4800 baudoperation assembled and tested$79.95. Kit $69.95.

Fill have a full 6 month warranty.

NORTHW€ST COMPUT€RSCRVICC-S, INC.

8503 N.€. 30th AvenueVancouver, UJR 98665

Circle 270 on inquiry card.

SUPER SALE

16K Apple n coo*; on

or Apple II Plus $77 J.UUApple Disk II

w/controller $529.95

Apple Soft or

Integer Cards $159.95

Pascal Language Card $459.9510 Megabyte Disk

for Apple $4695.00

DC Hayes Modems $339.95Graphics Tablet $695.00

UCfiTRTI COmPUTER STDfiE

P O BOX IOOO DESTIN FL 32541

ACROSS FROM RAMADA INN

904837-2022

Credit Cards Accepted

Circle 271 on inquiry card.

Circle 272 on inquiry card.

Circle 273 on inquiry card.

mm

MICRO

BUSINESS WORLD

Immediate response to your orders (verbal or written), toll-free (800) 421-0347

jCippkZ/[I... Apple II plusand the NEW Apple III

The complete, ready to run computers . . . Connect to yourcolor TV and start writing programs today. APPLE is faster,smaller, more powerful than it's predecessors. APPLE willchange the way you think about computers. Call for our Price.

INVENTORY CONTROL SYSTEM FOR Apple II

The first truly professional system that can tackle up to 8,100items • Transaction register/audit trail • Inventory Status re-port • Re-order report • Keeps track of purchase orders auto-matically • Will handle multiple departments or divisionsFast data retrival.

Minimum hardware requirements: APPLE I1 Plus with 48K,one disk drive and 80 column printer.Introductory Price: $99.00 Including comprehensive manual.

ZENITH

DATA

SYSTEMS

Smart Video

Terminal

Z-89

Computer

System:

includes: Z19 Display, a built in 5V4"Floppy Disk. 2 serial ports, and 16K ofmemory. 2295.00 48K Memory 2595.00Also 48K Z-19 hasaZ80 Micro -processor,numeric keypad and 8 function key. 895.00

ATARI oUU Computer SystemPacked with: Computer Console, BasicLanguage Card, Education SystemMaster Cartridge, Cassette Recorder, TVModulator, 8K Memory (expandable to48K), Power Supply & all Books andManuals $799.95

ilTADI /Ifin Personal ComputerMlHHI 4UU System for lessPacked with: Computer Console, BasicLanguage Cartridge, Power Supply, TVModulator, and all Books andManuals $499.95

ATARI Program Recorder 69.99

ATARI Software, Homa, Caaaettea 25% off list priceATARI Expanaion Memory 8K Module 99.99

16K Module 169.99

ft commodore

the Great American Solution

CBM 8050DUAL DRIVEFLOPPY DISK

CBM 8000 SERIES BUSINESS COMPUTER

CBM 2001 SERIES BUSINESS COMPUTER

DYSAN DISKETTES

THE CADILLAC OF THE FLOPPY DISKS AT LOW LOW PRICES

8" (BOX OF 10) • 3740/1 sgl side/ sgl density 4.50 ea

• 3740/1D sgl side/dbl density 6.95ea

5" (BOX OF 5 )• 104/1 soft sector . 107/1 10 sectors

• 105/1 16 sectors 4.50 ea

EPSON MX-80

DOT MATRIX PRINTER

The new Model MX 80 is a high-speedbidirectional, impact printer capable ofprinting 9x9 dot matrix characters. Printsenlarged, condensed, condensed/enlarged,normal characters with 40,132, 66, 80 col-umns per line logical seeking function.

$645.

EPSON TX-80 .. .DOT MATRIX PRINTER

with graphics $795.

16K RAM set of 8 4116's250 ns or better $59.00

Prices subject to change without notice.

VISA and MASTER CHARGE WELCOME. Allow 2 weeks for cashierscheck to clear, 4 weeks for personal checks. Add 2% for shipping andhandling. Calif, residents add 6% sales tax. (Sorry, no C.O.D.)

U.S. and International dealer inquiries invited.

Copyright 1980 • MICRO Business WORLD Circle 274 on inquiry card.

nrn micro

|ffj BUSINESS WORLD

15818 Hawthorne Boulevard

Lawndale. California 90260(213) 371-1660,

Teach

Yourself byComputer Software"

Educalional Software on ALL suDiecls

lor home and school|!oi Apnle" and TRS-80")

Write lor Iree brochure to;

Teach Yoursell by Computer Software

40 Stuyvasan! Manoi

Geneseo. New York 14454

716-243-3005

BET. Paid€

for using yourComputer*2

FUN-' Eas-J E53

RUSH COUPON FOR ^FREE FACTS

GfltP" SPARE TIME

• W® ;

Send today to — DAR-B83110 Fulton Ave, Sacramento CA 95821

SPECIAL PRICES

HARDWARE, SOFTWARE,PERIPHERALS

FOR

tcippkz computers

Vector Graphics

Most items in stock forimmediate delivery. VISA/MC.

For Our Catalog, ContactComputer Distributors

PO BOX 9194

AUSTIN, TX 78766

(512) 345-9729

Circle 275 on inquiry card.

Circle 276 on inquiry card.

Circle 277 on inquiry card.

COMPUTER FORMS

DISTRIBUTOR OF COMPUTER PAPERPRODUCTS

All paper products are white, blank, tractor feed,IPinfeedl FANFOLD CONTINUOUS stock.

6"x 4" POSTCARD STOCK |7" width with 54"margins). Use as is or trim for 3Vi" x 5Vi" card.Pkg 1000 cards...517.95 Pkg 2000...$29.95Box 4000...$49.95

STANDARD 9V4'x 11" COMPUTER PAPER

(8Vi" x 11" sheetlPkg 500 sheets...$5.95Box 3500 sheets...$27.95Box shipping weight...31 lbs

TRY OUR MINI-PAPER! 6" x 8)4" sheet size

(7" width includes Vi" tractor margins!

Box 3200 sheets...$23.95 Sh. Wt. only 1 7 lbs

CASH ORDER: Include $2 for shipping, excess willbe billed with your order.

CREDIT CARD ORDER: Shipping will be added toyour order. Include ALL credit card information.

Send for FREE Catalog ofPaper Products. Postcardstock, address labels, manysizes & types of paper.

CHECK orMoney Order

COMPUTER FORMS (6161 429-79225588 Caribou, Stevensville, Ml 49127

= Diskettes =

8 inch-so ft/hard sector:Sngl side-sngl dens $2.95Sngl side-dble dens S3.55Sngl side ■ never shl $4.55Ohle side-sngl dens $4.55Ohle side-dble dens $4.905 inch-so 111 hand sector:Sngl side ■ 40 Trk $2.75Ohle side ■ 40 Trk $4.05Sngl side- 7 7 Trk $4.35

Visa/Mst.Chg/COD - call

[20614884552

HARREX CORPORATIONMedia Sales DivisionP.O. BOX 249Kenmoro, Wash. 98028

Circle 278 on inquiry card.

Circle 279 on inquiry card.

Now on Disk

Learn FORTH

FORTH is a structured high level language thai dramaticallyCtltS program development time. You ear) expand theFORTH language by defining new operations and data types.FORTH programs are compiled 10 reduce memory space andspeed execution.

linyFORTH is a complete version of the powerful FORTH

language tailored to the TRS-80. The disk linyFORTH sys-tem is a stand-alone operating system with FORTH, a texteditor, an assembler, and graphics

Leurn FORTH on your own computer. The linyFORTH

user's manual contains hundreds of examples to teach youFORTH in a hands-on style.

linyFORTH for 16k level II TRS-80:

Disk version and full documentation . ,$49.95

Cassette version and full documentation $29.95

Documentation only (disk version) $14.95

All orders are fully guaranteed Add SI.50 for postage andhandling. Order with check, money order. Visa, or Master-charge.

Write for a FREE booklet describing FORTH.

The Software Farm

Box 2304 Dept. A30 Reston, VA 22090

Circle 280 on inquiry card.

STRUCTURAL ANALYSISSOFTWARE

For TRS-80 and North StarComputers

SPACE FRAME (Finite Element - Stiffness Method)includes Space Frame, Plane Frame, Space Truss & Floor GridsDisk Version $ 150.DO Cassette Version $50.00

TRS-80 Model II $200.00 Documentation Only $25.00

plus postage

TRUSS FORCE (Method of joints solution of Common Trusses)

Oisk Version $50.00 Cassette Version $25.00

Documentation Only $5.00 plus postage

LINEAR PROGRAMMING (Simplex Method)

Disk Version $60.00 Cassette Version $25.00

Documentation Only $5.00 plus postage

ENGINEERING ANALYSISSOFTWARE

P.O. Box 26206Fort Worth, Texas 76116Phone 1214) 298-1248In California Contact:

MICOPS INC.

421 Royale Park Dr.

San Jose, Ca. 95136

Phone (408) 629-5716

FIELD ENGINEERS

TECHNICAL SUPPORT

FIELD SERVICE MANAGEMENT

SYSTEMS 370/360, H-200,XDS, Univac, CDCAll large & medium CPU's

MINI'S PDP, NOVA, G.A., HP,

etc... All Mini Systems

I/O STC, TELEX, CDC, ITEL,

CALCOMP, etc... AllPeripheral Experience.

SPECIALIZED PLACEMENT OF THEFIELD SERVICE PROFESSIONAL

LET US LOCATE THE BEST OPPORTUNITIESFOR YOU

NATION WIDE

I IE 11 MUI W Silllnjrw

925 E. RAND RD.

ARLINGTON HEIGHTS, ILL 60004

(312) 398-5535

Private Employment Agency — no fees

NOBLE

COMPUTER CORPORATION

ADD the ultimate to your computer system

"SOUND"

106,000,000 Distinct Sounds

Noble Computer Corporation announces thedevelopment and production of a computerSOUND board, for S-100 or S-50 Bus Usercomplete with software, capable of producing106 Million distinct sounds.

Also available - S-50 INTERFACE

Open up your computer system to the realworld. Now at last there is an S-50 to S-100 in-terface available that allows you to be com-patible with any S-100 Bus interface system,I/O media or memory system. This thirdgeneration S-50 Bus interface features:

• Selectable memory addressability

• Selectable I/O Device Addressability

• Up to 64K Addressability

Both products are assembled, tested, andguaranteed:

Computer Sound Board - $179.95S-50 to S-100 Interface - $129.95

Circle 281 on inquiry card.

Circle 282 on inquiry card.

DAL - COMP

DAL-COMP gives you the finest lines in electronic hardware, components, computer boards and peripherals.

SD SYSTEMS

FOR S-100

Memory Boards, Video Boards, CPU Boards,PROM Boards, Single Board Computers, Control-ler Boards, Software.

SSM

FOR S-100 —APPLE

Video Boards, IO Boards, Music Boards, CPUBoards, RAM Boards, EPROM Boards, ExtenderBoards, Terminator Boards.

AP PRODUCTS

Solderless Plug Boards, Bread Boards, Flat RibbonCable Assemblies, Jumper Headers, Test Clips,Connectors, Sockets.

CALIF. COMPUTER SYSTEMS

FOR S-100 — APPLE — TRS 80

Interface Boards, PROM Boards, ControllerBoards, CPU Boards, RAM Boards, Mainframes,Extender Boards, Proto Boards.

QT COMPUTER SYSTEMS

FOR S-100

Memory Boards, CPU Boards, Clock Calendar,Motherboards, I/O Boards, Video Boards, EPROMBoards, Controller Boards.

MOUNTAIN HARDWARE

FOR APPLE

Introl X-10, Apple Clock, Super Talker, ROM Wri-ter, ROM Plus, Music System, A/D 8. D/A, Expan-sion Chassis.

— PANAVISE — OK MACHINE &. TOOL — MODEMS — EPROM ERASERS — DISKS — DISK DRIVES — POWERSUPPLIES — VECTOR ELECTRONICS — IC's — (TTL — CMOS — MEMORY) — SOCKETS — SWITCHES —TERMINALS —

Call Dal-Comp for prices on all your electronic and computing needs. We offer the finest products in theindustry at prices you can compare with anyone. Check our fast service and responsive sales people.

| CALL TOLL FREE 800-527-5310

TEXAS RESIDENTS

CALL COLLECT (214) 350-6898

THIS MONTH'S SPECIAL

4116 250NS

8/$48.00

2114L300NS

5.25

DB25P Male Plug

2.95

2708

6.25

2114L.450NS

5.00

DB25S Female Socket

3.60

2716

19.95

1771

26.95

DB25C Cover

1.50

2732

79.95

1791

37.95

RS232 Set/1 Ea of above 6.50

8080A

3.50

1863/AY51015

5.95

UV Eraser

68.95

Z80A

13.95

1602B

3.95

Dip Switches

Call

8253-5

20.25

S-2350

7.95

Zip Dip Sockets

Call

8279-5

18.50

8212

3.50

Lo-Pro Sockets

Call

ofjrv

u**-

CO**

TERMS OF SALE: Cash, checks, money orders. VISA. Master Charge Minimum Order $10.00. Texas residents add 5% sales tax. Minimum shipping and handlingcharge S3 00. COD orders add S2 00 COO tee U.S. funds only PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE, SOME ITEMS SUBJECT TO PRIOR SALE, WERESERVE THE RIGHT TO LIMIT QUANTITIES 90 DAY GUARANTEE

DAL-COMP M/0 DIV. 2560 ELECTRONIC LANE, SUITE 108, DALLAS, TEXAS 75220 • (214) 350-6895

Circle 284 on inquiry card.

BYTE August 1980 293

H89/H8/Z89

Software Tools That WorkPIEt full screen editor $29.95

TEXT formatter 34.95

(order both for word processing)C Compiler* 39.95

Airport (real-time game) 19.95File packer, modem/file-transfer,LISP interpreter, Z80 & 8080macro assemblers, more.Quality software running underHDOSt (requires 32K RAM).Available at Heathkitt stores orWalt Bilofsky'sSoftware Tool Works14478 Glorietta DriveSherman Oaks, CA 91423Phone orders: (213) 986-4885

Add $2/order 1st class postage and handling.CA residents add 6% sales tax.'Documentation complements The C Program-ming Language, Kernighan & Ritchie.tHeathkil, HDOS: TM of Heath Company.PIE; TM of Programma International, Inc.

STANDARDfig-FORTH

A/FORTH

FOR THE @

ALPHA MICRO

PROFESSIONAL

MANAGEMENT

SERVICES

724 Arastradero Rd., Suite 109

Palo Alto, California 94306

408/252-2218

® A REGISTERED TRADEMARK OFALPHA MICRO SYSTEMS

SUPPLIES

• 3M DISKETTES, MINI OR

STANDARD

• 3M DATA CARTRIDGES,

CASSETTES, DISK PACKS

• RIBBONS, PRINT WHEELS,

ELEMENTS, PAPER

^X ZAPP >>

STATIC PROBLEMS???

CALL US ON 3M VELOSTAT®

ANTISTATIC FLOOR MATS

5555 Magnatron Blvd. ttJSan Diego, CA92111(714) 565-4505

BUSINESS SYSTEMS. INC

Circle 285 on inquiry card.

Circle 286 on inquiry card.

Circle 287 on inquiry card.

Z-80

***** TESTING/INPUT-OUTPUT *****

PACKAGE

(Primarily for NORTH STAR DOS users who developassembler or machine language programs)Featuring:

(A) Integrated Testing Package

• Full instruction trace

• Breakpoint

• Display/alter RAM contents

(B) Input - Output Package, designed to be called by

assembler-oriented programs

• Random or sequential access todiskette files

• Record blocking/deblocking with se-quential

• Console input-output assist

• Data compare and set return codes

Both for $45 on single density 5" diskette, ppd.

Requires 4K beginning at location zero

Test Package may be interfaced to other Z-80

systemsl-O Package supports single or double densityFull documentation and source included.

Code Construction Co.,

P.O. Box 235

Wentzville, Missouri 63385

P.S Cross-Pack Catalog Lister

(One listing for all your packs—computes free space)

$10 with Testing/l-0 Package

FOR SALE BY OWNER:MUST SELL!

Pertec, MITS 300

Complete Small Business System...

or will consider selling components

Altair 8800BT

64 K static RAM

10 Mb Pertec top load hard disk

Qume 45-cps letter quality printer

Lear-Siegler ADM3A CRT

Rack-mount desk

Plus: Microsoft BASIC, utility programs,Word Processing, spare 16K, memory testroutines in ROM, up to twenty 3M Disks.Used 24 mo., now in operation.Available 8/15.

Steve Livers215-657-6575LA Assoc'd, Inc.Willow Grove (Phila), PA.

ALL CP/M & CROMEMCO SYSTEMS

INVENTORY CONTROL [lor MannlKturtri & Retailers) S250

Parts explosions lor finished goods & assemblies

Parts requirements forecasting & Pull Sheets

Economic Order Quantities & Reorder Reports

1500 items per S.D. 8" disk side

ACCOUNTS PAYABLE/RECEIVABLE SI 75/S175

Replaces all your hand written ledgers

Prints Monthly Ledger Sheets, Checks, Vouchers & Stubs

Aged Trial Balances & Statements

Handles Discounts, Partial Payments, Credits, Etc,

APARTMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM S250

Prints all your Monthly Rent Bills

Reports Late Payments, Vacancies, and Lease Expirations

Links with Accounts Receivable Program

PAYROLL SYSTEM SI75

300 Employees per S.D. 8" disk side

Federal, State and Local Taxes

Quarterly & Yearly Reports (inc. 941 s & W-2's)

Prints Payroll Registers, Checks & Vouchers

MAILING LIST S99

Maintains your list up to 1700 customers per S.D. 8" disk side

Prints the list by Customer Type. City. State or Zip

Can be used to send Personalized Form Letters

These programs run FASTER & BETTER than ones costing up to 5

times more All used over 1ft years by several large corporations

Hardware Required: 48 KRAM, dual floppy disks,132 col printer.

Written in Cromemco 16 K EXTENDED BASIC (runs under CP/M)

FEITHSOFTrlMiE

Cldirbnrok A-1103Wyncoti. Pi. 19095(215| BB7-97B0

Circle 288 on inquiry card.

Circle 289 on inquiry card.

Circle 290 on inquiry card.

WISCONSIN AREA■COMPUTER CO.

"jJSavi *ptU( Semite

7&f%&

vns-Kztis spzew-ds

10 Vv&uo* VCM 26.40

10 tfmUttm S.S.

*29.00

Mail Orders or Send for Brochure:WISCONSIN AREA (COMPUTER CO.1328 BALSAM PLACEWEST BEND, WISCONSIN S3095

Wisconsin Residents Add 47. Sales TaxAdd 5'/. for Shipping & Handling

MINI FLOPPY SALE

TRS-80 OWNERSSINGLE SIDED $365.00DOUBLE SIDED $485.00READY TO GO-CABINET-POWER SUPPLY-CABLEASSEMBLED § TESTED

ADD ON DRIVESSINGLE SIDED $225.00DOUBLE SIDED $ 345.00

INTERFACE,INC.20932 CANTARA STREETCANOGA PARK,CA. 91304(213) 341-7914

MASTER CHARGE f, VISA

MARKET DATA LISTINGS

14 COMMON STOCKS

A DAILY CLOSE 81 VOLUMEFeb. 28, 1978 to present

A FOR THESE STOCKS

ASA BallyMfg HughsTIAllisCh CornG IBMAHess EsKod LeviStrABdcst GMot NwtlndAvon Honwll

$20 Each, $160 Lot - LISTS

/\/\dd $30 Per Lot For Diskette

IBM 8" 2D (IBM 5120 BASIC)NORTH STAR BK" (N.S. BASIC)MC, VISA, CHECK, MONEY ORDER

V\A H 1 MARKET

SJ V \,J V 1 ANALYSIS

POST OFFICE BOX 415BURLINGTON. IOWA 52601

Circle 291 on inquiry card.

Circle 292 on inquiry card.

Circle 293 on inquiry card.

computerproducts, inc.

11542-1 KNOTT ST.

GARDEN GROVE,

CA 92641

(800)854-6411

(714)891-2663

IMSAI CONN,

100 PIN GOLDSOLDERTAIL

4116'S -200NS.

ADD-ON MEMORY FOR:

APPLE, TRS-80, HEATH,

EXIDY, SD. EXPANDORAM.

8for$4995

16fors9500

ATARI 400 & 800

MICR0BYTE

CAPACITORS

.1® 12 VOLTS

CERAMIC

MODEL 400

Computer ConsoleBasic LanguageCartridgeBasic LanguageProgramming ManualOperators ManualPower SupplyTV Switch Box

CALL FORPRICE

AVAILABLEFROM STOCK

SHUGART

SA801R

Bare Drives

Single Sided/

Sgl/Dbl Density

CALL FOR PRICE

AND

DELIVERY

LINEAR COMPONENTS

MODEL 800

• Computer Console

• Basic LanguageCartridge

• Education SystemMaster Cartridge

• Basic LanguageProgramming Manual

• Operators Manual

• Atari 410 ProgramRecorder

• Guide to BasicProgramming Cassette

• 8K Ram Module

• Power Supply

• TV Switch Box

SPECIAL

Ani/STATICOLA RAM BOARD

• IEEE/S-100

• 4K Bank Addressableto any 4K Slot withina64K Boundary

• On-board 8-BitOutput Port

• No DMA Restrictions

• Assembled & Tested

• 4MHz Operation

$490oo

SANYO

B&WMONITORS9" MODEL

$175oo

15" MODEL

$25000

110

or

100 for $10.00

SA800 DISK DRIVES

SHUGART 8" SGL SIDED/DBL DENSITY

DISK DRIVE, WITH CABINET, PWR. SUPPLY.

(ASSEMBLED & TESTED)

(1) DRIVE INSTALLED (2) DRIVES INSTALLED

$77500 s125000

2114's

(200NS.)LO-POWER

$475ea.

(1-49)50&up $4.35 ea.

LM 348 75

LM 377 90

LM 555 35

LM3900 42

2716'S

5-VOLT ONLY(450 NS)

S25°Pa.

HITACHI, FUJITSU

STATIC & DYNAMICRAM CHIPS

2104

(4K Dynamic) s225ea.

4108/4115 t!Mnn(8K Dynamic) $4°ea.

5257-3L

(4K Static) $55e°a.

250 NS

LOBO INTERNATIONAL *

MICROBYTE

16K

STATICRAM BOARD

INTEL'S $30.00

SHUGART SA400

• Enclosed in Metal Case

• Cutouts for Data Cable,Switch, Fuse & Pwr Cord

$31500

TRS-80 DISK DRIVES

Shugart SA400, Single or Double Density,Soft Sector, up to 218K Bytes, 25 MSec.Access Time, Software Compatible.

539500

REGULATORS

320T-5 90

320T-12 80

340T-5 75

340T-12 65

78H05 5.25

ORDERING INFO

Name, Address, PhoneShip by: UPS or Mail

Shipping Charges, Add$2.00 up to (5) lbs.

TERMS

We Accept Cash,Check, Money Order,Visa & Master Charge.C.O.D.'s on Approval.

(U.S. Funds Only)

Tax: 6% Calif. Res.

CATALOG

AVAILABLE

CALL

OR

WRITE

TRS-80 EXPANSION(LX-80) INTERFACE

• CONNECTS DIRECTLYTO KEYBOARD

• TO SERIAL PORTS

• PARALLEL PORT FORPRINTER, PLUS MANYMORE OPTIONS.

$49300

CENTRONICSPRINTERS

(MODEL #703)

• 180 CPS BI-DIRECTIONAL

• LOGIC SEEKING PRINTER

• 132 COLUMN CARRIAGES

• VFud CENTRONICSPARALLEL INTERFACE

$185000

S-100 Compatible4K Bank AddressableExtended MemoryManagementNo DMA RestrictionsAssembled & Tested4MHz Operation

$250»°

74LS244

QTY. PRICES AVAILABLE

CENTRONICS

MODEL

#737

PRINTER

(IN STOCK)

LO-PRO SOCKETS

14 PIN16 PIN18 PIN20 PIN24 PIN28 PIN40 PIN

00

1-99.10.12.15.23.26.30.42

100 UP.09.11.13.21.24.28.40

825

2708's

(450 NS)

00

i ea.

or

8/$58

Circle 294 on inquiry card.

BYTE August 1980 295

CD4000CD40Q1CD40O2CD4Q06CD4007CD40O9CD4010CD4011CD4012CD4013CD4014CD4015CD4016CD4017CD401BCD4019CD4Q20CD4021CD4022CD4023CD4024CD4025CO4026CD4027

74COO74C0274C0474C0874 CIO74C1474C2074C3074C4274C4B74C7374C74

.89

78MG 1.75

L.M106H .99

LM3O0H .80L.M301CN/H .35

LM302H .75

LM304H 1.00

LM305H .60LM307CN/H .35LM308CN/H 1.00

LM309H 1.10

LM309K 1.25

LM310CN 1.95

LM311N/H .90

LM312H 1.95

LM317K 6.50LM318CN/H1.50

LM319N 1.30

LM320K-5 1.35

LM320K-5.2 1.35

LM320K-12 1.25

LM320K-15 1.35

LM320K-18 1.35

LM320K-24 1.35

LM320T-5 1.25

LM320T-5.2 1.25

LM320T-8 1.25

LM320T-12 1.25

LM32QT-15 1.25

L.M320T-18 1.25

LM320T-24 1.25

LM323K-5 5.95

LM324N 1.49

LM339N .99

LM340K-5 1.35

LM340K-* 1.35

LM34QK-B 1.35

L.M340K-12 1.35

LM340K-15 1.35

7400 TTL

SN7470N .29

SN7472N .29

SN7473N .35

SN7474N .35

SN7475N .49

SN7476N .35

SN7479N 5.00

SN74B0N .50

SN7482N .99

SN7483N .69

5N7485N .89

SN7486N .35

SN7489N 1.75

5N7490N .45

SN7491N .59

SN7492N .43

SN7493N .43

SN7494N .65

SN7495N .65

5N7496N .65

SN7497N 3.00

SN74100N 1.25

SN74107N .35

SN74109N .59

SN74116N 1.95

SN74121N .35

SN74122N .39

SN74123N .59

SN74125N .49

SN74126N .49

SN74132N .75

SN74135N .75

5N74141N .79

SN74142N 2.95

SN 74143 N 2.95

SN74144N 2.95

SN 74145 N .79

5N74147N 1.95

SN7414BN 1.29

5N741S0N 1.25

SN74151N .59

SN74152N .59

SN74153N .59

SN74154N 1.50

SN74155N .79

5N74156N .79

SN74157N .65

SN74160N .89

SN74161N .89

SN74162N 1,95

SN74163N .89

SN74164N .89

SN74165N .89

SN74166N 1.25

SN74167N 1.95

SN74170N 1.59

SN74172N 6.00

SN74173N 1.25

SN74174N 1.00

SN74175N 1.00

SN74176N .79

SN74177N .79

SN74179N 1.95

SN74180N .79

SN74181N 1.95

5N74182N .79

SN74184N 1.95

SN74185IM 1.95

SN74186N 9.95

SN74188N 3.95

SN74190N 1.25

SN74191N 1.25

SN74192N .79

SN74193N .79

SN 74194 N .89

SN74195N .69

SN74196N .89

SN74197N .89

SN74198N 1.49

SN74199N 1.49

SN74S200 4.95

S N 74251N .99

SN74279N .79

SN74283N 2.25

SN74284N 3.95

SN74285N 3.95

SN74365N .69

SN74366N .69

SN74367N .69

SN74368N .69

SN74390N 1.95

SN74393N 1.95

CMOS

CD4028CD4029CD4030CD4035CD4O40CD4041CD4042CD4043CD4044CD4046CD4047CD4048CD4049CD4050CD40S1CD4053CD4056CD4059CD4060CD4066CD406BCD4069

1.79

2.501.35

1.191.19

2.95

CD4070

CD4071

CD4072

CD4076

CD4081

CD4062

CD4093

CD409B

MC14409 14.95

MC14410 14.95

MC14411 14.95

MC14419 4.95

MC14433 13.95

MC 14506 .75

MC14507 .99

MC14S62 11.95

MC 14583

CD4508

CD4510

CD4S11

CD4515

CD4518

CD4S20

CD4566

1.19

3.95

2.951.291.292.25

74CO0

74C8574C9074C9374C9574C10774C15174C15474C15774 C16074 C161

2.903.002.15

74C163

74C16474 C17374 C19274C19374 C19574C92274C92374C92574C92680C9580C97

6.25B.958.951.501.50

LINEAR

LM340K-18 1.35

LM340K-24 1.35

LM340T-5 1.25

LM340T-* 1.25

LM340T-8 1.25

LM340T-12 1.25

LM340T-15 1.25

LM340T-18 1.25

LM340T-24 1.25

LM35BN 1.00

LM370N 1.95

LM373N 3.25

LM377N 4.00

LM380N 1.25

LM380CN .99

LM381N 1.79

LM382N 1.79

NE501N 8.00

NE510A 6.00

NES29A 4.95

NE531H/V 3.95

NE536T 6.00

NE540 6.00

NE544N 4.95

NE550N 1.30

NE555V .39

NE556N .99

NE5G0B 5.00

NE562E3 5.00

NES65N/H 1.25

NE566CN 1.75

NE567V/H .99

NE570N 4.95LM703CN/H .69

LM709N/H .29

LM710N .79

LM711N .39

LM723N/H .55

LM733N 1.00

LM739N 1.19LM741CN/H .35LM741-14N .39LM747N/H .79LM748N/H .39

LM1310N 1.95LM1458CN/H .59

MC1488N 1.95

MC1489N 1.95LM1496N .95

LM1556 V 1.75

MC1741SCP 3.00

LM2U1N 1.95

LM2901N 2.95

LM3053N 1.50

L.M3065N 1.49LM 3900 N (3401).59

LM3905N 1.49

LM3909N 1.25MC5558V .59

8038 B 4.9SLM75450N .4975451CN .39

75452CN .39

7S453CN .39

75454CN .39

75491CN .79

75492CN .89

75493N .89

75494 CN .89

RC4136 1.25

RC4151 3.95

RC4194 4.95

RC4195 4.49

JE6Q8 PROGRAMMER

2704/2708 EPROM PROGRAMMER

• 3 UPl'ltt Oiiplif ll(5.ittn S LED'iioi Hn Kty flntt. ID LEDlor Addr.ii RrgiiliiKirJl LEO'llor DitiMimoiy RigiiKi. The OilH>|littf diujliyi itii unlint si I hi RAMi I mm ih< EPHDM Chls.

B'omirnnur ptml tail ucWtl la Ih. EPROM locfctl on Ihi until

"t>r«jriram<r confining si:A IS >iy HlIIOKlmilKEyboiidnumblv. PiojnmiTi.r Band ■ iirmbty withi powir wpplHi md • LED/Ira Sockn panel Board numbly. Tho TmSDlktl nicroloro mini.on lypi. ponci rtqyir.cii.nu 1 IBVAC. 6HH*. 6rt.

a LED.'Tbsi Socki-i I'j-i,.-I tSo.)

JE608 KIT $399.95

JE608 Assembled and Tested $499.95

74LS0O74LS0174LS0274LS0374LS0474LS0574LS0874LS0974LS1074LS1174 LSI 374LS1474LS1574LS2074LS2174LS2274LS2674LS2774LS2874LS3074LS3274LS3774L.S4074LS42JLS47

74LS00TTL

74LS5174LS5474LS5574LS73

74LS7474LS7S74LS7674 L 57874LSB374LS8574LS8674LS9074LS9274LS9374LS9574LS9674LS10774LS10974LS11274LS12374LS12574LS13274LS13674LS138

74L.S13974LS16174LS15574LS15774LS16074LS16174LS16274LS16374LS16474LS17574LS18174LS19074LS19174LSI9274LS19374LS19474LS19574LS25374LS25774LS25874LS26074LS27974LS36774LS36874LS670

DISCRETE LEDS

XC556R .2X" red

XC556G .200" green

XC556Y .200" yellow

XC556C .200" clear

XC22R .200" red

XC22G .200" green

XC22Y .200" yellow

MV10B .170" red

5/$l4/$l4/$l4/$l

5/S14/S14/S14/$l

MV50 .085" redXC209R .125" redXC209G .125" green

6/51S/Sl4/$l

XC209V .125" yellow 4/J1

XC526R .185"XC526G .185" greenXC526Y .185" yellovXC526C .185" clear

5/J14/S1

4/$l4/$l

XC111R .190" red 5/S1

XC111G .190" green 4/$l

XC111Y :i90" yellow 4/J1

XC111C .190" clear 4/S1

INFRA-RED LED■x V>Mxl/16" flat 5/$l

DISPLAY LEDS

TYPE

MAN 1MAN 2MAN 3MAN 4MAN 7GMAN7YMAN 72MAN 74MAN 82MAN 84MAN 3620MAN 3630MAN 3640MAN 4610MAN 4640MAN 4710MAN 4730MAN 4740MAN 4810MAN 4840MAN 6610MAN 6630MAN 6640MAN 6650MAN 6660MAN 6680MAN 6710

POLARITY I

Common Anode-ted5 x 7 Dol Matrix-redCommon Caihode-redCommon Calhode-redCommon Anode-grwnCommon Anode-yellowCommon Anode-redCommon Calhode-redCommon An ode-yellowCommon Catfi ode -yellowCommon An ode-orangeCommon Anode-orange = 1Common Cathode-orangeCommon Anode-orangeCommon Calhode-orangeCommon Anode-redCommon Anode-red ± 1Common Calhode-redCommon Anode-yellowCommon Cathode-yellowCommon Anode-orange-D.O.Common Anode-orange ± 1Common Calhade-oranoe-D.D.Common Cathode-orange t 1Common Anode-orangeCommon Cathode-orangeCommon Anode-red-D.D.

PRICE

2.954.95

TYPE

MAN 6730

MAN 6740

MAN 6750

MAN 6760

MAN 6780

0L701

OL704

DL707

DL728

0L741

OL746

DL747

DL749

OL750

DL33B

FN070

FND358

FN0359

FN0503

FND507

5082-7730

HDSP-3400

HDSP-3403

5OB2-7300

5082-7302

5082-7304

50B2-7340

POLARITY

Common Anode-red ± 1Common Calhodo-rBd-D.O,Common Calhode-red + 1Common Anode-redCommon Calhode-redCommon Anode-red * ICommon Cathode-redCommon Anode-redCommon Calhode-iedCommon Anode-redCommon Anode-red ± ICommon An ode-redCommon Cathofle-ied ± 1Common Cathode-redCommon Cathode-redCommon CathodeCommon Cathode • 1Common Cathode.Common Ca1hode(FND500)Common Anode (FND510)Common Anode-redCommon Anode-redCommon Cathode red4 x7 sgl. Digit-RHDP4 x 7 Sgl. Dlgit-LHDPOverrange character |--1)4x7 Sgl. Digit-Hexadecimal

19.9519.9515.0022.50

RCA LINEAR

2.15

3.252.48

CA3013TCA2023TCA303STCA3039TCA3046N 1.30CA3059N 3.25CA3060N 3.25CA3080T 1.25CA3081N 2.00

CA3082N 2.00

CA3083N 1.60

CA3066N .85

CA3089N 3.75CA3130TCA3140TCA3160T

CA3401N .59

CA3600N 3.50

1.25

CALCULATORCHIPS/DRIVERS

MM 5725 $2.95

MM5738 2.95

DM8864 2.00

DM8865 1.00

DMB887 .75

DM8889 .759374 7-seg.LEO driver 1.50

MMS309 4.95

LOW PROFILE

(TIN) SOCKETS

8 pin LP14 pin LP16 Pin LPIB pin LP20 pin LP22 Pin LP24 pin LP28 pin LP36 pin LP40 pin LP

SOLDERTA1L (GOLD)STANDARD

8 pin SG14 pin SG16 pin SGIB pin SG24 pin SG28 pin SG36 pin SG40 pin SG

CLOCK CHIPS

MM5309 4.95

MM5311 4.95

MMS312 4.95

MM5314 4.95

MM5316 6.95

MM 5316 9.95

MM5369 2.95MM5387/1998a4.95

CT 7001 6.95

MOTOROLA

MC1408L7MC14Q8L8MC1439LMC3022PMC3061PMC4016 (74416)7.50MC4024P 3.95MC4040P 6.95MC4044P 4.50

4.955.752.952.953.50

SOLDERTAIL

STANDARD (TIN)

14 pin ST

16 pin ST18 pin ST24 pin ST28 pin ST36 pin ST40 pin ST

WIRE WRAP SOCKETS(GOLD) LEVEL #3

1-24 25-49 50-100

1.381.791.B9

TELEPHONE/KEYBOARD CHIPS

AY-5-9100 Push Button Telephone Dialler

AY-5-9200 Reperto'y Dialler

AY-5-9500 CMOS Clock Generator

AY-5-2376 Keyboard Encoder (88 keys)

HD0165 Keyboard Encoder fl6 keys)

74C922 Keyboard Encoder (16 keys)

74C923 Keyboard Encoder J20 keys)

ICM7045ICM7205ICM7207ICM720BICM7209

ICM CHIPS

CMOS Precision TimerCMOS LED Slopwatch/TimerOscillator ControllerSeven Decade CounterClock Generator

24.95

19.957.50

19.956.95

NMOS READ ONLY MEMORIES

MCM6571

128 X 9 X 7 ASCII Shifted with Greek

13.50

MCM6574

128 X 9 X 7 Mam Symbol S Pictures

13.50

MCM6575

128X9X7 Alpha Control Char Gen

13.50

MISCELLANEOUS

TL074CN Quad Low Noise bi-iet Op Amp Z.«9

TL494CN Switching Regulator 4.49

TL496CP Single Switching Regulator 1.75

11C90 Divide 10/11 Prescaler 19.95

95H90 Hi-Speed Divide 10/11 Prescaler 11.95

4N33 Photo-Darlington Opto-lsolator 3.95

MK50240 Top Octave Freq. Generator 17.50

DS0026CH 5Mhz 2-phase MOS clock driver 3.75

TIL308 .27" red num. display w/inleg. logic chip 10.95

MM5320 TV Camera Sync. Generator 14.95

MM5330 4V> Digit DPM Logic Block (Special) 3.95

LD110/111 3W Digit A/D Converter Set 25.00/set

MC14433P 3'A Digit A/D Converter 13 95

LITRONIX ISO-LIT 1

Photo Transistor Opto-lsolator

(Same as MCT 2 or 4N25)

49°i each

SN 76477

SOUND GENERATORGenerates Complex SoundsLow Power - Programmable

$3.95 each

TV GAME CHIP AND CRYSTAL

AY-3-8500-1 and 2.01 MHZ Crystal (Chip & Crystal _ n_ . .includes scoig display. G games auu seieel angles, etc. / . jO/S6l

$8.404.404.401.551.50

XR205

XR210

XR215

XR320

XR-L555

XR555

XR556

XR567CP

XR567CT

XR1310P

XR1466CN 3.85

XR1488 195

XR1489 1.95

1.251.95

EXAR

JE2206KB 19.95XR1800 3.20XR2206 4.40XR2207 3.B5XR2208 5.20XR2209 1.75

XR2240 3.45

XR2242CP 1.50XR2264 4.25XR2556 3.20XR2567 2.99XR3403 1.25XR4136 1.25XR4151 195XR4194XR4202XR4212XR4558XR4739XR4741

us

3602.05.751.15

1 47

TYPE

IN746

IN75I

1N752

1N753

1N754

IN757

1N759

1N9S9

1N965

1fJ5232

1N5234

1N523S

1N5236

1NS242

1N5245

1N456

1N458

1N4B5A

1N4001

DIODES

VOLTS W

3.3 400m

5.1 400m5.6 400m

6.2 400m6.8 400mg.O 400m

12.0 400m

8.2 400m

15 400m

5.6 500m

6.2 500m

6.8 500m

7.5 500m

12 500m

15 500m

6/1.006/1.00

5/1.00

1/4 WATT RESISTOR ASSORTMENTS -5%

CAPACITOR

5 OHM 18 OHM 22 OHM

7 OHM 33 OHM 39 OHM 47 OHM 56 OHM

8 OHM 82 OHM 100 OHM 1Z0 OHM 150 OHM0 OHM 720 OHM ?70 OHM 330 OHM 390 OHM

-170 Ohm 560 OHM B8Q hum 820 OHM

220K560K

100K270K6S0KI.8M

2.7K6.8K

330K620K2.2M

5.6M

ASST. 8R Includes Resistor Assortments 1 -7 (350 PCS.

50 PCS

$1.75

50 PCS

1.75

50 PCS

1.75

50 PCS

1.75

50 PCS

1.75

50 PCS

1.75

50 pes 1.75$9.95 ea

$10.00 Min. Ordar - U.S. Funds Only Spec Sheets - 254

Calif. Residents Add 6% Sales Tax 1980 Catalog Available - Send 41«! stamp

Postage —Add 5% plus$1 Insurance (if desired)

PHONE

ORDERS

WELCOME

(415)592-8097

ameco

MAIL ORDER ELECTRONICS - WORLDWIDE

1355SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 94002PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE

TYPE

1N40021N40031N40O41N40051N40061N40071N3600tN414B1N41541N47331N47341N47351N47361N473B1N47421N4744INI1831N11841N11851N11861N11B8

VOLTS W

100 PIV 1 AMP200 PIV 1 AMP400 PIV 1 AMP600 PIV 1 AMPBOO PIV 1 AMP1000 PIV 1 AMP50 200m75 10m35 10m

PRICE12/1.00

12/1.00

6/1.0015/1.0012/1.00

12

50 PIV 35 AMP100 PIV 35 AMP150 PIV 35 AMP200 PIV 35 AMP400 PIV 35 AMP

SCR AND FW BRIDGE RECTIFIERS

C36D

C36M

2N2328

MBA SB

MDA 980-3 12Afr 200V

40OV600V300V

C106B1

MPSA05

MPSA06

TIS97

TIS98

40409

40410

40673

2N918

2N2219A

2N2221A

2N2222A

PN2222 Plastic

2N2369A

MPS2369

2N2484

2N2906

2N2907

2N2S25MJE29552N3053

.50.30

5/1.006/1.006/1.00

TRANSISTORS

FW BRIDGE REG.FW BRIDGE REG.

2N3055

MJE3055

2N3392

2N3398

PN3567

PN3568

PN3569

MPS3638A

MPS3702

2N3704

MPS3704

2N3705

MPS3705

2N3706

MPS3706

2N3707

2N3711

2N3724A

2N3725A

2N3772

2N3823

2N3903

5/1.005/1.003/1.004/1.004/1.005/1.005/1.005/1.005/1.005/1.005/1.005/1.005/1.005/1.00

2N39042N39052N39062N40132N4123PN4249PN42502N44002N44012N44022N44032N44D92N50862N50B72N50882N50892N5129PN5134PN513B2N51392N52102N54492N5951

4/1 004/1.003/1.006/1.004/1.004/1.004/1.004/1.004/1.004/1,005/1.004/1 004/1.00

10 pf22 pi47 pf100 pf220 pi470 at

,001ml.0022.0047ml

50 VOLT CERAMIC0ISC CAPACITORSU KMJ2 iflg_:.05 .04 .03 .00 Vf.05 .04 .03 ,0047MF.05 .04 .03 .OldF.05 .04 .03 .022nF047^F

CORNER

.05 .04 .035

.05 .04 .035

.05 .04 .035

.1mF

100 VOLT MTLAR FILM CAPACITORS.022ml047ml

.01 mf

.12

10

.07

,22ml

.33 .27

+ 20% DIPPED TANTALUMS (SOLID! CAPACIT0F;

1/35V

1.5/35V

.39

.31

.»

2.2/35V

.51 .41

.39

,31

-Tit

3.3/25V

.53 .43

33/35V

.39

.31

.'A

4.7.25V

.63 .51

47/35V

.39

Jl

.25

6.8/25V

.79 .63

.39

1.39 1.12

0/35V

22/6 V

MINIATURE ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS

.47/50V

1.0/50V

3.3/50V

4.7/25V

10/25V

10/50V

22/25V

22/50V

47/25V

47/50V

100/25V

10O/5OV

220/25V

220/50V

470/25V

1000/16V

2200/16V

.47/25V

.47/50V

1.0/16V

I.0/25V

1.0/50V

4.7/16V

4.7/25V

4.7/50V

10/16V

10/25V

10150V

47/50V

100/16V

100/25V

10D;5tN

220/16V

470/25V

296 BYTE August 1980

Circle 218 on inquiry card.

ULTRAVIOLETINTENSITY

METER

by BLAK-RAY

TWO MODELS:LONGWAVE

ANDSHORTWAVE

Meter consists of a sensor cell attached toa compact (3" x 3%" x 3"] metering unit.Can be hand-held or placed directly onsurface for measuring. Can be used re-motely, while connected to a meter hous-ing by a 4-foot extension cord. Twomodels available - one for long waveand one for short wave ultraviolet. Read-ings are in microwatts per square centi-meter. Weight: 1 lb.

Completely assembled (includes sensorcell, reduction screen, extension cord,contrast filter and certification report.)

J-221 LONGWAVE &,..* .--.

(300nm-400nm) $24Z.UU

J-225 SHORT WAVE ^(200nm-280nm) Jp^OU.UU

CONTINENTAL SPECIALTIES

f">» Proto Clips

14-PIN CLIP PC-14 .... $ 4.50

16-PIN CLIP PC-16 .... $ 4.75

24-PIN CLIP PC-24 .... $10.00

>»»'/> 40-PIN CLIP PC-40 .... $16.00

Proto Boards

PB-6 $17.95

fjjSS PB-100 19.95

"** PB-101 22.95

jVTjA PB 102 26.95

~ Jtit\\ PB-103 44.95

—* PB-104 55.95

PB-203 99.95

PB-203A 155.00

PB-203A-KU . . . 131.00

Jumbo 6-Digit Clock Kit

* Four .6ifl"ht. and two -300"ht.common anode displays

« Uses MM5314 clock chip

* Switches tor hours, minutes and hold functions

* Hours easily viewable to 30 feet

* Simulated walnut case

* 115VAC operation

* 12 or 24 hour operation

* Includes all components, case and wall transformer*S\ze: 6V« x3* x IV*

JE747 $29.95

. cath-

T.es

• Bright .300 hi. coode display

• Uiei MM5314 clock chip

• Swltchei for noun, mlrvand hold model

• Hri. eailly viewable to 20 ft

• Simulated walnut cote

• 115 VAC operation

• 12 or 24 hr. oporatlon

. . I componiwall transformer

JE701

• Size: 6M" x 3-1/B" x 1 W"

6-Digit Clock Kit $19.95

Regulated Power Supply

Uses LM309K. Heat sink ^*<C^provided. PC board con- —struction. Provides a solid1 amp @ 5 volts. Can supply upto x5V, ±9V and ±12V withJE205 Adapter. Includes compo-nents, hardware and instructions.Size: 3'/a" x 5" x 2"H

JE200 $14.95

ADAPTER BOARD-Adapts to JE200-±5V, ±9Vand ±12V

DC/DC converter with +5V input. Toriodal hi-speed switching XMFR. Short circuit protection.PC board consA*VKA\on. P^g^-back to JE 200board. Size: 314" x 2" x 9/16"H

JE205 $12.95

MICROPROCESSOR COMPONENTS

B21282146216822482268226823882518253825582576259

-B0B0A/8080A SUPPORT DEVICES-CPU

B-Bil Inpui/OuiputPriority Interrupt ControlBi-Dirsclional Bus OliverClock Generator/DriverBus Driver

System Controllor.'Bus DriverSystem ControllerProg. Comm. 1/0 (USABT)Prog, interval TimerProg. Periph 1/0 (PPI)Prog. DMA ControlProg. Interrupt ControlB800/6BO0 SUPPORT DEVICES—MPU

MPU with Clock aid Ram128X8 Sialic RamPe/lph Inter. Adapt (MC6820)Priority Interrupt Controller1024X8 Bit ROM (MC68A30-BJAsynchronous Comm. AdapterSynchronous Serial Data Adapt.0-600 ops Digital MODEM2400 bps ModulatorQuad 3-State Bus. Trans (WC8T26)

-MICflOPROCESSOR MANUALS -

M-280 User Manual

M-C0P1B02 User ManualM-2650 User Manual

-ROM'S-

2513(21-10) Character Generator!^ppcr case)

2513(3021) Character Generatoi(lower case)

2516 Character Generator

MM5230N 2048-Bit Read Only Memory

9.9512.9514.95

2.25

MICROPROCESSOR CHIPS— MISCELLANEOUS -

280I780C) CPUZ80A|780-1) CPUCDP1602 CPU2650 MPU

6502

MM500H

MM503H

MM5WH

MM50GH

MM510H

MM5016H

25WT

2518

2522

2524

2525

2527

2528

2529

2532

3341

74LS670

B-BilMPU w/clock, RAM, WO linos

CPU

16-Bit MPU w.n.irdwarc. multiply

& divide

SHIFT REGISTERS

Dual 25 Bit Dynamic

Dual 50 Bit Dynamic

Dual IE Bit Static

Dual 1C0 Bil Sialic

Dual 64 Bit Accumulator

500/512 Bit Dynamic

1024 Dynamic

Hex 32 Bit Static

Dual 132 Bil Static

512 Static

1024 Dynamic

Dual 256 Bit Static

Dual 250 Static

Dual 240 Bil Static

Quad BO Bit Static

Rto

4X4 Register File (TriState)

513.9515.95

19.9519.9511.9519.9519,95

49.95

11011103

21Q1(B101)

2102

21L02

2)11(8111)

2112

2114

2114L

2114-3

2114L-3

5101

5280/210?

7489

74S200

93421

UPD<14

(MK4027)UPDJ1G

(MK4116)TMS4Q44-

45NLTMSJ0452117

256X1

1024X1

256X4

1024X1

1024X1

256X4

256X4

1024X4

1024X4

1024X4

1024X4

256X4

4096X1

16X4

256X1

256X1

4K

1.80 MM5262

1702A2716INTEL

TMS251G[2716)TMS253227082716 T.I

- RAM'S

Sialic

Dynamic

Static

Static

Static

Static

Static MOS

Static 450ns

Static 450ns low power

Static 300ns

Static 300ns low power

Static

Dynamic

Static

Static Tristate

Static

Dynamic 16 pin

Dynamic 16 pin 250ns

Static

Static

Dynamic 350ns(house marked)Dynamic

- PROM'S

FAMOSEPR0MEPR0M

11.49

.993.95

7 9510.9510.9511.95

2048

6301-1(7611) 10246330-1(7602) 255B2S23 32X8

82S115 4096

82S123 32X8

16K'16K'

■Requires single + 5V power supply4KX8 EPRDM

BK EPR0M

16K** EPR0M

Requires 3 voltages.

55,9559.9524.95

A-Y-S-1013 30K BAUD

FAMOS

Tristate Bipolar

Open C Bipolar

Open Collector

Bipolar

Tristate

TTL Open Collector

TTL Open Collector

Static

2V

14.953.492.95

FunctionGenerator Kit

Provides 3 basicwaveforms: sine,triangle and squarewave. Freq, rangefrom 1 HztolOOKHz. Output ampli-tude from O voltsto over 6 volts(peak to peak).Uses a 12V supplyor a :6V split sup-ply. Includes chip,P.C. Board, com-ponents & instruc-tions.

JE2206B $19.95

DIGITALTHERMOMETER KIT

■ Dual sensors—switching control for In-door/outdoor or dual monitoring

• Continuous LED .8" ht. display

• Range: -40°F to 199°F / -40°C to 100°C•Accuracy: ±1° nominal

■Sot for Fahrenheit or Celsius reading"Sim. walnut case - AC wall adapter incl.

• Sire; 3-1/4"Hx6-5/8"Wx1-3/B"D

JE300 $39.95

DESIGNERS'SERIESBlank Desk-Top Electronic Enclosures

• High strength epoxy moldedmid pieces in mocha brownfinish.

• Sliding rear/bottom panel forservice and component ac-cessibility.

• Top/bottom panels.080 thkalum. Alodine type 1200finish (gold tint color) forhost paint adhesion aftermodification.

• Vented top and bottompanels for cooling efficiency.

• Rigid construction providesunlimited applications.

CONSTRUCTION:

The "DTE" Blank DeskTop Electronic Enclosures are designed to blend and complementtoday's modern computer equipment and can be used in both industrial and home. Theend pieces are precision molded with an internal slot (all around) to accept both top andbottom panels. The panels are then fastened to V*" thick tabs inside the end pieces toprovide maximum rigidity to the enclosure. For ease of equipment servicing, the rear/bottom panel slides back on slotted tracks while the rest of the enclosure remains in-tact. Different panel widths may be used while maintaining a common profile outline.The molded end pieces can also be painted to match any panel color scheme.

EnclosureModol No.

PanelWidth

PRICE

I DTE-8

8.00"

$29.95

DTE-11

10.65"

$32.95

I DTE-14

14.00"

$34.95

S10.00 Min. Order - U.S. Funds Only Spec Sheets - 25*

Calif. Residents Add 6% Sales Tax 1980 Catalog Available- Send41 istamp

Postage —Add 5% plus SI Insurance (if desired)

ameco

ELECTRONICS

PHONE

ORDERS

WELCOME

(415) 592-8097

MAIL ORDER ELECTRONICS - WORLDWIDE

1355 SHOREWAY ROAD. BELMONT, CA 94002

PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE

The IncrediblePennywhistle 103

ylOtl.yS) Kit Only

The Pannywhisllfl 103 is capable 3l recording data to and Irom audio tape without

critical speed requirements lor !he recorder and il is able to communicate directly with

another modern and tetminal lor telephone "hamming" and communications, in

addition, rt is tree ol critical adjustmtntsand is built with n on-precis ion, readily available

pan's.

Data Transmission Method Frequency-Shift Keying, full-duplei (hall-duplex

selectable).

Maximum Data Rale 300 Baud.

Data Format Asynchronous Serial (return to mafk level required

between each character).Receive Channel Fraquanclat .. .2025 Hz lor space; 2225 Hz (or mart.Transmll Channel Fraquaneiet ..Switch selectable; Low (normal) =- 1070 space.

1270 mark; High = 025 space. 2225 mart

Receive Sensitivity - 46 dbm accoustically coupled.

Transmit Laval -15 dbm nominal. Adjustable Irom -6 dbm

to -20 dbm.Receive Frequency Tolerance ...Frequency reference automatically adjusts lo

alow for operation between 1600 Hz and 2400 Hz.Digllal Data Interlace EIA RS-23ZC or 20 mA current loop (receiver is

optoisolated and non-polar).

Power Requirements 120 VAC. single phase. 10 Watts.

Physical All eomponenls mourn on a single 5" by 9"

printed circuit board All eomponenls included.Requires a VOM. Audio Oscillalor. Frequency Counter and/or Oscilloscope lo align

TRS-8016K Conversion Kit

Expand your 4K TRS-80 System to 16K.Kit comes complete with:

* 8 each UPD416-1 (16K Dynamic Rams ) 250NS

* Documentation for conversion

TRS-16K $59.95

JE610 ASCIIEncoded Keyboard Kit

The JEG10 ASCII Keyboard Kit can be interfaced intomost any computer system. The kit comes completewith an industrial grade keyboard switch assembly(62-keys), IC's, sockets, connector, electronic compo-nents and a double-sided printed wiring board. Thekeyboard assembly requires +5V @ 150mA and -12V@ 10mA for operation. Features: 60 keys generate thefull 128 characters, upper and lower case ASCII set.Fully buffered. Two user-define keys provided forcustom applications. Caps lock for upper-case-onlyalpha characters. Utilizes a 2376 (40-pin) encoderread-only memory chip. Outputs directly compatiblewith TTL/DTL or MOS logic arrays. Easy interfacingwith a 16-pin dip or 18-pin edge connector.

JE610 (Case not included) S79.95

Desk-Top Enclosure forJE610 ASCII Encoded Keyboard Kit

Compact dusk-top enclosure: Color-Coordinated de-signer's case with light tan aluminum panels and moldedend pieces in mocha brown. Includes mounting hardwere.Size: 3)4"H X 1454"W X 8K"D.

DTE-AK $49.95

SPECIAL: JE610/DTE-AK PURCHASED TOGETHER

(Value $129.90) $124.95

JE600Hexadecimal Encoder Kit

FULL 6-BIT B BL

LATCHED OUTPUT H OB

19-KEY KEYBOARD V ■ HBW

The JE600 Encoder Keyboard Kit provides two separatehexadecimal digits produced from sequential key entriesto allow direct programming for 6-bit microprocessoror 8-bit memory circuits. Three additional keys areprovided for user operations with one having a bistableoutput available. The outputs are latched and monitoredwith 9 LEO readouts. Also included tsa key entry strobe.Features: Full 8-bit latched output for microprocessoruse. Three user-define keys with one being bistableoperation. Debounce circuit provided for all 19 keys.9 LED readouts to verify entries. Easy interfacing withstandard 16-pin IC connector. Only +5VDC required foroperation.

JE600 (Case not included) $59.95

Desk-Top Enclosure forJE600 Hexadecimal Keyboard Kit

Compact desk-top exclosure: Color-coordinated de-signer's case with light tan aluminum panels and moldedend pieces in mocha brown. Includes mounting hardware.Size: 3!4"H x 8)4"W x 8M"D.

DTE-HK $44.95

SPECIAL: JE600/DTE-HK PURCHASED TOGETHER(Value $104.90) $99.95 >

Circle 218 on inquiry card.

BYTE August 1980 297

tfUC A %Mm DataOM.PI 9/mIVl Manager

• CUSTOM DATA FILES

• FAST/EASY/MENU DRIVEN

• HELP COMMANDS

• KEYED RANDOM ACCESS

• MULTIPLE SEARCH KEYS

• PRIVACY ACCESS CODES

• WILD CARD SEARCH

For 16K-32K PET, Dual Disk, and Printer

FREE: LABEL PRINTER MODULEFREE: REPORT GENERATOR MODULESpecify CBM 2040 or COMPU/THINKPackage $150 User's Guide only $25

Introductory Demo Tape $5 Disk $ 8

Check or Money Order plus $2 Shipping

(NY residents add 8% Sales Tax)

-DEALER INQUIRIES WELCOMED-

JINI MICRO-SYSTEMS, Inc.

P.O. Box 274-B • Bronx, NY 10463

Circle 296 on inquiry card.

X716's

$19.95

ANY QUANTITY

$5 per order for shippinghandling & insurance

floppy drives$1550

including two Siemens 8"drives, cabinet & power

'intelligence Systems, Ltd.

124 South Delaware. Indianapolis, IN(3I7) 63I-55I4

Circle 299 on inquiry card.

SCIENCE MATH STATISTICSASTRONOMY MUSIC FINANCE

Professionally written TRS-80' Software

Star Finder $9.00

Linear System Solver $14.00

Curve Fitter $12.00

Graphics Package $10.00

Many Others. Free Catalog

Budget Prices Fully Guaranteed

BENCHMARK COMPUTING SERVICES

P.O. Box 385, Providence Ut. 84332

In Europe:

Micro Gems 32 Buckingham Ave.

Hucknall Nottingham

NG15 SET England

Master Charge

Visa

"TRS-80 is a trademark ofTandy Corporation

NEED MASS STORAGE ?DUAL CASSETTE DRIVES

> Cabinet enclosure and dual DEC TU-5S Cnssi>Ur> Driveswilh internal power supply-

» The TU-58 is a random access, fixnd-lonrtih-block massslof.-irje tape system storing 262 kilobytes ol dala with avariety ol applications.

■ Interlace is EIA RS-422 balanced and RS 423 unbalanced

■ Compatible with RS-232 C.

» Optional relay iacfc mounting.

P.O. Box 461

Greene, New York 13778

(607)656-4117

G C

ONTROLSinc

-IE FLATS N Y 13841

Circle 297 on inquiry card.

PRINTER/CRT STANDFROM ^t3 STOCK!

Sturdy 18 ga. "^ steel, paintedblack textured baked enamel.

rear or bottom paper teed.26" wide x 18" deep x 26" high.Easily assembled with six bolts.

CRT STAND: $90.00

PRINTER STANDWITH PAPER TRAY: $99.00

Please include payment with your order.

Add tor cost ol 40 Lb. UPS charges, and 6%sales tax if shipment is to be made in Penna.

AK INDUSTRIES, INC. 2727 Philmont Ave.Huntingdon Valley, Pa. 19006

Dealer Inquiries Invited

Circle 300 on inquiry card.

CP/M— IBM

Compatibility

with

REFORMATTED

For $195 you can now transferdata between large and smallsystems.

REFORMATTER", a Diskette UtilityProgram, enables you now totransfer textual data files in eitherdirection between Z-80 or 8080based micros operating underCP/M and IBM systems using3741 diskettes.

For detailed information contactMicroTech Exports912 Cowper StreetPalo Alto, CA 94301

TWX: 910-370-7457 MUH-ALTOS

Dealer & OEM discounts available

CASSETTEDUPLICATION

TRS-80 (I & II), PET, APPLE, KIM, ATARI

Quality software duplication is morethan copying cassettes. Microsette du-plication uses a proprietary high speedduplicator designed specifically forcomputer program duplication.The fin-ished products are of consistent quality,guaranteed to load. Minimum order is100 with discounts for higher quanti-ties. Call (415) 968-1604 for details.

«.

M ..-

• .

s • ■■ • «

:*9(<

= •"•?.

- •

f .-*.*-,-.\ A P --- •

MICROSETTE CO.

475 Ellis StreetMt. View, CA 94043

Circle 298 on inquiry card.

MEMOREX

Floppy Discs

Lowest prices. WE WILL NOTBE UNDERSOLD!! Buy any

quantity 1-1000. Visa Masterchargeaccepted. Call free (800)235-4137for prices and information. Allorders sent postage paid.

PACIFICEXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd.San Luis Obispo. CA93401. (In Cat. call(805)543-1037.)

Circle 301 on inquiry card.

DISCOUNT PRICES

NORTH STAR

APPLE II

MICROTEK

ANADEX

TRENDCOM

CENTRONICS

SOROC

INTERTUBE

THINKER TOYS

SOLID STATE MUSIC

& OTHERS

Call for Prices

(301) 694-8884

FREDERICK COMPUTER

PRODUCTS

Municipal AirportFrederick, MD. 21701

Circle 302 on inquiry card.

Circle 303 on inquiry card.

If North Star or Cromemco offer it...

WE HAVE IT!!

Immediate Delivery at Discount Prices

NORTH STARHorizon 2

32K Double Density

Assembled and TestedList $3095

ONLY $2619

North Star KIT products have been

discontinued. MiniMicroMart HAS

INVENTORY of most items!

KITS

ASSEMBLED

HORIZON 1 16K, DD .

$1474

HORIZON 1, DD $2279

32K, DD, List $1999...

. 1684

32K, QD, List $2995 2539

32K, QD, List $2199 ...

. 1869

HORIZON 2, 32K, DD . $2619

HORIZON 2, 16K, DD

$1824

32K, QD, List $3595 3049

32K, DD, List $2399 .. .

. 2034

48K, DD, List $3590 3039

32K.QD, List $2779...

. 2359

48K, QD, List $4090 3469

64K, DD, List $3830 3239

64K, QD, List $4330 3669

NORTH STAR APPLICATIONS SOFTWARE

Exclusive lor use with North Star Disk Systems — specify Doubleor Quad Density)

MORTHWORD, List $399 $339

WAILMANAGER, List $299 249

NFOMANAGER, List $499 419

3ENERALLEDGER, List $999 799

\CCOUNTSRECEIVABLE, List $599 499

4.CCOUNTSPAYABLE, List $599 499

NORTH STAR HARD DISK HD-18

18 megabytes, plugs into parallel port of North StarHorizon. Utilizes tried-and-proven 14" Century DataVlarksman. List $4999. QUR pR|CE $41gg

NORTH STAR MDS-A - Double (or Quad)Density Disk System, Kit, List $799 . OUR PRICE $669Assembled and Tested, List $899 SPECIAL $719

NORTH STAR MEMORY BOARDS

I6K Dynamic RAM (RAM-16-A/A), Assembled, List $499 $420

Kit, List $449 SPECIAL $299

32K IRAM-32/A), Assembled, List $739 $620

Kit, List $669 ONLY $499

CROMEMCOSystem 3

with 64K of RAMList $6990

OUR PRICE

$5890

CROMEMCO SYSTEM 2 - Now features dual-sided drives — double the capacity. Similar to System 3,except features dual, double-sided mini floppy diskdrives. List $3990 ONLY $3390

Z-2 COMPUTER SYSTEM (can be rack

mounted), List $995 $845

SINGLE CARD COMPUTER - SCC-W

4 MHz. List $450 $382

NEW COLOR GRAPHICS INTERFACE - SDI

List $595 OUR PRICE ONLY $505

CROMEMCO HDD - 11 /22-megabyte Hard Diskfor use with existing systems. DMA controller. Trans-fer rate of 5.6 megabytes/second.

HDD-11, List $6995 OUR PRICE ONLY $5939

HDD-22, List $11,995 $10,189

CROMEMCO Z-2H

Full 11-megabyte Hard Disksystem. FastZ-80A4 MHz processor,two floppy diskdrives, 64K RAMmemory, RS232special interface,printer interface,and extensivesoftware available.List $9995

our price $8489

SHIPPING AND INSURANCE: Add $15 or Horizons, $2.50 for Boards and Software. Hard Disk Systems and Cromemco systems shipped freight collect.\dvertised prices are for prepaid orders. Credit card and C.O.D. 2% higher. Deposit may be required on C.O.D. All prices subject to change and offers

subject to withdrawal without notice. . — ->

- WRITE FOR FREE CATALOG -

MiniMicroMart, Inc.

master charge

1618 James Street, Syracuse, NY 13203 (315)422-4467 TWX 710-541-0431

Circle 305 on inquiry card.

BYTE August 1980 299

Computers,Disk System*

SUPERBRAIN

BvlNTERTEC

INTERSYSTEMS

formerly ITHACA AUDIO

... -

i.Jil

32K or 64K (Double or Quad Density unitsavailable). Uses two Z-80 CPU's. Commercial-type terminal with 12" monitor. Dual doubledensity minifloppies. Over 350 kilobytes ofstorage (twice that with quad density drives).Two serial RS232 ports, I/O ports standard.Expandable with optional S-100 S-100 inter-face. Comes with CP/M™ 2.2 operating sys-tem. MiniMicroMart includes BASIC inter-preter and can supply a wide range of CP/MDevelopment and Application software.

w/32K Double Density, List $2995 . $2685

w/64K Double Density, List $3345 $2883

w/64K Quad Density, List $3995 $3595

W/64K Quad - MiniMicroMart

Upgrade Special $3395

MICROMATIOIM

A 64K complete computer with dual density8" floppies (1 megabyte). Rack or verticalmounting. Systems with double-sided drives,hard disks, and multi-user (MP/M).Z+ 100 64K RAM,Computer, $2495.. $2099Z +120 Includes two 8" disks, $4995... $4199"Z" system features new distributed processingmulti-user concept with one Z-80 per user, withZ-80 for MP/M (Master Satellite concept).

AS LOW AS $11,899!

SD SYSTEMS

SDS-100, w/32K RAM, $6995 $5945

SDS-200, List $8995 $7645

RADIOSHACKTRS-80™

10% OFF!

DPS-1, List $1795

LIMITED TIME $1299*

The new Series II CPU Board features a 4 MHzZ-80A CPU and a full-feature front panel. 20-slot actively terminated motherboard, with 25amp power supply (50/60 Hz operation, incl.68 cfm fan).

COMPLETE SYSTEM with InterSystem 64KRAM, I/O Board w/priority interrupt anddouble density disk controller board. Full 1-yearwarranty, List $3595

LIMITED TIME $2895*

Above without disk controller,

List $3195 LIMITED TIME $2539*

* Prices good until September 15, 1980.

HEWLETT-PACKARD

HP-85A

Desk-top computer - Call for PHce!

MORROW

THINKER TOYS®DISCUS M26™

26 megabytes offormatted storageList $4,995

$4,199

THINKER TOYS®DISK SYSTEMS

Now includes CP/M® 2.2Discus 2D, List $1199 $1019

Discus 2D, dual-drive, List $1994 $1694

Discus 2 + 2, Assem., List $1549. ...... $1319

Dual Discus 2 + 2, Assem., $2748 $2335

All Morrow systems now include CP//W® 2.2

Circle 306 on inquiry card.

NORTH STAR

DOUBLE DENSITY

CONTROLLER BOARDS

Kit, List $399 *#»*%#%

OUR PRICE $329

Assembled and Tested, List $499 $399

In Stock — First Time in 2 Years!

FANTASTIC SAVINGS

on a "QUAD" DENSITY

HORIZON UPGRADE

North Star Double Density Controller Board(see above) and a quad density MPI-52 (fea-tures superior disk handling and door mechan-ism.

MDS-H-MQ/K Kit formList $999

OUR PRICE

$699

MDS-H-MQ/A Assembled form, List $1099

$759Shipping and insurance: Add $6.

NORTH STAR MDS ADouble Density MiniFloppy Disk System

Double Density, Kit

List$799 OUR PRICE $669

Assembled and Tested $719

Quad Version, Kit, List $836

Assembled, List $1099 $896

Above MDS-A units do not include cabinet or

power supply.

Shipping and Insurance: Add $7.50.

Super Special!

North Star

Controller Board,

Drive, Cabinet, ^"7/^Q

and Power Supply V # w w

Complete system similar to above but alsoincludes a cabinet and an assembled/testedpower supply for the drive (silver finish). Yourchoice of Shugart SA-400 or MPI-51 DoubleDensity Drive or MPI-52 quad density drive(MPI drives feature improved door and diskhandling mechanism).

w/Controller Bd. kit, SA-400 $709

w/Controller Bd. kit, MPI-51 $709

w/Controller Bd. kit, MPI-52 $809

w/Assembled Bd. and SA-400 $769

w/Assembled Bd. and MPI-51 $769

w/Assembled Bd. and MPI-52 $869

Shipping and Insurance: Add $6.

For converting existing Horizon 2 to quad,

order additional MPI-52

MPI-52 Quad Density Drive $379

Terminals and Printers!

TELEVIDEO TVI-912C

SOROC

TI-810

IQ-120

List $995

SPECIAL

$729

IQ-140 List $1495SPECIAL $1149

HAZELTIIME

TI-810 Basic Unit, $1895 . ONLY $1695TI-810 w/full ASCII (Lower case), vertical

forms control, and compressed print . $1895TI-745 Complete printing terminalwith acoustic coupler, List $1695 .... $1399

Upper and lower case, 15 baud rates: 75 to19,000 baud, dual intensity, 24 x 80 characterdisplay, 12 x 10 resolution. Numeric pad. Pro-grammable reversfble video, auxiliary port,self-test mode, protect mode, block mode,tabbing, addressable cursor. Microprocessorcontrolled, programmable underline, line andcharacter insert/delete. "C" version featurestypewriter-style keyboard. List $950

OUR PRICE $789

920C (with 11 function keys, 6 edit keys and2 transmission mode keys, List $1030

ONLY $849

Intertec

EMULATOR

Software compatible with a Soroc IQ-120,Hazeltine 1500, ADM-3A or DEC VT-52. Fea-tures block mode transmission and printer port;12" anti-glare screen; 18-key numeric keypad;full cursor control. List $895 jk^*%#»

OUR PRICE $729

Intertec ||\|TERTUBE II

List $995 ONLY $79912" display, 24 x 80 format, 18-key numerickeypad, 128 upper/lower case ASCII charac-ters. Reverse video, blinking, complete cursoraddressing and control. Special user-definedcontrol function keys, protected and unpro-tected fields. Line insert/delete and characterinsert/delete editing, eleven special line draw-ing symbols.

1500ONLY

$879

1410 w/numeric keypad, List $900 $749

1420 w/lower case and numeric pad 849

1510, List $1395 1089

1520, List $1650 1389

BANTAM 550

From Perkin-Elmer

ONLY

$799

with

anti-glare

CRT

ONLY $829

CENTRONICS

PRINTERS

NEW 730, parallel, friction, tractor . . . $679

NEW 737 parallel, friction, tractor $849

779-2 w/tractor (same as TRS-80 Line

Printer I), List $1350 1049

702 120 cps, bi-direct., tractor, VFU 1995

703 185 cps, bi-direct., tractor, VFU 2395

704 RS232 serial version of 703, $2350 .. $1995

PAPER TIGER

IDS-440 Paper Tiger, List $995 . $895w/graphics option, incl. buffer, $1194 . . $989TRS-80 cable 45

NEC SPINWRITER

TM

Terminal/Keyboard as well as

RO Printer Only models available.

CALL FOR PRICES!

OKI DATA „M

Microline 80 only $649

Tractor Feed Option $99

Serial interface $89

AXIOM IMP I $699

COMPRINT 912 w/parallel interf. $559912 w/serial interface, List $699 $589

MICROTEK, List $750 $675

ANADEX 80-Col. Dot Matrix $849

Above prices reflect a 2% cash discount (order prepaid prior to shipment). Add 2% to prices for creditcard orders, C.O.D.'s, etc. Prices are f.o.b. shipping point. Prices are subject to change and offerssubject to withdrawal without notice. WRITE FOR FREE CATALOG. circ|e 307 Qn inqujry oard

MiniMicroMart, Inc.

1618 James Street, Syracuse NY 13203 (315) 422-4467 TWX 710-541-0431

VISA

Unclassified Ac5s

UNCLASSIFIED POLICY: Readers who are soliciting or giving advice, or who have equipment to buy, sellor swap should send in a clearly typed notice to that effect. To be considered for publication, an advertisementmust be clearly noncommercial, typed double spaced on plain white paper, contain 75 words or less, and includecomplete name and address information.

These notices are free of charge and will be printed one time only on a space available basis. Notices can be ac-cepted from individuals or bona fide computer users clubs only. We can engage in no correspondence on theseand your confirmation of placement is appearance in an issue of BYTE.

Please note that it may take three or four months for an ad to appear in the magazine.

FOR SALE: New Glulion Rustrack inkless strip-chartrecorder with paper roll. Also, Graphic Sciences Dex 570and Dex I graphic communications systems. They sendphotos and legal documents over phones, self-contained. R Quails, College Inn Apts, Box 238, DurantOK 74701, (405) 924-6306 after 5.

FOR SALE: Heath H11A computer system with 64 Kbytes memory. Uses DEC LSI-11/2 processor board. In-cludes serial input/output (I/O) board, all manuals, anddocumentation. System value over $2900. Will sell for$2500 or best offer. Art Lundquist, 13118 Glasgow Way,Ft Washington MD 20022, (301) 868-0005.

FOR SALE: H8 computer with 24 K Godbout program-mable memory plus serial input/output (I/O) andcassette interface. AM assembled and tested and in-cludes recent version of Benton Harbor BASIC. All for$700 plus shipping. Daniel Bush, (404) 394-3341.

WANTED: A used terminal printer with acoustic coupler,Bell System 103 compatible, and 300 bps. Also, need avideo display terminal. J A Gatlin, 1115 S Main, OttawaKS 66067.

WANTED: BYTE magazines, February 1976 and June1976. T Higbee, 4572 Trafalgar Dr, La Palma CA 90623.

FOR SALE: Expandor Black Box printer, 80-column forparallel port; $350. SwTPC MP-N calculator; $35,Newtech Model 68 music board and software; $48,SwTPC CT-64 terminal with CT-VM; $350. All postpaid.Dennis Doonan, 2307 Carlisle Ave, Racine Wl 53404.

FOR SALE: Two teletypewriters. Friden 7102 with upperand lowercase, full ASCII, 110 baud RS-232/20 mA,paper-tape reader/punch, and wide carriage. $420 eachor $800 for both plus freight. Gary, (317) 784-9519.

FOR SALE: TRS-80 quick printer and/or line printer andcables. Both almost new. Stanley Strauss, (201)763-7249.

FOR SALE: Three 8 K DRC S-100 programmablememories; one 8 K Seals S-100 programmable memory.$125 each. Perry A Lipford, 5005 Oxford Ave, Mays Land-ing NJ 08330, (609) 653-1542.

FOR SALE: HP-67 programmable calculator. With stan-dard accessories, stat, math, standard, and businessdecisions PAC. Package of blank cards. Must sell.Recently purchased Apple II system. Will ship to firstcashier's check or money order for $525. I pay shipping.100% operational. D Robbins, 1161 York Ave 1L, NewYork NY 10021.

FOR SALE: Complete collection of BYTE. Both boundeditions and single copies in good condition. Outstand-ing investment in personal computing. Make best offer.M N Andersen, 10684 Esmeraldas Dr, San Diego CA92124.

FOR SALE: BYTE from February 1978 thru February1980. Available individually or in groups at $2 apiece.Also, first four issues of onComputing magazine for $8and February 1979 thru January 1980 Creative Computingfor $20. Will answer all inquiries. John Scholze, Rt 5. Box449, Black River Falls Wl 54615.

FOR SALE: RCA 1802 Cosmac processor with 16 Kstatic memory, Netronics giant board, ASCII keyboard,Netronics video-display board, Netronics Level IIIBASIC, 5-card bus, power supply, Tiny BASIC, 15-inchGBC monitor, game cassettes, complete data, and in-structions. Everything in good working order. Originalcost over $1000, asking $600. William Gordon, 11 Canter-bury Ln, Short Hills NJ 07078, (201) 467-9792.

FOR SALE: Altair 8800A, 16 K, Meca Alpha I tape, 2 SIO,Act I terminal, 8 K, and Extended BASIC. $1400 takesall, or will separate. D Gietzen, 313 Meadow Ln,Hastings Ml 49058, (616) 945-5334.

FOR SALE: 48 K Apple II with manuals, paddles, andsoftware on cassette. Software includes the S-CAssembler II, an implementation of the FORTHlanguage, and the Apple Invaders game. $1100 or bestoffer. Will ship via UPS. Tim Tillson, 2712 Adobe Dr, FortCollins CO 80525, (303) 223-7364.

PASCAL

FROM START TO FINISH

The BYTE Book of Pascal

Edited byBlaise W. Liffick

Based on the growing popularity ofPascal as a programming language,numerous articles, language forums andletters from past issues of BYTEmagazine have been compiled to providethis general introduction to Pascal. Inaddition, this book contains severalimportant pieces of software includingtwo versions of a Pascal compiler - onewritten in BASIC and the other in 8080assembly language; a p-code interpreterwritten in both Pascal and 8080assembly languages; a chess playing pro-gram; and an APL interpreter written inPascal. $25.00 Hardcover pp. 342ISBN 0-07-037823-1

Beginner's Guide for theUCSD Pascal System

by Kenneth L. BowlesWritten by the originator of the UCSDPascal System, this highly informativebook is designed as an orientation guidefor learning to use the UCSD Pascal

System. For the novice, this book stepsthrough the System bringing the user toa sophisticated level of expertise. Oncefamiliar with the System, you will findthe guide an invaluable reference toolfor creating advanced applications. Thisbook features tutorial examples of pro-gramming tasks in the form of self-studyquiz programs.

The UCSD Pascal Software Systems,available from SofTech MicrosystemsInc, 9494 Black Mountain Road, SanDiego CA 92126, is a complete generalpurpose software package for users ofmicrocomputers and minicomputers.The package offers several interestingfeatures including:

• Programs which may be run withoutalteration on the General Automa-tion or DEC PDP-11 minicomputers,or on an 8080, 8085, Z80, 6502,6800, or 9900 based microcomputers.

• Ease of use on a small, single-usercomputer with display screen andone or more floppy disk drives.

• A powerful Pascal compiler whichsupports interactive applications,strings, direct access disks, andseparately compiled modules.

• A complete collection of develop-ment software: operating system, filehandler, screen oriented text editor,link editor, etc.

$11.95 ISBN 0-07-006745-7

Please send

D _

. copies of Beginner's Guide for the UCSD Pascal System. copies of The BYTE Book of Pascal

Name

Title

Company

Street

City

State/Province

Code

□ Check enclosed in the amount of $_

□ Bill Visa □ Bill Master Charge

Card No.

. Exp. Date_

iUTE

.BuWrVS.

Add 60c per book to cover postage and handling.70 Main Street, Peterborough, NH 03458

HI

B8

302 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

FOR SALE: BYTE magazines: November 1976 andNovember 1977 thru June 1979. All twenty-one issues for$53.1 pay postage. Send certified check or money order.David McCracken, 6850 Freedom Blvd. Aptos CA 95003,(408) 688-0358.

FOR SALE: Dynamic programmable memory circuits.National MM5280-055 (2107) 4 K by 1. These parts areavailable due to project cancellation. They are new andguaranteed to meet specifications. Have 300; will sell allor part at $1.75 each.Doryn Johnson, 12A Triads, LoganUT 84321, (801) 752-9378.

FOR SALE: Wang advanced programming calculator.Model 720B with Model 702 plotting output writer. Also,manuals and service schematics. $950. Frank Shea, 78Pilgrim Ave, Worcester MA 01604, (617) 798-8485.

FOR SALE: 8800B Altair S-100 mainframe; $650, SSMvideo V8-1B graphics board; $95, two Godbout 8 KEconoram memory boards; $95 each, Altair 88ACRcassette-interface board; $85. Documentation includedwith each item. Robert Faulkner, 607 Bryan Ct,Altamonte Springs FL 32701, (305) 830-4387 after 7 PM.

FOR SALE: Litton Model 1252 business computer in ex-cellent condition. Includes central processor Model1601, keyboard, printer (30 cps), punch, reader, and aux-iliary storage. Recently serviced. Computer comes com-plete with operator's manual and software for manybusiness applications. $3000. Jesse Collum, (919)847-4053 or (919)556-4031.

FOR SALE: Processor Technology 64KRA-1 (64 K by 8)memory board for S-100 computers with 2 MHz clocksuch as SOL-20, IMSAI 8080 and 8085, and Altair, Hasthree different bank select options; includes manualwith updates, $575. John Edwards, 408 13th St #545,Oakland CA 94612, (415) 462-3394.

FOR SALE: Ohio Scientific Challenger II-8P cassette-based system with 20 K bytes static memory, 540 videoboard, 542 polled keyboard, two full parallel ports, OSIAssembler/Editor, some game tapes, and two binders ofdocumentation and notes. This is a plain but reliablecomputer with a heavy power supply. Cost about $1250new; will sell for $650 or best offer. Gregg Williams, (603)924-9281 Monday thru Thursday.

FOR SALE: Ohio Scientific printed-circuit boards,documentation, backplane, and cabinet for 6800 or 6502Challenger system. Original cost $300, will sell for $200.Included are: #400 processor and input/output (I/O)board, #420 4 K programmable memory boards, #430cassette A/D and D/A board, #440 Video Graphics board,#450 8 K read-only memory and I/O board, and #480backplane board. Paul Manos, 28743 Lincoln Rd, BayVillage OH 44140, (216) 331-3010 evenings.

FOR SALE: Memorex hard-copy terminal with digitalcassette. 60 characters per second. Includes allmanuals. Needs some work. $500. Michael C Lewis,1602 Shepherd Dr, Duarte CA 91010.

WANTED: Clock generator circuit for TMS9900microprocessor (ie: TIM9904 or 74LS362). Please contactme if you can sell me one or know of a source for one. Iam also interested in corresponding with other 9900users. Andy Hall, 4124-55th St, Des Moines IA 50310,(515)276-2459.

FOR SALE: Sphere 6800 computer, 12 K memory, videoboard, cassette/modem interface board. Best offer over$300; original cost $1000. David Moore, 1518 Jefferson,Quincy IL 62301, (217) 228-1792.

FOR SALE: DECwriter II with APL option, current loopand RS-232, writing table, noise shield. Complete withmaintenance manual and all schematics. Maintained byDEC and in perfect working order. Reliable hard copy at30 cps in full ASCII or APL character sets. Character setsoftware-selectable. Asking $1800. Lloyd Botway, 325Dartmouth Rd, Kansas City MO 64113, (816) 361-4968.

WANTED: Printer (and/or Micromodem II, Disk II withoutcontroller) for Apple II. Will trade (or sell) Acoustat Xdirect-drive electrostatic speaker system and KenwoodKT8300 FM/AM tuner. Also, Applesoft read-only-memorycard without Autostart read-only memory for sale; makeoffer. Charles White, 1712F Newport Cir, Santa Ana CA92705, (714) 979-9666 days, (714) 751-1296 evenings andweekends.

FOR SALE: BYTE from first issue up to current. Alloriginal publications in excellent condition. No marks,scribbles, or underlines. Give issues you want and offer.C Tseng, 67-05 Austin St, Forest Hills NY 11375.

BOMB

BYTE

sC

ingoing Monitor Box

Article #

Page

Article Author

1

22

A Build-lt-Yourself Modem for Under

$50 Ciarcia

2

58

The Hard-Disk Explosion: High-Powered Storage for Your PersonalComputer Manuel

3

76

The Evolution of FORTH, an UnusualLanguage Moore

4

100

What Is FORTH? A Tutorial Introduc-tion James

5

150

BREAKFORTH Into FORTH Miller and

Miller

6

164

FORTH Extensibility: How to Write a

Compiler in Twenty-Five Words or

Less Harris

7

198

Khachiyan's Algorithm, Part 1: A NewSolution to Linear ProgrammingProblems Berresford,

et al

8

210

Construction of a Fourth-Generation

Video Terminal, Part 1 Wierenga

FOR SALE: Three 16 K dynamic S-100 memory boards($75 each); minicomputer system PDP-8/L 4 K memory;four cartridge drives; ASR33; 100 cps printer; and RS-232interface. Cost of entire system, $750. Kalon Kelley, 149Rametto Rd, Santa Barbara CA 93108, (805) 969-1539.

WANTED: PDP-8/E minicomputer or MM8-EJ extendedmemory option for same. Name your price. Martin J Dur-bin, 2649 N Sacramento, Chicago IL 60647, (312)235-1620 evenings.

FOR SALE: Memorex 651 floppy-disk drive (new), thirtyblank disks, Ken Welles floppy-controller board; all for$350. 2708s $5 each, 5204s $4 each, 1702s $3 each,4116s $5 each. Paper-tape reader; $10. Gordon Wilson,819 San Lucas Ave, Mtn View CA 94043.

FOR SALE: D C Hayes Micromodem for Apple II. Likenew, works perfectly. Only $320. H Rothman, 218 Hun-tington Rd, Bridgeport CT 06608, (203) 579-0472.

WANTED: Processor Technology VDM-1 board, workingor not, and ALS-8 information. Richard Miller, POB 6337,Jacksonville FL 32205.

WANTED: Heathkit ET-3400 microprocessor trainer onlyin kit or assembled; also, Radio Shack TRS-80 Level IIwith 16 K, integral keyboard, power supply, videomonitor, and cassette recorder. All in good condition.Roland Dumont, 731 Jacques Berthiaume, Ste-FoyQuebec, G1V 3T2 Canada.

FOR SALE: Chalco high-speed paper-tape reader; 5,6,7,or 8 level tape (ASCII or Baudot), 625 cps, self-containedpower supply, simple interface. Industrial quality, ex-cellent condition, complete with documentation. New;S755. Asking $100. Fred Goldberg, 29 Clearview Rd, EBrunswick NJ 08816, (609) 734-2160 days.

WANTED: Schematics (service documentation) forVogue Instrument Co line printer. Please call SteveGardner, Birmingham AL 35209, (205) 942-8567.

FOR SALE: New P4 video display; $30. Purchased fromElectrolabs; never used. Will ship UPS COD. FrankSneade, Rt 1 Box 60A, Rawlings VA 23876, (804)949-7835.

FOR SALE: SIM-1 microcomputer with Microsoft BASIC(read-only memory), 4 K monitor, 1 K programmablememory, and power supply. All manuals and documen-tation supplied. Will ship UPS for $250. Robert Dixon, Rt1 Box 239-A, Lynnville TN 38472, (615) 363-7489.

May BOMB ResultsFloppy Disks

BYTE readers output theirinterest in Steve Ciarcia's "I/OExpansion for the Radio ShackTRS-80" (page 22) by expand-ing Steve's rank with anotherfirst place. John Hoeppner alsointerfaced well with readers,receiving a second place forhis floppy-disk-controllerarticle (page 72). First place forMay was 1.84 standard devia-tions above the mean, whilesecond was 1.09, closelyfollowed by Gregory J Walker("Error Checking and Correct-ing for your Computer," page250) in third place and EmoryCook ("The Cassette LivesOn," page 12) in fourth place.

August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 303

ReaderService

To get further information on the products advertising in BYTE, fill out the reader service card until youname and address. Then circle the appropriate numbers for the advertisers you select from the list. Add a15-cent stamp to the card, then drop it in the mail. Not only do you gain information, but our advertisers areencouraged to use the marketplace provided by BYTE. This helps us bring you a bigger BYTE. "Corresponddirectly with company.

Inquiry No. Page No.

Inquiry No. Page No.

Inquiry No. Page No.

Inquiry No. Page No.

240206263225174300

94271

74106

247160139735

10294

2527171253137302

287

145

163

14

204

221

135

169

211

212

64

134

8

70

245

28814031269264215277

278257

32249165

12250

242

1

199237

209173239258

24358113

5013891

AB Computers 278

Ackerman Digital 245

Addison-Wesley Publ. Co. 288

Adv Computer Prod 270, 271

AEl 227

AK Industries 298

Altos 136, 137

Alpha Products Co 290

American Square Comp 116

Ancon/Forth Generation

Software 157

Ancrona 282

Anderson Jacobson 219

Apparat 179

Apple Computer 12, 13

Applied Digital Data

Sys (ADDS) 55

Applied Logic Inc. 290

Arkansas Systems Inc. 223

Artec Electronics 16

ASAP 295

ATV Research 276

Automated Equipment Inc

(AEl) 227

Axiom 41

base 2 Inc 45

Basic Magazine 225

Beckian Enterprises 286

John Bell Engineering 192

Benchmark Computer

Services 298

Beta Business Systems Inc 294

Beta Comp Devices 36

Bower-Stewart & Associates 202

BYTE Books 140,213,302

BYTE Back Issues 247

BYTE Subscription 246

C & S Electronics 221

California Comp Sys 20, 21

California Data Corp 244

California Digital 266

Cambridge Dev Labs 190

Cambridge Dev Labs 225

Cap'n Software 247

Cap'n Software 247

Central Data 101

CFR Assoc Inc 190

Chrislin Industries 14

Chrislin Industries 110

Cleveland Consumer Computers

& Components 281

Code Construction Co 294

COLOR Software 194

CompuMart 245

CompuServe (MicroNET) 107

ComputerCity 289

Computer Components Inc 255

Computer Distributors 292

Computer Factory 115

Computer Forms 292

Computer Shopper 288

Computer Specialties 52

Computer Specialties 284

Computers Wholesale 222

CompuView 18

Concord Computer

Components 284

The CPU Shop 279

Cromemco 1, 2

Cybernetics Inc 229

Dal-Comp 293

Darrell's Appleware 157

DAR Sales 292

Data Discount Center 151

Datadisk Systems 243

Data Prod Maintenance

Corp 276

Datasmith 246

Datasoft 227

Delta Products 277

Designers & Builders

Information Service (DBIS) 288

DG Electronics 280

Diablo (Div of Xerox) 89

Digital Arts Group Contract

Services 168

Digital Marketing 74

Digital Graphic Systems 192

Digital Pathways 133

248 Digital Research Comp (TX) 283

78 Digital Research Corp (CA) 121

161 Discount Software Group 220

162 Disk/3 Mart Inc 221

179 Dual Systems Control Corp 230

164 DWS Marketing Int'l 221

96 Dynacomp Inc 147132 Ecosoft 188

72 ELCOMP Publ Inc 112223 Electrolabs 268, 269

156 Electronic Control Tech 217

217 Electronic Systems 259, 260, 261

73 Electronic Sys Furniture Co 114

281 Engineering AnalysisSoftware 292

105 Essex Publishing 156

205 Excom 245

182 Executive Business Sys 233

190 Faircom 239

232 Faragher & Assoc 276

213 Farnsworth Computer 247

290 Feith Software 294

282 Field Service Search 292

* Five Stones Software 229

76 FMG Corp 11855 Forth Inc 85

" Frederick Computer Prods 298

297 G C Controls 298

29 General Business Computer 4B

268 Gimix 290

127 Godbout Electronics 181

109 Mark Gordon Computers 165

20 Graham Dorian 35

168 GW Computers 223

142 H & E Computronics 195

4 Hardhat Software 8

188 Hardside 237279 Harrex Corp 292

130 Hayden Book Co 187

3 Heath Company 6

11 Heath Company 17

37 Heath Company 5726 Hewlett-Packard 43

48 High Technology Inc 72

251 Hobbyworld Electronics 285

42 Houston Instruments 65

216 Houston Instruments 65

267 infinite Inc 290

129 Information Unltd Software 185

39 Industrial Micro Sys 61

189 Inmac 239

38 Integral Data 59118 Integrand 172

299 Intelligence Sys Ltd 298

292 Interface Inc 294

16 Intertec Data Sys 25

31 Intertec Data Sys 51

* Ithaca Intersystems 946 Ithaca Intersystems 70

272 J & S Software 290

220 Jade Comp Prod 264, 265

218 Jameco Electronics 296, 297262 Keith Jenkins & Assoc Inc 288236 Jepsan Group K Inc 276

296 Jini Microsystems 298

61 Kemco Ltd 93

66 Kenyon Micro Systems 104

86 Robert Kleven & Company 128

77 Konan Corp 119

289 Larwin/Livers Assoc Inc 294

* Lifeboat 44, 108, 109266 The Lisp Co 290

121 Lobo Drives Int'l 175

154 Lomas Data Products 217

88 Macrotronics 130

63 Malibu Electronics 99

111 Marketllne 168

123 Marymac Industries 178

92 Matchless Systems 134

* Meas Sys & Controls 29, 147,157, 165, 177

97 MICAH 147281 Mlcops Inc 292

99 Mlcroamerica Distributing 148

146 Micro Ap 203

196 Micro Appl Grp (MAG) 241

197 Micro Appl Grp MAG) 241274 Micro Business World 291114 Microbyte Software 168

53 Micro Computer Brokers 80

■ Micro Computer Discount 244

89 Microcomputer Tech Inc 131125 Microcomputer Tech Inc 179

157 MicroDaSys 218

52 Micro Data Base Sys 77

181 Micromail 232

87 Micro Management Sys 129

• Micropolis 162, 163

• Micro Pro Int'l 105298 Microsette 298

62 Microsoft 97

30 Microsoft (Cons Prod Div) 49

303 Microtech Exports 29B

28 Microtek Inc 47

84 The Micro Works 12657 Micro World 87

• Mighty Micros 120241 Mikos 278

103 Miller Microcomputer Serv 154155 Mini Computer Suppliers 217

305 Mini Micro Mart 299

306 Mini Micro Mart 300

307 Mini Micro Mart 301207 Miro Computers Inc 245

147 Mittendorr Engineering 20415 Morrow/Thinker Toys 23

33 Morrow/Thinker Toys 53

13 Mountain Hardware 19

152 Mountain Hardware 210

65 mpi 103

259 MTI 288

144 MT Microsystems 199

256 Multi Business Comp Sys 288

54 MVT Microcomputer Sys 83

' The National Comp Shows 111

95 National Small Comp Show 141

131 Nautilis Systems 188

98 NEECO 148

100 NEECO 149

41 Netronics 64

82 Netronics 125

83 Netronics 125

176 New England Business Service(NEBS) 228

■ Noble Computer Corp 292

• Northern Tech Books 207

17 North Star 27

270 Northwest Comp Services 290

148 Nycom Inc 206

310 Ohio Scientific InstrCV IV

51 Okidata Corp 75

19 OK Machine & Tool 33

184 Oliver AdvancedEngineering 235

90 Omega Research 132

104 Omega Sales Co 155186 Omikron 235

' OnComputing 113

44 Orange Micro 68

45 Oregon Software 69

143 Osborne/McGraw-Hill 197

158 OSM Computer Corp 219

' Owens Associates 144, 145

235 Pacific Exchanges 276

301 Pacific Exchanges 298

222 Page Digital 267

244 Pan American Elec 280

(A Radio Shack Auth Sales Ctr)

192 PCD Systems Inc 240

9 Percom Data 15

18 Percom Data 31

81 Personal Computer Sys 124

128 Personal Computing '80, 183

233 Personal Progs by Victor 276

85 Personal Software 127

• Phase One Systems 209194 Pickles & Trout 241

5 Power One Inc 10

228 Priority One 273

229 Priority One 274, 275

214 Professional Data Sys 247

286 Professional Management

Services 294

60 Professional Software Inc 91

139 QC Micro Systems 193

219 QT Comp Systems 262, 263

150 Quality Software 208

102 Quasar Data Products 153

254 Quest 287

230 Quintrex Inc 276

36 Racet Computes 56

68 RCA Solid State 106

80 RCA Solid State 123

269 Eric C Rehnke Tech Serv 290

172 RNB Enterprises 226

178 Robotics Age 229

159 Rochester Data 219

43 Rockwell Int'l Micro Sys 67

170 S-100lnc225

195 SC Digital 241

191 SCDP 239

2 Scion Corp 5

198 Scifronics 242

183 Scott Instruments 234

24 SD Systems 39

119 Seattle Comp Products 173166 Service Technologies 223

23 Shepardson Microsystems 38

203 Michael Shrayer Software 244

• Shugart 7

75 Sigma Int'l 117

71 Sirius Systems 205

116 Sirius Systems 171

293 SMA 294

49 Small Business Appl 73

185 Small Sys Design 235

21 Smoke Signal Broadcasting 37

22 Smoke Signal Broadcasting(Dealers Only) 37

193 Softech 201

175 Software Concepts 227

122 Software Development &

Training 177

187 The Software Exchange 236

280 The Software Farm 292

283 Software Labs 269

112 Software Tech for Comp

(STC) 168

285 Software Tool Works 294

208 The Software Works 246

201 The SoHo Group 243227 Solid State Sales 258153 Sorcim 216

200 Sorrento Valley Assoc 243

79 Southern Computer Sys 122

308 Southwest Tech Prod Corp CV II

120 Spectrum Software 1746 SSM11

136 Strategic Simulations 191

110 Structured Systems Group 167

115 Structured Systems Group 169

177 SubLOGIC 253

59 Summagraphics 90

252 Sunny Int'l 286

93 SuperSoft 135

108 SuperSoft 165

133 SuperSoft 189

■ Synchro Sound 79, 184

124 Synergetic Comp Prod 178

107 Tarbefi Electronics 159

234 TBI 276

40 Tech Sys Consultants (TSC) 63

141 Tec-Mar Inc 194

180 Texas Instruments 231

' Robert Tlnney Graphics 211

202 TNW Corp 243

260 Torrey Pines Busn Sys 288

• Trionyx Electronics 172275 TYC Software 292

273 Ucatan Computer Store 290

309 United Business Prod CV III

• United Software of America 9547 US Robotics 71

• VAN DATA 180

261 Videx 2B8

224 Vista Computers 272

246 VR Data 282

226 Wameco 258

34 The Warehouse 54

' Whitesmith's Ltd 81

255 Wintek Corp 288

291 Wisconsin Area Komputer Co(WAKCO) 294

231 Worldwide Electronics 27656 XCOMP, Inc 86

210 Zs Systems 246

304 August 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

A

A COMPANY TO RELY ON. . .45\ UNITED BUSINESS PRODUCTS

Custq^p^grmtsWi^^^arantee

<s-n^-

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\

UNITED BUSINESS PRODUCTS

20268 E. Carrey Rd.WALNUT, CA. 91789

A

UnitedBusinessProducts

(213) 448-4850(714) 594-5966

NAME OF COMPANY .

ADDRESS

CITY, STATE, ZIP

ATTENTION OR DEPT.

A O The swingline table top burster will separate single-ply continuousforms into individual sheets up to 15". Length 2W to 12". Paper weight 10 to110 lb. bond. Speed is constant at 125 ft. per minute.

Wt. 95 ibs. Sale Price $879.00

B □ Our custom forms have a guarantee that speaks for itself. Our time onforms range from two to five weeks for custom work and before we start a jobwe now give a guaranteed shipping date and price, depending on art work,from two to five weeks and for every day we're late we give you a 10% discount.To get a quote just mail the detached portion of this ad with sample of form orlayout and we will call you the day we get the information with a price andguaranteed day of shipment.

C □ The swingline table top decollator is a portable unit which separatesboth carbon and carbonless continuous computer forms into stacks. Theseparated carbon is easily and neatly removed from carbon pick-up spool.Form size is up to 15" wide. Wt. is 10 to 110 lb. bond paper, and the speed isvariable from 75 to 200 feet per minute and takes only 120 volts AC 60 hertz tooperate.

Wt. 40 Ibs.

Sale Price $369.00

D □ The Datatech Intimus 007 shredder works for Scotland Yard, forgovernment authorities, for important corporations, banks and embassies.The cutting capacity is 12 to 14 sheets at one pass. Cross cul is 1/35 x3/8. It hasa 2 H.P. motor and runs off of 220/380 V 3 phase.

Wt. 320 Lbs.

Sale Price $6599.00

E D The Intimus 306 is designed for trouble free operation and has a switchfor forward and reverse rotation. It has 2 motors with terminal overload.Housing consists of coated steel, mounted on rubber cushions for noiselessshredding. The 306 can sit on a table or a stand. Cutting width is V&" or '/*" andhas two 150 watt 110 V 60 cycle, 1 phase motors.

Wt. 66 Lbs. Sale Price $1189.00

F □ The Intimus Simplex is designed for security without problems in theoffice. One push of the button renders confidential information into fiveillegible paper strips Vo" thin. The simplex has a wide opening in the middle forthrow away of cans, etc. Even a paper clip is simply cut into pieces. The cuttingcapacity is 8 to 10 sheets at one time. It has a 1/5 HP. motor and runs off of 110volts.

Wt 27 Lbs.

Sale Price $569.00

G □ Our catalog consists of more information on equipment in this ad.Other models are available plus a complete line of calculators and typewritersby Adler. Lathem time recorders, several varieties of safes, and ourdisintegrator that destroys paper, aluminum, film and carbon to a completeloss of identity.

Price $2.00

H D Free Brochures and more information:

1. □ Business Forms

2. n Calculators

3. d Forms Handling Equipment

4. a Time Recorders

5. Q Typewriters

Terms: Check or money order U.S. funds only. Prepaid orders add 3% S/H, COD's add 5% S/H (U.S.only). California

residents add 6% sales tax.Prices subject to change without notice. Sale ends Sept. 15, 1980

Circle 309 on inquiry card.

The home computer you thought wasyears away is here. ,— ~*

c«iuiiiiber op

Ohio Scientific's top of the line personal com-puter, the C8P DF. This system incorporatesthe most advanced technology now availablein standard configurations and add-on options.The C8P DF has full capabilities as a personalcomputer, a small business computer, a homemonitoring security system and an advancedprocess controller.

Personal Computer Features

The C8P DF features ultra-fast program execu-tion. The standard model is twice as fast asother personal computers such as the Apple IIand PET. The computer system is availablewith a Gf option which nearly doubles thespeed again, making it comparable to high endmini-computer systems. High speed executionmakes elaborate video animation possible aswell as other I/O functions which until now,have not been possible. The C8P DF featuresOhio Scientific's 32 x 64 character display withgraphics and gaming elements for an effectiveresolution of 256 x 512 points and up to 16colors. Other features for personal use includea programmable tone generator from 200 to20KHz and an 8 bit companding digital toanalog converter for music and voice output,2-8 axis joystick interfaces, and 2-10 key padinterfaces. Hundreds of personal applications,games and educational software packages arecurrently available for use with the C8P DF.Business ApplicationsThe C8P DF utilizes full size 8" floppy disks. and is compatible with Ohio Scientific's ad-vanced small business operating system,OS-65U and two types of information manage-ment systems, OS-MDMS and OS-DMS.

The computer system comes standard with ahigh-speed printer interface and a modem in-terface. It feaiures a full 53-key ASCIIkeyboard as well as 2048 character displaywith upper and lower case for business andword processing applications.Home Control

The C8P DF has the most advanced homemonitoring and control capabilities everoffered in a computer system. It incorporatesa real time clock and a unique FOREGROUND/BACKGROUND operating system which allowsthe computer to function with normal BASICprograms at the same time it is monitoringexternal devices. The C8P DF comes standardwith an AC remote control interface whichallows it to control a wide range of AC appli-ances and lights remotely without wiring andan interface for home security systems whichmonitors fire, intrusion, car theft, water levelsand freezer temperature, all without messywiring. In addition, the C8P DF can acceptOhio Scientific's Votrax voice I/O board and/orOhio Scientific's new universal telephone inter-face (UTI). The telephone interface connectsthe computer to any touch-tone or rotary dialtelephone line. The computer system is able toanswer calls, initiate calls and communicatevia touch-tone signals, voice output or 300baud modem signals. It can accept anddecode touch-tone signals, 300 baud modemsignals and record incoming voice messages.These features collectively give the C8P DFcapabilities to monitor and control home func-tions with almost human-like capabilities.Process Controller

The C8P DF incorporates a real time clock,FOREGROUND/BACKGROUND operation and16 parallel I/O lines. Additionally a universal

Circle 310 on inquiry card.

accessory BUS connector is accessible at theback of the computer to plug in additional 48lines of parallel I/O and/or a complete analogsignal I/O board with A/D and D/A andmultiplexers.

Clearly, the C8P DF beats all existing smallcomputers in conventional specifications plusit has capabilities far beyond any other com-puter system on the market today.C8P DF is an 8-slot mainframe class computerwith 32K static RAM, dual 8" floppies, andseveral open slots for expansion.

C8P J950

Or get started with a C8P with cassette inter-face, 8K BASIC-in-ROM which includes mostof the features of the C8P DF except the realtime clock, 16 parallel I/O lines, home securityinterface and accessory BUS. It comes with8K static RAM and Ohio Scientific's ultra-fast8K BASIC-in-ROM. It can be expanded to aC8P DF later. Base price $950. Virtually all trieprograms available on disk are also availablefor the C8P cassette system on audiocassette.

Computers come with keyboards and floppies where speciiied.Other equipment shown is optional.

For literature and the name of your localdealer, CALL 1-800-321-6850 TOLL FREE.

1333 SOUTH CHILLICOTHE ROADAURORA, OH 44202 • [216] 831 -5600