Byte Magazine Volume 05 Number 11 - High-Resolution Graphics

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WHAT ARE YOU LOOKING FOR IN A SYSTEM?

VERSATILITY — Data bus—motherboard design allows you to configure a system to the end users exact needs.

EXPANDABLE — Minimum RAM capacity 56K Expandable to 768K. Two I/O ports — Expandable to seventeen.

MASS STORAGE- 3.0 M/bytes on 5%" flexible disks. (4 drives) 5.0 M/bytes on 8 inch flexible disks-(4 drives)

40 M/bytes on "Winchester" fixed disk.

SOFTWARE — Operating System — Multitasking, multiuser with memory management.

Languages - FORTRAN, Pascal, BASIC, PILOT Utilities — Debug, Sort-Merge, Diagnostics — over 40 others. I Data Processing — General Ledger, Receivables, Payables, Payroll, Jobcost, Mail List,

Inventory, Record Management System. Word Processing — Text Editor and Processor — device independent with proportional spacing bidirectional printing.

COST EFFECTIVE—System consisting of 128K processor, terminal, and 2.4 M/byte dual eight-inch disk drives —

less than $6,000.00 (O.E.M. 100 quantity)

SOUTHWEST TECHNICAL PRODUCTS CORPORATION

219 W. Rhapsody

San Antonio, Texas 78216 (512) 344-0241

o

Management Information Display

Ultrasonic heart sector scan

High-resolution display with alphanumeric*

Get the professional color

display that has BASIC/FORTRAN simplicity

LOW-PRICED, TOO

Here's a color display that has everything: professional-level resolution, enormous color range, easy software, NTSC conformance, and low price.

Basically, this new Cromemco Model SDI* is a two-board interface that plugs into any Cromemco computer.

The SDI then maps computer display memory content onto a convenient color monitor to give high-quality, highresolution displays (756 H x 482 V pixels).

When we say the SDI results in a highquality professional display, we mean you can't get higher resolution than this system offers in an NTSC-conforming display.

The resolution surpasses that of a color TV picture.

BASIC/FORTRAN programming

Besides its high resolution and low price, the new SDI lets you control with optional Cromemco software packages that use simple BASIC- and FORTRANlike commands.

Pick any of 16 colors (from a 4096-color palette) with instructions like DEFCLR (c, R, G, B). Or obtain a circle of specified size, location, and color with XCIRC (x, y, r, c).

Pat. No. 4121283

Model SDI High-Resolution Color Craphics Interface

HIGH RESOLUTION

The SDI's high resolution gives a professional-quality display that strictly meets NTSC requirements. You get 756 pixels on every visible line of the NTSC standard display of 482 image lines. Vertical line spacing is 1 pixel.

To achieve the high-quality display, a separate output signal is produced for each of the three component colors (red, green, blue). This yields a sharper image than is possible using an NTSC-composite video signal and color TV set. Full image quality is readily realized with our highquality RGB Monitor or any conventional red/green/blue monitor common in TV work.

Model SDI plugs into Z-2H 11-ntegabyte

hard disk computer or any Cromemco

computer

DISPLAY MEMORY

Along with the SDI we also offer an optional fast and novel two-port memory that gives independent high-speed access to the computer memory. The two-port memory stores one full display, permitting fast computer operation even during display.

CONTACT YOUR REP NOW

The Model SDI has been used in scientific work, engineering, business, TV, color graphics, and other areas. It's a good example of how Cromemco keeps computers in the field up to date, since it turns any Cromemco computer into an up-to-date color display computer.

The SDI has still more features that you should be informed about. So contact your Cromemco representative now and see all that the SDI will do for you.

Circle 1 on Inquiry card.

rjj Cromemco

incorporated

280 BERNARDO AVE, MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040 • (415)964-7400

Tomorrow's computers today

BYTE November 1980

Here's the state of the art in low-cost hard-disk computers

11 MEGABYTES

OF

FAST HARD-DISK STORAGE

Yes, the Cromemco Model Z-2H is in a class by itself in the computer field.

These Z-2H features tell you why:

• 11 megabytes of hard-disk storage

64 kilobytes of fast RAM Two dual-sided floppy disk drives

Z-80A type processor Fast 4 MHz operation—150 nanosecond access time

• Fast hard-disk transfer rate of 5.6 megabits/second

• Low cost

And that's not all you get. Not nearly.

BROAD

SOFTWARE SUPPORT

You also get Cromemco software support—the broadest software sup

port in the microcomputer field. Software that Cromemco is known for. Like this:

• Structured BASIC

• FORTRAN IV

• RATFOR (RATional FORtran)

• COBOL

• Z-80 Macro Assembler

• Word Processing System

• Data Base Management And more all the time.

FIELD PROVEN

The Z-2H is clearly in a class by itself. We introduced it last summer. It's field proven. It's reliable.

And it's rugged. Housed in a sturdy, all-metal cabinet.

EASILY EXPANDABLE

As always with Cromemco, you get expandability. The fast 64K RAM in this Model Z-2H can be expanded to 512 kilobytes. That amount of RAM combined with 11 megabytes of harddisk storage gives you enormous

computer power—the equal or even beyond what much larger computers sometimes offer.

What's more, this computer gives you a 12-slot card cage. That's to plug in your special circuits as well as additional RAM and interface cards.

This expandability is supported by still more Cromemco value — the Z-2H's heavy-duty power supply that gives you 30A at 8V and 15A at ±18V to support plug-ins.

LOW COST — SEE IT NOW

The Z-2H is real. It's been in the field for many months. It's proven itself.

You should see the Z-2H now. Contact a Cromemco representative and arrange for a demo. Learn that Cromemco is a survey-winner for reliability.

And learn that the Z-2H is under $10K.

In the long run it always pays to get the best.

ra

Cromemco

W^^^M 280 BERNARDO AVE., MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040 • (415)964-7400

^^^^ Tomorrow's computers today

Circle 1 on Inquiry card.

Page 22

I

FDR SIDEWAYS BflLLYDID VIDEO

Page 90

Page 158

Page 172

In The Queue

BIT! November 1980 Volume 5, Number 11

Foreground

32 HOME IN ON THE RANGE! AN ULTRASONIC RANGING SYSTEM

by Steve Garcia

Combine automatic sonar ranging and infrared-light detection in a computer-controlled scanner.

64 MICROGRAPH, PART 1: DEVELOPING AN INSTRUCTION SET FOR A RASTER-SCAN DISPLAY by E Grady Booch

Micrograph is an intelligent, low-cost, color-graphics terminal that interfaces to any microcomputer and standard, unmodified color television receiver.

126 GRAPHIC COLOR SLIDES, PART 1 by Alan W Grogono

The first of this two-part article gives a series of useful subroutines for generating color images on a

Compucolor II.

148 THREE-DIMENSIONAL GRAPHICS FOR THE APPLE II by Dan Sokol and John

Shepard

With this popular computer, use a two-color scheme to generate three-dimensional figures.

296 A GENERAL INTERPOLATING GRAPHICS PACKAGE FOR THE TRS-80 by D K

Cohen and Devon Crowe

Interpolate between points of a graphed function and three-dimensional figures.

340 AN 8088 PROCESSOR FOR THE S-100 BUS, PART 3

by Thomas Woodward Cantrell

This monitor program takes advantage of some powerful software and architectural aspects of the

8088 processor.

Background

22 THE FUTURE OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS by Bruce Eric Brown and Stephen Levine Take a look at the future of graphics hardware and applications.

90 LANGUAGE CONTROL STRUCTURES FOR EASY ELECTRONIC VISUALIZATION by Dr Thomas DeFanti Zgrass, a hybrid of language and hardware, can be used to solve graphic-display problems.

180 A SIMPLIFIED THEORY OF VIDEO GRAPHICS, PART 1

by Allen Watson III

Part 1 covers the principles of television and computer-generated graphics.

206 GETTING TO KNOW YOUR MONITOR by Ron Dalpiaz

Meet the most frequently used human/computer interface — the video terminal.

220 DIGITAL STORAGE OF IMAGES by Thomas Williams

Theory and practice of digital-image capture and storage are explained in detail.

244 MACHINE PROBLEM SOLVING, PART 3: THE ALPHA-BETA PROCEDURE by Peter Frey

In the conclusion of this series, we discover how searching for information stored in tree structures can be made more efficient.

361 ADD MACRO EXPANSION TO YOUR MICROCOMPUTER, PART 2

by David C Brown

Notes on implementation and options are presented in this final part.

Nucleus

6 Editorial

172 SIGGRAPH Convention Report

16 Letters

240 BYTELINES

62, 86 Technical Forum

266 Ask BYTE

108 Book Reviews

314 Event Queue

112, 114, 292, 322 BYTE's Bugs

343 Tom Sloan Cartoon

114 Books Received

372 What's New?

116, 145 Programming Quickies

430 Unclassified Ads

119 BYTE's Bits

431 BOMB Results

147 Clubs and Newsletters

431 BOMB

158, 190, 196 Product Reviews

432 Reader Service

November 1980 © BYTE Publications lnc

Publishers Virginia Londoner, Gordon R Williamson Associate Publisher John E Hayes Assistant Cheryl A Hurd

Founding Editor

Carl T Helmers Jr

Edltor-ln-Chlef

Christopher P Morgan

Editors

Richard S Shuford, Gregg Williams,

Curtis P Feigel, Harold Nelson

Stan Miastkowski

Consulting Editor

Mark Dahmke

Book Editor

Bruce A Roberts

Chief Copy Editor

David W Hayward

Copy Editors

Faith Hanson, Warren Williamson,

Robin M Moss, Anthony J Lockwood

Assistant to the Editors

Faith Ferry

Assistants

Debe Wheeler, Karen A Cilley

New Products Editor

Clubs, Newsletters

Charles Freiberg

Drafting

Jon Swanson

Production Director

Nancy Estle

Assistant Production Director

Christine Dixon

Production/Advertising Coordinator

Wai Chiu Li

Production Art

Holly Carmen LaBossiere,

Deborah Porter

Chief Typographer

Sherry McCarthy

Typographers

Debi Fredericks, Donna Sweeney

Advertising Director

Thomas Harvey Assistants

Ruth M Walsh, Ms. Marion Gagnon Barbara J Greene, Rob Hannings

Special Projects Coordinator

Jill ECallihan Marketing Coordinator Laura A Hanson

Circulation Manager

Gregory Spitzfaden

Assistants

Agnes E Perry, Melanie Bertoni,

Barbara Varnum, Louise Menegus,

Andrew Jackson

Dealer Sales

Thomas Yanni

Controller

Daniel Rodrigues

Assistant

Mary E Fluhr

Accounts Receivable Specialist

Karen Burgess

Accounts Receivable Assistant

Jeanne Cilley

Receptionist

Jacqueline Earnshaw Traffic Department Mark Sandagata

In This Issue

The cover for this issue of BYTE is a still from j 90-minute computer-animated cartoon called The Works. The photo was provided by Dick Lundin and Lance Williams and is constructed from quadrtc surfaces and polygons, using texture-mapping and normal-perturbation techniques. The background was painted by Paul Xanter- programming credit also goes to Tom Duff and Duane Palyka. A trailer of The Works was shown at SICCRAPH '80 (page 172), although the film itself may not be finished for another two years.

A number of the articles for this month's theme were solicited with the help of Jay Nickson and Ken Lodding; their editorial begins on page 6. Both are employed by DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation): Jay is the manager of the human interface program for simplifying man /machine communications. Ken is a senior software engineer whose long-term interests intermix art and computer graphics.

Publisher's Note

As most readers will have observed, the September Filth anniversary issue marked the beginning of a new phase for BYTE. The jump from a 300-page to a 400-page issue means a 33% increase in the material presented to our readers each month.

Because advertisements tend to be more visible than editorial content (especially in a technical journal), some readers may suspect that the larger issues mean merely more ads. But, in fact, the larger issues have approximately one third more editorial content. The new size does create design and manufacturing problems, however. The solution to these problems includes a redesign of the editorial pages of BYTE to make the editorial content easier to find and use. We expect the new format to be implemented early in 1981.

We are confident that the increased editorial content and new format will make BYTE even more of a bargain as well as a more useful tool for our readers. And that, after all, is what it's all about.

Virginia Londoner Publisher

Officers of McGraw-Hill Publications Company: Paul F McPherson, President; Executive Vice Presidents: James E Boddorf, Gene W Simpson; Group Vice President: Daniel A McMillan; Senior Vice President-Editorial: Ralph R Schulz; Vice Presidents: Kemp Anderson, Business Systems Development; Stephen C Croft, Manufacturing; Robert B Doll, Circulation; James E Hackett, Controller; William M Hammond, Communications; Eric B Herr, Planning and Development; John W Patten, Sales; Edward E Schirmer, International.

Officers of the Corporation: Harold W McGraw Jr, President, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board; Robert F Landes, Senior Vice President and Secretary; Ralph J Webb, Treasurer.

BYTE is published monthly by BYTE Publications Inc, 70 Main St, Peterborough NH 03458, a wholly-owned subsidiary of McGrawHill, Inc. Address all mail except subscriptions to above address: phone (603) 924-9281- Address subscriptions, change of address, USPS Form 3579, and fulfillment questions to BYTE Subscriptions. PO Box 590, Martinsville NJ 08836. Controlled circulation postage paid at Waseca, Minnesota 56093 - USPS Publication No. 528890 (ISSN 0360-5280). Canadian second class registration number 9321. Subscriptions are $18 for one year, $32 for two years, and $46 for three years in the USA and its possessions. In Canada and Mexico, $20 for one year, $36 for two years, $52 for three years. $32 for one year air delivery to Europe. $32 surface delivery elsewhere. Air delivery to selected areas at additional rates upon request. Single copy price is $2.50 in the USA and its possessions. $2.95 in Canada and Mexico, $4.00 in Europe, and $4.50 elsewhere. Foreign subscriptions and sales should be remitted in United States funds drawn on a US bank. Printed in United States of America.

Address all editorial correspondence to the editor at the above address. Unacceptable manuscripts will be returned if accompanied by sufficient first class postage. Not responsible for lost manuscripts or photos. Opinions expressed by the authors are not necessarily those of BYTE. Entire contents copyright • 1980 by BYTE Publications Inc. All rights reserved. Where necessary, permission is granted by the copyright owner for libraries and others registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) to photocopy any article herein for the base fee of $1.00 per copy of the article or item plus 25 cents per page. Payment should be sent directly to the CCC. 21 Congress St.. Salem, MA 01970. Copying done for other than personal or internal reference use without the permission of McGraw-Hill is prohibited. Requests for special permission or bulk orders should be addressed to the publisher. Member

BYTE® is available in microform from University Microfilms International. 300 N Zeeb Rd. Dept PR, Ann Arbor Ml 48106 USA or 18 Bedford Row. Dept PR. London WC1R 4EJ England.

Subscription WATS Line: (800) 258-5485

Audit Bureau of Circulations

Office hours: Mon-Thur 8:30 AM - 4:30 PM, Friday 8:30 AM - Noon, Eastern Time

NATIONAL ADVERTISING SALES REPRESENTATIVES:

NORTHEAST (617) 444-3946

Hajar Associates 280 Hillside Ave. Needham Heights MA 02194

MIDWEST (312) 864-3467

Hajar Associates 2405 Lawndale Evanston IL 60201

EAST & SOUTH (212) 682-5844

Hajar Associates 521 Fifth Ave. New York NY 10017

SOUTHWEST (714) 540-3554 NORTHWEST (415) 964-0706 Hajar Associates 1000 Elwell Ct., Suite 227 Palo Alto CA 94303

November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 2 on inquiry card.

MOOANGELO

HIGH RESOLUTION GRAPHICS SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER

by

SCION

CORPORATION

RS-170 composite or direct drive output

Local or external sync generation

4 or 5 Mhz Z80 microprocessor

60 hertz real time clock

8 level interrupt tie-in

IEEE S100 bus compatible

Screenware™ Pak I

A 4K byte operating system resident in PROM on MicroAngelo™ Pak I emulates an 85 character by 40 line graphics terminal and provides over 40 graphics commands. Provisions exist for user-defined character sets and directly callable user extensions to Screenware Pak I.

SCION Corporation

8455-D Tyco Road

Vienna, Va. 22180

(703) 827-0888

Light pen interface

Time multiplexed refresh

4K resident Screenware™ Pak I operating system

32KRAM isolated from host address space

High speed communications over parallel bus ports

Host Resident Terminal Software

An interface software package that coordinates input/output from the MicroAngelo™ graphics board, the MicroAngelo™ keyboard, and your computer. The result is a flexible, yet sophisticated graphics terminal.

European Distributor: Micro Diversions UK Ltd.

17/19 Mesnes Street

Wigan, England WN1 1QP

09-423 4311

Circle 3 on Inquiry card.

Have some

great memories.

151 Ed

16K PROM boards.

■ PROM card has 2708-type memory

■ Quality board construction ■ 0-4 wait states

■ Address any 4K group to any 4K boundary

■ Control up to 8 banks of memory ■ Fully assembled and tested ■ PRICE—$300

(California residents add 6% sales iax)

Expandable 5 MHz RAM boards.

8—32K expandable RAM board uses TI 4044 memory runs at 5MHz ■ Fast 250 ns access time ■ Bank select ■ Address any 4K block to any 4K boundary ■ Quality board construction

PRICE—8K—$175-, 16K—$315; 24K—$475; 32K—$620; 8K add-on kits—$135

(California residents add 6% sales tax)

Call or write Artec for details

^RTGCGLeCTROMiaihC.

605 Old County Rd., San Carlos, CA 94070 Telephone (415) 592-2740

Editorial

The World of Computer Graphics

Guest Editorial by Ken Lodding and Jay Nickson

Man is a visual animal. He surrounds himself with graphic images. Images are employed to convey information, to explain concepts, and to communicate feelings. The ability to draw is instinctive. It materializes in infants soon after the start of verbal development, perhaps to complement the slowly developing verbal skills. Although the ability to draw tends not to become as fully developed as verbal skills, images continue to provide much of the adult human communications ability. Pictures are a primary information-carrying channel: the histogram accompanying a financial article, the plot of a mathematical function, and the illustrations in BYTE are but a few examples.

The importance of graphics for conveying information arises from the nature of man's visual system. The eye provides an extremely high-bandwidth information channel for transferring the data to be processed by the brain's optic center. The importance of this channel can be seen from the redundancy built into the system and from the distribution of optic nerve fibers in the brain. It is believed that no less than six different brain sites are directly serviced by connecting optic nerve fibers. (See reference 4.) The fundamental importance of visual information is reflected in the old adage, "seeing is believing," and in the observation that understand is one of the synonyms of the word see. Text fails to use our native abilities to comprehend information fully because it presents data in a linear, sequential fashion. Contrast this with graphical images, which can be processed in a single viewing—a phenomenon called preattentive perception. (See reference 6.)

The computer has become a primary source or conveyor of information, yet the main interface between man and machine has remained the serially oriented text display. The net result is that, as the volume of data available to be presented increases, the user's communication channel becomes swamped with an avalanche of text output. The volume of this avalanche far too often restricts the comprehension of the information. The information is obscured as effectively as if it had been encrypted. The spectacle of the computer user literally buried under reams of printed output has ceased to be an amusing cartoon and has become a nightmare for too many. To cope with the flood of information, the computer user is turning to graphics.

The information-transfer rate of a graph can be many orders of magnitude greater than an equivalent text presentation. Conceptually, a graph has greater information density than a table. Compare the plot of a sine curve with a table of sine values. Each value within the table corresponds to a specific point on the graph. However, the plot displays a far greater number of points than could the most extended table. A high information-transfer rate results from the greater data density and the faster operation of the human mind and visual system. Patterns, periodic functions, trends, and comparisons can often be obtained "by inspection" of a graph, while understanding a tabular display requires much more time and effort. This is not, however, accomplished without a cost. The only penalty paid for speed is the loss of precision: a graph cannot be read to the same number of significant digits as can be obtained from a table. This loss of precision is not a problem, as the specific data value of interest can be extracted from the function or table of data used to generate the plot initially.

About the Authors

Ken Lodding and Jay Nickson are employed by the Digital Equipment Corporation in Merrimack, New Hampshire.

November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Mlcrocompi g£

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For reliable data storage, I recommend systems with

Shugart disk drives'.

!9w Tom Knight, President—

Nycom, Los Altos, California

"The last thing you need when you put your personal computer or small business system to work is a disk drive that you can't rely on. If the drive quits, your system is out of business!'

Thats why more and more manufacturers and dealers depend on Shugart disk drives for reliable data storage. These professionals don't want disk drive problems any more than you do. Shugart has a

large family of drives, too—in all sizes and capacities to suit your system storage needs. For the smaller system, the original 5'/4-inch Minifloppy'" stores 250 to 500 kilobytes (single or double-sided)—mats about 50 to 100 pages of printed material. Our single and double-sided 8-inch floppys store 800 to 1600 kilobytes. And for systems that need a larger data base, our 8-inch or 14-inch fixed disk drives

store from 5 to 58 megabytes. No other manufacturer offers such a wide variety of disk storage for personal computer and small business systems.

Word processing, general business, accounting—big system or small, you can rely on Shugart drives. We're known as the Headstrong company for good reason. We're Headstrong about reliability, quality, and value. Ask your dealer. He knows us.

TM—Minifloppy is a trademark of Shugart Associates.

Rely on the Headstrong Company.

^.Shugart

475 Oakmead Parkway, Sunnyvale, California 94086

In addition to presenting data in a rapid, meaningful fashion, an important benefit of computer graphics is the ability to present images realistically. Plotting a topological surface, modeling DNA, creating an architectural rendering, and simulating a pilot's view from the cockpit of an aircraft are all enhanced by presenting the image in a manner which gives the viewer a sense that the picture is not an illusion. To achieve greater realism, a prime factor is to provide the illusion of depth. Perspective, hidden-line removal, shading, and highlighting all provide depth cues to the viewer. This month's computer-generated cover by Lance Williams of the New York Institute of Technology clearly illustrates the current state of the art as applied to an artistic endeavor. The same techniques are available and can be employed when graphically representing numeric data.

Three-Dimensional Graphics

To provide the illusion of depth, a three-dimensional model can be defined. Establishing the viewer's geometric relationship to the model and following the rules of perspective, the model image is mathematically projected onto a two-dimensional viewing plane. Although providing good visual depth cues (eg: parallel lines appearing to meet at a point), there is no real illusion of depth; in other words, the model image is still "flat." To correct this, the phenomenon of stereopsis (from the Greek, meaning "solid sight") can be employed. You may be familiar with the 1847 Brewster stereoscope. Here, the approach taken to give the illusion of depth was to photograph the same scene twice, having moved the camera about 6 cm sideways between photos. The two images could then be viewed through a stereoscope that utilized a prism and lens system to alter the image paths to the eye, so that the two views seemed to originate from a common point. (The old-fashioned stereopticon and the modern View-Master are variations on this theme.) The observer's visual system fused the two images, giving the illusion of a three-dimensional image.

Various computer-graphic techniques using the same principles have been developed. A common technique is to employ glasses with electro-optic shutter eyepieces to provide the image separation. With the electro-optic glasses, the cyclopia video display presents left- and right-perspective images in alternate frames, which are then synchronized with the electro-optic shutters. The left eye is presented with the left stereograph, while the right eye's view is blanked by the optical shutter; the image and shutter swap for the right eye. The viewer's internal visual system fuses the image to give the appearance of depth. For an example of this, see 'The Future of Computer Graphics," page 22.

A different approach to providing left and right images to the visual system uses color to separate the images. Using a device called an anaglyph, the left view is presented in one color, and the right in a different color. Color filters control which eye sees what view. A program for generating and viewing anaglyphs is presented in the article 'Three-Dimensional Graphics for the Apple II." (See page 148.) While the traditional colors employed are red and green, any two colors and corresponding filters could be used, because the illusion is based on the separation of the images, and has nothing to do with the particular colors. The phenomenon is as apparent to a

8 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

PASCAL/Z - Q.E.D.

Ithaca Intersystems PASCAL/Z is the most powerful CP/M™ compatible Z-80™ Pascal compiler ever . . . and here's why:

PASCAL/Z generates true Z-80 native code — ROMable and re-entrant — 5-1 OX faster than P-code interpreters; permits separate compilation; supports Direct File Access and variable length STRINGs; utilizes fast one-pass recursive descent organization; the macro-assembler generates relocatable object modules; and much, much more.

Complete package includes compiler, macro-assembler, linker/loader and source for the full library on one disk; with free copy of Jensen/Wirth book and complete documentation. Only $395.00.

IT'S DEMONSTRABLE! Don't just take our word for it. Ask for a demonstration of these features and more today at Computerland" and other full-service computer stores.

Ithaca Intersystems Inc., 1650 Hanshaw Road

P.O. Box 91, Ithaca, N.Y. 14850. Phone (607) 257-0190

ComputerLand is a registered trademark of Computerland Corporation.

CP/M and Z-80 are trademarks of Digital Research Corp. and Zilog, Inc. respectively.

PASCAL/Z and InterSystems are trademarks of Ithaca Intersystems Inc.

Ik

Ithaca Intersystems Inc

^JTM

Micros for bigger ideas.

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Outside of the garden you need a computer that can grow.

For the average garden-variety home and hobby operation, a high quality personal computer is a real temptation. But let's face it: in the world of business, engineering and scientific applications you need a system that can keep up with bigger ideas.

Bigger ideas today mean the power and flexibility to move the micro up to and beyond the level of yesterday's minis. More memory to hold bigger data bases. More flexibility to handle a variety of data entry devices. More programming and computing power for numbercrunching and applications development. And easy upgrade to 16 bit operation when you need it.

Intersystems has that, and more. The power and flexibility of the versatile S-100 bus, with 20 slots of expandability for up to 16 individually-addressable DMA devices and up to 1 Megabyte of memory, fully accessible to all users via our unique memory management system. Plus reliable Intersystems design and manufacture, and the support of our PASCAL/Z'"...the most powerful Z-80°™ compiler ever.

For really serious computing, our front panel provides a powerful diagnostic tool for debugging or development. Combined with a scope, it allows you to look at any location in the circuitry, set breakpoints, trigger and view one-shot events, and many other activities usually possible only with expensive logic analyzers. No wonder it's fast becoming the tool of choice for repair technicians and custom hardware designers.

Intersystems Series II is the most complete line of fully IEEE 696 compatible S-100 boards...easily upgradeable to our MPU 8000™ or other 16 bit S-100 CPU's as they become available...so you're never locked out of rapid expansion, or locked into obsolescence, by dependency on a proprietary product line.

So if you've left those garden-variety applications behind, come to Intersystems and get a system that will grow as big as your next idea. Get it from the people who know small computers...your Computerland store...or other fine full service computer dealers.

Ithaca Intersystems Inc., 1650 Hanshaw Road

P.O. Box 91, Ithaca, N.Y. 14850.

Phone (607) 257-0190 TWX: 510 255 4346.

Z-80 is a trademark of Zilog, Inc.

PASCAL/Z MPU 8000 and InlerSyslems are trademarks ot Ithaca Intersystems. Inc

□ODfeD'ffiysfeDDD^

V^ Ithaca Intersystems Inc.

Micros for bigger ideas.

color-blind person as it is to a viewer with normal color vision. For those interested in further information, the book Seeing is an excellent reference on vision in general and stereopsis in particular. (See reference 4.)

A more recent and unique approach to presenting three-dimensional images is SpaceGraph, developed by Dr Larry Sher. His technique uses a vibrating mirror and a video display. The technique is to generate on the display two-dimensional "slices" of the three-dimensional object to be viewed. The slices are rapidly generated in synchronization with the dynamic motion of the mirror, the front slice being generated when the mirror is extended toward the viewer, the back slice when the mirror is concaved away from the viewer, and the intermediate slices as appropriate for the travel of the mirror between these extremes. The rapid sequence of images is fused by the viewer's visual system to give the illusion of a "space filling" object. (See reference 7.)

Those adventuresome souls who find three-dimensions insufficient for their purposes can use computer graphics as an aid for visualizing objects which, theoretically, exist in four or more dimensions. If you are interested in this area, Hypergraphics is a good introduction to the subject. (See reference 3.) The book includes hyperstereograms of such objects as hypercubes or tesseracts, hypercones, and other denizens of higher dimensions.

Animation is another technique that can assist in user comprehension of data. Often we are dealing with information gathered at discrete intervals over a period of time. Here, the problem of analyzing data is one of

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understanding what is occurring to the data elements over some length of time. Animation provides a looking glass into the time domain. Flowing, three-dimensional images can represent anything from an economic world model to a bridge under stress.

Hidden Benefits

There are times when animation provides the viewer with unexpected information—information which, in retrospect, was present but not readily discernible by any other method of examination. An interesting example of this situation involves the simulation of an internal combustion engine. The simulation, performed at a research laboratory, wrote out data in the conventional manner: stacks of numbers. At the same laboratory, some time after the engine simulation had been completed and used for experiments, a different group of researchers developed a computer-animation system. The engine simulation was selected as a good demonstration of the new graphics software, and a computer-generated film was produced. During the screening of the film it was noticed that small rectangular elements, used to represent idealized gas packets, displayed a strange, unexpected oscillation at their endpoints. Review of the animation software provided no explanation for this erratic behavior. Close examination of output from the original simulation revealed that the oscillations were indeed present. This fact had not been previously noticed because the information had been obscured by a combination of the tremendous amount of data, the smallness of the oscillation, and the extended period over which it occurred. What had in fact been found were acoustical-wave phenomena occurring within the cylinder of the engine, which could potentially be used for the development of more efficient engines. The events went unnoticed until a computer-generated movie was constructed.

In the 30 years since its beginnings, computergenerated graphics has grown steadily, but not spectacularly. Previously the costs of both the display and the computer resources needed to support graphic displays have limited the impact. Rapidly falling memory prices and television technology have renewed the interest in computer graphics. The combination of a television raster display and a memory-intensive, bit-mapped architecture makes possible a graphic system capable of providing full-color, dynamic images with previously unheard of realism and economy. "Micrograph, Part 1: Developing an Instruction Set for a Raster-Scan Display," describes the design and construction of a color-display processor that costs approximately $250 to build. (See page 64.) This is possible only because of the plummeting cost of hardware. This is a cost reduction of three orders of magnitude in 15 years, with color added for free I

Graphics Software

The advent of inexpensive graphics hardware has, not unexpectedly, spurred the development of graphics software. The traditional approach for supporting graphics has been to provide a collection of subroutines that perform the graphic-display functions. These subroutines are called from languages whose orientation is toward the manipulation of text and numerical data. This approach is fine if you only want to accumulate data and make a

10 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Qi What equipment can be used with the AIO?

A: A partial list of devices that have actually been tested

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A: Two PROM's that the user installs on the AIO card

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Q: How do I interface my new printer to my Apple using my AIO card?

A: Interconnection diagrams for many popular

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AIO Manual. If your printer is not mentioned,

please contact SSM's Technical Support Dept.

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Qi I want to use my Apple as a dumb terminal with a modem on a timesharing service like The Source. Can I do that with the AIO? A: Yes. A "Dumb Terminal Routine" is listed in the AIO Manual. It provides for full and

half duplex, and also checks for presence

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Qi What length cables are provided?

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ng and the Apple.

If you could talk to Orville Wright, he'd tell you the problems he faced as a turnof-the-century engineer. You could tell him all about the technological solutions available to today's engineer and scientist... particularly a 20th century phenomenon that tests assumptions and defines models before a project gets off the ground. The Apple personal computer.

Computation, calculation, analysis...the power to pilot your projects.

With a highly-integrated system from the extensive Apple personal computer family, Orville and brother Wilbur would have increased their productivity. Perhaps even launched the Kitty Hawk Flyer well before 1903.

An Apple in their hangar would have freed them from the time and tedium of crunching numbers by hand.

An Apple in your lab or office will give you the problem-solving capabilities you demand from a big computer.. without the time-consuming problems typical of remote processing.

But the Apple system solution doesn't stop there. It keeps on soaring with proven performance, power and expandability

Apple's existing software library includes a program that plots the shape of an airfoil, given its parameters.

that's unparalleled for analyzing alternative paths of design and modeling a wide variety of physical processes.

Want more memory? Depending on your choice of system, Apple has memory expandable to 64K bytes or 128K bytes. Prefer wide displays? Choose 40 or 80 characters. Need to control instruments in the lab? Get on the IEEE 488 bus. Over

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*P^ your own ""P* programs, the Apple also speaks in languages other than FORTRAN: Pascal, BASIC, PILOT and 6502 assembly language.

100 companies also supply peripherals for Apple because Apple is the most popular personal computer with the least complicated interface.

Want an efficient system of data storage and access? Apple's 5 xk" disk drive not only offers you increased application versatility, but high density (143K bytes), high speed and low cost. You can even add up to four or more drives to your Apple system. With proven reliability, no wonder it's the most popular drive on the market today.

Wilbur determined that birds didnt have to constantly flap their wings to fly. With an Apple, he could've determined the fixed-wing design of the Kitty Hawk Flyer much faster.

FORTRAN that helped to design a 20th century flying machine.

Fluent in the same language that helped to design the 747, Apple FORTRAN lets you tackle differential equations at the touch of a key. And since more than 170 companies also offer software for the Apple family, you can have one of the most impressive program libraries ever.. .including vast subroutine libraries for math, science, engineering and statistics. When you write

Where to learn more about Apple, the small-yet' serious solution.

Let your imagination soar with Apple. Discover the 20th century tool versatile enough to monitor quality controls and manufacturing schedules, orchestrate tolerance tests and determine alternative parts selection. Learn why Apple emerges as the technological leader of reliable personal computer products that increase your productivity.

Let the Apple dealer show you how, by putting the system of your choice through its paces. He'll tell you about our extended warranty, support and service. And he'll prove that a personal computer is not just a flight of fancy but a serious solution. Don't let history pass you by. Visit your nearest Apple dealer, or call 800-538-9696. In California, 800-662-9238.

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picture from it. The subroutine approach excludes the possibility of treating graphical objects as variables within the language, or using them within statements and expressions. Some research work has been done which includes the concept of graphical objects and operators within a language structure. To date, there have been a number of different approaches to the problem of handling graphical objects. Deeply intertwined in the problem is our fundamental lack of understanding of how to provide graphics support. Viewed from the perspective of a language, what fundamental primitives must be provided? What are the appropriate data types? How are expressions constructed? What operators need to be provided? The list of unknowns goes on and on. "Language Control Structures for Easy Electronic Visualization," by Dr Tom DeFanti, addresses this area. (See page 90.) Some examples of other, experimental, graphics languages are given in references 2 and 5. SHAZAM (Smalltalk's sHaded imAge Zippy Animated Moviemaker) is an interesting animated-movie language written in Smalltalk. (See reference 1.) In no way does this list exhaust the progress that has been made in graphics languages, but rather it reflects a small sampling of recent work.

All the aspects of graphics we have discussed allow us to construct windows into universes, real or imaginary. Computer graphics is exciting because with this tool we can witness the unraveling of a DNA molecule, or the collision of galaxies. We can watch the structure of the universe as it expands from the moment of the theoretical big bang, or, reversing entropy, see it collapse into the primordial particle. We can plot a mathematical function, view an economic trend, or travel faster than light to where robotic insects populate metallic worlds. Best of all, we can make it all seem real, because we can see itla

References

Baecker, R. "A Conversational Extensible System for the Animation of Shaded Images." Computer Graphics, Volume 10, Number 2, Summer 1976.

Bergman, S and A Kaufman. "BGRAF 2: A Real-Time Graphics Language With Modular Objects and Implicit Dynamics." Computer Graphics, Volume 10, Number 2, Summer 1976.

3. Brisson, D (editor). Hypergraphics — Visualizing Complex Relationships in Art, Science and Technology. Westview Press, 1978.

4. Frisby, J. Seeing. New York: Oxford University Press, 1980.

5. Gonzales, C and J Vial. "GRAL — A Graphic Computer Language for Intelligent Terminals." Proceedings of the Conference on Computer Graphics, Pattern Recognition and Data Structures, May 1975.

6. Myers, W. "Computer Graphics: A Two Way Street." Computer, July 1980.

7. Shershow, H. "Realistic Spatial Display." Digital Design, June 1980.

Walters, T and W Harris. "Graphics in Depth." BYTE, Volume 3, Number 5, May 1978, page 16.

2.

8

Articles Policy

BYTE is continually seeking quality manuscripts written by individuals who are applying personal computer systems, designing such systems, or who have knowledge which will prove useful to our readers. For a more formal description of procedures and requirements, potential authors should send a large (9 by 12 inch, 30.5 by 22.8 cm), self-addressed envelope, with 28 cents US postage affixed, to BYTE Author's Guide, 70 Main St, Peterborough NH 03458.

Articles which are accepted are purchased with a rate of up to $50 per magazine page, based on technical quality and suitability for BYTE's readership. Each month, the authors of the two leading articles in the reader poll (BYTE's Ongoing Monitor Box or "BOMB") are presented with bonus checks of $100 and $50. Unsolicited materials should be accompanied by full name and address, as well as return postage.

14 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Circle 8 on inquiry card.

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Letters

Moore Praise Comes FORTH

If FORTH is trickery, give me more trickery.

In my view, FORTH is a commonsense approach to programming. Granted, there are also bits of pure genius thrown in.

It makes sense to put all the routines used by the operating system, compiler, parser, editor, etc, in one dictionary conveniently accessible to the user at all times. That is, if they will fit. One of the bits of genius of FORTH is that they do indeed fit with room to spare for user-defined routines. The result is instant liberation from the "systems man" who tries but can't please everyone. It is your computer, and with FORTH you have access to everything on it.

It makes sense to use a stack to pass parameters between routines and to separate this stack from the returnaddress stack. You end up with a language that is designed to compute rather than to be read. Every step in FORTH is directed toward computing a result. FORTH is a sequence of com

mands rather than statements as found in BASIC or Pascal. The functions of computing and documentation are separated. Hence I strongly disagree with Gregg Williams' advice (see August 1980 BYTE, page 130) that the user should introduce intermediate variables to improve readability. I concur with his objective, but I would encourage their use only in the commentary where they belong. There is no point to introducing unnecessary variables in the computing process. In the commentary, intermediate variables can and should be used very effectively to help describe the computations that are occurring on the stack without interfering with the process

While FORTH takes away the expository statement, it does give back an important documenting feature, namely relative ease in preparing precise common-language definitions of each routine. All FORTH routines have a describable goal, and most of the action takes place on the stack. Hence FORTH routines tend to be simpler to describe. I have never seen a glossary for a language or operating system that comes

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even close to the completeness and conciseness of the fig-FORTH glossary supplied by the FORTH Interest Group. It is a gem, a complete English-language description of FORTH. Every routine on the computer is concisely defined in English.

You have to have faith that taking the sacred function of documenting out of the language and turning it over to the user to do as he sees fit will work. After a while, you begin to wonder if Milton Friedman didn't write FORTH for his television series Free to Choose.

Finally, it makes sense to give the programmer a shot at controlling the compiler, especially when the compiler has access to all the routines of the system. C H Moore has shown with FORTH that compilers do not have to be large inflexible systems which try to take into account every eventuality and really can't do it. The result of this bit of FORTH trickery is a powerful compiler so tiny that it can be made interactive and used on line with no batch processing, linking loader, or other monstrosity which we are accustomed to associate with a compiler.

How small (or big) is tiny? The figFORTH system supplied by the FORTH Interest Group for the 6502 contains 220 primitive routines (not including the Editor or Assembler) that occupy a total of 6221 bytes. By my count, 34 of these routines are compiler functions, and they occupy a total of 982 bytes. My guess is that this is an order of magnitude smaller than other compilers of comparable power. That is trickery.

If there ever is a contest for the alltime ingenious software development, I would like to nominate C H Moore's best, the { ;CODE } routine and/or its logical extension { <BUILDS ... DOES> }.

Edgar H Fey Jr Edgar H Fey Jewelers Inc 1156 Fox Valley Ctr Aurora IL 60505

Flash: Magic Exists!

I was delighted to see an issue of BYTE devoted to FORTH. As a user of and tinkerer with STOIC for 5 years, I heartily agree with the various authors' ravings about the extensibility, flexibility, and increase in productivity provided by FORTH. I was, however, amused at the many ways in which postfix (reverse-Polish) notation was rational

16 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 9 on Inquiry caro.

In late 1978, Intertec conceived the idea of the InterTube Video Display Terminal. Since that time, we've greatly enhanced its operation with the addition of many new exciting features. But perhaps the most significant announcement in the InterTube line of video terminals is our new InterTube III.

The new $895* InterTube III obsoletes dumb terminals and out-performs the smart ones. Powerful standard features include: a full 24 line by 80 character display, 128 upper and lower case ASCII characters, reverse video, complete cursor addressing and control, an 18 key numeric pad, userdefined function keys, blinking, a self-test mode, protected and unprotected fields, below-the-line descenders, automatic key repeat, twin RS232 serial ports and character and line insert/delete. Incredible!

'Quantity One • Dealer inquiries invited

InterTube III also boasts newly designed processor, video and power supply circuits. All in all, the InterTube III is what we believe to be the most powerful, reliable video terminal available today. And it costs less than its predecessor - our popular InterTube II.

InterTube III users will appreciate the many painstaking hours of human engineering which insure effortless operation without operator fatigue. InterTube Ill's new high resolution, non-glare CRT provides the sharpest possible display image. And our newly designed keyboard has that expensive "feel" you normally find only on terminals costing two to three times as much. But, most importantly, the InterTube III features state-of-the art design with just three easily removable modules. So, with only a common screwdriver, servicing is a snap!

Better yet, we've got a nationwide service network with outlets located in over 50 cities to provide fast and efficient on-site or depot maintenance. Pius, an extended warranty program is also available.

If you're an existing InterTube user, you no doubt have discovered the exceptional value the InterTube really is. And, if you're not, why not call or write us today for the name and address of your nearest InterTube III dealer. Intertec video terminals are distributed worldwide and may be available in your area now.

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Circle 10 on Inquiry card.

ized as being a better or more efficient way to do things even though it renders programs "write only" or at best difficult to read.

Since maintainability of programs becomes even more critical when productivity is increased tenfold or more, I feel that the requirement of postfix notation by FORTH is a serious shortcoming. There is nothing mystical about postfix notation; all compilers and interpreters must eventually reach this form because that is the order in which the computer must carry out its operations.

Over the past two years Jeff Morris and I have added various superstructures onto FORTH (one per application) that

attempted to combine the better features of Pascal (eg: record structures, algebraic notation) with the power and flexibility of FORTH. The outcome of all of these experiments was a conceptual breakthrough which resulted in the invention of Magic. Magic has all the advantages of FORTH, plus, Magic programs are readable (thus maintainable).

For example, the FORTH (or Magic) statement:

B@ C@ + A@ * A!

can also be written in Magic as:

A: = A*(B + C)

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and in fact compiles in three fewer words (since the @s are not needed), and the FORTH (or Magic) statement:

A® B@ = IF

can also be written in Magic as:

IF(A.EQ.B)

Magic is a major enhancement to the basic compilation structure of FORTH (a metaFORTH), not simply an add-on superstructure. Magic programs typically compile more slowly (due to the increased complexity of the compiler) but require less memory and run faster than equivalent FORTH programs.

The concept of metaFORTH is discussed briefly in the article by Kim Harris. (See "FORTH Extensibility: or How to Write a Compiler in Twentyfive Words or Less," August 1980 BYTE, page 164.) This is the direction of the future and will be the source of some super-powerful programming tools in the next decade. Magic is a first step in that direction.

I hope and expect that new metaFORTH languages such as Magic will be developed so that FORTH users can have their cake and eat it too. The time has come to stop justifying the unreadability of postfix notation.

Arnold Epstein PhD

Director, Software Development

Octek Inc

7 Corporate PI

S Bedford St

Burlington MA 01803

Needs Tektronix Secrets

Can a BYTE reader help me? I have a Tektronix 4051 computer which came with a BASIC interpreter. Some of my programs must run faster, and I would like to rewrite them in machine code. Tektronix states that machine code is unsupported on the 4051 and suggests spending another $10,500 for a faster Model 4052. Someone somewhere is programming the 4051 in machine code, as "Space Tag" on the demonstration tape is in machine code and runs incredibly faster than ordinary BASIC programs.

Richard Daily 800 Charlesgate Dr St Louis MO 63122

Information Please

I recently acquired a Video Brain home computer built by A Umtech Company. The serial number is 003087 and the model number is 101A. It was built in either Santa Clara or Sunnyvale,

18 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 11 on Inquiry card.

Circle 12 on inquiry card.

ountain Computer

can now

EXPAND

Your Apple II Peripheral Capacity

EXPANSION CHASSIS

Quality You Expect

Eight more slots for your Apple! Now you can bank-select eight more peripheral slots with immediate or deferred software commands—like having up to 16 peripheral cards "on line"—or use the Select/Deselect switch mounted on the front panel. Expansion Chassis' heavy-duty power supply is primarily for peripherals, without the heavy demand of motherboard support chips required in your Apple. This means much more power is available for peripherals than in your Apple itself! If you've run out of room in your Apple—Expansion Chassis is your answer. Drop by your Apple dealer for a demonstration, or contact Mountain Computer for the location of the dealer nearest you.

Performance You Demand

• Eight mirror image I/O slots of the Apple

• Fully buffered, bi-directional data lines

• Apple II compatible interface card

• Dual selection capability; hardware or software

• Immediate or deferred selection in software mode

• From BASIC, a single POKE command turns the chassis ON or OFF

• Compatible with all software

• Dedicated power supply with approved power transformer

23 Mountain Computer

4£| INCORPORATED*

300 Harvey West Blvd., Santa Cruz, CA 95060 (408) 429-8600 TWX 910 598-4504

California. I understand it has a Fairchild F-8 8-bit microprocessor. It has 1 K bytes of programmable memory and 4 K bytes of read-only memory.

What I am looking for are cartridge programs, which have a 45-terminal bus, the expander sets, or anything that would be interchangeable. Also, any information or leads would be gratefully appreciated by me and my friends.

Richard L Rowland

7072 Kenwood

Us Vegas NV 89117

An Overlooked FORTH Vendor

The staff at Datricon Corporation was both delighted and disappointed with the August 1980 BYTE. Our delight stems from the extensive coverage of the language FORTH and Charles H Moore's interesting article, 'The Evolution of FORTH, an Unusual Language," page 76.

However, we were disappointed with BYTE's failure to mention Datricon's ACS 12-PRO or Datricon's 4 K D-FORTH. Datricon's implementation of FORTH resides in 4 K bytes of EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory), produces code that can be placed into ROM (read-only memory), and provides for interrupt handling and the automatic setting of the data-transfer rate. Our ACS 12-PRO, with D-FORTH and the STD BUS interface, is a very powerful 6800-based single-board computer. A development package is also available for generating application EPROMs.

Jed W Heald, President Datricon Corporation 7911 NE 33rd Dr Suite 200 Portland OR 97211

We at BYTE were surprised to find additional FORTH vendors advertising in our August 1980 issue. Other vendors include Rockwell International (for the AIM microcomputer, see page 67 of the August 1980 BYTE), Kenyan Microsystems (for 6809 systems, see page 104 of the same issue), Sirius Systems (for the Radio Shack TRS-80, see page 171), Quality Software (for the Exidy Sorcerer, see page 208), Eric Rehnke (for the KIM, SYM, and AIM computers, see page 290), the Software Farm (for the TRS-80, see page 292), and Professional Management Services (for the Alpha Micro, see page 294). FORTH vendors not listed in the August 1980 BYTE are invited to submit a twoparagraph product release, which will be published in a future BYTE "What's New?" column....GW

20 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

FORTH Is Better Than LISP, He Cs

Unlike BYTE's earlier issue on LISP, the August issue on FORTH did an excellent job in making this intriguing language readily understood. The articles did not come right out and say that FORTH is so machine-efficient due to the user preprocessing his logic into postfix notation, but most readers should realize this.

Although I can tolerate that sort of notation for a desk calculator, it is unbearable for computer data processing. Although the C language is philosophically different, it is a threaded language which is much preferable.

Dick Sims

185 Freeman St, Apt 951

Brookline MA 02146

Check Out a Computer

I always look forward to the new issue of BYTE and was especially eager to read the July 1980, Computers and Education issue. Arthur Luehrmann's article, "Computer Illiteracy—A National Crisis and a Solution for It," page 88, struck home on a point with which I wholeheartedly agree: "this country's general public is woefully ill-prepared to live and work in the Age of Information."

I was, however, disturbed by the fact that the role of public libraries was never mentioned. Public libraries are in a unique position to help solve the problem: they serve people of all ages, regardless of educational background; they are generally open more hours than schools; they are, perhaps more than any other institution, vitally interested in an information-aware public; they specialize in providing access to information, and they are free.

Many public libraries have microcomputers available for public use and provide a complement of interactive programs for individuals to learn with. Libraries that have done this report extensive and enthusiastic use of the equipment.

It's a sorry fact that most people have just never had the opportunity to even see a computer system. Until the opportunity to see, touch, and use computers is afforded, computers will remain shrouded in mystery for the vast majority of people of all ages. The public library is one of the best hopes we have to alleviate this problem.

Carlton A Sears

Adult Services Coordinator

Asheville-Buncombe Library System

67 Haywood St

Asheville NC 28801

Letters continued on page 122

Circle 13 on Inquiry card. >

A growing line of tools to expand the Appl

7440* Programmable Interrupt Timer Module. Time events in four operating modes—continuous, single shot, frequency comparison, and pulse width comparison. Includes three 16-bit interval timers, plus flexible patch area for external interface. Programmable interrupts, on-board ROM, and much more.

7720A Parallel Interface.Two bi-directional 8-bit I/O ports will connect your Apple to a variety of parallel devices, including printers, paper tape equipment, current relays, external on/off devices. Full featured, programmable interrupts, supports DMA daisy chaining.

7811B Arithmetic Processor. Interfaces with Applesoft, so you just plug in and run. Based on the AM 9511 device, provides full 16/32-bit arithmetic, floating point, trigonometric, logarithmic, exponential functions. Programmed I/O data transfer, much, much more.

7710A Asynchronous Serial Interface. Conforming to RS-232-C A thru E1978 standard, this card will drive a variety of serial devices such as CRT terminals, printers, paper tape devices, or communicate with any standard RS-232 device, including other computers. Full hand-shaking, and fully compatible with Apple PASCAL!

7470A 3% BCD A/D Converter. Converts a DC voltage to a BCD number for computerized monitoring and analysis. Typical inputs include DC inputs from temperature or pressure transducers. Single channel A/D, 400 ms per conversion.

7490A 6PIB IEEE 488 Interface. A true implementation of the IEEE 488 standard—the standard protocol for instrumentation and test devices. Control and monitor test instruments such as digital voltmeters, plotters, function generators, or any other device using the IEEE 488.

7114A PROM Module. Permits the addition to or replacement of Apple n firmware without removing the Apple II ROMs. Available with on-board enable/disable toggle switch.

7900 A Wire Wrap Board. For prototyping your own designs.

7510A Solder Board.

7590A Extender Board.

701SA16K Dynamic Memory Add-On.

Watch this space for new CCS products for the Apple. We've got some real surprises in the works. To find out more about the CCS product line, visit your local computer retailer. The CCS product line is available at over 250 locations nationally, including most that carry the Apple. Or circle the reader service number on this ad.

Apple II, Apple II Plus, and Applesoft are trademarks of the Apple Corporation.

CCS makes the difference

We see the Apple a little di"

''-'%■

We see it as a good way to get things done.

Apple has built a great computer. We at CCS have built a great line of peripherals and components to expand the Apple. To do almost anything you want to get done with a computer.

If you want to do business with an Apple, we've got tools to connect the Apple to standard business printers and terminals. Or to modems, for communications over telephone lines, with other computers, even with other Apples.

If you want to apply your Apple to engineering, scientific, or graphic projects, we've got tools for high-powered,

high-speed math functions, and fast, high resolution graphics. And tools to connect the Apple to lab test equipment like function generators or plotters.

And we have tools to connect the Apple to the outside world, including A/D converters and interval timers with external interface.

We make components for the S-100 bus, the PET, and the TRS-80, too. We built our products to deliver hardnosed value to the OEM, and to the inventor who knows the best, at prices that are unbeaten.

To find out how much computer your Apple II can be, see things our way. Because for serious users with serious uses for the Apple, we've got the tools.

California Computer Systems

250 Caribbean Sunnyvale, CA 94086 (408)734-5811

The

Future of Computer Graphics

Bruce Eric Brown

and

Stephen Levine

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

University of California

POB808

Livermore CA 94550

Predicting the future can place one in a very precarious position. Although technology is moving forward at such a pace that it is almost impossible to look a long way down the road, we do have a good idea of what the near-future trends will be. So here I will discuss where the trends in computer-generated graphics are headed.

Computer graphics is the fastestgrowing segment of the computer industry. Although many existing computer's already have graphics capabilities, the future is even brighter. Since personal computer users will make up the largest percentage of the computer graphics market, the standard color television receiver will be the most common

Editor's note:

It was only 5 years ago when the first annual computer graphics show was held. The Philadelphia show was sponsored by SIGGRAPH (the Association for Computing Machinery's Special Interest Group on Computer Graphics). At that time, the show attracted ten vendors and a few hundred visitors. SIGGRAPH-80, which was held this summer in Seattle, brought to that city over 100 vendors, about 6000 visitors, and filled twenty-four times the space of SIGGRAPH-75. So you can surmise how the the computer graphics field will continue to grow....SM

display device. Research is continually going on in video-generation techniques, and we can expect the quality of video images to improve dramatically.

Also on the horizon is the use of networks. Best of all, the price of graphics systems should continue to fall, and as they do, the number of applications will increase drastically.

Three Dimensions

This is an exciting time for experimentation with computer

graphics. Looking into our crystal video display, we can see many changes coming within the next few years. True three-dimensional displays will become common. Researchers will finally be able to see their models in three dimensions without the need of special glasses, stereo pairs, or by viewing twodimensional projections.

Already in existence are integral hologram displays made from computer-generated images. (An example is shown in photo 9.) The

22 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

holograms are made by photographing 1080 computergenerated images on 35mm film and transferring them to the hologram. In a few years it will be possible to generate these directly; we might even see a laser-driven, computercontrolled, holographic-image output device.

There are currently several methods in use for displaying threedimensional television images, but the most promising uses an interlaced television picture. The even scan lines

display an image for viewing with the right eye and the odd scan lines have an image for the left eye. The screen is viewed through a pair of glasses whose lenses are made with PLZT (lead lanthanum zirconate titanate) ceramic. Voltage pulses synchronized with the display of the odd and even fields darken the left and right lenses alternately. As a result, the viewer sees a true three-dimensional image. Photo 10 is a composite view of a display showing the images for both the left and right eyes.

Photo 1: A computer-generated composite view of a DNA molecule using both ball-and-stick and space-filling models. Using keyboard control, the configuration of the model can be changed and it can be rotated in any direction. Such models are already assisting scientists in their research and will have an even bigger role in the coming years. Photo courtesy of Nelson Max, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.

Photo 2: Computer-generated art by Los Angeles artist David M. As you can see, computer graphics could revolutionize the world of art.

Photo 3: A perspective view of a twodimensional array of numbers. Photo courtesy of Melvin L Prueitt, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. Photo 4: Census data plotted to show population changes. This is an example of the type of material which could be available on a computer network with wide-band capabilities, such as cable television. Courtesy of Edward Zimmerman, White House.

Photo 5: A ground-level view of a computer-generated airport scene used in a real-time flight simulator. Photo courtesy of Marconi Radar Systems.

Raster-Scan Displays

Low-priced memory will also change the look of computer graphics. Up to the present, the market has been dominated by storage tubes and calligraphic (ie: stroke-writing) displays; however, raster-scan displays can be refreshed from a frame buffer of semiconductor memory. Therefore, in the coming years, we can expect the graphicterminal market to be dominated by raster-scan devices. The standard display will be a color television receiver connected as a mircoprocessor-controlled intelligent terminal. The cost of some of these graphics terminals will be at or near the cost of a modern color television receiver.

Raster-scan color television will probably be the graphics standard for the following reasons:

• The US video standard is well established.

• It has a large industry supporting it.

• The cost of developing another standard is prohibitive.

• The great numbers of personal computer users will help determine the trend. Why buy a color output monitor when you already have one or several available at home?

November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 23

Top-of-the-line video displays will include devices with 1000-line resolution (already available) as well as a number with 2000-line resolution. The cost of these will be significantly higher than that of a modern color television receiver.

On a raster-scan display, each dot on the screen is known as a picture element or pixel. Since each pixel is displayed 30 times a second, the image generator must either generate 30 Hz or store the pixel intensities in memory. Frame-buffer systems usually use dual-ported memory which both stores the image and refreshes the display.

To simplify things, let's assume a square picture with the standard 500 lines and each line containing 500 pixels. To display a completely blackand-white line image with no shades of gray we would need 250,000 (500 by 500) bits or 32 K bytes of memory. In order to display gray levels, the number of bits used for each pixel must be increased. To display color, we either divide the number of bits available among the three primary colors (red, green, and blue) or use a color map. A color map takes each pixel value stored and outputs the three intensities: the most common method is to use 1 byte input and 3 byte output. The number of colors which can be displayed is the product of the number of output intensities for each color. At a given time, only a subset, which is limited by the input values, can be displayed. If we use 8 bits in, 24 bits out, we can display any 256 colors of the 16,777,216 available.

In the near future we should be seeing 2000-line resolution systems with 24 bits per pixel (1 byte for each of the three primary colors and 12 bits per color in the map). 12 megabytes of memory would be needed for such a l system. With memory prices expected to continue to fall, in about 5 years the major cost element of such a system would be the monitor and electronics.

Vector Displays

Although it appears that rasterscan displays will

24 November 1980 © BYTE Publi

have the major share of the graphics market, line-drawing (ie: vectordisplay) systems will continue to grow, though at a slower rate. There are basically two types of linedrawing systems: the storage tube and the refresh calligraphic writer.

Storage tubes available today have higher resolution and greater image stability than most refresh systems. One disadvantage of the storage tube

Photo 6 (above): An example of the computer-generated graphics used to train space-shuttle pilots at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. Photo 7 (below): The control panel for an experimental fusion reactor at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Transparent touch panels mounted over the color video displays have eliminated most switches. To control the reactor, the operators need only to touch the screen over the desired control area shown on the screen. Photo courtesy of Glenn Spreckert.

is the lack of selective erasure. In order to remove one line the entire screen must be erased and redrawn. With refresh displays the line is removed from the display list and the line is redrawn on the next refresh cycle.

Calligraphic displays can display about 20,000 three-dimensional vectors or 100,000 two-dimensional vectors at 30 Hz. In the next few years we can also expect a doubling of these capacities.

Raster-scan display buffers can also be used to display vector images and should begin to replace calligraphic displays as faster hardware becomes available. Many users will probably prefer the somewhat slower speed of the raster scan since they are able to display continuous-tone color images.

Input

One tool which should see much use in the future is a transparent touch panel mounted over the face of a video screen. As shown in photo 7, an automated nuclear-reactor control room is one of the many possible applications. (Note the lack of switches.)

Hard Copy

Currently, one of the major problems of graphic terminal users is how to satisfactorily get hard-copy output. The most common method is to use a camera to take a picture of the video screen. A device is also available which records the video output directly on film. Both of these methods leave much to be desired. The final solution may not necessarily come from the manufacturers of graphic terminals. The goal of copying machine companies is a dry method of putting a color image on a piece of paper (like the current, dry black-and-whiteimage method). At present, the device with the highest-quality color output is the film recorder. For raster output devices, the resolution of current recorders is 4000 by 4000 pixels, each with a range of 256 intensities. These devices use

Circle 14 on inquiry card. —

Hard and Fast...

...Bulk Storage from Industrial Micro Systems

THE NEW MODEL 16

The new Industrial Micro Systems Model 16 Hard Disk Subsystem is a "fixed-removable" high speed, bulk storage device providing from 32 megabytes (32 million characters) to 96 megabytes of on-line storage for the Industrial Micro Systems 8000 or Series 5000 microcomputer systems. The Model 16 includes a credenza enclosure that provides a quiet, strong and attractive package for office or industrial applications where large memory is required. The Model 16 also includes a fully buffered DMA S-100 bus controller for fast and easy interfacing.

WINCHESTER TECHNOLOGY WITH BUILT-IN BACKUP

The Model 16 includes a 16 megabyte removable

cartridge and a 16, 48, or 80

megabyte fixed media that employs Winchester 3340 technology. Files and programs may be copied between the fixed media and the removable cartridge for fast, easy backup and archival storage.

FAST ACCESS

The interface between the Model 16 hard disk and the

Industrial Micro Systems computer is provided by the Hard Disk Controller. The Hard Disk Controller utilizes Direct Memory Access (DMA) for fast data transfer with minimum processor intervention. The maximum data transfer rate is 1.2 megabytes per second and the controller fully buffers the data, a sector at a time, to and from the disk. Available in 220 V, 50 HZ Versions

Now you don't have to look hard for fast computing power. Contact your Industrial Micro Systems Dealer today.

INDUSTRIAL MICRO SYSTEMS

Marketing Manufacturing

628 N. Eckhoff, Orange, CA 92668 2800 Lockheed Way, Carson City, NV 89701

(714) 978-6966 (702) 883-7611

See us at Comdex '80 Nov. 18-21, 1980 Las Vegas Convention Center.

as many as seven filters and multiple passes are made on the film to create full-color images. Additive-color red,

Photo 8: A problem in hydrodynamics illustrated through the use of computer graphics. The photo is part of a series illustrating a steel rod impacting a steel plate. Color changes represent areas of varying stress. In the future, such graphics will be widely used in education. Photo courtesy of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.

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Photo 9: Integral hologram of a molecule created by photographing 1080 computergenerated images on 35mm film and then transferring them to a hologram. In the future computers will be able to generate holograms directly. Photo courtesy of Donald L Vickers, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.

green, and blue filters or subtractivecolor yellow, cyan, and magenta filters are used. In both systems, the seventh color is neutral for plotting black-and-white images. We can expect to see more of these recorders available in the near future, and some of the stripped-down models should be available at lower prices.

Another group of devices which fit into this category of film output are COM (computer-output-on-microfilm) devices. Many of those currently available have graphic capability as well as variable intensity. At the present time, COM devices are mainly used for alphanumeric-fiche output. Currently only black-and-white machines are available, although color-fiche machines are expected to be produced in the future. The most important consideration is the need for high-quality, large-format color images. The resolution of current COMs is about 32,000 by 32,000 pixels. Although higher resolution is theoretically possible, such devices will not be produced until a need for them is demonstrated.

Laser recorders may soon capture a portion of the expanding graphics market. Since a laser beam has much more energy to deposit on film than a CRT (ie: video display) image, laser recorders will be much faster than existing methods. On a modern film recorder, one full-intensity pass at 4000 by 4000 pixels takes about 1 minute. To record the same amount of data, the laser requires 1 second or less. The energy of a laser beam is great enough that a split beam could record up to five copies at the same time.

A current weak link in laser systems is the deflection systems. Although solid-state methods are being developed, rotating mirrors are used today. Another drawback with any system that uses film is that unless users have their own processing facilities, film development takes at least 24 hours and sometimes much longer.

The Xerox 6500 color copier can be interfaced to a number of terminals for image-recording, or it can be connected to computers for direct output. Ink-jet plotters, printers with color ribbons, and flat bed-drum plotters with color pens are included in this class of output devices. Continued improvements in speed and color reproduction can be expected.

The brightest future is for the video

disk. Today, these devices can hold 50 minutes (180,000 frames) of video per disk. Although the initial cost is high, the great number of frames available makes this device the ideal output and storage medium.

Computers — The Future

Although so far I've concentrated on graphics hardware, what about the future of the beast behind the display — the computer?

It seems likely that within a few years the home computer user will have a choice of several 32-bit virtual machines with at least a million words of expandable, central memory, and 100 million words of disk space. This type of system will be ideal for a color-frame buffer system.

Applications

Since pictures are a very efficient means of communication, the future applications of computer graphics are virtually unlimited. Photo 6 is a photograph of computer-generated graphics used to train space-shuttle pilots. Within the next few years, games and simulations with graphics of nearly the same quality will be available to the personal computer user. The PLZT glasses described earlier will be used to provide threedimensional images for the would-be space-shuttle or 747 pilot. You can also expect the technology to be put to use in amusement parks. The Disneyland people have already used computer-generated graphics in some of their attractions and are continuing to develop them for future use.

Networks

There are a number of advantages to having your own, isolated personal computer, but connecting it to a network opens up a vast new world. Networks designed specifically for personal computer users, such as The Source, are already in existence. Unfortunately, the narrow bandwidth of conventional voice-grade telephone lines severely limits graphic capabilities.

One future possibility is the use of cable television for networks with graphic capabilities. Cable is increasingly available in all but the most rural areas and has wide bandwidth, portions of which are not used. Personal computer users could tap into this resource and use the extra bandwidth for local communication nets.

Another possibility is to have the

26 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 15 on inquiry card.

ATARI: PERSONAL

COMPUTER SYSTEMS THAT

GROW WITH YOU

\

Start with a better computer.

Atari computers have built-in capabilities you can't even add onto many other personal computers. Three programming formats (ROM irtridge, disk and cassette). A 57 key ipper/lower case ASCII keyboard with 29 keystroke graphics symbols. 128 colors and hues. Four separate sound channels and a built-in speaker. Four controller ports. A built-in RF

©1980, Atari, Inc.

O A Warner Communications Company

Atari reserves the right to make changes to products or programs without notice.

modulator and FCC approval for connection to any TV Plus, nationwide j^. Atari Authorized Service Centers. And more.

Add memory. The ATARI

800™ is supplied with 16K of memory. You can 'expand up to a full 48K of \M with 8K or 16K Memory : Modules™ you install yourself. In less than a minute. The ATARI 400's™ 8K of RAM may be expanded to 16K at Authorized Service Centers. Both may be expanded to 26K of ROM with slip-in ROM cartridge programs.

Add peripherals. The ATARI 410™ audio-digital program recorder. Single or dual density* disk drives. The ATARI 800 individually addresses up to four drives. Add the ATARI 850' RS232 Interface Module. Add high speed 40 or 8o-column printers. Add an acoustic modem for remote data access. Add a light pen* And there are more Atari peripherals on the way.

ATARI

Add programs. Choose among dozens of programs in Atari's rapidly expanding software library. Programs categories include:

• Personal Finance & Record Keeping

• Personal Interest & Development

• Professional Applications

• Education

• Information & Communication

• Entertainment

• Programming Languages

• Small Business Accounting

Add It up. With Atari, you start with more. And you can build to more. Because Atari offers you personal computer systems that grow with you. Ask your Atari retailer to give you a full demonstration of Atari computers, peripherals

and programs. Complete systems.

Because when other people were thinking hardware and software, Atari was thinking systems.

•Available Fall, 1980

PERSONAL COMPUTERS

1265 Borregas Avenue, Sunnyvale, CA 94086

Call toll-free (800) 538-8547 (Except Alaska and Hawaii) (In California: (800) 672-1404) for the name of your nearest Atari retailer.

Circle 16 on inquiry card.

Z8QOO

The System X8000 MICRO-MINI™ based on the 16-bit Zilog Z8000 processor is available for immediate delivery.

FEATURES (partial list)

• Zilog Z8000 CPU

• Intel Multibus compatible

• Unique memory management system allows up to 16 megabytes of memory

• Optional 9511 arithmetic processor

• 8-level vectored + non-maskable interrupts

• Two programable timers

• On-board monitor ROM option

• Full "Multimaster" capabilities allow multiple processors and/or DMA devices on the same bus

• Flexible and/or hard disk controller

• Powerful disk-based operating system

• Memory boards: 16K, 32K, 48K, 64K, 96K, 128K

• 15-slot backplane

• Heavy-duty switching power supply

• Industrial quality throughout

Prices start from $998. System discounts. Call for prices on complete custom systems.

SYSTEM X9020

(CPU Manual $19.95)

$4195

» The SUPER-MICRO'" READY TO RUN

SYSTEM FEATURES (partial list) PmcsI MICROENGINE" X9000

• 16bitP-codeCPU

• 64K bytes RAM/Full DMA

• Floppy disk controller (SS or DS)

• Floating point hardware (IEEE standard)

• System software with enhancements

• 2 serial, 2 parallel ports

• Pascal compiler,text editors, file manager,

CPU & memory diagnostics, symbolic Pascal debugger, linker, utilities and more Floppy Disk Drive* (2)

• 1M combined memory

• Double density, single sided ■ Standard 8" diskettes

• 6 ms track to track

$900*

With CPU

MODEL X-920

DISPLAY/EDIT TERMINAL

'LIMITED TIMF cash price. 10% DOWN guarantees

priority. Master Charge & VISA cards accepted. System discounts

ADM3A f plus RGgraphics (512x256)...$1995

NEC Spinwriter 5510 or 5530 w/trac 2895

Anadex DP-9500 printer (60dpi) 1595

X-912 CRT (less 18 function keys) 799

P-E 550 CRT ("Bantam") 740

Siemens standard 8" drive (ss/sd-dd).... 399

312 684-3183

^f™ COMPUTEX

^^k \ Microcomputer Syitoms V

Microcomputer Syitem

5710 Dw»l, Chicago, IL 60637

Photo 10: Interlaced left-eye and right-eye view of a computer-generated image of an aircraft carrier. The image is viewed in three dimensions when the user wears glasses with lenses made of PLZT (lead lanthanum zirconate titanate) ceramic. The lenses by the right and left are darkened alternately by voltage pulses synchronized to the display. Photo courtesy of John A Roese and Larry E McCleary, the Naval Ocean Systems Center.

cable-television company provide a main computer to control the network and act as a data base. The range of services which could be provided is virtually limitless. An example is shown in photo 4, where census data has been plotted to show population changes.

Exploring the Future

Computer graphics have exciting possibilities as an artistic medium. It's been said that computer-generated color graphics will revolutionize art in the same way that acrylics changed the world of artists who once worked with oil paints. Photo 2 shows computer-generated art by Los Angeles artist David M.

The simulators discussed earlier will also be widely used by filmmakers. Special effects, instead of being animated one frame at a time, could be programmed and filmed in real time. For instance, a director could ask for an airport scene on a clear day, as in photo 5. By changing a parameter, the same scene could be created on a foggy day.

The motion picture industry is in the forefront of developing and using sophisticated systems for computergenerated graphics. Increasingly higher levels of realism will be created in the future and the time-consuming

tasks of creating special effects and editing will be performed using laser scanner/recorders and video disks. In terms of dollars, the movies will be one of the largest users of computer graphics for the near future.

Applications, as we've seen, are limited only by our present imaginations. Photo 1 shows a computergenerated composite view of a DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecule using both ball-and-stick and spacefilling models. Such displays will speed up the rate of research. The molecule model can be rotated, changed in configuration, and taken home for the scientist to use on his personal computer.

Classroom displays will greatly surpass the audio-visual methods commonly used today. Photo 8 shows a hydrodynamic problem with impact calculations displayed through color changes. A computer display of this sort could be created and updated in the midst of a lecture.

In the wide world of computergraphic applications, we have only scratched the surface. ■

28 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

THE UNBEATABLE S-100 MEMORY

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That's the MEASUREMENT systems & controls DMB Series of S-100 bus memory modules, fully compatible with ALPHA MICRO, CROMEMCO, NORTH STAR, MP/M, and most other S-100 systems.

Definitely a winner, the DMB Series is available with Bank Select (DMB6400) or without (DM6400) and utilizes industrial quality construction, provides outstanding reliability, and is backed by dedicated customer service and a one year guarantee.

The DMB6400 uses I/O port addressing for the bank select feature. A switch provides the ability to select any one of the 256 I/O ports for addressing the memory banks. The memory is configured as four totally independent 16K software selectable banks, with each bank addressable on any 16K boundary.

Systems

Group

a Division of MEASUREMENT systems &. controls

incorporated

Outstanding features such as those listed below make the DMB series the UNBEATABLE S-100 Memory.

• Four independent 16K software selectable banks.

• Each bank is independently addressable on any 16K boundary.

• Switch selectable bank sizes — from 16K to 64K in 16K increments.

• Eight banks (512K) per I/O port for each of the 256 ports.

• Z-80 4MHz operation with no wait states using transparent refresh.

• On-board diagnostic LED's.

• Low power — 8 watts maximum.

• Reliable, tested and bumed-in memory.

• IEEE S-100 compatible timing.

• One year guarantee.

• Attractive Dealer & OEM Prices.

See your nearest computer dealer, or contact us for the complete story on the UNBEATABLE S-100 Memory.

867 North Main St. / Orange, Calif. 92668 / (714) 633-4460 TWX/TELEX: 678 401 TAB IRIN

30 BYTE November 1980

8-Et Champion

In price-performance, look to Intel's powerful iAPX 88 microprocessor to leave the pack behind. Both now and down the road.

In price-performance races, the iAPX 88 is the one to beat. It's two times faster than the Z-80A and the 6809. And recent benchmark tests show that the iAPX 88, with its 8088 CPU, consistently outperforms its closest competitors in memory efficiency, ease of programming and throughput—by as much as 4 to 1. This is especially important in high-performance tasks such as block moves, character searches, word shifts, and 16-bit multiplies. All critical for applications like word processing, terminal control, scientific instrumentation and industrial control.

And because it's the only 8-bit microprocessor that addresses up to 1 million bytes of memory, the 8088 can take on large programs. Without having to slow down due to overlays or memory bank switching, like other 8-bit processors.

Tough price competitor

In price competition with other 8-bit microprocessors, the iAPX 88 has become the front runner.

You save dramatically on

1-Bit Microprocessor Price Trends

memory chips, too. The iAPX 88 takes—on the average—30% less memory than competitors for the same programs. Then too, it allows you to use lower cost memory to get the same throughput as competitors. With a 5MHz 8088, you can use our 450ns memories and still outperform a 4MHz Z-80 requiring 250ns chips. Depending on

the application, your cost savings here can be substantial.

No contest now with new Intel software

To unleash the new power that the iAPX 88 puts in your hands, it takes more powerful software—

the kind only Intel delivers today. Software that produces object code directly and gives you important extensions that allow you to fine-tune the software to your application.

Software such as PASCAL-88, the block-structured application language rapidly becoming the one most widely used. With our PASCAL-88, you can do direct port I/O and interrupt handling, as well as independent program module compilation. And produce code that runs faster than other, P-code interpreter versions.

Along with PASCAL-88, you get PL/M-88, our systems implementation language, our ANSIcompatible FORTRAN, and our ASM-88 macroassembler. So with more software capability than you've ever had before, now you

can choose the right language tool for each application—whatever it calls for.

Get out in front with complete development support

All the development support tools you need are ready to go today from Intel. Start with the Intellec® Microcomputer Development System. Add to that our ICE-88™ in-circuit emulator. Together they give you CPU emulation in real time, plus features like symbolic debugging, diagnostic commands and program trace capability. With these tools you'll get your products to market faster than by any other route.

Looking down the road

Best of all, with the iAPX 88, your investment in today's solution is protected. Since the 8088 is 100% object-code compatible with the 16-bit 8086—plus its future generations, the iAPX 186 and iAPX 286—you have the industry's only guaranteed headstart on the path to the future. Regardless of which language you're writing in.

So if you want to outdistance the pack, choose the iAPX 88— available today from your local Intel distributor. To get your copy of benchmark results, contact your local Intel sales office or distributor. For more information write Intel Corporation, 3065 Bowers Avenue, Santa Clara, CA 95051. Or call (408) 987-8080.

inty delivers Sutions.

Europe: Intel International, Brussels, Belgium. Japan: IntelJapan,Tokyo. United States and Canadian distributors: Alliance, Almac/Stroum, Arrow Electronics, Avnet Electronics, Component Specialties, Hamilton/Avnet, Hamilton/Electro Sales, Harvey, Industrial Components, Pioneer, L.A. Varah, Wyle Distribution Group, Zentronics.

Circle 17 on Inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980 31

Gispcisfe Gipcuit Qellsp

Copyright €' 1980 by Steven A Ciarda. All rights reserved.

Home In on the Range!

An Ultrasonic Ranging System

Steve Ciarcia

POB 582

Glastonbury CT 06033

Each month I try to present a hardware project that is both interesting and relatively easy to build. Unfortunately, it's not as simple as picking a topic and quickly whipping up some circuit. More often than not, I have a number of potential topics and projects on the fire at the same time. Some are in limbo and just waiting for the right parts. Others are postponed when it turns out that the necessary hardware is something that could be better built by NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) than by a computer hobbyist.

One topic that has always interested me is the concept of automatic ranging. I became involved with this idea when I wrote an article entitled "I've Got You In My Scanner," November 1978 BYTE, page 76. The original article was about an infrared sensor and parabolic reflector mounted to rotate on a stepper-motor shaft. With computer-controlled stepping, the result was something like the sweep of a radar antenna. The project was sensitive to infrared and visible light.

The scanner, parabolic-reflector, and stepper-motor combination could easily tell the direction of a light source to an angular resolution

Diagrams and schematics of the Ultrasonic Ranging System Designer's Kit were provided through the courtesy of Polaroid Corporation.

of 7.5°. It could make a 180° sweep, stop, and then follow the brightest object in its field of view. By

Photo 1: A computer-controlled, steppermotor-driven infrared and ultrasonic ranging scanner. An infrared-sensitive photo Darlington transistor (GE L14F2) is mounted at the focus of a parabolic reflector, which is attached to the shaft of a stepper motor; the ultrasonic transducer is mounted above it.

The infrared sensor and drive mechanism were described in a previous Circuit Cellar article, "I've Got You in My Scanner! A Computer Controlled Stepper Motor Light Scanner."

recognizing the absence of known light sources (when the light path is blocked), it could even function as part of an intrusion alarm.

However, even though it could "see," the infrared scanner could not tell how far an object was in front of it, or detect the presence of a nonluminous body crossing its path. What I really wanted was a device that could provide the computer with range as well as direction. That's when I started hanging around the camera shop.

Polaroid to the Rescue

The automatic focusing system on the Polaroid SX-70 Sonar OneStep Land camera intrigued me. I had considered tearing a camera apart just to use the ranging unit for my scanner, but sanity prevailed and I went back to designing my own circuit. Somewhere between thoughts of "Who'd really build this thing anyway?" and "I hope everyone can find all these components," I started seeing ads from Polaroid offering just what I wanted, without the camera.

The solution came in the form of an Ultrasonic Ranging System Designer's Kit sold by Polaroid for $125. The kit contains a technical manual, two instrument-grade electrostatic ultrasonic transducers, a modified SX-70 ultrasonic circuit board, an experimental demonstrator display board, and two Polapulse 6 V batteries. With this unit I was able to enhance my original infrared-scanner

32 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 18 on inquiry card.

Now! North Star Applioation Software!

North Star now offers application software for use on the HORIZON! Now you have one reliable source for both hardware and software needs! The first packages available are:

North Word—

NorthWord is a simple-to-operate word processing system designed for use with the popular North Star HORIZON. NorthWord enables you to increase office efficiency and cut document typing time and cost. NorthWord incorporates the most sought-after word processing features: easy editing, on-screen text formatting, simultaneous document printing, and much more. NorthWord can be integrated with other North Star software packages to produce customized letters, labels and reports quickly and efficiently.

MailManager—

MailManager enables you to compile and maintain complete organized mailing lists. Lists are easily accessible and can be compiled with a great deal of flexibility. Entries, corrections and deletions are easily made. The North Star MailManager can print your list on individual envelopes, on mailing labels, or in compact summary form.

InfoManager—

InfoManager is a powerful listoriented, data management system. It will accept up to 50 categories of information for each record and has the ability to select and sort before printing. The North Star InfoManager has power and flexibility for many applications: product inquiry, inventory, customer/client records, calendar reminders, and as an easy way to fill in often-used forms.

S

GeneralLedger—

General Ledger and Financial Reporting, two programs in one, maintains general ledger accounts based on such input as checks, bank deposits and journal entries, and uses the information in the general ledger to produce customized financial statements and financial reports.

NorthWord is the central building block for all the North Star application software to follow. Packages now being tested include other accounting and professional application packages. For more information or a demonstration, contact your local North Star dealer.

NorthStar^

North Star Computers, Inc. 1440 Fourth Street Berkeley, CA 94710 (415) 527-6950 TWX/Telex 910-366-7001

>k:

NorthSior

NorthWord

v*"*N v*^ vvaW^*

design to include automatic range detection. The new scanner system incorporating the Polaroid unit is shown in photo 1. More on this later.

Polaroid Ultrasonic Ranging System

The Polaroid Ultrasonic Ranging

System Designer's Kit costs $125 (This offer is good until December 31, 1980. Photo 2 shows the Designer's Kit as received.), and is available from:

Polaroid Corporation Ultrasonic Ranging Marketing

ULTRASONrC 0!SG\ERS RANGNG KIT

SVSTEM

itrrt/ttt///////

.4*m*k

Photo 2: Polaroid Ultrasonic Ranging System Designer's Kit, which includes ultrasonic sonar transducers, electronic circuitry, and a detailed specifications booklet.

Department 465 E 20 Ames St Cambridge MA 02139 telephone (800) 225-1618

Two primary components compose the ranging unit. They are the electrostatic transducer (see photo 3) and the ultrasonic transceiver board (see photo 4). Together these components are capable of detecting the presence and distance of objects within a range of approximately 0.9 feet (0.3 meters) to 35 feet (10.6 meters) with a resolution of ± 1.2 inches (± 30 mm, or 0.29% of range).

In operation, a pulse is transmitted toward a target, and the resulting echo is detected. The elapsed time between initial transmission and echo detection can be used to find the distance by taking this round-trip time and multiplying it by the speed of sound. For a transmitted pulse to leave the transducer, strike a target 2 feet (0.61 meters) away, and return to the transducer, it requires 3.55 ms (1.78 ms per foot, or 5.84 ms per meter, during the round trip).

Essential to system operation is the transducer (shown disassembled in photo 5). It acts as a speaker in the transmit mode and as an electrostatic microphone in the receive mode. The transducer is 1.5 inches (38.1 mm) in diameter and consists of a 0.003 inch (0.07 mm)-thick gold-plated foil stretched over a concentrically

Photo 3: Close-up view of the Polaroid Ultrasonic Transducer.

Photo 4: Close-up of the ultrasonic circuit board, which contains custom analog and digital integrated circuits.

34 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 19 on inquiry card.

National Microsoftware Producers

ANNOUNCES

Video Typing System for 8080, 8085 and Z80's

PROFESSIONAL QUALITY

WORD PROCESSING PACKAGE FOR

CP/AA* COMPATIBLE MICROCOMPUTERS

«■ ,

SOFTWARE

CP/M COMPATIBLE

EASILY OPERATED BY OFFICE PERSONNEL

CONTAINS ALL PROFESSIONAL WORD PROCESSING FEATURES

PROMPTS ON SCREEN GUIDE USER THROUGH FUNCTIONS

COMPARABLE TO DEC, NBI, Q YX. WANG . . .

HARDWARE

OPERATES ON 8080, 8085 AND Z80 MICRO COMPUTERS WITH 48K MEMORY

• CHOICE OF 5" OR 8" FLOPPY DISKETTES

- REPLACEMENT KEYTOPS PROVIDED FOR MOST CRT's

1 SUPPORTS SERIAL AND WORD QUALITY PRINTERS (DIABLO, NEC, QUME)

PACKAGE

REPLACEMENT KEYTOPS COLOR CODED BY FUNCTION

• MANUALWITH EXTENSIVE GRAPHICS DESIGNED FOR THE FIRST-TIME USER

• SELF STANDING MANUAL IN EASEL BINDER

• SPANISH, FRENCH, GERMAN,DUTCH VERSIONS AVAILABLE

THORIZED DEALERS AND DISTRIBUTORS [

TED SUGGESTED RETAIL PRICE $549.00

~^ National Microsoftware Producers, i i)) 3169 Fillmore Street

San Francisco CA 94123 USA _> 415-346-7025 Telex 171790

we cut taxes 7% up the prime rate 2% double defense spending, while eliminating Saturday mail delivery?

T/MAKER helps me juggle the imponderables fast and gives me a national overview on my CRTscreen.(Yukl)

T/MAKER can integrate numerical and text data, making analysis easy and then print out a document in hard copy for the clods on Capitol Hill.

T/MAKER is a wonderful tool for data analysis. It is easy to set up calculations for rows and columns of tabular data, automatically perform the computations, review the results and then modify some of the data to see the impact on the over all results. Several days of manual work can be accomplished in minutes.

T/MAKER is a full screen editor for word processing which handles text up to 255 characters wide. It includes features like text formatting and justification, text buffer for block moves and repeated inserts, global search and replace and commands for printing your letters, reports and documents.

T/MAKER can perform an unlimited number of analysis and reporting tasks which integrate numerical and text processing. For example:

• Financial Statements'Balance Sheets

• Statistics • Growth & Projections • Profitability Reports • Revenues & Expenditures • Portfolio Analysis* Price Lists • Rate Structures • Inventory Valuation and much, much more.

T/MAKER requires a 48K CP/M system, a total of 240K bytes of disk storage, CBASIC-2, and a CRT computer terminal with cursor addressing and clear screen.

T/MAKER system is $275.00 complete with documentation and quickreference card. Documentation alone is $25.00.

LIFEBOAT ASSOCIATES

1651 Third Ave. NY, NY 10028

(212) 860-0300 International Telex 220501

T/MAKER is a trademark of P. Roizen CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research

grooved aluminum plate. When the metallic backplate is in proximity to the foil, it forms a capacitor. The foil is the moving element which converts electrical energy into sound and the returning echo into electrical energy. The diameter of the transducer determines the directionality of the

transducer. The acoustical signalstrength lobe pattern, or acceptance angle, during operation is shown in figure 1. The graph indicates that the transducer is fairly directional.

When the unit is activated, the transducer emits a sound pulse. The crystal-controlled electrical pulse

(la)

—r— 50

—r~

70

-J— 90

~I 100

TYPICAL TRANSMIT RESPONSE

(lb)

10kHz 20

50

—J— 70

80

-r

90

—I 100

TYPICAL FREE-FIELD RECEIVE RESPONSE

TYPICAL BEAM PATTERN AT 50 kHz

Figure 1: Typical transmission frequency-response curve (la), reception frequencyresponse curve (lb), and radial-beam pattern (lc) of the Polaroid ultrasonic transducer. The beam pattern was measured at 50 kHz, with dB values normalized to on-axis response.

36 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 20 on Inquiry card.

Memory Expansion Module

for TRS-80..

All you have to remember is to plug it in

Introducing the MT-32. Our new, brilliantly designed Printer/Memory expansion module for the TRS-80. This unit will add 16K or 32K of dynamic RAM to your basic 16K machine. The module also contains circuitry to drive Microtek's MT-80P dot matrix printer, or any other Centronics-compatible printer.

No hardware modification to your TRS-80 is required. Just plug into your bus connector and you are ready to go.

All Microtek products are covered by a one year warranty.

Three assembled and tested configurations are available:

Without RAM (MT-32A® $119.50)

With 16K RAM (MT-32B® $159.50)

With 32K RAM (MT-32C® $199.50)

*

TRS-80 is a Registered Trademark of Tandy Corp.

Available from Microtek

or your nearest computer dealer.

9514 Chesapeake Drive

San Diego, CA 92123

Tel. (714) 278-0633

Outside Calif, call toll free: 800-854-1081

TWX 910-335-1269

MEM0I1Y TRANSPLANT

Circle 21 on inquiry card.

SPECIALS

■T"? 'Fl^.

NORTH STAR HORIZON:

HRZ-2-32K-DD-ASM $2275

HRZ-2-32K-Q-ASM $2675

NORTHWORD DQ $ 295

MAIL MANAGER $ 235

INFO-MANAGER $ 365

GENERAL LEGER $ 775

ACC. REC. OR ACC. PAY..$ 445

WORD STAR $

COMMODORE (PET):

320

2001 32K $1090

8032 (80 COLUMN SCREEN)$1599

2040 DUAL DRIVE $1090

8050 DUAL DRIVE (1MEG).$1499 2022 TRACTOR PRINTER...$ 749

APPLE II PLUS CALL FOR PRICE

ATARI 800 $ 799

TI 99/4 CONSOLE&MONITOR..$ 1190

SPINWRITERS FROM NEC:

5510 RO OR 5530 RO $2490

5520 KSR SERIAL $2790

CENTRONICS:

730 $ 659

737-1 (LETTER QUALITY) $ 849 (WE CARRY THEIR COMPLETE LINE) PAPER TIGER 440G $ 990

BASE II 800MST $ 649

OTHER PRINTERS WE STOCK: ANADEX, COMPRI NT, EATON. EPSON, TELETYPE,TI,ETC-CALL FOR PRICE DISPLAY TERMINALS

HAZELTINE 1420 $ 949

1500 $ 999

(WE CARRY THEIR COMPLETE LINE) INTERTUBE II $ 775

TELEVIDEO 914 $ 850

MOST ITEMS IN STOCK. PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE

MULTI-BUSINESS COMPUTER SYS 28 MARLBOROUGH STREET PORTLAND, CONN. 06480

(203)342-2747 TWX 710-428-6345 M-F 9-6 SAT.9:30-3:00

Photo 5: Expanded view of the Polaroid ultrasonic sonar transducer. Behind a honeycomb grill, a 0.003-inch (0.07 mm)-thick gold-coated foil stretches over a concentrically grooved aluminum plate. The retainer at left holds the parts in place.

Photo 6: The EDB, which contains the electronic circuitry shown in figure 4. The threedigit LED display is at the upper right.

generated by the driver circuit is a 300 V high-frequency 1 ms "chirp" consisting of fifty-six pulses at four carefully chosen frequencies: eight cycles at 60 kHz, eight cycles at 57 kHz, sixteen cycles at 53 kHz, and twenty-four cycles at 50 kHz. This

combination is used to overcome certain topographical characteristics of the area into which the signal is being transmitted, where a single frequency might be cancelled and no echo would be received.

Text continued on page 42

38 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 22 on inquiry card.

^iSfeRMANENT RELIEF

Word Processing problems

O;, ^

'^m

Apple PIE

+

Formatter

Apple PIE (Programma International Editor) and FORMAT (text formatter) offer full strength solutions to today's word processing problems. These versatile, powerful programs provide document preparation and word processing capabilities previously found only on much larger computer systems.

PIE is a general purpose, full screen editor that uses control keys and function buttons to provide a full range of editing capabilities such as search and replace, delete, copy, insert, move. Changes may be made directly anywhere on the screen and are shown as they are performed.

FORMAT uses simple instructions embedded in the input text to describe the desired appearance of the final document. It handles centering, underlining, indenting, page numbering,

Simple enough for the beginner. Versatile enough for the professional.

margins, headers, footers, even form letters includes a proofing capability.

These high-quality, cost-effective programs come with comprehensive documentation and run on a 32K Apple II. They are available through your local computer store or direct from Programma International, Inc. at the introductory price of $79.95*.

VIDEX VERSION T.M.

DOUBLE VISION T.M.

SUPR TERM VERSION T.M.

STANDARD VERSION ♦December 1, $129.95.

PROGRAMMA

3400 Wilshire Boulevard

Los Angeles, California 90010

Photo 7: The prototype of the interface circuit of figure 5 has been attached to the EDB. The interface allows a computer to read the three-digit distance value.

Photo 8: Close-up of the back side of the reflector and transducer of the scanner, showing the mounting apparatus.

THERE IS A BETTER WAY:

XX II for the 8086/8088.. .only $175.

A.C.T. II (Assembly Coded Translator) is a cross-assembler that lets you develop 8086/8088 code on any CP/M based

8080. 8085, or Z80 machine. Compare with competing software: A.C.T. II supports more Intel mnemonics and costs less, while delivering features such as assembly speeds greater than 1000 lines/ minute, macro support, a comprehensive set of pseudo-ops, absolute assemblies, system text file support, local proc definition, code file format (standard Intel hex), and many more special features.

A.C.T. II fits in 24K of RAM (including CP/ M). Complete with manual (available separately for $20) and sample programs. A.C.T. I IS ALSO AVAILABLE. Develop 6502,6800,8080,8085, and Z80 code on any 8080,8085, or Z80 machine running 8fc under CP/M. Same features as A.C.T. II; $125 with manual (manual available separately for $15).

SPECIAL COMBINATION PRICE: For a limited time, A.C.T. I and A.C.T. II are available for $225 including all manuals.

—»-__ . order — call 408-248-5543

PASCAL at a Basic Price: $ 175 complete :-v, :,..;-„ .■

CP/M compatible PASCAL/M includes features such as built-in error checking, console cursor ^^_^^^^

controls, extensions chosen for campatibility with other popular PASCALS, complete random file and A CV~)0( \/\/\

long integer(32 bit) support, full Wirth implementation, all I/O totally compatible with CP/M file ^k UV7IW/I/ V I

strui 'ure. optional updating service, full access to CP/M data files written in other languages and ^^ A

stored underCP/M, and much more. ^&l

PASCAL/Mfits in56Kof RAM (Including CP/M) and includes a 90 page manual (available S IP* separately for $10). You may never go back to BASIC again!

How to order: All disks are shipped on single-sided, single-density, soft-sectored CP/M compatible media. p _ R_„ •vjene

PASCAL/M: Specify Z80.S080. or Z80+9511 math chip version (all are $175). We accept UPS COD, Mastercard® rSJ. OUA JZOUO ,__„.„. „.„ - VISA®, personal checks(allowtime to clear), and certified checks. Californians add sales tax. Add $10 outside USA. SAN JOSE, CALIFORNIA 9515^

40 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 23 on inquiry card.

Circle 24 on inquiry card.

NEW DISK SYSTEM POLISHES APPLE

■* -TRfW -»7

11

•

Micro-Sci's new disk drive family really makes your Apple shine.

Both the A-40 and A-70 offer extra performance phis the ability to read existing diskettes written on Apple Disk II systems.

And a jumper selectable boot prom for 13 and 16 sector interger Bask or 8 sector Pascal comes standard.

The Model A-40 actually costs a lot less than Apple Disk II drives. Yet it provides 40 tracks instead of

35, along with up to 20K increase in capacity. Maybe an extra 20K isn't anything to write home about, but the speed sure is—5 ms track to track vs. Apple's 15 ms.

The Model A-70, on the other hand, features twice the tracks and capacity of the Apple Disk II, but it costs only a few dollars more.

The secret of outstanding performance and reliability is a stateof-the-art design incorporating a band positioner, instead of a plastic

jut-so

cam, plus an improved media centering system.

SPECIAL DISCOUNT.

One A-40 plus controller is priced at only $495 and the second drive is Just $395. You can save up to $200 per system over Apple II drive prices.

And you can save even more if you act now. Contact us today for a special $50 introductory discount on your Micro-Sci A-40 or A-70 system order.

MICRO-SCI 1405 E. CHAPMAN AVENUE • SUETE E • ORANGE. CALIFORNIA 92666

MICRO-SCI IS A DIVISION OF SIRNDUN CONTROLS, INC. Apple and Apple II are registered trademarks of APPLE COMPUTERS INC.. SAN JOSE. CALIFORNIA

714/997-9260

TRANSDUCER

POWER

INTERFACE

CIRCUIT

fCLOCKl—» DIGITAL <l '

\l^J section J

PROCESSED ECHO

GAIN AND BANDWIDTH' CONTROL

NALOG IRCUIT J

USER HARDWARE

TRANSMITTED PULSE

)

REFLECTED ECHO

Figure 2: Block diagram of the ultrasonic circuit. The circuit board contains a variety of custom components and is slightly modified from the unit used in SX-70 Land cameras. This circuit, as well as the EDB, is powered by a 6 V Polapulse battery. It seemed to work acceptably with a 5 VDC power supply.

The block labelled "User Hardware" can be the EDB or any interface that can convert the ultrasonic circuit board's time-gated output into useful form.

Text continued from page 38:

The ultrasonic circuit board controls both the transmit and receive operating modes. It contains both digital and analog circuitry. In addition to transmitting the chirp and processing the echo, this circuit also tailors the amplifier sensitivity depending upon the object distance. Lower amplification is needed for close echoes, while higher amplification is needed for distant echoes. This is accomplished by increasing the amplifier gain and Q (ratio of reactance to resistance) in steps. Figure 2 is a block diagram of the ultrasonic circuit board.

Experimental Demonstration Board

The ultrasonic circuit board previously described is a modified camera assembly. The EDB (Experimental Demonstration Board, shown in photo 6) is not a camera component; it was designed specifically as a user interface to the ultrasonic board. Text continued on page 48

POWER SUPPLY

+ 6V

►vcc

GND

ULTRASONIC

CIRCUIT

BOARD

GND

VSW ~LT

MFLOG

XLOG

< TRANSDUCER

i

EXPERIMENTAL DEMONSTRATION BOARD

ON/OFF SWITCH

420 kHz

CLOCK

CIRCUIT

SYSTEM

CLOCK CIRCUIT 5 Hz

SET REFERENCE

RESET

TEl I

SR -L

TIME-TO-DISTANCE CONVERSION

Al

4 6/is

PER CYCLE

12 INCHES/CYCLE 178/is /CYCLE

AC

COUPLING

SR 1

LC

RESET

SET

ECHO LATCH

OF 1

1000 COUNTS OF A7 178ms

DLE

T

LE

AC COUPLING

MASTER RESET

SCANNING CLOCK CLOCK INPUT

SCANNING OUTPUTS

LATCH ENABLE

3-DIGIT BINARY COUNTER

MULTIPLEXED BCD OUTPUTS

3-DIGIT DISPLAY

I

DS,

DS,

DS

DRIVE CIRCUIT

Qo

BCD-TO-SEVENSEGMENT CONVERSION

DRIVE CIRCUIT

Figure 3: Block diagram of the Polaroid Experimental Demonstration Board.

42 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 25 on inquiry card.

Even at 5:12 a.m., it's hard to quit playing Personal Software™strategy games.

Gammon Gambler

A quick game before turning in can become an all-night session when you load any of the Personal Software'" strategy games into your Apple* PET* or TRS-80.* They'll challenge, teach and entertain you. And now there are two new gamesGammon Gambler'" and Checker King *—joining Bridge Partner," Time Trek'" and the best-selling Microchess."

Gammon Gambler is a sure bet. With ten levels of skill, you can begin a novice and become an expert. Whichever level you play, the computer moves so quickly you don't have to wait. The program follows U.S. tournament rules, and includes the doubling cube to spice up the game. Written for the Apple and PET by Willy Chaplin. Checker King—you probably forgot how much fun it is! If you move and change your mind, take it back and move again—without a peep from the computer. Play eight skill levels. Add and remove pieces. Save three board positions for later play. And solve three challenging checker puzzles. Written by Michael Marks for the Apple, PET and TRS-80.

Microchess, the most widely used personal computer chess program, is a nearly perfect chess opponent for the total novice or the advanced enthusiast. Written by Peter Jennings for the Apple, PET and TRS-80.

"Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.; PET is a trademark of Commodore Business Machines, Inc.; TRS-80 is ^m| a trademark of the Radio Shack Division of Tandy Corp. Mfflt

Bridge Partner. You against the computer in over 10 million different hands of contract bridge. You can even specify the hands' high card points. Written by George Duisman for the Apple, PET and Level II TRS-80.

Time Trek is easy to learn, difficult to master and impossible to forget. Take command of a starship in real-time action to make the galaxy safe again. PET version by Brad Templeton. TRS-80 program by Joshua Lavinsky

Personal Software, Inc.,

also produces the VisiCalc "

program (the software that's

revolutionizing personal

computing), CCA Data Management System, the Vitaf acts series and other exciting software for the Apple, PET and TRS-80. Now that you've read about the Personal Software programs, go see a demonstration. For the name of your nearest Personal Software dealer, call (408) 745-7841 or write to Personal Software Inc., 1330 Bordeaux Dr., Sunnyvale, CA 94086.

Checker King

STUATSjy GAMES SStlES

While they were thinking hardware and software, we were thinking

16K SUPER RAM

32K SUPER RAM

16K MEMORY MASTER

24K MEMORY MASTER

S-100 SYSTEMS. From add-in memory boards to add-on hard disk. High performance S-100 busboards. Single, dual and quad-density disk systems with up to 1.2 megabytes on a single floppy disk drive. I/O boards. All, with the Morrow Designs systems approach to hardware and software.

COST EFFECTIVE SYSTEMS.

Morrow Designs Discus M26 offers 26 usable megabytes of memory for just $4,995. About $192 per mega byte. And, it's a complete system including a Shugart SA4008 Winchester-type sealed-media hard disk, power supply, cables, and cabinet with fan. The single board controller supervises all data transfers, communicating

with the CPU through 3 I/O ports (command, status, data). The controller can generate interrupts at the completion of each command. A 512-byte sector buffer is on-board. And the system is available for S-100 mainframes.

SYSTEMS FOR SYSTEMS. Whether you're building systems or trying to expand your present system at reasonable costs, Morrow Designs offers complete, cost-effective subsystems. Modular systems that allow you to build your system your way

SOFTWARE FOR SYSTEMS.

Morrow Designs backs each subsystem with high-quality, fully-tested software. INSTALL software allows you to attach

systems.

A K

CF

L

LANGUAGES:

C, RATFOR. FORTRAN,

PASCAL. BASIC

M .

P

"3 k

Z80/8080 CPU

AUTO-INSTALL DEVICE

WORD PROCESSING

DATA BASE

MANAGEMENT

ACCOUNTING

<M J

N V

DRIVERS

H

IEEE STANDARD S-100 BUS

H

MULTI BOARD

1K

ROM

1K RAM

REAL

TIME

CLOCK

DAISY PORT

PROGRAMMABLE

INTERRUPT

CONTROLLER

DAISY WHEEL PRINTER

+ + +

3 SERIAL PORTS

RS232

RS 232 RS 232

FLOPPY

DISK

CONTROLLER

RS232

L ! I

14 INCH 26 MEGABYTE HARD DISK

any Morrow disk system to any CP/M system operating under CP/M. Morrow CPM/CDOS software allows you to attach any Morrow disk drive to Cromemco Systems. In fact, if software runs under CP/M, it will run on any Morrow Designs hardware. COMPARE PERFORMANCE. Hardware performance. Software performance. System performance. Any Morrow Designs disk drive, hard or floppy, can be mixed and matched through Morrow Designs standard software. And all necessary hardware, software and firmware is included with each system.

NOW, COMPARE PRICE. Morrow Designs products offer maximum efficiency at minimum cost. But we don't cut corners. What that means

Circle 26 on Inquiry card.

to you is reliable system efficiency at cost effective prices.

Better systems for less. See Morrow Designs full line of memory and I/O, plus floppy disk/and the M26 hard disk system at your computer supplier. Or, send in the coupon for our full line catalog. Can't wait: Call us at (415)524-2101.

5221 Central Ave Richmond. CA 94804 ;>«■.,.«»&

Gentlemen, Please send me your complete OEM hardware and software specifications. Plus the name of my nearest distributor.

Name

Company

Address

City

. State .

-Zip_

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7.2K

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/77

e TRS-80 Model III. A

Standard in Personal

Computers!

e new standard is now here — this beautiful, featurepacked, one-piece desktop computer system at a very, very affordable price. Continuing the TRS-80 tradition begun with our famous Model I, the amazing Model III gives you everything you've always wanted in a personal computer—including easy expandability

It Talks Your Language! Model III is available with either Level I or powerful new Model III BASIC. Best news of all is that nearly all Model I software is compatible with Model III, so you already have a huge library of applications to choose from. Radio Shack already offers over 80 quality packages — from games to sophisticated business programs to word processing.

Big Storage Capacity! Model III BASIC features dual-speed cassette loading (1500 and 500 baud). You can expand your Model III to

Shack is Lowering the Cost of High Technology!

$699

As

Low At

Feature Packed! Every Mc III includes a parallel printer interface and 65-key keyboard. Model III BASIC adds "extras" like a real time clock, scroll protect, keyboard controlled screen print, and RS-232 firmware.

support up to four (two integral) double-density disks at 175K each for a total system capacity of up to 670K bytes.

Powerful Memory! Up to 48K of internal memory is easily added, since no expansion interface is required. Model III is completely self-contained. Start with a 4K Level I system or move up to our 16K Model III BASIC right away for the applications you need.

High-Resolution Display! Every Model III has a sharp display of 16 lines of 64 characters. Model in BASIC adds lower case plus graphics and special characters.

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The biggest name in little computers® Send me your TRS-80 Catalog!

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City

Zip

'Retail prices may vary at individual stores and dealers. Special order may be required initially.

Bit 1

0 0

1 1

BitO

0

1 0

1

Output Digit to Computer

T5S7 (LSD)

TJS7

"DS7 (MSD)

n/a

Table 1: Correspondence of the 2-bit digit-select codes with the EDB output data sent to the computer.

ici

CD4042

QoO

Q]

Q2

Q3

C^

o

13

n>

14

Qo

Q2 <33

► 6V

«<

10

11

1C3 CD4050

^

$>>

pt

*&>

-L3> BIT 3

-L3> BIT 2

-O 8IT1

4-BIT \ PARALLEL ( INPUT PORT

(BCD OUTPUT)

-Obito

<3C

+ 6V 5 f IC4

CD4070

iJO1

(DIGIT SELECT)

-ObITI J 2-BIT

PARALLEL

<CD BIT 0 OUTPUT PORT

Figure 5: Schematic diagram of an interface that allows a computer to directly read the three-digit LED display of the EDB, using four integrated circuits. Through 2 bits of a parallel output port, the computer sends a digit-select code and then reads the corresponding BCD value of the selected digit through 4 bits of a parallel input port.

Number

Type

+ 6 V

GND

IC1

CD4042

16

8

IC2

CD4052

16

8

IC3

CD4050

1

8

IC4

CD4070

14

7

JlOOXl

: loon

COMPUTER OUTPUT { PORT 16

bO L">"

bl £Z>

b2 O

0.1 /iF

7h

14

STEPPER MOTOR

SAA1027

Q4 Q3 Q2

Qi

x r

YELLOW

GRAY

YELLOW

GRAY

RED

RED

BLACK

Figure 6: Stepper motor and controller used in the infrared and ultrasonic scanner. The motor is a North American Philips K82701-P2 type, which turns 7.5° per step. It operates on 12 VDC.

The SAA1027 integrated circuit is available from Signetics or from North American Philips, Cheshire, Connecticut, (203) 272-0301.

Text continued from page 42:

The EDB contains all the necessary electronic circuitry to convert the transmit/receive time interval into a figure indicating distance (in feet) and present it on a three-digit LED (lightemitting diode) display. Figure 3 is a block diagram of the EDB, while figure 4 shows the schematic diagram.

Connecting the EDB to the computer requires some thought. The output of the EDB is a three-digit display with a numeric output range of 00.9 to 35.0 in increments of 0.1 feet. The multiplexed display is controlled by a three-digit binary counter with strobed digit-select lines. It uses a single BCD (binary-coded decimal )to-7-segment decoder/driver. At any instant, only one digit is energized, but because of the persistence of human vision, they all appear to be illuminated. Unfortunately, this multiplexed display output is not very computer-compatible and requires additional interface circuitry.

Decoding the EDB Output

Figure 5 is the schematic diagram of a four-integrated-circuit interface that decodes the counter output on the EDB and latches the digits while the computer reads them. Essentially the circuit consists of a three-input demultiplexer (IC2), an edge detector (IC4), a 4-bit latch (ICl), and an output buffer (IC3). The four-chip circuit is conveniently mounted on a piece of perforated circuit board and attached to the rear of the EDB, as illustrated in photo 7.

When the MSD (most-significant digit) of the LED display is energized, the DS3 line is low. The data on Q0 thru Q3 at this time form the BCD value of that number. Similarly, when DS2 goes low, the data lines will hold the second digit value. IC2 is a 4-to-l-line demultiplexer with the three digit strobes as inputs. A 2-bit TTL (transistor-transistor logic)compatible parallel output from the computer determines which of these channels is routed through the multiplexer. To get DSi , the LSD (least-significant digit), the input code to the EDB interface would be 00. A binary code of 10 would set channel 3, allowing DS3 to go through. A summary of the codes is given in table 1.

The inputs to IC2 are offset by one channel due to the peculiar timing of the EDB. While the DS3 line is

48 November 1980 © BYTE Publications lnc

Circle 28 on inquiry card.

The MODEL 800 MST is certainly pleasing to look at, but its true beauty lies beneath the surface. A glimpse at its features reveals why it is rapidly becoming the most sought after printer in the world . . .

Four standard interfaces:

RS-232 (15 baud rates)

Centronics compatible parallel

IEEE-488

20ma current loop Six line densities: 64, 72, 80, 96, 120, 132 100 CPS at all six densities Unidirectional or bidirectional printing Sixteen horizontal and ten vertical tabs

• Elongated characters in all six densities

• 1920 character buffer

• Uses either perforated or roll paper

• Fully adjustable tractors to 9!/2"

• Auto self-test

Up to 10 character fonts

Standard 96 character ASCII

User defined character font

Provision for up to eight additional fonts Dot resolution graphics in six densities Variable line spacing control from 0 to 64 dots in half-dot increments

Auto form-feed for any form length at any line spacing

Heavy-duty all aluminum chassis 1 lOvac or 220vac, 50/60Hz. 100 million character pririthead Measures only 15" wide, 3" high, and 1 1" deep Weighs only 15 lbs.

but maybe its most attractive feature is the price $699.00

bare., inc.

W

P.O. BOX 3548 FULL..CAL. 88634 / C714] 888-4344

physically tied to channel 0 and would appear to be addressed with a 00 input code, the edge-detector timing of the circuit is such that we are not latching the current digit's value, but the next digit's value, when we address the channel. However illogical it may seem, the codes that work are stated in table 1.

When we have selected which digit we want to read by setting the proper multiplexer-input code, that digit value will be latched into ICl and available as a BCD value to the computer. IC3 buffers the CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) voltage levels of the EDB to the TTL level required by most computers. To read a three-digit range, we simply set the three multiplexer codes in succession. To obtain the distance indication, just add the three values as follows:

Distance = (MSD) X 10 + (2nd digit) X 1 + (LSD) X 0.1

This interface design is essentially speed-independent and can be driven equally well by an assembly-language or BASIC program. Listing 1 is a BASIC program that reads and displays the three-digit range determined

RUN

******

******

******

******

******

******

******

******

******

******

******

******

******

******

******

******

******

******

******

******

******

******

******

******

******

****

****

****

****

****

****

****

****

****

****

****

****

****

****

****

****

****

****

****

****

****

**

**

**

**

STEP1

**

****

**

**

****

****

****

****

****

****

****

****

****

****

****

****

****

**

******************

******** ********

******** ******** ******** ********

******** ******** ********

********** **********

******** ****** ****** ******

********

******

********

STEP 25

Figure 7a: Bar graph of distance measurements taken by the scanning system as the ultrasonic transducer was pivoted in twenty-five steps through a 180° sweep around the Circuit Cellar (each asterisk represents approximately one-half foot). Note correspondence with floor plan in figure 7b.

by the ultrasonic ranging system.

A More Sophisticated Scanner

The original article, "I've Got You in My Scanner!," previously mentioned, has been reprinted in the book Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, volume 1, available from BYTE Books. Photo 8 is a close-up of the updated version of the scanner, which now includes the ultrasonic ranging detector. The basic scanner consists of a North American Philips stepper motor (12 V type K82701-P2) and integrated-circuit controller (SAA1027) with an infrared-sensitive photo Darlington transistor (General Electric type L14F2)

fixed at the focus of a parabolic reflector mounted on the shaft. I used a Radio Shack solar cigarette lighter, catalog number 61-2797, as the parabolic reflector. The driver circuit for the stepper motor is outlined in figure 6. The original article explained the infrared sensing system in detail.

The new scanner has the ranging detector mounted on the steppermotor shaft, above the parabolic reflector. Both point in the same direction. The stepper motor is driven through the SAA1027 with 3 bits of a parallel output port. To drive the motor clockwise, bit 1 is set low, bit 2 Text continued on page 56

@ SUPPORT COLUMN SCAN STEP

TABLE

j [lJJ

SOFA

<*y///i\\

<■// li

/ I

jr~-STEP 1

TELEVISION RECORDER

STEP 25

-TERMINAL

-BOOKCASE

TELEVISION

Figure 7b: Floor plan of Circuit Cellar showing location of scanner and beam paths to room objects during the twenty-five steps in the scanning sweep. Bar graph of figure 7a shows relative distance to the nearest obstruction in the beam path at each step.

50 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 29 on inquiry card.

Klui

ANP

——Sfe

rOW: AN ORIGINATE/ANSWER 103 fcsisFOR LESS THAN $200

Switch-selectable originate/answer

FCC certified tor direct-connect

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UDS technology now adds a Bell-compatible originate/answer 103 to the family of line-powered modems. No AC connection or power supply required; operating power comes directly from the phone line. The unit fits underneath your desk phone. With the TALK/DATA switch in the TALK position, you have an ordinary phone; move to DATA and you're in contact with the whole datacomm world at any speed up to 300 bps.

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IDCMA

Created by Dayner/Hall, Inc., Winter Park, Florida

Circle 30 on inquiry card.

SUPERBRAIN

32K or 64K (Double or Quad Density units available). Uses two Z-80 CPU's. Commercial type terminal with 12" monitor. Dual double density minifloppies. Over 350 kilobytes of storage (twice that with quad density drives) Two serial RS232 ports, I/O ports standard Expandable with optional S-100 S-100 interface. Comes with CP/M™ 2.2 operating system. MiniMicroMart includes BASIC interpreter and can supply a wide range of CP/M Development and Application software.

w/32K Double Density, List $2995 . $2685

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INTERSYSTEMS

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COMPLETE SYSTEM with InterSystem 64K RAM, I/O Board w/priority interrupt and double density disk controller board. Full 1-year warranty, List $3595 aiaa^*

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Above less disk controller, $3195 $2539*

* Limited Time offer expires Sept. 15, 1980.

HEWLETT-PACKARD

HP-85A

Desk-Top Computer

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for

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52 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Listing 1: A BASIC program that uses the interface circuit shown in figure 5 to read the three-digit distance value from the EDB and display the distance on the computer printer. A sample execution follows the BASIC-language statements.

100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 285 290 300

RUN

THIS PROGRAM ALLOWS A COMPUTER TO READ AND DISPLAY DISTANCE AS MEASURED BY THE POLAROID ULTRASONIC

RANGING SYSTEM DEMONSTRATOR BOARD. RANGE .9 TO 35 FT.

' ;S;" FEET"

REM

REM

REM

REM

REM

GOSUB 250

PRINT"DISTANCE TO TARGET IS

GOTO 150

REM

REM

REM

REM

REM

REM

REM

THIS ROUTINE SETS AND READS THE 3 DIGITS ON THE

RANGING BOARD.

IT IS A THREE STEP PROCESS: SET THE DIGIT; READ THE

DIGIT VALUE; AND MASK OFF EVERYTHING EXCEPT THE 4 BIT

CHARACTER. FOR T=0 TO 2 OUT 16,T S(T)=INP(16) S(T)=S(T) AND 15 S=(S(2)*10)+(S(l)*l)+(S(0)*.l) NEXT T RETURN

DISTANCE

TO

TARGET

IS

3

.3

FEET

DISTANCE

TO

TARGET

IS

3

.4

FEET

DISTANCE

TO

TARGET

IS

3

.5

FEET

DISTANCE

TO

TARGET

IS

3

.4

FEET

DISTANCE

TO

TARGET

IS

3

.3

FEET

DISTANCE

TO

TARGET

IS

3

.4

FEET

DISTANCE

TO

TARGET

IS

3

.3

FEET

DISTANCE

TO

TARGET

IS

3

.4

FEET

DISTANCE

TO

TARGET

IS

3

.4

FEET

DISTANCE

TO

TARGET

IS

3

.5

FEET

DISTANCE

TO

TARGET

IS

3

.3

FEET

Listing 2: A BASIC program that causes the scanner to make a 180° scanning sweep in twenty-five steps and prints the distance measurements in the form of a bar graph. Figure 7a shows the output from the execution of this program on the system set up in the Circuit Cellar.

100 REM THIS PROGRAM MAKES A 180 DEGREE SCAN AND RECORDS THE

110 REM DISTANCE TO SOLID OBJECTS EVERY 7.5 DEGREES.

120 REM

130 REM STEPPER MOTOR CONTROLLER ATTACHED TO PORT 18

140 REM ULTRA SONIC RANGING UNIT ATTACHED TO PORT 16

150 REM

16 0 REM

170 DIM Z(25)

180 OUT 18,1 :OUT 18,255 :REM PRESET STEPPER CONTROLLER

190 REM

200 REM CLOCKWISE SCAN

210 REM BIT 2 IS SET HIGH AND BIT 0 IS TOGGLED

220 FOR D=0 TO 24

230 OUT 18,5

240 GOSUB 470

250 OUT 18,4

260 NEXT D

27 0 REM

280 REM COUNTERCLOCKWISE SCAN

290 REM BITS 1 AND 2 ARE HELD HIGH AND BIT ZERO IS TOGGLED

300 FOR D=0 TO 24

310 OUT 18,7

320 GOSUB 570

330 OUT 18,6

340 NEXT D

350 REM

Listing 2 continued on page 56

Circle 31 on inquiry card.

STOP PLAYING GAMES AND GET DOWN TO DOSINESS

Corvus Transforms the Personal Computer into a Powerful Business Tool.

In business, professional offices, and schools throughout the world, thousands of Corvus intelligent peripherals bring mass storage, increased speed, and multi-user capability to a variety of microcomputers. Current applications include accounts receivable and payable, medical records, mailing lists, inventories, word processing, insurance, mathematics and science, and other large and complex files.

Corvus proven Winchester disk technology provides 10 to 80 million bytes of capacity, fully compatible with your current operating system. This is up to 500 times the ~« capacity of a floppy disk.

The Corvus CONSTELLATION links up to 64 computers in a state-of-the-art multi-processor network. It provides shared mass storage, pipes for inter-computer communication, and system spooling for sharing of peripherals such as printers. Performance far exceeds that of larger and more expensive networks.

Backup data protection and archival storage are provided by the Corvus MIRROR (Patent Pending), a lowcost backup using standard video cassette recorders.

Contact your local Corvus dealer for the full story about these innovative new products. .

<*£ *^k. ' CORVUS SYSTEMS

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First, there's Konan's complete line of hard disk, mass , storage subsystems and controllers, These high reliability products include the SMC-lOO™ storage module (SMD of CDC 9760 interface) hard disk coritrpllerjor the&lOO Bus, DAT400 Winchester type hard disk tape "backup con-. troller.lhe HARD TAPFj^ systerruahd the hew KNX-SOO1^ .hard disk corrtroper whichis software compatiblewith. Alpha Micro. AM-500**Alsd, coming soon' Shugart ' . technology mini hard disk controller, arid 9 track reel to reel to^ controller. ~, '..-. *." '*..•'.';

Now, Kohah irittoducesCCTOPLUSW and OMNIPORT™-: two new serial I/O boards..OCTOPLUS™, the-8-port board ■ offers a realtime clock andfull interrupt control, Andihe 16 port OMNIPORI^H offers you .an -efficient economical board where morefthan 8 ports areneeded.

With these and other quality products, Konan shows again that when it comes to S-IOQ systems, it is definitely in . controL(AndaU at attractive 0£.M. and dealer prices.)

•For complete information call Konan's direct; tolMree in-, foimcrtipnlin,e:8CX>-628-4$63. • . ■-, ,»

'Or, write to: Konari Corporation, 1448 North 27th Avenue, .Phdenix, AZ85009.TWX/TELEX9109511552 '.,-,,.* '•

"Alpha Micro AM-500 is a trademark of Alpha Micro Systems.,

IN. CONTROL, SMC-IOO.'HARD TAPE, KNX-50O", OCTOPLUS, and OMMPORT are trademarks of Konan Corporation.

• A

Glfcl©32-©ft4Bq«*iy

f i

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Circle 33 on inquiry card.

MTI stocks 'em all for faster delivery.

No hidden charges. Prices include delivery. VISA and MasterCard orders accepted.

VIDEO TERMINALS

VT100 DECscope $ 1750

VT132 DECscope 2295

ADM-3A (dumb terminall •

ADM-3A+ (dumb terminal) »

ADM-31 (2 page buffer) «

ADM-42 (8 page buffer avail.) »

1410 (Hazeltine dumb terminal) 825

1420 (dumb terminal) 895

1421 (Consul 580 & ADM-3A comp.).... 895

1500 (dumb terminal) 1045

1510 (buffered) 1145

1520 (buffered printer port) 1395

1552 (VT-52 compatible) 1350

300 BAUD TELEPRINTERS

LA34-DA DECwriter IV 1045

LA34-AA DECwriter IV 1295

Teletype 4310 1085

Teletype 4320 1225

Diablo 630 RO 2295

Diablo 1640 RO 3085

Diablo 1640 KSR 3285

Diablo 1650 RO 3185

Diablo 1650 KSR 3385

Tl 743 (portable) 1190

Tl 745 (portable/built-in coupler) 1585

Tl 763 (portable/bubble memory) 2690

Tl 765 (port/bubble mem/b-i coupler) . 2895

600 BAUD TELEPRINTERS

Tl 825 RO impact 1565

Tl 825 KSR impact 1645

Tl 825 RO Pkg 1750

Tl 825 KSR Pkg 1895

1200 BAUD TELEPRINTERS LA120-AA DECwriter III (forms pkg.) . 2245

LA180 DECprinter I 2195

Tl 783 (portable) 1745

Tl 785 (port/built-in coupler) 2395

Tl 787 (port/internal modem) 2845

Tl 810 RO impact 1800

Tl 810 RO Pkg 2047

Tl 820 KSR impact 2057

Tl 820 KSR Pkg 2275

Tl 820 RO 1895

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2400 BAUD

Dataproducts M200 (2400 baud) 2595

DATAPRODUCTS LINE PRINTERS

B300 (300LPM band) 5535

B600 (600LPM band) 6861

2230 (300LPM drum) 7723

2260 (600LPM drum) 9614

2290 (900LPM drum) 12655

ACOUSTIC COUPLERS

A/J A242-A (300 baud orig.) 242

A/J 247 (300 baud orig.) 315

A/J AD342 (300 baud orig./ans.) 395

A/J 1234 (Vadic compatible) 895

A/J 1245 (300/1200 Bell comp.) 695

MODEMS

GDC 103A3 (300 baud Bell) 395

GDC 202S/T (1200 baud Bell) 565

GDC 212-A (300/1200 baud Bell) 850

A/J 1256 (Vadic compatible) 825

CASSETTE STORAGE SYSTEMS

Techtran 816 (store/forward) .1050

Techtran 817 (store/for/speed up) 1295

Techtran 818 (editing) 1795

Techtran 822 (dual) 2295

MFE 5000 (editing) 1495

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Techtran 950 (store/forward) 1395

Techtran 951 (editing) 1995

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mti

Applications Specialists & Distributors Great Neck. New York/Cleveland. Ohio.

N.Y.: 516/482-3500 & 212/895-7177 800/645-8016 Ohio: 216/464 6688

56 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Listing 2 continued:

360

REM

370

REM PLOT RANGES AS BAR GRAPH

380

FOR D=0 TO 24

390

FOR W=l TO INT(Z(D))

400

PRINT"**";

410

NEXT W

420

PRINT" "

430

NEXT D

440

GOTO 220

450

REM

460

REM

470

REM STEP DELAY AND RANGE SAMPLE ROUTINE

480

FOR T=0 TO 2

490

OUT 16,T

500

S(T)=INP(16) :S(T)= S(T) AND 15

510

NEXT T

520

Z(D)=(S(2)*10)+(S(l)*l)+(S(0)*.l)

530

FOR Q=0 TO 10 :NEXT 0

540

RETURN

550

REM

560

REM

570

FOR Q1=0 TO 100 :NEXT 01

580

RETURN

Listing 3: A short BASIC program that demonstrates one method for using the ultrasonic scanning device in a security system.

100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350

DEMONSTRATES HOW THE USED AS AN INTRUSION

ULTRASONIC DETECTOR.

TAKE FIRST DISTANCE READING

REM THIS PROGRAM

REM BOARD CAN BE

REM

REM

A=l :GOSUB 220 :REM

GOSUB 330

A=2 :GOSUB 220 :REM TAKE SECOND DISTANCE READING

IF ABS(X(1))-ABS(X(2))>=.3 THEN GOTO 280

IF ABS(X(2))-ABS(X(l))>=.3 THEN GOTO 280

GOTO 140 :REM CONTINUE SCAN

REM

REM

FOR T=0 TO 2

OUT 16,T

S(T)=INP(16) :S(T)=S(T) AND 15

NEXT T

X(A)=(S(2)*10)+(S(l)*l)+(S(0)*.l)

RETURN

PRINT" I GOT YOU IN MY SCANNER AT ";X(2);

REM AN ALARM ROUTINE WOULD BE PLACED HERE

GOTO 140

REM

REM

REM SAMPLE RATE DELAY TIMER

FOR Y=0 TO 200 :NEXT Y

RETURN

RANGING

FEET.

RUN

I GOT YOU IN MY SCANNER AT 11.4 FEET.

Text continued from page 50: is held high, and bit 0 is toggled to produce each step. To drive the motor counterclockwise, bits 1 and 2 are held high, and bit 0 is toggled for each step. The new scanner can read the distance at each step.

Listing 2 is a program that causes the scanner to make a 180° scan and prints out the distance measurements

in the form of a bar graph, demonstrated here in figure 7a.

To help you understand the mode of operation and value of the ranging device, I have also sketched the area of the Circuit Cellar where the measurements were taken. (See figure 7b.)

The scanner (the red object in figure 7b) was placed on a tripod at a

The picture perfect peripheral

Videoprint 3000 is the convenient economical means of obtaining distortion-free hardcopy from your Apple computer graphics display in full, brilliant color. The entire system is self contained in the convenient desk-top unit shown above.

Videoprints eliminate such off-the-screen photography problems as barrel distortion, color desaturation' and loss of color fidelity. Videoprints also minimize the effects of raster lines and video noise.

Videoprints are instantly produced with Polaroid® SX-70orPolacolor4"x5" films, as well as with conventional color negative or 35mm slide transparency films, offering you a range of handy sizes. The pictures are made at the push of a button.

If you've ever wanted to distribute copies of computer

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Hook up to one single cable and you're ready to capture any image on the Apple monitor screen. Other personal computers with color graphics capability work with the Videoprint 3000, too.

In fact, if you use computer graphics in any form, you really need Videoprint 3000. Find out all about this exciting new tool. Wfate or call us today for your local dealers' location.

Circle 34 on inquiry card.

The Videoprint People.

Image Resource Corporation

2260 Townsgate Road, Westlake Village, CA 91361

(805) 496-3317

Videoprints shown were produced by an Apple II with graphics tablet, or by live images on 3A "videotape.

Polaroid!' Polacolor" and "SX-70" are registered trademarks of the Polaroid Corporation.

height of 5 feet (1.5 meters), about 2 feet (0.6 meters) in front of my desk area. The parabolic reflector was pointed 90° to the left of center so that a 180° scan resulted in it ending up pointing 90° right of center. At each of the twenty-five steps it took to reach this point, it measured the distance to the nearest obstruction to its line of detection. For comparison, the blue dotted lines in figure 7b show where each step should have been and what should have been in the way of the sonar "beam."

The program of listing 2 printed the graph bar corresponding to each step,

starting with step 1. At the position reached after step 1, the system recorded a distance of about 5 feet (1.5 meters) to the VTR (videotape recorder) on the counter top. The same result was obtained for the next two steps. At the position reached after step 4 (about 30° around), the scanner was pointing between the stereo system and the TRS-80 computer on the desk to the right. This was indicated by a reading of about 15 feet (4.6 meters), measuring the distance to the bookcase on the far wall. The next couple of steps had the

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Circle 35 on inquiry card.

TRS-80 directly in the path of the scanner beam, and then the path of the beam was open to the far wall again for a couple of steps. The rest of the scan was similarly significant in that the range detector accurately described the perimeter from its viewpoint. Most important, however, was the demonstration of the sensitivity of the ranging device. At steps 9 and 16, the only object in the path between the scanner and the wall was a 4-inch (10 cm) ceiling-support column about 7 feet (2.1 meters) away. In both cases the obstruction was accurately identified.

We now have a device that can rotate to a particular position and accurately measure the distance to any object it "sees." A practical use of the range detector is as a security device. When the wall is known to be 16 feet (4.8 meters) away from the scanner, a sudden reading of 9 feet (2.7 meters) indicates that someone or something just moved in front of the range detector. The program of listing 3 allows the range detector to be used as a motion detector.

In Conclusion

I have demonstrated only two uses for the Polaroid Ultrasonic Ranging System Demonstrator Kit. The majority of applications I've heard about thus far have been independent projects that utilize the ranging system without the additional capabilities of a computer. They include a walking cane (with audio feedback) for the visually handicapped, a 0 to 35 foot (0 to 11 meter) altimeter for the Gossamer Albatross aircraft (for its English Channel crossing), and as an electronic "dip stick" for measuring liquid levels in storage tanks.

I hope that once you realize how easy it is to attach this automatic ranging system to a computer, you'll have as much fun experimenting with it as I have. Unfortunately, a new problem has arisen. Until now, one of the major reasons I haven't attempted to build a robot was the amount of expense and technical effort required to make it "see." Now I'll have to find a new excuse.!

Next Month:

Automated testing of electronic products using programs written in a high-level computer language.

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• Printable Columns — 136

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• Proportional, bi-directional printing • Programmable VFU

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Circle 36 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980

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Technical Fcnum

Kinetic String Art for the Apple

Louis Cesa, 305 Doris Ave, Vestal NY 13850

The accompanying photographs were produced using high-resolution graphics on the Apple II computer. As interesting as the pictures are, they do not do justice to the real-time art that takes place on the screen. The photographs show only time slices at different stages in the development of the kinetic string art. On the screen one can see shapes forming and gradually being replaced by other shapes in a continuous display of color and motion.

Algorithm Description for Kinetic String Art Program

1. Initialize Variables:

Xl=X2 = Yl=Y2 = CNTl = CNT2=0; DIM C(150), TX1(150), TX2(150), TY1(150),

TY2(150); AT = 1

2. Erase the line from TXl(AT), TYl(AT) to TX2 (AT), TY2(AT) of color C(AT).

3. If CNTl =0 then choose a new random color and a new random CNTl.

COLOR=1 + RND(3) CNTl = 5x(l+RND(10))

4. If CNT2 = 0 then choose new step sizes for DX1, DY1, DX2 and DY2 and a new random CNT2: DXl = RND(9)-4

DYl=RND(9)-4 DX2=RND(9)-4 DY2 = RND(9)-4 CNT2=5X(1+RND(10))

5. Compute new XI, Yl, X2, Y2 for next line and test for screen boundaries. For example,

470PX1=X1 + DX1

480 IF PX1> =0 AND PXK = MX THEN 500

490 PX1=X1: DX1= -DXl

500X1=PX1

6. Draw the new line from XI, Yl to X2, Y2.

7. Store the coordinates and color of the new line in:

C(AT), TXl(AT), TX2(AT), TYl(AT), TY2(AT)

8. Step AT to next position in table. AT=AT+1

IF AT > 150 THEN AT = 1

9. Go to step 2.

The algorithm used is quite simple. (See textbox. Contractual agreements preclude publishing a listing of the program.) The pictures are drawn by a line segment making a random walk on the screen. An initial pair of endpoints is chosen at random; also chosen at random are color, number of lines to be drawn with that color, step size for each endpoint (in the x and y directions), and number of times that the step sizes are to be used. Successive lines are drawn by advancing the endpoints of the line by the chosen step size in the x and y directions.

62 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Whenever the number of times that an action was to be executed (such as number of lines to be drawn in a given color) is exhausted, new random values for that quantity and for the number of times that the quantity should be used, are chosen. If a point attempts to walk off the screen, it is reflected back.

The designs in the accompanying photographs are formed by 150 lines. The program was coded so that when the 151st line is added, the first line is deleted, and so on. This is done by a routine that keeps track of each

line segment currently on the screen. When the table contains 150 lines, this routine erases the oldest line segment before adding a new one. (This effect can be noted in photos 1 and 2.) Interesting effects can be obtained by using different algorithms to choose the new line to be added at each iteration. For example, an interesting effect is obtained with just 10 lines on the screen and choosing random endpoints for each new line (essentially a visual image of white noise).■

November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 63

Micrograph

Part 1: Developing an Instruction Set for a Raster-Scan Display

E Grady Booch

4314 Driftwood Dr

Colorado Springs CO 80907

Simply stated, computer graphics is the technique of visual communication from computer to man. (See reference 14.) Interactive computer graphics is an important subset of this broad field and relates to computergenerated displays that can interact with a user in real or near-real time. Interactive graphics started with attempts to use the CRT (cathode-ray tube) as a computer output device. (See reference 12). The Whirlwind I in 1950 and Sketchpad in 1963 are examples of early attempts at interactive computer-graphics systems. Since that time, two distinct classes of CRT-based devices have been developed for use in interactive graphics: calligraphic (or vector) devices and raster-scan (as in a television receiver) devices.

The area of vector graphics "has for several years been sufficiently mature to justify efforts at standardization within it." (See reference 8.) A large body of information is available on the design of such systems. (See reference 13.) However, the same is

not necessarily true of raster-scan devices. Until recently, raster-scan technology has not been economically feasible. Decreasing hardware costs, especially for memory, have facilitated the trend toward rasterscan displays. (See reference 3.) The emergence of raster-scan displays has a side benefit, namely that "rasterscan technology is the only economical way to achieve color in full-sized displays." (See reference 4.) For the microcomputer user, this means that he can add moderateresolution color graphics to a system at an affordable price, using rasterscan technology. The benefits of color graphics for the personal computer are obvious: not only are color displays dazzling and eye-catching, but more important, they add a new dimension for communicating with a computer. Microcomputers with color-graphics capabilities have been available for some time, such as the Apple II and the Compucolor. Within the past year, however, Motorola and AMI (American

Microsystems Incorprated) have released a LSI (large-scale integration) chip, called a video-display generator, which performs all the video functions necessary to produce a color-graphics and alphanumerics display on a standard, unmodified color television. As a result, low-cost color-graphics displays are now possible for the personal computer user.

This three-part article presents the theory, design, and construction of a low-cost, color-graphics display processor called Micrograph, which is based on the Motorola MC6847 video-display generator. (See photo 1.) Essential characteristics of Micrograph are described in the text box. In the remainder of this article, I will review the characteristics of interactive computer-graphics systems, followed by an overview of the Micrograph design. Subsequent articles will concern the hardware construction details for Micrograph and the software necessary to control the system.

About the Author

£ Grady Booch is currently a computer systems design engineer with the Air Force Space and Missile Test Center. He is involved with the development of a highresolution color-graphics system for tracking missile launches. Grady received his bachelor of science and master of science degrees in computer science from the United States Air Force Academy and the University of California, Santa Barbara, respectively.

Micrograph Features:

• 64 by 64, 128 by 128, and 256 by 192 pixel resolutions are available.

• Up to eight different colors are displayed at one time.

• It contains a single-board processor, based on Zilog Z80 processor and Motorola MC6847 Video Display Generator.

• Construction cost: about $275 .

• High-level graphics primitives support.

• Both graphics and alphanumerics are supported.

• It interfaces to a host microcomputer via three 8-bit input/output ports (status, input, and output) and by radio-frequency or video entry to a standard, unmodified color television.

64 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 37 on Inquiry card.

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PROCESSOR 2 I

CODE GENERATOR

DISPLAY FILE

__, DISPLAY ^ PROCESSOR

CRT

DATA BASE

Figure 1: A general block diagram of an interactive graphics-display system. The functions of Processor 1 and Processor 2 may be performed by the same device; however, the output of Processor 1 must be a structured abstract of the image to be displayed, for the graphics package (Processor!) to operate. (The figure is from Principles of Interactive Computer Graphics, by Newman and Sproull. Copyright 1973, used with permission of McGraw-Hill Book Company.)

Background on Interactive Computer-Graphics Systems

Newman and Sproull, in their book Principles of Interactive Computer

Graphics (reference 12), present an excellent model of a generalized interactive graphics system, as reproduced in figure 1. Processor 1,

Photo 1: A view of the completed Micrograph prototype, based on the Motorola MC6847 video-display generator. Use of this integrated circuit greatly simplifies hardware design by eliminating the complex divider-chains usually found in homebrew video displays.

which is not necessarily a different physical processor than Processor 2, handles program-specific processing for a particular graphics application. The output of this processor is generally a structured, abstract representation of the set of images that will be displayed.

Processor 2 represents the processing that is to be handled by a graphics package, as it is commonly called. This processor manipulates the abstract representations, performing transformations (such as rotation, translation, and scaling) and clipping as needed. The output of this processor is generally a display file consisting of instructions that are meaningful to a physical display processor. The display processor uses these instructions to produce an image upon some type of display device. For interactive graphics, these processes must occur very rapidly.

Numerous graphics packages for commercial systems exist to handle the requirements of Processors 1 and 2. SIGGRAPH (Special Interest Group on Computer Graphics) of the ACM (Association for Computing Machinery) has proposed a standard for such systems. However, for our purposes, we must turn our attention to the display processor itself. Before examining the design for a color

66 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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graphics display processor, we must consider the characteristics of calligraphic and raster-scan displays.

Comparison of Display Devices

Four basic technologies exist to support interactive graphics:

• calligraphic

• raster-scan

• storage-tube

• plasma

Three of these devices (calligraphic, raster-scan, and storage-tube) are CRT-based, but only two (calligraphic and raster-scan) are adaptable to interactive, rapidly

Glossary

Aliasing: As used here, a granular or stair-stepped appearance in an image caused by the display screen being divided into a finite number of elements. This effect is most noticeable on low-resolution displays and on high-resolution displays with near-horizontal or near-vertical lines. Calligraphic Display: A display, that produces an image from a collection of vectors and points, by directing the electron beam in the X and Y directions corresponding to the vector endpoints. Display Processor: A specialpurpose peripheral processor that is dedicated to producing a visual image on some type of display (usually a CRT) based on special graphics instructions in a display list.

Instancing: The technique of defining one image, then being able to perform transformations to reproduce the same image in several different places on the display.

Pixel: A picture element. Raster-Scan Display: A display that produces images, just as in television, by amplitude modulation of the Z-axis beam along a full screen of horizontal lines (the raster).

Scan-Line Conversion: An algorithm used to calculate each individual point along a vector, given the starting and ending points.

Transformation: Modifications of an image, such as translation (movement in the X, Y, or Z axis), rotation (also in any axis), and scaling (also in any axis).

moving displays.

Calligraphic displays produce images by drawing vectors using endpoint information. A relative or absolute position is presented to the display, and the electron beam is deflected from its current position. Analog methods of vector generation can produce high-resolution vectors. Symbols are usually generated as a collection of vectors. Special hardware may also exist to produce circles and arcs, but these features are generally not cost-effective.

Calligraphic displays can achieve resolutions of up to 4096 by 4096 pixels (ie: picture elements) which corresponds to 16,777,216 elements (which is why I don't consider 256 by 256 pixels or even 512 by 512 pixels as "high resolution"). (See reference 11.) Therefore, a 21-inch-diagonal rectangular CRT will typically have a spot size of 0.02 inches (0.5 mm). (See reference 9.) Vectors using these techniques will appear sharp rather than granular. Several thousand vectors may be displayed flicker-free.

Calligraphic displays can produce color images using beam-penetration tubes. This type of CRT has multiple layers of phosphor coating on the face of the tube. Individual colors (usually four different colors) are produced by varying the anode voltage

and hence the depth of beam penetration.

Raster-scan displays produce an image much like commercial television by generating a full screen of horizontal lines. This set of lines (the raster) is modulated in the Z axis (intensity and color) to produce an image. Vectors are drawn using digital scan-line-conversion techniques which compute every point along the vector. Symbols are usually generated using a character generator which directly plots each point of the symbol.

Raster-scan displays can achieve resolutions up to 2048 by 2048 in monochrome and 1024 by 1024 in color, which corresponds to roughly one million pixels (for color). (See reference 9.) The limited resolution for color displays results from the difficulty in producing shadow masks and the granularity of the phosphordot triples used in constructing the CRT. Because of the nature of the raster-scan CRT, the individual dots have insignificant overlap and therefore vectors appear coarse and stair-stepped. However, techniques such as ordered-dithering and antialiasing algorithms exist to reduce the effect of granularity. (See references 7, 10, and 12.) Stair-stepping (or aliasing) is most noticeable in near

68 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

CALLIGRAPHIC DISPLAY RASTER-SCAN DISPLAY

Advantages

Disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages

• High resolution (4096 by 4096).

• Analog circuitry • Digital circuitry • Moderate often requires is quite reliable. resolution adjustment. (1024 by 1024

color).

• Thousands of vectors can be displayed.

• Limited colors • Many colors • Digital scan-line (usually four). possible (more conversion is

than 2"). slow.

• Display has low • Display is brightness. high intensity.

• Limited • Many (gray intensities scale) are possible. intensities exist.

• Shading of • Shading areas large areas is simple, impossible.

• Flicker occurs • Display does when too many not flicker, vectors are displayed.

• Ghosting • Display has occurs on high contrast, rapidly moving displays.

Table 1: Comparison of calligraphic (ie: vector) and raster-scan displays.

Circle 39 on inquiry card. >

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MOV

VEC

JUMP

'

1

SYM

CALL

SYM

VEC

RETURN

VEC

VEC

JUMP

Figure 2: The display list of primitive instructions performed by the display processor of a calligraphic (ie: vector) display. The loop is performed repeatedly by the processor to guide the display electronics. A new or modified display is produced by altering the display list.

COLOR DATA

Figure 3: A color raster-scan frame buffer. Each pixel (ie: picture element) on the screen is represented by a unique set of X and Y coordinates. Every coordinate is associated with some amount of color information (in this case, 4 bits). This data may be used to specify an address in a color-look-up table such as figure 4.

vertical and near-horizontal lines. Any number of vectors, up to and including a full CRT screen, can be displayed without flicker.

Color raster-scan displays produce their images by exciting triads of dots or rectangles at each pixel. Each triad generally consists of one red, one blue, and one green element. Different colors (in excess of 216) can be produced by exciting each element at different levels of intensity.

Clearly, the use of each type of display is associated with certain advantages and disadvantages, as summarized in table 1.

Controlling a Calligraphic Display

As mentioned previously, a calligraphic display draws vectors based upon endpoint information. Even the most complex images can be created as a collection of vectors. Because of the short persistence of the CRT phosphors required for a fast calligraphic display, once a vector is drawn, it will disappear very quickly, typically in just a few milliseconds. Thus, the entire display must be continuously refreshed to avoid flicker and a loss of portions of the image.

Refresh rates vary with the intensity of the display, but the image must be refreshed at least 30 times per second.

These requirements give rise to a structure called a display list. As figure 2 indicates, a display list is simply a collection of primitive instructions for the display processor. The display processor repeatedly scans this list to send vector-drawing information to the display electronics. To modify a display, Processor 2 (of figure 1) simply points the display processor to a new display list, or inserts or deletes a portion of the existing list. Generally, a display list is stored external to the display processor in the host-processor memory and is addressed via DMA (direct memory access).

Numerous instruction sets have been devised for calligraphic-display processors. Since displays at this primitive level are very difficult to control, the trend is toward higherlevel graphics languages. However, all primitive instruction sets must contain certain basic features, including primitives to move the beam, draw a line, draw a character, call a subroutine, and change colors or intensity.

Controlling a Raster-Scan Display

Unlike calligraphic displays, rasterscan displays generally employ what is known as a frame buffer. The frame buffer is essentially a block of memory that maintains a one-to-one correspondence with the set of pixels. In other words, there exists one memory location for every pixel. A pixel can be specified in one or more bits, as figure 3 indicates. Thus, color information for a pixel is stored at each memory location. In color raster-scan displays, this memory location does not necessarily hold physical color information, but often supplies a pointer to a color-look-up table, as figure 4 indicates. Thus, for example, a pixel may be specified by 4 bits, but the color information may be translated to any sixteen of a possible 216 colors. This technique allows the display of many different colors with a conservation of memory. The techniques of contrast stretching and pseudocoloring can be easily achieved with a color-look-up table.

A raster-scan display does require a large amount of memory to implement the frame buffer. For example, a display with a resolution of 512 by

70 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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512 by 8 requires 256 K bytes of memory. This drawback is one of the primary reasons that raster-scan devices have only recently become cost-effective.

Using a frame buffer, an image is drawn by inserting color information into the memory location corresponding to the appropriate pixel. This architecture has the feature of producing flicker-free images; however, to draw vectors the display processor must calculate every point along the vector. Scan-lineconversion algorithms that calculate the points of a vector (given the endpoints) exist, but such algorithms are slow compared to analog techniques used in calligraphic displays. Once an image is written into the frame buffer, it will be continuously displayed. Refresh is not required by the host, but the image cannot be modified as a calligraphic display can.

Clearly, the characteristics of color raster-scan displays present control problems unlike those for calligraphic displays. We must therefore not only exploit the inherent color-display potential, but we must also deal with the problems of selectively updating a raster-scan display. As the next section indicates, we can adapt calligraphic control techniques to effectively control a color raster-scan display.

Primitives for a Color RasterScan Display

To develop an instruction set for a color-graphics display processor, we must first establish our requirements. We assume as a minimum that these primitive instructions will be executed by an intelligent display processor having both a single-frame buffer and a color-look-up table. Therefore, we require that:

• The set of graphics primitives must permit the construction of any image within the physical limitations of the raster-scan display. The set doesn't need to be minimal: efficiency is a more important characteristic.

• The graphics primitives must be implementation-independent. The primitives must be applicable to any resolution and not be constrained by word size or any similar characteristic of the target processor.

• The graphics primitives must be

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COLOR DATA

1

PIXEL

COLOR LOOK UP TABLE

WHICH POINTS

TO •«.

1111

10 0 1

0 0 10

1 1 1

1 1 1

1 1 1

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 1

0 0 10

0 0 11

1111

GREEN

BLUE

DIGITAL /ANALOG CONVERTERS

Figure 4: Color-look-up table. Using this scheme, a 4-bit value from the frame buffer (shown in figure 3) can select one of sixteen predefined colors. In this example, each color is composed of various intensities of red, green, and blue. Other systems may specify colors by indicating values for intensity, hue, and saturation.

adaptable to a display-list structure, since display lists are a wellestablished form of control for display processors and hence permit straightforward integration with generalized graphics-support software in the host processor.

Graphics Primitives

As explained previously, we know that raster-scan and calligraphic displays are architecturally different. However, our third requirement indicates that both classes of displays must at least appear identical to the user. Therefore, our graphics primitives become an abstraction for the control of a raster-scan display. We must design a set of primitives independent of the actual architecture of the display. Just as with the benefits of using a high-level programming language, the use of abstractions in controlling a graphics

display allows the user to concentrate upon producing images rather than concerning himself with the mechanics of the implementation.

Before examining the primitives for a color raster-scan display, it is important that you understand two very critical abstractions. First, it is necessary that the user visualize the display processor as manipulating a two-dimensional Cartesian surface, with the origin of the space at some predefined location (usually the center, or lower left-hand corner) on the display surface. There may or may not be a direct mapping of pixel data in the display-processor memory to this surface: the actual implementation should be invisible to the user.

From the previous section, we know that the display processor doesn't need to be concerned with identification of objects that are displayed in this space, but rather we

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need only to be able to manipulate the pixel data that forms these objects.

The second abstaction which we must develop concerns graphicsdisplay registers. These registers are defined in the display processor and may be addressed by the user to set up global image parameters, such as current vector type, or to provide immediate processor-status information, such as the current X and Y position. Clearly, these registers may be implemented in diverse portions of the display hardware. Concerning the second requirement, it is important that the user sees these registers as an easily addressable set that may be referenced by the host processor. As we shall see, the use of graphicsdisplay registers helps reduce the scope of some of the graphics primitives that are necessary to control a color raster-scan display.

It is evident, as with any graphics display, that the minimum set of instructions we need includes only a point-positioning and a vectordrawing primitive. But clearly, this set is by no means efficient. Thus, I will present and defend the set of graphics primitives for a color rasterscan display which will be implemented in Micrograph. Next I will present the primitive instructions in their mnemonic form in order to maintain their implementation independence.

As with a calligraphic display, one of the most fundamental operations we perform is point positioning. Since a raster-scan display does not produce an image by beam movement, but rather by Z-axis modulation, we must abstract current X and Y coordinates, which may also be addressed as graphics-display registers. To increase the utility of a move primitive (ie: primitive instruction specifying a movement), we must include several options. To begin, both absolute and relative point positioning are necessary. The need for absolute positioning is obvious; relative positioning permits an entire display to be defined relative to a single point in the image, which is an essential feature if subroutines and instancing are to be supported.

Furthermore, remember that the elements of an image are often closely spaced: thus, we need options for long and short movement. With a

long movement, we may express a point position in the full-screen coordinates (for either absolute or relative positioning). With a short movement, we may express a point position with a limited maximum value (such as 0 to 7, again either absolute or relative). Therefore, it's possible to decrease display-list memory requirements with the use of short movements, which take less storage than a long instruction. Finally, it is often necessary to simply plot a single point. To do so, we must include the option to illuminate or not. If we illuminate, we obviously must include a parameter for the color of the point. Mnemonically, our move primitive can be represented as:

MOVT,M,C,I,(±)X,(±)Y

where:

T = type (Short or Long movement)

M = mode (Absolute or Relative positioning) C = color

I = illuminate (Yes or No) X = X position or offset (with a sign on the relative mode) Y = Y position or offset (with a sign on the relative mode)

For example, the primitive:

MOVS,R,4,Y,+3,-4

moves the current X,Y position by an offset of (3,-4) and illuminates that point in a color whose code is 4.

The next obvious primitive we need performs vector drawing. With the same justification as for the move primitive, we must permit the options of long and short vectors. We assume that the starting point of the vector is the current X, Y position, and the endpoints are determined by either absolute or relative positioning. Just as with a move primitive, we must also be able to specify the color of the vector. Finally, we must be able to define the current vector type, such as solid, dashed, or dotted vectors. Experience indicates that such line types are rarely used. Therefore, rather than specifying this parameter in the primitive itself, we assume that we have available a graphics-display register that defines the current line type. Mnemonically, our vector primitive

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can be represented as:

VECT,M,C,(±)X,(±)Y where:

T = type (Short or Long movement)

M = mode (Relative or Absolute endpoints) C = color

X = X position or offset (with a sign in the relative mode) Y = Y position or offset (with a sign in the relative mode)

For example, the primitive:

VEC L,A,15,255,180

draws a vector (with the color coded 15) from the current X,Y position to the pixel (255,180).

We must have an instruction that allows us to call a subroutine. Such a primitive is essential to support object instancing. Furthermore, since we assume the existence of an intelligent target display processor, we must expand our primitive to permit a call to a display-processor subroutine. Such

an option allows the user to execute his own predefined routines, which can possibly decrease the imagegeneration time and reduce some of the processing burden from the host for often-used routines. Clearly, this option is not essential, but it does allow the user to exploit the full capabilities of the display processor. Mnemonically, our call primitive (ie: primitive instruction to call a subroutine) can be represented as:

CALL T,N

where:

T = type of subroutine (Processor

or Graphics)

N = name or number of

subroutine

For example, the primitive: CALL G7

calls the grapics subroutine number 7. Along with the call primitive, we obviously must have a primitive which allows us to return from a subroutine. Our return primitive instruction can be represented as:

RET

Text is often an element of a display and therefore warrants its own primitive. It is important to realize that text usually occurs as a string of symbols rather than a single symbol. Therefore, we must include an option to display a number of contiguous symbols. Furthermore, in terms of the symbols themselves, we may wish to use either a standard alphanumeric font or a user-defined font. Therefore, we assume the availability of a programmable symbol generator. As will be explained, the user may define his own set of symbols and then display a string of symbols by using the symbol primitive, passing it the codes for the appropriate symbols. Mnemonically, our symbol primitive can be represented as:

SYM N,S„..S„

where:

N = number of symbols in the

string

Si = symbol code

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For example, if we have defined a 128-character ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) set of symbols, the primitive:

SYM 5,68,80,77,80,83

displays the string "COLOR".

Also, as noted earlier, we may need to synchronize our display with the display frame rate, especially if we wish to perform animation with smooth movements. Therefore, we need a primitive that suspends display processing until the end of a frame or until after a certain number

of frames. Mnemonically, our wait primitive can be represented as:

WAITN where:

N = number of frames to wait

For example, the primitive:

WAIT 7

suspends processing for seven frames. Since we have assumed the existence of a color-look-up table to facilitate pseudocoloring and contrast-stretching, we must provide

^ D-Cat:

. \)Sf Everything ^UlLU^yotCii ever need in a basic, direct modem.

There's only one originate/answer modem that gives you the performance and reliability of a direct connect modem with the portability and price of an acoustic. Novation's new D-Cat.

D-Cat is the only direct modem that's FCC approved for handset jack connection with any modular phone. Use it at home or at work on a 50-pin, six line business phone. Talk to D-Cats, Cats, or any other Bell 103 compatible modem.

D-Cat also has all the features you want: full duplex capability, voice/data

monitor, up to 20 dB performance improvement over acoustic, hold function, privacy button, self-test, and a remarkable price. Only $199.

But best of all, it's from Novation. The recognized world leader in personal communications.

D-Cat by

Novation

Call for details:

(800) 423-5410

In California (213) 996-5060

Available at Avnet Electronics, Hamilton Electro, Hamilton Avnet, Kierulff Electronics, Byte Shops, Computerland, and your local computer store. Novation, Inc., 18664 Oxnard Street, Tarzana, California 91356

DETACHABLE INSERT

some method of controlling such a structure. There are two common methods for the organization of such tables. One method allows for the definition of a color by the proportions of red, green, and blue elements (the colors which physically make up a pixel). This method is easily performed in hardware, but it is not readily adaptable to common English color descriptions (such as hot pink or sea green). A preferred method, which we shall use, defines a color by its hue, intensity, and saturation. This classification refers to, respectively, the gradation of color (red, pink, purple), the brightness of the color, and the purity, or amount of black, in the color (dark red, fireengine red).

We abstract the existence of a three-part table (which will actually be implemented in hardware) that is used as a color-look-up table. Since this table is user-alterable, we will refer to its parts as color memories. (They would usually be implemented as programmable-memory elements.) In order to generalize this primitive, we need to be able to update the entire table, one entire portion of the table (hue, intensity, or saturation), or all the parameters for a given color code. This table will allow selection of 2" colors out of a 2'+**5 color set where n is the pixel size in bits and i, h, and s are, respectively, the word size of the intensity, hue, and saturation color memory. For example, if n = i = h = s = 4, we can select one of sixteen colors out of a 212 color set. Mnemonically, our load-colormemory primitive can be represented as:

LCRAM R,M,(A,)C,

where:

R = reference (intensity, Hue, or

Saturation color memory, or All)

M= mode (Single address or All

addresses in table)

A = address (optional)

C = color data for the color

memory

For example, the primitive:

LCRAM A,S,2,5,7,2

DETACHABLE INSERT

80 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 48 on inquiry card.

mmmmum

mammmmmm

ENGINEERING SELECTION GUIDE •FALL 1990

■

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■ \?1

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THE 8" 9 TO 45 M BYTES FIXED RIGID DISK DRIVE

FROM

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PRIORITY rONEH ELECTRONICS,

FOR THE INSIDE TRACK, SEE PAGE 8

80 — CV II BYTE November 1980

r

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

1

We thank Robert Tinney for accurately depicting, on our cover, PRIORITY ONE

ELECTRONICS' support for the electronic industry, worldwide and beyond. We will continue

to service you with the finest state of the art components. PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS is

proud to present our

Fall, 1980 Engineering Selection Guide.

Please detach the selection

guide from

your magazine and take a few moments to look

over the wide variety of fine

products that PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS has assembled for you.

Anacom General Corp.

15

Fluke

44,45

Probes

34.38.39,46

Antronics

52

Frequency Counters

39, 47, 48

Prototyping Supplies

12,24-33.36-38

AP Products

17, 35-37

Function Generators

39,48

Pulse Generators

38, 39

Apparat

16

Global Specialties Corp.

38, 39

QT Computer Systems

2,3, 5,12,13

Apple Memory Expansion

16,17,19

Godbout

2-4,12,13

RAM ICs

16, 19

Apple Peripherals

17

GSC

52, 53

Resistors

22

B. & K. Precision

46, 48

Hard Disks

7-9

Ribbon Cable

24

Bishop Graphics

31-33

Hard Holes

18

Robinson Nugent

25

Books

17, 54

Hazeltine

14

RS232 Connectors & Cable

24

Breadboards

27-29, 32,

33 Head Cleaning Kits

18

RS232 Interfaces

3, 17

Breadboards, Solderless

37, 38

Heders

16,24,25,35,36

S100 Products

2-13,16,28,32,33

Bug Box System

40

Heat Guns

50

Sams Books

16, 54

C-Probe

41

Heat Shrinkale Tubing

51

Sanyo

14

Cables

15,24,34

Hlckok

45. CV III

Semiconductors

19-22

California Computer Systems 2-4, 6,12,

13,16,17, CV-IV Hitachi

41-43

Serial Interfaces

3, 17

Caltronics

21,24,34

HUH? TRS-80 Products

16

Shugart

13

Capacitance Meters

41,47,48

Hunter Tools

49

Slit N' Wrap

30

Capacitators

23

I/O Boards

2,3

Sockets

24-26, 36

Card Cages

13, 28, 30

ICs

19-21

Software

6, 7, 9,16

Card Extenders

4, 12,28

IC Storage

40

Soldering Equipment

50. 51

CAT Modem

15

IDC Connectors & Cables

24,35

Static RAM Boards

4. 5

Centronics

15

International Instrumentation,

Inc. 40, 41

Static RAM ICs

19

Clock/Calendar Boards

2, 17

ISOBAR

52

Super Ram

5

CMOS ICs

21

ISOTIP

51

Support Chips

19

Coleflex

51

Junction Boxes

52

Sullens

26

CompuPro

2-4,12,13

Just Wrap

27

Surgeonics

52

Connectors

24-26, 34,

35 Ledu Lamps

52

Switchboard

3

Continental Specialties

38,39

Linear ICs

20

TEI

13

CPU Boards

2

Livermore Data Systems

15

Temperature Probes

45

CPU Chips

19

Logic Probes & Analyzers

27, 38, 39

Terminals CRT

14

CP/M

6

LS ICs

20

Terminals Wiring

27. 30

Crystals

23

3M Scotch

18

Terminator Boards

12

"D" Connectors

24

Mainframes

13,28.30

Test Clips

34, 35

D-Cat

15

Magnifier Lamps

52

Test Equipment

38, 39, 41-48. CV-III

Digital Pulser

38, 39

Media Accessories

18

Texas Instruments

25, 26

Diodes

22

Memory Boards

2,4, 5

Textool

25

DIP Jumpers

36

Memory Chips

16, 19

Thinker Toys

3,5,6,7,12.13

DIP Plugs

25

Meters

39, 40, 45, 47, 48, CV-III Tools

12,25,27.30,34,35,49-52

DIP Switches

19

Micropolis

CV-II . 8-11.16

Transformers

21

Discretes

22,23

Microprocessor ICs

19

Transistors

22

Discus

6,7

Modems

15

TRS-80 Memory Expansion

16. 19

Disk Cabinets

13

Monitors

14

TRS-80 Peripherals

16

Disk Drives

6-11,13,16

Morrow Designs

3,5,6,7,12,13

TTLICs

20

Disk Jockey

6

Motherboards

12, 28

UARTs

19

Diskette Storage & Care

18

Motorola

19-21

Ungar

50

Diskettes

18

Mullen

12

Vector Electronic Co.

4,12, 28-30

Drafting Aids

31-33

NEWDOS80

16

Verbatim

18

Dynamic RAM Boards

2, 5

Non-Linnear Systems

46,47

Video Boards

2

Dynamic RAMs

19

Novation

15

Video Displays

14

Econorams

2,4,5

Oscilloscopes

41-43, 46

Vista Computer Co.

16

Edsyn

51

Opto-lsolators

19

Winchester

24

Enclosures

13.28,30

Page Precut Wire

25

Winchester Technology

7, 8, 9

EPROM Boards

4

Pana Vise

49

Wire

25

EPROMs

19

Panel Meters

47

Wire Wrap Boards

27, 28. 29, 32

Expandable 1'™

5

Photo Boards

28

Wire Wrap Headers

24, 36

Expandable+

5

Plugboards

27-29, 32, 33

Wire Wrap Sockets

25

E-Z-Bus

32,33

Power Strips

52

Wire Wrap Tools

27, 29

E-Z-Circuit

31

Power Supplies

53

Z80 MicroprocessorICs

19

E-Z-Hook

34

Printers

15

ZIP DIP Sockets

25

. © 1980 by PRIORITY 1 ELECTRONICS. All rights reserved, no part shall be reproduced without written permission from PRIORITY 1 ELECTRONICS.

ORDER TOLL FREE (800) 423-5633

BYTE November 1980

80 — 1

ruomiiiaiiy-dijuiebseu metnury

■ ennuis wiui wysiai cuniroueo rrequencies |±U.1%)

Specifications and prices subject to change without notice.

• Uses FF Detect to disable output when empty locations addressed

1 QTCI0BB Bare Board

$ 69.00

LIST PRICE OUR PRICE

1 QTCI0K Kit

$275.00

THT-SW8K $199.00

LIST PRICE OUR PRICE

^JJTCIOA A&T

$375.00

TIIT-SWBA $259.00 $239.00

CCS2720 $250.00 $239.00,

WE ACCEPT VISA, and MASTER-CHARGE —«

noin-rmiNHjivira f — W "sing (4l16-150ns) (6MHz) 200ns

80 — 3

i yuwei un/iBSttt.

I

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

MEET THE ECONORAM FAMILY...

ALL ECONORAMS

FROM COMPUKIT INCLUDE:

■ Fully static memory used throughout to promote reliable operation and facilitate direct memory access. (DMA)

P»8)(£

Static S-100 Memory

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

California Computer Systems

CCS2422

FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER

WITH CP/M VERSION 2.2

• Compatible with the IEEE proposed S-100 bus standards

• Controls any combination of 5V4 and 8" drives up to four

• Double-Sided and Side Select signals implemented for double-sided drives

• Reads and writes diskettes conforming to the IBM 3740 format standard for single-density diskettes and the IBM System 34 format standard for double-density diskette

• Z-80 compatible, ROM-resident bootstrap loader for loading CP/M Into system memory from diskette

• ROM-resident MOSS 2.2 Disk Monitor

■ Plug-compatible with Shugart 800/850 and 400/450 drives

• Fast Seek for voice-coil drives hardware- or softwareenabled

• Can be assigned to one of eight banks through bank byte/bank port system used by Cromemco and others

• Optional Auto Wait circuitry for wait on data or board status register when data register is not ready for data transfer

• PINT, NMI, or VIZ-V17 can be used to interrupt the CPU when the 2422 is ready for data transfer or a new command

■ Write Precompensation circuitry for double-density diskettes

• Digital phase locked loop for read data separation

• LEDS to indicate ROM, Bank, and Board Select

• Address Decoding ROMs handle ROM and register addressing

• Optional Wait State for ROM

• Assembled & Tested

List Price Our Price

CCS2422 $400.00 S375.00

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS SOFTWARE

CCS-2601 CP/M Version 2.2 Microcomputer

Control Program S150.00

CCS-2610 MAC-CP/M Macro Assembler $90.00

CCS-2620 SID-CP/M Symbolic Instruction

Debugger $75.00

CCS-2630 TEX-CP/M Text Formatter $75.00

CCS-2640 DESPOOL—CP/M Background

Print Utility $50.00

All software comes with manuals & 8" diskette

CP/M, MAC, SID, TEX, and DESPOOL are registeredtrademarks of Digital Research.

Thinker Toys

DISK JOCKEY I FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER

iifiuamm

DISCUS 1

FULL-SIZE, SINGLE-DENSITY

DISK MEMORY SYSTEM

The DISCUS I full-size, single-density disk memory system offers the opportunity to move your S-100 system into the large storage capability and high speed access of an 8" drive.

DISCUS I gives you 250,000 bytes per diskette with five times the access speed of a mini-floppy. Yet, the cost is only slightly higher.

DISCUS ! full-size, single-density disk system is complete in every way—complete with all hardware, all software and completely assembled and tested.

Specifications:

Data Specifications and Formats

■ 250,000 byte capacity per standard 8" floppy diskette

• Soft-sectored IBM-compatible format: 77 tracks/26 sectors per track/128 bytes per sector

• Includes Disk/ATE™ disk operating system with integral monitor, assembler and text editor & BASIC-V advanced virtual disk BASIC capable of addressing up to 1 megabyte

• Software customized for SOL and Exidy available

• Patches for CP/M* included

• Optional CP/M' Microsoft BASIC, and FORTRAN available.

List Price Our Price

THT-D1S Single Drive $995.00 $950.00

THT-D1D Dual Drive $1790.00 $1595.00

Specifications

• S-100 compatible

DISK JOCKEY 2D FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER

Specifications:

• Plug compatible with Shugart, Remex and Siemens single- or double-sided drives

• Double/stngle-density capability utilizing MFM and FM data formats

• Western Digital 1791 LSI floppy disk controller chip

• Uses 2K of S-100 address space:

— 1K PROM with built-in disk drive and I/O utility subroutines incorporating memory mapped I/O

— 1K 2114-3L 300 ns access time RAM for disk data buffering and general purpose use

• Starting address of memory space is 340:000 (E000 hex) for compatibility with other popular ROM based systems

• Phase-locked data separator and crystal controlled disk data write precompensation capability to insure the highest standards of data integrity in double density mode

• Compatible with all 2 MHz and 4 MHz systems which conform with the proposed IEEE standards for the S-100 bus

• 1602 UART with crystal-controlled baud-rate generator

• Sixteen switch selectable baud rates from 50 to 19,200 bits/second

• TTY current loop and industry standard RS232C serial interface

• Power-on jump circuitry for automatic bootstrap loading from the disk drive

• Power supply requirements: +8v@ 1200 ma; +16v@ 150ma;-16v@70ma

• ROM utility subroutines:

Bootstrap load Seek

Terminal input Set sector

Thinker Tbys

DISCUS/2D™ DOUBLE DENSITY DISK SYSTEM

Why not go all the way to the professional/industrial standard of 600K byte/side disk memory with your S-100 system? The new DISCUS/2D™ full-size, double-density floppy disk system is actually less expensive than many mini-floppy systems.

And Thinker Toys™ hasn't just made full-size, doubledensity disk memory affordable.. .we've made it more functional.

Thinker Toys™ has developed BASIC-V™ a virtual disk BASIC that lets you address all 600K bytes {expandable to 1 megabyte) as if were main memory. The data format is soft-sectored and compatible with IBM's new System 34. And DISCUS/2D,M accepts both single-density and double-density disks for complete flexibility in data storage.

And DISCUS/2D™ is even more attractive because it's priced and delivered as a truly complete system. It's complete with all hardware. It's complete with all necessary software. And it's completely assembled, tested and warranted.

Specifications:

•CP/M V2.2 standard

■ Plug compatible with Shugart, Remex and Siemens single- or double-sided drives

• Double/single-density capability utilizing MFM and FM data formats

• Western Digital 1791 LSI floppy disk controller chip

• Uses 2K of S-100 address space:

— 1K PROM with built-in disk drive and I/O utility subroutines incorporating memory mapped I/O

— 1K 2114-3L 300 ns access time RAM for disk data offering and general purpose use

Starting address of memory space is 340:000 (E000

hex) for compatibility with other popular ROM based

systems

Phase-locked data separator and crystal controlled

disk data write precompensation capability to insure the

highest standards of data integrity in double density

mode.

Compatible with all 2 MHz and 4 MHz systems which

conform with the proposed IEEE standard for the

S-100 bus

1602 UART with crystal-controlled baud-rate generator

Sixteen switch selectable baud rates from 50 to 19,200

bits/second

TTY current loop and industry standard RS232C serial

interface

Power-on jump circuitry for automatic bootstrap loading

from the disk drive

Power supply requirements: + 8V@ 1200 ma; + 16V@

150 ma; -16V@70ma.

ROM utility subroutines:

Bootstrap load Seek

Terminal input Set sector

Terminal output Set DMA address

Home Disk read

Disk write Select drive Terminal panic detect Terminal status

Discus 2D Double density Single sided

THT-D2DS Single Drive THT-D2DD Double Drive

DMA status Disk status Disk error

Switch density

Discus 2 + 2 Double density Double sided

List Price Our Price . .$1199.00 $1098.00 . .$1994.00 $1798.00

THT-D22S Single Drive. . THT-D22D Double Drive

List Price Our Price .$1545.00 $1395.00 .$2740.00 $2450.00

rrtWP PAFTUIA I

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

DRIVE A HARD BARGAIN!

THINKER TOYST

9

GENERAL SYSTEM INFORMATION

The DISCUS M26 is supplied with the CP/M 2 Operating System prerecorded on the disk. Both low level drivers and bootstrap software are furnished in the documentation and on the disk itself. The drivers are assembled to run at F400 hex and assume that the controller has I/O addresses 50, 51. 52 and 53 hex. For recovery from a catastrophic software crash, Morrow Designs can supply a floppy diskette which reformats the disk and reinstalls copies of the operating system.

The controller can run up to four hard disks for a total of 104 megabytes of on-line storage. It is implemented in forty-seven MSI and SSI TTL integrated circuits. A DIP switch is provided for setting the starting I/O address of the controller. The four addresses are: 0-Control and data status 1-Controller command register 2-Drive select and control register 3-Data In and Out

The lowest address set into the switch must be divisible by four. Through the "Drive select and control register," the controller can select any of the four drives and up to sixteen heads within a drive. Also accessible through this register are the step and direction command lines which are used to move the eight read/write heads from one track to another.

Data transfers are handled through an on-board finite state machine fashioned out of sfindard TTL and a medium-sized PROM (64 x 8). The commands are:

write a sector header

read a sector header

read a sector of data

write a sector of data

reset the internal data buffer pointer to the beginning of the data buffer

reset the internal data buffer pointer Jo the beginning of the sector header buffer

26 MEGABYTES

Suddenly, S-100 microcomputer systems can easily handle 100 million bytes. Because Morrow Designs'" now offers the first 26 megabyte hard disk memory for S-100 systems-the DISCUS M26m Hard Disk System.

It has 26 megabytes of useable memory (29 megabytes unformatted). And it's expandable to 104 megabytes.

The DISCUS M26"" system is delivered complete-a 26 megabyte hard disk drive, controller, cables and operating system-for just $4995. Up to three additional drives can be added, $4495 apiece.

The DISCUS M26m system features the Shugart SA400B Winchester-type sealed media hard disk drive, in a handsome metal cabinet with fan and power supply.

The single-board S-100 controller incorporates intelligence to supervise all data transfers, communicating with the CPU via three I/O ports (command, status, and data). The controller has the ability to generate interrupts at the completion of each command to increase system throughput. There is a 512 byte sector buffer on-board. And each sector can be individually write-protected for data base security.

The operating system furnished with DISCUS M26"" systems is the widely accepted CP/M* 2.0

The CPU transfers data to the controller by first resetting the internal data buffer pointer to the beginning of either of the two data areas. Next, it fetches data from the appropriate location in memory and performs successive outputs to the data port of the controller. Each reference to the data port automatically increments the pointer to the buffer.

Transferring data from the controller is accomplished in a similar fashion. The pointer is positioned and then the CPU does successive inputs and finally stores the data in an appropriate place in memory. The data buffer is stable between operations and can be referred to again. The buffer must NOT be touched during disk data transfer operations.

Provision is made for the interconnection of controller interrupts to any of the S-100 Bus vectored or unvectored interrupts.

SPECIFICATIONS

Enclosure

Cabinet dimensions: 67/s" high, 16Vie" wide, 30V2" long. Cabinet is both rack mountable or useable as table top model. (Available Fall 1980: rack slides and desk height rack.) Color: beige.

Power Supply (internal to cabinet)

+ 24 v@3.0amps + 5 v@ 3.0 amps -14 v @ 1.5 amps

Drive Power Requirements

115 v AC @ 3.0 amps, or 230 v AC @ 1.5 amps

Capacity (formatted): 26,476,544 bytes

Seek time (track to track): 1ms: head settle time: 20 ms

202 cylinders

8 tracks per cylinder

32 sectors per track

512 bytes per sector

LIST PRICE $4995.00 OUR PRICE

$4495.00

CP/M® SOFTWARE OPTIONS

For anyone currently running CP/M 2, we will provide a program that automatically integrates the DISCUS M26 into the operating system. This program will be provided on an IBM standard diskette, and it will leave existing terminal and disk I/O unchanged. Thus the M26 can be readily added to most S-100 systems.

For systems without CP/M 2, we offer CP/M in several configurations. The standard release provides disk t/O for the DISCUS M26 and the Disk Jockey, and terminal I/O for the Disk Jockey or Switchboard serial ports. Optionally, we provide terminal I/O for the SOL keyboard and monitor or for the EXIDY keyboard and monitor. Terminal I/O can also be left blank (jump-to-self) to allow custom patching.

Finally, for CROMEMCO users, we plan to offer a CP/M 2 expanded to full CDOS compatibility and interfaced to the M26 and to standard CROMEMCO floppys. This is sold and serviced by MICAH, 1250 Pine St., #102, Walnut Creek, CA 94596, (415) 933-2783. It will also be available directly from Morrow Designs.

List Price Our Price

THT-M26S Subsystem $4995 00 $4495.00

THT-M26A Add-on hard disk drive $4995.00 $3995.00 THT-M26HDC Hard disk controller $ 695.00

Shipping Weight: THT-M26S&A THT-M26HDC

50 lbs. 3 lbs.

PLEASE ORDER BY PART NUMBER

BYTE November 1980 80 — 7

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

THE MICROPflLIS MICRODISK™

WE DIDN'T JUST GIVE IT BETTER

STORAGE CAPACITY.

WE GAVE IT BETTER EVERYTHING.

THE HEART OF

EVERY MICRODISK™

SUBSYSTEM

The MicroDisk rotary voice coil positioner, a balanced swing arm mechanism supported on two pre-loaded bearings.

MICROPOLIS

MicroDisk s: clean area, with lifetime filters, showing direction of general airflow in the system.

Functional Specifications

Encoding Method Platters Data Surfaces Data Heads Available Tracks

EPM 1. 2or 3 1. 3or 5

1, 3or 5 580

The MicroDisk's drive mechanics consist of a die cast deck whose lower half is devoted to the recording heads, platters, and voice coil motor components. This lower half is the closed circuit clean area, and air is circulated through it by disk rotation induced flow. The flow is directed through a 0.3 micron absolute filter. So there's never any reason to expose the MicroDisk's clean area to unsterile air,

Most other manufacturers violate the rules for sealed "clean" areas in their drives. By placing active components inside the clean area —components that would require unsealing the area to replace or repair faulty parts.

But we decided it didn't make any sense to offer a clean area that wouldn't stay clean.

So there are no active electronic parts in the MicroDisk's clean area. The electrical connection between this area's components and the electronics package is made via a PCB which seals the clean area from the rest of the casting. The single chip preamps are located in sockets accessible without violating the integrity of the clean area.

So you can depend on it not only to be clean, you can depend on it to work.

The Quartz-locked direct-drive motor. Another lirst from Micropolls.

In order to increase reliability and capacity of the MicroDisk's drive system, we added an element that no one else in the industry has: Quartz crystal speed control.

Rotational drive for the MicroDisk is provided by a Quartz-locked, direct-drive. brushlessD.C. Micro-Motor'" only %" high. This innovative combination allows a very low profile, and lets three platters reside in an envelope only 4.62" high.

It also makes the design of the Micropolis (or your) controller very simple, and lets us put a full 5% more data on the drive itself by holding the rotation to an accuracy of 0.5%.

And the simplicity of the Quartz-locked MicroMotor gives the drive something else; a very long life.

The MicroDisk lets you put the brakes on.

We've included something on the MicroDisk that some other drive manufacturers curiously omit —a braking mechanism. They claim that a brake is unnecessary and superfluous. And no threat to your disk.

They're wrong.

Some manufacturers use the head to stop the disk from rotating when power is cut. This means that the head stows the disk by friction, letting the disk rotate many times before it stops.

That's why we gave the MicroDisk a brake. It extends the life of the disk by not allowing the head to act as the braking mechanism. That's longer disk life for you, and a higher MTBF in the critical clean area.

Quite frankly, it makes us wonder why people do it any other way

The MicroDisk rotary voice coll positioner. A truly balanced system.

In keeping with the Micropolis policy of not skimping on quality, we gave the MicroDisk a rotary voice coil positioner. It's a balanced swing arm mechanism supported on two pre-loaded bearings.

The voice coil is attached to the system on the opposite side of the bearings from the heads, and the whole mechanism is statically balanced.

The innovative Quartz-locked, direct-drive, brushless DC. Micro-Motor, shown with braking mechanism.

Environmental

Ambient Temp. Range 50-104°F (10-40°C) Relative Humidity 10-80% non condensing

Power Requirements 110V 60Hz. 3.5A (max.) 220V 50Hz. 1.5A(max.)

Specifications subject to change without notice.

The Micropolis MicroDisk 8-inch drive |left|. and Industry standard 8-inch floppy disk drive, shown side by side.

Other manufacturers try and cut costs by using either a stepper motor or a linear voice coil. There's only one drawback to both of them —they can never be balanced.

This means that their drives are vulnerable to unexpected jolts, bumps, and shocks during operation. With an unbalanced positioner, a random elbow or push to the drive unit will cause small movements of the head relative to the disk.

Imagine your stereo turntable. What happens when someone nudges it while a record is playing7 The unbalanced pick-up arm skips over your record. In a disk system even very small movements are serious during a write operation.

There's yet another disadvantage to using a stepper motor instead of a rotary voice coil. It's slower. For multi-user system applications it's unacceptably slow. And. during the "power-down1' sequence, or in case ot power failure, it can't move the head to a neutral area. So the head lands in your data area on the disk, and may destroy the data. Forever, The MicroDisk's rotary voice coil, however, always lands the head in a neutral area. So data is never threatened.

The MicroDisk has a Dedicated Servo Surface. This is the bottom surface of the bottom disk, and is not used for data. Rather, it's used for positioner information that allows the heads to know where they are. The positioner contains feedback that tells the heads continually when they're on track, so they won't ever write off track even in a severe vibration environment. With a stepper motor, the head never knows where it is —it's like driving in the dark.

But with the MicroDisk's rotary voice coil, you know just where you are.

Think ot it as the end of flying blind.

Capacity Model Nos. Unformatted Capacity M Bytes Per Drive Formatted Capacity M Bytes Per Drive

Mechanical Dimensions Height

Width Depth Weight

Access Time

Track to Track Average (1/3 stroke) Settling

Average Latency Transfer Rate

1262-1 1252-1

26.7

1263-1 1253-1

44.5

7.00" (177.80 mm) 19.00" (482,60 mm) 18.40" (467.30 mm) 45 lbs. (20.50 Kg)

4 milliseconds 34 milliseconds 8 milliseconds 8.33 milliseconds 7.375 M Bits Sec.

The Micropolis Intelligent Controller, whose board fits inside the drive, providing optional error correction.

80 — 8

BYTE November 1980

VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

THE MICROPHLIS MICRflDISK™ 8" RIGID DISK SUBSYSTEM WITH OSM. MULTI-USER, MULTI-TASKING AND INCREASED CAPACITY FOR YOUR S-100 MICRO-COMPUTER.

The Micropolis Microdisk is an 8" Winchester disk storage subsystem designed tor an S-100 Bus minicomputer using an 8080, 8085, or Z-80 microprocessor with a clock frequency of 2-4 MHz. The subsystem, including the OSM software package, provides you with a true multi-user, multi-tasking system.

The Microdisk subsystem consists of the OSM multi-user multi-tasking, multi-access software package, full documentation. Intelligent Disk Adapter board, interface cable, and from one to eight Microdisk storage modules, depending on your needs.

The Microdisk subsystem offers upward expansion of existing program and data files previously created for Micropolis, Macrofloppy and Metafloppy subsystems.

The Microdisk delivers high capacity, file sizes up to 65,000 records in length, fast access, and excellent data reliability.

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Micropolis OSM. Another first lor Microdisk.

Micropolis OSM is a set of operating system modules which requires a Microdisk subsystem as the primary file device. It relies on the Intelligent Disk Adapter in the subsystem to perform the File Management for the Microdisk. I/O interface cards with appropriate interrupt capability are necessary to support multiple terminals. Bank switchable memory may be used in the host computer to expand memory capacity, although it is not required.

OSM uses techniques of processor control. I/O handling, memory. task and resource management to create a true multi-user environment. Using the OSM Executive, users at several terminals can invoke and interact with different application programs written in assembly language or BASIC. The system provides an assembler, a source text editor, and a Disk Extended BASIC Interpreter to support the development, execution, and maintenance of application programs. General system management is provided by Filecopy. Disk Archiving, and other utilities.

The main OSM module is loaded into the host computer memory by the Microdisk bootstrap process, and is permanently resident during system operation. The bootstrap process also loads the Microdisk File Management programs into the Intelligent Disk Adapter. Included in the resident module are programs for Interrupt Servicing, Processor Conrol, Physical Device Drivers. Logical Device Handlers, Memory Management, Task Management, the system Supervisor, the OSM Executive, and the DEBUG Executive.

Nonresident OSM Modules.

Some of the OSM modules are separate programs which are loaded from the disk when required, and run under the controls and management of the main OSM resident module. These include an 8080/8085 assembler, a source text editor, a FILECOPY utility, a Disk Archiving utility, and the Micropolis Disk Extended BASIC Interpreter,

OSM Disk Archiving Utility.

The Disk Archiving program is an optimized utility that can be usei to back-up copy the contents of a Microdisk unit onto multiple flopp' disk volumes.

OSM Memory Management.

The Microdisk Memory Manager controls the allocation of memory blocks to tasks, provides dynamic program demand allocation for assembly language programs, and specifiable partition sizes for user BASIC programs. Programs can also be allocated portions of memory from different bank switchable memory boards, if the address ranges do not overlap. For assembly language programs, the address ranges may be noncontiguous. (A BASIC program uses an address-contiguous memory area.)

MICRODISK SUBSYSTEMS

FORMATTED MEMORY NO. OF SPACE (M LIST OUR

PART NO. PLATTERS BYTE) PRICE PRICE

MCP12611 1 6~1 $4923.00 $4190.00

MCP12621 2 18.2 $5148.00 $4435.00

MCP12631 3 31.1 $5673.00 $4935.00

For S-100 bus Systems, you must order controller and OSM Software Package to the right

OSM Executive.

The OSM Executive lets you control the normal operation of your computer system with dialogue through interactive terminals, and offers command dialogue access to the Supervisor facilities. Included in the OSM Executive are controls and commands to initiate a task, name and set the execution priority for a task, load a program as a task, suspend a program, resume a program, place a program in background execution mode, cancel a program, terminate a task, transfer a terminal to another task, view the system status, and view the logical device status.

Access is also provided to the Microdisk and the floppy disk File Managers by commands to re-name a disk file, change the filetype, filemode or password of a disk file, change the Microdisk master password, view the directory of a disk drive unit, and view the amount of free space on a disk drive unit.

OSM Disk File Management.

Important elements of the Microdisk Fife Management design include the following: named file access with password protection, dynamically expandable files, sequential record access, direct record access, alphanumeric keyed sequential access, alphanumeric keyed random access, separate key files, multiple key files, user definable file types, multiple open files with four level access mode locks, automatic read-after-write verification, and re-try logic for maximum data integrity.

There is also a common interface scheme between the floppy disk and the Microdisk File Managers. All the preceding features (except passwords and keyed access modes) apply to the floppy as well. Floppy disk formatting is compatible with the Micropolis PDS 4.0 format.

OSM BASIC File Management.

Micropolis OSM BASIC'S file management capabilities are performed through the Microdisk and floppy disk File Managers in OSM. Each file stored on a disk is identified by a file name which may be up to ten characters long, and the files may have an optional password. Files can be BASIC program files, assembly language object files, or data files, and the Microdisk will support index files. Also, permanent and write protect attributes may be assigned on a per file basis.

There are statements to RENAME files, modify the end-of-file MARKER (EOF), and change file attributes (ATTR), Functions are also available to find the name, size, and attributes of a file, as well as to find out how much space is free on a given disk unit.

The File Managers automatically maintain placement of files on the disk, with initial space for a new file allocated by the system at the time of creation. Existing files are automatically extended as necessary without any required preallocation. When a file is SCRATCHed, its space returns automatically to available status.

S-100 BUS CONTROLLER AND OSM SOFTWARE

PACKAGE ON W METAFLOPPY SINGLE (M2),

OR DOUBLE (M4) DISKETTES

PART NO. MEDIA TYPE LIST PRICE OUR PRICE

OSM BASIC.

When BASIC is loaded, you have a powerful set of tools for developing, testing, executing, and maintaining BASIC programs.

OSM BASIC program lines can be as long as 250 characters, and may include multiple statements, the maximum line number being 65,529.

Micropolis OSM BASIC has 11 immediate mode commands, which are as follows: SAVE a file, LOAD a file, SCRATCH a file. LIST a program. DELETE lines from a program, RUN a program. CNTL/C to interrupt a running program, CONT to continue an interrupted program, CNTL/X to cancel an input line, and FLOW and NOFLOW to enable and disable the flow trace debugging aid.

OSM BASIC File Programming.

Micropolis OSM BASIC data file programming is easy to use. You can open files simultaneously for sequential and random (direct) access in both read and write modes — with only one OPEN statement. Up to ten files may be open at one time — with no special buffering provisions necessary.

The CLEAR option lets you open a file for rewrite instead of append, while END option provides you with an on-endfile-gotocapability. And the ERROR option gives you an on-error-gotocapability.

You can also open Microdisk files for keyed sequential and keyed direct access. One or more index key files may be associated with a given data file. Index files may be handled separately or they may be automatically coupled to an open data file. Data is written to, and read from, files using PUT and GET statements with variable lists. This allows a mixture of numeric and string variables. Files must be CLOSEd after use.

This file I/O structure also extends to your printer and terminal output files, to afford you a high degree of device independence. And additional options on the OPEN statement (PAGESIZE and ENOPAGE) facilitate the pagination of output reports. In fact, print files may be easily diverted to terminal or disk simply by changing a file name in the OPEN statement.

The Microdisk subsystem. A timely arrival from Micropolis.

The Microdisk's hardware is available in one, two or three platter configurations, with delivery of formatted storage capacities of 6.2, 187, and 31.2 megabytes.

Winchester technology is incorporated in the Microdisk design, which is packaged in two sections. The lower half, which contains the platters, disk heads, and positioner, is completely sealed. The upper half, which is accessible for maintenance, contains four circuit boards, including the Micropolis intelligent controller.

When you get right down to it. the Microdisk subsystem is a much-needed, timely solution for capacity-starved microcomputer users.

Maybe that's one reason why, in just four years. Micropolis is already the second-largest producer of 5'A-inch floppy disk drives — for both OEMs and end-users.

And we won't be number two forever.

PART NO.

MICRODISK ADD-ON DRIVES

FORMATTED NO. OF MEMORY LIST OUR

PLATTERS SPACE (M ____^ BYTE) PRICE PRICE

MCPOSM1002 5'/4" M2 Diskette $660.00 $560.00

MCPOSM1004 5 V M4 Diskette $660.00 $560.00

PREREQUISITE: To install your Microdisk subsystem, you must have access to a Metafloppy (M2, or M4) subsystem.

MCP12511 MCP12521 MCP12531

6.1

$4458.00

$3995.00

18.2

$4683.00

$4250.00

31.1

$5208.00

$4695.00

PLEASE ORDER BY PART NUMBER

BYTE November 1980

80

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

MICROPOLIS DISK DRIVE SUBSYSTEMS

NOW DOUBLE SIDED

At Micropolis, complete means complete.

Some suppliers offer only hardware and call that complete. At Micropolis complete means everything: hardware and software and documentation.

The hardware set is complete with S-100/8080/Z-80 compatible controller, drive(s), cable-even a built-in Autoload bootstrap ROM to eliminate tiresome button pushing.

Our full Disk Extended BASIC and DOS, assembler and editor software comes complete, too. On its own diskette, ready to go. Software from Micropolis includes a DOS and Disk Extended Basic designed for 8080/Z80-based microcomputers.

DOS is a complete package, including an assembler, editor, file management functions and utilities, which provides total support for 8080 programming. BASIC is a selfcontained package which provides a powerful set of tools for developing, testing, executing, and maintaining BASIC programs.

BASIC is designed for microcomputers with at least 24K bytes of RAM and a Micropolis MetaFloppy disk system. DOS can be used alone in a 16K bytes memory system.

Activating the built-in Auto load ROM brings up the system under control of the DOS executive. BASIC can be accessed by issuing a simple DOS command.

Both packages are designed for flexible, efficient programming. Both packages use the same file structure and file management scheme for total compatibility. 8080 programs created under DOS can be loaded and accessed from BASIC. Data files created under BASIC can be processed by user written application programs running under the DOS.

At Micropolis, complete means COMPLETE.

Imagine getting all the capacity of an 8-inch floppy in a 5'A-inch format.

MetaFloppy can give you this higher capacity because it packs more data into every disk. You get the capacity of larger 8-inch drives with the lower price and smaller packaging of 5V.i-inch drives.

An ordinary 5'/4-incn floppy provides just 35 tracks/drive and stores only 70K bytes. Not nearly enough for anything useful. So instead, we use 77 tracks—each with 16 sectors of 256 bytes/sector—to yield a capacity of 315K bytes per side. That's more than four times an ordinary 5V4-inch floppy! And why we call this one "quad density."

Combine two of these drives in a compact dual module and you can copy diskettes from one drive to the other, or rearrange data files, or whatever. The dual unit stores 630K bytes. Enough for almost anything. But just in case that isn't enough, our controller can handle two duals {or four singles). That means your micro can have more than a million bytes of formatted disk storage.

If that still isn't enough, on special order you can add a second controller with up to four more drives. That will give you a grand total of over 2,500,000 bytes of storage on-line.

This means, if your application keeps growing, we've got you covered in easy steps. And you get all these bytes at surprisingly low cost.

Faster than a speeding bullet.

At Micropolis, we don't skimp on performance to deliver maximum capacity. So you can expect professional operating speed and efficiency. Like checks and balances, such as automatic read verification after writing, that you would expect in a sophisticated data processing system.

Like fast track-to-track positioning time of only 30 milliseconds. And a data transfer rate of 250,000 bits per second.

Up, Up, and away!

Metafloppy gets along well with almost everyone.

So choose the microcomputer you want. MetaFloppy's controller is completely compatible with the S-100/8080/Z-80 buss. It just plugs Into your MITS 8800, IMSAI 8080, COMPAL-80. SOL-20, Polymorphic 88, CBOMEMCO, TDL, or similar micro and it's ready to go. The memory mapped controller/bootstrap may be origined at any 1K byte boundary in the 48K to 64K byte region of memory.

For small businesses, for engineers who want to develop their own software, or for the advanced hobbyist, MetaFIODpy

ADD-ON STORAGE MODULES

The MetaFloppy Add-On Storage Modules provide additional storage by adding more drives to the controller supplied with the subsystems A maximum of four drives can be attached to each controller by use of the daisy chain cafjies Add-On modules do not include Controller. User's Manual or diskettes.

DOUBLE SIDED

PART H DESCRIPTION LIST PRICE OUR PRICE

METAFLOPPY DISK SUBSYSTEMS

Subsystems complete with BASIC. DOS, Assembler/Editor. Users Manual, S-100 Controller, complete Calling, Cabinet, and Power Supply

DOUBLE SIDED

LIST PRICE OUR PRICE

MCP-10S4-4

Four-disk system with 2,520.000 bytes (formatted) on-line storage capacity 50 lbs

S4.622 00

$3,995 00

MCP-1053-4

Two-disk sysiem with 1,260.000 bytes (formaltedl of on-line storage capacity 25 lbs

S2.605.00

S2.295.00

MC PI 043 4

One disk system with 630,000 bytes (formatted) of on-line storage capacity 16 lbs

SINGLE SIDED

S1.50l.00

SI.298.00

PART*

DESCRIPTION

LIST PRICE

OUR PRICE

Subsystems complete with BASIC. DOS. Assembler/Editor, Users Manual, S-100 Controller. Cabinet and Data Cable.

Requires DC Regulator Kit (Parts MCP-1091011. to converl raw S-100 Suss 0C supplies to voltages necessary for the Drive Module

DOUBLE SIDED

LIST PRICE OUR PRICE

One-dtsk sysiem with 630 000 bytes Iformattedl of on-line storage capacity

SINGLE SIDED

SI. 41900 S1.250.00

LIST PRICE OUR PRICE

Two-dtsk 1,260.000 byte add-on wiltenclosure and power supply Requires daisy chain cable 25 lbs One-disk 630.000 byte add-on with enclosure and power supply Requires daisy chain cable 16 lbs One-disk 630.000 byte add-on with enclosure Requires daisy chain cable and regulator kit 8 lbs

DESCRIPTION

SINGLE SIDE0

LIST PRICE OUR PRICE

Four-disk system with 1.260.000 S3.290 (X

bytes (formalledl on-line storage

capacity 50 lbs

Two-disk sysiem with 630 000 51 895 (X

byles i formatted) of on-line storage

capacity 25 lbs

One disk system with 315,000 $1,14501

bytes Iformattedl of on-line storage capacity 16 lbs

One-disk system with 315.000 byles (formaltedl of on-line storage capacity

Two-disk 630.000 byte add-on with enclosure and power supply Requires daisy chain cable 25 lbs One-disk 315,000 byte add-on with enclosure and power supply Requires daisy chain cable 16 lbs One disk 315,000 byle add-on with enclosure Requires daisy chain cable and regulator kit 8 lbs

$1,395 00 Jl .279.00

80 — 10

BYTE November 1980

WE ACCEPT VISA, and MASTER-CHARGE

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

MICROPOLIS" DISC DRIVE SUB SYSTEMS

MACROFLOPPY DISC SUBSYSTEMS

DESCRIPTION

LIST PRICE OUR PRICE

One-disk system with 143,000 bytes capacity. 16 lbs.

$795.00

$698.00

MCP-1041-l One-disk system with 143,000

bytes capacity. Requires d.c. regulator kit, part number 1091-01, to convert raw S-100 bus d.c. supplies to voltages necessary for the drive module. 10 lbs.

$695.00

MACROFLOPPY ADDON STORAGE MODULES The two versions of the MacroFloppy add-on storage modules are:

LIST PRICE

MCP-1021-l One-disk 143,000 byte add-on with $445.00

enclosure. Requires daisy chain cable and regulator kit. 8 lbs.

OUR PRICE $410.00

MCP-1022-l One-disk 143,000 byte add-on with

enclosure and power supply. Requires daisy chain cable. 15 lbs.

$545.00

NOTE: Add-on modules do not include Controller, User's Manual or Diskettes.

At Micropolis, we pack 100% more capacity into a 5% -inch floppy.

Meet the Micropolis MacroFloppy. From the Greek "macro," meaning "large, great."

The MacroFloppy: 1041 and :1042 disk drive subsystems give you up to two times greater storage capacity than ordinary 51/4-inch floppy disks. 143K bytes, to be exact. For less money than you'd think possible. Both subststems, in fact, are the lowest cost approaches to adding the capabilities of a floppy to your S-100 system.

The 70K (or thereabouts) bytes provided by most 5%-inch floppies have never been enough. Expecially today, when you need more high-speed random access storage than ever. To help you work with larger data files. And use programs bigger than your computer's memory.

MacroFloppy provides you with that needed extra storage. And so economically.

Two complete subsystems. Ready to go.

Both the MacroFloppy: 1041 and :1042 are fully assembled, tested, burned-in, and tested again. For zero start-up pain and long term reliability. They're also backed up by our famous Micropolis factory warranty.

They both come complete with the powerful, field-proven Micropolis extended disk BASIC. And both subsystems allow upward capability of BASIC programs with the high-capacity MetaFloppy quad density floppy subsystems.

So you can use the low-cost MacroFloppy for program development, and upgrade later to the high capacity MetaFloppy.

In other words, if your application keeps growing, we've got you covered.

At Micropolis, you get it all. From a single sourceSome suppliers offer only hardware and call that everything. At Micropolis, everything means everything: hardware, software, and documentation.

The MacroFloppy: 1041 comes packaged inside a protective enclosure (without power supply). And includes an S-100 controller. Interconnect cable. And 2 diskettes, one of them the Micropolis BASIC, a compatible DOS, assembler and editor. The:1041 is even designed to be used either on your desk top, or to be integrated right into your S-100 chassis. A d.c. voltage regulator kit, 1091-01, is available to convert your S-100 chassis raw supplies to levels suitable for the :1041, at small additional cost.

The MacroFloppy: 1042 comes with everything the :1041 has, and more. Such as d.c. regulators, its own line voltage power supply, and to top it off, a striking cover. Making it look right at home just about anywhere.

To complete the package, we even include a comprehensive User's Manual including software descriptions, that tells you just what to do, and how to do it. Because we know that you need it all.

CABLES (1 lb.)

MCP-1083-01

Standard interface cable A, with 2 connectors for use with 1 storage module attached to controller.

$25.00

MCP-1083-02

Daisy chain interface cable B, with 3 connectors for use with 2 storage modules attached to controller.

$35.00

MCP-1083-03

Daisy chain interface cable C, with 4 connectors for use with 3 storage modules attached to controller.

$50.00

MCP-1083-04

Daisy chain interface cable D. with 5 connectors for use with 4 storage modules attached to controller.

$65.00

MCP-1092-06

Power cable A, to be used in conjunction with 1015/1016 series drives.

$8.00

MCP-1092-07

Power cable B, to be used in conjunction with 1021/1041 series systems.

$8.00

AnrFSSORIFS

MCP-1091-01

Regulator kit for 1041, 1021, 1015 and 1016.

$20.00

MCP-1092-01

Relocatable bootstrap kit.

$25.00

MCP-1093-03

Poly 88 kit (relocated BASIC MDOS)

$25.00

Ordinary Micropolis b%" floppy MetaFloppy™

Each one of our floppy disks has a remarkable storage capacity, eliminating the need to keep bothersome stacks of paper.

PLEASE ORDER BY PART NUMBER

BYTE November 1980

80 — 11

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

CK-017 ACTIVE TERMINATOR

Active termination promotes reliable and accurate data transfer by minimizing the ringing, cross-talk, overshoot, noise and other gremlins that can occur with unterminated lines. Also saves considerable energy compared to passive termination systems, thereby putting less strain on your power supply and keeping heat out of the enclosure. All lines (except power & ground) terminated to 2.7 V through 270 ohms. GBT-I06U Kit 1 lb $34.95

Extender/Terminator

• Active and/or dynamic termination

• All power lines fused for protection

• All S-100 lines labeled and numbered

• Can be used as an extender and/or terminator

• Solder mask both sides of board

• Silkscreened reference designations

• Gold plated fingers

CCS-2520AK Kit 1 lb $39.95

S-100 Extender Board

Includes built-in logic probe, great instructions. Allows you to troubleshoot and work on boards outside of the system. Ideal for taking measurements; makes probing the board easy. Includes non-slip type probe. Logic probe indicates H, L, & pulse train w/3 different colored LEDs. Kit form. MUL-CK004 $59.00

MUL-CK011 S-100 Relay/Opto-isolator Kit

S-100 compatible, 8 fast reed relays respond to an 8 bit word. Also, 8 opto-isolators accept an 8 bit word from outside and send it to your computer for handshaking or further control purposes. Good for model railroad, burglar alarm, audio switching, automated display, ham radio and other uses.

MUL CK0I1K Kit $129.00

MUL-CK011 AST S179.0D

S-100 MOTHERBOARDS

S-100 MOTHERBOARDS

WITH ACTIVE TERMINATION & SHIELDING

6, 12, or 20 slot

Active termination for buffering to 2.7 volts at 280 ohms

Standby current, a low 15-20 MA

Shielding further reduces noise factor

All power is brought out to a block connector for

convenience.

S-100 connectors are .125" pin to pin on 3/4" centers.

Assembled and tested.

GBT-153U GBT-153A GBT-154U GBT-154A GBT-155U GBT-155A

UNKIT6SL0T A&T6 SLOT UNKIT 12 SLOT AST 12 SLOT UNKIT 20 SLOT AST 20 SLOT

LIST PRICE

$129.00 $169.00 $214.00

OUR PRICE $ 89.00 $119.00 $129.00 $149.00 $174.00 $189.00

THE WUNDERBUSS with Noiseguard" High-performance S-100 bussboards

shown WUNDERBUSS720

Capacity: 20 positions Dimensions: 17'A"x81/2"

Specifications:

• Edge Connectors: S-100 type, .125" spacing on 3/4" centers.

• Shielding: Every signal fully shielded by both interconnected ground lines, 2nd cross-coupled ground planes.

• Termination: Active termination of each line. Termination network includes LM 201 op amp and 2 PNP/NPN pairs for buffering to 2.4 volts at 180 ohms.

• Mounting: Holes at each edge connector position, plus auxiliary holes to fit IMSAI cabinet.

• Power Connectors: "Fast on" connectors at all 10 positions.

• Power Required: 7to 10 volts; 14 to 20volts; —14to —20 volts.

• Peripheral Power Outputs: 5 volts at 1 amp, 12 volts at 500ma; —12 volts at 500ma.

• Circuit Board: Double-sided glass epoxy with plated through holes. Solder mask on both sides and part legend

KITS (less S-100 connectors)

THT-WB8K

$54.00

THT-WB12K

$65.00

THT-WB20K

$76.00 A&T (with connectors)

LIST PBICE

OUR PRICE

THT-WB8A

$144.00

$136.00

THT-WB12A

$175.00

$165.00

THT-WB20A

$226.00

$209.00

SILENCE + MOTHERBOARDS

♦ No Need for Termination ♦ Very High Crosstalk Rejection + LED Power Indicator + Fits in Most Mainframes ♦ 6.12, and 18 Slots Available ♦ Has Operated in 14 MHz Quietly.

QTC-MB6BB

QTC-MB6K

QTC-MB6A

QTC-MB12BB

QTC-MB12K

QTC-MB12A

QTC-MB1BBB

QTC-MB1BK

QTC-MB18A

6 SLOT BARE BOARD

6 SLOT KIT

6 SLOT A&T

12 SLOT BARE BOARD

12 SLOT KIT

12 SLOT A&T

18 SLOT BARE BOARD

18 SLOT KIT

18 SLOT A&T

$ 25.00 $ 40.00 $ 50.00 $ 30.00 $ 70.00 $ 90.00 $ 50.00 $100.00 $140.00

MOTHERBOARD

WITH ACTIVE TERMINATION

• Twelve-slot capability using standard S-100 connectors

• Low-reactance pin connectors to eliminate ringing and data error

• "Double path" trace pattern which halves the line inductance

• On-board voltage regulator

• Active termination to regulate signal line voltages

• Wide spacing of bus lines

• Criss-cross bus lines to minimize signal noise

• Distributed by-passing of all power lines

• Capability of supporting CPUs at 4 MHz and above

• Solder mask on both sides of board

• Simple, strong mounting

CCS-2501A

$119.95

VCT-8803 Motherboard for S-100 Bus Microcomputer

Mounts 11 receptacles with 100 contacts or 10 receptacles plus interconnectors to smaller boards for expansion. Connectors mount with tabs protruding through .038 inch (1 mm) diameter holes in rows spaced .250 inch (6.4 mm) on each connector position and 0.75 inch (19 mm) between connector positions. Includes etched circuit and instructions for active or passive terminations plus 12 tantalum capacitors for +5, *12, —12 volt buses, and spacers for mounting in Vector VP1 or VP2 cases. G-10 epoxy glass board with 2 ounce copper, solder plated circuitry plus solder mask to avoid accidental short circuits. Large buses: +5 V and GND (10 amps), +12 V or 16 V (7 amps). Current ratings are per MIL-STD-275 with 10° rise. Shipping weight 2 pounds (.9 kg) $29.50

80 — 12

BYTE November 1980

ORDER TOLL FREE (800) 423 5633

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

MAINFRAMES THE BMW OF S-100 MAINFRAMES

From the power supply through the sturdy chassis, TEI constructs and assembles each mainframe with great care. Every TEI mainframe utilizes a constant voltage transformer (CVT) which delivers clean, regulated power at the proper level, reducing the heat in the computer cards. The output voltage on the transformer remains nearly even with the input voltage varying from approximately 85V to 140V, This means the mainframe will never notice voltage variations or even a brownout. It also provides 100 dB noise rejection to protect the computer from voltage spikes and line noise.

TEI 22 slot and 12 slot mainframes offer a S-100 motherboard which is grounded, shielded and actively terminated for high speed operation now or for later upgrading. Each mainframe is shipped completely assembled, tested and burned in, with fan, washable filter, all connectors and card guides, Rackmount models are available in both22 and 12 slot mainframes. The combination of the lowest noise bus, a regulated CVT power system and a rugged chassis produces a mainframe without equal.

LIST S-100 MAINFRAMES PRICE

TEI-MCS112 12 Slot Desk $685.00

TEI-MCS122 22 Slot Desk S84S.00

TEI-RM12 12 Slot Rackmount $800.00

TEI-RM22 22 Slot Rackmount $945.00

Shipping Weight: On 12 Slot Mainframes 35 Lbs. On 22 Slot Mainframes 50 Lbs S-100 MAINFRAMES WITH 3 CUTOUTS F0R5V4" FLOPPY DISK DRIVES INTERNAL CABLING IS PROVIDED TEI-TF12 12 Slot $695.00

TEI-RM12 12 Slot $795.00

Shipping Weight: 40 Lbs.

OUR PRICE $615.00 $760.00 $720.00 $850.00

$625.00 $715.00

• S-100 compatible

• Industrial/commercial quality construction

• Flip-top cover

• Excellent cooling capability

• 12 slot capability (uses model 2501A)

• Input 105, 115, or 125 VAC

■ Output+8 VDC20A, + 16VDC4A

• Active termination of all bus lines

• Fan and circuit breaker included

• Rugged construction

CCS-2200A Assembled «. Tested 35 lbs

List Our Price $399.00 $369.95

CCS-2200AK Kit 35 lbs $349.95

THINKER TOYS 8" DISK DRIVE CABINET

George Morrow is recognized as a pioneer and an industry leader because of his innovative designs and participation on the S1000 IEEE Standards Committee, George has designed these floppy disc enclosures with power supply, which incorporates the following features:

• Internal data cable and power cables

• Data signals are terminated at the back of the cabinet with a socket/header connector

• Regulated power supply with protection circuitry

• Clean, attractive appearance

• Stackable

• Accommodates Shugart SA801R, SA800R, SA581R, SA850R. Siemans FDD120/200 Series. Demex 2000, Remex 4000

• Vented chassis for cool, reliable operation

• Color Beige

• Shipping weight: 20 lbs. (single drive cabinet)

30 lbs. (dual drive cabinet)

THT-DC1 THT-DC2

Single Drive Cabinet Dual Drive Cabinet

$ 250.00 $ 375.00

BUY CABINET AND SHUGART 801R DRIVES AND SAVE

SINGLE CABINET

THT-S801R1P $ 720.00

DUAL CABINET

WITH ONE DRIVE WITH TWO DRIVES

THT-0801R1P $825.00 THT-D801R2P $1250.00

Shipping Weight: Add 15 lbs per drive

EXTERNAL DATA CABLES

PRI-50SKSK PRI-50CESK PRI-50CECE

Socketto Socket Cardedge to Socket Cardedge to Carded

(Accepts 2 each 5V Disk Drives)

MF + MD

Includes cabinet, 18 amp power supply, IEEE S-100 Motherboard (6-12 slot) and dual-mim-disk provision with disk drive power supply. The QT + MF + MD is fan-cooled, has AC line filter to eliminate EMI, and is fully assembled and factory tested. Power and reset switches are located on the front panel.

OTC-MF+MD12 S50O.00 QTC-MF+MD6 $450.00

QTC-MF+MD Without Mother Board S400.

QT MAINFRAME + MF +

Includes cabinet, 30 amp power supply, and the IEEE S-100 motherboard (12 or 18-slot). The QT MF+ is fancooled, has AC line filter to eliminate EMI, and is fully assembled and factory tested. Power and reset switches are located on front panel,

QTC-MF+12 $450.00 QTC-MFf18 $500.00

QTC-MF+ Without Mother Board S350.00

SHUGART SA801R

2 OR MORE

$470.00

Capacity

Single Density

Double Density

Unformatted

Per Disk

3.2 megabits

6-4 megabits

Per Track

41.7 kilobits

83.4 kilobits

IBM Format

Per Disk

2.0 megabits

n/a

Per Track

26.6 kilobits

n/a

Transfer Rate

250 kilobits/sec.

500 kilobits/sec.

Latency (average)

83 ms

83 ms

Access Time

Track to Track

8 ms

8 ms

Average

260 ms

260 ms

Setting Time

8 ms

8 ms

Head Load Time

35 ms

35 ms

Shugarts SA801 standard floppy disk drive is the established industry leader with over 85,000 units installed around the world. This floppy disk drive application leadership is backed by 17 patents and a technical staff with hundreds of man-years of disk drive engineering experience.

the SA801R floppy disk drive is mechanically and electronically the same as the SA801 except it has a narrower chassis width pius side and bottom mounting posts to facilitate installation of two drives side-by-side in a standard 19" RETMArack.

Shipping Weight 15 I

SHUGARTSA400

ACTIVITY LIGHT

WRITE PROTECT CIRCUITRY

CAPACITY

TRACKS

HEADS

BIT TRANSFER RATE

RECORDING DENSITY

AVERAGE ACCESS TIME

DRIVE DIMENSIONS

SHIPPING WEIGHT

110KB

35

1

125K bits/sec.

2600BPImax.

550 msec.

3.25"Hx575"Wx8"L

4 LBS.

SHUGART SA400 5%"

110 KB, 35 tracks

SHU-SA400 $295.00

IN A CABINET

WITH POWER SUPPLY

LBO-SA400 PC „-, $395.00

GODBOUT S-100 MAINFRAMES

• Rugged metal frame

• Line cord

• Line filter

fan

• Fuse holder

• 2 Convenience outlets

• Cardguides

• Base is drilled to accept all vector & Godbout motherboards

• Desk and rack mount

• Back panel has cutouts for 12-DB25. 3-DA15. & 2-DD50 connectors

GBT-B0X DESK $289.00

GBT-B0X RACK $329.00

SHIPPING WEIGHT: 23 LBS

PLEASE ORDER BY PART NUMBER

BYTE November 1980 80 — 13

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

HAZ141

Shipping Weight 48 lbs. STANDARD FEATURES:

• Separate integral 12-key Numeric Pad

• All 128 ASCII Codes

• 64 Displayable Characters

• 24 x 80 Screen Configuration

• High Resolution using a 5 x 7 Dot Matrix

• TTY-Style Keyboard Layout

• Cursor Addressing and Sensing

• EIA Interface

• Eight Selectable Transmission Rates up to 9600 Baud

• Microprocessor Based

• Remote Commands

• Attractive Styling for Contemporary Environments

LIST PRICE: $850.00 OUR PRICE: $798.00

HAZ1420

Shipping Weight 4b lbs. ALL THE FEATURES OF THE "1410 "PLUS . . .

• 94 Displayable Characters including lower case

• 15 key Numeric Pad including (*),(-) and Enter

• User-Defined Video Presentation — Hi/Lo Intensity Blink, or Non-Display

• Cursor Control Keys

• Typematic

• Typewriter-Style Keyboard

• Field Tab

• Column Tab

• Twelve Operator Function Keys

• Non-Glare Screen

• Audible Alarm

• Remotely-Controlled Auxiliary EIA Input/Output Interface (Option)

LIST PRICE: $995.00 OUR PRICE: $949.00

HAZ1421

Shipping Weight 48 lbs.

• All 128 ASCII Codes

• 95 Displayable Characters including Lower Case

• High Resolution using a 5 x 9 Dot Matrix including two Lower Case Descenders

• Typewriter-Style Keyboard Layout

• User-defined Video Presentation

• Cursor Addressing and Sensing

• EIA Interface

• Eight Transmission Rates up to 9600 Baud

• Non-Glare Screen

• Self Test

• 12-Key Numeric Pad

• Switch-Selectable Emulation:

ADM 3A/Consul 580/HAZELTINE 1400 Series LIST PRICE: $895.00 OUR PRICE: $859.00

SANYO

HAZ1500

Shipping Weight 48 lbs. STANDARD FEATURES:

• All 128 ASCII Codes

• 94 Displayable Characters Including Lower Case

• 24 x 80 Screen Configuration

• High-Resolution Characters Using a 7 x 10 Dot Matrix

• ANSI standard Keyboard Layout including Numeric Pad

• Cursor Addressing and Sensing

• Dual Intensity

• EIA and 20MA Interface

• Nine Selectable Transmission Rates Up to 19.2 KB

• Auxiliary EIA Output

• Remote Editing Commands

• Standard or Reverse Video

• Microprocessor Based

LIST PRICE: $1095.00 OUR PRICE: $1050.45

HAZ1510

Shipping Weight 48 lbs. ALL THE FEATURES OF THE "1500 "PLUS . . .

• Cursor Control Keys

• Protected/Unprotected Data

• Transmit Page, Line or batches of information

• Function Keys — up to 127

• Tab/Back Tab/Auto Tab

• Format Mode with Insert and Delete Line Keys

• 31 Remote Commands including "Terminal Status" LIST PRICE: $1195.00 OUR PRICE: $1125.00

HAZ1520

ALL THE FEATURES OF THE "1510 "PLUS . . .

Separate Microprocessor-Controlled Printer Interface which allows:

• Interfacing of both serial and parallel printers

• Printerspeed independent of communications baud rate

• Printer control codes to be sent by the CPU and received by the printer without restriction or alteration of the terminal (especially useful for wide carriage applications)

• Information to be transmitted directly to either the printer or the terminal, or to both

• Operating Modes/Remote Commands: Remote/ Local Print: Printer On-Line with/without Display; Printer Off-Line Shipping Weight 48 lbs.

LIST PRICE: $1450.00 OUR PRICE: $1395.00

SYQVMC6013 „_ .„

COLOR DATA DISPLAY • -1 r MONITOR, 13 INCH DIAGONAL

LIST PRICE: $495.00 OUR PRICE: $475.00

High performance color data display monitor for use with color capable computer systems. Features an in-line gun, slotted black matrix CRT with 90 sq. inch viewing area; up front controls and easy care steel cabinet. Standard EIA timing provides a 16 line x 64 character display format. Requires 1.0 volt p-p composite video input. Shipping Weight 37 lbs.

SYOVM450

DATA DISPLAY MONITOR, 9 INCH DIAGONAL

Shipping Weight 15 lbs. LIST PRICE: $220.00 OUR PRICE: $198.00

Compact, affordably priced data display monitor is ideal for personal use or where space is limited. Features a 44 sq. inch viewing screen; white data display; up-front controls and easy care steel cabinet. Standard EIA timing provides a 16 line x 64 character display format. Requires 1.0 volt p-p composite video input.

SYODM501

HIGH PERFORMANCE DATA DISPLAY MONITOR, 12 INCH DIAGONAL

Shipping Weight 24 lbs. LIST PRICE: $315.00 OUR PRICE: $298.00

Designed for use with advanced level computer systems. Features an anti-reflective, 75 sq. inch viewing screen; white, high resolution data display; up-front controls and easy care steel cabinet. Computer compatible timing provides a 241inex 80 character display format. Requires 1.0 volt p-p composite video input.

SYO DM5112

PROFESSIONAL DATA DISPLAY MONITOR, 12 INCH DIAGONAL

Shipping Weight 24 lbs. LIST PRICE: $325.00 OUR PRICE: $310.00

This professional data display monitor features an anti-reflective, 75 sq. inch viewing screen and green, high resolution data display for maximum viewing comfort. Also featured are up-front controls and easy care steel cabinet. Computer compatible timing provides a 24 line x 80 character display format. Requires 1.0 volt p-p composite video input.

80 — 14

BYTE November 1980

VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

CENTRONICS® 737 DOT MATRIX PRINTER

LETTER QUALITY

ode

Standard Features:

• 80 cps— proportional spaced mo

• 50 cps —monospaced mode

• proportional spacing, plus 10 cpi and 16.7cpi

• Nx9 (proportional) or 7x8 (monospaced) dot matrix

• 3 way paper handling system

• 96 character ASCII

• microprocessor electronics

• expanded print

• right margin justification

• print underlining

• 9-wire free flight print head

• bidirectional stepper motor paper drive

• full one line buffer

• 21 Ipm with 80 columns printed

• 58 Ipm with 20 columns printed

• 6 lines per inch vertical spacing

• paper tear bar

• parallel or serial interface

• 50 to 9600 baud switch selectable

CEN-7371 Parallel CEN-7373 Serial .

List Price Our Price . $ 995.00 $895.00 . . .$1045.00 $950.00

CENTRONICS 730 DOT MATRIX PRINTER

Standard Features:

• 100 characters/second

• 80 characters/line

• 10 characters/inch

• 3-way paper handling system

• 7x7 dot matrix

• 96 character ASCII

• microprocessor electronics

• unidirectional print at 5.0 ips

• high speed return approximately 10 ips

• 21 Ipm with 80 columns printed

• 58 Ipm with 30 columns printed

• 80 character buffer

• 6 Ipi vertical

• Parallel or serial interface

CEN-7301 Parallel CEN-7303 Serial .

List Price Our Price . . $795.00 $725.00 . . $845.00 $775.00

CENTRONICS®

MICROPRINTER

Nonimpact Desk-Top Printers

Features:

• 150 Lines Per Minute • 96 Characters—Upper and Lower Case • 5/10/20 Characters/Inch —Software Selectable ■ Elongated characters • Underlining • Simplified Operation

• Quiet • Audio alarm • Long Life—Only 4 Moving Parts • Small Size and Light Weight • No Toners/Ribbons Required •

The paper requires no toners or ribbons. Instead, it carries a conductive aluminized coating which is vaporized by a low voltage discharge from the print head to produce highly readable characters. CEN-P1 $349.00

CONDUCTIVE ALUMINIZED PAPER FOR

THE CENTRONICS P1 AND S1 PRINTER

CEN-P1S1 PAP-CASE OF 5 ROLLS $29.95

Shipping Weight: 4 lbs.

MODEMS

THE STAR

MODEM

from LIVERMORE

FEATURE

FITS GTE HANDSETS!

2 YEAR WARRANTY

EXCLUSIVE ACOUSTIC CHAMBERS

The exclusive triple seal of Livermore's new flat mounted cups locks the handset mto the acoustic chamber yielding superior acoustic isolation and mechanical cushioning. Designed to adapt to most common handsets used throughout the world, the STAR offers the utmost in flexibility and transmission reliability.

Specifications:

• Data Rate: 0 to 300 baud

• Compatibility: Bell 103 and 113; CCITT

• Frequency Stability: ±0.3 percent. Crystal controlled

• Receiver Sensitivity: —50 dBm ON. -53 dBm OFF

• Modulation: Frequency shift keyed (FSK)

• Carrier Detect Delay: 1.2 seconds ON: 120 msec OFF

• EIA Terminal Interface: Compatible with RS 232 specifications

• Teletype Interface: 20 milliampere current loop

• Optional Interfaces: IEEE 488; TTL; TTY43

• International (CCITT) frequencies available

• Switches: Originate/Off/Answer; Full Duplex/Test/Half Duplex

• Indicators: Transmit Data, Receive Data, Carrier Ready, Test

• Power: Supplied by 24 VAC/150 MA UL/CSA listed wallmount transformer. Input 115 VAC, 2.5 watts. (A 220 VAC, 50 Hz adaptor is available upon request.)

• Dimensions: 10" x 4" x 2"

• Weight: 1.74 lbs. (3 lbs. shipping weight including AC adaptor.)

• Warranty: Two years on parts and labor, excluding the AC adaptor which carries the manufacturers warranty

List Our

Price Price

$199.00 $149.00

$199.00 $149.00

$229.00 $219.00

$395.00 $298.00

$465.00 $398.00

Part No. Description

LIV-$TAR RS232.TTL Modem

LIV-STAR20M RS232, 20MACurrent Loop

LIV-STAR-V21 CCITT European Standard

LIV-IEEE IEEE 488 Standard

LIV-IEEE-V21 IEEE 488, CCITT Standard

CABLES

Part No. Description Price

CND-RS2328F RS232 8Cond 8 ft $19.95

LIV-I2I IEEE to IEEE 2 Meter $59.95

LIV-I2PET IEEE to Pet 2 Meter $59.95

NOVATION CAT MODEM

• 0-300 Baud

• Bell 103

• Answer, Originate

Part No.

NOV-CAT

List Price Our Price $198.00 $175.00

Shipping weight: 3 lbs.

NOVATION D-CAT

Data Rate: 0-300 Baud. Compatibility: Bell 100 series. Interface: EIS RS232 C. Modes: Data. Talk, Monitor, Normal and Test. Duplex: Half, Full. Indicators: Ready, Power

Novation proudly announces a worthy complement to the famous CAT'". It's the D-CAT. The first directly coupled modem with the portability, ease of use and low cost of an acoustic. D-CAT is the only direct modem that is FCC approved for handset jack connection with any modular phone. It operates with either single or multi-line telephones without the need of adapters.

Part No. List Price Our Price NOV-DCAT $199 00 $195.00

YOU MUST HAVE A PHONE WITH MODULAR CONNECTORS.

Shipping weight: 3 lbs.

PRINTERS

ANACOM 150 DOT MATRIX PRINTER

Features:

• 150 Characters per second

• Bidirectional printing, logic seeking •9x9 Dot matrix

• Upper and lower case with descenders

■ Double width characters

• 10 characters per inch —horizontal

• 6 or 8 lines per inch—vertical

• Uses a snap-in cartridge ribbon

• Adjustable tractors

• Original and 4 copies

• Paper out sensor

• 90 day factory warranted

■ Parallel or serial interface

Printers List Price Our Price

ANA-150P Parallel $1350.00 $1095.00

ANA-150S Serial $1350.00 $1095.00

REPLACEMENT PERSONALITY MODULES

ANA-PC Parallel Module $75.00

ANA-SC Serial Module $75.00

ANA-RIBBON Cartridge Nylon $15.00

OPTIONS Options must be ordered with printer ANA-600ELH600 Million

Impact Extended Life Head $150.00

ANA-BELL Programmable Bell Circuit $75.00

ANA-240V50C 240VAC 50 Cycle Power Supply . $30.00

Novation

A NEW BREED OF MODULAR MODEMS FROM NOVATION

NOV-4102D Originate Only $340.00

NOV-4103B Auto Answer/Manual Originate .. .$399.00 NOV-4113B Auto Answer Only .$365.00

Novation presents the first fully integrated modern system for the future.

Their new line of 300 baud direct connect modems are the best for reliability, economy and convenience.

Novation's direct connect modems meet all requirements for the FCC ruling on Part 68, eliminating the cost and need for a Bell DAA (data access arrangement). It saves even more through a simplified, economical installation procedure, using a modular T-adapter—a Novation excl usive

MODULATION: FSK, phase coherent. OPERATING MODE: 4102 Originate, 4103B Auto Answer/Manual Originate, 4113B Auto Answer Only. COMMUNICATION MODE: Full, Half duplex. PHONE LINE INTERFACE: Direct-connect per FCC Part 68. Modular Plug mates with standard telephone Modular Jack (USOC-RJ11C). FCC registration No. AU492X-70157-PC-N. Ringer equivalence 0.3A, 1.0B. BELL COMPATIBILITY: 4102D 103A, 4103B 103A, 4113B 113B, CARRIER DETECT: Sensitivity: -50dBm On delay: 150 ms ( + , -15ms) Off Delay: 50 ms ( + , -5ms) Noise Rejection OdBm TRANSMITTER: 4102D On Delay: Coincident with carrier detect—Off Delay: Coincident with carrier loss—Level -9dBm 4103B On Delay: Originate: Coincident with carrier in originate Answer: 2.5 sec ( + , -.5 sec) after automatic answer. Off Delay: Originate: Coincident with carrier loss. Answer: Coincident with line disconnect. Level -9dBm (factory fixed) 4113B On Delay: Originate: Coincident with carrier in originate. Answer: 2.5 sec ( + , -.5 sec) after automatic answer. Off Delay: Originate: Coincident with carrier loss. Answer: Coincident with line disconnect. Level: -9dBm {factory fixed) INTERNAL SWITCH OPTIONS: 4102D: None 4103B Abort Timer 18 Sec. Abort Timer: 6 sec. Carrier Loss Disconnect: 1 sec. Disconnect Enable: On/Off. Tone Ringer: On/Off. Force DTR: On/Off 41138 Abort Timer: 18 sec. Abort Timer: 6 sec. Carrier Loss Disconnect: 1 sec. Disconnect Enable: On/Off. Tone Ringer: On/Off. Force DTR: On/Off. ADDITIONAL FEATURES: 4102D: None. 4103B: None, 4103B, 4113B: Built in audio ringer with level adjustment. TERMINAL INTERFACE: EIA RS232C Outputs: Mark (Off): -8v, Space (On): + 8V Inputs Mark (Off): -3 to -25V, Space (On): + to +25V, TTY, 20MA active current loop: Mark: 20MA, Space: no current. Pin Connects: (Write for additional specifications) POWER REQUIREMENTS: 117VAC +. -10%, 60Hz, 16 W STANDARD CABLES AND ACCESSORIES: UL listed wall-mount 24VAC power transformer. Plug-to-plug 6-foot telephone modular cable. OPTIONAL CABLES: EIA RS232C 6-foot, 8-wire cable. TTY 6-foot, 4-wire cable. EIA RS232C/TTY Y-cable, Mocfular T-adapter (connects modem and telephone to phone line) SIZE: 12"L, 5%"W, 2</4"H WEIGHT: 1 Lb SHIPPING WEIGHT: 3 Lbs

WE ACCEPT VISA, and MASTER-CHARGE

BYTE November 1980

80 — 15

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

TRS-80* MEMORY EXPANSION KITS

You're busy writing programs. Suddenly, in the middle of

a line you run out of memory space!

In the words of a famous San Francisco detective,

"What will you do? What will YOU do?''

Now that you have discovered some of the things your TRS-80* can do for you games, business, education-you want to do more. You want to go beyond the simple program, but when you type in the PRINT MEM command, there is no memory space left. What will you do?

If you're smart, you will do what thousands of other TRS-80* owners have done. You will dash off an order to Priority 1 Electronics for our 16K Memory Expansion Kits. Don't pay a penny more or settle for anything less. Our Memory Expansion Kits come complete with eight factory prime 16K dynamic RAM chips, easy to follow step-bystep instructions, and a 100% guarantee. What more could you ask for?

TRS-16KEXP This kit allows you to expand from 16K to 32K or from 32K to 48K in your Expansion Interface

$50.00

TRS-16KEY This kit includes the programming jumpers necessary to expand from 4K to 16K in your TRS-80*

Keyboard $53.00

NOTE: Apple owners, this terrible fate can happen to you, too. Order our Apple II** Memory Expansion Kit. APL-16K $50.00

THE PRIORITY 1 ELECTRONICS MEMORY EXPANSION KIT Don't program without it.

•TRS-80 is a registered trademark of Tandy Corp. "Apple II is a registered trademark of Apple Computer Corp.

MODEL T2400AA

The Mini-8100S is an S-100 size card providing a compact S-100 adapter for the TRS-80,W computer. Designed for those who possess or will possess an S-100 mainframe. It has the same adapter circuitry as the Mini-8100, but plugs exactly into an S-100 motherboard.

Features:

• S-100 Bus Interface ■ Fully Socketed

• Solder Mask and Silk Screened Component Legend

• Not Recommended for Use With Expansion Interface

Ordering Information: List Our Price

CCS-T2400AA Mini-8100S $125.00 $112.61

MODEL T5400AA

The Mini-8100 opens up the vast world of S-100 products for your TRS-80™ Computer, providing an S-100 Bus adapter/motherboard for memory expansion and extended I/O capabilities. This combination four-slot motherboard and S-100 interface connects to the TRS-80 or expansion interface.

Features:

■ S-100 Bus Interface

• 4-Slot Motherboard

• Fully Socketed

• Solder Mask and Silk Screened Component Legend

Ordering Information: CCS-T5400AA Mini-8100

Assembled & Tested

List Our Price $155.00 $139.60

MODEL T5416ABA

The 8100 allows a Radio Shack TRS-80 computer to be interfaced to the popular S-100 Bus for memory expansion and extended I/O capabilities.

The 8100 opens up a whole new world of peripheral devices to the TRS-80 owner. For example, you can now easily add more memory, floppy disc systems, PRCK boards, printer interfaces, multi-purpose I/O boards, AC device controllers, and a whole host of other varied peripherals.

The 8100 has its own built-in 6-slot motherboard which includes our unigue card guide system which keeps the boards in their places.

The 8100 is designed to sit on a table top next to your TRS-80 and connects to it via a ribbon cable. A second TRS-80 connector allows other TRS-80 devices to be connected at the same time.

Not only do you get an S-100 bus interface and motherboard, but the 8100 has more on-board options.

Features:

• S-100 Bus Interface

• 6-Slot Motherboard

• Accepts 8,16K or4K Dynamic RAMs

• Programmable Baud Rate Selection

• Selectable Even, Odd or No Parity

t. Serial RS-232-C/20 ma Current Loop +• Parallel Input and Output

• Addressable in 4K Blocks Via Dip Switches

• DCE or DTE Jumper Selectable

• 5-, 6-, 7-or 8-Bit Word Length with 1-, t%- or 2-Stop Bits

Ordering Information: List Our Price

CCS-T5416ABA Complete 8100

Assembled & Tested $375.00 $337.00

NEWDOS/80

A NEW ENHANCED NEWDOS FOR THE TRS-80® MODEL 1 FOR THE 1980s

Apparat Inc. announces the most powerful Disk Operating System for the TRS-80.S It has been designed for the sophisticated user and professional programmer who demands the ultimate in disk operating systems.

NEWDOS/80 is not meant to replace the present version of NEWDOS 2.1 which satisfies most users, but is a carefully planned upward enhancement, which significantly extends NEWDOS 2.1s capabilities. This new member to the Apparat NEWDOS family is upward compatible with present NEWDOS 2.1 and is supplied on Diskette, complete with enhanced NEWDOS+ utility programs and documentation. Some of the NEWDOS/80 features are: ■ New BASIC commands that support files with variable record lengths up to 4095 Bytes long.

• Mix or match disk drives. Supports and track count from 18 to 80. Use 35, 40 or 77 track 5" mini disk drives or 8" disk drives, or any combination

• A security boot-up for BASIC or machine code application programs. User never sees "DOS READY" or "READY" and is unable to "BREAK," clear screen, or issue any direct BASIC statement including "LIST."

• New editing commands that allow program lines to be deleted from one location and moved to another to allow the duplication of a program line with the deletion of the original.

• Enhanced and powerful RENUMBER that allows relocation of subroutines.

• Powerful program chaining, & enhanced debug.

• Device handling for routing to display and printer simultaneously.

• CDE function; simultaneous striking of the C, D and E keys will allow user to enter a mini-DOS to perform some DOS commands without disturbing the resident program.

• Upward compatible with NEWDOS 2.1 andTRSDOS2.3

• Includes Superzap 3.0 and all Apparat 2.1 utilities.

Shipping weight: 3 lbs.

APP395 $149.00

APP395M NEWDOS/80 when purchased

with any Micropolis Drive on the same order $100.00

NEW FROM SAMS BOOKS NOW IN TWO VOLUMES

TRS-80 ^^jfe

INTERFACING \ '\$P<f0>

&

\\^"

B00K1

AND

BOOK 2

SHIPPING WEIGHT 1 LB.

INTRODUCTION, BOOK I

The Radio Shack TRS-80 computer provides abundant computer power at moderate cost, allowing broad versatility. Like many TRS-80 users, you, perhaps, are content to apply your computer to home, business, or personal uses where standard peripherals, such as keyboard, display, cassette recorder, etc., are appropriate. Or, maybe, you are like a growing number of others who desire to have their TRS-80 actually control external devices, sense external events, and perhaps, even transfer information between the computer and peripheral circuits of their own design. If you are among the latter group, then TRS-80 interfacing will introduce you to the internally generated signals available and show you how each can be used under BASIC language program control. The book is for the reader with a good understanding of commands in Level II BASIC and would be found midway between the beginning computer user and the advanced programmer/hardware designer. 190 pages. SAM 21633 $8.95

ADVANCED TECHNIQUES, BOOK 2

This book will introduce you to some of the advanced interfacing techniques that will allow you to do real things with your Radio Shack TRS-80 computer. You will find that these techniques can be applied to computer applications in your home, research laboratory, or school laboratory. You will learn how the computer can be used to drive high-current and high-voltage loads, to generate voltage and current signals, and to measure unknown voltages and currents. Since many computers are being used to control devices that are located some distance from the central processing unit, the author has included a chapter on serial communication and remote control. Remote control circuits are provided that allow you to control Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART) chips, analog-to-digital converters, digital-toanalog converters, and other devices that can be located from several feet from the computer to several thousand feet from it. SAM 21739 $9-95

MICROPOLIS DISK DRIVES FOR THE TRS-80 COMPUTER

• Plug-In Compatible with the TRS-80 Disk Drive ■ 35 Tracks

• Faster Than a Speeding Bullet (30ms)

• Available in 77 Track

• Soft Sector

• Metallic Gray and Black Cabinet

• Power Supply, Fuse, and Line Cord

• Single- or Dual-Drive Configuration

LIST OUR

SINGLE DRIVES PRICE PRICE

MCP10271 35TRACK $ 545.00 CALL

MCP10272 77 TRACK $ 645.00 $ 575.00

DUAL DRIVES MCP10371 35TRACK S1195-00 CALL

MCP 10372 77 TRACK S1395.00 _ $1195.00

AS FEATURED IN TRS-80 INTERFACING

Interface your TRS-80 to

the "real world" the faster and easier way.

EL

The Jumper. A 24" 40-conductor flat ribbon cable assembly with a socket connector on one end, a card-edge connector on the other. Its preassembled and every line is pretested. APP-924150-24 $11.95

The Header. Copper alloy 770 for instant plug-in access

to the PC board.

APP-923875-R $3.49

The Solderless Breadboard. Its our famous superstrip" for unlimited freedom in the layout and implementation of your circuits. APP-923252-R $17.00

THE VISTA V-80 DISK DRIVE SYSTEM

• 23% more storage capacity than TRS-80

• 120 day warranty

• 40 track patch at NO CHARGE

THE VISTA V80:

widen the ability of your TRS-80

The Vista V80Mini Disk System is the perfect way to widen the capabilities of your TRS-80IM Micro-computer. Quickly and inexpensively. Our $395 price tag is about $100 less than the Radio Shack equivalent. Our delivery time is immediate. And our system is fully interchangeable. That's just the start.

It will give you 23% more storage capacity by increasing useable storage from 55,000 to 65,000 bytes per drive with our new software patch.

It can work 8 times faster than the TRS-80 Mini-Disk system, because track-to-track access is 5ms versus 40ms for the TRS-80. You can realize this added speed once the new double disk expansion interface is available without expensive modification of the existing unit.

It has a better warranty than any comparable unit warranty available—a full 120 days on all parts and service. When you consider how much more goes into the Vista V80, that shows a lot of faith in our product.

A full 3 amp power supply means you have 2v2 times the power necessary to operate the V80, and full ventilation insures that there will be no problems due to overheating.

The Vista V80 Mini Disk System requires Level II Basic with 16K RAM Expansion Interface (it operates from the Radio Shack interface system). It comes complete with a dependable MPI Minifloppy disk drive, power supply, regulator board and vented case. It's shipped to you ready to run —simply take it out of the box and plug it in. You're in business. From the company that means business—Vista Computer Company.

y K y DISKETTES

Part No. Sectoring Application Box of 10

VRB-M0 525-01 Soft Sector TRS-80, Apple $ 29.95

VIS-V-80 Single drive system $395.00

VIS-V-80-2 Two drive system $770.00

VIS-V-80-4 Four drive system $1450.00

PRI-34CEEE-2 Two drive cable $29.95

PRI-34CEEE-4 Four drive cable $39.95

Four Drive and Two Drive Systems come complete with Data Cable.

80 — 16

BYTE November 1980

WE ACCEPT VISA, and MASTER-CHARGE

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

PARALLEL INTERFACE

• Two bi-direction 8 bit buses for interface to periferals

• Two programmable control registers

• Two programmable data direction registers

• Four individually controlled interrupt input lines; two useable as peripheral control outputs

• Handshake control logic for input and output peripheral operation

• High impedance 3 state and direct transistor drive peripheral lines

• Programmable interrupts

• CMOS drive capability on side A peripheral lines

• 2 TTL drive capability on all A and B side buffers

• Power down ROM

• Supports interrupt daisy chain

• Allows DMA daisy chain

• 256 bytes firmware (ROM) or softwares (RAM) space available

List Our Price CCS-7720A Assembled

(with cable and Software) 1 LB $119.95 $107.95

CCS-7325A Cable Assembly,

25 P"D"" to dual 13P header $24.95

CCS-7620A A Firmware ROM, General purpose . .$24.95

CENTRONICS PARALLEL INTERFACE

The Model 7728 interfaces high-speed Centronics-type parallel interface printers to the Apple II* computer. The 7728 provides eight-bit parallel data output bus, four-bit status input, Data Strobe and Acknowledge handshake signals, and printer Reset signal to ensure compatibility with a wide selection of printers.

Driver firmware is provided in an on-board 256-byte ROM.

• Pin-for-pin compatibility with Centronics printers

• Handshaking provided with Data Strobe and Acknowledge signals

• ASCII character output controlled by on-board ROM

• Eight-bit parallel output bus

• Four-bit status input

• Printer Reset signal

• Compatibility with standard Apple II printer command

• Flexible character/line format

• Auto line feed and video echo are under software control

• Interrupt daisy chain supported with arbitration logic

• DMA daisy chain pass-through provided

• Software-programmable interrupts

• Jumper-selectable IRQ signal

• Berg plug jumpers provided for all jumper-selectable features

List Our Price

CCS7728 Assembled $119.95 $107.95

CCS-7340A Cable for the Integral Data

IDS-440 Paper Tiger Call

CCS-7379A Cable for Centronics printers, the

Okidata Microline 80, or the Microtek MT-88T $31.95

CCS-7388A Cable for the MPI 88T $29.95

CCS-7001A RAM pack for ROM replacement $19.95

CCS-7601A Unburned ROM pack $19.95

SYNCHRONOUS SERIAL INTERFACE

• Conforms to RS-232-C (configuration A thru E)

• Supports half or full duplex operation

• DTE type configuration

• Failsafe RS-232-C operation

. 14 STD CLK rates 50-19.2K BAUD plus EXT CLK

• BAUD rates dip switch selectable

• All BAUD rates crystal controlled

• Programmable interrupts from transmitter, receiver, and error detection logic

• Programmable SYNC code register

• Standard synchronous signaling rate per RS-269/ANSI X3.1-1975

• Peripheral/modem control functions

• Three bytes of fifo buffering on both transmit and receive date

• 7, 8, or 9 bit transmission

• Optional odd, even, or no parity bit

• Parity, overrun, and overflow status checks

• Power down prom

• 256 bytes firmware (ROM) or software (RAM) space available

• Supports interrupt daisy chain

• Allows DMA daisy chain

List Our Price CCS-7712A Assembled

(with cable & software) 1 LB $179.95 $159.00

CCS-7325A Cable Assembly,

25P "D" to dual BP header $24.95

CCS-7001A RAM (for ROM replacement) $19.95

CCS-7601A ROM (unburned. empty) $19.95

CCS-7610A Firmware ROM General Purpose . . . $24.95

APPLE II® EXTENDER BOARD

A handy tool when debugging or testing modules in the APPLE II* computer.

VCCS-7520A Assembled $24.95

APPLE PERIPHERALS

arithmetic Processor

• Based on AMD AM9511 device

• Fixed point 16 and 32 bit operation

• Floating point 32 bit operation

• Binary data formats

• Add, subtract, multiply, and divide

• Trigonometric and inverse trignometric functions

• Square roots, logarithms, exponentiation

• Float to fixed and fixed to float conversions

• Stack oriented operand storage

• Programmed I/O data transfer

• End signal selectable interrupt

• Supports interrupt daisy chain

• Allows DMA daisy chain

• Powered down ROM

• 256 Bytes firmware (ROM or software (RAM) space available

List Our Price

CCS-7811B For use with Apple II $399.95 $359.00

CCS-7001A RAM (for ROM replacement) $19.95

CCS-7601A ROM (unburned, empty) $19.95

CCS-7811C For use with Apple II plus $359.00

ASYNCHRONOUS SERIAL INTERFACE

• Parity, overrun, and framing error checks

• Optional divide by 16 clock mode

• False start bit detection

• Software programmable interrupts

• Data double buffered

• One or two stop bit operation

• Power down PROM

• 256 bytes firmware (ROM) or software (RAM) space available

• Supports interrupt daisy chain

• Allows DMA daisy chain

• 134.5 BAUD.available for selectric interface

• Conforms to RS-232-C (configuration A thru E) ■ Supports half or full duplex operation

• DCR type interface

• Failsafe RS-232-C operation

. 14 STD CLK rates 50-19.2K BAUD plus EXT CLK

• BAUD rates dip switch selectable

• All BAUD rates crystal controlled except EXT

• 8 and 9 bit transmission

• Optional even, odd, and no parity bit

• Programmable control register L|S( Qur pnce CCS-7710A Assembled

(with cable & software) 1 LB $159.95 $159.00

CCS-7325A Cable assembly,

25P "D" to dual 13P header $24.95

CCS-7001A RAM (for ROM replacement) $19.95

CCS-7601 ROM (unburned, empty) $19.95

CCS-7610A Firmware ROM General Purpose .. . .$24.95

GPIB INTERFACE

With the Model 7490 General Purpose Instrument Bus

Interface, your Apple II*' computer can operate with instruments which fall under the IEEE 488-1978 communication bus standards. Up to fifteen inter-connected controllers, talkers, and/or listeners can be interfaced on the bus. Such devices include counters, signal generators, digital multimeters, and color graphics output devices.

• Controller/talker/listener functions of IEEE 488 standards implemented

• Capability of handling up to 15 interconnected devices on the bus

■ Five bus management lines and three data-byte-transfer lines provided

• Full buffering of all 16 signal lines

• Bi-directional 8-bit data bus

• An on-board parallel interface adapter which contains control, data direction, and data output registers for reliable operation

• Data transferring performed asynchronously

• Full handshaking with peripherals

• DMA daisy chain pass-through support

• Allowance for interrupt daisy chain

• Software-programmable interrupts

• Operation in a paging mode with eight 256-byte pages of firmware

■ Controller firmware stored in a 2K x 8-bit EPROM (preprogrammed at the factory)

■ 3 foot GPIB-compatible cable provided

List Our Price CCS-7490A Assembled $300.00 $269.00

APPLE MEMORY EXPANSION KITS 4116's RAMS

from Leading Manufacturers. 1,000'sof sets sold! 100% guaranteed. (16K x 1 200/250ns)

APL-16K 8 for $50.00

PROGRAMMABLE TIMER MODULE

• Flexible external interface patch area for custom interface applications

• Selectable prescaler on timer 3 capable of 4mhz input

• Programmable interrupts

• Readable down counter indicates counts to go to time-out

• Selectable gating for frequency or pulse width comparison

• Three asynchronous external clock and gate/trigger inputs internally synchronized

• Three maskable outputs to patch area

• Power down ROM

• Supports interrupt daisy chain

• Allows DMA daisy chain

• 256 byte firmware (ROM) or software (RAM) space available

List Our Price

CCS-7440A Assembled 1 LB $114.95 $103.00

CCS-7001A RAM (for ROM replacement) $19.95

CCS-7601A ROM (Unburned, empty) $19.95

PROM MODULE

The 7114A PROM MODULE permits the addition or replacement of the Apple II firmware without the physical removal of the Appie II ROMS. This allows software/firmware replacement, change, and/or patch to be made on a ROM or BYTE BASIS. An on-board enable/disable toggle switch is also availale.

• BYTE oriented program overlay

• Selectable prom overlay

• Power down of PROMS

• 14K PROM space available

• Uses +5 volt 2716 type proms

• Allows use of DMA/interrupt daisy chains CCS-7114A Assembled List Our Price (without PROMS) 1 LB $79.95 $75.00

33/4 DIGIT BCD A/D CONVERTER

The 7470 allows conversion of a DC voltage to a BCD number for computer monitoring and analysis. Typical inputs would be DC inputs from temperature or pressure transducers.

• Selectable interrupt on end of conversion

• 200US per conversion . -4 to +4 VDCfull scale

• Plus or minus .05% non-linearity

• Plus or minus 1 count quantization

• Corrective offset error

• Temperature coefficient adjustment

• Calibration adjustment

• Input offset adjustment

• Floating inputs

• Overange and sign indicators

• Input filter

• Power down ROM

• Supports interrupt daisy chain

• Allows DMA daisy chain

• 256 bytefirmware (ROM) or software (RAM) SDace available List Our Price

CCS-7470A Assembled and

Calibrated 1 LB $111.95 $99.95

CCS-7001A RAM $19.95 CCS-7601 ROM $19.95

CALENDAR/CLOCK MODULE

The Model 7424 Calendar/Clock Module for the Apple II* computer provides accurate real time counting for a wide variety of applications. The 7424 can be softwareprogrammed for either a 12-hour or 24-hour format, and automatically adjusts February to 29 days for leap years. Each decimal digit of data is separately addressed, allowing the user complete freedom of data format. An optional back-up battery maintains accurate time counting when the Apple is powered down or during power outages. To prevent accidental setting of the clock, the time-setting signal to the clock can be jumper-disabled.

• MSM5832 Clock to count seconds, minutes, hours, days of week and month, months, and years

• Berg plug jumpers provided for all user-selected features

• Optional back-up battery provided for maintaining time during power-down of the Apple or during power outage

• 12 hour or 24 hour format

■ Automatic adjustment of February to 29 days for leap years

• Jumper-enabled time setting to prevent accidental timing setting

• BASIC program listing provided for setting time, day, month, and year

• Interrupt daisy chain arbitration

• DMA daisy chain pass-through

• Jumper-selectable IRQ generation at hour, minute, second, or millisecond intervals

• Low-power Schottky devices

• Jumper-selectable 256-byte ROM or RAM logic

• 3 jumper-selectable CCS drivers and space for userburned driver on 1K EPROM

List Our Price CCS-7424A Assembled $125.00 $109.95

ORDER TOLL FREE (800) 423-5633

BYTE November 1980

80 — 17

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

BRAND

If it's worth remembering,

it's worth Scotch Data Recording Products.

\ferbatim

™ .TnmrxiDle Tatjvft; storage rrtrXi

DISKETTES

Sides/ Density

Sectoring

List

Price

Box of 10

Price Box of 10

MMM-740-OP

MMM-740/2-OP MMM 740-32P MMM-740/2-32P MMM-741-0

MMM-743-0

MMM-744-OK

MMM-744-10K

MMM-744-16K

1/single 2/single 1/single 2/single 1/double 2/double (2 head)

1/single

1/single 1/single

Soft-IBM Soft-IBM 32-ShugartB01 32-Shugart801 Soft-Shugart Dbl

Soft-IBM

5" Soft-Shugart SA400(TRS-80) Soft/10 SA400 Soft/16 Micropolis

$50.00 $88.00 $50.00 $88.00 $70.00

$100.00

$50.00 $50.00 $50.00

$39.95 $75.00 $39.95 $75.00 $59.00

$88.00

$39.95 $39.95 $39.95

VRBVRB

VRB VRB VRBVRBVRBVRB VRB VRBVRB VRB

5V4 DISKETTES

Sectoring Application # of Heads Box of 10

MD 525-01 Soft Sector TRS-80 Apple

MD 525-10 Hard 10 Sector North Star

MD 525-16 Hard 16 Sector Micropolis

MD 540-01 Soft Sector 40 Track Cert.

M D 540-10 Hard 10 Sector 40 Track Cert.

MD 540-16 Hard 16 Sector 40Track Cert.

MD 550-01 Soft Sector 40 Track Cert.

MD550-10 HardlOSector 40 Track Cert.

MD 550-16 Hard 16 Sector 40 Track Cert.

MD 577-01 Soft Sector 77 Track Cert.

MD577-10 HardlOSector 77TrackCert.

MD577-16 Hard16Sector 77TrackCert

VRB-MD 577 Series comes with reinforced hub ring mounted

1

$29.95

1

$29.95

1

$29.95

1

$38.95

1

$38.95

1

$38.95

2

$55.00

2

$55.00

2

$55.00

1

$48.00

1

$48.00

1

$48.00

VRB-FD32-1000 VRB-FD34-1000

VRB-FD32-2000 VRB-FD34-2000

Hard Sector Soft Sector Hard Sector Soft Sector

8" DISKETTES

Shugart801R IBM 3740 Flippy Flippy

$37.00 $37.00 $66.00 $66.00

BE SURE TO ORDER YOUR KASSETTE/10 LIBRARY CASE BELOW

ALL VERBATIM DISKETTES ARE DOUBLE DENSITY CERTIFIED

HOUSINGS FOR MAGNETIC MEDIA

ttc

• Capacity: 50 diskettes

• Vinyl dust cover

• 5 pressboard dividers ■ 3 metal dividers

• Will cross-file in a standard letter-size file drawer

Shipping weight: MM-1 5 lbs. FM-2 9 lbs. MMM-MM1 (for 5VV diskettes) $28.50

MMM-FM-2 (for 8" diskettes) $37.00

3M CRASHGUARD 14" HARD DISKS

SOMETHING YOU CAN DEPEND ON

Each "Scotch" brand top loading and front loading cartridge is coated with CRASHGUARD"—3Ms exclusive protective disk coating which guards against oxide build-up on the read/write heads and the hazards of head-to-disk interference. You can depend on CRASHGUARD to protect you from data checks (phantom errors), damaged heads, computer downtime and data loss. Shipping weight: 10 lbs Part No. Sectoring Application Price

MMM-910-12 MMM-910-16 MMM-910-24 MMM-920-12 MMM-920-24 MMM-9331-48

12 Sector 16 Sector 24 Sector 12 Sector 24 Sector 48 Sector

DEC PDP-11

DECPDP-8

TI980

CDC HAWK

Microdata2754

Datapoint10/MB

$100.00 $100.00 $100.00 $120.00 $120.00 $160.00

THE PROTECTOR.

• Capacity: 50 Diskettes

• Sizes for 8" and 5V.»" Diskettes

• Rugged, smoked plexiglass construction

• Helps keep dust, dirt and grime from contaminating valuable diskettes

Shipping Weight: VRBPRT5 3 lbs. VRBPRT8 5 lbs.

Part Number

VRB-PRT5

VRB-PRT8

Description For 5V4" Diskettes For 8"

Price $29.95 $39.95

DON'T LET DUST OR SCRATCHES DIRTY YOUR DATA!

PREVENT THE USE OF DAMAGED DISK CARTRIDGES WITH

SHOCKWATCH

Media equipped with Shockwatch give an immediate signal that a shock great enough to cause a malfunction has been experienced.

The dramatic change from clear to vivid red attracts the attention of all operating personnel and assures its removal from service before significant financial loss.

The Shockwatch impact detector is a length of precisionbore capillary tubing, containing a precise thread of red liquid. Mechanical shock or acceleration exceeding a predetermined level disrupts the relationship between the liquid and the tube. Immediately, vivid red liquid fills the tube. This simple change in appearance, from clear to brilliant red, is a positive indicator that the cartridge or pack has received a shock sufficient to cause probable damage.

MMM-SWCART $8.95

Shipping weight: 1 lb.

HARDHOLE

HUB

REINFORCING

DISK PROTECTORS

• Protects disks and diskettes from wear!

• Repairs damaged disks!

Now you can save those "ruined" disks with simple insertion of our DISK PROTECTOR! Inserting a protector on a new disk will increase its life times over! Easy to install, just slip a protector ring onto the precision tool, then slip on the disk! No glueing, no drying time, no heat! One tool lasts indefinitly, each disk requires one protector ring.

Part No. Description Price

VRB HDHL5 5V Diskette Protector Ring (pkg. 50) $3.50

VRB HDHL5A 5V4" Applicator Tool $5.00

VRB HDHL8 8" Diskette Protector Rings (pkg. 50) .$7.00

VRD HDHL8A 8" Applicator Tool $10.00

Shipping Weight: 4 oz.

KASETTE/10

LIBRARY CASE

Shipping Weight: 8" 2 lbs. 5V>" 1 lb.

Part Number

Color

Price

MMM-KS10GY MMM-KS10BK MMM-KS10BU MMM-KS10BG MMM-KM10GY MMM-KM10BK MMM-KM10BU MMM-KM10BG

B" 8" 8" 8"

5'A" 5'A"

5'/4" 5'/4"

Grey Black Blue Beige Grey Black Blue Beiqe

$4.50 $4.50 $4.50 $4.50 $4.25 $4.25 $4.25 $4.25

PREVENT HEAD CRASHES

A one year supply of disk cleaning supplies cost $29.95—What is a diskette with one of your programs worth?

Diskette drive heads, like your cassette heads, need periodic mantenance to assure efficient and error-free operation. Unlike other peripheral devices, the read/write head(s) on diskette drives are extremely difficult to clean without partially disassembling the drive. The unique concept of the diskette head cleaning kit allows the user to clean the drive heads without diassembly in jus! minutes. Available for 8" or51/4", both single and double sided disk drives. Kit contains 2 cleaning diskettes, a 4 oz. bottle of CS-85 cleaning solution and easy-pour dispenser. Wt. 12 oz. A 1 year supply if you clean your disk once a week.

Catalog No. Description

VRB-FD088" Disk Drive Cleaning Kit $29.95

VRB-FD05 BH" Disk Drive Cleaning Kit $29.95

3M SCOTCH® BRAND PERSONAL COMPUTING TAPE WITH LEADER

MMM-PCC-10 10 Minute $1.30

MMM-PCC-20 20 Minute $1.40

MMM-PCC-30 30 Minute $1.50

80 — 18

BYTE November 1980

PLEASE ORDER BY PART NUMBER

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

PART NO.

INS B08AN

DPB212N

DP82I4N

DP82I6N

DP8224N

DP8224-4N

0P8226N

DPB228N

DP8238N

INS8250N

INS825IN

INS8253N

INS8255N

INS8257N

INS8259N

PART NO.

Z80A

Z80PI0

Z80API0

Z80CTC

Z80ACTC

Z800MA

Z80A0MA

Z80SIOO

Z80ASI00

Z80SI0I

Z80ASI0I

Z80SI02

Z80ASI02

PART NO.

6502

6502A

6520

6522

6530002

6530-003

6530-004

6530-005

6532M

6551M

PART NO.

MC6800P

MC6802P

MC6808P

MC6809P

MC6821P

MC6828P

MC6840P

MC6845P

MC6847P

MC6850P

MC6852P

MC6854P

MC6860P

MC6862P

MC6875L

MC66710P

MC66750P

STOCK NUMBER

NI0T-B0412 M0TB0421 M0T-B0422 M0T-B0427 MOT-B0428 M0T-B0435 M0T-B0436 M0T-B0437 MOT-B0438 M0T-B0439 MOT-B0440 M0TB0441 M0T-CTG12

8080 SERIES

DESCRIPTION

8 BIT CPU 8 BIT I/O PORT

PRIORITY INTERUPT CONTROL BI-DIRECTIONAL BUS DRIVER CLOCK GEN AND DRIVER (2MHz) CLOCK GEN AND DRIVER (4MHz) INV BI-DIRECTIONAL BUS DRIVER SYSTEM CONTROLLER & BUS DRIVER SYSTEM CONTROLLER & BUS DRIVER ASYNCHCOMM ELEMENT PROGRAMMABLE COMM INT. PROGRAMMABLE INTERNAL TIMER PROG. PERIPHERAL INTERFACE PROG. DMA CONTROLLER PROG. INTERUPT CONTROLLER

Z80 SERIES

DESCRIPTION

8BITCPU(4MHz) PARALLEL INTERFACE (2.5MHz) PARALLEL INTERFACE (4MHz) CTC (2MHz) CTC (4MHz)

DMA CONTROLLER (2MHz) DMA CONTROLLER (4MHz) SERIAL INTERFACE (2MHz) SERIAL INTERFACE (4MHz) SERIAL INTERFACE (2MHz) SERIAL INTERFACE (4MHz) SERIAL INTERFACE (2MHz) SERIAL INTERFACE (4MHz)

6502 SERIES

DESCRIPTION

8 BIT CPU

8 BIT CPU

PIA

PIA

RAM/ROM I/O TIMER

RAM/ROM I/O TIMER

TIM. RAM/ROM

RAM/ROM I/O TIMER

RAM/ROM I/O TIMER

6800 SERIES

DESCRIPTION

8 BIT CPU

MPU, CLK, RAM

MPU. CLK

MICROPROCESSOR

PIA

PRIOR. INTERUPT ADAPT.

PTM

CRT CONTROLLER

COLOR VIDEO DISPLAY GEN.

ASYNCH. COMM. INT. ADAPT.

SYNCH SER. DATA ADAPT.

ADVANCED DATA LINK CONT.

0-600 BPS MODEM

0-2400 BPS MODEM

MPU CLOCK GEN.

CHAR GEN ASCII SHFTD W/GRK

CHAR. GEN ALPHA. NUM. CTRL CHAR

MOTOROLA, Semiconductors BOOKS AND LITERATURE

TITLE

CMOS

VOLT REG.

LO POWER SCHOTTKY

M6800 REF. MANUAL

UNDERSTAND MICRO

POWER DATA

MICRO DATA LIB

BASIC MICRO AND THE M68O0

PROG. THE M6800 MICRO

BASIC l/CENGR AND THE 6800

LINEAR INTERFACE

LINEAR CIRCUIT

MASTER SEL. GUIDE

PRICE

S6.50 S2.95 S5.25 $2.95 $3.25 $9.95 $3.50 $5.55 $5.55

$15.00 $7.50

$17.95 $6.80

$16.45

$18.00

PRICE

$14.95

$9.95 $14.95

$9.95 $13.95 $39.95 $45.00 $56.00 $59.95 $56.00 $59.95 $56.00 $59.95

PRICE

$12.95 $18.95 $8.95 $10.95 $21.95 $21.95 $21.95 $21.95 $21.95 $21.95

PRICE

$11.95 $17.95

$9.95 $34.95

$5.95 $14.95 $14.95 $31.00 $14.95

$5.41

$5.79 $24.95 $10.89 $12.00

$7,40 SI 2.50 $12.50

PRICE

$5.95

$3.95 $3.95 $3.95 $3.95 $6.50 $8.95

$15.95 $8.95

$29.95 $5.95 $6.50 $3.95

OPTO-ISOLATORS

VISO ICO(MA) VCEO

4N27

NPN

1500V

2.0

30V

$1.10

$ .92

4N28

NPN

500V

2.0

30V

$1.10

$.92

4N30

NDL

1500V

30

30V

$1.40

$7.10

4N31

NDL

1500 V

10

30V

$1.25

$1.00

ER

PRODUCTS

(U\ MOTOROLA

xZy Semiconductors

STATIC RAMS

PART NO.

DESCRIPTION 1-7 8-24

25-99

100*

2I02AN-L

1024x1 450NS LP $1.60 $1.40

$1.15

$1.00

2102AN-2L

1024 x 1 250NS LP $1.75 $1.60

$1.25

$1.10

2114N-3L

1024x4 300NS LP $6.95 $5.65

$5.00

$4.50

5257N-3L

4096 x 1 300NS LP $9.50 $6.90

CALL

CALL

7489

16x4 60NS TTL $2.99 $

DYNAMIC RAMS

$2.25

$1.75

PART NO.

DESCRIPTION 1-7 B-24

25-99

100*

4U6AC20

16K x 1 200NS $7.95 $6.25 CALL FOR VOLUME PRICING ON 4116 DYNAMIC RAMS

$

$5.20

5290J-2

16Kx1 150NS (4116) CALL CALL

E PROMS

CALL

CALL

PART NO.

DESCRIPTION 17

8-24

25-99

I702A

256 x 1 US UV ERASABLE $6.95

t 6.00

CALL

2708

1024 x 8 450NS UV ERASABLE $ 9.00

! 8.50

CALL

TNIS2716

3 SUPPLY 2K x 8 EPROM $19.95

CALL

CALL

2716

5V ONLY 2K x 8 EPROM $20.00

18 00

SI 5.00

2732

5V ONLY 4K x 8 EPROM CALL

BUS DRIVERS & RECEIVERS

CALL

CALL

PART NO.

DESCRIPTION

PRICE

8T26N

QUAD BUS DRV/RCVR EXT

$2.75

8T28N

QUAD 3 STATE BUS DRV/RCVR

$2.75

BT96N

HEX INVERTER TRI-STATE

$1.95

BT97N

HEX BUFFER TRI-STATE

$1.95

BT98N

HEX INVERTER TRI-STATE

$1.95

B13IN

QUAD TRI-STATE LINE RECEIVER

$3.00

MC14B8P

RS232 QUAD LINE DRIVER

$1.18

MC1489P

RS232 QUAD LINE RECEIVER

UARTS

$1.18

PART NO.

DESCRIPTION

PRICE

AY51013A

UART30KBAUD(-12V*5V)

$5.95

TR1602B

UART20KBAUD(-12V*5V)

$5.95

MEK6800 MICROCOMPUTER MODULES

PART NO.

DESCRIPTION

PRICE

MEK680904A

6809 MPU BOARD. CASS INT. 1K RAM. DEBUG MONITOR (MOKEP)

$490.00

MEK6809D4B

SAME AS ABOVE. WITH ADDR & DATA BUFFERS

AND RS-232 INTERFACE

$528.00

MEK68KPD

KEYPAD/DISPLAY WITH PWR. SUPPLY FOR MEK6809D4A

$275.00

MEK6802D5

6802 SBC, 25 KEY KEYPAD, 2K MONITOR

WITH DEBUG, PWR SUPPLY

$305.00

MEK68I0E

I/O MODULE, CASS INT., RS-232C INT, DIA PORT (MOKEP)

$325.00

MEK6BRRE

RAM/ROM MODULE, 1K RAM EXPAN, TO 8K,

EDITOR/ASSEMBLER ON ROM (MOKEP)

$469.00

MEK6B00ABC

ADAPTER/MOTHERBOARD FOR MEK6800

D2 AND MOKEP PRODUCTS

$215.00

MEK6809EAC

EDITOR/ASSEMBLER FOR THE MEK6809EAC (CASS, 300 BAUD)

$110.00

MEK6800D2A

6800 EVALUATION KIT II. PIA I/O, CASS INT, 256 BIT RAM

$409.00

MEK6802D3

6802 SBC HEX KEYPAD, PARALLEL I/O.

MONITOR. 16 BIT TIMER COUNTER

$305.00

MEK6B02D3C

SAME AS ABOVE WITHOUT KEYPAD & LED DISPLAYS (MOKEP)

$269.00

MEK68I0

SAME AS MEK68I0 LESS RS-232 DRIVER ROM

$305.00

MEK6800AB

SAME AS MEK6800ABC LESS EDITOR/ASSEM CASSETTE

$169.00

MEK68MB5

MOTHERBOARD FOR MOKEP PRODUCTS

$139.00

MEK68MM16

16K RAM FOR THE MOKEP FAMILY

$359.00

MU6BMM32

32K RAM FOR THE MOKEP FAMILY

$479.00

MEK68R2

PROGRAMMABLE CRT INTERFACE FOR THE MEK6800AB (MOKEP)

$359.00

MEK68R2IYI

PROGRAMMABLE CRT INTERFACE FOR THE MEK6802D3

$359.00

MEK68CC

CARD CAGE FOR THE MEK68MB5 MOTHERBOARD

$ 85.00

MEK6BRR

SAME AS MEK68RRE LESS EDITOR ASSEMBLER ON ROM

$359.00

MEK6BWW

WIRE WRAP MODULE FOR THE MEK6800AB

$ 69.00

MEK6BWW01

WIRE WRAP MODULE FOR THE MEK68MB

$ 69.00

MEK68EP

EPROM PROGRAMMER FOR THE MOKEP FAMILY

$419.00

MEK68CMB

10 SLOT MOTHERBOARD AND CARD CAGE

FOR THE MOKEP FAMILY

$209.00

CHR0MA68

6808 SBC WITH COLOR GRAPHICS

$149.00

SPST DIP SWITCHES

PRICE

PART NO.

NO. OF POSITIONS 1-9

10-24

25-99

0IP-SW4

f-&mm^ 4 J,5°

$1.40

$1.28

DIPSW5

4jU7^&*. si60

$1.49

$1.36

DIP-SW6

afcu/7*ni $170

$1.59

$1.45

DIP-SW7

IHJ

$1.68

$1.53

0IP-SW8

^^B MIV

$1.86

$1.70

D1P-SW9

^^^^r

$2.10

$1.92

DIP-SW10

10 $2.50

$2.33

$2.12

CALL FOR QUANTITY PRICING

BYTE November 1980

80 — 19

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

f

74LS TTL

74LS TTL

74LS TTL

>

PART#

DESCRIPTION

PRICE

PART*

DESCRIPTION

PRICE

74LS00

QUAD 2-IN NAND GATE

S .40

74LS7B

DUAL J-F F/F W/PRESET. COMM

74LS0I 741S02

QUAD 2-IN NAND GATE (OC) QUAD MN NOR GATE (OC)

.40 .40

74LS83

CLK ♦ CLR 4-BIT FULL ADD

S .63 1.37

PARTS

DESCRIPTION

PRICE

74LS03

QUAD 2-IN NAND GATE (OC)

.40

74LS85

4-BIT MAG COMP

1.58

74LS173

QUAD "D" REG (TS)

SI.89

74LS04

HEXINV

.42

74LS86

QUAD EX-OR GATE

.58

74LSI74

HEX "D" F/F

2.05

74LS0S

74LS08

HEXINV

QUAD 2-IN AND GATE

.42

.40

74LS90 74LS93

BINARY COUNTER BINARY COUNTER

.95 .95

74LSI75 74LS190 74LS19I

QUAD "D" F/F U/D DECADE CTR U/D BINARY CTR

1.95 1.20 1.43

74LS09 74LSI0

OUAD 2-IN NAND GATE (OC) TRIP 3-IN NAND

.40 .40

74LS107 74LS109

DUAL J-K F/F W/CORNER PWR PINS DUAL J-K F/F POS EDGE

.60

74LS192

U/D DECADE BINARY

3.05

74LSI1

TRIP 3-IN AND

.42

74LS112

DUAL J-K F/F NEG EDGE

.62

74LS193

U/D BINARY CTR

3.05

74LS12 74LS13 74LS14

TRIP 3-IN NAND GATE (OC) DUAL SCHMITT TRIG HEX SCHMITT TRIG

.42 .78 2.20

74LS113 74LS114 74LS122

DUAL J-K F/F NEG EDGE DUAL J-K F/F NEG EDGE RETRIGGERABLE MON MULTIVIBRATOR

.62 .62 1.55

74LS196 74LS197 74LS221

PRESET DECADE CTR PRESET BINARY CTR DUAL MONO. MULTIVIBRATOR (SCH TRG)

1.98 1.98 1.70

74LS15

TRIP 3-IN NAND

.42

74LS123

DUAL RETRIG. MONO. MULTIVIBRATOR

1.70

74LS240

OCTAL INV BUS/LINE DRVR

2.81

74LSZ0

DUAL 4-IN NAND GATE

.40

74LS125

QUAD BUFF (TS)

.74

74LS24I

OCTAL BUS/LINE DRVR

2J31

74LS21 74LS22

DUAL 4-IN NAND GATE DUAL 4-IN NAND GATE (OC)

.40 .40

74LS126 74LS132

QUAD BUFF (TS) QUAD SCHMITT TRIG

.74 1.20

74LS242 74LS243 74LS244

QUAD BUSTRSCVR/INV QUAD BUS TRSCVR OCTAL 3 STAT DRVR

2.BI 2.B1

74LS26 74LS27

QUAD 2-IN NAND GATE (HV) TRIP 3-IN NOR GATE

74LS136 74LSI38

QUAD EX-OR GATE EXP. SNGL 3/8 DECODER

.42

.95

74LS245

OCTAL BUS TRSCVR

2.53

74LS30

SNGL8-IN NAND GATE

.40

74LSI39

EXP. DUAL 2/4 DECODER

.95

74LS247

BCD-7 SEGMT DECODER/DRIVER

1.68

74LS32 74LS37

QUAD 2-IN OR GATE QUAD 2-IN NAND BUFF

.46 .46

74LSI5I 74LSI53

SNGL 8-1 MUX DUAL 4-1 MUX

84 .84

74LS253 74LS2S7 74LS258

DUAL 4-IN MUX (TS) QUAD 2-IN MUX QUAD 2/1 MUX

IBS

1.95 1.95

74LS3B

74LS40

QUAD 2-IN NAND BUFF (OC) DUAL 4-IN NAND BUFF

74LS154 74LSI55

SNGL 4-16 DECODER DUAL 2-4 DEMUX

.42

1.55

74LS266

QUAD EX-NOR GATE

.66

74LS42

BCD-DECIMAL DECODER/DRIVER

.92

74LSI56

DUAL 2-4 DEMUX (OC)

1.55

74LS279

QUAD SET/ RESET LATCH

J38

74LS47 74LS48

BCD-7 SEGMT DECODER/DRIVER BCD-7 SEGMT DECODER/DRIVER

1.7B 1.78

74LS157 74LS158

QUAD 2-1 MUX

QUAD 2-1 MUX (INV OUT)

.84 .95

74LS283 74LS299

74LS365

4-BIT FULL ADD

FOUR BIT BINARY COUNTER

HEX BUFF (TS)

1.76 2.20

.88

74LS49 74LS51

BCD-7 SEGMT DECODER/DRIVER QUAD 2-IN AND-OR-INV GATE

HUM

74LS161

PRESET DECADE CTR PRESET BINARY CTR

.40

1.20

74LS366

HEX INV (TS)

88

74LS54

QUAD 2-IN AND-OR-INV GATE

.40

74LS162

PRESET DECADE CTR (SYN CLR)

2.20

74LS367

HEX BUFF (4-2) (TS)

J38

74LSSS

74LS73 74LS74

DUAL 4-IN AND-OR-INV GATE DUAL J-F F/F W/PRESET* CLR DUAL "D" F/F

.40 .60 .58

74LS163 74LS164 74LSI68

PRESET DECADE CTR (SYN CLR)

8-BIT S/R

SYN DECADE U/D CTR

1.20 2.20 3.75

74LS368 74LS373 74LS374

HEX INV (4-2) TS

TRI-STATE OCTAL D-FLIP-FLOP

TRI-STATE OCTAL D-FLIP-FLOP

88 2.00

2.00

74LS75

QUAD LATCH

.82

74LS169

SYN BINARY U/D CTR

3.75

74LS386

QUAD EX-OR GATE

.69

LMLS76

DUAL J-K F/F W/PRESET* CLR

.62

7.4LS170

4x4 REG FILE

3.15

74LS670

4x4 REG FILE (TS)

3.5

<

r

74 TTL

74TTL

PART*

DESCRIPTION ' '

PRIC

PART#

DESCRIPTION

PRICE

PART*

DESCRIPTION

PRICE

74157

QUAD 2-INPUT MULTIPLEXER (9322)

1.10

7400

QUAD TWO-INPUT GATE

S .32

7454

ANO-OR-INVERT GATE

S .32

74160

PRESETTABLE DECADE COUNTER (9310)

1.32

7401

QUAD TWO-INPUT GATE (OPEN COLL.)

.32

7460

DUAL FOUR-INPUT EXPANDER

.32

74161

PRESET. DECADE BINARY COUNTER (9316)

1.32

7402

QUAD TWO-INPUT NOR GATE

32

7470

EDGE-TRIGGERED J-K FLIP-FLOP

.50

74162

PRESET. DECADE CTR (SYNCH CLEAR)

1.32

7403

QUAD TWO-INPUT GATE (OPEN COLL)

32

7472

J-K MASTER SLAVE FLIP-FLOP

.45

74163

PRESET. BINARY CTR (SYNCH CLEAR)

1.32

7404

HEX INVERTER

3t

7473

DUAL J-K FLIP-FLOP

.45

74164

SERIAL-IN. PARA-OUT 8-BIT SHIFT REG.

1.43

7405

HEX INVERTER (OPEN COLLECTOR)

.36

7474

DUAL D FLIP-FLOP

.45

74165

PARA-IN, SERIAL-OUT 8-BIT SHIFT REG

1.43

7406

30V-40MA HEX INVERTER

.45

7475

QUAD LATCH

.73

74166

8-BIT SHIFT REGISTER

1.43

7407

30V-40MA HEX BUFFER

.45

7476

DUAL J-K FLIP-FLOP

.45

74170

4 x 4 REGISTER FILE

2.42

7408

QUAD 2-INPUT POSITIVE AND GATE

.32

7483

4-BIT BINARY FULL ADDER

.99

74173

TRI ST. QUAD K F.-FLOP (DM8551N)

1.80

7409

QUAD 2-INPUT AND GATE (OC)

.32

7485

FOUR-BIT MAGNITUDE COMPARATOR

1.30

74174

HEX D FLIP-FLOP

1.21

7410

TRIPLE THREE-INPUT GATE

.32

7486

QUAD EXCLUSIVE-OR GATE

.40

74175

QUAD D FLIP-FLOP

1.21

7411

TRIPLE THREE-INPUT AND GATE

32

7489

64 BIT RAM OC

2.98

74176

PRESET. DECADE COUNTER (DM8280)

1.32

7413

DUAL SCHMITT TRIGGER

.54

7490

DECADE COUNTER

.73

74177

PRESET. BINARY COUNTER (DM8281)

1.32

7414

HEX SCHMITT TRIGGER

1.26

7491

SERIAL-IN. SERIAL-OUT 8-BIT SHIFT REG

.99

74180

PARITY GENERATOR/CHECKER

1.21

7416

15V-40MA HEX INVERTER

.45

7492

DIVIDE-BY-TWELVE COUNTER

.73

74181

ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT

2.75

7417

15V-40MA HEX BUFFER

.45

7493

FOUR-BIT BINARY COUNTER

.73

74182

CARRY LOOK AHEAD

1.10

7420

DUAL FOUR-INPUT GATE

.32

7495

4-BIT RIGHT-SHIFT, LEFT-SHIFT REGIST

.88

74184

BCD-TO-BINARY COUNTER

2.10

7423

EXPAND DUAL FOUR-INPUT NOR GATE

.36

7496

5-BIT SHIFT REG. (PARA-IN. PARA-OUT)

.99

74185

BINARY-TO-BCO CONVERTER

2.10

7425

DUAL FOUR-INPUT NOR GATE

.36

74107

DUAL J-K FLIP-FLOP

.99

74189

64-BIT RAM (TRI-STATE)

3.65

7426

QUAD 2-INPUT INTERFACE NAND GATE

.36

74109

DUAL J-K FLIP-FLOP (FSC 9024)

.50

74190

SYNCH. DECADE UP/DOWN COUNTER

1.43

7427

TRIPLE THREE-INPUT NOR GATE

.36

74121

ONE SHOT

.50

74191

SYNCH. BINARY UP/DOWN COUNTER

1.43

7430

EIGHT-INPUT GATE

.32

74123

DUAL ONE SHOT

.77

74192

DECADE UP/DOWN COUNTER (DM8560N)

1.43

7432

QUAD 2-INPUT OR GATE

.36

74126

TRI STATE QUAD BUFFER (DM8093)

.59

74193

BINARY UP/DOWN COUNTER (DM8563N)

1.43

7437

QUAD TWO-INPUT NAND BUFFER

.42

74126

TRI STATE QUAD BUFFER (DM8094)

.59

74194

4-BIT. BI-DIREC UNIV SHIFT REG

1.10

7438

7440

QUAD 2-INPUT NAND BUFFER (OC) DUAL FOUR-INPUT BUFFER

.42 .32

74132

QUAD SCHMITT TRIGGER

.99

74195 74194

4-BIT PARALLEL SHIFT REG PRESET. DECADE COUNT. (DM8290N0

1.10

74141

NIXIE DRIVER

1.35

1.21

7441

BCD-DECIMAL DECODER/DRIVER (NIXIE)

1.30

74145

BCD TO DECIMAL DECODER DRIVER

1.21

74198

PARA-IN, PARA-OUT 8-BIT SHIFT REG

2.20

7442

BCD-TO-DECIMAL DECODER

.77

74147

10/4 PRIORITY ENCODER

1.98

74199

PARA-IN, PARA-OUT. 8-BIT SHIFT REG

2.20

7445

BCD-TO-DECIMAL DECODER/DRIVER

1.43

74148

8/3 PRIORITY ENCODER (9318)

1.98

74251

TRI STATE DM74151 (DM8121)

1.10

7446

BCD-7 SEG DECODER/DRIVER (30 VOLT)

1.32

74150

SIXTEEN LINE MULTIPLEXER

1.50

74284

4 x 4 MULT. (MOST SIG BIT) TS.

4.95

7447

BCD-7 SEG DECODER/DRIVER (15 VOLT)

1.32

74151

EIGHT LINE MULTIPLEXER

1.10

74285

4x4MULT. (LEAST SIG BIT) TS

49

1

7448

BCD-7 SEG DECODER/DRIVER (ACTIVEHI)

1.32

74153

DUAL FOUR-INPUT MULTIPLEXER

1.10

74365

TRI STATE HEX BUFFER (DM8095)

a

i

7450

EXPAN. DUAL AND-OR-INVERT GATE

.32

74154

4T0 16LINEDEC0DE/DEMUX

1.65

74366

TRI STATE HEX INVERT, (DM8096)

.9

i

7461

DUAL AND-OR-INVERT GATE

.32

74155

DUAL 2 TO 4 DEMULTIPLEXER

.99

74367

TRI STATE HEX BUFFER (4-2)

J

b

7453

EXPANDABLE AND-OR-INVERT GATE

.32

74156

DUAL 2 TO 4 DEMUX (OC)

1.21

74368

TRI STATE HEX INVERT. (4-2)

.9

b

4

^

LM741CN/10 G.P. OP AMP (10 PAK) (MC1741CPI)

3.99

%

LM741CH

G.P. 0PAMP(MC1741CG)

.79

LINEAR

LINEAR

LM747CN

DUAL 741 (MC1747CP2)

1.00

LM747CH

DUAL 741 (MC1747CG)

1.25

MC3403P

QUAD DIFF. OP AMP

1.20

PART*

DESCRIPTION

PRICE

LM746CN

NON-COMP OP AMP (MC1748CP1)

.56

MC3423PI

OVR/VOLT PROT CIRCUIT

'I

LM301AN

IMPROVED 709 OP AMP

$ .49

LM748CU

N0N-C0MP0PAMP(MC1748CG)

.90

LM3900

QUAD OP AMP

JJU

LM307N

IMPROVED 741 OP AMP

.69

MC1330AP

LOW LEVEL VIDEO DET.

1.83

RC4136

QUAD 741

1.79

LM308N

PRECISION OP AMP LOW POWER

.79

MC1349P

HI GAIN VIDEO IF AMP

1.49

WC474ICP

QUAD 741

1.40

LM311N

VOLTAGE COMPARATOR (DIP)

.84

MCI350P

VIDEO IF AMP

1.29

LM3IIH

VOLTAGE COMPARATOR (TO-5I

1.42

MC1352P

VIDEO IF AMP WITH AGC

1.69

1C8038 MC75450P

DUAL PERIPH DRIVER (AND)

4.50

LM324N

LOW POWER OUAD OP AMP

1.19

MC1358P

SOUND IF AMP

1.90

MC75451P

DUAL PERIPH. DRIVER (AND)

1.25

LM339N

LOW POWER & OFFSET VOLTAGE OP AMP

.80

MCI408LS

8-BIT D/A CONVERTER

4.69

MC75452P

DUAL PERIPH. DRIVER (NAND)

1.25

LM348N

LOW POWER QUAD 741 OP AMP

1.31

MCI436CG

HI VOLT OP AMP

4.41

MC75453P

DUAL PERIPH DRIVER (OR)

1.25

LM358N

SINGLE ENDED LOW POWER DUAL OP AMP

84

MCI439P1

HI SLEW RATE OP AMP

2.84

LM380N

2.5 WATT POWER AUDIO AMP

1.49

MC1445L

HI FREQ OP AMP

2.97

MC75454P MC7549IP

QUAD LED SEGMENT DRIVER

1.25 .91

NE555V

TIMER I.C.

.55

MC1456CP

LINEAR OP AMP

1.20

MC75492P

HEX LED DIGIT DRIVER

1.31

NE555I//II

TIMER IX. 10PAK

4.50

MC1458CG

DUAL 741

.98

NE556A

DUAL 555 TIMER

1.00

MC1458CP

DUAL 741

.69

NE565A

PHASE LOCKED LOOP

1.49

MC1488P

RS-232 DRIVER

1.18

LM710CN

HI SPEED VOLT COMP. (MC1710CP)

1.18

MCI489

RS-232 RECEIVER

1.18

FET LINEAR

LM710CH

HI SPEED VOLT COMP. (MC1710CG)

1.20

MCI496P

BAL. MOD-DEMOD

1.31

PRICE

LM711CN

DUAL V/COMP W/COMM OUTPUT (MC1711CP

.64

MC3302P

L/PWRL/OFST QUAD COMP

.80

LM711CH

DUAL V/COMP W/COMM OUTPUT (MC1711CG

1.18

MC3310P

WIDE BAND AMP

.98

LF355N

JFETOPAMPL/CURRENT

SI.49

LM733CN

DIFF VIDEO AMP (MC1733CP)

1.00

MC3340P

ELECTRONIC ATTENUATOR

1.50

LF356N

JFET OP AMP WIDEBAND

1.49

LM741CN

G.P. OPAMP(MC1741CPI)

.49

MC3410P

QUAD OP AMP

.89

LF357N

JFET OP AMP HI-SPEED

149

80 — 20

BYTE November 1980

CA, AK, HI, CALL (213) 894-8171

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

r

™"X

4000 Series CMOS

1

PRICE

PRICE

PART # PRODUCT DESCRIPTION 1-24 4000 DUAL 3-INPUT NOR GATE ♦ HUT. S .40

25-99 $ .33

PART#

PRODUCT DESCRIPTION

1-24 25-99

4414

PCM FILTER

23.76 19.80

4001 QUAD 2-INPUT NOR GATE 40

.33

4408

BIN TO PHONE PLS CONV.

10.04 8.37

4002 DUAL 4-INPUT NOR GATE .40

.33

4409

BIN TO PHONE PLS CONV.

10.04 8.37

4006 18-BIT STATIC SHIFT REGISTER 1.42

1.18

4410

2 0F8T0NEENCDR

9.28 7 73

4007 DUAL COMPLEMENTARY PAIR PLUS INV. .40

4008 4-BIT FULL ADDER WITH PAR. CARRY 1.75

.33 1.04

4411

BIT RATE FEQ. GEN.

11.68 9.73

4412

UNIV. LW-SPEED MODEM

14.11 11.76

4011 QUAD 2-INPUT NAND GATE .40

.33

4415

QUAD PREC TIMER/DRIVER

5.65 4.71

4012 DUAL 4-INPUT NAND GATE .40

.33

4419

2 0F8KYPDT0BINENC0R

3.30 2.75

4013 DUAL D FLIP/FLOP .72

.60

4443

uPA/D CONVERTER

2.85 2.38

4014 8-BIT STATIC SHIFT REGISTER 1.25

4015 DUAL 4-BIT STATIC SHIFT REGISTER 1.47

1.04 1.22

4457

R/C TRANSMITTER

4.50 3.75

4458

R/C TRANSMITTER

9.36 7.80

4016 QUAD BILATERAL SWITCH 72

.60

4469

ADDRESS ASYN RECEIVER/TRANSMITTER

13.37 11.14

4017 DECADE COUNTER/DIVIDER 1.25

1.04

4490

HEX CONTACT DE-BOUNCER

2.89 2.40

4018 PRESETTABLE DIVIDE BY "N" COUNTER 1.14

.95

4495

HEX TO 7 SEG DECODER/DRIVER

2.70 2.25

4020 14-STAGE RIP-CARRY BINARY COUNTER 1.47

1.22

4500

1-BIT CPU IND. CONT UNIT

5.46 4.55

4021 8-BIT STATIC SHIFT REGISTER 1.25

1.04

4501

TRIPLE GATE

40 .33

4022 DIVIDE BY 8 COUNTER/DIVIDER 1.25

1.04

4502

STROBE HEX INV-BUFFER

1.73 1.44

4023 TRIPLE 3-INPUT NAND GATE .40

.33

4503

TRI-STATE HEX BUFFER

.64 .70

4024 7-BIT BINARY COUNTER 106

.89

4506

DUAL EXP AOI GATE

1.00 .83

4025 TRIPLE 3-INPUT NOR .40 4027 DUAL J-K FLIP/FLOP .72

.33 .60

4508

DUAL 4-BIT LATCH

4.53 .83

4510

BCD UP/DOWN COUNTER

1.47 1.22

4028 BCD-TO-DECIMAL DECODER 1.02

IS

4511

BCD-TO-SEVEN SEGMENT DECODER DRIVER

1.44 1.20

4029 PRESETTABLE UP/DOWN COUNTER 1.42

1.19

4512

8-CHANNEL DATA SELECTOR

1.42 1.18

4032 TRIPLE SER ADDER 219

1.83

4513

BCD-7 SEG LTCH/DEC/DRVR RIP-BL

1.91 1.59

4034 8-BIT SHIFT REGISTER 3.50

4035 4-BIT SHIFT REGISTER 1.86

2.91 1.55

4514

4-BIT LATCH 4 TO 16 LINE DECODER HI

2.91 2.43

4515

4-BIT LATCH 4 TO 16 LINE DECODER

2.91 2.43

4040 12-BIT BINARY RIPPLE COUNTER 1.47

1.22

4516

BINARY UP/DOWN COUNTER

1.59 1.32

4042 QUAD D. LATCH 1.06

m

4517

DUAL 64-BIT STATIC SHIFT REG

7.03 5.86

4043 QUAD TRI-STATE NOR R/S LATCH .99

J33

4518

DUAL BCO UP COUNTER

1.47 1.22

4044 QUAD TRI-STATE NAND R/S LATCH .99

.83

4519

4-BIT AND/OR SELECTOR

.80 .66

4046 PHASE LOCKED LOOP 1.57

1.31

4520

DUAL BINARY UP COUNTER

1.47 1.22

4049 HEX INVERTING BUFFER .72

.60

4521

24 STG FREO DIVIDER

3.56 2.97

4050 HEX BUFFER .72

.60

4522

DIVIDE-BY-N COUNTER (BCD)

1.81 ' 1.51

4051 SINGLE 8-CHANNEL MULTIPLEXER 1.30

1.08

4526

DIVIDE-BY-COUNTER (BINARY)

1.81 1.51

4052 DIFFERENTIAL 4-CHANNEL MULTIPLEXER 1.30

1.08

4527

BCD RATE MULTIPLIER

1.59 1.33

4053 TRIPLE 2-CHANNEL MULTIPLEXER 1 30

1.08

4528

DUAL MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

1.81 1.51

4066 QUAD BILATERAL SWITCH .80

.66

4529

DUAL 4-CHANNEL ANALOG DATA SELECTOR

1.96 1.63

4068 8-INPUT NAND GATE .40

.33

4530

DUAL 5 IN. MAJORITY LOG-GATE

1.22 1.02

4069 HEX INVERTER .40

.33

4532

8-BIT PRIOR ENCODER

3.01 2.51

4070 QUAD EXCLUSIVE OR GATE .40

4071 BUFFERED QUAD 2-INPUT OR GATE .40

.33 .33

4534

REAL TIME 5 DEC CNTR

9.16 7.63

4536

PROG. TIMER

4.86 4.05

4072 DUAL 4-INPUT OR GATE 40

.33

4538

DUAL PREC MONO-MLTVB

1.81 1.51

4073 TRIPLE 3-INPUT AND GATE .40

.33

4539

DUAL 4-CHANNEL DATA SEL/MUX

1.44 1.20

4075 TRIPLE 3-INPUT OR GATE .40

.33

4541

PROG OSC-TIMER

1.80 1.50

4076 TRI-STATE QUAD LATCH 1.57

4077 QUAD ECLSV NOR GATE 40

1.31 .33

4543

BCD TO SEVEN SEGMENT DECODER (LCD)

2.63 2.19

4547

HI-CURRENT BCD/7 SEG DEC/DRVR

1.65 1.38

4078 8-INPUT NOR GATE .40

.33

4551

QUAD 2 IN. ANALOG MUX

1.44 1.20

4081 BUFFERED QUAD 2-INPUT AND GATE .40

.33

4553

3 DIGIT BCD CNTR

3.95 3.29

4082 DUAL 4-INPUT GATE .40

.33

4556

DUAL BIN TO 1 OF 4 DEC (INV.)

1.15 .96

4093 QUAD 2-INPUT NAND SCHMITT TRIGGER .78

4094 8-BIT BUS-COMP SHFT STR LATCH 3.01

.65 2.51

4557

1 TO 64-BIT VARIABLE SHIFT REG

3.95 3.29

4558

BCDT0 7SEGDCDR

1.77 1.47

4099 8-BIT ADDRESSABLE LATCH 1.73

1.44

4560

NBCD ADDER

3.80 3.17

4160 DEC CNTR ASYNC CLR 1.28

1.06

4566

IND TIME BASE GEN.

3.28 1.98

4161 BIN CNTR ASYNC CLR 128

1.06

4568

PHASE COMPARATOR/PROG. TIMER

6.49 5.41

4162 DEC CNTR SYNC CLR 128

1.06

4569

HIGH SPEED DUAL PROG. CTR

2.48 2.07

4163 BIN CNTR SYNC CLR 1.28

1.06

4582

LOOK AHEAD CARRY BLOCK

1.37 1.14

4174 HEX D FLIP FLOP J 1.28

$ 1.06

4583

DUAL SCHMITT TRIG

1.69 1.41

4175 QUAD D FLIP FLOP 128

1.06

4584

EX RPL MM74C14N

.85 .71

4194 4-BIT UNIV. SHIFT REG. 1.42

1.18

4565

4-BIT MAG COMP

1.80 1.50

4404 PULSE CODE MOD/DEMOD (CODEC) 34.40 4406 PULSE CODE MOD/DEMOD (CODEC) 43.00

32.48

4597

8-BIT BUS COMPAT CNTR-LATCH

3.72 3.10

35.83

4598

8-BIT BUS COMPAT ADDRS-LATCH

4.33 3.61

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS supplies only "B" type, Buffered, CMOS devices if manufactured by Motorola

4599

8-BIT ADDRESSABLE LATCH

3.72 3.10

45100

4 x 4 CROSS POINT SW W/CONT MEM

4.44 3.70

Semiconductor.

^W=^

78H05 | 309K

POSITIVE

5V

5V 1

5A $8.95 5A $2.09

NEGATIVE

5V 1.5A $2,50

6 Amps 125 VAC

7 Amps 30 VDC

mMs

VOLTAGE REGUL/ CASE

VTOR

7905CK

C^^tfi/Jl

317K

1.2-37V 1

5A $4.50

STYLE -_^

7906CK

6V 1.5A $3.69

v-"^ -\Lr—n=>

323K

5V

3A $7.70

ff*- ^-^

7908CK

8V 1.5A $3.69

DPDT STANDARD TOGGLE N ' '

7805CR 7806ck 7808CK 7812CK 7815CK

5V 1 6V 1 8V 1 12V 1 15V 1

5A $2.50 5A $2.50 5A $2.50 5A $2.50 5A $2,50

TO-3

7912CK 7915CK 7918CK 7924CK 7905CT

12V 1.5A $250 15V 1.5A $250 18V 1.5A $3.69 24V l 5A $3 69 5V 1.5A $1,75

CAL-ST2I (ON-NONE-ON) $3.50 $3.25 $3.10 CALST22 (ON-OFF-ON) 3.80 3.50 3.25 CAL-ST23 (MOM ONOFF-MOM ON) 3.80 3.50 3.25

CAL-ST24 (ONOFF-MOM ON) 3.95 3.60 3.40

7B18CK

18V 1

5A $2.50

•dMnyife

7906CT

6V 1.5A $1.75

CAL-ST25 (ON-NONE-MOMON) 3.95 3.60 3.40

CT^^

7908CT

BV 1.5A $1.75

CAL-ST26 (0N-0N-ON) 3.95 3.60 3.40

317T

1.2-37V 1

5A $2.95

7912CT

12V 1.5A $1.75

filament transformers

7805CT 7806CT 7808CT 7812CT

5V 1 6V 1 8V 1 12V 1

5A $1.25 5A $1,25 5A $1 25 5A $1.25

TO-220

7915CT 7918CT 7924CT

15V 1.5A $1.75 18V 1.5A $175 24V 1.5A $1.75

,«%rF^~?^~—:.-^r~*—r.

7815CT

15V 1

5A $1.25

——^»

79L05CP

5V 1A SI.10

7818CT

18V 1

5A $1.25

■~==:==^o

79L12CP

12V 1A 11.10

High quality low voltage fila

7824CT

24V 1

4A $1.25

CP

79L15CP

15V 1A $1.10

ment transformers Conserva

TO-92

79L18CP

18V 1A $1,10

tively rated. Individually

78L05CP

5V

1A $ .49

79L24CP

24V ,1A $1.10

boxed

IEc<Xtreii<ci9: 1

78L08CP 78L12CP

8V 12V

1A $ .49 1A $ .49

,

We wi

II be pleased

jj^j

78L15CP

15V

1A S ,49

'"JZ ■jl^^

^rt.i.u» Ml 1

78L18CP

18V

1A $ 49

to give yoi iaiion

78L24CP

24V

1A $ .49

Pan No. Primary Secondary Rating Sh.Wt. Price

LM305H 4.5V - 40V VOLT REG

11 89

H Package

on your

large quantity

CAL-T631 117 VAC 6.3V 1 AMP 5 lbs $3.39 CAL-TI26I 117 VAC 12.6 V 1 AMP .5 lbs. $4.39 CAL-T126C05 117 VAC 12.6 V CT 500 MA .5 lbs. $3.39

LM723CN 2-37V VOLT RED. LM723CH 2-37V VOLT REG MC3423PI OVER/VOLT PROT

S .59

$1 06 $1.31

jlnfrwwm

requirements.

WE ARE PROUD TO FEATURE MOTOROLA, NATIONAL, AND 1

CAL-T126C3 117 VAC 12 6 V CT 3 AMP 2 lbs. $7.59

"Tlllfli

OTHER LEADING MANUFACTURES OF SEMICONDUCTORS 1

CAL-T241 117 VAC 24 V 1 AMP 11b. $4.79

M D o /■* L/ o /i /!*

EXACT PART NUMBER OF DEVICES MAY VARY DEPENDING 1

^

IN rdOlxdUC UIN MAMUhrtUIUMt

ORDER TOLL

FRE

E(8C

)Q\ 423~5S33 BYTENovemberi98° 80—21

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

CARBON FILM

1A WATT 5% FIXED RESISTORS

ORDERING INSTRUCTIONS: V* watt resistors must be ordered in exact multiples of 4, 50(L) or 1,000(M) pes. per value.

Resistor Element

(Deposited Pure Carbon Film)

CONSTRUCTION:

Conformal Multi-Coating

EIA Standard Color Coding

Solder, Coated Leadwire

PART*

VALUE

RCO-100

10 ohm

RCQ-110

11 ohm

RCO-120

12 ohm

RCQ-130

13 ohm

RCO-150

15 ohm

RCQ-160

16 ohm

RCO-180

18 ohm

RCO-200

20 ohm

RCQ-220

22 ohm

RCQ-240

24 ohm

RCQ-270

27 ohm

RCQ-300

30 ohm

RCO-330

33 ohm

RCQ-360

36 ohm

RCQ-390

39 ohm

RCQ-430

43 ohm

RCO-470

47 ohm

RCQ-510

51 ohm

RCO-560

56 ohm

RCQ-620

62 ohm

RCQ-680

68 ohm

RCO-750

75 ohm

RCO-820

82 ohm

PARTS

RCQ-101

RCQ-111

RCO-121

RCQ-131

RCQ-151

RCQ-161

RCQ-181

RCO-201

RCO-221

RCO-241

RCQ-271

RCQ-301

RCQ-331

RCQ-361

RCO-391

RCQ-431

RCQ-471

RCQ-511

RCQ-561

RCO-621

RCO-681

RCQ-751

RCO-821

RCQ-911

VALUE 100 ohm 110 ohm 120 ohm 130 ohm 150 ohm 160 ohm 180 ohm 200 ohm 220 ohm 240 ohm 270 ohm 300 ohm 330 ohm 360 ohm 390 ohm 430 ohm 470 ohm 510 ohm 560 ohm 620 ohm 680 ohm 750 ohm 820 ohm 910 ohm

PARTS

RCQ-102

RCQ-112

RCQ-122

RCO-132

RCO-152

RCQ-162

RCO-182

RCQ-202

RCQ-222

RCO-242

RCO-272

RCQ-302

RCQ-332

RCO-362

RCO-392

RCO-432

RCO-472

RCO-512

RCQ-562

RCQ-622

RC 0-682

RCQ-752

RCQ-822

RCO-912

VALUE

1.0 K

1.1 K

1.2 K

1.3 K

1.5 K

1.6 K

1.8 K 2.0 K

2.2 K

2.4 K

2.7 K

3.0 K

3.3 K

3.6 K

3.9 K 4.3 K

4.7 K

5.1 K 5.6 K

6.2 K

6.8 K

7.5 K 8.2 K 9.1 K

Welded End

PARTS

RCQ-103

RCQ-113

RCQ-123

RCO-133

RCQ-153

RCQ-163

RCO-183

RCQ-203

RCQ-223

RCO-243

RCQ-273

RCQ-303

RCO-333

RCO-363

RCO-393

RCQ-433

RCQ-473

RCQ-513

RCO-563

RCQ-673

RCQ-683

RCQ-753

RCO-823

RCO-913

Helical VALUE

10 K

11 K

12 K

13 K

15 K

16 K 18 K 20 K 22 K 24 K 27 K 30 K 33 K 36 K 39 K 43 K 47 K 51 K 56 K

67 K

68 K 75 K 82 K 91 K

Exacting Contami Cuttinq Ceramic PART* RCQ-104 RCQ-114 RCO-124 RCQ-134 RCQ-154 RCQ-164 RCQ-184 RCQ-204 RCQ-224 RCQ-244 RCO-274 RCO-304 RCO-334 RCO-364 RCO-394 RCQ-434 RCQ-474 RCQ-514 RCQ-564 RCO-624 RCQ-684 RCQ-754 RCO-824

nation Free Rod VALUE 100 K 110 K 120 K 130 K 150 K 160 K 180 K 200 K 220 K 240 K 270 K 300 K 330 K 360 K 390 K 430 K 470 K 510 K 560 K 620 K 680 K 750 K 820 K

PARTS

RCQ-105

RCQ-115

RCO-125

RCQ-135

RCQ-155

RCO-165

RCQ-185

RCQ-205

RCQ-225

RCQ-245

RCQ-275

RCO-305

RCO-335

RCQ-365

RCQ-395

RCQ-435

RCQ-475

RCQ-S15

RCO-565

RCQ-625

RCQ-685

RCQ-755

RCO-825

VALUE

1.0 M

1.1 M

1.2 M

1.3 M

1.5 M

1.6 M

1.8 M 2.0 M

2.2 M

2.4 M

2.7 M

3.0 M

3.3 M

3.6 M

3.9 M 4.3 M

4.7 M

5.1 M 5.6 M

6.2 M

6.8 M

7.5 M 8.2 M 9.1 M

10 M

RCO-914 910 K RCQ-915

TO ORDER, YOU MUST ADD A QUANTITY CODE TO THE PART #

"BLANK" = PACKAGE OF 4 "L" = PACKAGE OF 50 "M" = PACKAGE OF 1,000

SHIPPING WT. 1 OZ. SHIPPING WT. 1 OZ. i_4 SHIPPING WT. 1 LB. $14.00

on* 1-19 $1.00 5-9 $13.00

20+

$ .80

IF YOU WISH:

8 PCS. OF A 47 K RESISTOR.... 150 PCS. OF A 2.2 M RESISTOR.

10-24 $12.00

25+ Call For Price

EXAMPLE OF HOW TO ORDER

QTY. ORDERED PART NUMBER UNJT AMOUNT

RCQ-473

.29

.58

RCQ-225L

1.00

3.00

vs

2.000 PCS

. OF A 390 ohm RESISTOR ....

2

RCQ-391M

14.00 28.00 j

TRANSISTORS

Sir, , ■■. mo REi

DIODES

t£

POLARITY

VCE

IC(MA)

HFE

F(MHZ)

'ACKAGE OF

100 +

PIV

AMPS

APPLIC.

PACKAGE OF

100

2N697

NPN

40V

150

120

30

2/$1.18

$ .50

IN1183

50V

35A

RECT.

1/$2.26

$1.74

2N2219A

NPN

40V

800

200

300

2/S1.00

$ .40

IN4001

50V

1A

RECT.

5/$1.00

$10.00

2N2221A

NPN

30V

800

120

250

2/51.00

$ .35

IN4002

100V

1A

RECT.

5/51.00

$10.00

2N2222A

NPN

40V

800

300

300

3/$1.00

$ .27

IN 4003

200V

1A

RECT.

5/51.00

$10.00

2N2904A

PNP

60V

600

40

3WT

2/S1.00

$ .41

IN4004

400V

1A

RECT.

S/$1.00

$12.00

2N2906A

PNP

60V

600

40

1.8WT

27$1.00

$ .40

IN 4005

600V

1A

RECT.

4I$1.00

$14.50

2N2907A

PNP

60V

600

100

200

3/S1.00

$ .27

IN 4006

800V

1A

RECT.

4/$1.00

$16.00

2N3053

NPN

40V

700

250

5WT

2/$1.40

$ .50

IN 4007

1000V

1A

RECT.

47$1.00

$18.50

2N3054

NPN

55V

4A

100

75WT

$1.42

$1.23

IN4148

75V

10MA

SIG.

5/S1.00

$10.00

2N3055

NPN

60V

15A

70

115WT

$ .98

$ .75

IN5400

50V

3A

RECT.

3/$1.19

$30.00

2N3904

NPN

40V

200

300

300

5/$1.00

$ .1*

IN 5402

200/V

3A

RECT.

3/$1.49

$40.00

2N3906

PNP

40V

200

300

250

5/$ 1.00

$ .14

IN5404

400V

3A

RECT.

3/$1.79

$50.00

2N4400

NPN

40V

600

150

200

4711.00

$ .15

/T

>.

2N4401

NPN

40V

600

300

250

4/$1.00

$ .15

(k

k

2N4402 2N4403

PNP PNP

40V 40V

600 600

150 300

150 200

4/$1.00

4/J1.00

$ .15 $ .15

^

y

ZENER DIODES

/C

2N5400 2N5401

PNP PNP

120V 150 V

600 600

180 240

310MW 310MW

2/$1.00 2/51.00

$ .40 $ .40

Vz

WATT

It ma

PACKAGE OF 100

2N6028 2N6282

PUT NDL

40V 60V

375MW 10A

PROG 1.8K

UJT

160W

2711.00

$4.12

$ .45

$3.55

IN4728A IN4729A

3.3V 3.6V

1W 1W

76MA 69MA

4/J1.00 4/$1.00

$16.00 $16.00

2N6285

PDL

60V

10A

1.8K

160W

$4.95

$4.25

IN4730A

3.9V

1W

64MA

4/$1.00

$16.00

MPF102

NJFT

25V

10

VHF

AMP

2/51.00

$ .45

IN4731A

4.3V

1W

58MA

4/$1.00

$16.00

PJFT

40V

10

GEN

PRPS

271.60

$ .60

IN4732A

4.7V

1W

53MA

4I$1.00

$16.00

IN4733A

5.1V

1W

49MA

mi.oo

MPS2222A

PNP

40V

800

300

300

4/S1-00

$ .16

$16.00

MPS2907

PNP

60V

600

100

200

4/51.00

$ .16

IN 4734 A

5.6V

1W

45MA

4/$1.00

$16.00

MPSA13

NDL

30V

300

5K

200

mi.oo

$ .30

IN4735A

6.2V

1W

41 MA

4/51.00

$16.00

MPSA63

PDL

30V

300

5K

200

mi.oo

$ .30

IN 4736 A

6.8V

1W

37MA

4/$1.00

$16.00

MJE2955

PNP

60V

10A

90W

2

$2.98

$2.36

IN4737A

7.5V

1W

34MA

47$1.00

$16.00

MJE2955T

PNP

60V

10A

75W

2

$1.19

$ .95

IN4738A

8.2V

1W

31MA

4/$1.00

$16.00

MJE3055

NPN

60V

10A

90W

2

$1.98

$1.60

IN4739A

9.1V

1W

28MA

4/51.00

$16.00

MJE3055T

NPN

60V

10A

75W

2

$ .98

$ .90

IN4740A

10V

1W

25MA

4/$1.00

$16.00

T1P29A

NPN

60V

3A

75

30W

2/51.40

$ .55

IN 4741A

11V

1W

23MA

4/$1.00

$16.00

TIP30A

PNP

60V

3A

75

30W

2/11.60

$ .60

IN4742A

12V

1W

21 MA

4/$1.00

$16.00

TIP31A

NPN

60V

5A

50

40W

2/S1.60

$ .65

IN4743A

13V

1W

19MA

4/$1.00

$16.00

TIP32A

PNP

60V

5A

50

40W

2/51.60

$ .65

IN4744A

15V

1W

17MA

4I$1.00

$16.00

TIP41A

NPN

60V

10A

75

65W

{.98

$ .85

IN4746A

18V

1W

14MA

4/$1.00

$16.00

TIP42C

PNP

60V

10A

75

65W

11.49

$1.10

IN4747A

20V

1W

12.5MA

4/S1.00

$16.00

TIP48

NPN

300V

1A

150

40W

$1.10

$ .90

IN4751A IN4754A

30V 39V

1W 1W

8.5MA 6.5MA

4/$1.00 3/$1.00

$16.00

TIP49

NPN

350V

1A

150

40W

$1.20

$ .95

$20.00

TIP120

NDL

60V

8A

1K

65W

$1.40

$1.15

IN4757A

51V

1W

5MA

mi.oo

$20.00

TIP127

PDL

100 V

6A

1K

65W

$1.98

$1.55

IN4759A

62V

1W

4MA

mi.oo

$38.00

2N5060

SCR

30V

.8A

mi.so

$ .60

IN4761A

75V

1W

3.3MA

mi.oo

$42.00

C106B1

SCR

250V

4A

mi.oo

$ .39

IN4763A

91V

1W

2.8MA

mi.oo

$42.00

T2800B

TRIAC

200V

8A

$1.49

$1.20

IN4764A

100 V

1W

2.5MA

mi.oo

$42.00

80 — 22

BYTE November 1980

PLEASE ORDER BY PART NUMBER

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

ALUMINUM

ELECTROLYTIC

CAPACITORS

11

AXIAL LEAD

100 PAC

L.

1

1000 PAC

PART NO.

SIZE

PRICE PER

ADD •C" TO

ADO "M" TO

VALVE/VOLTAGE

(1NCHESI

PKG. OF:

END OF PART #

END OF PART #

CA-1/50

.19 x

.49

6/1.00

11.00

90.00

CA-Z.Z/50

.19 x

.49

6/1.00

11.00

90.00

CA-3.3/50

.24 x

.49

6/1.00

11.00

90.00

CA-4.7/50

.24 x

.49

6/1.00

11.00

90.00

CA-10/50

.24 x

.63

6/1.00

11.00

90.00

CA-22/16

.24 x

.49

6/1.00

11.00

90.00

CA-ZZ/50

.32 x

.63

4/1.00

15.00

120.00

CA 33/16

.24 x

.49

5/1.00

14.00

110.00

CA-33/35

.32 x

.63

4/1.00

17.00

130.00

CA-47/16

.24 x

.63

4/1.00

15.00

115.00

CA-47/35

.32 x

.79

3/1.00

20.00

140.00

CA 100/16

.32 x

.63

4/1.00

18.00

14000

CA-100/35

.40 x

.79

3/1.20

27.00

220.00

CA 220/16

.40 x

.79

3/1.00

22.00

170.00

CA-220735

.40 x

1.24

2/1.00

30.00

230.00

CA-330/16

.40 x

.99

3/1.20

25.00

200.00

CA-330/35

.51 x

1.24

3/1.20

36.00

30000

CA-470/10

.40 x

.99

3/1.20

25.00

200.00

CA-470/16

.40 x

1.24

2/1.00

32.00

240.00

CA-470/35

.63 x

1.24

2/1.40

42.00

340.00

CA-1000/10

.51 x

.99

2/1.00

34.00

270.00

CA 1000/16

.51 x

1.24

2/1.20

38.00

295.00

CA 1000/35

.63 x

1.58

.98

60.00

520.00

CA-2200/10

.63 x

1.24

2/1.50

49.00

390.00

CA-2200/25

.87 x

1.98

1.10

74.00

605.00

CA-3300/10

.63 x

1.58

1.00

65.00

500.00

CA-3300/25

.87 x

1.98

1.50

100.00

750.00

CA4700/10

.71 x

1.58

1.20

80.00

600.00

CA-4700/25

.99 x

1.98

2.00

130.00

1000.00

RADIAL LEAD

PART NO.

VALVE/VOLTAGE

SIZE [INCHES!

PRICE PER PKG. OF:

100 PAC

ADD V TO

END OF PART #

1000 PAC

ADO "M" TO

END OF PART #

CR-1/50

.20 x

.45

6/1.00

CR-2.2/50

.20 x

.45

6/1.00

CR-3.3/50

.20 x

.45

6/1.00

CR-4.7/50

.20 x

.45

6/1.00

CR 10/50

.24 x

.45

6/1.00

CR-22/16

.24 x

.45

6/1.00

CR-22/35

.32 x

.49

6/1.00

CR-33/16

.24 x

.45

6/1.00

CR-33/35

.39 x

.49

6/1.00

CR-47/16

.32 x

.49

6/1.00

CR-47/35

.39 x

.49

5/1.00

CR-100/16

.39 x

.49

5/1.00

CR-100/35

.39 x

.63

4/1.00

CR 220/16

.39 x

.63

4/1.00

CR-220/35

.51 x

.79

3/1.00

CR 330/16

.51 x

.79

3/1.00

CR 330/35

.63 x

.99

2/1.00

CR-470/16

.51 x

.79

3/1.00

CR-470/35

.63 x

.99

2/1.20

CR 1000/10

.51 x

.79

3/1.20

CR 1000/16

.63 x

.99

3/1.40

CR 1000/35

.71 x

1.40

2/1.50

CR-2200/10

.63 x

1.24

2/1.20

CR 2200/25

.87 x

1.58

1.00

CR 3300/10

.63 x

1.40

2/1.60

CR 4700/10

.71 x

1.58

1.00

8.00

8.00

8.00

8.00

9.00

9.00

12.00

9.00

13.00

12.00

14.00

13.00

15.00

15.00

24.00

22.00

32.00

24.00

40.00

25.00

31.00

57.00

44.00

70.00

60.00

70.00

65.00

65.00

65.00

65.00

70.00

70.00

95.00

70.00

103.00

95.00

110.00

103.00

115.00

115.00

180.00

150.00

250.00

180.00

310.00

200.00

230.00

450.00

310.00

550.00

400.00

550.00

"C" = Package of 100

Volume Discount: C-packages. 1-9 None. 10-24 less 10%. 25 - less 15%. M-packages. 1-4 None. 5-9 less 10%. 10-up Call for price Axial and Radial Capacitors may be combined in standard packages for best price. Other values/voltages available in 1000 (M) packages - Call for price.

"BLANK" = Package of ( ) "M" = Package of 1,000

Exact size may vary. The dimensions above are for reference only.

CRYSTALS

PART tf/FBEQ.

XTL1.OO0MH

6800CPU. STD. CLOCK

$4.95

$4.45

XTLI.B43MH

4411 BAUD RATE GEN

S4.95

$4.45

XTL2.000MH

Z80 CPU. STD. CLOCK

$4.95

$4.45

XTL3.000MH

STANDARD CLOCK FREO.

54 95

$4.45

XTL3.276MH

ICM7025.STOPWATCH

$4.95

$4.45

XTL3.579MH

TV COLOR BURST SM CASE

$395

$3.50

XTL4.0O0MH

Z80A CPU, STD CLOCK

$3.95

$3.50

XTL6.000MH

STANDARD CLOCK FREQ.

$395

$3.50

XTL10.00MH

STANDARD CLOCK FREQ.

$3.95

$3.50

XTLIB.OOMH

8080, 8008, 8224

S3.95

$3.50

XTL20.00MK

STANDARD CLOCK FREO.

$3.95

$3 50

Ar«

J DISC

Ceramic

CODE

VOLT

Lead

Lead

LETTER

AGE

Dtp,

Spacing

Thk.

Dia.

Inches

A

1000V

.290

.250

.156

.025

B

1000V

.385

.250

.156

.025

C

1000V

.590

.375

.156

.025

D

50V

.276

.156

.250

.025

E

50V

.315

.156

.250

.025

F

50V

.355

.156

.375

.025

G

50V

.473

.156

.375

.025

H

25V

.394

.157

.250

.025

1

25V

.484

.157

.250

.025

J

25V

.532

.157

.375

.025

ARCO DISC CERAMIC

Cote Lottor

Prtct |Mf Pickigt of

-C 100 j»c

Add -C to

ond of port *

-M lOOO pic

Add -M to

ond of port *

CCO-3R3

33pf

A

CCD-050

5pf

A

CCD-060

6 pf

A

CCD-6R8

6.8pf

A

CCD-7R5

75pf

A

CCD-080

8pf

A

CCD-100

10pf

A

CCD120

12pf

A

CCD-150

15pt

A

CCD-180

18pf

A

CCD-200

20pf

A

CCO220

22pf

A

CCD-240

24pf

A

CCD-250

25pf

A

CCD270

27pf

A

CCD300

30pf

A

CCD-330

33pf

A

CCD-390

39pt

A

CCD-470

47pf

A

CCD-500

50pt

A

CCD-510

51pf

A

CCD-560

56pf

A

CCD-680

68pf

A

CCD-750

75pl

A

CCD-820

82pf

A

CCD-910

91pf

A

CCD-101

100pf

A

CCD-121

120pf

A

CCD-131

l30pf

A

CCD-151

150pf

A

CCD-181

180pf

A

CCD-201

200pf

A

CCD-221

220pt

A

CCD-241

240pl

A

CCD-251

250pf

A

CCD-271

270pf

A

CCD-301

300pf

A

CCD-331

330pf

A

CCD-351

350pf

A

CCD-361

360pf

A

CCD-391

390pf

A

CCD-401

400pf

A

CCD-471

470pf

A

CCD-501

500pf

A

CCD-511

510pf

A

CCD-561

seopf

A

CCD-601

eoopf

A

CCD-681

esopf

A

CCD-751

750pf

A

CCD-821

820pf

A

CCD-911

910pf

A

CCD-102G

OOtuf

A

CCD-122

O012uf

R

CCD-132

0013uf

B

CCD-152G

0015uf

B

CCD-162

0O16uf

B

CCD-182

0018uf

B

CCD-202G

002ul

H

CCD-222G

0022uf

B

CCD-252G

0025uf

B

CCD-272G

0027uf

B

CCD-302G

003uf

B

CCD-332G

0033uf

c:

CCD-392G

0O39uf

c

CCD-402G

0O4uf

<;

CCD-432G

0043uf

c

CCD-472

0O47uf

c

TCD-502Z

0O5ul

0

TCD-103Z

01uf

F

TCD-203Z

02uf

F

TCD-253Z

02Suf

(i

TCA333Z

033uf

H

TCA-5032

05uf

1

TCA-683Z

088uf

J

TCA-104Z

1uf

J

IF YOU WISH:

18 PCS. of 2.2 ul/SOV Capacitor (Axial).... 200 PCS. oi 100 uf/16V Capacitor (Radial) . 1000 PCS. of 2,200 U1/25V Capacitor (Axial)

4/29C $460

$37,00

4/29* $460

$37 00

4/29c $4 60

$37 00

4/29* $460

$37,00

4/29* $460

$37 00

4/29t $460

$37,00

4/29C $4.60

$37.00

4/29C $460

$37.00

4/29t $4.60

$37.00

4/29C $460

$37 00

4/29* $4.60

$37 00

4/29C $4.60

$37 00

4/29C $460

$37 00

4/29« $460

$37.00

4129c $4.60

$37.00

4/29C $460

$37.00

4/29C $4.60

$37 00

4/29C $4.60

$37 00

3/29C $5.40

$43 00

3/29C $540

$43 00

3/29C $540

$4300

3/29* $5.40

$43.00

3/29* $540

$43.00

3/29C $5.40

$4300

1'29* $5.40

$43.00

3/29* $5.40

$43.00

3/29* $540

$43 00

3/29* $540

$43.00

3/29* $6.80

$54.00

3/29* $680

$54.00

3<29c $680

$54 00

3/29* $6.80

$54.00

3/29* $6.80

$54.00

4/29* $4.90

$40.00

4/29* $4.90

$40.00

4/29* $4.90

$40.00

4/29* $4.90

$40.00

4/29* $5.60

$45.00

3/29* $6.00

$48.00

2/29* $9.20

$7400

2/29* $1060

$85 00

UMUST ADD

= TO THE PART #

QTY.

ORDERED PART NUMBER

UNIT AMOUNT

3 CA-2.2/50

1.00 3.00

2 CR-100/16C

13.00 26.00

1 CA-2200/25M 605.00 605.00'

PLEASE ORDER BY PART NUMBER

BYTE November 1980

80 — 23

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

WINCHESTER ELECTRONICS

m

Litton

D-Subminiature Connector

V

p = Plug-Male S - Socket-Female C = Cover-Hood

PART NO

NO. OF PINS

1-9

10-24 25 99 100-249

IDC-DE9P IDC-DE9S I0C-DE9C

IDC-DA15P IDC-DA1SS IDC-DA15C

IDC-DB 25P IDC-DB 25S IDC-DB 25C

9 9 9

15 15 15

25 25 25

4.20 4.50 1.25

4.35 5.00 1.40

6.25 6.60 1.60

4.00 4.20 1.10

4.20 4.85 1.25

6.00 6.35 1.50

IDC-DC37P 37 8.80 8.00

IDC-DC37S 37 11.00 10.25

IDC-DC37C 37 2.25 2.00

Right Angle D-Sub. Conn

3.60 3.80 1.00

3.75 4.35 1.10

5.20 5.60 1.35

7.20 9.20 1.80

3.20 3.40

3.40

3.90 .95

4.70 5.00 1.20

6.40 8.20 1.60

RIGHT ANGLE D-SUBMINATURE CONNECTOR

PART NO.

NO. OF PINS

1-9

10-24 25-99 100-249

IDCRADE9P

IDCRADE9S

IDCRADA15P

IDCRADA15S

IDCRADB25P

IDCRADB25S

IDCRADC37P

IDCRADC37S

9 9

15 15 25 25 37

4.50 4.70 4.80 5.10 6.30 6.75 9.00

4.10 4.30 4.50 4.90 6.00 6.40 8.10

11.50 10.60

3.70 3.90 4.20 4.70 5.25 5.50 7.30 9.50

3.30

3.50 3.90 4.40 4.75 5.00 6.50 8.50

subminiature toggle switches

6 Amps 125 VAC

7 Amps

30 VDC

PRICE

SPOT STANDARD TOGGLE

1-9

10-24

25-99

CAL-STH

(ON-N0NE-0N)

S2.60

S2.40

S2.20

CAL-STI2

(0N-0FF-0N)

2.80

2.50

2.30

CAL-ST13

IM0M0N-0FF-M0M0N)

2.80

2.50

2.30

CAL-STI4

(ON-0FF-MOM ON)

2.80

2.50

2.30

CAL-ST15

(0N-N0NE-M0M ON)

2 80

2.50

230

RS232and "D" SUB-MINIATURE CONNECTORS

P- Plug, Male Type - S - Socket. Female Type

PART NO.

DESCRIPTION

1-!

CND-DE9P 9 PIN MALE

CN0-0E9S 9 PIN FEMALE

CND-0E9C 9 PIN COVER

CN0-DA15P 15 PIN MALE

CND-DA15S 15 PIN FEMALE

CND-0A15C 15 PIN COVER

CND-DB25P 25 PIN MALE

CND-DB25S 25 PIN FEMALE

CND-DB51212 1 PC. GREY HOOD

CNDP25H 2 PC. GREY HOOD

CND-0B51226 2 PC. BLACK HOOD

CND-DC37P 37 PIN MALE

CND-DC37S 37 PIN FEMALE

CND-DC37C 37 PIN COVER

CND-D050P 50 PIN MALE

CND-0050S 50 PIN FEMALE

CND-0050C 50 PIN COVER

CND-D20418 HARDWARE SET 2 PR.

RS23? nRP^P FIA CND-RS2328FCLASS1CABLE8COKT8FT ««>•* SI7.95 $15.95

nuu—MM CENT 700 SERIES

CND-5730360 printer CONNECTOR

$ 2.10 S 2.70 S 1.50 $ 2.75 S 3.95 $ 1.50 $ 3.50 $ 4.60 S 1.60 S 1.50 S 1.90 S 5.80 S 8.70 $ 1.80 S 8.75 SI 1.65 S 2.00 S 1.00

C = Covet PRICE 10-24 $ 1.90 S 2.40 $ 1.25 S 2.45 S 3.60 S 1.30 J 3.25 $ 4.35 S 1.45 S 1.25 S 1.65

Hood

25-99

$ 1.70

$ 210

S 1.10

S 2.15

S 3.20

S 1.10

S 3.00

S 4.20

S 1.30

S 1.10

S 1.45

S 5.10 S 4.45

i 7.70 S 6.70

S 1.55 S 1.30

$ 7.75 J 6.70

S10.25 S 8.90

S 1.80 S 1.60

S 0.80 $ 0.70

S 9.00 S 7.50 S 6.00

FLEX-COM

Edgecard Connector

ffiHBBBBBBBB

d-i

HHHfflfflEHSEE

PART NO

NO. OF PINS

1-9

PRICE 10-24 25-99 100-249

IDC-20CE IDC-26CE IDC-34CE

IDC-40CE IDC-50CE

10/20 13/26 17/34 20/40 25/50

4.35 5.00 6.00 6.90 7.25

4.15 4.75 5.70 6.50 7.00

3.75

4.30 5.10 5.80

6.30

3.30

3.80 4.50 5.25

5.40

Socket Connector

rtMWWH—WWMMM

PART NO.

NU.OF PINS

1-9

PRICE 10-24 25-99 100-249

IDC-20SKT IDC-26SKT IDC-34SKT IDC-40SKT IOC-50SKT

10/20 13/26 17/34 20/40 25/50

2.75

3.50 4.50 5.40 6.50

2.50 3.20 4.20 5.00 6.00

2.25 2.85 3.75 4.50 5.40

2.00

2.30 3.30 3.90 4.75

Header Connector

Right Angle Soldertail GOLD Header

PART NO.

1-9

10-24 25-99 100-249

IDC-RAH20ST IOC-RAH26ST IDC-RAH34ST IDC-RAH40ST IDC-RAH50ST

1.90 2.25 2.95 3.60 4.30

1.60 2.00 2.60 3.00 3.60

1.45 1.80 2.35 2.70

3.25

1.30 1.60 2.10 2.40 2.90

RIGHT ANGLE WIRE WRAP GOLD HEADER

PART NO.

1-9

10-24 25-99 100-249

IDC-RAH20WW IDC-RAH26WW IDC-RAH34WW IDC-RAH40WW IDC-RAH50WW

4.15 5.30 5.95 7.00 7.95

3.60 4.30 5.00 6.00 6.80

3.25 3.90 4.75 5.40 6.20

2.90 3.50

4.50 4.80 5.50

STRAIGHT SOLDERTAIL GOLD HEADER

NO. PINS 1-9 10-24 25-99 100-249

IDCSTH20ST

10/20

1.85

1.55

1.40

1.30

IDCSTH26ST

13/26

2.20

1.95

1.75

1.55

IDCSTH34ST

17/34

2.90

2.55

2.30

2.05

IDCSTH40ST

20/40

3.55

2.95

2.65

2.40

IDCSTH50ST

25/50

4.25

3.55

3.20

2.85

STRAIGHT WIRE WRAP GOLD HEADER

PART NO. NO. PINS 1-9 10-24 25-99 100-249

IOCSTH20WW IDCSTH26WW IDCSTH34WW

IDCSTH40WW IDCSTH50WW

10/20 13/26 17/34 20/40 25/50

4.20 5.25 5.90 6.95 7.90

3.55 4.25 4.95 5.95 6.75

3.20 3.85 4.70 5.35 6.15

2.65 3.45 4.45 4.75 5.45

HEADER CONNECTOR EJECTOR

The IDCEJ provides an ejector and positive lock for socket connectors when used with any of the header connectors listed. Easy installation and low cost provide easy extraction, when desired, for your IDC socket interconnects. Order 2 for each connector.

QTY.

PRICE

IDCEJ5 IOCEJC

pkg 5 pkg 100

S1.00 $10.00

IDC System

RIBBON CABLE

PART NO.

Color Coded Laminated Cable lor insulation Displacement 28 Guage. 7 Strand

NO. OF PRICE PER SPOOL

CONDUCTORS

10 Ft.

100 Ft.

IDC-09CC IDC-14CC IDC-16CC IOC-20CC IDC-25CC IDC-26CC IDC-34CC IDC-40CC IDC-50CC

9

14 16 20 25 26 34 40 50

3.80

4.75

5.50

7.00

6.50

8.50

11.00

13.00

16.00

30.00 40.00 45.00 60.00 72.00 72.00 100.00 115.00 145.00

GRAY LAMINATED CABLE FOR INSULATION DISPLACEMENT 28 Gauge 7 Strand

PART NO.

NO. OF CONDUCTORS

PRICE PER SPOOL 10 Ft. 100 Ft.

IDC-09GY IDC-14GY IDC-16GY IDC-20GY IDC-25GY IDC-26GY IDC-34GY IDC-40GY IDC-50GY

9

14 16 20 25 26 34 40 50

2.50 3.50 4.00 4.80 6.00 6.00 8.30 10.00 12.00

18.05 28.00 32.00 40.00 50.00 50.00 66.00 77.00 95.00

Dip Plugs

TTTTT

NO. OF PINS

1-9

10-24 25-99 100-249

IDC-14DP IDC-16DP IDC-24DP

14 16 24

1.50 1.70 2.50

1.40

1.60 2.20

1.25 1.45 2.00

1.10 1.30 1.80

TRANSITION CONNECTOR

PART NO.

NO. OF PINS

1-9

PRICE 10-24 25-99 100-249

INSTALLATION/ASSEMBLY TOOLS

IDC-1080 Arbor Press with Ram for all

connectors except D-Subminiature

order platens below. 12 LBS. $180.00 IDC-013031 Platen & Ram for D-Subminiature

Connectors S 50.00

IDC-1083 Platen for Edgecard Connector $ 35.00

IDC-10811 Platen for Socket Connector S 35.00

IDC-1096 Platen for 24 Pin Dip Plug only $35.00

IOC-10871 Platen for 14 & 16 Pin Dip Plug only S 35.00 IDC-1084 Platen for Transition Connector

SH. WT. 1 LB. $ 35.00

80 — 24 BYTE November 1980

PLEASE ORDER BY PART NUMBER

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

Texas Instruments

FACE GRIP LOW PROFILE

SOLDER TAIL DIP SOCKETS

C85 SERIES

• Face grip design provides maximum retention force

•Anti-wicking feature

• Redundant contact points SPECIFICATIONS Material

A Body-91V-0 polyester

B Contact—copper nickel alloy

C Finish — 200 microinches tin alloy (mm (stripe

NOTES

A Operating temperature—40°C to + 100°C

B Contacts have redundant spring elements

C Accommodates standard IC leads up to 014 thick and 025 wide

0 Contact is designed and oriented to the insulator to grasp the broad "face" of the IC lead, allow ing tor low insertion and high retention forces

E Socket is designed to achieve maximum density on boards

F Sockets may be mounted end to end on .100" centers continuous line or on .400" centers row to row

G Socket is designed to prevent IC leads from contacting PC board

H Closed entry feature - along with chamfered side walls - provided to facilitate automatic IC insertion and protect the IC leads against damage

I Strengthened socket legs allow tor automatic socket insertion into PC board

J Anti-wicking feature built into contact leg

K Design to achieve outstanding insertion/withdrawal characteristics

PART NO.

PINS

1-'

PRICE 10-49 50-99

TIS-08LP TIS-14LP TIS-16LP TIS-18LP TIS-20LP TIS-22LP TIS-24LP TIS-28LP TIS-40LP

08 14 16 18 20 22 24 28 40

N/A N/A N/A .30 .30 .35 .40 45 50

.15

.18 20 .25 .25 .30 .35 .40 .45

.10 .15 .18 22 .23 .25 .30 .35 .42

08 14 .16 18 20 .22 .24 .28 40

.07 .12 .13 .15 .17 .19 .20 .24 .35

.06 .11 .12 .13 .145 17 .18 .21 .31

-MINIMUM ORDER SI 00 Per Line item

DIP PLUGS

PART NO.

1-9

PRICE 10-24 25-99 100-249

KNX-0BDP

KNX-14DP KNX-16DP KNX-24DP KNX-40DP

14 16 24

40

.50

.65

.70

1.15

1.90

.45

.60

.65

1.05

1.70

.43 .58 .62 .90 1.60

.40 .55 .58 .95 1.50

Sccket and Dip Plug priced based on gold not exceeding $700 per oz.

ZERO INSERTION FORCE TEST SOCKETS

IrTfrnfTrnfTl ^^

yiuyuuu:

?

n in 11

1-9 10-24 25-99

ZIP-16DIP $5.50 5.35 4.95

ZIP-24DIP $7.50 7.25 6.95

ZIP-40DIP $10.25 9.85 9.50

• Zero insertion pressure (ZIP) insertion and extraction. • Wide entry holes to accommodate maximum number of device types. • Contact exit on even .100 spacing for convenience in board mounting. • Built in "stop" for cam handle prevents "overthrow" causing plastic damage. • Top mount assy. Screws for ease of replacement of worn or damaged internal components • General redesign of original ZIP DIP incorporating improvements designed to extend life and reliability.

vaoatMsoat

N iES GOLD 3 LEVEL WIRE WRAP SOCKETS

•Deep Chamfered Closed Entry Contacts

•RN Side Wipe Contact Design

•Terminal Barbs Allow Self-lock into PC Board

•Rugged Socket Body Design

PART NO.

1-9

TRTUE*"

10-24

25-99

100-249 250-999

RNS-08WWG RNS-14WWG RNS-16WWG RNS-18WWG RNS-20WWG RNS-22WWG RNS-24WWG RNS-28WWG RNS-40WWG

14 16 18 20 22 24 28 40

.50

.60

.65

.85

1.00

1.25

1.25

1.60

1.85

.42

.49

.52

.75

.90

1.15

1.15

1.50

1.65

.40

.47

.50

.70

.80

1.10

1.10

1.40

1.55

.37

.45

.47

.65

.75

1.05

1.05

1.30

1.45

.33

.42

.44

.60

.70

1.00

1.00

1.20

1.35

Socket prices based on gold npt exceeding $700 per cz

RN ICA HIGH RELIABILITY WIRE WRAP SOCKET

• 30 fi inch gold contact • Pin socket contacts for high reliability and high retention mounting holes • End and side stackable • 3-Level wrap • Low profile body with.

PRICE

PART NO.

PINS

1-9

10-24

25-99

100-249

250-999

RNH-08HRW

8

1.10

1.00

.90

.86

.77

RNH-14HRW

14

1.65

1.55

1.45

1.30

1.15

RNH 16HRW

16

1.85

1.65

1.55

1.40

1.25

RNH-18HRW

18

2.10

1.90

1.85

1.65

1.60

RNH-20HRW

20

2.45

2.10

2.00

1.80

1.70

RNH-22HRW

22

2.55

2.30

2.10

2.00

1.90

RNH-24HRW

24

2.75

2.50

2.20

2.10

2.00

RNH-28HRW

28

3.25

3.00

2.60

2.50

2.40

RNH-40HRW

40

4.50

4.25

4.00

3.60

3.40

PRECUT WIRE WRAP WIRE

PRECUT WIRE SAVES TIME AND COSTS LESS THAN

WIRE ON SPOOLS

Kynar precut wire. All lengths are overall, including 1" strip on each end. Cdlors and lengths cannot be mixed for quantity pricing. Choose from colors Red (R), Blue (U), Black (B). and Yellow (Y).

PRECUT WIRE KIT ASSORTMENTS

PART NO.

PRECUT WIRE 100 PACK

LENGTH 100/Bag PART NO.

PGP025C* PGP030C PGP035C* PGP040C PGP045C" PGP050C"

PART NO.

2.5" 3.0" 3.5" 4.0" 4.5" 5.0"

$1.25 1.30 1.37 1.42 1.48 1.54

PGP055C PGP060C* PGP070C* PGP080C" PGP090CPGP100C*

Length 100/Bag

5.5" 6.0" 7.0" 8.0" 9.0" 10.0"

1.58 1.65 1.99 2.14 2.24 2.39

PRECUT WIRE 500 PACK

LENGTH 500/Bag PART NO.

LENGTH 500/Bag

PGP025D* PGP030D' PGP035DPGP040O' PGP045D* PGP050D

2.5" 3.0" 3.5" 4.0" 4.5" 5.0"

$3.58 3.86 4.15 4.44 4.74 5.04

PGP055D* PGP060D' PGP070D' PGP080D* PGP090DPGP100D*

5.5"

5.38

6.0"

5.66

7.0"

6.76

8.0"

7.38

9.0"

8.11

10.0"

8.71

"Specify color when ordering. Red (R), Blue (U), Black (B), & Yellow (Y). Example: If you wish to order (2) pkg. 500. 4", Red: ~2 PGP0400R

PGPWKI* $9.95 CONTAINS

250 3" 100 4'/2"

250 3%" 100 5"

100 4" 100 6"

PGPWK3* $32.95

CONTAINS

500 2%" 500 4'/!"

500 3" 500 5"

500 3%" 500 5</2"

500 4" 500 6"

PGPWK2* $24.95

CONTAINS

250 2V4" 250 5"

500 3" 100 5V!"

500 3'/2" 250

500 4" 250 4'A"

100 6'/2" 100 7"

PGPWK4" $59.95

CONTAINS

1000 2'/2" 1000 4%"

1000 3" 1000 5"

1000 3'/2" 1000 5"

1000 4" 1000 6"

Wire kit assortments are available in the 4 celors mentioned along with a rainbow assortment. Use color code (A) for the rainbow assortment Example: If you wish to order one wire kit 3 in blue.

PGPWK3U

32.95 32.95

SPOOLED 30 GAUGE KYNAR

PART NO.

SPOOL LENGTH 1-4

5-9

PGS050* 50 ft.

PGS100* 100ft.

PGS250* 250 ft.

PGS500* 500 ft.

PGS1000* 1000 ft.

1.99 3.65 5.75 10.20 17.95

1.85 3.50 5.50 9.95 15.95

Example: If ybu wish to order 400 ft. of yellow:

PGS100Y

3.65 14.60

•Specify celor when ordering, Red (R), Blue (U), Black (B), Yellow (Y), & for wire kits only rainbow assortment (A), j

ORDER TOLL FREE (800) 423-5633

BYTE November 1980

80 — 25

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

Texas Instruments

Gold Plated Edgeboard Connectors

Standard But Not Ordinary

The H4 Series standard edgeboard connectors otter the best value in the edgeboard market today.

To assure reliable electrical connections, our cantilever contacts are pre-loaded for optimum normal force and bifurcated for redundancy; each contact point features from 50 (Wire Wrap') to 75 (solder tail) microinches (minimum) of wrought gold inlay over a nickel diffusion barrier. The inlay is metallurgically bonded to a copper-nickel-tin alloy <CA 725)

that is suited to both soldered and wire wrapped terminations The dielectric contact-housing is made df glass-filled thermoplastic polyester, meeting UL Flammability Classification 94V-0

FEATURES

RELIABLE, COST-EFFICIENT CONTACT DESIGN

• 50(Wire Wrap) to75(solder tail) microinches gold inlay over a nickel diffusion barrier (minimum thickness).

• Copper-nickeMin CA 725 Alloy.

• Bifurcated contact points

• Preloaded, cantilever spring design.

• Contacts are user removable.

RUGGED BODY

• Glass-filled thermoplastic pclyester — Meets U.L Flammability Classification94V-0. — Resists common cleaning solvents,

• Solder standoff — Facilitates cleaning — Reduces solder wicking

• Between contact polarization key (snaplock for .100" & .125" centers).

• Generous chamfered card slot.

• Molded ccntact identification — Alphanumeric (.156" centers) — Numeric (100" & 125" centers).

• Location ridges (bottom) and raised dots (top) mark every fifth contact position.

• Entire connector design is U.L. Approved

Tl EDGE CONNECTORS I" Contact Centers: ST Soldertail GOLD: WW - Wire Wrap GOLD PRICE PART W0. 1-9 10-24 25-99 100-249

TIC-1530-1 ST TIC-1530-l WW TIC-1836-1 ST TIC-1836-1 WW TIC-2244-1 ST TIC-2244-1 WW TIC-2550-1 ST TIC-2550-l WW TIC-3060-1 ST TIL) 300(1 1 WW TIC-3672-1 ST TIC-3672-1 WW TIC-4080-1 ST TIC-40B0 1 WW TIC-4386-1 ST TIC-4386-1 WW TIC-50100-l ST TIC-50100-l WW

1.60 1.70 2.00 2.10 2.25 2.40 2.50 2.70 2.95 3.20 3.30 3.90 3.60 4.40 3.90 4.65 4.50 5.40

1.45 1.55 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.15 2.25 2.45 2.60 2.85 2.95 3.50 3.25 4.00 3.50 4.15 4.05 4.90

1.30 1.35 1.60 1.65 1.75 1.90 2.00 2.15 2.30 2.55 2.60 3.10 2.85 3.60 3.10 3.70 3.60 4.30

1.10 1.15 1.40 1.45 1.50 1.60 1.65 1.80 1.90 2.20 2.30 2.60 2.40 3.00 2.60 3.10 3.00 3.60

.125" Contact Centers: STG - Soldertail GOLD: WWG - Wire Wrap GOLD

PART NO.

19

PRICE

ABBREVIATIONS: ST - Solder Tail Gold WW -Wire Wrap Gold

TIC-2244-2 ST TIC-2244-2 WW TIC-2856-2 ST TIC-2856-2 WW TIC-3060-2 ST TIC-3060-2 WW TIC-3162-2ST TIC-3I62-2WW TIC-3672-2 ST TIC-3672-2 WW TIC-4080-2 ST TIC-4080-2 WW TIC-4488-2 ST TIC-4488-2 WW TI-S100 ST TI-S100 WW

100 249

2.30 2.60 2.80 3.20 2.90 3.40 3.05 3.50 3.45 4.00 3.80 4.45 4.20 4.85 3.20 4.00

2.10 2.35 2.55 2.90 2.60 3.06 2.75 3.15 3.10 3.60 3.45 4.00 3.B0 4.35 2.90 3.75

1.85 2.10 2.25 2.55 2.30 2.70 2.45 2.80 2.75 3.20 3.05 3.55 3.35 3.90 2.50 3.50

1.50 1.75 1.85 2.15 1.95 2.25 2.05 2.35 2.30 2.68 2.55 2.95 2.80 3.20 2.20 3.25

Sullins Gold Plated E_EvelwG-ldwiresw7aXTailGold Edgeboard Connectors

Sullins Eleclonics was the first manufacturer to pioneer the use of Valox,* a polyester, as an insulator material. The quality and performance of this material has been a prime reason tor the outstanding success of this connector line. Sullins connectors are unique in being recognized by Underwiters Laboratories. This is especially important to customers fabricating UL approved devices.

CAT. PART NO.

.156" CONTACT CENTER CONNECTORS

APPLICATION 1-9 10-24

SUL-6I2S5

PET, MA1003

1.95

1.80

1.55

SUL-6I2E5

PET. MA1003

2.30

2.00

1.75

SUL-1020E5

2.00

1.77

1.53

SUL-1224E5

COMMODORE PET

3.60

3.20

2.B0

SUL-I224S5

COMMODORE PET

3.30

2.90

2.50

SUL-1530E5

VECTOR PLUGBOARDS. GRI KEYBOARDS

3.30

2.90

2.50

SUI-1530S5

VECTOR PLUGBOARDS. GRI KEYBOARDS

3.50

3.05

2.65

SUL-I530W5

VECTOR PLUGBOARDS. GRI KEYBOARDS

2.40

2.10

1.85

SUL-1836E5

3.70

3.25

2.80

SUL-I836S5

3.40

3.00

2.60

SUL-2244E5

VCT3662. VCT-3682. AIM-65

3.90

3.45

3.00

SUL-2244S5

SYM, VCT-3677. KIM

4.10

3.60

3.15

SUL2244W5

VECTOR PLUGBOARDS. SYM. KIM. AIM-65

4.20

3.70

3.20

SUL-2550E5

5.30

4.65

4.05

SUL-3672E5

8.30

7.30

6.35

SUL-3672S5

7.25

6.40

5.55

SUL-3672W5

7.40

6.55

5.65

SUL-4386E5

M016800, INTEL MULTIBUSS

8.25

7.30

6.30

SUL-4386S5

NSC PACER. VCT-460811)

8.25

7.30

6.30

SUL4386W5

VCT-4611[1]|2|. INTEL MULTIDUSS

B.80

7.75

6.75

.125" CONTACT CENTER CONNECTORS

CAT. PART NO.

APPLICATION

I-9

10-24

25-99

Materials & Characteristics

Insulator: Glass filled thermoplastic polyester, color: Blue,

Insulation Resistance: 5000 megoms.

Solvent Resistance: Perchloroethylene, Freon 113. Freon 11, Trichloroethylene.

Contacts: Phosphor Bronze

Operating Voltage: .100 (2.54) ,125(3.17) ,150(3.81) .156 (3 96) contact centers

(At sea level) 600 VDC 800 VDC 1500 VDC 1800 VDC Current Rating: 5 amperes Voltage Drop: 30 MV at rated current. Contact Resistance: 10 milliohms maximum. Operating Temperature: -65"C to +125°G Board Thickness Accommodated: .062 inch (1.57mm) Board Insertion: 2 to 16 ozs per contact pair using .062 (1.57mm) steel test blade.

CAT. PART NO.

.1" CONTACT CENTER CONNECTORS

APPLICATION 1-9

SUL-2856W2 PROLOG STD BUSS. VCT-4610|1](2|

SUL-2856S2 PROLOG STD BUSS. VCT-4610[11|2|

SUL-3672W2

SUL-4080W2 VCT-4380 PLUGBOARD

SUL-S100ALT .140" SPACED ROWS FOR ALTAIR

SUL-S100SEG S-100 SOLDER EYELET

SUL-S100STG .250" SPACED ROWS. IMSAI. VCT-8803. CR0MEMC0

SUL-S10DWWG S-100 WIRE WRAP

SULCfil IMSAI STYLE CARD GUIDE

SULCG1/C IMSAI STYLE CARD GUIDE

6.60 5.50 6.30 7.00 7.80 7.95 5.95 6.50

5.80 4.85 5.55 6.20 6.90 7.60 5.40 5.75 1.00 Pkg ol5 15.00 Pkg ol 100

5.05

4.20 4.80 5.35 6.00 6.60 4.70 4.95

SUL-1020EI

SUL-1020W1

SUL1326b 1

SUL-1530EI

SUL-I530S1

SUL-1530W1

SUL-2040EI

SUL-2040S1

SUL-2040W1

SUL2244EI

SUL-2244SI

SUL-2244WI

SUL-2550E1

SUL-2550S1

SUL-2550WI

SUL-3060E1

SUL-3060S1

SUL3060W1

SUL-3672E1

SUL-3672S1

SUL-3672W1

SUL-4080EI

SUL-4080SI

SUL-4080WI

SUL-4386E1

SUL-4386SI

SUL4386WI

SUL-50I00E1

SUL-50I00S1

SUL-50I00WI

VCT-4608. SOSSBC-100. IMSAI MI0. S10

TRS-80. VCT-4609 PLUGBOARD

TRS-BO. VCT-4609 PLUGBOARD

TRS-80. VCT-4609 PLUGBOARD

VECTOR PLUGBOARDS

VECTOR PLUGBOARDS

VECTOR PLUGBOARDS

SOS VERSAFL0PPY. INTEL MULTIBUSS

SDS VERSAFLOPPY. APPLE II

VECTOR 4609. IMSAI PI0

INTEL MULTIBUSS. VCT-460811|

INTEL MULTIBUSS, VCT-460811|

INTEL MULTIBUSS. VCT-4608 |l|

VCT-3719|1||4|.VCT-4493|11

VCT-4494IH. VCT-37I9|1||4|

VCT-4493|1].VCT-4494|I|

COMMODORE PET

COMMODORE PET

C0MM0DDRE PET

COSMAC ELF

C0SMAC ELF

COSMAC ELF

ELF PRODUCTS

ELF PRODUCTS

ELF PRODUCTS

2.90

2.55

2.20

2.80

2.45

2.15

3.00

2.65

2.30

3.75

3.30

2.90

3.60

3.20

2.80

3.75

3.3D

2.90

4.20

3.70

3.20

3.90

3.45

3.00

4.10

3.60

3.15

5.55

4.90

4.25

4.50

3.95

3.45

5.55

4.90

4.25

6.10

5.40

4.70

5.95

5.20

4.55

6.D0

5.30

4.60

6.60

5.85

5.10

6.35

5.60

4.90

6.20

5.50

4.75

8.00

7.10

6.10

7.40

6.55

5.65

7.95

7.00

6.10

7.40

6.55

5.70

7.40

6.55

5.70

8.35

7.40

6.40

7.80

6.90

6.00

9.30

8.25

7.15

9.60

8.50

7.35

9.40

8.30

7.20

9.45

8.35

7.25

8.50

7.50

6.50

GOLD S-100 CONNECTORS

PRIORITY ^distributes the Tl S-100 Card Edge Connectors at tremendous volume for prices others only wish they could duplicate.

Part No.

SOLDER TAIL PRICE 1-9 10-24 25-99

100-249 Part No.

WIRE WRAP PRICE 1-9 10-24 25-99

100-249

TI-S100 STG 3.20 2.90 2.50 2.20 TI-S100WWG 4.00 3.75 3.50 3.25

Connector pricing based on gold not exceeding $700.00 per oz.

80 — 26

BYTE November 1980

PLEASE ORDER BY PART NUMBER

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

WIRE UIRBPPIIIC TOOLS ROD WIRE

' HOBBV ' WIRE lURflPPIIIG TOOL BBITERV POWERED

For .025'' (0.63mm) sq. post MODIFIED'' wrap, positive indexing anti-overwrapping device.

0KM-BW2630 TOOL $19.95

0KM-BC1 BATTERIES

AND CHARGER $11.00 0KMBT-30 BITF0RAWG30 $3 95 OKMBT-2628 BIT FOR AWG 26-28 $7.95

ISF C S'ZE Nl etc a

HOBBV UlRflF TOOLS

0KM-WSU-30M

MODIFIED WRAP

$7 95

TRICOLOR DISPEtlSER

• 3 Rolls ot Wire in one dispenser.

• 3 Colors Blue White Red 50 ft of each color

• AWG 30 (0,25mm) KYNAR' Insulated Wire

• Built-in Plunger cuts wire to desired length

• Built-in Stripper strips 1" of insulation.

• Refillable (for refills see below)

OKM-WD-30-TRI

TRICOLOR DISPENSER $7.95

TRICOLOR DISPE0SER REPlPtEITIEnT ROLLS

• AWG 30 (0,25mm) KYNAR" Insulated Wire

• 3 Colors Blue While, Red, 50 ft each color

• Silver plated solid conductor, easy stripping

0KM-R-30-TRI REPLACEMENT ROLLS $5,95

DIP It inSERTIOR TOOLS UIITH Pin STRRIGHTI1ER

S1HAIGHTEN PINS RELUSE PICKUP INSERT

onno

14-16 PIN DIP/IC INSERTER

e MOS & CMOS IC's Du'a

OKM-MQS-1416 14-16 PIN.MPS CMOS SAFE INSERTER $7.95

OKM-MOS-2428 24-28 PIN.MOS CMOS SAFE_INSERTER_ $7.95

3G-40 Pill cmbs-SRFE U inSERTIOd TOOL

Unique new insertion lool Also aligns benloul pms A twist o! the handle compresses ihe pins to proper 600 inch spacing and locks !he IC into the lool Then simply place the tool on the socket and depress the plunger (or instant and accurate insertion Features heavy chrome plating throughout for reliable static dissipation Includes termi

GHOUND STRAP NOT INCLUDED

36-40 PIN CMOS SAFE INSERTION TOOL $7.95

DIP IC EXTRACTOR TOOL

EXTRACTOR TOOL $1.49

WK-7 IC

INSERTION

WIRE DISPEH5ER

• With 50 ft. Roll of AWG 30 KYNAR* wirewrapping wire.

• Built-in Plunger cuts wire to desired length

• Built m Stripper strips 1" Of insulation

• Refillahip 'For refills, see below)

0KM-WD-30-B

BLUE WIRE

$4.95

0KM-WD-30-Y

YELLOW WIRE

$4.95

0KM-WD-30-W

WHITE WIRE

$4 95

0KM-W0-30-R

RED WIRE

$4 95

DISPEI1SER REPLflCEmEnT ROILS

Wire for wire-wrapping AWG-30 (0,25mm) KYNAR" wire 50 ft roll, silver plated, solid conductor easy stripping OKM-R-308-0050 30-AWG BLUE 50 FT ROLL 0KM-R-30Y-0Q50 30-AWG VELLOW50 FT ROLL $2. 0KM-R-30Y-0Q5O 30-AWG WHITE 50 FT ROLL $2 0KM-R-30R-0050 30-AWG RED 50 FT ROLL $2.

"(UP RI1D STRIP" TOOL

A unique new design tor stripping 1" insulation from 30AWG wire. Insert wire, squeeze lool closed to cut off excess wire, pull wire through stripping slot to remove insulation. Handy pocket size, only IJi" x 1" x V. Shipping Weight 4 oz

0KM-CAS-130

l<i NOT APPHCABLf ro

TERminnis

CLIP AND STRIP $1

MLCNE OR TEHON INSULATION

025"(0,63mm) Square Post 3 Level Wire-Wrapping Gold Plated.

?5 Pf fl PACKAG.

SLOTTED TERMINAL $4.98

0KM-WWT-3 OJM-WWT-4

SINGLE SIDED S2.98

TERMINAL

IC SOCKET TERMINAL $4 98

DOUBLE SIDED t

TERMINAL

TERimnni insERTinc tool

For inserl.ng WWT-1 WWT-2 WWT-3 and WWT-4 Terminals info ,040"(1.0mm) Ota Holes.

0KM-INS-1 INSERTING TOOL $2.49

P.l.B.TERITIinPL STRI'PS

The TS strips provide positive scew activated clamping action, accommodate wire sizes 14-30 AWG (1 8

0.25mm]. Pins are solder plated copper, .042 inch (1mm) ■- on 200 inch {St '

I0KM-TS-4

4-POLE

rSl

IOKMTS-8

8-POLE

$3

[0KM-TS-12

12 POLE

43

mooumR TERmiriRL strips

For versatile, economical connections especially in bread-boarding and short runs. Two circuit modules are dovetaiied together tn various combinations to form printed circuit board terminals with the desired number o( circuits Waking stable, low-resistance connections with only a screwdriver, the spacesaving terminals lake conductors from 26 through 16 AWG conforming to 20 inch (5.08mm) hole spacing on boards up to 126 inch (3,20mm) thicK

0KM-TS-6MD

2-P0LE

$1,79

asaa,

PL ERRD GUIDES

TR-i consists ol 2 guides precision molded with unique spring linger aclion that dampens shock and vibration, yet permits smooth insertion or extraction. Guides accommodale any card thickness Irom 040- 100 inches.

QUANTITY — OMf PAIR 12 PCS.)

0KM-TR-1

CARD GUIDES

Shipping Weight 4 oz

PRB-I DIGITAL LOCK PROBE

Compatible with OTL, TTL. CMOS, MOS and Micoprocessors using a 4 to !5V power supply Thresholds automatically programmed Automatic resetting memory No adjustment required. Visual indication ot logic levels, using LED's to snow high, low, bad level or open circuit logic and pulses Highly sophisticated, shirt pocket portable (protective tip cap and removable coil cord).

• DC to > 50 MHZ • Automatic thrcthold

■ UO K . imp? > Automatic: pu

lo SO Mhc t Automatic r* . Opm ciTCult

i Com.

I

PL ERRD GUIDES & BRRLHETS

TRS-2 kit includes 2 TR-1 guides plus 2 mounting brackets. Support brackets feature unique stabilizing post that permits secure mounting with only 1 screw

0KM-TRS-2 GUIDES & BRACKETS

0KM-PRB-1 DIGITAL LOGIC PROBE

vacuum vise

Unique vacuum based light duty vise for precision handling of small components and assemblies. Rugged ABS construction 1H" (38mm) wide jaws, IV (32mm) travel for maximum versatility. Also features screw lugs for permanent installation, (mounting screws included)

BW928 INDUSTRIAL WRAPPING TOOL

GREAT FOR PRODUCTION!

OKM-WK-7 COMPLETE IC INSERTER/EXTRACTOR KIT

INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS

0KM-M0S-1416 14-16 PIN MOS CMOS SAFE INSERTER

0KMM0S-2428 24-28 PIN MOS CMOS SAFE INSERTER

OKM-MOS-40 36-40 PIN MOS CMOS SAFE INSERTER 0KM-EX-1 14-16 PIN EXTRACTOR TOOL

KM-EX-2 24-40 PIN CMOS SAFE EXTRACTOR TOOL

^0K

$7 95

ilIs 0KM-BW928BF

J, 49 0KM-BT30I

$7 95 0KM-BC1

• Accepts Industrial Bits & Sleeves (Gardner Denver or equivalent)

• Auto-Indexing • Modified Wrap

$29 95 • Back-Force available (Recommended lor #30) Part No. Description

0KM-BW928 Tool

Tool (with Backforce) #30 Bit & Sleeve Batteries & Charger

Contains Hobby Wrap Tool WSU-30M. Wire Dispenser WD-30-B. (2) 14 DIP'S, (2) 16 DIP'S Hobby Board H-PCB-1 DIP IC Insertion Tool INS-1416, DIP IC Extractor Tool EX-1 and PC Edoe Connerlor CON-1

0KM-WK-4B(BLUE) WIRE-WRAPPING KIT $25.99

CA, AK, HI, CALL (213) 8948171

BYTE November 1980

80 — 27

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

Ism S-100 PRODUCTS

COMPATIBLE PLUGBOARDS FOR INTERFACE, MEMORY EXPANSION, EXPERIMENTATION

VCT- 8800V

Universal Microcomputer/processor

plugboard, use with S-100 bus. Complete

with heat sink & Hardware. 5.3" x 10" x 1/16.'

1-4 5-9 10-24

$22.48 $20.37 S18.26

VCT- 8801

Individual tinned square pads surround most

holes. Ideal for mounting components by

"tack" soldering. Top of board pod free for

mounting I/O connectors.

1-4 5-9 10-24

$23.12 $20.95 $18.78

ranTranraronmrnni.iHi.Jrr

VCT- 8801-1

Plain no etched circuitry except contacts.

Produces maximum flexibility.

1-4 5-9 10-24

$15.67 $14.24|||||h., $12.82

VCT-8802-1

Pad per 2 holes. Two-noie pads allow tack

soldering of socket, plus second hole for

component leads.

1-4 5-9 10-24

$27.21 $24.63 $22.05

"ANY DIP" has full power and ground planes

back to back. Boards accommodates

.3, .4, .6, .9" Dips.

1-4 5-9 10-24

$24.67 $22.34 $20.02

L.

'if:."-■■■•':■ • VCT-8800R2

\ vm'-:<m.

• Make your own custom S-100-Bus circuit board.

• Just expose, develop and etch in lab or home.

• No camera or dark room needed.

• Coated both sides with copper and + Positive Photoresist.

• S-100-Bus card size: 5.3" x 10" x .062"

• Gold plated 50/100 contacts on .125" centers, continuous into

copper fields both sides.

• Complete step-by-step instructions.

• Expose with bright sun or G.E. RS 275 watt suntan lamp.

• Two layout papers: 1 clear, 1 with 0.1" grid.

VCT-8800R2

1-9 10-49 50-99

$22.42 $20.32 $18.22

VCT-0088-21-45 developer for + Positive

Photoresist, 6 oz. concentrate makes 30 fluid

ounces, develops 2400 square

inches. $2.46

VCT-8803 Motherboard for S-100 Bus Microcomputer

Mounts 11 receptacles with 100 contacts or 10 receptacles plus interconnections to smaller boards for expansion. Connectors mount with tabs protruding through .038 inch (1 mm) diameter holes in rows spaced .250 inch (6.4 mm) on each connector position and 0.75 inch (19 mm) between connector positions. Includes etched circuit and instructions for active or passive terminations plus 12 tantalum capacitors for +5, +12, -12 volt buses, and spacers for mounting in Vector VP1 orVP2case. G-10epoxy glass board with 2 ounce copper, solder plated circuitry plus solder mask to avoid accidental short circuits. Large buses: +5V and GND (10 amps), +12V or 16V (7 amps). Current ratings are per MIL-STD-275with10° rise.

Shipping weight 2 pounds (.9kg) $29.50

VCT-3690-12 Card Extender

Card Extender has 100 contacts — 50 per

side on .125 centers. Attached connector is

compatible with S-100 Bus Systems.

1-4 5-24

$26.64 $24.18

VCT-3690 6.5" 22/44 pin .156 ctrs. Extender $15.66

VCT-3690-4 7.5" 36/72 pin .1 ctrs. Extender $22.76

VCT-3690-6 11" 22/44 pin .156 ctrs. Extender $18.80

21 pairs of nylon guides

furnished for snap-in mounting

on .25" multiples

VCT-CCK100

Shipping

m.

10 lbs. RACH MOUNTABLE CAGE

Especially designed to accommodate S100 size Plugboards, Motorola Exorcisor,™ and Micromodule™ Plugboards. Cage has .081" thick anodized aluminum side walls. Will accommodate Plugboards 4.0" to 8.5" long and 10.0" to 11.5" wide by 1/16" thick. Cages assemble quickly.

■'"Registered Motorola trademark

VECTOR-PAK

ASSEMBLED

MICROCOMPUTER

CASES

VCT-VPZ-$159.00

VCT-VP1 -S163.0C

Same as VP2 except cards oriented side to side.

Adjustauic paun.ay.ng system for S-100 bus microcomputers, compatible with Altair 8800 and IMSAI 8080 size cards.

• Smart looking, deluxe cases unmarred by unsightly screws or fasteners.

• Finished in dark blue textured vinyl.

• Instantly accessible interiors with slip out covers.

• Removable recessed rear and front panels.

• Fully adjustable interior mounting systems for any card or card spacing within size limitations. No cutting or drilling necessary.

• Perforated bottom cover for cooler operation.

DESCRIPTION Assembled case with perforated bottom cover. Installed mounting struts for card guides and receptacles or motherboard. Cards top loaded, spanning front to back. Card guide (12 pair) and chassis plate

Supplied Uninstalled. Shipping Weight 25 lbs.

VCT-BPI7/9

INPUT/OUTPUT CONNECTOR REAR PANEL

• Ten connector cutouts for ITT Cannon DB25S Type 25 pin connector (connectors furnished by user).

• Panel may be installed with cutouts on either right or left side.

• Interchangeable with standard rear panel.

• Connectors may be slipped through the panel for ease of assembly or disassembly.

80 — 28

BYTE November 1980

PLEASE ORDER BY PART NUMBER

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

VCT-3662 6 5" x 4.5" $ 8.69

VCT-3662-2 9.6" x 4.5" $10.85

P pattern plugboards for IC's Epoxy Glasss 1/16" 44 pin. con. spaced .156

VCT-3719-1 $9.28

Same as 3662 except 36/72 con. on .1 centers VCT-3719-4 $11.73

Same as 3662-2 except 36/72 con. on .1 centers

VCT-3682 9.6" x 4.5" $13.63

VCT-3682-2 6.5" x 4.5" $11.04

Hi-Density Dual In-Line Plugboard for Wire Wrap with Power and Grd. Bus Epoxy Glass 1/16" 44 pin con. spaced .156

VCT-3677 9 6" x 4.5" $13.33

VCT-3677-2 6.5" x 4.5" $10.68

Gen. Purpose DIP Boards with Bus Pattern tor Solder or Wire Wrap Epoxy Glass 1/16" 44 pin con. spaced .156

VCT-4493-1

4.5" x 9.6" Universal pattern for any .3" .4," .6',' .9',' spaced DIPS Holds 63 Dips. Accommodates additional I/ O connectors 36/72 con. on .1 centers.

1-4 5-9 10-24

$23.83 $21.55 $19.27

VCT-4494-1

Same as 4493 except 22/44 con. on .156 centers. 1-4 5-9 10-24

$20.68 $18.67 $16.67

VCT-4493

4.5" x 6.5" Universal pattern for any .3" .4" .6" .9," spaced DIPS. Accommodates additional I/O connectors 36/72 con. on .1 centers.

1-4 5-9 10-24

$19.37 $17.59 $15.80

VCT-4494

Same as 4493 except 22/44 con. on .156 centers. 1-4 5-9 10-24

$16.33 $14.79 $13.25

VCT-HA9

Pkg.of4 $1.26

Ejector

Card with Roll Pin

VCT-HA9C Pkg.of100 $26.

WIRE WRAP

POSTS (see next page)

catalog is available to qualified industrial and institutional customers.

.042 dia. holes on 0.1 spacing for IC's

Phenolic

PART NO. VCT-64P44-X VCT-169P44-X

Epoxy Glass

SIZE

4.5" x 6.5" 4.7" x 17"

VCT-64P44 VCT-84P44 VCT-169P44 VCT-169P84

PRICE

1-9 10-19

$1.56 $1.40

$3.69 $3.32

$1.79 $1.61

$2.21 $1.99

$4.52 $4.07

$8.83 $7.95

APPLE PLUGBOARD

Vector 4609 Peripheral Interface Plugboard for construction of custom circuits. Plug compatible with Apple II, Commodore PET and Super Kim microcomputers.

VCT-4609

1-4 5-9 10-24

$20.74 $18.79 $16.84

VCT-4607

DEC, LSI-11, PDP6, PDP11, Heath H-11, P Pattern Epoxy Glass, Plug Board 8.43" x 5.187" Dual 36 pin DEC/ HEATH Connectors.

1-4 5-9 10-24

$16.26 $14.74 $13.21

MOTOROLA EXORCISER PROTOTYPING BOARDS

VCT-4611

3 hole pads interspersed with power busses (shown above).

1-4 5-9 10-24

$29.95 $26.96 $23.96

VCT-4611-1

Bare board except with edge connector. No power bussing.

1-4 5-9 10-24

$19.95 $17.96 $15.96

VCT-4611-2

Has only interspersed power busses.

1-4 5-9

$29.95 $26.96

10-24 $23.96

UNIVERSAL MICROCOMPUTER PLUGBOARDS

For STD Bus, Pro-Log Microprocessors and General Use. Size: 4.5" x 6.5" x .052" 28/56 contacts on .125" centers.

VCT-4610 for soldering or wire wrapping. Mounts 20 16 pin DIP ICs.

1-4 5-9 10-24

$18.95 $17.06 $15.16

VCT-4610-1 for soldering or wire wrapping. Mounts 59 16 pin DIP ICs.

1-4 5-9 10-24

$15.95 $14.36 $12.76

VCT-4610-2 wire wrapping board. Mounts 35 16 pin DIP ICs.

1-4 5-9 10-24

$18.95 $17.06 $15.16

VCT-4608

Form and size compatible with INTEL SBL80 Series and NATIONAL BLC 80 Series microcomputer boards. Power and Ground buses on both sides.

1-4 5-9 10-24

$59.23 $53.67 $48.11

VCT-4608-1

Same as 4608 except plain, less power buses.

VCT-4350

Large Microprocessor development plugboard with Zigzag Buses 7" x 9.6" Holds 77 DIPs, 80 pin con. spaced .125.

1-4 5-9 10-24

$22.80 $20.69 $18.58

VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE

BYTE November 1980

80 — 29

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

031

T.M

Slit-N-Wrap is easy to use and is up to four times fasterthan ordinary manual wrapping because there is no wire measuring or prestripping required. Slit-N-Wrap tools have a patented action which slits wire insulation while the tools is wrapping wire on .025" square posts. Connections are just as reliable as with conventional wrapping tools. Tests show Slit-N-Wrapped connections exceed Mil Spec requirements for pull-off, are low resistance, and are gas tight. All tools and bits are guaranteed to provide at least 10,000 reliable wraps before bit replacement is required

Slit-N-Wrap tools with Tefzel insulated wire

PI 841

micro clip {MglaRh iJe&M

For .042" dia. holes, (all boards on this page)

VCT-T42-1/C VCT-T42-1/M VCT-P149 Hand installing tool

Pkg. of 100 S 1.54

Pkg. OM000 $11.28

$ 3.23

WRAP POST

For 042" dia. holes, (all boards on this page) Bifurcated contacts for soldering components above board and .025" sq. wrap post below board.

T44 will accept a .021" max. dia. lead in bifurcated end. 3 level wrap post. VCT-T44/C Pkg. of 100 $ 2.34

VCT-T44/M Pkg. of 1000 $14.35

A13 Hand Installing tool * 4.19

T68 will accept a .032" max dia. lead in bifurcated end. 3 level wrap post.

VCT-T68/C Pkg. of 100 $ 2.67

VCT-T68/M Pkg of 1000 $16.40

VCT-A13-1 Hand Installing tool $ 4.15

T68A will accept a .032" max. dia. lead in bifurcated end, 2 level wrap post

VCT-T68A/C Pkg. of 100 $ 2.57

VCT-T68A/M Pkg. of 1000 $14 50

VCT-A13-1 Hand Installing tool $4 15

Manual wrapping kit with knurled aluminum shaft, replaceable

hardened steel bit, and 2 rolls of Tefzel wire.

VCT-P184 1 lb $30.00

P184-4T1

:eed-thru wrap post tits plated-thru or plain holes. Sharp Corners on :hese .025" sq. wrap post bite into wrapped wires tor perfect connections.

VCT-T46-2-9/C Pkg. 100 $ 2.72

VCT-T46-2-9/M Pkg. 1000 $20.46

VCT-T46-3-9/C Pkg. 100 $ 2.74

VCT-T46-3-9/M Pkg. 1000 $20.90

VCT-T46-4-9/C Pkg. 100 $ 2.64

VCT-T46-4-9/M Pkg. 1000 $16.91

VCT-T46-5-9/C Pkg. 100 $ 3.58

VCT-T46-5-9/M Pkg. 1000 $28.93

VCT-T46-6-9/C Pkg. 100 $ 4.99

VCT-T46-6-9/M Pkg. 1000 $42.96

VCT-P133B Hand installing tool $ 3.03

Motorized Slit-N-Wrap kit, complete with rechargeable NiCad

batteries and charger.

VCT-P184-4T 3 /6s $105.00

AC powered Slit-N-Wrap with pistol grip and trigger for industrial

and production use.

VCT-P184-4T1 3 lbs $105.00

Hardened steel replacement bit for P184 series.

VCT-P1B4A 1 lb $16.95

Tefzel insulate silver plated copper 28 gauge wire for P184 series Slit-N-Wrap tools (2 rolls per package).

VCT-W28-6A Green, 0.5 lbs $5.39

VCT-W28-6B Red. 0.5 lbs $5.39

VCT-W28-6E While. 0.5 lbs $5.39

VCT-W28-6F Yellow, 0.5 lbs $5.39

P180 Series Tools Using Polyurethane Nylon Coated Wire. Polyurethane nylon coated copper wire is used in all P180 series tools. The small diameter of this insulated 28 gage wire permits two 7-turn wraps on a 0.025 inch (.64 mm) square post occupying only .21 inch (5.3 mm) of post length. Soldering is not required on rectangular posts, but if wrapped on round or irregular posts it may be soldered using a 750QF (399°C) iron which melts the insulation as solder flow occurs. Manual wrapping kit with 2 rolls of Polyurethane wire.

VCT-P180 1 lb $25.00

Motorized Slit-N-Wrap kit, complete with rechargeable NiCad batteries and charger,

VCT-P160-4T 3 lbs $99.50

AC powered Slit-N-Wrap with pistol grip and trigger for industrial and production use.

VCT-P160-4T1 3 lbs $99.50

Hardened steel replacement bit for P180 and P160 series.

VCT-P180A 1/6 $14.25

Polyurethane nylon insulated copper 28 guage wire for P180 and P160 series Slit-N-Wrap tools (3 rolls per package).

VCT-W28-2A Green. 0.5 lbs $2.89

VCT-W28-2B Red, 0.5 /6s $2.89

VCT-W28-2C Clear, 0.5 /6s $2.89

VCT-W28-2D Blue, 0.5 lbs $2.89

P160-1A UNWRAP TOOL

T107 Bus Strip

T107 Bus Strip

Jsed for supply busses on Vector board Holes are 1" Centers 13" long.

Unwrapping bit is recessed far enough into the sleeve (spring loaded) to permit unwrapping more than the maximum amount of turns on a 3 wrap post for 26-30 gage wire. VCT-P160-18 $12.50

T46 SERIES WRAP POST

^V

VECTOR-PAK CARD CAGES

19" rack mounting cages are supplied completely assembled, ready for connectors. Models listed accommodate 1/16" thick cards 4.5" maximum to 3" minimum width x 6.5" long. Heavy extruded aluminum cross members (T-Struts) provide strength and easy, infinitely variable connector spacing. 21 pairs of 4-40 connector mounting nuts are furnished installed.

Vector VCT-CCK-3 Card Cage — Has 108 grooves 0.075" wide for 1/16" circuit cards in extruded aluminum plates mounted top and bottom. Vertically and horizontally adjustable rear cross members have 21 pairs of 4-40 nuts in captive grooves for easy connector

mounting. Net Each $47.94

Vector VCT-CCK-13 Card Cage — 19" wide x 5'/*" high x 8.9" deep. Has 21 pairs of riveted anodized aluminum card guides.

Net Each $50.00

Vector VCT-CCK13P Card Cage — Same as No CCK13, except with

riveted ABS plastic guides. Net Each $50.00

Vector VCT-CCK-14P Card Cages — 19" wide x 5V«" high x 12" deep. Has 21 pairs of riveted card ABS plastic card guides on 0.75" centers.

Net Each $57.63

Vector VCT-CCK13S — Same as CCK-13, except for snap in card guides. Comes in kit form. Net Each $41.00

T112-1 Bus Link

T112-2 Bus Link

VCT-T107 VCT-T107/C

Pkg. 10 Pkg. 100

T112-1 Bus Link

Fits over WW pin and connects pin to bus 2" long.

VCT-T112-1/C VCT-T112-1/M

Pkg.100 Pkg. 1000

T112-2 Bus Link

Same as T112-1 except .3" long.

VCT-T112-2/C VCT-T112-2/M

Pkg. 100

_Pkg. 1000

$ 4.00 $38.06

$ 1.93 $ 8.14

$ 2.15 $10.95

The Vector Pak system is a coordinated packaging system which provides modular cases and cages for nearly all Vector Plugbords and many industry-standard plug-in boards. Adjustable rear struts mount almost any PC connector without hole drilling or special brackets. Other sizes and cage parts are available separately — write for catalog.

Vector VCT-CMA3A-20 Cage ~- 5%" h. x 8.9" deep fits 19" racks. Holds eight 2" wide x 6V long x 4.6" high modules (Vector No.

EFP204A66). Net Each $62.56

Vector VCT-CMA4A-20 Cage — 5'A" h. x 12" deep fits 19" racks. Holds eight 2" wide x 9,6" long x 4,6" high modules (Vector No.

EFP204A96). Net Each $63.99

Vector VCT-CMA3A-16 Cage — Same as No. CMA3A-20, except holds ten 1.6" wide x 6.6" long x 4 6" high modules (Vector No. EFP164A66). Net Each $67.91

SOCKET PINS

Gold plated, machined socket pin for .042" dia. holes. (All boards on this page.) With 3 level wrap post.

VCT-R32

Pkg. 25

$ 5.75

VCT-R32/C

Pkg. 100

$ 21.63

VCT-R32/M

Pkg. 1000

$202.95

VCT-P158 Impact Insertion tool

$ 20.95

VCT-D9 Die point for P158

$ 4.05

** TRIFURCATED KLIP WRAP POST

For .010" to .040" diameter leads above board and .025" sq. 3 level wrap post below board for .042" dia. holes. (All boards on this page.)

VCT-T49/C

Pkg. 100

$ 3.76

VCT-T49/M

Pkg.1000

S22.7C

VCT-P156 Hand Installing tool

$ 3.52

>-*

10 lbs.

2 lbs.

EFP MODULES

All-aluminum modules are anodized finished and have 5V*" high front panels with thumb screw, solid rear panels for connector mounting or circuit board slotting, rear sliding side covers, plus inner multiple-grooved top and bottom rails to hold 1/16" thick circuit boards without special bracketing. Vector VCT-EFP164A66 Case — Has 6 circuit board grooves spaced 0.150" apart on top and bottom rails, holds circuit boards 4.5" wide x

6.5" maximum length inside. Net Each $9.38

Vector VCT-EFP204A66 Case — Same as No. EFP164A66, except

has 9 circuit board grooves Net Each $9.65

Vector VCT-EFP204A97 Case — Same as No. EFP164A66. except holds circuit boards 4.5" wide x 9.6" maximum length inside. Net Each $11.0;

M —30

BYTE November 1980

CALL FOR VECTOR ITEMS NOT LISTED

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

li'Z CiicClliT

by Bishop Graphic^. BLACK PRECISION SLIT PC ARTWORK TAPE

18Yds./RoTr "^ PRICE PER PACKAGE ...

$i.ir

Tape Size

Cat No.'

in mm

.015

0.38

BEZ010151

020

0.51

BEZ010201

026

0.66

BEZ010261

031

0.79

BEZ010311

040

1,02

BEZ010401

050

1.27

BEZ010501

062

1.57

BEZ010621

080

2.03

BEZ010801

093

2.36

BEZ010931

100

2.54

BEZ011001

125

3.18

BEZ011251

200

5 08

BEZ012001

250

6.35

BEZ012501

Donut [A £££' Pads J ^p J1-25

OD

ID

Cat.

Qty./

In.

080

mm

2.03

In.

.031

mm

0,79

No.'

BEZD216

Pkg 80

100

2.54

031

0.79

BEZD101

64

120

3.05

.031

0.79

BEZD239

64

125

3.18

.031

0.79

BEZD102

128

150

3,81

.031

0.79

BEZD144

112

160

4.06 j

.040

1.02

BEZD247

112

187

4.75

.031

0.79

BEZD138

120

200

5.08

.031

0.79

BEZD139

120

250

6.35

.062

1.57

BEZD109J 120

300

7.62

.062

1.57

BEZD111| 120

Combination Pack

Tees

90° Elbows

Universal Corners

Q

PRICE PER PACKAGE . . . $1.95

I BEZK101

7_ BEZK102 40 [ _ 7 BEZK103 40 ] t b4 BEZK104 BEZK105 !0 BEZK106I 40 I

ARTWORK TARGETS

30 per package $1.95

PRESSURE SENSITIVE

DUAL IN-LINE (DIP)

PATTERNS

aoaBaao

aoooooo

i

Cut Pad

• Basic large terminal area

• Most commonly used pattern

PRICE PER PACKAGE . . . $1.95

No. of Leads

14

Qty/ Pico.'

32 28

Scale

1X 2X

Catalog Number

BEZ6014 BEZ6038

16

32 28

1X 2X

BEZ6004

BEZ6109

18

30 26

1X 2X

BEZ6900 BEZ6901

24

12 12

1X 2X

BEZ6S3S BEZ6536

28

12

12

1X 2X

BEZ6903 BEZ6904

40

8 8

1X

2X

BEZ6906 BEZ6907

OIBIBIOIQIBIB BIBIBIBIBIOIB

A

Cut Pad With Conductors

• Use where conductor traces must be routed between pads PRICE PER PACKAGE . . . $1.95 No. of Qty/ Catalog

Leads Pkg.' Scale Number

14

32 28

1X 2X

BEZ6760 BEZ6761

32

28

1X 2X

BEZ6763 BEZ6764

40

1X 2X

BEZ6984 BEZ698S

B 0 0 0 0 0 B jjjjpjpT

Narrow Cut Pad

► Use where a longer terminal area is desired. Can be used with conductors between terminals.

PRICE PER PACKAGE . . . $1.95

No. of Leads

Qty/ Pkg.'

Scale

Catalog

Number

14

32 28

1X 2X

BEZ6013 BEZ6071

16

32 28

1X 2X

BEZ64S3 BEZ6244

40

1X 2X

BEZ6987 BEZ6988

PRINTED CIRCUIT

"TO" STYLE PATTERNS

Price per package ... $1.95

J>

T0-18 , , ~

PATTERNS Jwj"

|JL 'CM,mml

1X SCALE.CAT. NO.t BEZS003. 36 PER PACK 2X SCALE.CAT. NO. BEZ6048, 36 PEP PACK

HEAD

T0-5

PAnERNS •°i»-< ^Q I f5

IX SCALE.CAT. NO.t BEZ6029, 36 PER PACK

wx.

HEAD

TO-5

PAnERNS

O

o°o

p •

A

X-ACTO KNIFE & BLADES^

Cat. No. EZ3101(X-ActoNo. 1) $1.50

CM. Not BEZ3110

(X-ActoNo. 16) \

5 blade pack $1.30

Cat. No.t BEZ3108 ^___

(x-ActoNo. 11) ~^-^^aa^*r;' r—>

5 blade pack $1.30 I

m

8X MAGNIFIER

1X SCALE, CAT. NO.t BEZ6021,36 PER PACK 2X SCALE. CAT. NO. BEZ6197, 32 PER PACK

10LEAD

T0-5 « ,

PAnERNS r^folft

1X SCALE.CAT. NO.t BEZ6022. 36 PER PACK 2X SCALE.CAT. NO. BEZ6198, 32 PER PACK

12-LEAD

T0-5

PATTERNS

t> o

IX SCALE.CAT. NO.t BEZ6023. 36 PER PACK 2X SCALE.CAT. NO. BEZ6203. 32 PER PACK

BASIC PRINTED CIRCUIT SEQUENTIAL REFERENCE DESIGNATION KIT

Set Sequence

125" : .iyn {3.17 mm)

CI t^C20

CRKXR10

U1t,,uU20

RlThu R40

QihuQ20

Catalog Number

No. of Seta

Per Kll

BEZ80051 $1.95

SEQUENTIAL ALPHABET KIT

Letter Characters

125" High (3.17mm)

A,E,l,O.R,T

No. 01

Each

Letter

Per Set

No. ol

Seta

Per Kit

Cat. No

C,L,nJ,S,U

D,G,H,M,P,Y

B.F.J, K.Q.V.W.X.Z

BEZ80451 2 $1.95

SEQUENTIAL NUMBERS KIT

(120 Characters Per Kit)

Set Numbers

.126" High (3.17 mm)

01234

56789

Catalog Number

No. of Seta Per Kit

BEZ80551 $1.95

• Check PC Artwork & Boards

CAT. NO. BEZ3520 $7.95

DRAFTING AIDS POLYESTER ACCUFILM CIF*»

iClear Inking Film) Ihe ideal film lot creadng precision PC artwork masters

• Excellent surlace adtiesion

• Dimensional stability

• Protective anli static coating

QUANTITY: 2 SHEETS PER PACKAGE

8V2X11 11X17 17x22 Sheet Size 12T.6* (27.9x [43.2

27,9cm) 43.2 cm) 559cm)

Catalog No! BEZ1101 bezhio BEZ1116

$ .85 $1.20 $1.95

10x10 LINES/ IN. (.100" — 2.54 mm) HEAVY ACCENT ON 10TH LINE

Polyester VALU-G RIDS

Always use a background grid during primed circuit artwork and layoul preparation to insure maximum accuracy on the final circuit board Using a grid system facilitates the placement of components terminal areas (donut pads) and conductor traces on the layoul Most multiple lead components, such as dual in-line packages (DIPS) conform to standard grid increments

Sheet Catalog Price

Size Number Per Sheet

8'/2"x11' BEZ10223 (21.6x 27 9cm)

$ .95

11"x 17"

17 9x43.2 err

BEZ10224

1.55

17"x22" BEZ10225 2 25

(43 2 < 55 9 cm)

ACCUPRINT DRAFTING and TRACING VELLUM PADS

Use these handy sheets of Bishop's ACCUPRINT drafting vellum for preliminary printed cm artwork sketches and layouts 50-Sheet Pad

SAME GRID PATTERN AS ABOVE

Sheet Size Plain 10x10 GRID

(Ungridded) Dropout Blue

16# 0027" Thick 16# 0027" Thick (0.07mm) {0 07 mm)

V2" X 11"

I?(.6i27.9cml

BEZ20207

$ 6.45

11"x17"

(27 9x43.2cm:

BEZ20211

$ 9 95

BEZ20208 $11 40

INSERTION-TYPE CONNECTOR PATTERNS

Strip* per Pack/ Contacts/ Catalog Strips/ Scale Strip Number Pack

MULTI-PURPOSE PRESPACED PADS

Center

Center Spacing

Center

All strips 4" In length

Center Spacing

Use to speed tape-up for rows ot axial lead component

pads or add DIP sizes

Pad Type

.100"

|2.54mm|

.125"

13. 175 mm

.156"

l3 962mrr

ir ir ir

1X

44

2 BEZ6805

$1.95

it- ir 11

2X

1X

22

35

"i r

-II*

1500

-1 r

5

BEZ6809

$1.95

2

BEZ6704 $1.95

.100"

12 5« mrr

-> rm

0000000000000

Scale

1X

Scale/ Pads Per

Strip

40

Strips Per

Pack

Catalog Number

J l~.

4

BEZS716

$1.95

3

BEZ6708

$1.95

5

BEZ6720 $1.95

.156"

(3 96 mm 1

¥000000000000

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2X

1X

£"„„

2X 2X

6

BEZ5003 S1.95

7

BEZSOM 11 95

6

8EZS017 1195

7 6

BEZ50H SIM

BEZ5020 J195

7

7

BEZSOS1 S185

BEZ5015 11.95

PLEASE BE SURE TO ORDER BY PART NUMBER ONLY!

BYTE November 1980

80 — 31

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

NEW! Ii S -US MICROPROCESSOR

Your Direct Route To Efficient, Creative and

Cut The High Cost Of Creativity! Combine E-Z CIRCUIT'S COPPER ELECTRONIC PACKAGING & PROTOTYPING SYSTEM With E-Z CIRCUIT'S New E-Z BUS™ CARDS And Plug Unlimited Flexibility Into Your Microprocessor System — At A Remarkably LOW COST!

E-Z CIRCUIT'S Unique New Pressure-Sensitive COPPER Printed Circuit Design System Lets You Create Your Own Printed Circuit Boards Quickly. Easily and Professionally . . Without Artwork, Photography. Or Etching!

E-Z CIRCUIT'S Unique Copper PC Design System is an aerospace-proven concept in circuit packaging that lets you construct prototypes and limited quantity production printed circuit boards directly from engineering sketches

and logic flow diagrams. Using this system, you can make production quality PC boards without artwork, photography, screening, etching, plating or any other production problems and time delays.

The flexibility and simplicity of E-Z CIRCUIT'S Copper Printed Circuit Design System reduces construction time, facilitates problem solving, speeds design changes and insures a highly reliable, technically precise PC board prototype or microprocessor interface

NEW! E-Z BUtf CARDS

Plain Microprocessor Plugboards Designed To Permit Maximum Creativity In Program Experimentation, Interface Design, And Memory Expansion

Want to build your own microprocessor interface without the hassle of modifying standard hardware7 E-Z CIRCUIT'S plain, pre-shaped. predrilled microprocessor plugboards free your design of unnecessary contacts, etching, and other extras that cost you money, yet serve no purpose in your design! Using E-Z CIRCUIT'S new Bus Cards as a base, you build the precise microprocessor design, modem control, motor control or memory expansion you require, with cost, composition, quality and reliability completely under your control.

We have an E-Z BUS™ Card specially designed to plug into your state-of-the-art microprocessor system.

• Mount any combination of E-Z CIRCUIT™ pressure-sensitive copper dual-in-lines (DIPS), and E-Z CIRCUIT wrap post sockets plus transistors, resistors, capacitors, E/M or SS relays, terminals and switches.

• Plain, non-etched surface allows unrestricted component placement and maximum flexibility for the implementation of your individual design

.042" diameter holes on 0.1" grid centers Precision pre-shaped for total compatability with microprocessor units specified Ideal for use with E-Z CIRCUIT'S pressure

sensitive Copper PC Design System or for soldering and wire wrapping applications using E-Z CIRCUIT'S standard hardware and accessories

V^

80 — 32

BYTE November 1980

PLEASE ORDER BY PART NUMBER

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PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

Model XIOOW's mini size and Finger-eze Hypo-Action permit direct multiple hookups to one pin, even with wire wraps. Connects vertically or horizontally.

IMPORTANT ORDERING INFORMATION

Most Items Available in 10 Retma Colors: BK-BLACK BR-BROWN RD - RED

OR-ORANGE YE-YELLOW GN - GREEN

BU-BLUE VT- VIOLET GY - GREY

WH-WHITE S- ONE EACH OF ALL 10 COLORS

COLOR: Must be replaced with one of the above ABBREVIATIONS.

X100W MINI HOOK

2.25'

The X100W Mini-Hook combines all the proven features that have made all E-Z-Hook products the most used Test and Trouble Shooting Aids available. The concave Plunger configuration and built-in Washer provide tireless Finger-eze HypoAction tor fast, safe, short-free testing. Hook is large enough to span most component leads, yet small enough to get into tight places. Tough, for continued use production testing, yet so gentle, it will not damage delicate components. Insulated to a single contact point for true readings.

EZH-X100W ■ COLOR $.98

EZH-X100w S -1 ea. 10 colors $9.50

JUMPER-MINI-HOOK TO MINI-HOOK

SPECIFY

Part Number

EZH204I2-COLOR EZH20412-S I ea ID colors EZH204-24-CO!l)A EZH204-24-S 1 ea. 10 colors EZH204-36-C0L0R EZH204-36-S 1 ea. 10 colors

MINI-HOOK TO STACKING BANANA PLUG

32'780cm

EZH-201W-HDorBK $1.95

MINI-HOOK TO MINIATURE BANANA PLUG EZH-CZIW-RD or BK $2.25

MINI-HOOK to .025" (.635 mm) SQUARE SOCKET WITH HEAT SHRINK INSULATOR

E-Z-LINK

0.25" SQUARE SOCKET CONTINUOUS JUMPERS

E-Z-Link Continuous Jumpers were designed to facilitate pre-testing back-panel layouts before final wire wrapping. Consisting of insulated ,025" (,635mm) Square Socket Connectors evenly spaced on 3'' centers, E-Z-Links individually snap over standard wire wrapping pins to form any desired network. Eliminate costly in-plant measuring, stripping and crimping 6ZH-L3025-BL or RD-pkg. ol 25 $19.95

XM MICRO HOOK

XPL PROBE CABLES

1.75"

The XM Micro Hook is designed for difficult IC test connections. Light weight (less than 1 gram) and Finger-eze Hypo Action permit direct hook up to delicate wires where weight and leverage may damage component.

EZH-XM COLOR $.99

EZH-XMS -1 ea. 10 colors $9.60

JUMPER-MICRO-HOOK TO MICRO-HOOK

SPECIFY LENGTH

XIOOW GROUND

SPECIFY LENGTH

BNC MALE TO BNC MALE, WEATHERPROOF, WITH STRAIN RELIEF BOOTS

SPECIFY LENGTH

Part Number

EZH-XM-12 COLOR EZH-XM-12-S I ea. 10 colors EZH-XM-24-C0L0R EZH-XM 24-S 1 ea. ID colors EZH-XM-36-C0L0R EZH-XM-36-SI ea. 10 colors

12

$ 225

12

$21.50

24

$ 2.25

24

$21.50

3fi

$ 2.25

38

$21.50

Cable:RG58C/U Part Number

EZH-1026-24 EZH-1026-36 EZH-1026-48

PRICE

Wire Length

Inches

24 $6.50

36 $6.50

48 $6.50

MICRO-HOOK TO STANDARD BANANA PLUG

32"/80cm

EZH-BXM-RD or BK $1.95

TEST CABLE WALL BRACKET

Deep Slots hold Test Cables for Easy Selection. Half slot on each end ■ end permits-mounting of two or more units side by side with no loss of space between racks.

EZH-WB6 - S3 00

Blftji

/

VIMMH I l»l"

BNC FEMALE TO BNC

EZH 9220 $2.00

BNC FEMALE TO UHF MALE ADAPTER EZH-9001 $3.6

STANDARD BANANA PLUG EZH-9202-C0L0R pkg. 2 $1.20

j :.":. I

PANEL MOUNT STANDARD BANANA JACK EZH-9217-C0L0R pkg. 4 $2.00

PART SUBSTITUTION CLIP EZH-71-l-BKpkg.2 $2.10

£=Q

SUM-LINE TEST CONNECTOR

Slim Line Probe with lightweight construction. Screw on cover for ready access to repair or replace Internal circuitry nr connections. EZH-54-1-R0 or BK $1.95

■

BNC FEMALE TO STANDARD DOUBLE BANANA PLUG ADAPTOR

EZH-9225 $3.75

flMMj .

BNC FEMALE PANEL RECEPTACLE EZH-9230 $1.20

BNC MALE CONNECTOR FOR RG58C/U CABLE EZH-8901 $1.75

BNC T ADAPTOR - 2 FEMALE AND 1 MALE CONNECTORS

EZH-9238 $4.95

UHF MALE CONNECTOR FOR RG58C/U CABLE EZH-8911 $1.50

I

STACKING BANANA PLUG EZH-9203 RD or BK pkg. 2 $1.50

STANDARD BANANA JACK EZH-9210 RO or BK pkg. 2 $1.50

STACKING DOUBLE BANANA PLUG

EZH-0B750 $2.10

ALLIGATOR CLIP LEAD SETS

10 color coded mini

clip leads 15 inches

long. 2 each red, green,

yellow, black, and

white. CAL-ACL1015 S2.19

10 color coded standard

clip leads 15 inches

long. 2 each red, green,

yellow, black, and

white.

CAL-ACL-1015H $2.69

80 — 34

BYTE November 1980

PLEASE ORDER BY PART NUMBER

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

ii

»

introducing the great new

'Super-Grip IT

test clip from A P Products

22 new models for troubleshooting DIP's safely and quickly

CHECK THESE UNIQUE FEATURES:

Naw "narrow nose' shape allows easy attachment on high density boards. Fits onto IC't with only .040" between opposing rows of leads.

New "nail-head" pins keep probe hooks from sliding off ends.

When we invented the original A P SuperGrip test clip in 1967, we thought it was perfect. . . but look at the improvements we've made!

In the process, we've retained every invaluable design feature that assures ultra-reliable, nonshorting electrical connections with positive clamping action.

And here are more bonus features:

■ Proven Alloy 770 contacts for optimum wiping action.

■ New one-piece body for each DIP size. TC-14 fits 14-pin DIP, etc.

■ Simplifies prototype and production testing, field service work, and Quality Control inspection.

Steel pin and hinge design. Made to last!

Heavy-duty, industrialgrade springs for firm contact pressure. They'll keep their spring indefinitely. No intermittents.

Also available with long, headless, test lead pins for

attaching AP juniper Cable Both rows of contacts are the same length assemblies... <not offset) and do not have "nail-heads".

STANDARD TEST CLIP

Offset pin rows allow probes to hang

free on longer pins in the top row and not interfere with shorter pins In the bottom row.

New "open-nose" design now permits probe tip access at DIP leads.

11 * ? f J®» f J

"Contsct comb" fits between DIP leads — eliminating any possibilities of shorts.

Rugged, engineering grade thermoplastic body molded around contact pins.

us Pm N«. fto

another "Faster & Easier" innovation from AP PRODUCTS INCORPORATED

^753 INTRA-CONNECTOR

PROVIDES FULL ACCESS TO LINES . . . SAVES VALUABLE TIME TESTING FLAT RIBBON CABLE SYSTEMS

* Permits quick testing of previously unprobesble circuits.

■ Provides both straight in end right-angle functions.

■ Metes with stsndard

.10"x. 10" dual-row connectors.

The A P Infra-Connector al lows immediate access to pre viously inaccessible lines. In use, the connector is interjected between mating system connectors to provide external pin contacts that can be probed individually or connected to another cable assembly; pins also can be used to facilitate daisy chaining from a single connector cable end.

Two Intra-Connectors used in conjunction with the A P Intra-Swttch form a complete test assembly for probing signals under no load and full load conditions.

Contacts are non-corrosive alloy 770. Body is glass-filled polyester.

PART NUMBER

MODEL NUMBER

ROW TO ROW

SPACING

1-49

PRICING SCHEDULE 60-99 100-249

250-499

APP

923695

TC-8

.3 IN.

$ 7.35

$ 6.90

$ 6.60

$ 6.30

APP

923698

TC-14

.3 IN.

$ 4.50

$ 4.07

S 3.82

$ 369

APP

923700

TC-16

.3 IN.

S 4.75

$ 4.28

$ 4.04

$ 3.90

APP

923702

TC-16LSI

.5/6 IN.

$ 8.95

$ 8.40

$ 8.05

$ 7.70

APP

923703

TCI 8

.3 IN.

J10.00

$ 9.40

$ 9.00

$ 8.60

APP

923704

TC-20

.3 IN.

SI 1.55

SI 0.86

$10.40

$ 9.95

APP

923706

TC-22

.4 IN.

$12.95

$12.17

$11.67

$11.17

APP

923714

TC24

.5/.6 IN.

$13.85

$12.47

$11 77

SI 1.36

APP

923718

TC-28

.5/.6 IN.

J15.25

$14.35

$13.75

$13.10

APP

923720

TC-36

.5/6 IN.

SI 9.95

$18.75

$17.95

$17.15

APP

923722

TC-40

.5/.6 IN.

$21.00

$19,75

$18.90

$18.05

PART NUMBER

HEADLESS TEST CLIP

PRICING SCHEDULE ROW TO ROW MODEL NUMBER SPACING 1-49 50-99 100-249

250 499

APP-923690-8

LTC-8

.3 IN.

$ 7.35

$ 6.90

$ 6.60

$ 6.30

APP-92369014

LTC-14

.3 IN.

$ 4.50

$ 4.07

$ 3.82

$3.69

APP-923690 16

LTC-16

.3 IN.

S 4.75

$ 4.28

$ 4.04

$ 3.90

APP-923690-16L

LTC16LSI

.5/.6IN.

$ 8.95

$ 840

$ 8.05

$ 7.70

APP 923690-18

LTC-16

.3 IN.

$10.00

$ 9.40

$ 9.00

$ 8.60

APP-923690-20

LTC-20

.3 IN.

$11.55

$10.85

$10.40

$ 9.95

APP-923690-22

LTC-22

.4 IN.

$1295

$12.17

$11.67

$11.17

APP-92369024

ITC-24

.5/6 IN.

$13.95

$12.47

$11.77

$11.36

APP-923690-28

LTC-28

.5/6 IN.

$15.25

$14.35

$13.75

$13.10

APP-923690-36

LTC-36

.5/6 IN.

$19.95

$18.75

$17.95

$17.15

APP-923690-40

LTC-40

.5/.6 IN.

$21.00

$19.75

$18.90

$18.05

No. of Dim. Contacts "A"

Part Number

Model Price No. Each

20 26 34 40 50

1.160 APP-922576-20

1.460 APP-922576-26

1.860 APP-922576-3.

2.160 APP-922576-4C

2.660 APP-922576-50

-\ «■ r

iooivp

t

■ «

• » it

y

IC-20 IC-26 IC-34 IC-40 IC-50

TYP

$6.00 6.90 8.10 9.00

10.50

TVP MO TVP

No. of Dim. Contacts "A"

20 26 34 40 50

XX XX XX XX XX XX XX' XX'

INTRA-SWITCH

ALLOWS ANY LINE TO BE OPENED OR CLOSED... ANOTHER TIME SAVER IN TESTING FLAT RIBBON I CABLE SYSTEMS

■ Permits instant line-byline switching for diag nostic or QA testing.

■ Switches ectusted with pencil or probe tip.

■ Metes with stendsrd .10' x. 10"dual-row connectors.

The A P Intra Switch allows opening and closing any number of lines, individually, at system interconnection points. Applications include switching command signals to control boards as well switching I/O signals to or from test equipment and for programming optional preset logic functions.

Design features include: low profile for use in confined areas, switch buttons reces sed in face of covers to eliminate accidental switching, and position "1" identification.

Wiping action and spherical detents maximize contact in tegrity.

An Intra-switch used ir conjunction with two A P In tra-Connectors form a com plete test assembly for pro bing signals under no load and full load conditions.

Contacts are non-corrosive alloy 770. Body is glass-filled polyester.

Part Number

1.160 1.460 1.860 2.160 2.660

APP-922578-2C APP-922578-2C APP-922578-34 APP-922578-40 APP-922578-50

Model

Price

No.

Each

IS-20

$12.00

IS-26

13.80

IS-34

16.20

IS-40

18.00

IS-50

21.00

_I7

2*0 4O0

- r- OWTVP

«

-~r tit.

Lff

= TVP

1

PLEASE ORDER BY PART NUMBER

BYTE November 1980 80 — 35

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

m

DIP JUMPERS

FLAT RIBBON CABLE ASSEMBLIES WITH DIP CONNECTORS

• Available with 14,16, 24 and 40 contacts.

• Mate with standard IC sockets.

• Fully assembled and tested.

• Integral molded-on strain relief.

• Discrete test points for lineby-line probeability.

CALL FOR QTY. PRICING

SINGLE-ENDED DIP JUMPERS

No. Contacts

Length 36"

14

APP-924102-36 $3.49

IS

APP-924112-36

53.69

24

APP-924122-36 BUM

A P DIP Jumpers are the low-cost, high-quality solution tor jumpering within a PC board; interconnecting between PC boards, backplanes and motherboards; interfacing Input/ Output signals; and more.

All assemblies use rainbow cable. Standard lengths are 6,12.18,24 and 36 inches.

« APP-924132-36

40 $10.09

DOUBLE-ENDED DIP JUMPERS

■a CortKU

Lmgth

r

Lwiglh

Lsngth

ir

Lmjtti 24"

length J6"

H

APP-9Z410W CM

APP-924I06-I? S3 96

APP-92410J-1S HI 9

APP424106-Z4 K49

APP-92410636

M

IB

APP4Z41IM

tug

APP-02411612

4PP-924I16I8 S4M

APP-924116-24 SABS

APP-92411636 tS49

14

APP424IZH

ait

»PP 9241261! SM9

APP-92412S-II 1719

APP024I26-24

17 69

APP-92412639

tug

40

APP4241JW

Stan

APP-924I3M2 III IS

APP 92413618 112.1)9

APP-B24136-24 112.99

APP-924I36J6 11479

m

i A

A P PRODUCTS INCORPORATED FLAT RIBBON CABLE ASSEMBLIES

• Choice of 3 types of end connectors molded on and factory tested.

• Daisy chain and single-end also available.

• 5 popular sizes to choose from: 20,26,34,40 and 50 contacts, each with line-by-line probe access holes.

• Choice of 2 cable types and 5 lengths. FLAT RIBBON CABLE

Stranded, 28 AWG with laminated PVC insulation.

"Electric Pink" cable has red stripe on one edge for orientation. Used only on double-end and daisy chain assemblies.

"Rainbow" cable is coded in standard 10-color sequence on front. Serpentine striping on back aids in identifying wire number and wire group during tear down separation for discrete wire terminations. Used only on single-end jumpers.

/

CARD-EDGE JUMPERS

Mates with double-sided V16" PC board up to 2.050" wide with contact fingers on .100" centers. Probe access holes in back.

CARD-EDGE JUMPERS

DOUBLE END SINGLE END DAISY CHAIN

Electric Pink Rainbow 13 connKlortl

Electric Pink

r ar r

APP-924052-06-1) APP 924062-36 B APP 924092 06 fl 88.89 J64J 813.29

APP-924053-06-8 APP 924063-36-R APP92409306P 89.99 1759 II4J9

APP-924064-06-8 APP-924064-38-8 APP 924094068 81239 SOS) 818.49

/

APP-924055-06-B APP-9240S5J8-B APP 924086O8-R 814.46 811-19 821.89

APP 92405606R APP 924066-36 8 APP-924096O6-8 81589 812.79 82349

SOCKET JUMPERS

Mates with .025" square or dia. posts spaced on patterns of .100" centers. Probe access holes in back.

SOCKET JUMPERS

DOUBLE EN0 JUMPER ASSEMBLIES Stearic Pink Cibli

SINSLE END flllnbow

DAIST CHAIN [3 connsclonj Hiclrlc Pink

APP 924002-06-8 APP 924002-168 APP 924002 36-8 APP 924012-36-8 APP924072O6B 84W 8609 8659 KM 8739

APP 9240034)6-8 APP 924003 18-8 APP924003-368 APP 92401336-8 APP 924073-06 R 88-49 J72? 865J J6M 8969

APP 924004-068 APP 924004 18R APP92400436B APP92401436B APP-92407M6-8 8649 SIM ill 19 88.29 812.69

APP 924005-068 APP 924005 18-8 APP 924005-369 APP924016368 APP 924075-068 89.99 $1L5» 8J2M 8069 814.89

APP 924006-06H APP-924006IB-B APP-92400636-B APP-ffiWKHS-n APP-924076O8-B 812.39 813.99 816.29 811.99 818.49

double-row JUMPER HEADERS

'''MALE and FEMALE

Ideal mates for "GREAT JUMPERS"

Solder to PC boards for instant plug-in access via socketconnector jumpers

.025" square posts are molded into plastic header strip on a .10" x .10" matrix

Choice of straight or right angle configurations

MATERIALS: Dielectric is thermoplastic polyester, unaffected bv wave soldering or board cleaning solvents. Posts are fabricated from copper alloy

HEADERS

FEMALE HEADERS

■ Mate with matrices of .025" square or round posts on .100" centers

■ Ideal as single and dual-row cable connectors for back panels and patchboard matrices

■ 36 "tuning fork" contacts per row in rugged nylon header strip

■ May be "cut-to-length" for shorter rows of contacts

■ Single and dual-row strips available

Female A P Headers are siackable to maintain .100-inch row !o-row spacing. Solder tails are sized for PC board mount inq or cable attachment. Built-in stand oils facilitate wave soldering and board cleaning. Dual-row headers are ultrasonically welded at the factory.

STRAIGHT

No. Posts

aim.

"A"

Dim.

Part Number

Price 2 sets

100 TYP -

WnrtlTuTlTTTtrT

4

zo

26 34 40

so

RIGHT ANGLE

No. Posts

1.0 1.3 1.7 2.0 2.5

Dim "A"

0.9 1.2 1.6 1.9 2.4

APP-923862-R APP-923B63-R APP-923864-R APP-923865-R APP-923866-R

Pari Number

SI.59 $1.89 $2.39 $2.79 $3.39

Price 2 sets

20 26 34 40 50

1.0 1.3 1.7 2.0 2.5

0.9 1.2 1.6 1.9 2.4

APP 923872 R $1.89

APP-923873-R $2.39

APP-923874-R $2.99

APP-923875R $3.49

APP-923876-R $4.29

Tvpical application: board-to-board interconnection.

MALE HEADERS-STRAIGHT & RIGHT ANGLE For economical attachment of complete matrices of .025" square posts to PC boards to serve as male contacts for interconnection systems

Ideal for mating with single and dual-row female connectors; also use as patch-board for discrete, singleposition connections

■ 36 posts per row — molded into nylon header strip Break-to-length" feature allows making short rows

Male A P Headers are stackable to maintain .100 inch row-to-row spacing. All may be wire wrapped on reverse side of PC board. Built-in stand-offs facilitate wave soldering and board cleaning. Dual-row headers are ultrasonically welded at the factory.

MATERIALS

DIELECTRIC: Thermoplastic

polyester. POSTS: Full-hard copper

alloy 770.

FBmale Rows Part No. Price Ea.

1

APP-929974

$1.49

2

APP-929975

$3.09

MODELS for wire wrapping

Male 1600) Rows

Part No.

Price Ea.

Straight

1

APP-929834-0S

$2.29

Straight

2

APP 929836-05

$4.59

Rl angle

1

APP-929835-03

$2.09

Rl angle

2

APP-929838-03

$4.59

7ar7 length shown as (.600) in drawings.

Male 1.1001

Rows

Pari No.

Price Ea.

Straight 1 APP-929834-01 $1.09

Straight 2 APP-929636-01 $2.29

RL angle 1 APP-929835-01 $1.29

fit angle 2 APP-929838-01 $2.99

80 — 36

BYTE November 1980

CALL FOR QUANTITY PRICING

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

Introducing

POWERACE

Use a POWERACE for faster and easier prototyping of all types of electronic circuits

• 1680 sotderless. plug-In tie points...will hold up to 18 14-pin DIP't.

• Breadboard elements accept all DIP sizes...including RTL. DTL, TTLand CMOS devices, TO-5's and discretes with leads up to .032" dla.

• All connections to/from switches. Indicators, power supplies and meters are made via solderless, plug-in, tie-point blocks on control panels.

• Interconnect with any solid 20 to 30 AWG wire.

• Breadboard elements are mounted on ground planes...ideal for high-frequency and high-speed/low-noise circuits.

• Short-circuit-proof fused power supplies.

• Operate on 110 to 130 VAC at 60 Hz.

• Space-age compact styling and high-grade components permit convenient, organized and quick prototyping. SHIPPING WEIGHT - 4 LBS^

POWERACE 103 APP-923103

POWERACE 101

APP-923101

POWERACE 102

APP-923102

$124.95 $79.95 $124.95

Triple-output power supply for prototyping both linear and digital circuits.

The general purpose model for prototyping all types of

cimujts.

The complete digital prototyping lab with FREE logic probe built in!

An inree of these brand new POWERACE mooeis offer a new dimension In convenience lor fast solderless, circuit building and testing.

In addition to built in power supplies, each model incorporates two ol the famous AP Products Super Strip universal plug-in breadboards. (See Super Strip page lor complete details.) Combined, they provide 16 distribution buses of 25 lie points per

POWERACE 101

POWER SUPPLY is required and adjustable from •5 to +15 VDC at 600 mA. Ripple/noise is elO mV at lull load. Line and load regulation is s£3'/ti.

METER is built in 0-15 VOC. Inputs are accessible at lie point blocks on control panel which allows monitoring of power supply or circuits. Meter accuracy is 5% of full scale.

POWERACE 103

TRIPLE-OUTPUT POWER SUPPLY has outputs of +5 VDC at 750 mA; +15 VDC at 250 mA: and -15 VOC at 250 mA. Ripple/noise is 10 mV at lull toad for all outputs. Line and load regulation is t;l% lor all outputs, i 15-volt outputs track.

METER is built in 15-0-15 VDC. Input is accessible at tie-point blocks on control panel which allows monitoring of power supply or circuits. Meter accuracy is 5Do ol full scale.

TWO LOGIC INDICATORS (LED s| have buffered inputs that require 1 microamp max.

TWO LOGIC SWITCHES, momentary, with denounce circuitry. Both Q and Q outputs can sink 15 mA. and source 5 mA.

TWO DATA SWITCHES with logic 1 and logic 0 outputs have unlimited sinking capabilities and can source 10 mA.

bus. These may be jumpered in groups as desired and used for voltage and ground distribution, reset lines, clock lines, shift command, etc. The remaining 1280 tie points are for plugging in circuit components and jumper wires.

As a bonus, a free logic probe is incorporated Into model 102.

POWERACE 102 POWER SUPPLY is regulated +5 VDC at 1 amp. Ripple/noise Is -sJO mV at lull load. Line and load regulation is =sl%. PULSE DETECTION WITH MEMORY is built-in. Will detect positive or negative going pulses as short as 10 nanoseconds. Memory is reset by momentary switch on control panel. THREE LOGIC INDICATORS |LED's| have buffered Inputs that require 1 microamp max.

FREE LOGIC PROBE the above pulse

detection with memory plus logic indicator features constitute a tree, built-in logic probe1

TWO LOGIC SWITCHES, momentary, with debounce circuitry. Both Q and Q outputs can sink 15 mA. and source 5 mA.

FOUR DATA SWITCHES with logic 1 or logic 0 outputs have unlimited sinking capabilities and can source 10 mA.

CLOCK GENERATOR has the following frequencies available: 1 Hz. 10 Hz. 100 Hz, 1 KHz. 10 KHz and 100 KHz with a 50% duty cycle. C output will sink 15 mA and source 5 mA. C output will sink or source 50 mA.

ONE-SHOT PULSE GENERATOR has output of 7 ms pulse, positive or negative going. Both Q and Q outputs can sink 15 mA and source 400 microamps.

§NK SUPER-STRIPS

UNIVERSAL BREADBOARDING ELEMENTS WITH SOLDERLESS PLUG-IN TIE POINTS

I1 ■ '" It

■ Combine distribution system with

universal .1" x .1" matrix

■ 840 solderless. plug-in tie-points

• Accommodates up to 914-pin DIPs

■ Compatible with all DIP's and discretes with lead diameters to .032"

■ Require no special patch cords

The A P Super-Strips combine a power/signal distribution system with a matrix of 128 terminals, each with 5 tie points. The distribution system consists of eight buses, each individual bus consisting of a line of 25 tie points. All tie points are the solderless, plug-in type of the same design used on A P Terminal Strips and A' P Distribution Strips.

The Super Strip will accept all DIP'S, TO-5's and discrete components with lead diameters up to .032 inches. As many as nine 14-pin DIP's can be accommodated. Any solid wire up to No. 20 A.W.G. can be used for interconnections.

Super-Strips may be permanently mounted with the integral non-shorting instant-mounting backing, or for quick removal, they may be mounted with screws (supplied) on panels up to 1/8" thick. Hardware and mounting templates are provided with every strip Body material is acetal copolymer.

SS-2 (Alloy 770 terminals! A PA 923252 $17.00

SS-1 IGold-plated terminals) APA-923748 $29.95

TERMINAL and DISTRIBUTION STRIPS

Model 2641 Terminal Strip,

AP^92326t......tlfJB

Model 212B Distribution Strip, 24 four-tie point terminals,

APP-923277 $2.50

Modet 248L Terminal Strip, 96 five tie point terminals,

APP-923265 S10.00

BREADBOARDING BUILDING BLOCKS WITh UNIVERSAL MATRICES

OF SOLDERLESS APP-923281 $2.25

PLUG-IN TIE-POINTS

'..,.'.:"::

.I209RDKT

mon Smp.

Model 264R Terminal Strip, 128 (our-tie point terminals

APP-923289 $10.00

Mode) 1540 Terminal Strip 54 four tie point Terminals

APP-923291 $6.00

Model 606R Distribution Smp, 36 four tie-point terminals,

APP-923293 $3.50

K::B:jl\ ===!:=== * ^■l*iv!^*\\m<-l ■

JUMPER WIRE KIT

Each kit contains 350 wires cut to 14 different lengths from 0.1" to 5.0."

Each wire is stripped and the leads are bent 90° for easy insertion.

Wire length is classified by color coding.

All wire is solid tinned 22 gauge with PVC insulation.

The wires come packed in a convenient plastic box.

_B APP-92335I JK-1... $10.95

■

for fast,

solderless,

All-Circuit Evaluator

plug-in circuit

building and testing

Just plug in any components with leads to .032" dia. Inte connect with solid wire up to 20 ga. Assembled models too

Part

ACE

Tit

DIP

No.

No.

Board Size

Price ^^^.

No.

Model No.

Points

Capacity

Buses

Posts

(inches)

Each ^

APP-923333

200-K (kit)

728

8(16's)

2

2

4-9/16x5-9/16

$18.95

APP923332

208 (assem.)

872

8(16's)

8

2

4-9/16x5-9/16

28.95

APP-923334

20I-K (kit)

1032

12 (14's)

2

2

16x7

24.95

APP-92333I

2I2 (assem.)

1224

12 (14s)

8

2

4-9/16 x 7

34.95

APP-923326

218 (assem)

1760

18 (14s)

10

2

6-1/2x7-1/8

46.95

APP-923325

227 (assem.)

2712

27 (14's)

28

4

8x9-1/4

59.95

APP-923324

236(assem)

3648

36(14's)

36

4

10-1/4x9-1/4

79.95

Gold-anodized aluminum base/

ground; non-corrosive nickel-si

ver terminals: 4 rubber feet

SHIPPING WEIGHT

ACE •

Model 236

CA, AK, HI, CALL (213) 894-8171

BYTE November 1980

80 — 37

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

PROTO-BOARD^ UNITS

All the speed and convenience of GT sockets and Bus Strips plus backplanes and binding posts in both kits and preassembled units. Assemble, test and modify circuits as fast as voucan think;.

• IS COntlMtltKl SMCWITHS OOHTOMTKM

PROTO-BOARD PB-6 KITHOLDS 10,14 PIN IC'S

Contains one preassembled QT-47S socket, two preassembled QT-47B bus strips, tour binding posts, metat ground/base plate, non-marring feet and all hardware. Ten minute assembly time. Size: 6" I, x 4" w. x 1,4" h. Weight: 7 ozs. GSCPB6 $19.95

PROTO-BOARD PB-100 KITHOLDS 10,14 PIN IC'S

Contains two preassembled QT-35S sockets, one preassembled QT-35B bus strip, two binding posts, non-metallic base plate, non-marring feet and all hardware. Ten minute assembly time. Size: 4.5" w. x 6" I, x 1,4" h. Weight: 7.5 ozs GSCPBIOO-Complete $21.95

PROTO-BOARD PB-101HOLDS10,14 PIN IC'S

Fully assembled breadboard contains two QT-35S sockets

and four QT-35B bus strips mounted on metal ground/base

plate with non-marring feet. Excellent for audio and small

digital projects. Size: 6.0" I. x 4.5" w. x 1.4" h. Weight: 9

ozs.

GSCPB101 $25.00

PROTO-BOARD PB-102HOLDS12,14 PIN IC'S

Fuliy assembled breadboard contains two QT-47S sockets, three QT-47B bus strips and one QT-35B bus strip on a metal ground/base plate with non-marring feet. Excellent tor intermediate digital needs Size: 7.4" I. x 4.5" w, x 1.4" h Weight: 10 ozs. GSCPB102 $30.00

PROTO-BOARD PB-103H0LDS24,14 PIN IC'S

Fully assembled breadboard contains three QT-59S sockets, four QT-59B and one QT-47B bus strip, four binding posts on a metal ground/base plate with non-marring feet. Build calculators, interfaces, networks, etc. Size: 9" I. x 6" w. x 1.4" h. Weight: 21 ozs. GSCPB103 $50.00

PROTO-BOARD PB-104H0LDS32,14 PIN IC'S

Fully assembled breadboard contains four QT-59S sockets, seven QT-59B bus strips and four binding posts on a metal ground/base plate with non-marring feet. Build a CPU. encoder, complex display, etc. Size: 9.8" I x 8" w x 1.4" h. Weight: 29 ozs. GSCPB104 $66.00

PROTO-BOARD PB-203HOLDS24,14 PIN IC'S

Fully assembled breadboard contains built-in, short-proof, fused, 5 VDC at 1 amp, regulated power supply, in addition to three QT-59S sockets, four QT-59B bus strips, one QT-47B bus strip and four binding posts. Capacity for most digital and many analog projects. Size: 9.75" I. x 6.6" w. x 3.25" h. Weight: 5 lbs. GSCPB203 $105.00

PROTO-BOARD PB-203A

Provides all the features of Proto-Board PB-203 with additional + 15 and -15 VDC at 0.5 Amp power supplies with internally ad|ustable output voltages. Size: Same as PB-203. Weight: 5 5 lbs GSCPB203A $160.00

PROTO-BOARD KIT PB-203AK

Kit version of Model PB-203A. Kit contains all components of model PB-203A plus solder, hook-up wire and easy-tofollow instructions. Weight: 5.5 lbs. GSCPB203AK $136.00

QUICK TEST SOCKETS AND BUS STRIPS

Universal breadboarding system eliminates the soldering iron. QT sockets provide terminals, each consisting of five pre-connected tie-points, running across the width of the socket. QT bus strips consist of two rows of connected tiepoints (in groups of five) which run the length of the bus strip. All QT sockets and bus strips are molded of hightemperature plastic so that leads and wires can be soldered while plugged in. Specially engineered, largeaperture holes guide leads into contacts easily and effortlessly. Contacts are pre-stressed, spring-loaded, non-corrosive, nickel silver alloy. Average contact resistance is 0 5 milliohm initially; 0.4 milliohm after use Any diameter lead from .015" to .032" may be used. All QT units are .33" thick: all sockets are 1.32" wide; all bus strips are .36" wide. Units mount with 4-40 flat-head screws from the front or 6-32 self-tapping screws from the rear. QT units feature unique snap/lock mechanism which mates units together in seconds to expand or contract a breadboard system at will.

*m§

9fi=*

QT-59S QT-59B QT-47S QT-47B QT-35S QT-35B

■::'.':«£$£*

•ssass

4 va =<■.: sk an «• «,:: tat mm

. „■■!,-„-„ „-, ,„. „

•::. :••*•>::: •••.'•. •

'•'-v*

*«SK SKJittS KiS IKfl iSKJ KM KJR»

w*

*■'I: :■■■':■ '■ *

• !§ll5|pf;;; . •

CSC No.

GSC-QT-59S GSC-QT-47S GSC-QT-35S

GSC-QT-59B GSC-QT-47B GSC-QT-35B

•KBi »JB .RSf KJK KST MJE*,

Mtg. Length Dimen.. Ins. Ins. QT SOCKETS

65 6.2x0.7 5.3 5.0x0.7 4.1 3.8x0.7 QT BUS STRIPS

6.5 6.2x0.7 5.3 5.0x07 41 3.8x0.7

Price

$12.95 9.75 7.25

2.75 2.50

2.20

EXPERIMENTOR BREADBOARDING SOCKETS

Solderless breadboarding sockets accept DIP'S, transistors, LEDs, resistors, capacitors, and most all types of discrete components, as well as #22-30 solid hookup wire. An interlocking system permits boards to be snapped together for optimum configuration for any circuit. Sockets are molded of durable, abrasion resistant material and feature prestressed, nickel-silver contacts, A vinyl plastic backing prevents shorts when sockets are mounted on metallic surfaces. Tie-points are alphanumerically identified for faster wiring and circuit tracing. Sockets can be used loose or fastened to a mounting surface. EXPERIMENTOR EXP-300—With 0.3" center channel spacing to fit the smaller DIP'S. Size, %" d. x 2.1" w. x6" Ig.

GSCEXP300 $12.00

EXPERIMENTOR EXP-350-With 0.3" center channel spacing to fit the smaller DIP'S. Size W d. x 2.1" w. x3.6" Ig.

GSCEXP350 6.75

EXPERIMENTOR EXP-325-With 0.3" center channel spacing to fit the smaller DIP'S. Size3/s" d. x 2.1" w. x 1.66" Ig.

GSCEXP-325 3-50

EXPERIMENTOR EXP-600-With 0.6" center channel spacing to fit the larger DIP'S. Size3*" d. x2.4" w. x6" Ig.

GSCEXP600 14.75

EXPERIMENTOR EXP-650-With 0.6" center channel spacing to fit the larger DIP'S. Size 3/s" d. x 2.4" w. x 3.6" Ig.

GSCEXP650 8.75

EXPERIMENTOR EXP-4B-With 40-point bus strips. Size,

%" d. x1.0" w, X6.0" Ig,

GSCEXP4B 4.75

EXPERIMENTOR SCRATCHBOARD™ WORKPADS

Start breadboarding even before parts are assembled Or, sketch a working breadboard and save it for later. Preprinted pads of paper with a light blue breadboard hole pattern give you a head start.

EXPERIMENTOR MATCHBOARD'M Go from breadboard to finished PC board non-stop. Predrilled, pre-etched, copper-clad PC boards speed the work. The component side is silk-screened with alphanumeric index.

EXP-300P-One Matchboard, Net Each $2.70

EXP-302—Three 50-sheet Scratchboard workpads.

Net each $3.30

EXP-303-Two Matchboards and one EXP-300 Breadboard. Net Each $16.00

EXP-304-Two Matchboards, one EXP-300 Breadboard and one Scratchboard. Net Each 17.00

LOGIC PROBES

CSC logic probes are the ultimate tools for digital design and testing. These hand-held units provide an instant overview of circuit conditions. Simple to use: just clip power leads to circuit's power supply, set logic family switch to TTL/DTL or CMOS/HTL. Touch probe to test node. Trace logic events and pulses through digital circuits. Even stretch and latch for easy pulse detectionInstant recognition of high, low or invalid levels, open circuits and nodes. Simple, dual-level detector LED s tell it quickly, correctly. HI (Logic "1"); LO (Logic "0"J. Also incorporates blinking pulse detector, e.g., HI and LO LEDs blink on or off, tracking "1" or "0" states at square wave frequencies up to 1.5 MHz. Pulse LED blinks during pulse transition. Choice of three models to meet individual requirements; budget, project and speed of logic circuits.

LP-1 LOGIC PROBE—Hand-held logic probe provides instant reading of logic levels for TTL. DTL, HTLorCMOS. Input Impedance: 100,000 Ohms. Min. Detectable Pulse: 50 ns. Max. Input Signal (Frequency): 10 MHz. Pulse Detector (LED): High speed train or single event. Pulse Memory: Pulse or level transition detected and stored. GSCLP1 $50.00

LP-2 LOGIC PROBE-Economy version of Model LP-1. Safer than a voltmeter. More accurate than a scope. Input Impedance: 300,000 Ohms. Min. Detectable Pulse: 300 ns. Max. Input Signal (Frequency): 1.5 MHz. Pulse Detector (LED): High speed train or single event. Pulse

Memory: none. GSCLP2 $28.00

GSLP3—High speed logic probe. Captures pulses as short as 10 ns. Input Impedance: 500,000 Ohms. Minimum Detectable Pulse: 6 ns. Max. Input Signal (Frequency): 60 MHz. Pulse Detector (LED): High speed train or single event. Pulse Memory: Pulse or level transition detected and stored. GSCLP3 $77.00

DIGITAL PULSER

The ultimate in speed and ease of operation. Simply connect clip leads to positive and negative power, then touch DP-1's probe to a circuit node: automatic polarity sensor detects circuit's high or low condition. Depress the pushbutton and trigger an opposite polarity pulse into the circuit. Fast, troubleshooting includes injecting signals at key points in TTL, DTL, CMOS or other popular circuits. Test with single pulse or 100 pulses per second via built-in dual control pushbutton button selects single shot or continuous modes. LED indicator monitors operating modes by flashing once for single pulse or continuously for a pulse train. Completely automatic, probe-size lab/field pulse generator for any family of digital circuits. Output: Tnstate. Polarity: Pulse-sensing auto-polarity. Sync and Source: 100 mA. Pulse Train: 100 pps. LED Indicator: Flashes for single pulse; stays lit for pulse train. GSCDP1 $83.00

LOGIC MONITOR

Trace signals through all types of digital circuits. Unit clips over any DIP IC up to 16 pins. Each of its 16 contacts connects to a single-bit level detector that drives a highintensity, numbered LED readout activated when the applied voltage exceeds a fixed 2 V threshold. Logic "1" turns LED on; logic "0" keeps LED off. A power-seeking gate networks automatically locates supply leads and feeds them to the LM-1's internal circuitry. Saves minutes, even hours in design troubleshooting, debugging of equipment. Voltage Threshold: 2 V ±0.2 V Input Impedance: 100,000 Ohms. Input Voltage Range: 4-15 V max. across any two or more inputs. Current Drain: 200 mA at 10 V. Size: 4" I. x2" w. x1.75" d. whenopen. Weight: 3 ozs. GSCLMI $60.00,

80 — 38

BYTE November 1980

PLEASE ORDER BY PART NUMBER

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

LOGICAL ANALYSIS KITS

The increasing use and complexity of digital logic has created the need for portable and compact test equipment. The Logical Analysis Kits contain design/test/ troubleshooting instruments that detect and locate logic problems, as well as component or mechanical failures, down to a specific IC pin. The Logic Pulser (the source) and the Logic Probe or Logic Monitor (detectors) instantly provide static and dynamic logic state analyses. These portable compact units save time in all phases of digital work.

GSC Model LTC-1 Logical Analysis Kit—Complete with LP-1 logic Probe, DP-1 Logic Pulser, LM-1 Logic Monitor, wiring accessories, manuals and molded case. . $220.00 GSC Model LTC-2 Logical Analysis Kit—For high-speed and memory analysis. Same as Model LTC-1, except substitutes LP-3 High-Speed Logic Probe $250.00

MAX100 100MHZ FREQUENCY COUNTER

Specifications.

Frequency Range: 20 Hz to 100 MHz guaranteed; 110 MHz typical. Gate Time: 1 sec. Resolution: 1 Hz. Accuracy: ±1 count ± time base error. Input Impedance: 1 Magohm shunted by 56pR Coupling: AC. Sine Wave Sensitivity: 30 mV RMS at 50 MHz. Internal Time Base Frequency: 3.579545 MHz crystal oscillator. Stability: ±3 ppm at 25°C. Temperature Stability: Better than 0.2 ppm/°C, 0-50°C Max. Aging: 10 ppm/year. Display: Eight 0.6" LED digits. Lead-Zero Blanking: Decimal point appears between 6th and 7th digit when input exceeds 1 MHz. Overflow: With signals over 99,999,999 Hz, most significant (left hand) digit flashes, allowing readings in excess of 100 MHz. Display Update: 1/6 sec. plus 1 sec. gate time. Low Battery Indicator: When battery supply falls below 6.6 VDC, all digits flash at 1 Hz. Power Required: Internal, 6 "AA" cells; external, 110 or 220 VAC charger/eliminator, auto cigarette lighter adapter or 7.2-10 VDC external supply. Battery Charging: 12-14 hrs. Size: 1.75"h. x 5.63" w. x 7.75" d. Weight: Less than 1.5 lbs. with batteries

CSC Model MAX-100 Frequency Counter- $149.00

MAX-100 ACCESSORIES

GSC 100-CA1-100 VAC Charger/eliminator 12.45

GSC 100-IPC—Input cable with clip leads 7.45

GSC Model PS-500 Prescaler-500 MHz 10:1 70.00

GSC 100-CC—Carrying case 12.45

MAX-50 FREQUENCY COUNTER

A mini-sized, hand-held frequency counter featuring the latest LSI circuitry and advanced engineering provides accurate frequency measurement and operating simplicity. Can be used to check AM, CB. Business Radio, audio, ultrasonics and many others. Frequency Range: 100 Hz to 50 MHz. Input Impedance: More than 1 Megohm, diode protected. Input Connector: Miniature phone jack. Input Coupling: AC. Sensitivity: 30 mVfrom 100 Hz to 30 MHz; 100 mV from 30 MHz to 50 MHz. Maximum Input: 200 Vp-p to 1 kHz; 75 Vp-pfrom1 kHz to 10 MHz; 50 V p-p to 50 MHz. Time Base Accuracy: ± 3 ppm at 25°C. Temperature Stability: Better than 0.2 pprnAC from 0° C to 50° C. Display: Six 0.1" magnified LEDs with anti-glare window. Zero Blanking: All zeros to the left of the first significant digit are blanked; decimal points light automatically. Display Update: 6 per-second. Power Requirements: One 9 V alkaline battery or battery eliminator. Size: 3" h. x 6" w. x 1.5" d. Weight: 8 ozs.

GSC MAX-50—Frequency Counter $77.00

GSC MMAC2 AC Adapter-For 110 VAC 12.45

GSC MMA4 Mini Antenna- 4.95

GSC MM-IPC Input Cable Clip Leads- 4.95

GSC MMC5 Carrying Case— 7.45

MAX-550 FREQUENCY COUNTER

550 MHz VERSION OF ABOVE

GSC MAX-550- $165.00

6001 FREQUENCY COUNTER

Model 6001 bench-top frequency counter is designed for applications from audio to UHF, in communications, data processing, process control. RF and digital design, multiplex, etc. Exceptional flexibility in general-purpose lab and test-bench applications. Extremely accurate measurements from 50 Hz to 650 MHz. Inputs (Front Panel): Two inputs provided through front-panel BNC connectors. "A" input is for signal frequencies from 5 Hz to 100 MHz; 1 Megohm +25 pF input impedance; a low-pass filter provides 3 dB/octave rolloff at 50 KHz. "B' input is for signal frequencies from 40 to 650 MHz; 50 Ohms input impedance; fuse protected. Gate Times: Three pushbuttonselectable gate times (0.1,1.0 and 10 sec.) provide resolutions of 10, 1 and 0.1 Hz respectively; a front-panel LED indicates gate-open condition. Timebase: A precision 10 MHz crystal oven oscillator (0.5 ppm, 0-50c C) provides internal reference, or an external reference may be selected by a rear-panel switch. The oven oscillator output is buffered and made available at a rear-panel BNC connector. A second rear-panel BNC connector provides the input connection for an external timebase reference signal. Use of an external timebase other than 10 MHz permits the 6001 to operate in a scaling (also called rescaling) mode, in which the output is presented in units othen than Hz. This permits the 6001 to be used as a directly-duplicating digital display in a number of applications, including transducer translation, flow monitoring, tachometry, etc. Display: 8digit, 7-segments, 0.43" LED display features zero blanking. Decimal point indicates frequency in MHz. A contrast enhancement filter assures legibility, even in high ambient light conditions. Discrete front-panel LEDs provide Oven Ready, Overflow and Gate Open indications. In addition, the leftmost digit (of the 8-digit display) flashes to indicate counter overflow. Controls: Power, Gate Time Select, A/B Input Select, Low Pass Filter In/Out, Internal/External Time Base (rear-panel). Power Required: 105-135 VAC, 57-63 Hz. 10 VA max; 215-250 VAC, 50-60 Hz version available. Operating Temperature: 0-50° C. Size: 3" h. x 10" w. x 7" d. Weight: 3 lbs.

Frequency Counter—Net Each $385.00

Input Fuse Kit—Includes two miniature 1/10 amp fuses (for B input protection). Net per Kit $7.50

5001 UNIVERSAL COUNTER-TIMER

Designed for electronic measurements and display of frequency, period, interval and counted events. Unique full input signal conditioning on both channels, including attenuators, slope selection and variable trigger level. Variable delay between measurements. Frequency: Up to 10 MHz in four ranges. Selectable Gate Times: .01, 0.1, 1.0 or 10 seconds. Display indicates frequency (in KHz) at A Input. Period: Measures period of signal at A input, 400 nsec. to 10 sec; measures signal cycle or averages over 10, 100 or 1,000 cycles. Display indicates time period. Frequency Ratio: Counts number of cycles occurring at A input (to 10 MHz) during one cycle at B input (to 2 MHz), or averages over 10,100 or 1,000 cycles at B input. Useful for scaling measurements. Display indicates ratio Fa/Fb. Time Interval: Measures time between given signal edge occurring at A input (starts measurement) and given edge occurring at B input (ends measurement), from 200 nsec. to 10 sec. May average over 10, 100 or 1,000 intervals, or measure single interval. Event Count: Counts up to 99,999,999 events at up to 10 MHz. "Run" pushbutton enables counting with running count continuous displayed: when "hold" button is pushed displayed count is frozen while counting continues; returns to continuous display when the "Run" button is pushed again. Third ("Reset") button resets count. Delay: Variable control causes 75 msec, to 7.5 sec. delay between measurement cycles to facilitate viewing or recording of displayed readings. Detent position freezes display indefinitely following next measurement cycle. Full Signal Conditioning On Both Inputs: Both inputs incorporate x1/x10/x100 selectable attenuator. +/— slope selector and variable trigger level control. Both inputs are 1 Megohm at 25 pf, DC coupled. Display: Bright, 8-digit, 7-segment, 0.43" LED display, drive for high visibility. Decimal point position gives frequency measurements in KHz, time measurements in micro-seconds. Discrete LED indicators show overflow (when count exceeds 99,999,999) and gate-open conditions. Operating Temperature: 0-50° C. Power Required: 105-135 VAC, 57-63 Hz, 10 VA max.; 215-250 VAC, 50-60 Hz version available. Size: 3' h. x 10" w. x 7" d. Weight: 3 lbs.

GSC5001 Universal Counter-Timer—Net Each $360.00

2001 FUNCTION GENERATOR

Signal generator with advanced IC circuitry produces stable, low-distortion sine waves (less than 2% THD), fast, rise-and-fall-time square waves (less than 100 nsec), high-linearity triangle waves (better than 1%) and TTL square waves with rise and fall time less than 25 nsec. Frequency is accurate, calibrated ±5% and sweepable up to 100:1. A voltage-controlled oscillator allows generator's frequency to be remotely shifted or swept by an AC or a DC voltage fed into the "Sweep In" jacks. A DC voltage provides a directly proportional shift in frequency, while an AC voltage provides a frequency-modulated sweep. Two shortproof, 600-Ohm outputs are adjustable from 1 mV to 100 mV p-p, open circuit and 100 mV to 10 V p-p, open circuit, with better than ±.5 dB flatness. Variable DC Offset control (push-button selectable) provides controlled, variable shifting of output waveform's center line above or below zero. Frequency Range: 1 Hz to 100 KHz in 5 overlapping decade ranges, pushbutton selectable, with a 10:1, 50-increment vernier dial; 1-10 Hz. 10-100 Hz. 100-1000 Hz. 1-10 KHz, 10-100 KHz. Dial Accuracy: ±5% of dial setting; calibrated at 10 Hz, 100 Hz, 1 KHz and 10KHz. Sine Wave Distortion: Less than 2% THD over frequency range. Triangle Wave Linearity: Better than 1% over frequency range. Square Wave Rise and Fall Times: Less than 100 nanosec. with 600 Ohms, 20 pF termination. Time Symmetry: Less than ±2%; TTL square wave output with rise and fall times less than 25 nanosec. Sweep Range: Maximum 100:1; maximum linear range, 10:1 at any dial setting. Sweep Input: 0 to ±10 Volts. Input Impedance: 30K Ohms. Main Output: Sine, square and triangle waveforms, pushbutton selectable; Hi Level. 0.1-10 V p-p open ckt, .05-5 V p-p into 600 Ohms; Lo Level (-40 dB), 1-100 mV, open ckt. .5-50 mV into 600 Ohms. Amplitude Control: Variable: greater than 40 dB range. Amplitude Flatness: Less than ±0.5 dB. DC Offset Control: Variable ±5 V into open ckt.; pushbutton in/out switch. Max. DC Offset: (AC + DC) components before clipping): Hi output, ± 10 V max.; Lo output, ±1 V max. TTL Square Wave Output: 10 TTL loads; rise and fall time, less than 25 nsec. Power Required: 105-125 VAC, 50/60 Hz; 6 Watts; 220-240 VAC, 50/60 Hz optional. Operating Temperature: 0° to 50° C (calibrated at 25° C ±5%). Size: 10" w. x 3" h. x 7" d. Weight: 2.2 lbs.

GSC2001 Function Generator—Net Each $186.00

4001 DIGITAL PULSE GENERATOR

A precision digital pulse generator that combines compact size with outstanding performance. Symmetrical and asymmetrical pulses over a wide range of frequencies, duty cycles and amplitudes. Fast rise and fall times; less than 30 nsec. Independent pulse width and spacing controls. Continuous/manual one-shot operation. External triggering; DC to 10 MHz. Synchronous output gating. Square wave and complementary output. In the Gate mode, output is synchronized with leading edge of input gate signal; last output pulse is always completed, even in absence of gate signal. Frequency Range: 0.5 Hz to 5 MHz. Puise Width and Spacing Controls: 100 nsec. to 1 sec. in 7 overlapping decade ranges. Variable Width and Spacing Controls: Concentric, single-turn verniers provide continuous adjustment between ranges; pulse spacing controls not active during Trigger. Gate and One-Shot modes. Duty Cycle: 107 to 1 range, continuously adjustable, 0.5 Hz to 5 MHz. Accuracy: ±5% of control settings; calibrated at min. and max. of vernier settings. Pulse Jitter: Less than .1% ±50 ps. Run Mode: 0.5 Hz to 5 MHz frequency selectable through pulse width and spacing controls. Trigger Mode: DC to approx. 10 MHz, from external source. Gate Mode: Generator starts synchronously with leading edge of gate signal. One-Shot Mode: Momentary pushbutton for single-pulse operation; pulse occurs each time button is depressed. Square Wave: Pushbutton provides square wave at output. Complement: COMPL pushbutton inverts output signal without losing sync time reference. TRIG/GATE Input Requirements: TTL compatible; sine waves, 4 V p-p pulses, 2 V peak, greater than 40 nsec. wide; input impedance, approx. 400 Ohms, DC coupled: max. input level, ±10 V. VAR OUT: Amplitude, 0.1-10 V into open circuit, adjustable by single-turn vernier; rise/fall time, less than 30 nsec; impedance, constant 50 Ohms. TTL OUT: Fan out, 40 TTL loads; sink, 64 mA at 0.8 Vmax.; rise/fall time, less than 20 nsec. SYNC OUT: Amplitude, 2.4 V min. fan out, 10 TTL loads; sink, 64 mA at 0.8 Vmax.; rise/fall time, less than 20 nsec; pulse width, greater than 20 nsec; sync pulse lead time, greater than 20 nsec. Operating Temperature: 0° to 50° C (calibrated at 25° C ±5° C). Power Required: 105-125 VAC, 50/60 Hz, 6 Watts; 220-240 VAC, 50/60 Hz optional. Size: 10" w. x 3" h. x 7" d. Weight: 2.2 lbs.

GSC4001 Digital Pulse Generator-Net Each $235.00,

WE ACCEPT VISA, and MASTER-CHARGE

BYTE November 1980

80 — 39

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

r • v^

/l»§ I feoce

The heart of the system is the patented III Bug Box which has 30 compartments measuring 1" x .375" x 5" deep. Each Bug Box will store60eight-pin DIPs, 30 fourteen-pin DIPs, 30 stxteen-pin DIPs or 30 other small components such as transistors, diodes, resistor networks, etc. The transparent cover has a stairstep design that allows the user to empty one compartment at a time, A numbering system on the cover gives an instant count of remaining ICs. CONSTRUCTION —heavy duty high impact injection molded styrene

lat end to

accommodate

Bug Tags for quick

iccurate identlficatior

of Bug Boi

contents.,

THE STANDARD BUG BOXES ARE BLUE

Sh.Wt. III-BGX-001 Bug Box Single PackJ 1.98 1II-BGX-001A S 2.98 2oz. III-BGX-003 Bug Box 3 Pack $ 5.49 III-BGX-O03A S 6.00 6oz. Ill BGX-010 Bug Box 10 Pack $ 17.49 lll-BGX-250 Bug Box 250 Pack $399.95

"A" Indicates Anti-Static Plastic Construction LSI BUG BOX (Big Bug Box)

The LSI Bug Box is designed to store large ICs and provides separate compartment storage for 8, 10,12,14,16,18,20,22, 24,28 and/or 40 pin IC's. The basic box is permanently divided into three permanent compartments measuring 1 x 4.15 x.5 inches deep. Divider guides are molded into the bottom of the box in strategic locations to allow the use of user inserted dividers (two types supplied) to further divide the box into storaae for all of the standard LSI IC types as shown below.

I-BGX-010A $ 26.00 2 lbs I-8GX-250A $599.95 20 lbs

Additionally, the main permanent compartments ar» ideal for storage of leaded components such s resislors and capacitors (the Bug Tag resistor/capacitor families provide three part values per tag and e that the basic LSI bug box is used for storage

Stores eighteen 20 Of 22 pin ICs m separate compartments

Stores six 40 pin IC's in Any molded groove localic

separate compartments may be used for divider loc

lll-BLX-001 LSI Bug Box Single PackS 2.98 lll-BLXOOIAS 3.9B

III BLX 003 LSI Bug Box 3 Pack S 8.29 III-BLX-003A $ 10.95

lll-BLX-010 LSI Bug Box 10 Pack $26.49 III-8LX-010A S 34.95

lll-BLX-250 LSI Bug Box 250 Pack {599.95 III-BLX-250A $799.95

"A*' Indicates Anti-Static Plastic Construction

III-BDV012 2 sets of 12 extra LSI Dividers $1.49 1 oz.

-■ ■'■ ■,..

THE BUG BOX SYSTEM

The Bug Box System provides a complete storage/protection/identitication and retrieval capability for integrated circuits or other small components or tools. The system is totally modular and can be as small as a single Bug Box in a field engineer's tool kit or as large as the complete storage/indexing and retrieval for the thousands of different ICs and semiconductors used in a major research and development laboratory.

/

BBBifiaaaan -^BB|BSii

JUG CAGE

The Bug Cage will store either a Bug Box or a Bug Tray in any ol its 12 storage locations, and its modular design allows it to be attached to other Bug Cages, either vertically or horizontally, to build storage libraries ol any size. The ends ot the Bug Boxes or Bug Trays are exposed so that Bug Tag identification labels, on the ends, are visible.

Sh.Wt. $ 10.95 2 lbs.

$114.95 15 lbs.

III-BGC-001 IIIBGC-012

Bug Cage, Single Bug Cage, 12 Pack

CAGE KEEPERS

Cage Keepers pin a column or Bug Boxes into the storage compartment o( a Bug Cage lor protection against casual use or theft and for transportation. Keepers are available in a 5" model for a single cage and a 10" model for cages stacked two high,

Sh.Wt. IH-CKP-005 5" Cage Keepers, Pkg, of 2 J3.9B 3 oz

lll-CKP-010 10" Cage Keepers, Pkg, of 2 $4.98 15 oz.

Colors: The standard Bug Boxes and Cages are blue; yellow, red and white are available at extra cost

BUG TRAYS

Bug Trays offer storage for larger components or tools. Available in three styles. Bug Tray Open has a single open compartment measuring 3.05" wide x 4,6" long x 6" deep. Bug Tray Vertical has five storage areas measuring ,5" wide x 4 6" long Bug Tray Horizontal has eight areas measuring ,4" wide x 3.95" long.

lll-BTV-001 Bug Tray Vertical, Single

HI-BTV-OIO Bug Tray Vertical, 10 Pack

III-BTHO01 Bug Tray Horizontal. Single

III-BTH-OIO Bug Tray Horizontal, 10 Pack

III-BT0-001 Bug Tray Open, Single

III-BT0-010 Bug Tray Open, 10 Pack

M-BTX-003 Bug Tray Mixer. 3 Pack

Sh.Wt

S 1.49

1 oz.

$12.96

10 oz.

$ 1.49

1oz.

SI 2.98

10 oz.

S 1.49

1oz,

$12.98

10 oz.

$ 3.98

3oz

BUG RUGS

Bug Rugs provide the necessary static discharge for CMOS M0SFET devices Bug Rugs are made of high carbon content foam which will effectively short all of the pins together when they are inserted into the foam Die cut to the exact dimensions of the Bug Box compartments. Each package contains 30 Bug Rugs to line the 30 compartments of a Bug Box.

Sh.Wt. $ 1.98 1 oz.

$14.98 4oz

$ 1.98 1 oz,

$14.98 4oz

lll-BGR-030 Bug Rug, Pkg of 30

lll-SBR-300 Bug Rug, Pkg of 300

lll-BBB-036 LSI Bug Rug, Pkg. of 6

lll-BBR-060 LSI Bug Rug. Pkg. ol 60

BACK PACKS

Each Back Pack label is imprinted with the exact internal logic of a specific IC as well as the pinout of this logic to the pins of the IC. When Back Packs are affixed to the IC and the IC is in the circuit, the user can trace logic connections without needing data sheets or counting pins. Each Back Pack family packet contains 532 labels and each is imprinted with the logic and pinout of the most popular ICs within that logic family. Labels are die-cut and are self-adhesive to stick to the IC. Several blank labels are included in each family packet for special labels.

Sh.Wt, 2oz. 2oz. 4oz.

III-BPT-012 IIIBPC0I? III-BPM0I2 llf BPU-012

TTL Family Back Packs $ 5.9B

CMOS Family Back Packs $ 6.98

Combination of TTL/CMOS Packs $10.98 Over 700 Back Pack Labels covering the most popular CPU's, RAMS, UARTS. Clocks. PIA, PROMS. Drives,

and much more $ 9.95

3oz.

BUG TAGS

Bug Tags are self-adhesive labels, die-cut to the exact dimensions of the front edge of a Bug Box. They are pre-printed with the numbers and descriptions of the ICs in the most popular logic families. They are packaged by logic families and each Bug Tag package contains 200 or more labels

Sh.Wt.

IIIBTT-200 TTL Bug Tag Family $ 3.98 2 oz.

III-BTC-200 CMOS Bug Tag Family $ 3.98 2 oz.

III-BTK-200 LS Shottky Family S 3.98 2 oz.

III-BTS-200 LINEAR Bug Tag Family $ 3.98 2 oz.

III-BTM-SOO Contains ALL 800 labels above $13.95 8oz

lll-BTU-300 MICROPROCESSOR Bug Tags $ 5.96 3 oz

lll-BTR-300 RESISTOR 300 labels (900 valves) $ 5.98 3 oz

lll-BTP-300 CAPACITOR 300 labels (900 valves) $5.98 3oz

IIIBTZ-200 DIODES & ZENERS. Bug Tag Family $ 3.98 2 oz

lll-BTD-200 DIP RESISTOR, Bug Tag Family $3.98 2oz

COMPARTMENT CONTENTS

30

39

JB

n

16

35

M

33

H

n

10

is

18

"

is

ia

14

.3

i?

11

10

8

■

7

*

*

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Ifffl

r-m-p

■ iMTtflnlAriONAL INSTHUME

NT* HON INC

lll-BTF-01? $ 2.98 1 oz Field Engineering Kit Bug Tags (rear compartment labels) are used whenever more than one type of IC (or other component) is to be stored in a single box. The Bug Tag FE Kit contains 12 labels designed to mount on the rear cover ot a Bug Box for user written or typed identificationof different contents for each of the 30 c o m p a rt m enls- uithe^ox_

PROTO-PAK

Proto-Paks provide the basic IC set for general CMOS and /or TTL prototyping or troubleshooting. Proto-Pak includes 30 different IC's. Back Pack labels for each, a Bug Box to house them in. and Bug^ Tags to locate them easily

lll-PPT-030 TTL PROTO-PAK

lll-PPC-030 CMOS PROTO-PAK

Sh.Wt $39.95 4 oz

$49.95 4 oz

so-40 «,,.-.» PLEASE ORDER BY PART NUMBER

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

MICRO PROCESSOR BASED DIGITAL CAPACITANCE METER

THE STANDARD AGAINST WHICH ALL OTHERS WILL BE MEASURED

• Auto Ranging

• Auto Zero Mapping

• Leading zero blanking

III-CP3001

$29995

• Microprocessor based Programmed for field upgrades & future expansion

• Avg. auto search/measure and display time « 0.1 sec. for values to 100 ufd. max. =0.279 sec.

• Direct measurements of cap values to 1 F.

• Dual input Cx terminals for computer derived measurements of caps to 100 F.

• Dual regulated power supplies

• Limits entry by keypad or displayed or stored values and computer derived + or - % 'ages

• Nested multiple limits for simultaneous sorting of caps into increasing tolerance groups.

• Arithmetic average

• Statistical mean

• Standard deviation

• Statistical sampling function to determine probability of incoming batch within limits by measuring only a random sample of the batch

• Running mean calculation

• Ignore first x readings function

• Display average of x readings function

• Limits comparator (up to 16 simultaneous sets of limits)

• DA (dielectric absorption) Measurement

• Leakage measurement

• Four level 16 keypad for user interface & control

• Battery (auto or marine) or AC operation

• 6502 Microprocessor based

• ROM (2K or more depending upon options)

• RAM (IK or more depending upon options)

• BCD output for printer or other interface

• Single cycle or continuous operating modes

• Programmed pitch and duration audio for eyes off limits comparison testing & keyboard entry

• Limits independent of range—any limit can be from .1 pF to 1 F.

• 25 turn trimmers (internal) for range calibration and temp, setting

• Binary search auto ranging

The u C-PR0BE —offers advanced capacitance testing functions and statistical capabilities that are not available on any other capacitance meter at any price. The u C-Probe uses the powerful 6502 microprocessor for control and stored program functions which are simply not feasible with conventional instruments. Full auto ranging from.1 pF to 1 Farad is standard as is full autoZERO. This automatically zeroes the effects of stray or lead capacitance —Rather than the cumbersome and time consuming zero control tweaking required with every other meter presently sold, the u C-Probe samples the offset stray or lead capacitance for each of its internal ranges and stores the result in random access memory. It then subtracts these zero offset values from each reading before display or use in other calculations. Zero mapping automatically occurs at turn-on, after the reset button is pressed or it may be initiated at any time by pressing key 1D. An exclusive audio output allows "eyes off" sorting of capacitors and gives audio feedback for other C-Meter functions and key entry. The u C-Probe's .1% accuracy and .1 pF resolution place it in the post doctorate class of capacitance meters.

Size: 8<hx9x3 inches (excluding tilt stand/handle). Weight: 3% lbs. Made in U.S.A. III-CP3001 $299.95 QC-N0TCH—Adds Limits comparator capability to basic unit — allows user setting of up to 16 simultaneous sets of independent limits —i.e., lower limit could be .1 pF and upper limit 1 Farad if required. Limits indication by LCD displayed "up arrow" and "high" for over upper limit, "down arrow" and "low" for under lower limit and bar with "OK" for "in range." Also displays L-01 through L-16 to show which multiple limit the capacitor fell into in multiple limits testing. Provides audio signals to denote High, Low or coded signal for the exact Limits range for multiple limits testing.

Size: Internal to main unit Weight: 1 oz. additional weight. Installed when ordered with basic unit. Plug-in ROM-user installable. III-QCN002 $149.95

STATISTICS option —Provides extensive statistical monitoring in QC and other applications. Provides statistical mean, running average, standard deviation and ignore first readings capabilities as well as random sample testing rather than total batch testing for incoming acceptance/rejection of large shipments of capacitors.

Size: Internal to main unit. Weight: 1 oz. additional weight. Installed when ordered with basic unit. Plug-in ROM-user installable. III-STT001 $149.95

TEMP OVEN option—Houses XTAL time base and critical C-measurement components in a closely controlled (1°C) temperature oven.

Size: Internal to main unit. Weight: 4 oz. additional. Installed when ordered with basic unit. Factory ONLY installation. HI-XVN001 $79.95

EXTENDED MSM RANGE —Extends the basic measurement functions to DA and Leakage + extends upper range to several hundred Farad.

Size: Internal to main unit. Weight: 1 oz. additional. Installed when ordered with basic unit. Factory ONLY installation. III-EMR001 $99.95

BCD OUTPUT — Provides an output port from the6502 microprocessor with BCD information and handshaking signal lines to interface with printers/recorders or other equipment.

Size: Internal to main unit but including rear panel connector. Weight: 2 oz. additional. Installed when ordered with basic unit. Factory ONLY installation. III-BCD001 $99.95

AC ADAPTOR —Allows AC operation of u C-Probe. UL listed unit operated on 115 VAC and plugs into AC Adaptor jack on rear panel.

Size: 2x2x2 inches. Weight: 1 lb. III-MACB00 $19.95

for your convenience, we recommend that you order factory options with order for basic unit.

0

gy HITACHI

Hitachi Denshl America. Ltd

Single and dual trace, 15 and 30 MHz. All four high sensitivity Hitachi oscilloscopes are built to demanding Hitachi quality standards and are backed by a 2-year warranty. They're able to measure signals as low as 1mV/division (with X5 vertical magnifier). It's a specification you won't find on any other 15 or 30 MHz scopes. Plus: Z-axis modulation, trace rotation, front panel X-Y operation for all four scope models, and X10 sweep magnification. And, 30 MHz oscilloscopes offer internal signal delay lines. For ease of operation, functionally-related controls are grouped into three blocks on the color coded front panel. Now here's the clincher: For what you'd expect to pay more, you actually pay less. Check our scopes before you decide. All scopes come complete with probes.

Hitachi...The measure

of quality.

List Price $735.00 Our Price

$650.00 HIT-V-152B

List Price $995.00 Our Price

$859.00 HIT-V-302B

■~wg&-=*~- ~ — "-

R.4*%^ ■*» bfc

» CRT Display area Acceleration potential Intensity modulation

• Vertical deflection Sensitivity and bandwidth

Rise time Non-distorted Max.

amplitude

Signal delay line

Input R and C Maximum input Display mode X-Y operation

Direct 1 M ohm, approx. 30pF oltag« 600Vp-p or 300V(DC+AC peak)

CHI , CH2, DUAL, ADD, DIFF

DC-500kHz, 5mV/div~5V/div

se difference DC- 1OkHz 3°

■ Horizontal deflection

Sweep mode

TV synchronization

Internal

External Trigger sensitivity

Trigger slope Sweep time

Sweep-time magnifie Max. sweep rate

AUTO, NORM, TV {+), TV (-) TV sync-separator circuit Over Idiv (V sync-signal) Over 1 Vp-p (V sync-signal)

• Amplitude calibrator Waveform Voltage

• Power requirements

• Dimensions

> Ambient operation temperature

130BUB31 (5-inch, round shape) SxlOdiv (1div=9.5mm) Approx, 2kV Over 5Vp-p

5mV/div~5V/div ±5%, DC-15MHz,

-3dB

1mV/div~1V/div ±6%, DC~5MHzTyp

-3dB (Using x5 amplifier)

24ns

More than 4 divat 15MHz

Frequency

20Hz~2MHz

2~15MHz

0.5div 1.5div

200mV 800m V

0.2ys/div~0.2s/div ±5%, 19 calibrated

steps

10 times (±7%)

lOOns/d.v

1kHz ±10% Typ, Square wave 0.5V ±3%

100V (12O/220/240V) ±10% 50/60Hz,40W

. 275(W)x19O(H)x400(D)mrr

Approx 8.5kg

130BTB31 (5-inch, round shape) 8x10div (ldiv=9.5mm) Approx. 4kV Over 5Vp-p

5mV/div-5V/div -5%, DC~30MHz,

-3dB

1mV/div-1V/div ±6%, DC~5MHz

—3d8 (Using x5 amplifier) Typ

12ns

More than 4 div at 30MHz

Permits viewing leading edge of

displayed waveform

Direct 1M ohm, approx. 30pF

600Vp-p or 300V(DC+AC peak)

CHI, CH2, DUAL, ADD, DIFF

DC-500kHz, 5mV/div~5V/div

Phase difference DC~10kHz 3°

AUTO, NORM, TV (+), TV (-) TV sync-separator circuit Over 1div (V sync-signal) Over 1 Vp-p (V sync-signal)

Frequency Internal

20Hz~5MHz 5~30MHz

0.5div 1.5div

200mV SOOmV

0.2us/div~0.2s/div ±5%, 19 calibrated

steps

10 times (±7%)

lOOns/div

1kHz ±10% Typ, Square wave 0.5V ±3%

100V (120/220/240V) -10% 50/60Hz,40W

Approx. 275<Wlx190(H)x400(D)mm

Approx. 8.5kg

AT-10AB1.5 2

AT-10A81.5 2

HIT-V151B (Single trace version of HIT-V152B)

List Price

$570.00

Our Price $525.00

WE ACCEPT VISA, and MASTER-CHARGE

BYTE November 1980

80 — 41

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

Hitachi...The measure of quality.

0

HITACHI

Hitachi Denshi.Ltd.

• Dynamic range 8 div.

• TV sync-separator circuit

• Built-in signal delay line (V-352)

• X-Y operation

• Sweep-time magnifier (10 times)

• Trace rotation system

• Fine-adjusting, click-positioning function

• Economically priced 20MHz dual trace oscilloscope

• Square CRT with internal graticule (illuminated scale)

• High-accuracy voltage axis and time axis set at ±3% (certified at 10° to 35 C)

• High-sensitivity 1mV/div.

• Low drift

• 2 Year Warranty

HIT-V202

20MHz DUAL TRACE

SPECIFICATIONS:

LIST PRICE: $850.00 OUR PRICE: $798.00

HIT-V352

35MHz DUAL TRACE WITH DELAY

LIST PRICE: $1150.00 OUR PRICE: $998.00

• CRT

Display area Acceleration potential Intensity modulation

• Vertical deflection Sensitivity

Bandwidth

Rise time Signal delay line Max. input voltage Input connection Input impedance Operating modes X-Y operation Sensitivity Phase difference X bandwidth Dynamic range

» Horizontal deflection Sweep mode Sync signals Sync connection TV synchronization

Internal

External Trigger sensitivity

AUTO low bandwidth Trigger polarity External sync input

Sweep time

Sweep time magnifier Max. sweep rate

• Amplitude calibrator Waveform Voltage

• Power requirements

i Weight

• Temperature Ambient operation temperature

140BMB31R (5.5-inch square with internal graticule,

illuminated scale}

8x10div <1div = 9.4mm)

Approx. 2kV

Voltage: 5Vp-p or more

Effective band-width: DC to 2MHz

Input impedance: 47kJ2 (type)

Max. input voltage 300V (DC + AC peak)

5mV/div to 5V/div +3%, 9-step changeover

(When using x5 amplifier) 1 mV/div to 1 V/div ±5%

Continuously variable when using x2.5 amplifier with

fine adjustment

(provided with click-positioning function)

DC to 20MHz, -3dB (at 8div)

(When using x5 amplifier) DC to 7MHz, -3dB (at 8div)

1 7.5ns, (for x5) 50ns

500Vp-p or 300V (DC + AC peak, at 1 kHz)

AG, GND, DC

Direct 1 M ohm, approx. 30pF

CHI, CH2, DUAL, ADD, DIFF

CH1: X axis, CH2: Y axis

5mV/div to 5V/div (when using x5 amplifier: ImV/div)

DC to 50kHz within 3°

DC to 500kHz, -3dB

8div or more ____^__„

AUTO, NORM, TV ( + ), TV (

CH1, CH2, LINE, EXT

AC

TV sync-separator circuit

1 div or more (V sync-signal)

1 Vp-p or more (V sync-signal)

Frequency

Internal

External

20Hz to 2MHz 2 to 20MHz

0.5div 1.5div

200 mV 800 mV

20Hz

Input impedance: approx. 1M ohm, 30pF or less

Max. input voltage: 300V (DC + AC peak, at 1 kHz)

0.2/is/div to 0.2s/div +3%, 19 calibrated steps

Continuously variable when using x2.5 amplifier with

fine adjustment

(provided with click-positioning function)

10 times (»5%)

lOOns/div (20ns/div or 50ns/div, not calibrated)

Linearity: within 3% or +5% when using x 10

Ambient temperature for guaranteeing specifications

• Accessories

Approx. 1 kHz ±10% (typ) 0.5V ±3%

square wave

100/1 20/220/240 V 50 to 60Hz, approx.

±10% 45W

Approx. 8.5kg

0 to+40°C

+10to+35°C

20,000 hours (target

value!

Probe AT-10AF1.5 (10:1/1:1)

Power cable

Operation manual

140DFB31 (5.5-inch square with internal graticule,

illuminated scale)

8x10div (1div=9.4mm)

Approx. 5.2kV

Voltage: 5Vp-p or more

Effective band-width: DC to 2MHz

Input impedance: 47 kn (typ)

Max. input voltage: 300V (DC + AC peak)

5mV/div to 5V/div ±3%, 9-step changeover

(When using x5 amplifier) 1 mV/div to 1 V/div +5%

Continuously variable when using x2.5 amplifier with

fine adjustment

(provided with click-positioning function)

DC to 35MHz, -3dB (at 8div)

(When using x5 amplifier) DC to 7MHz, -3dB (at 8div)

10ns, (for x5) 50ns

Permits viewing leading edge of displayed waveform

500Vp-p or 300V (DC + AC peak, at 1 kHz)

AG, GND, DC

Direct 1 M ohm, approx. 30pF

CHI, CH2, DUAL, ADD, DIFF

CH1: X axis, CH2: Y axis

5mV/div to 5V/div (when using x5 amplifier: 1 mV/div)

DC to 50kHz within 3"

DC to 500kHz,-3dB

8div or more

AUTO, NORM, TV (+), TV (-)

CH1, CH2, LINE, EXT

AC

TV sync-separator circuit

1 div or more (V sync-signal)

1 Vp-p or more (V sync-signal)

Frequency

Internal

External

20Hz to 5MHz 5 to 35MHz

0.5div 1.5div

200 mV 800 mV

20Hz

Input impedance: approx. 1 M ohm, 30pF or less

Max. input voltage: 300V (DC + AC peak, at 1 kHz)

0.2Ms/div to 0.2s/div +3%, 19 calibrated steps

Continuously variable when using x2.5 amplifier with

fine adjustment

(provided with click-positioning function)

10 times (±5%)

20ns/div

Linearity: within 3% or +5% when using x10

Approx. 1 kHz ±10% (typ), square wave 0.5V ±3%

100/1 20/220/240V 50 to 60Hz, approx.

±10% 45W

Approx. 8.5kg

0 to +40°C

+10to+35°C

20,000 hours (target

value)

Probe AT-10AF1.5 (10:1/1:1) 2

Power cable 1

Operation manual 1

80 — 42

BYTE November 1980

WE ACCEPT VISA, and MASTER-CHARGE

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

<f& HITACHI

Xtpr Hitachi Denshi, Ltd.

V-550B 50 MHz Dual Trace Delayed Sweep Oscilloscope

Until now, if you wanted a 50 MHz dual trace oscilloscope of uncompromising quality, there was only one choice. Now there's a second... an outstanding new delayed sweep scope with an established name-the Hitachi V-550B.

The V-550B offers all the capabilities you expect from a lab grade oscilloscope-trigger view, a bright 6" square CRT, and a maximum sweep rate of 5 ns/div-plus a few features you might not expect, such as 1 mV/div. sensitivity (10 MHz), automatic focus correction, and a built-in TV sync separator circuit.

The cost? Remarkably reasonable, especially when you compare it to the other leading 50 MHz scope. It's a price breakthrough made possible by using up-to-date production techniques and a design backed by over 20 years of oscilloscope experience.

The Hitachi Alternative

A REMARKABLE VALUE THE HIT-V550B AT $1745-00 (Probes Included)

SHPG. WT. 29 LBS.

A New C.R.T. Development

The large square C.R.T. of V-550B is most advantageous not only for dual trace operations, but also for third channel display of triggering signals. The diameter of the screen is 6" and the tube has an internal graticule. Care has been given to such details as graticule divisions in red which provide greater contrast in photography of data.

In the vertical axis, supplementary graticule markings of 0,10.90, and 100% are provided, which facilitates reading of rise time of pulse waves. Since these supplementary markings are in dots they do not interfere with ordinary measurements.

The use of an improved phosphor makes the new V-550B10 kV tube as bright as old type 15 kV C.R.T.'s.

High Sensitivity: I mV/dlv. (1(1 MHz)

Sensitivity of 1 mV/div is useful for research and development in such applications as medical and biological experiments where signals are weak.

Automatic Focus Feature Eliminates Lag.

Loss of focus tends to occur when brightness or sweep range is altered. Automatic focus solves this problem, eliminating the necessity for adjustment each time.

Trace rotation system (or easily adjusting bright-line inclination caused by terrestrial magnetism.

When bright lines are inclined by the influence of terrestrial magnetism, this rotation system promptly compensates and corrects lines to the proper locations, rendering accurate observation constantly feasible.

Third Channel Display (Trigger View)

In addition to CH1 and CH2, CH3 can be observed. Internal triggered signals and externa) triggered signals can be displayed as a third trace. This feature allows time comparisons to be made between external trigger signals and displayed waveforms.

X-Y Operation Convenient for Observation ol Two Types of Waves.

Delayed sweep permits 1,000 X Magnification

One of the qualifications for high performance oscilloscopes is that they be equipped with delayed sweep. Needless to say. the V-550B possesses delayed sweep, which permits magnification of any desired portion of the wave up to a thousand times.

Variable Hold-off Circuitry Facilitates Pulse Measurement

The trigger hold-off circuitry is a variable hold-off circuitry specially developed for the V-550B, permitting stable triggering on complex waveforms.

Single Sweep

The single sweep mechanism is indispensable for studying signals produced in research involving vibration, impact, explosion, and voice.

10 X Sweep Magnification Facilitates Precision Measurement

Delayed Sweep Jitter Held at Below 1/20,000

SPECIFICATIONS

C.R.T.

Type

Hitachi 150BCB31 rectangular mesh type tube with 10kV acceleration potential and metal backed phosphor.

Screen Type

P31 (GH) phosphor standard.

Useful Screen Area

8x 10div{1 div = 1 cm).

Graticule

Internal graticule with centimeter divisions and 2mm subdivisions along the central axis 10% and 90% lines are indicated. Illumination continuously variable.

Z-axis Input

DC-coupled positive-going signal decreases intensity: 5 Vp-p signal causes noticeable modulation at normal intensity: DC to 3.5 MHz.

VERTICAL DEFLECTION (2 Identical Channels)

Bandwidth and Rise Time

DC to at least 50 MHz and rise time 7,0 ns or less. DC to at least 10 MHz and rise time 36 ns or less as magnifier extends. Lower—3dB point, AC coupling 10 HZ or less. 10x probe: 1 Hz or less.

Dellection Factor

5mV/div to 5V/div in 10 calibrated steps, 1-2-5sequence. Uncalibrated continuous control between steps 1:<2,5, x5 magnifier extends min. deflection rate to 1mv7div.

Accuracy

±3%(+10to+35°C)

±5% (0 to +50°C)

Additional error for magnifier ±2%

Display Modes

CH1, CH2 (normal or invert) Alternate, chopped (250kHz rate), Added.

Input Impedance

1M ohm ±2% in parallel with 30pF approx.

Maximum Input Voltage

250V (DC + peak AC) or 500Vp-p AC at 1Khz or less.

Delay Line

Permits viewing leading edge of displayed waveform.

3rd Channel Display (A Trigger View)

Display simultaneously channel 1, channel 2, and external trigger signal. The deflection factor is approx. 200mv7div.

TRIGGERING A AND B A Trigger Modes

Automatic, Normal, Single sweep, TV-V, TV-H. A Trigger Hold-off

Adjustable control permits a stable presentation of repetitive

complex waveform, A Trigger Source

Internal (Ch1. Ch2), Line, External. A Trigger Slope

+ orA Trigger Sensitivity

DC to 10MHz

DC to 50MHz

Internal

0.5div

1.5div

External

150mV

500mV

A Trigger Coupling

AC; 30Hz to full bandwidth HFRej:30Hzto4kHz

LFRej: 4kHz to 50MHz

DC: 0 to full bandwidth A External Trigger Input Impedance

1M ohm ±20% in parallel with 30pF approx. Maximum Input Voltage

250V (DC + peak AC)

500Vp-pACat 1kHz or less B Trigger Modes and Source

Automatic, Normal (Internal, External) B Trigger Slope

+ orTrlgger Coupling

AC only; 30Hz to full bandwidth HORIZONTAL DEFLECTION Time Base A

50ns/div to 0.5s/div in 22 calibrated steps, 1-2-5sequence.

Uncalibrated continuous control between steps 1:<2.5

10x mag extends fastest sweep rate to 5ns/div. Time Base B

50ns/divto50ms/div in 19 calibrated steps 1-2-5sequence. 10x

mag extends fastest sweep rate to 5ns/div.

Accuracy

±3%(+10to+35°C)

±5% (0 to +50°C)

Additional error for magnifier ±2%. Horizontal Display Modes

A only, A intensified, B delayed. Calibrated Sweep Delay

Continuous calibrated control between 0.5 and 10x time base A

setting. X-Y OPERATION (CHI: Horiz. Ch2; Vert) Dellection Factor

Same as vertical deflection Accuracv

Y: ±3% (+10 to +35°C), ±5% (0 to +50°C)

X: ±5% (+10 to +35°C), ±7% (0 to +50°C)

Additional error tor CH1 and CH2 magnifier ±2% Bandwidth

DC to at least 500kHz Phase Error

3° or less from DC to 50kHz CALIBRATOR

0.5v ±1% Frequency 1kHz +5% square wave POWER Line Voltage and Frequencies

10BVACto132VAC, 49Hzto61Hz,

114V AC to 120V AC, 49Hz to 400Hz POWER CONSUMPTION

45W or less at normal line voltage DIMENSION AND WEIGHT

310(W)x 180(H) x 410(D) mm

(12.2x7.1 x 16.1 In.)

9.3kg (20.5 Lb.) AMBIENT TEMPERATURES

Rated range of use: +10 to +35°C

Limits of operation: 0 to +50°C

Storage and transport: -20 to +70°C M.T.B.F.

20.000 hours for target value ACCESSORIES SUPPLIED

Two AT-10AD1.5 probes, 2-A fuse, protective cover, operation

manual.

ALSO AVAILABLE: HIT-V100 100 MHz DUAL TRACE OSCILLOSCOPE.

CALL FOR PRICING

ORDER TOLL FREE(800) 4235633

BYTE November 1980

80 — 43

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

Three good reasons to buy a handheld DMM from Fluke.

MODEL D800A:

THE TROUBLESHOOTER

MODEL 802A: THE ANALYST

• Six functions

dc voltage ac voltage dc current ac current resistance diode test

■ 31/2-digit resolution

• 0.25% basic dc accuracy

• LCD display

• Overload protection

• Safety-designed test leads

■ Full year parts

& labor warranty

FLU-D800A

9Wf&

r;:ir^i

• Seven functions

dc voltage ac voltage dc current ac current resistance diode test conductance (1/R)

• 31/2-digit resolution

• 0.1% basic dc accuracy

• Overload protection

• Safety-designed test leads

• Two year parts & labor warranty

l^lfglf^

■■■■■<■■ .■■.■■■..■■ ■ . .,■ ■ ■■

MODEL D804A: THE INVESTIGATOR

• Nine functions

dc voltage ac voltage dc current ac current resistance diode test conductance (1/R) logic level and

continuity detect temperature (K-type

thermocouple)

• Peak hold on voltage and current functions

• Selectable audible indicator for continuity or level detection

• 31/2-digit resolution

• 0.1% basic accuracy

• LCD display

• Overload protection

• Safety designed test leads

• Full year parts

& labor warranty

$115.00 FLU-D802A

$179.00 FLU-D804A

$219.00

More hard facts on Fluke handheld DMM*s: One-year specifications.

Accuracies are ± (% of reading AC Current

no. of digits) 1 year, 18°C to 28°C except as noted. D8Q4A D802A D800A

Ranges Resolution

Accuracy

2 mA range (45Hz-450Hz)

20-2000 mA ranges (45Hz-450Hz) (450Hz-1kHz)

2 mA, 20 mA, 200 mA, 2000 mA

0,05% of range (1 ^Aon 2 mA range)

3% of rdg

+ 2 digits 1.5% of rdg

+ 2 digits 1.5% of rdg

+ 2 digits

2% of rdg

+ 2 digits 1.5% of rdg

+ 2 digits 1.5% of rdg

+ 2 digits

2% of rdg + 3 digits 2% of rdg + 3 digits Not Specified

Conductance*

D804A

Ranges

Equivalent Resistance Range

Resolution Accuracy

Overload Protection

200 nS

2mS, 200 nS

5Mnto 10,000 Mn

500nto1 Mn(2mS),

5Mf!to10,000Mfl

(200 ns)

0.05% of range (10

"Son 200 nS range)

200 nS: 2% of rdg + 10 digits

200 nS: 2% of rdg

+ 10 digits

2 mS: 0.2% of rdg

+ 1 digit

500V dc or rmson all ranges

Temperature (D804A Only, requires thermocouple accessory)

Temperature Sensor

Range

Resolution

Accuracy

Connection

Overload Protection

K-type Thermocouple (Chromel-Alumel). See accessories

-20°Cto+1265°C

rc

±3°C±1 digit, -20°to+300°C;3%of rdg, +300°Cto + 1265°C (±2°±1 digit, 0°to + 80°C typical) Accuracy includes NBS conformity, calibration stability, zero and reference junction but not thermocouple errors.

Dual banana isothermal termination provided with Fluke thermocouple accessories. Use Y8104 termination accessory for any K-type thermocouple.

2A fused up to 250V

Continuity (804A Only) Use for Passive Current Testing

Ranges Indication

Response Time (2 kn range)

Overload Protection

All Resistance and Con'ductance ranges

Open Circuit: "-*" Display

Continuity: " ♦" Display + 2 kHz audio tone (selectable)

50 /xs (Minimum duration of continuity or open to toggle display or audio tone. Pulse stretcher holds display and tone for approx. 100 ms.)

500V dc or rms all ranges

Level Detector (804A0nly) Use for Active Circuit Testing

Reference Level Display

0.8V dc nominal

"♦" for inputs greaterthan reference

"■»" for inputs less than reference

"*"for inputs toggling above and below reference

Audio tone coincident with "■*-" (switch selectable)

Pulse Response (200 kn range)

Input Impedance Overload Protection

50 ^s (Minimum width of 0 to +3V pulse required to toggle display. Pulse stretcher holds display for approx. 100 ms when short pulses are detected.)

>100kn, <100pF

500V dc or rms

Accuracies are ± (% of reading DC Voltage

no. of digits) 1 year, 18°Cto 28°C except as noted D804A D802A D800A

Ranges Resolution Accuracy (all ranges)

Input Impedance Normal Mode Rejection Common Mode Rejection

200mV,2V, 20V, 200V, 1000V

100MVon200mVrange

0.1% rdg + 1 digit

0.1% rdg + 1 digit

0.25% rdg + 1 digit

10 Mn on all ranges

>60dBat50and60Hz

>100 dB at dc, 50, 60 Hz; 1 kn unbalance

AC Voltage

D804A

D802A

D800A

Ranges

Resolution

Accuracy

200 mV, 2V, 20V, 200V, 750V

100nVon200mVrange

45 Hz to 1 kHz: 0.75% of rdg +2 digits on all ranges except 750V (1% of rdg + 2 digits)

1 kHz to 2 kHz: 1.5% of rdg + 3 digits on all ranges except 750V (not specified)

2 kHz to 5 kHz: 5% of rdg + 5 digits on all ranges except 200V and 750V (not specified)

45 Hz to 450 Hz: 1% of rdg + 3 digits on all ranges

Input Impedance

10 MO, <100pFon all ranges

Resistance

D804A

D802A

D800A

Ranges

Resolution

Accuracy 200nrange

2 kn thru 200 Ml

ranges 2000 kn range

20 Mn range

Open Circuit Voltage

Diode Test (Hi-LoOhms)

20on, 2 kn, 20 kn, 2 Mn, 20Mn

0.05% of range (0.mon200n range)

0.2% of rdg + 3 digits

0.1% of rdg + 1 digit

0.15% of rdg + 1 digit 2% ot rdg + 1 digit

0.2% of rdg + 3 digits

0.1% of rdg + 1 digit

0,1% of rdg + 1 digit 2% of rdg + 1 digit

0.3% of rdg + 3 digits

0.2% of rdg + 1 digit

0.2% of rdg + 1 digit 2% of rdg + 1 digit

<1.5Von all ranges except 2 kn range <3.5V

2 kn, 200 kn, and 20 Mn ranges supply enough voltage to turn on junctions allowing a "Diode Test" 200n, 20 Kn, and 2000 kn ranges can be made in-circuit measurements without turning on silicon junctions

DC Current

O804A D802A D800A

Ranges

2 mA, 20 mA, 200 mA, 2000 mA

Resolution

0.05% of range (1 p.A on 2 mA range)

Accuracy

0.75% of rdg + 1 digit all ranges

80 — 44

BYTE November 1980

WE ACCEPT VISA, and MASTER-CHARGE

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

LOW COST DMM'S

LCD DISPLAY

Large, high contrast, 2000 count, liquid crystal display digits can be seen from a distance and in practically any light. An overrange condition is indicated when only the most significant digit is displayed.

TRUE RMS, 50 kHz AND HIGHER

True RMS assures accurate measurements of nonsinusoidal waveforms. You can notice the difference on even the average power line. Any measurement of ac voltage and current may apply to waveforms having a crest factor of 1:1 (squarewaves) to 1.4:1 (sinewaves) to 3:1 (peaked waveforms). A typical 3dB bandwidth to 200 kHz includes the most significant harmonics of fundamental frequencies to 50 kHz. A Fluke-manufactured hybrid rms converter provides wideband, low noise, accurate measurements at low cost.

CONDUCTANCE MEASUREMENTS

This unique and highly useful function makes possible resistance measurements far beyond the capacity of ordinary multimeters. Conductance is theinverseofohms(lii) and is expressed in Siemens, formerly mhos. Simple conversion of direct-reading conductance to ohms yields resistance values to 10,000 Mil without special shielding to minimize noise. It is a must for verifying resistance values in high voltage dividers, checking leakage of capacitors, pcb's, cables, and insulators, and for general use above 20 Mfi. You may measure transistor beta and leakage directly using a simple test adapter—more useful and informative than simple junction tests. Ask for application bulletin AB-44 for more details.

ONE YEAR ACCURACY SPECIFICATIONS

A very stable semiconductor Band-Gap reference element lets us guarantee accuracy specifications for one year. That means you can depend on accuracy for long periods of time. But it also means a great savings in calibration expense over the life of the DMM. There are only five calibration adjustments. Some will probably never need to be changed.

SPECIFICATIONS DC VOLTAGE

Ranges: ±200mV, ±2V, ±20V, ±200V, ±1000V. Resolution: 100^.V on lowest range, Won 1000Vrange. Accuracy: +{0.1% of reading + 1 digit) on all ranges. Overload Protection: To 1000V dc or peak ac on any range, continuous. Imput Impedance: 10MU on all ranges.

AC VOLTAGE (TRUE RMS)

Ranges: 200mV, 2V, 200V, 750V.

Resolution: 100 ^V on lowest range, 1V on 750V range.

Accuracy: ±(% of reading + no. of digits).

Range 45 Hz 1kHz 10 kHz 20 Khz 50kHz 200 kHz

200mv

|JV (0.5%+2) (1.0% + 2) (5% + 3)

200V

750V (0.5% + 2) Not specified

* Extended Frequency Response is typically ±3dB at 200 kHz. Above accuracy applies for 5% to 100% of voltage range.

Overload Protection: To 750V rms, 1000V peak, not to exceed 10' volt-Hertz product, continuous (except 10 seconds maximum on 200mV and 2V ranges). Input Impedance: 10Mn in parallel with < 100 pF. Resistance:

Reso' Arrurarv FuM Scale Max Test

lutlon "cc"""=y Voltage Current

Range

200!1

2«r

20k!l 200k!f

"+.O.

<0.25V

1.30 mA

m

±(0.2% of rdg+1

xl.OOV

1.30 mA

digit)

<0.25V

10.0MA

00!1

> 1.00V

35.0MA

2000k!! 1kfl „..,.,,,,, <0.25V O.IOiiA

20MS!' 10kf! ±(0.5% of rdg+1

>1.5V 0.35^A

digit)

•Diode lest ranges.

V

FOR BENCH OR FIELD

IFLUKEI

• 3!2 LCD display

• Auto zero, auto polarity

• AC or battery operated models

• One year warranty

• Many other features not found in other DMM'S!

FLU-D810 $249.00

FLU-D811 with Ni Cad batteries $289.00

LOW POWER OHMS AND DIODE TEST

Three resistance ranges are identified as diode test ranges (-*+). They supply enough voltage to turn on a silicon junction so diode and transistor junctions can be tested. The remaining ranges (low power ohms) supply only enough voltage to measure the resistance of incircuit components other than diodes and transistors.

BATTERY OPTION (-01)

Rechargeable size "C" Ni Cad batteries are installed inside the 8010A or 8012A with this option. They are continually kept charged when the power cord is plugged in and completely recharged in approximately 14 hours. The batteries typically provide up to 40 hours of continuous operation without recharging when measuring dc voltage, up to 15 hours for other measurement functions. The letters "BT" appear in the upper left hand corner of the display about a half hour before the batteries require recharging.

SAFETY AND PROTECTION

Recessed banana jacks reduce shock hazard to an operator. When measuring resistance or conductance, up to 300 volts may be applied with no instrument damage. Transients to 6kV cause no damage when measuring voltage. The standard current input is protected against shorts with a 2A, 250V fuse in series with a 600V fuse. That is double protection—first, for ordinary overloads protected with an ordinary fuse, and, second, for accidental connection to a source of up to 600V ac.

8081A-10 AMPERES AND TRUE RMS

The 8010A will measure 10 amperes of ac or dc current. That is higher than most multimeters, and, because the true value of ac current is measured, even complex current waveforms can be measured with accuracy and confidence. DC Current

Ranges: 200 ^A, 2 mA, 20 mA, 200 mA, 2A (and 10A on 8010A).

Resolution: 0.1 y.A on lowest range. Accuracy: ±(0.3% of reading + 1 digit) on all ranges except 10A range on 8010A where accuracy is ±(0.5% of reading + 1 digit). AC Current (True RMS) Accuracy: ±(% of reading + no. of digits) 45 Hz 2 kHz 10 kHz

Range

200 uA 2 mA 20 mA 200 mA 2000 mA 10A*

20kHz

(1%+2)

(2% + 2)

(1% + 2)

Not specified

FLUKE DMM ACCESSORIES

FLU-4820S Carrying case (FLU-D810, D811) S35.00

FLU-C90 Carrying case (FLU-D800, D802, D804) $10.00 FLU-A81 AC adaptor (FLU-D800, D802, D804) . . .$15.00

FLU-80J10 10 Amp current shunt $30.00

FLU-Y8133 Deluxe test lead set $15.00

FLU-Y8134 Deluxe test lead set with safety

connectors $15.00

FLU-Y8140 Slim test lead set $15.00

FLU-80T150C Temp probe (°C) $110.00

FLU-80T150F Temp, probe (°F) $110.00

FLU-Y8102 Sheath thermocouple (D804) $50.00

FLU-Y8103 Bead thermocouple (D804) $20.00

FLU-Y8104 Thermocouple termination (D804) $10.00

FLU-Y8008 Touch and hold probe (D810. D811) . . $40.00

FLU-80K40 40KV high voltage probe $75.00

FLU-81RF 100 MHz rf probe $45.00

FLU-82RF 500 MHz rf probe $85.00

FLU-801600 Clamp-on AC current probe 600A . . . $90.00

FLU-Y8100 200A AC/DC current probe $195.00

FLU-Y8101 150A AC current xformer $69.00

HICKOK

LX304

• 3'/i Digits

• V LCD Display

• Floating Decimal Point

• Diode Test Function

• Auto Zero, Auto Polarity

• 100 „!/' Resolution on DCV

• 200 Hr. Battery Lite

SPECIFICATIONS

DC VOLTS

200mV. 2V. 20V. 200V,1000V

Input Impedance

lOMfi, all ranges

Overload Protection

1000V dc/peak ac, except 500V on 200mV range

RESISTANCE

200Q. 2kn. 20kn, 200ka 2Mn. 20MO

Resolution

O.m on 200fi range

Accuracy

±0.9% +1 digit except ±1.4% + 1 digit on 20Mn range

Overload Protection

120V dc or rms ac, all ranges, indefinitely 240V dc or rms ac, all ranges, 30 seconds

AC VOLTS

200V. 600V, Avg. sensing—rms calibrated sine wave

Accuracy

±1.0%+ 4 digits, 40 Hz to 120 Hz -0.2dB@1 kHz.-2.0 dB@ 5kHz

Input Impedance

4,3Mfi, all ranges

Overload Protection

600V dc or ac rms, all ranges

OC CURRENT

200mA, 1A

Resolution

0 1mA

Accuracy

±1.5% * 1 digit, all ranges except ±2.5% + 1 digit on 200mA range of LX 303

Overload Protection

1.7A all ranges

GENERAL

Power

Single 9V battery; NEDA 1604 (not incl.t or Hickok AC Adapter

Battery Indicator

"Lo Bat" on display

Dimensions

5'/b" x 33/s" x 13A" (14.7 cm x 8.5 cm x 4.3 cm)

Weight

12 oz. (0.33 kg) including battery

HIC-LX304 ...

ftft&AS

ACCESSORIES (See LX 303)

LX303

• 3V? Digits • 14" LCD Display

• 200 Hour Battery Lile Auto Zero. Polarity and Overage

• lOOmvDCF.C. Sensilivity • 19 Ranges and Functions

• Weighs on 12 ounces

Specifications: DC Volts (5 Ranges): O.lmV to 1000V; Accuracy +0.5% rdg +0.5% f.s.; Input imped: 10M ohms; Max. input 1kV except 500V on 200mV range. AC VOLTS (40Hz to 5kHz): 0.1 to 600 V; Accuracy: + 1.0% rdg +0.5% f.s. (-2dB max. at 5kHz); Max input:600V.RESISTANCE (6 LOW POWER RANGES): 0.1 ohms to 20M ohms; Accuracy: +0.5% rdg +0.5% f.s. ( + 1.5% rdg on 20M ohms range); input protected to 120 VAC all ranges. DC CURRENT (6 RANGES): 01nA to 100mA; Accuracy: +1.0% rdg +0.5% f.s. DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHT: 5-7/8" x 3-3/8 x 1%", 12 oz.; Power: 9V Batt. (not included) or Hickok AC adapter; READ RATE: 3/sec. OPERATING TEMPERATURE: 0°-50" C. PART NO. HIC-LX303 HIC-RC-3 HIC-CC-3 HIC-VP-10

HIC-VP40 HIC-CS-1 HIC-TP-20F HIC-TP-20C

DESCRIPTION PRICE

DIGITAL MULTIMETER $79.95

115V AC ADAPTER $ 8.00

PADDED CARRY CASE $ 8.00

X10 DC PROBE ADAPTER

(Up to 10KV) $16.50

40kV DC PROBE $38.50

10 Amp DC Current Shunt $16.50

Temp Probe (-67 to + 302F) $49.95

Temp Probe (-55 to * 150C) .... $49.95

VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE

BYTE November 1980

80 — 45

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

Non-Linear Systems oscilloscopes

NEW MS-230 Dual Trace Miniscope with 30 MHz Bandwidth!

From the originators of the Digital Voltmeter, the people who have broken sales and performance records for Oscilloscopes, Non-Linear Systems, comes the MS-230 miniscope.

Non-Linear Systems took their engineering and modular construction skills and made a dream a reality, a Dual-Trace 30 iniscope, small enough to fit in most briefcases with room to spare at an affordable price.

MHz r

FEATURES: • Dual-Trace — 2-channel; separate, chopped or alternate modes. • Warranty — one year parts and labor. • 30megahertz bandwidth. • External and internal trigger. •Time Base — 0.05 microseconds to 0.2 Sec./div — 21 settings. • Battery or line operation. • Line synchronization mode. • Power consumption less than 50W. • Vertical Gain — 0.01 to 50 volts/div — 12 settings. • Size: 2.9" H x 6.4" W x 8,5" D. • Weighs only 3.5 lbs with batteries • TEST MOST DIGITAL LOGIC CIRCUITS INCLUDING MICROPROCESSORS.

VERTICLE: Mode: CHI, CH2, CHI & CH2(Chopped)& CH2(Ait.) (The following specifications apply to each channel.) Bandwidth: DC to 30 MHz, ±3 db @ 3 division deflection. Typical 4 division deflection is obtainbable up to 20 MHz. Coupling: AC, DC or ground, switch selectable Low frequency 3 db point on AC is 3 Hz. Rise Time: Approximately 10 nSec @ 3 division deflection. Vertical Input: 10 mV/div to 50 V/div in 12 calibrated ranges Accuracy is 3%. Input Impedance: 1 megohm in parallel with 50 pF.

HORIZONTAL: Mode: Internal time Dase or external, in XY mode, vertical input is thru CH1 and horizontal thru CH2. Time Base: 0.1 ^sec/div to 0.5 sec/div in 21 calibrated ranges; 3% accuracy. Bandwidth: DC to 1 MHz (13 db) Deflection factor: 10 mV/div to 50 V/div in 12 calibrated ranges. Max. Input Voltage: 250 V (DC and peak AC). Trigger Modes: Automatic, internal, external, and line (line not functional when operating on battery power). Slope Switch: + or -. Coupling: AC Sensitivity: Less than 1 div for interanl trigger and less than 1 volt for external trigger. CRT Viewing Area (Screen Size): 1.1" H x 1.35" W Graticule: 0.25 in./div (4 div H x 5 div W). Power: 3 rechargable batteries or 115 VAC with transformer. Battery Life: Approx, 45 minutes. Power Consumption: Less than 50 watts Input Connector: BNC; Iwo shielded cables included. Size: 2.9" H x 6.4" W x 8.5" D. Weight: 3.5 lbs. with batteries. NLS MS-230 Miniscope List Price S598.15

Our Price $525.00

MS-215 MINISCOPE OSCILLOSCOPE

An extremely small dual-trace oscilloscope with big performance at a low price. Portable, battery powered or AC line operation Rechargeable batteries and charger included. FEATURES: • Dual trace — 2 channel; separate, chopped, or alternate modes. • 15 MHz bandwidth. • External and internal trigger. • Battery or line operation. • Automatic or line sync, modes. * Power consumption less than 15 watts. • Time Base: 0 1 ^sec to 0.5 sec/div in 21 settings. • Vertical Gain: 0.01 to 50 volts/div in 12 settings. • Weighs only 3 lbs. with batteries.

SPECIFICATIONS: Vertical (Both channels identical}. Mode: CH1. CH2, CH1 and CH2 (chopped), and CH1 and CH2 (alternate). Bandwidth: DC to 15 MHz, ±6 db at 1 div deflection.' Risetime: Approx. 23nsecat 1 div deflection Deflection Factor: 10 mV/div to 50 V/div in 12 calibrated ranges; 3% accuracy. Max. Input Voltage: 350 V (DC and peak AC) provided DC component does not exceed 250 V Horizontal Mode: Internal time base or external. In XY mode, vertical input is thru CH1 and horizontal thru CH2. Time Base: 0.1 ^sec/div to 05 sec/div in 21 calibrated ranges; 3% accuracy. Bandwidth: DC to 200 kHz (r3db) Deflection Factor: 10 mV/div to 50 V/div in 12 calibrated ranges. Max. Input Voltage: 250 V (DC and peak AC). Trigger: Modes: Automatic, internal, external, and line (line not functional when operating on battery power). Slope Switch: + or - Coupling: AC Sensitivity: Less than 1 div for internal trigger and less than 1 volt for external trigger. CRT Viewing Area (Screen Size): 1.1" H x 1.35" W Graticlue:0.25 in,/div (4 div H x5 divW) Power Consumption: Less than 15 watts. Power Required: AC line or rechargeable batteries. Battery Lite: 3 hours typical Input Connector: BNC; two shielded cables included. Size: 2.9" H x 6.4" W x 8.0" D Weight: 3 lbs. NLS-MS-215 Miniscope List Price $465.45

Our Price $410.00

* Typical 3 dB point is 8 MHz at 2-division deflection. Typical maximum frequency for full scale (4-div) deflection is 2 MHz.

MS-15 MINISCOPE OSCILLOSCOPE

An extremely small oscilloscope with big performance at a low price. Portable, battery operated, or AC line operation. Rechargeable batteries and charger unit included. 1.1" x 1.35" viewing area.

FEATURES:* 15 MHz bandwidth. • External or internal triggering. • Time Base—0.1/jsec. to 0.5 sec/div. in 21 settings. • Battery or line operation. • Automatic and line sync modes. • Power consumption less than 15 watts. • Vertical Gain—0.01 to 50 volts/div. in 12 settings. • Weight—only 3 lbs.

SPECIFICATIONS: Vertical Bandwidth: 15 MHz ± 6 dB

at 1 div. deflection*. Risetime: Approx. 23nsec. at 1 div deflection. Deflection Factor: 10 mV/div. to 50 V/div. ir 12 calibrated ranges; 3% accuracy . Max. Input Voltage: 350 V (DC + peak AC) provided DC component does not exceed 250 V. Horizontal Mode: Internal time base or ex ternal. Time Base: 0.1 usee to 0.5 sec/div. in 21 calibrated ranges; 3% accuracy. Horizontal Bandwidth: DC to 200 kHz (±3 dB). Deflection Factor: Approx 1 V/div. Max. Input Voltage: 100 V (DC + peak AC). Trig' ger Modes: Automatic, internal, external and line (line does not function when operating on battery power) Slope Switch: + or -. Coupling: DC. Sensitivity: Less than 1 div. for internal trigger; less than 1 volt for external trigger. CRT Viewing Area (Screen Size): 1.1" h. x 1.35" w. Graticule: 0.25 in./div. (4 div. h. x 5 div. w. Power Consumption: Less than 15 watts. Power Required: AC line or rechargeable batteries. Battery Life: 3 hours typical. Input Connector: BNC; two cables included. Size: 2.9" h. x 6.4" w. x 8.0" d. Weight: 3 lbs. with batteries NLS-MS-15 Miniscope List Price $349.

Our Price $310.00

MHz at 2-division deflection. Typical jll scale (4-div) deflection is 2 MHz

' Typical 3 dB point is 8 maximum frequency for f

ACCESSORIES: PROBES

Deluxe 10 to 1 probe with 10 megohm input. 100 HHz probe with 4 interchangeable tips: Spring-loaded retractable cover tip, insulating tip, BNC tip, IC tip, also included cap adjustment tool and zippered vinyl case. NLS-41-141 $27.00

DELUXE COMBINATION PROBE

Same as above except the probe has a switch to select; 10 to 1, 1 to 1 or a ground reference position. BKP-PH37RD Red probe body BKP-PR37GY Grey probe body $39.50 ea.

LEATHER CARRYING CASE

The leather case has 2 separate compartments. One to hold the scope, the other to hold the charger, probe shoulder strap, etc. The case can be worn on the belt, or over the neck. The snaps used on the case are "one way", thus accidental striking of the case against an object will not undo the snaps or let it be pulled off you belt.

NLS-41-180- Leather Case (MS-230) $45.00

NLS-41-140-Leather Case (MS-15 & MS-215) $45.00

NLS-41-134-2 - Charger Unit, 230 VAC

(MS-15 & MS-215) $7.70

NLS-41-184-2 • Charger Unit, 230 VAC

(MS-230) $20.9

-Only11x22x30cm

SfCPRECISION,

15 MHz response: usable beyond 20 MHz

• 10 mV/div vertical sensitivity

• Conveniently fits into ordinary attache case (4.5 x 8.5 x 12") with handle Operates on AC, external 10-16 VDC or optional internal battery pack

• 8 x 10 division high-brightness rectangular CRT TIME/DIV control selects line/frame rate triggering 18 calibrated sweep positions Video sync separator standard X-Y operation — X axis, through CH

• Front-panel probe calibration source Weighs only 3.6 kg. (8 lbs.)

SPECIFICATIONS

VERTICAL AMPLIFIER: Deflection Factor: 10 mV/div to 20 V/div. ±5% in 11 ranges, each with vernier adjustment. Frequency Response: DC:-15 MHz (-3 dB); AC: -10 Hz-15 MHz (-3 dB). RiseTime: 24 nsec or less Overshoot 3% or less. Input Impedance: 1 Mil shunted by 22 pF. Maximum Input: 300 V (DC * AC) peak or 600 V p-p. Operating Modes: Channel A only; Channel ~ only; A & B (dual). Dual-Trace: Trace automatically chopped at all sweep rates less than or equal to 1 mSEC/div and alternate mode for all sweep rates greater than 1 mSEC/div. Chop Frequency: 100 kHz

20%, Channel Separation: Better than 60 dB at 1 kHz. SWEEP SYSTEM: (Common to Channel A and Channel B). Type: Automatic and triggered (NORM): auto provides sweep with no input signal. Sweep Time: 1.0 ^S/div to 0.5 S/div ±5% in 18 ranges in a 1-2-5 sequence. Linearity: 3%; 10X ±5%. Sweep Magnification: x10. ±10%, variable between ranges. Extends maximum sweep rate to 100 nS/div. TRIGGERING: Source: CH A. CH B. (CH A in dual) external. Automatic: Sweep obtained without input signal. Normal: Sweep is obtained with a displayed signal of one division or more. Slope: Sweep can be set to trigger on the positive- or negative-going slope of the trigger waveform. Coupling:AC, 20 Hz-20 MHz. Level: Continuously variable. Trigger Sensilivity: INT: 20 Hz to 15 MHz - 1 Div deflection. EXT. 20 Hz to 15 MHz —1.0V p-p. External Trigger Input: Max. Input Voltage: 50 V p-p or 24 V. DC + AC peak Input Impedance: 100 Kit (nominal). Input Capacitance: 35 pF (nominal).

HORIZONTAL AMPLIFIER: Input through Channel B vertical input. Deflection Factor: 10 mV/div, to 20 V/div. x5% in 11 ranges, each with fine adjustment. Response: DC: DC to 1 MHz (-3 dB); AC: 10 Hz to 1 MHz. Input Impedance: 1 Mil (±5%). 22 pF (±3pF) Input Protection: 300 V (DC I AC peak) or 600 V p-p. X-Y Operation: With SWEEP TIME/DIV switch in X-Y position, the CH B input becomes the X input (horizontal) and the CH B position control becomes horizontal position control. OTHER SPECIFICATIONS:

Operating Environment — Temp: 0 to +45 C Calibration: Internal 1 V p-pi 3% (square wave at 1 kHz ±5%). CRT: Rectangular. 8 x 10 div (OV cm/div) with P31 phosphor; mumetal shield. Power Requirements: 120 VAC-60 Hz, 240 VAC-50 Hz, 10-16 VDC or internal battery Power consumption; 16 watts (AC). Supplied with 120 VAC adapter. 240 VAC adapter available on special order. Size:(HW0) 11 x 22 x 30 cm (4.5 x 8.5x12") with handle. 8x20x25 cm (3.25x7.75x10") without handle. Weight 3.6 kg (8 lbs.) with optional battery Probes: Two 10:1/direct probes and accessory tips provided. Options: BP-14 battery pack, LC-20 deluxe carrying case with shoulder strap and pocket. LC-21 pouch for probes and operating manual.

LIST PRICE OUR PRICE BKP1420 Miniscope $825.00 $750.00

BKP-BP14 Battery Pack $ 55.00

BKP LC20 Leathercase CALL

BKP-LC2I Pouch for Probes CALL

3" 5 MHz Solid

State

Oscilloscope

$289.00

B&K-PRECISION Model

BKP-1405

FEATURES: 5MHz with high sensitivity • Direct deflection input for waveforms to 450MHz • Sharp bright trace • DC amplifiers on both axes • 10mV/div vertical sensitivity • Weighs only 8.5 lbs.

The 1403A is an outstanding value. Bandwidth extends to 5MHz with a sensitivity of 10mV/div or better. With high brightness CRT and smoked-glass filter. waveforms are clear and easy to observe. The graticule features db and division indexing. SPECIFICATIONS: Vertical Amplifier—Sensitivity: 10mV/div or better. Response: DC, DC-5MHz (-3dB); AC, 2Hz-5MHz(-3dB). Max Input: 600V peak to peak. Input Impedance: 1 meg shunted by 35pF. Attenuattor: 1, 1/10, 1/100 multiplier, ±5%. Gain Control Range: greater than 22dB. Horizontal Amplifier—Sensitivity: 300mV/division or better. Response: DC-250kHz. Max Input: 100 Vp-p. Sweep System—Type: Recurrent. Time Base Ranges: 10-100Hz, 100-1000Hz, 1-10kHz, 10-100kHz; continuously variable between ranges. Sweep Linearity: ±5%. Sync: Internal, negative; external. Direct Deflection Terminals: 10V/division sensitivity or better. General —Intensity Modulation: 25Vp-p. Power: 117/234VAC. 50-60Hz. 10W; three-wire grounded line cord. Acc.incl.: Leads, spare fuse, instructions. Size: (HWD) 13.1 x 18 x 29 cm (5.25 x 7,25 x 11.5"). Weight: 3.8 kg. (8.5 lbs.). Optional Accessories: PR-21 iprobe. LC-14 case. a

80 — 46

BYTE November 1980

WE ACCEPT VISA, and MASTER-CHARGE

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

Non-Linear Systems

DIGITAL PANEL

DIGITAL MULTIMETERS

DEL PC-4 PANEL METER EVENT COUNTER

The PC-4 is an all-solid-state evenVcounter or~totalizer designed for panel mounting and high reliability. It will totalize electronic pulses up to 200,000 per second or mechanical switch closures up to 3000 per second. The .3" high LED display is easily readable up to eight feet. Has multiplexed BCD output and a displayhold feature. Input Signal Amplitude: + 3 to +15 volts or switch open to ground for count. Decimal Location: external jumper locates decimal to any of four positions. Outputs: 1-2-4-8 BCD parallel. Power Source: +5 VDC, ±5%, external. Size: 0.9375" h. x 2.5" w. x 3.25 d. Weight: 4 oz.

NLS PC-4 Event Counter—Price Each $64.20

MODEL RC-5TB UNIVERSAL COUNTER

9 3 9 3 9

A DIN size panel-mounted universal counter which can be internally programmed to function as a unit counter, frequency counter. The RC-5TB also permits internal selection of four time bases of 0.01 sec, 0.1 sec, 1.0 sec, or 10 sec for the frequency counter mode and 1 cycle, 10 cycles, or 1000 cycles for the period frequency ratio and time interval modes. The RC-5TB utilizes terminal block connections and has hold and reset capabilities. Power Requirements: + 5 VDC, ±5%. Operating Temperature Range: 0" C to +50° C. Accuracy: Unit counter frequency counter, ± 1 count: frequency ratio/period/time interval, ±1 count + time base accuracy. Number of Digits: 5. Display: 0.5" high LED. Count Rate: Greater than 1 MHz. Input signal Amplitude: + 3 to +15 volts. Time Base Crystal Frequency: 10 MHz. Frequency: DC to 1 MHz. Size: Behind bezel. 3.58" w. x 1.645" h. x 3.80" d. NLS RC-5TB "niversal Counter- Net each $144.00

MODELS PR-5 AND PR-5B DIGITAL PRESET COUNTERS

PR-5

S.H 3 E 7

0 ^> model *"*•:>

c

Low-cost electronic digital preset counters to replace mechanical counters. Solid-state LSI design. Up to 500 kHz pulse count rate or 300 contact closures per se cond. Accepts subtractive pulses for rejection subtrac tion or for counting downward. Multiplexed BCD output Guarded preset; can not be accidently changed Unlimited number of preset count. Applicable to totalizing batch counting, digitizing, timing rate/frequency measurement, press control, coil winding and many other applications. 5-digit, 0.3" high LED display indicates total number of counts less any subtractive counts. Compatible with wide range of sensors. Count Speed: Electronic, up to 500 kHz ( + 3 V to + 15 V); contact closure, up to 300/sec Number of Resets: One, built-in; unlimited number with external switches; preset number set by front-panel screwdriver adjustments. Input Impedance: 40K ohms. Reset Capability: Front-panel pushbutton switch or external contact closure. Power Requirements: + 12 VDC ( ± 5%). 270 mA max.; Mode) PR-5B contains internal rechargeable battery pack which provides +12 V stand-by power (without toss of count) for approximately 1 hr. in case of primary power failure. An optional 115 VAC line power supply for operation of Model PR-5 or recharging batteries of PR-5B is available as an accessory. Operating Temperature: 0 ° C to 50 ° C. Coincidence Output: Output signal is provided when displayed count is equal to preset number (TTL logic level) or when zero is reached when counting downward. Size: 2.25" h. x 3.25" w. x 4" d. Weight: 4.75 oz.

NLS PR-5 Digital Preset Counter—Net Each. $168.55 NLS PR-5B Counter w/Battery PickNet Each $198.55

RANGE INFORMATION

RANGE CODE

WHEN ORDERING PANEL METERS 0-200V A

FROM THIS PAGE, A VOLTAGE RANGE 0-200V B

MAY BE REQUIRED IN THE PART 0-20V C

NUMBER. PLEASE USE THE CODES 0-2V D

GIVEN 0-.2V E

Great performance at a thrifty price. 3Vz digits; 3 digits olus 100% overrange. 0.05% accuracy. FEATURES: • MOS/LSI construction. • Less than 1" high. • Programmable decimal. * No zero adjustment necessary. • Overload indication. • Large, bright, 0.3" LED or LCD display. • Low Power requirement. • Display blanking. • Automatic polarity. • Input voltage protection.

SPECIFICATIONS: Voltage Ranges: 0- ±0.1999. 0- ±1.999, 0- + 19.99. 0- ± 199.9, and 0- 1000 VDC. Accuracy (at +23" C ±2° C): ±0.05% of reading + 0.05% of full scale. Input Impedance: 0.1999 volt range. 100 megohms: 1.999 volt range. 1000 megohms; 19.99 volt range. 1 megohm; 199.9 and 1000 volt ranges, 10 megohms. Display Height: 0.3" Display Type: PM-349 and PM-350, LED: PM-351. LCD. Update Rate: 3 rdg./sec nominal Power Requirements; 5 VDC (±5%). 200 mA. nominal for PM-349 and PM-350; 6mA for PM-351. Common Mode Rejection: 80 dB. minimum. Common Mode Compliance: + 100 mV, Operating Temperature: 10° C to 50D C. Zero Adjustment: None required. Decimal Positioning Capability: Standard. Control Signals: Polarity Inhibit: Standard. Display Inhibit: Standard. Scale Factor Adjustment: ±5%. Input Voltage Protection: Standard. Overload Indication: Standard. Bipolar Operation: Standard. Automatic Polarity: Standard. Special Scaling: Optional Offset Capability: Optional Current Meter Operation: Optional. Overall Size: 2-7/8" w. x 15/16" h. x 3%" d. with Soldered in components

NLS-PM349-RANGE $55.65

Range change resistors, Display and IC's are plug in

NLS-PM350RANGE $69.55

NLS-PM351-RANGE $78.10

RANGE: .2V (PM350, PM351 Only), 2V, 20V, 200V, 1000V.

Specify when ordering.

AVi DIGIT PM SERIES DIGITAL PANEL METER SPECIFICATIONS: Voltage Ranges: 0- ±1.999, 0- 19.999. 0- ± 199.99, 0 - ± 1000VDC. Accuracy (at NLS-PM450-RANGE $122.00

4% DIGIT RM SERIES DIGITAL PANEL METERS

RM-450

SPECIFICATIONS: Voltage Ranges: 0-± 1.9999, 0- 19.999. 0- ± 199.99, 0- ± 1000 volts. Accuracy (at 23° C ± 2°): 0.02% of full scale. Imput Impedance: 1.9999 volt range, 1000 megohms: 19.999 volt range. 1 megohm: 199.99 and 1000 volt ranges, 10 megohms. Display Height: RM 450, 0.5"; RM-451, 0.4". Display Type: RM-450. LED: RM-451. LCD.

NLS-RMS450-RANGE (LED DISPLAY) $133.00

NLS RM450TB RANGE (LED DISPLAY) $133.00

NLS-RM451-RANGE (LCD DISPLAY) $146.60

NLS-RM450TB-RANGE (LCD DISPLAY) $146.60

RANGE: 2V, 20V, 200V, 1000V.

Specify when ordering.

m DIGIT RM SERIES DIGITAL METERS

SPECIFICATIONS: Voltage Ranges: 0- ±. 1999. 0- ± 1.999, 0-± 1999, 0- ± 199.9. and 0-± 1000 VDC/VAC. Accuracy (at 23° C ±2° C): ± (0.05% of reading +0.05% of full scale). Input Impedance: 0.199 volt range. 100 megohms; 1.999 volt range. 1000 meghohms; 19.99 volt range. 1 megohm: 199.9 and 1000 volt ranges, 10 megohms. Display Height: 0.5" LED: 0.6" LCD. Display Type: RM-350 or RM-350TB, LED: RM-351 or RM-351TB, LCD. Update Rate: 3 readings/second. Common Mode Rejection: 80 db minimum Common Mode Compliance: + 100 mV. Operating Temperature: 10" C to 50" C Zero Adjustment: None required. Size: 1.89" h. x 4.0" w. x 3.8" d.

NLS-RM350-RANGE (LED DISPLAY) $69.55

NLS-RM350TB-RANGE (LED DISPLAY) $69.55

NLS-RM351-RANGE (LCO DISPLAY) $81.30

NLS-RM350TB-RANGE (LCD DISPLAY) $81.30

RANGE: .2V, 2V, 20V, 200V, 1000V.

Specify when ordering.

THE NEW TECHNOLOGY TOUCH/TEST 20 MULTIMETER

Voltage Measurements. AC volts & AC millivolts — each function has three ranges: measurements from 10 microvolts to 750 VRMS. DC volts & DC millivolts — each function has three ranges, measurements from 10 microvolts to 1000 VOC.

Temperature Measurements. Degrees Celsius & Fahrenheit — two ranges; measurements from -40 to +150DC or from -40° to +302':T. Conductance Measurements. Measurements from 0.01 nanosiemens to 1.999 nanosiemens which is equivalent to: from 5 megohms to 100.000 megohms

Capacitance Measurements. Microfarads, nanofarads & picofarads — six ranges combined; measurements from 1.0 picofarad to 200 microfarads.

Current Measurements. AC amperes & AC milliamperes — four ranges; measurements from 10 microamperes to 10 amperes. DC amperes. OC milliamperes & DC microamperes — seven ranges combined; measurements from 0.01 microamperes to 10 amperes. Resistance Measurements. Megohms, kilohms & ohms — seven ranges combined, measurements from 10 milliohms to 20 megohms. Other Tests. Diode Test — A single quantitative means of checking diode and transistor junctions in both conducting and non-conducting directions. Continuity Test — Provides capability for audibly checking conductors and solder joints for shorts and open circuits, plus a go-no-go measurement of the amount of resistance from 10 milliohms to 2000 ohms.

ACCURACY SPECIFICATIONS

DC Voltage - DC volts & DC Millivolts

±(0.2% of Reading ♦ 1 digit) AC Voltage - AC volts & AC millivolts

±(0.5% of Reading * 2 digits) - 50 Hz to 10 kHz OC Current — DC amps, DC milliamps & DC microamps

±(1% of Reading + 1 digit) AC Current — AC amps & AC milliamps

±(1.5% of Reading + 2 digits) — 50 Hz to 10 kHz Temperature — % & °F

±(3'C from -40°C to +150'X) Resistance — ohms, kilohms & megohms

±(0.25% of Reading + 1 digit)

Test Current — 100 nA, 10 ^A & 1 mA

Test Voltage — 0.2V max. @ F.S. up to 2 megohms Conductance — nanosiemens

+(0.2% of Reading +2 digits) Capacitance — microtarad, nanotarad 8. picofarad

±(1% of full scale) Diode Test

±(0.2% of Reading+ 1 digit)

Test Current — 1 mA ±2%

TOUCH/TEST 20 comes complete with Test Leads. Temperature Probe, and Component Test Adaptor.

CAT. PART ft LIST PRICE OUR PRICE

NLS-TT20 $399.50

NLS-TT20B $425.00

(With Batteries and Charger Unit) NLS-41-140 Leather Carrying Case

$360.00 $385.00

$45.00

A

FM-300TB/115 and FM-300TB/230 LCD Display — 45.0 to 99.9 Hz.

3DIGIT FM SERIES DIGITAL LINE FREQUENCY MONITORS FEATURES: • Crystal controlled time base. • Fits DIN or NEMA cutout. • Large 0.6" LCD or 0.5" LED. • Calibration not required. • Line voltage protection. • Display updated every two seconds. • Terminal block connections.

SPECIFICATIONS: Frequency Range: FM 3TB and FM300TB. 45.0 to 99.9 Hz; FM-340TB. 045 to 450 Hz, Time Base: 1 second, crystal controlled. Resolution: FM-3TB and FM-300TB. 0.1 Hr: FM-340TB. 1 Hz. Accuracy: FM3TB and FM300TB, ± 0.1 Hz: FM-340TB. ± 1 Hz. Display: FM-3TB. 0.5" LED: FM-300TB. 0.6" LCD: FM-340TB. 0.6"LCD. Update Rate: Once every two seconds Operating Temperature: 0 ° C to + 50" C. Size: 1.09" h. x 4.00" x 3.80" d.

NLS-FM3TB-115VAC $103.55

NLS-FM3TB-230VAC S105.55

NLSFM300TB-115VAC $109.15

NLSFM300TB-230VAC $112.35

NLS-FM340TB-115VAC $112.00

NLSFM340TB 230VAC $115.00

WE ACCEPT VISA, and MASTER-CHARGE

BYTE November 1980

80 — 47

DYNASCAN CORPORATION

BSSSSBc

Test Equipment

New

Sweep/Function Generator

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

BKP-3020

...Four One!

LIST PRICE OUR PRICE

s35000 *30900 Instruments in

decoders...Generate double side-band supressed carrier signals for communications system tests...Evaluate attack-time of audio compressors...Sweeptest any passive or active device up to 2MHz.

FEATURES: Four instruments in one package — sweep generator, function generator, pulse generator, toneburst generator • Covers .02Hz-2MHz • 1000: 1 tuning range • Low-distortion high-accuracy outputs • Three -step attenuator plus vernier control • Internal linear and log sweeps • Tone-burst output is front-panel or externally programmable • Variable symmetry for almost any wave shape • Independent control of modulation and carrier level • Most complete low frequency signal source in its price range.

APPLICATIONS: Frequency response tests ... Amplifier square-wave and sweep evaluation ... Tone-burst speaker response tests ... Bias signal source ... substitute signal source for digital and analog circuits ... Pulse signal source ... Check threshold levels for TTL and CMOS logic ... Receiver alignment ... IF response tests... Observe distortion including Transient Intermodulation (TIM) distortion ... Measure linearity of instruments and transducers ... Check for ringing inductors ... Align subaudible and tone-burst.

SPECIFICATIONS: Frequency-Range: .02Hz-2MHz in 7

ranges, (each range provides 1000: 1 frequency control.) Ext. Control: VCG range >1000: 1 (linear) on any range with 0-10V input. Accuracy: ±5% of f.s. Stability: .05% (after 15 min.) SQUARE WAVE: Variable amplitude and fixed TTL output. Symmetry: 99% to 100kHz. Rise/Fall Time: <100ns. TTL Square Wave: <25ns. rise/fall time (logic 0<0.4V; logic 1>2.4V). SINE WAVE—Distortion: <1% .02Hz to 100kHz, <0.5% typical. Amplitude Flatness: Better than ±0.3dB to 2MHz at max. output. TRIANGLE WAVE—Linearity: 99% at 100kHz. Variable Symmetry: 40:1 range, .02Hz-2MHz. AM Modulation: 0-1.5Vp-p ext. signal required to provide 100% modulation. Capable of suppressed carrier operation. SWEEP—Internal: Linear or log. Sweep Rate: 0.5Hz to 50Hz. Sweep Width: Var. 10:1 to 1000:1. Sweep V. Output: Proportional to sweep. Ext. Sweep: Rear panel VCG input provided. TONE-BURST—Burst Width: Adj. from 5-90% of period of internal gating frequency. Ext. gating, burst width determined by TTL gating pulse. Rep. Rate: 0.5Hz to 50Hz, set by SWEEP RATE control. OUTPUT—Amplitude: 20Vp-p open circuit; 10Vp-p at 50Q. Control: Cont. variable, >20dB. Fixed attenuation, 0-40dB in 3 steps: total 60dB attenuation. Output Z: 50Q ±5%. DC Offset: Cont. variable. 0 to ± 10V or ± 5V into 50Q.

GENERAL—Rear panel jacks: VCG (sweep) input, GCV voltage out (prop, to freq.), AM input, TTL output, ext. burst gate input. Operating Temp.: 0-50°C. Power:

105-130VAC, 60Hz, 22W. Three-wire cord. Size (HWD): 8.1 x29 x 20cm. (3.2 x 11.3 x 7.8") incl. handle. Weight: 1.35kg (3.1 lbs.) CSA listed.

New Low Distortion Function Generator

LI

BKP-3010

ST PRICE OUR PRICE

$20000 $17500

APPLICATIONS: Frequency response tests • Amplifier performance evaluation • Bias signal source • Analog/Digital signal substitution • Receiver alignment

• Check linearity of test instruments ■ Check resonant circuits for ringing inductors.

FEATURES: Generates sine, square and triangle waveforms • Variable amplitude and fixed TTL squarewave outputs • 0.1 Hz to 1 MHz in six ranges • Typical sine wave distortion under 0.5% from 0.1 Hz to 100 kHz

• Variable DC offset for engineering applications • VCO external input for sweep-frequency tests.

SPECIFICATIONS: Frequency—Range: 0.1Hz to 1MHz in six ranges. (Each range provides >100:1 freq. control.) Ext. Control: >100:1 on any range with 0-5.5V input. Accuracy: 5% of f.s. Stability: .05% (after 15 min.) SQUARE WAVE—Symmetry: 99% to 100kHz Rise/Fall Time: <100ns. TTL Square Wave: <25ns rise/fall time. TRIANGLE WAVE—Linearity: 99% to 100kHz. SINE WAVE—Distortion: <1% 0.1Hz to 100kHz; <0.5% typical. Amplitude Flatness: <0.3dB to 1MHz at max. output. OUTPUT—Amplitude: 20Vp-p open circuit, 10Vp-p into 600S2. Continuously variable, >30dB range. Output Z: 600B ±5%. DC Offset: Var. to max. of ±10V open circuit or ± 5V at 600n. GENERAL—Operating Temp.: 0-50"C. Power: 105-130VAC, 60Hz, 8W. Size (HWD): 8.1 x 29 x 20cm (3.2 x 11.3 x 7.8") incl. handle. Weight: 1.3kg (2.9 lbs.). CSA listed.

80 MHz Counter with Period Mode and Timer

BKP-1820

LIST PRICE OUR PRICE

*30000 $26500

FEATURES: • 5Hz to 80MHz reading guaranteed—100MHz typical • Period measurements from 5Hz to 1 MHz. " Period average, auto and manual positions • One PPM resolution • Totalizes to 999999 plus overflow

• Elapsed time measurements from .01 to 9999.99 seconds plus overflow • One-megohm input resistance

• Bright,. 43" high LED readouts.

SPECIFICATIONS: FREQUENCY —Range: 5Hz to 80MHz Gate Time Auto: 10ms (MHz) and 100ms and 1 sec. (kHz). Gate Time Man.: 1 sec. (1 Hz reso.). Accuracy: ±t.b. accur. ±1 count. Resolution: ±0.0001% (i.e. 1 PPM of a 6 digit scale). PERIOD—Range: 5Hz to 1 MHz; MS (100 period aver.) or AUTO reading. Period Aver. Auto: 1 period aver, (ms), 10 and 100 period aver. (^s). Period Aver. Man.: 100 and 100 period aver, (ms reading with 1 ns reso.). TOTALIZE CHAR.—Range: 5Hz to 80MHz; 0 to 999999 plus overflow. Control: Man. reset to 0; convertible to remote reset. ELAPSED TIME—Range: .01 to 9999.99 sec. plus overrange. Trigger: TTL or contac closure. Reset: Manual, on front panel. IN PUT—Impedance: 1 M£; 25pF. Coupling: AC. Sensitive ty: 30mV rms, 5Hz to 40MHz; 50mV max. at 80MHz Derate linearly to 100 V (peak AC + DC) at 1kHz. Max Input: 200V (peak AC + DC) DC to 500 Hz, derate linear ly to 30V (peak ac + dc) @ 80MHz. Attenuator: X10 switch sel. INT. TIME BASE—(25°C;1/2 hour warm-up) 10MHz Crystal Oscillator. Setability: ±0.1 PPM (± 1Hz). Stability: <±1PPM for ±10° Line Voltage Variations ±0.001% (i.e. ±10 PPM) from 0" to 50°C ambient. Max. Aging: ± 1 PPM/YR. Ext. Input: TTL Level, switch sel., General —Power: 105V to 130V and 212 to 258V. 50/60 Hz. Size (HWD): 8.1 X 29 x 19 cm. (3.25 x 11.6 x 7.50") incl. handle. Weight: 1.4 kg (3 lbs.).

Portable Autoranging Digital Capacitance Meter

BKP-830

LIST PRICE OUR PRICE

$19900 *174°°

• Automatically measures capacitance from 0.1pF to 200 mF

• 0.1pF resolution

• No range switching

• 10 internal ranges for accuracy and resolution

• 0.2% basic accuracy

• Range hold switch

• Zero control lor test lead compensation

• 3:2 digit LCD display

• Banana jacks and special lead insertion jacks

• Battery or AC operation

• Fuse-protected

CAPACITANCE

Range: 10 automatically selected ranges with full scale value from 199.9pF to 199.9mF (reads from 0.1pF to 0.2F, with resolution of 0.1 pF),AccuracyMufo.2%of reading, ±0.5pF.±1 digit to 1999uF. 1% of reading, ±1 digit from 20uF to l99.9mF; Hold all specs between 180 & 1999 counts same as Auto; for all readings between 0 and 179 counts add: 0.1% of full scale to 19.99mF full scale, 0.5% of full scale from 19.99uF full scale to 199.9mF full scale. Resolution: 0.1 pF on lowest range and 0,05% of full scale on all other ranges, Reading Time: 0.4-1.0 SEC to 0.20mF; increasing to 6 SEC at 200mF Zero Control: Can compensate up to 25pF of test lead capacitance. Minus sign (-) indicates overcompensation. Overrange Indicator: (All Ranges) plus sign (+) with blank display and mF LED on, GENERAL

Display: 3Va digit LCD display. Front Panel Controls: Range HOLD switch, ZERO adjust, ON-OFF switch. Power Source: 4 standard "C" size cells operating from 4.2-6 volts, nicad. alkaline, or zinc carbon, with provision for AC adapter/charger. (Note: batteries and charger are not supplied.) Battery Lite: 20 hour* minimum, continuous use. Operating Temperature: *15°C to +35°C (59°F to 95C:F) at stated accuracy. Usable range at reduced accuracy: 0°C to 50nC(32°F to 122CF). Dimension: 16x11 x 6cm (6.4x4.4 x 2.4"). Weight: 725g (1.6 lbs.) with batteries. Optional Accessories: BC-28 AC adapter/charger, BP-28 battery pack, LC-28 carrying case.

New Portable Digital Capacitance Meter

BKP-820

LIST PRICE OUR PRICE

$15500 *14000

FEATURES: Measures capacitance to 1 Farad in 10

ranges • Resolves to 0.1pF on lowest range • 4 digit easy-to-ready LED display • 0.5% accuracy • Special lead insertion jacks and banana jacks • Fuse protected • Uses either rechargeable or disposable batteries •

Overrange indication.

APPLICATIONS: Measure: unmarked capacitors • cable capacitance • trimmer capacitors • capacitance in switches and other components • capacitor tolerance for incoming inspection, QA; Design use.

SPECIFICATIONS: Capacitance—Range: 0 1pF to 1000 millifarads (1 Farad) in 10 ranges. Accuracy: 0 5% of

F.S., ± 1 digit to 100mF; 1% of F.S., ± 1 digit from 1000fjF to 1000mF. Resolution: 0.1pF on lowest range. Reading Time: 0.6 sec to 10mF, increasing to 35 sec max. at 1000mF. Overrange: Bottom segments of digits are "ON" for overrange. GENERAL: Display: 4 digit LED. Power: (4-6 volts) 4 standard "C" size cells, nicad, alkaline or zinc carbon, with provision for charger (batteries and charger not supplied). Battery Life: 8 hours min. Operating Temp.: 0°C to SOX (32° to 100°F). Size (HWD): 16 x 11 x 6cm (6.4 x 4.4 x 2.375"). Weight: 675g. (1.15 lbs.) with batteries. Optional: BC-28 charger, BP-28 battery pack, LC-28 carrying case.

80 — 48

BYTE November 1980

WE ACCEPT VISA, and MASTER-CHARGE

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

VACUUM BASE $19.95 PNV-380

LOW-PROFILE BASE $13.9i> PNV-305

STANDARD BASE PNV-300 $13.95

SH.WT. 2 lbs.

PNV-304 HORIZONTAL JAW VISE HEAD

Not Included

$12.95

PNV-312 TRAY BASEMOUNT

SH.WT. 2 lbs.

PNV-311

PNV-315 $19.95

BOARD HOLDER

with 14" uat

FITS S-100 BOARDS

$16.95

BENCH CLAMP

STANDARD VISE HEAD

SH.WT. 2 lbs.

PANAVISE TILTS, TURNS, AND ROTATES TO ANY POSITION. IT HOLDS YOUR WORK EXACTLY WHERE YOU WANT IT.

PNV-303

Hmter Tools

SEMI-FLUSH CUTTING Regular head design for *20 (.032") soft copper or smaller. A popular cutter on the assembly line. Exclusive duradium process (see tech sheet). Makes this cutter tough for electronic production applications.

A = 4% HNT-20197(cl $12.25!

FULL FLUSH CUTTING Our most popular cutter. Slim taper nose design plus full flush cut at extreme tip combine to make the ideal production cutter. Recommended for #20 (.032") soft copper wire or smaller. Exclusive duradium process (see tech sheet) gives unmatched life to the cutting edge. Perfect for P.C. board and related high density applications where clearance is a factor. A = 414"

HNT-20195(c) $12.46 SEMI FLUSH CUTTING Taper nose and tip cutting. This cutter is larger than the *20195 for durability and longer life. Recommended for *18 (.0403") and smaller copper wire. Ideal for P.C. board and related type applications where density allows a larger head profile. A = 4'A"

HNT-20186(c) $12.72 TIP DYKE - SEMI-FLUSH CUTTING For getting in those tight spots with maximum visibility. Cuts at the extreme tip and has alignment pin to keep the cutter Dlades aligned. Recommended for nickel ribbon size .010" x .030" and smaller. Also *22 (.0253") and smaller copper wire. Perfect for work on D.I.P.'s and other I.C. packages where clearance and visibility are factors. A = 43/«"

HNT-20190 $20.09

ULTRA FINE "DELICATE" CUTTING AND BENDING APPLICATIONS. DELICATE YET DURABLE

FULL FLUSH CUTTING Tiny delicate cutter. Thin taper jaw plus overall small size. Gets into those tight spots. Ideal for super high density P.C. board work and rework, and other delicate jobs. Recommended for #24 (.020") and smaller copper wire. A = 31!V|.."

,n,,MATURE CHAIN NOSfc Miniature for extra fine work. Designed for bending, forming or holding delicate parts and assemblies found in the electronics industry. Also widely used wherever precision pliers are required such as instrumentation work, hobbyists, technicians, etc. Radius edges and smooth gripping surface for protection of delicate assemblies.

CURVED MINIATURE CHAIN NOSE Similar to #20144 but with curved nose. Gets into those tight spots. Particularly suited to P.C. board rework and instrumentation applications, a = 41/;"

HNT-20177 $10.04

A = 4V4" HNT-20144 $12.46

HNT-21029 $14.73

FINE CUTTING AND BENDING APPLICATIONS. DELICATE YET DURABLE FLUSH AND SEMI-FLUSH CUTTERS. RECOMMENDED FOR USE ON "18 (.040") AND SMALLER SOFT COPPER WIRE. ALL HUNTER PRECISION ELECTRONIC CUTTERS COME COMPLETE WITH SPRING, COLOR CODED CUSHION GRIP HANDLES, AND FULL POLISH HEAD.

NARROW CHAIN NOSE Serrated jaw, radius edged for precision looping, twisting, and bending. Serrated jaw for extra grip with minimum pressure. A delicate yet durable tool for production use.

A = 4J/4" HNT-20150(c) $10.04

EXTRA LONG NEEDLE NOSE Serrated jaw radius edged. For precision pulling, clamping and holding. Strong taper point insures long working life, serrated jaws for firm grip using less pressure. Reduces fatigue. Perfect for production, line use. A = 5%"

HNT-2010S(c) $11.38

SUPER THIN NEEDLE NOSE

Smooth jaws, radius edged for precision bending, reaching, clamping and forming. Delicate needle nose allows access to remote areas. Ideal for guiding leads through high density areas.

A = 43/." HNT-20114(c) $11.12

SUPER THIN - EXTRA LONG NEEDLE NOSE Smooth jaws, radius edged. Similar to *20114 but longer. Extra long "delicate" needle nose allows access to remote areas. A = 6"

HNT-20115(c) $11.79

c=

^Ece^H

KNIFE SETS

Stripper and Cuttei with spring HNT-25508 $308 ,

HEAVV DUTY KNIFE SET includes three knives, regular #50130, heavy duty #50160 and extra heavy duty #50170, plus 10 assorted blades. Packed in compact clear plastic carrying case,

HNT-50182 $6.43

■jr ~,k«.

A

STRAIGHT NOSE FORCEP CLAMP

5" Model HNT-54035 $6.43 FORCEP CLAMP (Hemostat, ForcepJ Popular in the electronics field with applications throughout industry Clamps, holds and positions small parts, wires, pins, etc.

PRECISION KNIFE SET Popular set both in industry and with the hobbyist. Complete with two most popular handles #50130 and #50160 plus 10 assorted blades. Packed in compact clear plastic carrying case.

HNT-50183 $4.55

CA, AK, HI, CALL (213) 894 8171

BYTE November 1980

80 — 49

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

Ungar

MODULAR SOLDERING TOOLS

Designed for Professionals by Professionals _

STANDARD LINE SOLDERING TOOLS

The modular "Standard Line" provides the professional with a durable yet economical iron for all types of soldering. Handles are perfectly balanced for comfort and fatigue-free soldering. Heaters provide fast recovery and maximum heat transfer, AH irons are 120 VAC.

Note: LAN electrical Tools & Components are UL Listed and bear the mark. Rated at 120 Volts AC/DC.

2. All Temperature Ranges are Approximate.

3. Tip not included.

MODEL 750 GROUNDED 3-WIRE HANDLE

The handle when assembled with the S or HP Series heaters, is completely grounded from tip to plug and eliminates electrostatic tip potential. A unique, spring-loaded ground plate reflects heat away from the operator's hand. For use only with S or HP heaters. Ungar Model 750 Grounded Handle — UNG-750 $9.95

MODEL 777 CLEAN ROOM HANDLE

Convection-cooled, molded grip for "clean room" use. Octagonal handle prevents rolling. Stainless

steel heat reflector. Accepts all Standard Line heaters and integral heater/tips, including the S and HP

series.

Ungar Model 777 Clean Room Handle — UNG-777 $4.95

\

S SERIES STAINLESS STEEL HEATERS

Constructed of corrosion-resistant stainless steel. Units feature improved 2- or 3-wire versatility, high strength, resistance to abuse and provide positive transfer of heat to the tip. Wedge-shaped base guide permits firm, taper-fit assembly to the handle. The heat reflecting shield also provides a positive ground when used with Model 750 grounded handle. Models 537-S, 1237-S and 4037-S Thread-On Heaters will accept all W Thread-On Tips and. with No. 100 Adapter, all v6" Thread-in Tiplets and Nibs; with No. 101 Adapter, all 3/16" Thread-in Tips.

PART NO.

TEMP.

FOR'/

" THREAD-ON TIPS

WATTS SIZE

PRICE

UNG-537-S

UNG-1237-S

UNG-4037-S

Approx 700 Approx. 800 Approx 900

23 3.67" Ig. x .365" diam. 33 3.65" Ig. x .375" diam. 45 3.45" Ig. x .365" diam.

$5.40 $6.47 S8.43

3 WIRE LINE

The ultimate tool...approved grounding ensures maximum safety from static-induced currents to sensitive circuitry. Meets NASA/military standards plus gives you the versatility of more than 40 tips, tiplets, nibs, and three fast-change heater units. Handle up to 30"' cooler. New heat resistant cord set.

Use V thred-on tips or adapters

COMPLETE 3-WIRE IRON

PART NO.

DESCRIPTION

SUGGESTED USER PRICE

lUNG-127 lUNG-135

UNG-145

Handle, 650'7 Handle, 750,: Handle, 900''

■750° F, 850- F ■1000" F

27W. 35W. . 45W.

$14.88 $14.88 $14.88

V*" THREAD-ON TIPS AND ADAPTERS

* I

H [J

1

[I

PL-111 PL-113 PL-114 KL-133 Pl-138 PL-151 PL-153 PL-155

TIPS

Material

Size, Ins.

Ungar No.

Tip Shape

Ovrl. Tip Lgth. Diam.

Net

Each

VT THREAD-ON TIPS

UNG-PL111 UNG-PL113 UNG-PL114 UNG-PL133 UNG-PL138 UNG-PL151 UNG-PL153 UNG-PL15S

Plated' PlatedPlated' Plated' Plated' Plated' Plated' Plated'

Pencil Chisel Micro spade Taper chisel Needle Screwdriver Chisel Stepped chisel

1-1/4 1-1/4

1 1-1/16 1-1/4 1-1/4 1-1/16 1-1/4

1/8 1/8 .05 1/8 3/64 1/8 3/16 1/16

$1.85 $1.85 $1.85 $1.92 $1.85 $1.85 $1.85 $1.85

ADAPTERS

UNG-100 UNG-101

1/4" thread-on heaters to 1/8" thread-in tips 1/4" thread-on heaters to 3/16" thread-in tips

$ .63 $ .63

SOLDERING STATION

PRINCESS® MICRO LINE

Princess Kit

UNG-6975 $21.59

Complete Princess iron with 3 interchangeable copper nibs. Includes #6902 2-wire handle, #6910 10W heat capsule and #6950, #6951 and #6952 soldering nibs.

Princess Soldering Station

UNG-6900 $28.50

Complete 10W soldering station. Fully assembled iron with 3 copper nibs plus Princess iron holder and cleaning sponge. Includes #6902 2-wire handle, #691010W heat capsule and #6950, #6951 and #6952 nibs, #6990 iron holder and sponge.

Designed expressly for the special needs of micro-electronic assembly. This popular precision tool design enables pinpoint hand control, comfort and accuracy assuring hi-yield soldering of delicate circuitry and components in the tightest spaces.

PART NO.

HANDLES

DESCRIPTION

.PRICE

UNG-6902 UNG-6903

Nylon Pastel Turquoise. Plastic cool-grip, 2-wire plug & cord.

Nylon Pastel Turquoise, Plastic cool-grip, 3-wire plug & cord

$ 8.72 $11.78

HEAT CAPSULES (Accepts all W

nibs and tiplets)

UNG-6918

Reach: 2%." 775--850- F„ 18W

$10.58

V." PRINCESS NIBS

UNG-6960 UNG-6961 UNG-6962 UNG-6963 UNG-6953

Platedt Pencil Platedt Screwdriver Platedt Spade Platedt Precision Copper Precision

3/8 7/16 3/8 3/8 3/8

1/16 1/16 1/16 1/16 1/16

$1.62 $1.62 $1.62 $2.90 $1.58

t Iron ciad ana gold plated.

DE-SOLDERING EQUIPMENT

PART NO.

6948

DESCRIPTION

6982

6983

PRICE

UNG-50 DK Ungarmatic* Desoldering Kit Adapts for fast, easy removal

of 14 and 16 pin DIP'S. Kit includes 95 Tip Adapter, 6982 Extractor, 6948 Bar Tip, 5013 Super-Wick Desoldering Braid

UNG-51 DK Desoldering Kit. Same as above. With 100 Adapter, fits Ungar

Heaters. Standard 1237-S, 4037-S, 37 HP. 3-wire 135.

145 Dl" 361, 362 UNG-5002 Super-Wick™ 050 W Desoldering Braid

UNG-5004 Super-Wick'" 100 W Desoldering Braid

UNG-6980 DIP Extractor Pliers

UNG-6982 Dual In-Line Extractor. Removes up to 16 pin IC's, use 6948

desolder tip UNG-6983 TO-5 Extractor, for most TO type cans, use desolder tips:

6943, 6944, 6946 UNG-6948 Desolder Tip. for DIP'S, Iron Clad, pre-tinned

UNG-7805 Solder-Off Bulb with TEE tip

$12.45

$11.20

$ 1.65

$ 1.89 $14.95

$ 4.22

$ 4.87

$ 5.00

$ 2.88

PRODUCTION AIDS;

M

ftflnn f *^

PART

NO.

DESCRIPTION

UNG-8000 Iron Holder. All Irons'

UNG-6990 Iron Holder, for Princess Iron only

UNG-8800 Iron Holder. All Irons" plus Ungarmatic and Hot Vac 2000

UNG-400 Kleen-Tip Sponge & Tray, fastens to workbench, sponge

replaceable UNG-455 Replacement sponge

HEAT GUN

Uron clad and silver plated.

Specifically built for electronic assembly, the W nozzle enables precise, accurate heat flow (750 '-BOO1-' F.) for a variety of applications including: shrink tubing, curini cements, reflow soldering, cooling/drying, encapsulation, shrink films, and component stressing. Four baffle adapters standard with heat guns for complete versatility. Weighs 13 oz. Convenient 3-way switch. Case'of UL recognized glass filled plastic. #6966C complete with 3-wire NEMA plug for approved grounding.

PART NO.

DESCRIPTION

3-Wire Model, 4 baffle adapters standard

S59.95

J

80 — 50

BYTE November 1980

PLEASE ORDER BY PART NUMBER

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

UNGAffwwtie

MODULAR SOLDERING TOOLS

Designed for Professionals by Professionals

Controlled Soldering Station

THREAD-TOGETHER MODULAR DESIGN FOR QUICK, ON-LINE HEATER OR TIP CHANGE

• Available in 3 preset temperatures; 600° F., 700° F. or 800°F. for any application.

• Closed loop, non-magnetic control.

• Low voltage system; 3 wire grounded.

• Biomechanical designed handle with cool grip for operator comfort. Cord is super flexible 3 wire grounded, heat resistant.

• Large capacity snap-on tray and sponge; removable for optional placement.

• Long life interchangeable tips; iron clad, chrome plated, pre-tinned.

• Designed for use on sensitive components.

Transient Spikes

Transient spikes caused by the switching action of some controlled output soldering stations may be transmitted to the workpiece and may adversely affect a metal oxide semiconductor, particularly if the amplitude of that spike is in excess of the operating voltage of the device. UNGARmatica Temperature Controlled Soldering Stations and Irons suppress transient spikes to less than the 5 volt operating voltage of sensitive MOS devices.

COMPLETE STATION SELECTION GUIDE FOR THIS ORDER COMPLETE TEMPERATURE STATION PART It

600°F ,..^T UNG-50T6

MOST

700°F popular) UNG-50T7

800°F UNG-50T8

LIST PRICE: $69.95

OUR PRICE: $62.96

Each of the above stations include: #70B Power Supply with on/off switch, indicator light, and 3 wire power cord; #71 Handle with 3 wire heat resistant secondary cord; #89 Tray and Sponge; #72 Iron Holder; Controlled Heater with #87 Screwdriver tip 1/16." I

fl a I I A n

3UNG#80"OUNG#83 HlNG #86 t|JNG#88 ^UNG «93 UNG #95 Iron clad, chrome plated, pre-tinned tips

UNG #80 Long Screwdriver W $2.56

UNG #83 Screwdriver 3/32" $2.56

UNG #86 Needle Tip 3/64" $2.56

UNG #88 Long Screwdriver 3/64" $2.56

UNG #93 Screwdriver 1/32" $2.56

UNG #95 TIP ADAPTER Tip Adapter #95 for special micro applications. This Adapter is designed for the use of'/«" thread-in Princess Nibs. $1.59

PORTABLE DESOLOERING TOOLS

EDS-AS196 $2195

Special purpose SOLDAPULLT for low static work stations. Deluxe features. Static conductive construction reduces sensitive component damage.

EDS DS017

DELUXE

$1795

(U3i)

Rugged manual loading tool for volume desoldering. High vacuum. Heavy duty plastic. Fully enclosed shaft for safety. Plunger lock feature for compact storage.

EDS-PT109

$12

50

. T'=-'J^f-r^~

wt 3 oz. (85u)

Sturdy tool for routine desoldering. Slim profile, smooth action, very low recoil. Plunger lock feature for compact storage.

EDS-US340

$1195

LOW STATIC POTENTIAL

Completely portable. One hand loading, three position stroke adjustment. Swift vacuum action.

EDS-US140

$3

95

tigf'f. '' ?"

Compact manual loading tool. Easy one hand operation. Adjustable three position loading stroke. Low mass plunger, rapid vacuum impulse, negligible recoil.

EDS-MV124

$5

95

s=^tWt^ftff^irs^t=^.

(2L

MINI VACUUM PUMP ""(270°'>

Designed for desoldering microminiature components and fine wiring. Resilient teflon tip, spring arrestor plunger with cleaning shaft.

REPLACEMENT TIP FOR SOLQAPULLTS

CAT. # TOOL USED PRICE

EDS-SRT12 EDS-LS197 EDS-EC131 EDS-ST132

DS017, PT109, US140

AS196, US340

MV124 (END CAP)

MV124 (TIP)

$2.95 $4.50 $1.95 $1.95

SUPER-WICK™

DESOLDERING BRAID

UNG-5002 UNG-5004

.050" .100"

$1.65 $1.88

ISOSTIB

ISO-Tip Cordless Soldering Irons

Up to 125-150 Joints per charge

5-10 Seconds average soldering heat time

Tip performance up to 50 watts and over 700° F tip

temperature

Built-in work light

"Lock off" switch

Rechargeable battery & charger included

Cannot over charge

ISO-7800 $38.95

Fastest recharging iron on the market.

Recharges fully in one hour.

ISO-7740 $28.95

"Quick Charge" Recharges completely

in 3 to 4'/2 hours.

ISO-7540 $25.50

"The Original" Recharges completely

in 12 to 16 hours.

ISO-6500 $11.95

P.C. Drill attachment with No. 56 Bit.

SOLDER

The best for general wire and printed circuit soldering 60% tin, 40% lead alloy, .032" dia. (21 guage) with triple resincore.

TCH1832 1 lb. $13.41

TCH1835 'A lb. $ 7.44

cffi

COLE-FLEX CORPORATION

IRRADIATED POLYOLEFIN SHRINKABLE TUBING

• Conforms to MIL-I-23053B/5

• Shrinks 50% (2:1 ratio) with only 5% longitudinal shrinkage

• Fewer sizes covering more applications

• Operating temp, range: -55JC to +135°C

• Dielectric strength: 500^ per mil

Price 100 Ft. (2514 It Lengths)

Part No. Size 4 It. Length Add "C" to end of Part No.

CST364XX 3/64" $1.05 $22.36

CST116XX 1/16" $1.10 $23.83

CST332XX 3/32" $1.25 $27.04

CST18XX 1/8" $1.30 $28.59

CST316XX 3/16" $1.60 $34.73

CST14XX 1/4" $2.00 $43.94

CST38XX 3/8" $2.25 $48.94

When ordering—Replace "XX" with color code: ColorCodes: BK-Black, WH-White. RD-Red, YE-Yellow, BU-Blue. CL-Clear

NIBBLING TOOL

This Nibbling Tool is perfect for cutting, trimming, or notching sheet metal up to 18 guage. It operates like a punch and die and also works well on aluminum or plastic up to 1 /16" thick. We feel that this tool can be a real time-saver for our customers when working on chassis, printed circuit boards and prototype model boards.

TLX-201

NIBBLING TOOL

$8.95

PLEASE ORDER BY PART NUMBER

BYTE November 1980 80 — 51

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

ISDBflFY

Model IBAR4-6 with 6 foot power cord Model IBAR4-15 with 15 toot power cord

• 4 Standard 3-prong plugs

• 4 100 KHz to 200 MHz filters

• Inductively isolated grounds

• Sockets individually filter isolated

• Each socket isolated from power line

• On-Off switch • Indicator light

• Circuit breaker protected at 15A.

High Voltage Spike Protection: 1000 A, 8/20 usee; pro-1000 A, 8/20 usee; protection from repeated spikes. Load Handling: 1875 W MAX. total load; 15A per socket. Input: 125 VAC, 15 Amps; Standard 3-prong plug.

PROTECT YOUR INVESTMENT PROTECT YOUR DATA WITH

GOF-IBAR46

LIST PRICE $7995

,95

OUR PRICE

$59

POWERMATE

(gscT)

BY ™ ofcursTED

MULTIPLE OUTLET STRIPS

Designed with GSC's traditional regard for quality, safety and long life, Powermate Multiple Outlet Strips set a new standard of excellence. The unique two-piece extruded Aluminum Channel body is very strong and rigid for maximum wearability. All Powerstrip models are circuit-breaker protected, CSA and UL listed. GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS: Size: 2" W x 1%" H. (Length according to Model). Maximum Power Rating: 15A, 125 VAC, 60 Hz, 1875 Watts continuous duty. Outlets: 3-prong "U" ground. Case: Anodized, extruded aluminum. Protection: Circuit Breaker. 6' line cord.

$■'■

■

MODEL

LENGTH

OUTLETS

SWITCH

LIGHT PRICE

G0F-9P5-6

9"

5

No

No $15.95

G0F-9PLS4-6

9"

4

Yes

Yes $16.95

G0F-12P7-6

12"

7

No

No $17.95

GOF-12PLS6-6

12"

6

Yes

Yes $18.95

G0F-24PLS8-6

24"

8

Yes

Yes $24.95

G0F-48PS8-6

48"

8

Yes

No $32.95

G0F-72PS8-6

72"

8

Yes

No $36.95

RACK MOUNT OUTLET STRIP

7 OUTLETS WITH SWITCH & PILOT LIGHT

Anodized aluminum. 1 outlet on front, 6 on back. Size: 19" W x 3% H x 314" D. GOF-19RRPS7 - with 6 foot power cord. $34.95

&

ANTRONK

Corporation ULLISTED

JUNCTION BOXES

PROTECTION — UL listed and 100% factory tested • Reliablepush-to-resetcircuit breaker

• Tough 14-guage jacketed 3-wire, 6 foot cord with molded plug • Rugged steel housing • Electrical and mechanical grounding throughout unit. CONSTRUCTION — All wiring mechanically fastened and soldered • Multiple keyhole mounting

• Silicone enamel finish • U-ground 3-prong outlets.

UTILITY — Models for every application • Endmounted cords • Full 15 amp, 125 volt A.C. rating.

ANT-UL30

ANT-UL40

Master Model Switch Number & Pilot

Only 3-Prong

Switched Switched Outlets w/Pilot 3-Prong 3-Prong

Price

ANT-UL30 1 ANT-UL40

ANT-UL60 1

ANT-UL70 1

ANT-UL70L 1

— $16.00

— $19.25

— $18.95

— $29.90 6 $35.05

Magnifier IM SERIES

Perfectly balanced fluorescent lighting with precision magnifier lens. Tough thermoplastic shade. Easy lens removal. New wire clip design permits easy installation and removal of fluorescent tube. Comes with plastic shield to protect tube from soiling and damage.

Colors: Gray, Black. Comes with one 22 watt T-9 Circline fluorescent tube. 3 diopter lens standard. Shipping weight with bracket: 8 lbs. 'Reach: Model IM-10, 42"

LDU-IM10A-WH LDU-IM10A-GY LDU-IM10A-BK LDU-IM10A-CB LDU-5DLNS

WHITE

GRAY

BLACK

CHOC BROWN

5 DIOPTER LENS

LIST PRICE OUR PRICE $94.95 $69.95 $94.95 $69.95 $94.95 $69.95 $94.95 $69.95 $14.00

MRGEONICS LIMITED

Protection against transient over-voltage

The units consist of a two-gate solid state circuit board protected by a 3 amp fuse. Upon the occurrence of a transient over-voltage above 6% of the line voltage, the components in the two-gate system react in tandem to allow picosecond response time and energy dissipation. The transient voltage is thereby suppressed to a safe non-destructive level. Product Specifications:

• 120 Volts, Single-Phase, 40/70 Hz.

• Steady State Power Dissipation: .85W.

• Transient Energy Dissipation: 20 Joules.

• Max. Peak Current 2000 amps.

INTERCEPTOR

SURGE-LESS SOCKET"

Model ISS 701-R

Patent Pending

SRG-ISS-701-R

1-4 5-9 NQ 10-24

$21.80 $20.25 <3 $18.50

Shipping Weight: 8 oz.

CONTROLS...

ELECTRICAL SURGES —

PROTECTS YOUR

VALUABLE ELECTRICAL

EQUIPMENT

POWER-SENTRY

Model PS 701-D

Patent Pending

SRG-PS-701-D

1-4 5-9 10-24 $31.50 $29.30 $27.00

Shipping Weight: 8 oz.

COMP-ONICS

ELECTRONIC ATTENUATOR

• POSITIVE PROTECTION FOR SOPHISTICATED EQUIPMENT

• MORE ACCURATE REPORTS

The Model 708 can be utilized in applications where inductive and switching transients are present and jeopardize the electonic circuitry of data processing equipment, computer power supplies and numerical controlled machinery. When the Componics Model 708 is connected harmonic distortion and transients are instantaneously clamped to a safe efficient operating level.

SRG-CO 708

10-24 $199.75

80 — 52

BYTE November 1980

VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

OPEN FRAME POWER SUPPLIES

FEATURES:

• Designed to comply with all applicable UL & CSA specifications!

• Pluggable IC regulators - user replaceable!

• Remote sensing!

• Fold back currents limiting!

• Unconditionally guaranteed for two years!

• Manufactured and serviced in U.S.A. and Canada!

• Industry standard frame sizes for simplified second sourcing!

GOF Midget Series: $26.00

GOF M-5

GOFM-12

GOF M-15

GOF M-24

GOF M 2-6

GOF M 10-16

GOF M 16-24

Dim.: 1.9" x 4.0" x 4 0"

Weight: 3 lbs.

5V/1.2A 12 V / 0.5 A

15 V / 0.5 A 24 V / 0.4 A

2 to 6 V / 1 A 10 to 16 V /1 A

16 to 24 V / 1 A

Basic features of all GOF Series units include: dual AC primary hookup for 115/230 VAC connection with 50 Hz provision: oversize lo-flux transformers; pluggable IC regulators. 85° computer-grade electrolytics; metal-can power transistors. FR-4 circuit boards with 2 oz. copper track; remote sensing; fold back current limiting; multi-surface mounting with factory-installed captive hardware; industry standard frame size for simplified alternative sourcing.

Premium components are used in all units to enhance reliability. All IC regulators are pre-burned and checked before installation in actual units. IC's are socket mounted and user replaceable. Computer-grade capacitors are rated to 85° operating levels and are built to GSC's own specifications for low ESR to enhance long life. All power transistors are metalcan devices and are graded for important parameters by GSC's own quality assurance group before release to production.

SPECIFICATIONS:

Input

Line Regulation: Load Regulation: Output Ripple & Noise:

Remote Sensing:

Transient Response:

Overload Protection:

Ambient Operating Temp.: Mounting:

Cooling:

105-125 VAC / 210-250 VAC. 47-63 Hz.

0.05% over entire operating range.

0.1% for no load to full load current.

1 mV RMS / 3 mV peak-to-peak

typical.

On all models except G0F-M series,

FDD100 and GOF 2A-1D.

No overshoot or undershoot on

turn-on or turn-off.

Foldback current limited, self

restoring.

Continuous duty from 0°C. to 60°C.

Multi-surface mounting with 8-32

captive hardware.

Convection cooled.

GOF-1 Series: $36.00

GOF 1-5

5V/3A

GOF 1-12

12 V / 15 A

GOF 1-15

15 V/1.2 A

GOF 1-24

24 V / 0.8 A

GOF 1—28

28 V / 0.5 A

Dim: 1.62" x

4.00" x 4.87"

Weight:

GOF-2 Series: $57.00

GOF 2-5

5V/6A

GOF 2-12

12 V / 3 A

GOF 2-15

15 V / 2.8 A

GOF 2-24

24 V / 2.3 A

GOF 2-28

28 V / 2.0 A

Dim.: 2.5" x 4.87'

x 5.62"

Weight: 5 lbs.

GOF 3X-5

GOF3X-12

GOF 3X-15

GOF 3X-24

GOF 3X-28

Dim.: 2.75" x 9.0" x 4.87"

Weight: 10 LBS.

GOF-FDD-100 Series: $89.00

GOF-FD0100 24V/2A 5V/1.5A 5V/5A

GOF-FDD101 12-15 V/1 A 5V/3A 12-15 V/1 A

GOF-FDD102 24V/2A 5V/3A 12-15 V/1 A

Dim.: 2.80" x 10.25" x 4.00" Weight: 6 LBS.

Overvoltage Protection Modules

GOF-OVF-1 GOF-OVF-2 G0F-0VF-3 Weight: 1 lb.

Below 6 A 6 A to 10 A 15 A to 25 A

S 8.00 $12.00

$24.00

G0F2A-1DA

GOF2A-1DB

GOF2A-1DC

GOF2A-1DD

Dim.: 2.53" x 7.90" x 4.03"

Weight: 5 lbs.

12-15 V/1.5 A

5V/1.2A

15 V / 0.5 A

24 V / 0.4 A

GOF 2A IT Series: $115.00

GOF2A-1T 5V/6A 12-15 V/ 1.5 A

12-15 V/ 1.5 A G0F2A-1TA 5V/6A 5V/0.8A

12-15 V/ 1.5 A G0F2A-1TB 5V/6A 5V/3A

18-24 V/1.0 A G0F2A-1TC 5V/6A 18-24 V/1.0 A

12-15 V/1.5A GOF-FDD200 5V/3A 5V/1.0A

GOF-5 Series: $140.00

GOF 5-5

GOF 5-12

GOF 5-15

GOF 5-24

GOF 5-28

Dim.: 6.0" x 13.25" x 4.E

Weight. 15 LBS.

5 V / 25 A 12 V / 16 A 15 V /13 A 24 V / 8.1 A

28 V / 6.9 A

GOF 2A-2D Series: $90.00

GOF 2A-2D A

GOF 2A-2D B

GOF 2A-2D C

GOF 2A-2D D

Dim: 2.78" x 11.00" x 4.87"

Weight: 10 LBS.

12-15 V/3A 5V/6A 5V/6A 5V/6A

12-15 V / 3 A

5V /6A 12-15 V / 3 A

24 V / 2.3 A

GOF 3A IT Series: $145.00

G0F3A-1TA 5V/12A

G0F3A-1TB 5V/12A

GOF3A-1TC 5V/12A

GOF3A-1TD 5V/12A

Dim.: 4.30" x 16.75" x 4.88" Weight: 16 LBS.

12-15 V/ 3 A 12-15V/3A

12-15V/3A 18or24V/2A

5V/6A 12-15 V/ 3 A

18or24V/2A 12-15V/3A

GSC power supplies sell faster than we can stock our shelves. Please plan ahead and allow 4-6 weeks for delivery.

PLEASE ORDER BY PART NUMBER

BYTE November 1980 80 — 53

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

IC OP-AMP COOKBOOK

by Walter G. Jung. The first book of its kind to be published. Covers not only the basic theory of the IC op-amp in great detail, but also includes over 250 practical circuit applicaions, liberally illustrated. Organized into three basic parts: introduction to the IC op-amp and general considerations, practical circuit applications, and appendixes of manufacturers' reference material. 592 pages; 5% x 8%; softbound. SAM 20969 $12.95

TTL COOKBOOK

byDonaldE. Lancaster. A complete and detailed guide

to transistor-transistor logic (TTL)—what TTL is, how

it works, and how to use it. 336 pages; 51/2 x 8V2;

softbound.

SAM 21035 $9.50

ACTIVE-FILTER COOKBOOK

by Donald E. Lancaster. A practical, user-oriented treatment of active filters. Explains what active filters are and how they work, and gives detailed information on design, analysis, and synthesis technigues. Explores some interesting applications for active filters in brainwave research, electronic music, quadrature art, and psychedelic lighting. 240 pages; 51/z x 8% softbound. SAM 21168 $14.95

CMOS COOKBOOK

by Donald E. Lancaster. This well-known author presents an information-packed guide to this lowcost, fun-to-work-with digital logic family. 416 pages; 5'/2 x 8V2; softbound. SAM 21398 $10.50

GUIDEBOOK TO SMALL COMPUTERS

by William Barden, Jr. Contains all the information needed for the prospective buyer of a small computer to make a wise selection from 21 popular systems described. 128 pages; 5% x 8V2; softbound. SAM 21698 $4.95

GUIDE TO CMOS BASICS. CIRCUITS. S EXPERIMENTS

by Howard M. Berlin. Discusses what CMOS devices are, their characteristics, and design rules. A series of 22 useful experiments illustrate many of the concepts discussed. 224 pages; 5'/2 x 8V2; softbound. SAM 21654 $8.95

THE Z 80 MICROCOMPUTER HANDBOOK

by William Barden. Jr. Gives current and prospective users a onestop source to Z-80 technology —hardware and software aspects and instrumentation problems. 304 pages; 5'/2 x BVs; sottbound.

SAM 21500 $8.95

USING THE 6800 MICROPROCESSOR

by Elmer Poe. Acquaints you with the hardware and software of the

"6800" fun machine. 176 pages; 5'A x 8V2; softbound

SAM Z15I2 16.95

THE CHEAP VIDEO COOKBOOK

by Donald E. Lancaster. Your complete guide to super low cost alphanumeric and graphic microprocessor-based video displays. 256 pages; 51A x X8V2; sottbound.

SAM 21524 $5.95

IC CONVERTER COOKBOOK

by Walter G. Jung. Written for the engineer, technician, hobbyist, or

student, this book will be an invaluable working guide to the

understanding and use of IC a/d and d/a converters. 576 pages; 5'A x

by-/, sottbound.

SAM 21527 $13.95

BxolC PROGRAMMING PRIMER

by Mitchell Waite and Michael Pardee. Covers everything from getting organized to writing a game program. 240 pages; 5V2 x 8V2; softbound.

SAM 21586 $8.95

THE S 100 AND OTHER MICRO BUSES

by Elmer C. Poe and James C. Goodwin. From discussing the basics of buses to examining in detail the various ways to convert different bus signals to S-100 signals, this guide covers it all 144 pages; SB x 8V2; softbound.

SAM 21587 $5.95

MICROCOMPUTER INTERFACING WITH THE B255 PPI CHIP by Paul F. Goldsborough and Peter R. Rony. Introduces you to the Intel 8255 Programmable Peripheral Interface (PPI) through discussion and experiments. Tells what the 8255 is, where it fits in a microcomputer system, why it is used, and how it is used. 224 pages; 5V2 x 8fe softbound. , SAM 21614 $895

SAMS BOOKS

MICROCOMPUTER PRIMER (2nd Edition)

by Mitchell Waite and Michael Pardee. Describes the

newest advances in microprocessor technology

including information on VLSI chips, 16-bit micros,

and new interface devices. 384 pages; 5Vz x 8%;

softbound.

SAM 21653 $11-95

THE HOWARD W. SAMS CRASH COURSE IN MICROCOMPUTERS

by Louis E. Frenzel, Jr. Designed to meet the computer challenge fo the '80's, this course is arranged as a series of lessons in a unique self-teaching format. The programmed instruction text is a quick and effective way to learn the basics, numbers systems, memories, architecture, input/output devices, software programming, and applications. Written for the lay person as well as scientists, engineers, or technicians. 264 pages; 8'/z x 11; wirebound. SAM 21634 $17.50

FUNDAMENTALS OF DIGITAL COMPUTERS (2nd Edition)

byBonaldD. Spencer. Covers everything fromcomputerhardwareto the two most popular programming languages —BASIC and FORTRAN. 320 pages; 5% x 8V2; softbound.

SAM 21534 $9.95

DBUG: AN 8080 INTERPRETIVE DEBUGGER

by Christopher A. Titus and Jonathan A. Titus. Describes the

operation of a software debugging program for the 8080 and how it

can be applied to program development and testing. 112 pages; 5V2X

8V2; softbound.

SAM 21536 $4.95

MICROCOMPUTER-ANALOG CONVERTER SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE INTERFACING

by Titus. Titus. Rony, andlarsen. Introduces you to the concepts and techniques of interfacing digital computers to analog devices. 288 pages; 5% x 8V2: softbound.

SAM 21540 $9.50

8080/8085 SOFTWARE DESIGN, 2 Volumes

byLarsen. Rony. Titus & Titus. Volume 1 gives you an introduction to

assembly language programming. 336 pages; 5V2 x 8%; softbound.

SAM 21541 $9.50

Volume 2 is a unique, one-of-a-kind computer science book for the design engineer. Written in Intel machine code. 352 pages; 5V2 x BVz; softbound.

SAM 21615 $995

Two-volume set, SAM 21659 $17.50

INTERFACING AND SCIENTIFIC DATA COMMUNICATIONS EXPERIMENTS by Rony. Larsen. Titus, and Titus. Tells you about the principles of transmitting data using the asynchronous-serial data transfer technique-the most universal interfacing standard available today. 160 pages; 5V2 x 8V2; softbound. SAM 21546 $5.95

INTRODUCTORY EXPERIMENTS IN DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND B080A MICROCOMPUTER PROGRAMMING AND INTERFACING. 2 Books

by Rony. Larsen, and Titus. Completely self-instructional texts. Book 1 covers Digital Codes, An Introduction to Programming, Some 8080 Microcomputer Instructions. Registers and Register Instructions and more. 496 pages; 5V2 x 8V2; softbound

SAM 21550 $12.95

Book 2 covers What is Interfacing. Device Select Pulses, The 8080A Distinctive Set. and more. 416 pages; 5% x 8V2; softbound.

SAM 21551 $10.95

Two Volumes. SAM 21552 $20.95

6502 SOFTWARE DESIGN

by Leo Scanlon. Explains the fundamentals of the popular 6502 integrated circuit currently being used in general purpose microcomputers, video games, and personal computers. 272 pages; 5% x 8V2; softbound. SAM 21656 $10.50

Z-80 MICROCOMPUTER DESIGN PROJECTS

by William Barden, Jr. Provides a solid introduction to the Z-80 and shows how to build a microcomputer called the EZ-80 around this remarkable chip. 208 pages; 8V2X 11; softbound. SAM 21682 $12.95

HOW TO PROGRAM AND INTERFACE THE 6800

by Andrew C. Staugaard, Jr. Provides an in-depth introduction to microprocessors/microcomputers in general with emphasis on the Motorola 6800 microprocessor family. Includes over 30 "hands-on" experiments that demonstrate "real-world" applications. 416 pages; 5Vz x 8Vz; softbound. SAM 21684 $13.95

B085A COOKBOOK

by Christopher A. Titus and Jonathan A. Titus. Shows you how to design a microprocessor using the 8085A microprocessor chip with designs for several completely operational microprocessors. 352 pages; 5% x 8Vi; softbound. SAM 21697 $12.95

COMPUTER GRAPHICS PRIMER

by Mitchell Waite. Threecarefully illustrated chapters explain perspectives, basic concepts, and graphics programming in this newest computer development that permits the creation of complex drawings, plans, maps, and schematics on the screen of a television set. 184 pages; 5% x 8'A; softbound. SAM 21650 $12.95

PROGRAMMING & INTERFACING THE 6502. WITH EXPERIMENTS

by Marvin L. De Jong. A compilation of information and programs that will be useful to anyone interested in using 6502-based microcomputer systems. 416 pages; 51 x 8V2; softbound. SAM 21651 $13.95

TV TYPEWRITER COOKBOOK

by Donald E Lancaster. Gives you an in-depth coverage of typew riters (tvt's)— the only truly low-cost microcomputer and smallsystems display interface. 256 pages; 5'/2 x iW, softbound. SAM 21313 $9.95

THE B080A BUGBO0K • MICROCOMPUTER INTERFACING AND PROGRAMMING

by Rony, Larsen, and Titus. Gives you the principles, concepts, and applications of an 8-bit microcomputer based on the 8080 microprocessor IC chip. 416 pages; 5'/2 x 8V2; sottbound.

SAM 21447 $10.50

(BUGBOOK* is a registered trademark of E & L Instruments. Inc., Derby Connecticut 06418.1

HOW TO PROGRAM MICROCOMPUTERS

by William Barden. Jr. A popular, complete guide to assembly

language programming of the Intel 8080, Motorola MC6800, and M0S

Technology MCS 6502 Microprocessors. 256 pages; 5V2 x 8V2;

softbound.

SAM 21459 $8.95

Z-80 MICROPROCESSOR PROGRAMMING S INTERFACING - Books 1 & 2

by Elizabeth A. Nichols, Joseph C. Nichols, and Peter R. Rony. Two volumes of laboratory-oriented text. Book 1 explores Z-80 software and machine language programming. Book 2 addresses Interfacing digital circuits with the Z-80 CPU, PI0. and CTC chips. Both books stress learning through experimentation. Book 1; 304 pages; 5% x 8%; softbound.

SAM 21609 $10.95

Book 2; 496 pages; 5'A x 8V2; softbound.

SAM 21610 $12.95

Two Volumes, SAM 21611 $21.96

TEA: AN 8080/8085 CORESIDENT EDITOR/ASSEMBLER by Christopher A. Titus. Deals with an assembly language program and provides a detailed explanation so that the reader can effectively use the program presented to prepare assembly language programs. Includes a complete assembled listing of the program to be used on • the 8080-based microcomputer. 256 pages; 6T4 x 8'A; softbound. SAM 21628 $8.95

J

80 — 54

BYTE November 1980

PLEASE ORDER BY PART NUMBER

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

ORDERING INFORMATION • BY PHONE: (800) 423-5633, (213) 894-8171 BY MAIL: 16723C Roscoe Blvd., Sepulveda, CA 91343

MINIMUM ORDER

$15.00 IN MERCHANDISE on prepaid U.S. orders. Payment may be made by check, money order, Mastercharge, VISA, and by bank transfer. (Call for details.)

OPEN ACCOUNTS

U.S. ONLY. $25.00 MINIMUM. We gladly accept purchase orders Irom government, schools, and lirms with a published Al rating Irom DUNN & BRADSTREET. All orders are FOB Sepulveda. California. Freight charges will be prepaid and added to the invoice. An application for credit is available upon request. Please include payment with your initial order; credit applications take four weeks to process.

COD

We do not accept COD orders.

SALES TAX

Add 6% sales tax to all parts delivered in California. If the merchandise is for resale, you must include a signed standard resale permit card (not just a tax number) to qualify for exemption.

PHONE NUMBERS

ORDER DESK: To place an order from outside CA, AK, HI, Call:

(800) 423-5633

SALES DEPT: To place an order, inquire about product availability or to make a technical inquiry calf:

(213) 894-8171

CUSTOMER SERVICE: To inquire about an order, your account, or a missing or damaged package call:

(213) 893-8202

LARGE QUANTITY QUOTATION OR BIDS

Priority 1 Electronics will quote on quantities in excess of the maximum amounts shown in the selection guide.

PRICES

Prices are net, FOB Sepulveda, California. Prices are subject to change without notice. Due to the wide fluctuations in the price of precious metals, we reserve the right to revise prices at the time of shipment, without notice, on items that contain gold or silver such as ICs, connectors, and wire. For up to the minute prices and for prices in excess of those shown, call PRIORITY 1 ELECTRONICS, (213) 894-8171. (800) 423-5633.

RETAIL STORE

Visit our retail showroom anytime Monday-Friday9-6, Saturday 10-5. You can pick-up your parts and brouse through thousands of items, many available only at the retail store.

U.S. SHIPPING AND HANDLING

All orders under 50 lbs. are shipped via UPS insured unless otherwise specified. For orders shipped via mail (not recommended) all packages to the U.S., its possessions and territories and Canada, are insured to $200.00 Minimum mall shipping and handling charge is $3.00 For insurance coverage above $200.00, consult your local postmaster for rates and fees. Orders over 50 lbs. will be shipped via motor freight collect. The weights listed in the product descriptions are approximate figures. To compute your shipping and handling charge, consult the table in the next column:

UPS SHIPPING CHARGES

For foreign postal charges, consult the table below:

Up to

Ground

Air

11b.

S 2.50 $ 3.00

2 lbs.

$ 2.50 $ 3.09

3 lbs.

$ 2.50 $ 4.07

4 lbs.

$ 2.50

S 5.07

5 lbs.

$ 2.85

6.06

6 lbs.

S 3.21 $ 7.07

7 lbs.

S 3.57 $ 8.06

8 lbs.

S 3.94 $ 9.05

9 lbs.

S 4.29

$10.05

10 lbs. S 4.66

$11.04

11 lbs.

$ 5.02 $12.04

12 lbs.

S 5.39 $13.04

13 lbs.

$ 5.74 $14.03

$ 6.10 $15.03

15 lbs.

S 6.47 S16.02

16 lbs. $6.83 $17.02

17 lbs.

$ 7.19 $18.02

18 lbs.

$ 7.55 $19.01

$ 7.92

$20.00

20 lbs. $8.27 $21.00

21 lbs. $ 8.64 S22.00

22 lbs. $ 9.00

$23.00

23 lbs. $ 9.36 $23.£

24 lbs.

$ 9.72 $24.99

25 lbs.

$10.08 $25.98

Up to

Ground

Air

REGION

First pound

26 lbs.

$10.45 $26.97

Each additional pound or fraction

there of

27 lbs.

$10.£

$27.97 Africa

$6.50

$5.00

28 lbs. $11.17 $28.96 Asia

$6.40

$5.00

29 lbs. $11.53 $29.97 Australia

$6.25

$4.84

30 lbs. $11.90 $30.95 Central America & Caribbean

$3.85

$1.85

31 lbs. $12.25 $31.95 Europe

S4.50

$2.90

32 lbs. $12.61 $32.95 Middle East

$5.70

$3.70

33 lbs. $12.98 $33.95 South America

$5.25

$3.25

34 lbs. $13.34 $34.94 'Canada & Mexico — Same as U.S. Air.

35 lbs. $13.70 $35.93 These rates are subject to change with each USPS rate increase.

36 lbs.

$14.06 $36.93

WARRANTY

37 lbs.

$14.43 $37.93

38 lbs. $14.78 $38.92

39 lbs.

$15.15

$39.92

40 lbs.

$15.51

$40.91

41 lbs.

$15.87 $41.91

42 lbs. $16.23 $42.90

43 lbs.

$16.59 $43.90

44 lbs.

$16.96 $44.90

Since the Seller. PRIORITY I ELECTRONICS, does not control the use of its products, there are no express warranties which extend beyond the description ol the lace hereof. Seller disclaims any implied warranties ol merchantability or ol fitness lor any particular purpose. Since Seller cannot control the manner or use ol its products alter their sale. Seller shall not be responsible for any consequential or indirect damages. Since Seller is only acting as a distributor ol products manufactured by other companies. Seller expressly limits its liabilities to any guarantees extended by the manufacturer, which guarantees seller will pass through to the customer. Seller will at its option, either replace the goods sold or relund the purchase price.

CLAIMS AND RETURNS

45 lbs.

$17.31

$45.89

46 lbs.

$17.68

$46.88

47 lbs.

$18.04 $47.89

48 lbs.

$18.40 $48.f

49 lbs.

$18.76 $49.88

50 lbs. $19.12 $50.86

These rates are subject to change with each UPS rate increase.

FOREIGN ORDERS

Minimum $25.00 must be PREPAID in one of the following three ways:

1) Mastercharge. VISA, and their affiliated cards. (Don't forget the expiration date.)

2) A MAGNETICALLY ENCODED BANK CHECK or MONEY ORDER payable in U.S. dollars through a U.S. bank. If an uncoded check or money order is sent, a 5.00 Collection Fee must be included. An unencoded check will also delay processing of your order for a minimum of four to six weeks.

3) Bank Transfer. Call or write for details.

NO OTHER METHOD OF PAYMENT IS ACCEPTABLE.

Letters of credit and purchase orders from outside the U.S. will not be accepted.

Foreign orders may be sent via Emery Air Freight Collect or via Airmail. All mail packages to Canada are insured for up to $200.00. All other foreign mail packages are not insured. If you desire insurance, please specify Emery. Where postal size and weight restrictions make it impossible, or postal costs make it impractical, we reserve the right to ship any package via Emery Air Freight Collect. (Any prepaid postage collected would be refunded.)

Inspect all shipments immediately upon receipt. Missing cartons or obvious damage to cartons should be noted on the delivery receipt before signing. Concealed damage or loss should be reported at once to the carrier and an inspection requested. All claims (or shortage or damage must be made within five days after receipt of shipment. Claims for lost shipments must be made within 15 days of receipt of invoice or other notification of shipment. You must save damage or pilfered cartons until claim is settled. No goods may be returned or exchanged without a Return Merchandise Authorization. Goods returned without an RMA number and/or not prepaid will be refused, which may result in additional delay, risk and expense to the customer. An RMA number may be received in writing or calling the PRIORITY 1 ELECTRONICS Customer Service Department. Monday thru Friday, 9 a.m.-12 p.m., 1 p.m.-4:30 p.m. at (213) 893-8202. If authorized, goods returned which are the result of customer error will be subject to a minimum of $15.00 or 15%. whichever is greater, restocking charge.

PRIORITY 1 ELECTRONICS assumes no responsibility for any errors that may occur in this selection guide. Any product recommendation is not binding and shall not eliminate customer responsibility to check the suitability of the products we sell for their particular application. ABSOLUTELY NO ADJUSTMENT CAN BE MADE ON PARTIALLY ASSEMBLED KITS.

• 1980 Priority 1 Electronics. All rights reserved, no part shall be reproduced without written permission from Priority 1 Electronics.

Special thanks to all our friends in the industry whohavehelped to make us number £o*.

Ditto, Larry, PA & MA, Terry, Tom & Dave, Scotl & Gregg,John, Ray, Willis & Fred, Steve and one guy who tried, Jim Nelson.

ORDER TOLL FREE (800) 4235633

BYTE November 1980

80 — 55

CA, AK, HI (213) 894-8171 • OUTSIDE CA (800) 423-5633

r CUSTOMER NUMBER ^

THIS IS THE NUMBER THAT APPEARS DIRECTLY s ABOVE YOUR NAME ON PREVIOUS ORDERS.

16723C ROSCOE BLVD., SEPULVEDA, CA 91343

ORDER NUMBER

PRIORITY lONEI ELECTRONICS

PLEASE TYPE OR PRINT - DO NOT WRITE IN SHADED AREAS.

s* o

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T O

S*' H

T O

*On Credit Card Orders this must be the EXACT name as it appears on card and the address where the Bank mails your monthly statement.

•IF SAME AS "SOLD TO", WRITE "SAME".

PURCHASE ORDER*

SHIP VIA GUPS DUPSBLUE(AIR) nFMFRYAIRCOl nOTHFR

FOB

Sepul

TFRMSnChprkNn Fnclnspd

□ VISA DMASTERCHARGEi □ Company P.O. Attached

□TAXABLE □ EXEMPT

□ VISA

□ M.C.

CARD«

EXPIRES

AUTH/PPD AMT

DATE

0 PHONE EXT. /V A G

Y ( ) T (

)

EXT.

SIGNATURE

QTY. ORDERED

PART NUMBER

DESCRIPTION

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AMOUNT

10 11 12 13 14 15.

ORDER BY PART NUMBERS EXACTLY AS SHOWN IN SELECTION GUIDE

_ CHECK HERE IF YOU HAVE

□ MOVED SINCE YOUR LAST ORDER.

CHECK HERE IF THIS IS UYOUR FIRST ORDER FROM US.

SEND □ CATALOG

NOTES & SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS

COMMENTS

DATE SHIPPED

INVOICED

EB

CR.CK.AMT.

P.O. NOS.

PB

LOC.

D&B.

TOTAL WEIGHT

Sub-Total (minimum $15.00)

6% Sales Tax (Calif. Only)

Shipping

(consult table on reverse)

(Minimum $2.50)

TOTAL $

80 — 56

BE SURE TO READ THE ORDERING INFORMATION ON THE REVERSE SIDE.

BYTE November 1980

IMflD^^

World's fastest troubleshooter

A DMM SO UNIQUE... SO VERSATILE... vari-pitch

**JrZ. .L-Z~.!l-»\T.Tl xl.ml^Z,w~ —>!mbmvV-JL vJL Not iust a beeP■ • ■not Just instant ohms. MX333s VARI

SO SUPERIOR WE WERE TEMPTED TO PITCH audible tone changes frequency proportionate to the

mii a if eAueTllllir tSi CE reading so you can literally troubleshoot by ear! The higher the

vALfc I I wvmB I nl«U ELSE pjtcrl, the higher the reading. No need to take your eyes off the

We believe the MX333, with the VARI-PITCH™ and LOGI-TRAK™ Pr°be °r wait f°r a r?,adoutt0 sett'e, vari-pitch responds

, , .... *__»»■_ _ • _» )■ t„_» i »~,i-.. \t instant y, proportional y and accurate y in a votage, current,

functions, to be the greatest time savmg tool in electronics today. It resistance and diode test ranges, it even provides analog-like

has all the functions, ranges and accuracy you expect from the best audible response to variations for quick and easy adjustment

along with the two additional features which will save enormous and nulling. amounts of troubleshooting time. And the MX333's 202 range gives i OGI TRAIT tc

you 10 milliohm resolution for those critical low resistance tests. o„Jt^!kJ «_ri^!_Jl?_^^LL<-r-,-„-_ <™.~ -,-k_

i, ._ «.^ ■ ..„„ _ -..,,, _ • i <-,* Combines the features of a high performance logic probe

Both MX series DMM s have 0.1% basic accuracy plus a 10A range, and voltmeter in one convenient function. Use any standard 10:1

plus the intelligent case styling that has the size of a hand held, but high frequency scope probe to find high and low logic levels

the shape of a better idea. With either unit you get more performance and positive or negative pulses as narrow as 5 nsec without

per dollar than with competitive models. And the MX333 gives you taking your eyes off the circuit! The vari-pitch output tells it

more, much more, than you ever thought possible! Effort cutting «"• ^nd unlike ordinary logic probes, LOGI-TRAK spots

• ,'.»!___ ,u~t ...in --..-.,-.. i._..-- *,,, *»,„ „™.wi ground shorts, supply shorts, opens, marginal or ambiguous

innovations that will save you hours by the second! «ogic states and $£_„-_, pJses instantly! Then, without

changing anything but the direction of your glance, it's easy to verify actual voltage on the digital readout!

UNIVERSAL SIZE AND SHAPE

MX333 and MX331 are the first digital multimeters designed

from the gound up for LCD technology. The display's 45 ° angle

is easy to read at any viewing point; from directly above to

Jjr -AS-QUUrf-*. MA__C straight on. Powered by a single 9 volt battery, their compact

•-'""'""'■"~"' size and unique shape make than ideal for all portable

~I^^R V •W4fTT-: HB8 applications.

S^^^ML ■_ —M-i i-li—n ~ ""'* Milii.in No matter how you use a multimeter; in your hand, clipped

to your belt or on a shelf, no other DMM is as convenient as the ^t__B_ ll X_-_-_-__-_---__-----__-l Hickok MX333 or MX331! And, with VARI-PITCH, MX333 is

really out of sight in performance.

CONDENSED SPECIFICATIONS: MX331 and MX333 DC VOLTS (5 RANGES): 220mV to 1000V full scale, RESOLUTION: 0.1 mV, ACCURACY: ±0.1% + 1 digit, INPUT IMPEii MMi is; P4\\\« - DANCE: 10MO. OVERLOAD PROTECTION: 1000V DC or peak

^3^%TSf ■& ] tf^lmll *""'**» *" AC + up to 6kV transients all ranges.

™ »_»__. .W^tfl.ftWIl "■••,,"'- AC VOLTS (5 RANGES): 200mV to 1000V full scale, RESOLU

TION: 0.1 mV, ACCURACY: ±1% + 2digits, 45 Hz to 1kHz, ±5% + 5 digits to 5kHz, INPUT IMPEDANCE: 10MH, OVERLOAD PROTECTION: 1000V DC/750 RMS.

RESISTANCE (7 RANGES): 20n to 20MI1 full scale except no 20(1 range on MX331, RESOLUTION: 0.01 n on MX333,0.1 n on MX331, ACCURACY: 0.1 % + 1 digit except 0.2% on 200O, 1% on 20Mn, and 3% on 20fl ranges. OVERLOAD PROTECTION: 500V DC on RMS all ranges plus 2A fuse on 20fl range. TEST VOLTAGE: Low power, 0.25V max of full scale.

DIODE TEST (1 RANGE): Measures forward voltage drop across diode and transistor junctions at 2mA nominal current.

AC/DC CURRENT (5 RANGES): 2mA to 10A full scale, RESOLUTION: 1MA, ACCURACY: ±1.2% + 1

H —vHiK digit DC, ±2.5% + 1 digit AC, OVERLOAD PRO

. n« f|V WKM HpfK J__—m TECTION: 250V @2A all ranges except 10A, max

\ M V\ \ \\ •■■■■■l^ii,l"!5T^^ 15A on 10A range.

I'JVJU\ VAVCJS2JC »*ac-333 -* GENERAL: Dimension*: 2.2 x 6.7 x 6 in. (5.6 x 17 x

-n «_n awn fflWKrt s«i MJ «m_ 15-2 cm); Weight: 22 oz. (.7kg); Power: 9V battery

200ft «a Wft a""1 m 10A ^j- ■■ (incl.) or Hickok AC adapter; Battery Life; 200 Hrs.

200mv 2J!n »i wo"* !<™rt *"" , "nr u mm iW _V typical; Temperature: 0-50°C operating, -35 to

°~ ,mxt 7/////////////, m mmmm oc , ,-- W +60°C storage. INCLUDES: Deluxe safety test

* ^ '/WMWi . , , ■» leads, battery manual and belt clip.

Ill i I I < * ' l IV M^VM, nMM $179.00

' ,^^MBa-'""*|g 1 HIC-MX333 DMM w/VARI-PITCH of LOGI-TRAK 235.00

HIC-SP+7 10:1 Probe for LOGI-TRAK 33.50

HIC-CC+4 Carrying Case 15.00

.,..,..,-.,. ... HIC-BC+3 ACAdapter 8.00

______ — -—— --W HIC-VD+14 RFProbe 33.50

HICKOK

BYTE November 1980 80 — CV III

we see the s-100

a little differently.

WE SEE THE S-100 AS AN INDUSTRY STANDARD.

Systems builders who value performance, price, reliability and IEEE compatibility are getting some good news from CCS.

The IEEE-certified S-100 is a real bus, for a very real, very dynamic industry.

And CCS S-100 components deliver industrial quality at industrial, mass-produced prices. High performance plus full IEEE compatibility.

There is no greater value for the quality conscious system designer. On any bus. From any manufacturer.

2422 Disk Controller. Single

and double density controller for up to four s%" or 8" singlesided drives, or two double-sided drives. Shipped with cp/m 2.2, the controller reads and writes IBM-standard single density. Automatically determines disk density - single or double. Supports PerSci auto eject, plus fast-seek for voice coil systems.

2016 16K Static RAM. Fully buffered board features 2114 static RAMs for +5v operation. Bank select available by bank port or bank byte, for system expansion beyond 64K. Addressable in 4K blocks at 4K boundaries. LED indicators for board selection and bank selection. Available in 200, 300, or 450 nsec versions. All versions support 4MHz operation with no wait states.

2810 Z80 CPU Board. Capable

CPU for S-100 Systems operates at 2 or 4MHz, is fully Altair/lmsai compatible, z-80 monitor is available separately, includes auto addressing to 4K boundaries, plus a serial port for serial devices, including terminals and printers. Supports both frontpanel operation and power-on memory jump, plus wait-state generation for slower memories. Compatible with proposed ieee s-100 standards.

2032A 32K Static RAM. Fast

static memory operates without wait states at a full 4MHz. Supports full and partial bank select, for expansion beyond 64K. Addressable in 8K blocks at 8K boundaries. Address and data lines are fully buffered, and there are no DMA restrictions.

2065 64K Dynamic RAM. Trans parent refresh with fail-safe extended wait state capability. 250ns access time, for 4MHz operation with no wait states. Bank select (fully Cromemco compatible) for systems of up to 512K. And any 16K block can be independently addressed.

2200A Mainframe. ROCk solid, heavy gauge cabinet includes 12-slot, actively terminated S-100 motherboard, fan, and power supply. Power supply features 105,115, or 125 volt AC input power,- provides +8vDC at 20 amps, ±16vDC at 4 amps, includes convenient, front mounted, lighted reset switch.

California Computer Systems

FROM

PRIORITY C J ELECTRONICS

■ CV IV BYTE November 1980

The first personal computer far under $200.

The Sinclair ZX80. A complete computeronly $199.95 plus $5.00 shipping.

Now, for just $199.95, you can get a complete, powerful, full-function computer, matching or surpassing other personal computers costing several times more.

It's the Sinclair ZX80, the computer that independent tests prove is faster than all previous personal computers. The computer that "Personal Computer World" gave 5 stars for 'excellent value.'

The ZX80 cuts away computer jargon and mystique. It takes you straight into BASIC, the most common, easy-to-use computer language.

You simply take it out of the box, connect it to your TV, and turn it on. And if you want, you can use an ordinary cassette recorder to store programs. With the manual in your hand, you'll be running programs in an hour. Within a week, you'll be writing complex programs with confidence.

All for under $200.

Sophisticated design makes the ZX80 easy to learn, easy to use.

We've packed the conventional computer onto fewer, more powerful LSI chips— including the Z80A microprocessor, the faster version of the famous Z80. This makes the ZX80 the world's first truly portable computer (6V2" x 8V2" x V/2" and a mere 12 oz.). The ZX80 also features a touch sensitive, wipe-clean keyboard and a 32-character by 24-line display.

Yet, with all this power, the ZX80 is easy to use, even for beginners.

Your course in computing.

The ZX80 comes complete with its own 128-page guide to computing. The manual is perfect for both novice and expert. For every chapter of theory, there's a chapter of practice. So you learn by doing—not just by reading. It makes learning easy, exciting and enjoyable.

The ZX80's advanced design features.

Sinclair's 4K integer BASIC has performance features you'd expect only on much larger and more expensive computers. These include:

■ Unique 'one touch' entry. Key words (RUN, PRINT, LIST, etc.) have their own single-key entry and are stored as a single character to reduce typing and save memory space.

■ Automatic error detection. A cursor identifies errors immediately to prevent

entering

programs with faults.

■ Powerful text editing facilities.

■ Also programmable in machine code.

■ Excellent string handling capability—up to 26 string variables of any length.

■ Graphics, with 22 standard symbols.

■ Built-in random number generator for games and simulations.

Sinclair's BASIC places no arbitrary restrictions on you—with many other flexible features, such as variable names of any length.

And the computer that can do so much for you now will do even more in the future. Options will include expansion of IK user memory to 16K, a plug-in 8K floatingpoint BASIC chip, applications software, and other peripherals. Order your ZX80 now!

The ZX80 is available only by mail from Sinclair, a leading manufacturer of consumer electronics worldwide. We've already sold tens of thousands of units in Europe, so demand will be great.

To order by mail, use the coupon below. But for fastest delivery, order by phone and charge to your Master Charge or VISA. The ZX80 is backed by a 30-day moneyback guarantee, a 90-day limited warranty with a national service-by-mail facility, and extended service contracts are available for a minimal charge.

Price includes TV and cassette connectors, AC adaptor, and 128-page manual.

All you need to use your ZX80 is a standard TV (color or black and white). The ZX80 comes complete with connectors that easily hook up to the antenna terminals of your TV. Also included is a connector for a portable cassette recorder, if you choose to store programs. (You use an ordinary blank cassette.)

The ZX80 is a family learning aid. Children 10 and above will quickly understand the principles of computing—and have fun learning.

Phone orders only: (203) 265-9171. We'll refund the cost of your call. Information: General and technical—(617) 367-1988, 367-1909, 367-1898, 367-2555. Phones open Monday-Friday from 8 AM to 8 PM EST.

inclair

Sinclair Research Ltd., 475 Main St., P.O. Box 3027, Wallingford, CT 06492.

BY-11-0

To: Sinclair Research Ltd., 475 Main St., P.O. Box 3027, Wallingford, CT 06492.

Please send me ZX80 personal computer(s) at $199.95* each (US dollars), plus $5

shipping. (Your ZX80 may be tax deductible.)

I enclose a check/money order payable to Sinclair Research Ltd. for $

Name

Address. City

State_

.Zip_

Occupation:

Intended use of ZX80:.

- Age:.

Have you ever used a computer? □ Yes □ No.

Do you own another personal computer? □ Yes □ No. 'For Conn, deliveries, add sales tax.

Circle 49 on inquiry card.

Buy By Mail and Save!

COMPUTERS

INTERTEC SuperBrain® 32K . $2495

64K RAM, List $3345 $2695

64K Quad, List $3995 $3395

NORTH STAR Horizon I®

16K D.D. Kit $1259

32K D.D. Kit $1579

32K Assembled, List $2695 .... $2149

Horizon 2 32K DD, Assm., $3095 $2439 32K QD, Assm., List $3595 .... $2859

CROMEMCO Z-2, List $995 ... $ 829

System 2, 64K, List $3990 $3179

System 3, 64K, List $6990 $5479

ATARI® 400, List $630 $ 489

800, List $1080 $ 839

TI-99/4, List $1150 $ 985

DISK SYSTEMS

THINKER TOYS® Discus 2D . $ 939

Dual Discus 2D $1559

Discus 2+ 2, List $1549 $1288

PRINTERS & TERMINALS PAPER TIGER IDS-440 $ 849

with Graphics Option $ 949

CENTRONICS 730-1, List $995 . $ 639

737, List $995 $ 849

T.I. 810 $1575

INTERTUBE II, List $995 $ 729

PERKIN-ELMER Bantam 550 .. $ 789

TELEVIDEO 912C $779

920C $ 839

HAZELTINE 1420 $ 839

1500 $ 879

SOROC 120 $ 745

FLOPPY DISKS SPECIAL

5Vt" Box of 10 ONLY $29.95

(specify TRS-80, North Star, SuperBrain, etc.)

Most items in stock for immediate delivery. Factory sealed cartons, w/full factory warranty. NYS residents add appropriate sales tax Prices do not include shipping. VISA and Master Charge add 3%. COD. orders require 25% deposit. Prices subject to change without notice.

Computers Wholesale

P.O. Box 144 Camillus, NY 13031 S (315) 472-2582

loads all parameters for the color memories at the indexed color code of 2. The hue, intensity, and saturation are loaded at this address with the data 5, 7, and 2, respectively.

In order to exploit the full capabilities of the frame buffer, we must have some method to access individual elements of the buffer. And we must have the capability of loading all or portions of the frame buffer in order to support selective filling and erasing. If we do not provide this function, it becomes very difficult to produce solid colored or shaded images, which is one of the important advantages of a raster-scan display. Furthermore, if we allow the host to directly load individual elements of the frame buffer, we can produce a full frame that implements algorithms such as depth queuing and shading that cannot be performed otherwise by the display processor at the pixel level. Thus it is apparent that we do need some sort of loadpixel primitive. In order to increase the utility of this primitive, however, we must introduce the concept of the viewport.

Through the graphics-display registers, we can define a rectangular area on the display by a pair of X,Y coordinates (the left and right X boundary and the top and bottom Y boundary). Thus, rather than loading the full screen, we can reference the area bounded by a viewport. This feature permits us to load areas of the display or even to mask portions of the display. To further increase the generality of this primitive, we must also permit loading a single pixel. This feature allows us to change the color of the point we are currently at. We could do the same with the MOV primitive, but this instruction would be shorter. Finally, we can define our load-pixel primitive as:

LPIX R,C„..C„

where:

R = reference Viewport, or X, Y) C, = color data

(Full frame,

Along with this primitive, we must add that a predefined order of filling the pixels must be maintained, such as left to right, bottom to top. For example, the primitive:

LPIXF,0,0,0,0...

loads the entire display with a single color 0.

The next primitives we need do not actually produce an image, but support the previous primitives. First, since we have assumed the existence of graphics-display registers, we must allow the host to load the registers with a value. In this work, we do not specify the types or numbers of graphics-display registers, since they may vary from system to system. However, certain registers will be consistent, such as vector type and current X and Y position. Mnemonically, our load-register primitive can be represented as:

LREG, N,V

where:

N = register name or number V = value to be loaded

For example, the primitive:

LREG X,4096

loads the X register with the value 4096.

Since some of these registers contain status information, it is important that the host be able to read back the value in the register. For example, if the display processor supports a light pen, it may be necessary for the host to read back the X and Y position coordinates. Mnemonically, our read-register-primitive can be represented as:

RREGN

where:

N = register name or number For example, the primitive: RREGY

reads the contents of the Y register and returns the value to the host.

Since we have assumed the existence of subroutines, there must be some way of loading subroutines in the display-processor memory: thus we need a load-subroutine primitive. We obviously need the parameters of

Text continued on page 276 Circle 50 on inquiry card. >

WordPro™ Word Processing Software

Turn your Commodore CBM/PET computer into a highly sophisticated word processing system

Everyone expected it would happen sooner or later.. .with WordPro it already has! Now all the marvelous benefits of an advanced stand-alone wordprocessor are available with the WordPro series of software and the systems they create.

If you've already been shopping for software in the crowded wordprocessing marketplace, you've probably determined the features you really want. You'll find WordPro has them, and more.

And if you haven't begun to shop yet, we urge you to compare, because only by comparison will you fully appreciate how complete and sophisticated WordPro software really is.

WORDPRO GIVES YOU THREE LEVELS TO CHOOSE FROM

WORDPRO SOFTWARE IS LOADED WITH THE LATEST INNOVATIONS

Sophisticated systems programmed with leading edge wordprocessing features, WordPro is a series of programs designed specifically for use with the Commodore CBM/ PET computers, peripherals and compatible typewriter quality printers.

WHAT MAKES WORDPRO THE BEST?

Our research has shown that while many wordprocessing packages have comparable features to WordPro, none can surpass Wordpro's EASE OF USE AND FLEXIBILITY. Wordpro operators need not be familiar with computer commands or functions. WordPro is easy to learn for anyone with ordinary typing skills.

WORDPRO 1 is ideal for hobbyists, students and organizations who can benefit from the advantages of a basic wordprocessor without the program refinements of a comercially oriented system. WordPro 1 is recommended for use with the CBM/ PET 8/ 16K, C2N cassette and interfaced printer.

WORDPRO 3 converts the CBM/2001 32K computer into a highly sophisticated 40-column screen wordprocessor. This program incorporates the advanced features considered important to effective wordprocessing, including nearly every entering, editing, memory and printing feature available today. WordPro 3 is recommended for use with CBM/PET 32K (40-column) computer, CBM Dual Disk Drive, and a properly interfaced printer.

WORDPRO 4 has it all! With this program, you will have everything you could want from a wordprocessor.. .and then some. WordPro 4 includes every feature found on WordPro 3, but with the added advantage of an 80-column display screen. The 80-column display simplifies text editing and makes entering text in columnar formats effortless. And with a few simple keystrokes, you'll be able to visualize on the screen exactly how your document will look prior to printing it out. WordPro 4 is designed for use with the Commodore CBM 8032 computer, CBM Dual Disk Drives, and a properly interfaced printer.

Professional Software Inc.

166 Crescent Rd., Needham, MA 02194 (617) 444-5224

'WordPro Dealer Inquires Invited*

WordPro was developed by Steve Punter ot Pro-Micro Software Ltd., and Is marketed exclusively by

Professional Software Inc.

WordPro Is a registered trademark of Professional Software Inc. CBM Is a registered trademark of Commodore Business Machines.

Now With Multi-Key Capabilities For Apple & Pet

Since KRAM™ was introduced in 1979 it has fast become known as the users. Now, after hundreds of requests we have added MULTI-KEY,

IBM/370 users have VSAM (Virtual Storage Access Method) to provide fast, flexible keyed-access to their data. Now SUPER KRAM (Keyed Random Access Method), from United Software of America, gives Apple and Pet users the same flexibility, substantially increasing the processing power of the Apple and Pet.

Until SUPER KRAM the only "random access" capability in the Apple and Pet consisted of a crude form of "relative record" processing. While this is usable for very simple applications, it falls far short of the needs of today's business and analytical applications. Using SUPER KRAM records may be processed by any one of multiple "Key" values, which may consist of any kind of data: numbers, letters, special characters, etc. Even Apples's long-awaited DOS 3.3 doesn't have anything like this!!

KRAM™ 2.0 Regular Features

• Written in 6502 machine code Basic compatible

• Create/Open a dataset

• Put record by key

• Add & delete records by key

• Get any record by Full/Partial key

• Access Dy any key in as little as .2 sec. (.1 sec. with Corvus disk)

• Supports multiple disks

• Read next or previous record

• Dynamic space allocation

• Dynamic space reclamation

• Dynamic index compression

• Files never need reorganization

• Compatible with language systems

KRAM™ 2.0 Only $99.95

APPLE / ATARI

"Precise, humanized, well documented an excellent value" are the applauds being given

3-D

ANIMATED

COLOR

GRAPHICS

APPLE WORLD

The Program made famous on National TV!

by Paul Lutus

Written in machine code.

Look for the RED-WHITE-BLUE United Software Display at your local computer dealer, or send check or moneyorder, plus $3.00 shipping to:

UNITED

SOFTWARE

OF

750 3RD Avenue, AMERICA

New York NY 10017

(212) 682-0347 Telex 640055

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

KRAM is a trade mark of United Software of America.

APPLE WORLD turns your Apple into a sophisticated graphics system capable of creating animated three-dimensional color images, projecting them in true perspective on the screen, rotate them, move them closer, further away, and many other exciting and imaginative things.

Draws objects with 65,000 points per side.

A powerful screen-oriented text editor is included to facilitate image formation. This program was recently featured on Tom Snyder's Prime Time Saturday TV Show and is now available for sale.

APPLE WORLD'S powerful editor is so easy to use that children will love it. You can now "sketch" your dream house, boat, car, or fantasy empire. Then view it as it would be seen from 10,000 feet, or you can ZOOM in until the screen is filled with a doorknob. You could then go inside and move from room to room examining furniture placement as your screen rotates within the room. Images or specific parts of images can easily be saved to disk or printer.

Does all this sound like science fiction? You won't think so after you have visited Apple World.

Introductory Price $59.95

36 page manual included

For 48K Apple II or Plus with Disk

TM

By Ken Germann

You've Asked For It, Now You Got It!

quickest and most powerful access method for serious Apple and Pet MULTI-INDEX, functions, as well as increasing processing speed.

SUPER KRAM'S "Added Features

• MULTIKEY SUPPORT — Allowing simultaneous access to a KRAM file by more than one key field.

• HI-SPEED READ — This feature allows increased I/O speed up to 60% faster during processing of SUPER KRAM read

next, read previous, put and delete requests.

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Watch colorful butterflys, birds, fly across your Apple or Atari screen with true 3 dimensional perspective. Have rocket ships fly out at you in this incredible high speed graphics package. 3-D SUPERGRAPHICStm is a 6502 machine language program that will interface to your Basic or machine language programs or games using simple "DOS-like" commands. Features include:

• Simple image entry through editor

• Objects up to 256 points per side

• Uses all hi-res colors

• Allows mixed colored text & graphics for prompts and captions

• Translates on 3 axes

• Individual axis scales

• 21 different commands

• Rotate object by 1.4° to 360° increments at machine speeds

For 48K Apple II or Plus with Disk II $39.95 for disk For ATARI 800 with 40K memory (disk optional) $39.95 for tape

FOR COMMODORE 16K/32K COMPUTERS DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM — A comprehensive, interactive system like those run on mainframes! Six modules comprising 42K of programming allow you to; create, edit, delete, display, print, sort, merge, etc., etc. - databases of up to 10,000 records. Printer routines automatically generate reports and labels on demand. 60 pages of concise documentation are included. Requirements - 16-32K PET and 2040 Dual Disk (printer optional) COST $125

OTHER SOFTWARE

APPLE COMPUTERS

Super Space Wars $ 9.95

States & Capitals 9.95

Moving Point

Average 19 95

Stock Options 24.95

Finance 12.95

Bonds 12.95

COMMODORE PET

Stock Options 24.95

Finance 12.95

Bonds 12.95

Stock Analyzer 22.95

Mortgage 14.95

Space Intruders ("Best Game of 1979") . .$19.95

Jury/Hostage 9.95

Kentucky Derby/Roulette 9.95

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Tunnelvision/Maze Chase 14.95

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Battle of Midway 7.95

Laser Tank Battle* 9.95

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PET Music Box 29.95

Technical Fcnum

A Line-Failure Indicator

Hank Olson, POB 339, Menlo Park CA 94025

Have you ever come back from work looking forward to an evening of home computing, only to find that nothing works? The program that was almost debugged during previous evenings is gone7

While nothing short of nonvolatile memory will completely solve this problem, the simple line-failure indicator described here will alert you to problems that occurred while you were away. A simple glance at the three-color display of LEDs (light-emitting diodes) will at least let you know what you are in for. The indicators light as follows:

• green: power is on, no recent failures

• yellow: power has failed and returned

• red: power has been off for a short time

• none: power has been off for a long time

N.O. = NORMALLY OPEN N.C. = NORMALLY CLOSED

Having different colored LEDs seems best from a humaninterface point of view, even though their voltage requirements differ somewhat.

The circuit of the line-status indicator is shown in figure 1. The basic power supply uses a common 6.3 V filament transformer and a bridge rectifier of four 1N4001 diodes. The primary is controlled by SW1, a double-pole switch which prevents the battery from discharging when the unit is off. This supply must provide the current to light one LED plus energize a small relay coil. This represents about 150 ohms, so the RC (resistor/capacitor) time constant of the power-supply filter is about 0.15 seconds. Therefore, if you return to find the yellow indicator on, you will know that there has been a line-voltage dropout of 0.3 seconds or longer.

Looking at figure 1, we see that the green LED is held on by SCRl. The SCR gate can only be triggered into conduction manually by means of SW2. Once this pushbutton switch (SW2) is (momentarily) closed, a pulse of current enters the gate of the SCR from the 0.1 /*F capacitor; and the SCR goes into conduction. Since this SCR operates on DC, it will stay in conduction until the DC supply fails (meaning that there is an AC line dropout).

When the DC supply fails, the relay Kl is de-energized, closing the "normally closed" contacts and lighting the

Figure 1: This power-line-failure indicator uses a silicon-controlled rectifier to detect voltage dropouts. If power should fail for more than 0.3 seconds, the SCR ceases to conduct and the green LED is extinguished, while the red LED lights. The red LED remains on as long as power is out; its power is drawn from a set of rechargeable batteries. Should power return, the red LED goes out and the yellow one is illuminated to indicate this sequence of events.

86 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

At ^7951 how toughcan these new Tigers be?

Introducing the new Paper Tiger™ 445 with the most rugged printing mechanism ever put in a low-cost matrix printer.

The 445 comes with a reliable ballistic-type print head and an advanced cartridge ribbon that lasts four times longer than many cassette or spool ribbons. Two separate heavy duty motors drive the print head and advance the paper. Plus you get true tractor paper feed.

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If you've got an Apple**, TRS-80*** or other personal computer, get your paws on the tough new Paper Tiger™ 445 from IDS.

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"Suggested U.S. retail price. "Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer Inc. * TRS-80 is a trademark of Radio Shack, a division of Tandy Corp.

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red LED. The 1N4454 serves to disconnect the two-cell nickel-cadmium (nicad) battery from Ul during power outages, so that the only load on the battery is the LED. Use of a relay to actuate the battery-to-LED circuit is the best method, because it closes the circuit with nearly zero resistance, while consuming no power in the process. The two-cell nicad, a General Electric DS25D, is a rather small unit made for printed-circuit board mounting and thus fits in easily. This tiny battery will light the red LED for several hours when fully charged.

When AC power returns, DC is quickly restored to energize Kl and to charge the battery via ICl, the regulator. ICl is a voltage regulator, but it also has current-limit capability. The 10-ohm resistor between pins 1 and 8 of the regulator causes charge current to be limited to 20 mA, even if the battery is nearly discharged. As the battery charges and its terminal voltage approaches the regulated voltage output to which ICl is set, current drops below 20 mA and tapers off in the "constant-voltage" charge mode.

Meanwhile, the SCR remains nonconducting, which allows current to flow via the 360-ohm and 10 k-ohm resistors to the base of Ql, forward-biasing this transistor and lighting the yellow LED. Thus the yellow LED indicates that power has failed and returned. The red LED has, of course, been extinguished with the energizing of Kl.

The final step in the sequence is when the person who uses this line-failure detector notices that the yellow LED is lit, and resets SW2. This act causes SCRl to conduct, diverting current from the base of Ql, extinguishing the yellow LED and lighting the green LED.

Since it takes between 1.5 and 1.8 V to light an LED, I chose a battery consisiting of two nicad cells in series. This gives a battery voltage of 2.4 V, which is adequate to light LEDs of all colors, using series dropping resistors. Since the battery is charged in series with a 1N4454, the voltage-regulator output should be set (by means of the 5 k-ohm variable resistor) to between +2.9 and +3.1 V. This accounts for the series forward-voltage drop in the 1N4454. Note that an RCA-CA3085 is used as a regulator. An LM305H (National Semiconductor) will not substitute for this integrated circuit since it's not made to regulate below +4.5 V. The older National LM300H would work, however.

Kl can be any small relay having a coil voltage from 4 to 8 V DC, with a set of normally closed contacts. The series resistor is adjusted to drop the unregulated +8 V of the DC supply to the desired voltage of the relay coil. In my own case, a small relay (from an old radiosonde transmitter) which had a 400-ohm coil and which closed reliably on +4 V was used. A 390-ohm resistor was then used to drop the +8 V supply to the coil voltage of + 4V.I

Technical Forum is a feature intended as an interactive dialog on the technology of personal computing. The subject matter is open-ended, and the intent is to foster discussion and communication among readers of BYTE. We ask that all correspondents supply their full names and addresses to be printed with their commentaries. We also ask that correspondents supply their telephone numbers, which will not be printed.

88 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 52 on Inquiry card.

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The HIPL0T DMP Series is a new family of digital plotters with both "standard" and "intelligent" models available with surface areas of 8V2" x 11" (DIN A4) and 11" x 17" (DIN A3). For the user needing a basic reliable plotter, we have the "old standard" DMP-2 (81/z" x 11") and the "new standard" DMP-5 (11" x 17"). For those needing a little more capability, there are the DMP-3 (81/2" x 11") and the DMP-6 (11" x 17")-both

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Language Control Structures for Easy Electronic Visualization

Control structures are the program- flow manipulation features of the language that you use to beat your computer into submission. BASIC'S control structures are embodied in the RUN, GOTO, GOSUB, and RETURN keywords and a few functions, certainly an impoverished set. Highly structured languages like Pascal are rigidly limited to the control structure of subroutines. Lowly structured approaches like assembly language are necessary to implement

la

Dr Thomas DeFanti

Electronic Visualization Laboratory

University of Illinois at Chicago Circle

POB 4348

Chicago IL 60680

higher-level languages and real-time systems, because the lack of enforced structure allows an infinite variety of control structures to be used at a cost of great human effort. The executionspeed gain in using assembly language is more due to the efficient building of customized tables and linked lists than to efficiency in adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing numbers.

Assembler coding is by no means easy. Note the word "easy": it's

important because in one sense it means "accessible." In this case, it's your access to complex electronic visualizations.

Electronic visualizations are important because producing and manipulating images, especially animated ones, is a truly multidimensional task which reflects our realworld interactions much more than maintaining an accurate laundry list or printing payroll checks. Producing them demands a lot from software.

r

c Z>

ft/Jj > J §l\\

■ SJ / 0 i /* " i

d 11

\

5\v a

Photos la and lb: Sample output from the GRASS/Image Processor. Photo la was made by Guenther Tetz, and photo lb by Dan Sandin and the author.

90 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 55 on inquiry card.

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This illustrated booklet provides the information you need about today's small printers. There are many printers available, each with different features and capabilities. The Small Computer Printer will guide you in determining which printer best fits your applications. A complete feature comparison chart is included representing over 40 small printers. A printer is a big investment — learn all about them before you buy one. §795

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and making their access easy requires paying attention to the provision of rich control structures in a language.

Electronic Visualization is an intentionally broad term meant to conjure thoughts of computer graphics, animation, image processing, video synthesis, and even advanced wordprocessing. Anyone successfully producing images for communication is unlikely to reject a technique for reasons of algorithmic purity (as a computer scientist might feel forced to do). Computer hobbyists use the tools at hand, and electronic visualization is the means to the end and the end product of using these tools. Simultaneously, it can be both because we are seeing the vast increase of real-time imaging systems, even in microcomputer-based configurations; and controlling these real-time systems can be as feedbackintensive as playing a musical instrument or driving a racing car.

Just to unify the concepts so far, think about this question: what besides the cosmetic packaging governs our choice of a musical instrument or an automobile? It is a combination of capability and user

The most successful approaches to date are basically highly developed, beautifully evolved kluges.

control, of course: having one without the other is useless. So why are the programming languages currently available so impoverished on the control-structure side?

Perhaps it is because computers were invented to process payrolls, not images. Television, on the other hand, is image-oriented and currently uses a host of presently emerging realtime digital techniques and increasingly flexible control structures. As a matter of fact, just about all the television you see these days is digitally processed for purposes of synchronization.

Television is a high-speed medium conducive to parallel and pipeline processing. You are driving television rather than generating it. TV cameras are on all the time and you, as direc

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tor, are fading, switching, adding titles and constantly throwing away images that you don't want. Control is the name of the game.

The television folk are not about to give up rich, real-time control structures and the computer folk won't give up language. How to get them together is the essence of the task at hand.

Getting Computers and Television Technology Together

Looking at the history of control structures for computer graphics and for television, we see that most computer-graphics usage, with the obvious and exciting exception of video games, is some variety of nonreal-time plotting. This is where the money is and where the language development for computer-aided design has been focused. No manufacturer of equipment for computer graphics (excepting the videogame people) now depends on animation for solvency. Plotting is slow and often merely the side output of a large FORTRAN finite-element analysis program. Visual aesthetics are rarely the primary concern, if any concern at all. People who use such systems are highly skilled and highly paid technicians who became that way by having to deal with plotting packages as a condition of employment. If the job were easy, they wouldn't get paid so much.

We are just reaching the point of electronically generating and manipulating images, in real time, under program control. How do we design languages to deal with real time? Or, more important, why do we want such a language, an alphanumeric string-oriented language, at all? Why not use picturebased languages with symbols for motions and timing?

How Can You Control Images Easily?

After about ten years of living with this obvious and nagging question, some conclusions became clear. First, purist approaches to electronic visualization are hopeless. Image control employs a hybrid of languages, several input devices, pictureoriented commands, custom hardware, and a smattering of idiosyncrasies. The most successful approaches to date are basically

92 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 56 on inquiry card.

The

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We've been saying it for a few months now, and the reviewers seem to agree.

4 4 Until I saw the Magic Wand, if I were allowed to own one and only one editor, Word Star* would have been it. . . . My personal preference is for Pencil or Magic Wand for text creation. J 5

Jerry Pournelle On Computing, Summer 1980

4 4 The basic functions of the Magic Wand editor are as easy to learn as those of Electric Pencil*. . . . Magic Wand dominates in the area of print formatting. ? ? Larry Press

On Computing, Summer 1980

4 4 Of all the word processors I have used (and that includes a dozen or more), the Magic Wand is the most versatile. The Wand has almost all of the features of other processors, plus many new ones of its own. It measures up to even the word-processing software running on the largest mainframe computers.? ?Rod Hallen

Microcomputing, June 1980

4 4 The Magic Wand is one of the most flexible word processing packages available, and should be considered by any potential word processing purchaser. 5 ? Glenn A. Hart

Creative Computing, August 1980

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Electric Pencil is a trademark of Michael Shrayer Software, Inc. WordStar is a trademark of Micro Pro International. Inc. CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research Corp.

BYTE November 1980 93

highly developed, beautifully evolved kluges. We know what "purism" in coding FORTRAN and BASIC does to image production. Purism in television technique eliminates computer graphics as we know it. So how about using graphic symbols to save the day?

Using symbols in a menu and some sort of manual-selection mechanism is an approach taken by many FORTRAN graphics systems. This limits the number of symbols to those defined in the menu and there is no user-level extensibility in that you cannot create new symbols out of

sequences of old symbols, which eliminates the one truly unique feature of computers. To state it bluntly, you can't program with a menu.

What happens, however, if you do find a system that provides for the combination of nonalphanumeric symbols in meaningful ways? In an extremely advanced case, it should look something like Japanese, and you might note that the language used to program computers in Japan is a phonetic alphanumeric transcription of their language. They do not program in their extremely beautiful

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and rich symbol set. Eliminating alphanumeric languages is not such a hot idea, except in turnkey systems.

The second conclusion gestating for the past ten years is that complete parallelism is necessary for controlling images in meaningful ways. You simply must be able to develop sequences independently and merge them in ways that do not necessitate rewriting the programs. Xerox's Smalltalk and certain other languages have this capability, as do television technology and everyday life: making this parallelism easily accessible takes real care.

The third conclusion is that a flexible priority scheme is needed. Some tasks are more important than others, just as in real life and computer operating systems. It is essential to give this capability to the user of an electronic visualization system.

Fourth, providing for user extensibility at several levels is the only way people will easily be able to use a system for applications not envisioned by the designer. I will discuss this later.

Fifth, the system must be softwarefault tolerant. Fault-tolerant hardware has been a research area of great importance to real-time control systems, yet language purists still think people should solve problems in structured, orthodox, algorithmic ways. A computer language should provide as many paths to a given communication as possible, as natural languages do, and the kind of error handling that a friend would offer. Allowing nonstructured, nonprocedural, "seat-of-the-pants" programming is often the only salvation when the final goal is aesthetically defined, and is, perhaps, not at all clear. It has been called "fuzzy programming," and it's easy to throw in the recursive, value-returning, clever structured-programming capabilities as well, but limiting yourself to these latter approaches stifles human creativity, problemsolving, and sideways thinking.

Zgrass — A Language for Easy Electronic Visualization

Zgrass is a programming language and operating system written in assembly language for the Z80 microprocessor by Nola Donato, Jay Fenton, and me. Not surprisingly, it embodies all the control structures mentioned so far in this article and

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Photos 2a, 2b, and 2c: Sample output from the first Zgrass system, with a resolution of 160 by 102 pixels, with 2 bits per pixel. Photo 2a was made by Copper Giloth, and photos 2b and 2c by Nola Donato.

has been in development for ten years.

Zgrass started out as GRASS (Graphics Symbiosis System), a language designed to bring the immense complexity of a Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-11/45 and as Vector General 3DR Display system within the grasp of artists and educators at Ohio State University. It has high levels of interaction, parallelism, priority, and treestructured manipulations of vectordefined objects. Photos from this system can be seen in "About the Cover... And Some More of the Same," in the October 1977 BYTE, page 22.

GRASS depends on $120,000 of equipment to run — rather expensive for a single-user system — but it is one of the first highly developed nonFORTRAN interactive graphics systems for use by artists.

In 1973, Dan Sandin, inventor of the Image Processor, brought color television usage to our computer graphics work at the University of Illinois at Chicago Circle. Dan and I developed most of the ideas about control structures presented here. Photos la and lb show some output from the GRASS/Image Processor system.

Generating a complete programming language with parsers, compilers, and graphics takes a lot of human effort. More than ten personyears of programming were devoted to GRASS, aided by generous support from the National Science Foundation, National Endowment for the Arts, and others.

GRASS is totally oriented toward real-time generation and control of images for the simple reason that television cannot easily be slowed down for long and /or time-lapse exposures as can be done with film. The control structures for GRASS were developed ad hoc and became increasingly idiosyncratic. Nola Donato, a postgraduate student of mine, decided to teach me how to generalize many of the programminglanguage concepts. The result was GRASS3, which later became Zgrass.

In 1977, I was led to Jeff Frederiksen at Dave Nutting Associates, who was developing a deluxe home computer for Bally Corporation using the custom integrated circuits they had developed for the Bally Arcade video game. The pros

96 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE November 1980 97

Photo 3: Sample output from a later version of Zgrass, with a resolution of 320 by 204 pixels with 2 bits per pixel. Photo 3 was made by Frank Dietrich.

pect of developing a language for

fun, one that had user-orientation as the benchmark rather than how many FOR-NEXT loops you could execute per unit time was too good to pass up. I was contracted to produce Zgrass, and in a year, Nola Donato, Jay Fenton (a legendary wizard of video games and pinball-machine operating systems), and I had generated 9000 lines of code. (Much of the work was done not in a lab but in a cabin in the woods of Wisconsin!) Examples of output from this system are seen in photos 2a, 2b, and 2c. Note that the resolution of this first Zgrass machine is 160 by 102 pixels (ie: picture elements), with 2 bits per pixel.

Some confusion arose about whether we were producing a hobbyist machine or a home computer for consumers, so the project was suspended. Even now nobody really knows what a "consumer computer" is supposed to be.

98 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Ire

From consulting with less enlightened would-be consumer computer manufacturers, I have perceived that they follow the rather negative view of consumerism. (Few people reading this article would be considered only consumers — I assume that BYTE readers are mostly hobbyists or professionals.) Consumerism is based on great market penetration, and the big question is: "How do you get 90% market penetration like color TV?"

It is also based on consuming, that is, wearing out or getting sick of hardware and software so you go buy more and consume it. The user is expected to supply no creativity, just assume a passive, susceptible-toentertainment pose — this reminds you of television watching, doesn't it? Well, anything requiring creative energy is akin to hobbyism.

Consumer computers do exist in the form of video games that you can get bored with and buy more — even the advertisements invariably cite the

number of new games to be available each month. I don't know how to write a programming language that wears out, though. User-extensibility is planned "nonobsolescence." Zgrass is not a consumer language by current standards.

The project is on active status again, but this time with a hobbyist/professional orientation. We believe there are many people who want a recordable image-producing system for around $3000. The current configuration includes:

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• alphanumeric terminal (which the user provides)

• provision for floppy disks, tablet, other I/O (input/output) devices

Eight Zgrass units in this configuration have been alive and well and tied into the Bell-Laboratory-developed UNIX operating system since January 1980. Although I have only discussed software design, I must mention that the hardware to test the concepts really exists! See photo 3 and note that the resolution is now 320 by 204 pixels, with 2 bits used per pixel.

Details of Zgrass Control Structures

Programs in Zgrass are called macros. Macros are stored as ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) character strings and normally contain executable Zgrass commands. The fundamental unit of execution in Zgrass is a command, which is either an assignment statement or a function call.

Zgrass does not require declaration of variable types (with the exception of array dimensioning). The software automatically does all conversions

that make sense based on the context. Any argument can be a function call whose returned value is converted to whatever is needed, if at all possible. Literals, indirect references, variables, built-in commands, userdefined commands, and user-defined macros are all handled by the same parser, so the syntax is very predictable. The fact that there are no restrictions on name length helps to produce easily read code.

User-Level Extensibility

Extensibility in Zgrass is achieved in two major ways. First, you can write macros which return values, produce graphics, or ask questions; or, through string-manipulation primitives written by Barb Wilson, you can generate other macros. Macros use arguments in exactly the same way as system commands, and are even named and called like system commands.

To reiterate, macros are simply strings of ASCII characters. When a macro is called, an MIB (Macro Invocation Block) is automatically built. It gives information on the invoking function call, the passed-argument

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list, and pointers to local variables, and provides room for the returned value. MIBs form a stack which implements the subroutining and block structuring of the language. When the macro returns, the MIB is deleted along with the local variables and unused literal arguments, if any, and control is passed back to the caller.

If arguments are to be passed to a macro, they are read by the normal input command, and print statements are suppressed as long as there are arguments left. If no arguments are present or an insufficient number are passed, the print statements function normally and the macro asks for input from the terminal. This allows macros to be used whether or not you know the arguments wanted, with no extra code by the author of the macro.

Macros can also be executed in parallel as background jobs. When called and suffixed by a ".B", the Macro Invocation Block is added to a background linked list. After that, the macro will run forever (it restarts at the beginning when it tries to return) until Control-C or the stop command selectively kills it. Photo 2c shows two sorting algorithms being compared for execution speed in real time, a tricky task in most languages, easy in Zgrass.

The background parallelism is achieved by interleaving execution of the macro statements. The MIB contains all relevant context for execution, including a pointer to the next command to execute, so switching MIBs after each line has been completed is simple and gives the functional parallelism. If there are five background macros, each one gets a line executed, in turn, round-robin fashion. This construct is simple and straightforward with no bizarre sideeffects except that unusually timeconsuming commands will make the parallelism temporally step somewhat. Background interleaving is easily understood and used even by the most naive users.

Meanwhile, the keyboard is still active. When the user types a command line, it is executed at a higher priority than the background macros. If the user initiates a macro at keyboard level, it will finish before the background macros continue. In any event, the keyboard overrides the background, again in an obvious, predictable way.

100 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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The user may also specify programs to run as the result of a clock interrupt. When a macro call is suffixed by a ".¥", the Macro Invocation Block is chained into a list that is polled every 1/60 second. The user sets the frequency of execution from 1 to 32,768 sixtieths of a second. These foreground macros execute on a higher priority level than the keyboard and background macros so they will start up just about on time (again, delayed only by a timeconsuming graphics command). Foreground macros allow a keyboard command to be slipped in during context switching.

Zgrass, then, has three effective levels of priority with parallelism at two of the three levels. Since the Macro Invocation Block maintains all context information, even recursive programming is possible at any level.

One of the severe problems in interpretive, extensible languages like Zgrass is the overhead of parsing and looking up names in name tables. For this reason, Zgrass has a compiler which eliminates the overhead and dramatically increases speed. All the automatic conversions, priority, and

parallelism continue to work. Compiling does eliminate some of the interactive debugging features, so you usually debug on the noncompiled version first.

Zgrass System Extensibility

Zgrass also allows extensibility at the system-command level. A system such as this should allow an experienced programmer to write new commands in assembler and interface them to the system easily, certainly without changing the EPROMs (erasable, programmable read-only memories). A transfer vector in low memory and a series of Z80 RST (special restart subroutine-call) instructions allow communication with about one hundred system routines which do parsing, type conversion, graphics primitives, and so on.

Documentation explains what these routines do, and anyone with a cross assembler (or patience for hand assembly) can write new commands of which the system has no prior knowledge. Such extensibility allows virtually infinite variety of specialty graphics commands, device drivers, and so forth to be written and

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distributed to others on audio tape, disk, or over telephone lines. Terry Disz wrote a debugging program used as a disk-resident command for setting break-points, dumping memory and registers and so on. This capability is not for everyone, but it's there.

The maximum size of one of these user-written nonresident commands is 4 K bytes. Since the typical Zgrass machine has 30 K bytes of programmable memory, the amount of potential custom code is immense. All housekeeping for storage allocation and deletion, maintenance of temporary scratch-pad areas and general cleanup is done by system routines. You only concentrate on the details, obeying a few rules for writing position-independent code.

One further type of extensibility is easy to get. Zgrass has an extra UART which talks to other computers quite nicely. Larger computers can send graphics and character data to your Zgrass machine. Zgrass units can even talk to one another at up to 19.2 k bps!

Error Handling, Debugging and Automated Instruction

Zgrass was designed from the beginning to be a language for writing CAI (computer-aided instruction) programs. In particular, it was designed to be self-teaching to a fairly high degree. When Zgrass is used as a CAI system, the result of providing parallelism, string manipulation, and good error handling is that the student always has the power of the whole language to explore while the author of the CAI programs is also in control.

Since macros are character strings, they can be built and executed. You can take student input, make it into a program (before the student even knows how to edit), let parameters be changed, show the results, and verify certain classes of results both during execution and after. The approaches we have taken to Zgrass CAI are beyond the scope of this article, so I will just mention the system features which make CAI possible.

Error-handling routines normally generate error-message numbers on the terminal. There are about sixty of them and they are quite specific. During regular programming, they are used in conjunction with single stepping, variable printing and other debugging techniques to identify

102 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 62 on Inquiry card.

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Director of Systems Development

"At ADDS, we've just designed a unique computer family that multiplies your selling power because it expands customers' computing power.

"We call it ADDS Multivision-a trio of stacking, CP/M®-compatible computers that lets users upgrade without any change in their programs. It works like this:

"MULTIVISION 1 (top module) is a get-started computer with a 5 MHz processor, 64K bytes of RAM and mini disk storage capacity of 700K bytes. It lists for $3,785 without terminal.

"MULTIVISION 2 (top and bottom modules) provides 5M or 10M bytes of hard-disk storage. Priced thousands less than other hard-disk systems, it lists for $7,995 with 5M bytes of disk.

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"We even offer an ADDS-developed package that lets Multivision function as a word processor.

"Since its introduction at the NCC, thousands have inquired where to buy Multivision. We'd like to give them your name."

For information on dealer opportunities, write: S. Eric McErlain, Systems Division, Applied Digital Data Systems Inc., 100 Marcus Boulevard, Hauppauge, N.Y 11787

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc. See us at COMDEX '80, Booth 304.

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BYTE November 1980 103

Your vehicle for com

The Challenger 8P DF.

The general purpose microcomputer was first introduced as a computer for hobbyists and experimenters. However, as the industry has grown, microcomputers have become specialized for personal use or for small business use. There is virtually no computer for the serious experimenter with one important exception, the Ohio Scientific Challenger 8R

The C8P is unique in that it incorporates the features of state-of-theart personal computers, with the memory and disk storage capacity of business computers, along with the "mainframe" bus architecture and open ended expansion capability of industrial control computers.

Personal Computer Features

The C8PDF's specs beat all personal computers hands down. It executes instructions two to three times faster, and displays more alphabetic characters on its screen than other

models. It has upper and lower case and graphics in 16 colors. The C8P's standard I/O capabilities are far more extensive than any other computer, with joystick and keypad interfaces, sound output, an 8-bit D/A converter, 16 parallel I/O lines, modem and printer interfaces, AC remote control and security monitor interfaces and a universal accessory port that accepts a prom blaster, 12-bit analog I/O module, solderless prototyping board and more.

Ohio Scientific offers a large library of personal applications programs, including exciting action games such as Invaders and Star Trek, sports simulations, games of logic

and educational games, personal applications such as biorhythms, calorie counter, home programs such as checking and savings account balancers and a home budgeter just to name a few. A new Plot BASIC makes elaborate animations easy, and music composition program allows you to play complex multi-part music through the computers DAC.

At the systems level the machine comes standard with OS-65D, an advanced disk operating system with Microsoft BASIC and an interactive Assembler Editor. Optional software includes UCSD PASCAL and FORTRAN and an Information Management System (OS-MDMS). Dozens of independent software suppliers now also offer personal programs for the C8P

puter explorations

Business Computer Features

The C8P DF utilizes dual 8" floppy disk drives which store up to eight times as much information as personal computer mini-floppies, and an available double-sided option expands capacity to 1.2 megabytes of on-line storage. The C8P DF is compatible with Ohio Scientific's business computer software, including OS-65U an advanced operating system, and an Information Management System (OS-DMS) with supplementary inventory, accounting, A/R-A/P, payroll, purchasing, estimation, educational grading and financial modeling packages. The system also supports word processing (WP-3) and a fully integrated small business accounting system (OS-AMCAP V1.6). The C8P DF's standard modem and printer ports accept high-speed matrix printers and word-processing printers directly.

Home Control and Industrial Control

The C8P DF has the most advanced home monitoring and control capabilities ever offered in a computer system. It incorporates a real time clock and a unique FOREGROUND/ BACKGROUND operating system which allows the computer to function with normal BASIC programs, at the same time it is monitoring external devices. The C8P DF comes standard with an AC remote control

interface, which

allows it to control a wide range of AC appliances and lights remotely, without wiring, and an interface for home security systems which monitors fire, intrusion, car theft, water levels and freezer temperature, all without messy wiring. In addition, the C8P DF can accept Ohio Scientific's Votrax voice I/O board and/or Ohio Scientific's new universal telephone interface (UTI). The telephone interface connects the computer to any telephone line. The computer system is able to answer calls, initiate calls and communicate via touch-tone signals, voice output or 300 baud modem signals. It can accept and decode touch-tone signals, 300 baud modem signals and record incoming voice messages. These features collectively give the C8P DF capabilities to monitor and control home functions with almost human-like capabilities.

For process control applications, a battery back up calendar clock with automatic computer restart capabilities is available. Ohio Scientific's unique accessory ports allow the connection of a nearly unlimited number of 48 line parallel I/O cards and 12-bit high speed instrumentation quality analog I/O modules to the computer by inexpensive 16-pin ribbon cables.

Exploring New Frontiers

Ohio Scientific's vocalizer software processes normal BASIC print statements with conventional spellings and speaks them clearly in real-time

on computers equipped with the UTI (CA-15B or CA-14A). This voice output capability, combined with the C8P's remote control, remote sensing, telephone interface capabilities and reasonable cost open up new frontiers for computer applications.

Documentation

The C8P DF is not a beginner's computer and doesn't come with beginner's documentation. However, Ohio Scientific does offer detailed documentation on the computer which is meaningful for experts, including a Howard Sams produced hardware service manual that includes detailed block diagrams, schematics, parts placement diagrams and parts lists. Ohio Scientific is now also offering fully documented Source Code in machine readable form for OS-65D, the Challenger 8P's operating system allowing experimenters and industrial users to customize the system to their specific applications.

What's Next?

Ohio Scientific is working on a speech recognizer to complement the UTI system, with a several hundred word vocabulary. The company is also developing an 8 megabyte low-cost, add-on hard disk for use in conjunction with natural language parsing to further advance the stateof-the-art in small computers. The modular bus architecture of the C8P assures system owners of being able to make use of these new developments as they become available just as the owner of a 1976 vintage Challenger can directly plug in voice output, the UTI and other current state-of-the-art OSI products.

The C8P DF with dual 8" floppies, BASIC and two operating systems costs about $3000, only slightly more than you would pay for a dual mini-floppy equipped personal computer with only a fraction of the capabilities of the C8P

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problems. When teaching, however, the CAI program must trap errors. These fall into three types: syntax, nontermination, and logic.

To trap syntax errors, you should use the ONERROR command which transfers the control to a diagnostic section of the program that you, as a CAI author, will have provided. There you can get the error number, the erroneous argument, and even the entire ASCII text of the line in error with the GETERROR command. You can then explain the problem to the user in whatever level of detail you wish.

Indefinite loops are caught with the LOOPMAX command which sets a limit to the number of control transfers (ie: skips and GOTOs). Once the limit is exceeded, an error is generated and trapped as explained

earlier. So, you can catch nonterminating programs or be very meticulous and require efficiency from advanced students by lowering the LOOPMAX appropriately.

Logic errors are trickier and the general case is impossible. However, if you choose suitable problems to solve, you can do some very nice verification. For graphic tasks, the CMPARA command can check a student's building of an image against a prototype. The CAI author can tell if the student's image is a proper subset of the prototype and let it continue. Once a stray pixel is written, CMPARA returns a value of —2 which means the image is "mixed up," and you inform the student immediately. This approach clearly falls short of genuine artificial intelligence, but it is nevertheless quite useful.

Several classes at the University of Illinois at Chicago Circle have been taught with great success using a GRASS-coded prototype (called GAIN, by Tom Towle).

Conclusions

Zgrass is a language/system designed to provide easy access to computer graphics and, in general, to computing. It has sophisticated realtime structures and control capability, and it's friendly, extensible, and fun. The language is more efficient than BASIC, more user-oriented than FORTRAN or Pascal, and it has the kind of language-control structures that will help you create your mind's fantastic visualizations on your video screen with more ease than ever before. ■

Glossary

Color: The 256 colors available in Zgrass form an abbreviated spectrum. You can get four colors on the screen at any one time. The default colors are white, red, green, and blue. They are also known as color 0, color 1, color 2, and color 3. The values are stored in $L0, $L1, $12, and $L3 unless you modify $HB to use the right-side colors $R0, $Rl, $R2, and $R3.

Color Map: The color map is the way Zgrass translates color 0 thru color 3 to the 256 available colors. The hardware looks at the values of $L0 thru $13 before it writes a pixel to the screen. If it is writing a 0, it uses the color stored in $L0; if it is writing a 1, it uses the color stored in $Ll, and so on. To change the color map so 1 refers to yellow instead of red, set $Ll to 127. There are actually two color maps, the$Lsandthe$Rs. You get to the $Rs by setting $HB.

Color Option: The possible values for color option are 0 thru 15. You may need to study your truth tables for inclusive-OR and exclusive-OR (XOR) logical operations to really understand what's going on. The following is functionally true, however:

Color

Option Meaning

0 replace with color 0 (white)

1 replace with color 1 (red)

2 replace with color 2 (green)

3 replace with color 3 (blue)

4 don r draw (actually XOR with 00)

5 XOR screen with color 1 (01 binary)

6 XOR screen with color 2 (10 binary)

7 XOR screen with color 3 (11 binary)

8 change red to white, blue to green (clear bit 0)

9 change green to white, blue to red (clear bit 1)

10 OR with 01 (if red or white, stay red; if blue or green, stay blue)

11 OR with 10 (if green or white, stay green; if red or blue, stay blue)

12 replace with red only if white were there

13 replace with green only if white or red were there

14 increment the color there by 1 (white to red, red to green, green to blue, and blue to white)

15 decrement the color there by 1 (white to blue, red to white, green to red, and blue to green)

Macro: A string that is supposed to contain legal Zgrass commands. Most programming languages call such things "programs" or "subroutines," but we call them macros. Macros are effectively user-defined commands. Macros can behave just like commands in the sense that you can pass arguments to macros with the INPUT command and return values with the RETURN command. You define a macro just like you define a string, with an assignment to a name or by using EDIT.

String: A collection of characters (ie: numbers, letters, punctuation) delimited (ie: enclosed) by single or double quotes or balanced (ie: enclosed) by brackets or braces. If you have to use a string delimiter in a string, make sure that it is delimited by a different string delimiter or things will get very confused. Most likely it will consider the rest of your macro as part of the string. Examples:

"THIS IS A LONGER STRING"

"PRINT A*B*C

SKIP -1 ;.TH1S STRING

COULD BE A MACRO TOO"

[THIS IS HOW TO PUT A

QUOTE IN A STRING: " ' "/

I1234J

11

106 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 65 on Inquiry card.

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We still call it 'Tiny' but it's bigger and better than ever! This is the Famous Chung/Yuen Tiny' Pascal with more features including recursive procedures/functions & disk I/O. 'Tiny' Pascal is fast. Programs execute up to ten times faster than similar BASIC programs.

SOURCE TOO! We still distribute source, in 'Tiny' Pascal, on each discette sold. You can even recompile the compiler, add features or just gain insight into compiler construction.

'Tiny' Pascal is perfect for writing text processors, real time control systems, virtually any application which requires high speed. Requires: 36K CP/M. Supplied with complete user manual and source on discette: $85.00 Manual alone $10.00

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Text is entered using CP/M standard editor or most any CP/M compatible editor. TFS will link completely with Super-M-List making personalized form letters easy.

Requires: 24K CP/M

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TERM

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Beck Reviews

Applied Mathematical Physics With Programmable Pocket Calculators

by Robert M Eisberg McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York NY, 1976

176 pages, softcover $9.95

This book by Professor Eisberg of the University of California, Santa Barbara is interesting on three counts. First, it introduces the reader to numerical methods for differentiation, integration, and solution of differential equations. Second, these methods are applied to the general problems of mathematical physics, starting with the motion of an oscillator and finishing with Schrodinger's equation. Third, the programs for the solution of the equations in these fields are given for the Hewlett-Packard HP-25 and the Texas Instruments SR-56 calculators.

A reader's first reaction might be that the programs apply only to the solution of the problems of mathematical physics. However, the mathematical procedures that were aimed at these calculators may also be applied to any computer. Furthermore, the problems are in the field of physics, but the methods of solution of these problems should be of interest to the general reader.

This book discusses the derivative and methods of obtaining it, followed by programs and examples. Problems for testing the program are also given. Procedures for integration and summation are introduced with the appropriate programs and examples for solution.

The numerical procedure for the solution of second

order differential equations is developed without the great depth required for mathematical development. These equations are given for both undamped and damped motion, as well as the driven oscillator. The program development and the results obtained are interesting.

The harmonic oscillator section is followed by the coupled oscillator. The examples for the coupled oscillators and their motion are interesting not only for the study of the motion of such systems, but also for the solution of the simultaneous equations involved.

The concept of central force motion is introduced, including orbital path determination. This section concludes with alpha particle scatter due to repulsive forces. A "random" number generator program is introduced and applied to problems of entropy, or run-down evaluation.

Finally, Schrodinger's time-independent equation is introduced and evaluated, and programs are given for the harmonic oscillator and the potential well.

This is an admirable little book on mathematics applied to physics and the programming of such material for the HP-25 and SR-56 programmable calculators. It is also of great interest to the computer programmer because of the procedures discussed, which are adaptable to the computer.

WB Agocs

Department of Physical

Sciences

Kutztown State College

Kutztown PA 19530

The Little LISPer

by Daniel P Friedman Science Research Associates Inc Palo Alto CA, 1974

108 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 66 on inquiry card.

WHYCIS COBOL

LETS YOUR JVUCROGOMPUTER

PERFORM LIKE A

MAINF

Now, you can use a microcomputer for sophisticated business applications ... because now there's CIS COBOL. Micro Focus developed this COBOL so your microcomputer can run the same programs as a minicomputer or a mainframe.

CIS COBOL is Micro Focus' Compact, Interactive, Standard COBOL which offers the advantages of COBOL... powerful data structure features, Englishlike language, existing programmer expertise... to provide you with a full commercial language. You won't be restricted by size either: a 64K byte microcomputer will compile up to 8000 lines of COBOL, more if the program's split into dynamically loaded modules.

Choose a Compact Compiler.

The Compact compiler runs on 32K byte microcomputer systems. Its powerful subset includes full support for random, indexed and sequential files.

Orchoose the Standard Compiler.

The Standard CIS COBOL compiler requires a minimum 48K of user RAM. A super-set of the Compact compiler, implementing ANSI 74 COBOL to Federal Low-intermediate Level.

The same CIS COBOL extensions for conversational working, screen control, interactive debugging, and special peripheral sup port are in both compilers. And there are more reasons to consider CIS COBOL:

• It conforms fully to the ANSI 74 standard, so programs are portable upwards and downwards to minis or mainframes.

• Its interactive features enable mainframe programmers to get results fast... working on inexpensive microcomputers.

Forms

The FORMS utility lets you build a screen layout online at the CRT. Then it automatically generates COBOL record descriptions for inclusion in your program.

Forms-2

A superset of FORMS, it eliminates the need to write simple data entry and inquiry programs, because the programs can be automatically generated from screen definitions.

Environment

CIS COBOL products run on the 8080 or Z80 microprocessors under the CP/M* operating system, and on the LSI-11 or PDP-11 processors under RT-11. They are distributed in a variety of disk formats and come with a utility that enables you to use any make of CRT.

OEMs

Intel has adopted CIS COBOL and offers it (as iCIS-COBOL) for their Intellec and

Intellec II systems. Ideal for OEM's or private label, COBOL was developed entirely by Micro Focus. Send inquiries for CIS COBOL object packs and application vendor terms to MICRO FOCUS or its licensed distributors. Distributor terms also available from MICRO FOCUS.

Send me more information for:

□ Single Copy Users

□ Reseller and Distributor Licensing

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Computer ModeL Version of DOS

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CIS COBOL distributors include: Vector Graphic, Onyx Systems, Altos Computer Systems, Lifeboat Associates, Research Machines, Telecomputing, Modular Business Systems, Rah, Midlectron, Rostronics and Johnson-Laird Inc. flntellec is a trademark of Intel Corp. *CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research Inc.

58 pages, softcover $3.95

It might seem a little odd to review a six-year-old book, but there is a good reason for it in this case: LISP has only recently become available for microcomputers. John Allen (guest editor of the August 1979 BYTE special issue on LISP) has promised that his LISP Company will unveil a full line of LISP systems. It will start with a Z80 version and proceed to much more capable LISPs for the new 16-bit microprocessors. Also, LISP interpreters from other sources exist for Z80, 6800, and AM-100 processors.

The next question is how does one learn LISP? Reference manuals give too much detail and not enough feel for the language. Most introductory material gives too little detail and not enough feel for the language, and nearly all books on LISP make the mistake of telling the student what LISP functions are and

what they do instead of how to use them. There is an alternative to all this. One can obtain The Little LISPer, study it for a short time, and come away with a firm grasp of the essentials of LISP. This grasp is sufficient to make sense out of the rest of the material concerning LISP and LISP-based systems that one might encounter.

The Little LISPer was originally written to provide a two-week course for nonprogrammers. It is one of the best introductions to any language that I have ever read. I went straight through it the day I got it. The sequence of topics (interleaving functions, data structures, programming principles, recursive programming techniques) is laid out with a deft touch that has the student progressing much faster than he realizes. This organization of the material allows the reader to build up a sophisticated sense of the patterns inherent in LISP structures

the electric pencil II

^^ ^™ B19B0 Mfihael Shrayet

Jgj for the TRS-80 Model II* Computer

MX

The Electric Pencil is a Character Oriented Word Processing System. This means that text is entered as a continuous string of chrracters and is manipulated as such. This allows the user enormous freedom and ease in the movement and handling of text. Since lines are not delineated, any number of characters, words, lines or paragraphs may be inserted or deleted anywhere in the text. The entirety of the text shifts and opens up or closes as needed in full view of the user. Carriage returns as well as word hyphenation are not reguired since each line of text is formatted <

As text is typed and the end of a screen line is reached, a partially completed word is shifted to the beginning of the following line. Whenever text is inserted or deleted, existing text is pushed down or pulled up in a wrap around fashion. Everything appears on the video display screen as it occurs thereby eliminating my guesswork. Text may be reviewed at will by variable speed or page-at-a-time scrolling both in the forward and reverse directions. By using the search or the search and replace function, any string of characters may be located aid/or replaced with any other string of characters as desired. Specific sets of characters within encoded strings may also be located.

When text is printed, The Electric Pencil automatically inserts carriage returns where they are needed. Numerous combinations of Line Length, Poge Length, Character Spacing, Line Spacing <xtd Page Spacing allow for any form to be handled. Right Justification gives right-hand margins that are even. Pages may be numbered as well as titled.

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Our CP/M versions ire the same as we have been distributing for several years aid allow the CP/M user to edit CP/M files r CONVERT utility for an additional t required if only quick and easy word ired. A keyboard buffer permits fast typing

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The Electric Pencil I is still available for TRS-80 Model I users. Although not as sophisticated as Electric Pencil If, it is still an extremely easy to use oid powerful word processing system. The software has been designed to be used with both Level i (I6K system) and Level II models of the TRS-80. Two versions, one for use with cassette, and one for use with disk, are available on cassette. The TRS-80 disk version is easily transferred to disk and is fully inteructive with the READ, WRITE, DIR, and KILL routines of TRSDOS.

TRC Cassette $ 100.00

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almost without noticing.

Other features that contribute to the relaxed, but speedy, progress of the student are the organization of the entire text into carefully constructed sets of questions and answers and the light humorous touch of the examples.

LISP operates on list structures, and most of the data used in the book are lists of foods. One of the problems for the reader is to determine the list that results from inserting the atom ROAST after the atom CHUCK in a list beginning:

(HOW (MUCH WOOD). . .

Unfortunately the text breaks off too soon, leaving the reader with a clear sense of things he was just about ready to do, but will have to find out about elsewhere. In any case, the author says the reader is "better prepared than he realizes" to learn the details of a full LISP system and many more advanced programming techniques. It is only necessary to become familiar with the full range of features of a complete LISP system before diving into the world of artificial intelligence and numerous other fields.

LISP is a realization and extension (in notation, not computing power) of Church's lambda calculus, one of the most powerful mathematical tools in existence. It is generally considered a remarkable achievement to teach a powerful mathematical technique to nonmathematicians. As far as I am concerned, though, this kind of teaching should be normal, and the usual "math is hard and you're too dumb to learn it" approach should be thrown away. The fact is that most people are not too dumb to learn mathematics of whatever sort, but few people are clever enough to learn improperly presented mathematics. It seems that even fewer are clever enough to present it well. I am delighted to have an opportunity to point out an in

stance of top-quality textbook writing and to offer my congratulations to Daniel Friedman.

Mokurai Cherlin

APL Business Consultants Inc

POB 1131

Mt Shasta CA 96067

Mathematical Elements for Computer Graphics

by David Rogers and ] Alan Adams McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York NY, 1976

Softcover, 239 pages $12.95

One of the ironies of computer graphics is that it is the aspect of computer use that most attracts people who do not like mathematics, while it is one of the few fields of computing (contrary to popular belief) that require mathematics. Mathematical Elements for Computer Grapics is a good sourcebook of the mathematics, the formulae, and the algorithms required to implement graphics packages and applications on computers of any size. It is especially well suited to personal-computer use, since all of the algorithms are presented in BASIC.

Rogers and Adams assume several things about the reader. First, they assume that the reader is writing, or wants to write, software for a line-drawing display (such as those produced by Tektronix). If you have a television-technology display (like most small-computer users), you will need to devise the software to make it draw lines. They also assume that the reader has a substantial background in mathematics. Unfortunately for this subject, a substantial mathematical background means three terms of college-level calculus plus matrix algebra. Also, the algorithms are presented in Dartmouth BASIC, which requires a fair amount of conversion before it will

110 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 67 on Inquiry card.

Circle 68 on Inquiry card.

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work in Microsoft BASIC or BASIC-E.

For those of you who have not yet been scared off, you will learn algorithms and techniques for: scaling, rotation, curve representation, threedimensional displays, threedimensional transformation, and surface description and display. Of course, I am only summarizing; Rogers and Adams break these topics down into 65 sections, plus algorithms.

So why buy (or borrow) this book ? If you want a text to teach yourself computer graphics, this is the wrong book. It will not really tell you how to put all of the algorithms together into a usable package or application. But, if you already know something about computer graphics and need a reference to give or compare formulae and algorithms, then this is definitely the right book. A caveat is in order: I have not checked any of the algorithms or programs for typographical accuracy. Which is to say, it's a good reference, but not a good text.B

John A Lehman 716 Hutchins #2 Ann Arbor MI 48103

BYTE's Bugs

Duplicated NAND Gate

A drafting error marred Steve Ciarcia's article "A Build-It-Yourself Modem for Under $50" (August 1980 BYTE, page 22). The pin numbers for a section of an integrated circuit were incorrectly marked, duplicating the numbers for a different section.

In figure lb on page 28, the NAND gate of IC4c should have had its input in dicated as being on pins 8 and 9, with output on pin 10. The pin numbers for IC4d are correct as shown.!

112 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 69 on inquiry card.

fery sharp printout at very low payout

The Heath H-14 Printer gives you high-performance features at one of the lowest prices anywhere...

• 5 x 7 dot matrix and high quality impact printhead give you clear, easy-to-read images

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Circle 70 on Inquiry card.

The H-14's remarkable price includes connecting cables, paper rack, paper, and ribbon — so you're all ready to run. And service for the H-14 is available at 61 Heathkit Electronic Centers in the U.S. or Canada. Check out the microprocessor-based H-14 Printer today, in kit form or factory assembled. You'll find complete details in the newest, FREE Heathkit Catalog. Send for yours today, or pick one up at the nearest Heathkit Electronic Center. Dealer inquiries on assembled units are invited, too.

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The following is a list of books received at BYTE Publications during this past month. Although the list is not meant to be exhaustive, its purpose is to acquaint BYTE readers with recently published titles in computer science and related fields. We regret that we cannot review or comment on all the books we receive; instead, this list is meant to be a monthly acknowledgement of these books and the publishers who sent them.

Bit-Slice Microprocessor Design, Jim Brick and John Mick; McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York NY 1980; 7% by Wi inches (20 by 24.5 cm), 398 pages, hardcover, ISBN 0-07-041781-4, $18.50.

Computer Peripherals for Minicomputers, Microprocessors, and Personal Computers, C Louis Hohenstein; McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York NY 1980; 6 by 9 inches (15.5 by 23 cm), 312 pages, hardcover, ISBN 0-07-029451-8, $19.50.

Early British Computers, Simon Lavington; Digital Press, Bedford MA 1980; 53/4 by 8V4 inches (15 by 21 cm), 130 pages, softcover, ISBN 0-932376-08-8, $8.

A Guide to Structured COBOL with Efficiency Techniques and Special Algorithms, Pacifico A Lim; Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York NY 1980; 6 by 9 inches (15.5 by 23 cm); 272 pages, hardcover, ISBN 0-442-24585-8, $18.95.

Master Handbook of Electronic Tables & Formulas, third edition, Martin Clifford; Tab Books, Blue Ridge Summit PA 1980; 6 by &Y* inches (15.5 by 21 cm), 313 pages, softcover, ISBN 0-8306-1225-4, $8.95.

More Chess and Computers: The Microcomputer Revolution, The Challenging Match, David Levy, Monroe Newborn; Computer Science Press, Potomac MD 1980; 5V4 by 8% inches (13.5 by 20.5 cm), 117 pages; softcover, ISBN 0-914894-07-2, $12.95.

Practical Area Navigation, Paul Garrison; Tab Books, Blue Ridge Summit PA 1980; 6 by 9Vi inches (15.5 by 23 cm), 224 pages; soft

cover, ISBN 0-8306-2286-1, $5.95.

Practical BASIC Programs, Lon Poole; Osborne/ McGraw-Hill, Berkeley CA 1980; 8% by 10% inches (20.5 by 26.6 cm), 171 pages, softcover, ISBN 0-931988-38-1, $15.

Project Whirlwind: The History of a Pioneer Computer, Kent C Redmond and Thomas M Smith; Digital Press, Bedford MA 1980; 7% by Wi inches (18.6 by 24.5 cm), 280 pages, hardcover, ISBN 0-932376-09-6, $21.

Some Common BASIC Programs, third edition, Mary Borchers and Lon Poole; Osborne/McGrawHill, Berkeley CA 1980; 8% by 103/4 inches (20.5 by 27.5 cm), 195 pages; softcover, ISBN 0-931988-06-3.

Structured BASIC and Beyond, Wayne Amsbury; Computer Science Press, Potomac MD 1980; 6 by 9 inches (15.5 by 23 cm), 310 pages, softcover, ISBN 0-914894-16-1, $10.95. ■

BYTE's Bugs

The First Shall Be Last

The Washington Area Computer Society (WACS) meets on the last Friday of the month (not the first) on the campus of the Catholic University of America in Washington, DC, in the first-floor lecture room in Keane Hall, starting at 7:30 PM. Incorrect information about the meeting time had been published in a past issue of BYTE.B

114 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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USE TODAY

Programming Quickies

Complex Number Subroutines

William R Harlow, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 836 Rhodes Hall, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH 45221

I teach numerical methods to engineering students at the University of Cincinnati, where we have an Amdahl computer. Also, various departments have purchased Heath, IMSAI, Radio Shack, and Wang systems. Although the big system has built-in hardware to perform complex operations, the smaller systems must have them implemented as subroutines.

Besides the four fundamental operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, there are several important functions of a complex variable. These include log(z), e', sin(z), cos(z), z", and others. Since addition and subtraction are so easy to handle, they are not included in the routines listed here.

Listing 1 gives a set of BASIC routines to do the complex operations listed in table 1. Other functions not

Listing 1: Subroutines for manipulation of complex numbers. See table 1 for a description of the functions calculated. Note that some of the routines use the constant §PI, which should be set to 3.1415926535.

1000 REM

1010 M1=A1*A2-B1*B2:M2=A1*B2+A

2000 REM

2010 D=A2«+B2*2

2020 01=<A1*A2+B1*B2)/D: Q2«<A2

35000 REM

3010 R=SGR(Alt2+Blt2>:I=SGN(A1

3020 ON .[ GOTO 3060,3060,3070,

3030 B=ARCTAN(B1/A1>-HPI: GOTO

3060 B=(-(tPI/2) :G0T0 3120

3060 B=ARCTAN(B1/A1>': G0TU 3120

3070 B=ttPI: GOTO 3120

3080 B=0:G0T0 3120

3090 B=ttPI+ARCTAN(Bl/Al> : GOTO

3100 B«*PI/2'. GOTO 3120

3110 Pl,P2=0:GOT0 3120

3120 R0=P*L0G<R> : R=EXP<R0>

3130 P1=R*C0S(P*B):P2=R«8IN<P*

4000 REM

4010 I=SGN(Al)+3«SGN(Bl)+4

4020 IF 1=4 THEN 4120

4030 L=.5*L0G<Alt2+Blt2>

4040 ON I GOTO 4060,4070,4080,

4060 L2=ARCTAN<Bl/Al>-ttPI: GOTO

4060 L2=<-ttPI/2>: GOTO 4130

4070 L2=ARCTAN<B1/A1>:GOTO 413

4080 L2=(ttPI) : GOTO 4130

4090 L.2=0: GOTO 4130

4100 L2=HPI+ARCTAN(B1/A1>:GOTO

4110 L2=t*PI/2; GOTO 4130

4120 PRINT "L0G(Z) IS UNDEFINE

4130 L1=L:RETURN

6000 REM

6010 E1=EXP(A1)*C0S<B1)!E2=EXP

6000 REM

6010 U1 = <EXP(B1>--EXP(-B1))/2:U

6020 S1=SIN<A1)*U2:S2=C0S<A1>*

7000 REM

7010 Ul = <EXP<Bl>-rXP<-Bl>>.- ;u

7020 C1=C0S(A1)*U2; C2=SIN<A1>*

8000 REM

8010 IF B1O0 THEN 80S0

8020 IF AK0 THEN 8040

8030 R1=SSR<A1):R2=0:RETURN

8040 R1=0:R2=S«R(-A1):RETURN

8060 R=S0R(Al+2+Bl1'2)

8060 R1=S0R<<R+Al>/2>:R2=8GN(B

2*81; RETURN

*Bl-Al«B2)/0:RETURN

)+3*SGN(Bl)+4

3110,3080,3090,3100,3060

3120

B>:RETURN

4120,4090,4100,4110,4070 4130

4130 0"iSTOP :RETURN

<A1>*SIN(B1>:RETURN

2= < EXP(Bl> +EXP(-B1))/2 Ul:RETURN

2=<EXP(B1)+EXP<-Bl))/2 <-Ul>:RETURN

1)»SHR((R-Al)/2):RETURN

Other

Operation Variables

Line Number type Input; Use Used

Output

1000 product z,xz2 A1,B1;A2,B2

M1.M2

2000 quotient Z! / z2 A1,B1;A2,B2 D

Q1.Q2

3000 power z' A1.B1 P,R,I,B

P1.P2

4000 natural logarithm Ln z A1.B1 l,L

L1.L2

5000 exponential e* A1.B1

E1.E2

6000 sine sin z A1.B1 U1.U2

S1.S2

7000 cosine cos z A1.B1 U1.U2

C1.C2

8000 square root z"2 A1.B1 R

R1.R2

Table 1: Table of complex number operations performed by subroutines in listing 1. In the "Input"

column (Al, Bl) refers

to the complex number Al+Bli, where i is the square root of —1. In the "Output" column, the two

numbers listed are the

real and imaginary parts of the answer; eg: the output variables Ml and M2 of the multiplication

routine mean that the

result of the multiplication is the complex number MJ+M2i.

116 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE November 1980 117

included could be the hyperbolic and inverse trigonometric functions. The square root of a complex number was included even though it is a special case of z". The only complicated ones are the power and the logarithm. This is due to the angle utilized.

The subroutines have been given large line numbers so that they may be put at the end of a program. Users can certainly renumber these lines or use only those needed for a particular problem.

Two rather simple problems (see listings 2 and 3) are included to demonstrate the use of the functions. Both make use of Newton's method to solve for the roots of a function. This is done using the following iterative formula to obtain a better approximation of z, zl+1, from the current approximation, z*:

zktl=zk-f(zk)/f(zk) where k=l,2,...

An initial or starting value of z is selected (z=x+iy). Thus zt «■ Xi + iyt is used in /(zj and f(zt). This will generate a z2 which is fed back into the right-hand side of the equation to give a z», and so on.

The method is rapid in convergence and quite stable. If a certain zk should make f(zk) very small or zero, however, it is best to restart with a new z,. In the programs shown, a test to stop cycling is made on the f(z):

IF SQR(Flt2+F2t2) <1E-6THEN . . .

This statement stops the iteration when the complex error has a magnitude of less than 10~6. ■

Listing 2: Example program using the subroutines of listing 1. The program given in listing 2a attempts to find a root of the function f(z)=e' — z2. Note that its derivative f(z)= g(z)=C— 2z. Listing 2b shows two separate runs of the program with starting points of (1,1) and (—1,0); the final results are underlined. Due to the cyclic nature ofe', there are an infinite number of solutions to this problem.

(2a)

10 INPUT "

12 PRINT

IS PRINT TABQ4): X, Y

20 A1=X: Bl-Y

30 GOSUB S000

40 P=2

50 GOSUB 3000

60 F1=E1-Pl:F2=E2-P2

65 IF SQK<Flt2+F2t2KlE-6

70 G1=E1-2*A1:G2=E2-2*B1

B0A1=F1:B1=F2: A2=G1!B2=G2

90 GOSUB 2000

100 K»X-at:Y«Y-Q2

110 GOTO 15

120 STOP " ROOT

KEY IN X.Y

DETERMINED. KEY RUN FOR A NEW SET"

(2b)

2.912389622376

2.187132232955

1.760811047732

1.603663701734

1.58722527008

1.588042823737

1.58804726466?

2.575157181739

2.174648753578

1.808824533853

1.596954184978

1.54253028231

1.S40223443863

1.540223501065

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118 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 72 on inquiry card.

Listing 3: Example program using the subroutines of listing 1. The program given in listing 3a attempts to find a root of the function l(z)=2z2 +(-6 - i>z + (20 - i) = (2z + 4 - U(z 5). (Its roots are (—2 + 0.5\) and 5.) The derivative i'(z)=g(z)=4z + (—6 —i). Two runs of the program are shown in listing 3b, with the final results underlined.

(3a)

10 INPUT " KEY IN X,Y ",X,Y

12 PRINT

15 PRINT TABC14);X,Y

20 A1»X:B1=Y

40 P-2

50 GOSUB 3000

60 Fl=2*Pl:F2=2«P2

70 A2=-6:B2=-l

80 GOSUB 1000

90 F1=F1+M1-20:F2=F2+M2+S

95 IF S0R(Fl1'2+F2t2)<lE-6 THEN 200

100 Gl=4»Al-6:G2=4»B1-1

110 Al=Fl:B1=F2!A2=Gl:B2=G2

120 GOSUB 2000

130 X=X-01:Y=Y-B2

140 GOTO 15

200 STOP "ROOT DETERMINED. KEY RUN FOR A NEW SE1

(3b)

i

-3.307692307727

-1.45941644561

-1.434942737807

-2.053130882705

-2.00036624035

-2.00000001228

Y, - 1

-4.461538461515 -1.379310344755 .532192367931 .4886935917174 .499806328929 7 ■ 4999999788526

Xi - 2

Y, - 2

2.207547169882 2.830440251643 4.902563504007

4.604564248345 5.015324400454 4.999923902019 4.9999999991/7

-2.226415094319 1.193459119487

-1.877088064073

-.193451138577 2.68292464E-02 1.12126O02E-04

-2.49665620E-0V

BYTE's Bits

International Systems

and Courseware

Exchange

One of the greatest deterrents facing organizations that desire to purchase a microcomputer is the fact that the development of systems applications software is costly and timeconsuming. In an attempt to find a solution to this situation, John Earle Associates Inc has met with educators, professionals, and business people to discuss means for alleviating this problem. These discussions culminated in the establishment of the International Systems and Courseware Exchange (ISCE). The purposes of the ISCE are to enable schools, businesses, and professionals to license others to use their proprietary courseware and systems for an annual fee on a lease basis, and to recover the developmental costs of the software through the licensing fee. All schools, governmental agencies, doctors, lawyers, engineers, accountants, businesses, manufacturers, and freelance developers of systems applications, courseware, or games are welcome to participate, as providers or as users; or as is the case within many businesses and schools, they may be included in both categories.

A free catalog will be provided to each individual or organization with listings in the catalog. Catalogs will be available to others for $10.

The first catalog containing listings of software and all information necessary to order or submit programs will be published in January, 1981. Catalog entries dealing with administrative or business applications should be mailed to Howard R Baldwin, Registrar, University of Akron, 3220 Miles NW, Canton OH 44718. Catalog entries concerning educational or professional

applications should be sent to Swen A Larsen, Dean of Science and Technology, World University, Barbosa esq Guayama, Hato Rey, Puerto Rico 00917. For a copy of the catalog or for more information, contact John Earle Associates Inc, POB 12213, Loiza Station, Santurce, Puerto Rico 00914.

Pass the Salt and the Computer, Please

Eleven of the nation's newspapers affiliated with the AP (Associated Press) are experimenting with electronic delivery of news to the home. Through the joint efforts of the newspapers, the AP, and CompuServe Inc, an information networking firm, a daily electronic edition will be published for at least six months. The results of this test will be shared with the 1300 daily newspapers and 3500 radio and television stations that are a part of the AP news cooperative.

The newspapers participating are The Columbus Dispatch; The Washington Post; Los Angeles Times; The Neio York Times; Chicago Sun-Times; The St Louis Post-Dispatch; The Minneapolis Star and Tribune; The Atlanta Journal and Constitution; The Norfolk Virginian-Pilot and Ledger-Star; San Francisco Chronicle; and The Middlesex News (Framingham, Massachusetts). Each newspaper contributes news items and computing expertise to produce the news that is delivered to the CompuServe computers. Customers with a terminal and modem merely have to place a telephone call to link up with the electronic editions. Home users are charged $5 per hour, billed in 1-minute increments. The service

operates from 6 PM to 5 AM weekdays and all day on weekends and holidays. The experimenters hope that the test will provide substantial information on marketing the service, promotion, design of the data base, and new sources of advertising revenue. For more information, contact CompuServe Inc, 5000 Arlington Centre Blvd, Columbus OH 43220, (614) 457-8600.

Tuition-Free Program

for Women in Electrical Engineering

A brochure from the University of Dayton outlines a National Science Foundation-sponsored FastTrack program for women interested in electrical engineering. To qualify, an applicant must hold a bachelor's degree in mathematics, physics, or a related science. Participants earn a certificate that serves to advance them to an

academic level equivalent to that of an electrical engineering graduate. Credits earned can be applied toward a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering. A Fast-Track staff at the university offers counseling and guidance, assists in part-time work placement, arranges for partial living expense stipends and placement in engineering jobs at program conclusion. The program commences January 5, 1981, and lasts thru December 19, 1981. Copies of the brochure, entitled Women Interested in Engineering, can be obtained by writing or calling Carol M Shaw, Assistant Dean, School of Engineering, University of Dayton, Dayton OH 45469, (513) 229-2736. ■

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CREDIT CARD USERS PLEASE SEE ORDERING INSTRUCTIONS ON PAGE 391

Circle 73 on inquiry card.

November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 119

Manufacturing and marketing micro products is our only business.

QT is committed to building uncommon features and quality into each of its micro user products. Were offering you the lowest prices on the QT System + and other fine products. It's our new beginning.

- Look At These QT

System + Features: 2 Megabyte storage (standard)

• Up to It) Megabytes storage available • Mainframe with power supply and tan • Televideo 920C terminal • CPU-Z80-4MHZ • Two 8" disk drives • Floppy disk controller (double density) • Dynamic Memory (48K —expandable to 64K) • 2K Monitor program and Disk Bios on 2716 EPROM

• RAM/ROM/PROM, up to 8K in any combination on CPU • Hairi Disk Compatible • 2 Serial/2 Parallel Ports • Real Time Clock

• EPROM Programmer • CP/M 2.2 or 1.4 Operating System

• MP/M' Compatible • Full line of business software available

SYSTEM + SS (1 Megabyte) Sgl Side/Dbl Oen 14295.00, SYSTEM + DS (2 Megabytes) Dbl Side/Dbl Den S4995 00

coMPim k SYSTEMS

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ewonif /

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J

Call TOLL FREE (Except Alaska. C

800-421

alitor nia

-5150 and Hawai

■ Silence + Mother Boards

No need tor termination • Very high crosstalk rejection • 6. 8. 12 and 18 slots available • Has operated to 14 MHZ quietly

Bare 6-Slot 8-Slot 12-Slol 18-Slot

Bd S24.95 526.95 S29 95 $49 95

Kit S39.95 $54.95 S69.95 S99 95

A&T S49 95 $69.95 S89 95 SI39.95

■ SBC+ 2/4

1K RAM On Board • 2 Programmable Timers • Power On jump to On-Board IK or 2K EPROM (2708-2716) • 2 Separate Parallel Ports • Programmable Baud Rate Selection (110 to 9600) • Serial 1/0 Port (RS-23ZI. Bare Board S60.00 KM S190 00

IK Mem. Hit St?.00 Ail S28I1.0H

Expandable + Dynamic Memory (16K to 64K) Uses 3242 Refresh Chip with delay line • Quiet tour layer PC Bd • Supports 16K. 32K. 48K 01 64K ol memoiy • 24 Addiess lines pel IEEE specifications • Bank on oil signal selected by I 0 port 40 (Hex) per industry standard

Bare Board $70.00 48K Kit $480 00 16KKU S280.00 «K fl.11 S5l.ll no 16KA&I S325.00 64K Kil S525 1)0 32KKH $360 00 63KA&JS625 00

"KASI SWo mi _ I/O + Two Independent SYNC ASYNC Serial Ports • One Strobed 8-Bit Parallel Input Pert With Handshaking • Three B-Bit Parallel Ports lUnderitcated. User

16-Bit Timers

Bate Board $89 00 Kit $275 00

RAIY1+ 65

2 oi 4MHZ • 16K Static RAM

• Uses 2114L static RAMS • Addressable in 4K steps • Memory pi election in 1K increments

• Features bank selection

2MH2 4MH2

Bare Hoard $20.W Kil $225 UU

Kit S200.00 AX1 S250 011

A&1 S240.00

■ Clock/Calendar +

[lay, Week. Month, Yeai • 24 Hour Iime. or 12 Hour AM PM (selectable) • Interval Interrupt Timet 1024 H: lappiiixiinately I

Bate Board $45 1111 A& 1 S150 11

Kit sum no

~~ Mainframe + IMF +

• Cabinet • 30A Pwt Supply • 12 oi 18 Slot Mntheiho.tid • Fan cooled • AC Line Fillet to eliminate I Ml • A&l • Power and Reset Switches on trout panel

Mt + 12 $450 oo

Mt + 18 $500 nn

Mt + W llMiithi'ihrd $40o nn

■ Mainframe + Mi + Ml)

Accepts ? Each h'«" lltsk Drives

• 18A Pwi Supply • 6 12 Slot

isinn • Disk lliivc ('owe AC line tiltei to Bltmtti.it wei and reset switches

mi ♦ Mm.' $500 nn

Ml + MPS S450 00

Mt + MOW llMuthritjrit $*00 Oil

■ DDC-8 +

Availdhle in Blown oi 1 RS 80 Colors • Disk Cabinet tor Simile 8" Drive • Data Cable • Fan" • Accepts Petset Shugait, Siemens, Remex. UUMt lines + $250 on Also Available S-100 (Snuttl Pioto Board + Ask tor out catalog

WARRANTY: 1 ye.u against detects in material and wotkm.ii ship from date of shipment on a 01 products

Letters continued from page 20:

Impressive Bar-Code Maker

IBM manufactures a type element that could possibly be used to prepare barcode text that would also be readable by humans. This type element is not listed in any of IBM's typeface catalogs. It is called a special-application element, and I guess IBM figures that you know they have it if you want it. The intended application is for the preparation of text for input on a Dataflow Optical Reading System.

This element is currently available only in the standard 88-character format. IBM sales representatives in

Michigan could not find out if it was going to be manufactured in the new 96-character format too. This point is not very important, since there are not too many of the new 96-character Selectrics in the computer-users' market. The new Selectric III will use the 96-character element only, so it won't be of much use to anyone in the market to upgrade, since they would lose their investment in the type elements they had.

The element is called DF-2 OCR and the part number is 1167659. IBM's current price is $18 for one element, or $16 each for three or more.

IBM recommends that you use a Tech III ribbon (IBM number 1136391) with

the DF-2 OCR element; the High-Yield Correctable Film carbon ribbon just doesn't make an adequate impression all the time. The DF-2 OCR is a 10-pitch element, by the way, so don't order it unless you have 10-pitch capacity. I would be interested in hearing from any readers who interface the HEDS-3000 to their computer and use this element to generate the input data.

Michael Essig POB 828 Jackson MI 49204

Figure 1: An example of the IBM. DF-2 OCR output, using the High-Yield Correctable Film Ribbon.

The IBM

III III Mil I! I II

DF-2

9 tl I I I I

Type element is hi milium iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiii mm

ij n i p u f> optical character recognition type

illllllllllllllll IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIS I Illllllllllllllll IIIUIIIIIIl IHIIIIIIIIIilSMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII lllillllllllll

face combining conventional characters with a ■iiiiiiiiinii iiitiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiBi iiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniin! iiiiiiinii- nil

bar-code liiiiiiniii iiiiiiniiiiii

to meet the

is* ■ is imiiiiuiiii iiiiiiiiii

IBM recommends the

II I !k llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll iiiiiiiiii

requirements of the DATAFLOW Optical Reading System.

iuii!iii!iinninmitiiiuimill!! iiiiji iiiiiiiiii ii i9ii ii nil us n iiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiii iii imiiiii!iniiiiiii in iiiiiiiiiimiiiiii

use of their 1FCH III ribbon to obtain the highest print <J U a J „'. ,t v .

iiiiiim turn illinium mi iginiin n n n iiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiii nun iiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiii iiiiiiisiiiiiiiiiinii ii'iiiiiiniiiii iiiiniiiiiiiniiiiiiiiii

ABCDEFGHIJ KLMNOPQRSTUVWXY^

I I II | II II II 11 II III II II I! II 11 III Ii lil III III 11 II III 11 II II

abcdefoh! j k Imnopq rstuvwxyz iiiiiiiii iiimiiisiiiiiinn la nitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii linn iibiiiiii

>< # $ % A & *()■+ illllllllfililllllllllllllllllll I

1234 5 67890 inn minium iiiiiiiiii iii

IIIIIIIII3! Elllilll

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STOP!

Did you remember to remove your Priority One insert? If not please turn back to page 80 and tear it out.

m

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122 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 75 on Inquiry card.

INT(X N X SIN(X 2),X)

Surprised? You should be. Because until now, no software could solve anything but the most basic arithmetic problems without a series of complicated steps.

A big disadvantage? If you use a microcomputer for scientific, educational or engineering applications, you bet it is. That's why Microsoft has come up with a solution of its own. muMath.

muMath is a symbolic math package you'll recognize immediately as a major advance in microcomputer software.

muMath lets you efficiently and accurately perform the most complex mathematical operations: Exact, infinite precision rational arithmetic. Unbound variables. Complex expressions (even equations may be included). Exact solution of algebraic equations. Plus logarithmic, exponential and trigonometric simplifications and transformations.

That's right. It does in an instant what took you years

to learn at school. Rational arithmetic. Algebra. Trigonometry. Transcendental functions. Symbolic differentiation (including ordinary and partial derivatives.) Symbolic integration of indefinite and definite integrals. Matrix arithmetic and algebra.

Trigonometric simplification? But of course. Just type:

?SIN(2*Y)*(4*COS(X)A3

-COS(3*X)+SIN(Y)XOS

(X+Y+#P1)-COS(X-Y));

Then instantly muMath

returns:

@4*SIN(Y) *COS(X) *COS(Y).

Adding fractions? Need you ask?

?1/3+5/6+2/5+3/7; ©419/210.

muMath is written in muSIMP, which is included in the muMath package.

10800 NE Eighth

Suite 819

Bellevue.WA 98004

206-455-8080

Telex 328945

We set the standard.

muSIMP is an applicative, recursive language, ideal for describing complex mathematical concepts.

Because of its highly interactive nature and hierarchical structure, muMATH is an excellent math teaching device, from simple arithmetic to calculus.

muMATH is currently available for the CP/M® operating system.

The complete system, including muMATH and muSIMP on disk and documentation is $250. Runs under CP/M.

Just what you need? We thought so. Shoot some questions at us about muMATH. We have all the answers.

Also new from Microsoft: the muLISP interpreter for CP/M. An efficient and reliable LISP system fully capable of supporting serious artificial intelligence efforts. $200.

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research.

Circle 76 on inquiry card.

BYTE's BOMB Cards

From the first year of BYTE to the present we have put great stock in your monthly comments that accompany BOMB (BYTE's Ongoing Monitor Box) cards. We really do read every one of them, and we are often influenced by your comments. What follows is a representative sampling from the cards over the past few issues. By the way, if you'd like to add your votes on this month's articles to our tally, simply fill out the BOMB card at the back of the magazine, using the article table on the second-to-last page as a guide....CM

Pournelle:

• The User's Column is a very good idea—keep on!

• Pournelle is great!

• More Pournelle please. I'm subscribing.

• Very interesting theme. No more Pournelle, please.

• [Pournelle wrote the] best article on TRS-80 since BYTE began.

• Are Pournelle's articles only to be semiregular7 I vote for more.

• Pournelle alone will get me to subscribe.

• Pournelle has no finesse.

• Pournelle helped me decide between Radio Shack, Apple, and Atari... TRS-80 and Omikron here I come.

• Jerry Pournelle's column told me far more about TRS-80 add-ons than I have managed to learn in many weeks of searching.

Ciarcia:

• Mr Ciarcia has done it again.

• Don't lose Steve, he's worth his weight in gold!

• You should put two or three more

Steve Ciarcias on the payroll.

• Ciarcia's article was excellent, but only Bo Derek gets a 10.

CAI:

• [I was] glad to have some really good info on CAI I

• There were too many articles on CAI.

• CAI makes as much sense as substituting computer-game playing for physical education. Education is achieved through dint of personal dedication and mental application of effort. Chrome-plated push-button gee-gaws cannot substitute for same.

Others:

• Excellent editorial.

• The editorial by Dr Braun rated a ten.

• Editorials should be rated.

• Your product description of the Apple III was terrific—and they say regular magazines can't get new products published quickly.

• I found the product description of the Apple III outstanding.

• Not being so good at hardware and "systems stuff," I found the July issue more readable than usual.

• Surprisingly, the standard of the July issue was exceptionally low.

• After I finish this BOMB card, I'm going to fill out the subscription form.

• The quality of articles in BYTE is slowly going downhill.

• [July was the] best overall issue of BYTE in a while I

• [July was] a rather dull issue—let's keep it on a professional level.

• Indeed you are starting to speak English instead of "highbrow." How About...

• More hardware!

• More language-oriented articles!

• More homebrew articles!

• More on 16-bit processors!

• Emphasis on personal applications?

• Less educational material—more technical articles?

• Publishing 'Tavorite Benchmarks" as they come in.

• Publishing information about the Signetics 2650 microprocessor? Coming up:

• I would like to see articles on homebrew graphics terminals.

• I would appreciate more articles on the new 16- and 32-bit microprocessors.

• I would very much like to see in-depth articles on speech recognition.

• When will you publish more articles on artificial intelligence?

• It would be nice if more articles could appear on fantasy games....

CP/M Vendors?

As the developers of CP/M and MP/M, we at Digital Research are preparing a list of vendors of CP/Mcompatible software. We would appreciate the help of BYTE readers in compiling this list for distribution to all interested persons who contact us.

If you are currently marketing CP/Mcompatible software, please send us any or all literature pertaining to your software. If you have any questions, please contact Curt Geske, at Digital Research, POB 579, Pacific Grove CA 93950, or (408) 649-3896.

Thank you.

Marilyn Darling Digital Research!

r" S-100 USERS: GIVE YOUR COMPUTER THE GIFT OF SIGHT! "^

The DS-80 Digisector® is a random access video digitizer. It works in conjunction with a TV camera (either interlaced or non-interlaced video) and any S-100 computer conforming to the IEEE standards. Use it for:

• Precision Security Systems

• Moving Target Indicators

• Computer Portraiture

• Fast To Slow Scan Conversion

• Robotics

• Reading UPC Codes, schematics, paper tape, musical scores

THmO©t^§)

IMAGE PROCESSED BY DS-80

CHECK THESE FEATURES:

□ High resolution — a 256 x 256 picture element scan

□ Precision — 64 levels of grey scale

D Speed — Conversion time of 14 microseconds per pixel

□ Versatility — scanning sequences user programmable

□ Economy — a professional tool priced for the hobbyist; comes fully assembled, tested and burned in, with fully commented portrait printing software.

Price: $349.95 MasterCharge and Visa

P.O. BOX 1110, DEL MAR, CA 92014 714-942-2400J

124 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 77 on inquiry card.

A Few Extraordinary Products for Your 6800/6809 Computer

From Percom .. .

Low Cost Mini-Disk Storage in the Size You Want

Percom mini-disk systems start as low as $599.95, ready to plug in and run. You can't get better quality or a broader selection ot disk software from any other microcomputer disk system manufacturer—at any price!

Features: 1-, 2- and 3-drive systems in 40- and 77-track versions store 102K- to 591K-bytes of random access data on-line • controllers include explicit clock/data separation circuit, motor inactivity time-out cir

cuit, buffered control lines and other mature design concepts • ROM DOS included with SS-50 bus version — optional DOSs for EXORciser* bus • extra PROM sockets on-board • EXORciser* bus version has 1 K-byte RAM • supported by extended disk operating systems; assemblers and other program development/debugging aids; BASIC, FORTRAN, Pascal and SPL/M languages; and, business application programs.

EXORciser* Bus LFD-400EX™ -800EX™ Systems

Versatile Mother Board, Full-Feature Prototyping Boards

Printed wiring is easily soldered tin-lead plating. Substrates are glass-epoxy. Prototyping cards provide for power regulators and distributed capacitor bypassing, accommodate 14-, 16-, 24- and 40-pin DIP sockets. Prototyping boards include bus connectors, other connectors and sockets are optional. MOTHERBOARD — accommodates five SS-50 bus cards, and may itself be

The SBC/9™. A "10" By Any Measure.

The Percom SBC/9™ is an SS-50 bus compatible, standalone Single-Board Computer. Configured for the 6809 microprocessor, the SBC/9™ also accommodates a 6802 without any modification. You can have state-of-the-art capability of the '09. Or put to work the enormous selection of 6800-coded programs that run on the '02.

The SBC/9™ includes PSYMON™, an easily extended 1Kbyte ROM OS. Other features include:

• Total compatibility with the SS-50 bus. Requires no changes to the motherboard, memory or I/O.

• Serial port includes bit-rate generator. RS-232-C compatible with optional subminiature 'D' connector installed. 10-pin Molex connector provided.

• Eight-bit, non-latched, bidirectional parallel port is multi-address extension of system bus. Spans a 30-address field; accommodates an exceptional variety of peripheral devices. Connector is optional.

• Includes 1-Kbyte of static RAM.

• Costs only $199.95 with PSYMON™ and comprehensive users manual that includes source listing of PSYMON™.

T" trademark of Percom Data Company, Inc.

• trademark of the Motorola Corporation.

Prices and specifications subject to change without notice.

plugged into an SS-50 bus. Features wide-trace conductors. Price: $21.95 SS-50 BUS CARD—accommodates 34and 50-pin ribbon connectors on top edge, 10-pin Molex connector on side edge. Price: $24.95.

SS-30 BUS CARD — 1'/.-inch higher than SWTP I/O card, accommodates 34pin ribbon connector and 12-pin Molex connector on top edge. Price: $14.95.

The Electric Window™: Instant, Real-Time Video Display Control

Memory residency and outstanding software control of display format and characters make this SS-50 bus VDC card an exceptional value at only $249.95. Other features:

• Generates 128 characters including all ASCII displayable characters plus selected Greek letters and other special symbols.

• Well-formed, easy-toread 7x12-dot characters. True baseline descenders

• Character-store (display)j memory included on card.

• Provision for optional character generato EPROM for user defined symbols.

• Comprehensive users! manual includes souro listing of Driver software Driver — called WINDEX™ — is also available on minidiskette through the Percom Users Group.

PEflQOM

PERCOM DATA COMPANY. INC.

211 N. KIRBY GARLAND. TEXAS 75042 (214)2723421

Products are available at Percom dealers nationwide. Call toll-free,

1-800-527-1592, for the address of your nearest dealer, or to

order direct. _.~_, _

Circle 79 on inquiry card.

Circle 78 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980

125

Graphic Color Slides

Part 1

Color slides of graphs, bar charts, and other visual aids are a valuable addition to various public presentations. When made using conventional methods, the slides are expensive to produce and difficult to modify. But when the slide is produced by photographing a computer-generated color image (as described in my article, "Making Color Slides with an Intecolor Microcomputer," January 1980 BYTE, page 20), the slide can be produced inexpensively and the image can be modified easily. Points, lines, bars, and curves can be drawn to represent numeric data.

Unfortunately, writing the program that creates the screen image can be tedious and time-consuming. Many aspects of the program design, such as the selection of suitable scales and the conversion from user-units to screen-units, can be done by the computer. The subroutines given here in listing 1 have been written to provide a common set of routines that can be used to generate different kinds of graphs on a Compucolor II computer with a minimum of effort.

Design Considerations

Ergonomic texts (ie: those that analyze human engineering factors) suggest that scales are most convenient for the user if they are subdivided in steps that are powers of ten—1, 10, 100, 0.1, 0.001, etc. Double- and half-size steps (2 and 0.5) are also acceptable for intermediate ranges, although other scale intervals (such as 0.75, 1.5, 3, 4) should be avoided. Based on this, I have written

126 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Alan W Grogono

Associate Professor

Department of Anesthesiology

Upstate Medical Center

State University of New York

750 E Adams St

Syracuse NY 13210

Writing the program that creates the screen image can be tedious and timeconsuming.

subroutines to select a suitable step size from the series: 0.1, 0.2, 0.5,1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50....

The ideal number of steps depends upon the application. On graph paper, where fine measurements may be made, a large number of smaller steps is useful. On a video monitor or in a color slide, however, a smaller number of large steps is preferable because it is less confusing; around four to eight steps seem to be appropriate. The scale should start and end at a multiple of the step size.

A program that satisfies these criteria should be easy to write; some readers might want to stop at this point and write their own. Unfortunately, there are several pitfalls for the unwary. At several stages of the calculation and graph preparation, it is necessary to avoid calculation errors (for example, producing 2.99999 or 3.00001 instead of 3). Similarly, scale zero might be calculated as 1.000E-06, which looks odd if printed on a graph scale.

The first step of the scaling process is to calculate the range of the data, R, and make an initial guess for the value of the step size, JUMP. This value can be obtained from table 1, or it can be calculated from the follow

ing equation:

JUMP = 4 * 10t(INT(0.434295 *LOG(R/1.21)))

(This is essentially line 10315 of the BASIC program in listing 1; the constant 0.434295 is used to obtain the base-10 logarithm from the Compucolor BASIC LOG function, which returns the natural or base-e logarithm.)

Once the initial value of JUMP has been calculated, it is repeatedly divided by 2 until the resulting value for JUMP is less than or equal to onefourth the value of the range R; this assures that the graph will have at least four steps in the range. The constant 1.21 is chosen to give the relationship between R and JUMP shown in table 1.

Implementation Notes

The program has been written, tested, and employed to illustrate this article on a Compucolor II. The BASIC interpreter recognizes twoletter variable names but tolerates longer names (ie: AXIS, AXES and AX are all equivalent). Names were chosen to avoid BASIC reserved words such as INT, OR, ON, STEP. Thus the variable COLOR has been spelled COLOUR, and JUMP has been used in place of STEP. For graphics work this version of the language employs the word PLOT followed by one or more arguments. Table 2 lists the more important plotting codes.

Text continued on page 138

BRAIN

Once in a great while someone comes along with a simple improvement for an already great product. Take our SuperBrain, for example. Really a simple concept. A high-powered, low cost microcomputer packaged in an attractive desk top cabinet. So how do you improve on that?

WE DID IT...

It wasn't enough that our SuperBrain had such standard features as twin double density 51/4" drives with over 300,000 bytes of disk storage. A full 32K of dynamic RAM - expandable to 64K in seconds. A CP/M* Disk Operating System which assures compatibility to literally hundreds of application packages presently available. A crisp, 12" non-glare screen with a full 24 line by 80 column display. A full ASCII keyboard with a separate keypad and individual cursor control keys. Twin RS232C serial ports for fast and easy connection to a modem and/or a printer. And, dual Z80 processors which operate at 4 MHZ to insure lightning-fast program execution. No, it wasn't enough. So we made it better.

ANNOUNCING SUPERBRAIN QD...

Our new 00 model has all of the features of our phenomenally popular SuperBrain with the addition of double-sided disk drives and an extra 32K of dynamic RAM. So, for only a modest increase in price, you can order your next SuperBrain with more than twice the disk and memory storage capability. But, best of all, the new QD model has the same tough, rugged construction and exceptional quality that made our SuperBrain such a success.

HOW DID WE DO IT?

The secret of SuperBrain QD's incredible disk storage lies within our new double-density doublesided disk drives. A total of nearly 720,000 bytes of data are formatted on two specially designed 5Ya" drives. And that's more than enough to get you started with most serious small business applications. And SuperBrain QD's standard 64K of dynamic RAM will handle even the most complicated programming tasks.

Of course, if you're into megabytes instead of kilobytes, you may think neither SuperBrain is right for you. Not so! Intertec offers 20-96 megabytes of hard-disk storage which connects in seconds to either the SuperBrain or SuperBrain QD. So, your original investment is always protected. As you grow. No matter how much your needs expand.

BUT IS IT RELIABLE?

Our best salesmen are our present users. Not only have SuperBrain users been impressed with the inherent reliability of the system, they tell us that no other microcomputer system available today offers such a unique modular design concept. Just about the only tool required to easily

maintain the system is a common screwdriver. And Intertec's total commitment to product service and customer support, with service outlets in most major cities, insures your original investment will be a valuable one for many years to come.

THE DECISION IS YOURS.

Whether your next SuperBrain is a regular model or our OD version, you will have the satisfaction of knowing you purchased what is becoming one of the world's most popular microcomputer systems. And regardless of which model you choose, you'll probably never outgrow it because you can keep expanding it.

So, call or write us today for more information. Intertec systems are distributed worldwide and may be available in your area now.

Circle 80 on inquiry card.

3

NTE3TEC ["DATA = SYSTEMS.

2300 Broad River Rd., Columbia, SC 29210 (803) 798-9100 TWX: 810-666-2115

' Registered uaflemam ot Digital Research !nc

By Netronics

ASCII/BAUDOT, STAND ALONE

Computer 3|&»

Terminal

The Netronics ASCII/BAUDOT Computer Terminal Kit is a microprocessor-controlled, stand alone keyboard/terminal requring no computer memory or software. It allows the use of either a 64, or 32 character by 16 line professional display format with selectable baud rate, RS232-C or 20 ma. output, full cursor control and 75 ohm composite video output.

The keyboard follows the standard typewriter configuration and generates the entire 128 character ASCII upper/lower case stt with 96 printable characters. Features include onboard ngulstors, selectable parity, shift lock key, alpha lock jumper, a drive capability of one TTY load, and the ability to mate directly with almost any computer, including the new Explorer/85 and ELF products by Netronics.

The Computer Terminal requires no I/O mapping and includes Ik of memory, character generator, 2 key rollover, processor controlled cursor control, parallel ASCII/BAUDOT to serial conversion and serial to video processing—fully crystal controlled for superb accuracy. PC boards are the highest quality glass epoxy for the ultimate in reliability and long life.

VIDEO DISPLAY SPECIFICATIONS

The heart of the Netronics Computer Terminal is the microprocessor-controlled Netronics Video Display Board (VID) which allows the terminal to utilize either a parallel ASCII or BAUDOT signal source. The VID converts the parallel data to serial data which is then formatted to either RS232-C or 20 ma. current loop output, which can be connected to the serial I/O on your computer or other interface, i.e.. Modem.

When connected to a computer, the computer must echo the character received. This data is received by the VID which processes the information, converting to data to video suitable to be displayed on a TV se't "(using an RF modulator) or on a video monitor. The VID generates the cursor, horizontal and vertical sync pulses and performs the housekeeping relative to which character and where it is to be displayed on the screen. Video Output: 1.5 P/P into 75 ohm (EIA RS-I70) • Baud Rale: 110 and 300 ASCII • Outputs: RS232-Cor20 ma. current loop • ASCII Character Set: 128 printable characters—

!"tr<4/()**,-./0123456789:;<=>? WBC0EFWI3KLrl«P«STUUWXVZC\r.

vabcdef9hutdBn<w$tuwx¥z{!HI

BAUDOT Character Set: A BCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQ RSTU V WX YZ-?:*3$#().,9014!57;2/68* Cursor Modes: Home, Backspace, Horizontal Tab, Line Feed, Vertical Tab, Carriage Return. Two special cursor sequences are provided for absolute and relative X- Y cursor addressing • Cursor Control: Erase, End of Line, Erase of Screen, Form Feed, Delete • Monitor Operation: 50 or 60Hz (jumper selectable.

Continental U.S.A. Credit Card Buyers Outside Connecticut

CALL TOLL FREE 800-243-7428

To Order From Connecticut Or For Technical mm, _ r Assistance, Etc. Call (203) 354-9375

Netronics R&D Ltd., Dept. B11

333 Litchfield Road, New Milford. CT 06776

Please send the items checked below—

D Netronics Sland Alone ASCII Keyboard/Computer Terminal Kit, $149.95 plus $3.00 postage & handling.

D Deluxe Steel Cabinet for Netronics Keyboard/Terminal In Blue/Black Finish, $19.95 plus $2.50 postage and handling.

□ Video Display Board Kit alone (less keyboard), $89.95 plus $3 postage & handling.

D 12" Video Monitor (10 MHz bandwidth) fully assembled and tested, $139.95 plus $5 postage and handling.

D RF Modulator Kit (to use your TV set for a monitor), $8.95 postpaid.

D 5 amp Power Supply Kit In Deluxe Steel Cabinet (± 8VDC @ 5 amps, plus 6-8 VAC), $39.95 plus $2 postage & handling.

Total Enclosed (Conn. res. add sales tax) $

By

□ Personal Check Q Cashiers Check/Money Order D Visa D Master Charge (Bank* )

Acct. #

Signature

Print

Name

_Exp. Date.

Address . City

. Zip

I

Lv na mam D Send Me More Information mm, a^ J

128 November 1980 © BYTE Publicationa Inc

7000 ERASE/REVIEW IMAGES 9000 COMPLETE GRAPH OUTLINE

16000 DATA ENTRY

10100 EQUATION PLOTTING

10200 FIND LITTLE AND BIG

10300 CALCULATE DATA FOR BORDERS

10500 DRAW BORDERS

10700 CONVERT USER UNITS TO GRAPH

10800 GRAPH UNITS TO TEXT POSITION

11000 PLOT POINTS

11100 PLOT VECTORS

11200 PLOT V-BARS

11300 PLOT X-BARS

11500 SAVE ON DISK

11800 SELECT COLORS

11900 PAUSE

3* X

Listing 1: Collection of plotting subroutines and driver program for the Compucolor II. See text and listing remarks for further description of the subroutines.

5 REM KV 5 REM GRAPHS. CO A. W. GR0G0N0. AUG. 1979

6 REM SUBROUTINES VI 40 RESTORE :CLEAR 200:DIM I$<12)

50 DATA 1,2, 6, 4: FOR 1= 1T0 4: READ COLOUR CD :NEXT I 60 REM WRITE: 60 DIMCARRAVC25, D) TO USE EQUATION SUB 90 PLOT 29, 27, 24,15,14, 2, 255, 6,1,12, 3,16, 3: REM CLEAR PAGE

100 REM

101 REM

110 REM SUBROUTINES 120 REM 130 REM 140 REM 150 REM 160 REM 170 REM 180 REM 190 REM 200 REM 210 REM 220 REM 230 REM 235 REM 240 REM 250 REM 260 REM 270 END

490 REM WRITE EQUATION AT 500, EG: 500 V= X"2 510 RETURN

6900 REM

6901 REM

6902 REM ERASE/REVIEW IMAGES

6903 REM

7000 PLOT 2, 255, 27,24,6,11,14,12, 3,11, 7: REM IMAGE ERASE/REVIEW 7005 FOR 1= 1T0 12:I$a>= CHR$ C48+ I- 7* <I> 9)>:NEXT I

7010 PRINT "ERASE/REVIEW IMAGE S":PRINT

7020 PRINT ,,"1. REVIEW IMAGES. ":PRINT

7030 PRINT ,, .INPUT "2. ERASE IMAGES. ENTER NUMBER: ";I

7040 IF 1= 2THEN 7100

7050 1$= "REVIEWED":G0SUB 7200

7060 FOR 1= L0WT0 HIGH:PLOT 3, 64, 29, 27, 4:REM LOSE CURSOR

7070 PRINT "LOAD SCREEN. DIS; "+ I*(I):PL0T 27, 27:REM IMAGE

7880 INPUT "";I*:NEXT I:RETURN

7100 I*= "ERASED" :G0SUB 7200

7110 PLOT 27, 4:FOR 1= HIGHT0 L0WSTEP - 1

7120 PRINT "DEL SCREEN. DIS; "+ I*<I):NEXT I

7130 PLOT 27, 27:PRINT "IGNORE FCS ERROR - EFNF";

7140 PRINT " DURING RENAMING":PLOT 17,10,27,4

7150 J= HIGH- L0W+ 1.F0R 1= L0WT0 12- J:REM CLOSE GAP

7160 PRINT "REN SCREEN. DIS; "+ I$<I+ J)+ "TO SCREEN. DIS; "+ I$(I)

7180 NEXT I:PLOT 27, 27:RETURN

7200 PLOT 6,5* I- 4,12, 27, 4:PRINT "DIR":REM DIRECTORY

7210 PLOT 27, 27:PRINT , "IMAGES ARE LISTED SCREEN. DIS; N ";

7220 PRINT "WHERE N IS THE NUMBER. ".PRINT

7230 PRINT , "ENTER #S OF FIRST AND LAST IMAGES TO BE "; 1$;":"

7235 PRINT :PRINT ,, "FOR A ENTER 10, FOR B ENTER 11 ETC. "

7240 PRINT :PRINT ,, :INPUT "FIRST ";L0W:REM

7250 PRINT :PRINT ,,:INPUT " LAST ";HIGH:REM

7260 PRINT :PRINT ,, :INPUT "PUSH RETURN TO ADVANCE"; I*:RETURN

Listing 1 continued on page 130

Meet IMP 2, the stylish impact printer with three way paper handling.

Designed for desk top use, this sleek unit combines an ultra-low profile with a unique fan-cooled printing system that can knock out 80, 96, or 132 columns of crisp hardcopy with continuous throughput of one line per second.

Three way paper handling. IMP 2 features three way paper handling for forms, single sheets and paper rolls, with tractors adjustable from 1.5 inch to 9'/2 inches. Software control of forms length, printer select/deselect together with a choice of three standard interfaces make IMP 2 the most versatile printer available in its price range.

Interfaces abound. IMP 2 provides parallel, RS232C and 20mA current loop as standard equipment. But if you need something special, we can supply interfaces

for just about any system — high speed serial, Apple, Pet, TRS-80, IEEE 488... you name it. Versatile character sets. 96 ASCII character set is standard. And you can select six character sizes, even graphics, under software control. Options include full page buffering and special character sets.

Service — a big difference. No other printer manufacturer offers Axiom's combination of low cost plus nation-wide service and distribution — in the USA and 18 overseas countries.

Psssst — the price!!! With all this performance, the price is low. Just $795 for IMP 2 ($695 for IMP 1, without tractor feed). And that's the single unit price.

Better phone, write or mail the bingo card today!

AXIOM

AXIOM CORPORATION

Circle 81 on Inquiry card.

5932 San Fernando Road, Glendale, CA 91202 Tel: (213) 245-9244 • TWX: 910497-2283

The days of complicated, unreliable, dynamic MM are gone:

the ultrabyte memory board

Cinn QK I complete kit \

O I JJ *J **•* \withl6K memory J

Netronics consistently offers innovative products at unbeatable prices. And here we go again —with JAWS, the ultrabyte 64K S100 memory board. ONE CHIP DOES IT ALL JAWS solves the problems of dynamic RAM with a state-of-the-art chip from Intel that does it all. Intel's single chip 64K dynamic RAM controller eliminates high-current logic parts . . . delay lines . . . massive heat sinks... unreliable trick circuits. REMARKABLE FEATURES OF JAWS Look what JAWS offers you: Hidden refresh ... fast performance ... low power consumption ... latched data outputs ... 200 NS 4116 RAMs . . . on-board crystal... 8K bank selectable ... fully socketed... solder mask on both sides of board ... designed for 8080.8085, and Z80 bus signals. . . works in Explorer, Sol, Horizon, as well as all other well-designed S100 computers.

I GIVE YOUR COMPUTER A BIG BYTE OF MEMORY | powermmjaws—saveuptomOH 1 INTRODUCTORY LIMITED-OFFER SPECIAL PRICES! |

UN0ECI0E0? TRY a mm m JAWS in your computer oh our IO-OAY MOHEY- BACK OFFER /SPECIFY YOUR COMPUTER)

CONTINENTAL US A CREDIT CARD BUYERS OUTSIDE CONNECTICUT CALL

^_^ From CoMMCticut Or For Aiiiiunc

GNNETRONICSl

CALL TOLL FREE 800-243-7428

From CoMweticul Or For fontanel, (203) 354-9375 Dept

"JRESEARCH& bh (DEVELOPMENT LTD \

333 Litchfield Road, New Milford.CT 06776 Please send the items checked below G JAWS 16KRAM kit,No. 6416. $199.95* " JAWS 16K RAM fully assembled, tested, burned in.

No. 6416W, $229.95.* " JAWS 32K RAM kit. No. 6432, (reg. price $329.95). SPECIAL PRICE $299.95.* ! JAWS 32K RAM fully assembled, tested, burned in. No. 6432W. (reg. price $369.95). SPECIAL PRICE (339.95. *

□ JAWS48K RAM kit. No. 6448. (reg. price $459.95). SPECIAL PRICE $399.95.*

□ JAWS 48K fully assembled, tested, bumed in. No. 6448W. (reg. price $509.95), SPECIAL PRICE $449.95.*

D JAWS 64K RAM kit. No. 6464, (reg. price $589.95). SPECIAL PRICE $499.95.*

□ JAWS 64K RAM fully assembled, tested, burned in. No. 6464W. (reg. price $649.95). SPECIAL PRICE $559.95*

□ Expansion kit. JAWS 16K RAM module, to expand any of the above in 16K blocks up to 64K. No. 16EXP. $129.95*

"All prices plus $2 postage and handling. Connecticut residents add sales tax. Total enclosed: $_ H Personal Check

□ VISA

Acct. No.

Signature

Print Name

Address

0 Money order or Cashiers Check

□ MASTER CHARGE (Bank No )

Exp. Date

City

State

□ Send me more information

Zip

CALCULATES LIMITS, SCALE VALUES AND DRAWS OUTLINE WITH TIC MARKS, SCALES, TITLE AND AXES LABELS

Listing 1 continued:

3988 REM 8989 REM 8996 REM PREPARE COMPLETE GRAPH OUTLINE

8991 REM

8992 REM

8993 REM

8994 REM

8995 REM

9600 REM GRAPH OUTLINE 9010 GOSUB 10200:REM DATA RANGE 9020 GOSUB 10300:REM AUTOSCALE 9030 GOSUB 10500:RETURN :REM FRAME

9980 REM

9981 REM

9982 REM ENTER:

9983 REM

9984 REM

9985 REM

9986 REM

9987 REM

9988 REM

9989 REM

9990 REM

9991 REM

10000 PLOT 6,1,12,14, 3,18,13: REM DATA ENTRV

10010 PRINT "DATA ENTR V"

10015 PLOT 10,9, 9:INPUT "GRAPH TITLE: "•TITLE*

10020 PLOT 10, 9, 9:INPUT "NUMBER OF DATA POINTS: ";NUMBER

10021 DIM ARRAY(NUMBER+ 2, 2>

10024 PLOT 10,9, 9:INPUT "X-AXIS UNITS, INDEPENDANT: ";LABEL*<0>

10025 IF CHOICE= 1THEN LABEL*<1>= "NUMBER":GOTO 10030

10026 PLOT 10, 9, 9:INPUT "V-AXIS UNITS, DEPENDANT: ";LflBELf«L> 10028 LABEL*<2>= LABEL*<1)

10030 FOR ITEM= 1T0 NUMBER:REM ENTER POINTS

10040 IF ITEM- 1< > 10* INT (<ITEM- IV 10)THEN 10O60:REM PAGE

10050 PLOT 12,10,10:PRINT "POINT",, LABEL*<0>:REM

10055 IF CH0ICE< > 1THEN PLOT 28:PRINT ,,,,"";LABEL*<1>

10060 IF ITEM- 1= 5* INT ((ITEM- 1)/ 5)THEN PLOT 10:REM SPACE

10070 PRINT : PRINT ""-ITEM,,: INPUT "".; ARRAV< ITEM, 0> .REM

10075 IF CHOICE* 1THEN NEXT ITEM:RETURN

PLOT 28,18, 9, 3> 9, 9:1NPUI ""; ARRAY'. IT EH, 1) ARRflV(ITEM, 2>= ARRAY <ITEM, 1):NEXT ITEM:RETURN

TITLE*

NUMBER OF DATA POINTS

LABEL*<0> FOR X-AXIS

LABEL*(1) FOR V-AXIS

ARRAY(NUMBER, 2> OF DATA POINTS

NOTE: IF CHOICE =1 THEN ONLV 1 AXIS IS ENTERED

itiwytt 10085 10090 REM 10691 REM 18092 REM

10093 REM

10094 REM

10095 REM

10096 REM

10097 REM

10098 REM 10100 PLOT 6,! 10110 PRINT "I 10120 NUMBER= 10130 IF V< >

10132 PLOT :

10133 PRINT

10134 PRINT

10135 PRINT

10136 PRINT

WRITE EQUATION

TESTS INPUT INPUT

IS THE EQUATION WRITTEN LITTLECO) BIGC0)

CALCULATES ARRflVC2«

FROM EQUATION

. 14,12, Q U A

3,12,7:REM EQUATION PLOTTING T I 0 N P L 0 T T I N G":PRINT :REM 1:V= . 9999:GOSUB 490 . 9999THEN 10140:REM JUMP IF EQUATION AT LINE 500 16,11:PRINT "TYPE EQUATION AT LINE 500":PRINT ,"USING THE RULES OF BASIC. ":PRINT :PRINT .."EXAMPLE: 500 Y=X"2-3*X": PRINT :REM

, "NOW TYPE 500 ":PRINT

, "THEN TYPE RUN AND PRESS RETURN":END

Listing 1 continued on page 132

130 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 82 on inquiry card.

EVERYG WINS

Selecting software for your Ohio Scientific computer is a chancy task at best. There are few trustworthy vendors with a national reputation. There are no consistent quality standards and the documentation is often cryptic and inaccurate. If you are lucky enough to find a good package, there's no guarantee of ongoing support. A wrong choice results in months of wasted time, effort, and money.

With the Software Federation, you no longer take that risk. The Software Federation was formed by three of the largest Ohio Scientific hardware dis

S oft ware Packages

BUS-I Original of popular series, sold "as is" $99 BUS-II Unlicensed version of BUS-I SI 50 BUS/DMS Most current version of BUS series,

completely reworked, DMS compatible $850 fig-FORTH A complete Forth Interest Group version for

0SI. Not a kludge SI 75 MEMTEST/2 New edition of popular memory test $50 WP-INT Interface between WP-2 and OSI-DMS for

form letters $80 Amway Distributors Package $995 DATA DIRECTOR Complete rewrite of OSI-DMS Nucleus

by BBS, command oriented, very interactive $995 System Exerciser Self-prompting test routines for end

user troubleshooting S60 Med-Bill/Farogher Single doctor client billing $995 Manufacturing Control System Hard disk based

Standalone inventory with job costing and

bill-of-materials $3500 Fast Floppy Dumper Floppy disk backup for hard disk

systems $125 WP6502 65U word processor from DQFLS $ 125 USUS Software Exchange Library 6 disk set of UCS0

Pascal programs, includes USUS membership $80 Mailer Text processor, keyed files & sort capability, good

mass mailer, DMS compatible $190 Payroll Very thorough package for floppy or hard disk,

DMS compatible $495 General Ledger Multi-division.'department support,

journal based, floppy or hard disk. DMS

compatible $495

tributors to select and market quality software through reputable dealers nationwide.

The Software Federation soloes the dealer's problems by providing low cost access to high quality software with the sort of demonstration packages, documentation, and support that the dealer needs to successfully sell machines.

Affiliated Dealers

TriComp Inc. Denver, CO 80221

Total Data Systems Ft. Collins, CO 80525

Data Services Computer Carp. Denver. CO 80239

Tra-Sta Computer Shoppe Pueblo CO 81005

Business Data Systems, Inc. Boulder CO 80301

Tek-Alds Industries Inc. Arlington His H. 60004

KMHGalesburg, IL61401

Practical Computer Springfield, IL 62703

Datobus Grayslake, IL 60038

MAP Systems Peoria Hts., IL 61614

Business Computer of Joliet Cresthill, IL 60435

Cyberrronics Houston, TX 77084

CSB Houston, TX 77057

Computer Management Systems Mitchell SD 57301

Frisch Computer St. Paul, MN 55113

Farragher & Assoc. Milwaukee, Wl 53213

Specialized Computer Systems Jackson. Ml 49204

Community Computers Arlington, VA 22201

Delta Data Distributors Memphis, TN 38118

International Automation New Kensington, PA 15608

Whitlock International, Inc. Detroit Ml 48219

The Software Federation soloes the independent vendor's problems by providing a proprietary method of software protection, aggressive enforcement of software licenses, a strong dealer base, primary support, and national advertising.

The Software Federation solves the user's problems by providing quality software, exceptional documentation, after-the-sale support, and optional software maintenance services.

Why risk making the wrong choice? With the Software Federation, everyone wins!

See the dealer in your area for a complete turnkey demonstration.

Software Federation

44 University Drive Arlington Hts., IL 60004 Phone: 312/259-1355

OUR PRICES

ARE

TOO LOW

TO

ADVERTISE!

CHECK THEM—CALL TOLL FREE

800-243-7428

LOOK WHAT WE OFFER!

» HAZELTINE

Terminals

► CENTRONICS

Printers

► LEAR-SIEGLER

Terminals/Printers

> DATAPRODUCTS

Printers

> ANADEX

Printers

BE SMARTDON'T BUY UNTIL YOU CHECK OUR PRICES!

MASTERCHARGE

VISA COD

PERSONAL CHECK MONEY ORDER

RtNETRONICS

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT, LTD. 333 Litchfield Rd.. New Milford, CT 06776

Listing 1 continued:

10140

10142 10143 10145

10150 10160 10170 10180 10190

10191 10192 10193 10194

10200 10210

10215 10220 10225 10230 10235 10240 18288 10289 10290 10291 10292 10293 10294 10295 10296 10297

10300 10310

10315 10320 10325 10330 10340 10350 10360 10370 10380 10390 10395 10480 10481 10482 10483 10484 10485 10486 10487 10489 10490 10491 10492 10493 10494 10495

IF TITLE*< > PRINT :PRINT PRINT :PRINT PRINT :PRINT PRINT :PRINT X= LITTLE 03): ARRAY(ITEM, 0>

""THEN 10145

,,"ENTER TITLE <E. G: EQUATION):

,, : INPUT "".; TITLE*

,, : INPUT "ENTER LOWEST X VALUE:

,,:INPUT " HIGHEST X VALUE:

FOR ITEM* 1T0 25:G0SUB 490:REM

= X:ARRAY(ITEM, 1>= Y

■;LITTLE(0) ';BIG(0) FROM EQUAN

CALCULATE FRAME FROM LITTLE(AXIS) AND BIG(AXIS)

JUMP(AXIS) LOWCAXIS) HIGH(AXIS) SCALE(AXIS) GAPS(AXIS)

IS STEP LENGTH IS SCALE LOW IS SCALE HIGH IS SCALE LENGTH IS NUMBER OF STEPS

X= X+ (BIG(0)- LITTLE(O))/ 24:NEXT ITEM:RETURN :REM INC X

REM

REM

REM FIND LITTLE(AXIS) AND BIG(AXIS)

REM FROM ARRAY<NUMBER, 1) IN BOTH AXES

REM

FOR AXIS= 0TO l.QQSUB 10210:NEXT AXIS:RETURN :REM LO, HI

LITTLE(AXIS)= ARRAYd, AXIS):BIG(AXIS)= ARRAYd, AXIS)

FOR ITEM= 1T0 NUMBER

IF ARRAY(ITEM,AXIS)> LITTLE(AXIS)THEN 10230

LITTLE(AXIS)= ARRAYdTEM, AXIS)

IF ARRAY(ITEM, AXISK BIG(AXIS)THEN 10240

BIG(AXIS)= ARRAY<ITEM, AXIS)

NEXT ITEM:RETURN

REM

REM

REM

REM

REM

REM

REM

REM

REM

REM

FOR AXIS= 0TO 1:G0SUB 1O310:NEXT AXIS:RETURN :REM SCALE

RANGE= (BIG(AXIS)- LITTLE(AXIS)V 1.21

JUMP(AXIS)= 4* 10" (INT (.434295* LOG (RANGE)))

DEF FN I(I)= JUMP(AXIS)* INT (1/ JUMP(AXIS)+ .0001)

FOR 1= 1T0 3:JUMP(AXIS)= JUMP(AXIS)/ 2

HIGH(AXIS)= - FN K- BIG(AXIS))

LOW(AXIS)= FN KLITTLE(AXIS))

SCALE(AXIS)= HIGH(AXIS)- LOW(AXIS)

GAPS(AXIS)= INT (1.0001* SCALE(AXIS)/ JUMP(AXIS))

IF GAPS(AXIS)< 4THEN NEXT I

EVEN= 2* JUMP(AXIS)* INT (- SCALE(AXIS)/ JUMP(AXIS)/ 2. 1)

HIGH(AXIS)= LOW(AXIS)- EVEN

SCALE(AXIS)= HIGH(AXIS)- LOW(AXIS):RETURN

REM

REM

REM DRAW BORDERS WITH SCALES AND TITLES

REM

REM USER MAY ALTER

REM MINSCREEN(AXIS) AND MAXSCREEN(AXIS) BUT

REM SELECT VALUES TO MAKE

REM RANGE A MULTIPLE OF 24. ALSO:

REM

REM IN 0 AXIS VALUES MUST BE MULTIPLES OF 2

REM IN 1 AXIS VALUES MUST BE MULTIPLES OF 4

REM

REM RATI0(AXIS) IS CALCULATED FROM

REM RANGE AND SCALE(AXIS)

REM

Listing 1 continued on page 134

132 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

The best news since

CPM...

customizable

full screen

editing

North Star Heath H8/H89 Super Brain

Sorcerer

TRS-80 Model I

TRS-80 Model II

Most other CP/M Systems with CRT or Memory Mapped Displays.

See us at Northeast Computer Show Booth 418

Changes You Make On the Screen Become The Changes to the File.

Full screen editing is the fastest and easiest method of editing all types of text files. Straight forward enough for novices, yet also the choice of professionals. VEDIT is a proven full screen editor with unequalled features. You will appreciate that you can easily edit 10 times faster than with a command editor. Since VEDIT is customizable, it adapts to your applications and preferences, instead of requiring you to adapt to it.

VEDIT is ideally suited to program development and it's special features make it the most valuable development tool a programmer can have. VEDIT appeals to word processing users too. Many simple text editing tasks, such as mailing lists, are faster and easier to do with VEDIT than with more complex word processors.

Features of VEDIT:

Full screen editor with status line and cursor. The screen continuously displays the region of the file being edited. Changes are made by first moving the cursor to the text you wish to change. You can then overtype, insert any amount of new text or hit a function key. These changes are immediately reflected on the screen and become the changes to the file.

Full array of cursor movements with single key movement to begin and end of lines and to tab positions.

Function keys for character delete, line delete and allowing line splitting and concatenating. Text movement is very easy using a text register.

Flexible command mode allows global search and substitute, repetitive editing operations.

File handling allows files to be merged on input, split on output, drive selection and more. Blocks of text are readily copied from one file to another.

Disk buffering can automatically perform Read/Write for files larger than available main memory.

Tabs settable to any positions. Tab key inserts tab character or spaces to next tab position.

Extensive 60 page, clearly written manual with sections for both the beginning and experienced user.

You Customize the Fastest Editor for Word Processing, C-Basic, Fortran and Assembler:

Keyboard layout for all cursor and function keys.

Your screen size. (Up to 70 lines, 200 columns).

Default Tab positions and various parameters.

Scrolling methods.

Cursor type, blinking, reverse video.

Its ideal for diverse hardware, keyboards and applications.

For OEMs too.

Ordering: Specify your CRT terminal type, video board or microcomputer, the 8080/Z80 or Z80 code version, and disk format required.

Standard Package: Disk and manual $110

Manual: Price refunded with software purchase $ 15 PUCEOH V-100: 24 X 80 Video display board .. .$445

VISA and MASTER CHARGE Welcome. Attractive Dealer Terms.

Compuview Products, Inc.

618 Louise / Arm Arbor, Michigan 48103 Call Anytime - (313) 096-1299

Circle 83 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980 133

Now-Break Through The 64K Micro-Memory Limit!

SIXTEEN

Bank Selectable 16K Static RAM

SAVE $50.00

LIMITED TIME OFFER

Don't buy any more antique RAMs (RAM without bank select) — now there's Netronic's new SWEET SIXTEEN board featuring a universal software bank select system. SWEET SIXTEEN is capable of addressing 2,048 different banks. With SWEET SIXTEEN boards you can add memory beyond the 64K limit, or expand to a multiterminal system.

LOOK AT THESE FEATURES:

• 300 NS, low power 2114's.

• Software Bank Selector — Universal decoder works with Cromenco. Alpha Micro. Netronics, most other systems, or your design. Onboard dip switches: Bank Select Enable; Reset Enable; Reset Disable, Port Address; Port Data.

• All Inputs And Outputs meet the proposed IEEE standards for the S-100 bus.

• 4.0 MHz Operation.

• Schmitt Trigger Buffer on all signals for maximum noise immunity.

• Addressable On 16k Boundaries, 0-64k. dip switch selectable.

• Phantom Option, dip switch selectable.

• PWR MWRITE Option, dip switch selectable.

• LED Indicator to display status.

• Glass Epoxy PC Board with gold-plated contacts and double-sided solder mask.

• Fully Socketed.

• Four Separate Regulators for maximum stability

10-Day Money-Back Policy For Wired & Tested Unit: Try a fully wired board — then either keep it. return it for kit, or simply return it in working condition.

Continental U.S.A. Credit Card Buyers

Outside Connecticut:

CALL TOLL FREE: 800-243-7428

From Connecticut Or For Assistance: (203| 354-9375 Please send the items checked below:

□ SWEET SIXTEEN kit; No. S-16 (reg. price S249.95)nowS199.95*

D SWEET SIXTEEN, fully assembled, tested, burned in; No. S-16W (reg. price $289 95) now S239.95*

*Plus S2 postage & insurance. Connecticut residents add sales tax.

Total Enclosed: S

□ Personal Check □ Money Order/Cashiers Check

D VISA D Master Charge (Bank No. )

Acct. No. Exp. Date

Signature

Print

Name

Address

City

State Zip

I5.NETR0NICS

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT, LTD. 333 Litchfield Rd., New Milford, CT 06776

PLACE IS CALCULATED FOR TIC MARKS AND SCALE NUMBERS

Listing 1 continued:

10496 REM

10497 REM 19498 REM

10560 PLOT 2.. 255, 27, 24, 29,15.. 6, COLOURQ>, 12: REM DRAW FRAME 10505 MINSCREEN(0)= 18:MAXSCR£EM<0)= 114 10510 MINSCREEN(1)= 16:MAXSCREEN(1)= 112

10515 FOR AXIS* 0TO 1:RANGE= MAXSCREEN(AXIS)- MINSCREEN(AXIS) 10520 RATIO(AXIS)* RANGE/ SCALE(AXIS):NEXT AXIS 16522 PLOT 3,(MAXSCREENC0H MINSCREEfKO))/ 4- LEN (TITLE*)/1 2 10523 PLOT 29- MAXSCREENd)/ 4:PRINT TITLE* 10525 FOR AXIS= 0TO 1

10530 PLOT 6, COLOUR(l), 2, 250- 4+ AXIS, MINSCREEN(AXIS)- 1 10540 PLOT MINSCREENd- AXIS)- 1 10545 PLOT MAXSCREEN(AXIS)+ 2- 2+ CAXIS= 1) 10550 PLOT MAXSCREENd- AXIS)* 2- 2+ (RXIS= 0) 10555 PLOT MRXSCREEN(AXIS)+ 2- 2+ (AXIS= 1),255 10560 J= JUMP(AXIS)/ 2

10565 FOR PLACE* LOW<flXIS)TO HIQH<AXIS)+ JSTEP JUMP(AXIS) 10570 GOSUB 10700:REM TIC MARKS

10580 GRAPHCI- AXIS)= MINSCREENd- AXIS)- 2:REM OUTSIDE FRAME 10590 PLOT 6,COLOURCD:GOSUB 11010 10600 PLOT 6, COLOUR(2):REM NUMBERS

10620 IF ABS (PLACEX JUMP(AXIS)/ 2THEN PLACE* 0:REM NO EXPON 10630 GRAPH(1- AXIS)= MINSCREENd- AXIS)- 8+ 4+ AXIS 10640 GOSUB 10800:PLACE*= STR* (PLACE) 10650 PLOT 3, TEXK6)- LEN (PLACE*)/ (2- AXIS), TEXT(l) 10660 PRINT PLACE*:NEXT PLACE.NEXT AXIS 10662 PLOT 3, MAXSCREEN(0)/ 2- 4- LEN (LABEL*(8)) 18664 PLOT 34- MINSCREEN(l)/ 4:PRINT LABEL*(0) 10666 PLOT 3, MINSCREEN(0)/ 2- 6,29- MAXSCREEN(l)/ 4 10670 PRINT LABELED:RETURN

10688 REM

10689 REM

10690 REM CALCULATE SCREEN GRAPH POSITION

10691 REM

10692 REM CONVERTS PLACE IN USER UNITS

10693 REM TO GRAPH(AXIS) FROM

10694 REM RATIO(AXIS), LOW(AXIS), MINSCREEN(AXIS)

10695 REM

10700 J= RATIO(AXIS)* (PLACE- LOW(AXIS)):REM CONVERT USER UNITS 10710 GRAPH(AXIS)= MINSCREEN(AXIS)+ J+ . 0001:RETURN

10790 REM

10791 REM

10792 REM CALCULATE SCREEN TEXT POSITION

10793 REM

10794 REM CONVERTS GRAPH(AXIS) PLOTTING UNITS

10795 REM TO TEXT(AXIS) FOR CURSOR POSITION

10796 REM

10800 TEXT(0)= GRAPH(0)/ 2:REM GRAPH UNITS TO CURSOR POS 10810 TEXT(1)= INT (31.75- GRAPH(i)/ 4):RETURN

10988 REM

10989 REM

10990 REM PLOT POINTS OR LINES

10991 REM

10992 REM ARRAV(NUMBER,!) IS PLOTTED EITHER

10993 REM AS POINTS OR AS CONTINUOUS LINE

10994 REM 11000 FLAG= 1:GOSUB 11150:RETURN :REM POINTS

11010 PLOT 2, GRAPH(0), GRAPH(1), 255:RETURN :REM POINT

Listing 1 continued on page 138

134 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 84 on inquiry card.

The Perfect Fit

The Micromodem II data communications system and the Apple II* computer. What better combination to maximize the capabilities of your personal computer!

This popular direct connect modem can transmit data between an Apple II and another Apple II, a terminal, another microcomputer, minicomputer or even a large time-sharing computer anywhere in North America. The Micromodem II has unique automatic dialing and answer capabilities which further increases the communications possibilities between the Apple II and another computer or terminal.

You can send and/or receive messages or data when you are out of your office, home or out of town. Your branch business locations can communicate with each other regarding inventory and other matters over the phone. Or you can communicate with friends across the country. And you can access information utilities like the SOURCE for various business and personal applications.

The Micromodem II consists of two parts. One part includes the printed circuit board which holds the Micromodem II, ROM firmware and the serial interface. The board plugs directly into the Apple II providing all the functions of a serial interface card plus programmable auto dialing and auto answer capabilities. The on-board ROM firmware enables the Micromodem 11 to operate in any of three modes to perform different tasks-terminal mode, remote console and program control mode.

The other part of the Micromodem II datacomm system is a Microcoupler which connects the Micromodem board and Apple II to a telephone line. The Microcoupler gets a dial tone, dials numbers, answers the phone and hangs up when a transmission is over. There are none of the losses or distortions associated with acoustic couplers. The Microcoupler is compatible with any North American standard telephone lines and is FCC-approved for direct connection in the U.S. It works with standard dial phone service or Touch-tone service.

The Micromodem II is completely compatible with Bell 103-type modems. Full and half-duplex operating modes are available as well as speed selectable transmission rates of 110 and 300 bps.

Why not increase your Apple It's capabilities by outfitting it with the sophisticated Micromodem II data communications system? The Micromodem II is available at retail computer stores nationwide. For the store nearest you, call or write:

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Ty Micromodem II is a trademark of Hayes Microcomputer Products, Inc.

* Apple II is a registered trademark of Apple Computer Inc.

The Micromodem li can also be used with the Bell & Howell computer.

136 BYTE November 1980

Bubble Price Break

Intel reduces prototyping prices of 1-megabit bubble

memories by 40% now. And guarantees a volume price

of $595 for complete component sets by August 1981.

Fast-breaking bubble technology. You've been hearing about it for years. Now Intel announces the kind of break you've been waiting for: a price break.

On August 11th, Intel lowered its 100-unit price for the BPK72 Bubble Memory Kit by 40% to $995 — less than 100 millicents per bit.

By August 1981, the price of megabit bubble memories ordered in 5,000-unit lots will be an unprecedented $595. That's 60 millicents per bit. Not "projected." Not "expected." Guaranteed.

One year later, for 25,000-piece orders, the unit price will be $295 —cutting the per-bit price in half once more. Again, we guarantee it.

How can Intel guarantee such a sharp price reduction? Simple. Intel was the first to bring production 1-megabit bubble memories to market. We've been delivering them for over a year, for a wide range of applications, and now we're moving prices down the manufacturing learning curve.

Get more than bubbles

Intel's bubble memory is a complete set of bubble components for microprocessor-based applications. This set consists of six special support ICs: a controller, a formatter/sense amp., three packages for coil driving and a current pulse generator. It interfaces to Intel® and other microprocessor system buses via the controller, which handles up to eight bubble memory packages, and provides built-in power fail protection and error correction.

The bubble element and its small set of associated ICs can be

treated as a peripheral subsystem. This allows designers to concentrate on higher level system objectives, instead of spending time learning the intimate details of bubble device interfacing. Thus minimizing expense in hardware and software development.

Add more value to your product

With Intel's solid-state bubble memory, all that moves is the information. That means high reliability and low maintenance for your products, even in harsh or unclean environments—the kind where disks and tapes won't go. And since the memory is completely nonvolatile, your data

remains secure when the power goes off. No battery backup or replacement is necessary.

Furthermore, Intel's bubble memory system is small, lightweight and silent. By packing over 1 million bits into less than 100 square centimeters of board space, it allows you to reduce the size, weight and power con

sumption of your products.

As the natural mass storage for LSI microprocessor-based systems, Intel's megabit bubble memory makes it practical to design more features into your equipment. So now you can build in programmability. Portability. Reduced service and repair costs. All with ensured data integrity, even in hostile environments. Consider what that means in your applications.

Start designing now

Everything you need to start designing your next generation product is included in our Bubble Memory Prototype Kit (BPK72), available now from distributor stock. It contains all the components necessary for a 1-megabit system, plus a printed circuit board and complete documentation.

To find out how bubble memories can give you that competitive edge in your next project—and to receive our bubble brochure, contact your local Intel sales office/distributor. Better yet, have one of our field sales engineers give you a firm quote based on exactly what you need for your next product. Write Intel Corporation, 3065 Bowers Avenue, Santa Clara, CA 95051. Or call (408) 987-8080.

Intel delivers solutions.

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Circle 85 on Inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980 137

IS PLOTTED EITHER HORIZONTAL BARS

Listing 1 continued:

11020 PLOT 2, 242, GRAPHi&h GRAPH<1>j 255:RETURN .REM VECTOR

11106 FLAG= 0:GOSUB 11150:RETURN .REM VECTORS

11150 PLOT 6, C0L0UR<3>:F0R ITEM= 1TO NUMBER:FOR AXIS= 0TO 1

11160 PLACE= ARRAVCITEM, AXIS):GOSUB 1070O:NEXT AXIS

11170 ON 2+ >:iTEM= 10R FLAG= DGOSUB 11010,11020

11180 NEXT ITEM:RETURN

11188 REM

11189 REM

11190 REM PLOT BAR GRAPHS 11131 REM

11192 REM ARRAV(NUMBER, 1)

11193 REM AS VERTICAL OR AS

11194 REM

11200 FLAG= l:GOSUB 11310:RETURN :REM V11300 FLAG= 0:GOSUB 11310:RETURN :REM X-BAR 11310 COLOUR* 2:FOR ITEM= 1TO NUMBER

11320 COLOUR= COLOUR+ 1+ 2+ <COLOUR= 4):PLOT 6, COLOUR(COLOUR)

11330 FOR AXIS= OTO 1:PLACE= ARRAVdTEM, AXIS)

1134S GOSUB 10700:NEXT AXIS

11350 PLOT 2,250- FLAG* 4, MINSCREEN<FLAG):REM X OR V BAR

11360 FOR 1= GRAPHC1- FLAG)TO GRAPhKl- FLAG)+ 1

11370 PLOT I,GRAPH(FLAG):NEXT I:PLOT 255:NEXT ITEM.RETURN

11490 REM

11491 REM

11492 REM SAVE IMAGES ON DISK

11493 REM

11494 REM IMAGES SAVED AS SCREEN. DIS

11495 REM

Listing 1 continued on page 140

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Photo 1: Variation of text height and color. Both text height and color can be changed under program control.

Text continued from page 126:

Subscripts for array variables commence at 0. In consequence, if NUMBER = 25 and AXES = 1, then the BASIC statement DIM ARRAY (NUMBER, AXES) will define an array with dimensions 26 and 2.

Values of 0 or —1 are assigned to results of logical operations: 0 for false and —1 for true. This poperty is used in line 11170 of listing 1.

It is also possible to change the height and color of displayed text (as shown in photo 1); this is done occasionally within the body of the program in listing 1.

The Subroutines

Listing 1 contains the subroutines that together can be used to produce a graph on the color video-display screen. Subscripted variables, when used with a subscript of 0, refer to some horizontal component of the graph; a subscript of 1 refers to some vertical component of the graph. Certain calculation subroutines (for example, 10200 and 10300) can be accessed at a line ending in "00" to perform calculations for both the X and Y axes, or they can be accessed at the corresponding line ending in "10" to calculate for only one axis.

Some of the more important subroutines are described briefly in the paragraphs that follow:

• 7000—Review or erase images; this subroutine enables graphs stored on disk to be reviewed (displayed) or erased from the disk.

• 9000—Prepare complete graph outline; this subroutine consists of three subroutines that examine the data and draw the appropriate graph frame (see also subroutines 10200, 10300, and 10500).

• 10000—Data entry; the title of the graph, the axes' labels, and data

138 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 86 on Inquiry card.

Circle 87 on Inquiry card.

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Listing 1 continued:

11560 11510

11520 11530 11549 11730 11781 11782 11783 11784 11785 11786 11787 11788 11800 11802 11884 11806 11810 11820 11830 11840 11850 11860 11870 11890 11891 11892 11893 11894 11895 11896

11900

11910 11920

PLOT 6, C0L0UR<2>,3, 0, 31,11. 3,13, 31: REM SAVE ON DISK

INPUT "ENTER S TO SAVE, OR PRESS RETURN: ".; I*:PLOT 28,11

IF IK > "S"THEN 11540

PLOT 27, 4: PRINT "SAVE SCREEN. [JIS 6000-6FFF" :PLOT 27,27

RETURN

REM

REM

REM SELECT COLORS

REM

REM COLOURED FRAME

REM COLOURS) SCALE

REM COLOUR<3> GRAPH 1

REM COLOUR<4) GRAPH 2

REM

PLOT 6, 4, 3, 0, 31,11, 3,16, 31: REM COLOR SELECTION

INPUT "ENTER C TO CHANGE COLOR: ".; K*

PLOT 6, C0L0UR<2>,3, 0,31,11: IF K*< > "C'THEN RETURN

PLOT 6,38,12,3, 23,7,14:PRINT "COLOR SELECTION"

PRINT :PRINT ,, : INPUT "TOUCH COLOR FOR BACKGROUND: ".; If

1= <ASC <I*>- 16)* 8:PLOT 6, 1,12, 3,16,11:REM BKD

PLOT 6,1/ 8+ 9+ 2+ 4* (I> 40)

DATA "FRAME", "SCALES", "GRAPH1", "GRAPH2":RESTORE 11840

FOR J= 1TO 4:READ I*:PLOT 3,16,9+ 2* J:PRINT "FOR ".; I*.;

INPUT "".; J*:COLOUR(J)= 1+ ASC (J*)- 16

PLOT 6, COLOUR*: J >, 3, 32, 9+ 2+ J: PR I NT I$:NEXT J: RETURN

REM

REM

REM PAUSE

REM

REM "PRESS RETURN TO CONTINUE"

REM BLINKS BRIEFLV AT BOTTOM OF GRAPH

REM

PLOT 6, COLOUR<1>, 31, 3,18, 31:REM PAUSE

PRINT "PRESS RETURN TO CONTINUE":FOR 1= 1TO 1000:NEXT I

PLOT 15, 3, O, 31,11: INPUT "".; I*:RETURN

PLOT 2

Enter graph-plotting mode

PLOT 2, X, Y

Point at X,Y

PLOT 2, 242, X, Y

Vector to X,Y

PLOT 2, 250, XO, Y, XM

Horizontal bar at Y from XO to XM

PLOT 2, 246, YO, X, YM

Vertical bar at X from YO to YM

PLOT 3, T, L

Cursor to tab T at line L

PLOT 6, C

Defines the color of both the foreground and background

PLOT 8

Cursor to home

PLOT 9

Tab 8 spaces

PLOT 10

Line feed (move cursor down one line)

PLOT 11

Erase line

PLOT 12

Erase page

PLOT 14

Double-height text

PLOT 15

Normal-height text, with blink mode off

PLOT 16 thru PLOT 23

Changes color of foreground or background (whichever is

active)

PLOT 27, 4: PRINT

"[disk commands]":

PLOT 27, 27

Execute floppy-disk command

PLOT 27, 10

Write text vertically

PLOT 27, 24

Write text horizontally

PLOT 28

Cursor up

PLOT 29

Enable background color

PLOT 31

Blink on

PLOT 255

Cancel graph-plotting mode

Table 2: Table of plot codes

in Compucolor BASIC. Many functions associated with

the color video-display screen are achieved by the use of the PLOT command. The

table of PLOT commands here includes all those used in listings 1 and 2.

Range of Values, R, to Be Plotted

0.121<R<1.21 1.21 sR<12.1 12.1 <R<121 121 <R<1210 1210 <R<12100

Initial Value for JUMP

0.4

4.0

40.0

400.0

4000.0

Table 1: Initial value for step size (JUMP) given the range (R) of the variable to be plotted. The table can be continued in both directions by either multiplying or dividing all the numbers in a line by 10. Once the initial value for JUMP is found, it is repeatedly divided by 2 until the step size used subdivides the range into at least four intervals—that is, until ]UMP< (R/4).

are entered in this subroutine. Certain applications (eg: histograms) require only one set of data to be entered. If CHOICE = 1, then the subroutine fills only ARRAY («,1), that is, the data entries are placed in ARRAY (0,0), ARRAY (1,0), ARRAY (2,0), and so on. If CHOICE is not equal to 1, then this subroutine expects two sets of data to be entered, filling both ARRAY (n,0) and ARRAY (n,l). The Y-axis data is duplicated in a third column, ARRAY («,2), thus allowing this data to be manipulated later without being destroyed. 10100—Equation plotting; this subroutine tests to see that no equation exists, then invites the user to write an equation at line 500. The equation takes the form Y = (some arithmetic expression using X). Once the equation exists, the subroutine asks for a title and the X-axis limits. The program then uses the equation to calculate twenty-five equidistant data points to fill ARRAY (n,l). 10200—Find big and little; this subroutine determines the largest and smallest values for the data and stores them in arrays BIG (n) and LITTLE (n).

10300—Prepare values for frame; the step size (JUMP) is calculated in accordance with the constraints described above. This value is used to determine the HIGH and LOW values for the scale. GAPS is the number of JUMPS in the length of the axis (variable SCALE). 10500—Draw borders with scales and titles; this subroutine draws

140 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 88 on inquiry card.

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Listing 2: Demonstration program for the subroutines of listing 1. This short program, when added to the program in listing 1, allows the user to make a graph of a collection of points, an equation, or a series of vertical bars.

5 REM KV 5 REM GRAPHS. CO R. W. GR0G0N0. RUG. 1379

6 REM DEMONSTflTION PROGRAM FOR USE WITH SUBROUTINES 48 RESTORE :CLEAR 266:DIM t#<12)

58 DATA 1,2, 6, 4: FOR 1= 1T0 4: READ COLOUR U> :NEXT I

90 PLOT 29, 27, 24,15,14, 2, 255, 6,1,12, 3,16, 3: REM CLEAR PAGE

280 REM

GRAPH T V P E:":PRINT

XA' SCATTER"

PLOT EQUATION"

V-BAR GRAPH" :INPUT "ENTER 1-3: ";K:PL0T 28,11 3THEN 340 366 IF K< > 2THEN 390

370 RESTORE :CLEAR 200:FOR 1= 1TO 4:READ COLOUR(I):NEXT I 380 K= 2:DIM ARRAV<25,1>:REM DIMENSIONS FOR EQUATION 390 ON KGOSLIB 10600,10100,10000: REM PREPARE DATA ARRAV 400 GOSUB 9000:REM FRAME

410 ON KGOSUB 11000,11100,11288:REM SCATTER, LINE, V-BARS 428 GOSUB 11900:REM PAUSE 430 GOSUB 11500:REM SAVE 440 GOSUB 11800:REM SELECT COLORS 458 IF K*= "C'THEN 400 468 GOTO 5

298 REM

300 PRINT

"SELECT

310 PRINT

: PRINT ,, "1.

320 PRINT

:PRINT ,, "2.

330 PRINT

:PRINT ,, "3.

340 PRINT

:PRINT ,,,:I

350 IF K< 10R K>

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the borders for the graph with its scales, labels, and title. The length of each number or word is employed to ensure appropriate positioning. The value of RATIO, calculated here, is used in the subroutine at line 10700.

• 10700—Convert units to screen; a value on one of the axes (in variable PLACE) is converted to its corresponding screen position (stored in variable GRAPH).

• 10800-Converts units for text position; a screen position variable, GRAPH, is converted to its corresponding cursor position and stored in variable TEXT.

• 11000 and 11100—Plot points or lines; the data points in ARRAY are plotted as separate points (11000) or as points joined by lines (11100).

• 11200 and 11300—Plot Y-bars or X-bars; the quantities in ARRAY are plotted as vertical (11200) or as horizontal bars (11300).

• 11500—Save image on disk; this subroutine transfers the finished graph to disk for recall later.

• 11800—Select colors; the colors for the background, frame, scales, and graphs are selected with this routine.

• 11900—Pause; this subroutine causes the words "PRESS RETURN TO CONTINUE" to flash briefly beneath the graph.

A Demonstration Program

The program in listing 2 was written to demonstrate the color-graphics subroutines. Graph type 1 allows data to be entered and displayed as separate points. The program initially selects the colors shown in photo 2a, but the user can select his own colors, as shown in photo 2b.

Photos 3a and 3b illustrate the use of the equation-plotting subroutine, graph type 2. Photo 3a shows the program colors for the first range selected ( — 2 to +2); photo 3b shows a different set of colors selected by the user for the longer range ( — 4 to +4). Photo 4a shows how a variable, such as income, can be displayed as a Y-bar, as an example of graph type 3. Photos 4b and 4c show the same data using different colors selected by the user.

The brevity of listing 2 shows that minimal program writing is required to produce these graphs. In fact, if only one type of graph is required

142 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 89 on inquiry card.

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Circle 90 on Inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980

143

(eg: points joined by lines), then the total program would be:

300 GOSUB 10000

REM DATA

ENTRY

310 GOSUB 9000

REM FRAME

320 GOSUB 11100

REM PLOT

LINES

330 GOSUB 11900

REM PAUSE

340 END

Of course, this assumes the presence of the subroutines given in listing 1.

2a

In such a program and in the demonstration program, the X-axis and Y-axis graph scales are determined automatically by the program except where the user selects the X-axis limits for the equation.

Summary

The subroutines in listing 1 were written to illustrate the principles used in determining neat graph scales, and emphasis has been placed on these calculations. The frame is

Photo 2: Examples of point-plotting mode. The computer automatically chooses the colors of photo 2a, but the user can override this to select any other color combination, as in photo 2b. The slight "pincushion" effect can be eliminated by the addition of a corrective kit supplied by Compucolor.

Photo 3: Examples of equation-plotting mode. The range of both the X and Y axes can be changed, as can the choice of colors. Photo 3a illustrates the standard colors as selected by the computer; photo 3b shows another graph with colors of the user's choice.

drawn just outside the area in which points will be graphed. This avoids the problem of graphing points that lie directly on the frame; it also avoids the possibility of the color for a nearby graph point spilling onto the frame. The program generates an even number of scale increments for each axis; this ensures uniform spacing of both tick marks and numbers. Colors are critical when the screen is being photographed; light colors on dark backgrounds show up best (this is discussed in detail in my previous article in the January 1980 BYTE).

These subroutines can be used in many graphics applications. As written, they employ two-letter names as well as the variables X, Y, I, J, K, 1$, J$, and K$. This allows the user all the remaining single letters. If the user's program defines NUMBER (number of points) and fills ARRAY with the appropriate data, then the subroutines in listing 1 can be used to generate a graph. The graph will be labeled as well if the user defines the variables TITLES, LABEL$(0), and LABEL$(1).

The photographs used to illustrate this article have been created using a Compucolor II with 16 K bytes of user memory but without the Pincushion Correction Kit. The barrel distortion on the top and bottom can be reduced by using a telephoto lens, but the pincushion effect on each side will then be worse unless the correction kit is installed.

Next month, Part 2 of this article will use the subroutines given here to construct several other kinds of graphs: a different kind of equationplotting routine, a histogram with the equivalent Gaussian (bell-shaped) curve superimposed, linear and other kinds of regression plotting, and a monthly analysis graph of more than one variable.!

Photo 4: Examples of bar-graph-plotting mode. Here, the same data is displayed in the standard colors (photo 4a) and two sets of user-selected colors (photos 4b and 4c). Horizontal bar graphs can also be displayed.

144 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Programming Quickies

Simple Base Conversions for the TRS-80

James M Curran, 24 Greendale Rd, Cedar Grove NJ 07009

I have noticed that decimal-to-hexadecimal and decimal-to-octal conversions are usually accomplished by means of subroutines, most of which require three to four statements. This is efficient enough for users of a low-level BASIC; however, computer enthusiasts with a BASIC interpreter containing the DEF FN (define function) command long for a simple one-statement conversion. Here are such conversion statements. For those of you who need to convert hexadecimal or octal to decimal, these conversions are also included. I have even thrown in a decimal-to-binary function.

Listing 1: Definitions for five base-conversion functions. The first statement defines the function for converting decimal to binary numbers. The second and third definitions give the functions for converting from decimal to hexadecimal and from hexadecimal to decimal numbers. Notice that the variable HX$ must be initialized for both of these. The last two statements define the functions for converting from decimal to-octal and from octal to decimal numbers.

l.DEF FN DB#(D) = (D AND 1 ) + (D AND 2)*5+(D AND 4)*25+ (D AND 8)*125+(D AND 16 )*625+ (D AND 32)*3125+(D AND 64)*15625+ (D AND 128)*78125

2.HX$="0123456789ABCDEF"

DEF FN DH$(D)=MID$(HX$,(D AND -4096 )/4096+l(D>32767)*16,1)+

MID$(HX$,(D AND 3840 )/255+l, 1 )+ MIDS(HXS,(D AND 240 )/16+l, 1 )+ MID$(EDC$,(D AND 15)+1,1)

3.HX$="0123456789ABCDEF"

DEF FN H$D(H$)=(INSTR(HX$,MID$(H$,1,1))-1)*4096+ (INSTR(HX$,MID5( H$,2,1))-l)*256+ ( INSTR(HX$,MID$( HS,3,1))-l)*16+ ( INSTR( HX$,MID$( H$ , 4,1) )-l )

4.DEF FN DO#(D)=(D AND 7 )+(D AND 56)*1.25+ (D AND 448)*1.5625+ (D AND 3584)*1.953125+ (D AND 28672)*2.44140625

5.DEF FN 0$D(0$)=VAL(MID$(0$,1,1))*3276+ VAL(MIDS(0$,2,1))*4096+ VAL(MID$(0$,3,1))*512+ VAL( MID$( 0$, 4,1 ) )*64+ VAL( MID$(0$,5,1))*8+ VAL(MID$(0$,6,1))

These functions can also be used as subroutines by those without the DEF FN command. An AND-statement is necessary, because it performs a logical-AND operation which is used in all three routines to convert decimal to the various other bases.

The first function, which I call FNDB#, returns the binary equivalent of the argument as an eight-digit integer.

The hexadecimal equivalent of the argument is returned by the second function, FNDH$, as a four-character string with leading zeros. Arguments greater than 32767 (7FFF hexadecimal) must be signed; ie: reduced by 65536. For a 1-byte conversion, only the second half of the function is necessary.

My third function, called FNH$D, converts the argument, which must be a four-character string, into its decimal equivalent. In this function, the INSTR command is employed; if your BASIC does not have it, it is easily replaced with a BASIC subroutine. Its function is to return the position in the first string at which the second string begins. FNH$D can also be made into a 1-byte routine by using its second half. Both FNH$D and FNDH$ require HX$ to be initialized.

The final two functions for decimal-to-octal conversions (FNDO# and FNO$D) work similarly to their hexadecimal counterparts. ■

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November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 145

The

Brains of Men

and Machines

by Ernest W. Kent

When the "Brains of Men and Machines" series of articles originally appeared in BYTE magazine, the response was immediate and enthusiastic. Now Ernest W. Kent has expanded his ideas about the brain into a full-length book.

As researchers begin to unravel the mysteries of the brain's chemical, electrical, and synaptic circuitry, their findings are becoming immediately applicable to advances in robotic behavior and computer design. The Brains of Men and Machines "dissects" the brain to provide new insights into computer design and artificial intelligence.

It is one of the rare books that transcends disciplinary boundaries. In it the ever increasing relationship between man and machine is freshly examined — a relationship, Professor Kent concludes, that is today being reexamined in the light of man's own neurological self-image.

Hardcover 304 pages

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A Club in Augusta

The CSRA Computer Club is a group of computer hobbyists and professionals that enjoy working and playing with computers. Dues are $6 per year and everyone interested in computers is invited to attend the meetings held at 7:30 PM on the third Thursday of each month in the Student Center of the Medical College of Georgia, Laney Walker and 15th streets in Augusta, Georgia. A monthly newsletter is also published. Contact the club at CSRA Computer Club, POB 284, Augusta GA 30903.

TRS-80 Group in Manchester

The Manchester TRS-80 Users Group meets the first Sunday of each month at Raytheon Company, Island Pond Rd, in Manchester, New Hampshire. For information, contact Scott Mitchell, 346 S Taylor St, Manchester NH 03103, (603) 624-0089.

Classroom Computer News

Classroom Computer News is a bimonthly newsletter written for teachers and administrators and covers the technical and the human side of using computers in schools, as well as developments in the microcomputer industry. Each issue includes application programs, tutorials, book reviews, new product reviews, and industry news briefs. Interviews with innovators in the educational computing field, accounts of teachers' and administrators' personal experiences with microcomputers, overviews of software, and analyses of trends within the industry are covered. Subscription rates for Classroom Computer News are $9 per year. Contact Classroom Comput

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er News, POB 299, Cambridge MA 02138, (617) 661-6164.

Tl 99/4 Users Unite

There are many Texas Instruments TI 99/4 users interested in swapping information, programs, and other

related items. If you are interested in starting a users group, or simply establishing contact with other users, write to Larry Morrow, 8075 Spring Garden Ct, W Chester OH 45069.

News and Trading Newsletter

The Midwest Buss is a newsletter and trading forum. The newsletter includes buy-and-sell columns

and articles on hardware and software. Ads are $1 per line. A line consists of 60 characters, punctuation and spaces included. All ads should be printed or typewritten. Include phone numbers and addresses on a separate portion of the card. The deadline for submission of ads or articles is the twenty-sixth of each month. The Midwest Buss is mailed on the first of each month. Subscriptions are $6 per year. Contact The Midwest Buss, 441 E Bernhard, Hazel Park MI 48030. ■

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Three-Dimensional Graphics for the Apple II

Many articles have been written regarding three-dimensional graphics on home computers. Some involve highly complex hardware such as spinning mirrors, while others rely upon computation-intensive software to project three-dimensional objects on a two-dimensional plane.

Taking an innovative step backwards and rediscovering an old technique, I have been able to create three-dimensional pictures using my Apple II computer. I have generated a number of visually stimulating displays in this manner and would like to share with you the methods used, with the hope that you too will discover new ways to use your computer.

The method is simple. Just take a piece of cardboard, and with a pair of scissors, cut out a pair of eyeglass frames. Next, put a red filter over the left eye opening in the frame and a green filter over the right opening (I did say it was an old idea!). When viewing the screen with the glasses on, anything colored red will not be visible to your right eye, and anything green will not be visible to your left eye (you may have to adjust the tint on your television to optimize this). Anything white will be visible to both eyes.

148 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Dan Sokol

John Shepard

211 Fall Creek Dr

Felton CA 95018

The image that falls on the retina of your right eye will be the green image on the video monitor, but it will appear to be white! (It's all done in your brain.) The same is true of the red image in relation to your left eye. (We will refer to the red image in our software as violet. This is because the Apple HI-RES graphics cannot generate red.) [However, see "More Colors for Your Apple," by Allen Watson III, June 1979 BYTE, page 60... RSS]

Creating an Image

As you can see by figures la and lb, an image that seems to appear in front of the screen can be made by drawing the green image to the left of the red one. An image that appears behind the screen is simulated by placing the green image to the right of the red one. The apparent depth is determined by the distance between the two colored images.

It should be mentioned that the brain requires a frame of reference to judge distance "properly." An efficient way to provide this reference is to put a white border around the screen. This will define the neutral plane. Naturally, any objects on this plane need be drawn only once in white.

The program in listing 1 generates a set of lines which appear to disappear into the distance.

Another simple program is presented in listing 2. This one generates a three-dimensional box.

Using the shape-generator programs provided by Apple, the user can make objects appear to be various sizes and depths. This effect can be seen by running the program in listing 3.

You can place as many objects in space as you have room for. There are, however, some guidelines.

• You should draw your images from back to front. This way any overwriting will look natural.

• As you approach the neutral plane, the two images get closer together. Any place that they are coincident should be white. This can be handled with software. (I didn't say easily.)

• Using other colors generates an unbalanced image in the neutral plane—you experiment.

• You will have to adjust your color television set to match the color of the filters that are being used. The best way to do this is to draw a small green square and a small red square on the screen. Then place a

Text continued on page 154

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Epson.

The Epson MX-80. It's not just another workedover rehash of last year's model. It's our top-ofthe-line 80-column printer. It's new. From the ground up. And it's the most revolutionary printer to hit the market since Epson invented small printers for the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo. Don't take our word for it, though. Compare. There simply isn't a better value in an 80-column printer. Period.

But here's the fact that's going to stand the printer world on its ear. The MX-80 sports the world's first disposable print head. After it's printed about 50 million characters, you can throw it away. Because a new one costs less than $30, and the only tool you need to change it is attached to the end of your arm.

Now that's revolutionary, but that's only the beginning. The MX-80 also prints bidirectionally at 80 CPS with a logical seeking function to minimize print head travel time

The world's first disposable print head. It has a life expectancy of over 50 million characters, yet it's so simple, you can change it with one hand. And it costs less than - repeat less than-$30.

and maximize throughput. It prints 96 ASCII, 64 graphic and eight international characters in a tack-sharp 9x9 matrix. And it provides a userdefined choice of 40, 80, 66 or 132 columns and multiple type fonts.

We spent three long years developing the MX-80 as the first of a revolutionary series of Epson MX Printers. We employed the most advanced automatic assembly and machining techniques in existence to produce a printer that is incredibly versatile, remarkably reliable and extraordinarily inexpensive. It's a printer that could only come from the world's largest manufacturer of print mechanisms: Epson.

If it sounds like we're proud of the MX-80, we are. Not only does it do things some of the world's most expensive printers can't do, it'll do them for you for less than $650. That's right. Under $650. And if that isn't revolutionary, we don't know what is.

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Circle 93 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980 149

0

X0 = Y0

5

INIT =

10

BLACK

100

CALL

150

REM

200

C0LR =

205

X0 = 1 :

250

REM

251

REM

252

REM

500

REM

510

C0LR =

520

C0LR =

550

END

CALL LINE

Listing 1: This Apple integer BASIC program generates three-dimensional lines disappearing into infinity.

COLR=SHAPE=ROT=SCALE 2048:CLEAR=2062:PLOT=2830:LINE=2836:DRAW=2871:XDRAW=2884 =0:WHITE=127:VI0LET=85: LET GREEN=42 INIT: POKE -16302,0:

BUILD THE BORDER WHITE:X0=0:YO=0: CALL PLOT:XO=279: CALL LINE:Y0=191: CALL LINE:X0=0: CALL LINE:Y0=0: YO=1: CALL PL0T:X0=278: CALL LINE:YO=190: CALL LINE:XO=1: CALL LINE:YO=1: CALL LINE

LINES TO INFINITY

VIOLET:XO=25:YO=180: CALL PLOT:X0 = 260 :YO=20 : CALL LINE:XO = 70:Y0=180 : CALL LINE

GREEN:XO=60: CALL PLOT:XO=270:YO=20: CALL LINE:X0=10:Y0=180: CALL LINE

Listing 2: An Apple integer BASIC program for generating a three-dimensional box.

0 XO=Y0=COLR=SHAPE=ROT=SCALE

5 INIT=2048:CLEAR=2062:PL0T=2830:LINE=2836:DRAW=2871:XDRAW=2884 10 BLACK=0:WHITE=127:VIOLET=85: LET GREEN=42 100 CALL INIT: POKE -16302,0: 150 REM BUILD THE BORDER

200 C0LR=WHITE:XO=0:Y0=0: CALL PL0T:X0=279: CALL LINE:Y0=191: CALL LINE:XO=0: CALL LINE:YO=0: CALL LINE 205 X0=1:Y0=1: CALL PL0T:X0=278: CALL LINE:Y0=190: CALL LINE:X0=1: CALL LINE:Y0=1: CALL LINE

600 REM

601 REM

602 REM

603 REM A BOX

610 COLR=WHITE:XO=150:YO=50: CALL PLOT:XO=250: CALL LINE:Y0=150: CALL LINE:XO=150

615 COLR=GREEN:YO=75:XO=40: CALL LINE

620 X0=140: CALL LINE:X0=250:Y0=50: CALL LINE

622 XO=250:YO=150: CALL PLOT

625 X0=140:Y0=175: CALL LINE:X0=40: CALL LINE:X0=150 :Y0=150: CALL LINE:X0=40:Y0=175: CALL PLOT

630 Y0=75: CALL LINE:XO=140: CALL PL0T:Y0=175: CALL LINE

635 X0=41:Y0=75: CALL PLOT:Y0=175: CALL LINE:X0 = 141: CALL PL0T:Y0=75: CALL LINE

637 C0LR=VI0LET

640 XO=30:YO=185: CALL PL0T:Y0=85:

642 X0=250:YO=150: CALL LINE

645 XO=130:YO=185: CALL PLOT:XO=30: CALL LINE

650 XO=150:YO=150: CALL LINE:XO=30:Y0=85: CALL PLOT:X0=150:YO=50: CALL LINE

660 XO = 130:YO=85: CALL PLOT:X0=250 :Y0=50 : CALL LINE

680 END

CALL LINE:Y0=50: CALL LINE

CALL LINE:XO=130: CALL LINE:Y0=185: CALL LINE

Listing 3: This program uses the shape stored in the Apple II shape table and transforms it into three-dimensional form.

o

5 10 100 150 200 205 250 700 701 710 800 801 802 805 810 820 830 840 999

X0=Y0=C0LR=SHAPE=R0T=SCALE

INIT=2048:CLEAR=2062:PLOT=2830:LINE=2836:DRAW=2871:XDRAW=2884

BLACK=0:WHITE=127:VIOLET=85: LET GREEN=42

CALL INIT: POKE -16302,0:

REM BUILD THE BORDER

COLR=WHITE:XO=0:YO=0: CALL PL0T:X0=279: CALL LINE:Y0=191

CALL LINE:XO=0: CALL LINE:Y0=0: CALL LINE

X0=1:Y0=1: CALL PL0T:X0=278: CALL LINE:Y0=190: CALL LINE:X0=1: CALL LINE:Y0=1: CALL LINE

REM

REM

REM

REM

REM 3-D SQUARES

REM USE SHAPE #1

REM SHAPE #1 = 01 01 24 3F 3F 36 36 2D 2D 24 00

ROT=0:SCALE=1:SHAPE=1:X0=5:Y0=5

FOR 1=1 TO 7:SCALE=I:C0LR=GREEN:X0=X0+(I»4):Y0=Y0+(I»4)

CALL XDRAW:C0LR=VI0LET:X0=X0+I:Y0=Y0+I: CALL XDRAW: NEXT I

XO=XO+32:YO=90:COLR=GREEN:SCALE=SCALE+2: CALL XDRAW:COLR=VIOLET:Y0=Y0+8:X0=X0+8: CALL XDRAW

X0=X0+42:Y0=Y0-42:C0LR=GREEN:SCALE=SCALE+2: CALL XDRAW:C0LR=VI0LET:Y0=Y0+9:X0=X0+9: CALL XDRAW

END

Editor's Note:

Some Comments on the Programs

The three programs in this article assume that the highresolution graphics routines have been loaded into the Apple II starting at hexadecimal location COO. The instruction LOMEM-A096 should be executed before loading the programs to protect these routines.

When I was typing these pro

grams into the Apple, I noticed that line 10 of each listing has the statement LET GREEN = 42. At the time I could not understand why the LET keyword was used, so I deleted it. Several syntax errors later I realized the answer.

When "GREEN = 42" is parsed by the BASIC interpreter, the token GR (for graphics mode) is recognized. The rest of the line (EEN = 42) is then unrecognizable

to the parser. When "LET GREEN = 42" is analyzed, the keyword LET tells the parser that the next token will be a variable. Therefore, GREEN is not broken into two tokens (GR and EEN).

This little trick could prove very useful when you wish to use a variable name which contains a keyword.

150 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE Novate 1M0 151

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In times like these, when everything costs more, you may be tempted to spend less on your advertising budget. But our Laboratory of Advertising Performance (LAP) Report #5262 demonstrates that "Industrial companies that maintained or increased their advertising expenditure during the 1974-75 recession enjoyed higher sales growth than those that cut advertising." Write 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, N.Y. 10020 for LAP Report #5262 today. And let us help you make your advertising more efficient, as the price of all other selling tools becomes more expensive.

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(la)

RED IMAGE

X I

II II I I I I

N.,'!/"

QREEN IMAGE

I I I I

I I

VIRTUAL OBJECT

SCREEN

RED FILTER

I

-♦ *-< GREEN FILTER

OBSERVER

Figure 1: A figure which appears to be behind the video screen can be produced by drawing the red image on the left side of the screen and the green image on the right side (see figure la). By reversing these two images, the image will appear to be in front of the video screen (see figure lb).

(lb)

GREEN IMAGE

RED FILTER

RED IMAGE

SCREEN

VIRTUAL OBJECT

— — 1 GREEN FILTER

OBSERVER

Text continued from page 148: piece of the green filter over the red square and a piece of the red filter over the green square. Adjust the tint, chrominance (if you have one), and color knobs so that both squares disappear (as much as possible.. .you may have to double up the filters).

• If you aren't worried about using your color television for other entertainment, you can make the following adjustments to it. On the back of the set are three controls that are (usually) labeled red, green, and blue (or R, G, B; or red screen, blue screen, green screen). These adjust the relative intensity of the three electron guns. If you first mark the initial positions of the three controls with a pencil,

154 November 1M0 © BYTE Publication Inc

you will be able to reset them when you are finished. The adjustment is simple. Turn the blue screen off! This removes all the blue dots from the screen, only red and green remain. After adjusting the television as described in the previous step, reverse the positions of the filters (red over red, green over green) and adjust the red screen so that the intensity of the two squares through the filters appears the same. • We used colored cellophane, available at most art supply stores, for filters.

There are a number of games that can be adapted to three-dimensional displays with this technique. Have fun!B

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MASSACHUSETTS: Cambridge, Compuman Corporation (617) 491 -2700: Naadham. J J Wild, Inc (617) 444-2366. Norwood, Data Access Systems (617) 769-6420; Woburn. Hamilton Avnet Electronics (617) 2737500, Leasametric (617) 935-7780

MICHIGAN: Ann Arbor, Compuman Corporation (313) 994-3200; Livonia, Hamilton Avnet Electronics (313) 522-4700; Troy. Data Access Systems (313)589-1409,

MINNESOTA: Buratvlllo. Leasametnc (612) 894-6060: Edina, Hamilton Avnet Electronics (612) 941 -3801; Minneapolis, Loonam Associates (612) 831-1616

MISSOURI: Earth City, Hamilton Avnet Electronics (314) 344-1200. St. Louts, Inland Associates (314) 621-3742: Loonam Associates (314) 4277272

NEBRASKA: Omaha, Loonam Associates (402) 333-5502 NEW HAMPSHIRE: Merrimack. J. J Wild. Inc (603) 424-4717 NEW JERSEY: Allendale, Leasametric (201) 825-9000; Bogota, Qytel (201)487-7737. Cherry Hill, The Dalastore, Inc (609) 779-0200; Hamilton Avnet Electronics (609) 424-0100. Clnnamlnaon, Westwood Associates (609) 829-7280; Fairlleld, Hamilton Avnet Electronics (201) 5753390 Motawan, David Jamison Carlyle Corporation (201) 946-9669. Mountain Lakes. Data Access Systems (201) 335-3322. Palisades Park, Oala Access Syslems (201) 944 2005; Roielle, TSC Data Terminals (201) 245-6333; Sprlngtleld. Westwood Associates (201) 376-4242. Union. Transnet Corporation (201) 688-7800

NEW MEXICO: Albuquerque. Data Systems Marketing (505) 294-5790. PLS Associates. Inc (505) 255-2330

NEW YORK: Falrporl, Data Access Systems (716) 377 2080. Great Neck, MTI Sales Corporation (212) 896-7177; Mollis, Synchro-Sound Enterprises (212) 468-7067, Latham, J. Cameron Associates. Inc (518) 3715947; Melville, Hamilton Avnet Electronics (516) 454 6060. New York, Byte Shop East, Inc 1212) 889-4204; Data Access Systems (212) 5649301;Leasametric(212)594-6900;JohnD OwensAssociates, Inc (212) 448-6283: Qytel (212) 889-3888, Plttiford. J Cameron Associates, Inc (716) 386-1681: Plilnvlew, Leasametnc (516) 293 5881 Rochester. Hamilton Avnet Electronics (716)475-9130; East Syracuse. Hamilton Avnet Electronics (315) 437-2641; Syracuse, Leasametric (315) 455-5611

NORTH CAROLINA: Durham, W. A. Brown Instruments. Inc (919) 6831560

OHIO: Cincinnati, Interactive Information Systems (513) 761-0132; Cleveland, Data Access Systems (216) 473-2131; Hamilton Avnet Electronics (216) 831-3500, MTI Systems (216) 464-6688; Pro-Data Corporation (216) 229-8100. Dayton, Hamilton Avnet Electronics (513) 433-0610. Leasametric (513) 898-1707.

OREGON: Bend, Data Systems Marketing (503) 388-3612; Hlllaboro. Data Systems Marketing (503) 640-4863

PENNSYLVANIA: Alton, MLPI Newcorp Products. Inc. (215) 485-8180. Bala Cynwyd, Data Access Systems (215) 667-8315; Folerotl, Leasame trie (215) 583-2000: Huntingdon Valley. Marketline Syslems. Inc (215) 947-6670.

SOUTH CAROLINA: Columbia, W A Brown Instruments. Inc 1803) 7988070

TENNESSEE: Dak Ridge. W A. Brown Instruments. Inc (615) 482-5761 TEXAS: Austin. Hamilton Avnet Electronics (512) 837-8911. Dallas, Leasametric (214) 661-9193; Houston, CMC Marketing Corporation (713) 995-4960: Data Access Systems (713) 682-5965. Hamilton Avnet Electronics (713) 780-1771; Leasametric (713) 977-5990: Irving, Data Access Systems (214) 256-5536; Hamilton Avnet Electronics (214) 661-8204 UTAH: Silt Lata City. Data Systems Marketing (801) 487-8281, Hamilton Avnet Electronics (801) 972-2600; PLS Associates. Inc (801) 466-8729

VIRGINIA: Newport News. Atlantic Communications (604) 380-8498; Sterling. Comsel Corporation (703) 525-5689. Vienna. Comsel Corporation (703) 938-5264.

WASHINGTON: Bellevue, Hamilton Avnel Electronics (206) 643-3950; Sothell, Data Systems Marketing 1206) 487-3571: Redmond, Consolidated Data Terminals (206) 883-0100; Leasametric (206) 883-6510; Tukwlla, Data Access Systems (206) 251-5070 WISCONSIN: Milwaukee. Hamilton Avnet Electronics (414) 784-4510: Peripheral Support, Inc (414) 774-1000; Waukotha, Loonam Associates (414) 548-9790

Smart

Your Hazeltine

distributor has all

the terminals

you need.

You can save time by taking all your TTY terminal needs to one source — your local Hazeltine distributor. Right in your neighborhood, your distributor offers the same quality, the same service and the same comprehensive warranty program that you would get by contacting Hazeltine directly.

The Hazeltine distributor can give you easy access to a broad selection of Hazeltine products, including the economical Hazeltine 1400/1500 series of conversational and editing terminals, the high performance Modular One family, and—soon — the new Hazeltine Executive 80™ line of sophisticated smart terminals. An experienced sales professional, your local distributor is ready to provide full product and application support.

Most important, each of our authorized distributors has Hazeltine's full support. You will find that Hazeltine's entire field and factory organization supports the distributor when you need delivery, warranty service, or even just the answer to a question.

Be a smart shopper. Call your near

est Hazeltine distributor—part of our winning team for the eighties.

Hazeltine Corporation, Computer Terminal Equipment, Greenlawn, NY 11740. (516) 549-8800 Telex: 96-1435

Hazeltine and the Pursuit of Excellence

Answers for the Eighties

economy

Hazeltin

1500 Seri

Circle 95 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980 155

No. 17

Software with full support

Purchasing our software is just the beginning. We then back it up with professional support: ■ Subscription to "LIFELINES" for automatic notifications of revisions! ■ Update service for software and documentation! ■ Telephone Hotline! Overseas software export service!

with /«. Annual / Al

All Lifeboat programs require CP/M, unless otherwise stated.

$v/

Mis,

/JW*

G CP/M* FLOPPY DISK OPERATING SYSTEM—Digital Research's operating system configured for many popular micro-computers and disk systems:

System Version Price

Apple II* 2.x ... .349/25 0

SoftCard* with Z80

Microsoft BASIC version 5

with high resolution

graphics North Star Single Density .. 2.x ... .170/25

North Star Double/Quad ... 2.x 170/25

Durango F-85 2.x ... .170/25

CDISILOG —As DISTEL to Zilog/Mostek

® mnemonic files S65/S10

®

I SMAL/80 Structured Macro Assembler ® Language—Package of powerful general purpose text macro processor and SMAL structured language compiler. SMAL is an assembler language with IF-THEN-ELSE, LOOP-REPEAT-WHILE, DO-END, BEGINEND constructs $75/$15

PHOENIX SOFTWARE ASSOCIATES

HPASM* — Z80 macro assembler, Intel/TDL ©mnemonics. Generates Intel hex format or relocatable code in either TDL Object Module format or PSA Relocatable Binary Module format. Supports text insertion, conditional branching within macros, recursive macro calls

and parameter passing $129/525

E I EDIT—Character oriented text file editor. In

© eludes macro definition capabilities. Handles

insertion, deletion, searching, block move, etc.

for files of any length. Does not require a

CRT. S129/S25

L ] PLINK*—Two pass disk-to-disk linkage edi© tor/loader which can produce re-entrant,

iCOM Micro-Disk 2411 1.4 .. . .145/25

iCOM 3712 for MITS

88-2SIO Console 1.4 ... .170/25 *

iCOM 3712 for

3P+S/MITS SIO

Rev non-zero console ... 1.4 ... .170/25 *

JCOM3812 14.. .170/25*

Mits 3202/Altair 8800 1.4 .. . .145/25

Heath H8 - H17 1.4 ... .145/25 ®

Heath H89 1.4... .145/25 ®

Heath H89 by Magnolia .... 2.x ... .300/25 O

Ohio Scientific C3 2.x 200/25

Onyx C8001 Standard 2.x... .250/25

Onyx C8001 Enhanced .... 2.x .. . .330/25

TRS-80 Model I 1.4 .. . .145/25 ®

TRS-80 Model II 2.x 170/25 ^ ROMable code. Can link programs that are

2.x.

250/25

TRS-80 Model II * Corvus Processor Technology

Helios II 1.4... .145/25

Intel MDS Single Density ... 2.x 170/25

Intel MDS Double Density .. 2.x ... .170/25

Mtcropolis Mod I 2.x ... .200/25 ®

Micropolis Mod II 2.x .. . .200/25 ®

Mostek MDX STD

Bus System 2.x ... .350/25 **

The following configurations are scheduled for

release soon:

North Star Double/Quad

+ Corvus 2.x ... .250/25

Ohio Scientific C3-C 2.x 250/25

iCOM 3812 2.x ... .225/25 '

iCOM 4511/Pertec D3000 .. 2.x ... .375/25 * i Software consist - of the operating system, text editor, assembler, debugger and other utilities for file management and system maintenance. Complete set of Digital Research's documentation and additional implementation notes included. Systems marked * and ** include firmware on 2708 and 2716. Systems marked + include 5440 media charge. Systems marked ® require the special ® versions of software in this catalog. O includes hardware addition to allow our standard versions of software to run under it. □ Z80 DEVELOPMENT PACKAGE-Consists ® of: (1) disk file line editor, with global inter and © intra-line facilities; (2) Z80 relocating assembler, Zilog/Mostek mnemonics, conditional assembly and cross reference table capabilities; (3) linking loader producing absolute Intel hex

disk file $95/$20

DZDT—Z80 Monitor Debugger to break and

®examine registers with standard Zilog/

© Mostek mnemonic disassembly displays. $35

when ordered with Z80 Development

Package $50/$10

r1 ca

jp>

arger than available memory for execution rgeted on another machine. Full library capabilities. Input can be PSA Relocatable Binary Module, TDL Object Module or Microsoft REL files. Output can be a COM file, Intel hex file. TDL Object Module or PSA Relocatable

file S129/S25

DBUQ* and ^BUG* —Z80 interactive machine

©level debugging tools for program develop

^l ment. BUG has full symbolic trace and interac

y tive assembly (mnemonics compatible with

PASM). Dynamic breakpoints and conditional

traps while tracing (even through ROM!). ^BUG

is a subset of BUG and is used in memory

limited situations $129/$25

DIGITAL RESEARCH

II MP/M-Installed for single density MDS-800. Multi-processing derivative of the CP/M operating system. Manual includes CP/M2 documentation $300/550

□ MAC—8080 Macro assembler. Full Intel macro ©definitions. Pseudo Ops include RPC, IRP,

REPT, TITLE, PAGE, and MACLIB. Produces

absolute hex output plus symbol table file for

use by SID and ZSID (see below) . ,$120/$15

CSID— 8080 Symbolic debugger. Full trace,

©pass count and breakpoint program testing.

Has backtrace and histogram utilities. When

used with MAC, provides full symboiic display of

memory labels and equated values ,$105/$15

GZSID—Z80 Symbolic debugger with all fea

©turesof SID $130/$15

©

[""! TEX — Text output formatter to create paginat

® ed, page-numbered and justified copy. Output

can be directed to printer or disk . . $105/$15

□ DESPOOL—Utility program to permit simulta© neous printing from text files while executing

other programs $80/$10

Li tiny C —Interactive interpretive system tor ©teaching structured programming techniques. Manual includes full source listings ,$105/$50 Q BDS C COMPILER —Supports structures, ® unions, 2 dimensional arrays, pointers, recur© sion and overlays. Features optimized code , j generator, variablesized buffers for file I/O, and

,^^y capability to produce ROMable code. Includes

As XASM-68 for RCA 1°P*= ^ ay macro package to enable user to produce Itnk'-'1Jl'' ':'' able modules with MAC (see under Digital Research). Floating point functions, full run-time package and machine code library sources provided. Linker, library manager and textbook included. Compiler lacks initializers, statics, floats and longs $145/$25

AVOCET SYSTEMS

LJ XASM-68— Non-macro cross-assembler with nested conditionals and full range of pseudo operations. Assembles from standard Motorola MC6800 mnemonics to Intel hex .. ,$200/$25

Pi XASM-65- As XASM-68 for MOS Technology MCS-6500 series mnemonics $200/$25

LJ XASM-48- As XASM-68 for Intel MCS-48 and UPI-41 families $200/$25

□ DISTEL—Disk based disassembler to Intel 8080 orTDL/Xitan Z80 source code, listing and cross reference files, Intel or TDL/Xitan pseudo ops optional. Runs on 8080 $65/$10

WHITESMITHS C COMPILER-The ultimate ©in systems software tools. Produces faster ® code than a pseudo-code Pascal with more extensive facilities. Conforms to the full UNIX* Version 7 C language, described by Kernighan and Ritchie, and makes available over 75 func tions for performing I/O, string manipulation and storage allocation. Linkable to Microsoft REL files Requires 60K CP/M $630/$30

MICROSOFT

H BASIC-80-Disk Extended BASIC, ANSI

©compatible with long variable names,

® WHILE/WEND, chaining, variable length file

records. MBASIC version 4.51 also included on

disk $325/$25

□ BASIC COMPILER—Language compatible ©with BASIC-80 and 3-10 times faster execution. ® Produces standard Microsoft relocatable binary output. Includes MACRO-80. Also linkable to FORTRAN-80 or COBOL-80 code

modules $350/$25

_TFORTRAN-80-ANSI 66 (except for COM

© PLEX) plus many extensions. Includes relocat

® able object compiler, linking loader, library with

manager. Also includes MACRO-80 (see

below) $425/$25

:~ COBOL-80- Level 1 ANSI 74 standard plus ©most of Level 2. Full sequential, relative, and @ indexed file support with variable file names. Powerful interactive, formatted screen handling with ACCEPT and DISPLAY verbs. Program segmentation for execution of programs larger than memory and CHAIN command with parameter passing. Full support of CP/M version 2 files. Includes MACRO-80 (see above), linking loader, and relocatable library manager.

Requires 48K CP/M $700/$25

, I MACRO-80 — 8080/Z80 Macro Assembler.

CD Intel and Zilog mnemonics supported. Relocat

®able linkable output. Loader, Library Manager

and Cross Reference List utilities

included $149/$15

XMACRO-86— 8086 cross assembler. All © Macro and utility features of MACRO-80 package. Mnemonics slightly modified from Intel ASM86. Compatibility data sheet

available $275/$25

[ ] EDIT-80 —Very fast random access text editor

© for text with or without line numbers. Global and

intra-line commands supported. File compare

utility included $89/$15

i j PASCAL/M*—Compiles enhanced Standard ® Pascal to compressed efficient Pcode. Totally CP/M compatible. Random access files. Both 16 and 32-bit Integers. Runtime error recovery. Convenient STRINGS. OTHERWISE clause on CASE. Comprehensive manual (90 pp. indexed). SEGMENT provides overlay structure. IN PORT, OUTPORT and untyped files for arbitrary I/O. Requires 56K CP/M. Specify 1) 8080 CP/M 2) Z80 CP/M, or 3) Cromemco

CDOS $175/$20

[JPASCAL/Z-Z80 native code PASCAL com© piler. Produces optimized, ROMable re-entrant © code. All interfacing to CP/M is through the support library. The package includes compiler, relocating assembler and linker, and source for all library modules. Variant records, strings and direct I/O are supported. Requires 56K

CP/M $395/$25

Li PASCAL/MT-Subset of standard PASCAL. ® Generates ROMable 8080 machine code. ©Symbolic debugger included. Supports interrupt procedures, CP/M file I/O and assembly language interface. Real variables can be BCD, software floating point, or AMD 9511 hardware floating point. Includes strings enumerations and record data types. Manual explains BASICPASCAL conversion. Requires 32K ,$250/$30 i APL/V80— Concise and powerful language for © application software development. Complex programming problems are reduced to simple expressions in APL. Features include up to 27K active workspace, shared variables, arrays of up to 8 dimensions, disk workspace and copy object library. The system also supports auxiliary processors for interfacing I/O ports. Requires 48K CP/M and serial APL printing terminal or CRT $500/$30

Li ALGOL-60 —Powerful block-structured lan

©guage compiler featuring economical run-time

® dynamic allocation of memory. Very compact

(24K total RAM) system implementing almost

all Algol 60 report features plus many powerful

extensions including string handling direct disk

address I/O etc $199/$20

JCBASIC-2 Disk Extended BASIC-Non® interactive BASIC with pseudo-code compiler and run-time interpreter. Supports full file control, chaining, integer and extended precision variables, etc. Versions of CRUN for CP/M versions 1.4 and 2.x included on disk. .$120/$15

MICRO FOCUS

I STANDARD CIS COBOL-ANSI 74 COBOL © standard compiler fully validated by U.S. Navy tests to ANSI level 1. Supports many features to level 2 including dynamic loading of COBOL modules and a full ISAM file facility. Also, program segmentation, interactive debug and powerful interactive extensions to support protected and unprotected CRT screen formatting from COBOL programs used with any dumb

terminal $850/$50

□ FORMS 2 —CRT screen editor. Output is © COBOL data descriptions for copying into CIS COBOL programs. Automatically creates a query and update program of indexed files using CRT protected and unprotected screen formats. No programming experience needed. Output program directly compiled by STANDARD CIS COBOL $200/$20

[ ] NEVADA COBOL-Subset of ANSI-74. Fea® tures fast compilation and execution with small object modules. Has extended arithmetic with ji18 digit accuracy Extended I/O includes ran7^dom access files and sequential files of both \0)r fixed and variable length records, and interacv*' tive accept/display verbs. Good error mes\ sages and debugging facilities enhance program development. Requires a 32K CP/M system $149/$25

EIDOS SYSTEMS

KBASIC —Microsoft Disk Extended BASIC :; version 4.51 integrated with KISS Mufti-Keyed Index Sequential and Direct Access file management as 9 additional BASIC commands. KISS included as relocatable modules linkable to FORTRAN-80. COBOL-80, and BASIC COMPILER. Specify CP/M version 1,4 or 2.x when ordering. Requires 48K CP/M S585/$45 To licensed users of Microsoft BASIC-80 (MBASIC) $435/$45

: iXYBASIC Interactive Process Control BASIC—Full disk BASIC features plus unique commands to handle byte rotate and shift and to test and set bits. Available in several versions:

Integer ROM squared $350/$25

Integer CP/M $350/825

Extended ROM squared $450/$25

Extended CP/M $450/$25

Extended Disk CP/M $550/325

Integer CP/M Run Time Compiler . $350/$25 Extended CP/M Run Time Compiler$450/$25

I I RECLAIM—A utility to validate media under CP/M. Program tests a diskette or hard disk surface for errors, reserving the imperfections in invisible files, and permitting continued usage of the remainder. Essential for any hard

disk. Requires CP/M version 2 $80/$5

[ BASIC UTILITY DISK-Consists of: (1) ® CRUNCH-14— Compacting utility to reduce the size and increase the speed of programs in Microsoft BASIC 4.51, BASIC-80 and TRS-80 BASIC. (2) DPFUN —Double precision subroutines for computing nineteen transcendental functions including square root, natural log, log base 10, sine, arc sine, hyperbolic sine, hyperbolic arc sine, etc. Furnished in source on diskette and documentation $50/535

I STRING/80—Character string handling plus routines for direct CP/M BDOS calls from FORTRAN and other compatible Microsoft languages. The utility library contains routines that enable programs to chain to a COM (tie, retrieve command line parameters and search file directories with full wild card facilities. Supplied as linkable modules in Microsoft format $95/$20 STRING/80 source code available separately- 5295/NA

DTME STRING BIT-FORTRAN character ® string handling. Routines to find, fill, pack, move, separate, concatenate and compare character strings. This package completely eliminates the problems associated with character string handling in FORTRAN Supplied with source $65/S15

: ] VSORT— Versatile sort/merge system for fixed ® length records with fixed or variable length fields. VSORT can be used as a stand-alone package or loaded and called as a subroutine from CBASIC-2. When used as a subroutine, VSORT maximizes the use of buffer space by saving the TPA on disk and restoring it on completion of sorting. Records may be up to 255 bytes long with a maximum of 5 fields Upper/ lower case translation and numeric fields supported $175/$20

I CPM/374X —Has full range of functions to create or re-name an IBM 3741 volume, display directory information and edit the data set contents. Provides full file transfer facilities between 3741 volume data sets and CP/M files $195/$10

CPAids*

MASTER TAX—Professional tax preparation © program. Prepares schedules A, B, C, D, E, F, t G, R/RR SE, TC, ES and forms 2106. 2119. 2210. 3468, 3903, 2441, 4625, 4726, 4797, 4972, 5695 and 6251. Printing can be on readily available, pre-printed continuous forms, on overlays, or on computer generated, IRS approved forms. Maintains client history files and is interactive with CPAids GENERAL LEDGER

II (see below) $995/$30

Annual Update Fee $350

STANDARD TAX —As above for schedules A,

t B, C, D. E, G, R/RP, SE. TC and forms 2106 and

2441. Also, does not maintain client history

files $495/$30

Annual Update Fee $175

GENERAL LEDGER II-Designed for CPAs. t Stores complete 12 month detailed history of transactions. Generates financial statements, depreciation, loan amortizations, journals, trial balances, statements of changes in financial position, and compilation letters. Includes payroll system with automatic posting to general ledger, Prints payroll register, W2's and payroll checks $450/$30

Lifeboat Associates, 1651 Third Avenue, N.Y., N.Y. 10028(212) 860-0300 Telex:220501 Neu in der Schweiz Lifeboat Associates GmbH, Aegeristr 35 6340 Baar Telefon 042/31 2931

Copyright © 1980 Lifeboat Associates. No portion of this advertisement may be reproduced without prior permission. __

35/jsr

rf*^

T/MAKER — Powerful new tool for preparing management reports with tabular data. Makes financial modeling projects easy. Do you want a weekly profitability report? Set up the table and compute. Just change the sales figures for next week and compute. You have a new report! T/MAKER includes a full screen editor for setting up tables which pages left, right, up and down. Compute includes standard arithmetic, percents. exponents, common transcendental functions, averages, maxima, minima, projections, etc. Requires 48K CP/M, CBASIC-2, CRT Terminal with addressable cursor positioning $275/525

[ I BSTAM—Utility to link one computer to another ® also equipped with BSTAM. Allows file transfers at full data speed (no conversion to hex), with CRC block control check for very reliable error detection and automatic retry. We use it! It's great! Full wildcard expansion to send *. COM. etc. 9600 baud with wire. 300 baud with phone connection. Both ends need one. Standard and ® versions can talk to one another. This software requires a knowledge of assembler language for installation $150/$10

! BSTMS—Intelligent terminal program for .

@»CP/M systems. Permits communication be-v\ tween micros and mainframes. Sends charac-f* ter data files to remote computers under complete control. System can record character data sent from remote computer systems and data banks Includes programs to EXPAND and COMPRESS binary files for transmission. This software requires a knowledge of assembler language for installation $200/S25

[_: WHATSIT?* —Interactive data-base system using associative tags to retrieve information by subject. Hashing and random access used for fast response. Requires CBASIC-2 S175/S25

i SELECTOR III-C2—Data Base Processor to

J create and maintain multi-key data bases. Prints formatted sorted reports with numerical summaries or mailing labels. Comes with sample applications, including Sales Activity, Inventory, Payables, Receivables. Check Register, and Client/Patient Appointments, etc. Requires CBASIC-2. Supplied in source . . . S295/S20

; GLECTOR —General Ledger option to SELECTOR HI-C2. Interactive system provides for customized COA. Unique chart of transaction types insure proper double entry bookkeeping. Generates balance sheets, P&L statements and journals. Two year record allows for statement of changes in financial position report. Supplied in source. Requires SELECTOR III-C2. CBASIC-2 and 56K system $350/$25

DMA

"! CBS— Configurable Business System is a t comprehensive set of programs for defining custom data files and application systems without using a programming language such as BASIC, FORTRAN, etc. Multiple key fields for each data file are supported. Set-up program customizes system to user's CRT and printer. Provides fast and easy interactive data entry and retrieval with transaction processing. Report generator program does complex calculations with stored and derived data, record selection with multiple criteria, and custom formats. Sample inventory and mailing list systems included No support language required S395/S40

MICROPRO

□ SUPER-SORT I — Sort, merge, extract utility as © absolute executable program or linkable module in Microsoft format. Sorts fixed or variable records with data in binary, BCD. Packed Decimal. EBCDIC, ASCII, floating & fixed point, exponential, field justified, etc. Even variable number of fields per record! $225/$25

, SUPER-SORT ||—Above available as abso® lute program only S175/S25

^SUPER-SORT III —As II without SELECT/ G EXCLUDE S125/S25

[ DATASTAR—Professional forms control entry © and display system for key-to-disk data capture. Menu driven with built-in learning aids. Input field verification by length, mask, attribute (i.e. uppercase, lowercase, numeric, auto-dup, etc.). Built-in arithmetic capabilities using keyed data, constant and derived values. Visual feedback for ease of forms design. Files compatible with CP/M-MP/M supported languages. Requires 32K CP/M S350/S35

_ WORD-STAR— Menu driven visual word pro© cessing system for use with standard terminals. Text formatting performed on screen. Facilities for text paginate, page number, justify, center and underscore. User can print one document while simultaneously editing a second. Edit facilities include global search and replace, Read/Write to other text files, block move. etc. Requires CRT terminal with addressable cursor positioning S445/S40

: WORD-STAR-MAIL-MERGE-As above with

©option for production mailing of personalized

documents with mail lists from DATASTAR or

NAD $575/S40

WORD-MASTER Text Editor—In one mode CD has superset of CP/M's ED commands including global searching and replacing, forwards and backwards in file in video mode, provides full screen editor for users with serial addressable-cursor terminal $145/825

»*/

MAGIC WAND— Word processing system with simple, easy to use full screen text editor and powerful print processor. Editor has all standard editing functions including text insert and delete, global search and replace, block move and library files for boiler plate text. Print processor formatting commands include automatic margins, pagination, headings 8 footings, centered and justified text. Also prints with true proportional spacing, merges with data files for automatic form letters, and performs run-time conditional testing for varied output. Requires 32K CP/M and CRT terminal with addressable cursor $395/$40

[ ] TEXTWRITER III — Text formatter to justify and ® paginate letters and other documents. Special features include insertion of text during execution from other disk files or console, permitting recipe documents to be created from linked fragments on other files. Has facilities for sorted index, table of contents and footnote insertions. Ideal for contracts, manuals, etc. Now compatible with Electric Pencil* and Word-Star prepared files $125/$20

DATEBOOK—Program to manage time just 4 like an office appointment book but using the qM speed and memory of a computer. Keeps track of three appointment schedules (three dental chairs, three attorneys, etc.) at once. Appointments consist of name, reason for the appointment, the date and time, and the length of the appointment. System can be quickly customized for the individual user Many helpful features for making, changing, finding, and reporting appointments. Requires 48K CP/M and 1B0K bytes diskette storage. Not available for Apple CP/M $295/$25

PEACHTREE SOFTWARE*

I'.General accounting software for small busi

© nesses. Each product can be used alone or with

t automatic posting to the general ledger.

Supplied in source for Microsoft BASIC 4.51.

GENERAL LEDGER $530/840

ACCOUNTS PAYABLE $530/$40

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE $530/$40

PAYROLL S530/$40

INVENTORY $6607840

l. I Other application products supplied in source © for Microsoft BASIC 4.51.

t MAILING ADDRESS $530/840

PROPERTY MANAGEMENT S925/S40

GRAHAM-DORIAN SOFTWARE SYSTEMS

□ Comprehensive accounting software written in © CBASIC-2 and supplied in source code. Each ® software package can be used as a standt alone system or integrated with the General Ledger for automatic posting to ledger accounts. Requires CBASIC-2.

GENERAL LEDGER 8805/840

ACCOUNTS PAYABLE 8805/840

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE 8805/840

INVENTORY SYSTEM 8555/840

JOB COSTING $805/$40

APARTMENT MANAGEMENT . . $805/540 CASH REGISTER 8805/840

POSTMASTER —A comprehensive package ® for mail list maintenance that is completely menu driven. Features include keyed record extraction and label production. A form letter program is included which provides neat letters on single sheet or continuous forms. Includes NAD file translator. Requires CBASIC-2. S150/S20

STRUCTURED SYSTEMS GROUP

I ..! Complete interactive accounting software for t business. Each product can be used standalone or with automatic posting to the general ledger. Each product is thoroughly tested and very well documented. Each product requires CBASIC-2.

GENERAL LEDGER 8820/840

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE 8820/S40

ACCOUNTS PAYABLE S820/S40

PAYROLL 8820/840

INVENTORY CONTROL 8820/840

NEWSLETTER FROM LIFEBOAT

LIFELINES is the first step in software support for the serious microcomputer user Each issue reports new revisions together with information on the purpose for each such release, be it for correction of "bugs" or the addition of features and facilities.

Feature Articles ! New Software ! Product Comparisons ! Info on CP/M Users Group !

SUBSCRIPTION INFORMATION:

$18 for twelve issues: U.S., Canada, and Mexico. $40 for twelve issues: all other countries. S2.50 for each back issue: U.S., Canada, and Mexico.

$3.60 for each back issue: all other countries. Send Check to LIFELINES, 1651 Third Avenue, New York. N.Y. 10028 or use your VISA or MASTERCARD-call (212) 722-1700

"ANALYST—Customized data entry and reportt ing system. User specifies up to 75 data items per record. Interactive data entry, retrieval, and update facility makes information management easy. Sophisticated report generator provides customized reports using selected records with multiple level breakpoints for summarization. Requires a disk sort utility such as QSORT. SUPER-SORT or

VSORT and CBASIC-2 S250/815

LETTERIGHT— Program to create, edit and type letters or other documents. Has facilities to enter, display, delete and move text, with good video screen presentation. Designed to integrate with NAD for form letter mailings. Requires CBASIC-2 S200/S25

'NAD Name and Address selection system — Interactive mail list creation and maintenance program with output as full reports with reference data or restricted information for mail labels. Transfer system for extraction and transfer of selected records to create new files. Requires CBASIC-2 $100/820

□ QSORT— Fast sort/merge program for files with fixed record length, variable field length information. Up to five ascending or descending keys. Full back-up of input files created 8100/820

• ••**•*

CONDIMENTS

HEAD CLEANING DISKETTE-Cleans the

drive Read/Write head in 30 seconds. Diskette absorbs loose oxide particles, fingerprints, and other foreign particles that might hinder the performance of the drive head. Lasts at least 3 months with daily use. Specify 5" or 8 ".

Single sided 820 each/855 for 3

Double sided $25 each/865 for 3

I "DC 300 Data Cartridges Specify 450 XL or 300'certified. Pack of 5 8100

Q FLIPPY DISK KIT- Template and instructions to modify single sided 51 k 'diskettes for use of second side in single sided drives $12.50

l._ FLOPPY SAVER—Protection for center holes for 5" and 8" floppy disks. Only 1 needed per diskette. Kit contains centering post, pressure tool and tough 7 mil mylar reinforcing rings for 25 diskettes.

5 ", Kit $14.95

5". Rings only $7.95

8", Kit $16.95

8", Rings only 88.95

i PASCAL USER MANUAL AND REPORT- By Jensen and Wirth. The standard textbook on the language. Recommended for use by Pascal/2, Pascal/M and Pascal/MT users 812

THE C PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE-By

Kernighan and Ritchie. The standard textbook on the language. Recommended for use by BDS C, tiny C, and Whitesmiths C users . .$12 STRUCTURED MICROPROCESSOR PROGRAMMING-By the authors of SMAL/80. Covers structured programming, the 8080/ 8085 instruction set and the SMAL/80 language $20

ACCOUNTS PAYABLE & ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE-CBASIC-By Osborne/ McGraw-Hill $20

GENERAL LEDGER-CBASIC-By

Osborne/McGraw-Hill $20

PAYROLL WITH COST ACCOUIMTINGCBASIC-byOsborne/McGraw-Hill $20

* * * * * * Hearty Appetite.

• • • •

*CP/M and MP/M are trademarks of Digital Research.

Z80 is a trademark of Zilog, Inc. UNIX is a trademark of Bell Laboratories. WHATSIT? is a trademark of Computer Headware.

Electric Pencil is a trademark of Michael Shrayer Software.

TRS-80 is a trademark of Tandy Corp. Pascal/M is a trademark of Sorcim. SoftCard is a trademark of Microsoft. Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer. PASM. PLINK, BUG and MBUG are trademarks of Phoenix Software Associates Ltd. CPAids is a trademark of Computer Tax Service, Inc.

MAGIC WAND is a trademark of Small Business Application, Inc.

Peachtree Software is a trademark of Retail Sciences, Inc.

jRecommended system configuration consists of 48K CP/M, 2 full stze disk drives, 24 x 80 CRT and 132 column printer.

® Modified version available for use with CP/M as implemented on Heath and TRS-80 Model I computers.

©User license agreement for this product must be signed and returned to Lifeboat Associates before shipment may be made.

©This product Includes/eXcludes the language ® manual recommended in Condiments.

©Serial number of CP/M system must be supplied with orders.

© Requires Z80 CPU.

Ordering Information

MEDIA FORMAT ORDERING CODES When ordering, please specify format code.

LIFEBOAT ASSOCIATES MEDIA FORMATS LIST. Diskette, cartridge disk and cartridge tape format codes to be specified when ordering software for listed computer or disk systems. All software products have specific requirements in terms of hardware or software support, such as MPU type, memory size, support operating system or language.

Computer system

Format Code See MITS 3200

Altair 8800 Disk

Altos

Apple + SoftCard l3Sector RG

Apple - SoftCard 16 Sector RR

AVL Eagle RB

BASF System 7100 RD

Slackbawk Single Densily Q3

Blackhawk Micropolis Mod II . Q2

CDS Versatile 3B Q1

CDS Versatile 4 Q2

COMPAL-80 Q2

Cromemco System 3 A1 *

Cromemco Z2D R6

CSSN BACKUP (tape) T1 #

Delta AT

Digi-Log Microterm II RD

Digital Microsystems A1*

Discus ,. .See Morrow Discus

Durango F-85 RL

Dynabyte DB8/2 Rl

Dynabyle DBS/4 A1*

Exidy Sorcerer ■ Lifeboai CP/M Q2 Exidy Sorcerer - Exidy CP/M .Q4

Heath H8 ■ H17/H27 P4

Heath HB9 * Lifeboat CP/M P4

Heath H89 ■ Magnolia CP/M . ,P7 Helios II .See Processor Technology

Horizon .See North Star

iCOM 2411 Micro Floppy R3

ICOM3712 A1

iCOM 3812 A1*

Prices reflect distribution on 8" single density diskettes. If a format is requested which requires additional diskettes, a surcharge of $8. per additional diskette will be added. Prices FO.B. New York. Shipping, handling and C.O.D. charges extra.

Manual cost applicable against price of subsequent software purchase.

The sale of each proprietary software package conveys a license for use on one system only.

WS4

Computer systei

(COM4511 5440 Cartridge

CP/M 1.4 D1#

ICOM4511 5440 Cartridge

CP/M 2 2 D2#

IMS 5000 RA

IMS 8000 A1"

IMSAI VDP-40 R4"

IMSAI VDP-42 R4"

IMSAI VDP-44 R5"

IMSAI VDP-80 A1"

Intecolor See ISC Intecolor

Intel MDS Single Density A2

Intel MDS Double Density A5

Intertec SuperBrain DOS 0.1 R7

Intertec SuperBrain DOS 0 5-2.X RJ

Intertec SuperBrain DOS 3.X RK

ISC Intecolor 8063/8360/8963 ,A1

Kontron PSI-80 RF

Meca5'it ' P6

Micromation

(Except TRS-80 below] AT

Micropolis Mod I ,Q1

Micropolis Mod II 02

MITS 3200/3202 Bl

Morrow Discus AT

Mostek Al

MSD 5V RC

North Star Single Density Pi

North Star Double/Quad P2

Nylac Single Density Q3

Nylac Micropolis Mod II Q2

Ohio Scientific C3 A3

Onyx C8001 T2#

Perlec PCC 2000 A1"

Processor Technology Helios II B2

Quay 500 RO

Quay 520 RP

RAIR Single Density R9

* Single-Side Single-Denstty disks are supplied for use with DoubleDensity and Double-Side 8 ' soft sector format systems.

*" IMSAI formats are single densily with directory olfset of zero.

# A media surcharge of S25 for orders on tape formats T1 and T2 and of S100 for orders on disk formats D1 and D2 will be added. The list ol available formats is subject to change without notice. In case of uncertainty, call to confirm the format code for any particular equipment.

Format Code Computer syster

Form

I Code

See Exidy Sorcerer

At

See Intertec

RAIR Double Densiiy Research Machines 8 Research Machines 5'

REX

Sanco 7000 5'V . . . SD Systems 8" SD Systems 51 Sorcerer .... Space byte . SuperBrain . .

Tarbell . . A1

TEI5Vi" R3

TEI 8" A1

Thinkertoys . See Morrow Discus

TRS-80 Model I 3V«" R2

TRS-80 Model I ■ FEC Freedom RN TRS-80 Model I ■ Micromation

Omikron 5'a RM OmikronS A1

Shuffleboard 8 A1

TRS-80 Model II A1'

VDP-40/42/44/80 See fMSAI

Vector Graphic Q2

Vector MZ Q2

Versatile See CDS Versatile

Vista V80 5'-a" Single Density PS

Vista V200 SW Double Density .PS Zenith Z89 - Lifeboat CP/M . P4 Zenith Z89 • Magnolia CP/M P7

TRS-80 Model I TRS-80 Model I TRS-80 Model I

A4*

1

tat Associates

TIE

SOFTWARE

JtJPEi

MAMET

Lifeboat Associates

1651 Third Avenue, N.Y, N.Y. 10028 (212)860-0300

Product Review

The Altos ACS8000 Single-Board Computer

Mark Dahmke

1515 Superior St, Apt 15

Lincoln NE 68521

Altos Computer Systems of San Jose, California, manufactures a series of powerful Z80-based computers aimed mainly at the smallbusiness and scientific-laboratory markets. The company offers a wide variety of models — from one 8-inch, single-density, Shugart floppy-disk drive with 32 K bytes of main memory to four double-density, 8-inch floppy-disk drives, and a harddisk subsystem with as much as 58 megabytes of on-line storage.

Hardware Design

The ACS8000 series are all singlecircuit-card computers based on a Z80A microprocessor running at 4 MHz. All systems come with at least 32 K bytes of 4116 dynamic memory devices. This is expandable to 64 K bytes on two versions of the ACS8000, and to 208 K bytes on the third version.

The system also comes with a 2708 EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory) that contains the ALTOS-E monitor program. The 2708 is active until CP/M is bootloaded: it is then disabled and disappears so the entire memory-address space is available as programmable memory. This technique is widely used and is referred to as "phantom read-only memory."

About the Author

Mark Dahmke is a a consulting editor for BYTE Publications and also operates a computer consulting business. He has been involved with computers since 1974 and does a great deal of systems hardware and software design. His interests include writing, photography, voice synthesis, and computer graphics.

158 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Serial Ports

Even the smallest Altos system comes with a dual-channel, serial I/O (input/output) device. One channel is used for the system console, and the other is set up to drive a printer or another device, such as a modem. The console channel is preset by the ALTOS-E monitor firmware to 9600 bps, with 1 start bit, 1 stop bit, 8 data bits, and no parity. It runs in fullduplex (ie: simultaneous-bidirectional) mode. The 9600 bps data rate of the console is not alterable, but the printer characteristics can be changed after the system is booted up.

Parallel Ports

All Altos computers come with at least two user-defined parallel ports. There are actually two Z80 PIO (parallel input/output) devices, each with two ports, but one is used to

control disk operations. The userdefinable ports are accessible through an external connector that may be connected to a printer, an EPROM programmer, or a parallel-input keyboard. Both ports are fully programmable.

The Counter-Timer Circuit

The Z80 CTC (counter-timer circuit) is a programmable countertimer that has four independent channels. Three of the channels (addresses 0 thru 2) are used by the system to set console and printer data rates and disk-head load-delay times. The fourth channel is available to the user and can be programmed as an interval timer or real-time clock.

The Floppy-Disk Controller

The Altos single-density model uses the Western Digital 1771-1

A Visit to Altos

Altos computers have acquired quite a reputation for reliability — it's the sort of thing you hear by word-of-mouth in this industry. To find out more, I paid a visit to Altos recently at the invitation of Dr Roger Vass, the Vice-President of Marketing.

Roger described the extensive quality-control procedures used at Altos, which include several bumin tests of individual components and complete systems in its testing ovens. Another reason for the low failure rate of the computers (eg: less than 1% are returned to the plant because of

defects) is that Altos computers use a single printed-circuit board for the entire computer, thus eliminating many potential interconnection problems.

Interestingly, Altos sells more computers (ie: about 55% at present) overseas than it does domestically, due in part to the company's vigorous marketing activity in Europe. Roger sees the European market as having great potential for American personalcomputer companies. Certainly, the growth of the number of publications and public interest at overseas trade shows confirms this. . .CM

For your Horizon—

North Star Horizon Computer with 5" Floppy Disks

Display Terminals

Up To Four Hard Disks

Up To Four 8' Floppy Disks

More power, work, flexibility!

JOEDOS™—Jointly Operate Everything Disk Operating

System. Switch from North Star™ BASIC to CP/M™ and back again with a simple command. Floating point and standard 8,10,12, and 14 digit precisions of North Star BASIC, as well as Digital Research's CP/M all on the same hard disk unit.

Designed to operate with the DISCUS M26™ 26.5 megabyte (formatted) Winchester-technology hard disk unit and North Star's Micro Disk System, JOEDOS brings you large mainframe performance at microcomputer cost and reliability. CP/M disk activity is amazingly quick through JOEDOS; access to North Star BASIC programs and files is unbelievable!

Speed and enormous storage capacity (as much as 106 megabytes) are only the beginning. Through JOEDOS, each hard disk unit may appear to be one drive or many different "drives" (as many as 147 double density 180K North Star 5Va" drive-size segments). As many as seven of these segmented "drives" may be addressed at any particular time. Segment size, file size and directory size are variable according to user's requirements. Maximum file size is 16 megabytes, while the maximum directory size for each segment is 8,160 entries.

JOEDOS — Micro Mike's hard disk operating system. Requires DISCUS M26 hard disk unit and controller and North Star Micro Disk System for operation. Includes CP/M. JOEDOS and manual $495

JOESHARE™ —North Star HorizonT7DISCUS Hard Disk

Timesharing System. Micro Mike's popular interrupt-driven, bank switching timesharing for North Star Horizon computer is now available with all the features of JOEDOS hard disk operating system. JOESHARE allows multiple users to access as many as four 26.5 megabyte hard disk units, simultaneously operating programs through North Star DOS or through CP/M.

JOESHARE —Micro Mike's North Star Horizon timesharing/DISCUS hard disk operating system. Requires North Star Horizon and DISCUS M26 hard disk unit for operation. Includes CP/M. JOESHARE and manual $750

JOEDOS, JOESHARE. HDSHARE. 5.2SHARE and DOSCHG are registered trademarks of

Micro Mikes, Incorporated

North Star and Horizon are registered trademarks ot North Star Computers. Inc.

DISCUS and M26 are registered trademarks of Morrow Designs, Inc.

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc.

Copyright 1980 Micro Mike's, Inc. All rights reserved worldwide

Circle 96 on Inquiry card.

HDSHARE™ — North Star Horizon/North Star Hard Disk Timesharing System. A version of JOESHARE with all of the features of JOEDOS using the North Star hard disk. HDSHARE allows multiple users to access as many as four 18 megabyte North Star hard disk units, simultaneously operating programs through North Star DOS or through CP/M.

HDSHARE —Micro Mike's North Star Horizon timesharing/North Star hard disk operating system. Requires North Star Horizon and North Star hard disk system for operation. Includes CP/M. HDSHARE and manual $750

5.2SHARE™ —North Star Horizon/Floppy Disk Timesharing System. Micro Mike's floppy disk timesharing system has some new enhancements. 5.2SHARE now supports 8,10,12, and 14 digit floating point and standard North Star BASIC with as many as four DISCUS 8" drives, operating in conjunction with the Horizon's 5V*" drives to provide in excess of 5 megabytes of external storage.

5.2SHARE — Micro Mike's interrupt-driven, bank switching timesharing for the North Star Horizon computer. Includes 8" drive software interface. For double density or quad capacity systems only. 5.2SHARE and manual $395

DOSCHG™ — Micro Mike's 8" drive interface to North Star DOS and BASIC. Requires North Star Micro Disk System and DISCUS 8" drives and controller for operation. DOSCHG and manual $150

Program operation manuals are available for preview before, software purchase.

Program Operation Manuals for each program $25

(Applies toward purchase of program)

Programs are available in double density/quad capacity format only. Prices are subject to change without notice.

Contact your North Star dealer or Micro Mike's. Send $1 for descriptive literature.

JUAAifce

Micro Mike's, Inc.

o

905 South Buchanan Amarillo, Texas 79101 USA Telephone: 806/372-3633

making technology uncomplicated... for People

BYTE November 1980

159

Could you pass this

Red Cross swimming test?

SWIM:

1. Breaststroke —100 Yds.

2. Sidestroke-lOOYds.

3. Crawl stroke -100 Yds.

4. Back crawl-50 Yds.

5. On back (legs only) - 50 Yds.

6. Turns (on front, back, side).

7. Surface dive—underwater swim—20 Ft.

8. Disrobe—float with clothes —5 mins.

9. Long shallow dive. 10. Running front dive. 11.10-minute swim.

Anybody who's taken a Red Cross swim course knows how tough it can be.

There's a good reason.

We believe drowning is a serious business.

Last year alone, we taught 2,589,203 Americans not to drown—in the seven different swim courses we offer all across the country. (Incidentally, most of the teaching —as with almost everything American Red Cross does—is done by dedicated volunteers.)

A good many of the youngsters not only are learning to keep themselves safe. Thousands upon thousands of them are learning to become lifesavers.

And the life they save—it just might be your own.

~.»

Peter Vaeth-Photography

Red Cross counting on you.

Photo 1: Front view of the Altos ACS 8000-2 computer, which has 64 K bytes of memory and two dual-density, single-sided disk drives.

Photo 2: Interior view of the ACS 8000-2, which is, as are all the Altos models, a singleboard, Z80-based computer.

floppy-disk controller/formatter device to manage up to four 8-inch drives. The 1771-1 is directly integrated into the single-board design of the Altos.

The double-density version requires some additional control circuitry and uses the 1791-1 device;

thus the board supporting doub edensity disks is slightly larger. All versions of the ACS8000 are available with either single-sided or doublesided Shugart drives.

All boards have a fifty-pin expansion connector that allows the user to access all Z80 address, data, and con

160 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 97 on Inquiry card.

Whatever happened to eenie, meenie, miney, mo?

I could be another . Solomon..

'This may put the Godfather jjut ofbusiness.

Ufonly my heart would stop\

gracing.

It must use

Bayesian,

weighted factor

^analysis, and...

Maybe this'11 help me choose a career..

I could use it to select my staff.

Would I rather have Winston's millions' or Billy Joe's love?

Hmmmm...

could be

my ticket

to the Boardroom.

Should I

buy stock

or commodities

in this economy?

/ /

V ^ i

u

IM

When Decision Master speaks everybody listens.

Let's face it. We all have to make decisions. Decisions that can change our lives. Decisions th make us happy or unhappy. Decisions that could win us fame or fortune. Now. DecisionMusl can help you make the best decisions of your life.

Use Bayesian theory to peer into the future ...even if you've never heard of the Bayes' Rule Do a complete weighted factor analysis.. .without knowing what one is. Use discounted cash How to compare investment alternatives without bothering with present value tables. These and other sophisticated theories that were once the exclusive domain of professors and top business executives are built into DeeisionMaster's algorithms... so you can use them at the touch of a key!

DecisionMasteriseasytou.se. It features:

• A fully documented manual developed by an authority in the field.

• A unique program-controlled cross reference system.

You'll use DecisionMaster in hundreds of routine decisions as well as more important ones such as* Buying a hotise • Changing jobs* Selecting investment* Evaluating insurance policies' Expanding product lines' Leasing vs. purchasing.

If you buy only one computer program this year, make it DecisionMaster. And when it speaks. listen.

5p

NOW YOU'RE TALKING!

THE SOURCE

MICRONET

CBBS:

COMPUTER

BULLETIN

BOARD

SYSTEM

YOUR

COMPUTER

WITH

BSTMS

THE

ASYNCHRONOUS DIAL-UP

YOUR . CHOICE

ABBS:

APPLE

BULLETIN

BOARD

SYSTEM

"BSTMS"

Byrom Software Terminal Monitor System

The missing link between your CP/M system and remote computers everywhere!

■ talks to most dial-up remote computers.

■ stores data from remote computers in CP/M files.

■ copies data to CP/M list device if desired.

■ transmits files to the remote computer.

■ it will even "talk" to another CP/M console.

■ features EXPAND and COMPRESS programs to translate binary files into character files and vice versa.

■ uses the same simple installation procedure as BSTAM.

This system is great for recording data from remote time-sharing systems! It makes it possible to do local processing of data on a micro and then transmit it to the mainframe. This software requires a knowledge of assembler language for installation.

5>^UU per computer. $^!b for manual alone.

Prices reflect distribution on 0" single density diskettes. If a formal is requested which requires additional diskettes, a surcharge of S8 per additional diskette will be added.

Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer. MicroNET is a trademark of CompuServ. CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research.

Lifeboat Associates

1651 Third Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10028 (212) 860-0300 Telex: 220501

trol lines. Aitos does not use the conL nector for expansion purposes because of its single-board philosophy, but it is there for the special needs of the users.

Optional Components

The ACS8000 has provisions for some special components that are optional on all of the standard systems. The Z80 DMA (direct memory access) controller is a very sophisticated device that can be programmed to perform block data transfers from memory to memory, from memory to an I/O port, or vice versa. The device can also be programmed to search for a byte within a block, with or without transfer of the block. The device has one DMA channel that can be set up to work in four different modes:

• single-byte mode — in which eac memory access operates on a single byte of data

• burst mode — in which the device keeps control of the bus for as long as data is continuously ready

• continuous mode — in which the device retains bus control for the entire operation

• transparent mode — in which the device operates only during memory refresh time so it does not slow down the processor

I was informed by Altos that, although the Z80 DMA device can be plugged into the system, there is no way to use it under CP/M. The OASIS multiuser operating system is set up to use DMA to access a disk, however.

The Advanced Micro Devices Am9511 arithmetic processor is another optional device that provides fixed and floating-point arithmetic and floating-point trigonometric and mathematical operations. It may be used to speed up computational capabilities of the system. All commands and data transfers take place on an 8-bit, bidirectional data bus. Transfers to and from the 9511 may be handled by the Z80 under program control (with IN and OUT instructions) or through the Z80 DMA device. The Am9511 can be programmed to generate interrupts upon completion of arithmetic functions.

Altos also plans to introduce a

2708/2716 EPROM programmer that

will plug into the parallel-port con

Text continued on page 166

162 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

SAVE

APPLE®ond TRS-80<§

"APEX" NEW DISK OPERATING SYSTEM FOR THE APPLE®

Fully Professional DOS for the Apple II. The result of two years of exfensive development, APEX provides o complete program development and file management system. A comprehensive command set allows the user to perform almost any imaginable disk operation.

• Command structure similar to CPM® and main frame systems. Contains 20 command words.

• Easy program interface. Simple communications.

• Capable of handling 5 inch, 8 inch, ond hard disks.

• Safety features to protect against accidental data loss. Features include backup files, directory, read after-wrire & limit checks.

• 4 times faster than CPM®.

• Aufo default structure eliminates tedious typing by automatically setting up command strings, file names, etc.

• Functional on both single ond multi-drive systems.

• Device handler structure for interfacing peripherals.

The APEX package includes all of the tools for a complete assembly language development system, high speed two pass resident assembler and a powerful macro editor.

The complete APEX package with operating system, assembler, editor and manuals, also includes utilities to maintain files.

APEX

$99

RELATED SOFTWARE XPLO >79

FOCAL™ *59

SAVE ON APPLE II 16K

FREE MEMORY UPGRADE KIT TO 46K WITH PURCHASE OF APPLE II 16K

(MTI ONLY)

M195

INTRODUCTORY OFFER

SAVE $300 TRS-80 Graphics List $949

OKIDATA IfMICROLINE 60

OUR PRICE

>649

1-60 SoffCard

»399

The Source $100

Applesoftware.. $29.95

MTI APPLE 8" DISK SYSTEM

*One SA800R Floppy

*1 Drive Chassis & Power Supply

•Controller, Coble ond DOS

M439

Drives for any Microcomputer

Does not include power supply & cabinet.

PertecFD200 $282

Shugart SA400 $279

MPIB51 $279

MPID91 $399

FD250 $059

SA800/601 $479

D52 $349

D92 $525

Printers

f fc !^%* 9 '■■■^ .^fc. 4» A ^b.

Cenrronic 779 $1.069

Dose 2 $649

Centronics 737 $939

Centronics 702-9 $1,995

Anadex9501 $1,549

Malibu $2,395

spinwriter $2,549 Daisy Wheel.

$1779

A new enhanced NEWDOS for the TRS-80.

The most powerful Disk Operating System for the TRS-80, designed for the sophisticated user and professional programmer who demands the ultimate.

NEWDOS/80 is the planned upgrade from NEWDOS 2.1. Some of the features are.

• New BASIC commands for files with variable record lengths up to 4095.

• Mix or march drives. Use 05, 40 or 80 track 5" disk drives or 8" disk drives, or combo.

• Security boor-up for BASIC or machine code application programs.

• New editing commands.

• Enhanced RENUMber that allows relocation.

• Command chaining.

• Device handling for routing to display and printer simultaneously.

• DFG function; striking of D, F and G keys allows user to enter a mini-DOS without disturbing program.

• Compatible with NEWDOS & TR5DOS.

• Machine language Superzap/60 2.1 JAJIQ utilities and enhanced debug and copy. I ^T r

Disk Drive Sale!

Complete with power supply and chassis.

TF-3 Shugarr SA400 $339

Pertec FD200, 40 track $379

•TF 5 MPI B51, 40 track $369

•TF 7 Micropolis 77 track $579

TDH-1 Dual Sided drive

35 track $499

TF-3M Drive Sys 2 Shugart ... $699

Disk Expansion System

•2 Shugarr

SA400 TF-3 $678

•1 Two-Drive Cable $ 26

• 1 Expansion

Interface 32K $459

•1 35-rrack DOS+ $ 99

TOTAL LIST PRICE $1262

SPECIAL

PRICE

ONLY

Same as obove but includes TRS-60® Level II

11,149

M949

NEWDOS+

40 track $110

NEWDOS+

35 track $ 99

Microconductor, Data Base Mgr.

Modi $249

Mod II $399

AJA Business Pkg $359

The Source $100

Basic Compiler $195

Mail List $60

Electric pencil $150

NEW

TF-8 80 TRACK DISK DRIVE

Double Your Capacity

TF-9 DUAL 80 TRACK DISK DRIVE

Quadruple Your Capacity

J639 *789

8" Floppy Disk Drive System

for Model I

• OneSA801 Floppy

• NEWDOS 80

• Cable b Adapter

«x

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TECHNOLOGY INCORPORATED

$1095

3304 West MacArthur

Santa Ana, CA 92704

(714) 979-9923

TELEX Order Desk Only 678-401 800-854-7222 TAD IRIN

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4401 South Tamarac Parkway

Denver, CO 90237

(303)741-1778

Circle 98 for MTI

Circle 99 for Apparat

BYTE November 1980 163

CP/M Features With Altos Systems

All the standard CP/M system utilities are available:

• ED: context (text) editor.

• ASM: CP/M standard (nofrills) 8080 assembler.

• LOAD: loader, converts hexadecimal-ASCII format files to absolute machine-code files.

• DDT: CP/M Dynamic Debugging Tool.

• PIP: Peripheral Interchange Program that is used to move and copy disk files from disk to disk and can also be used to copy files from disk to printer or from a reader device to disk.

• SYSGEN: CP/M utility that generates new system disks.

• DUMP: prints the contents of a file on the display in hexadecimal (base 16) form.

• SUBMIT: CP/M batch facility: executes a series of console commands from a disk file.

Some additional commands and utilities are available:

• MOVCPM: CP/M utility that is used to relocate the CP/M operating system depending on system memory size.

• STAT: displays status of various device assignments and shows the amount of free space left on each on-line.

• MTS: memory-test program that performs a destructive memory test on system memory.

• SETUP: utility that modifies the boot-load sector of a disk. It also allows a disk to be flagged for single- or double-density operation and sets the printer data rate at boot-load time.

• REFORM: disk-formatting utility that allows the user to format a disk for single- or doubledensity operation. Disks may be formatted to be either IBM 3740- compatible or Intel ISIS-II format. Altos has its own format for double density.

• DTEST: disk-test utility that checks out both drives and disks on the system.

• SINGLE: followed by the letter designation of a drive (A, B, C, D), will set up the drive for

single-density operation.

• DOUBLE: works the same as SINGLE but sets the designated drive for double-density operation.

• COPY: will copy data track by track from the disk in drive A to drive B.

• FILES: will display the filecontrol-block information in hexadecimal for all files on a disk.

Other files are included with the system:

• BOOT.ASM: an assembler source for the boot loader.

• ALTOSE.ASM: an assembler source for the ALTOS-E 2708 EPROM.

• CBIOS.ASM: an assembler source for the custom Basic Input/Output System (CBIOS) in CP/M. This allows the user to make further operating-system modifications as needed.

UCSD Pascal Operating System

Initializing the System In order to make UCSD (University of California, San Diego) Pascal fully operational on the Altos, a user-written procedure that does direct cursor addressing on video terminals must be added to the operating system. Referred to as GOTOXY, the procedure accepts two integer variables as input and positions the cursor on the screen accordingly. Since there are so many different video terminals, it is the responsibility of the user to write the GOTOXY procedure. After compiling it, the user must execute a program called BINDER which links GOTOXY to the SYSTEM.PASCAL file.

The other initialization program is called SETUP. When executed, the user is given a set of options including Help and Teach. SETUP modifies a table of key assignments and terminal commands, allowing the user to customize the operating system to a particular terminal. Most keys may also have a prefix (eg: Escape) to allow for terminals that send escape sequences for certain user-definable keys. For example, many terminals have a separate keypad for cursor control

(eg: Up, Down, Home, etc). The escape sequence for "cursor home" on many terminals is Escape-H; or 27,72 in decimal ASCII codes. In SETUP, the cursor-home function could be defined as having a prefix code and the decimal value 72 (or H as the character code).

Other Features

The Pascal Operating System has some other unique features. When compiling a program, Pascal will list error messages and ask if you want to continue or return to the editor. If the latter option is chosen, the operating system loads the editor and places the cursor on the character where the compilation error was detected. This feature saves a great deal of time when correcting syntax and logic errors.

The Filer also has some interesting features. Basically, the Filer is a utility program that lists directories of disks and manipulates files directly in the conventional disk-operatingsystem mode. On request, the Filer will create a duplicate directory for backup purposes. The Filer also has a routine for locating bad blocks on disk. If a bad sector is found, it will be marked as an immovable file in the directory.

Altos is marketing Pascal/M and a C compiler. The firm is also in the process of providing harddisk backup on cartridge tape. The company is also introducing an asynchronous communications package for Altos computers (price: $100) and a bisynchronous IBM 3780 protocol package that allows the Altos to go on line in batch mode to an IBM host computer. The price is $1000.

In version II.0 of Pascal, the Debugger package is missing. I was informed by Altos that it was having problems with it and that a new version would be available with the next release. Altos also said that Pascal/M does have a full Debug option and that it will be available shortly.

164 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 100 on inquiry card.

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Text continued from page 162

nector. This project has been delayed because of software development priorities.

Hard-Disk Capability

Altos' third single-board version of the ACS8000 has an on-board harddisk controller in addition to the floppy-disk controller. Hard-disk storage may start at 14.5 megabytes and can be expanded up to 58 megabytes.

Multiuser Versions

The system that I received was an ACS8000-2 with 64 K bytes of memory and two dual-density, single-sided floppy-disk drives. As described in the literature, the ACS8000-2/MU2 is a two-user system with 112 K bytes of memory and two double-density single-sided drives.

Memory is divided into banks, with a 16 K-byte system area and two or more 48 K-byte user areas. A fouruser ACS8000-2/MU4 is the same as an MU2 but with 208 K bytes of memory. The largest non-hard-disk configuration would be an ACS8000

1K BYTES EPROM

32K TO 208K BYTES OF USER MEMORY

(32K TO 64K ON SINGLE USER SYSTEMS, 112K FOR 2 USERS, 208K FOR 4 USERS)

All Altos systems run either CP/M or Altos multiuser executive AMEX.

4/MU4 with 208 K bytes of memory for four users and four doubledensity, double-sided floppy-disk drives.

The smallest hard-disk multiuser configuration would be an ACS80006/MU2 with 112 K bytes of memory, two double-density, single-sided drives and a one-platter hard disk yielding 14.5 megabytes of space. This system would have four serial I/O ports and two parallel ports.

The largest configuration would be an ACS8000-9/MU4 with 208 K bytes for four users, four doubledensity, double-sided floppy-disk drives and 58 megabytes of hard-disk space. A total of six serial ports and two parallel ports would be available on the system; these can be used to support four terminals and two other peripherals.

Z80A MICROPROCESSOR

a

CONTROL

I 1

I I

| OPTIONAL L

I DMA

I

I

OPTIONAL I FPP AM9511

I

I 1

I OPTIONAL I HARD DISK I CONTROLLER

I (14.5 TO 58 | MEGABYTES) I I

FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER

(UP TO 4 Bin. DRIVES)

_ST0

PORT

c

c

USER DEFINED

_P 10

PORT

USER DEFINED

Figure 1: Block diagram of the Altos ACS8000 systems.

166 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Software

All Altos systems run either Digital Research's CP/M operating system or Altos multiuser executive AMEX. AMEX is functionally compatible with CP/M, using the same disk formats and operating-system conventions. If you plan to use a hard disk, AMEX is a necessity since straight CP/M supports only floppy disks. CP/M version 2.0, which directly supports hard disks, and MP/M, the multiprogramming version of CP/M, are also available.

Optional Software

The Altos CP/M has been customized to allow for printout spooling and despooling. In this process, printed material is stored on disk until the printer is free. This option allows printers to be driven in the background mode so that printing may go on while the computer is doing something else.

Another software option is for use with the Microsoft FORTRAN-80 compiler. A FORTRAN servicesubroutine library called APULIB makes use of the Am9511 floatingpoint processor to speed up arithmetic computations in FORTRAN by a factor of 10 or more. A typical FORTRAN program performing extensive calculations could run about four times faster with APULIB.

The other major software option is the UCSD Pascal operating system. Altos offers it as a separate and distinct operating system for the ACS8000. This operating system consists of a file manager, an editor, a Pascal compiler, a BASIC compiler, a macroassembler for the Z80, an interactive debugger, and a linker/librarian. UCSD (University of California, San Diego) Pascal runs as a P-machine interpreter. All portions of the operating system and some other run-time subroutines are written in Pascal, with the exception of portions of the P-machine interpreter. Pascal is also patched to handle the Am9511 arithmetic processor for greater computational speed. The Z80 CTC is also set up to act like a real-time clock. Unfortunately, the real-time clock is not accessible by the user; it is used internally to improve the performance of the disk interface.

Altos Documentation

The manual shipped with the Altos consists of the following segments:

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• an operating manual which contains a hardware and software overview section

• setup and checkout guides

• a CP/M operating guide

• a troubleshooting section

• all the schematic diagrams

The manual also includes the SA800/801 disk-drive maintenance manual and six publications from Digital Research covering all aspects of CP/M.

Setting Up and Using a New System

My Altos is hooked up to a video terminal set to 9600 bps. When power is applied, the Altos displays the two prompt characters % * on the console, which means that the EPROM monitor is in control. (If reset is depressed, the same response is given.) If a floppy disk is inserted into drive A (the drive on the right-hand side) and reset is depressed, the monitor will automatically begin loading the operating system from the disk. If you are running CP/M, the message "32 K ALTOS DOS VERS 1.47" will be displayed, followed by A> on the next line. The A character means that the disk in drive A is the currently active disk, while the > indicates that CP/M is ready to receive commands.

After the machine displayed the A> prompt, I tried to enter the DIR

command to display the directory, with no success. I reset the system and tried again — still nothing. Then I decided to check the RS-232 cable and connectors to see if the transmit and receive lines were hooked up properly. After experimenting with my own 8080-based system to make sure the terminal would talk to it and still finding no problems, I called Altos: the gentleman I spoke with suggested that I make sure that pin 20 (Data Terminal Ready) of the RS-232 cable was hooked up. I took apart my cable and found that pin 20 was not connected. A quick resoldering job solved the problem. (I later discovered that the Altos manual discusses the problem in the section on troubleshooting, but I had apparently not seen it on my first reading of the manual.)

One of my complaints about the Altos is that the console data rate is defined in firmware — in the EPROM. The system can be used only if you have a 9600 bps terminal (at least, to start with). Even after the initial load, there is no way to easily modify the data rate short of creating a new EPROM.

CP/M has a SETUP command that allows the user to change the bootload characteristics of a disk. The printer data rate, the system clock rate (2 MHz or 4 MHz), and the density of the disk may be redefined for each system disk. It would seem

reasonable to be able to modify the console data rate also, but this is not currently the case.

Formatting Disks

The next thing I tried to do was to create a backup copy of the master system disk. The documentation for this procedure is fairly accurate, but important instructions are left out.

The first step is to insert a blank disk (with the label side facing down) into drive B, the left-hand drive. The REFORM command will reformat a disk for any of several disk formats. After typing in REFORM, the computer asks you to enter a number corresponding to the type of format that will be used and to indicate whether the blank disk is in drive B (in a twodrive system) or drive D (in a fourdrive system).

The first time I tried to format a disk, I got errors on top of errors. The documentation failed to mention that the write protect notch on the disk must be covered to allow read/write operation. Since I usually work with 5 -inch floppy disks, I am used to covering the write protect notch to protect a disk, not to unprotect it. After trying everything I could think of, it finally occurred to me that the notch might need to be covered to work. [This method of disk protection is standard for 8-inch disks, so neither Altos nor its documentation is in error here. Still, this situation

At a Glance

Name of computer

Altos ACS8000 series

Software included

ALTOS-E monitor (in

Manufacturer

Altos Computer Systems 2360 Bering Dr San Jose CA 95131 (408) 946-6700

Hardware options

read-only memory)

an 9511 arithmeticprocessor board; Winchester hard disk; multiple

Price Processor

from $2840 (ACS8000-1S) Z80A (8-bit)

Software options

users

Operating systems: AMEX, CP/M MP/M OASIS

Memory Mass Storage

64 K bytes (expandable to 208 K bytes on a multiuser system)

one to four 8-inch, singleor double-density, singleor double-sided, Shugart floppy-disk drives

Languages

UCSD Pascal.

FORTRAN-80; MBASIC, MBASIC-80, CBASIC II; COBOL-80, CIS COBOL; Vanguard APL, PL/1-80, Z80 Macro Assembler

Other hardware features

includes serial printer port, two user-definable parallel ports

168 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 101 on inquiry card.

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always causes problems for people who are accustomed to working with 5-inch floppy disks. . . ,GW]

Altos Demonstration Programs

The CP/M disk that came with the system had a number of demonstration programs, including a biorhythm program in BASIC, a rather poor implementation of tic-tac-toe, a number-guessing game, and a program that did nothing but compute and print square roots. The business package demonstration programs included a payroll generator and an automobile parts-list/inventory program.

The only documentation provided with any of these business demo programs was a single typed page giving

hopelessly inadequate operating instructions. I never succeeded in making any of the nongame programs work.

Final Remarks

• The hardware of the Altos ACS8000 is well designed, although the documentation of some of its components is absent. The computer uses several sophisticated, optional support chips such as the countertimer, the serial and parallel ports, and the Am9511 arithmetic processor. However I had to look over the manufacturers' specification sheets and application notes to find out anything about them.

• The software of the Altos ACS8000 is not as well supported, but the

CP/M, AMEX, UCSD Pascal, and OASIS operating systems are available. Altos has provided no software support for the specialized hardware built into the system.

• Languages available from Altos include FORTRAN-80, MBASIC, MBASIC-80, CBASIC II, COBOL-80, CIS COBOL, Vanguard APL, PL/I-80,. and Z80 Macro Assembler. Numerous other languages are available from other sources for use with the CP/M operating system.

• The Altos ACS8000 is strong on hardware and weak on software and documentation. Perhaps someday the Altos people will get around to documenting and supporting the best selling points of their product line. ■

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• Real time, crystal controlled clock available

The controller comes complete with full documentation, sample software and is designed to work with most of the popular computers including any S-100 based system, TRS-80-1, Apple II, Heath H8 and others.

Real time clocks are available for all of the above computer systems. When used with the controller, true time scheduling is realized. All clocks are crystal controlled and have battery backup for accurate and reliable operation Interrupts allow Foreground/Background operation of two programs simultaneously. Clock data includes year, month, date, day of week, hour, minute, and second.

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170 November 1980 © BYTE Publications lnc

Circle 102 on inquiry card.

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Advertising Design Asterisk Associates BYTE November I960 171

Seventh Annual

SIGGRAPH

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Kenneth Livingston

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The Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Special Interest Group on Computer Graphics (SIGGRAPH) held its seventh annual conference on July 14 thru 18, at the Seattle (Washington) Center (former site of the Seattle World's Fair). This conference, like all of the recent SIGGRAPH conferences, was extremely well attended. Over 1200 people registered for the two-day preconference tutorials. More than 2300 people registered for the three-day conference itself. Participants came from nearly every state, Canada, several European countries, and Japan.

Preconference Tutorials

Each year, the conference organizers have sought to provide participants with an opportunity to not only attend the conference, but also to acquire additional information and expertise about graphics through a series of tutorial sessions. These are led by well-known computing and graphics professionals from both industry and education. This year's eight tutorial sessions included these topics:

• Introduction to Computer Graphics

• Introduction to Raster Graphics

• Advanced Raster Graphics

• Computer-Aided Design

• Low-Cost Graphics

• Graphic Design and Information Graphics

• Animation Graphics

• User Interfaces to Graphic Systems

These tutorials ranged in level of expertise from novice to expert and provided a means for everyone to advance technically.

The session on low-cost computer graphics addressed issues relating to the use of graphics capabilities of personal-computing hardware. Many of these systems can be configured at costs of about $2000. Given today's economy, systems in this price range can be very appealing to small businesses, public-school systems, and small

Photos 1 thru 6 by Kenneth Livingston.

172 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

colleges and universities. At the other end of the scale are large CAD/CAM (Computer-Aided Design/ComputerAided Manufacturing) systems. Typically, these systems are quite expensive, ranging from $40,000 to $300,000 for top-of-the-line systems. Obviously, smaller and less expensive (and, therefore, less comprehensive and versatile) systems exist. The computer-aided design tutorial addressed the needs of medium- and large-scale industry users of CAD/CAM systems.

Included in this session were discussions of CAD /CAM standards for data bases and techniques used for geometric modeling. Geometric modeling is a term used to describe the process of representing a threedimensional object by a series of Cartesian, polar, or homogeneous coordinates with (or without) a series of equations. The object may or may not exist prior to the construction of the numerical or geometric model.

Three other tutorials on raster graphics and animation were oriented toward the use of raster-scan devices. Because raster-scan devices essentially use standard television technology, there is a significant price and performance advantage in their use. Personal-computer owners should be aware of this advantage, as many microcomputer systems have utilized raster-scan (television) technology from the beginning. Discussions of algorithms for modeling three-dimensional objects, simulation of light sources (shading and shadows), surface textures, and display optimization dominated these sessions. An emphasis was placed on the creation of realistic-looking images.

Another group of tutorials centered on what might be termed human factors in computer graphics. Human factors means the interface between human beings and machines. It is an area of computing in general that, while not being totally overlooked, has certainly been slighted. Those of us involved in interactive computing (including graphics) realized long ago, by necessity, how important a friendly, forgiving, and possibly even natural interface is for successful communication between people and machines. The frustration of having an interactive program bomb or hang before completing its task can be overwhelming.

Our batch-oriented colleagues have discovered this recently, primarily because on-line data bases are becoming more popular, and more batch-oriented computing professionals are finding their way into interactive projects. Recently, we have begun to discover the importance of aesthetically pleasing and more understandable graphic output. Many computer-graphics specialists have come into this area from the technical side, rather than from the artistic side. It should come as no surprise, then, that graphic designers can offer much sound advice about graphics layout and design. This information can be very valuable in businesses where executives are accustomed to expecting and demanding professional quality for graphics presented at board meetings and in annual reports. Two tutorials concentrated on psychological aspects, design methodologies, subjective evaluation, and design concepts as they relate to computer-graphics systems.

All of the tutorials were well attended. Although we were unable to attend all of them (they ran concurrently), those sessions we attended were well thought out and carefully presented.

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BYTE November 1980

173

The Conference

In an attempt to emphasize the importance of graphicdesign concepts and the human-factors side of computer graphics, the first session was a special panel presentation chaired by Aaron Marcus, research consultant at Lawrence Livermore Laboratories. This panel featured graphic designers from the United States and Europe. They agreed that we have seen far too many examples of poorly designed graphics—especially computergenerated graphics. Anyone engaging in computer graphics would do well to obtain and read some good textbooks on graphic design, in addition to their computer-graphics texts. While a chart or graph is more understandable than a table of numbers, a well-designed chart or graph is more readable than one which has had no design principles applied to its creation.

The remainder of Wednesday's sessions were split into two concurrent sessions. Papers presented in one group of sessions were quite technical in nature: 'The Theory, Design, Implementation and Evaluation of a ThreeDimensional Surface Detection Algorithm" and "Simulation and Expected Performance Analysis of Multiple Processor Z-Buffer Systems." Papers presented in the other group of sessions were more applications-oriented: "Geographic and Data Base Systems" and "Computer Graphics Moves into the Business World."

The latter area is of specific interest to one of us (Livingston), who is currently involved in the integration of computer graphics and market research. According to Carl Machover of Machover Associates, who chaired the business-graphics panel discussion, there are four computers used in business applications for every computer used in CAD/CAM types of applications. Assuming that these figures are accurate, the business-computer graphics potential is enormous. This position is supported by IBM's recent entry into the low-cost, color, business-graphics marketplace with its Model 3279 display terminal. Recent articles in Harvard Business Review (January 1980) and the Wall Street Journal also seem to reinforce this position.

Thursday's sessions embraced a wide variety of topics. Sessions dedicated to graphics software and languages, surfaces, and applications filled the morning. Papers were presented at these sessions ranging from the design of a LISP-based graphics language, to three-dimensional representation and rendering algorithms, and to stereographic displays of atmospheric data. (This latter session proved to be very interesting to us for reasons having little to do with computer graphics. The materials chosen for displays represented conditions existing in the Omaha, Nebraska, area—sixty miles away from our homes—when the 1975 tornado struck that area.)

Thursday-afternoon sessions were oriented toward rather specialized areas of computer graphics:

• Computer Graphics and Television

• Animation

• CAD/CAM

• User Views of CAD/CAM

Recent uses of computer graphics in television were discussed, including a presentation by ABC Sports on their use during the Winter Olympics. The CAD/CAM sessions included reports on graphics used in planning electrical-distribution systems, ship-hull design, and graphics at the Ford Motor Company. There was also a panel discussion addressing productivity gains and expec

tations achieved through the use of CAD/CAM systems.

Friday's sessions included discussions of graphics standards, human factors (more), and raster techniques. The question of graphics standards is of particular importance to those who regularly attempt to transport graphics programs or systems from one computing environment to another. While other areas of computing developed standards long ago (eg: COBOL, FORTRAN, Pascal, etc), the graphics area had not attempted such a feat until quite recently. This has all begun to change, thanks to the work of the SIGGRAPH CORE standards committee.

The human-factors presentations included discussions on color and how it is perceived by the human eye, and on a prototype voice- and gesture-input interface being developed at MIT. An afternoon session on rastergraphics techniques completed the conference program.

Perhaps the only negative criticism we offer concerns the famous SIGGRAPH film festival. This has become an annual event since its informal inception, at the first SIGGRAPH conference, on the balcony of one participant's dormitory room at the University of Colorado in Boulder. This year's film festival was held in a hotel ballroom designed to hold no more than 1500 people. With 1900 people packed into the crowded space, and lines waiting to get in, the hotel's management restricted access to the ballroom for safety reasons. A greatly abbreviated second showing left many participants frustrated. The film festival is a forum for some of the best computer graphics and animation produced during the preceding year and is always enlightening and well attended. We sincerely hope next year's conference committee takes the film festival's popularity into consideration during planning.

The Exhibition

Although this was the seventh annual SIGGRAPH conference, it was only the fifth annual SIGGRAPH exhibition. There were ninety-nine vendors listed in the exhibition guide for SIGGRAPH '80. At SIGGRAPH '76 (the first exhibition), there were only ten. This says much about the growth of this part of the industry. Another indicator of growth, according to Ken Anderson of the Anderson Report (a newsletter devoted to computer graphics), is the fact that last year the computer-graphics industry reached $1 billion in delivered products. The computing industry as a whole does approximately $40 billion in delivered products per year.

Several vendors at the exhibition were of special interest to personal-computer users. ABW Corporation demonstrated its TEKSIM package. TEKSIM allows the Apple II user to access the Tektronix Plot-10 software. Although the Apple/TEKSIM combination offers only about one-fourth the resolution of a Tektronix terminal, advantages such as lower cost, color displays, selective erase, and standard video output are claimed by the vendor. Apple Computer Inc displayed both the Apple II and III computers. Calcomp, which most of us think of as a vendor for the large-host user, demonstrated its 1051 drum plotter (among other products). The Model 1051 is an RS-232C-compatible, relatively low-cost product, which, considering Calcomp's quality reputation and service organization, makes it a viable product for passivegraphics production on small systems.

Cromemco, with which most personal-computer users are familiar, brought its line of high- and mediumresolution graphics hardware to the exhibition. Recent

174 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

emphasis on efficient software designed to increase the productivity of the programmer and end user is evident in Cromemco's recently announced high-resolution graphics-software package. Digital Engineering, Inc, was present with its Retro-Graphics printed-circuit board. This transforms the Lear-Siegler ADM-3A terminal into a graphics terminal compatible with the Tektronix Plot-10 software package. This company also makes a cross-hair graphic-input cursor and a printer for the modified terminal. Houston Instruments, a division of Bausch & Lomb Corporation, displayed much of its pen-plotter line and its more recently developed electro-static plotter line.

An eight-color, eight-pen digital plotter was displayed by Soltec Corporation. This is an interesting approach to low-cost, multipen, passive graphics. The plotter is basically a single-pen plotter with "parking stalls" for additional pens and enough native intelligence to relocate each pen for changes in color and line weight, or for an optional cross-hair cursor for digitizing. Summagraphics exhibited its popular Bit-Pad One, a low-cost approach to graphic-data-entry problems.

Tektronix was present with nearly everything in its line of graphics terminals and its stand-alone 4050 series of desk-top graphics computers. Hewlett-Packard also displayed its line of desk-top graphics computers including the Model 9845C color machine. The spaceshuttle image on this machine was very impressive.

Also present were vendors oriented toward heavy

Photo 1: Megatek's new Wizzard color terminal. It also heralds the development of Megatek's device-independent software.

Photo 2: Overview of exhibition area. The Calcomp booth is in the center foreground. Tektronix is in the center mid-way back. IBM and Hewlett-Packard are in the center rear and Megatek is to the right in the foreground.

Photo 3: The Hewlett-Packard 9845C color desk-top computer is being demonstrated by using an image of the space shuttle.

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graphics users. CAD/CAM applications by Computervision, Inc, were shown. IBM showed entries for all levels: the 3279 color terminal for low- to mid-level businessgraphics users, the 3277 graphics-attachment feature for the mid-level engineering users, and the 3250 for CAD/CAM applications. Vector General and Adage featured their high-performance vector-display devices. Megatek, with a popular display booth, exhibited its new line of Wizzard graphics terminals.

With nearly 100 vendors displaying recent developments, it is not possible to describe all the new products. Suffice it to say that there was something for everyone at the exhibition. If too little information could be gleaned from vendor representatives at their display booths, many vendors also conducted forum sessions from morning until evening. Technical and management people were there to answer more detailed questions about their products.

There are three things we want to reemphasize as being significant in the computer-graphics industry:

• First, the continued development of lower-cost color graphics terminals—the user's capital expenditures are critical in justifying new approaches in problem solving.

• Second, an increased emphasis on graphics-software standards yielding greater productivity for software developers and end users.

• Finally, the beginning use of computer graphics by and

Photo 4: A Calcomp representative demonstrates the Model 1051 digital plotter.

for management, as opposed to its historically limited use as an engineering tool.

These items are very important to the growth of the computer-graphics industry. This exhibition, the conference, and the tutorials were dedicated to enhancing these three areas.

Harvey Kriloff and Robert Ellis, cochairmen of the SIGGRAPH '80 conference, and the SIGGRAPH '80 committee are to be commended for the quality of this year's conference. Next year's conference will be held in Dallas, Texas, and is scheduled for August 3 thru 7. Somehow we expect it to be hotter than the 75 degrees of Seattle. If present trends hold up, however, it will also be a fine and interesting conference. ■

Photo 5: IBM's Model 3279 color-graphics terminal. This terminal is oriented toward business and management graphics rather than toward engineering applications.

Photo 6: The Tektronix Model 4054 features a large-screen storage display tube and built-in cartridge-tape drive, with disk drives optional.

176 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE November 1980

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Read what it brings you:

First of all. The Imagination Machine has 9K RAM and 14K BASIC-IN-ROM. A full 53-key professional, typewriter keyboard. A high-resolution picture on your TV set, in eight colors. Fast loading (1500+ baud rate), built-in dual-track cassette deck, for APF's digitally recorded tape programs. Built-in sound synthesizer. And, even a built-in RF modulator, which is a $40 option on other computer systems.

All that, plus user-programmability.

We know sophisticated users aren't going to be satisfied forever using preprogrammed software. (Even though we offer a large library of educational, entertainment, home and business management programs.) So, we made The Imagination Machine user programmable, in both BASIC and MC6800 machine language. To simplify matters, we've just developed the first and only BASIC TUTOR course on cassette. With it, you can learn to program The Imagination Machine in BASIC, with hands-on training, right at the computer.

Some exceptional features.

The Imagination Machine has several unique features that can help you use your time at the computer more effectively.

For example, it stores programs and data on the same cassette tape. (With other computers, you have to read programs from one tape into the computer, remove the tape, put in another tape and store your data on the new tape.)

Another special feature is The Imagination Machine's unique keyword system, which simplifies

BASIC programming. The machine has 24 different programs statements and commands printed at the top of the keyboard. You can enter these 24 into your program without retyping them every time you use them. Instead of typing out "PRINT;' for example, you just press two keys and the word appears on the screen. The system helps prevent typing errors and can speed up entering programs.

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Order The Imagination Machine directly from APF Electronics, with the assurance that if you are not completely satisfied, you can return it within 30 days of purchase for a complete refund. To order, or to learn the name of the dealer nearest you, call TOLL FREE 1-800-223-1264. New York residents call 212-869-1960. MasterCard and VISA accepted.

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BYTE November 1980 179

A Simplified Theory of Video Graphics

This is an interesting time for choosing a personal computer, especially if you are looking for one with a graphics display. As you can see from the summary of specifications in table 1, the available graphics capabilities of the personal computers are all different, and no one model has a clear advantage over all the others. To make your choice even more difficult, some models exhibit undocumented quirks that are not apparent from the specifications.

Your choice of a video-graphics system will depend on what you want to do with graphics and on the performance of the different computers. While I can't help with the first aspect of your decision, I may be able to help you understand system performance by explaining the operating principles of video displays and describing the various combinations of features available on popular personal computers.

The Importance of Video Graphics

Many applications of personal computers are modeled on conventional practices that have been developed over a period of several

About the Author

Allen Watson III began writing FORTRAN programs for scientific analysis soon after receiving his bachelor's degree in mathematics. Later, as a full-time programmer, he wrote IBM System/360 assembly-language programs for the computer-aided design of calculators and has prepared and presented training courses about the Fairchild F-8 and Motorola 6800. Allen is currently writing and editing user manuals for Apple computers.

180 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Parti

Allen Watson HI

1261 Robbia Ct

Sunnyvale CA 94087

years, while graphics displays have been too expensive for general use until quite recently. Many existing computer programs do not use even the simplest graphics, although there are several notable exceptions, such as chess games that use highresolution graphics to display the board and pieces, and music editors that display standard musical notation.

Here's the important point: computer-graphics displays can produce schematic diagrams, music scores, flowcharts, architectural drawings, and the like that are much easier for the person using the computer to understand than the unadorned columns of numbers that are usually associated with computers. Of course, you still might not be able to afford video-graphics displays as powerful as the one used by NASA to simulate the view seen by the pilot of the space shuttle during its return from orbit. Even though they have their limitations, the current small-computer displays will enable you to do a lot of interesting things.

Raster-Scan Video

While there are several different ways of displaying information on a video screen, all of the personal computers presently available use the same kind of raster-scan technique that ordinary television does. We'll take a look at the basic features of this technique, since they are shared by all inexpensive video displays.

Television is an imperfect compromise among several factors:

• resolution, which determines how

much detail we can display

• frame rate (to be discussed later), which is the number of complete pictures transmitted in 1 second

• bandwidth, a measure of the frequency response, of the equipment involved

An increase either in resolution or in frame rate requires an increase in bandwidth, which adds to the cost of the equipment. If we must keep within a limited bandwidth, we can obtain better resolution only at the expense of jerkier motion and vice versa. There is a type of television called slow-scan, for example, that manages to transmit reasonably detailed images over the narrowbandwidth channels used by amateur radio operators, but the resulting frame rate is so low that the illusion of motion is lost. We will see how much bandwidth is necessary for ordinary television after we look at the raster-scan process itself.

If we display a sequence of images that change only slightly from one to the next, and do it fast enough, the eye will not be able to separate them: persistence of vision will cause the separate images to fuse into a "moving" picture. In order to transmit such a sequence of images electronically, each image must be dissected into a series of dots that may be transmitted one at a time. The television camera does this by rapidly scanning the image in a series of horizontal lines which form a raster. The lines are scanned one after another in the same way that a person scans the lines of letters on a printed page. Reading is a process of converting information,

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□ 48k RAM kit $399.95plus $2 posl.it insur. [ j 64k RAM kit $499.95 plus $2 post. & insur.

D 16k RAM Expansion kit (to expand anv of the above in 16k

blocks up to 64k) . . $99.95 plus $2 post. & insur. each : : Intel 8085 cpu Users' Manual . $7.50postpaid. a 12" Video Monitor (lOMHz bandwidth) . . $139.95 plus $5

post. & insur. D Beginner's Pak (see above) $169.95 plus $4 post. & insur. n Experimenter's Pak (see above] $219.95 plus $6 post. &

insur. G Special Microsoft BASIC Pak Without Terminal i set :ah nve|

$329.95 plus $7 post. & insur. D Same as above, plus ASCII Keyboard Terminal With Cabinet,

Gel Free RF Modulator (see above) . $499.95 plus $10 pest.

& insur

a Special 8" Disk Edition Explorer/85 (see above) $1498.95

plus S26 posl. & insur

D Wired &Tesled. , $1799.95 plus $26 post. K insur. O Extra 8" CDC Floppy Drives . $499.95 plus $12 post & insur. D Cabinet & Power Supply For Drive S69.95 plus $3 post &

insur.

□ Drive Cable Set-up For Two Drives $25 plus $1.50 post. & insur.

G Disk Controller Board Wilh I/O Ports $199.95 plus $2 posl

& insur. G Special: Complete Business Software Pak (see above) . .

$699.96 postpaid. SOLD SEPARATF.LY

GCP/M 1.4. $IOOposlpaid.

G CP/M 2.0 $150 postpaid.

G Microsoft BASIC $325 postpaid

G Intel 8085 cpu User Manual 87.50 postpaid. G Level "A" Monitor Source Lisllng I3S postpaid, ^g* Continental USA Credit (ard Buyers Outside Connecticut gw

m CALL TOLL FREE: 800-24:1-7428 m

|H To Order From Connecticut Or For Technical ^V ™ Assistance, call (203) 354-9375 ~

Total Enclosed (Conn res. add sales tax) S

Paid By:

D Personal Check D Cashier's Check/Money Order

□ VISA □ Master Charge (Bank No . )

Accl. No. Exp. Date

Signature

Print

Name

Address

Citt

Sly_

15b

.Zip

NETRONICS Research & Development Lid. 333 Litchfield Road, New Milford, CT 06776

Circle 108 on Inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980

181

Circle 109 on Inquiry card.

CP/M® SOFTWARE

8080 Emulator

RAID is a software-based system rivaling hardware emulators costing thousands of dollars. RAID is absolutely the most advanced and sophisticated debugging system ever developed for a computer. Fully symbolic, including labels, operands and op-code mnemonics, RAID combines real-time and emulation modes in a single package. Tracing by prime path, individual instructions, subroutines and breakpoints is supported. Special feature allows emulation and real-time modes to function together for high speed emulations. Other features include memory search facilities, disk access by track and sector, single-step, multi-step, block move, user-selectable radix, etc. Over 70 commands in all. Requires 24K min. CP/M®2 system.

Raid $250

Manual only $ 25

ISIS1 Conversion

ISIS1 to CP/M® conversion utilities permit CP/M® users to read or write files to or from an ISIS1 diskette. The package consists of three utility programs that read, write and display the ISIS1 directory.

ISIS' - CP/M® Utilities $250

Manual only $ 5

Floating Point Package

'FPP' is a set of 8080 assembly language subroutines that provide 12 digit BCD arithmetic functions for add, subtract, multiply, and divide. BCD arithmetic means no conversion errors and minimal conversion time. Source code is supplied on standard 8" diskette.

FPP on CP/M* diskette $200

FPP on ISIS' diskette $200

Manual only $ 10

/ISIS is a trademark o( Intel Corporation. "CP/M* is a registered trademark of Digital Research.

SOUTHERN COMPUTER SYSTEMS, Inc.

586 Shades Crest Road Birmingham, Al.

Send check or money order to: P.O. Box 3373 A Birmingham, Al. 35205 Phone:205 933-1659

Computer Model

Apple II

Atari 400 and 800

Commodore PET Compucolor II Exidy Sorcerer Radio Shack TRS-80

Text: Lines by Characters

24 by 40

24 by 40

25 by 40 32 by 64 30 by 64 16 by 64

Texas Instruments TI-99/4 24 by 32

Graphics:

Aspect

Method Resolution Ratio

Subcell 40 by 48 4:3

Mapping 280 by 192 4:3

Subcell 160 by 80 8:5

Mapping 280 by 192 4:3

Special 320 by 200 4:3

Subcell 128 by 128 4:3

Special 512 by 240 4:3

Subcell 128 by 48 4:3

Special 256 by 192 4:3

No of

16 6

16 4

Color:

Method

NTSC NTSC

NTSC NTSC

8 R-G-B

16 NTSC

Table 1: A summary of some of the features available in personal computer displays. The graphics capabilities of available personal computers differ, and no one model seems to have a clear advantage. NTSC (National Television System Committee) indicates that American-standard color-video conventions are used. R-G-B indicates that separate red, green, and blue video signals are sent to the monitor.

which is actually all present on the page simultaneously, into a sequence of words that follow one another in time. In a similar fashion, the rasterscan process converts a picture into a sequence of rapidly changing signal levels which represent the brightness of successive points on each scanning line.

When this rapidly changing signal is picked up by a television-receiving set, it is converted back into a visible raster on the screen of the picture tube. The neck of the picture tube contains an electron gun that projects a beam of electrons onto a thin layer of phosphor on the inside of the screen. Wherever the electron beam strikes the phosphor it produces a spot of light whose brightness depends on the intensity of the signal being received.

If the electron beam is swept across the screen so that the spot of light is always in the same relative position as the scanning dot in the camera, the picture will be recreated on the screen. The circuits in the television set controlling the position of the beam must be able to keep in step with the camera, so the picture information is interrupted for a short time at the end of each line (and for a longer time at the end of each frame). During these intervals the signal is changed to an intensity level that is never used for picture information, thus creating synchronization pukes that the television circuits can distinguish from the picture signal.

In this country, the repetition rate for the picture-scanning process was

set at 60 scans per second so that interference from the 60 Hz AC power line will be synchronized; that is, any visible interference effect will stand still on the screen and be less noticeable than it would be if it were moving. Scanning the entire picture 60 times per second amounts to a lot of information per unit of time, and thus requires a very wide bandwidth. The television designers discovered that they could cut the bandwidth requirement in half by making the camera scan every other line during alternate scanning cycles called fields. Two successive fields cover all the lines in the raster 30 times each second, to make a frame. (See figure 1.) Since the lines of the two alternate fields mesh between each other, this technique is called interlaced scanning.

This seems like a rather complicated way of getting 30 frames per second, and you may be wondering whether television wouldn't work just as well with a straightforward scan of the entire raster, 30 times per second. This concept is fine as far as the 60 Hz power-line interference is concerned, but 30 frames per second is too slow for the human eye to merge the image into a continuous picture without noticeable flicker. If you are familiar with filmed motion pictures, you know that they are projected at only 24 frames per second, but a shutter interrupts each frame so that the effective flicker rate is actually 48 frames per second, fast enough for motion to appear continuous.

There are other factors which also

182 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 110 on Inquiry card.

Data Terminals From

MICROMAIL? YES,

Because We Offer....

... A 'Personal Approach'

Towards the Quick and Efficient Handling of Your Individual Order.

... Inventory.

The Equipment You Select is Readily Available from Our Stock.

...Terminals Onlv.

We Specialize in Data Terminal Equipment.

Z^7lsMEW

DIABLO 630

• Uses metalized or plastic print wheels.

• Automatic bi-directional printing.

• Maximum print speed is 40 characters/second.

• Variable column spacing, 120 positions/inch.

• Variable line spacing, 48 positions/inch.

• Forms control; bi-direcitonal paper feed; horizontal, and vertical tabs; left, right, top and bottom margins.

$1999.00

Optional Forms Tractor - $200.00

DIABLO 1650

• Prints at 40 cps, using 88, 92, or 96 char, metalized printwheels.

• Vertical resolution 1/48". Horizontal 1/120". Capable of proportional spacing, bidirectional printing, and graphics under software control.

• Bidirectional normal and direct tabs. Left, right, top and bottom margins. _ _ >._-__ __

R.O. $2890.00 KSR $3155.00

DIABLO 1640

• Uses plastic printwheel and prints at 45 cps. Otherwise, shares identical features with 1650 including:

- Friction or tractor feed, up to 15" wide.

— Cartridge ribbon, fabric or

carbon R.O. $2745.00 KSR $3050.00

• Includes upper/lower case option.

• Bidirectional printing at 150 cps.

• Tractor-feed forms, 3" to 15" wide.

$1599.00

Options:

— Forms length control-$100.00

— Vertical Format Control with Compressed Print-$125.00

DECwriter

LA 34

(Shown with optional forms tractor and numeric keypad).

• Prints 10, 12, 13.2, or 16.5 characters per inch, upper/lower case.

• 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, or 12 lines per inch.

• Friction feed, paper width to 15 inches. AM«M. ««

Options: $96900

- Numeric keypad — $80.00

— Adjustable forms tractor — $130.00 TVj

I Model'AA' $1,099.00

, More Performance/or Your |

SOROC

Displays 80 x 24, upper/lower case.

Separate numeric keypad and cursor keys.

Protected fields displayed at reduced intensity.

$689.00

MO,re Than f I. 810!

Dollar Than ••'■»

ANADEX DP-9500/9501

• High Density Graphics

• Parallel, RS-232C, and Current Loop interfaces standard.

• Double width printing

• 132/175 or 132/220 columns.

• 50 to 220+ lines/min., 150/200 CPS 9x7/7x9 font or 120/200 CPS with 11x9/7x9 font.

• 9-wire print head, 650 million character life.

• Bi-Directional printing with shortest distance sensing logic.

• Adjustable width tractor paper

Call For Low Price

SOROC

IQ140

117-key detachable keyboard with numeric cluster and cursor control.

Insert/delete line, insert/delete character.

Underline, blink, reverse, Vi intensity, protected and blank fields.

Printer port with independent baud rate-prints line, partial or full screen.

$1099.00

eKHCHQKIfHLd

MICROMAIL • BOX 3297 • SANTA ANA, CA 92703 (714) 731-4338

TELEVIDEO 912/920

• Insert/delete line, insert/delete character, line/page erase.

• Reverse video, blinking, underline, Vi intensity, protected field, blank security field.

• Uses 7x10 dot matrix for a high quality u/l case display with descenders.

• Standard typewriter or teletype keyboard; numeric keypad.

• Model 920 includes 17 dedicated keys for function and editing.

• Block or character transmission, auxiliary printer port.

• Cursor up, down, left, right return, home, load, read, tab and back tab.

Call For Low Price

TELETYPE 43

• Prints 132 columns, upper/lower case with true descenders.

• 30 character/second print speed. 110-300 baud.

• Uses 12" wide by 8.5" pinfeed paper.

• Print position scale, paper guide and supply rack.

$999.00

Write or Call In for Our Free Catalogue!

TO ORDER: Send check or money order to: MICROMAIL, P.O. Box 3297, Santa Ana, CA 92703. Personal or company checks require two weeks to clear. All equipment includes factory warranty.

SHIPPING: We ship freight collect by UPS when possible. Larger terminals are shipped by motor freight. Air and express delivery is available on all products.

HANDLING: All orders are subject to MICROMAILs handling charges. Less than $750.00, add 3%. $750.00 to $2 000 00 add 2%. Over $2,000.00. add 1%.

Circle 111 on inquiry card.

CIRCLE COMPUTER SALES Discount computer brokers Northern California's Finest!

THINKERTOYS®

Discus M26® 26 Megabyte Disk The best S100 Winchester disk system on the market Discus® 2D Dbl Dens 8" Floppy

600K bytes per drive Discus® 2 + 2 Dbl Side 8" Floppy 1200K bytes per drive (All Thinkertoys disk systems include CP/M® at no charge) Add-on Dbl-Dens 8" Disk Drive Add-on Dbl-Side 8" Disk Drive Disk Jockey® 2D Controller 16K SuperRam® Static RAM 32K SuperRam® Static RAM 16K MemoryMaster Bank-Select 24K MemoryMaster Bank-Select Switchboard Serial/Parallel I/O DECISION IR Computer System

NORTH STAR COMPUTERS

HORIZON® 2 Drive 32K D/D HORIZON® 2 Drive 32K Quad HDS-18 18-Megabyte Hard Disk RAM32 32K Dynamic RAM RAM 16 16K Dynamic RAM NorthStar Application Software

GODBOUT ELECTRONICS

Z80 Processor - 4Mhz, POJ,

EPROM, Interrupts Dual Processor - 8085/8088

Ease into 16-bit processing Econoram IIA8K Static RAM

... OLD RELIABLE Econoram XIV 16K Static RAM Econoram XX 32K Static RAM

bank-select or extended addressing

very low power . . a great buy Interfacer I Dual Serial I/O

A very flexible board

Full RS232 handshaking Interfacer II Serial/Parallel I/O

PRINTERS

Diablo 630 - The low-cost DAISY

These will be hard to get NEC 5515 RO Serial Interface

Diablo-compatible interface

USED ALPHA MICROS TERMINALS

List

Our

Price

Price

4995

4089

1199

999

1545

1299

795

669

1195

999

429

365

349

295

699

585

399

335

549

465

259

217

call

3095

2537

3595

2947

4999

4097

739

599

499

419

call

295

249

425

359

189

158

349

295

699

594

249 207

249 207

2695

2850

2395 2499

Call

Hazeltine 1420 995

895

Hazeltine 1500 1225

1049

Televideo 920C 975

877

MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS

DM6400 64K Dynamic RAM 895

657

DMB 64K Dynamic Bank-Select RAM 1195

857

Excellent reliability, low cost,

low power ... a good buy

ALTOS

ACS8000-2 64K Dbl-Dens, Sgl-Sided 4500

3995

ACS8000-5 64K DEMO . . . 5990

4795

can upgrade to 4 users and hard disk

MICRO PRO

Word Star 495

379

Super Sort 250

189

Data Star 350

269

Mail Merge (Requires Word Star) 150

119

Prices subject to change without notice. Delivery subject to availability.

Circle Computer Sales

700 Larkspur Landing Circle

Larkspur, CA 94939

415-461-2616

184 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Figure 1: A comparison of the interlaced (la) and noninterlaced (lb) raster-scanning schemes. The standard home television receiver displays a picture made up of two alternating fields, each composed of 262V2 lines. The lines are interlaced to produce a highresolution picture that can be transmitted on a narrow bandwidth signal.

complicate video-display timing. The vertical-retrace interval provides time for the television circuits to return the scanning dot to the top of the screen after each field has been completed. Since no picture information should be viewed during this time, the electron beam must be turned off or blanked: so, this time is also called the vertical-blanking interval.

A complete frame consists of two field scans and two vertical-retrace intervals. Television in the United States uses a total of 525 lines per frame or 262.5 lines per field. Each vertical retrace uses 21 lines, leaving 241.5 lines per field for the transmission of picture information. The odd half-line per field is necessary in order to make the lines of alternate fields interlace properly.

At 30 frames per second, 525 lines per frame is equivalent to 15,750 lines per second or 63.5 (is per line. Since all the lines are scanned in the same direction, the scanning dot must be returned across the screen between the end of one line and the start of the next. This is called horizontal retrace and takes about 15 fis.

Video Monitor Versus the Standard Receiver

So that the engineers at the television station can monitor the quality of the signal that is being transmitted, the picture is displayed on a video monitor (something like a television set without the antenna and tuner). It does not pick up other television broadcasts but is connected directly to the station equipment generating video signals. If the outgoing video signal already has the horizontal and vertical synchronizing pulses, it is called composite video. Most video monitors are also capable of accepting the video signals and synchronizing signals separately.

Because the monitor gets the signal

before it has been through the various distortions imposed on it by the transmission and reception equipment, the picture displayed on a monitor is much sharper than the one on a home television set. The bandwidth of the video signal displayed by a home set is limited to less than 4.5 MHz, while most video monitors can handle 12 MHz or more.

Home television receivers display less of the picture in another respect: they crop off the edges by generating a raster which is too large for the screen. This deliberate overscanning is done so that the unavoidable errors in the positioning of the raster (caused by manufacturing tolerances and changes in the power-line voltage) will not leave unsightly gaps at the edges of the picture. In television broadcasting, no important activity is allowed to occur near the edges of the picture where it might be lost. Personal computers that use standard television receivers for their displays must have similar precautions: data is never displayed on the parts of lines near the sides of the screen, or anywhere on the top or bottom lines.

The television signal is transmitted over the air after it is impressed onto a VHF (very-high-frequency) or UHF (ultra-high-frequency) radio signal by modulation. Modulation is the modification of some characteristic of the VHF or UHF signal, or carrier, in step with the changes in the information that is being transmitted. The particular frequency used for the carrier determines which channel you tune your TV set to in order to pick it up. Circuits in the television can detect the changes in the carrier and extract the information they contain: specifically, the composite-video signal.

If we want to display our computer-generated video on an or

SIRIUS 80+

High Performance

Low Cost Floppy Add-Ons!

The SIRIUS SYSTEMS 80+ Series of Floppy Disk add-ons are designed to provide unmatched versatility and performance for your TRS-80*. Consisting of four different addons, there is a 80+ Series Floppy Disk Drive to meet your needs.

COMMON CHARACTERISTICS

■ 5ms track-to-track access time

■ Auto-Eject m 180 day WARRANTY

■ Exceptional speed stability -1112%

■ Single/Double Density operation

■ Mix any or all 80 + Series on the SS Standard cable

SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS The SIRIUS 80+1 -a single sided, 40 track Drive. Offering 5 more tracks than the Radio Shack model, it cost $120 less. Formatted data storage is 102K/204K Bytes Single/ Double Density.

SiRiuseo+1 $379.95

The SIRIUS 80+2 is a dual sided, 80 track (40 per side) Disk Drive. It appears to the TP.S-80* as TWO 40 track drives yet COST LESS THAN HALF THE PRICE! Even greater savings result since data is recorded on both sides of the media instead of only a single side. This unit may require the SS Standard cable. Formatted data storage is 204K/408K Bytes Single/Double Density.

SIRIUS 80+2 $449.95

The SIRIUS 80+3 - a single sided, 80 track Drive. Offering 21/3 times the storage of a standard Radio Shack Disk Drive, the 80+3 greatly reduces the need for diskettes correspondingly. Additionally, because of the increased storage and faster track-to-track access time, the 80+3 allows tremendously increased throughput for disk based pro

grams! The 80+3 includes SIRIUSs TP.AKSPATCH on diskette (for use with 96 tpi drives). Formatted data storage is 204K/408K Bytes Single/Double Density. SIRIUS 80+3 $499.95

The SIRIUS 80+4 -a dual sided, 160 track (80 per side) 5%" monster! The ultimate in stateof-the-art 5V-" Floppy Disk Technology, the 80+4 is seen by the TRS-80* as two single sided disk drives. Thus, in terms of capacity, one 80+4 is equivalent to 4% standard Radio Shack drives — at a savings of over 73% (not to mention diskettes!!!). (With a double density converter the available memory is huge!) The 80+4 (a 96 tpi drive) includes TRAKSPATCH on diskette and may require the SS Standard cable. Formatted storage is 408K/ 816K Bytes Single/Double Density^ smius 80 + 4 $649.95

All 80+ Series Floppy Disk add-ons operate at 5ms track-to-track but are Expansion Interface limited to 12ms for the TRS-80* 'TRS-80© of Tandy Corp.

ACCESSORIES

SS Standard 2 Drive Cable $29.95

NEWDOS/80-Sophisticated Operating System for the TRS-80* from Apparat $149.95

Save up to 10% with these SIRIUS Packages!

$624.95

$749.95

$1080.95

$1349.95

NEWDOS/80, SIRIUS 80+3, and Two Drive Cable .... NEWDOS/80, SIRIUS 80+4, and Two Drive Cable .... NEWDOS/80, Two (2) SIRIUS 80+3's, Two Drive Cable NEWDOS/80, Two (2) SIRIUS 80+4's, Two Drive Cable

PRIAM

Hard Disks Now Available from SIRIUS

SYSTEMS!

PRIAM's high-performance, iow-cost Winchester disc drives speed up throughput and expand data storage from 20 megabytes to 154 megabytes. And a single controller can be used to operate 14-inch-disc drives wrth capacities of 33,66, or 154 megabytes or floppy-disc-size drives holding 20 and 34 megabytes. So rt'seasy to move up in capacrty, or reduce package size, without changing important system elements or performance.

I Fast, Linear Voice Coil Positioning I 10 ms track-to-track positioning I Fully servoed head positioning I Dedicated servo tracks

m DC Power required only I

■ Simple, parallel Interface

■ Optional SMD Interface

I 50 ms Average Positioning time I 90 ms Maximum Positioning Time I 6.4 ms Average Latency

THE PRIAM LINEUP

Capacity Size

33Mbyr.es 7" x 17" x 20"

66 Mbytes 7" x 17" x 20"

154 Mbytes 7" x 17" x 20"

20 Mbytes 4.62" x 8.55" x 14.25

34 Mbytes 4.62" x 8.55" x 14.25

10.6 Mbytes floppy-size

Model/Disc Size

DISKOS 3350(14"

DISKOS 6650 14

DISKOS 15450 14

DISKOS 2050 8

DISKOS 3450 | 8

DISKOS 1070

All PRIAM DISKOS Drives have a Transfer Rate of 1.03 Mbytes/Sec.

Optional SMD interface available tor $150.

Weight

33 lbs. 33 lbs. 33 lbs. 20 lbs. 20 lbs. (low)

Price $2995 $3749 $4695 $2995 $3745 $2195

SIRIUS SYTEMS offer cases and enclosures for all PRIAM Hard Disk Drives. All 14" Winchester Drives will mount in our 14" Standard Case. The 8' Winchesters have two alternatives; a single drive case and a dual drive case. All SIRIUS SYSTEMS Winchester drive cases include Power Supply, internal cabling, switches, fan, extra AC outlet (not switched, but fused) and possess very adequate ventilation. Drive addressing is done on the rear of the Case and not on the drive iteself to provide ease of use during operation. All WINCHESTER DRIVE Cases are Warranted tor a full year and come in our standard blue-black color scheme. Consult us for current availability and pricing.

Introducing the Versatile, Low-Cost OMEGA Series Controller

As new technological advances bring down the cost of fast, reliable mass data storage, the need for an inexpensive, versatile controller have become greater and greater. To meet this need, SIRIUS SYSTEMS' OMEGA Series Controller was designed.

The SIRIUS OMEGA Series Controller Module utilizes an on-board microprocessor to mediate data transfer to a wide variety of peripherals from an equally wide variety of host computer systems. Up to four Winchester Hard Disks (8" or 14"), four 5%" Floppy Disks Drives and/or up to eight 8" Floppy Disk Drives may be in use at one time. Host systems interfacing is accomplished via a parallel or a serial interface. With the additon of a Personality module, the OMEGA Series Controller Module is directly compatible with many popular computer systems (among them the TRS-80", Apple, Heath, and others). Provision is made for the addition of a streaming tape drive, also.

SPECIFIC HARDWARE FEATURES INCLUDE:

■ Control of up to twelve Floppy Disk Drives (eight8" andlor lour5Va")

• 8 " andlor 5V4" Disk Drive Utilization

• Single (FM) or Double (MFM) density data storage

• Hard or Soft sectored diskette usage

• Utilization of "Quad'' density (96 tpi) 8" or 5V*"Disk Drives

■ Control of up to four WINCHESTER type PRIAM DISKOS Disk Drives

• 8" or 14" may intermix on the same cable

• Accommodates 8" and/or 14'' drives of 5.3Mbytes to 154Mbytes

• Ultra-Fast data transfers

■ Extremely flexible host-controller interfacing

SPECIFIC SOFTWARE FEATURES INCLUDE:

■ Dynamic format modifications via command words

■ Extremely flexible format acceptance for unusual data storage formats

■ Easily interfaces to standard operating systems (TRS-DOS*. CP/M* ,etc)

■ Operates in either get/put sector mode or data string mode

■ Performance parameters may be changed by EPR0M replacement or Dynaminic Reprogramming

CP/M^ of Digital Research

Dedicated systems cards are also available on a limited basis for the STD-BUS and the S 100. These cards feature shared memory also (again, software selectable) in addition to the regular OMEGA Series Controller Module features. Consult SIRIUS SYTEMS for current price and availability for the entire line of OMEGA Series Memory Units and Controllers. Dealer inquiries are invited.

What TFORTH is - and what it has to offer YOU!

TFORTH is a unique growth programming language for the TRS-80* that combines the best features of an interpreter and a compiler all in one functional easy-to-use package. TFORTH cannot be simply compared with Fortran, BASIC or PASCAL. This high speed, high level modular code offers the speed found in many FORTRAN compilers yet retains the on-line conviences found in BASIC INTERPRETERS by flagging input errors as they occur line-by-line. Unlike PASCAL, TFORTH needs no "run-time" package for support. Serving as an operating system, compiler, assembler, interpreter, virtual memory manager, all in one: TFORTH makes easy, efficient- structured re-entrant programs a natural consequence.

The key to TFORTH's flexibility and ease of use lies in its use of a stack for parameters and a unique dictionary for WORDS. These WORDS are stated in terms of other WORDS already defined in the dictionary. It is this rich set of WORDS that provides DO LOOPS, IF-THEN-ELSE statements, BEGIN-ENO statements, virtual memory, any number base (to base 32) for input or output, a macro assembler, re-entrant code, multithread dictionary, line editor, excellent math package (16 bit integers, double precision floating point, SIN, COS, TAN, EXP and LOG) and it runs under either TRSDOS* or NEWDOS. Assembler inherently nests with high level in an easy fashion. Complicated drivers for new devices take only a few lines of TFORTH which saves both memory and disk space!

TFORTH is a procedural language specifing a process rather than a desired result. The ability to have the language grow in the direction the user desires is excellent for novel applications. New data types and new processes can become part of the language. Due to the modular constructions, a very compact code is produced which executes at exceptionally high speeds between machine code and machine code plus 20% typical overhead speeds. Memory requirements can be "less" than assembler coding or other high level languages.

TFORTH comes complete for the TRS-80* with as little as 16K of memory and a single Disk Drive using either TRS-QOS® or NEWDOS. It provided on diskettes and an optional Math and Utilities package is available.

Through TFORTH an excellent way to develop new languages, provide simple control of device (including videomonitors, A/D and D/A converters and burglar alarms) and to implement tasks requiring monitoring and decision is offered. Many WORDS to handle peripherals are part of basic TFORTH and others may be added easily. Often, substantial hardware development can be eliminated by using TFORTH to do the major digital or reduction of data.

For many applications a minimal task may be written in high level (or mixture of assembler and high level) code: loaded, assembled and prior to execution may be written to the disk as a ready to execute machine code/EXE module with the DOS.

TFORTH (on diskette-specify for Standard or 96 tpi Disk Drives) $129.95

TFORTH with the addition of TRAKS-PATCH (a powerful combination!) $136.95

STATE-OF-THE-ART DISK DRIVES

QUME DataTrakS

8" Disk Drive

DOUBLE SIDED!

DOUBLE DENSITY!

High performance Double Sided Disk 8" Disk Drive ■ Single or Double Density ■ Door Lock and Write Protect INCLUDED! ■ Negative DC Voltage not required ■ Low Power Operation

■ FAST! 3ms track-to-track access

■ Low friction and minimum wear

■ Superior Head Load Dynamics

QUME DataTrak 8 $574.95

(2/S549ea)

QUME Technical Manual $6.95

Connector Set #3 (AC, DC, & Card Edge)

$10.95

Connector Set #4 (AC and DC) $2.95

MPI51/52 & 91/92 5%" Disk Drives

SIRIUSl SYSTEMS

7528 Oak Ridge Highway Knoxville, Tennessee 37921

jroffis)

TO ORDER CALL (615) 693-6583

Phone Orders Accepted 9AM-7PM (EST) Mon-Fri

We accept MC, VISA, AE, COD (requires Certified Check, Cashier's Check or Cash) and Checks (personal checks require 14 days to clear). SHIPPING AND HANDLING: $7.00 per Floppy Disk Drive or 80+ Module ■ 5% for other items (any excess will be refunded) ■ Foreign Orders add 10% for Shipping & Handling. Payment in U.S. currency ■ Tennessee residents add 6% Sales Tax ■ VOLUME DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE

■ Fast! 5ms track-to-track access

■ Exclusive Pulley-Band Design

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MPI 51 (Single Head/40 tracks) 125K/250K Bytes Single/Double Density*

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MPI 91 (Single Head/80 tracks) 250K/500K Bytes Single/Double Density *

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BYTE November 1980 185

dinary television set, we must either modify the set internally to give it a direct composite-video input, like that of a video monitor, or else we must add a modulator to our computer. The modulator acts like a tiny broadcasting station; it generates a VHF or UHF carrier that corresponds to a standard television channel (which is not being used by a local transmitting station) and modulates it with the computer video signal. The modulated signal can then be connected to the receiver's antenna terminals.

Displaying Computer Data

For our computer to produce a display on a television set or a video monitor, it must generate a composite-video signal. Generating the horizontal and vertical synchronizing pulses is relatively easy, since they just repeat over and over in a fixed numerical relationship. Our computer's internal clock can serve as a stable high-frequency source for a few additional circuits to use in producing the horizontal and vertical synchronizing signals.

Combining functions helps to keep the cost of personal computing down.

To make the display circuits in personal computers simpler and less expensive, the whole complicated business of interlaced scanning lines and alternating fields has been eliminated in most cases. Instead, the odd half-line per field, which would have been needed to make the field lines interlace, is omitted; this leaves 262 lines per field. Without the interlace, the lines of any two successive fields appear in exactly the same places, so we can just as well think of a computer display as having 60 frames per second, with 262 lines per frame. In fact, a different number of lines per frame may be used if the designer finds it convenient, but the number must be within a few percent of 262 for the display to work with a standard television set.

Video Refresh

While synchronization is easy, generating a video signal with our computer is a little more difficult. First of all, a television picture must be continually regenerated by repeating the entire scanning process 60 times per second. This continual regeneration of the display is called video refresh; it requires a stream of data at a rate much too fast for our computer to keep up with—if the system had to compute the data anew for every scan. Instead, most computer designers set aside enough memory to store all of the data that will appear on the display. This reserved memory is called the videorefresh memory. Circuits designed especially for video-displaying read data from the refresh memory, in step with the video-synchronizing pulses, and transform the data into the video signal which is displayed.

Using part of the computer's own memory for video refresh has not been the general rule. Most large computer systems include video terminals that are independent of the main computer and contain their own

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186 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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8086

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With our 2-card 8086 CPU set you can upgrade your Z80 8bit S-100 system to run three times as fast by swapping the CPUs. If you use our 16-bit memory, it will run five times as fast. Up to 64K of your static 8-bit memory may be used in the 8086's 1 -megabyte addressing range. A switch allows either 4 or 8 Mhz. operation. Memory access requirements at 4 Mhz. exceed 500 nsec.

The EPROM monitor allows you to display, alter, and search memory, do inputs and outputs, and boot your disk. Debugging aids include register display and change, single stepping, and execute with breakpoints.

The set includes a serial port with programmable baud rate, four independent programmable 16-bit timers (two may be combined for a time-of-day clock), a parallel in and parallel out port, and an interrupt controller with 15 inputs. External power may be applied to the timers to maintain the clock during system power-off time. Total power: 2 amps at + 8V, less than 100 ma. at + 16V and at -16V.

86-005"*, our $195 8086 single user disk operating system, is provided without additional charge. It allows functions such as console I/O of characters and strings, and random or sequencial reading and writing to named disk files. While it has a different format from CP/M, it performs similar calls plus some extensions (CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research Corporation). Its construction allows relatively easy configuration of I/O to different hardware. Directly supported are the Tarbell and Cromemco disk controllers.

The 86-DOS® package includes an 8086 resident assembler, a Z80 to 8086 source code translator, a utility to read files written in CP/M and convert them to the 86-DOS format, a line editor, and disk maintenance utilities. Of significance to Z80 users is the ability of the translator to accept Z80 source

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code written for CP/M, translate this to 8086 source code, assemble the source code, and then run the program on the 8086 processor under 86-DOS. This allows the conversion of any Z80 program, for which source code is available, to run on the much higher performance 8086.

BASIC-86 by Microsoft is available for the 8086 at $350. Several firms are working on application programs. Call for current software status.

All software licensed for use on a single computer only. Non-disclosure agreements required. Shipping from stock to one week. Bank cards, personal checks, CODs okay. There is a 10-day return privilege. All boards are guaranteed one year — both parts and labor. Shipped prepaid by air in US and Canada. Foreign purchases must be prepaid in US funds. Also add $10 per board for overseas air shipment.

8/16 16-BIT MEMORY

This board was designed for the 1980s. It is configured as 16K by 8 bits when accessed by an 8-bit processor and configured 8K by 16 bits when used with a 16-bit processor. The configuration switching is automatic and is done by the card sampling the "sixteen request" signal sent out by all S100 IEEE 16-bit CPU boards. The card has all the high noise immunity features of our well known PLUS RAM cards as well as "extended addressing". Extended addressing is a replacement for bank select. It makes use of a total of 24 address lines to give a directly addressable range of over 16 megabytes. (For older systems, a switch will cause the card to ignore the top 8 address lines.) This card ensures that your memory board purchase will not soon be obsolete. It is guaranteed to run without wait states with our 8086 CPU set using an 8 Mhz. clock. Shipped from stock. Prices: 1 -4, $280; 5-9, $260; 10-up, $240.

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(206) 575-1830

BYTE November 1980

187

refresh memory. In other words, a small personal computer is a hybrid: part computer, part terminal. Combining functions in this way helps to keep the cost of personal computing down. Also, putting the refresh memory into the computer makes changing the display faster and easier.

Bit-Mapped Displays

There are several different methods of transforming the data stored in the refresh memory into an effective video display. The most straightforward method is to take the data just as it is read from the refresh memory and transmit it to the display 1 bit at a time. Each 1 bit in this serial bit stream appears on the screen as a spot of light, and each 0 bit as darkness. The size of the refresh memory is matched to the picture scan so that for each bit in the refresh memory there is one spot on the display screen. A one-to-one correspondence of this kind is called a map, and this technique for generating computer video displays is called bit mapping. An example of a bit-mapped display is shown in photo 1.

Photo 1: Example of a bit-mapped display. This simulation of a spaceship in orbit around a star is done on a 180-bit by 150-bit map.

Since we can program the computer to store data bits into the refresh memory in any pattern we desire, this kind of display can have all the versatility we want, but there are some drawbacks. For one thing, this system requires a large refresh memory. To store a display which is 200 dots high by 300 dots across, for example, takes 60,000 bits or 7500 bytes. Bit-mapped displays are relatively slow, too; just storing 0s into this much memory in order to

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clear the screen to black takes close to 1 second with the fastest microprocessor.

Displaying only letters and numbers means we can get by with a much smaller refresh memory than is needed for bit mapping. A letter that occupies eight rows of eight dots requires 8 bytes of memory in the bitmapped display, but we can encode the same letter in ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) and reduce the size of the refresh memory by a factor of 8. This means that instead of sending the data bits directly to the display, it is necessary to decode each stored character and generate the appropriate video information. To do this, the refresh circuits send the character code (along with signals that indicate which of the eight rows of dots is currently being displayed) to another circuit called a character generator. The character generator is little more than a read-only memory that contains the video bit patterns for each of the characters we want to display.

Having a smaller refresh memory more than compensates for the additional cost of the character generator. For example, our 200-dot by 300-dot display has a capacity of 925 characters, in twenty-five rows of thirty-seven characters each. The bitmapped memory needed for this is 7500 bytes, but we can store 925 characters in only 925 bytes if we use the character generator. It takes only one-eighth as long to update the refresh memory, too. The main drawback is its lack of versatility; we can only display characters of a fixed size and spacing. Obviously, a method of getting many different shapes without increasing the size of the refresh memory would be more flexible.

Using a byte of memory for each character, in all possible combinations of 8 bits, requires a total of 256 different codes. A complete set of uppercase and lowercase letters, numbers, and punctuation takes only ninety-six codes, leaving 160 combinations that we can assign to special shapes useful for graphics. Each special shape must be designed using the same number of dots and rows as the other characters. It may often be necessary to use several of them to make up the image of one object in the display. We can allow for this by setting up special characters such as

188 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

straight-line segments, corners, intersections, and so on, in various orientations.

Several personal-computer manufacturers have taken this approach. While keeping the speed and small refresh memory of the character-generator-based design, they also have a reasonable graphics capability with good resolution. To compensate for the limited number of special shapes that you can have with this method, the Exidy and Texas Instruments computers have programmable character generators so that you can design your own shape characters and change them as needed.

Character Subcells

There is another way to add graphics capability to the charactergenerator display. Suppose we divide each of the character cells into four subcells, each of which is four dots square. By displaying any combination of these four subcells, with all dots illuminated, there will be sixteen possible shapes which we can display in each character location. By allocating sixteen extra character codes to represent these sixteen combinations, we can have a very versatile graphics system; however, it won't have much resolution. Dividing each character in half horizontally and vertically converts the twenty-five rows of thirty-seven characters in our example to a 50-block by 74-block graphics display.

We could increase the resolution by dividing the character cells into smaller pieces, but the number of combinations of blocks we would have to encode would increase very quickly. If we divide each cell by 4 in each direction, we increase the resolution to 100 by 148; but, there will be sixteen subcells in each character cell so we must store 16 bits of data for each cell. Since there are 65,536 different 16-bit codes, using read-only memory for the character generator becomes impractical. Instead, it is necessary to devise some logical method for generating the subcell patterns by decoding an extra byte of information, using additional circuitry. Also, the refresh memory would have to be twice as big to store these 2-byte codes. This may help to explain why the personal computers that use this approach have relatively low resolution.!

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FREE-LANCE SOFTWARE MARKETING 3rd edition, June 1980

Writing and selling computer programs as an independent is a business where • you can get started quickly, with little capital investment • you can do it full time or part time • the potential profits are almost limitless. Since the demand for computer software of all kinds is growing at an explosive rate, the conditions for the small entrepreneur are outstanding.

This manual will show you how to sell your own computer programs using these proven techniques: • direct to industries • through consulting firms • through manufacturers of computer hardware • in book form • mail order • through computer stores. It will show you how to profitably sell and license all types of software ranging from sophisticated analytical programs selling for thousands of dollars, down to simple accounting routines and games for personal computers.

The book will guide you step by step through the process of "0. No. 32 marketing, advertising, negotiating a contract, installing software,

training users and providing maintenance and support. It also contains sample software contracts that have been used in actual software transactions. Also included are tips on how to negotiate with a large corporation, ways of avoiding personal liability, techniques for obtaining free computer time and hints on how to run a free-lance software business while holding a full-time job.

55

ESSEX PUBLISHING CO. Dept. 2

285 Bloomfleld Avenue • Caldwell, N.J. 07006

Order books by number. Send check, money order (U.S.$), VISA or Master Charge #.

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November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 189

Product Review

The Power of VisiCalc

Robert E Ramsdell

POB59 Rockport MA 01966

At a Glance

Software:

VisiCalc

Type:

Screen-oriented matrix calculator

for projections, budgeting, and

many other numeric/data

manipulations

Author:

Software Arts Inc

Distributor:

Personal Software Inc, 1330

Bordeaux Dr, Sunnyvale CA

94086, (408) 745-7841

Price:

$150.00

Format:

5-inch floppy disk

Language:

Machine language

Computers:

Apple II, Apple 11+ or Apple III;

Radio Shack TRS-80, Model I or

II; Atari 800; Commodore PET

and CBM computers, minimum

32 K bytes of programmable

memory required, 48 K or more

recommended

Documentation:

Loose-leaf binder with eighty-page

tutorial manual, reference card

Audience:

Businessmen, accountants,

attorneys, real-estate investors —

anyone who needs to use a

calculator for determining options

available under different scenarios

Introduction

The most exciting and influential piece of software that has been written for any microcomputer application is VisiCalc. I've been using VisiCalc almost full-time for the past six months and have written over 300 applications (which I refer to as models) for the program. During that time I have learned its strengths and weaknesses and have found that the authors have allowed for a tremendous number of variables and contingencies in its operation. The instant communication between the operator and the

About the Author

Robert E Ramsdell, CPA, is a microcomputer consultant who lives and works in Rockport, Massachusetts. His company, Pansophics, Ltd, published federal income tax models for 1979 and 1980 using VisiCalc and markets several other financial modeling packages.

screen facilitates and enhances the manageability and interactivity of the program.

Since I am a certified public accountant, the majority of applications I have written are oriented towards accounting, a usage for which VisiCalc is particularly appropriate. In addition, I know of several attorneys who are using the program for estate- and gift-planning, one of whom is maintaining his accounts receivable, as well, on VisiCalc. A number of real-estate agents are using it to perform real-property investment analysis.

About the Program

VisiCalc is an electronic scratch sheet that is sixty-three columns wide (lettered A thru BK) and 254 rows long (numbered 1 thru 254). Any column/row coordinate can be referred to by any other column/row coordinate arithmetically or trigonometrically. Once the relationships between the coordinates have been established in the model, a change in any value which affects other values will be instantly updated. This gives the computer operator the ability to play instant what-if situations with the value in the matrix.

The program has a great deal of flexibility in its formatting, allowing any coordinate to be a label or a value, and allowing columns to be adjusted from three characters to full-screen width. The screen can be split into two windows, either horizontal or vertical, and each can be scrolled independently of the other. This makes the comparison of information extremely easy. Values can be formatted as full-decimal notation (up to eleven significant digits), two-place decimal (for financial usage), and integer.

An annoyance that I have found in the program is its inability to round off integers, which causes columns to add up imperfectly. This often creates the need for a great deal of additional work when attempting to prepare financial information directly from the model.

One of the most powerful features of VisiCalc is its ability to replicate an entire series of coordinate functions with a few keystrokes. When creating models with a series of identical calculations (such as a 10-year business forecast), only the calculations for the first column must be entered. Then the subsequent columns can replicate the same calculations (VisiCalc automatically uses the new coordinates) in a matter of seconds. This is a tremendous time-saving device when elaborate models are being created. The authors of VisiCalc have also provided the ability to insert, delete, and move entire rows and columns. This feature is useful if the model is finished and

190 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

the user discovers that an important calculation was omitted.

VisiCalc can be interfaced through most printers, and various printer configuration routines are set up directly through the program. The program will output to a printer with any number of character widths, so the choice of printer depends on the needs of individual users. Finally, the methods by which the program loads, saves, and deletes models on the disk are very well designed.

Specific Applications

Accounting applications abound for VisiCalc. Financial analysis, business forecasts, and projections which formerly required hours can be completed with VisiCalc in a matter of minutes. The pricing on a bill-of-materials inventory can be updated in a matter of seconds. Productions estimates can be updated instantly. Different scenarios can be examined and variables and constants interchanged until a workable model is achieved. Even with the advent of programmable electronic calculators, the complexity of forecasting (due to the interdependency of the variables) has limited the accountant to either the most rudimentary forecast or the extremely expensive alternative of time-sharing on a large computer.

Sophisticated and statistically valid time-series analysis can be performed on VisiCalc. Lead and lag regression analysis becomes as easy as entering the various formulas. Each of the variables can be changed or updated, and the results of the new analysis will be instantly displayed.

Small businesses will also find uses for VisiCalc. A

model can be created which will allow for the printing of a financial statement whenever a trial balance is entered. Financial ratios and analysis are easily performed. The model can even calculate income tax and compare the current results with those of a previous period or a budget. (Some marketed models even print out tax returns.) Also, budgets are relatively easy to prepare (thanks to the replicate command), and changes and updates are easily entered.

More complex models can be designed for areas such as real estate and stock market investment analysis, where many interdependent variables must be given consideration. A change in any of these variables will instantly cause the entire model to be updated, and new comparisons can be made.

Documentation

VisiCalc comes with an eighty-page tutorial manual that's very useful for the beginner and a well-designed reference card. After one reading, however, the manual is not of very much help in running the program. A new manual is being written and may be available soon. In addition, several books are in preparation which will aid the VisiCalc owner in using the program.

Program Constraints

The primary constraint of the VisiCalc program is the programmable memory available to the user. In the Apple II, for example, a 48 K-byte machine will have about 25 K bytes available to the user for modeling. This may sound like a lot, but in fact model files require a lot of room. To compound this problem there is no easy way to

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November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 191

A

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The Scott VET/2 is a compact, highly versatile Voice Entry Terminal developed for TRS-80 users — and available soon for the PET and APPLE computers. Key features of the VET/2 include:

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move information between models (for example, in a business consolidation), so that using the same basic information in different models can be a big chore.

The only other limiting factor is the fact that the VisiCalc disk cannot be copied or backed up. The obvious reason for this to avoid software piracy, but it could prove to be a problem if someone decided that 5x/4 inches was the perfect size for a coaster. There is a dealer program for instant replacement, however.

Data Interchange Format

Software Arts Inc, the creator of VisiCalc, has developed a common language for data (which it uses in VisiCalc) called the DIF (Data Interchange Format). The basic goal of the DIF is to allow the interchange of data between many different kinds of programs (such as data bases, graphing programs, report generators etc). The type of data which is addressed by the DIF is data which is stored in tabular form — columns and rows. By setting up a standard for such data handling it becomes easy to manipulate the data through program control.

Programmers and others who are interested in learning more about the DIF or would like to purchase the Programmer's Guide to Data Interchange Format ($1.50) should write to The DIF Clearinghouse, POB 70, MIT Branch, Cambridge MA 02139.

Conclusions

• VisiCalc is an extremely well-designed software package that can be used by anyone with or without a programming background. There is no programming language involved in the use of VisiCalc.

• The instant interaction between the user and the screen facilitates the understanding of the manipulation of the variables in the matrix.

• The ability to interchange data with other programs helps make VisiCalc an integral part of any business systems package.

• VisiCalc is the first program available on a microcomputer that has been responsible for sales of entire systems. ■

Farewell to the Florida panther.

No one knows how many Florida panthers are still Stive. Perhaps fewer than 100. If these mountain lions die, another creature will be gone from the earth forever ... the victim, first, of predator elimination pro/* grams, and more recently,

of ever-shrinking habitat. But we don't have to bid farewell to the Florida panther. The National Wildlife Federation hasawaided a grant to researchers to study the panther and its future . . . "*"-'■*" arid to draw up a plan for saving it. That's

just one small example of how the National Wildlife Federation is working to save endangered species from extinction You can be a part of the effort jjfl" Join the National Wildlife Federation, Department ass inft, 1412 16th Street. NW, Washington, DC 20036. ™

■Technological Breakthrough

COMPUTERMETER

Microprocessor technology and the inventors of the digital meter have teamed up to bring you the world's most versatile test instrument.

Computers for the home. Toys that speak. Machines that think. Space age technology brings new changes to your world every day. Even those of us who work with this new technology are constantly amazed by the latest applications of the ubiquitous microprocessor. And here is a remarkable new way for computer techonology to simplify your work life. When the president of our company (a businessman, not a technician) saw one of the pre-production models of this new test instrument at a trade show, even he recognized it for what it is: a remarkable new way for anyone involved with electronics to save time, money, and space. We've shown it to our technicians and their reactions were similar, though more down-to-earth: "I want it!"

There's much more to tell about this incredible little meter that takes the place of at least 3 separate test instruments, but we're sure that the Touch Test 20 will end up very near the top of your equipment list.

STAYING AHEAD

For three decades, the inventors of the Touch Test 20, Non-Linear Systems, have made a science of staying ahead through innovation in test equipment In 1952, NLS propelled electronic testing into the space age by introducing the world's first digital voltmeter, and they have remained committed to first rate value and performance through sophisticated, yet simplified electronic test tools. Their battery powered portable oscilloscopes have "lightened the load" of both field and laboratory engineers all over the world, and NLS digital panel meters have also become a world-wide standard.

The Touch Test 20 adds to the NLS reputation for accuracy and reliability and we're proud to be among the first to be able to offer it to you.

3 1b 8 oz TEST LAB

We think the Touch Test 20 is miniaturization at its best, because no compromises in accuracy and versatility were made in the process of squeezing a trunk full of test equipment into a rechargeable battery powered portable test lab.

It will measure AC voltage, AC current, resistance, capacitance, conductance, temperature, DC voltage, DC current, continuity, and test diodes - 20 key test functions, 10 electrical parameters and 44 ranges. Now, you can take one lab to the field instead of a cumbersome collection of

individual testers. And in the lab, the Touch Test 20 will go a long way toward cleaning up the cluttered array of equipment found on most test or troubleshooting benches.

JUST TOUCH

The "touch" in Touch Test 20 means no more knobs and dials to fiddle with: selection of the various functions is accomplished by a tap of the finger on one of the touch sensitive switches on the front panel. When you switch functions, there's an audible bleep and an LED lights to show the function selected. Selecting the range is also a beautifully simple procedure - just touch one of the switches below the display to shift the decimal point to the appropriate place for the signal you're measuring.

Non-Linear Systems, Inc.

Specialists in the science of staying ahead.

SPECIFICATIONS

VOLTS 1 mV to 1 KV @ .2%

AMPERES 1 uA to 10 A @ 1%

OHMS 10 uOhm to 19.99 MOhm @ .25% TEMPERATURE -40° C to +150° C +/- 3° CAPACITANCE 1 pF to 199.9 uF @ 1% CONDUCTANCE .01 nS to 199.9 nS @ .2% DIODE TEST ... 1 mV to 1999 mV <§> .2%

SIZE 2.9" x 6.4" x 7.5"

WEIGHT . 3 lbs 8 oz (Including batteries)

EVEN IDIOTS

While no intrument is totally idiot-proof, the Touch Test 20 certainly comes close: when any function is selected, this instrument automatically selects the least sensitive range of the function, to avoid embarrasing but all to common smoke test situations. We're told (though we do not advise such mistreatment), that you can plug the test leads into a 120 volt wall socket and select any function without causing terminal damage to the instrument.

To complement these remarkable capabilities, the Touch Test 20 is shipped ready to go to work for you, complete with a charger unit, rechargeable batteries, high quality test probes, a component test block, and a temperature probe.

ONE YEAR WARRANTY

Each Touch Test 20 is individually tested and "burned-in" at elevated temperatures to

assure the quality of the instrument shipped to you. However, should the unlikely happen, the manufacturer stands behind their reputation for reliability with a full one-year limited warranty against any defects in material or workmanship. This of course excludes damage brought about through any kind of abuse, and the warranty extends only to the original purchaser.

PRIORITY SHIPMENT

We at JADE have been in the business of supplying computers and related equipment for five years now, and we've always guaranteed our customer's satisfaction. We know that you'll be happy with this piece of equipment, so try it for thirty days; if the Touch Test 20 doesn't live up to your expectations, we'll quickly refund the purchase price. And don't worry about slow delivery - the manufacturer has assured us that we will have priority shipment of the Touch Test 20 directly from the factory. This plus our computerized order processing system assures you of the fastest possible delivery.

CALL US TOLL FREE

To order your Touch Test 20 send $425.00 plus $2.95 shipping and handling to JADE Computer Products, 4901 West Rosecrans, Hawthorne, California 90250 (California residents please add 6% sales tax). Credit card buyers may use one of our toll free numbers listed below.

JADE Computer Products has been an industry leader in the microcomputer field for over five years - further assurance of our dedication to fast service and continued product support.

Computer Products

4901 West Rosecrans Ave Hawthorne, California 90250

Continental US... 800-421-5500 Inside California . 800-262-1710 Los Angeles Area 213-973-7707

Call for your free copy of our catalog containing over 4000 different computer products.

Circle 116 on inquiry card.

Jl

CBM'" 8032 BUSINESS COMPUTER

The new Commodore 8032 Business coomputer offers a wide screen display to show you up to 80-character lines of information. Text editing and report formatting are faster and easier with the new wide-screen display. The 8032 Business Computer also provides a resident Operating System with expanded functional capabilities. You can use Basic on the 8032 Business Computers in both interactive and program modes.

with expanded commands and functions for arithmetic.

editing, and disk file management. The CBM 8032 Business

Computer is ideally suited for the computing needs of the

business marketplace. Call for additional information.

£z commodore

$1695

$1795

*32K RAM, 14K 4.0 BASIC

*IEEE BUS *80 x 25 CRT

'Ideal for WordProcessing

or other business /technical computer uses.

CBM™ 8050 DUAL DRIVE FLOPPY DISK

The CBM 8050 Dual Drive Floppy Disk is a much enhanced version of the intelligent CBM 2040 Disk Drive. The CBM 8050 has all of the features of the CBM 2040, and provides more powerful software capabilities, as well as one megabyte of online storage capacity. The CBM 8050 supplies relative record files and automatic diskette initialization. It can copy all the files from one diskette to another without copying unused space. The CBM 8050 also offers improved error recovery and the ability to append to sequential files.

MULTI-USER TIME SHARE OFFERED TO YOU BY THE

NEECO MULTI-CLUSTER

At a low entry cost, up to eight CBM computers can transfer data bi-directionally to one CBM Dual Disk Drive. The MULTI-CLUSTER, designed with its own independent power supply, provides a connection from one CBM computer work selection to other CBM computer work stations, allowing data transfer and data access on a priority queuing basis. This system provides the cost effectiveness required in a multi-using environment by establishing the dual disk drive as a central mass storage unit. This provides a high degree of disk accessibility.

The standard configuration of this system allows 3 CBM* microcomputers (maximum of 8) connected through the MULTI—CLUSTER to the IEEE port of the 2040 Disk Drive. More CBM's can be added to the system according to the user's need. MULTI-CLUSTER Standard Components Additional Component Prices

One Multi-Cluster Each extra CM-100 $250

Controller MC800A Output Printer Module $200

Three Channel Modules ... CM-100 (for Centronics Protocal) $200

Multi-Cluster is a product of BMB Compuscience.

NEECO

PROUDLY

ANNOUNCES

.DATASOURCE1

"A full featured Database Manager for the Commodore 8032"

Never before has a true Database been available for Commodore Computers. DATASOURCE 1 contains database capabilities you would not expect on a microcomputer system. Capabilities like selective search by any sub-field or field within a record, mathematic manipulation, up to 120 fields per screen display, and much much more! DATASOURCE 1*8 major feature is total usability! DATASOURCE was designed for use by you!

MAJOR FEATURES INCLUDE:

• SCREEN ORIENTED • SELECTIVE OR SEQUENTIAL

SEARCHES • UP TO 120 SORTABLE DISPLAY FIELDS • UP TO 2

DISPLAY SCREENS OF DATA PER RECORD • HUNT FUNCTION

(find characters in any record) • POWERFUL MATHEMATICAL

MANIPULATION • SUPPORT PROGRAMS INCLUDE: FILE OR EDIT

SCREEN RECORD, POWERFUL SORT/MERGE. DIRECTORY

MANAGER. EXTENDED OUTPUT REPORT GENERATOR, FULL «0*"

COMPATIBILITY WITH WORDPRO 4™ FILES. AND MUCH. MUCH »^>JaJ5»

MORE! EMINENTLY USABLE BY NOVICE USERS. G aS?*%Q&

MAJOR USES INCLUDE:

• MAILING LIST MANAGEMENT • QUERY/CALL INFORMATION • A/RAGING MANAGEMENT • CASH FLOW FORECASTS • FILE MANAGEMENT • ANY PROJECT/PROBLEM THAT REQUIRES INVENTORY DATA OR FILE MANIPULATION!

<8F

$495

•Requires DOS 2.0 or DOS 2.5

AVAILABLE TO DEALERS FROM MICROAMERICA

WordPro 4 la a registered trademark of Professional Software Inc.

NEECO

679 Highland Ave. Needham, MA 02194

Mon-Fri 9:30-5:30

MasterCharge &

Visa Accepted

(617)449-1760

Telex: 951021

MICROAMERICA DISTRIBUTING

"Nationwide distributors of Computer Equipment" 21 Putnam Street Needham, MA

02194 (617)449-4310

Circle 117 for NEECO

Circle 118 for Microamerica

NEECO

PROUDLY

INTRODUCES

ALlOMCOMPUTERSI

ALTOS ACS 8000-5

• Dual 8" floppy disks

• Megabyte storage . 64K RAM

• Totally expandable to Hard Disk (29MB) and Multi-User

$5990

ALTOS OFFERS OUR USERS TOTAL SYSTEM CAPABILITIES AND FLEXIBILITY.. .

• Z80 based • CP/M • Multi-User

• Hard Disk • Seven languages

• MP/M • NEECO system support

• Full Word Processing

"ALTOS Computers offer you System Flexibility and Reliability"

CONTACT NEECO FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON HOW ALTOS CAN BECOME YOUR COMPUTER SOLUTION

Altos computers range in price from less than $3000 to over $14,000. Altos Computer Systems' capabilities range from single disk-single user to 29 Megabytes-Multi-User.

ALTOS computers are distributed to Dealers/OEMs in the N.E. Region by MICROAMERICA

Ql DpDDD AIIIJ Trial Tested Osborne Business Packages on the Superbrain wWl d^DITI#%IPI • Accounts Receivable $250.00 Complete 4 Module

QflPTWADP • General Ledger $250.00 Package $795

^Vrl VVHnC • Accounts Payable $250.00 MicrosoftBASIC

(Business Packages written in MicrosoftBASIC) • Payroll Packaqe $250 00 s325

SUPERBRAIN

32K RAM $2795 64K RAM $2995

FORTRAN $ 450

The Superbrain is ideal for use as an intelligent terminal or stand alone microcomputer system for OEM's, commercial customers, and other •

sophisticated computer users."

SPECIAL OFFER!

Purchase a 64K Superbrain at $2995 and will include MBASIC5 for only $250! (regularly $350)

SPECIAL OFFER! - Purchase a Centronics 704-9 (RS232, 180 CPS, retail $2380) printer and a 64K Superbrain together for only $4595 - cash price only.

Two 5.25" Shugart Minifloppies with over

300 K (CP/M Version 2.2 or later) Disk Storage.|

Integrated in a single compact housing.

CP/M operating System with MBASIC5 and other interpreters/compilers available.

32K or 64K RAM models available.

2 I/O Ports - one fully enabled RS232 port for communications. Other port for RS232 serial printer output.

Too many software packages are now available to list them here.

OEM/DEALER INQUIRIES

All pricing and specifications are subject to change.l

1

NEECO

Mon-Fri 9:30-5:30 MasterCharge & 679 Highland Ave. Visa Accepted Needham, MA (617) 449-1 760 Telex: 951021

02194

ISUPRBRAIN

|The Honor Graduate

MICROAMERICA DISTRIBUTING

"Nationwide distributors of Computer Equipment" 21 Putnam Street Needham, MA _

Q2194 (617) 449-4310

Circle 119 for NEECO

Circle 120 for Microamerica

BYTE November 1980

195

Product Review

The MicroAngelo Video Display

Mark Dahmke 1515 Superior St Lincoln NE 68521

Introduction

The MicroAngelo high-resolution raster graphics display stands well above other S-100 graphics displays in its price and performance range. Since the MicroAngelo is actually a single-board microcomputer, a great number of functions that previously had to be performed by the host computer are now done in firmware on the graphics board. Rather than using the memoryaddress space of the host as a graphics display buffer (32 K bytes in this case), the host communicates with the MicroAngelo through two parallel ports with simple yet powerful commands. The MicroAngelo decodes these commands and automatically performs the desired functions independently of the host processor. With this parallel-processing capability, system response time is greatly enhanced.

Hardware Overview

The MicroAngelo consists of a Z80A microprocessor

with 32 K bytes of on-board programmable memory and 4 K bytes (expandable to 8 K bytes) of PROM (programmable read-only memory) firmware. The board contains all hardware necessary to generate a 512 by 480 dot black-and-white display for a television monitor (10 MHz bandwidth or greater). The board communicates with the host through two parallel ports which may be addressed to any of eight blocks of ports from hexadecimal 00 to F0. The video monitor may be connected via composite video (RS-170 standard) or direct-drive transistor-transistor-logic-level video, horizontal and vertical synchronization.

The MicroAngelo has four possible interrupt sources: data from host, data to host, light pen, and 60 Hz timer. Whenever a data byte is sent by the host or the host reads a data byte sent to it, an interrupt will occur in the MicroAngelo. An interrupt will occur when the light pen is fired and also when the timer produces a pulse. Of these four possible interrupts only the data from host and light pen sources is usually enabled.

At a Glance

Hardware:

MicroAngelo high-resolution

MicroAngelo and the host com

graphics display.

puter is facilitated by two parallel

Use:

High-resolution raster-scan

ports. The MicroAngelo also has a

graphics display which may be

dumb terminal emulation mode.

used to draw character or graphics

Firmware:

PROM (programmable read-only

images on a standard television

memory) firmware is provided on

monitor.

board the MicroAngelo. High-level

Manufacturer:

Scion Corporation

commands may be sent via parallel

8455-D Tyco Rd

ports. Such functions as "turn on

Vienna VA 22180

dot" or "draw vector" are im

(703) 827-0888

plemented by single commands.

Price:

The MicroAngelo graphics board

The on-board Z80 intercepts these

and firmware (the S-100 board on

commands and performs the

ly) is $1095. Also available is the

desired functions.

Graphics Subsystem which in

Hardware

Any S-100 mainframe computer or

cludes the MicroAngelo S-100

required:

any computer which has an S-100

board, a graphics keyboard (IBM

bus adapter. Although the

Selectric-style keyboard with some

MicroAngelo uses a Z80

special function keys) and a high

microprocessor, the host processor

resolution 15-inch monitor. Cost:

need not be 8080/Z80 compatible.

$2495. A light pen is optional.

Documentation:

An eighty-page user's manual is

Features:

The MicroAngelo S-100 board

supplied.

generates a 512 by 480 dot black

Audience:

Anyone requiring high-resolution

and-white raster display. Com

intelligent graphics on a small

munication between the

system.

196 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 121 on Inquiry card.

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A connector is provided for the light pen interface. Several commercially available light pens will work with the MicroAngelo.

Jumper Options

Several on-board jumpers are provided for special applications. For example, it is possible to increase the clock speed of the Z80A microprocessor (and hence the speed of the board) from 4 MHz to 5 MHz, assuming that all the components are capable of operating at that speed. Interrupts (as previously discussed) may be enabled or disabled. The number of visible scan lines may be changed from the default 480 to 448 lines. If this option is chosen, the user is responsible for display management. The PROM sockets may be jumped to either the default 1 K byte per PROM or 2 K bytes per PROM.

Photo 1: The MicroAngelo Graphics Subsystem. Included in the subsystem are the MicroAngelo S-100 board, the 15-inch highresolution black-and-white monitor, and a special keyboard that has an IBM Selectric-style layout plus some special function keys on the far left and right. The light pen is optional.

Photo 2: A close-up of the MicroAngelo S-100 board. The board has a Z80A microprocessor, 32 K bytes of memory, and four2708 PROMS (expandable to 8 Kbytes2716PROMs). The board is actually a stand-alone 32 K computer. The video display generates 512 by 480 dots. In the ALPHA mode, up to 85 by 40 characters may be displayed on the screen.

Adapting-MicroAngelo to Non-S-100 Systems

Since the MicroAngelo uses a simple parallel-port interface to the host system, it may be attached to almost any host system. Data is transferred via the eight parallel input and eight output lines of the S-100 bus connector. Power is supplied through pin 1 ( + 8 V), pin 2 ( + 18 V), pin 52 ( — 18 V), and pin 50 (ground). Address bus lines A7, A6, A5, A4 and pDBIN may be tied permanently high ( + 5 V); Al and pWR are tied low (ground). A0 is connected to the host to select whether port 0 or 1 is addressed. (MicroAngelo uses two ports.) sINP and sOUT are connected to the host as input-and-outputcontrol command lines. Using this twelve-line interface, the MicroAngelo becomes a stand-alone graphics display device. If interrupts are required, they may be easily added to the above set of signals.

Firmware

The MicroAngelo firmware is what makes the board so powerful. It takes all the work out of designing software and applications programs for the MicroAngelo. The Screenware Pak I is a well-integrated firmware package that allows the board to be used as a terminal emulator, a graphics display, or both.

If a byte is sent to the MicroAngelo (via the parallel port), it is interpreted by the firmware in one of two ways. If bit 7 (the most significant bit) is turned on, the byte is seen as a command. If it is off, the firmware treats it as an ASCII character and passes it to the terminal or ALPHA mode program.

In the text mode, the board will display forty lines with eighty-five characters per line. Text and graphics may be mixed on the screen. In the dumb terminal mode, the firmware will respond to the following control codes: backspace, horizontal tab, line feed, form feed, carriage return, escape, and delete.

Several features are available in the terminal mode. It is possible to display black-on-white or white-on-black characters, for example. Underlining may be turned on and off, and character overstriking may be allowed or disallowed. Two fonts are available, the standard character set or a user-defined font. The winking cursor may be displayed or inhibited, and the scroll mode may be changed. Scrolling may be done on a line-by-line basis, or, to improve response time, block scrolling may be done. Cursor addressing is available — rows run from 0 to 39, columns from 0 to 84. It is also possible to query the firmware to obtain the current cursor location.

Graphics-Mode Commands

The display may be manipulated in many ways in the graphics mode. First, the graphics cursor may be set to a value, read or queried, or set to the contents of the alpha cursor and vice versa. The format for most graphicsmode commands is:

<Command> <xh> <xl> <yh> <yl>

where xh and xl are the high and low bytes of the X coordinate and yh, yl are the high and low bytes of the Y coordinate respectively (in hexadecimal). The coordinates (384,256) would be sent as:

<Command> <01> <80> <01> <00>

198

November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

THE NEXT GENERATION OF MICROCOMPUTERS IS HERE

AT QUASAR DATA PRODUCTS

16 BIT POWER

Z-8000

8 BIT POWER

Z-80

AND STILL RUN YOUR 8 BIT SOFTWARE

IF YOU see it our way then we think we have the products for you:

• The S-100 bus is here to stay. It is not the greatest but with proper termination it works reliably at high speeds, and since it is now an IEEE standard, it is well defined.

• The 8 BIT systems are useful but they are the limiting factor for many applications

• The 16 BIT systems are the way future systems will go. Why not? There is very little price difference and an order of magnitude performance difference.

• The real usefulness of the 16 BIT microprocessors will be determined by the software.

• The systems using 5V4 inch disk drives really do not have adequate memory storage or computer power for many business or scientific applications.

• Sixty-four kilobytes of addressable RAM, the maximum for 8 BIT systems, is not adequate for many business or scientific applications.

• It is not worth buying 8 BIT systems or boards now if you can get the same software with 16 BIT systems at about the same price.

• The new 16 BIT microprocessors have power comparable to minicomputers but do not require the same overhead in terms of downtime, maintenance, or initial investment. They are more versatile in many applications such as real time applications.

THIS IS WHAT QDP HAS AVAILABLE:

• A Z-8000 Board that can plug into your existing S-100 Bus System (see below for description)

• A complete Z-8000 System (see below for description).

• A Z-8000 System configured for your exact needs.

• Software to allow you to run all the available Z-80/8080 software including CP/M.

• Software that includes a Monitor, Debugger, Disassembler, and Basic.

• Software options: a) Extended Monitor, b) Simulators for 8080, Z-80, 6800, 6502, 1802.

• A Z-80 System (QDP-100) that is upward compatible with the Z-8000.

THIS IS WHAT IS COMING FROM QDP:

• A 128 kilobyte RAM card. • UNIX' operating system.

Z-8000 SERIES 16 BIT CPU S-100 BOARD - CAN BE PLUGGED INTO YOUR EXISTING SYSTEM $695.00

Fully S-100 IEEE compatible.

Supports existing 8 BIT memory and 8 BIT peripheral

boards.

Capable of reading and/or writing 8 BIT, 16 BIT, or

mixes 8 BIT and 16 Bit memories automatically.

8 BIT and/or 16 BIT peripheral modules can simultaneously

co-exist in the same bus without any modifications.

Capable of operating as a slave processor to enable your existing

CPU to control the Z-8000.

Industrial Quality

Supports either segmented CPU or non-segmented CPU.

• Power-on and reset jump dip switch selectable.

• Jumper selectable 2 or 4 MHz. operation.

• Dip switch selectable number and type of wait states.

SOFTWARE

• Z-80 emulator enables you to execute your existing 8 BIT software without any modifications and allows you to run CP/M immediately.

• Extended Monitor, Debugger, Disassembler.

QDP-8100 WITH 2 MEGABYTES STORAGE STANDARD (OPTIONAL 4 MEGABYTES)

Z-8000 series 16 BIT CPU S-100 Board - see above

SYSTEMS

SOFTWARE (Provided with system)

• CP/M 2.2' operating system

• Basic

• Z-80/8080 Emulator

• Monitor, Debugger, Disassembler software

• Optional software: Pascal

• UNIX2 operating system coming

$6,395.

QDP-100 WITH 2 MEGABYTES STORAGE STANDARD (OPTIONAL 4 MEGABYTES)

• Z-80 series 8 BIT CPU S-100 Board (4 MHz. Z-80, Double density disk Controller, 2716 Prom Burner 2 Parallel & 2 Serial Ports, real time clock)

SOFTWARE (Provided witn system) «fc /% QQCfc

• CP/M 2.2'operating system q»*W»^^%»e

• Basic

• Accounts Receivable, General Ledger, Accounts Payable, Payroll with Cost Accounting

• Optional software: Fortran, Pascal, Cobol, C

EACH SYSTEM CONTAINS:

Intelligent CRT terminal (80 characters X 24 lines) • 64 kilobytes RAM • Two 8 inch, double sided, double density floppy disk drives with controller • 2 serial and 1 parallel (2 parallel for QDP-100) ports • Attractive woodgrain cabinet with power supplies and cabling

FULL TECHNICAL SUPPORT FROM THE STAFF AT QUASAR DATA PRODUCTS

4 Mhz 64K Dynamic RAM

16K - S250M 32K - s350" 48K - S450M 64K - s54900

QUASAR FLOPPY SYSTEM

• Two MFE DBL sided drives • Cable • Case & Power Supply assembled and tested Wood cabinet s1895°<'

QUASAR 2 MEG FLOPPY

• 2 MFE double sided drives

P* Teletek disk controller board • Power supply & cable • Wood cabinet • CP/M version 2.2 & bios

• Assembled & tested s2295"

Dealer Inquiries Invited. Hours:9-5:30 M-F

Specifications Subject To Change M" Digital Research "UNIX" Bell Lab "Z-80001" Zilog

TELETEK DBL. DENSITY, DBL. SIDED

Disk Controller Board s395"

MFE Double Sided - Double Density

8" Floppy Disk Drives, (the best) 65000

Using the Teletek Controller under CP/M, THIS DRIVE WILL GIVE YOU ALMOST ONE MEGABYTE PER DISK DRIVE. Power supply for above "llO"0

PAPER TIGER

Includes Graphics s949"

Cable for TRS-80 S39M

Call for Apple

TI - 820

Serial Printer Full package options.. . s1995"

»Z-80™ Zilog

Checks, money orders accepted Add $2.50 freight charges on orders under 10 lbs. Over 10 lbs. F.O.B. Cleveland

QUASAR DATA PRODUCTS

10330 Brecksville Rd., Brecksville, OH 44141 (216) 526-0838 or 526-0839

Circle 122 on Inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980 199

Photo 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d, 3e, 3f: Sample displays produced with the MicroAngelo graphics board. Vectors may be drawn with single high-level commands.

200 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Automated Iquipment incqrporated

Toll-Free Ordering

1-800-854-6003 714-739-4701

Outside Calif.

Inside Calif. Outside Cont. USA

TERMINALS

TELEVIDEO 912B $698

TELEVIDE0 912C 698

TELEVIDEO 920B 748

TELEVIDEO920C 748

SOROC IQ-120 695

ZENITH A-19 850

HAZELTINE 1500 850

11 0 EI B D tl Q !1 >*J|>I I 1 '.I'I'll ;|- I D fl (I E !! II 1

ia&j-rii 'ri-.n

NORTHSTAR

HRZ-1-32K-D $1990

HRZ-2-32K-D 2295

HRZ-1-32K-Q 2450

HRZ-2-32K-Q 2690

ADDITIONAL 16K RAM 365

ADDITIONAL 32K RAM 565

HARD DISC SYSTEM 3935

DM6400 64K RAM MAY BE SUBSTITUTED FOR ASM 32K NORTHSTAR FOR $140. NORTHSTARS WITHOUT MEMORY AVAILABLE.

PRINTERS

NEC5510(TRACT.,RIB.,THIM) $2600

NEC 5515 (TRACT., RIB., THIM) 2700

NEC 5520 (TRACT., RIB., THIM) 2900

NEC5530(TRACT.,RIB.,THIM) 2600

MALIBU 2295

TI-810 1495

TI-820 1640

EPSON MX80 CALL

AN ADEX DP-8000 795

ANADEXDP-9500 1345

BOARDS KIT ASM

CB2 Z80CPU $200 $265

VB1C VIDEO 140 190

VB2 VIDEO 155 210

VB3 VIDEO 375 440

I04 INTERFACE 165 225

SB1 SYNTHESIZER 195 270

MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS MEMORY

DM 3200 32K 4MHZ 480

DM 6400 64K 4MHZ 595

DMB3200 32K 4MHZ BANK SELECT. 630 DMB6400 64K 4MHZ BANK SELECT. 745

DYNABYTE

DB 8/1 48K $ 2395

DB 8/1 64K 2715

DB 8/2 48K 3900

DB 8/2 64K 4200

DB 8/4 SINGLE 3030

DB 8/4 DUAL 3830

10M WINCHESTER 4630

32M PHOENIX 11800

64M PHOENIX 15000

96M PHOENIX 18000

SOFTWARE

WORDSTAR $350

MAILMERGE 100

DATASTAR 250

N.S. PASCAL 175

MAGIC WAND 290

CBASIC 100

BOOKKEEPER 800

ADDITIONAL DISCOUNTS FROM OUR

SOFTWARE PRICES WHEN PURCHASING

A SYSTEM FROM US

GRAHAM-DORIAN JOB COSTING$700 INVENTORY.. 475 CASH REG... 475 APARTMENT. 475 MEDICAI 700

STRUCTURED SYS

ACCTSREC $700

ACCTS PAY 700

GENLEDG 700

PAYROLL 700

INVENTORY ... 425

We will try to beat any advertised price.

Automated Equipment Inc. Suite #D

4341 W. Commonwealth Ave. Fullerton, Calif. 92633

DISCUS-1 1 DISCUS-1 2 DISCUS 2D 1 DISCUS 2D 2 DISCUS 2+ 2 1 DISCUS 2+ 2 2

MORROW

DRIVE $ 815

DRIVE 1465

DRIVE 970

DRIVE 1635

DRIVE 1265

DRIVE 2245

DISC JOCKEY 1 190

DISC JOCKEY 2D 350

DISCUS M26 HARD DISC 3990

ADDITIONAL HARD DISC 3685

MISC

NEC THIMBLES $ 16

NEC RIBBONS 6

RS232CABLE5' 20

RS 232 CABLE 10' 25

LEDEX MONITOR 125

NOVATION CAT 165

DISCS-BOX OF 10

VERBATUM5V4 1SIDE$27 VERBATUM5V4 2SIDE 45 VERBATUM8 1 SIDE 35

VERBATUM8 2SIDE 55

OTHERS CALL

OPEN MON-FRI 8 AM TO 5 PM

TERMS: All prices listed are cash discounted and are subject to change or withdrawal. Credit cards and COD's are accepted at 2% additional handling charge. Universities and Well Rated Firms NET-10.

SHIPPING: ADDITIONAL IN ALL CASES.

TECH. ASSISTANCE: WE TRY TO HELP INTERFACE AND TROUBLESHOOT CALL 714-739-4701

Circle 123 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980

201

Replacing < Command > with <84> would cause the firmware to set the graphics cursor to (384,256) on the screen. Some commands have no operands such as "clear screen". It is possible, with one command, to toggle the screen figure/ground. This means that every dot on the screen will be complemented (ie: reversed). If a dot is on (white), it will be turned off (black) and vice versa.

Individual dots may be turned on, off, complemented or queried. The form of this group of commands is also:

<Command> <xh> <xl> <yh> <yl>

In the case of the query command, the response is a single byte from the firmware with a value of 1 or 0.

A vector, the next level of sophistication, may also be turned on, off or complemented. The endpoint of the vector is specified in the command, and the starting point is assumed to be the current value of the graphics cursor.

It is also possible to work with regions of the display. If we wish to turn on all dots in a box with corners (XI,Yl), (X2,Y1), (X1,Y2), (X2,Y2) the command:

<95> <xlh> <xll> <ylh> <yll> <x2h> <x2l> <y2h> <y2l>

would be sent. Regions may also be turned off or complemented.

Characters may be plotted depending on the graphics cursor and the mode selected for graphics characters. Options available include:

• normal-size or double-size characters

• black-on-white or white-on-black

• direction and orientation

8" DISK CONTROLLER

NOW—DOUBLE SIDED OPTION!

• DOUBLES APPLE ][ STORAGE

• APPLE DOS COMPATIBLE

• SHUGART 800 OR 850 COMPATIBLE

• IBM 3740 DATA ENTRY CAPABILITY

• CP/M, UCSD PASCAL CAPABILITY Available at your local APPLE Dealer: $400.

£SVA>

SORRENTO VALLEY ASSOCIATES

11722 SORRENTO VALLEY RD. SAN DIEGO, CA 92121

Alternate characters may be defined. When the ALPHA mode alternate-character-set option is employed, sending an ASCII character to the firmware will display the alternate character instead of the standard font character. To define the character, the following sequence of bytes must be sent:

<9A> < asc> <sll> <sl0> <s9> ... <sl> <s0>

where 9A is the command, "asc" is the ASCII character code assigned to the character, and sll, slO, ... sO are the twelve scan lines (6 bits wide) that make up the character in a 6 by 12 dot array.

Using the Light Pen

The light pen provides a convenient means of entering data or drawing on the screen without having to enter numeric coordinates. The coordinates of the pen may be read directly, along with a flag indicating whether or not the pen has been fired since it was last queried. Cross hairs may be displayed at any point on the screen when using the light pen. Another set of commands allows the cross hairs to be displayed, moved, and queried without regard to the light pen.

Memory Uploading/Downloading

Several commands are provided for dumping and loading the screen, thus allowing the user to save images on disk and restore them for later viewing or editing. Memory blocks may be examined or deposited allowing quick loading of alternate character fonts or user-written code. The firmware allows the user to deposit Z80 instructions in unused blocks of on-board memory. The user code may be defined as an op code and thereafter treated as just another firmware command.

Concerning Gray Levels and Color

The one drawback of the MicroAngelo is that it does not have gray levels — meaning the ability to have levels in between black and white or on and off. However, I was informed by Scion that another product, as yet unnamed, is available. This is another S-100 board which mixes the output of three or more MicroAngelo boards to produce color, gray levels, or both; four colors can be obtained with as few as two boards.This scheme does require more than one MicroAngelo board, but compared to other graphics displays with 512 by 480 resolution, this approach is still cost-effective. The board does offer interesting possibilities: 256 gray levels, the 256 possible hues or colors, and the winking of dots on an individual dot basis. Also, it is possible to use the winking effect to alternate between two colors.

Conclusions

The MicroAngelo video display system provides quality high-resolution graphics capabilities to S-100 bus (or similar) microcomputer systems, with an exceptional price-to-performance ratio.

On-board firmware provides a simple but powerful set of commands that makes system integration easy.

Although the board is designed to run on the S-100 bus, it can be easily adapted to almost any other bus or input/ouput port organization and does not require an 8080 or Z80 host computer. ■

202 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 124 on inquiry card.

PMC-80

Level II16K at $645

SOFTWARE COMPATIBLE

Reads all Level II BASIC tapes Reads all SYSTEM tapes Full range of peripherals

The PMC-80 is a "work-alike" computer to the popular TRS-80* Model I, Level II by Tandy, Radio Shack. The PMC-80 has 16K bytes of RAM and the complete Level II 12K BASIC ROM by Microsoft that makes it 100% software compatible with programs from Radio Shack and from the hundreds of other independent suppliers. The built-in cassette player reads standard Radio Shack programs for the TRS-80.*

Sold through computer stores.

Video output for monitor and TV Optional FASTLOAD at 8000 baud Optional Upper/Lower case

The PMC-80 will operate with any of the many peripherals Radio Shack and other independent vendors have invented to plug into the TRS-80.* Most importantly, the Interface Adapter permits Expansion Interfaces with memory expansion to 48K to be added. An Expansion Interface will also permit the addition of Radio Shack compatible 5' i" disks and disk operating systems, RS 232, printers, etc.

"TRS-80 is a registered trademark of Tandy, Radio Shack.

Personal Micro Computers, Inc.

475 Ellis Street, Mountain View, CA 94043

(415) 962-0220

Circle 125 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980 203

The Age of Affordable Pers

■

In 1978 Ohio Scientific introduced f, a revolutionary new low cost computer — the Superboard II. This computer provides all important personal computer features on a single board at a cost of under $300. The Superboard II received rave reviews by microcomputer experts such as:

"We can heartily recommend the Superboard II computer system for the beginner who wants to get into microcomputers with a minimum of cost. Moreover, this is a 'real' computer with full expandability."

POPULAR ELECTRONICS MARCH, 1979

"The Superboard II weighs in at $279 and provides a remarkable amount of computing for this incredible price'.'

KILOBAUD MICROCOMPUTING FEBRUARY, 1979

"The Superboard II and its fully dressed companion the Challenger IP series incorporate all the fundamental necessities of a personal computer at a very attractive price. With the expansion capabilities provided, this series becomes a very formidable competitor in the home computer area'.' INTERFACE AGE APRIL, 1979

"The graphics available permit some really dramatic effects and are relatively simple to program... The fact that the system can be easily expanded to include a floppy means that while you are starting out with a low-cost minimal system, you don't have to throw it away when you are ready to go on to more complex computer functions. At $279, Superboard II is a tough act to follow." RADIO ELECTRONICS JUNE, 1979

"The Superboard is an excellent choice for the personal computer enthusiast on a budget" BYTE MAY, 1979

Since the introduction of Superboard II, the cost of personal computers has actually gone up with new models by major manufacturers ranging from $1000 to well over $4000 due to the general cost of inflation and the increasing functionality included in these computers. Today Cleveland Consumer Computers is offering you the original Superboard II at its original price of just $279. In today's economy this is by far the best buy

in personal computing ever!

The Superboard II can entertain your whole family with spectacular video games and cartoons, made possible by its ultra high resolution graphics and super fast BASIC. It can help you with your personal finances and budget planning, made possible by its decimal arithmetic ability and cassette data storage capabilities. It can assist you in school or industry as an ultra

powerful scientific calculator, made possible by its advanced scientific math functions and built-in "immediate" mode which allows complex problem solving without programming! This computer can actually entertain your children while it educates them in topics ranging from naming the Presidents of the United States to tutoring trigonometry — all possible by its fast extended BASIC, graphics and data storage ability.

The machine can be economically expanded to assist in your business, remotely control your home, communicate with other computers and perform many other tasks via the broadest line of expansion accessories in the microcomputer industry.

This machine is super easy to use because it communicates naturally in BASIC, an English-like programming language. So you can easily instruct it or program it to do whatever you want, but you don't have to. You don't because it comes with a complete software library on cassette including programs for each application stated above. Ohio Scientific also offers you hundreds of inexpensive programs on readyto-run cassettes. Program it yourself or just enjoy it; the choice is yours.

The Superboard II comes fully assembled and tested. It reguires + 5V at 3 Amps and a video monitor or TV with RF converter to be up and running. $279.00

Standard Features:

• Uses the ultra powerful 6502 Microprocessor.

• 8K Microsoft BASIC-in-ROM. Full feature BASIC runs faster than currently available personal computers and all 8080 based business computers.

• 4K static RAM on board expandable to 8K.

• Full 53-key keyboard with upper/lower case and user programmability.

• Kansas City standard audio cassette interface for high reliability.

• Full machine code monitor and I/O utilities in ROM.

204 BYTE November 1980

Circle 126 on inquiry card.

onal Computing is Still Here,

Mini-Floppy Disk Drive

Direct access video display has IK of dedicated memory (besides 4K user memory), features upper case, lower case, graphics and gaming characters for an effective screen resolution of up to 256 x 256 points. Normal TV's with overscan display about 24 rows of 24 characters without overscan up to 30 x 30 characters.

Optional Extras:

• Available 610 expander board features up to 24K static RAM (additional), dual mini-floppy interface, and an OSI 48 line expansion interface.

• Assembler/Editor and Extended Machine Code monitor available.

• 630 I/O Expander.

RGB color and NTSC composite color outputs with up to 16 colors, Dual 8-axis joystick interface, AC remote control interface which mates with AC-12P, home security interface which mates with the AC-17P, 16-line parallel I/O interface, 16-pin I/O bus interface which allows the connection of parallel I/O lines or high speed analog I/O module, or a PROM blaster or solderless interface prototyping board, programmable sound generator and program selectable modem and high speed printer ports, and more.

Freight Policies All orders of $100 or more are shipped freight prepaid. Orders of less than $100 please add $4.00 to cover shipping costs. Ohio Residents add 5.5% Sales Tax.

Guaranteed Shipment Cleveland Consumer Computers & Components guarantees shipment of computer systems within 48 hours upon receipt of your order. Our failure to ship within 48 hours entitles you to $35 of software, FREE.

VISA

Hours:

Call Monday thru Friday 8:00AMto5:00PME.D.T.

Software:

CS-600

Ohio Scientific and independent suppliers offer hundreds of programs for the Superboard II, in cassette and mini-floppy form. Here is a sampling of popular Ohio Scientific programs for the Superboard II.

EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS

BASIC Tutor Series

Clock Tutor

Continents Quiz

Definite Integral

French Drill & Tutor

German Tutor & Drill

Hangman (8K)

Log Tutors 1-3

Math Blitz

Math Intro

Mathink

Matrix Tutors 1-3

Metric Tutor & Quiz

Spanish Drill & Tutor

Spelling Quiz

Trig Tutor (8K) I & II

BUSINESS PROGRAMS

Address Book

Advertisement Demo

Inventory Demo

Mailing List (8K)

Straight & Constant Depreciation

Time Calculator

PERSONAL PROGRAMS

Biorhythm

Calorie Counter

Checking Account

Loan Finance

Personal Calendar

Savings Account

GAME PROGRAMS

Baseball I

Black lack

Civil War

Destroyer

High Noon

Hockey

Lander

New York Taxi

Poker

Racer

Space War

Star Trek

Star Wars

Tic-Tac-Toe

Tiger Tank

SBII&C1P

SCE-336

SCE-353

SCE-332

SCE-326

SCE-339

SCE-342

SCE-324

SCE-344

SCE-329

SCE-319

SCE-337

SCE-345

SCE-335

SCE-3S2

SCE-333

SCE-318

SCB-S23 SCB-520 SCB-518 SCB-524 SCB-500 SCB-525

SCP-716 SCP-708 SCP-719 SCP-717 SCP-718 SCP-720

SCG-975 SCG-955 SCG-977 SCG-951 SCG-960 SCG-979 SCG-925 SCG-956 SCG-962 SCG-949 SCG-942 SCG-946 SCG-926 SCG-945 SCG-950

610 Board

Price $35.00 6.50 6.S0 6.50 6.50 6.50 9.00 6.50 6.50 6.50 9.00 6.50 6.50 6.50 6.50 6.50

9.00 6.50 6.50 6.50 9.00 9.00

9.00 6.50 9.00 6.50 6.50 9.00

6.50 6.50 6.50 6.50 6.50 6.50 6.50 6.50 6.50 6.50 6.50 6.50 6.50 6.50 14.00

Hardware:

Superboard II

as specified in the advertisement.

$279

610 Board

For use with Superboard II and Challenger 1P, 8K static RAM expandable to 24K or 32K system total. Accepts up to two mini-floppy disk

drives. Requires +5V@ 4.5 amps.

298

Mini-Floppy Disk Drive

Includes Ohio Scientific's PICO

DOS software and connector cable.

Compatible with 610 expander

board. Requires + 12V@ 1.5 amps

and +5V@ 0.7 amps.

299

630 Board

As specified in the advertisement.

229

AC-3P

12" combination black and white

TV/video monitor.

159

4KP

4K RAM chip set.

79

PS-005

5V 4.5 amp power supply for

Superboard II.

35

PS-003

Mini-floppy power supply.

29

C1P Sams

ClP/Superboard II Manual.

8

OS-65D

V3.2 Disk Operating System with 9-digit extended BASIC, random

access and sequential files.

49

CS-600

Metal case for Superboard II, 610 and 630 board and two power

supplies.

49

CS-610

Metal case for single floppy disk

drive and power supply.

49

AC-12P

Wireless AC remote control system. Includes control console, two lamp modules and two appliance

modules for use with 630 board.

175

AC-17P

Home security system. Includes console, fire detector, window protection devices and door unit for

use with 630 board.

249

C4P Sams

C4P Manual.

16

C3 Sams Challenger III Manual.

40

To Order:

Or to get our free catalog CALL 1-800-321-5805 TOLL FREE.

Charge your order to your VISA or MASTER CHARGE ACCOUNT Ohio Residents Call: (216) 464-8047. Or write, including your check or money order, to the address listed below.

I CLEVELAND CONSUMER COMPUTERS & COMPONENTS

' ' ' WB1M ^B.

s5*J£9*J59» — .

P.O. Box 46627 Cleveland. Ohio 44146

CLEVELAND CONSUMER COMPUTERS S COMPONENTS

P.O. Box 46627 Cleveland, Ohio 44146

Order Form

□ Superboard II $279. □ 630 Board $229.

□ 610 Board $298. □ AC-3P 12" B-W Monitor $159

□ Mini-Floppy Disk Drive $299. DC1P Sams Manual $8. (Attach separate sheet for other items.)

NAME:

ADDRESS:

CITY:

_STATE:

.ZIP:

| Payment by: VISA: _ MASTER CHARGE

I Credit Card Account f

I Expires: Interbank | (Master Charge)

I TOTALCHARGEDORENCLOSED:$_ I

MONEY ORDER:

_(OhioResidentsadd5.5% Sales Tax)

All orders shipped insured UPS unless otherwise requested. FOB Cleveland, Ohi<

Circle 126 on Inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980

205

Getting to Know Your Monitor

Ron Dalpiaz

308 High St Box 573

Tuscarawas OH 44682

There are few more satisfying pursuits than constructing, operating, and maintaining a personal computer system. The brave souls who develop their systems from discrete kits, preferring to assemble the "ideal" combination of peripherals, can feel justifiably proud of their accomplishments.

Inevitably, system failures will occur and can usually be remedied by personal knowledge and help from numerous books and articles on computer-circuit theory. But one frequently neglected area is the operational theory of the most used human-to-computer interface: the monochrome video monitor.

The video monitor is a basic part of most personal computer systems. The theory described here applies to converted television receivers and professional monitors. The two differ mostly in the video amplifier's frequency response and the cathode-ray-tube phosphor color: a professional monitor has a greater frequency response and a green phosphor. Additionally, the professional monitor has no tuner, intermediate frequency amplifier, video detector, sound or AGC (automatic gain control) sections, which are necessary in the broadcast receiver. The latter must have these sections rendered inoperable or selectively switched out when used as a monitor. Our discussion will assume a professional monitor with direct video entry.

The Picture Tube

The fundamental part of the video monitor is the CRT (cathode-ray tube). Various circuits are used to deflect and modulate the beam.

Figure 1 shows the elements found in the modern picture-tube electrongun assembly. 6.3 V applied to the heater causes electrons to be emitted or "boiled off" from the cathode surface. The electrons are pulled toward the phosphorus screen by the high positive potential existing at the accelerating anode surrounding the bell of the picture tube. Typically,

CONTROL GRID

-l

11

>

! I

-FOCUSING ANODE

I I

-F

CATHODE

-ACCELERATING ANODES

Figure 1: Internal structure of a cathode-ray tube. The electron beam is emitted by the cathode when it is heated. Electrons are attracted to the screen by a high voltage (12 kV to 20 kV) on the second anode.

LZ^

>

CROSSOVER

o

f

CONTROL GRID

Figure 2: The crossover effect. Two accelerating anodes, in conjunction with the focusing anode, are used to give a sharp beam and a well-defined screen image. Without the focusing arrangement, the electron beam diverges and splatters.

CONTROL GRID-i

CATHODE

1

FOCUS ANODE

1

SECOND ANODE

RT

D

^~--J^'

\V-7FT

-——^-^^T- J SCREEN

4^

ilSi

f

B

BRIGHTNESS

ii FOCUS _wv

B +

Figure 3: Focusing the beam. By applying the proper potentials to the anodes and control grids, the electron beam can be "squeezed" to a pinpoint, for displaying the image on the screen.

206 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

What do you need?

Program listings . . . inventory listings . . . custom logos and letters . . . mailing labels in a multitude of sizes . . . custom forms and the data to complete them . . . curve plotting or bar graphs .. . digitized images from video or bit pads . . . multi-part forms . . . preprinted forms . . . tickets . . . and the list goes on . . .

How do we do it?

High speed bi-directional full logic printing; two standard character sets, upper/lower case with descenders; high speed font at 165 cps; letter quality font at 90 cps; expanded characters, solid underlining; programmable character sets; complete dot control graphics; adjustable tractor feed 3"-16"; user adjustable platen; programmable tabs, forms length and line spacing; out of paper signal; self-test; interface options — RS-232C, Centronics parallel, Apple, S-100; and the list goes on . . .

The Malibu Model 165

Find out if it's the easy solution to your hard copy needs — contact your local computer dealer or you can write or call us today for complete specifications and print samples — you won't be disappointed.

Versatility, Quality and Reliability: We build it in.

malibu

Electronics Corporation

Dealers and OEM'S, call us about our new purchase programs with prices, terms and delivery to meet your needs too.

2301 Townsgate Road, Westlake Village, CA 91361 (805) 496-1990

a subsidiary of "-^-tfiw^lh li Convocation

Circle 127 on Inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980 207

voltages of 12 kV to 20 kV are fed to this anode from the monitor's highvoltage section.

The emitted electrons pass through various control grids and arrive at the screen in the form of a luminescent dot. The brilliance of the dot is controlled by adjusting the potential at the control grid. A voltage more negative than the cathode surface decreases the beam brilliance, while a more positive voltage increases the beam brilliance. Varying the controlgrid voltage modulates the beam and produces the shades of black and white that form the picture elements on the monitor screen.

The two accelerating anodes, in conjunction with the focusing anode, are used to give a sharp, well-defined screen image. Without these anodes, the electron beam, after passing through the control grid, would encounter crossover and become broad and splattered, as shown in figure 2.

By applying the proper potentials to the accelerating anodes and the focus anode, the beam is squeezed and formed into a well-defined pinpoint suitable for displaying the images on the screen. This result is

shown in figure 3.

Deflection Circuits and Rastering

The processes described so far would result in a black screen with a single bright dot in the center of the picture tube. The first step in obtaining a display on the screen is to pull the electron beam from side to side; this illuminates a line on the screen. The beam can be moved from top to bottom, in order to illuminate a whole screen of lines. If this is done rapidly enough, this will produce illumination over the entire area of the picture tube. This process is called rastering, and the dimly illuminated screen with no data information present is called the raster.

The deflection yoke consists of electromagnetic coils arranged in a vertical and horizontal configuration and is fitted around the picture tube neck; it is the primary device used for deflecting the electron beam. To move the beam from the top to the bottom of the screen (vertically), a rapidly rising (and more rapidly falling) sawtooth-current waveform is passed through the vertical windings

FINDING SOLUTIONS

AND BEING COMPETITIVE

IS OUR BUSINESS.

Having problems and looking for a

computer to help solve them?

Are you finding computer dealers

come in one of two ways? Either

Full system support with Full price

or Take it or Leave it with Low

price. At Omega we don't believe

that you should have to make a

choice. Yes, we're in business to sell

products but also, to solve your

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Integer Firmware Card 152.00

Z-80 Softcard 259.00

Videx Videoterm 80 col Card 279.00

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of the yoke. Figure 4 shows a sawtooth waveform produced by a typical vertical circuit and the resultant vertical sweep of the beam.

As the current rises (Time A), the buildup of magnetic flux causes the beam to be swept from the top to the bottom of the screen. When the sawtooth reaches maximum value, it rapidly falls to 0 (Time B), causing the beam to be retraced from the bottom back to the top of the screen, where the process begins again. During the beam sweep from top to bottom, the trace is visible, but during the retrace the beam is cut off by the retrace blanking circuitry to avoid undesirable retrace lines from showing. Vertical sweep of the beam normally occurs 60 times per second.

The sawtooth wave is produced in an oscillator and amplifier section of the television monitor and is fed to the vertical windings of the deflection yoke 60 times per second. Vertical beam deflection, if used alone, would result in a bright vertical line in the center of the darkened screen. To complete the rastering process, the beam must also be deflected from left to right, and this is accomplished by the horizontal circuitry.

The horizontal windings in the deflection yoke are also fed with a sawtooth current originating in the horizontal oscillator and output circuitry. The frequency of this sawtooth is 15,750 Hz. The rising sawtooth current is passed through the horizontal windings in the yoke, causing the beam to be deflected from the left to the right side of the picture. The beam is then cut off by the horizontal blanking circuitry, and the rapidly falling sawtooth current sweeps the beam back to the left side of the screen to repeat the process. Figure 5 illustrates a typical horizontal oscillator and deflection circuit and the resultant screen trace.

The horizontal sawtooth voltage is produced by the horizontal oscillator and output section. The sawtooth is coupled into a horizontal output transformer before being fed to the deflection yoke windings. The main purpose of this transformer is to produce the high voltage necessary for the accelerating anode at the picture tube. The rapidly falling sawtooth voltage present during beam retrace is fed to the horizontal output transformer which steps it up to a Text continued on page 212

208 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 128 on inquiry card.

Now NRI takes you inside tke

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NRI teams up with Radio Shack to teach you how to use, program and service microcomputers... make you the complete technician. It's no longer enough to be just a programmer or a technician. With microcomputers moving into the fabric of our lives (over200,000 of the TRS-80™ alone have been sold), interdisciplinary skills are demanded. And NRI can prepare you with the first course of its kind, covering the complete world of the microcomputer.

Learn At Home in Your Spare Time

With NRI training, the programmer gains practical knowledge of hardware, enabling him to design simpler, more effective programs. And, with advanced programming skills, the technician can test and debug systems quickly and easily

Training includes TRS-80 computer, transistorized volt-ohm meter, digital frequency counter, and the MU Discovery Lab with hundreds of tests and experiments.

(TRS-80 is a trademark of the Radio Shack division of Tandy Corp.)

Only NRI gives you both kinds of training with the convenience of home study. No classroom pressures, no night school, no gasoline wasted. You learn at your convenience, at your own pace. Yet you're always backed by the NRI staff and your instructor, answering questions, giving you guidance, and helping you over the tough spots.

Explore the TRS-80 Inside and Out

NRI training is hands-on training, with practical experiments and demonstrations as the very foundation of your knowledge. You don't just program your computer, you introduce and correct faults .. .watch how circuits interact...interface with other systems... gain a real insight into its nature.

You also build test instruments and the NRI Discovery Lab, performing over 60 separate experiments in the process. You learn how your trouble-shooting tools work, and gain greater understanding of the information they give you. Both micro

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Circle 131 on inquiry card.

Buy an Atari 800 16K for

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and your savings hove just begun:

odd'M6KRom S139.95 Joysticks S14.95

odd I SKRom $84.95 Star Raiders U9.95

410 Program Rec. 159.95 29.95 Rom Pocks $19.95

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mg

$2399 $2799 $2499 $4995 $2299 $2345 $899

4J;l,'hH;HI

^^ss^

«— M mmm

Okidota Microline 80

$546

Comprint GP (Apple, TRS-80)

$495

Paper Tiger w/graphics

$879

MPI 66T

$624

Centronics 737

$829

Diablo 630

$2349

NEC 5510

$2589

TERMINALS

P.E. Bantam (w/non-glore)

$689

Soroc IQ 120 (Pre-tested)

$749

Televideo 912C

$749

Televideo 920C

$799

Hazelrine 1500

$899

Visual Tech 200

$945

■ HOW TO ORDER 1

Moil-Order Only

2% cosh discount incl. Prices subject to change. Product subject to availability. Az. residents add 5%. F.O.D. Scottsdale. Factory Warranties included. *Our Horizons ore better thon their Horizons, coll us, we'll tell you why.

Scottsdale Systems

6730 E. McDowell Rood #103 , ^_ , t Scottsdale, Az. 85257

™ Open 6 to 6 PM ■ M-Sat.

(602)941-5856

OQ-1

INPUT PULSE FROM HORIZONTAL OUTPUT

HORIZONTAL

OUTPUT

TRANSFORMER

15KV-17KV TO 2ND ANODE

I—v. BOOST B+ TO "—•* FOCUS ANODE

Figure 6: Typical high-voltage circuit. High-frequency AC from the horizontaldeflection circuitry is also used to produce the high voltage supplied to the focusing and second anodes. After passing through a step-up transformer, the AC is rectified and filtered for use in various other circuits.

HORIZONTAL

SYNC

PULSES

w

VERTICAL SYNC PULSES CONTAINED WITHIN INFORMATION BURST

INFORMATION

WHITE LEVEL

Figure 7: Composite video signal. The signal sent to most video displays contains large pulses used to keep the horizontal oscillator in time with the picture information. The picture information is essentially an on/off control of the electron beam. In most video monitors, a low pulse turns the beam on, illuminating a dot on the screen; an intermediate voltage turns the beam off.

Text continued from page 208: very high potential. This pulsating high voltage is then rectified, filtered, and applied to the picture tube anode. Various taps on the transformer give alternate circuit voltages, including the focus voltage. Figure 6 illustrates a typical high-voltage circuit.

The production of high voltage to accelerate the electron beam combined with the horizontal and vertical deflection of the beam all work together to produce a dimly illuminated raster on the screen.

Interlaced Scanning

A careful study of the raster reveals the precision with which it is produced. The raster is usually composed of 525 finely spaced parallel horizontal lines, approximately 480 of which are visible within the viewing area of the picture tube. The number of lines and the scanning method used depend on the particular video interface used, and I will assume a high-quality monitor used with a video system outputting sixtyfour or more characters per line.

The vertical oscillator and output section utilize an interlaced scanning method which traces 262.5 lines across the screen in 1/60 second, then returns to trace a second set of 262.5 lines between the previous lines. Each set of lines is called a field, and the two fields combined produce one complete data picture or frame. When the electron beam is modulated to produce a picture, one frame occurs once each 1/30 second, and thirty complete pictures occurring each second are sufficient to give the illusion of a continuous display. Exceptions to this process are videointerface techniques which do not interlace their fields but which trace a complete picture in one field. The 60 Hz scan rate can also vary.

The Composite Video Signal

In order to synchronize the monitor's vertical and horizontal oscillators with the video-interface output, a composite video signal or separate video and synchronization signals are coupled to their respective stages. The purpose of the syn

212 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Suddenly, RCA makes talking to your computer a lot cheaper.

New interactive data terminal with color graphics-only $369.

PPSfwSfl*

o

! &&

RCA's new VP-3301 is a professional quality, ASCII encoded, interactive data terminal, suitable for a wide variety of industrial, educational, business and individual applications requiring interactive communication between computer and user. Connects directly to your computer or to a standard modem for over the phone access to time sharing networks and data bases. And it's compatible with networks such as those provided by CompuServe Information Services and Source Telecomputing Corp. Microprocessor intelligence and LSI video control integrated circuits bring performance, features and flexibility at a low price. Operates from 5 volt power supply (included).

Unique color locking circuitry creates sharp, jitter free, true color graphics and rainbow free characters.

You can display the entire field of characters in any of 8 colors against any of 8 background colors (8 gray scales with monochrome monitors). Or to add special emphasis, you can display individual letters, words or lines in different colors or in reverse video.

The VP-3301 offers you a choice of two softwareselectable display formats: Either 40 characters by 24 lines. Or 20 characters by 12 lines.

The terminal's resident character set consists of 52 upper and lower case alphabetics, 10 numerals, 32 punctuation/math symbols and 31 control characters.

You can also define a total of 125 of your own characters. Including: Greek letters and other foreign alphabets, graphic symbols, large graphics building blocks, playing card suits, unique character fonts and "little green men."

The keyboard section features flexible-membrane key switches with contact life rated at greater than five million operations. A finger positioning overlay and positive keypress action give good operator "feel".

An on-board sound generator and speaker provides aural feedback for key presses and may also be activated with escape sequences to provide an audio output.

The sealed keyboard surface is spill proof and dust proof. This, combined with high noise immunity CMOS circuitry, makes the VP-3301 ideal for hostile environments.

Output is industry standard asynchronous RS232C or 20 mA current loop with 6 switch-selectable baud rates and 8 selectable data formats.

You can connect the terminal directly to a 525 line color or monochrome monitor. Or to a standard TV set using your RF modulator.

For more information, contact RCA Microcomputer Marketing, New Holland Avenue, Lancaster, PA

Or call our toll-free number: 800-233-0094.

♦Suggested user price.

RCA

Circle 132 on Inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980 213

Circle 133 on inquiry card.

BKG10.

The improved version ot bKG 9.8, the backgammon playing program that defeated the world backgammon champion by a score of 7-1 at Monte Carlo in July, 1979.

BKG 10, developed utilizing the expertise of Paul Magriel, former world backgammon champion and author of Backgammon, has emerged as one of the best pieces of artificial intelligence software available on microcomputer.

BKG 10. features:

• Version I utilizes direct cursor control for professional display of board, disc, cube, etc.

• Version II adds printer/disc IO of game in progress, enables board set-up at nonstandard points and simulation capabilities.

• BKG 10. incorporates advanced SNAC functions (Smooth & Nonlinear Application Coefficients) as described in (Scientific American, June, 1980).

• Plays by ABPA Tournament Rules, including: doubling, match play and optionally the Crawford Rule. BKG 10. VI will play either side. VII enables machine — machine play for simulation applications.

• BKG 10. responds quickly, making most moves in under 15 seconds (2 MHz), or 7 seconds (4MHz).

• BKG 10. was written entirely in Z-80 Assembler.

BKGIO. has the additional capability of

suggesting moves and doubling decisions.

• SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS •

system.

rocessor. 32K TPA, CP/M C addressable video termini

compatible operate & 8" floppy drive. \i

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Alaska/Hawaii 800-824-7919 Ask for Operator 105

BKG 10.

BLACK LEVEL

WHITE LEVEL *

n_

(a)

(b)

Figure 8: Sample video display and corresponding composite video signal. The low portion of the composite signal (b) turns on the electron beam to illuminate the screen (a). When the intermediate voltage of the black portion is encountered, the beam is turned off. As the composite signal returns to the low white level, the screen is illuminated again.

1ST VIDEO

2ND VIDEO

COMPOSITE

AMPLIFIER

1

AMPLIFIER

DEFLECTION COILS

n x

VIDEO INPUT |—^,

1 <

J

1 PICTURE

P

i

1 TUBE

1

1

1— |

VERTICAL SWEEP

—1

l__

r

rn

<J

SYNC SEPARATOR

DEFLECTION CIRCUITS

. Ji

1

1

i

_i

1 1

HORIZONTAL

i

HIGH

SWEEP

VOLTAGE

Figure 9: Block diagram of the signal path in a typical monitor. The solid lines represent actual video information, while the dashed lines indicate the path of synchronization signals.

chronization signals is to time the vertical and horizontal oscillator stages to the video information fed to the picture tube. Figure 7 is a sketch of the most widely implemented composite video signal.

This signal contains both the horizontal and vertical synchronization pulses (called sync pulses) and is applied to the sync separator where the horizontal and vertical pulses are separated, amplified, and sent to their respective oscillators to synchronize their respective traces. Included in the vertical sync pulses (assuming interlaced scanning is used) are equalization pulses whose function is to assure that the second field of lines is interlaced with the first.

Electron-Beam Modulation

The last link in the chain to create an image is to modulate the electron beam, turning it on and off to display white dots on the dim raster; this forms the dot matrices arranged as alphanumeric characters. The infor

mation contained in the composite video signal is actually a series of voltage reference levels which are amplified in the video amplifier and applied to the control grid or cathode of the picture tube to turn the electron beam on or cut it off. The black field in the display is represented by a voltage near the black level just under the horizontal sync pulse. Figure 7 illustrates this. The white dots in the picture are represented by the white level, or minimum voltage. In scanning the display shown in figure 8a, when the beam begins its trace at point A, the voltage level is minimum, or white as in figure 8b. When point B is reached, the voltage level jumps to the black reference level and cuts off the beam at the picture tube. A black screen is evident. At point C, the beam is on again, and white is presented.

Production of a display on a video terminal is more complex, but the beam is modulated in the same way to produce numerous dots of white

214 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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SYSTEMS:

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PERIPHERALS:

3102 "SMART" TERMINAL 40 function keys; detachable keyboard with 14-key numeric pad

3703 DOT-MATRIX PRINTER 180 CPS; 18-inch platen; 132 columns; bi-directional with double buffering

3355A FULL LETTER PRINTER 55 CPS; 15-inch platen; quality impression suited to camera copy

BOARDS: List Our Price

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WE ALSO OFFER:

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Phone inquiries welcome

Prices shown are for "Cash with Order" COLLECT PHONE ORDERS WELCOME or Send check or M.O. (Personal or Co. checks require 2 wks. to clear) Please include phone number. Shipping charges will be added. Within Calif, add applicable sales tax. Factory warranty included. All prices subject to revision.

CP/M !' Digital

CDOSS Research

Cromemco, Inc. CBASIC™

Compiler Systems

i7

Circle 134 on Inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980

215

(corresponding to data elements sent from the video interface). Alternate methods employ black data elements on a white field. The frequency response of the video amplifier stages determines how fast the beam can be turned on and off; the faster the response, the more data elements can be displayed on each line with good resolution.

Home Television Receivers

The video amplifier section in a professional monitor differs greatly from that in a television receiver. Television receivers can rarely be modified to produce dots of a rate beyond 5 MHz, while monitors can be purchased with from 12 to 100 MHz response. The converted television receiver must have its tuner, intermediate frequency amplifier and sound section switched out when employing direct video input. The limited frequency response generally allows only up to thirty-two characters per line, but the low cost of such receivers makes them an attractive choice.

After injection and amplification of the composite video signal in a televi

sion receiver used for video display, the video is separated from the synchronization pulses, and the latter are sent to the synchronization section. The separated video information is then amplified by the video amplifier, coupled to the picture tube, and used to modulate the electron beam. In systems using separate video and synchronization inputs, the vertical and horizontal pulses are not processed in a synchronization separator, but are fed directly to their respective oscillators. The separate video is directly coupled to the video output stage.

Troubleshooting

When all the circuits described above are working in perfect unison and are synchronized by the composite video signal, a stable display will be produced. A malfunction at any stage in the monitor creates a problem peculiar to that particular section. So, what do you do when the monitor fails?

The first step is to obtain a good, accurate schematic of the circuitry (preferably before any problems occur). The manufacturer should sup

ply this. Locating problems can be

somewhat simplified by considering a monitor as consisting of the sections shown in the block diagram of figure 9. Using this diagram, we can observe the signal flow lines to generally predict the section where the problem may lie. Some symptoms and their solutions will prove helpful.

• No Video or Raster: Assuming that the power supply is functioning, the absence of raster could mean that the electron beam is not being deflected across the picture tube screen. Perhaps no beam is present, so the logical checkpoint is the high-voltage section to see if the beam accelerating potential is present. Use of a high-voltage probe is necessary here.

If the high voltage is present at the anode of the picture tube, it is best to measure voltages at the control grid and cathode of the picture tube, assuming that a visual check revealed that the heater was lit. Having cleared the picture tube and proving that a beam can be formed, proceed to check the horizontal-sweep section where

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* CONNECTS TO PET OR KIM USING AN ADAPTOR CABLE.

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» FULL DOCUMENTATION. ASSEMBLED AND TESTED BOARDS ARE GUARANTEED FOR ONE YEAR AND PURCHASE PRICE IS FULLY REFUNDABLE IF BOARD IS RETURNED UNDAMAGED WITHIN 14 DAYS.

ASSEMBLED WITH 32K RAM $395.00

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TESTED WITHOUT RAM CHIPS $279.00

HARD TO GET PARTS (NO RAM CHIPS)

WITH BOARD AND MANUAL $109.00

BARE BOARD S MANUAL $49.00

PET INTERFACE KIT-CONNECTS THE 32K RAM BOARD TO A 4K OR 8K PET CONTAINS INTERFACE CABLE, BOARD STANDOFFS. POWER SUPPLY MODIFICATION KIT AND COMPLETE INSTRUCTIONS $49.00

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FOR APPLE, TRS-80 KEYBOARD, EXIDY, AND ALL OTHER 16K DYNAMIC SYSTEMS USING MK4116-3 OR EQUIVALENT DEVICES.

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COmPUTER DEVICES

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(714)633-7280

nls please add 6% sales tax. Mastercharg«>

„ 'pied Please allow 14 days lor checks !■

ank. Phone orders welcome. Shipping charge* , added to all shipments.

216 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 135 on inquiry card.

Circle 136 on Inquiry card.

HANDLER

CONCESSIONAIRES

DISTRIBUIDORES

O.E.M.

AUSGEZEICHNETE GROSS = HANDELSPREISE stellen nureinen Aspekt unseres Handlerprogrammes dar. Treten Sie noch heute mit uns in Verbindung. (Wir sprechen Deutsch)

UN EXCELLENT PRIX DE GROS ne represente qu'un seul aspect de notre programme de distribution internationale. Mettez-vous en contact avec nous aujourd'hui pour recevoir plus de renseignements. (On parle francais!)

EL EXCELENTE PRECIO AL MAYOREO que ofrecemos representa solo un aspecto de nuestro programa de distribucion internacional. Pongase en contacto con nosotros para informacion mas detallada. (Se habla espafiol!)

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voltages originate which directly or indirectly affect both horizontal and vertical deflections of the beam. The final step would be a check of the deflection system itself.

• No Video — Raster Present: A raster always indicates that vertical and horizontal sweep, deflection, high-voltage and low-voltage sections are working. Assuming a video signal is present, we should investigate all portions of the monitor's video amplifier section, also the picture-tube-control-grid and cathode circuits.

• Raster and Video Present — Vertical Rolling: Assuming the vertical hold control does not stop the vertical roll, this indicates that the vertical oscillator is not in step with the video interface signal. The obvious starting point is the vertical sweep section, particularly the vertical oscillator.

• Raster and Video Present — Horizontal Lines: This problem is very similar to the above vertical problem, except that horizontal lines are the problem. Again, this indicates that the horizontal oscillator is out of step with the video interface circuitry. Investigate the horizontal oscillator to correct this problem.

• Raster, Video Present — Display Rolling and Drifting Sideways: This is both a vertical and horizontal problem. Obviously the circuit feeding both horizontal and vertical oscillators is at fault, and this would be the synchronization separator or amplifier. When symptoms or tests indicate one section as the probable point of trouble, proceed to check voltages for direct-current biasing and use an oscilloscope to investigate waveforms.

Troubleshooting is a logical, stepby-step procedure. In repairing your monitor, the screen is the best visual aid you have, and should be utilized to the utmost in preliminary generalizations as to the problem circuit. And troubleshooting a video monitor yourself, whether or not it's homebrew, can give you the satisfaction of knowing your hardware a little bit more.B

You can buy wholesale

without being a corporate giant. The Purchasing Agent provides a personalized commercial buying service for companies and individuals.

The Purchasing Agent will get you the lowest wholesale price by:

• Aggressively bidding wholesalers against each other on your order,

• Consolidating orders for volume discounts, and

• Using professional buyers' thorough knowledge of the computer market.

The Purchasing Agent will get you the quickest deliveries direct from wholesalers' inventories.

Here are examples of items clients have purchased recently through The Purchasing Agent and the prices paid. (Prices shown include the buying fee.)

COMPUTERS

Alpha Micro 10 MEG

$11,203

Altos 64K, 1 MEG

3,370

Commodore CBM 32K

1,344

Dynabyte DB 8/1 64K

2,480

EXIDY 48K Sorcerer

1,118

HP-85

2,970

North Star Hoz II 32K D.D.

2,332

Super Brain 64K

2,600

Tl 99/4

859

Zenith Z-8016K

1,960

Zenith Z-89 48K

2,214

PRINTERS

Anadex 9500

$1,204

Base 2

493

Centronics 737

749

Diablo 630

2,139

Diablo 1640 RO

2,622

Intergal Data Paper Tiger

852

NEC 5510 W/Tractors

2,520

Qume Sprint 5 R/O

2,445

Tl 810 Basic

1,480

VIDEO DISPLAY

Hazeltine 1500

$854

Lear Siegler ADM3A +

812

Televideo912C

685

Televideo920C

754

Zenith Z-19

798

SOFTWARE

Ward Star

$275

Magic Wond

220

Over 200 computers, CRT's and printers plus software.

All products are new and carry full manufacturerer's warranty against original defects. Wholesale prices are subject to change without notice. The Purchasing Agent has a minimum fee of $75.00.

THE

PURCHASING

AGENT

18 Daisy Lane Orinda, CA 94563 (415)376-9020

FIRST CLASS

interfacing

CompuPro's feature-packed S-100 I/O boards conform to the IEEE 696/S-100 standard to provide reliable, cost-effective interfacing between your computer and its associated peripherals (such as terminals and printers).

Interfacer I is a dual channel, full RS-232 serial board. Hardware UARTs perform all basic I/O operations, thus freeing the CPU from the need to perform these routines; this increases speed and reliability.

Interfacer II incorporates one channel of serial I/O (identical to an Interfacer I serial port), three full duplex parallel ports for handling I/O data, and a separate full duplex parallel port for status and interrupt control to give unparalleled interfacing flexibility.

interfacer I

Dual RS-232 ports with full handshake

• Independently selectable Baud rates for each port, up to 19.2 KBaud - simultaneously drives slow and fast devices (such as teletype/terminal combinations) • EIA line drivers and receivers • Conversion to TTL, current loop (20 mA), and RS-232 levels for interfacing to almost any kind of serial device

• On-board crystal timebase for freedom from system clock variations • Software programmable UART parameters, interrupt enables, and hand shaking lines (handshaking lines are full RS-232 - not just a three wire system) • Operates with 2 or 4 MHz systems • Provision for optically isolated current loop for each channel • Dip switch selectable port addresses • Provision for custom frequency compensation on both receive and transmit sides (accomodates varying speed/noise situations or unusual cable lengths) Compatible with interrupt-driven I/O systems

PARALLEL CHANNELS

interfacer II

• Latched input and output data with 24 mA drive current • Each full duplex port has strobe, attention, and enable bits (each with selectable polarity); an input interrupt; and 16 data lines, giving a three port total of 48 true data lines • Interrupts for each input port • Separate 25 pin connectors with power for each channel

• Separate status port for interrupt mask and port status

• No mode selection/initialization required • Handles Centronics type interface, daisy type printers, and interfaces to

A/D converters

SERIAL CHANNEL

• RS-232 port includes all features of an Interfacer I serial channel, such as EIA line drivers and receivers, interfacing to almost any kind of serial device, on-board crystal controlled Baud rate generator (up to 19.2 KBaud), full interrupt capability, etc. • Works with any software I/O drivers developed for the Interfacer I

Either board costs $199 unkit (sockets, bypass capacitors pre-soldered in place), $249 assembled, and $324 qualified under the Certified System Component high-reliability program.

These and other CompuPro products are available at finer computer stores world-wide;

write us direct if there's no store in your area.

TERMS: California™ add tax. Allow 5% for shipping, excess refunded. VISA®/Mastercard® orders call (415) 5624636, 24 hours. Please include street address for UPS delivery.

CompuPro™

from

ELECTRONICS

Bldg. 725, Oakland Airport, CA 94614

218 BYTE November 1980

Circle 137 on inquiry card.

^^^■■^■■■■■■■^■■M Please note: Several of our unkits have been significantly reduced in price - however, we must caution that unkits are not intended for novice builders. While assembly is simple, de-bugging may be required to bring up an unkit due to such problems as IC infant mortality. It is assumed that most unkit users will have sufficient test equipment and knowledge to do their own de-bugging; however, factory service for unkits is available for a flat service charge.

CompuPro products are also available assembled, or qualified under our high-reliability Certified Sytem Component (CSC) program {200 hour burn-in, extensive testing, more).

FULLY STATIC MEMORY

Our memories feature fully static design to eliminate dynamic timing problems, IEEE spec compatibility, 4/5 MHz operation, low power, extensive bypassing, and careful thermal design. CSC memories will run with 10 MHz CPU clock, speeds on the S-100 bus {while drawing half the current of non-CSC boards) to give high speed, ultra-low power operation.

If you're looking for specs - if you're looking for performance — if you're looking for exceptional value, then look no further than the RAM series from CompuPro.

3"1UU KA/\ri XX (with bank select and IEEE compatible extended addressing)

unkit assm CSC

16K RAM XX-16 $319 $399 $479

24K RAM XX-24 $439 $539 $629

32K RAM X-32 $559 $699 $799

OTHER S-100 MEMORY

8K RAM IIA $159 $189 $239

16K RAM XIV $279 $349 $429

{Includes IEEE compatible extended addressing.)

SBC/BLC MEMORY

32K RAM XI n/a n/a $1050

COMPUPRO S-100 MOTHERBOARDS: DESIGNED FOR THE FUTURE,

AVAILABLE NOW

Specifically designed to handle the new generation of 5 to 10 MHz CPUs coming on line (as well as present day 2 and 4 MHz systems), these advanced motherboards feature Faraday shielding between all bus signal lines to minimize crosstalk, active termination that splits the termination load between each end of every bus line, and mechanical compatibility with Godbout, Vector, Imsai, TEI, and similar enclosures. Available in "unkit" form (edge connectors and termination resistors pre-soldered in place for easy assembly), or fully assembled and ready to go.

*CK-024 20 slot motherboard with edge connectors —

unkit $174, assm $214

*CK-025 12 slot motherboard with edge connectors —

unkit $129, assm $169

*CK-026 6 slot motherboard with edge connectors —

unkit $89, assm $129

PASCAL/M +MEMORY SPECIAL

PASCAL - easy to learn, easy to apply - can give a microcomputer with CP/M°more power than many minis. We supply a totally standard Wirth PASCAL/M 8" diskette by Sorcim, with manual and Wirth's difinitive book on PASCAL, for $150 with the purchase of any memory board. Specify Z-80 or 8080/8085 version. PASCAL/M

available Separately for $1 75. 'CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research

OTHER S-100 BUS PRODUCTS

Active Terminator Board $34.50 kit

Memory Manager Board $59 unkit, $85 assm,

$100 CSC

Mullen Extender Board $59 kit

Mullen Relay Optolsolator Control Board. . $129 lot, $179 assm

^S&SS^ "■"""

*■> fle* ^o» ^o**1

VISIT FINER COMPUTER ST(

CPU-Z: 8 BITS OF Z80A POWER

FOR THE S-100 BUS

Superior design in a true IEEE-compatible board {timing specs available on request) gives the power for future expansion as well as system flexibility. Includes all standard Z-80A features along with power on jump/clear, on-board fully maskable interrupts for interrupt-driven systems, selectable automatic wait state insertion, provision for adding up to 8K of on-board EPROM, IEEE compatible 16/24 bit extended addressing, and much more. Works with 6 MHz Z80As; supplied with 4 MHz CPU. $225 unkit, $295 assm, $395 CSC.

CPU 8085/88:

16 BIT DUAL PROCESSING POWER FOR THE S-100 BUS

CPU 8085/88 uses an 8088 CPU for true 16 bit power with a standard 8 bit S-100 bus, and an 8085 for compatibility with CP/M and 8060 software. Accesses up to 16 megabytes of memory, meets all IEEE S-100 bus specifications (timing specs available on request), runs

8085 and 8086 code in your existing mainframe as well as Microsoft

8086 BASIC and Sorcim PASCAL/M, runs at 5 MHz for speed as well as power, and is built to the same stringent standards that have established our leadership in S-100 bus components. $295 unkit, $425 assm, (both operate at 5 MHz); $525 CSC (with 5 MHz 8085, 6 MHz 8088).

CPU 8085 (single processor version of above): $235 unkit, $325 assm, $425 CSC.

SPECTRUM S-100 COLOR

GRAPHICS BOARD |

Includes 8K of IEEE-compatible static RAM; full duplex bidirectional parallel I/O port for keyboard, joystick, etc. interface; and 6847-based graphics generator that can display all 64 ASCII characters. 10 modes of operation, from alphanumeric/semi-graphics in 8 colors to ultradense 256 x 192 full graphics. 75 Ohm RS-170 line output and video output for use with FCC approved modulators. $339 unkit, $399 assm, $449 CSC. You don't have to settle for black and white graphics or stripped-down color boards; specify the CompuPro Spectrum.

Want graphics software? Sublogic's 2D Universal Graphics Interpreter (normally $35) is yours for $25 with any Spectrum board purchase.

2708 S-100 EPROM BOARD $85 unkit

4 independently addressable 4K blocks, with dipswitch selectable jump start built right into the board. Includes all support chips and manual, but does not include EPROMs.

GODBOUT

COMPUTER ENCLOSURE

$289 desktop, $329 rack mount

This handsome enclosure does justice to the finest computer system. Includes dual AC outlets and fuseholder on rear, heavy-duty line filter, and black anodized front panel {with textured vinyl painted cover for desktop version). Pre-drilled base accepts our highperformance S-100 motherboards or types by Vector, California Digital, and others. Rack mount version includes slides for easy pullout from rack for maintenance or board changing.

NEW LOW PRICE

16K DYNAMIC RAMS - 8/$39!!

Lowest price ever on one of our most popular items. Expands memory in TRS-80* -I and -II, as well as machines made by Apple, Exidy, Heath H89, newer PETs, etc. Low power, high speed (4 MHz). And $3 for 2 dip shunts plus TRS-80* conversion instructions. Limited quantity — first come, first served.

DC ROBOT MOTOR SPECIAL

DC fractional horsepower motor runs on about 1 to 5V. Not a servo motor by any means, but good for experimenting with robots, toys, games, etc. 10/$2.95

FREE CATALOGUE: Find out more about our product line. For 1st class delivery, add 41 cents in stamps; foreign orders add $2 (refundable with order).

TERMS: Cal res add tax. Allow V* for shipping, excess refunded. Orders under $15 add $1 handling. VISA®/Mastercard® orders ($25 min) call (415) 562-4)636, 24 hrs. Please include street address for UPS delivery. Sale prices good through cover month of magazine, other prices subject to change without notice.

VISIT FINER COMPUTER STORES WORLD-WIDE FOR MORE INFORMATION ON THESE

OUTSTANDING PRODUCTS, OR WRITE US DIRECT IF THERE'S NO STORE IN YOUR AREA.

Bldg. 72S, Oakland Airport, CA 94614

from

*^ ELECTRONICS ^

H the Tandy CotjotjIiw

Circle 137 on Inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980

219

Digital Storage of Images

Thomas Williams

39A Mill St

Maynard MA 01754

The availability of inexpensive computer memory has brought highresolution gray-scale and color graphics within the reach of the home computer experimenter. Over the last decade the ability to capture video signals in digital form, manipulate the stored data, and display it has moved from military and research engineers to undergraduates and interested hobbyists.

Quantization

Before examining methods of capturing video signals, let's look at image quantization, which is the process of converting an image into one or more arrays of numbers. The value of each array element represents the measure of light present in the area of a corresponding point in the original image. These array or picture elements are called pixels.

A typical gray-scale image might be quantized into a two-dimensional array of values that range from 0 to 15, representing intensity values from black to white. If the array were 256 by 256 elements or 64 K pixels, each with a 4-bit value, the array would occupy 32 K 8-bit bytes of memory.

Scanning

To perform the quantization, the image is scanned by a transducer capable of converting light into an electronic signal. This signal is sampled periodically, and each sample is converted into a numeric value. Transducer sensitivity, scanning rate, and sampling rate all affect the quality and form of the digital image.

There are basically four methods of

scanning images. The first requires the movement of the transducer with respect to the image or scene. This is typically done by drum scanners where an image is spun under a light source and photodiode. (See figure 1.)

No matter how much effort is spent on improving the system, the results are only as good as the input.

The second method deflects either a light beam or sensor optics in two dimensions to scan the image. This method is often used in a device called a flying-spot scanner; such devices were used during the first decades of television for transferring movies to video form for broadcast.

The third method is the use of a television camera. In a television tube (ie: a vidicon) the image is focused on a target that is scanned with an electron beam. (See figure 2.) It can be thought of as a CRT (cathode-ray tube) working in reverse.

The fourth method, which is still rather expensive, is the photodiodearray camera. It uses an integrated circuit which contains an array of photodiodes and circuitry to help scan the array. Advantages of this camera over vidicons are the stability of its geometry (as vidicons require electron-beam deflection which is never completely repeatable and accurate) and the inherent immunity to

shock (as vidicons are vacuum tubes and thus sensitive to abuse).

Video Costs

As with anything electronic, there are uncontrollable costs of precious metals and precision parts, and controllable costs of design and assembly. Hardware hobbyists with good supplies of parts can usually find clever ways of cutting costs. Most of us, though, have limited resources and must buy kits or search for bargains on assembled equipment. Video cameras sometimes show up at flea markets in various states of repair and can provide you with a good video signal at very low cost. Home-video enthusiasts and closed-circuit security systems have also provided a marketplace for inexpensive cameras.

Cameras with sufficient quality for use with digital image-capture systems can be quite expensive. The increased costs usually provide more geometric linearity and a more uniform imaging-target surface. Black-and-white cameras range in price from about $200 to $10,000. At the lower end of the price scale you can expect about 5% error in the linearity of the vertical and horizontal scanning. Usually these errors are not noticeable. GeometrjC linearity is only important when the imagecapture system is used for a precise geometric task, such as measurement of object size.

Target nonunif ormity is a source of concern. Inexpensive cameras may have differences in video level (for uniform illumination) across the im

220 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Why is the 88G Printer the new industry

leader?

■

d

QUALITY

The attractive, durable 88G casework is formed from impact-resistant, flameretardant Styron. Microprocessor controlled stepper motors provide precision control over print head and paper positioning. Computer quality tractors position paper for readability and are fully adjustable to accommodate varying paper widths.

MICROPROCESSOR CONTROLLED INTERFACE

The microprocessor array provides the intelligence for a dual RS232 serial and a Centronics® type parallel interface. Both inputs are fully buffered to allow the 88G to receive data and print simultaneously. A IK character buffer is standard with a 2K buffer available as an option.

The short line thruput of the 88G has been increased by incorporation of a Quick Cancel feature that fully utilizes the bidirectional/unidirectional printing capabilities. Built-in diagnostic and self-test capabilities allow the user to easily pinpoint system problems and a Power On confidence test verifies jjpt**""

operational status of r the printer each time power is applied

VERSATILITY

The 88G prints a full upper and lower case 96 character ASCII set with a crisp, clear 7x7 matrix in 80, 96, or 132 column formats. For text processing and correspondence applications, an 11x7, 80 column serif style matrix can be selected by switch or software command. The dual tractor/pressure-feed paper drive system allows the user to choose either pin-feed, roll, or single sheet papers up to 9.5 inches wide.

Complete forms control allows the 88G to be quickly configured for printing single or multiple-ply invoices, purchase orders, checks, or any type of preprinted form. Optional paper roll holders and single sheet feeders can be quickly attached.

The wide use range of the 88G makes it the perfect companion for business systems, data processing, RO teleprinter and terminal printer applications.

GRAPHICS

A high-resolution, dot-addressable graphics option can be added for applications requiring plotting, printing of screen graphics, drawings, illustrations, etc. Single dot print resolution greatly extends the usefulness of the graphics capability. Selection of one of the four horizontal dot densities available customizes the graphic printout, and alphanumerics can easily be included for titling of graphs and illustrations.

%

LONG LIFE RIBBON CARTRIDGE

Ribbon difficulties are minimized through use of a continuous loop cartridge with a five million character life. It is easily changed without opening the case, and without any complicated or messy threading operations.

PRICE

Every detail is directed toward providing a heavy-duty, commercial quality printer for only $749.00. No other printer on the market today can provide its quality, features and performance at a comparable price. The 88G is an obvious industry leader.

©Centronics is a registered trademark of the Centronics Data Computer Corp.

Micro Peripherals, Inc. 2099 West 2200 South Salt Lake City, Utah 84119 Phone (801) 973-6053

Circle 138 on Inquiry card.

LINEAR MOTION

SIGNAL

ROTATIONAL MOTION

Figure 1: A drum scanner produces high-quality results by moving the photograph relative to the sensor. Its drawbacks are that it requires precision mechanical construction, works very slowly, and the signal it produces is not video-compatible.

VERTICAL DEFLECTION COILS

LENSES

HORIZONTAL DEFLECTION COILS

SIGNAL

Figure 2: A vidicon tube. This most popular method of converting an image into an electronic signal uses a photo-sensitive imaging target which is scanned by an electron beam. The resulting signal is the scanned image in the form of a changing voltage. Disadvantages of the vidicon are its unstable geometry (since electron-beam deflection is never completely repeatable and accurate) and its low resistance to shock (since vidicons are vacuum tubes).

age as much as 20%. This error (also called shading) is still present in more expensive cameras where it's typically reduced to 10% or less. Fortunately, the shading effect changes slowly across the image target. Actual defects in the target are often found in inexpensive cameras, leading to black or white spots in the image.

It is possible to make some correction for the effects of shading and defects after the image is quantized. To do so, you first quantize an image of a solid-gray surface. The deviation of each point's value from the average value indicates the amount of correction that is necessary. By storing this image (or an image of corresponding correction values) the recorded target sensitivity can be used to improve the quality of another image quantized from the same television camera.

A television camera is to an imagecapture system as an antenna is to a television set. No matter how much effort is spent on improving the system, the results are only as good as the input. Although the system can be made to compensate for some of the deviations in the camera, improvement of the video source is usually the choice for further investment once an image-capture system is in place.

A video image is normally generated in a 4:3 aspect ratio. This means that a properly operating camera produces it in a format that must be presented on a screen with three units of height and four units of width. Typical television sets are adjusted to approximately this ratio. If the video signal is quantized into a square array of square pixels, only a portion of each line should be quantized. (See figure 5.) Because there are approximately 512 lines of useful video image in a frame (approximately 256 lines in a field), it is often convenient to work with 512 or 256 squared resolutions. Some manufacturers of quantizers offer nearly square pixels by quantizing during 3/4 of the horizontal period, while others offer square pixels by digitizing the entire image at 640 by 512, 320 by 256, or other resolutions. Still others offer rectangular pixels. To achieve square pixels, the sampling rates must be increased by a factor of 1.33. If the entire image is to be quantized with square pixels, the memory requirements must also be increased by a factor of 1.33.

222 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

If you want a choice

in print wheels,

there's only one choice

in printers.

It's the only printer that lets you use either metal or plastic print wheels. So you can choose the print wheel that's just right for the job.

The 630 works as well with a 96-character plastic daisy print wheel as it does with an 88-, 92-, or 96-character metal daisy print wheel. In over 100 different type styles.

Every 630 has fewer moving parts than competitive printers, which makes it more reliable. And it offers unsurpassed print quality. Compatibility with Diablo supplies. And bi-directional printing capability.

The 630 is the only printer in the world that uses both metal and plastic wheels.

So if you want to change your print wheels, you'll just have §f to change your printer.

To a Diablo 630 printer.

Diablo Systems

XEROX

Diablo* and XEROX* arc trademarks of XEROX CORPORATION.

Circle 139 on Inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980 223

Circle 140 on inquiry card.

Order these heavy duty industrial j boards-best overall specs in the industry, finest components and workmanship, IEEE standard for S-100 bus.

Guaranteed to operate with Cromemco, North Star and most other S-100 systems. All manuals include applications programs in BASIC. DIP switch selectable port base address.

A/0 MODULE

Dependable high-speed analog-to-digital conversion. 12-bit precision. 32 singleended input channels, or 16 true differential inputs. High-speed sample and hold amplifier. 25 usee conversion time. Precision analog multiplexer. Vectored interrupt capability. Optional instrumentation amplifier with gain from 1 to 1,000. AIM-12, standard input module with

instrumentation amplifier $725

AIM-12B, input module only $635

AIM-11B, 11-bit precision module .$575

D/A MODULE

Four independent channels for digital-toanalog conversion. 12-bit precision over full 0° to 70°C range. Jumper selectable outputs. Binary or 2's complement digital inputs. Flexible bit-mapping jumpers allow compatibility with any existing I/O mapped software (either 12- or 8-bit). Super simple programming. AOM-12, output module $495

REALTIME CLOCK

Features new OKI CMOS clock chip for day, date, hours, minutes, and seconds. 12 or 24 hour time format. On-board battery backup. Full year operation without battery replacement. Read or write time directly from I/O port. Vectored interrupt capability. CLK-24 $250

ALSO AVAILABLE: Industrial control output current module, 4-20 mA - $395. Nonvolatile CMOS memory, 250 nsec, 4K bytes with battery backup - $395. 8K CMOS memory - $590.16K CMOS memory - $990. Thermocouple compensation module - $350.

California; add 6% tax. Money back guarantee. 10-day trial.

OEM and dealer inquiries invited.

system reliability/system integrity

DUAL SYSTEMS CONTROL CORP.

1825 Eastshore Hwy., Dept. B Berkeley, CA 94710 (415) 549-3854

BEGINNING OF EVEN FIELD

BEGINNING OF ODD FIELD

HORIZONTAL RETRACE INTERVAL

VERTICAL RETRACE INTERVAL

Figure 3: Video lines are interlaced in a 2:1 ratio to reduce image flicker. Each frame of a video image (1/30 second) is made up of two fields. During the first 1/60 second the even-numbered lines are scanned, followed by the odd-numbered lines during the second 1/60 second. The luminance signal (black-and-white intensity) is indicated by the heavy lines. The narrow lines indicate intervals during which the electron beam is off in order for the deflection circuits to prepare for the next luminance signal.

WHITE

^^^ ^^™" ^™^" i nuikiAnirc ^"^ ■* o"NL

10.2 fit SYNC PERIOD

LUMINANCE -53.3 fis

Figure 4: Each line of a video signal is composed of a horizontal active-line period (53.3 lis), which contains the luminance information, and a sync period (10.2 its), which contains reference levels and the horizontal sync period.

Noise and Averaging

Video signals, like all signals, contain noise. It arises from several sources, primarily the circuits which amplify the sensor output. Very high quality video sources can have signalto-noise ratios exceeding 45 dB. This is approximately equivalent to a noise of ±Vi the least-significant bit in a 7-bit quantization. However, many inexpensive home cameras, videotape, and off-the-air sources often exhibit signal-to-noise ratios worse than 25 dB or about ± Vi the least-significant bit in a 4-bit quantization. Why is it that such noisy video is still quite acceptable to a viewer? The noise is random; it changes every 1/30 second; and the eye averages out the noise. If you carefully view still video frames, such as on television sports events, the noise becomes apparent.

To improve the noise figure and the quality of the captured image, a number of frames can be pointwise averaged. Several frames are used to accomplish this: the first frame is

digitized and stored; the second and successive frames are digitized; and each value is added to the corresponding stored value. The resulting array of numbers is divided by the number of frames used. Thus, the value for each point becomes the average of digitized values for that point across all the frames used, effectively cancelling out random noise. The improvement can be quite dramatic in situations where considerable noise is present. One can expect to achieve about 6.3 X log2 N dB improvement for N frames up to a practical limit of about 45 dB. This maximum figure depends on the signal source, and the improvement depends on the randomness of the noise.

Sampling

The process of quantization consists of a sampling and a digitization phase. The sampling phase determines exactly when the signal value is to be frozen in time so the instantaneous value can be converted into a

224 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

CHRISLIN YEARS AHEAD IN MEMORY DESIGN

WE'VE DONE IT AGAIN — State of the Art Multibus® Memory Design. First to offer up to 512K on one board, and CHRISLIN again brings pricing sanity to the memory market. Why pay over $2000 for our competitor's 64K x 8 memory board when we will give you the CI 8086 128K x 9 memory for just $1500 or better yet, the CI-8086 512K x 9 memory module for $4700.

Up to 512K bytes in a single option slot. Available in 64K, 96K. 128K, 256K, or 512K configurations. On board parity generator checker, for both 8 bit or 16 bit systems. Off shelf deliveries.

Ill II ill

iiiiii illiif

i"U!innmmi ■

B fill I

CI-6800-2 — 16KB to 64KB. Plugs directly into Motorola's EXORciser I or II. Hidden refresh up to 1.5 Mhz. Cycle stealing at 2 Mhz. Addressable in 4K increments with respect to VXA or VUA. On board parity. 64K x 9 $995.00.

1111|•J

Mliiir'ffiaE:.

CI-SIOO — 16KB to 64KB. Transparent hidden refresh. No wait states at 4 Mhz. Compatible with Alpha Micro and all Major 8080, 8085 and Z80 Based S100 Systems. Expandable to 512K bytes thru Bank Selections. 64K x 8 $750.00.

CI 8080 — 16KB to 64KB on a single board. Plugs directly into MDS 800 and SBC 80/10. Addressable in 4K increments up to 64K. 16KB $390.00. 64KB $750.00.

CI-1103 — 16KB to 256KB on a single dual height board. Plugs directly into LSI 11/2, H11 or LSI 11 /23. Addressable in 2K word increments up to 256KB. 8K x 16 $390.00.32K x 16 $750.00.128K x 18 $2880.00.

CI-6800 — 16KB to 64KB on a single board. On board hidden refresh. Plugs directly into EXORciser I and compatible with Rockwell's System 65. Addressible in 4K increments up to 64K. 16K x 8 $390.00. 64K x 8 $750.00.

Tested and burned in. Full year warranty.

DON TASK WHY WE CHARGE SO LITTLE, ASK WHY THEY CHARGE SO MUCH.

Chrislin Industries, Inc.

Computer Products Division 31352 Via Colinas • Westlake Village, CA 91362 • 213-991-2254

Multibus is a trademark of the Intel Corp.

LSt II is a trademark of Digital Equipment Corp.

EXORciser is a trademark of Motorola

Circle 141 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980

225

number (ie: digitized). The sampling function is accomplished by periodically pulsing a sample circuit. The value of the video signal is then used to charge a capacitor that holds that value during the time needed by the digitizer until the next sample pulse. A sample-and-hold circuit provides the necessary components in hybrid or monolithic form. (See figure 6.)

The choice of sampling rate determines the spatial resolution with which the video signal is quantized. The sampling theorem tells us that a sample frequency must be chosen that is at least twice the value of the highest frequency component in the signal that we wish to record. Thus if we choose to sample at 10 MHz, or once every 100 ns, we will be able to record components of the video signal which are changing at rates up to 5 MHz. Sampling at this rate guarantees adequate data for all normal black-and-white video sources, since they contain very little energy beyond 4 MHz.

Examination of the sampling process shows that if there are frequency components in the signal above half of the sampling rate, false informa

tion (called aliasing) results. (See figure 7.) The aliasing component is effectively a beat frequency between the sampling frequency and the signal components above half the sampling frequency. In the case of standard video, the luminance signal is already filtered to roll-off in amplitude above 4 MHz. However, the chrominance signal in color video occupies the range from about 3 MHz to 4.5 MHz.

Therefore, you must either filter the signal to remove frequencies above about 3 MHz, derive a pure luminance signal from a properly designed video demodulator, or use a strictly luminance source, such as a black-and-white television camera. When digitizing at lower resolutions (and sampling at lower rates), the signal must be filtered accordingly.

The quality of a quantized video signal depends on accurate timing. If every element of the digital image is to be precisely aligned with the corresponding element in the video lines above and below it, the digitizer clock must be precisely synchronized with the television horizontal-sync signal. Also, the digitizer clock must not drift during the time between

PUT TIME AND

BSR CONTROL IN

YOUR APPLE II

^3HHBHJB&j|jjjHttHJftflj^tf^

TM

THUNDERCLOCK PLUS

AN INTERFACE FOR THE BSR X 10

• Control AC outlets with your BSR Command Console and APPLE II

• All 22 BSR commands at your program's fingertips

• Up to 128 separate dim/bright levels

• THUNDERWARE'S Scheduler software will control AC outlets in the background, while you run another program in the foreground

BOTH FEATURES ON ONE CARD

A REAL TIME CLOCK/CALENDAR

• Provides month, date, day-of-week, hour, minute, and second

• Software selectable time formats: 24 hour or AM/PM ASCII string, or as numeric values

• Provides interrupts which can be enabled or disabled under software control

• On board battery allows accurate timekeeping for up to 2 years even with your APPLE turned off

• Onboard firmware makes the THUNDERCLOCK PLUS exceptionally easy to use

• Read or set time, control interrupts, and send BSR commands with simple BASIC 'INPUT' and 'PRINT' statements

• Completely APPLE II compatible: INT and FP BASIC or PASCAL with Unit support

• At an affordable introductory price for both!

THUNDERCLOCK PLUS™ $119.00

Clock, BSR interface, and User's manual

THUNDERWARE SCHEDULER $24.95

Diskette with Scheduler, examples, demos, and Scheduler manual

PASCAL SOFTWARE $19.95

Diskette with PASCAL Unit for clock and BSR interface

TO ORDER TOLL FREE (VISA/MC) CALL: 800-227-6204 Ext. 307 (Outside California) 800-632-2131 Ext. 307 (California Only)

California residents add 6% sales tax

BSR X 10 is a trademark of BSR IUSAI LTD. APPLE II is a trademark of APPLE COMPUTER, INC

OR WRITE FOR INFORMATION: THUNDERWARE INCORPORATED P.O. Box 13322, Oakland, CA 94661

(a)

THIS AREA IS IGNORED

THIS AREA IS IGNORED

T

T

(b)

THIS AREA IS IGNORED

I

(cl

Figure 5: The aspect ratio (width:height) of normal video is 4:3. The aspect ratio of each individual pixel is determined by the image-sampling rate.

a: This 7 by 7 square array of rectangular pixels is produced by sampling the same number of points per line as there are lines in a frame. For example, each line in an American-standard television frame (512 lines) would be scanned as 512 points. b: By increasing the sampling rate by 1.33, square pixels result and a 7 by 7 array results from a square portion of the frame.

c: With the same increase in the sampling rate as in b, nearly the entire frame can be quantized into a 9 by 7 rectangular array of square pixek.

226 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 142 on Inquiry card.

Elegance and power in a mathematical language.

APL

by Phelps Gates

Software you can rely on.

Now, a high-level, scientific programming language that doesn't cost $200 or $300 for the home computer. This language is perfect for the mathematician, scientist, engineer, or anyone who just wants to learn a new language. The power of this language is in its strong mathematical operations, especially with regard to matrices and vectors. Programs requiring matrix multiplication or other matrix problem solving that would require hours of programming time in BASIC are solved quickly and with effort in APL. Not only is math made easy, but upon gaining proficiency in APL programming various string

manipulations become child's play.

To aid in learning APL, lessons are included on the disk. Starting from the basics, you are brought step by step through the various programming techniques involved with APL. These lessons act as a tutor in a "learning by doing" atmosphere which will have you "talking APL" in no time. Also available is the book, APL: An Interactive Approach, which reinforces many of the examples given in the lessons. The book also provides additional insight into APL programming. LIMITATIONS

Due to the absence of the special APL character set on the TRS—80, APL-80 uses shifted letters to represent the various APL characters. These shifted letters are identified on the screen by a graphics block before each shifted letter. If you have a modified TRS-80 (Electric Pencil Modification), a lower case driver is included to display the shifted letters on the screen.

In addition to the keyboard limitations, there are several other limitations. Lamination, domino, and matrix inverse are not implemented but can be derived with user-defined functions.

Multiple specifications must be split into two statements unless the left-hand assignment is to a quad. This also applies to implied multiple specifications.

Reduction and reshape (p) are not permitted for empty arguments; the argument of add/drop may not be scalar; empty indices are not permitted.

A quad (q) can't be typed in response to a quad (nor can the name of a function which itself gets input from a quad). Quote-quad (m) is permitted.

No more than 32 user functions can be defined in a single workspace and a function may not contain more than 255 lines.

A comment (c) must occupy a separate line: a comment can't follow a function statement on the same line.

In the tape version, arrays are limited to five (5) dimensions. FEATURES

APL-80 on disk contains the following features: )SAVE and )LOAD workspace on disk; )COPY other workspaces into current ones; Return to DOS for directory or commands without losing your workspace; Send output to lineprinter; Five workspaces of lessons included; Sequential and random files; 15 digit precision; Monadic and dyadic transposition; Easy editing within FUNCTION lines; Latent expression (FUNCTION can "come up running" when loaded); Tracing of function execution; Real-time clock; User-control of random link; Workspace is 25587 bytes (in 48K machine); Arrays may have up to 63 dimensions.

COMMANDS I APL-80

APL-80 supports the following commands: Absolute value, add, and, assign, branch, catenate, ceiling, chr$/asc, circular, combinatorial, comment, compress, deal, decode, divide, drop, encode, equal, expand, exponential, factorial, floor, format, grade down, grade up, greater, greater/equal, index generator, indexing, index of, inner product, label, less, less/equal, logarithm, maximum, member, minimum, multiply, nand, negate, nor, not, not equal, or, outer product, peek, poke, quad, quote quad, random, ravel, reciprocal, reduction, reshape, residue, reverse, rotate, scan, shape, sign, system, subtract, take, transposition.

SPECIFICATIONS

Minimum system requirements: 32K disk system (48K recommended) Includes APL-80, Fiveworkshapesof lessons, instruction manual.

Price: $39.95 on disk

Reduced feature: 16K Level II tape version, no lessons. Transpositions, format, and inner product not implemented. Reduced domain for some functions. 6 digit accuracy. Price: $14.95 on cassette APL: An Interactive Approach Price: $16.95 ($3.00 shipping charge)

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Circle 143 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980 227

Circle 144 on Inquiry card.

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INPUT Q>

'I O OUTPUT

Figure 6: An image is quantized in two phases: sampling and digitization. Sampling freezes the signal value so that it can be converted into a number (digitized). A sampleand-hold circuit such as shown here performs the sampling phase. Because of the low output impedance of the first operational amplifier, the capacitor is charged nearly instantaneously when the switch is operated by the video signal. The high input impedance of the second operational amplifier holds the capacitor at its full charge during the time the digitizer reads the signal.

3NAL S

(a)

Figure 7a: A correctly sampled video signal. Each dot indicates an instantaneous value read by the digitizer.

RESULTING ALIAS

INPUT SIGNAL WITH

COMPONENTS GREATER

THAN 1/2 SAMPLING FREQUENCY

(bi

Figure 7b: If high-frequency components are present in the video signal which are above one-half the sampling rate, false information (aliasing) results. Aliasing is a beat frequency between the sampling frequency and those signal components above one-half the sampling frequency. A low-pass filter is used to filter the frequency components and eliminate aliasing.

horizontal-sync pulses. It is as much the attention to timing as to the highspeed technology that makes quality digitized video a reality.

Low-Speed Digitization

The digitizer, or A/D (analog-todigital) converter, is commonly thought of as a device that takes on the order of 20 us to 50 us to determine an 8-bit or 12-bit value. Such converters are inexpensive and are adequate for sampling slowly changing signals, such as an audio signal.

To digitize a video signal with such a converter, you can sample the signal no more often than about once per scan line. (See figure 8.) During the first frame, the first point of each line is digitized. During the second frame, the second point of each line is digitized, and so forth, until the entire image is digitized. If 512 samples per line are needed, 512 frames of video would be required to digitize every point. Thus, it would take about 17 seconds to complete the digitization of one frame. To do this the camera

228 November 1980 © BYTE Publicationa Inc

The Empire has expanded!

New Mainframe opens more areas for development

I n one quantum leap Tarbell has expanded its popular Empire (the vertical disk subsystem) into a full line. This entire series now encompasses 5 variations. Each one contains different components so the S-100 system designer, hobbyist, or serious business user can arrive at the exact custom state he wants and needs.

The basic Empire still includes two

Shugart or Siemens 8" disk drives; the compact cabinet with fan and power supply; aTarbell floppy disk interface; CP/M"; Tarbell BASIC; the necessary cables, connectors and complete documentation. Naturally, it's fully assembled and Tarbell tested.

The new, top of the line Empire

contains the basic model's components with the Tarbell designapproved Mainframe. Beside the 8-slot S-100 motherboard with an active terminated bus, there's a cardcage with card guides and a double-density interface.

Circle 145 on inquiry card.

You're the master of your Empire

You can call the shots in the Empire. Tarbell's made sure of that by offering them as complete subsystem packages... or, as separate units. For example, the mainframe may be ordered with 1, 2 or no drives. Whichever way you go, however, you always get the reliability of Tarbell tested components and leadership-engineering.

To get control of your own Empire, see your quality computer store for quick delivery. Or, contact us for dealer locations or further information.

CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research.

950 Dovlen Place - Suite B Carson, California, 90746 (213) 538-4251 / 538-2254

BYTE November 1980

229

our Elves, Reindeer and Rudolph are insufficient in the year 2001? T/MAKER'S projections indicate interplanetary vehicles will have to be built in massive quantities in order to satisfy universal demand. Wow, we have to start shipping to Pluto almost immediately.

T/MAKER helps me stay on top of everything by giving me a total view on my CRT screen. We just input the latest census figures along with toy type requests and it goes to work really fast. T/MAKER can take text and numerical data, integrate the data and print out hard copy reports for our work stations throughout the universe. T/MAKER is a wonderful tool for data analysis. It is easy to set up calculations for rows and columns of tabular data, automatically perform the computations, review the results and then modify some of the data to see the impact on the over all results. Several days of manual work can be accomplished in minutes. T/MAKER is a full screen editor for word processing which handles text up to 255 characters wide. It includes features like text formating and justification, text buffer for block moves and repeated inserts, global search and replace and commands for printing your letters, reports and document. T/MAKER can perform an unlimited number of analysis and reporting tasks which integrate numerical and text processing. For example:

• Financial Statements • Balance Sheets

• Statistics • Growth & Projections • Profitability Reports • Revenues & Expenditures •Portfolio Analysis'Price Lists • Rate Structures • Inventory

Valuation and much, much more.

T/MAKER requires a 48K CP/M system, a total of 240K bytes of disk storage, CBASIC-2, and a CRT computer terminal with cursor addressing and clear screen.

T/MAKER system is $275.00 complete with documentation and quickreference card. Documentation alone is $25.00.

LIFEBOAT ASSOCIATES

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T/MAKER is a trademark of P. Roizen CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research

-512 SAMPLES

NEEDED PER SCAN LINE.

DIGITIZER HAS 63 MICROSECONDS

THE SAME SAMPLE POSITION IS SELECTED FOR EVERY SCAN LINE ON EACH FRAME EFFECTIVELY DIGITIZING ONE COLUMN OF THE IMAGE DURING EACH FRAME

Figure 8: By sampling a single point per scan line, the digitization of each pixel can be completed within 63 us, and data is produced at a slow enough rate (15.7 k bytes/second) for transfer to mass storage.

DATA READY f_3>

DATA IN f_2>

DATA CLOCK ADDRESS

32 K 8-BIT BYTES OF SEMICONDUCTOR MEMORY

Figure 9: Through the use of a shift register, standard programmable memory can be used to transfer a single-bit image at video rates. If a single bit is deposited into the shift register every 100 ns, an 8-bit value can be deposited into memory every 800 ns. The same process can be reversed for displaying the image.

must be stationary on a tripod with respect to the object being viewed to keep the image stable. Tape players with freeze-frame options might seem attractive for this purpose. However, home videotape machines do not produce a truly stable image and are not usually adequate for this purpose.

The digitizer has plenty of time to produce a digital value. Precision is defined by the number of quantization levels, and more can be obtained for a small additional cost. Unfortunately, the sample circuitry must sample a very precise portion of the video signal, and its accuracy becomes more important if greater quantization levels are desired. Additionally, the decay rate of the sample circuitry becomes important because the sample must be held for up to 50 jis versus the 100 ns

necessary for the high-speed digitization technique.

The advantages of slow digitization are the use of a relatively inexpensive A/D converter and low data rates, permitting direct storage of the data using floppy disks. The disadvantages are the need to hold the camera and scene stable for a length of time (depending on resolution) and the inability to capture other video sources, such as television programs and videotape. The requirements for the sampling phase are also more substantial than those for the high-speed method.

There is a hidden disadvantage of the low-speed method. The stored image cannot be readily viewed by reversing the process. The only way to reproduce the data in image form is to place a photographic camera in

230 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Settle for More from Trbor TRS-80

BASIC Compiler, with trs-so basic

Compiler, your Level II BASIC programs will run at record speeds! Compiled programs execute an average of 3-10 times faster than programs run under Level II. Make extensive use of integer operations, and get speeds 20-30 times faster than the interpreter.

Best of all, BASIC Compiler does it with BASIC, the language you already know. By compiling the same source code that your current BASIC interprets, BASIC Compiler adds speed with a minimum of effort.

And you get more BASIC features to program with, since features of Microsoft's Version 5.0 BASIC Interpreter are included in the package. Features like the WHILE . . WEND statement, long variable names, variable length records, and the CALL statement make programming easier. An exclusive BASIC Compiler feature lets you call FORTRAN and machine language subroutines much more easily than in Level II.

Simply type in and debug your program as usual, using the BASIC interpreter. Then enter a command line telling the computer what to compile and what options to use.

Voila! Highly optimized, Z-80 machine code that your computer executes in a flash! Run it now or save it for later. Your compiled program can be saved on disk for direct execution every time.

Want to market your programs? Compiled versions are ideal for distribution* You distribute only the object code, not the source, so your genius stays fully protected.

BASIC Compiler runs on your TRS-80 Model I with 48K and disk drive. The package includes BASIC Compiler, linking loader and BASIC library with complete documentation. $195.00.

MORE FROM

MICROSOFT

'Microsoft royalty information for the sale of programs compiled with BASIC Compiler is available from Microsoft.

n

j

muMflXH Symbolic Math System

expands your TRS-80 beyond the limits of numerical evaluation to a much higher level of math sophistication.

Symbolic mathematics is muMATH's power. For the first time, algebra, trigonometry, calculus, integration, differentiation and more can be performed on a system smaller than an IBM 370. And in a fraction of the time you could do them manually.

Yet for all its power, muMATH is simple to use. To perform a differentiation you could enter: ?DIF(A*XT3 + SIN(XT2),X);

In almost no time, the computer would reply with: @2*X*COS(XT 2) + 3*A*X f 2.

Or to add fractions: ?1/3 + 5/6 + 2/5 + 3/7; The instantaneous answer: 419/210. Or to perform a more difficult trigonometric expansion you enter: SIN(2*Y)*(4*COS(X)T3-COS (3*X) + SIN rY)*(COS(X+Y+#PI] - COS(X-Y));

Just a few seconds later, the computer replies: @4*SIN(Y)*COS(X)*COS(Y).

muMATH has virtually infinite precision with full accuracy up to 611 digits.

If you use math, you'll find countless ways to save time and effort with muMATH. It's a professional tool for engineers and scientists. A learning tool for students at any level from algebra to calculus. And if you want to expand your capabilities even beyond the standard muMATH, the option is open. muSIMP, the programming language in which muMATH is written, is included in the muMATH package. A superset of the language LISP, muSIMP is designed especially for interactive symbolic mathematics and other artificial intelligence applications.

muMATH and muSIMP were

written by The Soft Warehouse,

Honolulu, Hawaii. Priced at $74.95,

the package includes muMATH,

muSIMP and a complete manual.

It requires a Model I TRS-80 with

32K and single disk. muMATH

for the Apple II Computer will

be available later this year.

1

You can buy muMATH and BASIC Compiler at computer stores across the country that carry Microsoft products. If your local store doesn't have them, call us. 206-454-1315. Or write Microsoft Consumer Products, 400 108th Ave., NE, Suite 200, Bellevue, WA 98004.

CONSUMERS PRODUCTS

Circle 146 on Inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980 231

VIDEO I—->_ INPUT '

SAMPLE

AND

HOLD

DIGITIZER

SYNC REGENERATOR

CLOCK

COUNTERS

ADDRESS

VIDEO OUT FOR DISPLAY

Figure 10: Block diagram of an image-quantization system. In this example, a single memory board is used for each bit of quantization. Four boards would be needed for a 4-bit quantization.

front of a television monitor and open the shutter for 17 seconds while the data are converted back into video, one point per line. Then, of course, the film must be processed: this is hardly conducive to interactive use.

afriirmin

We know you hardcore bit hackers will recognize the computing power derived from combining the FORTH language with the 6809, today's most advanced 8 bit microprocessor.

And we know you'll understand this machine's 16 bit math, indirect addressing and two stacks are ideally suited for implementing FORTH.

But...should anyone need further convincing that FORTH provides a new dimension in power, speed and ease of operation, consider the following:

• It's a modern, modular, structuredprogramming high-level compiled language,

• It's a combined interpreter, compiler, and operating system.

• It permits assembler code level control of machine, runs near speed of assembler code, and uses less memory space than assembler code.

• It increases programmer productivity and reduces memory hardware requirements.

Call or write today.

• It replaces subroutines by individual words and related groups of words called Vocabularies. These are quickly modified and tested by editing 1024-character text blocks, called screens, using built-in editor.

tFORTH is a basic system implemented for SS-50 buss 6809 systems with the TSC FLEX 9.0 disk operating system. It is available on 514" or 8" single density soft-sectored floppy disks. $100.00

tFORTH + consists of tFORTH plus a complement of the following FORTH source code vocabularies: full assembler, cursor controlled screen editor, case statements, extended data types, general I/O drivers. $250.00

firmFORTH is an applications package for use with tFORTH. It provides for recompilation of the tFORTH nucleus, deletion of superfluous code and production of fully rommable code. $350.00

KEN YON1

=MICROSYSTEMS

Circle 147 on Inquiry card.

Also available for 6800

3350 Walnut Bend, Houston, Texas 77042 • (713)978-6933

High-Speed Digitization

If we want to digitize 512 points during each scan line, the converter must operate at very high speeds. The active portion of a video line is about 53 /is. Roughly, this means it must quantize the signal once every 100 ns. Such converters were available 10 years ago for about $2000, but today they can be built for less than $100! Next I'll examine the problems of storing the data produced at this rate.

Most home computers have central memory that can be cycled at about 250 ns to 1000 ns per 8-bit transfer. If the digitizer obtains one 4-bit quantity every 100 ns (at 512 samples per line with rectangular pixels), or 8 bits every 200 ns, standard computer memory cannot cope with the speed requirement. Most experimenters own configurations with 32 K bytes

How much vigorous activity does your child get each day at school? If you don't know, find out.

To do better in the classroom now, to be fit and healthy later in life, children need at least one school period a day of physical education. But most schools are not providing this. And many schools require none at all.

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Write Checklist, President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports, Washington, D.C.20201.

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SOFTWARE.

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or less of central memory. Although 32 K bytes would be barely sufficient for a 256 by 256 4-bit image, 128 K bytes are necessary for a 512 by 512 4-bit image. Therefore, memory is usually dedicated to the imagestorage function and accessed by the computer through either a processorcontrolled or DMA (direct-memory access) port.

The problem of providing large memories capable of 200 ns cycle times can be solved by the sequential nature of data transfers. By dividing memory into a number of parallel segments it's possible to use memories with 800 ns read/write-cycle times to simultaneously digitize, display, and communicate with the computer.

Proper memory organization

,£■—I START ^—' CONVERT

REFERENCE VOLTAGE

END OF CONVERSION

SIGNAL

Figure 11: The configuration of a conventional A/D converter.

allows ease of expansion, depending on whether higher spatial resolution or more bits per picture element are anticipated in the future. Also, good designs can be software-reconfigured to trade off spatial resolution for the number of bits per pixel. Methods for reconfiguration are left for the ambitious designers to discover on their own.

A Hypothetical Design

Assume that we'll require a 512 by 512 image with 4-bit quantization of each pixel. Memory is physically organized as four 32 K-byte memory boards. This is because there are 256 K points in the image, and we wish to have 1 bit of each 4-bit pixel value on each memory board. We will use memory which transfers 8-bit quantities.

If we shift 1 bit every 100 ns into a serial-in, parallel-out shift register, then every 800 ns the resulting 8-bit value can be deposited into memory. (See figure 9.) The same process can be reversed for real-time display. To do so, the memory is read every 800 ns, the 8-bit value is placed into a parallel-in, serial-out shift register, and shifted out at 100 ns per pixel.

FEATURES INCLUDE:

• Uses Standard Typewriter Ribbon (Model 101B-80)

• Built-in Power Supply

• 5 x 7 Dot Matrix Character Generator or 10 x 7 or 10 x 14 Dot Matrix

• Standard 96 ASCII Character Font

• Upper and Lower Case Printing

• Up to 88 Characters Per Line

• Single Line Print Rate Is

"110/160 CPS

• Average Print Rate Is

**55/60 CPS For Ten Lines

• Graphics Capability With Extended Character Modes

• Programmable With 32 System Level Software Commands

• Standard Parallel and Serial Interface

• Reset Interface

• Baudrate Select From 110 to 9600

• Manual Paper Advance (Model 101B-80)

• Manual Selftest

• Adjustable Tractor Width From 1 to 91/? Inches (Model 101 B-80)

"Model 101A-40 & 7078-80 Respectively

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$495 Kit, 101B-80KE $545 Assembled & Tested 101B-80E

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234 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Iik:

Circle 149 on inquiry card.

5,000,000 Reasons to replace your 5-inch Floppies with a low-cost, high-performance

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c Just slip 5 megabytes of on-line data storage into place in your standard 5-inch floppy disk openings, and suddenly your capability horizons have dramatically shifted, upwards, now your CP/M* S-100 microcomputer system, or H-89 Heathklt (HDOS or cpm 2.2) computer system can utilize the kind of high-reliability and rapidaccess mass storage which today's sophisticated programming demands, da company named ACT has created a complete package at a price so good, you couldn't walk away from It. The 5-inch package includes the remarkable Shugart Technology ST 506 hard-disk drive with 6.3 megabytes of unformatted mass storage and a micro-sequencing controller card with complete floppy dlsk-iike Interfacing. Harddisks have never been more affordable, if you are wondering Just how these ultra-fast, high throughput hard-disk drives will work with your multi-terminal or real-time, transaction oriented systems: now you can get L some straight answers. Clip and mail the coupon Hf^5*^ V for quick response to all your questions. OrP better yet, give us a call today at (703) 471-6288 for some no-nonsense reasons why your system needs to act now. Quantity pricing Is available to meet the needs of Original Equipment! Manufacturers; check the box on the coupon.

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Name

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REFERENCE VOLTAGE

•}

COMPARATORS

SIGNAL I—v, INPUT I

> OUTPUT

Figure 12: The small number of bits required for image quantization makes flash (or parallel) A/D conversion practical One comparator is used for each quantization level. For a 4-bit quantization, sixteen comparators would be needed. A reference voltage equal to full scale is fed to a voltage divider to form a set of comparator thresholds. The output of each comparator is then fed to the encoder, where the number of on comparators is converted into a binary output. Parallel converters are available in DIP form and allow for high data-conversion rates.

HEATH KIT®

computer products and Zenith Data Systems get even better when you subscribe to Buss: The Independent Newsletter of Heath Co. Computers. Buss spreads the latest news of compatible hardware and software from many vendors. The newsletter is not affiliated with any of these and does not depend on income from ads. So Buss has to please only its subscribers—over 2900 of them.

Readers' candid reports of their discoveries save other subscribers headaches—and money. Innovations published in Buss have included hardware modifications and software fixes. And, since it is not a company-controlled publication, Buss can deal with both the weaknesses and strengths of Heath Co. Computer products.

Buss is a proven newsletter that keeps getting better—it's been published since April 1977. If you subscribe this month you'll receive a free directory of over 50 suppliers of hardware and software for Heathkit® computers and Zenith Data Systems. You have the choice of starting your Buss subscription with the latest issue or available back issues (about 14). All this information will be mailed first class (by air mail overseas). Full refund guaranteed if you're not satisfied. Payment must be in U.S. dollars payable on a U.S. bank or by Master Charge or Visa. Issues: 12 18 24

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To achieve the desired number of quantization bits per pixel, we stack the appropriate number of memory boards. (See figure 10.) In our case, four boards would be needed for 4-bit pixels. Of course, there would have to be an address bus common to all boards and an extra board to provide control and A/D conversion. The extra board would be needed to decode the video sync signals to keep memory-addressing in step with the video signal. Additionally, D/A (digital-to-analog) conversion and sync generation are necessary to drive a display monitor.

Notice that the memory is running at very slow speeds by modern standards. If we use memory that allows two operations per 800 ns, the computer can access or deposit data completely transparent to the digitization or display process.

Now consider high-speed A/D converters. Normal converters use a D/A converter, a programmer, and a comparator to derive a numerical quantity representing the voltage on the input. (See figure 11.) The programmer tries successive numbers, generating successive voltages out of the D/A converter. These voltages are compared with the analog input to determine if they are above or below the input voltage. The comparator output is used by the programmer to decide what number to try next until the process converges on a final value.

The fastest A/D programs take about as many tries as there are bits of quantity. Each try consumes as much time as the total of the programmer gate delay, the D/A-gate delay, the D/A-settling time, and the comparator-settling time. The fastest converters perform conversion on the order of the 100 ns per bit. This is obviously unacceptable for our purposes, since we consider 4 bits to be a minimum quantization and 100 ns to 200 ns to be a maximum conversion time.

The small number of bits that are required does make another conversion technique very practical. It has several names, the most popular being flash or parallel conversion. It consists of one comparator for each quantization level, or sixteen comparators for 4 bits. (See figure 12.) A reference voltage equal to full scale is fed to a voltage divider (ie: a network of resistors) to form a set of comparator thresholds, and the outputs

236 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 151 on inquiry card.

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Disk 595 Superterm (24 x 80) 395

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The Nature of Video Images

The video standard has three primary components, synchronization signals, a luminance (blackand-white) signal, and a chrominance (color) signal. The synchronization (sync) signals tell the receiver when to begin a new frame and a new line. The luminance signal provides intensity values that comprise a picture. The signals are effectively separate, allowing compatibility between color and black-andwhite television receivers. Our primary interest here is the luminance signal, but the chrominance signal must still be considered. It must be filtered out of a color video signal before quantization. (The reason for this requirement has been described in the section on sampling.)

Each complete picture, called a

frame, takes 1/30 second to complete. To reduce flicker, 2:1 interlacing is used. During the first 1/60 second, the even-numbered lines are displayed; and during the second 1/60 second, the oddnumbered lines are displayed. Each set of lines (half of the frame) is called a field. (See figure 3.)

Each field consists of 262.5 lines, each line transmitted in 63.5 us. Nine of these lines are used for the vertical synchronization pulse, which is actually a series of pulses that are easy for receiver circuits to recognize. Each line is composed of a horizontal active-line period during which luminance information is present, and a sync period when reference levels and the horizontal sync signal are present. The horizontal active period is 53.3 its, and the sync period is 10.2 (is. (See figure 4.)

Attention TRS-80 Mod II owners: P&T CP/M® 2 has more to offer!

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More CRT Functions P&T CP/M 2 has the most advanced screen driver available for the Mod 11 including: erase to end of line/screen, insert/delete line, cursor addressing, non-scrolling area on screen, and much more. More Serial I/O Capabilities The serial drivers in P&T CP/M 2 support ETX/ACK, XON/XOFF, and request to send handshaking. Direct control of the serial ports is also available for special applications.

More Documentation We provide the standard CP/M manuals and our own 150 page manual written specifically for P&T CP/M 2.

More Utilities We have added 14 of our own utility programs for the Mod II to the standard CP/M utilities. More Useful System Functions P&T CP/M 2 has all sorts of useful features you won't find elsewhere: type-ahead buffer for keyboard input, system time of day clock, automatic program execution, and lots more.

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We also carry these other software packages:

Magic Wand text processor $350

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LYNC data communication program $95

MCALL intelligent terminal program $65

MAC macro assembler $90

Pascal/M $175

Microsoft Basic-80 Interpreter $325

Microsoft Basic-80 Compiler $350

CBASIC2 (improved performance) $105 Osborn accounting software (requires CBASIC 2; manuals extra) each package $95; all four $295 Also available are single and double sided expansion disk drives and the Cameo Hard Disk System. Call or write for details.

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TRS-80 is a trademark of Tandy Corp.

of the comparators are fed to an encoder. The analog voltage determines which comparators are on, and the encoder then turns the number of on comparators into the corresponding binary number. The only delays are the settling time of one comparator and the encoder-logic delay. I've built three of these for under $100. They are also commercially available in DIP (dual-in-line package) form in 3-bit or 4-bit designs that allow for cascading to achieve 1 or 2 additional bits.

Summary

Inexpensive semiconductor memory and other technological developments have made digital image storage with real-time video input and output a practical reality for the home computer experimenter. Several complete hardware and software systems are available for the display and digitization of real-time video. At least one company offers an inexpensive, real-time digitizer and display, while several offer very inexpensive digitizers to accomplish lowspeed digitization. A high-speed system costs $1500 to $5000 or more, depending on options. The primary price difference is due to the amount of image memory desired. Low-speed systems range from about $350 to $4000.

Flash-conversion products range from $30 to $90 for 3-bit and 4-bit units with about 30 MHz maximum rate. These save you the headaches of finding matched resistor values for homebrew flash converters.

Although there isn't enough information in this brief article to construct an image-capture system, there should be enough to familiarize an ambitious designer with the techniques and problems. You would be well advised to obtain a technical manual from a manufacturer to help assess the potential difficulties. With healthy competition in the growing marketplace for image-capture and display, the power/price ratio of complete systems will continue to increase. ■

238 November 1980 © BYTE Publication! Inc

Circle 152 on inquiry card.

Exciting, entertaining software for the Apple II and Apple II Plus'

If you liked "Invaders", you'll love ASTEROIDS IN SPACE by Bruce Wallace. Your space ship is traveling in the middle of a shower of asteroids. Blast the asteroids with lasers, but beware — big asteroids fragment into small asteroids! The Apple game paddles allow you to rotate your space ship, fire its laser gun, and give it thrust to propel It through endless space. From time to time you will encounter an alien space ship whose mission is to destroy you, so you'd better destroy it first! High resolution graphics and sound effects add to the arcade-like excitement that this program generates. Runs on any Apple II with at least 32K and one disk drive. On diskette — $19.95

FRACAS™ by Stuart Smith. A fantastic adventure game like no other — up to eight players can participate in FRACAS at the same time. Journey in the land of FAROPH, searching for hidden treasure while warding off all sorts of unfriendly and dangerous creatures like the Ten Foot Spider and the Headless Horseman. You and your friends can compete with each other or you can join forces and gang up on the monsters. Your location is presented graphically and sound effects enliven the battles. Save your adventure on diskette or cassette and continue it at some other time. Requires at least 32K of RAM. Cassette: $19.95 Diskette: $24.95

BATTLESHIP COMMANDER'" by Erik Kilk and Matthew Jew. Agame of strategy. You and the computer each start out by positioning five ships of different sizes on a ten by ten grid. Then the shooting starts. Place your volleys skillfully — a combination of logic and luck are required to beat the computer. Cartoons show the ships sinking and announce the winner. Sound effects and flashing lights also add to the enioyment of the game. Requires at least 32K of RAM. Cassette: $14.95 Diskette: $19.95

FASTGAMMON'" by Bob Christiansen Sound, hi res color, and cartoons have helped maked this the most popular backgammon-playing game for the Apple II But don't let these entertaining features fool you — FASTGAMMON plays serious backgammon Requires at least 24K of RAM. Cassette: $19.95 Diskette: $24.95

""Apple II" and "Apple II Plus" are trademark1, ot Apple Computer, Inc

QUTILny SOFTWARE

6660 Reseda Blvd.. Suite 105. Reseda. CA 91335

WHERE TO GET IT: Call us at (213) 344-6599 for the name of the Quality Software dealer nearest you. If necessary, you may order directly from us MasterCharge and Visa cardholders may place orders by telephone and we will deduct $1 from orders over $19 to compensate for phone charges. Or mail your order to the address above. California residents add 6% sales tax. SHIPPING CHARGES: Within North America orders must include $1.50 for first class shipping and handling. Outside North America the charge for airmail shipping and handling is $5.00 — payable in U.S. currency.

Circle 153 on Inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980 239

BYTELINES

NEWS AND SPECULATION ABOUT PERSONAL COMPUTING

Conducted by Sol Libes

L/EC Opens Computer Museum: Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), the pioneer in minicomputers, has opened a "computer museum" in the lobby and mezzanine level of its Marlboro, Massachusetts, "Tower Building." It illustrates, through actual equipment, the evolution from calculator to microcomputers. The exhibits include precomputer devices, the four generations of digital logic used in computers, and some early computer systems (eg: PDP-1 with the original Spacewar program and others). The museum is open to the public.

ilandom News Bits:

Casio, Inc, the Japanese electronics manufacturer, has introduced a personal computer in the US. The FX-9000P can store programs directly in 4 K-byte CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) memory cartridges (with lithium batteries) that can be removed from the unit. The basic unit is priced under $900.... Pascal can now be considered as having "made it." IBM has announced that Pascal will be available for IBM systems using OS/VS and VM/CMS operating systems. IBM will charge $235 a month for it. To think that most microcomputer users pay less than IBM's monthly charge to buy Pascal outright.... A study conducted by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health found that videoterminal users suffer problems of eye strain, blurred

vision, color perception, numbness, and loss of strength in their arms. These users also experience higher levels of anxiety, depression, confusion, and fatigue....The University of Southern California will offer a graduate degree in voice I/O (input/output). The curriculum includes courses in electrical and biomedical engineering, communications, computer science, linguistics, otolaryngology, and psychology...

X ujitsu Overtakes IBM

In Japan: For the past thirty years, IBM has dominated data processing over the entire globe. Now, however, it is reported that in Japan Fujitsu, Ltd, has overtaken IBM in sales. Fujitsu and several other Japanese computer suppliers are now preparing a massive onslaught into the US and European markets.

I

EEE Local Network Standard Moves Ahead:

The IEEE Local Network Standards Committee expects to have a draft of its standard by year's end. At this time, it appears that the Ethernet system, proposed by Xerox, Digital Equipment Corporation, and Intel, will not be adopted as the standard. The reasons for this are that Ethernet is still in a preliminary-definition state with many areas not precisely defined. Further, Ethernet is highly depen

dent on coaxial cables and a particular modulation technique. Also, Ethernet does not have any provision for acknowledging datagrams, which could lead to possible incompatibilities in error control between different manufacturer's devices.

■Juper Computer Planned: The Ames Research Center of NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) is planning a special super computer capable of performing a billion floatingpoint operations per second. The computer will be designed to simulate a wind tunnel. It is expected to have 40 M words of directly addressable memory plus 200 M words of blockaddressable memory. NASA wants the system operational in 1986.

u«

IS Government Shifting To Smaller Computers: The US government now has a reported 15,000 computers in operation, worth more than $5.4 billion. The trend is shifting from large, costly mainframes to smaller units. In fact, now at least two-thirds of the machines cost less than $50,000.

The GSA (General Services Administration) recently disclosed that at the end of 1979 the three leading computer suppliers were Digital Equipment Corporation (3656 units), Sperry Univac (1778 units), and IBM (1284 units). However, IBM still ranked

number one in dollars ($1.45 billion), Control Data was second ($754 million), and Sperry Univac was third ($686 million).

Jtlibbon Recycling: The

word-processing and printer markets have created the new business of recycling printer ribbons. About fifty vendors are offering consumers recycled ribbons at a saving of as much as 60%, along with deliveries in 5 to 10 days.

Several ribbon manufacturers are introducing sealed ribbon cartridges to prevent recycling. They claim that sealing improves ribbon reliability.

M,

Licrosoit Signs UNIX Agreement: Microsoft, of Bellevue, Washington, has signed an agreement with Western Electric for the rights to develop and market versions of UNIX, an operating system originated by Bell Laboratories. The Microsoft versions will be specifically designed for 16-bit microprocessors, such as the Intel 8086, Zilog Z8000, and Motorola 68000. The Microsoft version will be called XENIX. UNIX seems to be the most popular minicomputer timesharing operating system in current use. It is very popular in the educational community, probably because Western Electric sold it to educational institutions for a very low fee. However, due to its sophisticated features, UNIX has been gaining in popularity in the profes

240 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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/Mini-word and arithmetic calculation processor designed to ' generate reports with ledger ot figures and numeric calculations. Built-in calculator (unctions end calculator to paper errors. Saves data. Reports can be printed ds often as desired. Crranges In ddtd can be easily entered and sdved. "Cause ar Effect" analysis easily computed using Recdlculate function.

f Typical applications are:

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CP/M™ compatible language for 8' 8080/Z80 CPU's. NorthStor 2D, Cromemco CDOS & Superbraln.

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* Over 45 extensions to Standard Pascal

* Requires 54K RAM

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ACT™

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CP/M compotlble macro assembler for Z80, 8080/85. 6502 & 6800.

One assembler that supports all major 8 bit micros and runs under CP/M. Formats: 8' single density, NorthStar, & Superbrain. Requires 24K RAM. $125. Manual alone ■ $15.

ACT II - CP/M 2.x compatible cross assembler for 8086/8088

$175. Manual alone - $15.

ACT I and ACT II purchased together - $225.

f A powerful CP/M Word Processing System which Includes fast screen editor and Is exceptionally easy to learn and i Copywriter supports both vertical and horizontal scrolling 132 column printers. File size is limited only by disk size.' print formating program allows control over output word | cessing files, and permits the insertion of variable data in form letters. Full proportional printing is also supported.

(COPYWRITER + includes dn Integrated mailing list system which can: select any range of zip codes for printing

select which fields to fill into merge

select by title, position or department within a company

Output can sort for bulk mailings by state and zip code.

COPYWRITER - $395.

COPYWRITER* - $595. Manual alone $35.

Requires 56K RAM. 8* single density IBM format

/DATEBOOK™

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/End paging through an appointment book forever! Easy to ' learn & use. „ Replaces your office appointment book

* Searches for openings thot fit time of day, day of week & day of year constraints

* Appointments made, modified or cancelled by a few key strokes

* Copies of day's oppolntments can be quickly printed

* Schedule appointments 4 months in advance - plus $295. Manual alone - $25.

/S^BASIC™

Produces chalnoble, relocatable native code.

* Fully defined user functions & procedures

* Local & global variables

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* Fixed point packed BCD

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* Federal, State, FICA, SDI witholdings are automotic

Requires 48K RAM $195.

FILETRAN™

/The TRSDOS to CP/M and CP/M to TRSDOS file translation system. FILETRAN transfers files by file name from one disk to another May also be used to seorch any program for all occurences of a string. Can be used to generate a variable cross reference Helps to convert Level II BASIC programs to Microsoft Basic Formats: 8" single density, NorthStar 2D & TRS-80

$149.

vlAGIC WAND™

'/M-based word processing system for 8« soft-sectored & .* NorthStar or Micropolis.

Full screen text editing

Full text formatting commands

Merging with external data files

Variables

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True proportional printing

50.

PEARL™

The application software generator tor 8' single density, NorthStar 2D, Micropolis Mod II & Superbraln. Pearl asks questions thqt a programmer would have to answer to code the system. You dnswer the questions & Pearl uses built-in logic to construct both subroutines & mainline programs. The system then compiles & executes your program code.

• Level 1 For Personal Computing - $130.

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• Level 3: Advanced Software Development - $650.

CBASIC2™ required. Manuals alone - $25. each

'SELECTOR IV™

1 A totally self-contained CP/M Data Base System providing complete ddta, procedural, query, and report definition functions. Allows records to be managed on a one-for-one basis, as well as in 'batch' mode where several files can communicate with each other in a variety of ways. Includes multiple key fields. Requires 54K RAM.

$550. Manual alone $25.

Formats: 8* single density, NorthStar 2D & Micropolis Mod I

ULTRASORNI'M

The sort/merge/select utility for CBASIC2 written in assembly language. Can be loaded by CBASIC during run-time, also can

NnriT °S ° s,and-°'on<> u,ili»V Formats. 8- single density, NorthStor 2D & Micropolis Mod II.

$175.

CBASIC2™

'TEXTWRITERIIItm

f NEW FEATURESI a text formatting program for NorthStar & TRS-80 DOS, Micropolis MDOS & any CP/M based system.

Proportional spacing & enhanced printing for • Diablo • Qume • NEC printers

ntere.T 'me"™')ia,e °°de COm>iter wi'* ™-«™

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sional and business worlds as well.

Microsoft plans to charge an initial fee for the package ranging from a low of $500 to $3000 for a four-user system. The company also has plans to adapt its BASIC, FORTRAN , and COBOL compilers to run under XENIX. Microsoft has purchased a DEC PDP-11/70 minicomputer specifically for the XENIX development project. The Z8000 version is slated for introduction by year's end, and the 8086 and 68000 versions are to follow sometime in the second guarter of 1981.

Considering that Digital Research plans on developing only an 8086 version of its very popular CP/M operating system, it seems likely that Microsoft's XENIX will become the dominant operating system for 16-bit microcomputer systems.

Winch Winchester Disk Drives Coming On Strong:

At least a half-dozen companies will have 5-inch hard-disk drives on the market late in the first half of 1981. Latest to jump on the 5-inch disk-drive bandwagon are International Memories Inc (IMI) (the Cupertino, California, firm that marketed the first 8-inch Winchester drive) and Shugart Associates (the largest producer of floppydisk drives). These drives typically store 5 million to 7 million bytes and sell for less than $1000 in OEM (original eguipment manufacturer) guantities.

W4 K-Bit Memory Devices Becoming Available:

Several integrated-circuit manufacturers are currently supplying samples of the new 64 K-bit programmable memory circuits to OEMs for evaluation and development. Look to see these devices in use starting in early 1981.

The introduction of these

components has already caused the price of 16 K-bit devices to drop significantly; just a few months ago, these circuits cost six to eight dollars— now they are four or five dollars. Currently, the 64 K-bit memories are in the forty- to sixty-dollar range, which may drop to thirty or thirty-five dollars in production guantities.

It is expected that Japanese suppliers will dominate the 64 K-bit device marketplace. The 16 K-bit device market has been dominated by American suppliers, although the Japanese currently have 40% of that market. The demand for the 64 K-bit memories does not, as yet, appear to be very strong. However, the price erosion of the 16 K-bit memories and increasing competition from Japanese suppliers should cause the 64 K-bit memory prices to drop guickly.

Jfc rotecting The Software Copyright: Software vendors are very concerned about software being pirated by unauthorized copying. The problem is acute simply because it is very easy to duplicate cassette- and disk-based software. Further, it isn't especially difficult to copy software stored in read-only memories.

The personal-computer user does not appear to be the cause of the problem because most of that type of pirating is for personal use, and it occurs only on a small scale without a significant impact on vendor sales. However, several software vendors are complaining that software pirates are making copies of their software packages and selling them. The software pirate freguently changes the name of the software package and may even make some minor changes so that the consumer is unaware that the software is a fraud. The practice appears to be widespread outside the US,

where this kind of activity is very difficult to prevent. As a result, software vendors are seeking ways to prevent pirating. Several are now experimenting with software technigues that cause the copied software to self-destruct if it is run on an unauthorized machine. I suspect that this will prove to be a deterrent for the experimenter and small-time thief, but the professional software pirate should be able to overcome this system.

A andy. Apple. And Commodore Are Top Personal-Computer Performers: Each year Datamation analyzes and rates the top one hundred computer companies. For the second year in a row, Tandy Corporation (parent company of Radio Shack), Apple Computer, and Commodore have made that list. In fact, for this past year Tandy ranked thirty-ninth (up from last year's fiftyeighth), Apple ranked sixty-first (up from onehundredth last year), and Commodore ranked seventy-fifth (up from ninety-fourth last year). Tandy had gross sales of $150 million, a 131% increase. Apple had $75 million in sales, up from $10 million the previous year, a 650% increase. Commodore had $55 million sales, a 150% increase.

These three personalcomputer makers had the highest growth rates of the top one hundred computerproduct vendors in the US. IBM, which ranked number one in total sales, had only a 7% increase in sales.

JL diking Computers To Be The Rage: 1981 should be the year that consumers first see the widespread use of voice output in products ranging from computers to household appliances. Many manufacturers are currently supplying

samples of speech-synthesis integrated circuits to OEM customers. The manufacturers include Texas Instruments, National Semiconductor, General Instrument, Hitachi, and Votrax. The Hitachi HD38880 integrated circuit, for example, can produce up to 200 words or one hundred seconds of speech from data stored in a 128 K-bit ROM (read-only memory). The Texas Instruments TMS5200, essentially the same device used in the Speak & Spell toy, has been given an 8-bit data-bus interface and should operate easily with personal computers.

Alcradom Rumors: It is

rumored that Intel, Motorola, and Fujitsu are all working on the development of microprocessors that will implement the IBM System/370 instruction set. Performance is expected to be comparable to an IBM 370/115. IBM is rumored to already have such an integrated-circuit version

running Xerox is

rumored to be attempting to buy Apple

Computer.... Digital Eguipment Corporation is rumored ready to release a 16-bit microprocessor device that will be compatible with 8080, Z80, and 6800 support circuits. It is expected to have the power of a PDP-11/23. At least one company is rumored to be investigating an S-100 implementation....

MAIL: I receive a large number of letters each month as a result of this column. If you write to me and wish a response, please include a stamped, self-addressed envelope.

Sol Libes POB 1192 Mountainside NJ 07092

242 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

CP/M"' - based Business Software for TRS-80®2 computers on . ... the fastest Mod-ll CP/M with the most features!!!

Over 610,000 bytes/disk Downloading package included 1,200 baud operation of serial printers without data loss Single drive backup

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Supplemental document describing our implementation

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MOD-II CP/M $250.00 MOD-I CP/M $150.00 CBASIC2"3 (Mod I or II) $110.00

The following software for Mod-ll CP/M only unless otherwise stated (*-requires CBASIC2):

RM/COBOL*4 - Only COBOL for CP/M with alternate keys (multikey ISAM), CRT screen handling, interactive debug, Z80 code, and the most useful Level 2 features. Compatible with Tandy's

COBOL-but runs faster! $495.00

PMS (Property Management System) - Interactive, menu-driven system includes full G/L, budgeting, cash journal, delinquency list, tenant activity/rent roll, complete audit trail and reports

on vacancies, lost rent, and vendors $650.00*

demo disk & manual 75.00*

APH (Automated Patient History) - General-purpose questionasking, answer-printing system furnished as self-administered review-of-systemsgeneralpatient history(Mod-lalso)... $175.00*

MAGIC WAND"5 - Full-feature word processing, true proportional spacing, file merging, and use of full-screen editor for source

programs or data $400.00

RPA (Residential Property Analysis)-Analyzes income and expense, financing, taxes, inflation and depreciation on home, condo, or apartments over a user-selectable time. Shows payoff in terms of ROI, Cap rate, cash-on-cash. Amortization schedules and worksheet $300.00*

demo disk & manual 35.00*

RBC (Rent/Buy Comparison) - Sales or investment tool to compare renting and savings account investment vs. purchasing a particular property $250.00*

demo disk & manual 35.00*

Osborne & Assoc. CBASIC source programs (Mod-I also):

Payroll w/Cost Accounting $250.00* General Ledger w/Cash Journal $250.00*

Accts. Payable/Accts. Receivable $250.00* O&A CBASIC Books (ea.) $ 20.00

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Registered trademark of:

s1 Digital Research

•2Tandy Corp.

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»4Ryan-McFarland Corp.

•5Small Business Applications, Inc.

•^verbatim Corp.

$9

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DG/H8 — THE TOTAL SYSTEMS CONCEPT

THE DG-80 ZILOG Z80 BASED CPU — $249.00 (Documentation Only $25.00)

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• Z80 CPU — Enhanced instruction set • Provisions for up to 8KR0M/EPR0M and/or 4K RAM • Jump-On-Reset to any 1K boundary • DIP switch selectable wait

states for any or all 8K blocks of memory • All Z80 interrupt response modes available • Interrupt Acknowledge and Dynamic Memory Refresh signals available on bus • Frequently selected options by DIP switch or solderless jumper • Machined contact gold sockets for

ROM/EPROM, RAM • Includes many advanced features for future expansion • Assembled, tested and guaranteed • Extensive operations manual and Z80 PROGRAMMING MANUAL 90 DAY WARRANTY

DG-64D 64K-$529.00 48K-$480.00 32K-$431.00 16K- $382.00 J^K-$333.00

BEST RAM EVER

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90 DAY WARRANTY

Documentation Only $15.00

DG-FP8 — $69.95

Monitor/Utility package for DG-80 CPU provides functions of PAM-8 as well as the following:

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registers • Supports STANDARD CP/M provided by D-G as well as HDOS • Provides firmware support for DG-ADP4,4 MHz hardware • Includes single step features

DG-ADP4 —$19.95

Plug-in hardware modification to allow operation of the Heath* H17 disk system with the DG-80 at 4 MHz. Requires the use of the DG-FP8 firmware package.

16K CHIP SETS $49.00

(8-4116 Type Dynamic RAMS) for DG-32D.DG-64D,Apple*,TRS-80*. H88/ 89», and Pet*

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ROM disable port for use with the Heath* H8 computer. Addressable to any of 256 I/O ports. Allows the use of a full 64K of RAM when used in conjunc

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DG-FP8/DG-ADP4 - TOGETHER — $79.95

Save on Combination Purchase Reg. $89.90

DG-32D — 32K — $339.00 — 16K — $287.00 —jrfK — $235.00-DOCUMENTATION $12.00

STANDARD CP/M Ver 2.2 $130.00

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research ot Pacific Grove, California. Heath, HDOS, H8. H88/89 & PAM8 are registered trademarks of the Heath Company. Z80 is a registered trademark of Zilog Corp. PET is a registered trademark of Commodore, Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer. TRS-80 is a registered trademark of TANDY Corp.

□ B

Ordering >*»iinttuii: Products listed available from DG Electronic Developments Co., P.O. Box 1124,1827SouthAimstrong, Denison, Tx, 75020, Check, Money Order, VISA or Master Charge accepted. Phone orders (charge only) call (214) 465-7805. No COD'S. Freight prepaid. Allow 3 weeks for personal checks to dear. Texas residents add 5%. Foreign orders add 30%.

Circle 155 on Inquiry card.

BYTE Novtmbtr 1980

243

Machine Problem Solving

Part 3: The Alpha-Beta Procedure

Professor Peter Frey

Northwestern University

Cresap Neuroscience Laboratory

2021 Sheridan Rd

Evanston IL 60201

Zero-Sum Games

In many problem-solving situations, the wisdom of a particular decision often depends upon the range of options that someone else may have. Many real-world decision-making environments can be modeled in terms of a two-person game. When each player is aware of his own and his opponent's options at each choice point, the game is described as one of perfect information. If the rules of the game require that each player's gain must come at the expense of the other, then the game is strictly competitive, or zero-sum. Familiar games that meet these criteria are chess, checkers, three-dimensional tic-tac-toe, go, gomoku, and Othello.

The first two articles in this series considered decisionmaking situations in which a single individual was responsible for a series of choices. By constructing programs that searched among a large number of choice combinations, we were successful in developing mechanical solutions for these problems. When two people are making choices and each is trying to better his own position at the other's expense, the standard look-ahead search that we described earlier is no longer adequate.

Minimax Strategy

Instead, it is necessary to consider choices in which the two players attempt to satisfy conflicting goals. Most of the important strategic ideas which are used in analyzing these games date back to a very influential book which was written in 1944 by Von Neumann and Morgenstern (see reference 4).

The key idea for our present purposes is the minimax strategy. In analyzing any given position in the game, a

look-ahead tree is constructed which represents the sequence of options that the two players have (as a hierarchical branching structure which grows exponentially as one proceeds away from the initial position).

The minimax strategy consists of evaluating "final" positions at some arbitrary depth (usually defined by practical constraints of time and space) and then following parent nodes all the way down the tree to the starting position. This path is defined by assuming that each player will decide among the options that are available to him at his choice points by selecting the one that guarantees the best possible outcome.

If the terminal evaluations are chosen such that high numbers favor the first player (and low numbers favor the second player), the first player is expected to choose the pathway that guarantees as large a terminal value as possible, and the second player is expected to choose the pathway that guarantees as small a terminal value as possible. In practical terms, the first player always maximizes, the second player always minimizes.

This description would seem to explain the derivation of the name. This is not historically correct, however. The "minimax" name is actually based on the underlying strategic idea that each player attempts to minimize his opponent's maximum potential gain.

History and Practicality

The minimax technique appeared to be of limited practicality when it was first discovered because of the rapid increase in the number of terminal positions as the lookahead tree grows. The number of terminal positions that need to be analyzed in a minimax search is equal roughly

244 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

DYNACOMP

Quality software for;

ATARI

PET

APPLE II Plus

TRS-80 (Level II) NORTH STAR CP/M 8" Disk

BRIDGE 2.0

GAMES

Price: $17.95 Cassette $21.95 Diskette

An all-inclusive version or this most popular of card games. This program both BIDS and PLAYS either contract or duplicate bridge. Depending on the contract, your computer opponents will either play the offense OR defense. If you bid too high, the computer will double your contract I BRIDGE 2.0 provides challenging entertainment for advanced players and is an excellent learning tool for the bridge novice.

HEARTS 1.5 Price: S14.95 Cassette

$18.95 Diskette

An exciting and entertaining computer version of this popular card game. Hearts is a trick-oriented game in which the purpose is not to take any hearts or the queen of spades. Play against two computer opponents who are armed with hard-to-beat playing strategies.

CRIBBAGE 2.0 (TRS-80 only) Price: $14.95 Cassette

$18.95 Diskette

This is a well-designed and nicely executed two-handed version of the classic card game, cribbage. It is an excellent program for the cribbage player in search of a worthy opponent as well as the beginner wishing to learn the game, in particular the scoring and jargon. The standard cribbage score board is continually shown at the top of the display (utilizing the TRS-80's graphics capabilities), with the cards shown underneath. The computer automatically scores and also announces the points using the traditional phrases.

CHESS MASTER (North Star and TRS-80 only) Price: $19.95 Cassette

$23.95 Diskette

This complete and very powerful program provides five levels of play. It includes castling, en passant captures and the promotion of pawns, Additionally, the board may be preset before the start of play, permitting the examination of "book" plays. To maximize execution speed, the program is written in assembly language (by SOFTWARE SPECIALISTS or California). Full graphics are employed in the TRS-80 version, and two widths of alphanumeric display are provided to accommodate North Star

STARTREK3.2 Price: $ 9.95 Cassette

$13.95 Diskette

This is the classic Startrek simulation, but with several new features. For example, the Klingons now shoot at the Enterprise without warning while also attacking star bases in other quadrants, The Klingons also attack with both light and heavy cruisers and move when shot at! The situation is hectic when the Enterprise is besieged by three heavy cruisers and a starbase S.O.S. is received! The Klingons get even!

SPACE TILT (Apple only) Price: $10.95 Cassette

$14.95 Diskette Use the game paddles to tilt the plane of the TV screen to "roll" a ball into a hole in the screen. Sound simple? Not when the hole gets smaller and smaller! A built-in timer allows you to measure your skill against others in this habit-forming action game.

GAMES PACK I and GAMES PACK II Price: $ 9.95 each, Cassette

$13.95 each, Diskette GAMES PACK I contains BLACKJACK, LUNAR LANDER, CRAPS, HORSERACE, SWITCH and more. GAMES PACK II includes CRAZY EIGHTS, JOTTO. ACEY-DUCEY, LIFE, WUMPUS and others. Why pay S5.95 or more per program when you can buy a DYNACOMP collection for just $9.95?

STATISTICS and ENGINEERING

DATA SMOOTHER Price: $14.95 Cassette

$18.95 Diskette

This special data smoothing program may be used to rapidly derive useful information from noisy business and engineering data which are equally spaced, The software features choice in degree and range of fit, as well as smoothed first and second derivative calculation. Also included is automatic plotting of the input data and smoothed results.

FOURIER ANALYZER Price: $14.95 Cassette

$18.95 Diskette

Use this program to examine the frequency spectra of limited duration signals. The program features automatic scaling and plotting of the input data and results. Practical applications include the analysis of complicated patterns in such fields as electronics, communications and business.

TFA (Transfer Function Analyzer) Price: $19.95 Cassette

$23.95 Diskette

This is a special software package which may be used to evaluate the transfer functions of systems such as hi-fi amplifiers and filters by examining their response to pulsed inputs. TFA is a major modification of FOURIER ANALYZER and contains an engineering-oriented decible versus log-frequency plot as well as data editing features. Whereas FOURIER ANALYZER is designed for educational and scientific use, TFA is an engineering tool.

FOURIER ANALYZER and TFA may be purchased together for a combined price of 129.95 (Cassettes) and S37.93 (Diskettes).

REGRESSION I Price: $19.95 Cassette

$23.95 Diskette

REGRESSION I is a unique and exceptionally versatile one-dimensional least squares "polynomial" curve fitting program. Features include very high accuracy; an automatic degree determination option; an extensive internal library of fitting functions; data editing; automatic data and curve plotting; a statistical analysis (e.g., standard deviation, correlation coefficient, etc.) and much more. In addition, new fits may be tried without reentering the data. REGRESSION I is certainly the cornerstone program in any data analysis software library.

Circle 156 on Inquiry card.

Availability

DYNACOMP software is supplied with complete documentation containing clear explanations and examples. All programs will run within 16K program memory space (ATARI requires 24K). Except where noted, programs are available on ATARI, PET, TRS-80 (Level II) and Apple (Applesoft) cassette and diskette as well as North Star single density (double density compatible) diskette. Additionally, most programs can be obtained on standard 8" CP/M floppy disks for systems running under MBASIC.

BUSINESS and UTILITIES

MAIL LIST II (North Star only) Price: $21.95

This many-featured program now includes full alphabetic and zip code toning as well as file merging. Entries can be retrieved by user-defined code, client name or Zip Code. The printout format allows the use of standard size address labels. Each diskette can store more than 1100 entries (single density; over 2200 with double density systems)!

TEXT EDITOR I (Letter Writer) Price: $14.95 Cassette

$18.95 Diskette An easy to use, line-oriented text editor which provides variable line widths and simple paragraph indexing, This text editor is ideally suited for composing letters and is quite capable of handling much larger jobs.

FINDIT (North Star only) Price: $19.95

This is a three-in-one program which maintains information accessible by keywords of three types: Personal (e.g., last name), Commercial (eg: plumbers) and Reference (eg: magazine articles, record albums, etc). In addition to keyword searches, there are birthday, anniversary and appointment searches for the personal records and appointment searches for the commercial records. Reference records are accessed by a single keyword or by cross-referencing two or three keywords.

DFILE (North Star only) Price: $19.95

This handy program allows North Star users to maintain a specialized data base of all files and programs in the stack of disks which invariably accumulates. DFILE is easy to set up and use. It will organize your disks to provide efficient locating of the desired file or program.

COMPARE (North Star only) Price: $12.95

COMPARE is a single disk utility software package which compares two BASIC programs and displays the file sizes of the programs in bytes, the lengths in terms of the number of statement lines, and the line numbers at which various listed differences occur. COMPARE permits the user to examine versions of his software to verify which are the more current, and to clearly identify the changes made during development.

COMPRESS (North Star only) Price: $12.95

COMPRESS is a single-disk utility program which removes all unnecessary spaces and (optionally) REMark statements from North Star BASIC programs. The source file is processed one line at a time, thus permitting very large programs to be compressed using only a small amount of computer memory. File compressions of 20-50% are commonly achieved.

GRAFIX (TRS-80 only) Price: $12.95 Cassette

$16.95 Diskette

This unique program allows you to easily create graphics directly from the keyboard. You "draw" your figure using the program's extensive cursor controls, Once the figure is made, it is automatically appended to your BASIC program as a string variable. Draw a "happy face", call it HS and then print it from your program using PRINT HSI This is a very easy way to create and save graphics.

TIDY (TRS-80 only) Price: $10.95 Cassette

$14.95 Diskette

TIDY is an assembly language program which allows you to renumber the lines in your BASIC programs. TIDY also removes unnecessary spaces and REMark statements. The result is a compacted BASIC program which uses much less memory space and executes significantly faster. Once loaded, TIDY remains in memory; you may load any number of BASIC programs without having to reload TIDY!

SIMULATIONS and EDUCATION

BLACK HOLE (Apple only) Price: $14.95 Cassette

$18.95 Diskette

This is an exciting graphical simulation of the problems involved in closely observing a black hole with a space probe, The object is to enter and maintain, for a prescribed time, an orbit close to a small black hole. This is to be achieved without coming so near the anomaly that the tidal stress destroys the probe, Control of the craft is realistically simulated using side jets for rotation and main thrusters for acceleration. This program employs Hi-Res graphics and is educational as well as challenging.

VALDEZ Price: $14.95 Cassette

$18.95 Diskette

A simulation of supertanker navigation in the Prince William Sound and Valdez Narrows. The program uses an extensive 256X256 element radar map and employs physical models of ship response and tidal patterns. Chart your own course through ship and iceberg traffic. Any standard terminal may be used for display.

FLIGHT SIMULATOR Price: $17.95 Cassette

$21.95 Diskette

A realistic and extensive mathematical simulation of take-off, flight and landing. The program utilizes aerodynamic equations and the characteristics of a real airfoil. You can practice instrument approaches and navigation using radials and compass headings. The more advanced flyer can also perform loops, half-rolls and similar aerobatic maneuvers.

TEACHER'S PET: I Price: $ 9.95 Cassette

S13.95 Diskette

This is the first of DYNACOMP's educational packages. Primarily intended for pre-school to grade 3, TEACHER'S PET provides the young student with counting practice, letter-word recognition and three levels of math skill exercises.

Ordering Information

All orders are processed and shipped postpaid within 48 hours. Please enclose payment with order along with computer information. If paying by VISA or Master Card, include all numbers on card. For orders outside North America add 10ft for shipping and handling.

Add S3.00 for 8" floppy disk (soft sectored, CP/M, Microsoft BASIC)

Deduct 10% when ordering 3 or more programs.

Ask for DYNACOMP programs at your local software dealer. Write for detailed descriptions of these and other programs from DYNACOMP.

DYNACOMP, Inc.

6 Rippingale Road Pittsford, New York 14534

(716) 586-7579

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THE DATAHANDLER

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN MMSFORTH

Now the power, speed and compactness of MMSFORTH drive a major applications program for many of YOUR home, school and business tasks! Imagine a sophisticated database management system with flexibility to create, maintain and print mailing lists with multiple address lines. Canadian or the new 9-digit U.S. ZIP codes, and multiple phone numbers, plus the speed to load hundreds of records or sort them on several fields in 5 seconds! Manage inventories with selection by any character or combination. Balance checkbook records and do CONDITIONAL reporting of expenses or other calculations. File any records and recall selected ones with optional upper/lower case match, in standard or custom formats. Personnel, membership lists, bibliographies, catalogs of record, stamp and coin collections—you name it! ALL INSTANTLY, without wasted bytes, and with cueing from screen so good that non-programmers quickly master its use! With manual, sample data files and custom words for mail list and checkbook use.

Technical: Handles data as compressed indexed sequential subfiles of up to 25K characters (9K in 32K RAM). Access 1-4 data diskettes. Modified Quicksort. Optionally precomiles for 5-second program load. Selfadjusts for many routine mods. Structured and modular MMSFORTH source code ideal for custom modifications.

THE DATAHANDLER V1.1, a very sophisticated database management system operable by non-programmers (requires Disk MMSFORTH, 1 drive & 32K RAM); with manuals $59.95*

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FORTH BOOKS AVAILABLE

MICROFORTH PRIMER — comes with

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USING FORTH — more detailed and advanced than above $25.00*

URTH TUTORIAL MANUAL — very readable

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CALTECH FORTH MANUAL — good on Forth internal structure, etc $6.95*

* — Software prices are for single-system user license and include manuals. Add $2.00 S/H plus $1.00 per additional book; Mass. orders add 5% tax. Foreign orders add 15%. UPS COD, VISA & M/C accepted; no unpaid purchase orders, please.

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to the average number of options at each choice raised to a power equal to the depth of the search tree. For example, consider the game of chess, which averages thirtyeight options at each choice point. A minimax search considering a look-ahead of four moves for each player would have 38" terminal positions. That is more than 4 trillion (4,000,000,000,000) positions.

You do not have to be a mathematical genius in order to determine that a process that grows exponentially like this one is going to get out of control very quickly. Because of this exponential explosion and because there were no computers in the 1940s, the minimax algorithm initially received little attention.

In practical terms, the first player always maximizes, the second player always minimizes.

The Alpha-Beta Technique

In 1956, at the Dartmouth Summer Research Conference on Artificial Intelligence (see reference 1), John McCarthy pointed out that Bernstein's chess program did not need to analyze all of the terminal positions in order to select the move that was best in terms of the minimax strategy.

Although no formal description of the idea was given at that time, several of the game-playing programs written in the late 1950s appear to have employed an enhanced version of the minimax procedure, which has come to be called the a-/3 (ie: alpha-beta) pruning algorithm. The name seems to have been coined by McCarthy.

The first clear description of the technique for Englishspeaking audiences was published in 1969 by Slagle and Dixon (see reference 3). The a-/3 procedure provides a remarkable increase in the efficiency of the search process; and, with the advent of the high-speed computer in the late 1960s and 1970s, the minimax idea finally came of age.

Although there are many references to the a-|8 minimax technique in the popular literature, the procedure has not received much detailed analysis in the academic literature. The best expository presentation on this topic is a recent paper by Knuth and Moore (see reference 1). The technical details that enhance the efficiency of the a-@ strategy are scattered throughout a number of hard-to-find sources. The purpose of this article is to summarize the main ideas and to present a sample program with the key algorithms.

Treasure Search

To provide an explicit example, I have devised a new game that is easy to play and is easily programmed. One of the difficulties of describing the ct-0 minimax procedure within the context of a familiar game is that move generation and position evaluation are sufficiently complex that these aspects of the program tend to mask the fine points of the a-0 search. The game we will consider involves very straightforward move-generation and position-evaluation routines. For this reason, we will be

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BYTE November 1980

247

able to concentrate on the tree-searching algorithm in the absence of unwanted distractions.

This new game is called Treasure Search and is played on an 8-by-8 grid. A digit between 1 and 9 is randomly assigned to each of the sixty-four squares. Each contestant has a single playing piece which is initially positioned in the central portion of the grid. The players take turns moving their pieces. A piece can be moved only one square at a time in one of four orthogonal directions (ie: north, south, east, or west). The object of the game is to

Treasure Search 4

8 6 17

5 8

9 6

4 9 5 6

2 6

9 1

George

4 14 6

4 7

4 1

0

9 1 4 *

7 5

3 5

6 2 5 9

X 4

4 4

TRS-80

5 9 9 3

4 8

8 1

0

3 7 6 2

4 5

1 8

8 8 6 4

6 9

1 3

Which Direction for X?

Table 1: Starting position for Treasure Search. The human player moves the "X" one square at a time and attempts to collect as many big numbers as possible. The computer moves the "*" on alternate turns with the same objective. The first player to accumulate one hundred points wins.

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visit squares where a large number has been assigned and to collect as many of these as possible. Once a number has been taken from a square, that location is empty and subsequent visits provide no additional benefits. The first player to accumulate one hundred or more points wins the game.

Table 1 depicts the playing board as it might appear at the start of the game. The human player has the token designated as "X" and always moves first. Move selection is made by pressing one of the four arrow keys ( —,— ,t,J) on the computer keyboard. The program I will present is written for the Radio Shack TRS-80 computer in Level II BASIC.

The Treasure Search Game

The specific numbers that appear in table 1 are set randomly at the beginning of each game; therefore, a new playing field is present for each and every game. The strategy for each player is to find a pathway in which he can collect large numbers for himself and at the same time deny large numbers to his opponent. The game was originally planned for young children. I have subsequently found that it is fun for children of all ages.

To begin my presentation, I will provide a listing of the computer instructions for creating the playing field and accepting moves from the human player. Subsequently, I will present the algorithm for selecting moves for the machine and then discuss enhancements that substantially increase the efficiency of the search.

The Program

The initial statements in this program are very similar to those at the beginning of its two predecessors. Certain housekeeping functions are required, such as setting aside memory for string storage, clearing the video display, telling the machine to treat all variables as integers, resetting the "seed" for the random-number generator, and initializing important variables:

100 CLEAR 100: CLS: DEFINT A-Z: RANDOM: SH = 0: ST = 0

(Several versions of this program are given in the body of the text and in listings 1 thru 3.) The variables SH and ST represent the cumulative score for the human and the TRS-80, respectively.

Our next objective is to solicit the human player's name so that we can communicate with him in a civilized manner:

110 PRINT@463, "PLEASE ENTER YOUR NAME";: INPUT N$

The next step is to create several arrays that will be needed by the program. Two arrays are needed for remembering move directions (A and D), one is needed to provide an internal representation of the playing field (B), and several more are used by the tree search: M stores the move that is being considered at each level of the look-ahead tree; E stores the evaluation score for each of those moves; Q keeps track of which moves have been considered at each level of the tree; V keeps track of the best pathway value for each level of the tree; Z

248 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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remembers a "killer" move for each level of the tree (this is explained later in this article); and PV is used to remember the principal variation that is selected by the tree search. The lines we will need are:

120 DIM A(8), B(99), D(4), E(12), M(12) 130 DIM PV(12/12), Q(12), V(12), Z(12)

The array representing the playing field, B, is treated as a 10-by-10 grid with the first row having indices of 0 to 9, the second row, 10 to 19, the third row 20 to 29, etc. With this organization, the "squares" adjacent to any position are always separated by a constant value. The square to the right is always the current square plus 1. The square to the left is always the current square minus 1. To go up, add 10; to go down, subtract 10. For move generation, we create an array with the following coefficients:

140 D(l) = -10: D(2) = -1: D(3) - 1: D(4) = 10

We will use a special feature of the TRS-80's architecture to produce moves for the human player. A special array is needed to take advantage of the fact that the keyboard is memory-mapped.

150 A(l) = 10: A(2) = A(8) = 1: CLS

10: A(4) = -1:

Since our program is designed for children of all ages, we will let the human player adjust the playing strength of the machine. Young children can play against a weak opponent. Older children can select a more competitive opponent.

160 PRINT@461, 'TRS-80 PLAYING STRENGTH (1T0 5)";:INPUTY

The larger the number, the deeper we will have the machine search.

The variable DM is used to set the maximum depth of the look-ahead search. It is defined as twice the value Y minus 1. This will produce searches of one ply, three plies, five plies, seven plies, and nine plies for playingstrength settings from 1 to 5. A five-ply search involves three moves for the machine and two for the human opponent. [A ply is a move by either opponent; the combination of one move by both sides is called a play or a turn; thus two plies equal one move. . . GW] It is also necessary to create the array that provides an internal representation of the playing field. This is done by assigning a digit from 1 to 9 to each of the squares in the playing area:

170 DM = 2*Y: FOR I = 11 TO 88: B(I) = RND(9): NEXT I

The squares that surround the grid are used to designate the edge of the board and are set to a value of 99 for this purpose:

180 FOR I = 0 TO 10: B(I) = 99: NEXT I: FOR I = 89 TO 99: B(I) = 99: NEXT I

190 FOR I = 19 TO 79 STEP 10: B(I) = 99: B(I + 1) = 99: NEXT I

250 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Lie

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The playing field also needs to be presented on the video display, along with a title for the game:

220 CLS: FOR I = 11 TO 88: IF B(I) = 99 THEN 240 230 X$ = RIGHTS (STR$ (B(I),1): GOSUB 1000 240 NEXT I: PRINT@22, 'TREASURE SEARCH";Y;

The subroutine starting at line 1000 computes a location on the video screen (R = row; C = column) and prints a character there:

1000 R = INT (1/10): C = I-10*R:

K = 141 + (8-R)*64 + C*4 1010 PRINT@K, X$;: RETURN

Our next objective is to enhance our video display by printing the names of the contestants on the left-hand side of the screen where the score will be recorded. We also need to put each player's piece on the playing field and to define several useful variables. Y$ is a string variable of twelve blank spaces. Z$ is similar except it represents thirty-two blank spaces. These two variables will be used when we wish to erase part of the video display. The variable T represents the position (row-column) of the computer piece, and H represents the position of the human piece:

250 PRINT@256, N$;: PRINT@448, 'TRS-80";:

Y$ = STRINGS (12, " ") 260 T = 54: T$ = "*": H = 45:

H$ = "X": Z$ = STRINGS (32, " ") 270 I = T: X$ = T$: GOSUB 1000:

B(T) = 99: B(H) = 99 280 I = H: X$ = H$: GOSUB 1000: GOTO 300

The position where each player's piece is located is not available for a move, so those positions in the B array are temporarily set to the value 99.

Now we are ready to create the module that solicits the human's move. First we will start with a message to present when the requested move is not legal. This can occur if the human attempts to move off the playing field or to a position occupied by the machine's playing piece:

290 PRINT®788, "ILLEGAL MOVE, TRY AGAIN";: FOR 1 = 1 TO 999: NEXT I

In most situations, line 290 will not be executed. Instead, the message will usually be a request for the human player's move:

300 PRINT®788,Z$;:

PRINT@788, "WHICH DIRECTION FOR X";

The machine waits for the human's response by doing a rapid cycle from the beginning to the middle of line 310. When a keyboard response occurs, the machine checks a special location in memory that keeps track of the arrow keys and determines which bit has been set by the keypress:

310 IF INKEYS = "" THEN 310 ELSE R = PEEK(16444)

I The player's response is then processed to determine the

252 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE November 1980

253

new square (J) for his piece.

A test is also made to make sure that the new square is on the playing field and not currently occupied by the machine's piece:

320 R = INT(R/8): J = H+A(R)

330 IF B(J) = 99 THEN 290 ELSE PRINT@788, Z$;

If the move is legal, the necessary changes are made to the video display and to the internal representation of the board. In addition, the player's score is modified approximately and a check is made to determine if the game is over:

3601 = H: B(I) = 0: X$ = "-":

GOSUB 1000: SH = SH + BQ) 370 H = J: B(H) = 99: I = H: X$ = H$:

GOSUB 1000 380 PRINT@321, SH;: IF SH > 99 THEN 930

Move-Selection Strategy

This completes the module for soliciting and processing the move selected by the human player. We can see that Treasure Search is much easier to program than more familiar games such as chess or checkers. We are now ready to address the major focus of this article, namely, move selection by the machine. As a first approximation, I will present a relatively simplistic strategy and then subsequently will consider more sophisticated approaches.

The following initial strategy surveys the playing field in each of the four directions from the current position (T) of the machine's playing piece and selects as the best move (BM) the square which has the largest value (BV):

530 BV ' 1:1 = 0

540 I = I + 1: J = T +D(I): IF B(J) = 99 THEN 560 550 IF B(J) > BV THEN BM = J: BV = B(J) 560 IF I < 4 THEN 540

This is equivalent to a look-ahead search of one ply. Once a move has been selected, it is then necessary to make that move on the video display and to make the appropriate changes in the internal representation of the playing field. In addition, the score for the machine needs to be modified and a check needs to be made to determine if the game is over:

8001 = T: B(I) = 0:X$ = "-":

GOSUB 1000: PRINT@179, Y$; 810 T = BM: ST = ST + B(T): B(T) = 99:

I = T: X$ = T$ 820 GOSUB 1000: PRINT@513, ST;:

IF ST < 100 THEN 300

To complete the program, we need two messages to signal the end of the game:

910 PRINT@915,

'THANK YOU FOR A PLEASANT GAME"; 920 GOTO 920 930 PRINT@917,

"CONGRATULATIONS, YOU WIN";: GOTO 920 1000 R = INT(I/10): C = I-10*R: K = 141+ (8 - R)*64 + C*4 1010 PRINT @ K, X$;: RETURN

[Please note that this simple version of the game is not the version given in listing 1. To acquire this version, type in all the BASIC lines presented so far in the text. . . GW/

Implementing a-/3 Techniques

If you run this program on a TRS-80, it will play a legal game, but it will not be particularly challenging. Your children will probably enjoy playing it because they will beat it most of the time. A one-ply look-ahead does not produce brilliant play. To make the machine more intelligent, we need to add the a-/3 minimax algorithm. To do this, we will substitute the following code for lines 530 to 560:

510 DT = DM 520 L = 1: SC = 0: S = 530 V(0) - -99: V(l) = M(l) = H

-1

-99: M(0) = T:

The maximum depth of the search, DT, is set to the value DM which was calculated at line 170. Next, we initialize several key variables. The depth of the search (L) starts with a value of 1. The variable that remembers the cumulative difference between the changes in the players' scores (SC) is set to zero. The variable that keeps track of which player has the move (S) is set to a —1.

The array that retains the best values obtained so far at each level of the tree is initialized at a —99 for index values of 0 and 1. The array that keeps track of the move (M) currently being considered at each level of the tree is set to the value T (the location of the machine's piece) for the index value of 0 and to H (the location of the human's piece) for the index value of 1.

The first move considered in the look-ahead process will be for the machine. The value of L at the base of the tree will be 2. You may think this a bit curious, but it is a useful strategy since we will want to refer to V(L — 2) and M(L — 2) at several points in the search process.

To begin the main loop of the tree search, we increase the depth (L) by 1 and then initialize the variable Q (an index for the moves that have already been considered at this level of the tree), the variable S (an index indicating whose turn it is to move), and the variable V (the value for the best move found so far at this level of the tree):

540 L = L + 1: Q(L) = 0: S = -S: V(L) = V(L -2)

The next step is to increment the Q index so that the machine can consider the next move option at this level of the tree. If we have exhausted all of the move options at this level, it is time to branch to a special section of code that instructs the machine to back up one level in the tree:

580 Q(L) = Q(L) + 1: IF Q(L) > 4 THEN 760

If the move options at this level have not been exhausted, the machine is instructed to generate the location (J) of a square to which the player can consider moving:

590 J = M(L - 2) + D(Q(L))

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Making Moves

Move generation is quite simple because M(L—2) always represents the current location of the piece of the player whose turn it is to move and D(Q(L)) represents one of the four directions in which a move can potentially be made. I say potentially because the new location could be off the playing field or could already be occupied by the opponent's piece. Our next statement checks for this:

600 IF B(J) = °9 THEN 580 ELSE M(L) = J: E(L) = B(J)

If the move is legal, the new location is recorded as the current move at this level in array M, and the digit at this location is recorded as the current value at this level in array E. In addition, the internal representation of the playing field, B, is modified to reflect this move, and the variable SC is altered to keep track of the relative points accumulated by each player:

610 B(J) = 99: B(M(L - 2)) = 0: SC = SC + S * E(L)

In order to provide a visible record of the machine's "thought" process, the machine is instructed to print the move location (J), the cumulative change in the score at this point (SC), and the best value so far at this level, V(L), in the empty area on the right side of the video display. The machine also checks to see if the current depth is the maximum possible depth. If not, it branches to line 540 which starts the main loop again by going one level higher in the tree:

620PRINT@179 + 64*L, J; SC; V(L); " ";: IF L < DT THEN 540

If the search is at the maximum depth (ie: L = DT), then the machine records the current value of SC as a potential new best value:

670 V(L + 1) = -S * SC

The next step is to reverse the move we just made. When a new move is made, the board representation is updated at line 610. When the move is taken back at line 680, we refer to the process of "downdating" the board:

680 B(M(L)) = E(L): B(M(L - 2)) = 99: SC = SC - S * E(L)

Negamax

To determine whether the value recorded at line 670 is better than the current value at this level, we employ the negamax procedure (see reference 1). This is equivalent to the minimax procedure except that its implementation requires fewer programming steps. Rather than minimizing and maximizing at every other level, the negamax approach always maximizes the results at a given level, but it reverses the arithmetic signs at every other level to produce the identical result as the minimax procedure. (You may recognize the similarity between this approach and the use of the logical NOR operation in circuit design. Two levels of NOR logic are equivalent to a level of ANDs followed by a level of ORs.) The following line implements the negamax calculations:

700 IF V(L) < -V(L + 1) THEN V(L) = -V(L + 1) ELSE 580

If the new value is worse than or equal to the current value, the machine branches to line 580 and considers another move at this level. If the new value is better than the current value, the machine continues to the next statement:

740 IF L = 2 THEN BM = M(L): PRINT@180, BM; V(2);

If the search process is at the base of the tree (L = 2), then the new best move is recorded for later use and an announcement of our new find is printed on the video display. This includes both the new location, BM, and the net difference in the score produced by the anticipated sequence of moves, V(2)

Evaluating for Cutoff

At line 700, the minimax rule was applied to select the best option for the player with the move. The next consideration is whether the current move will produce an a-j3 cutoff. The logic for this decision is based on the idea that the opponent may already have a move at this level in the tree that guarantees him a value that is at least as

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good as the one we are considering in the current branch. This procedure is easy to implement but not particularly easy to understand. The general idea was explained by an example by W D Maurer in an earlier issue of this magazine (see reference 2), and a detailed exposition is provided by Knuth and Moore (reference 1). For our pur

Listing 1: Listing for the game of Treasure Search, written for the TRS-80 using Level II BASIC. This game, in its various versions, illustrates the usefulness of alpha-beta pruning when searching a tree for the best strategy in a two-player game. The game, as written here, plays an unmodified alpha-beta strategy against a human player. See listings 2 and 3 for additions that cause the computer to play more rapidly.

0:

INPUT N$

100 CLEAR 100: CLS: DEFINT A-Z: RANDOM: SH

ST = 0 110 PRINT@463, "PLEASE ENTER YOUR NAME 120 DIM A(8), B(99), D(4), E(12), M(12) 130 DIM PV(12,12), Q(12), V(12), Z(12) 140 D(l) = -10: D(2) = -1: D(3) = 1: D(4) = 10 150 A(l) = 10: A(2) = -10: A(4) = -1: A(8) = 1: CLS 160 PRINT@461, "TRS-80 PLAYING STRENGTH (1 TO 5)";:

INPUT Y 170 DM = 2*Y: FOR I = 11 TO 88: B(I) = RND(9): NEXT I 180 FOR I = 0 TO 10: B(I) = 99: NEXT I: FOR I = 89 TO 99:

B(I) = 99: NEXT I 190 FOR I = 19 TO 79 STEP 10: B(I) = 99: B(I + 1) = 99:

NEXT I 220 CLS: FOR I = 11 TO 88: IF B(I) = 99 THEN 240 230 X$ = RIGHTS (STR$ (B(I),1): GOSUB 1000 240 NEXT I: PRINT@22, "TREASURE SEARCH"; Y: 250 PRINT@256, N$;: PRINT@448, "TRS-80";:

Y$ = STRINGS (12, " ") 260 T = 54: T$ = : H = 45: H$ = "X":

Z$ = STRINGS (32, " ") 270 I = T: X$ = T$: GOSUB 1000: B(T) = 99: B(H) = 99 280 I = H: X$ = H$: GOSUB 1000: GOTO 300 290 PRINT@788, "ILLEGAL MOVE, TRY AGAIN";:

FOR I = 1 TO 999: NEXT I 300 PRINT@788, Z$;: PRINT@788, "WHICH DIRECTION FOR

X"; 310 IF INKEY$ = "" THEN 310 ELSE R = PEEK(16444) 320 R = INT(R/8): J = H + A(R) 330 IF B(J) = 99 THEN 290 ELSE PRINT@788, Z$; 360 I = H: B(I) = 0: X$ = "-": GOSUB 1000: SH = SH + B(J) 370 H = J: B(H) = 99: I = H: X$ = H$: GOSUB 1000 380 PRINT@321, SH;: IF SH > 99 THEN 930 510 DT = DM

520 L = 1: SC = 0: S = -1

530 V(0) = -99: V(l) = -99: M(0) = T: M(l) = H 540 L = L + 1: Q(L) = 0: S = -S: V(L) = V(L - 2) 580 Q(L) = Q(L) + 1: IF Q(L) > 4 THEN 760 590 J = M(L - 2) + D(Q(L)) 600 IF B(J) = 99 THEN 580 ELSE M(L) = J 610 B(J) = 99: B(M(L - 2)) = 0: SC = SC 620 PRINT@179 + 64 * L, J; SC; V(L); " "

540 670 V(L + 1) = -S * SC

680 B(M(L)) = E(L): B(M(L - 2)) = 99: SC = SC - S * E(L) 700 IFV(L) < -V(L + l)THENV(L) = -V(L + 1) ELSE 580 740 IF L = 2 THEN BM = M(L): PRINT@180, BM; V(2); 750 IF V(L) < -V(L - 1) THEN 580 760 L = L - 1: S = -S: PRINT@243 + 64 * L, Y$;: IF L > 1

THEN 680 800 I = T: B(I) = 0: X$ = "-": GOSUB 1000: PRINT@179, Y$; 810 T = BM: ST = ST + B(T): B(T) = 99: I = T: X$ = T$ 820 GOSUB 1000: PRINT@513, ST;: IF ST < 100 THEN 300 910 PRINT@915, "THANK YOU FOR A PLEASANT GAME"; 920 GOTO 920 930 PRINT@917

GOTO 920 1000 R = INT (1/10): C

C * 4 1010 PRINT@K, X$;: RETURN

E(L) = B(J) + S * E(L) ;: IF L < DT THEN

"CONGRATULATIONS, YOU WIN"

I - 10 * R: K = 141 + (8 - R) * 64 +

poses, the job is accomplished by a single statement:

750 IF V(L) < -V(L - 1) THEN 580

If the condition specified in line 750 is satisfied, then a cutoff is not called for, and the process branches to line 580, where the next move option is considered at this level. If the condition in line 750 is not satisfied, the process continues to line 760, which instructs the machine to back up one level in the tree:

760 L = L - 1: S = -S: PRINT@243 + 64 * L, Y$;: IF L > 1 THEN 680

The backup procedure includes decreasing the value of L by 1, changing the index that indicates which player has the move, erasing the move information printed on the right side of the video display, and branching to line 680 to execute the downdate instructions for the new value of L. If the value of L decreases to 1, all options at the base of the tree have been examined and the search is completed. In this case, the machine drops to line 800 and makes the move which has been stored by variable BM.

It is important to note that the jump to line 680 for downdating is followed by execution of the minimax test (line 700) for a new best move at the new value of L; sometimes the program proceeds again to line 750, where another cutoff may occur. Note, also, that line 760 can be entered from two different locations. In addition to dropping through from line 750, the machine can be directed to line 760 from line 580 as a result of exhausting all possible move options at a given level. The a-p test at line 750 provides a means for terminating the search at a node before all of the options have been analyzed.

The version of Treasure Search just completed is given in listing 1.

Traditional Techniques

This completes the a-fi minimax module. You may be surprised that this algorithm can be presented in only a few lines of BASIC. The simplicity of the presentation is possible because we used the negamax procedure and because Treasure Search is a simple game. It is very straightforward in terms of move generation (line 590), move evaluation (line 600), and the ease of updating (line 610) and downdating (line 680) the internal representation of the playing field. This simplicity also means that the algorithm will execute fairly rapidly, and thus a search of nontrivial depth can be completed in a reasonable amount of time.

The algorithm that I have presented for the a-0 minimax procedure is quite different from the one that appears in most textbooks. Traditionally, the algorithm generates all of the moves at each node and then orders them using a plausibility routine before proceeding to the next deeper level of the tree. This approach is based on

Listing 2: To implement the killer heuristic, these lines are to be added to listing 1, replacing line 590 of listing 1 and inserting lines 550, 560, and 710.

550 J = Z(L): I = 0

560 I = I + 1: IF J = M(L - 2) + D(I) THEN 600 ELSE IF I < 4

THEN 560 590 J = M(L - 2) + D(Q(L)): IF J = Z(L) THEN 580 710 IF L > 2 THEN Z(L) = M(L)

258 November 1960 © BYTE Publications Inc

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259

the well-known finding that the efficiency of the a-0 method is increased greatly when the strongest moves for each player are examined first at each level of the tree. The disadvantage of generating, ordering, and storing all of the moves at each level is that most of them will never be examined if an a-/? cutoff occurs. If a cutoff can be produced by some other means, a great deal of time and memory can be saved by ignoring most of the moves at each node and omitting the ordering process.

The obvious question is, of course, how can we have our cake and eat it too? The competition among chess programmers over the last decade has led to some useful discoveries that are relevant to this problem. We will consider two of these discoveries that are especially effective in increasing the efficiency of the a-/3 minimax procedure. The first is the killer heuristic and the second is the iterative search.

The Killer Heuristic

The killer heuristic is a simple, yet powerful, idea that greatly improves move ordering. Instead of trying to order moves on the basis of a special plausibility analysis, the killer procedure simply remembers moves that were effective in the past. That is, information generated as a byproduct of the regular tree search is remembered; and it is applied later on in the search when a similar situation is encountered. In our implementation, we will remember the move that was judged most recently to be the best by the minimax rule at each level of the tree; each time we visit a new node in the tree, this move will be tried first.

To implement this idea, a few additions and modifications are necessary (see listing 2). When the tree search moves to a higher level, the first move examined should be the killer for that level (lines 550 and 560 of listing 2).

First, the appropriate move is read from the Z array, then a check is made to make sure the move is legal. If the killer does not produce an immediate cutoff, the search process will revert back to the normal procedure of examining each of the possible options. This process is controlled at lines 580 and 590.

We need to modify line 590 of listing 1 to make sure that a move is not examined twice (first as the killer and then as a regular option).

The final step in implementing the killer heuristic is to provide a means for remembering the move which is currently most effective in terms of the minimax strategy at each level of the look-ahead tree. This is accomplished by recording the current move each time the search process finds that it is the best one so far; this is done at line 700 of listing 1.

If the process is at the base of the tree (L = 2), then the move need not be recorded since the killer strategy does not apply at this level. It is too late to define a move that should be searched first at the base of the tree. By not altering the killer at L = 2, we make sure that the move examined initially will be searched only once even if it turns out not to be the one eventually chosen.

The killer heuristic is a very powerful addition to the a-0 minimax algorithm. It requires only a small change in the algorithm, involves a negligible amount of time in terms of code execution, and often results in a decrease of 50% or more in the number of nodes actually visited in the search tree. At the deeper levels of the tree, it accomplishes essentially the same function as plausibility

ordering, but does it much more efficiently.

The killer heuristic does not provide a means for ordering the moves when the machine is constructing the initial "limb" of the look-ahead tree. Because the search is a depth-first search, the process begins by selecting a sequence of moves that starts at the base node and goes to the maximum depth. The a-/3 cutoffs are most effective if this initial limb contains the strongest moves at each node for each player. This first stage of the search can be very time-consuming if the moves that are initially examined are eventually discarded for better ones. Because the killer heuristic employs strong moves only after they have been discovered by the regular search process, it is not helpful in structuring the initial "limb" of the lookahead process.

The Iterative Technique

A different technique has proven its effectiveness for this purpose. This procedure is the iterative tree search. Its effectiveness for increasing the efficiency of the a-0 minimax procedure was discovered serendipitously. At Northwestern University, for example, the Slate-Atkin chess-programming team was concerned about time control in move selection. Occasionally, in a complex position, their chess program would conduct its regular lookahead search and would not complete the task in the amount of time anticipated. In several instances, the search would require four to five times as long as anticipated. This was a serious problem because chess tournaments are conducted under strict time allowances. If a program takes too much time for move selection during the early stages of the game, very little time will be available when it is needed during the latter part of the contest.

To cope with this problem, Slate and Atkin implemented an iterative procedure whereby the search is conducted in stages. At first, a complete two-ply search is conducted, then a three-ply search, then a four-ply search, etc, until a search of the desired depth is reached. The advantage of this procedure for time control is that a search can be aborted at any time and the machine can fall back upon the move selected by the immediately preceding search of one less ply in depth. It is possible to use information gained in the early, shallow searches to help structure (ie: order) the deeper searches.

Interestingly enough, Slate and Atkin discovered that this ordering information caused an increase in the efficiency of the deeper searches which more than made up for the time spent conducting the shallow searches. They also found that the beneficial effect of the iterations increases as the depth of search increases.

The iterative search is much easier to implement than you might think. The key idea for enhancing the efficiency of the a-0 search is that the best sequence of moves (as judged by the minimax strategy) from a shallow search can be used to order the initial moves in the deeper search which follows. It is necessary to develop and record the principal variation for each of the searches.

This means that, instead of remembering just the best move at the base of the tree, the machine needs to record the best moves for each side at every level of the tree. Thus, it predicts the initial move, the best reply, the best counter-reply, etc. This principal variation is then used for selecting the initial limb for the next deeper search in

260 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

<^

.Threaded Interpretive

Languages

Loeliger

Threaded languages (such as FORTH) are an exciting new class of languages. They are compact and fast, giving the speed of assembly language with the programming ease of BASIC, and combine features found in no other programming languages. An increasing number of people are using them, but few know much about how they work. Is a threaded language interpreted or compiled? How much memory overhead does it require? Just what is an "inner interpreter?" Threaded Interpretive Languages, by R. G. Loeliger, concentrates on the development of an interactive, extensible language with specific routines for the ZILOG Z80 microprocessor. With the core interpreter, assembler, and data type defining words covered in the text, it is possible to design and implement programs for almost any application imaginable. Since the language itself is highly segmented into very short routines, it is easy to design equivalent routines for different processors and produce an equivalent threaded interpretive language for other development systems. If you are interested in learning how to write better FORTH programs or you want to design your own powerful, but low-cost, threaded language specific to your needs, this book is for you.

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Listing 3: Additions to listing 1 to implement an iterative tree search algorithm. These lines are to be added to the combination of listings 1 and 2.

500 FOR I = 4 TO DM: Z(I - 2) = PV(2,I): NEXT I 510 IF PV(2,3) = H THEN DT = DM ELSE DT = 2 720 I = L: PV(L,I) = M(L): IF L = DT THEN 740 730 1 = 1+1: PV(L,I) = PV(L + 1,1): IF I < DT THEN 730 780 IF DT = DM THEN 800

790 FOR I = 2 TO DT: Z(I) = PV(2,I): NEXT I: DT = DT + 2: GOTO 520

the iteration. In our present algorithm, we employ this strategy by placing the principal variation from the previous search in the killer array at the start of each iteration.

The first requirement is the development and storage of the principal variation. This is fairly difficult to explain but not very difficult to implement (see lines 720 and 730 of listing 3). Once we have a principal variation, we then modify the initial preparation for the look-ahead search (see lines 500 and 510 of listing 3).

This accomplishes two important things. At line 500, the killer array receives the moves for each side that were ascertained to be best on the move calculation from the previous turn (not the previous iteration of this turn, but rather the last time the machine made a move). The index 1-2 is used because the first two moves anticipated by that variation (one for the machine and one for the opponent) have already been played.

Line 510 checks to see if the opponent actually made the anticipated move. If so, an iterative search is unnecessary since the principal variation from the previous move calculation provides the same ordering information as would be obtained by the iterations. The search depth, DT, is therefore set to the maximum depth, DM. If the opponent does not make the anticipated move, an iterative search is required and therefore the search depth, DT, is set at the minimum value. Note that DT = 2 calls for a one-ply search.

When a search has been completed, it is necessary to determine if the maximum depth has been reached or whether another iteration is required. If the latter case holds true, the principal variation from the most recent iteration is stored in the killer array and the search depth is increased. In our present implementation, each iteration is two plies deeper than its predecessor. Lines 780 and 790 of listing 3 accomplish this task.

Analysis of Modifications

With these additions, the program will select a move in the Treasure Search game by using an iterative a-j3 minimax procedure enhanced by the killer heuristic. To demonstrate the power of this modified algorithm, I have made some sample runs which count the number of nodes visited in the look-ahead tree in an actual game with and without the various modifications. These results are very informative.

The program was examined in four variations: minimax, a-0 minimax, a-/3 minimax with the killer heuristic, and iterative a-@ minimax with the killer heuristic. The version involving the minimax strategy without a-@ is produced simply by replacing line 750 with:

750 GOTO 580

262 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE November 1980 263

This eliminates all of the a-/3 cutoffs.

To insure comparability of our results, an initial game configuration (digit assignment) was constructed and placed in an array such that each game started with the playing field depicted in table 1. In addition, the same series of moves was made by the human opponent in each game. Each version of the program calculated a move for the machine's first four times to play. In each case, the search depth was set for a seven-ply search. The number of nodes in each of the look-ahead trees is presented in table 2. The node count for the iterative search is the sum across all iterations.

An analysis of these results demonstrates the powerful effect of the a-/3 procedure. By using the IF statement at line 750 in the a-@ versions, the search effort is reduced dramatically. In our example with a seven-ply search and with four options at each node, the a-/3 modification reduces the node count by a factor of about 10. Since there is an approximate linear relationship between the number of nodes in the tree and computation time, the a-0 procedure selects a move in one-tenth the time of the full minimax search. Since the two procedures always select the same move, this enhancement in speed comes at essentially no extra cost.

The results in table 2 indicate that the killer heuristic is also a powerful addition to the a-/3 algorithm. In our example, the node count was reduced by 30% to 50% by simply remembering moves that had proved themselves effective at an earlier stage in the search.

This modification also provides substantial benefits at minimal extra cost in terms of processing time and memory requirement. The empirical analysis presented in table 2 also demonstrates the beneficial effects of the iterative procedure. The number of nodes generated in the calculation for the first move was reduced by almost 25 % despite the fact that searches of one ply, three plies, and five plies were conducted prior to the seven-ply search.

In the calculations for moves 2, 3, and 4, the prior principal variation correctly predicted the human's move so that the machine dispensed with the iterations because it already had the ordering information they would have produced. The results presented in table 2 clearly indicate that the iterative procedure enhances the efficiency of the search process.

Improvements

A comparison of the full minimax procedure as it was employed in the early 1950s with the modern, enhanced a-P procedure indicates a truly dramatic increase in search efficiency. The full minimax procedure averaged approximately 17,000 nodes for the first four move calculations. The modern algorithm as presented in this article averaged approximately 600 nodes for these same four calculations. This difference is large enough to convert an impractical but elegant idea into a powerful programming tool. I should also point out that the effectiveness of these procedures would be even more notable if we had examined a game like chess with more than thirty options at each node instead of a simple game with only four options at each node.

There is an additional way to increase the efficiency of the a-/3 search. In the present program, the evaluations of the terminal positions are based on a cumulative process in which the treasures collected at each node in the tree

Number of Nodes in the Look-ahead Tree

First Second Third Fourth Move Move Move Move

Minimax

13157

18456

20029

17609

a-0 Minimax

1965

1650

1641

1794

a-0 Minimax with Killer

Heuristic

969

1023

926

830

Iterative a-0 Minimax with

Killer Heuristic

753

571

675

363

Table 2: An empirical analysis of the minimax algorithm and enhancements as applied to the Treasure Search game. Each version of the program conducted a seven-ply look-ahead search.

are added or subtracted to a running total. As the search process nears the maximum depth of the tree, it is possible to set boundary conditions (ie: a window) that determine whether the final value can influence the selection process.

In many cases, the nonterminal score will be sufficiently deviant that the search can be terminated prematurely wthout any change in the ultimate decision process. This enhancement can significantly reduce the time required to complete the search.

Strategic Weakness

This program for Treasure Search will play a fairly intelligent game. As presented here, however, it has a major weakness. When the game reaches its final stages, the machine continues to search for a pathway which gives it the greatest amount of treasure in the long run. This is not an optimal strategy because the game is won or lost at this stage by short-range planning. The first player to reach 100 wins. The machine with its present strategy may pass up a large treasure which would provide an immediate win in favor of a smaller one which ultimately leads to a rich lode. This could throw away an easy win.

Serious players may wish to introduce a special set of instructions for the endgame to correct for this weakness. The machine's game can also be strengthened by converting the program to assembly language. The deeper the look-ahead search, the greater the apparent intelligence of the machine. Conversion to assembly language will permit the program to search six plies deeper without increasing move-selecting time.

This article should provide useful information to anyone who wishes to write a game program which employs the a-/3 minimax procedure. ■

References

1. Knuth, D E, and R W Moore, "An Analysis of Alpha-Beta Pruning," Artificial Intelligence, 1975, Volume 6, pages 293 thru 326.

2. Maurer, W D "Alpha-Beta Pruning," November 1979 BYTE, pages 84 thru 96.

3. Slagle, J R, and J K Dixon, "Experiments with Some Programs That Search Game Trees," Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery, 1969, Volume 16, pages 189 thru 207.

4. Von Neumann, J, and O Morgenstern, Theory of Games and Economic Behavior. Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press, 1944.

264 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Source to TFS in 8080 assembler (can be assembled using standard CP/M assembler) plus user manual $250.00.

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ENCODE/DECODE: A complete software security system for CP/M. Encode/ Decode is a sophisticated coding program package which transforms data stored on disk into coded text which is completely unrecognizable Encode/Decode supports multiple security levels and passwords. A user defined combination (One billion possible) is used to code and decode a file. Uses are unlimited. Below are a few examples:

• data bases • general ledger • inventory

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TERM: a complete intercommunications package for linking your computer to other computers. Link either to other CP/M computers or to large timesharing systems. TERM is comparable to other systems but costs less, delivers more and source is provided on discette!

With TERM you can send and receive ASCII and Hex files (COM too. with included convertion program) with any other CP/M computer which has TERM or compatible package. Allows real time communication between users on separate systems as well as acting as timesharing terminal.

• Engage/disengage printer • error checking and auto retry •terminal mode for timesharing between systems -conversational mode

• send files • receive files Requires: 32K CP/M.

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Manual alone: $15.00.

CP/M Formats: 8" soft sectored, 5" Northstar, 5" Micropolis Mod II, Vector MZ All Orders and General Information: SUPERSOFT ASSOCIATES P.O. BOX 1628 CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 (217)359-2112

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BYTE November 1980

265

Ask BYTE

Conducted by Steve Ciarcia

The Automatic Apartment

Dear Steve,

I would like to congratulate you on your remote-control article using the BSR X-10 ("Computerize a Home," January 1980 BYTE, page 28). I have built a unit, and it is now so

much a part of my life that I take it for granted. It wakes me up, controls the lights, and guards the apartment in conjunction with a simple burgler alarm.

I have envisioned a system of lighting control that would illuminate any room that I enter, while darkening the one I just left.

In "Ask BYTE," Steve Ciarcia answers questions on any area of microcomputing. The most representative questions received each month will be answered and published. Do you have a nagging problem? Send your inquiry to:

Ask BYTE

c/o Steve Ciarcia

POB 582

Glastonbury CT 06033 If you are a subscriber to The Source, send your questions by electronic mail or chat with Steve (TCE317) directly. Due to the high volume of inquiries, personal replies cannot be given. Be sure to include 'Ask BYTE" in the address.

For this system to work, it must keep track of the number of people in the apartment (if there are more than one), and it must be able to sense their motion from room to room. Thus, if one person is in the living room, and he goes to the kitchen, the kitchen light should come on, while the living room light should go off. If there were more than one person in the living room, the light should remain on until the last person has left. Of course, manual control should be available, and the system should be able to recognize any sensing errors it may make, and reset itself accordingly.

Obviously, I need a doorway sensor that will detect a person passing through, and also detect the direction he is going. Would you suggest ultrasonic sensors, or would infrared optical sensors be more practical? Could you provide some circuit ideas to help me along7 Jim Porter

/ am always glad to hear

from someone who takes computer control seriously. Having a computer and automating your apartment makes being "gadget happy" sound almost respectable. In any case, I am familiar with your problem, and I'll try to offer a few circuits that might help.

When I first got involved with security systems, I did a lot of investigation on motion detectors, ultrasonics, and infrared systems. Very few companies offer automatic systems that count people and control lights in rooms. This should give you some indication of what you are getting yourself into.

Two possible methods that come to mind are detecting the motion of people within a room or counting them as they enter and exit.

Motion detectors usually incorporate one of three techniques: infrared, ultrasonic, and microwave. The infrared types are the cheapest. They rely upon changes in ambient light, Text continued on page 270

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266 November 1980 © BYTE Publications lirc

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SENSITIVITY 1M w.

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Figure 2: Ultrasonic receiver. This simple receiver has TTL-compatible outputs, and it will work with either transmitter in figure 1.

268 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE November 1980

269

Text continued from page 266: and the latest designs incorporate an active photosensitive integrated circuit. In fact, Delco Electronics (7 Oakland St, POB 2, Amesbury MA 01913) was offering an under-$30 kit a while back. In your application, with lights flashing on and off this may not be a reliable approach.

There are many ultrasonic systems on the market, and they range in price from $50 to $100. My only criticism of them is that they are prone to false alarms and you may find that the harmonics interfere with the BSR system. If you'd like to try placing one across a doorway or diagonally across a room, you could try the circuits shown in figures 1 and 2. These units operate at 23 kHz. Depending upon the sensitivity setting, they will detect most anything passing through the beam. For small rooms, you won't need much

power, so the circuit of figure la should suffice. If you need a range of greater than twenty feet, use the higher-power version shown in figure lb. The receiver for either circuit is shown in figure 2. By the way, the output is TTL (transistortransistor logic)-compatible. Normally the signal will be a logic 0 (ie: nothing interrupting the beam between the transmitter and receiver); the signal will go to a logic 1 only when someone walks into the room.

The most effective system for detecting motion uses microwave radiation—similar to police radar and operating on the same X-band frequency. In my experience, these are the best by far. They are relatively false-alarm free and very sensitive. I have them installed throughout my home, and I have found their reliability to be exceptional. Unfortunately, they

are expensive (in the range of $150 to $400 for domestic installations). A good unit is the Midex 55 made by Solfan (665 Clyde Ave, Mountain View CA 94043). Solfan's more expensive units have contact-closure outputs which would work well in your application.

The final solution to your problem might be to build a people counter. The circuit in figure 3 (sent to me by William Curlew) might be exactly what you need. It consists of two photodetectors (and two separate light sources) mounted in the doorjamb.Normally the light beam is uninterrupted and the output of the photodetectors is low. As long as there is light on both sensors, the output of IC2b is low. As someone starts through the doorway, one of the sensors goes high, clocking the JK flip-flop into one of two direction states. When the person fully enters the doorway, blocking both

the sensors, a trigger pulse is generated and sent to gates 2c and 2d. Depending upon the state of the flip-flop, the clock pulse will be directed to either the count-up or count-down line of the 4-bit up/down counter, IC5. The counter will increment as people walk into the room and decrement they walk out. A manual reset is provided to start things out correctly. When the 4 outputs are tied to a parallel input port, your computer can read it as often as necessary to determine how many people are left in the room. Since the counting is done in hardware, timing is not critical. It will accommodate only fifteen people in its present form, so don't have too many guests at your parties. Finally, for absolute certainty, you may want to use it with the ultrasonic circuits previously discussed. Steve

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14 7

IC2

74LS00

14 7

IC3

7473

4 11

IC4

74121

14 7

IC5

74LS193

16 8

Figure 3: This circuit is capable of optically detecting the passage of people through a doorway and maintaining a count of people in a room. The photo-transistors sense motion through the doorway and cause the count stored in IC5 (a 4-bit binary counter) to either be incremented or decremented, depending upon the direction of passage.

270 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Remote Control in Europe

Dear Steve,

Please tell me if the X-10 remote-control system by BSR could be operated on 220 V 50 Hz in Europe. I see from the schematic diagrams and various pictures it is designed to work on 110 V 60 Hz. Do they have a 220 V system7 If not, is there any way I could adapt the system to work on a 220 V system.

Please tell me where I can buy the set (ie: common console, cordless controller, appliance module, lamp module, in-wall switch module) using an American Express card; maybe from Sears as you said in your article. If so, please let me know the address of Sears; for that matter, any reliable dealer who accepts American Express. I'll be grateful for the two answers. Next time you are in Europe drop in and see us. We have a wood stove too, and I hope to connect it to the

central heating system. Rangith Amitirigala Brugg, Switzerland

Up to this point the X-10 system has been available only in the American version (115 VAC 60 Hz). The custom LSI (large-scale integration) device used in the American units, surprisingly enough, can work on either 50 or 60 Hz. The polarity set on pin 13 of the command-console integrated circuit selects either of the two operating frequencies. These consoles cannot, however, be easily converted from 115 V to 220 V operation without considerable component changes.

A call to BSR (USA) Ltd in New Jersey produced some fruitful answers to your question. Even though BSR is working on a European version of the X-10, another company has just announced availability of a 220 V 50 Hz unit. I suggest that you contact this firm for price and delivery. The

source is: Busch-Jaeger Elektro GmbH, 5880 Ludenscheid, Freisenberg, Post Each 1280, West Germany (BRD).

As for Sears Roebuck and Company, it is my understanding that the firm accepts only its own credit card. Rather than worry about which stores will accept your credit card, you may find it easier to go your local bank (in Switzerland) and arrange for a letter of credit or bank draft when ordering from an American company. Steve

Operational Amplifiers

I have been using the AD284J isolation operational-amplifier system that you described in "Mind Over Matter" (June 1979 BYTE, page 49) as an EKG (electrocardiogram) monitor, in conjunction with a surplus chart recorder. Can you recommend some books that will

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help me to learn more about operational amplifiers? Matsutoshi Uchiyma Tokyo, Japan

/ am glad you are gaining experience with the circuit. As far as expanding your mind a little, I suggest the following books:

• Operational Amplifiers —Design and Applications, Jerald G Graeme, Gene E Tobey, and Lawrence P Huelsman, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York NY 1971.

• Applications of Operational Amplifiers—Third Generation Techniques, Jerald G Graeme, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York NY 1973.

• Handbook of Operational Amplifier Circuit Design, David F Stout and Milton K,aufman, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York NY, 1976.

I hope these help. Steve

Beyond "Cyclops"

Dear Steve,

I consider your series of articles the best collection of homebrew-type construction ideas and projects available to the personal-computer experimenter. Your article "Self-Refreshing LED Graphics Display" (October 1979 BYTE, page 58) has prompted me to write you.

I'd like to propose a project to you. I understand that a construction project called "Cyclops" appeared in Popular Electronics that actually used a dynamicmemory integrated circuit to act as a "pseudo-image sensor." Can this unique idea be extended to larger-area memory devices7 The 4 K-byte circuit would make a nice 64-by-64 element array. Jesse Newton

Thanks for the pat on the back. Sometimes late at night I need it.

I remember that article

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Circle 174 on Inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980 273

well, and I have wanted to try exactly what you suggest. I've waited because I want fairly high resolution. Perhaps with the new 32 K and 64 K bit devices I will try it. Give me a little time.

The real problem I have is that there are so many good article ideas. I still want to put a computer in a car, do something with solar heat, remote control, and robotics. As long as you haven't been dissatisfied with everything so far, I trust that I'll find something interesting in the meantime. Steve

Across-the-Sea File

Dear Steve,

I read with great interest your article "Computerize a Home" (January 1980 BYTE, page 28), and I am interested in the BSR X-10 system.

I contacted the Commercial Section of the US Embassy here and also my employer's purchasing agent in New York, but neither could find me the address of

the BSR Company. I would appreciate it if you could tell me the manufacturer's address.

Thank you. Z Lapidot Rehovot, Israel

The address for BSR is: BSR (USA) Ltd, Rt 303, Blauvelt NY 10913, telephone: (914) 358-6060. There are many stocking distributors for its products including: The Software Exchange, 6 South St, Milford NH 03055.

BSR is an English company, and there may be outlets closer to you than those listed here. Steve

Point-to-Point

Dear Steve,

My compliments for a fine set of articles over the years. Only recently have I had the time to try some of the projects you write about. I am planning to build the DVM (digital voltmeter) from your article in the January 1978 BYTE ("Add More Zing to

the Cocktail," page 37).

I have contacted the printed-circuit board manufacturer that you mentioned in your article, but it no longer has boards available for that particular project. I do have all the components, and would like to avoid the tedium of hand-wiring the project. Do you have any boards available for a reasonable price?

I plan to use this circuit as part of a solar-energycollector measurement system (among other things). I'm also trying to work out a method to manage energy consumption around the house. Frank J Pakulski

A lot of people have built and are using the DVM interface you mention. (Please note a typographical error in table 1 of that article. On ICl pin 24 is +5 V, pin 13 is ground, and pin 12 is —5 V.) I'm sorry that the company that once sold the components no longer supplies them. I have noticed

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that companies such as Jameco sell the MC14433 DVM chip, but not the printed-circuit board.

Recently, I have been arranging for boards and kits on some of my articles. This time the sources are more closely regulated and the boards and parts will be available far into the future. Steve

In-Depth Information Center

Dear Steve,

I would like you to recommend some texts that would introduce me to computer hardware, from basic switching theory through the actual architecture of a computer. I'm tired of superficial prose intended for the general consumer. I need some more in-depth information that is found only in engineering texts. You know, something that presents the computer from the electronics engipeer's point of view in a well-structured manner. What do you suggest? As a postscript,I would also like to learn about Pascal. Daniel R Shook

You ask an extremely difficult question. I have talked to other computer enthusiasts and it seems that (given the wide variety of texts and computer books being published) no two can agree on what is best. I have felt that there is a void in this area, and, as a matter of fact, I have just written a book on building a Z80 computer system from scratch. It's above the introductory level, but not just for engineers—similar to my articles. It should be published in early 1981.

In the meantime, I suggest you join the McGraw-Hill Electronic & Control Engineers book club. Many of its monthly selections are introductory texts written for engineers.

A good book on Pascal is Pascal User Manual and Report—Second Edition, by Jensen and Wirth from Springer- Verlag. Steve ■

274 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 175 on inquiry card.

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'Creative Computing, Aug. 1980. "Popular Mechanics, Aug. 1980.

Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer Inc. TRS-80 is a registered trademark of Tandy Corporation.

Circle 176 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980

275

Text continued from page 82:

subroutine name, length, and the subroutine instructions. Thus, our load-subroutine primitive can be represented as:

LSUB N,L,Do..D„.,

where:

N = subroutine name or number

L = subroutine length

D, = subroutine instructions

For example, the primitive:

LSUB CLIP,5,D„..D4

loads a subroutine named CLIP with the given five instructions.

In order to maintain a sense of symmetry with these primitives, we need to include a primitive to read back a given subroutine. Although this feature does not affect the displayed image, it does aid the host in debugging and keeping track of the current status of the display. Thus, we require a read-subroutine primitive, which can be represented as:

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RSUBN where:

N = subroutine name or number For example, the primitive:

RSUB CLIP

reads the instructions of the subroutine CLIP and presents the data to the host.

We have also assumed the existence of a programmable symbol generator. In order to support this feature, there is the need for some method of loading the generator. We either need to load an entirely new font definition in the symbol generator or alter only certain symbols: thus we must provide the option of loading the entire set or only one element. We can define each symbol by providing data which represents either the vectors that make up the symbol or by defining a bit pattern that forms the image of the symbol. In either case, our load-symbol primitive can be represented as:

LSYMM,(A,)D0..D„

where:

for

M = mode (All symbols or a Single symbol)

A = symbol code (optional: single symbol only) D, = data mask defining the symbol

For example, the primitive:

LSYMS,80,D0..

loads the symbol numbered 80 with the given data mask.

Symmetrically, we must include a primitive to read back the data describing a single or all symbols. This feature is necessary to be able to produce hard copies of the displayed image. The host must know, if an image is to be plotted, how the current font is defined. We use the same justification as above to support the option of reading all or only selected symbols. Mnemonically, our readsymbol primitive can be represented as:

276 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

RSYM M(,A)

where:

our read-pixel primitive can be represented as:

(255. 255)

M = mode (All symbols or a Single symbol)

A = symbol code (optional: for single symbol only)

For example, the primitive:

RSYM A

reads back the entire font definition to the host.

In order to fully support a requirement for hard copy, two final primitives have to be provided. First, since we have assumed the existence of a color-look-up table, we must have some manner of reading back the values of the table to the host. Otherwise, the host would have to keep track of the current color definitions. This primitive thus reduces the host's bookkeeping and allows information on the actual displayed colors to be read back. For the same reasons as we described for the load-colormemory primitive, we must support the same options of reading back either the entire table, one entire parameter, or all parameters for one color code. Mnemonically, we can represent our read-color-memory primitive as:

RCRAM R,M(,A)

where:

R = reference (intensity, Hue, or

Saturation color memory, or All)

M = mode (Single address or All

addresses)

A = address (optional: for single

address only)

For example, the primitive:

RCRAM I,A

reads back the contents of the entire intensity color memory.

Finally, we must be able to read back values of the pixel data itself. This feature is necessary not only for the support of hard copy, but allows the host to interrogate the display to read back the values of pixels at specified points in the image. We use the same justification as for the loadpixel primitive to support the various options of reference (full-frame, viewport, or X,Y). Mnemonically,

RPIXR

where:

R = reference (Full-frame, Viewport, or X, Y)

For example, the primitive:

RPIXF

(0,0)

reads back the contents of the entire Figure 5: A sample of the images produced display-frame buffer. by Micrograph using the primitives of

This completes our set of graphics listing 1.

Call on John D. Owens for all Your Computer Needs

TELETYPE Model 43 Inventory Sale/!!!

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ITHACA INTERSYSTEMS

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High resolution graphics system. Microangelo features 15" 22MHZ, green phospher screen, 72 key keyboard; includes complete cabling and software. From SCION.

GRAPHICS SOFTWARE On line, real time, for the M9900 to drive the Microangelo. For use in design of PC board masks, IC masks and other applications usually requiring a $200,000 system.

COMPUTER TO COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS

Enables communications from a micro to a terminal or to another micro, mini or maxi computer. Modes of operation: TERMINAL (your system acts like an intelligent terminal), FILE-TO-FILE, LOCAL (Disk commands), Full/Half Duplex on 8" or 5' disks.COM to COM mode does full CRC16 error check and retransmits block on error. Object Code $75 Source Code $150

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SEE OUR AD ON FACING PAGE

November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 277

Circle 177 on inquiry card.

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CP/M* FOR NORTH STAR SYSTEMS

CP/M 2.2 - The industry standard 'software bus" specially tailored for the North Star disk systems and 8080, 8085. Z80 microcomputers Fully supports all standard North Star I/O and single, double or quad capacity disk drives. A minimum of 24K of continuous ram memory starling at location zero is required The foliowina Digital Research (dr| and Datadisk Systems (dd) programs are included on your CP/M diskette: tS150/SZ5

ED (dr) — Text Editor Used to wrile programs in most languages and modify any ASCII disk file Delete, substitute, search on char/slrlng/line number/relative position, block move, global change, macro commands ED Is your window to CP/M compatible soltware.

ASM (dr) - 8080 Assembler. Uses standard 8080 mnemonics and pseudo-ops Conditional assembly, HEX lile generation, assemble listings, multi-disk file transfer.

PIP (dr) - Peripheral Interchange Program. File transfer between disk and logical devices Software file routing, concatination, pagination, text extraction, case numbering and much more.

SUBMIT (dr) - 8atch ED. PIP. DDT, ASM and associated parameters into user defined processes

DDT (dr) - Dynamic Debugging Tool 8080 assembly language run-time monitor Real time Deiween break points, Iracing, lull internal regrster display and alteration at any slep, single slep, disassembly, assembly. the list goes on and on If you write device conlrollers, DDT is an invaluable tool

STAT (dr) - Status /alteration ol logical-tophysical devices, disk drive parameters, storage space, file size.

LOAD (dr} - Convert 8080 'HEX' hies (output of ASM} into machine executable code Programs are then executed by typing the program name

w system disketie.

OSTAT (dd) - Multi-purpose Disk Status routine Logically assign disk drives to operale with any combination ol single density, double density, single side, double side, as well as standard or sequential disk sectoring An optional seleciion allows fast stepping and optimal sectoring lo significantly reduce disk-intensive program

An additional feature permits system reconfiguralion to quad capacity This allows douole density owners to upgrade wilh no additional software expense.

XSUB (dr) - Extends the power ol SUBMIT to include automatic line input to programs

FORMAT (dd) - Prepare diskette tor use with CP/M 2.2.

FOLLOWING SOFTWARE AVAILABLE IN

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primitives for a color raster-scan display. The graphics primitives are summarized in table 2. Note that this list does not include primitive instructions for operations such as circle or arc generation. Such features can be generated by existing primitives (using the vector-drawing primitive). Furthermore, circle and arc primitives are difficult to generalize and cannot easily support any more complex curves: their utility is therefore very limited for the cost of their implementation in terms of support hardware and display-processor software. Furthermore, features such as transformations are not included at this level since they presuppose a definite image structure that cannot be known by the display processor. Other

Text continued on page 292

Listing 1: This arrangement of primitives developed for Micrograph was used to produce the images in figure 5.

MOV 20,10 (t)

VEC SHORT ,REL,WHITE,20,30

MOV 5,30 (T)

VEC SHORT ,REL,WHITE,25,30

MOV 30,10 (E)

VEC SHORT ,REL,WHITE,30,20

MOV 30,10 (E)

VEC SHORT,REL, WHITE,40,10

MOV 30,15 (E)

VEC SHORT,REL, WHITE,40,15

MOV 30,20 (E)

VEC SHORT,REL, WHITE,40,20

MOV 50,10 (X)

VEC SHORT,REL, WHIT E,60,20

MOV 50,20 (X)

VEC SHORT ,REL, WHIT E,60,10

MOV 70,10 (T)

VEC SHORT,REL, WHITE,70,15

MOV 65,15 (T)

VEC SHORT,REL, WHITE,75,15

LREG VPORT ,30,45,40,60 (rectangle

around circle)

LPIX VPORT ,CYAN0. .CYAN m

LREG VPORT, 120,60,200,120 (part of

LPIX VPORT,BLUE

LREG VPORT, 170,170,250,230 (part of

cube) LPIX VPORT,RED MOV 120,60 VEC SHORT,REL,GREEN, 170,170 (part

of cube) MOV 200,120 VEC SHORT,REL,GREEN,250,230 (part

of cube) MOV 200,60 VEC SHORT,REL,GREEN,250,230 (part

of cube) MOV 120,120 VEC SHORT ,REL,GREEN, 170,250 (part

of cube) MOV 20,200 SYM 4,a,/3,E,X (from user-defined

font)

5 types of primitives, 37 instructions, 300 parameters

278 November 1980 © BYTE Publications lnc

Circle 178 on inquiry card.

;cQMPJTRQUicsi EVERYTHING

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* APPLE IS A TRADEMARK OF THE APPLE CORP.

TO

FROM COMPUMAX BUSINESS SYSTEMS

The COMPUMAX business applications programs are written with the novice computer user in mind. They are easy to use, yet powerful in their capabilities. Further, COMPUMAX supplies the BASIC source code. Thus the programs are easy to modify.

MICROLEDGER

This General Ledger system performs the essential functions of dual entry bookkeeping and matches revenues and expenses: MICROLEDGER includes the following programs.:

LEDGER 1 - builds and maintains the CHART OF ACCOUNTS file. This file contains both current and accumulated totals for each account.

LEDGER 2 - builds and updates the JOURNAL TRANSACTION file.

LEDGER 3 - lists both the the JOURNAL file and the CHART OF ACCOUNTS.

LEDGER 4 - computes the TRIAL BALANCE and executes POSTING of journal transactions into the CHART OF ACCOUNTS. An AUDIT TRIAL of all transaction is output.

LEDGER 5 - produces the PROFIT AND LOSS STATEMENT.

LEDGER 6 - produces the BALANCE SHEET. Assets, liabilities and owners' equities are

shown by account and by totals $140.00

MICROPAY An Accounts Payable system. MICROPAY includes the following program & functions:

PAY 1 - initializes both Transaction and Masterfiles, then beginstheAccounts Payable process by inputting and adding records in the Transaction file.

PAY 2 - allows for changes and deletions of Transaction and Master records.

PAY 3 - reports outstanding Accounts Payables in four categories; under 30 days, 31-60 days, 61-90 days, and over 90 days.

PAY 4 - reports all outstanding Accounts Payables for a single customer or for all customers, and computes Cash Requirements.

PAY 5 - reports all outstanding Accounts Payables for a single date or for a range of dates and computes the Cash Requirements.

PAY 6 - lists both the Transactions and Master files.

PAY 7 - prints checks and accumulates and journalizes Accounts Payables. This program simultaneously creates entries for the MICROLEDGER file $140.00

MICROREC An Accounts Receivable system, MICROREC includes the following programs and functions:

REC 1 - initializes Accounts Receivable files, adds A/R record and prints invoices.

REC 2 - accepts receipt of customer payments and changes or deletions of A/R Transaction or Master file records.

REC 3 - reports outstanding Accounts Receivables in four categories; under 30 days, 31-60 days, 61-90days, and over 90 days.

REC 4 - reports all outstanding Accounts Receivables for a single customer, or for all customers and computes Cash Projections.

REC 5 - produces reports for all outstanding Accounts Receivables for a single date or for a range of dates and computes Cash projections.

REC 6 - lists Transaction and Master files and accumulates and journalizes Accounts Receivables, creating JOURNAL entries which communicate with the MICROLEDGER

JOURNAL file $140.00

MICROINV This Inventory Control system presents a general method of Inventory Control and produces several important reports. Its program includes:

INV 1 - initializes Transaction and Master files and adds and updates Transaction and Master records.

INV 2 - handles inventory issued or received, creating inventory records. This program also accumulates and journalizes transactions, producing JOURNAL entries which communicate with the MICROLEDGER file.

INV 3 - lists both Transaction and Master files.

INV 4- produces the STOCK STATUS REPORT, showing the standard inventory stock data and stock valuation, and the ABC ANALYSIS breaking down the inventory into groups by frequency of usage.

INV 5 - gives a JOB COST REPORT/MATERIALS, showing allocation of materials used year-to-date by each job or work code. {This is complemented by the Job Cost Report/ Personnel in the MICROPERS program.)

INV 6 - computes and provides the E.O.Q. (Economic Order Quantities).... $140.00

MICROPERS

This is a Payroll/Personnel program whose functions include:

PERS 1 - initializes the Master file and allows for entry and updates of Master records. PERS 2 - initializes the Payroll file and allows for entry and updates of payroll records. PERS 3 - lists an Employee Master Record or the entire Employee Master file; lists a single Payroll Record or the entire Payroll file.

PERS 4 - computes Payroll and prints the PAYROLL REGISTER. Prints PAYCHECKS and creates JOURNAL entries to be fed into the MICROLEDGER JOURNAL file. PERS 5 - produces the JOB COST REPORT/PERSONNEL, computes the quarterly 941

bank deposit, and the Annual W-2 run $140.00

All COMPUMAX programs available in machine readable format (diskette form) for the following machines:

TRS-80™ Model I Micropolis 1053/11

APPLE II Microsoft under CP/M

PET CBASIC under CP/M

Cromemco

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Take virtually any problem you would explore using calculator, pen, and paper, working in rows and columns. Apply VisiCalc and you'll see why every reviewer of this product has said the same thing: VisiCalc is the most useful, most important program yet developed for personal computing.

With VisiCalc, you work with an electronic worksheet of up to 63 columns and 254 rows. At the juncture of any column and row you can type in words and numbers. VisiCalc automatically performs all arithmetic functions, net present value, and transcendental functions - instantly!

CCA DATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM $74.95

DMS Features:

File Creaton and Maintenance:

• Fields may be alphanumeric, numeric, integer, floating point, or fixed decimal with commas.

• Fields may be COMPUTED FIELDS. DMS will compute any field within a record, using constants or other fields in the same record. Functions include add, subtract, multiply, divide, and raise exponential powers.

• Records are easily located, using the SCAN feature. SCAN for records with a field over, below, or between a range of values.

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(800) 431-2818

Circle 179 on Inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980 279

1 I

i ©

I I

r

Listing 2: The first third of the firmware for Micrograph control, written for the Z80 microprocessor used in the prototype. The remaining portions of the firmware will be included in the next two issues of BYTE, along with hardware construction details (Part 2, December 1980 BYTE), and software (Part 3, January 1981 BYTE).

00 no

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0004

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0005

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0006

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000 7

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0008

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0009

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no

OOOC

FF

OOOD

FF

OOOE

00

OOOF

00

0010

FF

0011

FF

0012

08

0013

80

0014

A50A

0016

A50A

0018

A50A

001A

A50A

001C

A50A

ooi f:

A50A

0020

A50A

0022

A5DA

0024 0026

A30B A308

1 3 1 4 IS

19 20 21

3fl

3 I.

3 3 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66

***********

>:H MICROGRAPH F IRMWAkF

MICROGRAPH 1.0 ********************

DEVELOPED BY BRADY POOCH

MICROGRAPH IS A I JRMWARE COW ROl IF D MX ROPROCF BSOR BASED COLOR GRAPHICS DISPLAY SY8TE«. BUILT AS A SIMPLE BOARD DISPLAY F'ROCFSSOR, WHICH. INTfc RF ACES TO A STANDARD UNMODIFIED COI.11R I'ELEV tSION - THE USER SEES MICROGRAPH AS A 256 X 256 PIXEL SYSTEM, 8 MIS PER PIXEL. THIS SYSTEM IS MAPPED TO AN EQUAL OR LOWER RESOLUTION DISPLAY. GRAPHICS PRIMITIVES ARE AVAILABLE TO ALLOW THE USER TO CREATE GRAPHICS DISPLAYS. MICROGRAPH INI ERF ACES "10 A HOST COMPUTER VIA THREF H BIT </0 PORTS, FURTHER INFORMATION IS AVAILABLE IN THF fO'CROGRAI'H REFERENCE MANUAL.

ORB 0

01

.If MAIN

:SI ART AT ADDRESS 0 [DISABLE INTERRUPTS [JUMP TO MAIN

;ULOBAE DEFINITIONS, CONSTANTS AND STRUCTURES*****

STRUCTURES ******************************************

STRUCTURES PROVIDES STORAGE FOR ALL FIRMWARE VARIABLES AND STRUCTURES. DEFAULT VALUES ARE PROVIDED IN THIS SFCTTON, WHICH IS STORED IN EF'ROM. STRUCTURES ARE MOVED TO RAM DURINR INITIALIZATION, AND REFERENCED VIA THE OFFSETS DESCRIBED IN DEFINITIONS. NOTE 1HAT THE FIRST SEVERAL BYTES OF RAM ARE RESERVED FOR THE BRAPHICS AND MICROPROCESSOR STACKS.

ESTRUCT

EGDR:

ECDRO

EGDR1

EGDR2

E8DR3

E0DR4

EGDR 5

EGDR 6

EGDR7

EGDR8

EGDR9

EGDR10

EGDR 1.1

EGDR12

EGDR13

EGDR14

EGDR15

ESLINK

EL 00s

ELtll:

EL02:

FL03:

EL04:

EL 05:

ELOA:

EL07:

EL 10;

EL) 1:

:E0U EQU DEFB DEFB DETB DEFB DEFB DEFB DEFB DEFB DEFB DEFB DEFB DEFB DEFB DEFB DEFB DEFB EC1II DEEM DEFW DEFW DEFW DEFW DEFW DEFW DEFW DEFW DEFW

*

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USER

USFR

USER

USER

USER

USFR

USER

USER

GUSER

GUSER

; START OF STRUCTURES

;GRAPHICS DISPLAY REG

;X

;Y

;PRIMARY COLOR

;SECONDARY COLOR

[FRAME COUNT

;VECTOR MODE

[VIEWPORT 0

LEFT X

;VIEWPORT 0

LEFT Y

JVIEWPORT 0

RIGHT X

;VIEWPORT 0

RIGHT Y

JVIEWPORT i

LEFT X

[VIEWPORT 1

LEFT Y

JVIEWPORT 1

RIGHT X

(VIEWPORT 1

RIGHT Y

!DISPLAY FORMAT

[STATUS

;GRAPHICS S

JB LINKAGE

(SUBROUTINE

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02

;SUBROUTINE

03

fSUBROUTINE

04

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05

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06

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1.0 I 1 0 2 103 104

i rrs

I. (16 1(17 1.08 109 J 10 J 1 J

) i :■'

11.3 1 14 1.15 1 1.6 1 17 118

1.1 9 120 121 122 123

1.2 4 1 25 .1.2 6 127 1.28

1.30 1 .'■ 1 .1.32 1 33 134 135 1.36 137 1.3H

EL.12:

EL13:

EL14:

EL IF.:

EL16:

EL17:

ESLONG:

ESOO:

ESOI.

ES02;

ES03 :

ES04

E805:

ES06:

ES07;

ES10:

ES11

ESJ.2

ES13:

ES1.4

ES15

E81A1

ES1.7:

ESPTR:

ESOFF:

EGPC:

EREF:

EM:

EMM:

EMN:

ESX!

ESY!

ECOLOR:

EXERRT:

ENUI L:

DEFW

DEFW

DEFW

DEFW

DEFW

DEFW

EQU

DEFB

DEFB

DEFB

DEFB

DEFB

DEFB

DEFB

DEFB

DEFB

DEFB

DEFB

DEFB

DEFB

DEFB

DEFB

DEFB

DEFB

DEFB

DEFB

DEFB

DEFB

DEFB

DEFB

DEFB

DEFB

DEFB

DEFW

DEFB

GUSER

GUSER

GUSER

GUSER

GUSER

GUSER

•S

)

1

1

(SUBROUTINE

12

;SUBROUTINE

13

(SUBROUTINE

14

(SUBROUTINE

15

(SUBROUTINE

16

(SUBROUTINE

17

(GRAPHICS SUB LENGTH

[SUBROUTINE

00

[SUBROUTINE

01

[SUBROUTINE

02

[SUBROUTINE

03

[SUBROUTINE

04

[SUBROUTINE

0 5

[SUBROUTINE.

06

[SUBROUTINE

0 7

[SUBROUTINE

10

[SUBROUTINE

1.1

[SUBROUTINE

12

[SUBROUTINE

13

(SUBROUTINE

14

(SUBROUTINE

1.5

[SUBROUTINE

16

[SUBROUTINE

i;

(GRAPHICS SUB POINTER [GRAPHICS SUB OFFSET [GRAPHICS STACK POINTER [CURRENT VIEWPORT REFERENCE [VECTOR DRAWING TEMP (VECTOR DRAWING TEMP [VECTOR DRAWING TEMP [VECTOR DRAWING TEMP (VECTOR DRAWING TEMP [VECTOR COLOR STORAGE [ERROR SERVICE TEMP (FRAME SERVICE

NON MASKABLE INTERRUPT TRAP

A 1RAP TO THIS LOCATION IN MEMORY OCCURS UPON RECEIPT OF A NON MASKABLE INTERRUPT, THIS SECTION FORCES A JUMP TO THE ERROR SERVICE ROUTINE, XERR.

ORG JR

CONSTANTS **

1 02 XERR

[LOCATION OF INTERRUPT [JUMP TO ERROR SERVICE

CONSTANTS PROVIDLS STORAGE FOR ALL FIRMWARE CONSTANTS WHICH ARE STORED IN EPROM.

CONST: IVECT: IMTOi

TNTl: INT2: RENTER(

EOU

EUU

DEFW

DEFW

DEFW

EQU

DEFW

DEFW

DEFW

DEFW

DEFW

DEFW

DEFW

DLFW

DEFW

DEFW

DEFW

DEFW

DEFW

DEFW

DEFW

DEFW

*

*

FRAMF

INPUT

OUTPUT

CM. I S

LCRAM

LP IX

LREG

(SUB

I.SYM

MOV

RCRAM

RtTN

RPIX

RREG

RSUB

RSYM

SYM

VEC

WAIF

(START OF CONSTANTS

[START OF INTERRUPT

VEC

(FRAME SERVICE

(INPUT SERVICE

[OUTPUT SERVICE

(PRIMITIVE ENTRY POINTS

[CALLS ENTRY

(LCRAM ENTRY

(LPIX ENTRY

(LREG ENTRY

(LSUB FNTRY

(LSYM ENTRY

(MOV ENTRY

[RCRAM ENTRY

[RETN ENTRY

(RPIX ENTRY

(RREG ENTRY

[RSUB ENTRY

[RSYM ENTRY

(SYM ENTRY

[VEC ENTRY

[WAIT ENTRY

Listing 2 continued on page 282

SNAPP II EXTENDED DASIC

A family of enhancement fo rhe Model II DASIC interpreter. Part of the package originated with the best of APPARAT INCs thoughts in implementing NEWDOS DASIC. The system is written entirely in machine language for SUPER FAST execution. The extensions ate fully integrared into Model II DASIC and require NO user memory, and NO user disk space. The packoge is made up of the following five modules, each of which may be purchased separately:

XDASIC - Six single keystroke commands fo list the first last, previous, next, ot current program line, or to edit the current line. Ten single character abbteviations for frequently used commands: AUTO. CLS, DELETE. EDIT. KILL LIST, MERGE, NEW. LLIST.ond SYSTEM. S25 XREF • A powerful cross-reference facility with output to display and/or printer. Trace a variable thtough the code. Detetmine easily if a variable is in use. $40

XDUMP - Permits the programmer to display ond/or print the value of any or all program variables. Identifies the variable type for all variables Each element of any array is listed separately. $40

XRENUM An enhanced program line

renumbering facility which allows specification of on upper limit of the block of lines to be renumbered, supports relocation of renumbered blocks of code, ond supports duplication of blocks of code. $40

XFIND - Permits quick ond easy location of specified strings or keywords within the program text. $30

SAVE - on the putchase of the entire package

CONVERT i14°

This remarkable utility converts "V" format files (the sequential format used by rhe SHACKS, CODAL and DASIC Compilers) to the "F" format files (the sequential file format used by the DASIC interpreter and DASCOM), and vice versa. Without this product, programs written for the intetpretet will have to be RE-KEYED to be used by the SHACKS Compiler DASIC.

SKRUNCH S750°

A SUPER FAST TRSDOS UTILITY.

Compresses your DASIC programs to on absolute minimum. Typically saves 3040% space, even for programs without REM statements! Also tesufts in 7-10% improvement in execution speed. $35

SDASIC — Model I and Model II

Ptogtam in a high-level, full structured DASIC! The DEST of the DASIC preprocessors. PERFORM named subroutines. CONDITIONAL case structutes. WHILE loops. UNTIL loops. And much more. Forget about line numbers. Model II version is compiled, ond SUPER FAST. From Ultimate Computer Systems Model I $50

DOSFIX Model" *75

A collection of patches to TRSDOS and DASIC to enhance theit usability and function includes out well-known DREAK7E patches to keep the breok key from being used accidentally. FREE WITH ANY MODEL II SOFTWARE PACKAGE.

H FRIEND FOUR NEW TRSDOS COMMANDS! SHOW — A much better mufti-disk directory display. Let's you see only those files you want, and includes date of last update. MOVE - A much better file copying command. Copy/Move whole groups of files, renaming them at the same time, if desited. with just 1 command!

ERASE - Dettet than KILL, bettet than PURGE. PRINT - Print DASIC ptogroms from disk, whether saved in ASCII ot compressed. All 4 DOS commands allow fast processing of one, or complete groups of files, based on generic naming and wild card specifications. Enhanced functions roo numetous to fully describe here. EXAMPLES: SHOW PAY7DA5*

Directory display of all /DAS' files on all diskettes which begin with PAY.' MOVE PAY*/DAS:1 TO =/OLD:3

Save current versions of payroll programs to drive 3. changing extensions to '/OLD.' MOVE OLD*/* TO NEW=/=:1

Copy all files on drive 0 which begin with OLD,' tegatdless of extension, to drive 1. changing the first 3 letters of the filename to NEW,' but tetoining the same file extension. Save time! Reduce frustration! Eliminate ERROR 33! $75

HHOSTII / TERMII Allows remote control' of a Model II from anothet Model II. ot any ASCII terminal. If terminal is a Model II. accurate scteen positioning (PRINT @) is fully supported! Requires NO user memory! This system is designed to provide software support to our customer locations without ever leaving the office. $50

OUGZAP

A powerful utility oriented towotd the machine language programmer. Display/Modify/Print/Memory/ Disk sectors. Use this to help you learn more oboutthe internals of theModel II. $50

8160 Corporate Pork Dr.

Cincinnofi, Ohio 45242

Ohio residents call collect

(513)891-4496

Call Toll Free

1 - 600 - 543-4626

Most products will soon be available

for the Model I. CALL FOR DETAILS!

H MASTER / SLAVE This software package was designed to support rhe transferring of files from one Model II to another, via direct connection or modem/phone line connection. ALL kinds of files, and baud rotes up to 9600 ate fully supported. Ttansfet files in either direction, even with the SLAVE Model II UNATTENDED! $150

H SPOOLER — Model I and Model II Our workhorse! This package, available for Model I, in rhe TRSDOS/NEWDOS or NEWDOS 80 versions, or for the Model II, greotly enhances system performance when running typical business applications. Many applications have been benchmarked fo run nearly TWICE AS FAST with the SPOOLER installed. Installs in minutes, and no changes are required to your programs. Preferred Model II versions require NO user memory. Optional features for rhe Model II version only: Serial printer support, and DISK SPOOLING support. The DISK SPOOLING support is particularly recommended for word processing applications. $ 100

SERIAL PRINTER OPTION $50

DISK SPOOLING OPTION $50

H ROUTE Couses LPRINT data to be sent to the video scteen! A great help in writing and debugging programs when no printet is available, you have a slow printer or you are just in a hurry. Con be turned on ond off from within your DASIC program. Requires NO user memory. $25

H SCREEN Supports the copying of the full video screen to the printet. Can be invoked by the operator with a keystroke, or from your program with o USRcall. Requires NO user memory. $25

SAVE

Retrieve the resident DASIC ^■^" program following an occidenral SYSTEM, or a system crash. DON'T DE WITHOUT THIS ONE. YOU NEVER KNOW WHEN YOU WILL NEED IT! $35

TERMS OF SALE:

Credit cotd customers, odd 3% iBI COD. customers add $3. Ohio residents add 4'/i% sales tax Shipments normally mode rhe same day we receive your order.

OUR GUARANTEE:

If your diskette arrives damaged, we will replace it without charge. If you ever accidentally damage it. we will teplace it for a $10 handling charge. For a period of one year, we will provide you with any enhancements or updates for a $10 handling charge. For a period of one year, if errors are discovered in the ptogroms, they will be corrected wirhour charge. In rhe event we cannot correct an error, you moy return the ptogtom material for a refund.

TRS-80 is a trademark of rhe Radio Shack division of Tondy Corporation. NEWDOS and NEWDO5/60 ore rtademarks of Apparar. Inc.

Circle 180 on Inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980

8

(J

Listing 2 continued:

140

I DEF

NIT ION

,\ ft ft * ft * ft ft ft SJJ* ft ft ft ft ft' ft; ft ft' ft ft * ft ft- ft ft ft ft ft; ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft

1 42

; dee

NITTONS PROVIDES GLOBAL DEFINITIONS OF VARIOUS

143

1 STRUCTURES

AND VARIABLES.

144

;

145

DEFTN

EOII

$

81 ART OF DEF IN

14*

RES Ml

•t:f:uii

1)

RESTART ADDRESS

147

PBOTTM: ERU

40 9 6

BOTTOM OF PRIVATE LAM

Ufl

HSTACt

: EQO

PB0TTfl+*3

BOTTOM OF MICRO STARK

1«

B8TACJ

': FOO

MSTAOK+64

BOTTOM OF ORARH STACK

isu

STRUCT: EQU

OSTAOKU

START OF STRUCTURES

153

REI OC

LOU

-ESTRUCT

RET. ORATION CONSTANT

1.52

SORi

FIJI!

RFLOC+FDDR

GRAPHICS DISPLAY REG

153

BDROi

eou

RFLOC+EGDEO

X

1. S4

BBS 1. i

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RFLOO + EGDRi.

Y

1 55

0DR2:

EOII

Rt1OC+EODR?

PRIMARY COLOR

1.56

RDR3:

FQI1

EEL0C + EGDR.3

SECONDARY 001 OK:

157

0DR4 :

LOU

RELO0+EGDR4

FRAME COUNT

158

0DR5:

E8U

REEOOEIiORS

VECTOR MODE

15?

GDR6:

FOU

REL0C+EBDR6

VIEWPORT 0 LEFT X

1*0

GDR7:

FUII

REI.OO + FODE/

VIEWPORT 0 l.l-.ir Y

1*1

0RD8:

FOO

RELOC-itPDRB

VIFWPORT 0 RIGHT X

U2

00R9 :

EBU

RELO0+EGDR9

VIEWPORT 0 RIGHT Y

:i 63

0DR10

EOII

RELOC+EOORIO

VIEWPORT 1 LEFT X

164

OUR 11

EOII

REL0C + E0DR1. 1

VIEWPORT 1 LEFT Y

IAS

HDR12

FOU

RIL0C: + EGDR!2

VIFWPORT 1 RIGHT X

1.6 6

SDR 13

EOII

REL0C + EI5DRJ.3

VIFWPORT 1 RIGHT Y

1*7

BDR14

FOU

REL0f: + EG0R14

DISPLAY 1 OKMAT

1.68

OCR IS

EBU

RFL0C+FR0RI5

STATUS

1*9

BLINK

EOII

RELOC+ESt INK

GRAPHICS SUB LINKAGE

170

1 00:

FOU

RELOC + El.OO

SUBROUTINE 00

171

L.01 :

EQU

REI.00 + EL01

SUBROUTINE 01

172

L02:

EOU

REL0C + FI.02

SUBROUTINE 02

173

1.03!

FOU

REL0C+EL03

SUBROUTINE 03

174

1.04:

EBU

REL0C + EI.IJ4

SUBROUTINE 04

ITS

L05:

EOII

RFLOC+FLOS

SUBROUTINE OS

174

I..0 6:

EQU

RELOC + EI.OA

SUBROUTINE 06

177

L07:

EQU

REL0C+EL07

SUBROUTINE 07

178

HOI

EOU

REL0C+FL10

SUBROUTINE 10

179

Lit J

EOII

REI.0C+EL1 1.

SUBROUTINE 11

1.80

1.12:

EBU

REL0C+EL12

subroutine: ,1.2

181

L 1 3 :

EOU

REL0C+E.L13

SUBROUTINE 13

182

LI. 4:

EOII

REL0C + EI.14

SUBROUTINE 1.4

183

L. 1 f.:

EQU

REL0C+ELJ5

SUBROUTINE 15

184

1.16:

EQU

REL0C + FL1.6

SUBROUTINE 1.6

185

L.17:

ERU

REL0C+EL17

SUBROUTINE 17

18*

SLONB

EOU

RELOC + ESI.ONO

GRAPHICS SUB LENGTH

187

SOO:

FQU

RELOC+ESOO

SUBROUTINE 00

188

SOI:

EQU

REL0C+ES01

SUBROUTINE 01.

189

SO?!

EOU

REL0C+ES02

SUBROUTINE 02

1.90

S03:

EOU

RFL0C+E803

SUBROUTINE 03

191

S04:

EQU

REL0C+ES04

SUBROUTINE 04

192

S05:

EQU

RELOC+ESQS

SUBROUTINE 05

193

S06:

EOU

REL0C+ES04

SUBROUTINE 06

194

S07:

EQU

REL0C+FS07

SUBROUTINE 07

195

810:

EQU

RELOC+ESiO

SUBROUTINE 10

1.96

Sll :

EBU

RELOO + FSU.

SUBROUTINE 1.1

197

812:

EOII

REL0G + F.S12

SUBROUTINE 12

1.98

S13:

EQU

REU»€+ES13

SUBROUTINE .1.3

199

814:

FOU

REL0C + E.S14

SUBROUTINE 14

200

815:

EOU

RFL0C + FSJ.5

SUBROUTINE IS

201

816:

FQU

REL.00 + ES16

SUBROUTINE 16

202

S 17:

EOU

REL0C+E817

SUBROUTINE 17

207.

SPTR:

EQU

RELOC + ERF'TR

GRAPHICS BUB POINTER

204

SOW:

EOU

RFI.OC + FBOFF

GRAPHICS SUB OFFSET

205

BPC:

EOU

RFLOO+EGRC

GRAPHICS STACK POINTER

206

REF:

FOU

reloc+eref

CURRENT VIEWPORT REI

207

N1

FOU

RELOC+EM

.VECTOR DRAWING TEMP

208

MM:

FQU

REI.OO+FMM

•VECTOR DRAWING TEMP

209

MM:

EQU

RELOC + E.MN

VECTOR DRAWING TEMP

210

SX:

EQU

REI..OC*ESX REEOC+ERY RELOCUCCOLOR

■VECTOR DRAWING 1 EMP VECTOR DRAWING TEMP

212

BY: COLOR

: FOU

;VECTOR COLOR STORAGE

217

XFRRT

: EOU

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; ERROR SERVICE (IMP

008E

313F10

009!

00040!

1IIIV4

CUEDO)

009 7

CD3DU2

novo

JBFB

009C 009D 009E 00A2 D0A4

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2L4 21.5 216 21.7 218 219 220 221

22f! 229 230 231.

233

234

236' 23 7 238 239 240 241. 242

244 2 45 246 247 248 2 4 9 250 2 SI.

2S3 254

255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 2 70 271 2 72 273 274 275 276 277 2 78 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 236 287

NULL: EQU

FREE: EQU

SYMTAB: EBU

I OP: EQU

CRO: EOU

Ri : I (111

R2: EOII

BOTTOM:EOU

RTOP: FBI]

ft * ft ft ft * ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft * ft ft ft ft ft ft MAIN PROGRAM BI.OCKftftftftftftftftftftft ft*ft*ftftft*ftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftft^

MAIN ftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftft

REI.OIM-ENUI.I,

B'lRUCHNU! I I I

51.20

6143

7 160

7184

7700

819 2

1 4335

FRAME SERVICE

START 01 FRl. E RAM

START OF SYftBOl IA01 E

TOP OF PRIVATE PAN

COLOR RAM 0

COLOR RAM 1

COLOR RAM 2

START 01 LI I RI 811 RAM

REFRESH TOP SYSTEM I

>ftftftftftftftftft

MAIN IS THE DRIVER FOR MICROGRAPH. OF 11 R I NIT) At I7.IN0 SI', MAIN CALLS INT. I. FETCH AND EXEC ARE CALLED IN TURN TO PROCESS IHF GRAPHICS PRIMITIVES.

CA1 I.S

CALLED BY REGISTERS 170 STRUCTURES

i n 11

FETCH EXE i:

NO! APPLICABLE.

8P (STACK POINTER)

NONE NONE

MAIN: ID BP.MBTACK

CALL IN IT

I OOP: CAI I FETCH

CALL EXEC

,IR LOOP

;INTERRUPT SERVICE ROUTINES

INITIALIZE SP

INITIALIZE THE SYSTEM FETCH A PRIMITIVE EXECUTE A PRIMITIVE REM A'I I N0EF1 Nil I: Lift * ft ft ft ft * ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftft ftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftft

XE^RR ftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftft

XFRR SERVICES AN ERROR CONDITION. XFRR IS CALLED UPON A TRAP TO IHF NON MASKABLE INTERRUPT VECTOR. XERR ALLOWS A SYSTEM RESET, REGISTER DUMP, OR MEMORY DUMP VIA THE DIAGNOSTIC DIRECTIVES.

CALLS

8ENDBY

CALLED BY

NON MA!

(KABLE INTERRUP1

REGISTERS

A

<DUMP)

B

(DUMP)

E

(DUMP)

0

(DUMP)

E

(DUMP)

H

(DUMP)

L

(DUMP)

IX

< DUMP )

IY

(DUMP)

SP

(DUMP)

170

PORT 2

(STATUS)

PORT 4

(INPUT)

STRUCTURES

GDR15

(STATUS)

XERR: EI

PUSH AF

SET 0,(IXibDRlS) SET 1,(IX+GDR1S) LD A.UXiGDRlS)

:ENABLE INTERRUPTS

[SAVE A AND I

;8ET ERROR

:SET ERROR

lGE.1 WE STATUS

Listing 2 continued on page 284

OS-9 "LEVEL TWO MULTIUSER OPERATING SYSTEM

Ti

rue multitasking, multiuser OS for timesharing or real-time control applications

■ Sophisticated memory management permits use of over one megabyte.

■ Versatile, easy-to-use input/output supports multiple devices.

■ UNIX™-like file structure including hierarchical directories, pipes, filters, and byte-addressable random access files.

■ Provides log-on password protection and user file security.

■ Can run on small, inexpensive systems with floppy disks and as little as 32K memory.

□ $495.00*

INTRODUCING

6809

SOFTWARE POWER TOOLS

and edited.

■ Buffer, line and character oriented commands.

■ Search, change and extend operations.

■ Permits multiple input/output files.

□ Disk or tape $75.00

□ ROM set (2716) $90.00

OS-9™ INTERACTIVE ASSEMBLER

OS-9™ LEVEL ONE OPERATING SYSTEM

A multitasking real-time operating system for software development, process control and smaller multi-user applications.

■ Versatile input/output system can support multiple devices using interrupt-driven, DMA, or programcontrolled data transfer. Users can easily add additional I/O devices.

■ Tape or disk-based versions available.

■ Disk versions support UNIX™-like hierarchical directory structure and byte-addressable random-access files.

■ Memory management for single address-space (up to 64K).

□ Disk version $150.00*

□ Tape version $95.00

BASIC09™ PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE SYSTEM

Extended BASIC language compiler/interpreter with integrated text editor and debug package. Runs standard BASIC programs or minimally-modified PASCAL programs.

■ Permits multiple named program modules having local variables and identifiers. Modules are reentrant, position independent and ROMable.

■ Additional control statements for structured programming: IF ... THEN . . . ELSE, FOR ... NEXT, REPEAT . .. UNTIL, WHILE ... DO, LOOP . ..

BY MICROWARE^

ENDLOOP, EXITIF ... ENDEXIT.

■ Allows user-defined data types and complex data structures. Five built-in data types: byte, integer, 9 digit floating-point, string and boolean.

■ Outperforms any other BASIC on any 8-bit MPU.

■ Available on ROM, disk or cassette tape. Runs under OS-9™ Level One or Level Two.

□ Disk or tape $195.00*

S

MICROSOFT 6809 BASIC

tandard Microsoft BASIC optimized for the 6809 and OS-9™.

■ Four data types: integer, string, single precision and double precision floating point.

■ Program trace and edit capabilities.

■ Automatic line numbering and renumbering.

■ Supports random and sequential file I/O. Full PRINT USING for formatted output.

□ Disk or tape $250.00

M

OS-9™ TEXT EDITOR

inimum-keystroke macro text editor useful for text preparation or interactive

word processing.

■ User-defined macros with

parameters permit virtually

unlimited command expansion.

Macros can be saved, loaded

Compact Motorola compatible assembler for machine language program development.

■ Operates in "batch" mode or interactive line-by-line mode.

■ Facilities for generation of OS-9™ memory modules and system calls.

■ Formatted listings include syntax and context error checking.

■ Runs on OS-9™ Level One or Level Two.

□ Disk or tape $75.00

□ ROM set (2716) $90.00

F;

OS-9™ INTERACTIVE DEBUGGER

acilitates testing and debugging of machine- language programs.

■ Includes common "monitor" functions: memory examine/change, breakpoints, display/change registers, etc.

■ Calculator mode evaluates arithmetic expressions in hex, decimal or binary.

■ Access to system commands.

■ Available on ROM, disk or cassette tape.

□ Disk or tape $35.00

□ ROM (2716) $50.00

BASIC 09 is a trademark of Motorola. OS-9 is a trademark of Motorola and Microware". UNIX is a trademark of Bell Telephone Laboratories.

Most software is available on ROM, diskette and tape in versions for many popular 6809 computers. Source listings and yearly maintenance/update service are sold separately for most programs.

*Specify manufacturer and type of CPU and I/O controllers. Contact Microware® for specific availability.

MICROWARG

Microware Systems Corp.. Dept. BI 5835 Grand Avenue Des Moines, Iowa 50304 (515) 279-8844

Circle 181 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980

283

I

I

I

5"

Listing

2 continued:

00A9

D302

233

OOftB

DDCB0F66

289

00 AF

28FA

290

OOB1

0804

291

008,?

DDCB0FA6

2 9 2

0087

F5

293

0088

DD7E0F

29 4

OOBB

D302

295

008 D

Fl

296

DGBE

C87F

297

COCO

C20000

298

U0C3

CB77

2 99

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204F

300

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Fl

301

00C8

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CD910A

303

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79

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308

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0008

n

31 Li

0009

CD910A

311

OODC

7C

312

OCIDD

CD910A

313

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314

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CD910A

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317

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313

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DD7E4 8

319

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320

OOF 4

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321

00F8

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322

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CD910A

323

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324

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09

33 4

0113

Fl

335

Oil'.

1395

3 36

0 116

Fl

337

0117

08

338

one

D9

339

on?

DDCB0F66

3 40

0 11D

28FA

341

01 IF

D804

342

0121

6F

343

0122

DDCB0FA6

34 4

0126

DD7E0F

3 4 5

0129

0302

346

0128

0DCB0F66

34 7

012F

28 FA

34 3

0 1 31

DB04

34 9

0133

6 7

350

013'.

DDC80FA6

351

0138

DO/EOF

352

0138

0302

353

01 3D

7E

35 4

013!

CD910A

355

0141

D9

356

0142

08

357

0143

C3AB00

358 359 36 0 361 362

OUT

< 2 > » A

DISPLAY THE STATUS

BIT

4,(IX+GDR15)

WAIT FOR D1REC1IVE

JR

Z,XERRO

JUMP UNTIL RECEIVED

IN

A, (4)

GET THE DATA

RES

4. < IXhjDRI.5)

RESET THE STATUS

push

AF

SAVE A AND F

LD

A,(IX+0DR15)

OFT THE STATUS

OUT

< 2 ) , A

OUTPUT THE STATUS

POP

AF

RESTORE A AND 1

BI T

7, A

TEST FOR RESET

,IP

NZ,RESTART

RESTART IF SET

BIT

6, A

TEST FOR DIRECT 1VF,

JR

NZ.XERRl

JUMP IF SET

POP

AF

RESI ORE A AND f

PUSH

AF

SAVE A COPY 01 A AND F

CALL

SEND8Y

SI ND A

LI)

A,B

GET li

CALL

SENDBY

SEND-B

LD

A,C

GET C

CALL

SENDBY

SEND c

LD

A,D

GET D

CALL

SENDBY

SEND D

LO

A,E

GET E

CALL

SENDBY

SEND E

LD

A,H

GET H

CALL

SENDBY

SEND H

LD

A,L

GET L

CALL

SENDBY

SEND L

LD

(STRUCTFXERNT),IX

GET IX

LD

A, (lX-iXERRT!

GET LOU BYTE.

CALL

SENDBY

SEND IT

LD

A,(IX-fXFRRT + 1)

GET HIGH BYTE

CALL

SENDBY

SEND I r

LD

(BTRUCT+XERRT),1Y

GET IY

LD

A,(IXtXERRT)

GET LOU BYTE

CALL

SENDBY

SEND IT

LD

A,(IX+XERRT+1>

SET HIGH BYTE

CALL

SENDBY

SEND IT

EXX

SAVE PRIMARY REGISTERS

LD

L,0

CLEAR POINTER

LD

H, 0

CLEAR POINTER

ADD

HI. , SP

GET THE STACK POINTER

LD

A,L

GET THE LOU BYTE

CALL

SENDBY

SEND IT

LD

A,H

GET THE HIGH BYTE

CALL

SENDBY

SEND IT

EXX

RESTORE PRIMARY REGS

POP

AF

RESTORE A AND F

JR

XERRO

DO IT AGAIN

POP

AF

POP A AND !

EX

AF.AF'

SAVE A AND F

EXX

SAVE PRIMARY REGISTERS

BIT

4, (IX+GDR15)

TEST THE INPUT

JR

Z.XEKR2

JUMP IF NOT SET

IN

A , ( 4 )

GET THE DATA

LD

L,A

RAVE THE LOU ADDRESS

RES

4, ( IXJ-GDR15)

RESET THE FLAG

LD

A, (IX-(GDR1.S>

GET THE STATUS

OUT

( 2 ) , A

SEND THE STATUS

81 T

■'., ( I>f*ebfti5!

TEST TFIE INPUT

JR

Z.XERR3

JUMP IF NOT SET

IN

A. (4!

GET THE DATA

LD

H, A

SAVE THE HIGH ADDRESS

REE

4,(IXiOOftiS)

RESET THE FLAG

1,0

A, (IXt-GDRlS)

GET THE STATUS

OUT

( 2 ) , A

SEND THE STATUS

LD

A,(HL)

GET THE MEMORY DATA

CALL

SENDBY

SEND THE DATA

EXX

RESTORE PRIMARY REGS

e:x

AF,AF'

RESTORE A AND F

Jp

XERRO

DO IT AGAIN

FRAME *Sf*««*ss*******»««*«««««»«*»*«•«»»»«*^

FRAME IS THE INTERRUPT SERVICE ROUTINE FOR A FRAMF

0146 0147 01.48 014C 014E U1S1 0154 0157 015A 015C 0160 0163 01 6 5 0166

0168

016? 01 6 A Q16E 0 1 71 0173 0174

FB

DDCB0FD6

DD7E0F

D302

DD340 4

CDCC10

DD7E0E

0300

DDCB0F96

DD7E0F

0302

Fl

ED4D

DDC80FE6 DD7E0F

Fl ED4D

363 364

365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 37 3 3 74 375 376 377 3 78 379 330 381 382 383 384 385 386 337 388 389 390

393

3 94 395

396

39 7 398 399

4 00 401 402 403

40 4 405

40 6 4 07 4 08

4 1U 411 412 41.3

41 4 4 1 5 416 4 1 7 418 4 19 420 421

42 4

426 4 27 423

43 0 431 432 4 33 4 34 435 4 36 43 7

COUNT INTERRUPT (FIRST PRIORITY, MASKABLE INTERRUPT). FRAME FIRST SETS THE FRAME INTERRUPT FLAG, INCREMENTS THE FRAME COUNT, CALLS NULL, THE FRAME SERVICE ROUTINE IN RAM, AND THEN RESETS THE FRAME INTERRUPT FLAG. NOTE THAT THE OUTPUT TO THE DISPLAY PORT FORCES A RESET OF THE INTERUPT FOR THE FRAME INTERRUPT, SINCE THE INTERRUPT IS PRODUCED ON THIS PORT.

CALLS CALLED BY REGISTERS

STRUCTURES

NULL

FIRST PRIORITY MASKABLE INTERRUPT

A F IX

PORT 0 PORT 2

GDR4

GDR14

GDR15

(1EMP0RARY) (TEMPORARY)

(INDEX)

(DISPLAY) (STATUS)

(FRAME COUNT) (DISPLAY FORMAT) (STATUS)

PUSH AF

EI

SET 2,(IX+GDR15)

LD A,(IX+GDR15)

OUT (2),A

INC (IX+GDR4)

CALL STRUCT+NULL

LD A,(IX+GDR14)

OUT (0),A

RES 2,(IX+GDR15)

LD A,(OHGDR15>

OUT (2),A

POP AF

RET I

;SAVE A AND F

;ENABLE INTERRUPTS

;SET FRAME INTERRUPT

(GET GDR15

!UPDATE THE STATUS

;INCREMENT FRAME COUNT

[CALL NULL IN RAM

;GET THE DISPLAY FORMAT

[SEND IT

[RESET FRAME INTERRUPT

[GET THE STATUS

[UPDATE THE STATUS

[RESTORE A AND F

[RETURN FROM INTERRUPT

INPUT

INPUT IS THE INTERRUPT SERVICE. ROUTINE FOR AN INPUT INTERRUPT (SECOND PRIORITY, MASKABLE INTERRUPT). INPUT SIMPLY SETS THE INPUT INTERRUPT FLAG IN GDR15.

CALLS CALLED BY REGISTERS

170 STRUCTURES

NONE

SECOND PRIORITY MASKABLE INTERRUPT

F IX

PORT :■■

GDR1.5

(TEMPORARY) (TEMPORARY) (INDEX)

(STATUS)

(STATUS)

PUSH AF

EI

SET <t, (DHOrjRiS!

LD A,(IX.GDR15)

OUT (2),A

POP AF RET I

[SAVE A AND F [ENABLE INTERRUPTS [SET INPUT INTERRUF'T ;mX GDR15 [UPDATE THE STATUS [RESTORE A AND F [RETURN I ROM INTERRUPT

OUT PUT

OUTPUT IS THE INTERRUPT SERVICE ROUTINE. LOR AN OUTPUT INTERRUPT (THIRD PRIORIIY, MASKABLE INTERRUPT). OUTPUT SIMPLY RESETS IKE OUTPUT 1NTERRRUPT FLAG IN GDR15.

CALLS NONE

CALLED EY THIRD PRIORITY MASKABLE INTERRUPT

Listing 2 continued on page 286

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PLASTIC LIBRARY CASES

(not shown) An economical form of storage for 10 to 15 diskettes, and is suitable for your bookshelf! Case opens into a vertical holder for easy access.

S'/i-inch or 8-inch diskette case $3.00*

TRS-80™ PRODUCTS

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40-track j79 g5

TRS-80TM DISK AND OTHER MYSTERIES

. . .$19.95 MICROSOFT tm BASIC DECODED & OTHER MYSTERIES for the TRS-80TM $29.95

THANK YOU

u 1980...

To show our appreciation for a very successful year, thanks to our thousands of satisfied customers, we are offering some great products at prices even lower than our regular low prices. We make an honest effort to deliver the best products at the lowest prices with the fastest service. The confidence you have shown in MTC is recognized and welcomed. Our mothers thank you, our fathers thank you, our children thank you ... and we thank you.

Single Sided, Single Density, Soft-Sectored 5'/4-inch, (for TRS-80™) Mini-floppy

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INTRODUCING

PLAIN JANE™

DISKETTES

The Beautiful Floppy

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In 1980 alone, MTC has sold nearly a third of a million dollars worth of brand-name diskettes. If anyone knows quality, we do. And these are quality diskettes. The catch? They are in a plain white box. You're not paying for fancy printing, fancy labels or fancy names on the packaging. We don't even put our own label on the package (labels cost money). At this introductory price (our regular price will be $21.95 per box of 10) we cannot offer quantity or dealer discounts.

PLAIN JANETM Diskettes $19.80*

VERBATIM brand Diskettes (box of 10)

5'/«-inch (for TRS-80TM)

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10 boxes of 10... (each box)... $22.95

8-inch FLOPPIES

Single-Density, FD34-1000 ... $29.95 Double-Density, FD34-8000 .. $39.95

CALL FOR INFORMATION ON OTHER TRS-80™ PRODUCTS

All products

guaranteed for

replacement only.

Prices, Specifications &

Offerings subject to change without notice.

m

MOST ORDERS

SHIPPED

WITHIN ONE

BUSINESS DAY

PRICES GOOD THRU NOVEMBER 30, 1980. Sorry, no dealer or quantity discounts. Allow for shipping delays for 1980 specials.

WE ACCEPT

• VISA

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• CHECKS

• MONEY ORDERS

• COD.

Add $2.50 for standard UPS shipping & handling $2 00 EXTRA for COD. Ohio residents add 5';% sales tax.

TO ORDER CALL TOLL FREE

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IN OHIO call (216)289-7500 (COLLECT)

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TRS-80 is a TM of Tandy Corp. PLAIN JANE is a TM of MTC. 1980 by Metatechnologies Corporation, Inc.

Circle 182 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980 285

Listing 2 continued:

4 30 ;

REGISTERS

A

(TEMPCR (TEMPOR

'iRY! ARY!

440

IX

(INDEX)

4 41

/, 4 2 1

1/0

PORT 2

(STATUS

)

4 43

4 4 4

STRUCTURES

BORIS

(STATUS

)

4 45

0176

f 5

4 46 C

LIT F'LIT! POSH

AF

;SAVE A AND F

0177

FB

447

EI

;ENABLE INTERRUPTS

0176

BDCB0F9E

448

RES

3,CIX+ODRlt

)

JRESET OUTPUT INTERRUPT

01 7C

DD7E0F

44?

I... Ij

A, (IX+GDR15

)

[GET GDR15

01 7 f

0302

450

OUT

itS. A

;UPDATE THE STATUS

0181

Fl

451

POP

AF

;RESTORE A AND F

0182

E64B

452 453 454

RLT1

;RETURN FROM INTERRUPT

sississsJSS

s *#« «it *■« «tst-» s

*******

**«*sjHf*SM)f»**««*i!l<****

455

PROCESS DRIVERS********

*******

************************

456 45 7 458

***********

************

* * * * * * *

************************

INIT *****

************

*******

jtiMC 11*11 «^«I#««M« II *««*'«

459 4 60

1HI1 INITIALIZES MICROGRAPH.

THE lNPUT/OUTFUT PORTS

461

ARC FIRST

SET UP, THE!

MEMORY

IS CLEARED. INIT THEN

462

LOADS HIE

RAM WITH THE

STRUCTURES, THEN SET THE

463

INTERRUPTS

4 64

4 65

CALLS

NONE

46 6

4 67

CALLED BY

ftftlN

468

469

REGISTERS

A

(TEMPORARY)

4/0

B

(TEMPOR

ARY)

471

C

(TEMPORARY!

4 7 2

D

(TEMPOR

ARY)

4 73

E

(TEMPORARY)

474

H

(POINTER)

475

L

(POINTER)

476

IX

(INDEX)

477

IY

(INDEX)

4 73 4 79 4 80

I

(INTERF

UPT VECTOR!

, I/O

ALL FOR"

f:

431

4 82

I STRUCTURES

ALL STRUCTURES

4 33

0184

St Of

4 64

Nil: LB

A,00UUll111

I LOAD MODE 2 MASK

0136

D301

435

our

( 1 ) , A

iSET UP DISPLAY

oi ee

1)303

4 86

OUT

( 3 ) , A

J8E1 UP STATUS

018A

D307

487

OUT

( 7 ) , ft

;SET UP OUTPUT

01 81

3E4F

466

1. D

A,0100111 IE

I LOAD MODE 1 MASK

013K

D305

489

OUT

( 5 ! , ft

;SET UP INPUT

0190

3 LA 8

4 90

LD

A, INTO

;GET FIRST VECTOR

01?2

D301

491

OUT

( 1 ! , A

ISET UP FRAME INTERRUPT

0) 94

3E6A

492

LD

,T, INT1

[GET SECOND MFCTOR

0176

D303

49 3

our

< 5 ) , A

[SET UP INPUT INIFRUPT

01 98

3B6C

4 94

LD

A, I NT 2

;GET THIRD INTERRUPT

oi? a

0307

495

OUT

( 7 ! , A

ISET UP OUTPUT INT

019C

3F07

4 96

ID

ft, 000001 1 11

;DISABLE INTERRUPTS

019E

D303

49 7

our

< 3 > , A

ISET STATUS

01A0

3FB7

4 98

ED

A, 1000011. IE

:-ENABLE INTERRUPTS

01A2

D301

499

OUT

(1) ,A

[SET DISPLAY

01 f.',

03 OS

500

OUT

( 5 ) , A

;SET INPUT

01A6

D307

501

our

< 7 ) , A

ISET OUTPUT

01A6

3E6Q

502

LD

fl,100006006

[SET STATUS

01AA

D302

50 3

our

(2) ,A

;SET STATUS

01 AC

DD21E010

504

LD

IX,STRUCT

ISET UP IX

0180

DD360000

505

LD

(IX+O!,0

ICLEAR FIRST WORD

01B4

216010

506

LD

HL,STRUCT

;POINT TO STRUCT

01B7

113110

50 7

LD

DE,STRUCT!-)

IPOINT TO NEXT STRUCT

01BA

Q14D00

508

LD

EC,FREE- STRUCT

ISET UP COUNT

Qiao

EDBO

509

LDIR

ICLEAR PRIVATE RAM

01RF

2104 00

5 10

LD

HL.ESTRUCT

;POINT TO STRUCTURES

01C2

113010

511

LD

DE,STRUCT

IPOINT TO STRUCT

01C3

014DOO

512

LD

BCENULL-ES

TRUCT+1

I GET THE COUNT

G1C8

EDBO

513

01 CA

210020

5 1 4

01 CD

3600

515

01CF

110120

5 1 6

0102

010018

51 7

01D5

EDBO

518

01D7

DDCBOFBE

51?

010*

DD7E0F

520

01 OF

D302

521

01 ELI

3E00

522

01E2

ED 4/

523

01 F 4

ED5L

524

011-, 6 DIE 7

1 B DD7E0E

526

01 FA

D300

52/

01 EC

C9

528

01 ED 01F1 0 1F 4 01E6 01FA 01.FC 0 200 0202 0204 0205 0209 0208 020C 0200 020F

DDCB0FF6

DD7E0F

D302

DDCB405E

200F

DDCB0F66

26 FA

DB 0 4

F3

DDCB0FA6

1825

D5

E5

FDE5

DD5E40

531

533 534 535 536 537 536 53? MO 541 5 4 2

557 558

560 561

56 2 563 564 565. 566 567 566 5 69 570 571 5 72 573 574 575 576

57 7 578 579 580 531 582 583 584 535 566 587 508

LDIR

LD

HL.RBOriOM

LD

(HL! ,0

LD

DE,RB01T0M-i 1

LD

SCR TOP -R80TT0

LDIR

RES

7, (IX + GDR15)

L D

A, (1XHGDR1S)

OUT

< 2 ) , A

LD

A,0

LD

I, A

IM

EI

LD

A, (IX-IGDR14)

OUT

( 0 ) , A

RET

FET

STR

SUB

IK

SUB

POR

OR

THE

CH 0 EAM ROUT SPTR ROUT T

DATA FET

BTA (FR I ME

IS

1NE

TH

If CH

INS OM IN

PO

E H

PU

TA

PR

THE

RA

r,

INT

osr i 11 rus

I LOAD STRUCTURES IPOINT TO RBOTTOM ICLEAR FIRST LOCATION IPOINT TO NEXT LOCATION I GET THE COUNT ICLEAR REFRESH RAM ICLEAR INIT STATUS I GET GDR1.5 [UPDATE STATUS ICLEAR A

ISET UP INTERRUPT VECTOR ISET INTERRUPT MODE 2 [ENABLE INTERRUPTS ISET DISPLAY MASK ISET DISPLAY MODE ;RET URN

IMIIIWES AND DATA FROM THE INPUT

FOST COMPUTER OR A GRAPHICS M). (ETCH FIRST SETS THE FETCH STATUS FETCH GETS DATA FROM THE CURRENT LR. OTHERWISE, FETCH SETS DATA FROM

INPUT. IN ANY CASE, THE PRIMITIVE N REGISTER A. FETCH FINALLY CLEARS

NONE

MAIN

LCRAM

LP IX

l.REG

LSUL

LSYM

MOV

RCRAfl

RSYN

SYfl

UEC:

UA). r

GLTBK

E U L IX

I Y

PORT 2 POR I 4

GDR15 SLINK SPTR

8 OFF

SET LD OUT BI T JR

b I r

JR

IN

DI

RES

JR

PUSH

PUSH

PUSH

ID

, (IX , < IX 2) , A , ( IX 7 , F E , (IX ,FET , (4)

, <IX +

ETCH2

E

L

Y

, (IX+

+ GDR + GDR

i-SPT TCH1 t-GDR CHO

(RFTURNS DAT Ai (TEMPORARYi (F'OINIER) (POINTER)

( P01N II R) (POINTER.1 I INDEX) (INDEX)

(STATUS) <INPUT!

(STATUS!

(GRAPHICS SUBROUTINE LINKAGE) (GRAPHICS SUBROUTINE POINTER) (GRAPHICS SUBROUTINE OFFSET)

15) ISET FETCH FLAG IS) IGET GDR15

I UPDATE THE STATUS R! I TEST SPTR

I JUMP IF SUBROUTINE 15) : TEST INPUT -INTERRUPT

UUMP IF NO INTERRUPT

IGET DATA FROM HOST

[DISABLE THE INTERRUPTS 15) IRESET INPUT INTERRUPT

[JUMP TO THE EXIT

[SAVE D AND E

ISAVE H AND L

[SAVE IY R) IGET SUB POINTER

Listing 2 continued on page 288

GET AHEAD START ON TOMORROW WITH THE SOFTWARE THAT'S GOING PLACES. THE UCSDp-SYSTEM:"

JULIE ERWIN, Director of Marketing, SofTech Microsystems

UCSD p-System and UCSD Pascal are trademarks of the Regents of the University of California. LSI-11 is a trademark of Digital Equipment Corp.

Our microcomputer software system's going places for good reasons:

We're constantly expanding and developing it. We started with UCSD Pascal,™ added FORTRAN, and we'll be introducing more in the months ahead.

We offer a total development and execution environment, from operating system and cross assemblers to screen editor.

We run on most major microprocessors today: Z80, 8080, 8085, 6502, 6800, 6809,9900 and LSI-11™ And because the UCSD p-System's portable, you can be sure that what you invest in software today is a good investment in tomorrow.

We're going places and gaining in popularity with microcomputer manufacturers, applications developers, and demanding end users. Get a head start on tomorrow by working with a company that knows how to develop professional quality software, and that's committed to delivering it.

Our system's available for distribution licensing or for single-copy sales. With Pascal, it costs $350... with FORTRAN, $400... and with both languages, $550. Documentation sets are $50. Phone orders are welcome, and Visa and Master Card orders are accepted. Write or call for more details.

soqhEH

micRosvsTems

PI SUSSIDIflBV OF SOFTECH

9494 Black Mountain Road, San Diego, CA 92126. (714) 578-6105 TWIX: 910-335-1594

Circle 183 on Inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980

287

Listing 2 continued:

0212 0214 0216 021ft 021C 02 IF 0222 0221. 0227 022ft 02213 022C 022E 022E 0230 0231 0235 02 30 023A 023 (J 02 3 C

02 W

023E 0242 0245 0217 0248 024B 024F 0252 0254

CB23 1600

FD219010 ED 19 FD6E0 0 F06601

odsf:41

1600 DD3441 19 7£

t df.:i

El

01

F5

DDCB0FB6

DD7E0F

D307

FB

I 1

c<?

FS

DDCBOFEE

DD7E0F

D302

F 1

CD5502

DDCBOFAE

007E0F

D302

C9

589 590

591 592 593 594

595 596 597 598 599 600 601 602 603 60', 605 606 60 7 60S

60 9 610

61 1 612 613 614 615 616 617 613 619 620 621 622 623 624

626 627 628 629 630 631 632 6 33

635

63 6 637 638 639 640

64 1 642 643 64 4 645 646 647 64 8 649 650 651 652 633 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663

SLA

E

iMULTIPLY BY TWO

LD

D,0

.-CLEAR POINTER

LD

IY,STRUCT+SLINK

(LOAD SLINK ftDDRESS

ftDD

IY.DE

!ftDD THE OFFSET

1.0

Lf(IY+0)

(BET LOW BYTE OF ENTRY

LD

H,(1Y+1 >

;GET HIBH BYTE OF ENTR

LD

E, (IXM50FF)

(GET OFFSET

LD

D,0

;CLEAR POINTER

INC

(IX+SOFF)

;INCREMENT OFFSET

ftDD

Kt.BE

IftDD OFFSET

LD

ft,<HL)

;GET DATA FROM SUB

POP

1.Y

;RESTORE IY

COP

HI

;RESTORE HL

['OF'

DE

!RESTORE DE

PUSH

AF

(SAVE A AND F

RES

6, (IX1GDR15)

(RESET FETCH HAG

LD

A, < IX K3DFiia>

(GET GDR15

001

( 2 ) , ft

(UPDATE THE STATUS

EI

;ENABLE THE INTERRRUPT

f'OF

AF

; RE ST ORE ft AND E

RET

;RETURN

EXEC »***«****««***«****»**«*»*««»********s**********

EXEC IS THE rami STEP IN EXECUTING ft GRftF'HICS PRIMITIVE. EXECUTE FIRST SETS THE EXECUTE FLAG, THEN CALt S PRIMftT , WHICH JUMPB TO I IIF PR0f'ER PRIMI I 1 VE . AFTER A RETURN FROM THE PRIMITIVE ITSELF, EXEC RESETS THE EXECUTE FLAG AND RE I URNS.

CALLS PRIMAT

CALLED BY MAIN

STRUCTURES

F IX

PORT

cdri:

(TEMPORARY) (TEMPORARY)

<INDEX)

(STATUS)

(SAVE A AND F (SET EXECUTE FLA SOFT GDR15 ;UPDATE THE STAT ; REST ORE A AND F ;CALL PRIMAT ;RESET EXECUTE f IGET THE STATUS ;UPDATE THE STAT IRE TURN

LAG US

PUSH AF

SET 5,(IX+GDR15>

LO A, (IX-!GDR15>

OUT (2),A

POP AF

CALL PRIMAT

RES 5,(IX+GDR15)

LD A,( IX FOUR15)

OUT (2),A

RET

GRAPHICS PRIMITIVES****

PRIMAT mHHHHHHIHSm«mtHH(Hi.-.,i(„>iH

F'RIMAT IS THE SECOND STEP IN EXECUTING ft PRIMITIVE. PRIMftl FIRST DETERMINES THE PRIMITIVE NUMBER FROM THE OP CODE IN REGISTER A, AND PUTS ft F'OINTER TO THIS ADDRESS IN IY. HL IS THEN LOADED WITH THE SUBROUTINE ADDRESS ITSELF, THEN PRIMAT JUMPS TO THIS LOCATION. NOTE THAT A RETURN FROM A PRIMITIVE SUBROUTINE ACTUALLY RETURNS TO EXEC.

CALLS NONE

CALLED BY EXEC

REGISTERS

(E'RIMIT 1VE (POINTER) (POINTER) (POINTER!

0255 0256 0250 025ft 025C 025E 0260 0262 D266 0268 D7 6B 026E

026F U271 0273 02 77 (12 79 027B 027C 027E 0280 0283 0286 02 87 028A 028D 028E 0290 0292 0295 0296 029 9 0 29ft

5F

CB3B

CB3B

CB3B

CB3B

CB23

1600

FD216E00

FD19

FD6E0 0

([16 601

E9

CB5F

2014

FD219010

E60 7

CB27

5F

16 00

FD19

FD6E00

FD6601

E9

217F10

DD5E42

1600

B7

ED52

DD4640

70

DD4641

2B

70

6,64

665 666 667

66 8 669 670

672

6 73 674 675

67 6 6 77 678

6 79 680 6S1

68 3 6S4 635 686 687 686 689 690 691 692 693 694 695 696

69 7 698 699 700 701 702 703 704 705 706

70 7 708 709 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719

20 21 722 723 24 25 726 727 728

7 30 731 732 733 7 34 735 7 36 737 738

L IY

(POINTER) (INDEX)

STRUCTURES

UMAT : LD SRL SRI SRL SRL SLA LO LD ADD ID LD .IP

CALLS ****

RENTER (PRIMITIVE ENTRY POINTS)

t:

E

f

E

D, 0

lY.PENK:

1 Y , DE

L, ( IYhj)

H, (1H 1 )

(HL)

(SAVE A COPY OF A IN F ;SHIFT THE OP ; CODE EIGHT FOUR i BITS TO MAIN IAIN ( THE OFFSET (MULTIPLY BY TWO .'CLEAR THE POINT! R ;LOAD RENTER ADDRESS ;ftDD THE OFFSET IN HL (LOAD LOW BYTE OF SUB iLOAD HIGH BYTE OF SUB (JUMP TO SUBROUTINE

CALLS CALEB A MICROCOMPUTER OR GRAPHICS SUBROUTINE. CALLS FIRST DETERMINES WHAT TYPE OF SUBROUTINE IS BEING CALLED. IF IT IS A MICROCOMPUTER SUBROUTINE, CALLS CALLS [HE PROPER SUBROUTINE AS LINKED BY SLINK. OTHERWISE, CALLS PUSHES SPTR AND SOF! ON THE GRAPHICS SUBROUTINE STACK, AND LOADS THE NEW VALUES FOR SPTR AND SOEF . FUTURE. DATA FROM FETCH THEN COMES FROM THIS GRAPHICS SUBROUTINE UNTIL A RETN IS EXECUTED.

CALLS

CALLED BY REGISTERS

USER (INDIRECTLY, BY GUSER (INDIRECTLY, BY USER SUBUNDIRf CTLY)

DEFAULT) DEFAULT)

PRIMAT

(INDIRECTLY)

A

(PRIMITIVE Of

B

(TEMPORARY)

[)

(TEMPORARY)

E

(TEMPORARY)

H

(POINTER)

I..

(F'OINTER)

IX

(INDEX)

STRUCTURES

BIT

JR

LD

AND

SLA

LD

LD

ADD

LD

LO

JF

LD

ID

I. D

OR

SBC

LD

L.D

[.[)

DEC

LD

NONE

GPC (GRAPHICS STACK POIINTER)

GSTACK (GRAPHICS STACK)

SOFF (GRftF'HICS SUBROUTINE OFFSET)

SLINK (GRAPHICS SUBROUTINE LINKAGE)

SPTR (GRAPHICS SUBROUTINE POINTER)

3,ft (TEST T Bl I IN OP CODE.

NZ,CALLS! (JUMP IF GRAPHICS SUB

IY,STRUCT+6LINK (GET LINK BftSE

0000011 IB (MASK ALL BUT SUB

A ;MULTIPLY BY TWO

E,ft ;SAVE ft IN E

D,0 JCLEAR POINTER

IY,DE JADD OFFSET TO IY

L, (lY-tO) i GET LOW ADDRESS

H,(IYH) ;GET HIGH ADDRESS

(HL) (JUMP TO SUBROUTINE

HL,GSTACK ;LOAD GSTACK ADDRESS

E, (1X1 GPC) (GET GF'C

0,0 JCLEAR F'OINTER

A ;RESET THE CARRY

HL,DE (SUBTRACT POINTER

B, ( IXiSPTR) (LOAD SPTR

<HL),B (PUT SPTR ON GSTACK

B,(IXHSOFF) JLOAD SOEF

HL (UPDATE riTE POINTER

(HL) ,B ;pl.H SOFF ON GSTACK

Listing 2 continued on page 290

FOLLOW THE LEADER

DataStar.1" A general purpose key to disk data entry software package that's way ahead of the pack.

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WordStar. The world leader in microcomputer word processing.

With so many advanced features, isn't it quite obvious? WordStar is a born leader. In fact, more than seven thousand people have purchased WordStar from over 300 dealers around the world. In just the first year! Proof positive that WordStar is the word processing software package for Z-80, 8085 and 8080 microcomputers.

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WordMaster. Its everything you've ever wanted in a video text editor. And more.

WordMaster is so powerful and flexible it can actually double as a word processor. Yet it has all the capabilities you need to enhance your file management needs on a small budget. No wonder it's the path most programmers wish to take.

I/O Master."The economic route to quality printing.

Now you can get better input/ output performance for less money because I/O Master's S-100 board

icroPfo

Leads the way.

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gives you the advantage of using lower cost O.E.M. letter quality printers. Plus you get so many extra features. Like two fully-buffered serial ports, so you'll never have to worry about keystrokes and data ever getting lost again.

So, when it comes to high quality/performance, look to MicroPro to lead the way. And then follow, follow, follow!

Listing 2 continued:

K

0298

ESOF

8

D29D

007740

02A0

00:5641

r

02A4

DD3442

02A7

0034 4 2

i

CI :■■ A A

C9

i

^

M

JO

8

©

ra

z

<r

r

02AB

CB47

132AD

2320

02AF

FE1D

0281

200?

02B3

0630

0285

21001C

02B8

CD9A08

0286

E 9

02EC

0610

02BE

E60C

02C0

CB2?

02C2

C627

02C4

6F

Q2C5

2600

oecy

11001C

02CA

19

02CB

CD9AD8

02CE

C?

B2Cf

FE1C

0201

202 7

B2D3

CDEOOi

0206

E60F

0208

6F

02DV

2601]

0 2DB

11001C

020 K

19

0201

38

02E0

5 4

02E1

F02100C

02£5

FD.19

0 2E7

CDED01

02EA

FD7700

0 2t. D

t DEW))

02F0

ED/710

B2F3

CDED01

0 2F6

FD7720

02FV

C9

02EA

0601

02FC

L60G

0 2FE

CB27

7 4 0 7 41 742 74 3 744 74S

74 8 74? 750 751 752 753 754 755 756 757 758 75? 760 761 762 7 63 764 76 5 766 767 768 76 9 770 771 772 7 73 7 74 7 75 776 777 7 78 7 7 ? 780 781 782 78 3 7 84 735 786

78 7 788 78?

7 90 7?1 792

79 3 794 795 796

79 7 798 79? 800 301 807

80 3 804 305

8 06 SO 7 800 30? 810 311. 812 813

AND

00001 111B

LO

< IX + SF'TR)

LB

(IX+SOFF)

] HC

<IX*8PC>

INC RF..T

(IX:BPC)

jand all bui su (UPDATE SPTR

J UPDATE SOFF SINCREFIEKT GF'C J INCREMENT BPC

;R[. [URN

LCRAM

LCRAM LOADS TFIE COLOR RAMS. LCRAfi FIRST DETERMINES IF A SINGLE OR AIL COLOR RAMS ARE TO BE LOADED. IE A SINGLE COLOR RAM IS 10 BE LOADED. THE ENTIRE RAM OR A SINGLE ADDRESS OF THAT RAM IS TO BE LOADED. OTHERWISE, ALL THREE COLOR RAWS ARE EITHER ENTIRELY LOADED, OR A SINGLE ADDRESS IN ALL THREE IS LOADED.

CAL L 8

REGISTERS

FETCH GETBLK

FTTMAT (INDIRECTLY)

I/O

NONE.

STRUCTURES CRO

CR1

CR2

BIT

JR

CP

JR

LD

LD

CALL

RET

LD

AND

SLA

SLA

LI)

LD

LI)

ADD

CALL

RET

CP

JR

CALL

AND

LD

LD

LD

ADD

LD

LD

LD

ADD

CALL

LD

CALL

I...D

CALL

LD

RET

LD

AND

SLA

0,A

Z,LCRAM1

000111018

NZ,LCRAMO

B,48

HL.CRQ

GETBLK

B, 1 6

00001100B

A

A

L ,A

H,0

BE,CRO

HL.DE GETBLK

00011100B

NZ.LCRAM2

FETCH

0000111 IB

L, A

H,0

DE.CRO

HL,DE

E , L

0, H

1 Y , 0

IY,DE

FETCH

(IYMj) ,

FETCH

(IY+1/

[ E rc>!

(IY*32

,A

'i> . A

(PRIMITIVE C

(COUNTER)

(TEMPORARY)

(TEMPORARY)

(POINTER)

(POINTER)

(INDEX)

(COLOR RAM 0! (COLOR RAM 1) (COLOR RAM 2)

:;ode )

;TEST SINGLE BIT

;JUMP IF SINGLE

;TEST FOR ALL

JJUMP IF NOT ALL

JSET COUNT OF 48 BYTES

JSET START ADDRESS

J CAL I. GETBLK

;RETURN

;SET C0UN1 OF 16 BYTES

;mask OFF OPCODE

;SHIFT OFFSET

;SHIFT OFFSET

J SAVE. OFFSET

JCLEAR POINTER

;GET START ADDRESS

;ADD TO OFFSET

JCALL GETBLK

;RETURN

jtest for all jjump if not all

;0E.l OFFSET

J MASK ALL BUT OFFSET

J8AVE. OFFSET

JCLEAR POINTER

(BET START ADDRESS

;AD!) TO OFFSET

; REST ORE. 1 OW BYTE

JRESIORE HIGH BYTE

:CLEAR INDEX

J MOVE POINTER In INDEX

;GET DATA

B , 1

000011 GOB A

J LOAD DATA IN

CRO

jget DATA

J LOAD DA FA IN

CR1

rGET DATA

JLOAD DATA IN

CR2

;return

FSET COUNT OF

1 BYTE

J MASK ALL BUT

OF FSET

;SHIFT OFFSET

03 00

CB27

0302

6E

0303

2600

0 5 05

CDED01

0 308

F.60F

0.3 0 A

85

0 3 OB

6f

030C

noon:

0 3 OF

19

0310

CD9A08

0 3 1'..',

C?

0316 0318 031A 0 311) 0321

0327 0 329 032B 0 3 2D 032F 0331 0333 0 3 35 0338 033A 0330 03 3F 0342

1E00 1600

E.6 0F

OD/7',3

DDCB433E

DDCB',33E

CB5F

2821

CB57

281?

CB4F

20 OE

CB47

280 5

DD7E03

1808

0D7E02

180 3

CDED01

CD390A

B14 815 816 817 81 B 819 820 821 822 823 824

826 827 828 82? 830 831 832 833 834 835 836

83 7 838 33?

84 0 341 84 2 843 844

84 6

84 7 848 84? 850 851 852 853 854 855 856

85 7 858 359 84 0 861 862 863

86 4 865 366 867 368 869 8 70 871 372 873 874 8 75 876 877 873 8 79 88 0 881 882 883 83 4 885 33 6 887 838

SLA

A

LD

L, A

1. D

Fl , 0

CALL

FETCH

AND

0000111 IB

ADD

A , 1...

LO

L,A

LD

DE.CRO

ADD

HI ,DE

CALL

GETBLK

RET

! shift.offset

j save a in l

jclear pointer

ji3et offset

j mask all but offset

jadd offset

jSAVE of f set

;get start address

;add offset

jget data

LP IX

refer

PIXEL

L0ADE

COLOR

LPIX

LOADE

OTHER

LOAD

REOUE

SET ,

GRAPH

X AND

THE

A TIM

REFER

LOADE

ORIGI

LOA ENC

AT

D I

0

FIR

D

WIS REG STE AND ICE

Y, RIt E. ENC D N

PIXEL DATA

LPIX CAN 1.

Y, OR AN EN

EITHER THE

AS SPECIFIC

CHECKS TO

SO, LPIX L

LPIX SETS

STED. NEXT,

IF THE COL

HE APF'ROPRI

ISPLAY RESI

ND PROCEDES

OF THE DIS

IP IS CALLE

TO SEE IF T

IX 18 COMF1

FETCH CASE CLIP POKE

ACC OAD 1IRE PRIM D IN SEE OADS A FL

LPI OR D ATE GTER

TO PLAY D IF HAT ETED

OR 1)1 EITH

VIE ARY

THE IF 0

THE AG I X DE OE

COLO S. N LOAD

TO

TFIE POIN

WHE

m to i

ER FULL

WPORT.

COLOR,

DATA W NLY A S

APPROP F THERE TERMINE NOT FOI R IS LO EXT, LP

THE FT THE TOP RE IS A T WILL N X AND

HE GIVEN

FRAME, ONE THE PIXELS ARE. THE SECONDARY H1CH FOLLOWS. INGLE POINT IS R1ATE COLOR.

IS A FULL FRAME S WHAT COLOR IS LOW, A FLAG IS ADED FROM THE IX CLEARS BOTH XELS FROM , ONE LINE AT

VIEWPORT ACTUALLY BE

Y RECYCLE TO THE

CALLED BYREGISTERS

PRIMA! (INDIRECTLY)

STRUCTURES

LD

LD

AND

LD

SRL

SRL

BIT

JR

BIT

JR

BIT

JR

BIT

JR

LD

JR

LD

JR

CALL

CALL

LPIXU LPIX2:

A B C D E IX

NONE

8RD0 GDR1 GDR2 G0R3 REF

E, 0 D, 0

0 Oil 01 1 11 (IX+REF) < IX + REF) (IX+REF) 3 , A Z.LPIX4

Z, LPIX3

1 ,A

NZ,LFTX1 U , A

Z.LPIXO A, (IX-iG LPIX A, (IX+G LP IX 2 FETCH POKE

(PRIMITIVE OP CODE, TEMPORARY)

(CASE)

(CLIP SUCCESS FLAG)

(FULL FRAME FLAG)

(COLOR FOLLOWS FLAG!

(INDEX)

(X) (Y )

DR3) DR2)

(PRIMARY COLOR) (SECONDARY COLOR! (REFERENCE)

; CLEAR COLOR F01..1 0W8 ;CLEAR FULL FRAME ;CLEAR OP CODE JSAVE REFERENCE ,' ADJUST REFERENCE ;ADJUST REFERENCE JTEST REFERENCE JJUMP IF VIEWPORT REF J TEST REFERENCE JJUMP IF FULL FRAME J TEST COLOR FOLLOWS JJUMP IF COLOR FOLLOWS JTEST COLOR TYPE JJUMP IF PRIMARY COLOR J LOAD SECONDARY COLOR JJUMP AROUND FETCH J LOAD PRIMARY COLOR JJUMP AROUND FITCH JGET THE COLOR DATA J POKE THE COLOR AT XI

Listing 2 continued on page 292

Circle 185 on inquiry card.

Circle 184 on inquiry card.

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2. FUNCTION KEYS. SYSTEM 2 allows 12 keys to be programmed to represent one or more characters or up to several lines of tent each1 After a key is programmed, by simply hitting key. all the text is sent to the processor |U3t as if you typed it in on the keyboard' function keys may be used in all modes of operation, including the editor This feature is handy tor lengthy andlor often used commands and may include multiple statements.

3. RENUMBERING ROUTINE. With a single keystroke your program is renumbered. Starling line number and increment may be changed.

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OTHER FEATURES

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BYTE November 1980

291

MNEMONIC NAME

CALL

call subroutine

LCRAM

load color memory

LPIX

load pixel

LREG

load register load subroutine

LSUB

LSYM

load symbol

MOV

move

RCRAM

read color memory

RET

return

RPIX

read pixel

RREG

read register

RSUB

read subroutine

RSYM

read symbol

SYM

display symbol

VEC

draw a vector

WAIT

wait

Table 2: Quick reference guide to the

primitives

defined for Micrograph.

Although the minimum set of instruc

tions need

only include a point

positioning

primitive and a vector

drawing primitive, added flexibility of

extra functions is used to remove pro

cessing burden from the host system.

Text continued from page 278: features, such as clipping and antialiasing, can be readily implemented at the primitive level without the addition of other instructions. Such features can be treated as system parameters, selectable through the load-register primitive. In figure 5, a sample of the images produced by these primitives is shown. (Also see listing 1.)

One last item that must be discussed is error processing. For any implementation of the primitives, the display processor must be able to detect, report, and possibly recover from errors such as invalid primitives or an error in a called user subroutine. Of course, this error processing is highly implementationdependent, but does not affect the structures of our primitives. However, several of these primitives can be used to aid the host computer in error processing, such as the readregister and read-pixel primitives.

So far the characteristics of interactive computer-graphics systems have been examined, focusing on a comparison of the features of calligraphic and raster-scan display processors. A set of primitive instructions for the control of a color raster-scan display processor have been developed.

Next month, Part 2 of this article will concern the hardware design of Micrograph, a microprocessor-based peripheral which implements these primitives. ■

isting 2

continued:

a 3 4 5

C9

889

RET

;RETURN

03 4 6

1601

890

LP 1X3:

LD

0.1

:SET EULL FRAME FLAG

one

1E03

891

JR

LPIX5

;JUMP AROUND CASE

034A

CDA007

892

LPIX4:

CALL

CASE

;FIND VIEWPORT CASE

0340

DD360000

893

LPIX5:

LD

(IX+GDRD)

, 0

:CLEAR X

03 Si

DD360100

894

LD

(IX+GDR1)

,0

;CLEAR Y

0355

CB4f

895

BIT

1 ,A

;TEST COLOR FOLLOWS

0 35 7

20QE

896

JR

NZ.LPIX7

;JUMP IF COLOR FOLLOWS

0359

1E01

897

LD

E, 1

;SET COLOR FLAG

035B

CB4 7

898

BIT

0,A

;TEST COLOR TYPE

B3SD

2805

899

JR

Z.LPIX6

;JUMP If PRIMARY COLOR

Q3SF

DD7E03

90 0

LD

A,(IX+GDR3)

;L0AD SECONDARY COLOR

0362

1603 DD7E02

901 902

LP 1X6:

JR LD

LPIX7

} y

;JUMP TO LOOP

0 364

A, < IX+GDR

JL0AD PRIMARY COLOR

036?

CB4 3

903

LP 1X7:

BIT

0,E

;TEST COLOR FOLLOWS

0369

2(303

904

JR

NZ.LPIXB

[JUMP IF COLOR PRESENT

0 3 6B

CDED01

9 05

CALL

FETCH

:GET DATA

0361:1

C B 4 2

906

LPIX8:

BIT

0.D

JTEST FULL FRAME

0 3 70

2007

9 07

JR

NZ.LPIX9

iJUMP If FULL FRAME

0372

CDEF07

908

CALL

CLIP

;CHECK FOR CLIP

0 3 75

CB4 1

909

BIT

0,C

:TEST SUCCESS

037?

2303

910

JR

Z.LPIX10

fJUMP IF CLIPPED

0 3 ? 9

CD390A

911

LPIX9:

CALL

POKE

;P0KE THE DATA

B37C

DD3400

912

LPIX10

. INC

(IX+GDR0!

!INCREMENT X

0 3 7F

20E6

91 3

JR

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INCREMENT Y

0384

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915

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0386

C9

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,

RET

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918 919

; LREG

*****

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920

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References

1. "Chip Controls CRT Attributes." £/ectronics, June 1978.

2. "Chip Generates 16 Colors." Electronics, November 1978.

3. "Color Displays to Pace Computer Graphics Market." Mini-Micro Systems, February 1979.

4. Computer, IEEE Society, January 1979.

5. Computer Graphics, SIGGRAPH-ACM, June 1978.

6. Course notes from "Computer Graphics" taught by Dr Steven Levine, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Anaheim CA, October 1978. They are available from Integrated Computer Systems Inc, 3404 Pico Blvd, Santa Monica, CA.

7. Crow, Franklin W. "The Aliasing Problem in Computer Generated Shaded Images." Communications of the ACM, November 1977.

8. Denning, P J. ACM Computing Survey, December 1978. This is a special issue on graphics standards.

9. James, L P. "An Engineering Survey of Graphics Display Systems." An unpublished Computer Science Corporation (Vandenberg AFB) document, March 1979.

10. Judice, Charles N. "Processing Signals for Digital Display." Bell Laboratory Record, Bell Telephone Laboratory, March 1976.

11. Manufacturers' literature from "Computer Graphics" course taught by Dr Steven Levine. See reference 6 above.

12. Newman, W, and R. Sproull, Principles of Interactive Computer Graphics. New

York: McGraw-Hill, 1973.

13. Schrack, G F. "Current Literature in Computer, Graphics and Interactive Techniques." Computer Graphics, SIGGRAPH-ACM, December 1978.

14. Walker, B, S; Gurd, J, R; and Drawnek, E, A. Interactive Computer Graphics. New York: Crane Russak, 1973.

BYTE's Bugs

Feeling Listless

The performance of a program in the Technical Forum "Some More on Performance Evaluation," by Carl Helmers (July 1980 BYTE, page 216) suffered from one error of substitution and one error of omission.

Listing 1 on page 217, a program submitted by Charles Porter, should contain two lines as follows:

105 IF X = L THEN 120 110 IF A(X) = 0 THEN 100 ELSE 90

Thanks to Martin Berman of Teaneck, New Jersey, for pointing this out.B

292 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Omikron's Accounting Software

Ve made our reputation with our Mapper systems. One year ago we told TRS-80 Mod I owners that they could have standard CP/M, 8" drives, compatibility with the Mod II, the ability to transfer files from TRSdos to CP/M or run Newdos80, the TRSdos compatible operating system, with 8" and 5" drives all on line at once. Most of the readers said "too good to be true" and it was only the slowly spreading word (plus some excellent reporting — see August Byte column by Jerry Pournelle) that convinced you it worked.

Here we go again! A field-proven, fully Integrated accounting package with selfinstructive documentation for $350.00. Too

good to be true ? A General Ledger which has been running in the real world long enough to shake out the bugs and has sold for many times our price of $100.00. Too good to be true ? Ok, if we have to, we can wait for the word to spread. But just to get the ball rolling—let me give you the particulars:

REQUIREMENTS:

Computer- 48K z80/8080 Printer— 132 columns Video — 80 x 24 or 16 x 64 w/scrolling Storage — 2 disk units 250 kbytes each Language — Microsoft Basic O/S- CP/M

BENEFITS: This is not another re-write of the Osborne packages but a professionally produced and marketed set of accounting software originally produced for the Mits/Altair machine. It has been tested and debugged in actual use. It comes with sample data and a manual designed for self-instruction. They are thoughtfully designed, interactive programs with clear prompts for ease of operation. Source code and documentation to aid in customization are also included.

INTERESTED? Write or call for our free brochure. It may sound too good to be true, but we've heard that before. Risk a stamp—our Mapper customers were glad they did.

Too good to be true?

*CF/M is a TM of Digital Research. TRS 80 is a TM of Tandy Corporation.

Circle 188 on inquiry card.

y^qRk on tfoe y [iqicorp

presents:

Aroethc/st

a multi-faceted

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Amethyst is a user-extensible text processing system based on MIT Emacs Its powerful yet easy-to-learn command set provides convenient screen editing of both „ .

programs and documents The Amethyst command set can be added to or modified to suit personal preferences.

Amethyst, first of the Gemstones. is a professionally crafted program in a series that represents a firm commitment to user support. Ongoing program updates, a newsletter, and a telephone hotline for bug fixes and custom code modifications, are an integral part of each Gemstone Documentation for Amethyst includes not |ust multiple user s manuals, but also a program logic manual and related theoretical materials

A48k CP M with a cursor addressable display is required Amethyst is written in C, and the BDS C compiler is included to provide for simple reconfiguration of the system Amethyst is available on 8" soft sector diskettes, other formats soon

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CP M is a registered trade mark of Digital Research

'350

779 UPPER CASE/lower case "Conversion Kit I"

Expand the capabilities of your 779 line printer to include word processing!! Available to all Centronics 779 and TRS 80 Printer I owners is the option of lower case and changing slash 0 zero to standard 0. No etch cuts or soldering needed, installs in minutes with a screwdriver. No program modification or additional interface is required. price $125.00

UPPER/LOWER CASE NOW AVAILABLE FOR THE FOLLOWING CENTRONICS PRINTERS:

101AL, 102BL, 306, 500, 501, 503, 700, 701, 702, 703, 780, 781.

Motor control "conversion kit ii"

FOR ALL CENTRONICS 779 & TRS 80 PRINTER I UNE PRINTERS!!

Our "Conversion Kit II" Motor Controller gives your 779 the ability to turn the motor on and off automatically. Removes the annoying noise of constant run, increasing the life span of your 779 and TRS 80 line printer motor! No soldering, software or hardware changes needed, installs easily. price $95.00

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(603) 883-5369 Visa and Master Charge accepted (please include signature, expiration date and phone number).

Circle 189 on inquiry card.

Circle 190 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980

293

THE ORIGINAL MAGAZINE FOR OWNERS OF THE TRS-80™* MICROCOMPUTER

SOFTWARE

FOR TRS-80™

OWNERS

H

CQIYIPJTRQWICS

MONTHLY NEWSMAGAZINE

Practical Support For Model I & II

MONTHLY

NEWSMAGAZINE

FOR TRS-80 "

OWNERS

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS BUSINESS

GAMBLING • GAMES EDUCATION PERSONAL FINANCE BEGINNERS CORNER NEW PRODUCTS SOFTWARE EXCHANGE MARKET PLACE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS PROGRAM PRINTOUTS AND MORE

Or

PROGRAMS AND ARTICLES PUBLISHED IN OUR FIRST 12 ISSUES INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING:

A COMPLETE INCOME TAX PROGRAM (LONG AND SHORT FORM)

INVENTORY CONTROL

STOCK MARKET ANALYSIS

WORD PROCESSING PROGRAM (FOR DISK OR CASSETTE)

LOWER CASE MODIFICATION FOR YOUR VIDEO MONITOR OR PRINTER

PAYROLL (FEDERAL TAX WITHHOLDING PROGRAM)

EXTEND 16 DIGIT ACCURACY TO TRS-80'" FUNCTIONS (SUCH AS

SQUARE ROOTS AND TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS)

NEW DISK DRIVES FOR YOUR TRS-80"

PRINTER OPTIONS AVAILABLE FOR YOUR TRS-80'"

A HORSE SELECTION SYSTEM***AR1THMETIC TEACHER

COMPLETE MAILING LIST PROGRAMS (BOTH FOR DISK OR CASSETTE

SEQUENTIAL AND RANDOM ACCESS)

RANDOM SAMPLING***BAR GRAPH

CHECKBOOK MAINTENANCE PROGRAM

LEVEL II UPDATES***LEVEL I! INDEX

CREDIT CARD INFORMATION STORAGE FILE

BEGINNER'S GUIDE TO MACHINE LANGUAGE AND ASSEMBLY

LANGUAGE

LINE RENUMBERING

AND CASSETTE TIPS. PROGRAM HINTS. LATEST PRODUCTS

COMING SOON (GENERAL LEDGER. ACCOUNTS PAYABLE AND

RECEIVABLE. FORTRAN 80, FINANCIAL APPLICATIONS PACKAGE.

PROGRAMS FOR HOMEOWNERS, MERGE TWO PROGRAMS.

STATISTICAL AND MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMS (BOTH

ELEMENTARY AND ADVANCED) . . AND

WORD PROCESSING PROGRAM (Cassette or Disk) For writing letters, text, mailing lists, etc., with each new subscriptions or renewal.

LEVEL II RAM TEST (Cassette or Disk) Checks random access memory to ensure that all memory locations are working properly.

DATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (Cassette or Disk) Complete file management for your TRS-80'"

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ADVENTURE (Cassette or Disk) Adventure #0 by Scott Adams (From Adventureland International) . trsso'- is a trademark of Tandy CORP

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294 BYTE November 1980

Circle 191 on inquiry card.

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Over 100 pages of indespensible information for disk owners. Learn to recover information from bad disks, how to make Basic programs unlistable! and 12 more chapters of never published tips and information. Written by H.C. Pennington. (For all Disk Owners). $22.50^

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- DMS replace index cards or any data requiring long lists of information. TBS In-Memory Information System (For Cassette Systems) $39.95

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Personal Software CCA Data Management System...Completely user oriented, menu drive. 130 page Step By Step Manual...Capable of inventor/ control, sorting data, reporting data in nearly any form (for reports and mailing labels). Sorts data by up to 10 fields forzip code, balance due, geographic location or whatever. Prints reports with subtotals and totals automatically calculated. Fast random access $75.00

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• DOSORT - All GSF. commands plus special Multiple Disk Sorting Routines $34.95 (Specify 32K or 48K)

• INFINITE BASIC - Adds 70 commands to your TRS-80'" including Instant Sort. Matrix Commands, String Commands, Left and Right Justification, String Centering, Simultaneous Equations, Upper and Lower Case Reverse and more. (For Cassette or Disk) $49.95

• INFINITE BUSINESS (Requires Infinite Basic) Eliminate Round-off error, 127-Digit Calculation Accuracy. Insert New Elements in Sorted Arrays, Automatic Page Headings, Footings and Pagination, Multiple Precision Arithmetic and more. (For Cassette or Disk) $29.95

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RSM-2D Disk Version of RSM-2 $29.95

DCV-1 Converts Machine Language Programs from tape to disk $9.95

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$14.95 BARRICADE - A fast pong style game $14.95 CPM - (For Disk Only) $150.00

TRS-232 INTERFACE - Interface with Software driver RS-232 printers to your TRS-80'" $49.95 TRS-232 FORMATTER - Additional (optional) Software for TRS-232 owners Adds many printer commands to your TRS-80'" $14.95

(With purchase of TRS-232) $9.95

PENMOD - Use the Electric Pencil with RS's lower case modification $19.95

FROM GALACTIC SOFTWARE

MAIL PAC - For Model I Disk Systems

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CHECKBOOK REGISTER ACCOUNTING

SYSTEM (Requires 2 disk drives) $75.00 LIBRARY 100 - 100 established business, game and educational programs plus FREE Tiny Pilot all for $49.50

BASIC TOOL KIT - Lists all variables, GOTO's and GOSUB's in your program $19.80

SOUNDWARE - Adds sound to your TRS-80'" Just plus it in $29.95

Sample programs included TING TONG - Can be used with Soundware for a Sound version of pong $9.95

VIC - The Carta Visual Instructional

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The Level II 16K Cassette is designed to teach beginners the Basics of Machine Language and Assembly Language Programming See every Machine Language Instruction Display on your video. VIC includes Step By Step 55 page manual

VISTA V80 DISK DRIVE

11 OK Of Storage $395.00

Add $29.95 for Cable (Free with purchase of 2-Disk Drives). 10 day money back guarantee.

FROM HOWE SOFTWARE MON-3 - Machine Language Programming for beginners. MON-3 is a complete System Monitor with Users Manual $39.95

MON-4 - Disk Version of MON-3 $49.95

FROM MICROSOFT

• LEVEL III BASIC $49.95

Now Cassette owners can add Disk Commands to their TRS-80'" without owning a Disk Drive

• MICROSOFT DISK ADVENTURE $29.95

• TRSDOS BASIC COMPILER $195.00

Run Basic Programs up to 15 times faster.

NEC BUSINESS QUALITY PRINTERS

(For MOD-I or MOD-II) $2,995.00

THE ELECTRIC PENCIL

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Disk

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• HORSE SELECTOR II By Dr. Hal Davis

The TRS-80'" version updated for the TRS-80'" and originally reviewed in Systems and Methods $50.00

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MAIL PAC $199.95

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MICROSOFT BASIC $325.00

GSF SORT ROUTINE $50.00

CP/M $170.00 PEACHTREE BUSINESS

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WORD STAR $495.00

BYTE November 1980 295

A General Interpolating Graphics Package for the TRS-80

D K Cohen and Devon Crowe

Bell Technical Operations Corp

1050 E Valencia Rd

Tucson AZ 85706

If you've ever tried creating graph displays with the Radio Shack TRS-80, then you know that the task can be time-consuming. If you haven't tried, you can look forward to the fact that axes must be generated and labelled, and data must be plotted using the awkward screen coordinates of Level II BASIC. After all this has been done, the resulting graph usually is not continuous, but has annoying holes in it. But don't despair, because with our simple package that may be implemented as a subroutine plotting X, Y coordinate relations or geometric figures is easy.

In order to use this plotting package effectively, we suggest that you work through each example given. After implementing this package, TRS-80 users should be able to plot any analytic function or set of x and corresponding y values efficiently. This package will allow you to draw axes in the correct quadrant(s) and label them with chosen titles. Tic marks displayed at user-determined intervals, and maximum and minimum values displayed at the correct positions on the graph are also easy to accomplish.

Basic Plotting

The plotting package is divided into two subroutines. The interpolating subroutine (see listing 1)

With this package, TRS-80 users should be able to plot any analytic function.

plots the functibn (or coordinate pairs),interpolating between the points to produce a continuous curve. The resulting curve may be easily displayed at any position of the screen by changing at most four parameters. The program takes care of all scaling problems, and parameters are specified through the use of additional BASIC statements inserted at the front of the subroutine.

To begin this demonstration, suppose you desire to plot the cost of heating a home as a function of the monthly period, displayed in the upper right-hand corner of the screen.

(This is done to leave space for other information you may desire to display.) In order to have the graph confined to the desired position, you must specify a viewport. For this plotting routine, consider the screen to be divided into one hundred horizontal units and forty vertical units. The bottom left corner corresponds to the screen coordinate (0,0). (See figure 1.) To display the graph in the right-hand corner, the horizontal coordinates should be from 50 to 100, and the vertical coordinates should be from 20 to 40. Thus, to set this viewport, the reader must specify the four variables, Zl, Z2, Wl, W2. For this example the viewport variables should be set as follows:

Zl

=

100

Z2

=

50

Wl

=

40

W2

=

20

The next step is to set up the x and corresponding y arrays. For example, if during the month of January the heating cost was $80, the first x element would be 1 (for the month) and

296 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 192 on inquiry card.

Are you ready

for the Z8OOO microprocessor

revolution?

Zilog's generation-ahead, 16-bit, Z8000 is changing the way systems manufacturers and designers think about microprocessing. Now there's an easy way for you to learn everything you need to know to stay on top of this powerful new technology. Enroll today in Zilog's five-part, home-study seminar on

Z8000 architecture for the advanced engineer.

Learn the details of the Z8000's 16-bit architecture, techniques of memory management, methods for interfacing memory and peripherals, proper handling of interrupts and traps, and use of the Z8000's powerful instruction set.

You study at your own pace at home. Each test is individually graded and critiqued. Total cost for all course materials and tests is $39. Enroll today. Become your company's expert on the microprocessor technology of the future. Upon completion of the course, every registrant gets a colorful Captain Zilog T-shirt! Allow four weeks for CHAR \ receipt of your first lesson.

ON

Zilog

Training and Education Department C2 10460 Bubb Road, Cupertino, CA 95014

Enroll me today in the 1980 Zilog Z8000 Architecture Course.

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Make check payable to: Zilog, Inc.

Please charge my □ Mastercharge or □ Visa account:

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Expiration date

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An Affiliate of EJ^ON ENTERPRISES INC. BUSINESS ADDRESS

NAME

COMPANY NAME

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BILLING ADDRESS (as shown on charge card.) NAME

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Boards forS-100 BUS from S.C. Digital

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"INTERFACE: 1"

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S229 Assembled and Tested S169 Kit

Features: Model 3SPC

• 3 Serial w RS232C or 20ma Current Loop. 1 Parallel. • 4K of EPROM/ROM and 4K of RAM (ROM/RAM not supplied}. • Built in Kansas City Standard Cassette interface usable to 1200 Baud. • Generates all popular baud rates up to 19.2Kbaud, including 110& 134.5. * SW settable Address. Baud Rates. Ports.

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DISK DRIVE WOES? PRINTER INTERACTION?

MEMORY LOSS? ERRATIC OPERATION?

DON'T BLAME THE SOFTWARE!

ISO-1 ^\J ISO-2

Power Line Spikes, Surges & Hash could be the culprit! Floppies, printers, memory & processor often interact! Our unique ISOLATORS eliminate equipment interaction AND curb damaging Power Line Spikes, Surges and Hash. •ISOLATOR (ISO-1 A) 3 filter isolated 3-prong sockets; integral Surge/Spike Suppression; 1875 W Maximum load,

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Circle 193 on inquiry card.

Circle 194 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980

297

the y element would be 80 (for the cost). Table 1 is a hypothetical set of data to be graphed. The arrays that will contain the data are AX and AY. Thus, for this example, the following BASIC statements should be inserted at the beginning of the subroutine:

FOR 1 = 1 TO 12

READ AX(I)

READ AY(I)

NEXT I

DATA 1,80,2,90,3,75,4,50,5, 45,6,45,7,50,8,80, 9,70,10,65,11,70,12,80

The_ next variables specify the dimension of the arrays to be graphed. In this example, the minimum dimension TI is 1, the maximum dimension TA is 12, and the separation between the array points IN to be plotted is 1. (For example, if you wanted to plot the cost of heating for every other month, IN would be 2.) Therefore, you must include the following BASIC statements:

TI = 1 TA = 12 IN = 1

You can extend the usefulness and data entry speed of your TRS-80 by giving it the graphics and menu capabilities of the Bit Pad One digitizer.

With the Bit Pad and proper software, you can generate schematic diagrams; describe sales curves to your computer; enter alphanumeric information by merely touching printed letters on a menu, or enter order or

inventory information by merely checking boxes on printed forms.

Bit Pad One, complete with stylus, specially designed plug-in TRS-80 interface and power supply cost just slightly over $1,000.

If you don't have a digitizer, you are restricting your TRS-80's abilities. We'll gladly send you a list of distributors who have the Bit Pad One.

35 Brentwood Avenue, Fairfield, CT 06430, (203)384-1344

Now, Bit Pad One digitizer makes it easy to add graphics capability to your TRS-80!

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U

v Jw| X | "^P

The final variable to be specified, Si, determines the resolution, or how well the points are connected in the graph. The value of Si needed to fully connect all the points depends strongly on the size of the viewport and the number of array points to be plotted. A little experimentation with Si is necessary to obtain the desired effect. For this demonstration: Si = 0.01. After specifying the parameters above, the user is now ready to run the program.

After execution, the results should be as presented in figure 2. To change the viewport, simply change the values in the viewport variables. Figure 3 shows the result when the viewport variables are as follows:

Zl

=

100

Z2

=

0

Wl

=

40

W2

=

0

If you desire to plot the cost of heating for every other month, simply change IN to 2. The results of this change are shown in figure 4.

Adding Axes

At this point, it would be nice to have the axes drawn and labeled. This can be done by specifying four axis parameters for use by the axisdrawing subroutine in listing 2. The first two parameters to be defined are the string variables AX$ and AY$, which define the x axis and the y axis labels respectively. For this example the x axis should be labeled "month" and the y axis should be labeled "cost." Thus, the two BASIC statements that must be executed are:

AX$ = AYS =

"MONTH" " COST"

The final two parameters specify the separation of the tic marks on the axes. In the example, set Cl (the xaxis tic-mark-separation variable) to 1 for a tic mark every month. Set C2 (the y-axis tic-mark-separation variable) to 5 for a tic mark at every $5.00 increment. Thus, the following BASIC statements must be executed:

Cl =1 C2 =5

After execution, the results should be

Text continued on page 310

298 November 1980 © BYTE Publications tac

Circle 195 on inquiry card.

Circle 196 on Inquiry card.

A REFURBISHED ASCII TERMINAL OFFERED FOR THE FIRST TIME TO SMALL BUSINESS AND PERSONAL COMPUTER USERS.

The AJ 630. For just $495 you can have a quiet thermal printer terminal.

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And the AJ 630 gives you a lot of features for interactive timesharing, data entry/retrieval, and communications.

• A wide carriage—up to 140 characters per line

• Built-in lamp for paper illumination

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• 128-character ASCII code set

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• Selectable 110, 150, or 300 bps operation

• Desktop portability

• 30-day warranty on parts and labor

Perhaps best of all, the AJ 630 is quiet. You can use it anywhere without disturbing anyone—in the office or at home. And we'll make it easy for you to pay—with cash, certified check, Master Charge, or Visa.

Call toll-free for more information and details on our 10-day money back guarantee:**

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* Plus $50 for transportation, terminal checkout, and one 15" four hundred foot roll of paper. "Excluding checkout charge of $50.

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See Us At

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MARKET CHARTER,

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• Hard Copy of the Charts and Data

• Comparison Charts

• Weekly & Daily Stock Histories available

• User Oriented

• User can create and update the Data base

• Many Satisfied Users

MARKET CHARTER Retails for $129.95. Manual, Demo Diskette and Stock Histories are available separately. Call or write for information on new offering in the financial field.

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Dealer Inquiries Invited

Circle 197 on inquiry card.

Circle 198 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980

299

Listing 1: The interpolating subroutine. Written in TRS-80 Level II BASIC, this routine plots points on the screen from an array specified by the user. BASIC statements are inserted before the routine is run to create the desired array and, thus, the desired image.

10000 Z2 = Z2 + 25

10005 W2 = W2 + 5

10010 IF Z2>Z1 THEN Z3 = Z2 ELSE GOTO 10025

10015 Z2 = Z1

10020 Z1=Z3

10025 IF W2>W1 THEN W3 = W2 ELSE GOTO 10040

10030 W2 = W1

10035 W1=W3

10040 Y1 = -1.0E38

10045 Y2 = 1.0E38

10050 X1=Y1

10055 X2 = Y2

10060 FOR I = TI TO TA STEP IN

10065 IF YKAY(I)THEN Y1=AY(I)

10070 IF Y2>AY(I) THEN Y2 = AY(I)

10075 IFX1<AX(I)THENX1=AX(I)

10080 IF X2>AX(I) THEN X2 = AX(I)

10085 NEXT I

10090 IF Yl =Y2 THEN Yl = 1.001 «Y1

10095 IF XI =X2 THEN XI =1.001 -XI

10100 A = (X1-X2)/(Z1-Z2)

10105 B = (Y1-Y2)/(W1-W2)

10110 FOR I = TI TO TA STEP IN

10115 SET((Z2 + (AX(I)-X2)/A), (47-((AY(I)-Y2)/B + W2)))

10120 Q = I + IN

10125 IF Q>TA GOTO 10165

10130 IF AX(I)>AX(Q) THEN SS= -SI ELSE SS = S1

10135 FOR J = AX(I)TO AX(Q) STEP SS

10140 IF AX(I) = AX(Q) THEN AX(Q) = 1.001-AX(Q) +.0000001

10145 Y3 = ((AY(Q)-AY(I))/(AX(Q)-AX(I))WJ-AX(I)) + AY(I)

10150 SET((Z2 + (J-X2)/A),(47-((Y3-Y2)/B + W2)))

10155 NEXT J

10160 NEXT I

10165 RETURN

with new items

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DISK

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CP/M

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General Ledger* $ 59/$20

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All 3 & CBASIC2 $199/$71

DIGITIAL RESEARCH* CP/M- 2.2 Northstar.. $149/$25 CP/M' 2.2Cromemco. $189/$25 CP/M" (otherversions). Call

PL/l-80 Call

Mac $ 85/$15

Sid $ 85/S15

Z-Sid $ 95/S15

Tex $ 70/S15

Despool $ 50/S10

MICROSOFT

Basic-80 $289/$30

Basic Compiler . $324/$30

Fortran-80 $384/$30

Cobal-80 $594/$30

Mil Math $224/$30

Mu Lisp $169/$25

MICRO DATA BASE SYSTEMS

HDBS $250/$40

MDBS $750/$40

Other Call

S.O.F.TW.A.R.E. Microtax't

Federal individual $749/$50

Federal corporate.. . $249/$25

State individual S249/S25

C.P.A. Plus

Client Write-up $995/$9S

Time billing $995/$95

Business Plus}.

General Ledger $ 79/$25

Accounts Receivable. $ 79/$25

Accounts Payable $ 79/S25

Payroll $ 79/S25

All 4 $269/$99

SUPERSOFT

Forth (8080 or Z80)H. . $129/$25

Diagnostic I $ 49/$20

Other disk software... less 10% SOFTWARE WORKS

Adapt $69

Ratfor $86

CP/M users: specify disk systems and formats. Most formats available.

COMPUTER PATHWAYS

Pearl (level 1)# $ 99/$25

Pearl (level 2)* . . . $299/$25 Pearl (level 3)# $649/$25

MICROPRO

Word-Star (Ver. 2.0)..$349/$40 Word-Star

/Mail-Merge $489/$65

DataStar $279/$35

Word-Master $119/$25

SuperSortl $199/$25

SuperSort II $169/$25

SuperSort III $119/$25

PEACHTREE'H

General Ledger}

Accts Receivable}

Accts Payable }

Payroll}

Inventory?

Property Mgt.}

C.P.A. Client Write-up}. Mailing Address}

$449/$45 $449/$45 $449/$46 $449/$45 $499/$45 $899/$45 $899/$45 $399/$45

STRUCTURED SYSTEMS

General Ledger* $747/$25

Accts Receivable* ... $747/$2S

Accts Payable* $747/$25

Payroll* $747/$25

Inventory Control*.... $447/$25

Analyst* $197/$20

Letteright* $167/$20

NAD* $ 87/$20

QSORT $ 87/S20

GRAHAM-DORIAN 11

Most packages $699/$40

MICRO-AP

Selector 111-C2* $269/$20

Selector IV* $469/$35

S-Basic Compiler $229/525

WHITESMITHS

MC" Compiler* $600/$30

Pascal (incl "CT $750/$45

EIDOS SYSTEMS

Kiss $299/$26

Kbasic $529/$50

OTHER GOODIES'

Tiny C" $ 69/$40

CBASIC (Ver 2.06). . . $ 89/$1S

Pascal/Z (Ver 3) $369/$35

Pascal/MT (Ver 3). . .. $224/$30

Pascal/M $149/$20

Pascal/UCSD $299/$25

FMS-80 Call

CBS $279/$45

T.I.M.} $369/$45

Vsort I $159/$25

String/80 $ 84/S20

Whatsit? $149/$25

Postmaster $139/$20

Textwriterlll $111/S20

Magic Wand $299/$45

Spell Binder $349/$45

Electric Pencil II less 15%

CPAids less 12%

Vulcan D.B.MS $469/$30 NevedaCobol $89/$25

APPLE II

MICROSOFT

Softcard(CP/M) $292

PERSONAL SOFTWARE

Visicalc' $122

CCA Data Mgr $84

Desktop/Plan $ 84

PEACHTREE'fl

General Ledger} $224/$45

Accts Receivable} $224/$45

Accts Payable} $224/$45

Payroll} $224/$45

Inventory} $224/$45

MUSE

Super-Text $ 84

Other disk software... less 10%

Whatsit? $129

Apple PIE $ 69

TRS-80 MODEL II

CP/M 2.2 $149

Electric Pencil II less 15%

TRS-80 MODEL I

CP/M 1.4 $129

CCA Data Mgr $ 68

• -Special Bonus with order i-Requires microsoft BASIC 8— Supplied ,n source code #-Requires CBASIC-2 ©- Mfgs Trademark

Don't see it—CALL! Other software requirements—Call

"LIGHTNIN" service available! Just call and ask Diana.

ORDERS ONLY-CALL TOLL FREE VISA • MASTERCHARGE

1-800-854-2003 ext. 823 • Calif. 1-800-522-1500 ext. 823

Overseas —add $10 plus additional postage • Add $2.50 postage and handling per each item • California residents add 6% sales tax • Allow 2 weeks on checks, COD. ok • Prices subject to change without notice All items subject to availability •

For information write or call THE DISCOUNT SOFTWARE GROUP

1610 Argyle Ave., Bldg. 102 • Los Angeles, CA 90028 • (213)665-8280

(100.40)

(50. 20)

(0,0) (100.0)

Figure 1: The TRS-80 video monitor screen is partitioned into one hundred units horizontally and forty units vertically. The bottom left corner of the screen corresponds to the coordinates (0,0). Coordinates are also used to specify viewports in which the plot is to be displayed.

Month

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Cost($)

80 90 75 50 45 45 50 80 70 65 70 80

Table 1: This hypothetical set of data represents the heating costs incurred in a house. Plotted as in figure 2, the information may be limited to one area of the screen or may use the whole screen, as in figure 3.

Circle 200 on Inquiry card.

Dealers: We can supply you with the industry's largest selection of quality business systems in our. . .

$245 Dealer Demo System

You've got the hardware .. .we've got the software AND the total sales package to sell this rapid-growth market. Demonstration diskettes and documentation to quickly close the sale. (Kit includes: 14 diskettes, 20 users manuals and supporting Promotional Material.)

Check our complete list of systems. The source code is dealer-adaptable to run on any computer with disc capabilities in CBASIC II (CP/M).

GL, A/P, A/R Payroll

Cash Receipts/Disb. Job Costing Fund Accounting Student Scheduling Mailing List Mgmt. Medical/Dental Office Scheduler Patient Billing & A/R Insurance Forms

THE STANDARD OF EXCELLENCE IN BUSINESS SYSTEMS SOFTWARE

Wholesale Distribution System

Purchasing & Receiving Inventory Control Invoicing & Receivables Salesman Comm. Reporting Backorder Management Manufacturing Inventory Control Finished Goods Inventory Mgmt. Parts Inventory Mgmt. Parts Purchasing & Receiving Bill of Material Production Scheduling

INTERNATIONAL

IICRO

IYSTEMS

For details on our demo special, contact us at: 8425 Quivira Road, Lenexa, Kansas 66215 Phone: (913) 888-8330

LTOCSTM)

for CP/M"

An enhanced version of FIG** FORTH is now available on a CP/M* disk, ready to run. Features include:

• EDITOR, WITH STRING COMMANDS

• Z-80/8080 ASSEMBLER

• RAPID DISK I/O VIA INTERLEAVING

• 8 DISK BUFFERS, 1024 bytes each

The price of $75 includes documentation suitable for the beginning FORTH programmer, as well as the experienced user.

Available for immediate delivery.

Send $75 (includes shipping — CA residents

add 6% sales tax) & your address to:

Mitchell E. Timin Engineering Co.

9575 Genesee Ave. San Diego, CA 92121

"TM Digital Research "FORTH INTEREST GROUP

Desk Main/Frame

Desk Main/Frame

LOW COST & ATTRACTIVE STYLING

• MAIN/FRAME INTEGRATED INTO FURNITURE QUALITY DESK

• ELECTRONICS PACKAGE SLIDE MOUNTED FOR EASY ACCESS

• SUPPORTS TWO 8" FLOPPY DRIVES FROM SEVERAL MANUFACTURERS (DRIVES NOT INCLUDED)

• 10 SLOT MOTHERBOARD INCLUDES CONNECTORS

• POWER SUPPLY FOR DRIVES AND CARDS

• DESK AND MAIN/FRAME AVAILABLE SEPARATELY

• MATCHING PRINTER DESK AVAILABLE

WRITE OR CALL FOR OUR BROCHURE WHICH INCLUDES OUR APPLICATION NOTE: BUILDING CHEAP COMPUTERS'

INTEGRAND

8474 Ave. 296 • Visalia, CA 93277 • (209) 733-9288 We accept BankAmericard/Visa and MasterCharge

Circle 201 on inquiry card.

Circle 202 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980

301

Circle 203 on inquiry card.

"A triumph of cleverness."

—Parabola

"Every few decades an unknown author brings out a book of such depth, clarity, range, wit, beauty and originality that it is recognized at once as a major literary event. This is such a

WOrk." —MARTIN GARDNER,

Scientific Amtritnn $8.95, now in paperback, at your bookstore

,VINTAGE BOOKS

A division of Random House

"A rarity—a firstrate popular book about modern mathematics.'

»»

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$4.95, now in paperback, at your bookstore

VINTAGE BOOKS &*,

A division of Random House

Figure 2: The information of table 1 is plotted as shown here. The size and location of the viewport used were specified by limiting the display area to the bounds of 50 to 100 and 20 to 40.

Figure 3: The information of table 1 is plotted again, with the viewport bounds set at 0 to 100 and 0 to 40 (whole screen).

Figure 4: The information, as in table 1, may be condensed by changing the IN variable. The integer value specified allows the program to plot a reduced number of values from the array. Also, varying the Si parameter may help to close gaps that occur between plotting points.

302 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 204 on inquiry card.

H0t Produced and widely used in England and U.S.A. COMPLETE BUSINESS PACKAGE

INCLUDES EVERYTHING FROM INVENTORY TO SALES SUMMARY

PROMPTS USER, VALIDATES EACH ENTRY, MENU DRIVEN

Approximately 60-100 entries/Inputs require only 2-4 hours weekly and your entire business is under control.

PROGRAMS ARE INTEGRATED

01 = ENTER NAMES/ADDRESS, ETC

02 = ENTER/PRINT INVOICES

03 = ENTER PURCHASES

04 = ENTER A/C RECEIVABLES

05 = ENTER A/C PAYABLES

06 = ENTER/UPDATE INVENTORY

07 = ENTER/UPDATE ORDERS

08 = ENTER/UPDATE BANKS

09 = EXAMINE/MONITOR SALES LEDGER

10 = EXAMINE/MONITOR PURCHASE LEDGER

11 = EXAMINE/MONITOR (INCOMPLETE RECORDS)

12 = EXAMINE PRODUCT SALES

SELECT FUNCTION BY NUMBER

13= PRINT CUSTOMER STATEMENTS 14 = PRINT SUPPLIER STATEMENTS 15= PRINT AGENT STATEMENTS

16 = PRINT TAX STATEMENTS

17 = PRINT WEEK/MONTH SALES

18 = PRINT WEEK/MONTH PURCHASES 19= PRINT YEAR AUDIT

20= PRINT PROFIT/LOSS ACCOUNT

21 = UPDATE END MONTH FILES MAINTENANCE

22 = PRINT CASH FLOW FORECAST

23= ENTER/UPDATE PAYROLL (NOT YET AVAILABLE)

24 = RETURN TO BASIC

WHICH ONE? (ENTER 1-24)

01 SUB. MENU EXAMPLE: 01 = EXAMINE: 02 = INSERT: 03 = AMEND: 04 = DELETE

05 = PRINT (1,2,3): 06 = NUMERIC COMBINATIONS: 07 = SORT

VERY FLEXIBLE. ADD YOUR OWN FUNCTIONS. EASY TO INTEGRATE.

All programs in BASIC for CP/M. PET. 6800

G. W. COMPUTERS UTD, the producers of this beautiful package in U.K.

WE EXPORT TO ALL COUNTRIES:

BARCLAYCARD ACCEPTED CBM APPROVED

CP/M Ver. 9.00 is one 16 K core program

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PRICES: Programs 1 -23 EXC (19,20,22,23) £475

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CONTACT TONY WINTER 01-636-8210

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CP/M Ver. 9.00 is one 16 K core program

using random access releasing both drives for

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£575 Stock Integrated Option + £100 Bank Integrated Option + £100

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Mass production prices on this high quality software. Buy direct and save 50%. Now, also available for CBASIC on CP M and MBASIC on HEATH HD0S.

DATA BASE MANAGER Mod-I $69 Mod-ll $199

You can use it to maintain a data base & produce reports without any user programming. Define file parameters & report formats on-line. Key random access, fast multi-key sort, field arith., label, audit log. No timeconsuming overlays. 500 happy users in a year. Mod-ll version has over 50 enhancements including 40 fields max. 'IDM-M2 is great!' - 80-US. A/R Mod-I $69 Mod-ll $149

Invoices, statements, aging, sales analysis, credit checking, form input, order entry. As opposed to most other A/R, ours can be used by doctors, store managers, etc.

WORD PROCESSOR Mod-I $49 Mod-ll $49

Center, justification, indentation, page numbering. Mod-I version features upper/lower case without hardware change!

MAILING LIST Mod-I $59 Mod-ll $99

The best! Compare and be selective. Form input, 5-digit selection code, zip code ext., sort any field, multiple labels. Who else offers a report writer? INVENTORY Mod-I $99 Mod-ll $149

Fast, key random access. Reports include order info, performance summary, E.O.Q., and user-specified reports. Many have converted their inventory system to ours!

GL. A/R, A/P. & PAYROLL Mod-ll $129 each

Integrated accounting package. ISAM, 100+ page manual, Uses80column screen, not 64. A $1,000 value. Dual disk required. L216, a cassette package of 10 business programs for Level II 16K systems, $59. Includes word processor & data base. Poker game $19. Most programs are on-line, interactive, random access, bug free, documented and delivered on disks. Mod-I programs require 32KTRSD0S. Don't let our low prices fool you! If still not convinced, send SASE (28C) for catalog.

£j.

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TEXAS COMPUTER SYSTEMS

. Radio /hack

Authorized Sales Center, OFFERS

LOWEST PRICES on

TRS-80

COMPUTERS

for the BEST prices on ALTTKJu^computers^S^urT^ Radio Shack® computers are discounted 10%, 15% up to 20%! CALL for the latest prices on the items you need, or get advice from our consultant about your specific needs. CALL for prices on the Model I, II, and the new Model III, Color Computer and Pocket Computer,

SAVE up to 50% on accessories (non-Radio Shack® ), Need more dish space? Ask about single/DOUBLE DENSITY controller for the Model I. 300k in a 2-disk system. 5 minute installation w/no modifications. Copies your single density data to DOUBLE for complete compatability. Less than $200.

40 track disk drives $359. 16k memory add on only $58 w/instructions. Specify computer or expansion interface. CALL for information on Programs available.

* UPS prepaid insured delivery—FREE except some large items.

* No taxes on out-of-state shipments, Texas tes. Add 5%.

* All merchandise is new, checked and guaranteed by manufacturer.

* Payment Money Order. Cashier's Check, Certified Check. Personal Checks require 3 weeks to clear. VISA, MASTERCHARGE-Add 3%.

* Prices subject to change at any time.

* Delivery of merchandise is subject to availability.

TCS, 106 East 10th, Brady, TX. 76825

An Authorized RADIO SHACK* Sales Center F701

TOLL FREE Order Number 1 800 3511473

Texas Residents 915-597-0673

Circle 205 on inquiry card.

Circle 206 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980

303

Circle 207 on inquiry card.

CHOOSE...

Choose an Apple Desk

A compact bi-level desk ideal for an Apple computer system. This 42"x 31>4" desk comes with a shelf to hold two Apple disk drives.The top shelf for your TV or monitor and manuals can also have an optional paper slot to accomodate a printer.

Choose a Micro Desk

Get your micro computer off the desk top and into the micro shelf under our Designer Series desks. Suitable for the North Star, Dynabyte, Vector Graphics, and Altos computers. The desks come in a variety of sizes and colors.

Choose a Mini Rack

Mini racks and mini micro racks have standard venting, cable cutouts and adjustable RETMA rails. Choose a stand alone bay or a 48", 60", or 72" desk model in a variety of colors and wood tones. A custom rack is available for the Cromemco.

Choose a Printer Stand

The Universal printer stand fits the:

Centronics 700's Diablo 1600's & 2300's

Dec LA 34 T.I. 810& 820

NEC Spinwriter Okidata Slimline

Lear Siegler 300's Anadex 9500's

Delivery in days on over 200 styles and colors in stock. Dealer inquiries invited.

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS

FURNITURE

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17129 S. Kingsview Avenue Carson, California 90746 Telephone: (213)538-9601

Figure 5: The axis-plotting subroutine provides for labeling and scaling of the display. The user only needs to specify increments for each scale.

Figure 6: Analytic functions such as this may be plotted by transforming the function into an array. Usually, a short BASIC routine may be inserted before the plotting routines, depending on the complexity of the desired display.

304 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 208 on inquiry card.

THE FIRST TRS-80® COMPATIBLE COMPUTER WITH HIGH DENSITY COLOR GRAPHICS!

LNW80

$89.95

LNW RESEARCH introduces the LNW80, a high performance color computer, compatible with the TPS-8E)TM Model I. The fully integrated LNW80 is a sophisticated and versatile microcomputerwith the following powertul features.

COMPATBILtTY

Hardware and software compatible to the Radio Shack TRS-80™ Model I computer, provides the widest software base of any microcomputer. cassette interface; expansion bus

DISPLAY

Quality upper and lower case display.

Two modes of color graphics, high resolution graphics, 384 x 192 in eight colors - higher density than the Apple II! Low density color graphics of 128 x 192 are also available in eight colors.

High resolution - black and white graphics - of 384 x 192 mixed with text and TRS-80™ standard graphics.

Reverse video- composite video, RF output PERFORMANCE

The LNW80 utilizes the fast Z-80A microprocessor which executes at a speed of 4 MHZ - over twice the speed of the TRS-80™ Model I.

PC BOARD

Ask about our ;

LNW RESEARCH

Keyboard cabinet

F

EXTERNAL DATA SEPARATOR

$14.95

SOME SOLDERING REQUIRED

VIDCO 10O-8O

LNW RESEARCH 3183-E ARWAY AVE COSTA MESA CA 92626 714-652-8946

ORDERING INFORMATION

SYSTEM EXPANSION *.ca95 rpCBOARD *1

9Q7 |_U5£8 MANUAL J

• SERIAL RS232C/20mA I/O

• FLOPPY CONTROLLER

• 32K BYTES MEMORY

• PARALLEL PRINTER PORT

• DUAL CAS5ETTE PORT

• REAL-TIME CLOCK

• SCREEN PRINTER BUS ONBOARD POWER SUPPLY SOFTWARE COMPATIBLE SOLDER MA5K,SILK SCREEN

FOR SER/OUS USERS

OF 8080, 8085, OR Z80 COMPUTERS

PRINTER WIZARD — Now add powerful capabilities to your printer. Free your computer for use while simultaneously printing backlogged output on a first-infirst-out basis. Transparent operation without noticable slowing of the computer. Allows continuous computer and printer operation on programs having sporadic output. Will backlog up to 100 pages when used with a disk system. Adds optional automatic paging with numbers, adjustable margins on 4 sides, indented overflow lines. Occupies less than 2V* K.

Documentation only

EX80M103 EX80M103D

$45.00 $ 7.50

DISASSEMBLER — Disassemble machine code into standard source language. Modify or relocate existing programs such as DOS or BASIC using your existing assembler (not included). Disassembles any 8080, 8085, or Z80 code, including embedded data blocks and "trick" codes. Generates symbol and label tables.

Documentation only

EX80M217 EX80M217D

$75.00 $12.50

ALL EXCOM products are fully supported and warranted indefinitely against original defects. Available on single or double density NORTHSTAR 5Y*" diskettes, 300 or 1200 baud cassettes (specify). Washington residents add 5.3% tax.

Excom

P.O. Box 1802 Bellevue, Washington 98009 U.S.A. Telephone (206) 641-6577

MflURO PROflC MP-250 PLOTTER - 1695 with L2D Plot packoge - 8795 with L2D h L3P packages - $950

b □

P

a

□

53

□

VI

n

□ □

M0UR0 PLOTTER - Uses 11" by 6-1/2' or any length paper. Resolution Is 200 steps per Inch. 0.005" tracking error. Mauro X-Y vector softuare with pen control Is ovalable for 8080/Z80, 6502, h 6800 micro-processors. Requires 5 bits of a parallel output port. PPPLE, TRS-80, and RS232 Interfaces a^s avalabfe as 1/0 Options.

LLRPOC SOFTWARE - Supports complete 2D h perspective piotinq, Including RSC1I and curve generation. Available as relative Jinking libraries (LflO) for MICROSOFT compatible softuare products, F0RTR0N-B0, C0B0L--80, COMPILER TCIC, and MP.CRO-80 in CP/M compatible files on 8" IBM-374G disks or 5-1/4' N0RTH5TRR formatted disks.

L2C - X-Y plot package. Contains over 20 entries, including CPLC0MP compatible calls such as PLOT and

L3P - Perspective plat package. Contains over 70 entries. Capable of ZOOMING, FLY-SYS, ANIMATION and much mare. (See self portrait above).

LERPAC SERVICES (9163 381-1717

624-5 MEDITERRANEAN WRY SACRAMENTO Cfl 958P6 DEALER INQUIRIES ARE INVITED

Circle 210 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980

305

7a

Wl = 40 W2= 0 Zl = 100 Z2 = 0 SI = .005

AX(1)=1 AX(2) = 2 AX(3) = 2.1 AX(4) = 1 AX(5) = 0 AX(6)=1 AX(7) = 2.1

Wl= 40 W2= 0 Zl = 100 Z2= 0 SI = .005

AX(1) = .5 AX(2) = 0 AX(3) = 1 AX(4) = .5 AX(5) = 1.3 AX(6) = 1 AX(7) = 0 AX(8) = .2 AX(9) = .8 AX(10) = .98 AX(11) = .6

AY(1) = 0 AY(2) = 1 AY(3) = 2 AY(4) = 2 AY(5) = 0 AY(6) = 0 AY(7) = 2

TI=1

TA = 7 IN = 1

GOSUB 10000

7b

Wl= 40

AY(1) = 0

W2= 0

AY(2) = 0

Zl = 100

AY(3)=1

Z2= 0

AY(4) = 2

SI = .005

AY(5) = 2

AY(6) = 1

AX(1) = 0

AY(7) = 0

AX(2) = 1

AY(8) = 1

AX(3) = 2

AY(9) = 1

AX(4) = 2.3

AY(10) = 0

AX(5)=1.3

AY(11) = 1

AX(6) = 0.3

AY(12) = 2

AX(7) = 0

AX(8) = 0.3

TI=1

AX(9) = 1.3

TA=12

AX(10) = 1

IN = 1

AX(11) = 1.3

AX(12) = 2.3

GOSUB 10000

7c

AY(1)=1 AY(2) = 0 AY(3) = 0 AY(4)=1 AY(5) = .3 AY(6) = 0 AY(7) = 0 AY(8) = .4 AY(9) = .4 AY(10) = .58 AY(11) = .91

TI=1

TA=11

IN=1

GOSUB 10000

Figure 7: Three-dimensional displays are also achieved through the transformation to an array.

306 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 211 on inquiry card.

Circle 212 on inquiry card.

^■■>fyv;vitth!ifv;vfV!«vt«w^vi-ifvrwv vr-MT-^-v; w j

PET TWO-WAY RS-232 and PARALLEL OUTPUT INTERFACE

SADI - The microprocessor based serial and parallel interface for the Commodore PET. SADI allows you to connect your PET to parallel and serial printers, CRT's, modems, acoustic couplers, hard copy terminals and other computers. The serial and paral.el ports are independent allowing the PET to communicate with both peripheral devices simultaneously or one at a time. In addition, the RS-232 device can communicate with the parallel device.

Special Features for the PET interface include:

Conversion to true ASCII both in and out

Cursor controls and function characters specially printed

Selectable reversal of upper and lower case

PET IEEE connector for daisy chaining

Addressable - works with other devices Special Features for the serial interface include:

Baud rate selectable from 75 to 9600

Half or full duplex

32 character buffer

X-ON. X-OFF automatically sent

Selectable carriage return delay Special Features for the parallel interface include:

Data strobe - either polarity

Device ready - either polarity

Centronics compatible

Complete with power supply, PET IEEE cable, RS-232 connector, parallel port connector and case. Assembled and tested.

SADIa (110VAC)$295

SADIe (230VAC) $325

Order direct or contact your local computer store.

SJUi

Connecticut microcomputer, Inc.

34 DEI MAR DRIVE, BROOKFIHD, CONNECTICUT 06804 TEL: 1203)775 4135 TWX: 710 4560052

VISA AND M/C ACCEPTED ■ SEND ACCOUNT NUMBER. EXPIRATION DATE AND SIGN ORDER.

ADD $3 PER ORDER FOR SHIPPING & HANDLING ■ FOREIGN ORDERS ADD 10% FOR AIR POSTAGE.

MENTION THIS MAGAZINE WITH YOUR ORDER AND DEDUCT 2%.

gg833

■vvvs^vrwwywwvvs< xv s^

I I I I

!

i > i

i I > > i < i « I »

» I

»

! I ' i

I «

^vvs^TtvvrvwMK v^s^vrvrsrs^wvrvfyv ^

PET to NEC and

CENTRONICS

PRINTER ADAPTER

LOWEST COST COMPLETE INTERFACE ON THE MARKET

Simple to use - low cost - designed for NEC 5530 Spinwriter and Centronics parallel printers. Works with WORDPRO and other software. Switch for upper-lower case conversion or upper case only.

Plugs into the PET and into the printer - all cables and connectors included - extra IEEE connector for Commodore disk drives.

Uses BASIC PRINT statements - no machine code needed.

Device address selectable - works with other peripherals.

$129 complete - compare to others at $225. Generous dealer discounts.

Assembled and tested. Our usual 30 day money back trial period applies.

Order direct or contact your local computer store.

rCmC

Connecticut microcomputer, Inc.

34 DEL MAR DRIVE, BROOKFIHD, CONNECTICUT 06804 TEL: 12031775 4595 TWX: 710 456 0052

VISA AND M/C ACCEPTED - SEND ACCOUNT NUMBER, EXPIRATION DATE AND SIGN ORDER.

ADO S3 PER ORDER FOR SHIPPING A HANDLING - FOREIGN ORDERS ADD 10% FOR AIR POSTAGE.

MENTION THIS MAGAZINE WITH YOUR ORDER AND DEDUCT 2%.

ij-~>*->*->£'>^~>-?->-r~~?-^c-**~^->*-^->s ■>*•*<■>■;•>* ■^•^•^•^■^f ww w%>

tVltf t

OSBORNE COMPATABLE

READY to RUM

BUSINESS SOFTWARE

in CBASICS or 1

* features *

Four Complete Packages—

• General Ledger

• Accounts Receivable

• Accounts Payable

■ Payroll with Cost Accounting Strong support from Osborne Manuals CBASIC2 runs under CP/M or under CDOS version 1.07 on Cromemco computers 16K BASIC runs on Cromemco computers Cursor addressing routines for Hazeltine, Lear Siegler and Cromemco (Beehive) Terminals

Source Codes and Installation Instructions provided along with disks Automatic Command Start-up Easy to apply to all of your business and systems needs

BK BASIC

• hardware required *

• One or more 8" or 5" Floppy -' Drives

• CRT with cursor addressing ■ 132-Column Printer

$145°°

per package

• DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED •

• • •

OSBORNE READY to RUN BUSINESS SOFTWARE

SRI0S(CP/M for Cromemco computers)

X-IOSCMP/M for Cromemco Computers)

• • •

EXPAND(Run Cromemco Software on CP/M)

MICROPL0T(Versatile Printer Graphics)

DRIVE(Customized Printer Drivers)

•

• • •

D'JP 3(Disk Utilities for Cromemco

DUP U (Double sided DUP 5(Bisk Utilities for CP/M DUP f>(Dbl. Densitv)

• Call or Write for Free Catalogue and More Information •

* We will Customize any of our programs at our Standard, Consulting Rates *

w All orders usually shippr-d R"

For 5" disks add :;'20.00 for downloading

.\1IC.\H BO\ 418? HUM I ( Rtl K ( U If . <H<*i ph . * 1 yVu-2 7« 1

MICro Applications and Hardware . CONSULTANTS and SOFTWARE DEVELOPERS

TRS 80-1 TRS 80-11

TRSDOS® NEWDOS®

TRSDOS® P & T CP/M®

EDITOR

EDIT ANY ASCII FILE/PROGRAM GLOBAL SEARCH/REPLACE

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7995 9995

ALSO AVAILABLE

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BYTES & FLIGHTS

7631 ■ St. Albans Rd.

Richmond, B.C.

V6Y 2K8

(604) 278-5200

Circle 213 on inquiry card.

Circle 214 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980

307

Circle 215 on inquiry card.

Looking for the

Lowest Prices

We have consistently offered the TRS-80 line at savings up to 20%, which means you can save $150 to $1500 by buying directly from Computer Discount of America.

TRS-80 Model II, 64K System, with disc drive — only $3385.00

Other TRS-80 Model I, Model II, or Model III computers and systems, are in stock at similar savings.

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Most models are in stock for immediate delivery (usually within 7-10 days), and a price quote is as near as your phone.

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of America

Listing 2: The axis-creating subroutine shown here produces properly scaled axes, complete with tic marks and labels, from a set of values specified by inserting BASIC statements.

20000 IFX1<=0 AND X2< =0 THEN A1=Z1 ELSEA1=Z2

20005 IF XI> =0 AND X2< =0 THEN Al =Z2-X2/A

20010 FOR 11=0 TO 1

20015 FOR Jl=W2TOWl

20020 SET((A1+I1),(47-J1))

20025 NEXT Jl

20030 NEXT II

20035 IF Y1<=0AND Y2< =0 THEN Bl =47-Wl ELSE Bl =47-W2

20040 IF Yl> =0 AND Y2< =0 THEN Bl =47-W2 + Y2/B

20045 FORI3 = Z2TOZl

20050 SET(I3,BD

20055 NEXT 13

20060 FOR 15 = 1 TO 3 STEP 2

20065 FOR J5 = 0TO 1

20070 FOR K5 = X2 TO XI STEP CI

20075 SET(((K5 - X2)/A + Z2 + J5),(B1 -15 + 2))

20080 NEXT K5

20085 NEXT J5

20090 NEXT 15

20095 FOR 16 = 0 TO 4 STEP 2

20100 FOR J6 = 2T03

20105 FOR K6 = Y2 TO Yl STEP C2

20110 SET((A1+J6-I6),(47-((K6-Y2)/B + W2)))

20115 NEXTK6

20120 NEXT J6

20125 NEXT 16

20130 IF BK>47-W2 GOTO 20145

20135 IF Al =Z2-X2/A THEN PI = -64 ELSE PI =64

20140 IF Al =Z2 THEN P2= -4 ELSE P2 = 4

20145 IF Bio47-Wl GOTO 20160

20150 IF A1=Z2-X2/ATHENF1=64ELSEP1= -64

20155 IF Al = Z2 THEN P2 = - 4 ELSE P2 = 4

20160 IF Blo47-W2 + Y2/B GOTO 20175

20165 Pl= -64

20170 IF Al=Z2THENP2 = 4ELSEP2=-4

20175 Z3 = LEN(AX$)

20180 Z4 = (Zl+Z2)/2

20185 17 = 0

20190 FOR J7 = 3 TO 45 STEP 3

20195 IF B1<J7 GOTO 20210

20200 17 = 17 + 64

20205 NEXT J7

20210 Z5 = Z4/2 +I7-Z3/2

20215 IF Al =Z2-X2/A AND Bl =47-W2 + Y2/B THEN DU = 5 ELSE DU = 0

20220 PRINT @ Z5 + P1+DU, AX$,

20225 W3 = LEN(AY$)

20230 FOR 18=1 TO W3

20235 F$(I8) = MID$(AY$,I8,1)

20240 NEXT 18

20245 W4 = (Wl+W2)/2

20250 J6 = 0

20255 FOR K8 = 3 TO 45 STEP 3

20260 IF 47-W4<K8 GOTO 20275

20265 J8 = J8 + 64

20270 NEXT K8

20275 W5 = J8 + Al/2-(INT(W3/2)-l)*64

20280 L8 = 0

20285 FOR M8 = W5 TO (W5 + (W3- 1)«64) STEP 64

20290 L8 = L6+1

20295 PRINT @ M6 + P2,F$(L8);

20300 NEXT M8

20305 F1(1) = 47-W1

20310 Fl(2) = 47-W2

20315 F1(3) = B1

20320 F1(4) = B1

20325 F3(l) = AI/2

20330 F3(2) = Al/2

20335 F3(3) = Zl/2

20340 F3(4) = Z2/2

20345 FOR 19=1 TO 4

20350 J9 = 0

20355 FOR K9 = 3 TO 45 STEP 3

20360 IF F1(I9)<K9 GOTO 20375

Listing 2 continued on page 310

308 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 216 on inquiry card.

^" RACET COMPUTES -j£

COMPUTES 702 PalmrJale Oranae CJ 1266s' - RACET computes - RACET SORTS - RACET UTILITIES

FROM THE LEADER IN UTILITY SOFTWARE

FOR THE TRS* COMPUTERS

• • NEW •• HARD/SOFT DISK SYSTEM (MOD II) $400 The Hard Disk Software Implementation You Have Been Waiting For!! MOD II TRSDOS compatible — using Cameo controller interface to popular large hard disk fixed/removable combinations (Ampex, CDC, Diablo, Pertec, Wanco, etc.). Compatible with your existing programs — change only 'filename'. All disk BASIC statements identical. Improved dynamic file allocation. A single file can be as large as one disk — 20 megabytes or larger. Alternate mode allows 24-million byte record range. Directory expandable to handle thousands of files! Includes special XCOPY, DCS, and SZAP utilities for use with hard or soft disks. Parameterized FORMAT utility includes options for specifying the number of sectors/track, platters/drive, sectors/granule, sectors/directory, etc.

• • NEW ** BASIC LINK FACILITY'BLINK' $25 Mod I (ModlMin32K1-disk) $50 Mod II Link from one BASIC program to another saving all variables! The new program can be smaller or larger than the original program in memory. The chained program may either replace the original program, or can be merged by statement number. The statement number where the chained program execution is to begin may be specified!

INFINITE BASIC (Mod I Tape or Disk) $49.95

Extends Level II BASIC with complete MATRIX functions and 50 more string functions. Includes RACET machine language sorts! Sort 1000 elements in 9 seconds!! Select only functions you want to optimize memory usage.

INFINITE BUSINESS (Requires Infinite BASIC) $29.95

Complete printer pagination controls — auto headers, footers, page numbers. Packed decimal arithmetic — 127 digit accuracy + , -, *, /. Binary search of sorted and unsorted arrays. Hash codes. BASIC CROSS REFERENCE UTILITY (Mod II 64K) $50.00

SEEK and FIND functions for Variables, Line Numbers, Strings, Keywords. 'All' options available for line numbers and variables. Load from BASIC — Call with 'CTRL'R. Output to screen or printer!

■ RACET computes — RACET SORTS — RACET UTILITIES — RACET computes — RACET

DSM $75.00 Mod I, $150.00 Mod II

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Disk Sort/Merge for RANDOM files. All machine language standalone package for sorting speed. Establish sort specification in simple BASIC command File. Execute from DOS. Only operator action to sort is to change diskettes when requested! Handles multiple diskette files! Super fast sort times — improved disk I/O times make this the fastest Disk Sort/Merge available on Mod I or Mod II.

UTILITY PACKAGE (Mod II 64K) $150.00

Important enhancements to the Mod II. The file recovery capabilities alone will pay for the package in even one application! Fully documented in 124 page manual! XHIT, XGAT, XCOPY and superzap are used to reconstruct or recover data from bad diskettes! XCOPY provides multi-file copies, 'wild-card' mask select, absolute sector mode and other features. SUPERZAP allows examine/change any sector on diskette include track-0, and absolute disk backup/copy with I/O recovery. DCS builds consolidated directories from multiple diskettes into a single display or listing sorted by disk name or file name plus more. Change Disk ID with DISKID. XCREATE preallocates files and sets 'LOF' to end to speed disk accesses. DEBUGII adds single step, trace, subroutine calling, program looping, dynamic disassembly and more!!

DEVELOPMENT PACKAGE (Mod II 64K) $125.00

Includes RACET machine language SUPERZAP, Apparat Disassembler, and Model II interface to the Microsoft 'Editor Assembler Plus' software package including uploading services and patches for Disk I/O. Purchase price includes complete copy of Editor Assembler + and documentation for Mod I. Assemble directly into memory, MACRO facility, save all or portions of source to disk, dynamic debug facility (ZBUG), extended editor commands.

COMPROC(Modl — Disk only) $19.95

Command Processor. Auto your disk to perform any sequence of instructions that you can give from the keyboard. DIR, FREE, pause, wait for user input, BASIC, NO OF FILES and MEM SIZe| RUN program, respond to input statements, BREAK, return to

Circle reader request for free 24-page catalog.

DOS, etc. Includes lowercase driver, debounce. screenprint!

I

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

RACET SORTS — RACET UTILITIES — RACET computes - RACET SORTS

CHECK. VISA. M/C.'C.O D.. PURCHASE OROEfl "TRS 80 is a registered trademark ot Telephone Orders Accepted (714) G37-S016 Tandy Corporation

• RACET UTILITIES — RACET computes - RACET SORTS - RACET UTILITIES - RACET computes

r

THE PASCAL DATABASE written in UCSD PASCAL

>

Software ahead of its time available now for the APPLE' COMPUTER Create a library of information at your fingertips

Full database power. Unlimited applications for such diverse data as: mailing lists, personal and business accounting, inventory, job estimates, sales analyses and property management.

THE PASCAL DATABASE is easy to use. Menu driven. Clear screen instructions enable even the inexperienced user to operate THE PASCAL DATABASE.

THE PASCAL DATABASE has advanced features:

• On-line interaction. Update, search and traversedatabasefiles... sort on multiple fields... maintain records in several sorted orders.

• Screen formatting ...you design the layout of your files.

• Immediate and automatic indexing of information at data entry, t User definable data description gives you ultimate flexibility...

you define file, record and field names

• Generates custom, easy to read reports. Easy storage and retrieval in report library.

• Password protection for individual files

• Up to 1024 bytes per record.

Soon available on 8" IBM 3740 floppies and other UCSD Pascal systems. Source license available. Dealer inquiries invited.

OTHE PASCAL DATABASE Special introductory price $400.00 Shipped on floppy disks. Includes complete documentation and

<

sample datafiles.

Arizona residents please add 6%sales tax

O Manual only $25.00 Master Charge Bank Amencard Check or Money Order

(Refundable with system purchase within 90 days)

ARIZONA COMPUTER SYSTEMS, INC.

P.O. Box 125 Jerome, Arizona 86331 (602)-634-7301 9am ■ 4 pm Mon.-Fn.

'" Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. " UCSD PASCAL is a trademark of the Regents of the University of California

<

SPEECH RECOGNITION

NOW TALK TO YOUR:

PET, TRS-80 (Lll) AIM-65 and SORCERER

NEW COGNIVOX SR-100 has 32 word (or short phrase) vocabulary (AIM-65 with 4K RAM, 16 words). Up to 98% recognition rate. Breakthrough price of only $119 includes microphone, cassette with software and manual. Version for the TRS-80 (VIO-332) costs $149 but also has 32 word speech output and music capability, includes all above plus speaker/amplifier. For the Sorcerer, in addition to SR-100, we offer COGNIVOX VIO-132 which includes speech output and music and extensive software and costs $179. Please add $3 for shipping in the US, Calif, add 6% tax. Foreign orders welcome, add 10% for processing and shipping by air When ordering, please specify make, model and memory size of your computer,

VOICETEK

Dept. B, P.O. Box 388, Goleta, Ca 93017

Circle 217 on inquiry card.

Circle 218 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980

309

-2 THEN Dl$ = "#.mill"

-2THEND2$ = "#.##[[[["

Listing 2 continued:

20365 J9 = 19 + 64

20370 NEXT K9

20375 F2(I9)=J9 + F3(I9)

20380 NEXT 19

20385 IF ABS(Y1)>1E4 OR ABS(Y1)< IEELSE Dl$ ="#####■##"

20390 IF ABS(Y2)> 1E4 OR ABS(Y2)< 1EELSED2S = "#####.##"

20395 IF ABS(X1)> 1E4 OR ABS(X1)< IE-2 THEN D3$ = "#.##[[[[" ELSE D3$ = "#####■##"

20400 IF ABS(X2)> 1E4 OR ABS(X2)< 1E-2 THEN D4$ = "#.##[[[[" ELSE D4$ ="#####•##"

20405 IF Blo47-W2 + Y2/B GOTO 20435

20410 Dl=1

20415 D2= -9

20420 D3= -68

20425 D4 = 60

20430 GOTO 20505

20435 IF Bio47-Wl GOTO 20475

20440 Dl=-68

20445 D2= -68

20450 D4 = 60

20455 IF Al =Z1 THEN D3 = 65

20460 IF Al =Z2 THEN D3 = 54

20465 IF Al =Z2-X2/A THEN D3= -68

20470 GOTO 20505

20475 Dl=60

20480 D2 = 60

20485 D3= -68

20490 IF Al =Z2 THEN D4= -74

20495 IF Al =Z1 THEN D4= -62

20500 IF Al =Z2-X2/A THEN D4 = 60

20505 PRINT @ F2(l) + D3,USING D1$;Y1;

20510 PRINT @ F2(2) + D4, USING D2$;Y2;

20515 PRINT @ F2(3) + D1,USING D3$;X1;

20520 PRINT @ F2(4) + D2,USING D4$;X2;

20525 RETURN

TTCS-80, PET, APPLE, SORCERER

Communications Interface Systems

I i r.:

DSend & Receive Morse Code / Radioteletype

□ Teaches Morse Code! / Copies wire services!

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□ Extensive User Manuals

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Write or call for complete catalog

AMCROTRONICS, inc. ®

1125 N. Golden State Blvd. / Suite G Turlock, CA 95380 (A)

(209) 667-2888 / 634-8888 t******** ,.> ,.,

We are experiencing telephone difficulties, please keep trying

All scaling and other mundane functions are taken care of in the subroutine.

Text continued from page 298:

displayed as in figure 5. This is for a graph of the cost of heating for every month displayed in the total viewport.

Clearly, it is easy to plot any set of data that can be represented in array form. Remember that all scaling and other mundane functions are taken care of in the subroutines. You don't need to be concerned or irritated by the gyrations needed to create displays on the TRS-80.

Analytic Functions

In order to plot any analytic function, be prepared to transform the function into array form. An example of this is best demonstrated in the plotting of the function:

Y

X4

This is for X taking on values from — 10 to 10. In order for this to occur the following BASIC initialization routine is needed:

FOR 1=-10 TO 10

AX (I+ 10) =1

AY(I + 10) = It5 + It4-It3

NEXT I

TI= 0

TA = 20

IN = 1

AX$= "X AXIS"

AY$= "Y AXIS"

Cl= 2

C2= 49750

The result should appear as shown in figure 6. Note that the correct quadrants are displayed.

Another feature provided by this graphics package is the ability to create three-dimensional graphs. Figures 7a, b, and c give several examples of this, along with the array values used. The displayed figures are not necessarily functions, but may have more than one y value for each value of x.

So, creating graphic displays isn't as time-consuming as you might have once believed, and now there's less distance between the creative idea and its final realization on screen.*

310 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 219 on inquiry card.

Circle 220 on inquiry card.

BUSINCSS SOFTWflRC FOR TH€ Z-89!

S & M Systems, Inc., the "Rll-ln-One" Software Company

is offering a full line of Business Packages for the

"nil-In-One" Z-89 Microcomputer

lnseq-80<TM) Business Software Systems Industry Standard Osborne Based: Accounts Payable/Receivable,

General Ledger, Payroll S & M Software: Retail Inventory Control, Invoicing, Manufacturers Inventory Control, Customer Mail List

PLUS MANY MORE!!

All Systems have been Field Tested and are ready for shipment!

CALL ABOUT OUR NATIONAL DEALER PROGRAM AND JOIN THE BEST

IN SELLING THE FINEST SOFTWARE ON THE Z-80 MARKET!

SYSTEMS ALSO OPERATE ON TRS-80 MOD I, MOD II, MOD III AND ALTOS MICROCOMPUTERS

for Further Information, Contact: S & M Systems, Inc.

P. O. Box 1225

Or Dial Direct: 1 -61 7-373-1 599 1-617-481-5231

Haverhill, Massachusetts 01830

EVADA

ForCP/M

Powerful subset of ANSI-74

Order now!

All the elegant simplicity

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DISKETTE MANUAL

99

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REQUIRES only 16K RAM. Available on 8" CP/M standard single density or 5 <A" diskettes for North Star, TRS-80 Mod I and Superbrain, Other formats too! Manual alone $24.95.

These powerful, easy to use COBOL APPLICATION PACKAGES

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73 pages with complete COBOL source code listings and super documentation.

$24

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<§>

WE ACCEPT

Ellis Computing

1480 17fh Avonu*

Sen Francisco. CA 94177

(415) 664-1534

In CA add sales tax. CP M trade mark of Digital Hesearch. TRS-80 trade mark of Tandy Corp.

COLOR VIDEO PROCESSOR

• Text, Graphics, Animation • 16 Colors • 256 x 192 Resolution

• NTSC Composite Video Output • Uses TMS 9918 • Includes I/O Mapped 16K Video Memory • 3D Simulation with 32 Video Sprites • 2 Byte X-Y Positioning • Real Time Clock • 8 Level Interrupt Selection • Inexpensive RF Modulator allows easy connection to any color TV •

PROGRAMMABLE SOUND GENERATOR

• Music, Sound Effects, Tone Signaling, Ultrasonics • 27 Hz to 111 KHz Range* 3 Programmable Analog Channels with Separate Frequency, Volume and White Noise Control • 10 Selectable Envelope Wave Shapes under Software Control • Two 8-Bit Programmable I/O Ports for use as External Keyboard/Display Interface • Power Amplifier for driving External Speaker •

INTRODUCTORY OFFER .

SINGLE BOARD COLOR VIDEO AND SOUND GENERATOR KIT..$350

COLOR VIDEO KIT $295

SOUND GENERATOR KIT $195

Texas residents add 5% sales tax. Prices include complete documentation, manuals and programming examples. PC board is solder-masked with gold contacts. Add $100 for assembled and tested units. Send $9.50 for documentation only, refundable with order. Compatible with Z80, 8085 and 8080 at 2 or 4 MHz on S-100 buss.

vm/k ELECTRONIC DESIGN ASSOCIATES

■KaJr* P.O. Box 94055 Houston, Texas 77018 (713) 999-2255

Circle 221 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980 311

f

1.3

OQugQuyoooDDOPL), POBBPuDDDDnnnnn \

POCKET COMPUTER $269

MODEL I $699

Model-1, Level-li, 4K Model-!, 16K no Keypad Model-I, 16K w/Keypad Model-ll, 64K RAM Model-Ill, 16K RAM Model-Ill, 32K Dual Disk Pocket Computer w/lnterface TRS-80 Color Computer TRS-80 Color Computer Expanded COMM-80 Interface CHATTER BOX Interlace DISK-80 Interface Expansion Interlace, no RAM Expansion Interface, 16K RAM Expansion Interface, 32K RAM RS-232-C Board

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with interface

TRS-232 Printer Interface

16K Memory Kit, TRS-Keypad

16K Memory Kit, TRS-Exp. Int.

Upper/lower Mod Kit

Video Reverse Kit

CPU Speed-up Kit

Data Dubber

Percom Electric Crayon, w/cable

TRS-80 Dust Cover (3pc set)

TRS-80 Computer Case

TRS-80 Monitor Case

LIST PRICE

$119.00

$119.00

$59.00

$9.95

$109.00

$84.00

OUR PRICE

$59.95 $59.00 $59.00 $24.95 $23.95 $24.95 $49.95 $279.95 $7.95 $99.95 $84.00

COLOR COMPUTER $359

MODEL III $929

Percom, TFD-100, 40-track Percom, Dual TFD-100 Drives Percom, TFD-40, 40-track Percom, TF0-200, 77-track Hardside, 40-track Disk Drive Percom Data Separator Percom Extender Card 2-Drive Cable 4-Drive Cable

LIST PRICE

$429.95 $849.00 $399.95 $675.00 $399.00

$15.95 $29.95 $39.95

OUR PRICE

$399.00

$799.00

$379.00

$629.00

$359.00

$29.95

$15.00

$29.00

$39.00

TERMS:

TERMS: Prices and specifications are subject to change. HARDSIDE accepts VISA & MASTERCARD. Certified checks and Money Orders; Personal checks accepted (takes 3 weeks to clear). HARDSIDE pays all shipping charges (within the 48 states) on all PREPAID orders OVER $100.00. On all orders over $100 a $2.50 handling charge must be added. COD orders accepted (orders over $250 require 25% deposit) there is a $5.00 handling charge. UPS,Blue Label,and Air Freight available at extra cost.

TO ORDER TOLL-FREE:

1-800-258-1790

(In NH call 673-5144)

312 BYTE November 1980

Circle 222 on inquiry card.

The Chatterbox

A TRS-80 Interfacing Alternative

The CHATTERBOX is a unique packaging combination of the presently available COMM-80 I/O Interface for the TRS-80" and an acoustic modem This one box is all that is required to turn even a barebones 4K TRS-80* into a full time-sharing terminal. The CHATTERBOX includes built-in programmable 50-19200 baud serial port, a Centronics compatible parallel printer port, a 300 baud acoustic originate modem, and a spare TRS-BUS expansion connector. It comes complete with power supply, ribbon cable and connector, user's manual, and terminal software for immediate operation. When the modem is in use, the complete data conversion is automatically routed to the serial output port where it can be logged on a printer. The CHATTERBOX is the only peripheral needed to allow a TRS-80' to communicate with time-sharing systems such as MICRONET and the SOURCE.

It is completely hardware and software compatible with existing TRS-80" products and connects either to the keyboard connector or screen printer port on the RS Expansion Interface. Features: Full 8-bit parallel port; RS-232-C serial port (up to 19.200 baud); Acoustic modem; TRS-BUS connector for future expansion; Connects to Keyboard or E.I.; Includes terminal software; Users manual; Power supply. $259 95

PRINTERS

LIST

OUR

PRICE

PRICE

Centronics 730

$795.00

$749.00

Centronics 730-3

$895.00

795.00

Centronics 737

$995.00

$869.00

Centronics 779

$1395.00

$1095.00

Centronics 779 w/lower case

$1595.00

$1195.00

NEC 5510 SpinWriter

$3195.00

$2595.00

NEC 5520 SpinWriter

$3395.00

$2895.00

NEC 5530 SpinWriter

$3195.00

$2495.00

NEC Tractor-Feed Option

$249.00

$225.00

LRC 7000* (64-col.)

$405.00

$299.00

LRC 7000' (40-col.)

$389.00

$289.00

Okidata Microline-80

$800.00

$699.00

Tractor-Feed Option

$140.00

$129.00

RS-232-C Option

$299.00

$279.00

LRC to TRS-80

LRC to PET, IEEE

LRC to RS232C, male or female

730 or 737 to TRS-80

NEC or 779 to TRS-80

RS-232-C to RS-232-C, male to male

$20.00 $59.00 $65.00 $29.00 $35.00 $24.95

GENERAL INTEREST

SPECIAL

PRICE

PRICE

BSR System X-10 Home Controller

$124.95

$109.95

BUSY BOX, TRS-80

$114.95

$99.95

BUSY BOX, S-100

$119.95

$114.95

AC-SFK-31 Line Filter

$24.95

$19.95

IS0-2 Line Filter & Isolator

$56.95

$49.95

IS0-2/CBS Line Filter-Isolator

$70.95

$59.95

IS0-7/CB Super Filter-Isolator

$146.95

$99.95

Mini-Flex Diskette File

$24.95

$19.95

CASIO C-80 Calculator Watch

$49.95

$44.95

BONE F0NE

$69.95

$56.95

L0G0S-9 Printing Calculator

$99.95

$79.95

CASIO

C-80 CALCULATOR

WATCH $44.95

/ '**'•" * * ~"

BONE FONE $56.95

(plus $2.50 postage and handling)

(plus $2 50 postage and handling)

OLIVETTI

LOGOS-9

PRINTING

CALCULATOR

$79.95

(plus $2.50 postage and handling)

TO ORDER TOLL-FREE 1-800-258-1790

(In NH call 673-5144)

c&

VISA_

Circle 222 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980 313

Event Queue

November 1980

November-February

Courses from Integrated Computer Systems Inc,

throughout the US. Courses are being offered on VIO— Voice Input/Output for Computers and Programming in Ada. The VIO course will teach par

ticipants to apply voiceprocessing algorithms and software, utilize speech synthesis techniques, and design voice-recognition systems. There will be systems on which students can learn. Programming in Ada will cover language features, structured programing, interrupt handling, external I/O (input/output) inter

faces, and more. This course is designed for programmers, systems analysts, software engineers, and for those in the aerospace and defense industries. For schedules of the times and cities, contact ICS Inc, 3304 Pico Blvd, POB 5339, Santa Monica CA 90405, (213) 450-2060.

Waiting On Delivery of A DEC LAI20?

Avoid the hassle by upgrading your LA36 for 1200 baud operation with a DS120 Terminal Controller.

The Datasouth DS120 gives your DEC writer® II the high speed printing and versatile performance features of the DECwriter® III at only a fraction of the cost. The DS120 is a plug compatible replacement for your LA36 logic board which can be installed in minutes. Standard features include:

•RS232 interface

•20 mA Current Loop interface

•Top of Form

•Adjustable Margins

•Double wide characters

•165 cps bidirectional printing •Horizontal & Vertical Tabs •Page Length Selection •110-4800 baud operation •1000 character print buffer •X-on, X off protocol •Self Test

•Parity selection

• Optional APL character sel

Over 4000 DS120 units are now being used by customers ranging from the Fortune 500 to personal computing enthusiasts. In numerous installations, entire networks of terminals have been upgraded to take advantage of today's higher speed data communications services. LSI microprocessor electronics and strict quality control ensure dependable performance for years to come. When service is required, we will respond promptly and effectively. Best of all, we can deliver immediately through our nationwide network of distributors. Just give us a call for all the details.

DATASOUTH COMPUTER CORPORATION

4740 Dwight Evans Road • Charlotte, North Carolina 28210 • 704/623 8500

November-December

Datapro Seminars,

throughout the US. Seminars on data communications, teleprocessing software, distributed systems, systems analysis design, word processing, and more, will be given. The enrollment fee is $530 for current Datapro subscribers and $580 for nonsubscribers. For information on when and where the seminars are being held, contact Datapro Research Corporation, 1805 Underwood Blvd, Delran NJ 08075, (609) 764-0100.

November-February

Courses from Harvard,

throughout the US, and in London, England. Business graphics, digital-image processing, computer mapping, computer graphics, and information systems for natural resources, are some of the one- and two-day courses being sponsored by the Harvard Graduate School of Design Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis. For a complete schedule, contact the Laboratory in Cambridge MA 02138, or contact Karen Smolens, Center for Management Research, 850 Boylston St, Chestnut Hill MA 02167.

November 8

Fall 1980 California Corn

er! order to gain optimal coverage of your organization's computer conferences, seminars, workshops, courses, etc, notice should reach our office at least three months in advance of the date of the event. Entries should be sent to: Event Queue, BYTE Publications, 70 Main St, Peterborough NH 03458. Each month we publish the current contents of the queue for the month of the cover date and the two following calendar months. Thus a given event may appear as many as three times in this section if it is sent to us far enough in advance.

314 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 223 on inquiry card.

Circle 224 on inquiry card.

FULL COLOR

GRAPHICS

Complete line of color imaging systems with high ^ *

resolution real time video FRAME GRABBER -.,,-..'' :.;■ for the 8-100 bus. ___ ,

Capture and digitize a video frame in 1 /60th of a second. Store up to 2 million bits of image data in on-board buffer. By software, VT-M'*"° "&*%' select the best resolution for your application from 256 to 1280 ;^)'fjpyyg! ] pixel s per TV line. Display your digitized image or your computer .... ,• * I .(£'•'~*"1 ■ ^.-. processed image with up to 256 gray levels or 65,536 .JJjj" i if■"***"==?.

simultaneous colors on standard B/W, NTSC or RGB color TV ^TVa '-* monitors.....■■ ■ »?*■' *

I .afaK -Br^B« j—.

TBI

"piprg*;

240x256 Digitized image, 16 levels

FREE CATALOG

" '• ... ■ . ... . ". "■

Features:

• Highest quality 480x512x8 digital video image

• Input capability from TV cameras or other sources

• Variety of synchronization choices

• 2 selectable video A/D conversion circuits

• Choice of 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 or 24 bits per pixel

• 32K-byte image memory on the basic system

• 64K, 128K, 192K and 256K-byte system capacity

• High resolution lightpen input

• Photographic trigger control input

• Software selectable system parameters

• Stand-alone intelligent graphics unit with universal interface Accessories:

• RGB color monitor • Hard copy printer/plotter

• High performance lightpen • Software packages available

480x512 Computer-generated

240x256 Digitized image. 16 levels

ROBOTICS-AUTOMATED COUNTING AND MEASURING-QUALITY CONTROL MONITORING PATTERN RECOGNITION-IMAGE PROCESSING-MEDICAL AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

■

^DIGITAL ^GRAPHIC ^SYSTEMS

441 California Avenue Palo Alto, CA 94306 415/494-6088

GO FOR IT!

FOR PRICE,QUALITY & RELIABILITY

ADDS REGENT 25 $ 875.00

ANACOM Printer (Ser./Par.) 150CPS .... 1095.00

ANADEX Printer DP-8000 925.00

ANADEX Printer DP-9500/9501 1425.00

BASE 2 Printer with options 599.00

CENTRONICS Printer 779 w/tractor 975.00

CENTRONICS Printer 730 (Parallel) 675.00

CENTRONICS Printer 737 (Parallel) 825.00

EATON Dot Matrix Parallel 399.00

EPSON TX80 Tractor Feed/Graftrax Call

MICRO-TERMS Call

NEC SPINWRITER 5510 R.O./forms tractor 2725.00

TELEVIDEO 920-B 795.00

Tl 99/4 Personal Computer/monitor .... 925.00

TRIMM—Printer Stand with basket 95.00

CALL FOR QUOTES ON ANY OTHER MICRO PRODUCTS

We are dealers for BASF, DYSAN, 3M(SCOTCH) Diskettes, Cartridges, Mag Tape, etc. In addition we carry a complete line of Printer Ribbons and other data processing accessories.

||lier*/^3 1840 LINCOLN BLVD.,

[fcJUfcaf fcj| SANTA MONICA, CA 90404

MART, INC. (213)450 5911

Circle 225 on inquiry card.

JOE COMPUTER* Presents Exclusive Software: IT'S FOOTBALL SEASON!

Pro and College Football from SOL:

A TRS 80t translation of Ken Perry's popular Apple programs. These programs predict point spreads with unbelievable accuracy. They are heuristic and require about 10 minutes a week to record the weekend's results into the data base from your local newspaper. You may predict any game within seconds from the data saved on cassette or disk. Pro Football contains all 28 pro teams. College football contains an unbelievable data base of 78 teams! Each program comes with the entire 1979 season data file on cassette or disk. You can display each team's record of scores or won-loss record. A record of 4-5 weeks is required before predictions are effective so you're just in time! Pro or College Football will be shipped UPS. blue label the same day order is received. Order COD. by phone. $1.00 blue label charge; COD. fees added on.

Pro Football Cassette (32K TRS 80 Level II) $21.95

Disk $26.95

College Football Cassette (48K TRS 80 Level II) $21.95

Disk $26.95

Horse Race Handicapping!

Probability Handicapping Device 1 was written by a professional software consultant to TRW Space Systems. This is a complex program carefully human factored tor easy use. It is a comprehensive horse racing system for spotting overlays in thoroughbred sprint races. Your computer will accurately predict the win probability and odds line for each horse based on your entries from the racing form. The next day overlaid horses can be spotted on the track tote board. The users manual contains a complete explanation of overlay betting plus much more useful information. The appendix contains a detailed tab run of a 100 consecutive race system workout showing an amazing 50% return ($.50 returned tor each $1.00 flat wager). Includes many features such as error correction, bubble sort, line printer output, archiving, etc. The manual may be ordered seperately for perusal for $7.95 and credit PHD-1 users manual and cassette for: 8K Apple II Applesoft, 8K

Challenger (specify 1Por 4P]. TRS-80 16K Level II $29.95

Apple or TRS-80 Disk $34.95

Brand new from SOL: Win At The Races another Ken Perry spectacular! This algorithm is based on a currently popular book representing the most ambitious multiple regression research on thoroughbred racing to date. The probable odds and win probability for each horse are displayed. Line printer output, error correction, descending sort; all the niceties!

Win At The Races cassette (32K TRS-80 Level II) $34.95

Disk (48K TRS-80 Level II) $39.95

THE BOOK (or the Computerized Handlcapperl

WINNING AT THE RACES by William Ouirin Ph.D. Computer science has come to the rescue of the racing fan. This is the first major scientific study of handicapping available to the general public, detailing what the computer reveals about class, form, early speed, and more; plus special multiple regression computer systems. A Tom Ainsle — winners circle book.

Winning At The Races $21.95

+ $.75 P & H Order now to get on our list and receive back issues free! Phone Orders: Mike (213) 992-0514 Systems Design Lab (213) 374-4471

Make Checks payable to: JOE COMPUTER 22713 Ventura Blvd., Suite F, Woodland Hills, CA 91364

'Get on the Computers & Gambling Products mailing list for $3.00 & receive available back issues Calif, res. add 6% tax. fTRS-80 is a Registered Trademark of Tandy Corporation

Circle 226 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980 315

puter Swap Meet will be held in the Gateway Hall at the Santa Clara County Fairgrounds 344 Tully Rd, San Jose CA. Show times are from 10 AM to 8 PM.

Manufacturers, stores, and individuals will display both top-of-the-line and used merchandise.

A special consignment table will be available for those who wish to drop off an item or two to be sold during the day. A free literature table is available to anyone within the industry. Admission to buyers

will be through the purchase of a redeemable $5 purchase certificate. Sellers, both individuals and companies, should call (415) 966-6546 for booth prices, availability and reservations. Or, write to: California Computer Swap Meets, POB 52, Palo Alto CA 94302.

November 8-9

Personal Computer Fair,

Pacific Science Center, Seattle WA. The theme of this year's fair is "Hands On." Both the booths and the

exhibits will reflect this idea, and the public will have access to as many computers and terminals as possible. Contact The Northwest Computer Society, POB 4193, Seattle WA 98119, (206) 284-6109.

November 10-13

The Fourth Annual DataEntry Management Conference, Orlando FL. The theme of this conference is "Improving Productivity and the Quality of Working Life." This conference will cover data entry, dis

MPD 117

MPD115

Marway has the AC Power' Controller For Your System.

You'll find the ideal solution to AC power distribution needs in Marway's proven family of power controllers. From home audio visual centers to a time shared maxicomputer system. Marway products will stop "glitches", surges and unwanted line noises.

MPD 110 Series of 3Vz" rack mount AC power controllers

• Low Price

• 10 outlets — 8 switched (remote option). 2 unswitched (direct)

• 115 VAC and 230 VAC models

• 15 amp capacity

• High performance EMI filter

• Optional remote control

MPD 115 Series of DEC Compatible Controllers

• Interchangeable with DEC model 861 and priced 40°° less

• 12 outlets — 8 switched. 4 unswitched (direct)

• 115 VAC and 230 VAC models

• Up to 30 amp capacity

• High performance EMI filter

• Optional delayed output and optional power fail restart

MPD 117 low-cost AC power distribution

• Minimum cost

• 8 outlets —6 switched. 2 unswitched (direct)

• 10 amp capacity

• High energy EMI filter

• Transient suppressor

All Marway Power Controllers provide organized.noise-free power distribution of standard AC current to eliminate frequently experienced line transients and associated problems. They turn a single wall outlet into a controlled power source. Contact Marway today.

Marway can solve your power distribution problems and save you money.

v mflRLUflV PPODLCT5 INC >

2421 South Birch Street, Santa Ana, CA 92707 (714) 549-0623

tributed processing, and word processing with emphasis on data entry, including human-machine interface. Contact Data Entry Management Association, POB 3231, Stamford CT 06905, (203) 322-1166.

November 11-13

Eleventh Annual Canadian Computer Show and Conference, International Centre, 6900 Airport Rd, Toronto, Ontario. Computers and data-processing equipment, supplies and services, disk drives, terminals and printers, telecommunications equipment, software, and other related items will be displayed. Seminars and tutorials will also be included. Contact Industrial Trade Shows of Canada, 36 Butterick Rd, Toronto, Ontario M8W 3Z8, Canada.

November 12

National Conference on the Use of On-Line Computers in Psychology, St Louis MO. This conference is for computer users in psychology and related disciplines. These users will consider the use of computers in research, clinical practice, and teaching. Tutorial sessions will be included. Contact Dr Dominic Massaro, Program in Experimental Psychology, University of California, Santa Cruz CA 95064.

November 13-16

The 1980 International Computer Music Conference, Queens College, Flushing NY. This conference is for persons interested in computer applications in music. Conference activities include presentation of papers, concerts, workshops, panel discussions, meetings of special interest groups, demonstrations, and an exhibition of computer music equipment. For information, contact Dr Hubert S Howe Jr, Director 1980 International Computer Music Conference, Queens College, Flushing NY 11367, (212) 520-7342.

November 17-21 Integrated Circuit Engineering, Bergamo Center, 4435 E

316 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 227 on inquiry card.

Circle 228 on inquiry card.

Picture your data with x,y Genesis

APPLESOFT* Subroutines Package . . $74.95

. {9-313 >

TURN

"

■STDRV

PROJECTED

THIS

1977

197*3

1979

1988 1981

WLES REVENUE

44?. 3

474.7

512.3

548.7 597.3

TOTAL EXPENSES

413.4

437.8

467.5

498.4 536.4

PROFIT BEFORE TAXES

a.*

17.7

44.3

58.3 61.8

FEDERAL TAXES

S3.9

18.8

22.4

25.1 38.5

NET PROFIT

15.9

18.8

22.4

25.1 30.5

INTO THIS

9, 389

> e o f :;

" h K E S

£ :< P £ N S E S

4 0U !

7? 7 3 7 9 SB SI PROJECTED

for the total picture

of your business or scientific data.

■ The most FLEXIBLE coordinate graphics package available for the APPLE II* Computer.

■ Add a new dimension of meaning to your data. Graphics means your data will convey more information, faster, and it will be retained longer.

■ Standard formats for PIE CHART, BAR CHART, SCATTER PLOT, and LINE PLOT are included.

■ User-definable character sets.

■ Hard copy - dump graphics screen to printer.

Custom OEM Licenses and Dealer Discounts Available.

....... VisiCalc™ Models

For the APPLE II* Computer.

SAVE HOURS OF SETUP TIME. VISIBLE BOOKKEEPER $59.95

Nine basic bookkeeping models with instructions for adapting to your own small business.

BUSINESS PROJECTOR $39.95

Basic one year projection with Cash Flow, P& L, Balance Sheet, and Common Ratios.

.... Selected Software Tools ....

VISICALC '150.00

Throw away your pencil and paper with this Matrix Problem Solver from Software Arts, Inc.

INFORMATION MASTER *150.00

THE most powerful and easiest to use Data Management System from High Technology, Inc.

Software with a future from

FUTUREWORLD

2514 UNIVERSITY DRIVE De<* B"11 DURHAM, NORTH CAROLINA 27707 (919)489-7486

'Trademark of APPLE COMPUTER. INC.

Circle 229 on inquiry card.

JM

reformaTTer

Now There Are Three!

REFORMATTER™ diskette conversion software now includes 3 programs for transferring information bidirectionally via floppy diskette medium:

CP/M® <—?>DEC gives the CP/M® user complete access to DEC formatted diskettes. Provides complete facilities for file reorganization and directory maintenance along with editing capabilities.

TRSDOS <—»IBM gives the Radio Shack® Mod II user complete access to IBM 3740 formatted diskettes. Provides complete facilities for character translation, file reorganization and directory maintenance, along with editing capabilities.

CP/MS <—»IBM, the original REFORMATTER™

now available with enhanced features, gives the CP/M® user complete access to IBM 3740 formatted diskettes. Provides complete facilities for character translation, file reorganization, and directory maintenance, along with editing capabilities.

REFORMATTER™ programs require a multiple drive system with at least one 8" single density drive.

REFORMATTER™ is available at $195.00 per program. For detailed information contact: MicroTech Exports 467 Hamilton Avenue, Suite 2 Palo Alto, California 94301

415/324-9114 ■TWX: 910-370-7457 MC1H-ALTOS Dealer & OEM discounts available

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research. Radio Shack is a registered trademark of Tandy Corp.

Bridge the GAP in your Business Accounting.

GENERAL ACCOUNTING PACKAGE. This is a proven double entry accounting system with user definable accounts. The account numbers are made up of 7 4-digit fields allowing 7 levels of account classifications. With the use of the Operator Report Selector Generator (ORSG), you can generate any type of report you desire, or use report programs in GAP-GL, GAPAP, and GAP-AR.

GAP-GL Includes all basic GAP functions, plus entry of General Ledger transactions, prints General Journal, General Ledger summary and detail, Balance Sheet, Profit and Loss Price $124.95

GAP-AR Requires GAP-GL to run, allows adding A/R invoices, printing Sales Journal, detail A/R report, Account Aging, add/update Cash Receipts with register, Cash Receipts Journal, and A/R Billing . Price $99.95

GAP-AP Requires GAP-GL to run, allows adding of A/P invoices, printing Purchase Journal, detail A/P report, Aging of Accounts, Check Writing, Check Printing, Cash Disbursements Journal Price $99.95

SAVE NOW by purchasing all three packages for only $299.95. Simply mention this ad when calling in your order, or send the ad with you mail order.

Your BA/VISA or MasterCard is welcomed. Call today to receive complete package specifications.

System requirements are 48K CP/M CP/M is registered trademark of Digital Research

fy

PROFESSIONAL DATA SYSTEMS

318 E 18 St BAKERSFIELD, CA 93305 Telephone (805) 323-0891

Circle 230 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980

317

Patterson Rd, Dayton OH 45430. This course is designed for engineers, scientists, managers, and others who need a broader understanding of the design, fabrication, and testing of integrated circuits. The fee is $635. For information, contact the Director, Continuing Engineering Education, George Washington University, Washington DC 20052, (202) 676-6106, or toll free (800) 424-9773.

November 18-20

The Third Industrial Revolu

tion, McCormick Place, Chicago IL. This show is an exposition and conference devoted to development by manufacturing companies of systems for information management. Information may be obtained from Banner & Grief Ltd, 110 E 42nd St, New York NY 10017, (212) 687-7730.

November 19-21

Comdex, Las Vegas Convention Center, Las Vegas NV. Comdex is a conference and exposition for independent sellers of small-computer

and word-processing systems, peripherals, media, and supplies. Address inquiries to The Interface Group, 160 Speen St, Framingham MA 01701, (800) 225-4620.

November 20-21

Western Educational Computing Conference, San

Diego CA. This conference will feature papers and seminars on the use of computing in higher education for instruction, administration, and research. Contact Ron Langley, Director,

Televideo 912 B. $724 920 B 912 C. $724 920 C

$547 ^{f1

$773 $773

Z-89(48K).

$795 $2,225

Texas Instruments

810 $1,516

IQ120

Atari

800 (16K) .5748 400 $445

Kurta Digitizer. .$559

Scotch -5'." Qty. 10 $29

Verbatim - 5 v Qty 10 $26

Novation - Cat $150

Mattel - Intellivision $238

We Also Buy and Sell Used Micro Computers & Peripherals.

Prices reflect 3% cash discount. Add 3% for credit card orders. Product shipped in factory cartons with manufactures warranty. Add 2%, a minimum of $5, for shipping and handling. ■■■

Call Collect

602-954-6109

GOmPUTER WAREHOUSE

2222 E. Indian School Rd. • Phoenix, Arizona 85016

We will try to beat any advertised prices!

Computer Center, California State University, Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Blvd, Long Beach CA 90840, (213) 498-5459.

November 20-23

Northeast Computer Show,

Hynes Auditorium, Boston MA. This exposition is open to the general public. The admission will be $5. Contact National Computer Shows, 824 Boylston St, Chestnut Hill MA 02167, (617) 739-2000.

November 21-23

National Home Entertainment Show, New York Coliseum, New York NY. Exhibits will cover video, photography, audio, games, and home computers. Seminars and demonstrations will be featured in this show. Contact United Business Publications Inc, 475 Park Ave South, New York NY 10016, (212) 725-2300.

November 24-25

Computer Equipment Registration, George Washington University, Washington DC. This course will review the FCC's Part 15 rules dealing with RF (radio frequency) emissions by computers. Technical considerations governing the classifications for computers, peripherals, and other related devices will be described. Contact the GWU Continuing Engineering Education Program, Washington DC 20052, (800) 424-9773.

November 25-27

Semiconductor International

'80, Metropole Convention Centre, Brighton, England. This exhibition is devoted completely to production of semiconductor components, and displays will cover all areas of technology. A technical conference program will cover maskmaking procedures, VLSI (very large-scale integration), crystal growth technology, thin film technology, bonding, memory testing, and more. Contact Kiver Communications SA, 171/185 Ewell Rd, Surbiton, Surrey, KT6 6AX, England.

318 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 231 on inquiry card.

Circle 232 on inquiry card.

Slack Works

A full, extended FORTH interpreter/compiler produces COMPACT, ROMABLE code. As fast as compiled FORTRAN, as easy to use as interactive BASIC.

SELF COMPILING

Includes every line of source necessary to recompile itself.

«

EXTENSIBLE

I Add functions at will.

I CP/M* COMPATIBLE ZSOor 8080 ASSEMBLER included

Single license

Supplied with extensive user manual and tutorial

$150.00

Documentation alone: $25.00

OEM's, we have a deal for you!

CP/M Formats: 8" soft sectored, 5" Northstar, 5" Micropolis Mod II, Vector MZ.TRS-80 Mod II

Please specify CPU type. Z80or8080

All Orders and General Information: SUPERSOFT ASSOCIATES P.O. BOX 1628 CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 (217)359-2112

Technical Hot Line: (217) 359-2691 answered only when technician is available)

SuperSoft

First in Software Technology

*CP/M registered trademark Digital Research

Circle 233 on inquiry card.

Model EP-2A-87

EPROM Programmer

PT1MAI- it^ The Model EP-2A 87

£„, EP-2A°Sf'Nck EPROM Programmer has an

■' i^2~-~Ks^Sil!^L m RS-232 compatible interface .,,,» S,,»JB6| m and includes a 2K or 4K

fl" -g*. tgjjfg m buffer. During the ON-LINE ^m m mode, another computer

* can down-load to the buffer.

Only two easy-to-implement commands are available to an external computer. (Load buffer and read buffer.) In the OFF-LINE mode, the EP-2A-87 will program, verify, test buffer, and load the buffer from the EPROM socket. During the programming cycle, the EPROM is checked before programming to insure that it is erased and after programming it automatically verifies that programming is correct. Power requirements are 115 VAC 50/60 Hertz at 15 watts.

Part No. Description Price

EP-2A-87-1 Programmer with 2K buffer $525.00

EP-2A-87-2 Programmer with 4K buffer 600.00

Non standard voltage option (220 v. 240 v. 100 v) 15.00

PM-0 Personality Module, programs TMS 2708 26.00

PM-1 Personality module, programs 2708 26.00

PM-2 Personality module, programs 2732 31.00

PM-3 Personality module, programs TMS 2716 26.00

PM-4 Personality module, programs TMS 2532 31.00

PM 5 Personality module, programs 2716, TMS 2516 16.00

PM-6 Personality module, programs 2704 26.00

PM-7 Personality module, programs 2758, TMS 2508 16.00

PM-8 Personality module, programs Motorola MCM68764 34.00

MS XX Disk driver software 27.50

Optimal Technology, Inc.

* Blue Wood 127 ^^

Earlysville, Virginia 22936 Phone (804) 973-5482

VT-100 GRAPHICS

Vector Plotting 1220x240 Dots/Screen Light Pen and Software Options $1200

DECwriter GRAPHICS

Vector Plotting Many DEC Options

1320 x 792 Dots/Page $1060

^S SELANAR (408)727-2811

^ CORPORATION

2403 De La Cruz Blvd., Santa Clara, CA 95050

Circle 234 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980

319

December 1980

December 2-5

The Eleventh International Conference of the Computer Measurement Group,

Sheraton-Boston Hotel, Boston MA. This conference is entitled "Computer Performance Evaluation in the 80s." Contact Judith G Abilock, Price Waterhouse and Company, Office of Government Services, 1801 K St NW, Washington DC 20006, (202) 296-0800.

December 3-5

The 1980 Winter Simulation Conference, Orlando Marriott, Orlando FL. This conference will feature papers, panel discussions, tutorials, and review sessions on discrete and combined simulations. Contact Professor Tuncer I Oren, Chairman, Department of Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario KIN 9B4, Canada, (613) 231-5420.

December 3-5

Implementing ComputerBased Human Resource

Systems, New York NY. This is a seminar for planning, organizing, and implementing a comprehensive system for the human resources area. It will demonstrate ways to set up a useful personnel recordkeeping system. The course fee is $695. For information, contact The University of Chicago, Center for Continuing Education, MC Seminar Division, 1307 E 60th St, Chicago IL 60637, (800) 223-7450.

December 4

California Computer Shows,

condor

COMPUTER CORPORATION

Our Newest

Data Base

Management

System

Introducing CONDOR SERIES 20/DBMS, the relational data base management system for users who want powerful performance at reasonable prices. For the special introductory offer of $695, discover how easy it is to develop business or personal information systems with SERIES 20/DBMS.

• Create a Data Base in Minutes

• Full CRT Screen Management

•Use English-like commands. Host language not required. •Computational, Statistical, and Sorting Capabilities

CONDOR SERIES 20/DBMS is compatible with many Z-80 microcomputers with at least 48K RAM running under CP/M® operating systems.

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc.

CONDOR SERIES 20/DBMS

.User's Manual ($35, plus tax)

.Additional information.

Please Send To: Name

Company. City

.SERIES 20 package ($695, plus tax)

Position

Address

State ZIP.

Phone(

.Computer.

.CRT.

CONDOR COMPUTER CORPORATION

3989 Research Park Drive, P. O. Box 8318

Ann Arbor, Michigan 48107 (313) 769-3988

Dealer inquiries welcome. C20-2

Hyatt-Palo Alto, Palo Alto CA. Show hours are from 1 to 7 PM. OEM (original equipment manufacturers) and end-user computer and peripheral products will be exhibited and demonstrated by over sixty companies. Contact Norm De Nardi Enterprises, 95 Main St, Los Altos CA 94022, (415) 941-8440.

December 10

1980 Computer Networking Symposium, Caithersburg MD. The symposium is sponsored by the IEEE Computer Society, Technical Committee on Computer Communications, and the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology of the National Bureau of Standards. The focus is on office automation, office system components, and the computer networks required to interconnect them. For information, contact Executive Secretary, POB 639, Silver Spring MD 20901, (301) 439-7007.

January 1981

January 7-9

The Fourteenth International Symposium on Minicomputers and Microcomputers,

Hotel del Coronado, San Diego CA. The scope of the symposium will cover technology, hardware, software, engineering, languages, systems architecture, operating systems, numerical methods, computer networks, and other aspects of computing. Contact the Secretary, MIMI '81 San Diego, POB 2481, Anaheim CA 92804.

January 13-15

Communications Networks 1981, Albert Thomas Convention Center, Houston TX. This show will feature exhibits and seminars covering network policy and management for US and international users and carriers; network architecture, software, and hardware; new developments; information appliances; and more. This conference is aimed at communications professionals, carrier, service and

320 November 1980 © BYTE Publications lnc

Circle 235 on inquiry card.

Circle 236 on inquiry card.

Circle 237 on inquiry card.

APPLE H TRS-80

® QUALITY 0

S DISK SOFTWARE OS

D HOME FINANCE PAK I: Entire Series $49.95 AT

[~1 BUDGET: The heart of a comprehensive home finance system. Allows user to define up to 20 budget items. Actual expense input can be by keyboard or by automatic reading of CHECKBOOK II files. Costs are automatically sorted and compared with budget. BUDGET produces both monthly actual/budget/variance report and a year-to-date by month summary of actual costs. Color graphics display of expenses. . .524.95

Q CHECKBOOK II; This extensive program keeps complete records of each check/deposit. Unique check entry system allows user to set up common check purpose and recipient categories. Upon entry you select from this pre defined menue to minimize keying in a lot of data. Unique names can also be stored for completeness. Rapid access to check files. Check register display scrolls for ease of review. 40 column printout. Up to 100 checks per month storage. Files accessible by BUDGET program $19.95

LJ SAVINGS. Allows user to keep track of deposits/withdrawals for up to 10 savings accounts. Complete records shown via screen or 40 column printer $14.95

O CREDIT CARD: Keep control of your cards with this program. Organizes, stores and displays purchases, payments and service charges. Screen or 40 column printer display. Up to 10 separate cards S14.9S

D UNIVERSAL COMPUTING MACHINE: $39.95 AT

A user programmable computing system structured around a 20 row x 20 column table. User defines row and column names and equations forming a unique computing machine. Table elements can be multiplied, divided, subtracted or added to any other element. User can define repeated functions common to a row or column greatly simplifying table setup. Hundreds of unique computing machines can be defined, used, stored and recalled, with or without old data, for later use. Excellent fur sales forecasts, engineering design analysis. budgets, inventory lists, income statements, production planning, project cost estimates in short for any planning, analysis or reporting problem that can be solved with a table Unique curser commands allow you to move to any element, change its value and immediately see the effect on other table values. Entire table can be printed by machine pages (user-defined 3-5 columns) on a 40 column printer.

□ COLOR CALENDAR: $19.95®

HIRES color graphics display of your personal calendar. Automatic multiple entry of repetitive events. Review at a glance important dates, appointments, anniversaries, birthdays, action dates, etc. over a 5 year per iod. Graphic calendar marks dates. Printer and screen display a summary report by month of your full text describing each day's action item or event. Ideal for anyone with a busy calendar

□ BUSINESS SOFTWARE: Entire Series $159.95 ®(J)

Q MICROACCOUNTANT The ideal accounting system for the small business. Based on classic T accounts and double-entry bookkeeping, this efficient program lecords and produces teports on account balances, general ledger journals, revenue and expenses Screen or 40 column printer reports. Handles up in 1000 lournal entries per month up to 300 accounts. Includes a shoit primer in Financial Accounting. . S49.95

Q UNIVERSAL BUSINESS MACHINE: This program is designed to SIMPLIFY and SAVE TIME foi the serious businessman who must penudically Analyze, Plan and Estimate The program was created using our Universal Computing Machine and it is programmed to provide the following planning and forecasting tools. CASH FLOW ANALYSIS PROFORMA BALANCE SHEET SOURCE AND USE OF FUNDS PROFORMA PROFIT & LOSS SALES FORECASTER JOB COST ESTIMATOR Price, including a copy of the Universal Computing Machine . $89 95

□ BUSINESS CHECK REGISTER AND BUDGET: A combination of our CHECKBOOK II and BUDGET programs expanded to include up to 50 budgetable items and up to 500 checks pei month. Includes hank statement reconciliation and automatic check search (4BK). . . . ., S49.95

□ ELECTRONICS SERIES: Entire Series $159.95 ®

□ LOGIC SIMULATOR SAVE TIME AND MONEY. Simulate youi digital logic circuits before you build them. CMOS. TIL. or whatever, if it's digital logic, this program can handle it. The program is an inter active, menu driven, full fledged logic simulator capable of simulating the bit tunc by bit-time response of a logic network to user-specified input patterns. It will handle up tu 1000 gates including NANOS NORS IN verters. FLIP FLOPS. SHIFT REGISTERS, COUNTERS and use* defined liACROS Up to 40 usei defined, tandoin, or binary input patterns. Simulation results displayed on CRT or printer. Accepts network descriptions from keyboard oi from LOGIC DESIGNER for simulation SB9.95

Lj LOGIC DESIGNER: Interactive HIRES Graphics program lor designing digital logic systems. A menu driven series of keyboard commands allows you to draw directly on the screen up to 15 different gate types, including 10 gate shape patterns supplied with the program and 5 reserved for user specification. Standard patterns supplied are NANO. NOR, INVERTER. EX OR. T FLOP. JK FLOP. D FLOP, RS-FLOP. 4 Bit COUNTER and N BIT SHIFT REGISTER. User interconnects gates just as you would normally draw using line graphics commands. Network descriptions for LOGIC SIMULATOR generated simultaneously with the CRT diagram being drawn S89.95

□ MATHEMATICS SERIES: Entire Series $49.95 ®

□ STATISTICAL ANALYSIS I: This menu driven program perforins SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION analy sis, determines the mean, standard deviation and plots the frequency distribution af user supplied data sets. Printer, Disk, I/O and edit routines included (32K mm.) SI9 95

□ NUMERICAL ANALYSIS: HIRES 2 Dimensional plot of any (miction. Automatic scaling. At your option, the program will plot the function, plot the INTEGRAL, plot the DERIVATIVE, determine the ROOTS find the MAXIMA and MINIMA and list the INTEGRAL VALUE S19.95

□ MATRIX: A general purpose, menu driven program for determining the INVERSE and DETERMINANT of any matrix, as well as the SOLUTION to any set of SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS Oisk I/O for data save. Specify 55 eon. set <48K) or 35 eqn (32K) S19.95

□ 3-D SURFACE PLOTTER: Explore the ELEGANCE and BEAUTY of MATHEMATICS hy creating HI-RES PLOTS of 3 dimensional surfaces from any 3 variable equation. Disk save and recall routine:, foi plots Menu driven to vary surface parameters. Hidden line or transparent plotting $19.95

D ACTION ADVENTURE GAMES: Entire Series $29.95 A

□ RED BARON: Can you outfly the REO BARON1 This fast action game simulates a machine gun DOG FIGHT between your WORLD WAR I Bl PLANE and the baron s. You can LOOP, DIVE. BANK or CLIMB ■ n any one of 8 directions and so can the BARON in HI RES graphics S14.95

□ BATTLE OF MIDWAY: You are in command of the U.S.S. HORNETS' DIVE BOMBER squadion. Your targets are the Aircraft carriers, Akaqi, Soryu and Kaga. You must fly your way through ZEROS and AA FIRE to make your DIVE BOMB run. In HI RES graphics S14.95

CISUB ATTACK: It's April, 1943, The enemy convoy is headed for the CORAL SEA Your sub, the MORAY, has just sighted the CARRIERS and BATTLESHIPS. Easy pickings. But watch out for the DC STROYERS they're fast and deadly In HIRES yraphics S14 95

□ FREE CATALOG All programs are supplied on disk and run on Apple II w/Disk Si Applesoft ROM Card & TRS 80 Level II and require 32K RAM unless otherwise noted Oetailed instructions included. Oiders ship ped withm 3 days. Card users include card number. Add SI.50 postage and handling with each order. California residents add %'/?% sales tax.

Make checks payable to:

SPECTRUM SOFTWARE

P.O. Box 2084 142 Carlow, Sunnyvale, CA 94087 For phone orders - 408-738-4387 DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

DIGITAL COMPUTER CASSETTES

• Ideal for Apple, Pet or TR-S80 Users.

• Eight Special 50 Foot Cassettes.

• Unique Storage Album.

$9.95 each or 3 for $26.00

Extra cases - $4.9S

No Sales Tax For Out Of State Customers Price Includes Free Shipping In Continental U.S.

Dealer Inquiries Welcome

c j ~ Call Collect

Sound Concepts for Master Card

or Visa Orders 801-375-7333

P.O. Box 299 Provo, Utah 84601

LOW COST IMPACT PRINTER

48 Column Impact Printer available in KIT form or ASSEMBLED and TESTED, ready to be connected to your computer. Primary features include: Microprocessor controlled and programmable with 32 system level software commands, 96 ASCII characters with upper and lower case, no eye straining print with 9 software selectable sizes from 5 x 7 to larger 10 x 7 and 10 x 14 character fonts, reverse font printing capability, standard parallel and serial interface, baudrate selectable from 110 to 9600 baud, plus many more functions at your command.

Prices for KITS are $295 (101A-48K) without enclosure and $325 (101A-48KE) with enclosure. KITS include all electronics, mechanical parts and detailed assembly instructions,

ASSEMBLED and TESTED Impact Printers—prices are: $325 (101A-48) excluding enclosure, $355 (101A-48E) with enclosure.

For further information, contact:

COOSOL, INC.

P.O. Box 743, Anaheim, Ca. 92805 Phone: (714) 545-2216 (7 days a week)

Circle 238 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980

321

hardware vendors who are interested in combining voice, data, and message systems applications. Contact Communications Networks '81, c/o The Conference Company, 60 Austin St, Newton MA 02160, (617) 964-4550.

January 14-19

42nd National Audio-Visual Convention and Exhibit,

Dallas Convention Center, Dallas TX. Over 300 manufacturers and producers of audio-visual, video and microcomputer hardware and software will be exhibiting their products. Seminars will cover marketing and production of audio-visual items. For more information, contact the National Audio-Visual Association, 3150 Spring St, Fairfax VA 22031, (703) 273-7200.

January 16-17

Microcomputer Conference,

Arizona State University, Tempe AZ. The goal of this

microcomputer conference is to introduce educators to the applications of computers in the classroom. The emphasis of the conference is to provide an awareness of microcomputers and their impact on society. For further information, contact Dr Gary G Bitter, Arizona State University, Payne 203, Tempe AZ 85281.

January 27-29

Advanced Semiconductor Equipment Exposition, San

Jose Convention Center, San Jose CA. Over 100 exhibitors will feature equipment at this trade show. The show's emphasis is on new products and emerging technology in the semiconductor processing and production fields. Contact Cartlidge & Associates, 491 Macara Ave, Suite 1014, Sunnyvale CA 94086, (408) 245-6870.

January 28-31

The Third IMMM/Data Comm International Japan

Exposition, Harumi Exposition Center, South Hall, Tokyo, Japan. Over 15,000 scientists, design engineers, technical managers, applications engineers, and other specialists are expected to attend this show. Internepcon Japan/Semiconductor International is held concurrently. A conference program will include talks on microcomputer-controlled data communications systems, peripheral interfacing, software management, and more. Contact Industrial and Scientific Conference Management Inc, 222 W Adams St, Chicago IL 60606, (312) 263-4866. ■

BYTE's Bugs

Correspondence on Correspondence

Thank you, BYTE, for

Introducing

THE

eericHmarK

WORD

PROCESSING

SYSTEM

THE BENCHMARK software system sets new standards in word processing. First, it can be delivered to run on the CP7 M or the North Star DOS, so there may be no need to buy a special operating system. Second, it has all the features of systems costing thousands of dollars more. Third, the price is as low as. or lower than, most word processing systems.

Anyone can learn to run and use THE BENCHMARK in one day of self training. Completely self-prompting in English. THE BENCHMARK is a full capability word processor, has been thoroughly tested in an office environment and proved to meet the needs of the most sophisticated user.

• Multi-operating system • Overtype - erases, corrects

• Changes terminal drivers • Variable, electronic decimal tab

• Customized to utilize all the • Screen menus simplify operation features of terminal & printer • Block move and get

CC ^\ Ok Q p'us tax

ONLY Q ■ ^» ^» where applicable

THE BENCHMARK is distributed exclusively by RS.B Computer Systems. Dealer inquiries are invited.

P^p Computer

1954 E. University

Systems

Tempe, Arizona 852S1

1-800-528-7385 AZ-602-968-7101

THE BENCHMARK is a trademark of Metasoft Corporation

running the enlarged, corrected oscilloscope photographs in BYTE's Bugs on page 182 of the June 1980 issue. BYTE readers may wish to label these pictures in order to be sure of their correspondence with the original photographs on page 66 of the article, "A Computer-Controlled Light Dimmer" (January 1980 BYTE). The picture labels should be matched as follows:

Original Pictures in

Article BYTE's Bugs

(January) (June)

00 a

40 b

80 c

CO d

FF e

Thank you again for your time and concern in publishing the corrections in BYTE's Bugs.

John H Gibson Department of Physics Alma College Alma MI 48801

Incorrect STOIC Price

An incorrect price was reported in John James's article "What is FORTH?" in the August 1980 BYTE. On page 134, middle column, Mr James reported that the language STOIC was available from the CP/M User's Group (1651 Third Ave, New York NY 10028) for $20. The membership fee of $4 has been replaced by a one-time catalog fee of $6, making the total $22, not $20 ($8 each for two floppy disks plus $6 for the catalog). Also, the above price is valid for the United States, Canada, and Mexico only. The price for all other countries is $12 per disk, making a total of $30 ($12 each for two floppy disks plus $6 for the catalog). The Group is filling orders that were received with insufficient funds, but they (and we at BYTE) request that the receivers of such orders pay the appropriate difference in price.■

322 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 239 on inquiry card.

Circle 240 on inquiry card.

WE

DELIVER!

Osborne Business Sofrvvore

O

Before you buy the programs that your company is going to depend on for its accounting, ask the following questions:

Do I get the source code?

Is it well documented?

Is it fully supported?

(Don't settle for less. You cannot make the smallest change without it.) (The Osborne documentation is the best.) (If not, why not? What are they afraid of?)

The Osborne system is the industry standard accounting package, with literally thousands of users. We offer an enhanced version of that package that will run on most systems without recompiling.

CRT INDEPENDENCE. The original programs were designed to run on a Hazeltine terminal. To use a different CRT, you had to modify and test two modules — and recompile every program! With the Vandata package, you simply pick your CRT from a menu and run.

FILE/DRIVE MAP. The original package had all data files on the same drive as the programs. Ours allows you to dynamically specify the drive assigned to each file. In fact, you can change the drive assignments whenever you wish, to accommodate expanded file sizes or new hardware — all without recompiling!

INTEGRATION. The original AR and AP systems had to be changed and recompiled to feed journal entries to GL. Our installation program eliminates this hassle. It simply asks you if you want the systems integrated, and what your special account numbers are.

SPEED. The original programs used a binary search to access the GL account file. We use an enhanced technique that greatly cuts down on disk accesses, thus speeding up account lookups significantly in the GL, AR and AP systems.

BUGS. We have corrected a number of bugs in the original programs. If you find a bug in our programs, we'll fix it — and send you a $20 reward! Our users are sent bug fixes in source form.

MORE! We have made many minor enhancements, and fixed many minor problems. We are committed to the ongoing support of our package. Vandata has been an independent software supplier for over seven years. Quality and support are our way of doing business.

General Ledger with Cash Journal $95

Accounts Receivable $95

Accounts Payable $95

Payroll with Cost Accounting $95

• All Four Packages (GL, AR, AP, PR) $295

Magic Wand (Super Word Processor!!) $345

Pearl Level III (best prog, tool available) $645

CBASIC-2 $110

TRS-BO® MODIICP/M® 2.2 (Pickles & Trout) $185

H89/Z89 CPM1 2.2 (Magnolia inc. h/w mod) $295

Foimats: Std 8". 5" NorthStar DD. TRS-80 MOD II tm. H89/Z89 Manuals tor GL, AR/AP, and PR are not included in price — add $20 per manual desired (AR/AP are in one manual) CP/M'*' and CBASIC-2 required to run accounting software Users must sign licensing agreement Dealer inquiries invited.

To order call or write:

VISA/MC Welcome TRS-80*

(206) 542-8370

VANDATA

17541 Stone Avenue North

Seattle, WA 98133

— CPjM* is a registered trademark of Digital Research, is a registered trademark of Radio Shack. Inc.

6502 MICRO MICROCOMPUTER

This JBE micro-microcomputer has the following;

• 1024 bytes of RAM (two 2114s)

• 2048 bytes of EPROM (2716)

• Uses one 6522 via (documentation incl.)

• 2 8-bit bidirectional I/O ports

• 2 16-bit programmable timer/counter

• Serial data port

• Latched output and input with handshaking logic

• TTL and CMOS compatible

The 6502 microprocessor is particularly suited for control functions such as temperature control burglar alarm, electrical wheel chair, lights, etc. This micro-micro interfaces with the JBE Solid State Switch and A-D and D-A converter and uses JBE 5V power supply. 2716 EPROM is available separately. A 50 pin connector is included. 80-153 ASSM, $110.95 Kit $89.05 Bare Board $24.95

DIMMER CONTROL

111

lilt

ui

^]WG

The JBE Dimmer Control has 4 channels, 256 brightness levels on-board power supply and four 8-bit parallel input ports {not latched). This board interfaces with JBE Solid State Switch and Apple II Parallel Interface Card (documentation included).

80-146 ASSM. $89.95

KIT $79.95

BARE BOARD $25.95

APPLE II DISPLAY BOARD

This handy little board is ideal for teaching and troubleshooting.Ithasarunstop single step switch which makes identification of shorted lines between address or data-bits easy & shows single step for teaching computer logic. The display board has 16 address LEDs, 8 data LEDsandlRDYLED. All lines are buffered.

80-144 ASSM. $49.95

KIT $42.95

BARE BOARD $25.95

& JOHN bell engineering

ALL PRODUCTS ARE AVAILABLE FROM JOHN BELL ENGINEERING

P.O. BOX 338 • REDWOOD CITY, CA 94064 • (415)367-1137

ADD6% SALES TAX IN CALIFORNIA. FOR ORDERS OUTSIDETHE U.S.A.,

ADD5% FORSHIPPINGANDHANDLING.

"For complete product line, see John Bell Engineering full page ad in Kilobaud

'Write for our new catalog

Kill Surges Like Lightning!

Surge Sentry 120 works in parallel with the power line to shunt destructive power surges in less than 1 nanosecond! Triggers at 10% above the nominal peak voltage. Plugs into any standard 120-volt outlet for immediate protection.

Ideal for small computers, communications, medical, and other sensitive electronic equipment. Suggested retail price $89.50. OEM model also available. Call or write:

l\ [i Z R&K Enterprises

643 South 6th Street, San Jose, CA 95112 (408) 288-5565.

Dealer inquiries invited.

Circle 241 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980

323

Product Review

The muSIMP/muMATH-79 Symbolic Math System

Computers are very literal minded: ask one to add 1/2 and 1/3 and it will probably give you 0.833333 or some close approximation. Ask for 401 (ie: 40 factorial) and you will get an answer like 8.1592E47, if you receive a reply at all. But what if you wanted the answer 5/6 for the first problem and an exact answer to the second problem, all forty-eight digits of it? Computers express everything in numbers, not symbols: that's the problem.

A software package called muMATH-79, created by the Soft Warehouse of Honolulu, Hawaii, does just what you want and more. The muMATH-79 package, billed as a symbolic math system, is to algebraic problem solving what the pocket calculator is to arithmetic problem solving. Like a pocket calculator, it cannot solve problems on its own, but muMATH-79 can be an invaluable tool in terms of increasing the accuracy and the complexity of the problems that can be solved by a person.

muMATH-79 is a modular system. It can be used for any one or a combination of the following: 611-digit arithmetic; matrix manipulation; algebraic manipulation and equation solving; logarithmic and trigonometric manipulation; integration and differentiation.

Arithmetic and Algebra

muMATH-79 manipulates everything as a string of symbols, so it's no surprise that numbers are stored as strings of digits, with a

324 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Gregg Williams Editor

given number being up to 611 digits long. Given this situation, muMATH-79 has defined addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and integral exponentiation as operations that work on two strings of numbers to give a third string as a result.

Matrix operations in muMATH-79 are fast as well as exact.

When muMATH-79 is running, the computer prompts user input with a question mark and a space. (In our examples, computer-generated output is underlined here to distinguish it from user input.) All commands must be ended in a semicolon, and muMATH-79 precedes its answer with an ampersand and a space. For example, if we type in:

7_2t50;

muMATH-79 replies almost instantly with:

@ 1125899906842624

Similarly, a request for 40 factorial gets an immediate reply:

7_40l;

@ 81591528324789773434 561126959611589427200

0000000

We can assign strings (ie: numbers or symbolic expressions) to variable names using a colon:

7_Cl:2t50;

@ 1125899906842624

?_C2:C1-1;

@ 1125899906842623

Also, we can change the radix used to accept and display numbers. For example, to change to binary (also called radix 2 or base 2), we say:

7_ RADIX (2); @ 1010

and muMATH-79 replies that its base was base 10 (since it is now in base 2, it prints 10 in binary: binary 1010 = decimal 10). To check that we are in base 2:

7_C1;

@ 10000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000

000000000 7_C2; @ 11111111111111111111

111111111111111111111

111111111

Sure enough, Cl, being 250, should be a 1 followed by fifty 0s in binary, and C2 should be fifty Is.

Also, muMATH-79 is fast. It computed all the above answers in less than 1 second each (running on a Cromemco Z-2D at 4 MHz), and answered 2501 (seven lines of numbers) in 31 seconds. (See listing 1.) When a number being computed

Circle 242 on inquiry card

Circle 243 on inquiry card.

For your APPLE/CORVUS Computer System:

Store up to

30,000 names per mailing list!

with an

unlimited number of lists!

Unlimited potential is available now with this new mailing list program designed for commercial mailers, and written in Applesoft. With 6 lines per record, fully adaptable to your format, up to 30,000 names can be maintained on each list with no limit on the number of lists. "Apple" and "Corvus" are registered trademarks of Apple Computer Inc. and Corvus Systems.

Features of

This Revolutionary Program:

creates list • finds entry

selects list displays list reports list maintains list by zip code and alphabetical order

browse thru entry change entry add to entry deletes entry search entries utility/code field

PRODUCES 1 UP, 2UP, 3UP, 4UP CHESHIRE OR PRESSURE SENSITIVE LABELS

Fully Prompting • Easy To Run

Requirements:

Requires 48K Apple, 80 or 132 column printer, Corvus 11AP Hard Disk. Optional: Corvus Mirror, Corvus Constellation.

Complete Software

program with detailed user manual. Add $3. for $'

shipping.

All orders prepaid or C.O.D. N.J. firms add 5% sales tax.

250.

STONEHENGE COMPUTER CO.

89 Summit Avenue Summit, N.J. 07901

or call (201) 277 1020 for further information i DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

There's never been a

better time to

buy an AppleII.

48K APPLE H

OR PLUS ONLY $1095.

Visit our newly expanded showroom and see one of the original Applels on display.

[apple computer

Authorized Dealer

FARNSWORTH COMPUTER CENTER

1891 N. FARNSWORTH AVE. (At the East-West Tollway) AURORA, IL. 60505 (312) 851-3888

Weekdays 10-8; Sat. 10-5

IMAIL ORDER DISCOUNTSI

^L

apple computer

Sates and Service

APPLE II 48K

$1,059

ACCESSORIES

DISK II DRIVE & CONTROLLER

DISK II DRIVEONLY

INTEGER BASIC FIRMWARE CARD

APPLESOFT II FIRMWARE CARD

M&RSURR-MODRF MODULATOR CENTRONICS PRINTER INTERFACE CARD HIGH-SPEED SERIAL INTERFACE CARD

.480 MICROSOFTZ-80SOFTCARDSYSTEM 315

420 VIDEX 80 COLUMN BOARD

149 W/GRAPHICS AND SWITCH 350

149 DC HAYES MICROMODEM II 330

25 SILENTYPE PRINTER W/INT. CARD 510

185 LANGUAGE SYSTEM W/PASCAL 420

145 GRAPHICS TABLET 650

ALF MUSIC SYNTHESIZER 235

SOFTWARE

APPLE FORTRAN 165

DOS 3.3 49

APPLE DOS TOOL KIT 65

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BYTE November 1980

325

Listing 1: Extended-precision arithmetic in muMATH-79. As shown in the first two examples, muMATH-79 does not convert fractions, but rather reduces them to their lowest terms. As you can see from the 493-digit answer to 250! (250 factorial), muMATH-79 does all its arithmetic exactly. In this and all other listings, underlining denotes computer output.

1_ 4/20;

@ 1 / 5

J_ 352/283072; @ 11 / 8846

? 250!;

@ 32 3285626090910773232081455202436847099484371767 37 806667 47 942 4-27112 8 23 747555111209488 817 915 37102819945092 8507 35 3189432 9267 3093171280899082 27 91 0302790712819216765272401892647 3 32180411862610068 32925 36513 3678 939089569 93 5713 5 3017504051317 87600772 47 9 3 3065 402 3 3900616482555224881943657 2586057 39922264125483298220484913772177665064127685880715 3128978777672951913990 844377478702589172 97 325515028 3241787 32065818848 20624785 82659808 848 825548 800000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

exceeds the capacity of the system, muMATH-79 replies with the word FALSE:

7_300!; @ FALSE

muMATH-79 also manipulates symbolic expressions (depending on the values of its control variables, described later). For example:

5*X-3*Y12 + 8*X13*X - 7*Yt2

■4*Yt2

Equations in muMATH-79 are often hard to read. It helps to write them out using pencil and paper; the above 5X-3Y2 + 8X-4Y2, which

simplified to 13X —7Y2. Variables can be used in expressions, where they add their symbolic content to the expression being evaluated:

7_EXPRl:B + 4; @ 4 + B

EXPR2:EXPR1 + C+2*B; 4 + 3*B + C

was

A variable name is called bound if it has a value and unbound if it does not. For example, the variable EXPRl, above, is bound because it has the value B + 4. There are times, however, when we want a variable to simply be itself. We can change a variable from bound to unbound as follows (using the example of EXPRl):

7_ EXPRl;

@ 4 + B (EXPRl is bound) 7_ EXPRl:'EXPRl @ EXPRl (EXPRl is now unbound)

Equation Solving

In addition, some equations can be solved. For example, to solve

X3 + 2X2-63X = 0:

7_SOLVE(Xt3 + 2*Xt

2-63*X==0,X); @ {X = 7, X - -9,

X ■ 0)

(muMATH-79 uses the double equal

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326 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE November 1980

327

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The most impressive feature of muMATH-79 is its ability to do symbolic differentiation and integration.

sign to distinguish it from the single equal sign, which is used as a Boolean equality operator; the final X in the SOLVE command tells muMATH-79 to solve for the variable X.)

It is also aware of imaginary and complex numbers and uses the variable §1 to represent the imaginary number u

7_SOLVE(Xt2 + l==0,X);

X = #D

However, muMATH-79 is not intelligent; it cannot solve equations of order 3 or higher. (The example with the X3 polynomial is seen by muMATH-79 as being of order 2, with a zero factor added.) Factoring is hard even for people, but muMATH-79 can aid you in factoring a higher-order polynomial.

Trigonometric and Logarithmic Manipulation

With the addition of these packages to the muMATH-79 system, the user can manipulate logarithmic and trigonometric expressions. Manipulation of these expressions varies with the values of certain control variables.

For example, if the trigonometric expansion variable TRGEXPD is 0:

7_ SIN(5*Y); @ SIN(5*Y)

But if TRGEXPD is -6 (denoting expansion of multiple-angle sine and cosine functions):

]_ SIN(5*Y);

@ -12*COS(Y)t2*SIN(Y)

+ 16*COS(Y)t4*SIN(Y)

+ SIN(Y)

The functions available are LN (logarithm to the base e), LOG (logarithms to other bases), SIN, COS, TAN, COT, SEC, and CSC. And muMATH-79 uses the variable #E (for e) and #PI (for x).

Matrix Manipulations

The math system can also manipulate matrices. Matrices can be multiplied (or divided) by a matrix or a scalar, transposed, inverted, and taken to an integer power. If a matrix is nonsingular (ie: its inverse does not exist), muMATH-79 responds to an attempt to invert it with divide-byzero error messages. If the matrix can be inverted, the coefficients of its inverse, if nonintegral, are expressed as fractions—that is, the inverse is algebraically exact. For an example of this, see listing 2.

Matrix operations are fast as well as exact. The inversion of matrix H in listing 2 took 5 seconds, and the inversion of a 5-by-5 matrix took 48 seconds. Since matrix entries are symbolic, the entries can be scalars or matrices. This allows the formation of complex data structures that can be manipulated by muMATH-79.

Differentiation and Integration

The most impressive feature of muMATH-79 is its ability to do symbolic differentiation and integration. For example, if we differentiate 1/X3 with respect to X, we get — 3X~4. muMATH-79 accomplishes the task as follows:

J?_DIF(l/Xt3,X); @ -3 / X14

Listing 2: Matrix inversion and multiplication in muMATH-79. Listing 2a shows the creation of the 2 by 2 matrix H. Listing 2b shows the creation of the inverse of H, HINV. Listing 2c shows the multiplication of two compatible matrices using a period (.) as the muMATH-79 matrix multiplication operator.

(2a)

2_ H:{[380,-115/2],[17,109]};

@ ([380, -115/2], [17, 109])

(2b) J?_HINV:H"-1;

@ {[218/84795, 23/16959], [-34/84795, 152/16959]}

(2c) ?_H.HINV;

g {[1, 0], [0, 1]}

330 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Listing 3: Algebraic intergration in muMATH-79. Listing 3a shows the creation of the function FC1, which equals Xz + ln(X). Listing 3b shows the calculation of the indefinite integral of FC1, while listing 3c shows the calculation of its definite integral from e to 2e. (See the text for these two equations written in conventional form.)

(3a) ? FCl:X-2+LN(X); @ X"2 + LN(X)

(3b) J?_INT(FC1,X);

@ -X + X*LN(X) + X"-3/3

(3c) _?_DEFINT(FC1,X,#E,2*#E);

@ -2*#E + 2*#E*LN(2*#E) + 7*#E~3/3

It works with the resources of whatever packages are loaded into it at the time. For example, if the trigonometric package is loaded, muMATH-79 can do the following:

JLDIF(COT(2*X),X); @ -2 * CSC(2*X)t2

which translates as:

■£- cot 2X = -2 csc2(2X) dX

Indefinite and definite integrals are also within muMATH's capabilities. The definite integral is calculated by simple substitution of the integral limits into the result of the indefinite integration, in much the same process a person performs. If muMATH-79 cannot do this, it simply returns the indefinite integral. Listing 3 shows its calculation of the following two integrals:

$X2 + ln(X) dX =

£+Xin(X)-X+C

that rigorously applies a given set of rules to arrive at a transformed result. But achieving a desired algebraic manipulation is not always an exact process.

For example, consider the trivial example given in figure la. If the denominator is distributed over the numerator, the result is the expression in figure lb. But if we factor the numerator first, the discovered factor of (X+l) in the numerator cancels the (X+l) in the denominator, leaving the simplified answer in figure lc.

muMATH-79 cannot make these decisions; it is a tool, not a problem solver. So certain variables called control variables are introduced into its environment. Under human control, these variables are used to tell muMATH-79 what manipulations to make.

(a) (b) (c)

(X+1)

and

(X + 1) T (X+1)

X3 + X2 X2(X + 1 )

(X+1) - (X+1)

\l'x2 + ln(X)dX = ^-+2eln(2e)-2c

muMATH-79 Control Variables

The package does not exhibit artificial intelligence. (Although with some of its accomplishments, it seems to exhibit it.) Rather, it is a very sophisticated symbol manipulator

Figure 1: Options in the transformation of an algebraic expression. The simple expression in figure la can be transformed to that of figure lb by distributing the denominator over the terms of the numerator. A more useful transformation, however, is shown in figure lc. By factoring out a term of X2 and cancelling out the (X+l) factor in both numerator and denominator, the expression can be considerably simplified.

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BYTE November 1980 333

Although an explanation of the intricacies of control variables is beyond the scope of this review, the topic does deserve some explanation. Table 1 is a list of the control variables and their effects on algebraic expressions. Table 2 shows the effect of one control variable, NUMNUM, on expressions. (Most control variables behave similarly,

with positive values causing an expansion of terms to take place and negative values causing a combination of terms to take place.)

Generating a muMATH-79 System

Because muMATH-79 can potentially use more than 64 K bytes of memory, the system is supplied as a

Control Variable

NUMNUM

DENDEN

DENNUM

NUMDEN

BASEXP EXPBAS PWREXPD

Result with Positive Value

A(B + C)-AB + AC

A v B + C '

B + C . B. C. A A A

1

AB + AC

Result with Negative Value

AB + AC-A(B + C)

3 J-(.

AB + AC A v

JL + C. _ B + C

B + C

B + C

_i + C_ A A

(AB)C-ACBC (A+B)2-A2 + 2AB+B2

(A+B)3-A3 + 3A2B + B3 (etc)

_B + C A A

A'AC-AK

ACBC-(AB)C

(A + B)"2-

B + C

1

(A' + 2AB + B')

(A + Bf

1

AJ + 3A'B + 3AB2 + B" (etc)

Table 1: The effect of control variables on symbolic manipulation within muMATH-79. The values given to these control variables determine how muMATH-79 manipulates algebraic expressions. Other control variables not listed in this table are TRGSQ, TRGEXPD, LOGBAS, PBRCH, and LOGEXPD, which control trigonometric and logarithmic expressions.

Value of NUMNUM

Transformation

Example

0

do nothing

3A(B + CXD + E)- 3A(B + CXD + E)

2 and its multiples

distribute constants over sums

-A(3B + 3CXD + E)

3 and its

distribute monomials

-3(AB + ACXD + E)

multiples

over sums

5 and its multiples

distribute sums over sums

-3A(D(B + C)+E(B + C))

6 (= 2.3)

distribute constants and monomials over sums

-(3AB + 3ACXD + E)

10 ( = 2«5)

distribute constants and sums over sums

- A(D(3B + 3C) + E(3B + 3C))

15 ( = 3-5)

distribute monomials and sums over sums

- 3(ABD + ABE + ACD + ACE)

30 ( = 2.3*5)

distribute constants, monomials, and sums over sums

- 3ABD + 3ABE + 3ACD + 3ACE

-2,-3,-6

same as 2, 3, 6,

only factor out instead

of distribute

NUMNUM = -3 causes 3AB + 3AC-A(3B + 3C)

Table 2: A detailed algebraic expressions

example of the effect of the control variable NUMNUM on . NUMNUM is so named because it controls the distribution or

factoring of a numerator expression with the Positive values cause a factor to be distributed cause factoring a common value from a sum.

numerator expression containing it. across a sum, while negative values

series of packages that can be combined to create an optimal environment for a given purpose. Figure 2 shows a dependency diagram from the muMATH-79 packages as they are supplied. To run a given package, you must load that package and all the packages above it. For example, to manipulate algebraic and logarithmic expressions, you must load the file named MUSIMP79 (which loads MUSMORE automatically), ARITH, ALGEBRA, and LOG, in that order. To solve equations that use logarithmic expressions, you would add to the above the files EQN and SOLVE.

Of course you would like to have all the packages available at once. Unfortunately, due to the large size of the packages, this cannot be done. A 32 K-byte system is necessary to run anything in muMATH-79, but more memory is recommended. It takes 40 K bytes, for example, to run algebra and 48 K bytes to run either calculus or matrix algebra.

A muMATH-79 system is first generated and then saved for future loading into the same system. Each package takes 1 to 5 minutes to load, given a Z80 system running at 4 MHz; loading time will be proportional to the speed of the processor being used.

Another method of loading, called condensation, takes from 10 minutes to 1 hour per module to load, but it has the advantage of loading the same module in just over half as much memory. At BYTE Publications Inc, we are running a condensed system in 56 K bytes that includes all the muMATH-79 packages except TRACE, ARRAY, and MATRIX. It took an afternoon to set up the system, but the time was well spent, because all the packages interact with each other. However, problem solution time decreases with increased unused memory. Decreasing the number of packages used would probably cut the solution times of problems, but so far the delays encountered have been hardly objectionable.

The muSIMP-79 Language

An unexpected benefit of the muMATH-79 package is the inclusion of the muSIMP-79 language. muMATH-79 as supplied is actually a series of source files written in muSIMP-79. Inclusion of the source files allows you the very important

334 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE November 1980

335

MUSIMP79 (+MUSMORE)

FOR DEBUGGING MU-SIMP PROGRAMS

Figure 2: Functional dependency chart for the packages in muMATH-79. To run any package shown here, muSIMP-79 and all the packages connecting it to that desired package must be compiled to make a custom muMATH-79 system.

ARITHMETIC

USED TO BUILD MATRICES

ALGEBRA

MANIPULATION OF EXPRESSIONS USING VARIABLES

MATRIX OPERATIONSMULTIPLICATION, INVERSION, ETC.

EQN

MANIPULATION OF EQUATIONS

SOLVE

SOLUTION

OF EQUATIONS

LOG

LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

DIFFERENTIATION

POSITIVE

TRIGONOMETRIC

FUNCTIONS

TRGNEG

NEGATIVE

TRIGONOMETRIC

FUNCTIONS

SOLUTION OF

INDEFINITE

INTEGRALS

option of changing or adding to muMATH-79 by changing existing muSIMP-79 programs (ie: packages) or adding your own.

muSIMP-79 is a variation of the well-known list-processing language LISP; it has been adapted for readability and optimized for the manipulation of symbolic expressions. Considering that the entire capabilities of muMATH-79 are based on the use of the muSIMP-79

language, the availability of muSIMP-79 is a definite advantage.

D ocumentation

The muSIMP/muMATH-79 Symbolic Math System comes with all its associated files on floppy disk and its printed documentation in a three-ring binder. There are about 175 pages of printed documentation in the reference manual, with tabbed sections marked General Information,

INTMORE

MORE COMPLEX INTEGRATION, PLUS DEFINITE INTEGRALS

Calculator-Mode Lessons, Programming-Mode Lessons, muSIMP-79, Arithmetic, Algebra, Equation, Matrix, Log and Trig, and Calculus. All of the sections consist of either documentation or source code for a particular package, both of which are

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336 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Cover price for each issue through August 1977 is $1.75

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BYTE November 1980

337

available on the disk in machinereadable form. Included are sections on building, saving, and using a muMATH-79 environment (which is the muMATH-79 packages compiled plus all the variable and status assignments completed to date). In addition, ten files (five for each subject) that execute interactively on the host computer cover the topics of using muMATH-79 in what is called calculator mode and of programming in muSIMP-79.

The Soft Warehouse prints an occasional newsletter that contains updates, additions, and (very occasionally) corrections to its muSIMP/ muMATH-79 and muLISP (another of its products) systems. The people at the Soft Warehouse have been friendly and informative every time I've called them.

muMATH-79 for the TRS-80

Microsoft Consumer Products of Bellevue, Washington (a sibling company to the Microsoft of Microsoft BASIC fame) is marketing two versions of muSIMP/muMATH-79 for the TRS-80. The first version, equivalent to the one described in this review, will sell for $250.

A slightly diminished version of the system will be available for $75—a very reasonable price. Although I have not seen it, the manufacturer informs us that the system will come with two floppy disks (one for 32 K-byte systems, one for 48 K-byte systems) and an abbreviated manual. The floppy disk for the 32 K-byte system will include muSIMP-79, a precompiled module including the arithmetic, algebra, and equationsolution packages, and uncompiled logarithmic and positive and negative trigonometric packages.

The floppy disk for the 48 K-byte

At a Glance:

Name of program

muSIMP/muMATH-79

Type of program

language/utility

Manufacturer

The Soft Warehouse POB 11174 Honolulu HI 96828 (808) 734-5801

Price

$290

Format

5-inch or 8-inch disk

Language used

8080 machine language

Computer needed

an 8080, 8085, or Z80-based computer running CP/M, CDOS, IMDOS, or TRSDOS operating systems

Documentation

175 pages, 8V2 by 11 inches, ring binder

in three

Audience

high-school and college students, educators, programming language enthusiasts

TRS-80 system will be the same but will add the differentiation package and most of the integration packages in the compiled module. Both versions have extensions that allow muSIMP to access the TRS-80 graphics.

Conclusions

• The muSIMP/muMATH-79 Symbolic Math System is a very impressive tool. It fills a gap in the spectrum of problems solvable by a computer.

• Although it cannot work wonders, muSIMP/muMATH-79 can solve many of the problems encountered in algebra, trigonometry, and even calculus classes. (Educators need not fear: muMATH-79 does not provide a solution's derivation, only the final answer.)

• Educators from the high-school level up have used the package as an aid to teaching mathematics. And researchers have used it to keep track

of equations during complex manipulations. Other potential users include: engineers demanding exact numeric solutions of problems and matrices (the fractional answers can be divided out conventionally to give decimal answers of any accuracy); researchers interested in artificial intelligence; college professors studying programming languages, and all those in need of a calculator.

• Although this is no fault of the package, muMATH-79 occasionally behaves in a way that, although correct, leads to unexpected and seemingly mysterious results. (I, for example, was unable to save a compiled package to disk drive B because I had assigned an algebraic value to the variable B.) Some sophistication on the part of the user is necessary in such cases.

• The documentation is good, but a thorough knowledge of the system is gained only by lots of practical experience. ■

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338 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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MICROSTAT, the most powerful statistics package available for microcomputers, is completely file-oriented with a powerful Data Management Subsystem (DMS) that allows you to edit, delete, augment, sort, rank-order, lag and transform (11 transformations, including linear, exponential and log) existing data into new data. After a file is created with DMS, Microstat provides statistical analysis in the following general areas: Descriptive Statistics (mean, sample, and population S.D., variance, etc.). Frequency Distributions (grouped or individual). Hypothesis Testing (mean or proportion). Correlation and Regression Analysis (with support statistics). Non-parametric Tests (Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Wilcoxon, etc.). Probability Distributions (8 of them), Crosstabs and Chi-square, AN0VA(one and two way). Factorials, Combinations and Permutations, plus other unique and useful features.

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A Message to our Subscribers

From time to time we make the BYTE subscriber list available to other companies who wish to send our subscribers promotional material about their products. We take great care to screen these companies, choosing only those who are reputable, and whose products, services, or information we feel would be of interest to you. Direct mail is an efficient medium for presenting the latest personal computer goods and services to our subscribers.

Many BYTE subscribers appreciate this controlled use of our mailing list, and look forward to finding

information of interest to them in the mail. Used are our subscribers' names and addresses only (no other information we may have is ever given).

While we believe the distribution of this information is of benefit to our subscribers, we firmly respect the wishes of any subscriber who does not want to receive such promotional literature. Should you wish to restrict the use of your name, simply send your request to BYTE Publications Inc, Attn: Circulation Department, 70 Main St, Peterborough NH 03458. Thank you.

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BYTE November 1980

339

An 8088 Processor for the S-100 Bus

Part 3

Thomas Woodward Cantrell

2475 Borax Dr

Santa Clara CA 95051

MON88 is a small system monitor for the single-board 8088-based processor described in parts 1 and 2 of this article (September and October 1980 BYTE, pages 43 and 62 respectively).

The current configuration of MON88 implements sixteen commands (expandable to twenty-six) and uses less than 1.5 K bytes of memory. This includes a "large" (approximately 256-byte) video driver required for my hardware environment and lengthy messages (about 128 bytes' worth) that make MON88 easy to use. No attempt was made to optimize the amount of memory used.

Stripping out the video-driver routine (that is, using a hardware terminal, rather than software, to create the same effect) and the messages, along with some optimization, can probably reduce code size to 1 K bytes. My plan is to expand the monitor until it fills the 2 K bytes of EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory) in the 8755A-2 integrated circuit on the processor board. (See table 1 for a quick-reference guide to the MON88 instruction set.)

MON88 Philosophy

The 8088 incorporates very powerful, mainframe-like architectural features such as segmented memory, pipelining, multi- and co-processing "hooks," etc. One key objective of the 8088 project has been to implement the hardware and software in as simple a fashion as possible. This will allow users familiar with traditional 8-bit processors to ease into an understanding of this powerful new machine.

Following the philosophy of simplicity, my 8088 design embodies what is known as the "small model of computation." This model assumes that a given task can be implemented using one set of segmentation register values:

• one 64 K code segment

• one 64 K data segment

• one 64 K stack segment

• one 64 K extra segment

A key feature of the 8088 is that, for many instructions, certain memory segments are used to determine an absolute memory address. This allows instructions to be implemented in fewer bits, contributing to the extremely

efficient use of memory in the 8088. This is not a restriction because the default segment can be overridden by using a segment-prefix for the instruction in question.

In fact, my decision was to initially use only sixteen of the twenty address lines available on the processor board. In this case, all segments (code, data, stack and extra) totally overlap in the 64 K-byte address space of the processor board. This means we need not concern ourselves with what segment is where, and what instructions assume which segments.

MON88 Organization

The organization of MON88 in memory is shown in figure 1. I will briefly discuss each section. Note that modifications to MON88 for your own environment are discussed later in this article. The following paragraphs describe each section of the monitor.

Storage allocation and constant definition: This section defines commonly used constants and specific I/O (input/output) port addresses, etc. In addition, memory allocation is performed for needed buffer and variable space.

User jump table: This is the first actual code in MON88 consisting of two MON88 entry points (INIT and START) and three I/O entry points (KEYIN, KEYSTAT and VIDOUT). A user program could terminate by jumping to one of the two MON88 entry points. Similarly, a user program could call one of the I/O entry points. When the I/O is done, the return instruction of each I/O routine will give control back to the user program.

Segment register and I/O initialization: The code, data, stack and extra segments (CS, DS, SS and ES) are set overlapping at address 0. Environment-dependent I/O initialization is also performed by this routine.

Main loop: This is the overall control routine for MON88. It prints the prompt character and accepts a one-letter command from the console. The appropriate command-routine address is determined and control is transferred from this routine.

Message storage: Messages used by various commands are stored here. Note that each message is terminated by aO.

Command jump table: The addresses for the twentysix possible commands are stored here. Note that

340 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE November 1980

341

HEXADECIMAL ADDRESS

STORAGE ALLOCATION

CONSTANT DEFINITION (EQUATES)

USER JUMP TABLE

F800

SEGMENT REGISTER I/O INITIALIZATION

F80F

MAIN

WORKING

LOOP

F835

MESSAGE STORAGE

F85A

COMMAND JUMP TABLE (CTABLE)

F8B8

UTILITY I/O ROUTINES

F8EC

COMMAND ROUTINES

FA7E

VIDEO DRIVER

FD18

Figure 1: Memory map for the MON88 monitor.

unimplemented commands are given the ERR (error) address.

Utility and I/O routines: This and the following (command routines) section make up the bulk of MON88. The utility routines are used by command routines. This allows command routines to be implemented largely as calls to various utility routines (see figure 2). For instance, many commands require the acquisition of a starting and ending address. The utility routine SETUP performs this function. Many of these utility routines may be useful in your own programming efforts.

Command routines: These are the routines that actually perform each command. Due to the extensive use of the above utility routines, most commands are easily implemented as a series of subroutines. A good example is the W (CWRITE) cassette-write command, which dumps a block of memory to tape (see listing 1, starting at line 576). Note that of the twelve "instructions" constituting the command, eight are calls to other routines.

The advantage of programming in this manner is that the command routines are easy to write. Should you

—*T*—

PRINT PROMPT

COMPUTE INDEX INTO COMMAND JUMP TABLE (CTABLE)

GET COMMAND

ROUTINE

ADDRESS

CALL

COMMAND

ROUTINE

<

COMMAND ROUTINE

UTILITY ROUTINE

UTILITY ROUTINE

Figure 2: High-level flowchart for MON88 program. In general, the program decodes user input and, if valid, jumps to the appropriate command subroutine. Once the routine is finished, control is passed back to the command-input routine, and the program prints another prompt.

want to add commands, they can probably be implemented largely as a series of calls to already-existing, tested utility routines in MON88. This also saves memory space by eliminating redundant coding of essentially the same routine.

Video driver: My hardware requires a relatively lengthy software driver for the video board in my system. I converted this code from 8080 assembly language using Intel's CONV86 code converter. Briefly, the tradeoff is between the performance of the converted code versus a version rewritten for the 8088 and the associated time required for each process. Converted code may be somewhat larger than a rewritten version, but it will probably take only a small fraction of the time to implement as compared to a rewrite. Because the 8088 has a faster clock rate than the 8080, the converted program, even if larger, will probably run faster than the original 8080 version.

Environment Dependence

The dependence of MON88 on a certain I/O or memory environment has been minimized. The following summarizes the changes you will need to make to adapt MON88 to your own system. Refer to listing 1, starting at line 14.

Location of MON88: The statement immediately preceding the EQUATES FOLLOW section sets MON88's origin. For my processor board, the origin is hexadecimal F800:

ORG F800H

Text continued on page 346

342 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 343

backward moves are acceptable. Overlapping moves can of course have strange results:

Rl00[cr]

LENGTH (HEXADECIMAL) = 0200

November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 345

Command Summary

Command syntax definitions:

memory on a byte-by-byte basis. All tape-read operations display the length of the file being read when the

J— J——c—--■ ■*■■ ■' — *i-. i—ij^. i _j„- i

S, T, U — Not Implemented

V — Verify the Equality of Two Blocks of Memory

The block of memory from [addrl] to [addr2] will be compared with the block starting at [addr3]. Differences will be noted in hexadecimal and binary:

V[addrl] [addr2] [addr3][cr]

V20 3F 100[cr]

SRC M DEST M DIFF

0022 10 0122 11 00000001

0030 3E 0130 3F 00000001

In this case, the hexadecimal 20 bytes from hexadecimal addresses 20 to 3F are equal to those at address 100 except for two locations: hexadecimal locations 22 and 122 differ, as do locations 30 and 130.

W — Write to Cassette

The block of memory from [addrl] to [addr2] will be written to tape. MON88 will calculate the length of the block, display it, and write it to the tape header for use by the Read ("R") and Compare ("C") commands:

W[addrl] [addr2][crl

W100 lFF|cr]

LENGTH (HEXADECIMAL)

100

The block of memory from hexadecimal 100 to IFF is written to tape.

X, Y, Z — Not Implemented

Command

Use

A

Enter ASCII text into memory.

B

Not implemented

C

Compare cassette input with memory.

D

Display memory.

E

Enter hexadecimal data into memory.

F

Fill memory with a constant.

G

Go To and execute user program.

H

1

Hexadecimal math. Input from an I/O port.

J

Not implemented.

K

Toggle keyboard upper/lowercase.

L

Not implemented.

M

Move memory.

N

Nondestructive memory test.

O

Output to an I/O port.

P

Put a continuous 'sync' stream to tape.

Q

Not implemented.

R

Read a file from cassette.

S,T,U

Not implemented.

V

Verify equality of two memory blocks.

W

Write a file to cassette.

X,Y,Z

Not implemented.

Table 1: A

quick reference guide to MON88 commands.

Note that on

ly sixteen of the possible twenty-six commands

are implemented

. While a stripped version of the present

monitor can

reside in 1 K bytes of memory, there is provi

sion on the processor board for 2 K bytes of EPROM.

I

8086 (5MHz) 8088 (5MHz)

6809 (2MHz) Z80A (4MHz)

WORD-ORIENTED AND/OR •*

BUS-ORIENTED

BYTE-ORIENTED

AND/OR

EXECUTION-ORIENTED

A PPL ICA TION SPEC TRUM

Figure 3: Relative performance of several 8- and 16-bit microprocessors. The types of programs a processor can run are divided into two groups: those that primarily move data around (word- or bus-oriented) and those that primarily manipulate byte-oriented data or perform many numeric operations. If the 16-bit 8086 microprocessor (dotted line) is defined as a performance figure of 1.0, the other three lines show the approximate relative performance of the three other microprocessors as influenced by the type of program being run.

Text continued from page 342:

Scratchpad Allocation: My video-board driver uses an 80-byte buffer and a 2-byte X,Y cursor-position variable. These, of course, can be removed or replaced according to your needs. Currently this storage is allocated in the processor boards, 1 K bytes of programmable memory in the (8185-2) device.

The only scratchpad memory required by MON88 is a 1-byte uppercase/lowercase flag variable. This is used by the K (keyboard toggle) command to allow emulation of uppercase-only peripherals in which letters are shifted, but numbers and special characters are not.

If you are not using the processor board described last month and don't have a dedicated scratchpad in the system, UCFLAG can be allocated at the top of memory:

UCFLAG EQU TOPMEM

where TOPMEM is the address of the top of memory.

Stack: My stack also resides on the scratchpad memory within the processor board. If you do not have scratchpad, allocate the stack 1 byte below the top of your memory (to leave room for UCFLAG). Note that the stack pointer is decremented before a PUSH operation is performed. Therefore, to allocate the stack 1 byte below the top of memory, set the stack pointer equal to the top of memory:

UCFLAG STACKP

EQU TOPMEM EQU TOPMEM

346 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Listing 1: Assembly listing of MON88. The flowchart in figure 2 outlines the general operation of the program.

MCS-86 MACRO ASSEMBLER

ISIS-II MCS-86 MACRO ASSEMBLER V2. O ASSEMBLY OF MODULE VIDBS OBJECT MODULE PLACED IN : FO: VIDB8. OBJ ASSEMBLER INVOKED BY: A5MB6 VIDBS. A86

LOC OBJ

OOOO F800

F400 F4 50 F452 OOOC OOOA OOOD 0008

LINE

1

a

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

1 1

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

SOURCE

ABS_0 M

ft »#»ft##*#ft##ft*ft##ftft»ft ft »#«ft ##*###*•»■•&*#*#■&####■&■&# ft #*«■#**■■&

* *

* M O N B 8 ft

* *

* A video oriented system monitor for the INTEL 80B8 *

* written Ql 1980 - revision O lift by.. Thomas Woodward Cantrell ft

* •

ASSUME DS: ABS_0, CS: ABS_0, ES: AB5_0 SEGMENT BYTE AT O LABEL BYTE ORG 0F800H

ft #ft#ftft»ft#ft#ft*##ftft#**ft#ftftft»ftft#ft#ft #«•##*# ftft»#ftft#ftft ft ft#»ftftftft

* ft

* EQUATES FOLLOW «

* ft #ftft###ft#ftft##ft*ft#####ft#####ftftft#ft»ft#####ftft#ftftftfrftft##ftft#»#ft

VIDBUF EQU

XY EQU

UCFLAG EQU

FF EQU

LF EQU

CR EQU

BS EQU

0F400H

VIDBUF+BO

XY+2

OCH

OAH

ODH

OBH

ivideo buf For

;holder for cursor position

i upper/1ouer case Flag

;form feed (clear screen)

i 1 ine feed

;carriage return

ibackspace

Listing 1 continued on page 348

where TOPMEM is the address of the top of memory.

Initialization: I/O initialization is done in the INIT section of the monitor (see listing 1, starting at line 76). Starting at hexadecimal F81D, I initialize the Tarbell cassette interface and TDL Video Interface. Replace the section of code from hexadecimal F81D to F828 to suit your I/O needs.

I/O Drivers

MON88 currently uses the following environmentdependent I/O routines (their hexadecimal addresses are given in parentheses):

• KEYIN (F90F)—Reads a byte from the console keyboard, strips off the parity bit, and returns the character in the AL accumulator.

• KEYSTAT (F922)—Reads the console keyboard's status and returns AL = 0 if a key has not been pressed and AL = hexadecimal FF if a key has been pressed.

• CIN (F955)—Reads a byte from a mass-storage device (Tarbell cassette, in my case) and returns the byte in the AL accumulator.

• COUT (F964)—Writes the byte contained in the AL accumulator to the mass-storage device.

• CSTART (FB60)—Sets up the mass-storage device for a write operation. For the Tarbell interface, a start byte and a sync byte are required. Replace this code as necessary for your device.

• READINIT (FB9D)—Sets up the mass-storage device for a read operation. Replace the relevant code as necessary.

• PUTSYNC (FBBF)—Outputs a stream of sync bytes to

my cassette. This allows calibrating the interface. If your device has a similar feature, modify the PUTSYNC routine accordingly. If not needed, the whole P (PUTSYNC) command can be removed. • VIDOUT (FCDA)—This routine outputs the character in the AL accumulator to the console display device. In my case, I converted an 8080 version of the video driver to 8088 code using Intel's CONV86 program. Using the code converter, it took only an hour or so to get the driver up and running. I will rewrite it as necessary to reduce the amount of memory used by MON88.

Adding or Removing Commands

All commands are referenced through CTABLE (Command Jump Table) located at hexadecimal F8B8. Note that the commands are arranged in alphabetical order, A thru Z. To remove a command, simply replace its reference in CTABLE with ERR. For example, to remove the K command (uppercase/lowercase toggle), change:

F8CC DW KTOGGLE

to

F8CC DW

ERR

then remove the KTOGGLE code (hexadecimal FCDl to FCD9).

Similarly, to add a special memory test (for example) and call it using the letter T, first write the code (for example, starting label TESTMEM) for the command,

Text continued on page 360

November I960 © BYTE Publications Inc 347

Listing 1 continued:

E2E2 E3E3 6E6E 6F6F F7FF 0003 0004 0013 0011 0000 00FF

MCS-86 MACRO ASSEMBLER

LDC OBJ

FSOO EB0D90

FB03 EB3090 F806 E91901 F809 E9E000 FBOC E9CB04

F80F

FC

F810

FA

F811

8CC8

F813

BED8

FBI 5

BECO

FQ17

BEDO

FS19

BCFFF7

FB1C

FB

F81D

B010

F81F

EA6E6E

F822

EE

F823

BAEOEO

FB26

BOBS

F828

EE

F829

C60652F400

F82E

BE5AFB90

F832

ES6301

29

KSTAT

EQU

0E2E2H

30

KDATA

EQU

0E3E3H

31

CSTAT

EQU

6E6EH

32

CDATA

EQU

6F6FH

33

STACKP

EQU

0F7FFH

34

CTLC

EQU

03H

35

CTLD

EQU

04H

36

CTLS

EQU

13H

37

CTLQ

EQU

11H

38

FALSE

EQU

0

39

TRUE

EQU

OFFH

40 +1

♦EJECT

ikeyboard status port ikeyboard data port iTarbell status port iTarbell data po7*t I Stac k address ; asc i i ctj-c i asc i i c 11 -d ; asc. i i c t J -s i asc i i ctl-q

41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 50 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 7B 79 BO Bl 82 83 84 85 86 +1

SOURCE

* *

* JUMP TABLE *

#########*»#*####**####*»###»###■«■#*#########**#*######

JMP

JMP JMP JMP JMP

INIT

;RESETS STACK, SEGMENT REGISTERS, CASSETTE INTERFACE iALSO PRINTS SIGN-ON MESSAGE

START i 'WARM START'- REGISTERS NOT INITIALIZED

KEYSTAT iRETURNS CAL3=0 IF NO KEYPRESS PENDING. ELSE CAL3=0FFH

CONIN iWAITS FOR KEYPRESS. RETURNS CALD=CHAR AND PRINTS IT.

VIDOUT i PRINTS CHAR IN AL ON CONSOLE

* *

* INITIALIZATION *

* *

direction flag points 'up' disable interrupts initialize

segment

reg isters

and set stack pointer enable interrupts Reset Cassette

Interface Reset Vide-o

Interfac e Inverse video ut/curi.or O=lower case, FFH-U/C only

CLI

MOV

AX, CS

MOV

DS, AX

MOV

ES, AX

MOV

SS, AX

MOV

SP, STACKP

ST I

MOV

AL, 10H

MOV

DX, CSTAT

OUT

DX, AL

MOV

DX, OEOEOH

MOV

AL, BBH

OUT

DX, AL

MOV

BYTE PTR MCUCFLAG3, 0

MOV

SI, OFFSET SIGNON

CALL

PRINTMESS

i get sign on message :and print it

♦EJECT

MCS-86 MACRO ASSEMBLER

LDC OBJ

F835 E83D01 FB3B B03E FB3A E89D04

FB3D

FB3D B400 FB3F E8AA00 F842 3C41 F844 72EF FB46 3C5A F84B 7FEB F84A 2C41

LINE

B7

88

B9

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

SOURCE

348 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

* *

* WORKING LOOP *

* * ft************************************************

i print CRI.P iand prompt

START:

CALL

CRLF

MOV

AL. '>'

CALL

VIDOUT

MAINLOOP:

MOV

AH, 0

CALL

CONIN

CMP

AL, 'A'

JB

START

CMP

AL, 'Z'

JG

START

SUB

AL, 'A'

;clear AH

i get a c ommand

i check range far

i A

; thru

; Z

icalculate offset

F84C DOEO F84E 05BBFB90 F852 BBD8 FB54 BD07 FB56 FFDO FB5B EBDD

106

SHL

AL, 1

i and multij

107

ADD

AX,OFFSET CTABLE

10B

MOV

BX, AX

109

MOV

AX, WORD PTR MCBX3

110

CALL

AX

i go do it

111

JMP

START

; start ovci

112

+ 1

♦EJECT

MCS-86 MACRO ASSEMBLER

LOC OBJ

LINE

SOURCE

FB5A OC

F85B 3B30383B204D6F 6E69746F72203C 7263762E20303E

F870 00

FB71 41444452204D20 20542020202044 494646202020

F885 00

F886 53554D20204449

4646 F88F 00

FB90 53524320204D20 20204445535420 4D202020204449 4646

113

114

#*

IIS

*

116

*

117

#

118

**

119

120

3IGN0N

DB

121

DB

122

DBYTE

DB

123

124

:OMHEAD

DB

125

DB

126

127

1HEAD

DB

128

DB

129

130

/HEAD

DB

MESSAGES »

*

***************************** ***** ******* #*

OCH

'BOSS Monitor <rev. 0>'

FBA7 00

131

132

i

F8AB 4C454E47544820

133

CHEAD

2B48455B29203D

20

FBB7 00

134 135

136

M

♦EJECT

DB

DB

DB

dumrrnj byic

'ADDR M T

'SUM DIFF'

'SRC M DEST M DIFF'

'LENGTH (HEX) =

MCS-86 MACRO ASSEMBLER

LOC OBJ

F8B8

EOFC

FBBA

A7F9

FBBC

D2FB

FBBE

OOFB

FBCO

7BFC

FBC2

7EFA

F8C4

4AFB

FBC6

1AFC

F8C8

2CFB

F8CA

A7F9

FBCC

D1FC

FBCE

A7F9

FBDO

E7FA

F8D2

3BFC

FBD4

3FFB

F8D6

3FFB

F8DS

A7F9

F8DA

B2FB

F8DC

A7F9

F8DE

A7F9

F8E0

A7F9

F8E2

BDFA

F8E4

4FFB

FBE6

A7F9

F8E8

A7F9

F8EA

A7F9

137 13B 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 139 160 161 162 163 164 163 166 167 168 169 170 +1

* •

* COMMAND JUMP TABLE *

« ■

CTABLE DW AENTER I ENTER ASCII TEXT INTO MEMORY

DM ERR I B

DW COMPARE i COMPARE CASSETTE INPUT WITH MEMORY

DW DUMP i DISPLAY MEMORY

DW ESUBST i ENTER HEX DATA INTO MEMORY

DW FILL i FILL MEMORY WITH A CONSTANT

DW GOTO ; GO TO & EXECUTE A USER PROGRAM

DW HEXMATH i COMPUTE SUM AND DIFFERENCE OF HEX It'S

DW INPUT iINPUT FROM A PORT

DW ERR I J

DW KTOGGLE ; TOGGLE KEYBOARD UPPER/LOWER CASE FLAG

DW ERR i L

DW MOVE i MOVE MEMORY

DW NTEST i NON DESTRUCTIVE MEMORY TEST

DW OUTPUT i OUTPUT TO A PORT

DW PUTSYNC ; OUTPUT CONTINUOUS SYNC STREAM TO CASSETTE

DW ERR IQ

DW READ i READ FROM CASSETTE

DW ERR I S

DW ERR i T

DW ERR i U

DW VERIFY I VERIFY EQUALITY OF TWO MEMORY BLOCKS

DW CWRITE iWRITE TO CASSETTE

DW ERR I X

DW ERR i Y

DW ERR i Z

♦EJECT Listing 1 continued on page 350

November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 349

Listing 1 continued: MCS-86 MACRO ASSEMBLER

LDC OBJ

LINE

SOURCE

FBEC

EB2000

F8EF

50

FBFO

A052F4

FBF3

OACO

FSF5

7405

F8F7

5B

FSFB

EB0900

F8FB

50

FBFC

5B

FBFD

E8DA03

F900

E80100

F903

C3

F904

3C61

F906

7206

F90B

3C7B

F90A

7302

F90C

245F

F90E

C3

F90F

52

F910

BAE2E2

F913

EC

F914

2480

F916

74FB

F918

5A

F919

52

F91A

BAE3E3

F91D

EC

F91E

247F

F920

5A

F921

C3

F932

F922

B400

F924

52

F925

EAE2E2

F928

EC

F929

2400

F92B

7402

F92D

F6D4

F92F

SAC4

171

172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 IBB 1B9 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224

* *

* UTILITYROUTINES *

* and • » I/O DEVICE HANDLERS »

* (except video driver) »

;get a keyboard character

R MCUCFLAG3 i check for case conversion ; 0?

» YES. . no conversion (restore character ;convert to DC

;and echo it on console

;always return UC

CONIN:

CALL

KEYIN

PUSH

AX

MOV

AL,

BYTE

OR

AL.

AL

JZ

CONNEXT

POP

AX

CALL

UCCHEK

PUSH

AX

CONNEXT

POP

AX

CALL

VIDOUT

CALL

UCCHEK

KQUIT:

RET

UCCHEK:

CMP

AL,

'a '

JC

UQUIT

CMP

AL,

'i ' + 1

JNC

UQUIT

AND

AL,

5FH

UQUIT:

RET

KEYIN:

PUSH

DX

MOV

DX,

KSTAT

KEYLOOP

IN

AL,

DX

AND

AL,

80H

JZ

KEYLOOP

POP

DX

KIN:

PUSH

DX

MOV

DX

KDATA

IN

AL

DX

AND

AL

71-H

POP

DX

RET

KEYSTAT

MOV

AH

FALSE

PUSH

DX

MOV

DX

KSTAT

IN

AL

DX

AND

AL,

OOH

JZ

KEXIT

NOT

AH

KEXIT:

MOV

AL,

AH

keyboard device handler

check for keyprets

no keypress.. then wait For one

else get the character and strip parity

i RETURN CALIJ-O IF MO KEYPRESS ELSE CAI_:=-OFFH i prepare for false

return it if no kcypresf otherwise make it TRUE

MCS-86 MACRO ASSEMBLER

VID8B

LOC

OBJ

F931

5A

F932

C3

F933

F933

50

F934

EBEBFF

F937

3C00

F939

7418

F93B

EBDBFF

F93E

3C13

F940

750D

F942

E8CAFF

F945

3C11

F947

740A

F949

3C03

F94B

745A

F94D

EBF3

F94F

F94F

3C03

F951

7454

F953

225

POP

DX

226

RET

227

;

228

CTLCHEK:

229

PUSH

AX

230

CALL

KEYSTAT

231

CMP

AL, 0

232

JZ

CTLEXIT

233

CALL

KIN

234

CMP

AL, CTLS

235

JNZ

CTLCCHEK

236

KWAIT: CALL

KEYIN

237

CMP

AL, CTLQ

238

JZ

CTLEXIT

239

CMP

AL, CTLC

240

JE

ERR

241

JMP

KWAIT

242

CTLCCHEK:

243

CMP

AL. CTLC

244

JZ

ERR

245

CTLEXIT:

i CHECK FOR CTL-S, CTL-Q AND CTL-C

i keypress?'

i no keypress so return

i if keypress then pet the data

i check for ctl-s

iif not look for ctl-c

jif ctl-s then wait for another keypress

;is it ctl-q

i YES. . return

iabort?

i YES

;otherwise wait some more

; i s it ctl-c 1 YES. . ABORT!

350 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

F953 58

F954 C3

F955

F9S5 52

F956 BA6E6E F959

F959 EC

F95A 2410

F95C 75FB

F95E EA6F6F

F961 EC

F962 5A

F963 C3

F964

F964 52

F965 50

F966 BA6E6E F969

F769 EC

F96A 2420

F96C 75FB

F96E 58

F96F EA6F6F

F972 EE

F973 5A

F974 C3

F775 50

F9 76 ESBAFF

F979 B00D

F97B E85C03

246

POP

AX

247

RET

248

;

249

CIN:

250

PUSH

DX

251

MOV

DX,

CSTAT

252

CINLOOP

253

IN

AL,

DX

254

AND

AL,

10H

255

JNZ

CINLOOP

256

MOV

DX,

CDATA

257

IN

AL,

DX

258

POP

DX

259

RET

260

i

261

COUT:

262

PUSH

DX

263

PUSH

AX

264

MOV

DX,

CSTAT

265

COUTLOOP.

266

IN

AL,

DX

267

AND

AL,

20H

268

JNZ

COUTLOOP

269

POP

AX

270

MOV

DX,

CDATA

271

OUT

DX,

AL

272

POP

DX

273

RET

274

;

27 5

CRLF:

PUSH

AX

276

CALL

CTLCHEX

277

MOV

AL,

CR

278

CALL

VIDOUT

GET BYTE FROM CASSETTE

i cassette ready to read'

I NO. . wait

i YES. .

; get the data

iWRITE A BYTE TO CASSETTE

; cassette ready for unite?

; NO. wait

;get char bar k

i and send to tape

; CHECK FOR ABORT

I SEND CR AND LF TO CONSOLE

MCS-86 MACRO ASSEMBLER

LOC

OBJ

F97E

BOOA

F980

E85703

F983

58

F984

C3

F985

F985

51

F986

B90100

F9B9

E80200

F9BC

59

F98D

C3

F98E

F98E

50

F9BF

B020

F991

E84603

F994

E2FB

F996

58

F997

C3

F998

F99B

50

F999

AC

F99A

3C00

F99C

7407

F99E

56

F99F

E83803

F9A2

5E

F9A3

EBF4

F9A5

58

F9A6

C3

F9A7

B02A

F9A9

E82E03

F9AC

BCFFF7

F9AF

E983FE

F9B2

F9B2

51

F9B3

B90B00

F9B6

F9B6

DOEO

F9B8

7209

F9BA

50

F9BB

B030

F9ED

EB1A03

F9C0

EB0790

F9C3

50

F9C4

B031

F9C6

ESI.103

SOURCE

279

MOV

AL, LF

280

CALL

VIDOUT

281

POP

AX

282

RET

283

;

2B4

BLANK:

i [

285

PUSH

cx

286

MOV

CX, 1

287

CALL

TABS

288

POP

CX

289

RET

290

i

291

TABS:

i

292

PUSH

AX

293

MOV

AL, ' '

294

TLOOP:

CALL

VIDOUT

295

LOOP

TLOOP

296

POP

AX

297

RET

298

i

299

PRINTMESS:

i 1

300

PUSH

AX i 1

301

PMESS:

LODS

DBYTE

302

CMP

AL, 0

303

JE

PQUIT

304

PUSH

SI

305

CALL

VIDOUT

306

POP

SI

307

JMP

PMESS

308

PQUIT:

POP

AX

309

RET

310

i

311

ERR:

MOV

AL, '*'

312

CALL

VIDOUT

313

MOV

SP. STACKP

314

JMP

START

315

i

316

BINOUT:

317

PUSH

CX

31B

MOV

CX, 0

319

BIN0UT1

320

SHL

AL, 1

321

JB

B0UT1

322

PUSH

AX

323

MOV

AL, '0'

324

CALL

VIDOUT

325

JMP

BINEND

326

B0UT1:

PUSH

AX

327

MOV

AL, '1 '

328

CALL

VIDOUT

>PRINT A BLANK- SAVE ALL RLG

print 1 blank

PRINT # DLANKS IN CX. .ON EXIT CX^-0

; PRINT THE MESSAGE <— CSIO ON CONSOLE END OF MESSAGE IS A ZERO (O) i get a byte

.check for end of message .quit if zero

i otherwise save message pointer idnd display byte

; print more message

jprint error

i message

;reinitialize stack

iand abort!

iOUTPUT CAL3 AS EIGHT BINARY DIGITS (BITS)

get the bit outp ut a i u th ertui se. . output I a 0 continue

output a 1

Listingl continued on page 352

November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 351

Listing 1 continued:

F9C9 58 F9CA E2F-A F9CC 59 F9CD C3

MCS-86 MACRO ASSEMBLER

329

BINEND:

POP

AX

330

LOOP

BIN0UT1

331

POP

CX

332

RET

do it eiriht timer.

LOC

OBJ

F9CE

F9CE

50

F9CF

51

F9D0

8AE0

F9D2

B104

F9D4

D2E8

F9D6

59

F9D7

EB0700

F9DA

8AC4

F9DC

E80200

F9DF

58

F9E0

C3

F9E1

F7E1

240F

F9E3

0490

F9E5

27

F9E6

1440

F9E8

27

F9E9

E8EE02

F9EC

C3

F9ED

F9ED

2C30

F9EF

720E

F9F1

3C0A

F9F3

F5

F7F4

7309

F9F6

2C07

F9F8

3C0A

F9FA

7203

F9FC

3C10

F9FE

F5

F9FF

C3

FAOO

FAOO

BBOOOO

FA03

E8E6FE

FA06

3C30

FA08

7210

FAOA

51

FAOB

B104

FAOD

D3E3

FAOF

59

FA10

E8DAFF

FA13

7292

FA15

02DB

FA 17

E2EA

333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386

PUSH

PUSH

MOV

MOV

SHR

POP

CALL

MOV

CALL

POP

RET

HEXDIGOUT:

AND

ADD

DAA

ADC

DAA

CALL

RET

HEXCHK:

SUB

JB

CMP

CMC

JNB

SUB

CMP

JB

CMP

CMC

RET

GETPARMB

AX

CX

AH, AL CL. 4 AL. CL CX

HEXDIGOUT AL, AH HEXDIGOUT AX

iOUTPUT CAL] AS 2 HEX DIGITS. ALL REG SAVED

i save AL

;shift AL right 4 places

,output upper nibble

i restore AL (now we do lower nibble)

AL, OFH AL, 90H

VIDOUT

iCONVERT NIBBLE TO ASCII HEX imask upper 4 bits I tricky conversion. . but it

work s! print the result

I CHECK AL FOR VALID HEX DICIT; CONVERT TO BIN AL, 'O' ; IF INVALID RETURN WITH CARRY SET. HRET iError. . not alphanumeric

AL, OAH ;check for 0-9

HRET AL, 7 AL, 10 HRET AL, 16

; return o. k. if O—V i adjust for A-F

; return error if > \

i 16 BIT HEX VALUE TO BX. BX IS SHIFT REGISTER, ACCEPTS LAST 4 i ON ENTRY CX EQUALS NUM3ER OF KEYPRESSES THAT CAN BE ACCEPTED I ON EXIT AH CONTAINS TERMINATOR (I.E. CR, SPACE)

I UNLESS THE TERMINATOR IS INVALID (NOT EUUAL CR, SPACE OR " , ') iIN WHICH CASE AN ERROR IS GENERATED.

MOV

BX, 0

CALL

CONIN

CMP

AL, '0'

JB

BEX IT

PUSH

CX

MOV

CL, 4

SHL

BX, CL

POP

CX

CALL.

HEXCHK

JB

ERR

ADD

BL, AL

LOOP

LOOPB

clear BX

qet a character

alp hanumcri c ?

NO. . . quit

YES. . . then

shift BX to

ma k e room for

latest add iti on

check for val id

hex

and convert

if invalid then

c-rv

or !

otherwi se add it

in

keep looking

to binary

MCS-86 MACRO ASSEMBLER

LOC

OBJ

FA19

C3

FA1A

3C20

FA1C

740B

FA1E

3C2C

FA20

7407

FA22

3C0D

FA24

7403

FA26

E97EFF

FA29

8AE0

FA2B

C3

FA2C

FA2C

53

FA2D

E8D0FF

FA30

BBD3

FA32

SB

FA33

C3

INE

SOURCE

387

RET

388

BEX IT.

CMP

AL, '

389

JE

BGOOD

390

CMP

AL, ',

391

JE

BGOOD

392

CMP

AL, CR

393

JE

BGOOD

394

JMP

ERR

395

BGOOD:

MOV

AH, AL

396

RET

397

;

398

GETPARMD:

399

PUSH

BX

400

CALL

GETPA

401

MOV

DX, BX

402

POP

BX

403

RET

404

;

;test for blank

if'; „ c omma

; or carriage return

;if none of the above the ERROR ;save terminator

16 BIT HEX VALUE TO DX. USE GETPARMB ;save BX

i get the parameter ;put it where it belongs i restore BX

352 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

FA34

FA34

51

FA35

B9FFFF

FA38

E8C5FF

FA3B

3C0D

FA3D

7406

FA3F

E8EAFF

FA42

EB0390

FA45

8BD3

FA47

59

FA4B

C3

FA49

FA49

52

FA4A

3BD3

FA4C

7303

FA4E

E956FF

FA51

2BD3

FA53

8BCA

FA55

41

FA56

5A

FA57

C3

FA5B

FA58 53 FA59 51 FA5A 52 FA5B 8AD0 FA5D B9FFFF FA60 E89DFF FA63 81F9FFFF FA67 7 502 FA69 8ADA FA6B BAC3 FA6D 5A

405

SETUP:

;

406

PUSH

CX

407

MOV

CX,OFFFFH

408

CALL

GETPARMB

409

CMP

AL, CR

410

JE

SET1

411

CALL

GETPARMD

412

JMP

SET2

413

SET1:

MOV

DX, BX

414

SET2:

POP

CX

415

RET

416

;

417

CLENGTH

418

PUSH

DX

419

CMP

DX, BX

420

JNB

CL1

421

JMP

ERR

422

CL1:

SUB

DX. BX

423

MOV

CX, DX

424

INC

CX

425

POP

DX

426

RET

427

i

428

GETPARMAL

i

429

;

430

PUSH

BX

431

PUSH

CX

432

PUSH

DX

433

MOV

DL, AL

434

MOV

CX,OFFFFH

435

CALL

GETPARMB

436

CMP

CX,OFFFFH

437

JNE

GQUIT

438

MOV

BL, DL

439

GQUIT:

MOV

AL, BL

440

POP

DX

GET PARMS IN BX AND DX. ALL PURPOSE PARAMETER CETTER : save CX

; allow 64K key pre si,es i get first parameter ;check for carriage return ; if so CDX3 defaults to LBX3 i otherwise get second parameter

CCX]'C—CDX:-CBX3 + 1, IFCBX1M DX.l THEN ERR

; if CBXI > CDX3 ;then error!

;else determine difference

i and put in CX

i count = difference + 1

; cal:<:— ASCII HEX FROM CONSOLE CAL3 UNCHANGED IF NO PARAMETER EN1EHED i save BX ;save CX ; save DX ; save AL

,64 keypresses allowed ; q e t the parameter ihow many parameters entered'/ ; if greater than zero then continue ;if zero perms entered restore old value i otherwise put it where it belongs i res tore DX

MCS-86 MACRO ASSEMBLER

LOC OBJ

FA6E 59

FA6F 5B

FA70 C3

FA71

FA71 50

FA72 BAC7

FA74 E857FF

FA77 8AC3

FA79 EB52FF

FA7C 58

FA7D C3

INE

SOURCE

441

POP

CX

442

POP

BX

443

RET

444

i

445

OUTBX:

446

PUSH

AX

447

MOV

AL, BH

448

CALL

HEXOUT

449

MOV

AL, BL

450

CALL

HEXOUT

451

POP

AX

452

RET

453

;

454 +1

*EJECT

-, restore CX ;restore BX

LBX3 OUTPUT AS FOUR HEX DIGITS

output

BH

and

BL

MCS-86 MACRO ASSEMBLER

LOC OBJ

LINE

FA7E

FA7E EBB3FF

FAB1 E8C5FF

FAB4 E8D1FF

FA87 B807

FA89 43

FA8A E2FB

FA8C C3

FA8D

FA8D E8A4FF

FA90 E8B6FF

FA93 41

455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478

##ftftftftft»#ftft#ftft#»####ft#»#*ft#«ft#ft#»#»#ft#»ftft#»#»ftft«#» ft ft

* COMMAND ROUTINES *

ft ft

»####ft»## ft ftft#ft»ft#»»»#»«###»#»*ftft» ftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftftft

VERIFY

CALL

CALL

CALL

MOV

INC

LOOP

RET

CALL CALL INC

iFILL A BLOCK OF MEMORY WITH A CONSTANT

SETUP ; get start and end

CLENGTH ; compute the count

GETPARMAL ; and get the constant

MCBXI, AL ; . .-. f il 1 it. . . BX FLOOP

SETUP

CLENGTH

CX

I VERIFY EQUALITY OF TWO BLOCKS OF MEMORY i GET SOURCE START AND END i and compute the length

Listing 1 continued on page 354

November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 353

Listing 1 continued:

FA94

SSF3

FA96

51

FA97

B9FFFF

FA9A

EB63FF

FA9D

59

FA9E

SBFB

FAAO

E8D2FE

FAA3

56

FAA4

BE90F8

FAA7

EBEEFE

FAAA

5E

FAAB

FAAD

F3

FAAC

A6

FAAD

B3F900

FABO

7501

FAB2

C3

FAB3

SBDE

FAB5

4B

FAB6

E8BCFE

FAB9

EBB5FF

FABC

ESC6FE

FABF

8A07

FAC1

8AE0

FAC3

E808FF

FAC6

E8BCFE

FAC9

E8B9FE

FACC

8BDF

FACE

4B

479

MOV

SI, BX

480

PUSH

CX

481

MOV

CX,OFFFFH

482

CALL

GETPARMB

4B3

POP

CX

484

MOV

DI, BX

485

CALL

CRLF

486

PUSH

SI

487

MOV

SI,OFFSET VHEAD

48B

CALL

PRINTMESS

489

POP

SI

490 VLOOP:

491

REPE CMPS

DBYTE, DBYTE

492

CMP

CX, 0

493

JNE

VERR

494

RET

495 i

496 VERR MOV

BX, SI

497

DEC

BX

498

CALL

CRLF

499

CALL

OUTBX

500

CALL

BLANK

501

MOV

AL,MCBX]

502

MOV

AH, AL

503

CALL

HEXOUT

504

CALL

BLANK

505

CALL

BLANK

506

MOV

BX, DI

507

DEC

BX

save source in EU

i 64K keypresses a 1]owed ;get the destination

;save source

i pr int h ead er i restore source

I do it!

ial1 done? . NO. . . error

if done then return

get the source aililr adjust it

outp ut the addr

get what's there save it in AH outp ut the data

get the destination addr adjust it:

MCS-86 MACRO ASSEMBLER

LOC

OBJ

FACF

EB9FFF

FAD2

BA07

FAD4

E8AEFE

FAD7

E8F4FE

FADA

E8ABFE

FADD

32C4

FADF

E8D0FE

FAE2

E84EFE

FAE5

EBC4

FAE7

FAE7

EB4AFF

FAEA

3C0D

FAEC

7503

FAEE

E9B6FE

FAF1

EB55FF

FAF4

53

FAF5

E83CFF

FAF8

BBFB

FAFA

5B

FAFB

8BF3

FAFD

F3

FAFE

A4

FAFF

C3

FBOO

FBOO

EB31FF

FB03

EB43FF

FB06

EB1900

FB09

BA07

FBOB

EBCOFE

FBOE

EB74FE

FB11

43

FBI 2

F6C30F

FBI 5

7503

FBI 7

EB0300

FBI A

E2ED

FB1C

C3

FB1D

B3F901

FB20

7409

FB22

FB22

EB50FE

FB25

E849FF

FB2S

E85AFE

FB2B

C3

FB2C

FB2C

EB05FF

FB2F

EB43FE

FB32

8BD3

FB34

EC

FB35

E896FE

FB3B

E84AFE

50B 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 52B 529

530

531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560

CALL

OUTBX

MOV

AL, MCBX:

CALL

BLANK

CALL

HEXOUT

CALL

BLANK

XOR

AL, AH

CALL

BINOUT

CALL

CTLCHEK

JMP

VLOOP

CALL

i MO SETUP

CMP

AL, ODH

JNZ

Ml

JMP

ERR

CALL

CLENGTH

PUSH

BX

CALL

SETUP

MOV

DI, BX

POP

BX

MOV

SI, BX

MOVS

DBYTE,DBYTE

CALL

SETUP

CALL

CLENGTH

CALL

NULINE2

DL00P1:

MOV

AL, MCBX3

CALL

HEXOUT

CALL

BLANK

INC

BX

TEST

BL, OFH

JNZ

DNEXT

CALL

NULINE

DNEXT:

LOOP RET

DL0OP1

NULl'NE:

CMP

CX, 1

JE

NUQUIT

NULINE2

CALL

CRLF

CALL

OUTBX

CALL

BLANK

NUQUIT:

RET

INPUT:

CALL

SETUP

CALL

CRLF

MOV

DX, BX

IN

AL, BX

CALL

HEXOUT

CALL

BLANK

;d i splay i t j get the data

I output the data

>determine bad bits ;display in binary > check for abort ; continue

:: A BLOCK OF MEMORY

;get start and end ;if not enough data

;then error!

i otherwise compute length

isave start addretb

.and get destination

iCDll <— destination

-, csii <— source .... move it...

DISPLAY MEMORY

;get start and end (and compute length < set up console i get what's there ; pr int it iand a blank

i test for 16 byte boundary

i if not then continue

;otherwise set up console for new line

; c ont inue

go to new line print address and a blank

;INPUT FROM A PORT

i get port addres

read the port print data in hex

354 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

MCS-86 MACRO ASSEMBLER

LOC

OBJ

FB3B

E874FE

FB3E

C3

FB3F

FB3F

EBF2FE

FB42

8AC2

FB44

FEC8

FB46

BBD3

FB48

EE

FB49

C3

FB4A

FB4A

E8E7FE

FB4D

FFE3

FB4F

FB4F

E8E2FE

FB52

E8F4FE

FB55

E81DFE

FB58

E85500

FB5B

E80F00

FB5E

E85600

FB61

8A07

FB63

E8FEFD

FB66

43

FB67

E8C9FD

FB6A

E2F5

FB6C

C3

FB6D

B03C

FB6F

E8F2FD

FB72

B0E6

FB74

E8EDFD

FB77

8 AC 5

FB79

E8E8FD

FB7C

8AC1

FB7E

E8E3FD

FB81

C3

FB82

FB82

E8AFFE

FB85

E8EDFD

FB88

E82500

FB8B

E80F00

FB8E

E82600

FB91

EBC1FD

FB94

8807

FB96

43

FB97

E899FD

FE9A

E2F5

F89C

C3

FB9D

FB9D

BO 10

INE

SOURCE

561

CALL

BINOUT

562

RET

563

;

564

OUTPUT:

1 1

565

CALL

SETUP

566

MOV

AL. DL

567

DEC

AL

368

MOV

DX, BX

569

OUT

DX, AL

570

RET

571

;

572

SOTO:

, 1

573

CALL

SETUP

574

JMP

BX

575

i

576

CWRITE:

i 1

577

CALL

SETUP

578

CALL

CLENGTH

579

CALL

CRLF

580

CALL

CPROMPT

581

CALL

CSTART

582

CALL

LENGTHOUT

583

CLOOP:

MOV

AL,MCBX3

584

CALL

COUT

585

INC

BX

586

CALL

CTLCHEK

587

LOOP

CLOOP

588

RET

589

;

590

CSTART:

MOV

AL, 3CH

591

CALL

COUT

592

MOV

AL, 0E6H

593

CALL

COUT

594

MOV

AL, CH

595

CALL

COUT

596

MOV

AL, CL

597

CALL

COUT

59B

RET

599

l

600

READ:

i 1

601

CALL

SETUP

602

CALL

CRLF

603

CALL

CPROMPT

604

CALL

READINIT

603

CALL

LENGTHOUT

606

RLOOP:

CALL

CIN

607

MOV

MIBXJ, AL

608

INC

BX

609

CALL

CTLCHEH.

610

LOOP

RLOOP

61 1

RET

612

;

613

READINIT:

614

MOV

AL,10H

b inary

OUTPUT TO A PORT

i get address

> and data

;adjust data

i output data

EXECUTE A PROGRAM

i get the address i GO! !

•■ ITE TO CASSETTE

■> get the range

i compute the length

; tell 1ength

;get a byte

.■ output

i next byte

icheck for abort

i c ont i nue

start byte sync byte high length 1om length

READ FROM CASSETTE i yet address

:prompt when reading i get a byte

.: n e x t byte

;check for abort

;continue

;reset interface

MCS-86 MACRO ASSEMBLER

VID8B

LOC OBJ

FB9F 52

FBAO BA6E6E

FBA3 EE

FBA4 5A

FBA5 EBADFD

FBA8 8AE8

FBAA E8A8FD

FBAD BAC8

FBAF C3

FBBO

FBBO BEA8F8

FBB3 EBE2FD

FBB6 C3

FBB7

FBB7 53

FBBB BBD9

FBBA EBB4FE

FBBD 5B

FBBE C3

615

PUSH

DX

616

MOV

DX, CSTAT

617

OUT

DX, AL

618

POP

DX

619

CALL

CIN

620

MOV

CH, AL

621

CALL

CIN

622

MOV

CL, AL

623

RET

624

i

625

CPROMPT:

626

MOV

SI, OFFSI

627

CALL

PRINTMES:

628

RET

629

;

630

LENGTHOUT:

631

PUSH

BX

632

MOV

BX, CX

633

CALL

OUTBX

634

POP

BX

635

RET

;get high length jand low length

;CASSETTE PROMPT

i OUTPUT RECORD LENGTH

; g et the c ount ; outp ut it

Listing 1 continued on page 356 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 355

Listing 1 continued:

FBBF

FBBF

E833FD

FBC2

FBC2

B0E6

FBC4

E89DFD

FBC7

EB3BFD

FBCA

3C00

FBCC

74F4

FBCE

E84BFD

FBD1

C3

FBD2

F3D2

EB5FFE

FBD5

EB9DFD

FBDB

BE71FB

FBDB

EBBAFD

FBDE

E8A4FD

FBE1

EBCCFF

FBE4

EBB6FF

FBE7

EBCDFF

FBEA

F3EA

E86BFD

FBED

3A07

FBEF

7507

FBF1

43

FBF2

ES3EFD

FBF5

E2F3

FBF7

C3

FBFB

50

FBF9

EB79FD

FBFC

ES72FE

FBFF

EB83FD

MCS-B6 MACRO ASSEMBLER

LOC

OBJ

FC02

8A07

FC04

8AF0

FC06

EBC5FD

FC09

EB79FD

FCOC

58

FCOD

EBBEFD

FC10

EB72FD

FC13

32C6

FC15

E89AFD

FC1B

EBD7

FC1A

FC1A

ES17FE

FC1D

53

FOE

52

FC1F

E853FD

FC22

BEB6F8

FC25

EB70FD

FC2B

E84AFD

FC2B

03DA

FC2D

EB41FE

FC30

EB52FD

FC33

5A

FC34

5B

FC35

2BDA

FC37

E837FE

FC3A

C3

FC3B

FC3B

E8F6FD

FC3E

EBOBFE

FC41

EB31FD

FC44

53

FC45

51

FC46

SA07

FC4B

BAEO

FC4A

F6D0

FC4C

B807

FC4E

8A07

FC50

F6D0

FC52

3AC4

FC54

750C

FC56

BB27

FC58

43

FC59

EBD7FC

FC5C

E2E8

FC5E

59

FC5F

SB

FC60

EBE2

636

637

PUTSYNC

: SEND SYNC STREAM TO CASSETTE

638

CALL

CRLF

639

SYNCLOOP:

640

MOV

AL,0E6H

; sync charac ter

641

CALL

COUT

; send it

642

CALL

KEYSTAT

i check for keypress

643

CMP

AL, 0

; zero = no key pre- s

644

JE

SYNCLOOP

; so continue

645

CALL

KIN

iignore the keypress

646

RET

i and quit

647

;

648

COMPARE

1 COMPARE INPUT FROM CASSETTE WITH MEMORY

649

CALL

SETUP

650

CALL

CRLF

651

MOV

SI. OFFSET

COMHEAD i print header

652

CALL

PRINTMESS

653

CALL

BLANK

654

CALL

CPROMPT

655

CALL

READINIT

656

CALL

LENGTHOUT

657

COMLOOP

658

CALL

CIN

; get char from cassette

659

CMP

AL, MCBX3

;compare with memory

660

JNE

COMERR

; not eq.ua 1 ! ! error

661

C0M1:

INC

BX

; i f equal

662

CALL

CTLCHEK

i check for abort

663

LOOP

COMLOOP

jthen continue checking

664

RET

665

COMERR:

PUSH

AX

666

CALL

CRLF

667

CALL

OUTBX

i if error.. output memory address

668

CALL

BLANK

INE

SOURCE

669

MOV

AL, MCBX:

get memory data

670

MOV

DH, AL

save it too

671

CALL

HEXOUT

output what's in memor

672

CALL

BLANK

673

POP

AX

restore cassette data

674

CALL

HEXOUT

output it

675

CALL

BLANK

676

XOR

AL, DH

determine bad bits

677

CALL

BINOUT

and print in binary

678

JMP

C0M1

continue

679

;

680

HEXMATH

COMPUTE SUM AND DIFFER

681

CALL

SETUP

get the numbers

682

PUSH

BX

save

683

PUSH

DX

them

684

CALL

CRLF

685

MOV

SI, OFFSET MHEAD

686

CALL

PRINTMESS

print the header

687

CALL

CRLF

6B8

ADD

BX, DX

sum

6B9

CALL

OUTBX

690

CALL

BLANK

691

POP

DX

restore

692

POP

BX

number s

693

SUB

BX, DX

difference

694

CALL

OUTBX

695

RET

696

i

697

NTEST:

,MEMORY

TEST

69B

CALL

SETUP

get start and end

699

CALL

CLENGTH

, c omp ute length

700

CALL

CRLF

701

MTEST1:

PUSH

BX

702

PUSH

CX

703

MTLOOP:

MOV

AL, MCBX1

;get what's there

704

MOV

AH, AL

■> save it

705

NOT

AL

i complement

706

MOV

MLBX3, AL

; a n d store it bail!

707

MOV

AL, MCBX3

iread it again

708

NOT

AL

;re-complement

709

CMP

AL, AH

; i s it o. k . ?

710

JNE

SHORT TERR

;if not then error1

711

MOV

MCBXJ, AH

i restore previous va'Sun

712

TNEXT:

INC

BX

inext location

713

CALL

CTLCHLK

;check for abort

714

LOOP

MTLOOP

i continue

715

POP

CX

716

POP

BX

717

JMP

MTEST 1

;test forever

718

;

356 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

FC62

EB10FD

FC65

EB09FE

FC68

E81AFD

719

720 721 722

CALL

CRLF

CALL

OUTBX

CALL.

BLANK.

XOR

AL, AH

iTELL USER ABOUT HAD MEMORY

i output bad addrc?f,f.

» and a b lank

;te11 user which

MCS-86 MACRO ASSEMBLER

LOG OBJ

FC6D

E85EFD

FC70

E812FD

FC73

E83CFD

FC76

EBEO

FC78

FC78

EBB9FD

FC7B

FC7B

E8F7FC

FC7E

E8F0FD

FC81

B90800

FC84

E8FEFC

FC87

8A07

FC89

E842FD

FCBC

50

FC8D

B02D

FC8F

E84800

FC92

58

FC93

E8C2FD

FC96

EB0890

FC99

8807

FC9B

43

FC9C

E2E6

FC9E

EBDB

FCAO

B0FC20

FCA3

74F4

FCA5

80FC0D

FCA8

7403

FCAA

E9FAFC

FCAD

8B07

FCAF

C3

FCBO

FCBO

B9FFFF

FCB3

EB4AFD

FCB6

E8BCFC

FCB9

E830FC

FCBC

3C04

FCBE

7405

FCCO

8807

FCC2

43

FCC3

EBF4

FCC5

E8ADFC

FCC8

B040

FCCA

E80D00

FCCD

E8A1FD

FCDO

C3

FCD1

FCD1

A052F4

FCD4

F6D0

FCD6

A252F4

FCD9

C3

MCS-86 MACRO ASSEMBLER

723

CALL

HEXOUT

724

CALL

BLANK

725

CALL

BINOUT

726

JMP

TNEX1

727

;

728

ESUBST:

i

729

CALL

SETUP

730

NUSLODP

731

CALL

CRLF

732

CALL

OUTBX

733

MOV

CX, B

734

SLOOP:

CALL

BLANK

735

MOV

AL, MCBX3

736

CALL

HEXOUT

737

PUSH

AX

738

MOV

AL. '-'

739

CALL

VIDOUT

740

POP

AX

741

CALL

GETPARMAL

742

JMP

GTEST

743

SNEXT:

MOV

MCBX3, AL

744

INC

BX

745

LOOP

SLOOP

746

JMP

NUSLOOP

747

QTEST:

CMP

AH, ' '

748

JE

SNEXT

749

CMP

AH, ODH

750

JE

Ql

751

JMP

ERR

752

Ql:

MOV

MCBX], AL

753

RET

754

i

755

AENTER:

756

MOV

CX,OFFFFH

757

CALL

GETPARMB

758

CALL

CRLF

759

ELOOP:

CALL

CONIN

760

CMP

AL, CTLD

761

JE

EEXIT

762

MOV

MCBX3, AL

763

INC

BX

764

JMP

ELOOP

765

EEXIT:

CALL

CRLF

766

MOV

AL, '«>'

767

CALL

VIDOUT

76B

CALL

OUTBX

769

RET

770

l

771

KTOGGLE

772

MOV

AL, BYTE P

773

NOT

AL

774

MOV

BYTE PTR

775

RET

776

;

VID88

i bits are bad in hrx...

;and b inar y < continue

BSTITUTE MEMORY WITH HEX DATA ; get address

; and

« print i t

i 8 entries per lint

;get what's there ;and print it

i save it

;wi th a p rompt

i restore i t

; g et new data

; check for qui t

iotherwise, put new data in memory

iand continue

if blank then

continue

if carraige return

then we are done

otherwise. . error!

save that last one?!

iENTER ASCII TEXT IN MEMORY

i64K keypresses

I get the entry address

d one?

YES

NO.. put data in memory

output the ending address

■J TOGGLE THE UPPER/LOWER CASE FLAG :FLAG3 ; get the* flag ; togg 1 e

*G"J,AL > put flag back

LOC OBJ

LINE 777 +1

SOURCE *EJECT

MCS-86 MACRO ASSEMBLER

LOC OBJ

SOURCE

778 779 780 781 782 783 784

* VIDEO DRIVFR *

Listing 1 continued on page 358

November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 357

Listing 1 continued:

FCDA

50

FCDB

56

FCDC

57

FCDD

E80400

FCEO

5F

FCE1

5E

FCE2

58

FCE3

C3

00E1 OOEO OOEO 00E1 OOCO 00E2 0080 0088 0098

FCE4 53

FCE5 8B1E50F4

FCE9 247F

FCEB 7403

FCED E80600

FCFO

FCFO 891E50F4

FCF4 513

FCF5 C3

FCF6 3C20

FCF8 7303

FCFA EB7490 FCFD

785 786 787 788 789 790 791 792 793 794 795 796 797 798 799 800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 810 811 812 813 814 815 816 817 B18 819 820 821 822 823 824 825 826 827 828 829 830 831

* DRIVES TDL VDB VIDEO INTERFACE *

* *

* converted from 8080 Assembler with CCJNV-86 *

****#*###*#**#**##**#*«•*###**#*#»## *##*###-& ********* VIDEO DRIVER

PUSH

PUSH

PUSH

CALL

POP

POP

POP

RET

A)!

SI

DI

VIDEO

DI

SI

AX

******** CONVERTED CODE BEGINS HERE ********

VDB DRIVER

VD

VC

XRD

YRD

YWR

MRD

MWR

VMODE

BMODE

EQU EQU EQU EQU EQU EQU EQU EQU EQU

PUSH

MOV

AND

JZ

CALL

MOV POP RET

CMP JAE JMP

0E1H

OEOH

OEOH

0E1H

OCOH

0E2H

BOH

8BH

98H

BX

BX, WORD PTR MCXYT AL, 7FH SHORT L. 2 VOUT

WORD PTR MCXY3, BX BX

AL, 20H SHORT L 3 CNTL

MCS-86 MACRO ASSEMBLER

VID8B

LOC

OBJ

FCFD1

3C7F

FCFF

7501

FD01

C3

FD02

FD02

E6E1

FD04

FECF

FD06

7401

FD08

C3

FD09

FD09

B750

FDOB

FECB

FDOD

7401

FDOF

C3

FD10

FD10

FEC3

FD12

53

FD13

52

FD14

51

FD15

B098

FD17

E6E0

FD19

32C0

FD1B

E6E0

FD1D

BA50C1

FD20

8AC6

FD22

E6E0

FD24

8AEA

FD26

BB00F4

FD29

E4E1

FD2B

8807

FD2D

9F

FD2E

43

FD2F

9E

FD30

FECD

FD32

75F3

FD34

8AC6

INE

SOURCE

832

CMP

AL,

7FH

833

JNZ

SHORT L_4

834

RET

835

L_4:

836

OUT

VD,

AL

837

DEC

BH

838

JZ

SHORT L. 5

839

RET

840

k_5:

841

MOV

BH

80

B42

DEC

BL

843

JZ

SHORT L...6

844

RET

845

L_6:

846

V02:

INC

BL

847

;

848

SCROLL:

PUSH

BX

849

PUSH

DX

850

PUSH

CX

B51

MOV

AL

BMUDE

852

OUT

VC

AL

853

XOR

AL

AL

854

OUT

VC

AL

855

MOV

DX

OC1 50H

856

MOV

AL

DH

857

SI:

OUT

VC

AL

858

MOV

CH

DL

859

MOV

BX

VIDBUF

860

LI :

IN

AL

VD

861

MOV

MtBXD, AL

862

LAHF

863

INC

BX

864

SAHF

865

DEC

CH

866

JNZ

LI

867

MOV

AL

DH

358 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 274 on inquiry card.

FD36

FECB

868

DEC

AL

FD3S

E6EO

869

OUT

VC, AL

FD3A

BB00F4

870

MOV

BX, VIDBUF

FD3D

8AEA

871

MOV

CH, DL

FD3F

8A07

872

L2:

MOV

AL,MfBXJ

FD41

E6E1

873

OUT

VD, AL

FD43

9F

874

LAHF

FD44

43

875

INC

BX

FD45

9E

876

SAHF

FD46

FECD

877

DEC

CH

FD48

75F5

878

JN7

L2

FD4A

FEC6

879

INC

DH

FD4C

8ACA

880

MOV

AL, nn

FD4E

3CD9

881

CMP

AL, 0B9H

FD50

73D0

882

JB

SI

FDSa

8AEA

883

MOV

CH, Dl

FD54

B020

884

MOV

AL, BOH

FD56

E6E1

i6 MACRO

885 ASSEMBLER

S2:

OUT

VD, AL

MCS-E

VI DOS

LOC

OBJ

LINE

SOURCE

FDSS

FECD

886

DEC

CH

FD5A

7 5FA

887

JNZ

S2

FD5C

59

888

POP

CX

FD5D

5A

889

POP

DX

FD5E

5B

B90

POP

BX

FD5F

B088

891

SETCAV

MOV

AL, VMODE

FD61

E6E0

892

OUT

VC, AL

FD63

B050

893

SETCUR:

MOV

AL, 80

FD65

2AC7

894

SUB

AL, BH

FD67

E6E0

895

OUT

VC, AL

FD69

30D9

896

MOV

AL,25+0C0H

FD6B

2AC3

897

SUB

AL, BL

FD6D

E6E0

898

OUT

VC, AL

FD6F

C3

899 900

RET

FD70

3C0D

901

CNTL:

CMP

AL, CR

FD72

7422

902

JZ

SHORT CCR

FD74

3C0A

903

CMP

AL. 1 F

FD76

7415

904

JZ

SHORT CLF

FD78

3C0C

905

CMP

AL, FF

FD7A

741E

906

JZ

SHORT CFF

FD7C

3C08

907

CMP

AL, BS

FD7E

7401

908

JZ

SHORT CBS

FD80

C3

909

RET

FD81

B04F

910

CBS:

MOV

AL, 79

FD83

2AC7

911

SUB

AL, BH

FD85

7901

912

JNS

SHORT L_0

FD87

C3

913

RET

FD88

914

L_8:

FD88

E6E0

915

OUT

VC, AL

FDSA

FEC7

916

INC

BH

FD8C

C3

917

RET

FD8D

FECB

918

CLF:

DEC

BL

FD8F

7503

919

JNZ

SHORT L._9

FD91

E97CFF

920

JMP

V02

FD94

921

L_9:

FD94

EBCD

922

JMP

SETCUR

FD96

B750

923

CCR:

MOV

BH, 80

FD98

EBC9

924

JMP

SETCUR

FD9A

B098

925

CFF:

MOV

AL, BMODE

FD9C

E6E0

926

OUT

VC, AL

FD9E

BBD007

927

MOV

BX, 25*80

FDA1

32C0

928

CFF1:

XOR

AL, AL

FDA3

E6E1

929

OUT

VD, AL

FDA5

9F

930

LAHF

FDA6

4B

931

DEC

BX

FDA7

9E

932

SAHF

FDA8

SAC7

933

MOV

AL, BH

FDAA

0AC3

934

OR

AL, BL

FDAC

75F3

935

JNZ

CFF1

FDAE

BB1950

936

MOV

BX,256«80+25

FDB1

EBAC

937 938

JMP

SETCAV

939

ABS_0

ENDS

MCS-B6 MACRO ASSEMBLER VID8B

LOC OBJ LINE SOURCE

F80F 940 END INIT

ASSEMBLY COMPLETE, NO ERRORS FOUND

MARK GORDON

COMPUTERS

DIVISION OF MARK GORDON ASSOCIATES, INC.

P.O. BOX 77, CHARLESTOWN, MASSACHUSETTS 02129 (617)242-2749 (617)491-7505

SD SYSTEMS COMPUTER KITS

• EXPANDORAM I (No RAMS) 169.00

• VERSAFLOPPY CONTROLLER I .. 189.00

• SBC-100 Single Board Kit 239.00

• Z80 Starter 269.00

OTHER SPECIALS

• 16K Memory Kit 49.00

• CAT Modem 151.00

• Leedex Monitor 109.00

• Atari 400 499.00

• Atari 800 779.00

• Hazeltine 1410 699.00

To Order Call Toil-Free 1-800-343-5206

ORDERING INFORMATION

We accept Visa and Mastercharge. We will ship C.O.D. certified check or money order only. Massachusetts residents add 5 percent sales tax.

The Company cannot be liable for pictorial or typographical Inaccuracies

ATTENTION

COMMODORE

DISK OWNERS

Never sort another disk file!

With Creative Software's ISAM file handling routine, your files are always maintained in sorted order. 2K bytes of assembly language subroutines allow you to:

• CREATE a new ISAM file

• OPEN an existing file

• READ key and data from file

• WRITE key and data to file

• READNEXT key and data from file

• DELETE key and data from file

• CLOSE file

• SUPPORTS up to 5 open ISAM files simultaneously

Available for 16K or 32K CBM computers and 2040 disk units

899.95 + S2.50 shipping

Soon to be available for CBM 8016 and 8032 computers with 8050 disk drive. Manual available separately for $15.00

Creative Software

P.O. BOX 4030, MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040

Circle 275 on inquiry card. November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 359

Text continued from page 347:

followed by a RET (return) statement. Then replace:

F8DE DW ERR

ith

F8DE

DW TESTMEM

Notes on Performance

How does the 8088 stack up in performance versus the popular 8-bit processors of the 1970s? To answer this question, we must develop at least a rough definition of what we mean by performance.

To evaluate performance I use three criteria:

• the execution speed for a set of applications,

• the amount of memory required to implement the applications, and

• the amount of software-development effort required for application implementation (as measured by lines of assembly-language code).

An appropriate set of applications will include a mix of mathematics, data-handling and process-control-type programs. In addition, both execution-bound (eg: heavy calculation) and bus-bound (eg: bubble sort) applications should be included.

This article is not meant to be a full-fledged benchmark report. Nevertheless, using my own background, manufacturer's documentation, and other sources, I have come to the following conclusions concerning the 5 MHz 8088, which on the average:

• is 1.5 to 5 times faster than the fastest versions of other popular 8-bit machines (ie: Z80B, 68B09, 6800, 8080A, etc),

• will typically require only 50% to 75% of the memory devoted to code by these other machines for a set of applications, and

• requires substantially less (as little as 50% or less) lines of code to implement a benchmark than these other machines.

Execution speed is the most visible measure of performance. Factors which contribute to the 8088's superiority are:

• The high standard clock rate: The standard 8088 runs at 5 MHz (in fact, possibly faster if you're willing to experiment). Intel claims that, next year, specially selected 8 MHz 8088s will be available. If 5 MHz 8088s are fast, 8 MHz 8088s will be unreal.

• The pipelined architecture: This architecture allows overlapped instruction fetch and execution, eliminating a traditional performance limitation present in other 8-bit machines.

• The 16-bit internal data paths: These enhance data movement and manipulation capability.

• Its rich set of arithmetic instructions: Math-oriented applications are served exceptionally well by the 8088. The 5 MHz 8088 can do most 16-bit integer math (add, subtract, multiply, divide) faster than a 9511 hardware math chip.

• Powerful addressing modes: The 8088 allows up to four address components to be used in calculating an absolute physical memory address. In addition, most instructions can operate directly on a memory location, eliminating the traditional accumulator bottlenck found in other machines.

The amount of memory required can have significant cost ramifications for an application. Here again, the 16-bit internal organization and powerful addressing modes of the 8088 reduce memory requirements. In extreme cases (heavily word- or math-oriented) the 8088 can implement applications in as little as 20% to 30% of the memory of other 8-bit machines.

The number of lines of code required to implement an application becomes more and more of an issue each day. For instance, the Department of Defense states that one line of debugged, documented code now costs close to $60. Programming costs continue to rise, while productivity remains relatively fixed. This suggests a real "software crisis" in the 1980s.

The 8088 can require as little as 50% (average perhaps 75%) of the lines of code as compared to other 8-bit machines. This is because one assembly-language instruction can generate up to 6 bytes of code, and the instructions implemented are very powerful relative to other popular microprocessors.

A summary chart of my findings is shown in figure 3. The relative performance of the 8088 (5 MHz), 6809 (2 MHz) and Z80A (4 MHz) are shown, with an 8086 (true 16-bit machine) thrown in for reference. A differentiation between word- or bus-oriented and byte- or execution-oriented applications must be made here. Note that the bus-oriented versus execution-oriented differentiation does not apply to nonpipelined machines like the Z80A or 6809. The byte-orientation versus word-orientation differentiation does affect the performance of these machines.

Full-speed memories are assumed as shown below:

Processor 5 MHz 8088, 8086 2 MHz 6809 4 MHz Z80A

Access Time (approximately) 480 ns 320 ns 250 ns

As shown above, the 8088 can function at maximum speed but still use slower memory than the other microprocessors. In many cases (especially EPROMs), slower-memory-speed selected parts have much lower prices than faster selections.

Essentially, the 8088 has from 1.5 to 2.5 times the performance of the fastest 8-bit competition. Of course, the performance improvement over older 8-bit processors (ie: 6800s, 8080As, etc) is even higher.

Finale

In the text box on pages 344 thru 346 you will find a full description of each MON88 command. A complete listing of the monitor program is given in listing 1.

The 8088 is not only the highest performance 8-bit processor available, but represents a "bridge" to the new architectures of the 1980s. I hope that you have found the 8088 project as challenging, educating and rewarding as I have. Welcome to the future!■

360 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Add Macro Expansion to Your Microcomputer

Part 2

David C Brown

1704 Manor Rd

Havertown PA 19083

Last month, I discussed the definition and use of the macro instruction and detailed a set of requirements for a macro processor. Part 1 also gave an overview in the form of text and flowcharts of how this macro processor would operate. Figures 1 thru 11 provide a more detailed flowchart of these processes and roughly correspond to the overview flowcharts in figure 1 of Part 1 of this article (October 1980 BYTE, page 162). Frequent reference should be made back to these overview flowcharts when reading the detailed flowcharts of figures 1 thru 11. A glossary of terms appears on page 371.

This completes the explanation of the macro definition and expansion. In the rest of the article I will discuss the interface of the macro processor to an assembler, as well as possible enhancements.

Alternate Implementation Approaches

The last hurdle to clear is how to tie this macro facility into your assembler. Basically, there are two ways this can be done, preprocessor or in-line. The approach used depends upon your situation.

The simplest way to use your macro processor is as a preprocessor. This can be done in two ways. In the first way, the macro processor is a separate program, reading your source program and writing an output file of expanded code to cassette, paper tape, floppy disk, etc; it is this output file that is read into the assembler instead of the original source. While this is the easiest way to use the preprocessor, it is also the worst from the viewpoint of efficiency, requiring an intermediate file and a longer run time. However, if you cannot modify the assembler itself, this may be the only approach you can take.

A second, more efficient, preprocessor approach is to locate the read routine in the assembler and replace it

Listing 1: Example of keyword parameters. A change that can be made in the macro assembler involves the use of keyword parameters. These allow the user to specify variable symbol values in any order or by default. The macro definition for MOVE is given in listing la; two examples of a macro call and its resulting code are given in listings lb and lc. In listing lb, both &TO and &FROM are assigned the default values given in the prototype statement of the macro definition. In listing lc, the value for &FROM is specified by default. Note the absence of the ampersand in naming variable symbols within the macro call.

(la)

1.

MACRO

2.

&JUMP MOVE

&TO = FIELDB.&FROM = FIELDA,&LENGTH =

3.

LXI

B,&TO

4.

LXI

D.&FROM

5.

MVI

H.&LENGTH

6.

&JUMP L

D

7.

STAX

B

8.

INX

B

9.

INX

D

10.

DCR

H

11.

JNZ

&JUMP

12.

MEND

(lb)

LOOP

MOVE

LENGTH = 10

LXI

B.FIELDB

LXI

D.FIELDA

MVI

H.10

LOOP

LDAX

D

STAX

B

INX

B

INX

D

DCR

H

INZ

LOOP

(lc)

LOOP

MOVE

LENGTH = 9,TO = NEW

LXI

B.NEW

LXI

D.FIELDA

MVI

H,9

LOOP

LDAX

D

STAX

B

INX

B

INX

D

DCR

H

JNZ

LOOP

November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 361

with a call to the macro processor. This is the direction taken in my flowcharts since it is a compromise between a separate program and making major revisions to the assembler.

Replacing the read routine is not as easy as it sounds, however. Microprocessor assemblers typically use character assembly rather than line assembly. They read the source statement one character at a time and process each character as it is read rather than reading an entire source statement and having the whole statement available to work on. My flowcharts are designed for line assembly in that a model statement is completely expanded before it is passed to the assembler.

If your assembler uses character-assembly processing, it will call the macro processor for each character. This will require the read routine to expand the model statement on the first call and pass it one character at a time to the assembler on successive calls until it is completely transferred, at which point the read routine will expand the next model statement. You can also modify the model-expansion routines to pass the statement a character at a time directly from the expansion routines, but this is a little more difficult.

The worst drawback of either preprocessor approach is that every operation code is looked up twice, once by the macro processor to check for macro calls and once by the normal assembler. This is quite time-consuming. Perhaps the most efficient way to incorporate macro processing is to put the macro processing in-line with the assembler's operation-code-lookup and read routines. This requires

Text continued on page 366

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f MAIN J

ASSEMBLER

INITIALIZATION

CODE

BUILD INITIAL MACRO STACK ENTRY OF ALL ZEROS

CHECK MACROLEVEL OF CURRENT MACRO STACK ENTRY

LOAD MODELPOINTER FROM ENTRY IN MACRO STACK

SET MODEL-POINTER TO BEGINNING OF SOURCE STATEMENT

(■—• )

IS OPCODE OF STATEMENT IN MACRO DIREC' ORY

ALLOCATE SYMBOL TABLE FOR MACRO EXPANSION

CHECK MACROLEVEL OF CURRENT MACRO STACK ENTRY

MOVE SOURCE FILE STATEMENT TO STATEMENT BUILD AREA

Figure 1: Overview flowchart for macro definition and expansion. This flowchart, MAIN, takes an assembly-language file containing both macro definitions and macro calls, stores the definitions, expands macro calls, and completes the work of a regular assembler. The boxes marked with asterisks represent the code that performs the assembler functions; the remaining boxes represent the code that is added through modification of the assembler's "read source" routine to implement the macro facility. Refer to the flowcharts in figures 2 thru 11 on pages 363 thru 370.

362 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 276 on inquiry card.

( STORE )

SET MACHO-SWITCH -3

LOAD UP MODEL AND DIRECTORY ENTRY POINTERS

PRINT "ERROR MISPLACED MACRO/ MENO" ERROR STATEMENT

CLEAR PARAMETER COUNT AND LABEL INDICATOR IN DIRECTORY ENTRY

SET MACRO-SWITCH • 1

READ NEXT

SOURCE STATEMENT

'SOURCE^ YES /FILE EMPTY

PRINT ERRORPREMATURE END OF FILE" ERROR MESSAGE

DELETE THIS INCOMPLETE DEFINITION FROM DIRECTORY

INITIALIZE DIRECTORY ENTRY

( RETURN J

STORE PROTOTYPE PARAMETERS

PRINT ERROR INVALID CONTINUATION" ERROR STATEMENT

SET MACRO-SWITCH = 3

STORE MODEL STATEMENT

PROCESS MEND STATEMENT

( RETURN J

Figure 2: Flowchart for STORE subroutine. This subroutine stores an entire macro definition within the macro-definition storage area. MACRO-SWITCH is a flag that tells the program what kind of line the routine is expecting next. MACRO-SWITCH=0 means that the computer is ready to process a new macro definition. MACRO-SWITCH=1 means that the computer has found a MACRO statement and is looking for the prototype statement. MACRO-SWITCH=2 means that the computer is ready to process the second line of the prototype statement, if there is one. MACRO-SWITCH=3 means the computer is ready to process the body of the macro definition.

November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 363

(3)

( PROTO 1 j

SET MACROSWITCH = 2

VALIDATE VARIABLE SYMBOL LENGTH

ADD 1 TO PARAMETER COUNT IN DIRECTORY ENTRY

STORE LABEL IN VARIABLE SYMBOL 1 OF DIRECTORY

MOVE 1 TO LABEL INDICATOR IN DIRECTORY ENTRY

STORE OPCODE IN MACRO NAME OF DIRECTORY ENTRY

PROTO 2

STORE

PROTOTYPE

PARAMETERS

( RETURN )

Figure 3: Flowchart for PROTOl subroutine. This subroutine stores the prototype label, if any, the macro name, and calls PROT02 to store the prototype variable symbols.

Figure 4: Flowchart for PROT02 subroutine. This subroutine stores the variable symbols of a macro prototype statement in the directory.

Figure 5: Flowchart for MEND subroutine. This subroutine does several housekeeping chores associated with ending a macro definition.

(4)

f PROTO 2 J

LOCATE NEXT OPERAND ON PROTOTYPE STATEMENT

YES

VALIDATE VARIABLE SYMBOL LENGTH

ADD 1 TO THE PARAMETER COUNT IN DIRECTORY ENTRY

SET MACROSWITCH TO 3

STORE SYMBOL IN NEXT VARIABLE SYMBOL OF DIRECTORY

f RETURN J

(5)

f MEND J

STORE A FORM FEED CHARACTER AT POSITION GIVEN BY MODEL-POINTER

ADD 1 TO MODEL-POINTER

CALCULATE LOCATION OF NEXT DIRECTORY ENTRY

STORE VALUE OF MODEL-POINTER IN NEXT DIRECTORY ENTRY

SET MACRO-SWITCH = 0

( RETURN J

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364 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 387 on inquiry card.

f MODEL J

SET INPUT-POINTER TO START OF STATEMENT

MOVE 1 CHARACTER FROM INPUT AREA TO MODEL AREA USING RESPECTIVE POINTERS

ADD 1 TO

INPUT-POINTER

ADD 1 TO MODEL-POINTER

STORE HEXADECIMAL "FFH AT MODEL POINTER

ADD 1 TO MODEL-POINTER

STORE A CARRIAGE

RETURN AT POSITION OF MODEL-POINTER IN MODEL AREA

( RETURN j

Figure 6: Flowchart for MODEL subroutine. This subroutine stores one model statement of a macro definition in the macro-storage area.

f ALLOC J

SET MACRO-LEVEL, SYMBOL-TABLE-POINTER, AND VALUE-STORAGEPOINTER TO VALUES FOUND IN CURRENT MACRO STACK ENTRY

STORE MACRO-LEVEL

IN CURRENT (NEW) MACRO STACK ENTRY

STORE ADDRESS OF DIRECTORY ENTRY IN NEW MACRO STACK ENTRY

ADD 1 TO SYSNDX AND STORE AS A 2-BYTE BINARY NUMBER IN VALUE STORAGE AREA STARTING AT VALUESTORAGE - POINTER

STORE "aSYSNDX" VALUE OF VALUESTORAGE-POINTER, 2, AND "A" IN CURRENT SYMBOL TABLE ENTRY

POINT DIRECTORYSYMBOL-POINTER TO VARIABLE SYMBOL 1 IN CURRENT DIRECTORY ENTRY

POINT MODEL-POINTER TO FIRST OPERAND ON STATEMENT

STORE SYMBOLTABLE-POINTER, VALUE-STORAGEPOINTER IN MACRO-STACK ENTRY

INCREMENT MODEL-POINTER UNTIL CARRIAGE RETURN IS FOUND, THEN ADD 1

STORE MODELPOINTER IN CURRENT MODEL ADDRESS IN MACRO STACK

{ RETURN J

LOAD UP PARAMETER COUNT FROM CURRENT DIRECTORY ENTRY

¥

Figure 7: Flowchart for ALLOC subroutine. This subroutine is called when a macro call is found in the body of the assembly-language program; it sets up pointers in the macro stack and symbol table to identify the current values of the variable symbols as defined in the macro call.

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November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 365

f ENTER J

STORE VARIABLE SYMBOL POINTED TO BY DIRECTORY-SYMBOLPOINTER IN CURRENT SYMBOL TABLE ENTRY

STORE VALUE LENGTH IN CURRENT SYMBOL TABLE ENTRY

STORE 0 IN LENGTH FIELD OF CURRENT SYMBOL TABLE ENTRY

STORE "S" IN INDICATOR FIELD OF CURRENT SYMBOL TABLE ENTRY

STORE VALUE-STORAGEPOINTER IN VALUE ADDRESS OF CURRENT SYMBOL TABLE ENTRY

I ARE NEXT TWO

CHARACTERS POINTED

TO BY MODEL-POINTER ■

I , "a a" I

i _!_ i

IS NEXT CHARACTER

POINTED TO BY I

MODEL-POINTER = "8"

STORE SAVED INDICATOR IN CURRENT SYMBOL TABLE ENTRY

RESTORE OLD

VALUE-STORAGE-POINTER

I

DOES MODELI POINTER POINT I TO A BLANK, CARRIAGE I I RETURN,OR COMMA I

I I

^\. NO

ADD 1 TO

MODEL-POINTER

j?

SAVE SYM80L-TABLEPOINTER AND

VALUE-STORAGE-POINTER TEMPORARILY

SET PASSSWITCH = ON

SUBSTITUTE FOR VARIABLE SYMBOL

SET PASSSWITCH = OFF

*

YES

/MODE

ADD 1 TO MODEL-POINTER

/POINTER QED AT A C

SAVE INDICATOR IN CURRENT SYMBOL TABLE ENTRY

J

Figure 8: Flowchart for ENTER subroutine. This subroutine, called by ALLOC, stores the current value of a variable symbol in the symbol table.

Text continued from page 362:

source listings for your assembler and enough courage on your part to modify your assembler. The operation-codelookup routine must be modified to first check for the identifier MACRO, at which point it stores the definition. If the operation code is not MACRO and is not found in the assembler's operation-code table, the assembler must then look it up in the macro directory and expand it if found.

In using this in-line approach, you also have to modify the read routines to make use of the macro-level counter, as is done at the beginning of the flowchart in figure 5. This approach, more ambitious than the others, is the best, and it should be taken if you have the assembler source and can take the time. It will result in an efficient, well-integrated assembler, rather than a patchwork creation. However, if this route cannot be taken, the power of macro facilities is probably worth the inefficiency of the preprocessor technique.

Extensions

If you are really ambitious, there are several other facilities that you can implement. Many of these facilities require modifications to the assembler as well as to the macro processor; but if you are still reading at this point, maybe you feel up to the task.

A large improvement can still be made in print facilities. As detailed so far, the macro call itself never gets to the assembler for printing so that you do not know from looking at the intermediate source listing which statements are generated by the macro assembler and which are in the original source. Ideally, the macro call should print and all generated statements should be identified as such. One solution is to print the macrolevel indicator, since this shows the level of nesting when nested macro calls are used. You can also add an assembler directive that tells the assembler whether or not to print the generated statements.

Another facility that you can implement is conditional

366 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

1

©

©

ADD 1 TO MODEL-POINTER

STORE VALUESTORAGE -POINTER IN VALUE ADDRESS FIELD IN CURRENT SYMBOL TABLE ENTRY

DOES MODEL-POINTER POINT TO A BLANK, ! CARRIAGE RETURN, OR COMMA I

©"

MOVE CHARACTER FROM MODEL-POINTER TO VALUE-STORAGEPOINTER

ADD 1 TO LENGTH FIELD OF CURRENT SYMBOL TABLE ENTRY

ADD 1 TO

VALUE-STORAGE-POINTER

£>

ADD 1 TO MODEL-POINTER

¥

SET QUOTE ■ ON

—©

SET QUOTE-OFF

—O

assembly, which was mentioned in Part 1 of this article. This would go along with the ability to define local variable symbols within the body of the macro definition; these local variable symbols would be used for loop control and arithmetic within the macro definition.

Another possible modification is the addition of global symbols and a global symbol table. This would allow you to pass variable symbols from one macro expansion to another. When a global symbol is encountered, you look it up in the global symbol table to get its value. If it is not found there, it is added to the global symbol table. This global table does not have its entries deleted at the end of the macro generation, so the information put there is still present whenever the next macro call is processed.

The method for handling variable symbols and their values detailed in this article is known as positional parameters. This means that the first variable symbol on the prototype assumes the first value on the macro call, the second variable symbol assumes the second operand value, and so on. A more flexible method is keyword parameters. With keyword parameters, the macro prototype might look like this:

&LABEL MOVE &FROM=FIELDA, &TO = FIELDB, &LENGTH =

The macro call would then be coded:

LOOP2 MOVE LENGTH=14,FROM=FIELDC

Keyword operands are distinguished by an equals sign and have several interesting properties. As shown in listing la, the &FROM = and &TO = variable symbols in the prototype specify a default value—FIELDA and FIELDB, respectively. If the FROM and TO operands are omitted on the macro call, the defaults are used as in listing lb; otherwise, the value from the macro call is used, as in listing lc. The &LENGTH= parameter on the prototype has no default, so it must be specified on the macro call. Also, since you specify the keywords on the macro call, they do not have to be in the same order as specified on the prototype. Otherwise, the keywords are used in the macro-definition statements just like the positional parameters I have been discussing.

Keyword processing requires a more complicated loading of the symbol table when the macro call is encountered; it also requires modifications to the routine that stores the macro definition, since the defaults will have to be stored in the value-storage area and the directory entries will have to be modified to point to the default values. It is a lot of work, but it is much more flexible.

November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 367

These are just some of the enhancements you can implement. If you have access to the IBM Assembler Language manual (referenced at the end of this article), you will find that it gives much more detailed explanations of these facilities, plus others that I have not mentioned.

To those of you who are still interested, study of the text and flowcharts of this article is all you need do before you can write your own macro assembler. Once you understand the processes involved ("walking through" the flowcharts with pencil and paper will help), there is no reason why you cannot give it a try. After all, there's no magic to system software—it's just another program. ■

References

1. Emmerichs, J. "Designing the 'Tiny Assembler'." BYTE, April 1977, page 60.

2. Fylstra, D. "Write Your Own Assembler." BYTE, September 1975, page 50.

3. Graham, R. Principles of Systems Programming. New York NY: Wiley, 1975.

4. Grappel, R and J Hemenway. "Jack and the Machine Talk." BYTE, August 1976, page 52.

5. Gries, D. Compiler Construction for Digital Computers. New York NY: Wiley, 1971.

6. IBM System 360/370 OS Assembler Language, Manual GC28-6514.

7. Jewell, G. "Simplify Your Homemade Assembler." BYTE, May 1976, page 74.

8. Wegner, P. Programming Languages, Information Structures, and Machine Organization. New York NY: McGraw-Hill, 1968.

( EXPAND J

SET STATEMENTBUILD-POINTER TO BEGINNING OF STATEMENT-BUILD-AREA

CLEAR STATEMENTBUILD-AREA TO BLANKS

^^MODEL- ^v ^^POINTER AT ^^ YES

. RETURN jS

Tno

ADD 1 TO MODEL-POINTER

SCAN

MOVE CARRIAGE RETURN TO END OF LINE IN STATEMENT BUILD AREA AND INCREMENT STATEMENT-BUILDPOINTER

SCAN FOR VARIABLE SYMBOLS

jSMODEL- \^

NO S POINTER AT ^V

3 jS

[yes

STORE MODEL POINTER IN CURRENT MODEL FIELD OF CURRENT MACRO STACK ENTRY

SET READSWITCH .ON

I

1

( RETURN j

f RETURN J

Figure 9: Flowchart for EXPAND subroutine. This subroutine expands a model statement using the current values of the variable symbols as found on top of the symbol table.

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368 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 279 on Inquiry card.

Circle 280 on inquiry card.

SCAN

YES

i IS MODEL-POINTER -J POINTING TO

"aa"OR"at" J

YES

SUBST

SUBSTITUTE FOR VARIABLE SYMBOL

YES

DELETE TOP (MOST CURRENT) ENTRY FROM MACRO STACK

G

•)

YES

MOVE AN "X" TO POSITION 72 OF STATEMENT BUILD AREA

POINT STATEMENTBUILD-POINTER TO POSITION 73 OF STATEMENT BUILD AREA

YES

MOVE 1 CHARACTER AS GIVEN BY POINTERS FROM MACRO MODEL AREA TO STATEMENTBUILD-AREA

SET STATEMENTBUILD-POINTER=10

f RETURN J

Figure 10: Flowchart for SCAN subroutine. This subroutine scans for variable symbols in the model statement and replaces them with their most recent values; it also restores blanks that were compressed out of the model statement.

November I960 © BYTE Publications Inc 369

( SUBST J

LOAD SYMBOL-TABLE-POINTER FROM SYMBOL TABLE ADDRESS IN CURRENT MACRO STACK ENTRY

ADD 1 TO MODEL-POINTER

IS

"MODELNO / POINTER AT ,A DELIMITER

P

<D

MOVE 1 BYTE FROM VALUE STORAGE AREA TO STATEMENT BUILD AREA

i

CONVERT 2 BINARY BYTES POINTED TO BY VALUE-STORAGE-POINTER TO 5 CHARACTERS

ADD 1 TO STATEMENT-BUILDPOINTER AND VALUE-STORAGE-POINTER

MOVE THE 5 CHARACTERS TO STATEMENT-BUILD-ARE A USING ITS POINTER

CALCULATE LENGTH OF VARIABLE SYMBOL

SUBTRACT 12 FROM SYMBOL-TABLE-POINTER

ThAS SYMBOL-TABLE-] I POINTER UNDER- \i FLOWED <<0>

[7s SYMBOL-TABLE| POINTER AT DESIRED |_ VARIABLE SYMBOL

LOAD VALUE-STORAGEPOINTER FROM VALUE ADDRESS IN SYMBOL TABLE ENTRY

f RETURN J

PRINT "ERRORUNDEFINED VARIABLE SYMBOL" ERROR MESSAGE

LOAD VALUE LENGTH FROM SYMBOL TABLE ENTRY

SET VALUE-STORAGEPOINTER = 0,VALUELENGTH =0

n

S THE INDICATOR llTl

THE CURRENTSYM- |

BOL TABLE ENTRY* l "S" (STRING)

Figure 11: Flowchart for SUBST subroutine. This subroutine, called by SCAN, substitutes the appropriate value for its corresponding variable symbol in a model statement.

370 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

GLOSSARY

Conditional Assembly: a feature of macro assemblers that instructs the assembler to generate or leave out certain lines of assembly-language code based on a given condition evaluated at the time of expansion.

Descriptor: useful when working with strings of characters. It is a fixed-length entry containing the length of the string and a pointer to where the string starts in the storage area. (Symbol-table entries can be considered descriptors.) Descriptors are used frequently in assemblers and in highlevel language compilers.

Directory: it contains an entry for every macro defined, pointing to the start of the model statements and specifying the variable names (from the macro prototype) that must be entered into the symbol table before the macro is evaluated.

Global Variable: a variable whose value is in effect for the entire assembly and for every macro generation. Use of a given global variable name, even within different macros, refers to the same value (unlike local variable symbols, the values of which are lost at the end of the macro expansion). In this article, &5YSNDX is a global variable.

Inner Macro: a macro call specified within the model statements of another macro. When a macro referred to as the outer macro is generating statements and encounters an inner macro, it must stop, generate the statements from the inner macro call, add them to the statements belonging to the outer macro, then continue generating its own statements.

Keyword Operand: a variable symbol followed by an equals sign; it appears only on the macro prototype and the macro call. Unlike positional parameters, keyword operands can be coded in any order. They also allow the ability to specify default values in the macro prototype.

Local Variable: a variable, the value of which is in effect only for the macro in which it is defined. All variable symbols defined in macro prototype statements are local variables. The same local variable symbol name used in another macro is treated as a separate variable, even though the names are the same.

Macro: a user-defined assembly-language operation code that generates one or more assembler instructions.

Macro Call: a pseudoinstruction within an assemblylanguage program that refers to a macro definition of the same name. The eventual result is the replacement of the macro call statement with the expanded model statements of the macro definition.

Macro Definition: a sequence of statements that tell the macro processor what to generate when replacing the macrocall instruction. It is made up of a MACRO statement that signals the beginning of the macro, a prototype statement that defines the macro name and its operands, a series of model statements that replace the macro call, and a MEND statement that signals the end of the macro definition.

Macro Stack: a stack of certain information about currently incompleted macro calls; it is necessitated by the ability to call a macro within a macro. Each macro-stack entry points to the directory entry, the end of the symbol table, and the value-storage area for the macro.

Model-Storage Area: an area of computer memory set aside for storing the model statements of all macro definitions. The directory entry for each macro points to the start of that macro's model statements in the model-storage area.

Pass 1: the assembler's first reading of source statements. During pass 1, the assembler builds its symbol table, which includes every label in the program, and checks for duplicate symbols.

Pass 2: the assembler's second reading of the source statements. At this point, all symbols are known to the assembler as a result of pass 1, and the equivalent machine code can be generated from the source code.

Positional Operands: when the variable symbols in a macro prototype are defined as positional operands, they are assigned values from the list of operands in the macro-call statement in the order that they are defined in the prototype. The first variable symbol on the prototype gets the first operand value, and so on.

Preprocessor: a routine or program that processes and usually modifies the input before the main program gets it. Macro facilities are often written as preprocessors that replace macro calls with their expanded assembly-language statements before passing the source file to the assembler.

Prototype: the second statement in the macro definition. It defines the label entry, the operation code (macro name), and the allowable operands (in the form of variable symbols) for the macro call.

Recursion: a technique in which a called subroutine calls itself. A recursive function must be designed so that it eventually returns a value rather than calling itself again; otherwise, it calls itself in a loop that never finishes.

Stack: a last-in, first-out list that allows the user to remove only the value most recently placed onto the stack. Stacks are similar to the devices used to dispense plates in a cafeteria. Plates (values) are put on the top of the stack, pushing down all the others, and are removed from the top, causing the others to pop up. A stack in programming works the same way, giving rise to the terms PUSH and POP, which are commonly used when talking about computer stacks.

Symbol Table: a stack containing an entry for each variable in the macro prototype. The symbol-table entry specifies the variable name, the length of its current value, and the address where the value is stored in the value-storage area.

Text Compression: the process of removing all unnecessary blanks from a source statement in order to reduce the amount of space needed to store the text.

Value-Storage Area: an area of memory set aside for storing the values associated with a program's variables. The symbol-table entry for each variable points to the start of that variable's value and specifies the value length.

Variable: a variable (or variable symbol) is a character string that can have many different values assigned to it by either the programmer or the assembler. Variables can be either global or local; most references to variable symbols in this article actually refer to local variable symbols.

November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 371

What's New?

PERIPHERALS

The HP 82900 Series floppy-disk drives read double-sided, doubledensity, 5-inch floppy disks, and can be configured to provide from 279 K bytes to 1.08 megabytes of storage. The interface between the HP-85 and the disk drives is the HP-85 Mass Storage ROM (read-only memory). The ROM makes

Floppy-Disk Drive for the HP-85

available thirty additional BASIC commands including a Translate command, which upgrades written tape-based programs for use on the drives; the ability to store and retrieve the graphics display on the video screen; automatic default to the drive; and volume labeling, allowing users to refer to disks by name

and write programs independent of drive addresses. Prices for the floppy-disk drives start at $1500 for a single-master drive and go to $2500 for a dual-master drive. Contact the Inquiries Manager, Hewlett-Packard Co, 1507 Page Mill Rd, Palo Alto CA 94304. Circle 662 on inquiry card.

Seven Spinwriter Thimble Fonts from NEC

NEC Information Systems Inc. 5 Militia Dr, Lexington MA 01273, (617) 862-3120, has introduced Pica 10 Multilingual, Elite 12 Multilingual, British Elite 12, Greek/Times Roman, Scientific Times Roman, Super Courier/ Publishers, and Light Italic/Manifold type fonts. These fonts meet the special printing requirements of many industries. The multilingual fonts offer the capability of printing over thirty

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£KPl>fi**p*»*p 1

languages. The fonts are offered on the NEC Spinwriter series of 55 character per second impact printers which feature the "thimble" print element.

Circle 663 on inquiry card.

Line Driver Meets Bell Mel

Tuck Electronics has announced a line-driver series for use on metallic

allic-Line Specifications

pairs from 0 to 9.6 kbs for 4-wire fullduplex service. The driver complies with

Where Do New Products Items Come From?

The information printed in the new products pages of BYTE is obtained from "new product" or "press release" copy sent by the promoters of new products. If in our judgement the information might be of interest to the personal computing experimenters and homebrewers who read BYTE, we print it in some form. We openly solicit releases and photos from manufacturers and suppliers to this marketplace. The information is printed more or less as a first in first out queue, subject to occasional priority modifications. While we would not knowingly print untrue or inaccurate data, or data from unreliable companies, our capacity to evaluate the products and companies appearing in the "What's New?" feature is necessarily limited. We therefore cannot be responsible for product quality or company performance.

Bell 43401 amplitude and line balance specifications, and features a floating receiver amplifier. The unit features analog and digital loop-back test facilities, and a blinking light which indicates when the driver is in the test mode. The driver supports an RS-232 interface. The unit is available in standalone and multiple units. Single unit price for stand-alone units is $175, and multiple-unit cards are $162. For more information, contact Tuck Electronics Inc, 3645 Industrial Park Rd, Camp Hill PA 17011, (717) 761-4354.

Circle 664 on inquiry card.

372 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

What's New?

PERIPHERALS

Large-Screen Color Monitor

The AM-26, a 26-inch color monitor, with over 340 square inches of screen surface, combines Sony's Trinitron color system with switchable A/B inputs, switchable underscan, internal and external sync, and separate RGB (red, green, and blue) gun switches. Talley light,

separate horizontal and vertical scan delay are optional, and a separate tuner/audio amplifier and speaker section may be added. The Amtron AM-26 is priced at $2395 from Amtron, Aptos CA 95003, (408) 688-4445. Circle 665 on inquiry card.

Digital Plotters from Houston Instrument

The DMP family of plotters comprises two standard and four intelligent models. All these models are available with plotting sizes of 21.5 by 28 cm (8.5 by 11 inches) and 28 by 44 cm (11 by 17 inches). The DMP-2 is a 21.5 by 28 cm plotter with an RS-232C and parallel interface. It has a pen speed of 2.4 inches per second and can plot at 100 or 200 increments per inch. The DMP-5 has a surface area of 28 by 44 cm and the RS232C and parallel interface. The unit is plug-compatible with the DMP-2 and can utilize software developed for the DMP-2. The DMP-3 features a built-in microprocessor and pen speeds of 3 inches per second. Use of Houston In

strument's Digital Micro/Plotter Language alleviates the software burden on the host computer. Self-test and pen positioning are accomplished via a computer or terminal keyboard. The DMP-3 comes with an RS-232C or Centronicscompatible interface. The DMP-6 is a 21.5 by 28 cm version of the DMP-3 and features a pen speed of 2.4 inches per second. The DMP-4 and the DMP-7 utilize electronic controls to facilitate positioning of the X and Y axes. Selfdiagnostics are activated through front panel controls. Prices for the DMP Series plotters start at $1085. For complete information, contact Houston Instrument, 1 Houston Sq, Austin TX 78753, (512) 837-2820.

Circle 666 on inquiry card.

Paper-Tape Reader

A paper-tape reader/transmitter, the Model 612, is available from Addmaster Corporation, 416 Junipero Serra Dr, San Gabriel CA 91776, (213) 285-1121. The 612 features the ability to read five- to eight-level tape and to transmit 7 to 11 frames per character at 50 to 9600 bps (bits per second). Other features include starting and stopping on character at all speeds; choice of manual or automatic control; 90 to 260 V, 50 to 60 Hz power sources; and even, odd, or no parity; with a choice of desk-top or rack mounting. The price is $656 to $779. Circle 667 on inquiry card.

Chatterbox from Micromint

The Chatterbox is a packaging combination of the presently available COMM-80 I/O (input/output) interface for the TRS-80 and an acoustic modem. This box can turn even a 4 K-byte TRS-80 into a full time-sharing terminal. The Chatterbox includes a built-in programmable 50 to 19 K bps (bits per second) serial port, a Centronicscompatible parallel printer port, a 300 bps acoustic originate modem, and a spare TRS-BUS expansion connector. It comes with a power supply, connection cable, manual, and smart terminal software. When the modem is in use, the data conversation is automatically routed to the serial output port for printing. The Chatterbox allows a TRS-80 to communicate with timesharing systems such as Micronet and the Source. In addition, Chatterbox can be used simply to provide an address selectable serial and parallel port. It is completely hardware- and softwarecompatible with existing TRS-80 products, and it connects either to the keyboard connector or screen printer port on the Expansion Interface. It does not require the Expansion Interface for operation. The Chatterbox is available for $259 from The Micromint Inc, 917 Midway, Woodmere NY 11598, (516) 374-6793. Circle 668 on inquiry card.

November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 373

Whsft New?

SYSTEMS

Systems from Wang

The Office Information Systems (OIS) Models 115-1 and 115-2 incorporate hard-disk drives located within the master control unit. The OIS systems can utilize the Wang OfficeBASIC language, telecommunications and high-speed image printing capabilities, and Wang MAILWAY electronic mail software. These systems combine word-processing and dataprocessing capabilities in one device. The Model 105 supports two workstations and one printer, and contains a 2.5-megabyte hard disk. The addition of text editing, hyphenation, and justification to the 105 provides a complete photocomposition system. The 105 begins at $9300.

The 115-1 and 115-2 support more users, peripherals, and larger hard-disk storage units. The 115-1 begins at $13,400, and the 115-2 starts at $15,400. For complete information, contact Wang Laboratories Inc, 1 Industrial Ave, Lowell MA 01851, (617) 459-5000.

Circle 669 on inquiry card.

Casio Markets Its First Computer

The FX-9000P computer, priced under $900, has been introduced by Casio Inc, 15 Gardner Rd, Fairfield NJ 07006, (201) 575-7400. It features instantaneous operation of the user system when the power is switched on. A graphic-display system makes it possible to display graphs, diagrams, and tables. The FX9000P has all functions necessary to perform scientific and technical calculations and business analyses. The machine accepts memory packages to expand memory capacity.

Circle 670 on inquiry card.

British S-100-Based Microcomputer

The Tuscan S-100 is based on the IEEE (Institue of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) standard S-100 bus. This single-board computer uses a Z80 microprocessor, can store 64 K bytes of programmable memory, is CP/M compatible, and includes a printer interface. Expansion capabilities include highresolution graphics and speech synthesis cards. Transam offers application software packages that include BASIC and Pascal. Tuscan S-100 prices start at £195 for kits. For details, write Transam, 12 Chapel St, London NW1 5DH, England. Circle 671 on inquiry card.

Canon Introduces Its Desk-Top Computer

The TX Series microcomputers from Canon feature a 6809 microprocessor, extended BASIC and assembler language, a twenty-column alphanumeric video display, and a built-in twenty-sixcolumn triple-copy impact printer. The models have 15 K bytes of user memory which can be expanded to 31 K bytes. Each model has an RS-232 interface port and a modem port. The TX-25 is a programmable machine with a full

typewriter keyboard and a built-in Canon floppy-disk drive. The TX-10 and TX-15 are nonprogrammable. The TX-15 incorporates a typewriter keyboard, while the TX-10 has a ten-key pad with twenty-six labeled keys. The price for the series is $1295 from Canon Systems Division, 10 Nevada Dr, Lake Success, Long Island NY 11042, (516) 488-6700.

Circle 672 on inquiry card.

374 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Whsft New?

GRAPHICS

Colormaster Video and Graphics Board

The Colormaster allows users to program virtually any display format (eg: 64 by 32, 128 by 16, and 80 by 25). The board is designed for S-100 bus systems. Characters may be reversed, dimmed, flashing, underlined, and any of eight colors. Bit-mapped graphics or an optional PROM (programmable read-only memory) graphics set may also be displayed. Another option allows extension of the character set to include 128 userdefined characters. The Colormaster kit is $399; assembled and tested, it is $499; and the bare board is $79. For more information, contact MicroDaSys, POB 36051, Los Angeles CA 90036, (213) 731-0876. Circle 673 on inquiry card.

Summagraphics Unveils Supergrid Digitizer

The microprocessor-based Supergrid utilizes a new technology—the Direct Magnetostrictive principle. This unit features high accuracy (±.005 inch or 0.125 mm) and high-resolution (.001 inch or 0.025 mm) and eliminates the need for a biasing magnet. Supergrid is translucent with a flat surface; moreover, it supports a stylus and a cursor, and it permits simultaneous use of two digitizer tablets with the same driving electronics. The Supergrid comes in 11 by 11 and 20 by 20 inch forms, with larger versions to follow. RS-232C, IEEE, 8-bit parallel, and 16-bit parallel interfaces are supported. The technology behind the device is based on a principle that replaces a matrix of magnetostrictive wires with a matrix of plain copper wires and only one magnetostrictive wire per axis. For more information, contact Summagraphics Corporation, 35 Brentwood Ave, Box 781, Fairfield CT 06430, (203) 384-1344. Circle 674 on inquiry card.

Hard-Copy Unit for Video Images

The Tektronix 4634 Imaging Hard Copy Unit produces high-quality continuous tone copies from raster-scan video sources in seconds. Designed to provide photographic quality images, the device is aimed at digital image processing, pattern recognition, remote sensing, video-disk, and high-resolution display environments. The 4634 records on dry silver paper using a fiber-optic video display. The process requires no toners or developers. The copies have a twelve-tone gray-scale range. The approximate cost per copy is $0.20. It prints 6 by 8 inch images on 8Vi by 11 inch paper. It is usually requires a single cable connection and can be interfaced to most raster-scan video sources, whether analog or digital. An automatic gain-control circuit tracks the input

signal. Paper is available in 8Vz inch by 500 foot rolls. Paper length can be adjusted from 7 to 11 inches. For more information, contact Marketing Communications Department, M S 63-635, Tektronix Inc, POB 500, Beaverton OR 97077, (503) 682-3411. Circle 675 on inquiry card.

Digitizer for the Apple II

The DS-65 Digisector is a random access video digitizer for the Apple II. It converts a television-camera's output into digital information that the Apple can process. The Digisector features high-resolution reproduction, sixty-four levels of gray scale, and accepts interlaced or industrial video input. The unit has on-board software featuring full screen scans directly to the Apple screen, random access digitizing by BASIC programs, line-scan digitizing for

reading charts or tracking objects, and utility functions for clearing and copying the screen. BASIC programs include a burglar alarm and a graph reader. Complete source listings are included in the package. The DS-65 is used for digitizing pictures; security systems; moving-target indicators; computer portraits; reading paper tape, strip charts, bar codes, and more. The price is $349 from The Micro Works, POB 1110, Del Mar CA 92014, (714) 942-2400. Circle 676 on inquiry card.

November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 375

What's New?

SOFTWARE

A Mail-List and Data-Base System

SelectraSort is a mail-list, data-base management system. It can pull records from mail-list files on the basis of over sixty selection criteria. The mail-list-file maintenance module enters new records to the mail list and changes or deletes existing entries. The selection module pulls records form the files. The print module prints selected and master mail lists as well as mail labels. Sorts can be done by ZIP code, country, state, last activity date, amount purchased or sold last year and this year. SelectraSort is $195, which includes CBASIC source code. It is available on 8-inch softsectored and 5-inch soft- and hardsectored floppy disks. Contact Software Hows, a division of MicroDaSys, POB 36275, Los Angeles CA 90036, (213) 731-0877. Circle 677 on inquiry card.

General Ledger for the Atari

MicroLedger, the Compumax general ledger program, has been converted to run on the Atari 800. The Atari MicroLedger performs trial balances and produces profit-and-loss statements and balance sheets. It features updating options, allowing the user to review and update records in the journal or chart of accounts; a running balance column in the journal listing; and error traps. The MicroLedger package retails for $140, which includes the program, sample data, and a manual. BASIC source code is also included. Minimum hardware requirements are the Atari 800 with 24 K bytes of memory and a floppy-disk drive; a printer is offered as an option. Contact Compumax Inc, POB 1139, Palo Alto CA 94301, (415) 325-4503.

Circle 678 on inquiry card.

Data Manager for the Apple

Information Master is a data manager for use with the Apple and includes the ability to do calculations, totals, subtotals, and more. The program lets the user define, enter, edit, sort, and retrieve data. Printed report formats using the report-generation features can be defined. Other features include screen formatting, error trapping, and the ability to add, multiply, divide, and do exponentiations. A program is included that transfers files from the Management System for use with the Information Master. For further details on the Information Master program, contact High Technology Inc, POB 14665, 8001 N Classen Blvd, Oklahoma City OK 73113, (405) 840-9900.

Circle 679 on inquiry card.

Vector Releases COBOL with Program Generator

Vector Graphic Inc has released a version of its ANSI-standard CIS COBOL, featuring program generation capability. Version 4.2 of CIS COBOL implements the eight modules necessary to meet the ANSI Level 1 standard at the low-intermediate level. The FORMS-2 utility generates data-entry screens and can create error-free data input programs without the programmer writing a line of code. It is available from Vector Graphic Inc, 31364 Via Colinas, Westlake Village CA 91361, (213) 991-2302. Circle 680 on inquiry card.

Job-Costing Package Under CP/M

This job-costing package consists of a reporting facility, a job-costing accounts payable, and a job-costing payroll. These programs are designed to run on a Z80 or 8080 processor using the CP/M operating system. Other CP/M-like systems are also supported. The software will run on hard or floppy disks. The business applications are integrated, yet each will run singly. The price is $700 for a system from Arkansas Systems Inc, Suite 206, 8901 Kanis Rd, Little Rock AR 72205, (501) 227-8471.

Circle 681 on inquiry card.

Business Application for the HP-85

Pro-Flow can figure sales analysis, forecast performance for products, evaluate material costs, and perform cash-flow analysis for a year's operation. By mixing initial raw data values with formulas, users can make projections about future operations. Pro-Flow is designed to run on the HP-85 microcomputer. It is available at a suggested retail of $150 from Scelbi Publications, 20 Hurlbut St, Elmwood CT 06110, (203) 522-5515.

Circle 682 on inquiry card.

Disk-O-Tape

Disk-O-Tape is a utility program for the Apple II and Apple II Plus computers. It enables users to transfer the data from a floppy disk to cassette tape and back again. The program features sector-by-sector copy of a DOS 3.2 disk to tape, error detection, and a verification pass for reliability. Each tape produced by the program contains a bootstrap for easy loading on disk. The program allows user-assigned naming of tapes. Disk-O-Tape requires at least 32 K bytes of programmable memory. The program comes on a floppy disk with Testape, a program to aid in adjusting the cassette recorder for optimum performance. Disk-O-Tape costs $12 from Dann McCreary, POB 16435-B, San Diego CA 92116. Circle 683 on inquiry card.

Lifeboat Supports the Durango F-85

Lifeboat Associates has made available its 8080 software line formatted for the Durango F-85 computer. This software, which includes languages such as BASIC, COBOL, and Pascal; wordprocessing systems, such as Wordstar; communication software, such as BSTAM; and complete accounting packages, is available by the implementation of CP/M. The first version of CP/M supports the F-85 with up to four floppy-disk drives. This is priced at $170. Later versions will support the 12-megabyte and 25-megabyte hard-disk systems. Contact Lifeboat Associates, 1651 Third Ave, New York NY 10028, (212) 860-0300.

Circle 684 on inquiry card.

RECLAIM "Hides" Bad Sectors and Tracks from CP/M

Lifeboat Associates, 1651 Third Ave, New York NY 10028, (212) 860-0300, has announced a CP/M 2.0 utility program that tests floppy-disk and harddisk systems for error-prone parts of the disk and allocates those parts to files that are invisible to the user. RECLAIM maps the bad spots out of the file directory so that they cannot be used again. It safely tests the disk with or without data files. At the completion of the program, it announces the number of blocks hidden from the file system. RECLAIM is available on all CP/M media formats supported by Lifeboat Associates. The cost is $80. Circle 685 on inquiry card.

376 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

What's New?

SOFTWARE

Digital Synthesizer for the Apple

Mountain Computer Inc has developed the MusicSystem for the Apple II. This sixteen-voice digital synthesizer permits the creation of the sounds of real musical instruments utilizing the principle of additive synthesis. The generation of sounds is accomplished through programmable waveforms, envelopes, and amplitudes for each musical voice. Software is included for editing and playing of compositions. The editor program permits graphical input of sheet music utilizing standard music notation. The player program permits polyphonic performance of musical compositions. Stereo output is to user's stereo amplifier and speakers or directly off card with stereo headphones. For information, write or call Mountain Computer Inc, 300 Harvey W Blvd, Santa Cruz CA 95060, (408) 429-8600.

Circle 686 on inquiry card.

New Business Software for the TRS-80

American Business Systems (ABS) has announced that its line of financialand business-applications software packages are now available to users of Radio Shack TRS-S0 computers. These seven new ABS packages offer the same full-scale features and capabilities as the company's software for larger minicomputers and microcomputers.

The packages include a complete series of financial systems, ranging from Accounts Payable and Receivable through Payroll, Order Entry and Inven

tory Control to a fully automated General Ledger System. The application systems currently available include Financial Modeling and Real-Estate Sales Management. Additional packages soon to be released will offer a Client Accounting System and a Correspondence Management Package, which includes a letter writter, word processor and mailing-label generator.

Information is available from American Business Systems Inc, 439 Littleton Rd, Westford MA 01886, (617) 486-3509.

Circle 687 on inquiry card.

TRS-80 CP/M 2.0 with 12 Megabytes

Lifeboat Associates, 1651 Third Ave, NewYork NY 10028, (212) 860-0300, has announced the release of CP/M version 2.0 for the TRS-80 Model II. The system features extended density format for each of up to four floppy-disk drives. Nearly 2.5 megabytes of storage is possible with floppy-disk drives alone. The Corvus 10 megabyte Winchester hard disk is suggested as a storage system, allowing CP/M to access 12 megabytes of memory. A menu-driven configuration program allows total control of the parallel printer port and both serial ports of the TRS-80.

The printer port software can be set to control a "dumb" printer that has no page control, or the software page control can be disabled for printing checks or mailing labels. The system includes

functions to set data rates of from 134.5 to 9600 bps (bits per second) for the serial ports. An ADM-3A emulation program is included which allows the TRS-80 to be used as a terminal through the serial ports. The system is offered with Corvus hard-disk capability for $250 and floppy-disk capability for $170. Circle 688 on inquiry card.

Software for the Apple II

Softpoint, Dept C, 103 Clinton Ave, Terryville NY 11776, has announced cassette programs for the Apple II including Function Plot, Speed Reading, Road Race, and more. The programs utilize the Apple's high-resolution graphics capabilities. The prices range from $5.95 to $9.95.

Circle 689 on inquiry card.

Reformat for the TRS-80

Reformat is a programming aid to be used prior to compiling with the Microsoft BASIC compiler. The BASIC compiler allows the use of long variable names which can contain BASIC reserved words, making the format of a BASIC source file and the use of spaces critical. BASIC program files that are written as multistatement compressed lines will be rejected by the compiler in almost all cases. Bluebird's has developed this machine-language program which will reformat any TRS-80 BASIC source file into a format acceptable to the compiler. Reformat is available for $24.95 from Bluebird's Company 2267 23rd St, Wyandotte MI 48192, (313) 285-4455. Circle 690 on inquiry card.

Data-Base Program for Z80 Systems

Condor Computer Corporation, 3989 Research Park Dr, Ann Arbor MI 48104, (313) 769-3988, has announced Target/80 DBMS, a data-base system for Z80 microcomputers. Target/80 is designed for transaction processing applications. This version uses nineteen commands, including relational operations for selecting, sorting, appending, or posting data. Target/80 is compatible with most Z80 systems with at least 48 K bytes of programmable memory running under CP/M. The price is $695.

Circle 691 on inquiry card.

November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 377

Whsft New?

MISCELLANEOUS

Computer in a Case

The Quasar Micro-Information System consists of a hand-held computer, video display, printer, modem, cassette deck, expandable programmable memory unit, I/O (input/output) driver —and it all fits in a briefcase. The handheld computer fits in the palm of a hand, weighs less than a pound and con

trols the peripheral devices. A library of memory capsules in ROM (read-only memory) for use in the computer include fourteen languages, calorie counter, bar/wine guide, phonetic pronounciation, and games. The system is available from Quasar Company, Franklin Park IL 60131. Circle 692 on inquiry card.

Nine-Voice Synthesizer

Vista Media Products has announced the Music Machine Nine. Using LSI (large-scale integration) technology, the device can produce nine voices on the Apple II computer. The board uses three AY3-8910 integrated circuits and requires one expansion slot. It can use software now available to produce and play back nine-voice music compatible

with other music boards. It will respond to commands for pitch, amplitude, duration, attack, delay, and more. Two high-impedance, low-level outputs are provided with six voices assigned to each channel. It is available through Advanced Computer Products, 1310 E Edinger, Santa Ana CA 92705, (714) 558-8813. Circle 693 on inquiry card.

Logic Timing Recorder from A P Products

A P Products, 1359 W Jackson St, Painesville OH 44077, (800) 321-9668, in Ohio (216) 354-2101—collect, has introduced the Logic Timing Recorder, a device for charting logic timing. The unit is an ABS plastic board with 320 slides arranged in eight horizontal rows. The slides represent the two logic levels of a circuit. After the slides are manually moved into position to represent the logic state in a circuit, the board is checked for proper design, then it can be placed on a copying machine to make a permanent record for your files. The recorder may be used over and over again to chart the logic timing of all circuits. The Logic Timing Recorder, P/N 923758, has a suggested price of $44.95. Circle 694 on inquiry card.

A/D Converter for S-100 Systems

The AIM-12 is a 16- or 32-channel 12-bit A/D (analog-to-digital) converter designed for laboratory and industrial applications. The card plugs directly into the standard IEEE S-100 bus. Features include an on-board resistor programmable instrumentation amplifier and operation of up to 25 ms with 12 bits of accuracy. The AIM-12 is I/O (input/output) mapped and can be used with either BASIC or assembly-language instructions. The module is designed for direct conversion of voltages from thermocouples, level sensors, pressure transducers, pH electrodes and other low-level signal sources. The device provides thirty-two single-ended or sixteen fully differential inputs; input impedance exceeds one billion ohms. It is fully compatible with North Star, Cromemco, and most S-100 system. Multiple boards can be employed, and BASIC and assembly-language programs are supplied. The price of the AIM-12 is from $575, depending on options, from Dual Systems Control Corporation, 1825 Eastshore Hwy, Berkeley CA 94710, (415) 549-3854. Circle 695 on inquiry card.

378 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Speed up your PET programming with The BASIC Programmer's Toolkit™ now only $39.95.

Don't waste valuable programming time if there's an easier way to go. Here it is: The BASIC Programmer's Toolkit, created by Palo Alto ICs, a division of Nestar. The Toolkit is a set of super programming aids designed to enhance the writing,debugging and enhancing of BASIC programs for your PET.

The BASIC Programmer's Toolkit has two kilobytes of ROM firmware on a single chip. This extra ROM store lets you avoid loading tapes or giving up valuable RAM storage. It plugs into a socket inside your PET system, or is mount ed on a circuit board attached on the side of your PET, depending on which model you own.

There are basically two versions of PET. To determine which Toolkit you need, just turn on your PET. If you see***COMMODORE BASIC*** your PET uses the TK-80P Toolkit. If you see ###COMMODORE BASIC###, your PET uses the TK-160 Toolkit. Other versions of the BASIC Programmer's Toolkit are available for PET systems that have been upgraded with additional memory.

wouia ai:

Increase

your PETs IQ

f0r«CQO95

AUTO FIND DELETE STEP RENUMBER OFF APPEND HELP DUMP TRACE

How Toolkit makes your programming easier:

FIND locates and displays the BASIC program lines that contain a specified string, variable or keyword. If you were to type FIND A$, 100-500, your PET's screen would display all lines between line numbers 100 and 500 that contain A$.

RENUMBER renumberstheentire program currently in your PET.

You can instantly change all line numbers and all references to those numbers. For instance, to start the line numbers with 500 instead of 100, just use RENUMBER 500.

HELP is used when your program stops due to an error. Type HELP, and the line on which the error occurs will be shown. The erroneous portion of the line will be indicated in reverse video on the screen. These simple commands, and the other seven listed on the screen, take the drudgery out of program development work. And for a very low cost. The BASIC Programmer's Toolkit costs as little as $39.95, or at most, $59.95.

Get the BASIC Programmer's Toolkit and find out how quick and easy program development can be. See your local PET dealer or send this coupon in today.

fjs. commodore

PET

persona! — mput.es

PAW MI© ICs

A Division of Nestar Systems, Incorporated

PET™ is a trademark of Commodore Business Machines, Inc.The BASIC Programmer's Toolkit™ is a trademark of Palo Alto ICs, a division of Nestar Systems, Inc.

The Toolkit is fully assembled. It is not a kit and requires no special tools to install.

I want to save

programming

time and money.

Send me The BASIC Programmer's Toolkit that will give

my PET 10 new and useful commands.

Fill in the appropriate line below:

Qty TK-160Toolkit(s) @ $39.95 each

Qty TK-80P ToolkitCs] @ $59.95each

Want to charge it? Call (415] 493-TOOL, or fill out the form below.

Enclosed is a D money order □ check

(If charging]: D Bill VISA □ Bill Master Card.

Please include the amount of the Toolkit, plus $2.50 for shipping and handling. Please allow 4-6 weeks for delivery. SATISFACTION GUARANTEED, OR SEND IT BACK WITHIN 10 DAYS OF RECEIPT AND PALO ALTO ICs WILL REFUND YOUR MONEY.

SEND TO:

Name

AddressCity

-State

_Zip_

Charge Card

_Exp. Date

Phone

MAIL TO:

Master Card Interbank Number

Signature

Palo Alto ICs

A Division of Nestar Systems, Inc

430 Sherman Avenue

Palo Alto, CA 94306

(415] 493-TOOL

Dealer inquiries invited.

Circle 281 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980 379

OSFers!

OSI DIDN'T FILL YOU IN...

WE WILL... With the Complete, New OS-65D V3.2

Disassembly Manual.

• 60 pages of listings

• Includes full cross-reference listing

Order today. Send check for $24.95 to Software Consultants, 7053 Rose Trail, Memphis, Tenn. 38134. 901-377-3503. Postpaid. Allow 2-3 weeks.

"'s " ■ ■ m I *""""'"'

■ - ■ m

mi

H .__ s

« 1 f i tH i Mlii — «—

8K BYTE STATIC RAM MODULE FOR THE 6800; COMPATIBLE

WITH THE MOTOROLA EXORcisef BUS AND 0 2 KIT.

TWO SEPARATE 4k ADDRESSES; EACH MAY BE USED AS RAM

OR TREATED AS ROM,

SWITCHES SET ADDRESSES AND CONTROL RAMiROM OPTION

ALL IC's ARE SOCKETED; EACH IC HAS A BYPASS CAPACITOR

ACCESS TIME: 450 NSEC

DIMENSIONS: HEIGHT 8 425IN. WIDTH 9.750 IN THICKNESS

.062 IN.

SIGNALS: R:W, VMA OR VUA (JUMPER,, (12

STATIC RAM: LOW POWER 2102AN 4L OR EQUIVALENT.

THE AII688K COMES ASSEMBLED AND TESTED.

PRICE J175

APPLIED LOGIC, INC

P.O. BOX 328

JAMAICA, MEW YORK 11415

12121459-4064

'EXOHciser is a trademark of Motorola. Inc.

Now you can afford quality!

Scotch

DISKETTES

SAVE 30% TO 45%!

Possibly the LOWEST prices you'll find on quality SCOTCH Brand Diskettes in sizes to fit all Mini/Micro Computers. One box or by the case, all orders are processed quickly and shipped per your instructions.

Call COLLECT to Order!

(805)484-8146

QUALITY DATA SUPPLY

P.O. Box 236, Camarillo, CA93010

Authorized Distributor Information Processing Products

3M

Circle 282 on Inquiry card.

Circle 283 on inquiry card.

Circle 284 on inquiry card.

S-100 A/D

• S-100 Bus Compatible A/D Converter

• 12 Bit Accuracy

• 16 Channel Analog Input

• Programmable Gain Amplifier with Sample-and-Hold

• High Quality Commercial/ Industrial Construction

2 and 4 Channel, 12 Bit D/A Boards also available.

■—gggjji CALIFORNIA DATA CORPORATION

CDC

34 75 Old Conejo Road, Suite CI 0 Newbury Park, California 91320 (805)498-3651

80X24 VIDE0TERM™

7X9 MATRIX DISPLAY FOR

APPLE II®

LOWER CASE W DESCENDERS i

80 columns by 24 lines with easy to read 7x9 dot matrix, upper and lower case with descenders using shift lock feature • 1K firmware incorporates PASCAL and BASIC protocalls so user is not required to enter machine language programs or change PASCALS. Misc. info, or Gotoxy files • Compatible with all APPLE II peripherals so user won't need new software patches for future software products ■ Crystal controlled dot clock for excellent character stability • VIDEOTERM is the same size as the Apple language card and power consumption is held to a minimum through the use of CMOS and lower power devices • Character set can be user definable up to a maximum of 128 symbols of 8x16 dot matrix font • Display control character mode and four standard display formats controlled by escape sequences • Built in light pen capability • Inverse display mode • 50/60 HZ operation • Sockets on all IC's.

PRICE;Without graphic EPROM S34S OPTIONS: Graphics EPROM line dwg.$25

VIDEO SWITCH PLATE, Inserts

In case slot to choose between

APPLEIP andVIDEOTERMI12 mm, ■"■■

MANUAL: $15 IH eaeaaai

VIOEX 3060 N.W Thistle PI. Corvallis OR 97330 Phone(503)758-0521

APPLE ][™

A/D INTERFACE BOARD

• 8 CHANNELS

• 8 BITS

• 65 /JS CONVERSION

• ON BOARD REFERENCE

$9950 i $2.50 SHIPPING (S5.00 SHIPPING FOREIGN)

TRENDCOM 100™

GRAPHICS UPGRADE KIT

• TGU1 - FOR PRINTERS

WITH SELF-TEST JUMPER

• TGU2 - FOR PRINTERS

WITH SELF-TEST SWITCH

• APPLE II HIRES DUMP

SOFTWARE

$59.95 ♦ $2.50 SHIPPING (S500 SHIPPING FOREIGN)

ISECJ)

I STREET ELECTRONICS CORPORATION

8900 SW BURNHAM, «F9

TIGARD OR 97223 (503) 620-2713

Circle 285 on Inquiry card.

Circle 286 on inquiry card.

Circle 287 on Inquiry card.

HARD DISC STORAGE FOR THE S100 BUS

PI1QQ HDD HAND OIBC CdNTHOLLIR

B33 33MB DISC BUBBVBTBM

BIO lOMB OIBC auaBYBTBM

* CIIOS tor ■■»■« It

PtIOO UBBPIB MANUAL tlO

■ 33 UBBRB MANUAL BjIB

■ lO UBBPIB MANUAL SIB

• 1DCBIOB

ADAPTIVE DATA & ENERGY SYSTEM

262' Pomona Boulevard

Pomona. CA 9 I 766

Phone (T14) 523-9653

OEiLf* IftOUIIIItS WCLCOUfO

attention fgpppHa* owners

DOUBLE THE CAPACITY OF YOUR DISK

THIS KIT ALLOWS YOU TO WRITE AND

READ ON BOTH SIDES OF YOUR APPLE

FLOPPY DISK

DOES NOT AFFECT DISK DRIVE RELIABILITY

EASILY INSTALLED IN IS MINUTES DOUBLE FLOPPY DISK CAPACITY FROM 116K to 232K BYTES

SPECIAL INTRODUCTORY OFFER

ONLY $9.9S plus $1.00 postage

ciut@metric/L

8999 KINGS HILL DR. SANDY, UT. 84070

TIME!

FOR YOUR S-100 COMPUTER I

Th« COMPUTlMER" by rml fSaturaS

• 4 Indapandant Interval tlmara and eatsndar clocka

a all caacadabla and synchronous

• 0-1/2 million yaar renga with 1.0 mteroaacond-10 aacond raacMton

a vactorad Intarrupta

a complataty aoftwara controltad

a asaamblad. tastad, and daflvarad with sampla aoftwara and instruction manual, $238

IDEAL FOR SCIENTIFIC, ENGINEERING, MEDICAL AND HOBBY APPLICATIONS!

rml san carlos,CA

Circle 286 on Inquiry card.

Circle 290 on Inquiry card.

/V1ICRO

BUSINESS WORLD

Immediate response to your orders (verbal or written), toll-free (800) 421-0347

tippkZ II... Apple II plus and the NEW Apple III

The complete, ready to run computers . . . Connect to your color TV and start writing programs today. APPLE is faster, smaller, more powerful than it's predecessors. APPLE will change the way you think about computers. Call for our Price.

INVENTORY CONTROL SYSTEM FOR Apple II

The first truly professional system that can tackle up to 8,100 items • Transaction register/audit trail • Inventory Status report • Re-order report • Keeps track of purchase orders automatically • Will handle multiple departments or divisions Fast data retrival.

Minimum hardware requirements: APPLE 11 Plus with 48K, one disk drive and 80 column printer. Introductory Price: $99.00 Including comprehensive manual.

ZENITH

DATA

SYSTEMS

Smart Video Terminal

Z-89 Computer i System:

includes: Z19 Display, a built in 5V4" Floppy Disk. 2 serial ports, and 16K of memory. 2295.00 48K Memory 2595.00 Also 48K Z-19 has a Z80 Micro -processor, numeric keypad and 8 function key. 895.00

ATARI 800

Personal Computer System

Packed with: Computer Console, Basic Language Card, Education System Master Cartridge, Cassette Recorder, TV Modulator, 8K Memory (expandable to 48K), Power Supply & all Books and Manuals S799.95

ATADI Anf\ Personal Computer HI AM 4UU Svstem for less Packed with: Computer Console, Basic Language Cartridge, Power Supply, TV Modulator, and all Books and Manuals $499.95

ATARI Program Recorder 69.99

ATARI Software, Roma, Cassettes 25% off list price

ATARI Expansion Memory 8K Module 99.99

16K Module 169.99

£s commodore

the Great American Solution

CBM 8000 SERIES BUSINESS COMPUTER

CBM 2001 SERIES BUSINESS COMPUTER

DYSAN DISKETTES

EPSON MX-80

DOT MATRIX PRINTER

The new Model MX 80 is a high-speed bidirectional, impact printer capable of printing 9x9 dot matrix characters. Prints enlarged, condensed, condensed/enlarged, normal characters with 40,132, 66, 80 columns per line logical seeking function.

$645.

THE CADILLAC OF THE FLOPPY DISKS AT LOW LOW PRICES

8" (BOX OF 10) • 3740/1 sgl side/ sgl density 4.50 ea

• 3740/1D sgl side/dbl density 6.95 ea

5" (BOX OF 5 )• 104/1 soft sector e 107/1 10 sectors

• 105/1 16 sectors 4.50 ea

Prices subject to change without notice.

VISA and MASTER CHARGE WELCOME. Allow 2 weeks for cashiers check to clear, 4 weeks for personal checks. Add 2% for shipping and handling. Calif, residents add 6% sales tax. (Sorry, no C.O.D.)

U.S. and International dealer inquiries invited.

Copyright 1980 • MICRO Business WORLD Circle 291 on inquiry card.

EPSON TX-80 . .. DOT MATRIX PRINTER

with graphics $795.

16K RAM setof8 4H6's 250 ns or better $59.00

/V/IICRO

BUSINESS WORLD

TM

15818 Hawthorne Boulevard Lawndale, California 90260(213)371-1

660 j

^•: ■:>•::

6800 Family Software

SOFTWARE: WIZRD multllasking DOS, editor.

assembler, C, PL/W. PASCAL. FORTRAN. 12K BASIC

FIRMWARE: FANTOM monitor/debugger. MATH

long integer and floating point. 4K industrial

BASIC

CROSS SOFTWARE: Assembler. PL/W. linker.

math/science, simulator

WIKTKK

1801 South Street Lafayette, IN 47904 ' 317-742-8428

Circle 292 on inquiry card.

PET music

BOARD

At last! A music maker for your PET. Our system consists of a small circuit board which plugs into your PET's user port and connects either to a speaker or your hi-fi system (cable included). Our software (on cassette) lets you enter, save, and playback music in up to four voices, each with its own tone colour. Also included are several sample pieces to get you started. When ordering, please specify 8k, l6k, or 32k PET version.

$*t9 without amp (plugs into your stereo) $5** with amp (connects to a speaker) Please use certified cheque or money order.

Electronic Music Systems kS Livingston Rd. Suite 501 West Hill, Ontario, Canada M1E 1K8

"PET is a trademark of Commodore B.H.

v

Circle 295 on inquiry card.

S-100 VOICE

The ARTICULATOR board allows you to record, store, and playback any vocabulary on your S-100 computer. Input speech is digitized by the ARTICULATOR and sent to the computer via an on-board port for storage at 1K to 2K bytes/sec. This data is then sent back from the computer to the ARTICULATOR for very high quality playback. On-board VOX switching minimizes memory storage requirements.

PRICE — $319 A&T AVAILABLE NOW

Quintrex, Inc., 9185 Bond Shawnee Mission, Ks. 66215 (913)888-3353

H8 OWNERS

APU-H ARITHMETIC PROCESSOR

CARD

•

ADDS POWERFUL MATH

CAPABILITY TO H8

•

32 BIT FLOATING POINT

OPERATION

•

16 AND 32 BIT FIXED POINT

OPERATION

•

ADD. SUBTRACT. MULTIPLY

AND DIVIDE

•

TRIG, LOG, EXP. SQUARE

ROOT AND MORE

•

BASIC INTERFACE PROVIDED

•

USES SINGLE H8 CARD SLOT

•

FULL DOCUMENTATION

•

ASSEMBLED AND TESTED

•

VISA AND MASTER CHARGE

ACCEPTED

$389.00

CCM. inc

P.O. BOX 2308 RES TON VA 22091

Phone orders 1703) 620-3403

Circle 293 on inquiry card.

16K DYNAMIC RAM

T1 411616Kx1 RAMS 8 FOR $32.00 32 FOR $120.00

THIS IS A SPECIAL PURCHASE OF NEW T.I. 300 N.S. DYNAMIC RAMS.

These are factory spec, parts, not surplus. These parts will work with most memory boards as well as memory expansion for TRS-80, APPLE, EXIDY, etc.

HANLEY ENGINEERING P.O. BOX 21432

SEATTLE, WASH. 98111 (206) 633-3404

Circle 296 on Inquiry card.

PRINTERS

MICROTEK MT-80 -ftorstM OUR PRICE S77S -Pmrs79s OUR PRICE $685

0KIDATA MT-80 ibm.oo OUR PRICE $650

BASE, MODEL 800B ims699 OUR PRICE $575

I

■niASt ADD 3% F0S SS.H TO OKDfS ■

TECHNICAL INNOVATIONS P.O. BOX 803 DEPT. B

HILLSBOftO, OR 97123 503-648-6423

I

Circle 294 on inquiry card.

$ Dysan

•/corporation

SoK-e your dfec problem*, buy 100% surface tasted Dysan ■MMBtaj AD ordcra chapped from atock. wMhki 24 houn. Call toll FREE (B00) 235-4137 for prices and Information VWa and Master Card accepted. AD orders sent postage paid

PACIFIC EXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd. San Luis Obispo. CA 93401 (InCal call (805) 543-1037.)

Circle 297 on inquiry card.

FIFTY BUS SYSTEMS

32K 6800s from $1694.59

32K 6809s from $1844.69

Include: Chassis, CPU, 32K Static Ram, l/Os Fully Expandable

2114L 300ns STATIC RAM CHIPS $5.90

PA PTfl B V PR IMP From ,ne same shipment we use in our riMt I un I mime professional qualify ooards. Add $5.00 Handling on Orders Under $200.00

32K STATIC RAM BOARD

FOR THE SS50 AND SS50C BUS (SWTP etc.)

• SS50C Extended Addressing (can be disabled).

• 4 separate 8K blocks • Low power 2114L RAMS

• Socketed lor 32K " Write Protect

• Gold Bus Connectors

16K $328.12

24K $438.14

32K $548.15

Phone, write, or see your dealer for details and prices on our broad range of Boards and Systems for the SS50/SS5OC BUS including our UNIQUE 90x24 VIDEO BOARD, and our AC Power Control Products for all computers.

Gimix (^1

1337 W. 37th Place • Chicago, IL 60609 (312)927-5510 • TWX 910-221-4055 The Company that delivers.

Quality Electronic products since 1975.

GIMIX* and GHOST' are Registered Trademarks of GIMIX INC

Circle 298 on inquiry card.

Circle 300 on inquiry card.

FOR APPLE II AND APPLE II PLUS COMPUTERS

DoubleVision"

80 x 24 Video Display with Upper and Lower Case

COLUMNS LINES

• is a hardware board that may be plugged into any slot in Apple II or Apple II Plus32Kor48K Disks • full 128 ASCII character set, including control characters • fully programmable cursor • built in light pen capability • inverse video • full cursor control • works with 50/60HZ • has 2k of its own screen memory • has its own video output jack that must be connected to a monitor (or a high band width black & white TV thru a good RF modulator). Color TV's produce a poor display and are not recommended. • permits you to connect another monitor (or a T.V. set thru RFmod) to the Apple video output jack • displays 24 lines of 80 column text — programmable for different values • permits you to have graphics on Apple video output • video output and Apple video output may be connected to one monitor thru optional video switch • is active only when addressed for reading from or writing to • accepts lower case input from keyboard by use of escape key. (no modification required) or direct use of shift key (1-wire connection from shift key pad to DoubleVision required). • is compatible with the latest version of various word processing software packages. Presently these include Apple-pie 2.0— Programma International, Easywriter Professional system—Informational Unlimited, Text Editor/Formatter—Peripheral's Unltd. (when ordering from these companies, please ask for versions compatible with DoubleVision). All software available from Computer Stop when released. • Peripheral's Unltd. B.I.T.S. and P.I.T.S. and Southeastern Software's "DATA CAPTURE" with Micromodem and communication card. These packages give ability to upload, transfer and download files from remote computers, and all at 80 columns! • Programma Int. latest assembler LISA V:20 will support full 80 column display • is transparent for use with Basic and Pascal • software on disk for easy modification and adaptation for different applications • completely commented source listing of software and hardware schematics available • PASCAL (optional) • becomes the console when installed in Pascal • Permits 80 column text processing with full upper/lower case while using Pascal's editor • must be plugged into slot 3 when operating with Pascal

Available now at your local computer store 3>^%7&.UU

Call Computer Stop for Store nearest you Shipping, Insurance, Handling, extra

Dealer inquiries invited. Contact:

COMPUTER STOP CORP.

2545 West 237th St.

Suite L

Torrance, CA 90505

539-7671

The Computer Stop

16919 Hawthorne Blvd. Lawndale, CA 90260

(213)371-4010

Circle 301 on inquiry card.

Calif. Residents add 6% Sales Tax •Apple is a Registered TM of Apple Computers, Inc.

MON. - SAT. 10-6

BYTE November 1980

383

J^ ATARI

Atari 800 $810.00 810 Disk Drive .. $525 00

16K RAM Module $150.00 Controllers $18/Pr.

All ROM's, Including STAR RAIDERS, 20% OFF!!! "•Bit Bucket software for the ATARI"*

Disassembler/dumper/

depositer/BASIC renumber $30.00

Action Games... $25.00 Brain Games... $25.00

All above Bit Bucket software FREE with

purchase of ATARI 800.

Free utilities disk (disasm, renumber, etc.) with

purchase of 810 Disk.

PET

8K ... .$699.00 16K .. .$876.00 32K .. .$1140.00

CAT Modems $156.00!

Soroc IQ120 Terminals $775.00

All Centronics Printers 15% OFF!!

The Bit Bucket

168 North Beacon Street

P.O. Box 365

Newton Highlands, MA 02161

Phone: (617) 7B3-3144 See us at the Northeast Computer Show in Boston November 20-23

All prices subject to change without notice.

1802 USERS

Original innovations from the other side of the world.

1. Micro-basic for 1802 microsystems. Uses only IK of memory and HEX key pads. The world's smallest!

2. HUG 1802 microprocessor full color 7K on board memory. Unique original ultracompact design.

3. Also just developed PASCAL for 1802.

4. 1802 owners contact us for FREE data on Australasian developed innovations never before published.

Write to: Kit Parte, Ltd.

DeptB Box 27037 Wellington, New Zealand

ATARI OWNERS

SCREEN PRINT INTERFACE

Obtain hoTdcopy of any screen image (graphics and / or text) on either a TRENDCOM 200 or IDS 440 Paper Tiger printer Simply attach the supplied parallel printer cable and load the software from cassette (may be transferred to Disk). Obtain o "picture" of the screen on your printer under direct (CTRL?) or program (XI0) control. Works in all graphics/text modes as well as LPRINT ond LIST "P"

Only

$139

California residents add 6% tax

AMCROTRONICS, inc. ®

1125 N-Golden State Blvd. / SuiteG Turlock, CA 95380 (A) (209) 667-2888 / 634-8888

We are experiencing fefepfione difficulties, please keep trying.

Circle 302 on inquiry card.

Circle 303 on Inquiry card.

Circle 304 on inquiry card.

NORTHSTAR SOFTWARE

FUN ON THE HORIZON is a collection of 40 games with average size over 200 lines. Includes Poker, Golf, Football, Biorhythm, Blaokjack, Keno, Life and 33 more $24.00

UTILITY contains a Z80/8080 Disassembler for machine code programs resident in RAM or on diskette. It also includes a COMPRESS utility for BASIC program files which increases execution speed while decreasing program size as much as 35% $17.00

SUPRTREK, a space battle game, features action graphics and an updated play-by-play display map of the galaxy. Over 900 lines of code S11.00

All programs use the 64 character ASCII subset with max line length 64 characters. Available in double or single density on 1 or 2 ISDI specially modified double-sided diskettes. (SD, add $4.00 per order)

COMBINATION PRICE: All three packages for $36.00

Order now from S&S Computing, Inc. 64 Juniper Street Allentown, Pa. 18106 (215) 398-1299

or circle our reader service number below to receive 4 pages of program abstracts and sample output.

Circle 305 on inquiry card.

INVENTORY CONTROL SYSTEM

WITH PARTS EXPLOSION FOR FINISHED GOODS AND ASSEMBLIES

Parts requirements forecasting & Pull Sheets

Economic Order Quantities & Pull Sheets

1500 Items per single density 8" disk side

AVAILABLE FOR CROMEMCO. CP/M,

AND OASIS OPERATING SYSTEMS

Hardware requirements: 64k RAM, 132 Column printer. Manual (Includes Source) and 8" floppy disk ... $250. Accounts Receivable. Accounts Payable. General Ledger. Payroll and Mailing List programs also available.

FEITH SOFTWARE, INC.

CEDARBR00KA-1103

WYNCOTE, PA. 19095

(215) 887-9780

Circle 306 on inquiry card.

!! ftCAL TIME

»t

The TIME MACHINE from ALPHA OMEGA COMPUTER SYSTEMS isn't just another digital clock chip surrounded by interface circuitry. It's an intelligent microcomputer based peripheral device.

The TIME MACHINE communicrtei with your computer via a serial I/O port at auser selectabledata rate between 300 and 2400 baud. BS-232, RS-422, or current loop communication may be used.

Battery protection against power loss is included. The TIME MACHINE automatically computes day of the week and leap year. Buffered output pulses at one second, one minute, and one hour intervals are provided.

Dimensions are 2.5 x 4.75 x 7.5 inches. Batteries, power supply, and communication cable are included.

Jrice is only $450 single lot and quantity discounts are ivailable. Dealer inquiries invited. Off the shelf delivery.

ALPHA OMCGAcoftpUTM sysTtMs, inc.

PO Bo. 11.1/ Cor •Ml)* Oregon 97330

15031754-1911 "'

Circle 307 on inquiry card.

ARE YOU LOOKING FOR AN

iS)/&v (SS\(mm)

ACOUSTIC MODEM?

THEN TEAR THIS OUT, YOU

pin

C C S INC

WON'T SEE IT AGAIN I ! ! BELL 103, 300 BAUD,

CATALOGS

1011 So Rancho Dr Las Vegas, Nevada

ORIGINATE MODE, RS-232 INTERFACE,

Software (over 400 programs for Apple, Pet, TRS-80, Sorcerer, Sol,

(702) 384-0067

.

BUILT FOR TI-733,

Challenger and CP/M systems)

TURNKEY SYSTEMS

.

TESTED AND GUARANTEED.

Books (over 100 titles on person

AVAILABLE TODAY

LIMITED QUANTITY

al, recreational and educational applications of small computers.

•MEDICAL BILLING*

CARD S COUPLER: $ 89.00

Peripherals (ALF music synthesi

•WORD PROCESSING*

^/CUSTOM CASE: $109.00 w/CASE S POWER: $124.00

zer and VersaWriter for the Apple II)

•UNIVERSITY ADMISSIONS* •POINT OF SALES*

ADD $3.00 FOR SHIPPING. ■ reative HflindRusmesses

Perioherok PIik

FREE TRAINING

f

119 Maple Avenue Morristown, NJ 07960

CALL TODAY

P.O. Box 18252 • Tucson, Az 85731

<

Circle 308 on inquiry card.

Circle 309 on inquiry card.

Circle 310 on inquiry card.

computer 11 products, inc.

11542-1 KNOTT

DEPT. C

GARDEN GROVE,

CA 92641

(800) 854-6411

(714)891-2663

ORDERING INFO

NAME, ADDRESS, PHONE

SHIP BY: UPS OR MAIL

SHIPPING CHRG. ADD

$2.00 UP TO (5) LBS.

$25.00 Minimum Order

ATARI MODEL #800 (NEW 16K VERSION)

•COMPUTER CONSOLE •ATARI BASIC 8K ROM •57 FULL STROKE ALPHANUMERIC

KEYS PLUS 4 FUNCTION KEYS • INVITATION TO PROGRAMMING

CASSETTE

•OPERATORS MANUAL •EDUCATION SYSTEMS MASTER

•JOYSTICKS •RF MODULATOR •POWER SUPPLY

CALL FOR PRICE

(IN STOCK)

ANACOM GENERAL MODEL-150 PRINTER

10% OFF SOFTWARE WITH PURCHASE

9x9 Matrix

Impact Dot

150 CPS.

10CPI

136 Columns

94 ASCII Character

6 or 8 Lines per Inch Pin Feed & Dual Tractor Drive RS-232or Parallel Interface

CALL FOR PRICE

TERMS

WE ACCEPT CASH,

CHECK MONEY ORDERS,

VISA & MASTER CHRG.

(U.S. FUNDS ONLY)

TAX: 6% CALIF. RES.

STATIC & DYNAMIC RAM CHIPS

2104's

(4K) DYNAMICS

$200ea.

5257-3L

(4K) STATIC $525ea.

ATARI OPTIONAL ACCESSORIES MODEL #810 DISK DRIVE SYSTEM MODEL #820 40-COL. DOT MATRIX PRINTER MODEL #822 40-COL. THERMAL PRINTER MODEL #825 80-COL. DOT MATRIX PRINTER MODEL #830 ACOUSTIC MODEM MODEL #850 INTERFACE MODULE MODEL #CX853 16K RAM MODULE

CALL FOR PRICE & AVAILABILITY

ATARI

SOFTWARE & ACCESSORIES

BASKETBALL ROM $30.00

SUPER-BREAKOUT ROM $30.00

STAR RAIDERS ROM $45.00

CHESS ROM $30.00

VIDEO EASEL ROM $30.00

MUSIC COMPOSER ROM $45.00

3D TIC TAC TOE ROM $30.00

JOYSTICKS $18.00

PADDLE CONTROLS $18.00

#410 CASSETTE RECORDER $60.00

MICROBYTE

(NEW PRODUCTS)

•Z-80 CPU/IO BOARD

•DBL. DENSITY DISK CONTROLLER

•64K DYNAMIC RAM BD.

•4 PORT I/O BD.

•MICRO Z SYSTEM

• D2 DISK SYSTEM

ALL ASSEMBLED & TESTED CALL FOR PRICE & DELIVERY

2114L-3

LO PWR./300NS

1-16 . 17-49 , 50-99 100 Up

IN STOCK

.4.25 .4.00 .3.80 .3.60

S.D. SYSTEMS

NOW AVAILABLE •EXPANDORAM I & II •VERSAFLOPPY •SBC100/SBC200 •VDB 8024 VIDEO BOARD •PROM-100 PROGRAMMER

KITS&A&T CALL FOR PRICE

ADD-ON

4116'S MEMORY

APPLE, TRS-80, HEATH, ETC.

(200NS) 8 for $39.00 16 for $75.00

(250NS) 8 for $37.00 16 for $70.00

MICROBYTE 32K

STATIC RAM BOARD

•IEEE/S-100 COMPATIBLE

•4K BANK ADDRESSABLE TO ANY

4K SLOT WITHIN 64K BOUNDARY •ON BOARD 8-BIT OUTPUT PORT • NO DMA RESTRICTIONS •4 MHZ OPERATION

ASSEMBLED & TESTED $475

00

2708's

(450 ns.)

$7.50 ea.

OR 8/ $56.00

2716's

5 VOLT ONLY 450 ns.

$15.00

(PRIME)

CENTRONICS

MODEL #737

• 80 CPS Proportional Spaced

• Dot Matrix (7x9) or (7x8)

• 96 Character ASCII

• Parallel Interface

$32500

8080A

ANADEX PRINTERS

MODEL #DP8000 CALL FOR MODEL #DP8000 (APPE) PRICE

MODEL #DP9500 &

MODEL #DP9501 DELIVERY

FEATURES ON DP8000:

•80 COLUMNS, 112 CPS, BI-DIRECTIONAL, SPROCKET FEED, 9x7 CHARACTER FONT, VARIABLE FORM WIDTH

Z-80A

CPU CHIP

NEC #D780C-1

$10.00 ea.

COMPONENTS

74LS240 74LS241 74LS244 74LS373 74LS374

$1.50 $1.40 $1.50 $1.60 $1.60

QUME DT-8

DOUBLE-SIDED/

SGL/DBL DENSITY

8" DISK DRIVES

CALL FOR PRICE

SHUGART

SA801R

Bare Drives

Single Sided/

Sgl/Dbl Density

CALL FOR PRICE

AND DELIVERY

(CERAMIC)

s2.50 ea.

VERBATIAM 5V4"

SOFT-SECTOR DISKETTS BOX OF (10)

$29.95

CAPACITORS

.1 @ 12 VOLTS

CERAMIC

11'ea.

100/S10.00

NEW PRODUCTS AVAILABLE

•COMMODORE •GODBOUT •LEEDEX •PERSONAL SOFTWARE •SANYO •SOROC •TEXAS INST. CALL FOR PRICES

RS232C0NNECT0RS

DB25P DB25S

1-9 2.99 3.80

10-24 25 Up 2.75 2.45 3.70 3.60

IMSAI CONNECTORS

100 PIN GOLD-SOLDERTAIL

$2.50 ea.

OR

10/S2.30 ea.

320T-5 90

320T-12 80

340T-5 75

340T-12 65

78H05 5.25

SA 800/801 DISK DRIVE

1 OR 2 DRIVES INSTALLED, SGL OR DBL. DENSITY/SGL-SIDED, METAL

CABINET, & POWER SUPPLY (1) SA800/$775.00 (2) SA800/$1250.00 (1) SA801/$795.00 (2) SA801/$1295.00

1 YR. WARRANTY PARTS & LABOR

Circle 311 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980

385

Disk Based Word Processor

7

Available Now!

Mailing List Option

7

■23MME

■4441 West First Ave. Vancouver, B.C. ^Mfe. VBR 4H9 ■■

604-224-3107 h£

Apple II

SOFTWARE

ACCESSORIES

SUPPLIES

ULTRA-CURRENT 1000 ITEMS

kqn

fflMe

X*

1

fiB»wr«i»;

TO ORDER

' send $3 00

. You receive current BUYERS GUIDE and a certificate worth $3.00 off of

I your first purchase

2S13 N. Sheridan Rd. Peoria, Illinois 61604

JINSAM Da*°

Circle 312 on inquiry card.

Circle 313 on inquiry card.

> Manager

• CUSTOM DATA FILES

• FAST/EASY/MENU DRIVEN

• HELP COMMANDS

• KEYED RANDOM ACCESS

• MULTIPLE SEARCH KEYS

• PRIVACY ACCESS CODES

• WILD CARD SEARCH

For 16K-32K PET, Dual Disk, and Printer

FREE: LABEL PRINTER MODULE

FREE: REPORT GENERATOR MODULE

Specify CBM 2040 or COMPU/THINK

Package $175 User's Guide only $25

Introductory Demo Tape $5 Disk $ 8

Check or Money Order plus $2 Shipping

(NY residents add 8% Sales Tax)

-DEALER INQUIRIES WELCOMED

JINI MICRO-SYSTEMS, Inc.

P.O. Box 274-B • Bronx, NY 10463

Circle 314 on inquiry card.

r~ QUARTZ CRYSTALS "*"*$

' I l: Tit

B&ttM

9.9336-B 20.000-B 3628B6-B

428518 6

4681268 I

1 5390B

5.GI0-B

9.98408-B 20.4988-B 36 3636 B

4287688

4737688 ' .

. ' 1 000 A

5.7143 B

9.989608 22.1184-8 379628 B

42.92588

47883B-B (

1 1 8432 A

5.955-8

lOJMQ-B 22.6258-B 38.3768 B

42.96288

46.0008 , '

1 , IB437B

5.9BZ-B

10 2458-B 26.3556-B 384448-B

43.0006-B

4B.3Q06-6 |

1 ' ZO0DA

6.000-6

10.4*8-6 26.5006 E 38 6258 B

43.037B-B

48.66688 ' .

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6.144-B

10.77558 266706-8 36.9258-8

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43-3338-8

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6.5536 B

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43.3708 B

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' 3 000 A

6.72530 B

H.21B6-8 28.G2768 398768-8

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50.25058 I

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7.0063-6

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43.5558-8

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rams

1168168 30.0648 B 4081288

4362988

51.85068 ' ,

| ' ••-■■■;

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12.440-8 363606 B 4083368

4366688

52.6128 6 1

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14.43088 308768 6 4088BB-B

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19.46908 35.92568 42.75388

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104.99188 , 1

| ALL A

CUM

ALL 8 -11.99

DflHM0flr:-Q£0UCT5% ' |

ADO SI.00 SHIPPING

CAL.

RES, ADD 6% SALES TAX

FREE OSCILLATOR SCHEMATICS ' I

WITH ANY ORDER

i] QUALITY COMPUTER PARTS !»

1 p o.

BOX 743 / CHATSWORTh

.CA91311 I

MEMOREX

Floppy Discs

Lowest prices. WE WILL NOT BE UNDERSOLD!! Buy any

quantity 1-1000. Visa, Mastercharge accepted Call free (800)235-4137 for prices and information. All orders sent postage paid.

PACIFIC EXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd. San Luis Obispo. CA 93401. (InCal. call (805) 543-1037.)

MICROCOMPUTERS and PHYSIOLOGICAL SIMULATION

James E. Randall, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bioomington

Foreword by Arthur C. Guyton, University c.t Mississippi School of Medicine, Jackson This book provides microcomputer hardware and firngrams suited for teaching simulations such as nerve action potential, cardiac action potential, cardiovascular system mechanics, and the glucose tolerance test.

"Sorely needed lor those ot us who are just beginning to adapt microprocessors to teaching applications in Physiology. Dr. Randall is eminently qualified to do this special job. He has interacted for several years with his potential readers through his activities in the American Physiological Society."

Beverly Bishop SVNY nt Buffalo, School of Medicine Feb. 1981). 250 pp., illus. Paper 06128 $14.50 Price is subject to change without notice.

Addison-Wesley

Advanced Book Program

Heading, Mass. 01867. U.S.A.

Circle 315 on inquiry card.

Circle 316 on inquiry card.

Circle 317 on inquiry card.

Fine Software Tools in C

The Toolbox

xref - cross reference C programs Handles

^include and #line. sort - alphabetize by all or part of text line. list ■■ print source listing with date heading and line

numbers- Handles ^include and #line. col - rearrange into variable number of columns print paginates text for hard copy. crt - spool through your files, a screen at a time and more

All programs in Whitesmith C except date funt lion of list and print in PDP-11* assembler. Source code on 8" floppies in RT-11*(RX01) format. Documentation included. Available immediately for $45 (includes shipping and sales tax) from; •PDP-11 and RT-11 are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation.

The Toolsmith

P.O. Box 22511

San Francisco, CA 94122

INTERTEC SUPERBRAIN SOFTWARE Available Now!

' LEDGER

Takes care of Stacks, Bonds, CD's, A/R, Real Estate, others -up to 250 investments

il.NERAL LEDGER

All general bookkeeping functions, major (. sub accounts, coiapar i t i ve statements

.1PENSE LEDGER

Designed to co-ordinate with the General Ledger for applications with multiple coat centers

HECK REGISTER/BANK RECONCILIATION

Relieve the worries of keeping up with

iNAHCIAL PACKAGE

Amortization schedules, balloon -lOtea, effective interest, present/futire value, etc.

• Wumpus " Escape • Bismark

* Adventure * Others

I.LLANEOUS

EPORT GENERATORS S

Rentals, Automobiles, Insurance

Li, SOFTWARE EXCLUSIVELY DEVELOPED FOR THE SUPERBRA

. prices include manuals, additional manuals s^5 e

' Prices do not include media cost

Gmntral Sytttmi Consulting

!9'.5i 676-9612 2310 5 7TH, Suite 118, Abilene

LOGIC PROBE $10.95

msm

CMOS/TTL

HI 70%

LO 30%

PULSE

Hl-Z or INVALID LEVEL

ASSEMBLED AND TESTED.

■=^E

POWERED BY CIRCUIT UNDER TEST.

SUPPLY LEADS AND INPUT ARE OVERVOLTAGE AND

REVERSE POLARITY PROTECTED.

COMPARE TO UNITS COSTING 2 AND 3 TIKES AS MUCH: USE OUR 90 DAY GUARANTEE AS A TRIAL PERIOD. YOUR MONEY BACK IP NOT SATISFIED:

SEND $19.95 T01 ORDER DLP-1300.

CYBERTECH

UE PAY POSTAGE.

SORRY, NO C.O.D.S

Circle 318 on Inquiry card.

Circle 319 on inquiry card.

Circle 320 on inquiry card.

EXCITING MAILORDER DISCOUNTS

[apple* ][

i6K computer

Disk II with Controller $47S...withaut $425

$899

APPLE II 32K $999 APPLE II 48K $1099

DOS 3.3 Witt upgrade kit $48

APPLE II ACCESSORIES

Apple) Joystick 47

ABT Numeric Input Keyboard 114

ALf Muaic Synthe»i«r 245

Bfightpen Lightpen from Softape 32

Clear Cover for Apple Computer 25

CCS Programmable Timer Module 159

Dan Paymer Lower Case Kit 49

D C Hayes Micromdem 335

Extender Board 27

Graphics Input Tablet 649

Introl X 10 Remote Control System 239

Introl X-10 Controller Only 164

M&R Sup R Term 80 Column Board 32S

Microsoft Z 80 Soft Card 299

Novation Cat Modem 159

Horn writer 149

Speechlink 2000/64 Word Vocabulary 215

Super Talker Speech Synthesizer 239

Sup R Mod RF TV Modulator 25

SVA 8" Disc Controller Card 329

Versa Writer Digitizer Drawing System.. . 209

WE SHIP FAST!

Adventure by Microsoft 27

Apple Bowl 14

Applebug Assembler/Dissassembler 69

Applebug Debugger 27

Applepost Graph & Plot System 59

Applepost Mailing List System 44

Applesoft Utility Programs by Hayden .... 27

Applewriter Word Processor 59

Bill Budges Space Game Album 39

Bill Budges Trilogy of Games 29

The Cashier Retail Managment System .. 189 CCA Data Management

by Personal Software 84

The Contributed Volumes 1-5

w/manuals 29

Desktop Plan by Personal Software 79

Dow Jones Portfolio Evaluator 44

Forth II by Programme Software 45

Fortran for use with Language System. . 159

Pascal Language System 396

Sargon II Chess Game-cassette 27

Sargon II Chess Game-disk 35

Shell Games 27

Space invader-Cassette 18

Space Invader-disk 25

Sub-Logic FS-1 Flight Simulator

Cassette 23

Sub-Logic FS-1 Flight Simulator-disk 29

Sybex Apple 80 8080 Simulator 17

Visicalc by Personal Software 115

APPLE COMPUTER INTERFACE CARDS

Asynchronous Serial Interface #7710A... $145

Applesoft II Firmware Card 149

CCS Arithmetic Processor Card 0781 IB 329

CCS Parallel Interface Card O720A 155

Centronics Printer Interface Card 179

Apple Clock/Calendar Card

by Mountain Hardware 229

Communications Card 6- DB25 Cable.... 179

Integer Basic Firmware Card 149

Parallel Printer Interface Card 139

Prototyping Hobby Card 22

Romplus Card with keyboard filter 169

Romplus Card without keyboard filter.... 159 SSM AIO Serial Parallel I/O

Assembled & Tested 169

Serial Interface Cerd 139

Symtec Light Pen Card 214

PRINTERS, MONITORS, DISCS

Anadex DP8000 850

Anadex DP8000AP 850

Centronics without cable 819

Epson TX80-B WfGraphics 799

MPI 88T 650

NEC Spinwriter *5510 2695

Paper Tiger with Graphics 959

Silentype with Interface Card 496

Leedex Video 100^12" B&W 139

Sanyo 9" B&W 169

Color Monitor 11" 349

Dyson disks Ipkg 10) 50

Memorex (pkg 101 40

Verbatim ipkg 10) 30

^cippta computer \J\ IN STOCK, CALL FOR PRICES!

f/^[|3j*™

$799

•High resolution COLOR Graphics •Built-in RF TV modulator

•1 OK Basic in ROM -High speed serial I/O port

• SKuser RAM expandable to 48K • Includes ATARI 410 program recorder

• 57 key full stroke keyboard

Atari 820 Printer $489

Atari 810 Disk Drive 569

Atari 410 Program Recorder 69

Atari 16K RAM Module 149

Atari 8K RAM Module 99

Atari Basic ROM 45

Assembler/Editor 45

Basketball 30

Video Easel 30

Super Breakout 30

Music Composer 45

Computer Chess 30

Star Raiders 39

3D Tic-Tac-Toe 30

Joystick 19

SORCERER H $9691

16K

The SORCERER is a Z80 CPU based micro-computer internally expan dable to 48K. 4K ROM resident monitor. I/O connector for S-100 ex pansion. Parallel and serial interface. Dual cassette I/O. Graphic reso lution of 240 x 512, 30 lines of 64 characters, 8 x 8 dot matrix Full ASCII set (upper and lower case), plus standard graphic symbols User may define up to 128 characters. Keyboard is 63-key data processing type, plus a 16 key numberic input pad.

S-100 EXPANSION UNIT $399

WORD PROCESSOR PAC 179

DEVELOPMENT PAC 89

WE ALSO SELL "QUALITY SOFTWARE" FOR SORCERER AT 10% OFF LIST.

VISA

TO ORDER: Phone orders invited using Visa, Mastercard, or bank wire transfers. Visa & MC credit card service charge of 2%. Mail orders may send charge card number (include expiration date), cashiers check, money order, or personal check (allow 10 business days for personal checks to clear). Please include phone number. Include 3% shipping, hand

ting, and insurance ($5.00 minimum) in USA. Shipments within Calif, add 6% sales tax. Foreign orders include 1% handling-shipped freight collect. Foreign orders over $1000 allow 3 weeks extra and include $25 license fee. All equipment is in factory cartons with the manufacturers warranty. Equipment is subject to price change and availability.

MAIL TO: 1251 BROADWAY IV CAJON CA., KK\ £714] 579'0330

AUTHORIZED

APPLE

SALES &

SERVICE

iii«4'jii;i[lj MM j,ljj IMr.fei'

Circle 321 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980 387

-jiMi % i a i

.18

64K BYTE EXPANDABLE RAM

DYNAMIC RAM WITH ON BOAROTRANSPARENT REFRESH GUARANTEED TO OPERATE IN NORTHSTAR. CROMEMCO. VECTOR GRAPHICS. SOL. AND OTHER 8080 OR Z-80 BASED S100 SYSTEMS *4MHZ Z-80 WITH NO WAIT STATES

* SELECTABLE AND DESELECTABLE IN 4K INCREMENTS ON 4K ADDRESS BOUNDARIES.

» LOW POWER-8 WATTS MAXIMUM

* 200NSEC 4116 RAMS

* FULL DOCUMENTATION.

* ASSEMBLED AND TESTED BOARDS ARE GUARANTEED FOR ONE YEAR AND PURCHASE PRICE IS FULLY REFUNDABLE IF BOARD IS RETURNED UNDAMAGED WITHIN 14 DAYS.

ASSEMBLED/ TESTED

64KRAM J59S.00

48KRAM $529.00

32K RAM S459.00

16K RAM 1389.00

S100 MAINFRAME AND CARD CAGE ... Q

* W/ SOLID FRONT PANEL . . S239.00~

* W/ CUTOUTS FOR 2 MINI-FLOPPIES . . . S239.00

* 30 AMP POWER SUPPLY $119.00

* 8 SLOT MOTHERBOARD S149.00

* 19 SLOT MOTHERBOARD $199.00

16K MEMORY EXPANSION KIT

ONLY $58 FOR APPLE, TRS-80 KEYBOARD, EXIDY, AND ALL OTHER 16K DYNAMIC SYSTEMS USING MK4116-3 OR EQUIVALENT DEVICES.

* 200 NSEC ACCESS, 375 NSEC CYCLE

* BURNED-IN AND FULLY TESTED

* 1 YR. PARTS REPLACEMENT GUARANTEE

* QTY. DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE

VISTA V-200 MINI-FLOPPY SYSTEM

S100 DOUBLE DENSITY CONTROLLER 204 KBYTE CAPACITY FLOPPY DISK DRIVE WITH CASE & POWER SUPPLY MODIFIED CPM OPERATING SYSTEM WITH EXTENDED BASIC $695.00

COmPUTER DEVICES

I230 W.COUirU AVE.

ORRDGE, CA 92668

(714)633-7280

> tax. Mastercharge ''lys lor checks to . Shipping charges

32K BYTE MEMORY

RELIABLE/COST EFFECTIVE EXPANDABLE RAM FOR

6602 AND 6800 SYSTEM-AIM 65-'KIM'SYM'PET'S44-BUS

» PLUG COMPATIBLE WITH THE AIM-65/SYM EXPANSION CONNECTOR BY USING A RIGHT ANGLE CONNECTOR (SUPPLIED! MOUNTED ON THE BACK OF THE MEMORY BOARD.

. MEMORY BOARD EDGE CONNECTOR PLUGS INTO THE 6800 S 44 BUS.

« CONNECTS TO PET OR KIM USING AN ADAPTOR CABLE

• RELIABLE-DYNAMIC RAM WITH ON BOARD INVISIBLE REFRESH-LOOKS LIKE STATIC MEMORY BUT AT LOWER COST AND A FRACTION OF THE POWER REOUIRED FOR STATIC BOARDS.

» USES +5V ONLY, SUPPLIED FROM HOST COMPUTER.

♦ FULL DOCUMENTATION. ASSEMBLED AND TESTED BOARDS ARE GUARANTEED FOR ONE YEAR AND PURCHASE PRICE IS FULLY REFUNDABLE IF BOARD IS RETURNED UNDAMAGED WITHIN 14 DAYS.

ASSEMBLED WITH 32K RAM $395.00

S WITH 16K RAM $339.00

TESTED WITHOUT RAM CHIPS $279.00

HARD TO GET PARTS (NO RAM CHIPS)

WITH BOARD AND MANUAL $109 00

BARE BOARDS MANUAL $49.00

PET INTERFACE KIT-CONNECTS THE 32K RAM BOARD TO A 4K OR 8K PET. CONTAINS: INTERFACE CABLE, BOARD STANDOFFS, POWER SUPPLY MODIFICATION KIT AND COMPLETE INSTRUCTIONS (49.00

U.S. PRICES ONLY

W Portable Oscilloscopes

^

15 MHz Triggered Miniscope Model MS-15

15 MHz Dual Trace Triggered Miniscope

Model MS-215

30 MHz Dual Trace Triggered Miniscope

Model MS-230

■fe.

New Touch/Test 20 Multimeter

™ A portable/bench-type meter than tests and measures 10 electrical parameters, 20 functions & 45 ranges.

MEASURES: FEATURES

■ AC and DC Voltage ■ AC and DC ■ Touch selection and control of Current ■ Resistance ■ Temperature, functions, ranges and power. ■ Large °C & °F ■ Conductance ■ Capacitance (0.55" high) LED readout. ■ In-circuit

■ Performs diode/transistor test capabilities. ■ Size: 2.9" H x 6.4" and continuity tests W x 7.5" D. ■ Weighs less than 3 lbs.

Order with Confidence and get the Fordham Advantage!

ourprices TOLL FREE

£

(800)645-9518

l" * ,n M V Statp rail f51 fil 75?-n05n

n NY State call (516) 752-0050

855 Conklin St. Farmingdale, N.Y. 11735

■JjM ■ Master Charge VtSA' ■ BankAmericard

■ VISA ■ COD

■ Money Order

■ Check COD's extra

5

388 BYTE November 1980

Circle 322 on Inquiry card.

The Supermarket for TRS-80 Add-on Components

In stock now. Immediate delivery.

*

(and other computers, too)

The Vista V-80/800/8000 Family Disk Drive System

• Fully compatible with TRS-80. Heath/Zenith

• 120 Day Warranty

• 40 Track Patch at NO CHARGE

V-80 Single drive system (102K) $395.00

V-80 Two drive system (204K) $ 770.00

V-800 Single drive, B52 Drive (204K) .... $505.00

V-800-2 Double drive. B52 Drives (408K) $1175.00

V-8000 Single drive. B92 Drive (408K) ... $ 775.00

V-8000-2 Double drive B92 Drives (816K) $1450.00

Vista's Add on Drives for Apple'

Speed . Capacity . Price

More tor Lets

30 to 60% cheaper per byte From 20 to 400% more capacity Twice as fast Compatible with Pascal Warranty 120 days

The VISTA Model II

• Provides one, two or three drives.

• Adds up to 1.5 million bytes of on-line storage.

• 120 day warranty

• Does everything Radio Shack's expansion system will do. . . for less!

$ 900.00 Single drive (non-expandable) $1000.00 Single drive

Expansion System $1550.00 Two drive Expansion System $2100.00 Three drive Expansion System S 525.00 Additional drives alone

Printers

Vlata V300

Daisy wheel Letter quality

Base 2 Printer

Variable line spacing control 0 to 64 dots in half dot increments 100 cps — six densities Standard 96 character ASCII Up to 10 character fonts

Anadax DP8000 $895.00

9x7 dot matrix 80 column (112 cps)

vista Printer $745.00

5x7 dot matrix 80 column (125cps)

Add On Drives

$1895.00

$575.00 (includes: 2-K Buffer, graphics, high speed tractor feed)

The Vista MUSIC MACHINE 9

WITH 9 VOICES!

• NEWI Uses latest State of the Art LSI Technology.

• Requires only one slot for 9 voices!

• Uses three Ay3-8910's to produce nine voices (Other competitive models have only 3 voices).

• Simulates three ALF Boards.

• Plays music generated by the ALF Board.

• APPLE'" II compatible.

• ALF™ software required.

MP! B51 MPI B52 Siemens Siemens Shugart

40 Track, Double

Density-204K $275.00

Dual Head, Double

Density-408K $375.00

FDD100-5 40 Track Double

Density 204K $275.00

FDD100-8 8" Single

Sided Drive $448.00

801R Single Sided Drive $448.00

Other Products

1. VISTA Verbatim diskettes (hard or soft sector) Certified 40 track

2. 16K RPM upgrade kits, guaranteed for 120 days. PRIME PRODUCT

3. NEW! DOS •

4. LNW expansion bare board

5. H.C. Pennington book. TRS-80 Disk and Other Mysteries

6. DDT Disco-Tech disk drive timer

$ 38.95

$ 59.95 $110.00 $ 66.95

$ 18.95 $ 19.95

The VISTA V-200 for Exidy,

• Completely packaged system, tested and ready to plug in, includes: power supply, two 40 track drives, case, controller, all cabling and total CPM documentation.

• Storage capacity from 400K to 1.2 meg.

• System software-VISTA CP/M Disk Operating System and BASIC-E Compiler recorded on 5-1/4" diskettes.

Price: Starting as low as $1199.00

2^

CALL TOLL-FREE 800-854-8017

•TRS-80 is a registered trademark of Radio Shack

The Vista Computer Company 1401 Borchard Street •Santa Ana, California 92705 •714/953-0523

Circle 323 on Inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980

389

Circle 324 on inquiry card.

CMOS [DIODE CLAMPED)

1 35 TMS404S 1\ 1.95 250NSST B.95 82S23

82S129 82S126 S3S131

2101-1254 * 4 STATIC fDITSl FLOPPY DISC

CONTROLLER MM027 34K • 10YN.I2MK4096 11K ■ 1DYN.HA

DATELS DAC-08BC - 8 bit DAC - S9.95

8" DISKETTES - HARD SECTOR $1,75,10/$16.00

CRYSTALS $3.45

2 000 MHz 4 000 MHz 3.000 MHz

3 57 MHz 5.000 MHz 6 000 MHz

8.000MHz 10.000 MHz 18.000 MHz 20.000 MHz

RIBBON CABLE

FLAT (COLOR CODED]

#30 WIRE

50cond. - .90/per foot

RS232 CONNECTORS

DB25Pmale S3.25

D6 25S female ... S4.25 HOODS SI. 50

PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD

x 6" DOUBLE SIDED EPOXY BOARD 1 /16" thick 0ea 5/S2.60

EPOXY giass vector boafd

1 /16" thick with 1 /10" spacing 454" X 856"

74S00 74S02 74S05 74S08 74S11 74S15

.30 74S20

.30 74S30

.45 74S32

,40 74S89

.35 74S112

.40 74S140

.40 74S153

.40 74S151

.40 74S157

1.90 74S158

.85 74S174

1.00 74S257

7 WATT LD 65 LASER DIODE IR $8.95

25 watt Infra Red Pulse (SG 2006 equiv.)

Laser Diode ISpec sheet included) S24.95

MINIATURE MULTI-TURN TRIM POTS 100, 5K,,OK,20K,250K. ... S.75 each ... 3/2.00

2N3820PFET $

2N5457NFET $ 45

2N2646 UJT $ 45

ER 900 TRIGGER DIODES 4/S1 00

2N 6028 PROG. UJT $ .65

FP 100 PHOTO TRANS « 50

RED, YELLOW OR GEEN LARGE LED's. 2" 6/S1 00

RED/GREEN BIPOLAR LED's $ 55

MLED92RLEO 5 '?5

MRD14B PHOTO DARLXTOR S 75

~L-118 0PTO-ISOLATOR S 75

5 OPTO-ISOLATOR $80

1 WATTZENERS: 3.3,4.7,5.1,5.6 68 82 9 1 10

12, 15, 18, or 22V '...'... 6/S1,00

100,5K,10K,20K,250K,$.75each 3/2.00

SFC 3301 - 50PRV 30A FAST RECOVERY DIODE (35nsl $2.25

Silicon Power Rectifiers

200PRV 1ALASCR .95

FCS 8024 4 digit C.C. 8" display FND 503 C.C. .5" FND510C.A. .5" DL-704-.3" C.C.

LED READOUTS

$5.95 DL-707C.A. .3"

$ .85 DL747C.A. 6"

$ .85 HP3400.8"CA

$ .85 HP3405.8"CC

12A 50A

125A 240A

1.50 6.50 9.60

1.00 2.50 10.50 16.50

-45 1.25 3T00 1Z50~ 2000"

IN 4148 (IN914) 15/51.00

.1 or .01 uf 25V ceramic disc, caps. 16/$1.00,100/S50.00

TRANSISTOR SPECIALS

2N1303PNPGETO5 3ft

2N1307PNPGETOS

2N404A PNP G£ TO 6 jW

HEPG6014 PNPGET03 t

TIP121 NPNS.SIVHI.HING t

:;Nix's3 \pn:.:-i-ii- m; power »

MRFB004aCHR' T3ASSIST0RNPN , $

2N3772NPNS'TOS «

2N4908PNPS-TO3 .

2N5036PNPSiTO92 4/1

2N3137NPNSiRF $

2N39i9NPMSiT03Rr $

2N1420NPNSiTr>$ . 31*

3N3767NPNS. T066 $

2N2222NPNS. '018 .... 6.S

2N305B NPN Si TO-3 ,. |

2N3904 NPN S TO-92 6/8

2N3906PNPS. T092 »*'

2N5296 NPN S. TO 2?0 S

2N6109PNPS TO-220 ... $

2N1309PNPGETOS s

TIP31BNPNS-TO220 $

TIP328PNPSiTO230 $

3*111'

PRV

2A

6A

25A

100

1.40

200

.80

1.30

2.20

400

1.00

1.65

3 30

600

1 30

1.90

4.40

7408 74097410

742074257426

REGULATORS

LM317T $2.50

323K-5V3A $5.75

79HGKC-5Vat5A . .6.95

340K-12,15or 24V.$1.50 340T-5, 6, 8, 12, 15

)8or24V $1.10

320M5

LAS1412 + 12V3A $3.95

TTLIC SERIES

7448 - 75

74b0 - .17

7472 - .35

7473 - .35

7474 - .42

7475 - .49

7476 - .45 74B0 - .45 7483- .60 7485 - .75

7495 749674107 74121 7412274123

74125

74126

74151 74153 75154 1

74197

74279

74325

74365

74367

74368

75491

TTL REED RELAY - SPST 5V 20ma I

MM5387AA CLOCK CHIPS $5.95

MM5314 $4.75

MM5316 $4.95

DIP SOCKETS

SPIN .17 22PIN .30

14 PIN .20 24 PIN

16 PIN .22 28 PIN .40

18 PIN .25 40P1N

SANKEN AUDIO POWER AMPS

Si 1010 G 10 WATTS $750

Si 1020G20WATTS $1375

Si 1050 G 50 WATTS $26 90

TANTULUM CAPACITORS

NO. 30 WIRE WRAP WIRE SINGLE STRAND

.22UF35V .47UF35V .68UF35V 1UF 35V 2.2UF 20V 3.3UF 20V

5/S1.00 5/S1.00 5/$ 1.00 5/$1.00 5'/i$1.00 4/$1.00

4.7UF15V

6.8UF35V

15UF16V

30UF6V

33UF20V

100UF15V

150UF15V

5/S1.00 4/$1.00 3/$ 1,00 5/S1.00 $ .60 $ .70

36 74LS162

.16 74LS163

30 74LS164

45 74LS168

lineah Circuits

LM308

m

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS

16K RAM BOARD. Fully buffered addressable in 4K blocks. IEEE sfandard for bank-addressing 2114's.

PCBD $28.95 Kit 450 NSEC $249.95

PT-1 PROTO BOARD. Over 2,600 holes 4" regulators. All S-100 buss functions labeled, gold fingers. PCBD $2~8.95

PT-2 PROTO BOARD. Similar to PT-1 except setup to handle solder tail sockets. PCBD $28 95

CCS MAIN FRAME. Kit (S-100) $339.95

APPLE EXTENDER. Kit $22.95

APPLE IEEE INSTRUMENTATION INTERFACE KIT 7490. Kit $275.00

ARITHMETIC PROCESSOR FOR APPLE 7811A. Kit $350.00

APPLE ASYNCHRONOUS SERIAL INTERFACE 7710A. Kit $89.95

APPLE SYNCHRONOUS SERIAL 7712A. Kit ...

ALL OTHER CCS

INTERFACE

$89.95

PRODUCTS AVAILABLE

///7

PB-1 2708 & 2716 Programming Board with provisions for 4K or 8K EPROM. No external supplies required. Textool sockets. Kit $143.00

CB-1A 8080 Processor Board. 2K of PROM 256 BYTE RAM power pn/rest Vector Jump Parallel port with status. Kit . $146.00 PCBD $31.95

VB-3 80x24 VIDEO BOARD. Graphics included. 4MHZ $379.95

IO-4 Two serial I/O ports with full handshaking 20/60 ma current loop: Two parallel I/O ports. Kit $168.00 PCBD $31.95

VB-IC 64 x 16 video board, upper lower case Greek composite and parallel video with software, S-100. Kit $143.00

CB-2 Z80 CPU BOARD. Kit $199.95

AIO APPLE SERIAL/PARALLEL $144.95

ALL OTHER SSM PRODUCTS AVAILABLE

W7T7C

inc. WAMECO INC.

FDC-1 FLOPPY CONTROLLER BOARD will drive shugart, pertek, remic 5" & 8" drives up to 8 drives, on board PROM with power boot up, will operate

with CPM™ (not included). PCBD $43.95

FPB-1 Front Panel. IMSAI size, hex displays. Byte, or instruction single step. PCBD ...$48.50

MEM-1A 8Kx8 fully buffered, S-100, uses 2102

type rams. PCBD $28.95

QM-12 MOTHER BOARD, 13 slot, terminated, S-100

board only $39.95

CPU-1 8080A Processor board S-100 with 8 level

vector interrupt. PCBD $28.95

RTC-1 Realtime clock board. Two independent interrupts. Software programmable. PCBD $25.95

EPM-1 1702A 4K Eprom card. PCBD $25.95

EPM-2 2708/2716 16K/32K EPROM CARD.

PCBD $28.95

QM-9 MOTHER BOARD. Short Version of QM-12.

9 Slots. PCBD ....$33.95

MEM-2 16Kx8 Fully Buffered 2114 Board.

PCBD $28.95

PTB-1 POWER SUPPLY AND TERMINATOR BOARD.

PCBD .. $28.95

IOB-1 SERIAL AND PARALLEL INTERFACE.

2 parallel, one serial and cassette.

PCBD $28.95

2708 2716

$7.50 $25.95

2114L 450 NSEC $4.99

2114L 200 NSEC $5.99

M

(415) 726-7593 P.O. Box 955 • El Granada, CA 94018

Please send for IC, Xistor and Computer parts list

NOV. SPECIAL SALE ON PREPAID ORDERS

(Charge cards not included on this offer)

WAMECO AND MIKOS PARTS SALE.

10% off on Wameco PCBD with Mikos parts assortments.

MIKOS PARTS ASSORTMENT WITH WAMECO AND CYBERCOM PCBDS

MEM-2 with MIKOS = 7 16K ram

with L2114 450 NSEC $229.95

MEM-2 with MIKOS -13 16K ram

with L2114 200 NSEC $249.95

CPU-1 with MIKOS =2 8080A CPU $99.95

QM-12 with MIKOS = 4 13 slot mother

board $11 0.95

RTC-1 with MIKOS = 5 real time clock $65.95

EMP-1 with MIKOS ;10 4K 1702 less

EPROMS $ 49.95

EPM-2 with MIKOS =11 16-32K EPROMS

less EPROMS $65.95

QM-9 with MIKOS c12 9 slot mother

board $99.95

FPB-1 with MIKOS =14 all parts

for front panel $144.95

MIKOS PARTS ASSORTMENTS ARE ALL FACTORY MARKED PARTS. KITS INCLUDE ALL PARTS LISTED AS REQUIRED FOR THE COMPLETE KIT LESS PARTS LISTED. ALL SOCKETS INCLUDED.

LARGE SELECTION OF LS TTL AVAILABLE

PURCHASE S50.00 WORTH OF LS TTL AND GET 10c'o CREDIT TOWARD ADDITIONAL PURCHASES. PREPAID ORDERS ONLY

VISA or MASTERCHARGE. Send account number, interbank number, expiration date and sign your order. Approx. postage will be added. Check or money order will be sent post paid in U.S. If you are not a regular customer, please use charge, cashier's check or postal money order. Otherwise there will be a twoweek delay for checks to clear. Calif, residents add 6% tax. Money back 30-day guarantee. We cannot accept returned IC's that have been soldered to. Prices subject to change without notice. $10 minimum order. $1.50 service charge on orders less than $10.00.

390 BYTE November 1980

Circle 325 on Inquiry card.

"Computers ' R' us"

A CONSUMER COMPUTERS SUBSIDIARY

UNBEATABLE MAIL ORDER DISCOUNTS

'apple computer

Authorized Dealer

*925

FOR

16K

[cippkz//

APPLE

OR APPLE

48K

FOR ONLY

*1049

PLUS

APPLE COMPUTER PERIPHERALS

DISK II DRIVE 1 CONTROLLER card 485

DISK II DRIVE ONLY 425

GRAPHICS TABLET 655

SILENTYPE PRINTER w/int. card 515

SSM AIO SERIAL/PARALLEL kit 155

SSM AIO assembled t tested 190

SYMTEC LIGHT PEN SYSTEM 215

SYMTEC SUPER SOUND GENERATOR. .225 SVA 8 INCH DISK CONTROLLER CARD.335 VERSA WRITER DIGITIZER SYSTEM ... .215 VIDEX VIDEOTERM 80 COLUMN CARD.315 VIDEX VIDEOTERM w/graphics ROM.. . .335

LOBO DISK DRIVE ONLY 385

LOBO DRIVE w/controller card 485

DC HAYES MICROMODEM II 319

DAN PAYMAR lower case kit 55

APPLE COMPUTER INTERFACE CARDS

PARALLEL PRINTER Int. card 145

COMMUNICATION CABDw/conn. cable. 185

HI SPEED SERIAL Int. card 145

LANGUAGE SYSTEM with PASCAL 425

CENTRONICS PRINTER Int. card 185

APPLESOFT II FIRMWARE card 149

INTEGER BASIC FIRMWARE card 149

MOUNTAIN HARDWARE

ACCESSORIES

A Division Of

Mountain Computer

APPLE CLOCK/CALENDAR card 225

SUPERTALKER SD200 SPEECH

SYNTHISIZER SYSTEM 245

ROMPLUS w/keyboard filter 165

INTROUX 10 BSR REMOTE CONTROL

SYSTEM 245

INTROUX 10 controller card only 165

ROMWRITER SYSTEM 155

MUSIC SYSTEMI16 voices/stereo) 465

A/D-D/A 16 CHANNELS 319

EXPANSION CHASSIS 18 slotsl 555

APPLE ADD-ONS

CORVUS 10 MEGABYTE HARD DISK

DRIVE SYSTEMw/pwr supply 4395

CORVUS CONSTELLATION 595

16K MEMORY UPGRADE KIT

(TRS-80, APPLE II. SORCERERI 60

ABT NUMERIC INPUT KEYPAD

(specify old or new kybrd) 115

ALF MUSIC SYNTHISIZER 235

BRIGHTPEN LIGHTPEN 32

GPIB IEEE 488 119781 Int 259

ARITHMETIC PROCESSOR card 335

SPEECHLINK 2000 164 Word Vocab.l 215

M»R SUP-R-MOD TV MODULATOR 30

MICROSOFT Z80 SOFTCARD SYSTEM

w/CP/M 4 MICROSOFT BASIC 299

MICROWORKS DS 65 DIGISECTOR 339

LAZE R lower case adapter 50

APPLE II or APPLE II PLUS SOFTWARE

PASCAL with LANGUAGE SYSTEM 425

FORTRAN for use with LANGUAGE

SYSTEM 165

CP/M for use with MICROSOFT

Z-80 SOFTCARD llncl.l 299

DOS 3.3 49

THE CONTROLLER General Business

System 519

THE CASHIER Retail Management t

Inventory System 199

APPLEWRITER Word Processor 65

APPLEPOST MAILING list system 45

APPLEPLOT Graph I Plot Sytem 60

DOW JONES PORTFOLIO EVALUATOR.... 45 APPLE CONTRIBUTED VOLUMES

1 thru 5 w/manuals 30

VISI CALC by PERSONAL SOFTWARE. ... 120 DESKTOP/PLAN by DESKTOP

COMPUTERS 85

CCA DATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

By PERSONAL SOFTWARE 85

APPLEBUG ASSEMBLER/DISASSEMBLER. 75 APPLE DOS TOOL KIT 65

PMC-80

COMPLETELY COMPATIBLE WITH RADIO SHACK TRS-80 LEVEL II SOFTWARE AND PERIPHERALS.

Features Include:

Level II BASIC 40 pin interface conn.

Video 8 Ch. 3 TV OUT. 16K User RAM Memory

Quilt in Cassette Expandable to 48K

For more information, please call or write.

THE TRS-80 WORK-ALIKE' 16K LEVEL II ONLY$579

FOR

ATARI 800

PERSONAL COMPUTER SYSTEM

ATARI ACCESSORIES

400 COMPUTER 479

820 PRINTER (40 col) 459

810 DISK DRIVE 559

410 Program Recorder 59

815 DUAL DISK DRIVE 1199

822 THERMAL PRINTER (40 coll 369

825 PRINTER (80 col. imp.l 795

850 INTERFACE MODULE 175

ATARI 16K RAM MODULE 155

16K

#$969

32 K

$1049

48K

$1099

SORCERER COMPUTER

S-100 EXPANSION UNIT 375

WORD PROCESSING PAC 179

DEVELOPMENT PAC 89

LEEDEX VIDEO 100 129

SANYO 9" BtW 165

SANYO 15" B*W 245

PANACOLOR 10" COLOR 329

ZENITH 13" COLOR 399

*

129

LEEDEX VIDEO 100

IN CALIFORNIA. OR FOR BACKORDER

OR TECHNICAL INFO CALL (714) 698-8088

TOLL FREE ORDER LINE \ '800-854-6654

CREDIT CARD USERS PLEASE READ TERMS OF SALE IN ORDERING INFORMATION

Challenger

OHIO SCIENTIFIC

C1P MOD 2 429

C4P 399

C4PMF (1 disk drive) 1589

AC-16P JOYSTICKS (2) 39

ATV RF TV MODULATOR 35

699

C4P

8K ROM BASIC

8K RAM EXPANDABLE TO 96K

32x64 UPPER 1 LOWER CASE

256x512 GRAPHICS POINTS

PROGRAMMABLE TONES

ANALOG INPUTS

J429

CIP MOD II

8K ROM BASIC 8K RAM EXPANDABLE TO 32K

COLOR EXPANSION 48 LINE DISPLAY EXPANSION

PRINTERS

ANADEX DP 8000 775

ANADEX DP 9600 1350

BASE 2

CENTRONICS 737 825 |

MPI 88-T

PAPER TIGER IDS 440

w/graphics I

NEC SPINWRITER 2550 I

TRENDCOM 200 519 I

SILENTYPE w/Int 515 I

EPSON TX 80 w/graphics 729 I

EPSON MX 80 132 col 620

•FAST DELIVERY •LOW PRICES •COURTEOUS SERVICE •KNOWLEDGEABLE STAFF •LARGE VARIETY

ORDERING INFORMATION: Phone Orders Invited using VISA, MASTERCARD, AMERICAN EXPRESS, or bank wire transfers. VISA & MC credit card service charge of 2%, AE credit card service charge of 5%. Mail orders may send charge card number (include expiration date), cashier's check, money order or personal check (allow 10 business days to clear.) Please Include a telephone number with all orders. Foreign orders (excluding Military PO's) add 10% for shipping and all funds must be in US dollars. Shipping, handling and Insurance in U.S. add 3%. California residents add 6% sales tax. Our low margins prohibit us to send COD or on account. All equipment subject to price change and availability. Equipment is new and complete with manufacturer warranty. We ship most orders within 2 days. Order desk hours are Monday thru Saturday 9-5 PST. Send for FREE 1981 Catalog. WE ARE A MEMBER OF THE BETTER BUSINESS BUREAU AND THE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE RETAIL STORE PRICES MAY DIFFER FROM MAIL ORDER PRICES.

PLEASE SEND ORDERS TO: CONSUMER COMPUTERS MAIL ORDER CRU Division 8314 PARKWAY DRIVE, GROSSMONT SHOPPING CENTER NORTH. LA MESA. CALIFORNIA 92041

Circle 326 on inquiry card.

Circle 327 on inquiry card.

At last..,the

Typewriter Interface!

Turn your electric typewriter into a low cost, high quality hard copy printer. 1 Year Warranty

Dynatyper—the patented* RDI—I/O Pak is fast becoming the industry standard for typewriter output. Why? Because:

1. It takes 2 minutes to initially install and 5 seconds to remove or replace.

2. You do not have to modify your typewriter. All factory warranties and maintenance agreements on your typewriter will be honored.

3. You can use it with all powered carriage return typewriters that have U.S. keyboard. Our Model I works with all non Selectrics and our Model II works with Selectrics. Conversion between models takes 2 minutes and the kit (26 plungers) is available for a nominal charge.

4. You don't have to lug around a bulky printer when you travel. If there is a typewriter at your destination, you can install the light (3 lbs.) I/O Pak in just 2 minutes.

5. Same interface for TRS-80, Apple and GPIB. Centronics and Pet compatible interfaces are available in third quarter 1980. Electric pencil available.

6. Delivery: Stock to two weeks. Price: $499. for the complete system, FOB Rochester, Domestic.

Over 1000 in operation today. VISA and MasterCard accepted. Call Ken Yanicky at 716-385-4336.

•Potent Pending

3100 Monroe Avenue, Rochester, New York 14618

incorporated

The TRS-80 I/O solution

The COMM-80 is the only interface you need to turn your TRS-80 Level I or II into a timesharing terminal with provisions for a printer. The COMM-80 combines the most used features of the RS expansion interface in a low cost unit containing a built-in RS-232-C interface (50-19,200 baud software selectable), a full 8 bit parallel port (34 pin edge card Centronics compatible) and a TRS-BUS connector for future, expansion. Up to 16 units can be chained together and addressed separately. Interface your TRS-80 to all standard RS-232-C devices including modems, CRT Terminals, printers and other computers. Smart terminal software (will run in 4K) f AMMiftfl is included at no extra cost. \kt\h#l II 1 OV

Assembled and tested ... $179.95

Includes case, power supply, ribbon cable, parallel printer port, serial port and TRS-BUS connector plus smart terminal software (please specify Level I or II).

NY residents add 7% sales tax.

To order call (516)374-6793 or write:

The MicroMint Inc. 917 Midway Woodmere, NY 11598 Dealer inquiries invited.

TRS-B0 is trademark ol Tandy Corp.

EXECUPORTS

80 Print Position

Quiet, Portable, Reliable, Versatile Printing Data Terminals

FEATURES:

• Built-in Acoustical Coupler/Modem

• 10, 15, 30 CPS

• Carrying Case f 'j

80/136

Print Position

Plotting

,'.',','

Model 300

Model 3000

SPECIAL PURCHASE PRICES Remanufactured Units

Model 3000 $1,195 (One Year Factory Warranty)

Model 300 $795 (90 Day Factory Warranty)

CALL NOW TO ORDER

Buy Direct From The Manufacturer • Maintenance Contract Available

• Immediate Delivery •

Computer Transceiver Systems Inc. East 66 Midland Avenue • Paramus, NJ 07652 P.O. Box 15 • Phone: (201) 261-6800

392 BYTE November 1980

Circle 328 on Inquiry card.

page

PRE-CUT WIRE WRAP WIRE

Length 100/Bag 500/Bag 1K/Bag

Length 100/Bag 500/Bag 1K/Bag

Kit No. 1

$9.95

Kit No. 3

$32.95

2.5" 3.0" 3.5" 4.0" 4.5" 5.0" 5.5" 6.0"

51.25 1.30

37 42 48 54 58 65

$3.58 3.86 4.15 4.44 4.74 5.04 5.38 5.66

$

6.19 6.78 7.37 7.94 8.54 9.13 9.72 10.31

6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0' 9.5' 10.0

7.5"

2.08

8.0"

2.14

8.5"

2.18

$1.92 1.99 2.08 2.14 2.18 2.24 2.30 2.39

$6.44 6.76 7.07 7.38 7.69 8.11 8.32 8.71

$11.81 12.44 13.09 13.73 14.36 15.01 15.65 16.28

Kynar precut wire. All length's are overall, including 1" strip on each end. Colors and lengths cannot be mixed for quantity pricing. Choose from colors Red, Blue, Black, Yellow, White, Green, Orange, and Violet.

250 3" 100 250 3'/j" 100 100 4" 100

454"

5" 6"

500 2V 500 4Vi'

500 3" 500 5"

500 3'/*" 500 5'/?'

500 4" 500 6"

Kit No. 2

$24.95

Kit No. 4

$59.95

250 500 500 500 250

2%'

3"

3V2'

4"

4Vi'

250 100 250 100 100

5"

5'/*'

6"

6'/*'

7"

1000 2%" 1000 4'/2'

1000 3" 1000 5"

1000 3'/2" 1000 5"

1000 4" 1000 6"

• * Truckload SALE • •

FREE WIRE KIT

Kit # 1 on orders over $50 Kit #3 on orders over $150 Kit #4 on orders over $250

RN WIRE WRAP IC SOCKETS

3-level Gold Closed Entry Design

* Sockets sold at these prices by the tube only.

Size Quantity/Tube Price ea.' Price/Tube

08 pin 52 .39 $20.28

14 30 .46 $13.80

16 26 .50 $13.00

18 23 .68 $15.64

20 21 .85 $17.85

22 19 .92 $17.48

24 17 .94 $15.98

28 15 1.23 $18.45

40 10 1.60 $16.00

Above prices include gold up to $800/oz

IDC CRIMP STYLE CONNECTORS

Card Edge Connectors

IDC Sockets

Cable Plugs

Right Angle Headers

CABLE

IDE 10 IDE 20 IDE 26 IDE 34 IDE 40 IDE 50

$3.25 $3.50 $4.05 $4.85 $5.65 $5.90

IDS 10 IDS 20 IDS 26 IDS 34 IDS 40 IDS 50

$1.25 2.02 2.65 3.50 4.05 5.06

IDP 14 IDP16 IDP 24 IDP 40

1.25 1.40 2.25 3.65

DB25

Connectors

Male $4.95

Female $5.25

Wire Wrap

IDH10WR IDH20WR IDH26WR IDH34WR IDH40WR IDH50WR

1.75 2.75 3.60 4.15 4.90 6.15

Solder Tail

IDH10SR .80

IDH20SR

IDH26SR

IDS34SR

IDH40SR

IDH50SR

1.25 1.85 2.15 2.50 3.15

10

2.90

17.00

14

3.40

23.80

16

3.70

27.20

20

4.40

34.00

24

5.00

40.80

26

5.40

44.20

34

6.80

57.80

40

7.80

68.00

50

9.50

85.00

ORDERING INFORMATION

Orders under $25 include $2 handling. All prepaid orders shipped UPS Ppd Visa, MC & COD's charged shipping.

All prices good through cover date.

Most orders shipped next day.

Byte must be mentioned to get sale prices.

Call or Write for 1980 Catalog:

• IC Sockets

• Vector Boards & Pins

• Bishop Drafting Aids

• OK Tools

• RN IDC Crimp Connectors

OdSfG 1858 Evergreen, Duarte, California 91010 Phone (213) 357-5005

Circle 329 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980 393

Circle 330 on Inquiry card.

WAMECO

THE COMPLETE PC BOARD HOUSE EVERYTHING FOR THE S-100 BUSS

•K FPB-1A FRONT PANEL BOARD FOR 8080A AND Z80 SYSTEMS IMSAI COMPATIBLE. PCBD $56.95 KIT $1 75.00

■* MEM-2 16K RAM 2114s. ADDRESSABLE IN 4K BOUNDARIES. PCBD .... $33.95 KIT (LESS RAMS) ... $80.95

•X- EPM-2 16/32K ROM USES 2716 OR 2708. ADDRESSABLE IN 4K BOUNDARIES. PCBD ... $33.95 KIT (LESS ROMS) .... $74.95

•* CPU-1 8080A PROCESSOR BOARD WITH VECTOR INTERRUPT. PCBD $33.95 KIT $124.95

■* IOB-1 I/O BOARD. ONE SERIAL, TWO PARALLEL WITH CASSETTE. PCBD $33.95

■* FDC-1A FLOPPY DISC CONTROLLER BOARD USES 1771. PCBD $45.95

■* QMB-12 13 SLOT MOTHER BOARD.

PCBD $42.95 KIT $125.95

•* QMB-9 9 SLOT MOTHER BOARD.

PCBD $35.95 KIT $109.95

•* PTB-1 POWER SUPPLY AND TERMINATOR BOARD. PCBD $29.95 KIT $49.95

■* RTC-1 REAL TIME CLOCK BOARD WITH TWO INTERRUPTS. PCBD $29.95 KIT $79.95

•* MEM-1A 8K RAM, USES 2102's.

PCBD .... $33.95 KIT (LESS RAM) $71.95

*• EPM-1 4K 170Z BOARD.

PCBD $29.95 KIT (LESS ROM) .... $59.95

FUTURE PRODUCTS: 80 CHARACTER VIDEO BOARD. Z-80 CPU BOARD WITH ROM, 8 PARALLEL PORT I/O BOARD.

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED, UNIVERSITY DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE

AT YOUR LOCAL DEALER

MOST PRODUCTS FOR IMMEDIATE SHIPMENT. NO 4-8 WEEK DELAYS REQUIRED FOR OTHERS.

L

W7J7C

inc.

WAMECO, INC., P.O. BOX 877 • 455 PLAZA ALHAMBRA • EL GRANADA. CA 94018 • (415) 726-6378

BECKIAN ENTERPRISES

ALL PRIME QUALITY - NEW PARTS ONLY SATISFACTION GUARANTEED.

EDGE CARD CONNECTORS: GOLD PLATED:

Abbreviations: S/E Solder Eye . S/T Sold Tail: W/W Wire Wrap.

PART » DESCRIPTION. Row Sp

BRAND: TEXAS INST.

4070 50/100 Imsai/Crom. .250

4090 SOU00 Imsai WIW .250

BRAND: SULLINS: U.L Rag.

129165 501100 Solder Eya .140

129870 501100 SIT Imaai .250

129975 50/100 WIW Inuai .250

1299S5 501100 SIT Altair .140

129990 501100 S/T Cram-am. .250

1 9pc. 10 24pcs. 25pcs. Up.

«3.95aa. 4.30aa.

E.SOaa.

4.50aa.

5.25

4.95

4.75

$3.55oe. $3.15oo. 3.65aa. 3.45aa.

OTHER .125" CONTACT CTR CONNECTORS: 12305 22144 SIE Na Eara .140 4.15 12759 36172 SIT .140 5.40 12790 40180 WIW .250 5.30

.100" CONTACT CTR CONNECTORS: 10046 13126

10280 10175 10160 10190 10465 10490 10500 10535 10540 10550 10565 10605 10596 10615

25I50 20/40 20I40 20I40 36I72 36I72 36I72 40I80 40/80 40180 43186 43186 43186 43/66

SIE Na Eara

SIE TRS 80 SIE TRS 66 WIW TRS 80 SIT TRS 90 S/E Vector WIE Vector S/T Vector SIE PET WIW PET SIT PET S/E COS/ELF S/T C0SIELF WIW COS/ELF S/T COS/ELF

140 .140 .140 .200 .140 .140 .290 .140 .140 .200 .140 .140 .140 .200 .200

3.40 4.50 5.85 3.30 3.20 5.50 5.80 5.70 5.85 6.60 5.80 6.95 6.66 6.96 6.60

6.1 Oaa.

4-IOna.

4.75

4.45

4.25

3.75 4.85 5.65

3.05 4.05 5.35 3.00 2.90 4.90 5.25 4.20 5.35 5.40 5.25 6.25 5.95 6.20 6.10

5.45oa.

3.70

4.20

3.95

3.90

3.35 4.35 5.00

2.15 3.60 4.75 2.15 2.55 4.40 4.65 4.66 4.75 4.80 4.65 5.55 5.30 5.95 5.40

.156" CONTACT CENTER CONNECTORS.

PART It DESCRIPTION. Row Sp.

15105 6112 SIE PETINSC .140

15110 6112 S/T PETINSC .140

15137 6112 S/T PETINSC .266

15175 61- SIE Sgla Raw

15270 10/20 SIE .140

15275 10120 S/T .140

15435 12124 SIE PET .140

15440 12124 SIT PET .140

15445 12124 S/T PET .200

15505 15130 SIE GRI Key .140

15510 15130 S/T GRI Key .140

15515 15130 WIW GRI Key .200

15660 18138 SIE .140

15610 18136 S/T .140

15615 18136 WIW .200

15700 22144 SIE KIMIVEC .140

15705 22144 SIT KIMIVEC .140

15710 22I44 WIW KIMIVEC .200

15875 25150 SIE .140

15680 25150 S/T .140

15685 25150 WIW .200

16115 36I72 SIE .140

16120 36172 SIT .140

16125 36172 WIW .200

16145 36172 S/T .200

16235 43/86 S/T Mat 6860 .140

16240 43186 WIW Mot 6800 .200

16260 43186 S/T Mot 6800 .200

16725 43/86 SIE Mot 6960 .140

K1 Pol-Keys

1-9pc.

• 1.80 1.95 1.90 1.70 2.15 2.00 2.50 2.65 2.75 2.50 2.40 2.60 3.35 3.00 3.60 2.96 3.98 3.49 4.85 4.55 4.95 6.50 6.55 6.75 6.50 6.60 7.80 6.50 7.20 .15

10-24pcs. 61.05

1.65

1.54

1.50

1.95

1.95

2.35

2.40

2.50

2.25

2.15

2.35

3.05

2.70

3.20

2.90

3.30

3.20

4.20

4.10

4.35

5.95

5.90

6.10

5.95

5.95

7.05

5.95

6.50 .12

25pcs. Up. 11.45

1.50

1.45

1.30

1.70

1.60

2.10

2.15

2.20

2.00

2.95

2.10

2.70

2.40

2.90

2.75

3.00

2.95

3.75

3.65

3.90

5.20

5.25

5.40

5.20

5.30

6.25

5.20

5.75 .10

■D' TVPE SUBMINIATURE CONNECTORS.

PART NUMBER DESCRIPTION.

DE 9P DE 9S DE 1109931

DA 15P

DA 15S

DA 512111

DA 512261

DA 1165632

Female

2 pc. Grey Haod.

Male

Eomele

1. pc. Grey Hood

2 pc. Block Hood

2 pc. Grey Hood

DB

25P

Male

DB

25S

Female

DB

512121

1 pc. Grey Haod

DB

51226-1

2 pc. Black Hood

DB

1109633

2 pc. Grey Hood

DC

37P

Mala

DC

37S

Female

DC

1109634

2 pc. Grey Hood

DD 50P

OD 50S

DD 512161

OD 1109635

0 204192

Mole Femola

1 pc. Grey Hood

2 pc. Grey Hood

Hardware Set II Hood Satl

1 9pcs.

11.00ea. 2.25ea. 1.50aa.

2.35aa. 3.25aa. 1.40ea.

2.50b.. 1.60ea.

2.80ee. 3.60aa. 1.50aa. 1.90ea. 1.75oi.

4.20aa. B.OOae. 2.25ea.

5.5000. 9.40ea. 2.40ea. 2.60ea.

.90ea.

QUANTITY 10-24pci.

»1.40aa. 2.00aa. 1.35eo.

2.1 Sea.

3 lOoo. 1.20aa. 2.25oo. 1.35eo.

2.6000. 3.40ea. 1.30oo. 1.65oe. I.SOee.

400oo. 5.7b«o. 2.00eo.

5.10oo. 8.60ee. 2.20ee. 2.40aa.

2599pca.

$1.30eo. 1.90ea. 1.20ae.

2.00ea. 2.90ea. 1.15ee. 2.00oe. 1.30ea.

2.40u.

3.20sa. 1.1 Oaa. 1.45ea.

1.35oa.

3.70ea. 5.50ea.

175es.

4.75m. 8.00ao. 2. OOee. 2.10m.

70ea.

I.C. SOCKETS GOLD. WIWRAP 3 TURN

14 pin 16 pio

$0.40 ea. 0.44 aa.

8080A PRIME. »8.00 ee.

EIA 8 CONDUCTOR CABLES 8ft. Long CLASS m Type Cables.

1. to 4 pes. 122.00

5 to 9 pea. 19.00

I.C. SOCKETS TIN.

14 pin 16 pin

SO.15 eo. 0.17 aa.

CONNECTORS FOR CENTRONICS 700 SERIES Amphenol 57-30360

S8.00 M.

1 to 4 pes. 5 to 9 pea.

6.00 ••■

COOLING FANS. Extra Quiet.

1 to 4 5 to 9

$18.00 ee.

17.00 ee.

PHONE: 213-988-6196

MAIL ORDERS TO:

TERMS: MINIMUM ORDER: $15.00 ADD SI.35 For Handling & Shipping. Orders over S30.00 in the U.S.A. We Pay the Shipping. CALIF. RESIDENTS: Please Add 6% Sales Tax.

NOTE: NO COD. OR CREDIT CARD ORDERS WILL BE ACCEPTED.

BECKIAN ENTERPRISES

P.O. BOX #3089 SIMI VALLEY, CA 93063

394 BYTE November 1980

Circle 331 on inquiry card.

THE STAR MODEM

From Livermore Data Systems

RS232 MODEM SALE $135

IEEE 488 MODEM SALES

STAR Modem is the price performance leader with a full 2 YEAR FACTORY WARRANTY.

FORTH + $60.00

for APPLE or PET/CBM A full-featured FORTH with enhancements. Fast and easy to use.

• conforms to FORTH Interest Group Standards

• cross compilier to produce either standard object modules or self contained ROMable modules

• built in macro conditional assembler

• complete string processing capabilities (including variable length strings)

• disk virtual memory for large programs (or small systems!)

• arrays (single or multiple dimensioned)

• full screen cursor controlled editor

• floating point and integer processing

• User's Guide and documentation A product of IDPC Company

Requires 16K available RAM and one disk drive.

Z80A System SPECIAL $3500

• 64K memory

• 2.4 megabytes disk storage (2 8" 2D drives)

• 2 parallel and 2 serial ports

• CP/M 2.x included

KM MM Pascal for PET $75

A subset of standard Pascal with extensions

• Machine Language Pascal Source Editor

• Machine Language P-Code Compiler

• P-Code Interpreter (for debugging and learning)

• P-Code to machine language translator for optimized object code

• Run-time package

• User Manual and sample programs

Requires 16K minimum. Specify ROM version and disk or tape.

FLOPPY DISKS

as low as $1.85

(write for price list)

WBflSF

\ferbatim maxell

EARL for PET (disk file based) $65

Editor, Assembler, Relocater, Linker

Generates relocatable object code using MOS Technology mnemonics. Disk file input (can edit files larger than memory). Links multiple object programs as one memory load. Listing output to screen or printer.

6502

6502A

6520 PIA

6522 VIA

6532

2114-L450

2114-L300

2716 EPROM

4116-200 ni RAM (NEC)

6550 RAM (PET 8K)

S-100 Wire Wrap $2.65

7.45 10/6.95 50/6.55 100/6.15

8.40 10/7.95 50/7.35 100/6.90

5.15 10/4.90 50/4.45 100/4.15

6.90 10/6.50 50/6.10/ 100/5.70

7.90 10/7.40 50/7.00 100/6.60

4.45 20/4.25 100/3.95

5.65 20/5.35 100/4.95

13.45 5/12.75 10/11.85

8 for 39

12.70

Solder Tail 2.15

CASSETTES - AGFA PE-611 PREMIUM

High output, low noise, 5 screw housing, labels.

C-10 10/5.65 50/25.00 100/48.00

C-30 10/7.30 50/34.00 100/66.00

All other lengths available. Write for price list.

A ATARI 800 $777 All Atari Modules 25% OFF

SPECIAL-purchase ATARI 800, receive extra 8K memory FREE. EDUCATIONAL PLAN - buy 2 ATARI Computers, receive 1 ATARI FREE!

DISKS

w.

■

(write tor quantity prices) .)■

I

SCOTCH (3M) 8"

10/3.00 50/2.85 100/2.75

SCOTCH (3M) 5"

10/2.95 50/2.80 100/2.70

Maxell 5"

10/3.65 50/3.40

100/3.15

Maxell 8" Double Dens.

10/410 50/3.95

100/3.80

Verbatim 5"

10/2.40 50/2.35

100/2.30

(add 1.00 for plastic storage box)

BASF 5"

10/2.40 20/2.35

100/2.30

BASF 8"

10/2.40 20/2.35

100/2.30

Diskette Storage Pages

10 for 3.95

Disk Library Cases

8" - 2.85

5" - 2.15

Commodore

CBM-PET SPECIALS

X^y merchandise with purchase of

<9 Up to $235 free merchandise witl one of following CBM-PET items!

FREE

8032 32K - 80 column CRT $1795 235

8016 16K - 80 column CRT $1495 205

8050 Dual Disk Drive - 950,000 bytes $1695 220

CBM Modem - IEEE Interface $395 50

CBM Voice Synthesizer $395 50

8N full size graphics keyboard $795 100 16K Full Size Graphics or

Business Keyboard $995 150 32K Full Size Graphics or

Business Keyboard $1295 205

2040 Dual Oisk Drive - 343,000 bytes $1295 205

2022 Tractor Feed Printer $795 100

C2N External Cassette Deck $ 95 12

Used PETs(8, 16, and 32K) CALL WRITE FOR SYSTEM PRICES

'EDUCATIONAL DISCOUNTS*

Buy 2 PET Computers, get 1 FREE

CBM Full Size Graphics Keyboard $ 74

WordPro I - for 8K PET $ 25

WordPro II - 16K CBM, disk, printer $ 85

WordPro III - 32K CBM, disk, printer $170

WordPro IV - 8032, disk, printer $255

VISICALC for PET (Personal Software) BPI General Ledger, A/P, A/R for PET

$170 $270

Programmers Toolkit - PET ROM Utilities $ 36.90 PET Spacemaker Switch $ 22.90

Dust Cover for PET $ 7.90

IEEE-Parallel Printer Interface for PET $ 65.00

IEEE-RS232 Printer Interface for PET $149.00

Centronics 737 Proportional Spacing Printer $800

NEC Spinwriter - parallel $2450

XYMEC Hl-Q 1000 Intelligent Daisy Wheel $

Leedex Video 100 12" Monitor $ 129

Zenith Z19 Terminal (factory asm.) $ 739

Zenith Z89 with 48K $2150

Strobe Model 100 Plotter $ 600

SYM-1 $209

SYM BAS-1 BASIC or RAE-'A Assembler $ 85

KTM-2/80 Synertek Video Board $349

KIM-1 (add $34 for power supply) $159

Seawell Motherboard - 4K RAM $195

Seawell 16K Static RAM - KIM, SYM, AIM $320

KL-4M Four Voice Music Board and Visible Music Monitor (4 voice) for PET

$59.90

115 E. Stump Road Montgomeryville. PA 18936

2156995826 A B Computers

MICR-REVERSI for PET by Michael Riley $ 9.95 machine language version - you can't win at Level 5.

PAPER-MATE 60 Command PET Word Processor $29.95 full-featured version by Michael Riley

A P Products 15% OFF gl APHobby-Blox 15% OFF

ALL BOOK and SOFTWARE PRICES DISCOUNTED

The 8086 Book (Osborne) $12.75 Z8000 Assembly Language Programming

(Osborne) $10.60

PET Personal Computer Guide (Osborne) $12.75

PET and the IEEE-488 Bus (Osborne) $12.75

6502 Assembly Language (Osborne) $ 9.90

Programming the 6502 (Zaks) $10.45

6502 Applications Book (Zaks) $10.45

6502 Software Cookbook (Scelbi) $ 9.45

WRITE FOR CATALOG.

Add SI 25 per order for shipping We pay balance of UPS surface charges on all prepaid orders Prices listed are on cash discount fe™*** prices slightly higher

Circle 332 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980 395

Circle 333 on inquiry card.

Dual Trace Oscilloscope HITACHI 30 MHz

e TV sync-separater circuit

• High-sensitivity 1mV7div (SMHz)

e Sweep-time magnifier (10 times)

• Z-axis input (Intensity modulation)

• Signal delay line e X-V operation e Trace Rotation

$945.00

More sensitive to your input

SD SYSTEMS

ZQA STARTER "OU SYSTEM

The Z80 Starter Kit by SD Systems uses the powerful Z80 microprocessor as the heart of the complete microcomputer on a single board. Learn a step-by-step introduction to microcomputers with s keyboerd and display, audio cassette interface. PROM programmer, wire-wrap expansion area. 4channel Counter Timer and on Board RAM end PROM. Complete Opperation and Instruction Manual included. ZBUG Monitor in ROM

27004 kit $340 38007 assem/T.. $450

SBC 100 "o*"0 COMPUTER KIT

27003 kit $295

VERSAFLOPPY I

FLEXIBLE DISK

DRIVE Controller

27002 assem/T . . 38005 assem/T. .

$250 $335

BOARD

PROM-100 »'T PROM Programmer

27014 kit $200

VDB-8024

VIDEO

DISPLAY BOARD

38013 assem/T. . . $470

8080A

MICROPROCESSOR

$C95

2114L

STATIC RAM

CRT

CONTROLLER 5037P $3990

Low Cost EPROM Erasing Lamps

• SIMPLE 10 USE

• SAFETY tNTtflLXK

• ERASES 4 CHIPS IN LESS THAN 20 MINUTES

UVS-tE sasoo

• HIGH INTENSITY 6W LAMP

• TUBE RATED AT SGOO HOUHS

• ERASES S CHIPS IN LESS THAN 14 MINUTES

UVS-64T si55 00

• UNMATCHED INTENSITY AT 254 nm

• TUBE HATED tN EXCESS Of 10,000 HOURS

• ERASES IS CHIPS IN LESS THAN 7 MINUTES

S-52T S355 00

O PLESSEY

___^~~~~~*i Metallized l""""""""-^- I. Polyester 1 I Capacitors

r^ggntw.Series l6°

f^T^ m - 'TjMINIBOX \ •*"*-~*C£~**BAM PLER

'"^^ S26.00

SD Systems EXPANDO RAM

27001 kit $220

38001 assem/T . . . $480

Add-On RAM Kit

27010 (t6K.8d*viCM) $165

AP PRODUCTS

923101 S 79 95

923102 12495

923103 12495

|l)"'»'"'";jv~(J,

32K

^,l."IWI^^l^| Part No. OP1O00-2

$1295

SORCERER COMPUTER

ZBO - *K ROM - 30 L.fUM of M

3ZK RAM - Dun

Mmd Ch.r»«.n

C)f MM 4 NEW LOW

aim-1 PRICE

$239.00

KTM-2 CRT/TV Kybd Tarm S349

EPROM

2708 *990

EPROM

2716 $1480

POWER SUPPLY

5 Volt 3 Amp

APS 5-3

S42 50 S4065 S38 85

* 16% *

DISCOUNT

COUPON

Bring this I'll I l*OI\ into one of our stores or

mail to our Mail Order address shown below and

receive a I«% »l\< <M \I

on purchases from this Ad of $100.00 or more

Uff<M-KXIMHKS<m\wv«MiilH»r:lO. 11MIO

PHONE NO

;cepied only with fi

\T^\/ Send check Qr M"nev Order to P 0 Bo> 2208V Mm City CA 90230

California residents acid 6% sales la. Minimum Order $1000 Add $2.00 io cover postage and handling. Master Charge and Visa welcomed.

interbank number" and expiration" dale PHONE ORDERS. (213) 641 -4064

MAIL ORDER

PO Bo. 2208Y

Culver Crtv CA 90230

i213i (41-4084

TUCSON

1602) M> 2348

PORTLAND

SANTA ANA

CULVER CITY

t\ 3! 390-3S95

140*1 243-4121

+apple II plu/

* With 48Kof

m-M T

memory!

$ioam

Plexiglass as shown

• Oof resolution graphics in six densities

• 1920 character butter

• Fully adjustable tractors to 9-1/2"

IOO

$649

CONCORD

COfllPUTER

componsffls

APPLE EXPANSION KIT 16K Memory Add-On 3^4

* MEMORY ADD-ON KIT

INCLUDES INSTRUCTIONS

MSM5832 MICROPROCESSOR REAL-TIME <,_.

CLOCK/CALENDAR f *♦«* GENERAL DESCRIPTION

bo/e

1971 SOUTH STATE COLLEGE ANAHEIM,CA. 92806

USA MASIERCHARCE /714\n07 AC07 MINIMUM0KDU S100C

chcckormo Wl4)937-0o37 ADOM SO FORFRT

w

VISA MASIERCHARCE

CHECK OK MO

MO COO u>

112 000 l,»iol«mn

HI RES AOD V

150,000 customers have noticed the difference

At HOBBYWORLD, the difference is selection

In order to satisfy the needs of so many customers, you have to offer the widest possible selection of products. Hobbyworld does just that, and all under one roof! The Hobbyworld catalog offers hundreds of products to meet just about all of your electronics needs, including: Computer systems & accessories; Terminals, printers, disk drives & other peripherals; Computerized toys &. games; Disks, diskettes &. cassettes; Application boards,- Integrated circuits and other electronics parts. We also feature a comprehensive library of software and books. Add to this the famous HOBBYWORLD quality guarantee, competitive prices, and superior service — and you've got selection that can't be beat!

What are you waiting for?

Act now! Call us toll free to request your free catalog, or circle the readers service number in this magazine — or fill out the coupon and send to:

HOBBYWORLD ELECTRONICS, INC. 19511 Business Ctr. Dr. Dept. Bll Northridge, California 91324

FREE HOBBYWORLD CATALOG

Name.

CompanyAddress

City

Zip

State.

Selection makes the difference.

HOBBYWORLD

ELECTRONICS, INC.

Toil-Free: USA (800) 423-5387

Toil-Free: Calif. (800) 382-3651

Local & Outside USA: (213) 886-9200

Circle 335 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980

397

Circle 336 on inquiry card.

BUILD YOUR OWN LOW COST MICRO-COMPUTER

POWER SUPPLIES

FOR S-100 BUS, FLOPPY DISCS, ETC.

POWER TRANSFORMERS (with mounting brackets)

item

NO.

USED IN KIT NO.

PRI. WINDING TAPS

J1

T3 T4

OV, 110V, 120V 0V, 110V, 120V 0V, 110V, 120V 0V, 110V, 120V

SECONDARY WINDING OUTPUTS 2x8 Vac 2x14 Vac 2x24 Vac

2x7.5A

2X12.5A

2x9A

2x4A

2X2.5A 2x3.5A 2x2.5A (28V, CT)

2x2.5A r_ 48V, CT, @3A

POWER SUPPLY KITS (open frame with base plate, 3 hrs. assy, time)

ITEM USED FOR (5)+8Vdc (S-8 Vdc @+16Vdc @-i6Vdc (S+28 Vdc

KIT1 15 CARDS SOURCE 15A

KIT 2 SYSTEM SOURCE 25A

KIT 3 DISC SYSTEM 15A 1A

KIT 4 DISC SOURCE 6A 1A

2.5A 3A 2A 1A

2.5A 3A 2A 1A

4A 5A

SIZE W x D x H

UNIT PRICE

33/4"x35/8"x31/a" 3%"x4%"x31/8" 3%"x4%"x31/8" 3%"x35/8"x3'/8"

21.95 27.95 29.95 22.95

SIZEWxDxH UNIT PRICE

12"x6"x4%" 12"x6"x4%" 14"x6"x47/e" 10"x6"x47/a"

51.95 58.95 66.95 51.95

■ * • LJM IU au Af/5 «j | ,3»j

EACH KIT INCLUDES: TRANSFORMER, CAPACITORS, RESIS., BRIDGE RECTIFIERS, FUSE & HOLDER TERMINAL BLOCK BASE PLATE, MOUNTING PARTS AND INSTRUCTIONS. 'OPTION OF KIT 4: REPLACE +28V @ 5A BY +16 @ 6A

DISC DRIVE POWER SUPPLY "R3" assy. & tested, open frame, size: vmx*wnxm* 6695

SPECS: +5V @ 5A REGUL, OVP, -5V @ 1A REG., +24V @ 5A REG., SHORTS PROTECT.OPTIONS: 1. REPLACE + 24V BY + 12V| IDEALFOR2SHUGART801/851ORSIEMANSFDDKJ0-8/200-8DISKDRIVES&ROCKWELLAIM-65. 2. ADD ± 12V @ 1 A, $10.00 MORE.

SHIPPING FOR EACH TRANSFORMER: $4.75. FOR EACH POWER SUPPLY: $5.00 IN CALIF. $7.00 IN OTHER STATES. CALIF. RESIDENTS ADD 6% SALES TAX. OEM WELCOME.

MAILING ADDRESS: P.O. BOX 4296 TORRANCE, CA 90510

SUNNY INTERNATIONAL

(TRANSFORMERS MANUFACTURER)

(213) 328-2425 MON-SAT 9-6

SHIPPING ADDRESS: 22129V2 S. VERMONT AVE TORRANCE, CA 90502

4

735 LOMA VERDE. RU.O ALTO. CA. 94303

Database Management Systems

HDBS A hierarchical Database Management System featuring fixed length records, read/write protection at file level and one to many set relationships.

2-80 Optimized 250.00

8080 Optimized 325.00

6502 Optimized 325.00

MDBS A large computer DBMS with hierarchical and full network data structures (CODASY L Oriented). Explicit representation of one to one, one to many, many to one and many to many sets. Routines are callable from BASIC, PASCAL' COBOL or Machine Language. Z-80 Optimized 750.00

8080 Optimized 825.00

6502 Optimized 825.00

Communications BISYNC-80/3780 a fun function ibm

2780/3780 emulator that provides one of the most widely used communications protocols. 550.00

BISYNC-80/HASP A full function Hasp Multi-leaving Workstation package. 800.00

BISYNC-80/ASYNC An asynchronous communications package that uses the full error correcting BISYNC protocol.

95.00

BISYNC-80/3270 a fun function ibm

3275 or 3271/3277 terminal emulator that converts a "dumb" terminal into a very smart one. 550.00

Multiple License Pricing

- Upon Inquiry

* LSI-11, PDP-11 TM DEC, UNIX TM Western Electric, CP/M TM Digital Research

398 BYTE November 1980

LSI-11 Z-80 8080 8085 6502

PHONE: 415 493-8186

High Level Languages

8080, 8085, Z-80 (Under OS-1 or CP/M)

BASIC

Microsoft Compiler 395.00

Microsoft "BASIC 80" 350.00

FORTRAN

Microsoft "FORTRAN 80"

(Includes MACRO 80) 500.00

COBOL

Microsoft "COBOL 80" 750.00

"C"

Whitesmith's "C" 600.00

PL/1

Digital Research's PL/1 500.00

PASCAL

M.T. Compiler 250.00

Z-80 Optimized (Under OS-1 or CP/M)

COBOL

R-M Z-80 COBOL ANSI '74 750.00 LSI-11*/PDP-11* Under RT-11 or RSTS

COBOL - ANSI '74 Introducing: RJ-11 Compiler 1750.00

Applications in COBOL '74

Available in R-M COBOL, COBOL 80 and RJ-11. (Source Included)

General Ledger 995.00

Accounts Receivable 995.00

Accounts Payable 995.00

Inventory Control 995.00

Order Entry/Invoicing 995.00

COMPLETE LEGAL 4200.00

COMPLETE DENTAL 4200.00

Why COBOL? It's portable (ANSI '74) it's universal!

OPERATING SYSTEMS TM Z-80 Optimized

0S-1 A breakthrough in microcomputer

software from Electrolabs! UNIX*-|ike OS with virtual I/O, bank-select memory control to 1 6 MBY and optional memory protection! Totally compatible with all CP/M programs. You will be amazed at the difference! Excellent brochure available. Includes editor, linker-loader, debugger, and one year update.

249.00 8080. 8085 & Z-80

CP/M Version 2.2 150.00

Manuals only 25.00

CP/M - MCZ Version 2.2. Runs on

ZILOG MCZ and PDS-8000 systems. Only from Software Labs! 200.00

Manuals only 35.00

OUR CATALOGUE

Software Supplies Media

Storage Equipment Publications - Upon Request

TO ORDER

*Price of manuals applied against software purchase.

By Mail: Send check or money order {or P.O. from rated or institutional customers)

By Phone: Use Master Charge or Visa No.

Important Note: Please specify complete system hardware and software configuration with each order.

Circle 337 on inquiry card.

Contact us for new prices

Qume Datatrak 8

Double sided floppy with NO HEADACHES. Although many think this an impossibility, seeing is believing, and this drive is really something! Shugart compatible, fully optioned, reliable, and rapidly becoming the standard in double-sided diskdom.

$599. Two/$549.

Siemens FDD 100-8D

Single sided 8" floppy drive, the latest

& greatest revision. Features double density

plus much more. An extremely reliable

drive $439 2/$409

Hard sector option kit... $9.95

Data separator option kit... $9.95

The following 5%" mini-floppies share most features with their 8" cousins, so without further ado. . .

Siemens FDD 100-5D $279.

Qume Datatrak 5 (double sided).. . . 399.

BASF Mini mini 279.

SA 400 299.

All the above mini-floppies are fully SA400 compatible.

Manuals for all drives are $10, refundable against future purchase of drives. Also, all 8" drives can be ordered with 220 v/50 hz for worldwide use.

Disk controllers

Delta Products double density $349

Micromation doubler 439

Tarbell single density, A & T 225

Tarbell single density, kit 184

Tarbell double density, DMA 425 Sorrento Valley 8" single density

for Apple 375

Electrolabs' Monthly Special!!!

TELEVIDE0912C $745

TELEVIDEO920C 812

Features typewriter keyboard, microprocessor controls, Upper/lower case, adjustable baud rates (75-9600 baud), special function keys, much much more.

Second page memory option $29.00

Accessories

CM HB 10 MBY fully REMOVEABLE cartridge drive. Complete with controller, personality card, media, power supply, cabling, connectors and documentation. Highlighted by stylish & modern cabinetry. $6995.

Shugart SA4008 20MBY fixed disk system. S-100, includes controller, power supply, and all that is necessary to run $6995.

Data Display Monitors

used 12" Sylvania monitors. Composite video, 12 MHz, 120 VAC. with new P-39 or P-4 tube, $79, used tube $59, OEM style (without case), subtract $12. U-fix model, 10/$300.

4116 dynamic RAM, 16K Bonanza!!

Set of 8, 16K, for Apple, TRS-80, Exidy, Heath & more. 200 Ns., prime parts, at the unheard of $49/8.

Large discounts available for quantity & dealers (500 & up). Offer limited while supply lasts, as these will vanish quickly!!!

Media

Cable kits for 8" drives with 10' 50 cond. flat cable, power cable, and all connectors. Assembled if desired. One drive 27.50, two 33.95, three 38.95 for mini floppies (34 cond): one 24,95, two, 29.95

CP-206 Power-one power supply. Powers two drives more than adequately, top quality. 2.8A/24V, 2.5A/5V,.5A/-5V $99.

mini-floppy power supply $79

Electrolabs

POB 4436, Stanford, CA 94305

415-321-5601 800-227-8266

Telex: 345567 (Electrolab Pla) Visa MC Am. Exp.

PRAGMATIX 1

Incredible!! — Two 8" Shugart compatible single sided floppy disk drives (double density), CP-206 power supply, in handsome color coordinated cabinet, with full cabling, connectors, and documentation, plus one box diskettes!!! All for an unprecedented $1865. Up to one MBY of storage.

with Qume Datatrak 8" double-sided drive $2495

8" ...$39.99 SS/SD 8" ...$49.00 SS/DD 8" ...$55.00 DS/SD 8" ...$59.00 DS/DD 5%" $34.95 SS 5%" $59.00 DS Verbatim, Memorex, Scotch, or equivalent name brand Special Introductory Offer!!! Wabash 8" diskettes $29.00 SS $39.00 DS Price is cheap, but they run like champs!!!!

Diskette head cleaning kit for 5V or 8" $28.75 includes everything for 1 drive for 1 year. Alignment Diskette for Floppy Drives $39.00

ENCLOSURES

Rackmount Mainframe MT-200. This gorgeous beast is so appealing that it can easily function also as stand-alone mainframe. Very modern styling with fully actively terminated S-100 bus.

With two 8" single-sided disk drives. . . $1899. With two 8" double sided disk drives in place of single-sided variety. $2499.

Desktop Mainframe MT-100. Contemporary styling, a handsome cabinet

coated with durable epoxy finish colors (blue, beige, off-white & silver).

Easy to fit into an office environment. The proper way to start your

system.

Above plus two 8" single sided disk drives $1599.

Above with two 8" double sided disk drives in place of single-sided variety $2199.

$25 min. order. Calif, residents add 6% sales tax. Orders under $75, add 5% shipping and handling, over $75 add 2.5%. All pricing subject to change without notice.

Circle 338 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980

399

Circle 339 on inquiry card.

Add-On

Disk Drive

Subsystems

FOr Apple, TRS-80, S-100 Based Computers

Expansion and enhanced capabilities are key words in achieving full utilization of your computer system. Our complete line of LOBO disk drive subsystems are the ideal, cost-effective way to provide the expansion capabilities you need to meet your system growth requirements. All of our subsystems are complete, thoroughly-tested, 100% burned-in, and feature a 1 year 100% parts/labor warranty.

APPLE

3101 Minifloppy

31011 Minifloppy w/interface card

8101CA One SA800 in cabinet w/power, SVA Controller, cable and manual

8202CA Two SA800 in cabinet w/power. SVA Controller, cable and manual

5101CA One SA850 in cabinet w/power, SVA Controller, cable and manual

5202CA Two SA850 in cabinet w/power, SVA Controller, cable and manual

S-100 BASED COMPUTERS

MODEL NO DESCRIPTION

4101C SA400 in cabinet w/power

8212C Two SA801 in cabinet w/power

5212C Two SA851 in cabinet w/power

GENERAL

MODEL NO DESCRIPTION

8212 Two SA801 in cabinet

8212C Two SA801 in cabinet w/power

5212 Two SA851 in cabinet

5212C Two SA851 in cabinet w/power

TRS80

MODEL NO. DESCRIPTION

4101C SA400 in cabinet w/power

8101C II One SA800 in cabinet w/power for Mod. I

8202C II Two SA800 in cabinet w/power for Mod.

C802 Cable for Mod. II

C805 Cable for TRS80 Minifloppy

MODEL NO

DESCRIPTION

C808

Cable for TRS80 Eight-inch Floppy

LX80

Double density expansion interface

RS232

Dual Serial Port Option

16K

16K Byte RAM for LX80 (32KB max.)

VT0S

4.0 Disk Operating System

INVENTORY CO.,

P.O. Box 185, Santa Yuez,Ca., 93640 (805) 688-8781

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Yes! We supply IMSAI products...

RAM III Assembled & Tested:

I8080 SYSTEM Assembled & Tested:

18080

ENCLOSURE Sheet Metal Only:

IMSAI PS28D Parts Kit:

64K Byte dynamic RAM BOARD— Utilizes the Intel 3242 refresh controller and a single delay line for total internal refresh. Uses time proven 4116 RAMS. Memory mapped I/O boards are allowed to coexist by the use of A16 buss pin 16.

Assembled & Tested Price $350.

The basic 8080 based system. Includes CPA front panel, 22 slot motherboard (with all 22 edge connectors), MPU-A 8080 processor board, PS28 power supply (28AMP +8V3AMP -16V), and chassis.

With MPU-A $650. Without MPU-A $600.

18080 Options:

Thinker Toys Motherboard

$75 extra

THE ORIGINAL IMSAI: Mainframe with blue cover, cardguides and hardware spaced for 28A power supply, up to 22 slot motherboard.

• Either jump start or front panel

• Uses various motherboards

Price $95.

Mounts in the 18080 mainframe + 5V 28A, -/+16V 3A, kit includes board, transformer, and all components. ,.,_ ^oc cr\

KIT 595.50

Terms: (1) PREPAID—Send check for merchandise amount only— We pay the shipping —or— (2) UPS C.O.D. and bank card orders by phone or mail. Shipping charges will be added. California residents add 6Vt% sales tax.

WRITE FOR FLYER OR VISIT OUR STORE

400

BYTE November 1980

Circle 340 on inquiry card

DIGITAL RESEARCH COMPUTERS

(214) 271-3538

32K S-100 EPROM CARD NEW!

"til iKilJ*:-'

$74.95

KIT

USES 2716s Blank PC Board - $34

ASSEMBLED & TESTED ADD $30 SPECIAL: 2716 EPROM s (450 NS) Are $14.95 EA. With Above Kit.

KIT FEATURES:

1- Uses +5V only 2716 (2Kx8) EPROM's 2 Allows up to 32K of software on line!

3. IEEE S-100 Compatible.

4. Addressable as two independent 16K blocks.

5 Cromemco extended or Northstar bank

select. 6. On board wait state circuitry if needed.

7. Any or all EPROM locations can be disabled.

8. Double sided PC board, solder-masked, silk-screened

9. Gold plated contact fingers.

10. Unselected EPROM's automatically powered down for low power.

11. Fully buffered and bypassed.

12. Easy and quick to assemble.

.o^

16K DYNAMIC RAM PARTIALS INTEL 2108 8K X 1 RAMS £

8 FOR $9.95 32 FOR $35 ~ u % , V FACTORY PRIME!

Huge special purchase of INTEL Dynamic RAM's. These are 2108-4, 300NS, 8K, Ceramic DIP. The 2108 is the INTEL 2116 (16K) tested for either upper or lower 8K only. These are factory prime. Full Spec. See INTEL 1978 Cat. for details or Memory Design Handbook for application data. Both IMSAI and EXTENSYS did mfg. S-100 RAM boards using these devices. — P.S. These devices will not work in the SD EPANDORAM™. Please specify upper or lower 8K. (S1626 or S1627). A su per easy RAM to interface to aZ80, 16 PIN DIP.

FOR 4MHZ

-nice LOW POWER - 300NS 8 FOR

cor 2114 RAM SALE! $37 so

4K STATIC RAM'S. MAJOR BRAND, NEW PARTS.

These are the most sought after 2114's, LOW POWER and 300NS FAST.

8 FOR $37.50

16K STATIC RAM KIT-S 100 BUSS

16K STATIC RAM SS-50 BUSS

PRICE CUT!

$1999£T

in ii 1111 ■linn 11 ii in ii in i in

■4**W

PRICE CUT!

122 S2SIS illll III lilllfilllillill

FULLY STATIC!

BLANK PC BOARD W/DATA-$33

LOW PROFILE SOCKET SET-$12

SUPPORT IC'S & CAPS-S19.95

KIT FEATURES:

1. Addressable as four separate 4K Blocks. 2 ON BOARD BANK SELECT circuitry. (Cromemco Standard1) Allows up to 512K on line! 3. Uses 2114 (450NS) 4K Static Rams.

4 ON BOARD SELECTABLE WAIT STATES.

5 Double sided PC Board, with solder mask and silk screened layout. Gold plated contact fingers 6. All address and data lines fully buffered. ASSEMBLED & TESTED-ADD $35

7 Kit includes ALL parts and sockets.

8 PHANTOM is jumpered to PIN 67. 9. LOW POWER: under 1.5 amps TYPICAL from the +8 Volt Buss

10 Blank PC Board can be populated as any multiple of 4K

FOR 2MHZ ADD $10

FOR SWTPC 6800 BUSS!

OUR #1 SELLING RAM BOARD!

ASSEMBLED AND TESTED - $35

KIT FEATURES:

i Addressable on 16K Boundaries

2 Uses 2114 Static Ram

3 Fully Bypassed

4 Double sided PC Board Solder mask and silk screened layout

5. All Parts and Sockets included

6 Low Power: Under 1 5 Amps Typical

BLANK PC BOARD—$30 COMPLETE SOCKET SET—$12

SUPPORT IC'S AND CAPS—$19.95

&H* STEREO! W

S-100 SOUND COMPUTER BOARD

COMPLETE KIT! $3495

(WITH DATA MANUAL)

At last, an S-100 Board that unleashes the full power of two unbelievable General I nstrumentsAY3-8910NMOS computer sound IC's. Allows you under total computer control to generate an infinite number of special sound effects for games or any other program. Sounds can be called in BASIC, ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE, etc. KIT FEATURES:

* TWO Gl SOUND COMPUTER IC'S.

* FOUR PARALLEL I/O PORTS ON BOARD.

* USES ON BOARD AUDIO AMPS OR YOUR STEREO.

* ON BOARD PROTO TYPING AREA.

* ALL SOCKETS, PARTS AND HARDWARE ARE INCLUDED.

* PC BOARD IS SOLDERMASKED. SILK SCREENED, WITH GOLD CONTACTS

* EASY, QUICK. AND FUN TO BUILD. WITH FULL INSTRUCTIONS.

* USES PROGRAMMED I/O FOR MAXIMUM SYSTEM FLEXIBILITY Both Basic and Assembly Language Programming examples are included.

SOFTWARE:

SCLT" is now available1 Our Sound Command Language makes writing Sound Effects programs a SNAP' SCL'" also includes routines for Register-Examine-Modify. Memory-Examine-Modify and Play-Memory SCL'" is available on CP/M' compatible diskette of 2708 or 2716 Diskette $24.95 2708 - $19.95 2716 - $29.95 Diskette includes the source EPROM'S are ORG at E000H

BLANK PC

BOARD W/DATA

$31

4K DYNAMIC RAM BLOWOUT! SAME AS INTEL 2107BI 4K RAMS AT AN UNBELIEVABLE 50C EACH!!! Prime, new, National Semi., 1979 date coded, full spec, parts. NS. #MM5280-5N. Same as INTEL 2107B-4, T.I. TMS4060, NEC UPD411, etc. We bought a HUGE QTY. from a West Coast Distributor at truly DISTRESS PRICES! One of the most popular and reliable RAM's ever made. These parts have been used by almost all Major Computer Main Frame Mfg. the world over! Arranged as 4K x 1, 270 NS Access Time, 22 Pin Dip. These units DO NOT use multiplexed addressing, thus making REFRESH and other timing very simple. See INTEL MEMORY DESIGN HANDBOOK for full application notes The NAT. SEMI. MEMORY DATA BOOK is available at most Radio Shack Stores. Prime units in original factory tubes!

tf*

#5280-5N 4096 BITS X 1 270 NS ACCESS

8 FOR $4.95 32 FOR $16

FACTORY CASE (450 PCS) — $180

Sockets Special: 22 Pin Low Profile (With Purchase of 5280s) 8 FOR $1.

COMPUTER PARTS SPECIALS

74LS175- .99 8035 Intel Single Chip CPU - 5.95

74LS240 - 1.79 Signetics 2901 4 Bit Slice - 6.95

74LS241 - 1.79 AMD 2903 4 Bit Super Slice - 12.50

74LS244 - 1.79 AMD 29705 Dual Port RAM - 8.95 74LS373 - 1.99

NEW! G.I. COMPUTER SOUND CHIP

AY3-8910 As featured in July. 1979 BYTEI A fantastically powerful Sound & Music Generator, Perfect for use with any 8 Bit Microprocessor Contains: 3 Tone Channels. Noise Generator, 3 Channels of Amplitude Control. 16 bit Envelope Period Control, 2-8 Bit Parallel I/O. 3 D to A Converters, plus much more1 All in one 40 Pin DIP Super easy interface to the S-100 or other busses $11.95 PRICE CUT!

SPECIAL OFFER: $14.05 each Add $3 for 60 page Data Manual.

Digital Research Computers

"* (OF TEXAS) '

P.O. BOX 401565 • GARLAND, TEXAS 75040 • (214) 271-3538

TERMS: Add $1.50 postage. We pay balance. Orders under $15 add 75$ handling. No COD. We accept Visa and MasterCharge. Tex. Res. add 5% Tax. Foreign orders (except Canada) add 20% P & H 90 Day Money Back Guarantee on all items: Orders over $50, add 85S for insurance

■TRADEMARK OF DIGITAL RESEARCH.

Circle 341 on inquiry card.

NOT ASSOCIATED WITH DIGITAL RESEARCH OF CALIFORNIA, THE SUPPLIERS OF CPM SOFTWARE.

BYTE November 1980 401

HEX ENCODED KEYBOARD

Four onboard LEDs indicate the HEX code generated for each key depression. The board requires a single +5 volt supply. Board only $15.00 Part No. HEX-3, with parts $49.95 Part No. HEX- 3A. 44 pin edge connector $4.00 Part No. 44P.

T.V. TYPEWRITER

• Stand alone TVT

• 32 char/line, 16 lines, modifications for 64 char/line included

• Parallel ASCII (TTLJ input • Video output

• 1K on board memory

• Output for computer controlled curser • Auto scroll • Nondestructive curser • Curser inputs: up, down, left, right, home, EOL, EOS • Scroll up, down

• Requires +5 volts at 1.5 amps, and -12 volts at 30 mA • All 7400, TTL chips • Char. gen. 2513 • Upper case only • Board only $39.00 Part No. 106, with parts $145.00 Part No. 106A

44 BUS MOTHER BOARD

Has provisions for ten 44 pin (.156) connectors, spaced 3/4 of an inch apart. Pin 20 is connected to X, and 22 is connected to Z for power and ground. All the other pins are connected in parallel. This board also has provisions for bypass capacitors. Board cost $15.00 Part No. 102. Connectors

$3.00 each Part No. 44WR

UARTfi BAUD RATE GENERATOR

• Converts serial to parallel and parallel to serial • Low cost on board baud rate generator • Baud rates: 110, 150, 300. 600, 1200, and 2400 • Low power drain +5 volts and -12 volts required • TTL compatible • All characters contain a start bit, 5 to 8 data bits, 1 or 2 stop bits, and either odd or even parity. • All connections go to a 44 pin gold plated edge connector • Board only $12.00 Part No. 101, with parts $35.00 Part No. 101 A, 44 pin edge connector $4.00 Part No. 44P

RS-232/20mA INTERFACE

This board has two passive, opto-isolated circuits. One converts RS-232 to 20mA, the other converts 20mA to RS232. All connections go to a 10 pin edge connector. Requires +12 and -12 volts. Board only $9.95. part no. 7901. with parts $14.95 Part No. 7901A.

ASCII TO CORRESPONDENCE CODE CONVERTER

This bidirectional board is a direct replacement for the board inside the Trendata 1000 terminal. The on board connector provides RS-232 serial in and out. Sold only as an assembled and tested unit for $249.95. Part No. TA 1000C

ASCII KEYBOARD

53 Keys popular ASR-33 format • Rugged G-10 P. C. Board • Tri-mode MOS encoding • Two-Key Rollover • MOS/DTL/TTL Compatible • Upper Case lockout • Data and Strobe inversion option • Three User Definable Keys • Low contact bounce • Selectable Parity • Custom Keycaps • George Risk Model 753. Requires +5, -12 volts. $59.95 Kit.

ASCII KEYBOARD

TTL & DTL compatible • Full 67 key array

• Full 128 character ASCII output • Positive logic with outputs resting low • Data Strobe

• Five user-definable spare keys • Standard 22 pin dual card edge connector • Requires +5VDC, 325 mA. Assembled S. Tested. Cherry Pro Part No. P70-05AB. $119.95.

^zr ~

A-to-D D-to-A CONVERTER

Analog to Digital, Digital to Analog Converter A-D conversion time 20us. D-A conversion 5us. Uses include speech and music synthesizing and slow scan TV. Single power supply I5V), 8 Bits wide, latched I/O, strobe lines. Part No. 79287K Complete Kit $49.95 • Part No. 79287A Assembled $69.95

3Ht

m.

SOLID STATE SWITCH

Your computer can control power (120VAC) to your printer, lights, and other 120VAC appliances up to 720 watts (6AMPS at 120VAC1 Input 3 to 15 VDC, 2-13 MA TTL compatible, isolation 1500V. Part No. 79000K 1 Channel Kit $9.95 • Assm. $12.50 • Part No. 79004K 4 Channel Kit $34.95 • Assm. $44.95.

SUPER MODEM

Orignate, RS-232 and 20 mA compatable, Full duplex, and half duplex, direct connect or acoustic coupled, on board power supply, carrier detect light, DB25 plug , 300 BAUD, Type 103 compatable frequencies, Bare board Part No. 2000, $19,95, Kit Part No. 2000A, $99.95.

T.V. INTERFACE

• Converts video to AM modulated RF, Channels 2 or 3. So powerful almost no tuning is required. On board regulated power supply makes this extremely stable. Rated very highly in Doctor Dobbs' Journal. Recommended by Apple • Power required is 12 volts AC C.T.. or +5 volts DC • Board only $7.60 part No. 107, with parts $13.50 Part No. 107A

SOROCIQ120

Upper/lower case display • Numeric keypad & cursor keys • Protected fields, Vs intensity display • RS 232 interface S. aux. port. IQ120—$799.95 • IQ140 Detachable keyboard—$1199.95

RS-32/TTL INTERFACE

• Converts TTL to RS232, and converts RS232 to TTL • Two separate circuits • Requires -12 and +12 volts • All connections go to a 10 pin edge connector,kit$9.95 Part No.232A10Pinedge connector $3.00 part No. 10P.

^TAPE^^\ INTERFACE

• Converts a low cost tape recorder to a digital recorder • Works up to 1200 baud •Digital in and out are TTLserial • Output of board connects to mic. in of recorder • Earphone of recorder connects to input on board

• No coils • Requires +5 volts, low power drain • Board only $7.60 Part No. 111, with parts $29.95Part No. 111A

MODEM

• Type 103 • Full or half duplex • Works up to 300 baud • Originate or Answer • Serial TTL input and output • connect 8 0 speaker and crystal mic. directly to board • Requires +5 volts* Board only$7.60 Part No. 109, with parts $29.95 Part No. 109A.

COMPUCOLOR II

^HMMMfaujil9*

m

■

With reg. keyboard MOD3 8K $1449.95 MOD4 16 K $1495.95 MOD5 32K $1699.95 Without disk drive subtract $450.00. Add-on drives, $495.00. With 101 key option add $134.95. With 117 key option add $179.95.

DC POWER SUPPLY

• Board supplies a regulated +5 volts at 3 amps., +1 2, -12, and -5 volts at 1 amp. • Power required is 8 volts AC at 3 amps., and 24 volts AC C.T. at 1.5 amps. • Board only §|§ $12.50 Part No. 6085, with parts excluding transformers $42.50 Part No. 6085A

Send for FREE Catalog...a big self addressed envelope with 80<P postage gets it fastest!

Tfl flrriPr' Mention part no., description, and price. In USA shipping paid by us for orders accompanied by check or money IU Ul UGl . order, yye accept C.O.D. orders (U.S. only) or a VISA or Master Charge no., expiration date, signature and phone no., shipping charges will be added. CA residents add B.5°/o for tax. Outside USA add 15°/o for air mail postage and handling. Payment must be in U.S. dollars. Dealer inquiries invited. Prices subject to change without notice.

Order Line: (408) 448-0800

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS Dept. B, P.O. Box 21638, San Jose, CA USA 95151

402 BYTE November 1980

Circle 390 on inquiry card.

d**a

II Or

APPLE II PLUS

\

16K$975.95. Extra 16K E.S. RAM installed $74.95, extra 3SKE.S. RAM installed $148.95.

APPLE II HOBBY/ PROTOTYPING CARD

PartNo.7907$14.95

APPLE II PARALLEL INTERFACE

Interfaces printers, synthesizers keyboards, and JBE A-D D-A Converter & Switches. This interface has 4 I/O ports with handshaking logic, 2-6522 VIA's and a 74LS74 for timing. Inputs and outputs are TTL compatible. Part No. 79295K Complete Kit—$69.95 • Part No. 79295A Assembled— $79.95

REALTIME

100,000 DAY

CLOCK

MT. HARDWARE Double the utility of your S-100 bus computer with a real-time clock that keeps time in 1CXVS increments for over 273 years. Program events for the entire period with real time interrupts...without derailing the system. Maintain a log of computer usage, time and date transaction printouts, call up lists. On-board battery backup. MHPX004-$349.00

16K EPRoRT

rams

'^f If 1III

mmjm * m m» —

Uses 2708 EPROMS, memory speed selection provided, addressable anywhere in 65K of memory, can be shadowed in 4K increments. Board only $24.95 part no. 7902, with parts less EPROMs $49.95 part no. 7902A.

PET COMPUTER

With 16K & monitor— $895.00 • Dual Disk Drive -$1095.00

0PT0 ISOLATED

PARALLEL INPUT

BOARD FOR

APPLE II

There are 8 inputs that can be driven from TTL logic or any 5 volt source. The circuit board can be plugged into any of the 8 sockets of your Apple II. It has a 16 pin socket for standard dip ribbon cable connection. Board only$15.00. Part No. 120. with parts $69.95. Part No. 120A.

VIDEO TERMINAL

wmm

16 lines, 64 columns • Upper and lower case

• 5x7 dot matrix • Serial RS-232 in and out with TTL parallel keyboard input • On board baud rate generator 75, 110, 150, 300, 600, & 1200 jumper selectable • Memory 1024 characters C7-21L02)

• Video processor chip SFF96364 by Neculonic • Control characters (CR. LF, ->, -, T, i, non destructive cursor, CS, home, CL

• White characters on black background or vice-versa • With the addition of a keyboard, video monitor or TV set with TV interface (part no. 107A) and power supply this is a complete stand alone terminal • also S-100 compatible • requires + 16. & -16 VDC at 100mA, and8VDCat 1A. Part No. 1000A $199.95 kit.

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PARALLEL

TRIAC OUTPUT

BOARD FOR

APPLE II

This board has 8 tnacs capable of switching 110 volt 6 amp loads (660 watts per channel) or a total of 5280 watts. Board only $15.00 Part No. 210, with parts $119.95 Part No. 21OA

APPLE IKSERIAL I/O INTERFACE

Baud rate is continuously adjustable from 0 to 30,000 • Plugs into any peripheral connector • Low current drain. RS-232 input and output • On board switch selectable 5 to 8 data bits. 1 or 2 stop bits, and parity or no parity either odd or even • Jumper selectable address • SOFTWARE • Input and Output routine from monitor or BASIC to teletype or other serial printer • Program for using an Apple II for a video or an intelligent terminal. Also can output in correspondence code to interface with some selectrics. • Also watches DTR • Board only $15.00 Part No. 2, with parts $42.00 Part No. 2A, assembled $62.00 Part No. 2C

8K EPROM PICEON

• Programs 2708's address relocation of each 4K of memory to any 4K boundary • Power on jump and reset jump option for "turnkey" systems and computers without a front panel

• Program saver software in 1 2708 EPROM $25. Bare board $35 including custom coil, board with parts but no EPROMS $139, with 4 EPROMS $179, with 8 EPROMS $219.

WAMECO PRODUCTS

With ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS parts

FDC-1 FLOPPY CONTROLLER BOARD will drive shugart, pertek, remex 5" S. 8" drives up to 8 drives, on board PROM with power boot up, will operate with CPM (not included). PCBD $42.95

FPB-1 Front Panel. (Finally) IMSAI size hex displays. Byte or instruction single step. PCBD $42.95

MEM-1A 8Kx8 fully buffered, S-100, uses 2102 type RAMS. PCBD $24.95, $1 68 Kit

QMB-12 MOTHER BOARD, 13 slot, terminated, S-100 board only $34.95

$89.95 Kit

CPU-1 8080A Processor board S-100 with

8 level vector interrupt PCBD .. $25.95

$89.95 Kit

RTC-1 Realtime clock board. Two independent interrupts. Software programmable. PCBD $25.95, $60.95 Kit

EPM-2 2708/2716 16K/32K

EPROM card PCBD $24.95

$49.95 with parts less EPROMS

QMB-9 MOTHER BOARD. Short Version of

QMB-12. 9 Slots PCBD $30.95

$67.95 Kit

MEM-2 16Kx8 Fully Buffered 2114 Board PCBD $25.95. $269.95 Kit

YOU MUST REFER TO THIS AD TO GET THESE PRICES.

D.C. HAYES MICROMODEM

Fully S-100 bus compatible including 16-bit machines and 4 MHz processors. • Two software selectable Baud rates—300 Baud and a jumper selectable speed from 45 to 300 Baud. (110 standard). Supports originate and answer modes. • Direct-connect Microcoupler. This FCC-registered device provides direct access into your local telephone system, with none of the losses or distortions associated with acoustic couplers and without a telephone company supplied data access arrangement. • AutoAnswer/Auto-Call. The MICROMODEM 100 can automatically answer the phone and receive input; it can also dial a number automatically. • Automatic Reset and Disconnect. • Software compatible with the D.C. Hayes Associates B0-103A Data Communications Adapter. Micromodem-DCHA32625—$379.95

TIDMA

Tape Interface Direct Memory Access • Record and play programs without bootstrap loader (no prom) has FSK encoder/decoder for direct connections to low cost recorder at 1200 baud rate, and direct connections for inputs and outputs to a digital recorder at any baud rate • S-100 bus compatible • Board only $35.00 Part No. 112. with parts $110.00 Part No. 112A.

SYSTEM MONITOR

8080, 8085, or Z-80 System monitor for use with the TIDMA board. There is no need for the front panel. Complete with documentation $12.95.

RS-232/TTY INTERFACE

?«■ wifjip -■■■■■■■JUMppt'

IT

This board has two active circuits, one converts RS-232 to 20 m A, the other converts 20 mA to RS-232. Requires +12 and -12 volts. $9.95 Part No. 600A Kit.

SERIAL I/O

Four Serial I/O RS-232 ports. S-100 Bus, Software or (umper selectable baud rate 1110, 300,600. 1200,2400,4800,9600. 19.2K), on board Xtal baud rate generator, Addressing, switch selectable. Parity or no parity (odd or even) switch selectable, 1 or 2 stop bits, 5 to 8 bits/character. Board only $29.95. Part No. 7908. With parts (kit) $199.95, Part No. 7908A.

S-100 BUS ACTIVE TERMINATOR

Board only $14.95 Part No. 900, with parts $24.95 Part No. 900A

Send for FREE Catalog...a big self addressed envelope with 80<t postage gets it fastest!

Tfl flrflPr* Ment'on Part n0- description, and price. In USA shipping paid by us for orders accompanied by check or money iu ui ugi . onjer y\/e accept C.O.D. orders (U.S. only) or a VISA or Master Charge no., expiration date, signature and phone

no., shipping charges will be added. CA residents add 6.5°/o for tax. Outside USA add 15°/o for air mail postage and handling. Payment must be in U.S. dollars. Dealer inquiries invited. Prices subject to change without notice.

Order Line: (408) 448-0800

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS wB^ p-°-Box 2i63a San jose'CA uSA95151

Circle 390 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980

403

6502 USERS!

Upgrade your present 6502 system to 6809 capability with a 65-09 module.

Simple installation. No modification to existing hardware required. Software also available for most major systems.

65-09 Module Kit $110.00

65-09 Module Assembled/Tested 135.00 2K Eprom Monitor 59.95

Michigan residents add 4% sales tax. Send check, money order or COD to:

MICRO PROCESSOR SYSTEMS, INC.

37060 Garfield, Suite C4

Mt. Clemens, Ml 48043

(313) 263-9440

OHIO

SCIENTIFIC

SYSTEMS

CALL FREE FOR OUR. PRICES

(800) 558-0870

or

WRITE FOR CATALOG

FARAGHER & ASSOCIATES

7635 BLUEMOUND

MILWAUKEE, WI 53213

(414) 258-2588

In Wisconsin

HOLD THAT TIGER!

(OR OTHER PRINTER)

B- «■ • STAND WITH PAPER-TRAY

. MADE FROM 3/4" STURDY STOCK

. OFFICE-TYPE WALNUT FINISH

• COMPLETELY ASSEMBLED. NOT A KIT

. 18"Wx 12"Dx shipping » 27"H

5V*% sales tax for IL orders

RMF PRODUCTS, INC. P.O. Box 413 .Batavia, IL 60510

Phone (312) 879-0020 DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

Circle 342 on inquiry card.

Circle 343 on inquiry card.

Circle 344 on inquiry card.

dbis

YOUR HEADQUARTERS FOR

SALES • SERVICE * SUPPORT

THE BEST NEW YORK AREA PRICES ON ALL OHIO SCIENTIFIC COMPUTERS - LOCAL USERS GROUP BUSINESS AND PERSONAL SYSTEMS

PROFESSIONAL BUSINESS SOFTWARE: Systems now available: Encumbered Budget Accounting Inventory/lnvoici ng Export Management Mai Iing List Payro!I Accounts Receivable Accounts Payable Manuals available separately $35

ALSO AVAILABLE:

•Eaton LRC 7000+ Plain Paper PrInter...$356.

*0kidata MIcroMne 80 Printerupper/lower case, graphics, any paper, software selectable print size 695.

MASTERCHARGE £ VISA WELCOME

Designers & Builders of Information Systems, Inc.

One Mayfair Road - Eastchester, New York 10707

(914)779-5292 (212)933-4170

350 Char/Sec Low Cost Loader

Solid state photoelectronic components read all standard 5, 6, 7 or 8-level tapes. Smooth, quiet AC drive. Reliable high-speed paper tape data entry. Data amplifiers and "character ready" output available for CMOS or TTL interfaces. Standard interface or to your interface specifications. Fanfold boxes available.

Addmaster Corporation, 416 Junlpero Serra Drive, San Gabriel, CA 91776, Telephone: (213) 285-1121, Telex: 674770 Addmaster SGAB

TTye SoftwSre Toolwdrks

H89/H8/Z89

SOFTWARE TOOLS THAT WORK MYCHESS ■ Now on H89 - $34.95

Winner-1980 West Coast Computer Faire

• FULL SCREEN EDITORS

For Text Files For Graphics

• TEXT PROCESSING:

TEXT Formatter

• LANGUAGES: C, LISP. Z80 and

8080 Macro Assemblers

• UTILITIES • GAMES

Only $19.95-$39.95

All run under HDOS snmp avaiiahlp for CP'M

Available at most Heathkjt slurea or from

THE SOFTWARE TOOLWORKS

14478 Glonetta Dnve

Sherman Oaks. Calif 91423

(213)986-4885

Meainn<r CPM6

e man. ot Heath Lompar

Circle 345 on inquiry card.

Circle 346 on inquiry card.

Circle 347 on inquiry card.

EVERY MONTH

BUY, SELL OR TRADE ALL TYPES OF COMPUTER EQUIPMENT AND SOFTWARE (pre-owned and new) among 20,000 readers nationwide in BIG (11x14") pages. Classified ads are only 10* per word and are indexed for easy and fast location. Subscription: $10 a year/12 issues. Money back guarantee.

camPUTSR showbr

P.O. Box F-14

Titusville, FL 32780

(305) 269-3211

MasterCharge or VISA orders only.

Call TOLL FREE 800-327-9920

...odd the

sound dimension to your system

Soundboard uses two Gl flV 3-8910 LC.'s to generate sound effects under software control. PCB onlu $34.95. Send for additional information, check or money order to; \m I © oil ffl|f«e»n«

MB IB fa IJ «kSNHI

Ackerman

** Digital Systems, Inc.

110 North York Road • Suite 208

Elmhurst, Illinois 60126

Tel 312-530-8992

(Illinois residents add 5% state sales tax.

Circle 348 on inquiry card.

Circle 349 on inquiry card.

'bird'

TM

Versatile Interface Peripheral Board Serial/Parallel I/O For The Apple II

SERIAL FEATURES: Software Baud Rate Select • 50-19.2 K Baud • Crystal Controlled • Partial 26 Pin Connector Strapping • RS232C

PARALLEL FEATURES: Centronics Compatible • Full 34 Pin I/O Connector Strapping • 16I/O Lines + 4 Handshakes

ALSO: 256 Bytes On Board Ram • ALL COLD

Connectors/Sockets • 6 Foot 34 Conductor Ribbon Cable With Centronics Compatible Connector • 3 Foot Serial Ribbon Cable With Male DB25 Connector • 90 Day Limited Warranty • Documentation with Driver Software

SMS * VIP S169.95 ea A & T Shipping Add 2.0% • Texas Residents Add 5% Sales Tax • Payment By Check or Money Order

BIRD * BOARDS Southwestern Management Services, Ltd.

Box 7277 Austin Texas 78712 I Phone 512-327-1834 1

Circle 350 on inquiry card.

DEALS □ DEALS □ DE/US

OUR BUYERS ARE IN

CONTACT WITH EVERY MAJOR

SUPPLIER AND O.E.M.

BUY HERE AT 1000 PIECE

QUANTITY PRICES

ALL MERCHANDISE 100%

GUARANTEED! 15 DAY FULL

CASH REFUND!

?, f?^ MICRO IVI.fll. SALES

JUST HOT STUFF

POWER SUPPLIES

If you can beat these prices we will be truly amazed. OEM's at 500 lot pay more than this. Call or write for full spec, sheets.

DISK POWER SUPPLIES

PRIAM-SHUGART-CENTURY-MICROPOL1S

+5V@9A |-5V@.8A |+24V@7A I US-384

89.00

SHUGART-SIEMANS-MPI 554"

+5V@.5A

+12V@.9A

| US-340

33.50

+5V 9 2A

+12V@>4A

I US-323

56.25

SHUGART-SIEMANS-CDC 8"

+5V(5>1A

-5V@.5A

+24V@ 1.5A

US-205

52.50

+5V@2A

-5V@.5A

+24V @ 3A

US-206

69.00

+5V @ 3A

-5V@.6A

+24V @ 5A

US-162

89.00

+5V@ 1.7A

-5VP1.5A

+24V@2A

US-272

69.00

+BV ® 2A

+ 12V @.4A

-12V@.4A

US-HTAA

37.50

TELEVIDEO 912C

$665.00

Also have 920C, SOROC, HAZELTINE, etc. What we don't have is room on this page. Call Toll Free 800 number for prices.

C-ITOH PRINTER $499.00

Look closely at the

photo and see other

adds in this rag at

$995.00. Perfect units,

warranteed. Only 500 pes. Same story,

manufacturerer had too many.

ATARI

800 - $899.00 400 - $499.00

As long as there is a price war, we will fight your battle. Compare at your local Dept. store and buy U$ MICRO.

S-100 POWER

$49.50

Simple Brute Force!

S-100 Power Supply,

30A @ +8V,

6A @ +16V,

6A @ -16V,

PC Board Design.

664 N. MICHIGAN AVE. • SUITE 1076 • CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 60611

CALL TOLL FREE: 1-800-435-9357

(ILLINOIS RESIDENTS CALL: 815-485-4002)

TERMS: Prepayment - C.O.D. up to $100.00 - M/C, Visa

Please allow personal check to clear before shipment.

WRITE FOR FULL CATALOG!

SPECIAL OF THE QUARTER SPECIALS OF THE MONTH

DUAL DRIVE SUBSYSTEM

$995.00 |

If this looks like a Lobo Drive System, don't be 2 SHUGART 801 R fooled. Just because it POWER SUPPLY

looks like one, works like one, smells like one, and tastes like one (?) doesn't mean it has to cost like one!

S1-MOD (KIT)

$239.00

4r

Complete S-100 12 Slot Computer. Ample system power with regulated power for drives. Excellent for Subsystem or Hobby use. 4 hours to build. (6 conn, incl., less fans)

EXPANDABLE RAM (KIT)

This is the best all around 64K board you can buy. If after you see it, you don't agree return (unassembled) for full refund. Bank Select by extended address lines.

32K - $380.00 64K - $450.00

32K STATIC (KIT)

You have seen this well known board around for years. We bought 500 of them and plan on cornering the market! Bank Select on extended address lines.

MMMMVAMr*"1!

rr^:

$388.00

Z-80 CPU (KIT)

The first time this world popular CPU offered in Kit. 2 serial, 3 parallel, CTC, EProm Z-80 at 4 mhz. Software buad rate, etc.(less Prom)

$212.00

DMA DISK CONTROLLER (KIT)

How many DMA Disk Controllers are there on the market? Can't mention the name at this LOW, LOW, LOW, price.

$265.00

12 SLOT MOTHER

We have connectors and power supply too. Start your system with quality components. Terminated. CONNECTORS $3.50 ea.

$22.50

4116s

Expansion 16K Dynamic RAMs for Apple, TRS-80 S-100 systems. T. I., Mostek Intel, Call for manufacturer.

$4.25

200 NS

DIP-80 $399.00

4 h

Don't be mislead by this LOW price. This is a rugged 100% Duty Cycle 7 by 7 Dot Matrix Printer, j Brand new, factory warr.

• RS 232 ADD $65.00 • TRACTOR FEED ADD $70.00

2114s

One of the world's two

most popular STATIC

RAMs. Factory prime

tested units. Sold in lots of 8 only.

FUJITSU, HITACHI, etc.

$3.95

200 NS

TMS-4044 MM-5257 INTEL 2147

$4.25

250 NS

The other of the world's most popular STATIC RAMs. This one is 4K by 1 organization. Don't buy Gold, buy these, the price won't last!

2716s $13.50 (450 NS) 2708s $6.95 (450 NS)

Remember when 2716s were $50.00 and hard to get? These units are so beautiful it's hard to part with them. But we will, for a small price. Guaranteed!

SHUGART DRIVE

8" 851R $585.00

8" 801R

$385.00

Manufacturer had

too many, buys at

1000 piece rate,

sales dropped, so we got'em. Fantastic buy

them while they last! Full warranty.

get

51/4" MINI

$265.00

Now is the time to

expand that Trash-80

or Rotton Apple (no offense!) These go so fast.

Quantities limited to those on hand. Hurry !

No Junkers! Factory warranty.

SHUGART / SIEMANS / MPI

Circle 351 on Inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980 405

Manufacturers,

Dealers and

Endusers

We buy, sell, trade and accept consignment on all new and used Micro Computers and Peripherals.

(602) 954-6109

COmPUTCR WAREHOUSE

2222 E. Indian School Rd. Phoenix, Arizona 85016

assa&tfsas'"

PREDICTS CASH CRUNCH

DETERMINES OPTIHUH CASHFLOW USING PAYMENT PRIORITIES AND RECEIVABLE PROBABLITIES

MEASURES IMPACT OF POSSIBLE PURCHASES ON CASHFLOW

OOCUMENTS FINANCIAL ABILITY

Cl"*^] *~H—I Ready to pun ^ lc=-<^> 0n CP/M system.

ALPHA-OMEGA SYSTEMS, INC.

1 504 3RD AVE. SUITE 700 SEATTLE, WA 98101

(206) 622-2719

I

-/ NEW!!!

32K Static Memory Board For Digital Group Systems

New Layout

64 K Addressing Decoded

Dip Switch Selectable

I/O Mapped Addressing to 2S6K

On Board Battery Back Up

Power Failure Inputs

VLSI COMPUTER SYSTEMS

601 W. 5th Street, Suite 103

Los Angeles, CA 90017

213-623-8682

~\

r

Circle 362 on inquiry card.

Circle 363 on inquiry card.

Circle 364 on inquiry card.

LOW PRICES

HP 85 $2925

Atari 400 $ 475

Centronics 737 $ 875

Base 2 800 MST * 629

Diablo 630 $2439

NEC Spinwriter $2695

MPI88T $ 675

Code-a-phone 1750 $ 259

Verbatim disks $ 30

5" or 8" cases $ 3

Novation D-CAT $ 165

SP ELECTRONICS

P.O. Box 8265 Sacramento. CA 95818 (916) 442-2323

SHORT CASSETTES

JkL

10 for S7.50

50 for S32 50

Premium tape and cassettes acclaimed by thousands of repeat order microcomputer users. Price includes labels, cassette box and shipping in continental U.S.A. VISA and M C orders accepted. California residents add sales tax. Phone (415) 968-160'! 24 hours.

MICROSETTE CO.

475 Ellis Street Mt. View, CA 94043

Floppy Disk Drives 35% OFF LIST

Rebuilt, tested, like-new, with 90-day Warranty

$235°°ea.

Any auantity, while supply lasts

Also available: New and like-new Pertec 24MB. 10MB, Cartridge Hard Disk Drives, Magnetic Tape Drives and Controllers.

Call, write or TWX for more info. IBEX COMPUTER CORPORATION

18730 Oxnard St., Tarzana, CA 91356

(213)705-2517 VISA and Mastercharge accepted n

Circle 365 on inquiry card.

Circle 366 on inquiry card.

Circle 367 on inquiry card.

MULTIMUSIC

PLAY MULTI-VOICE MUSIC ON YOUR APPLE ][. NO HARDWARE CHANGES. MACHINE LANGUAGE MULTIPLEXES 1 TO 12 PARTS, OR MORE WITH REDUCED QUALITY. LO-RES GRAPHICS SHOWS VOICES CURRENTLY PLAYING. STANDARD NOTE NAMES WITH DIRECTIONS AND SAMPLES INCLUDED. REQUIRES APPLE ][ PLUS (OR ROMCARD), 32K, DISK ][.

SC1408 - DISKETTE $39.00

VISA/MASTERCARD ACCEPTED.

SONORA COMPUTING

P.O. BOX 4841 ALBUQUERQUE, N.M. 87196

WE HAVE

8039

MICROCOMPUTERS NEW PRIME PARTS

•TIMER APPLICATIONS

• CLOCKS

• SYSTEM CONTROLLERS

• KEYBOARD ENCODING •5 VOLT SUPPLY 6MHz

» ETC.

SEND CHECK FOR IMMEDIATE DELIVERY

1-5 $19 6-25 $15

OVER 25 $10

MARSHALL PHILLIPS

U.S.I., DEPT. 37

10324 S. DOLFIELD ROAD

OWINGS MILLS, MD 21117

(301) 363-3000 TELEX: 8-7675

SIS! IK. IV

OSI&TRSDOS SOFTWARE

CIVIL ENGINEERS SURVEYORS

• Water Distribution

Network Analysis

• Pressure Sewers

• Coordinate Geometry

• Matrix Algebra

• Roadway Alignment

SYSTEK, INC.

P. O. Drawer J J

Miss. State, MS 39762

Circle 368 on inquiry card.

Circle 369 on inquiry card.

Circle 370 on inquiry card.

WE WILL NOT BE UNDERSOLD

16K MEMORY UPGRADE KITS 2forss5 $45

for TRS-80*, Apple II, (specify): Jumpers $2.50

PRINTERS NEC Spinwriter

Letter Quality High Speed Printer

Includes TRS-80* interface software, quick change print fonts, 55 cps, bidirectional, high resolution plotting, graphing, proportional spacing: R.O. $2550 R.O. with Tractor Feed $2650 KSR with Tractor Feed $2950 779 CENTRONICS TRACTOR FEED PRINTER $969

Same as Radio Shack line printer I

737 CENTRONICS FRICTION & PIN FEED PRINTER $799

9x7 matrix Same as Radio Shack line printer IV

730 CENTRONICS FRICTION & PIN FEED PRINTER $629

7x7 matrix Same as Radio Shack line printer II

P1 CENTRONICS PRINTER Same as Radio Shack quick printer $269 PAPER TIGER (IP440) Includes 2K buffer and graphics option $879

(IP460) Bidirectional, 160 cps, graphics and 2K buffer $1075 TI-810 Faster than Radio Shack line printer III. Parallel and

serial w/TRS-80* interface software w/u + I case & paper tray $1589

Compressed print, vertical form control $1865

OKIDATA Microline 80 Friction and pin feed $549

Tractor Feed, friction, and pin feed $649

Microline 83 Bidirectional, 120 cps, uses up to 15" paper $1050

EATON LRC 7000 + 64 columns, plain paper $299

ANADEX DP-9500 $1359 DP-8000 $825

CAT MODEM Works same as Radio Shack Telephone Interface II $148

LEEDEX MONITOR Video 100 $119

ZENITH Color Monitor $379

SANYO Model VM 4509 9" Monitor $155

DISK OPERATING SYSTEMS

for Model II, Altos 40track

$ 8.95 $169.00 $ 99.00 $135.00

PATCHPAK #4 by Percom Data CP/M® for Model I, Zenith $145 NEWDOS Plus NEWDOS80

ACCESSORIES

HEAD CLEANING DISKETTE: Cleans drive Read/Write head in 30 seconds. Diskettes absorb loose oxide particles, fingerprints, and other foreign particles that might hinder the performance of the drive head. Lasts at least 3 months with daily use. Specify 51/4"or8". $20 ea/$45 for 3

FLOPPY SAVER: Protection for center holes of 5%" floppy disks. Only 1 needed per diskette. Kit contains centering post, pressure tool, tough 7-mil mylar reinforcing rings. Installation tools and rings for 25 diskettes. $ 11.95 Re-orders of rings only $ 7.95 EXTERNAL DATA SEPARATOR: Eliminates data separation problems (crc). Improves reliability. This plug in unit comes fully assembled and tested. $ 29.95

RS232 $

TRS232: Teletype current loop output from cassette port $ DISK-DRIVE EXTENDER CABLES: Fits all mini-disk drives

$ SIX (6) PRONG ISOLATOR: ISO 2 $

AC FILTER/6 PRONG POWER STRIP $

DISK DRIVE CABLES: 2 drive $29.00 4 drive

DUST COVERS: TRS-80/Apple

PLASTIC DISKETTE HOLDER: For ring binder, holds 20 RF MODULATOR: Adapts video to TV TRS-80 & OTHER MYSTERIES

NEC SPINWRITER THIMBLE $19.95 RIBBON

CCS CARDS: Parallel or serial

84.00 49.00

16.95 $ 54.00 $ 39.00 $ 35.00 $ 7.95 8.00 35.00 18.95 6.95

$115.00

FOR TRS-80*

CCI-100

CCI-280

CCI-800

For Zenith Z89

CCI-189

Z-87

DISK DRIVES $314

40 track, 102K Bytes. Fully assembled and tested. Ready to plug-in and run the moment you receive it. Can be intermixed with each other and Radio Shack drive on same cable. TRS-80* compatible silver enclosure. 90 day warranty. One year on power supply. External card edge included.

5V4", 40 Track (102K Bytes) for Model I $314 51/4", 80 Track (204K Bytes) for Model I $549

8" Drive for Model II (% Meg Bytes) $795

51/4", 40 Track (102K Bytes) add-on drive $394

Dual 5 Vt" add-on drive system $995

DISKETTES — Box of 10 (5'/«")-with plastic library case $24

8" double density for Model II (box of 10) $36

COMPLETE SYSTEMS

ALTOS 64K, DD, SS, 2-Drive, 1 MB

APPLE 16K

TRS-80* Model II-64K

TRS-80* LEVEL II-16K with keypad

TRS-80* Expansion Interface

HEWLETT PACKARD HP-85

ZENITH Z89,48K all-in-one computer

ZENITH Z19

TELEVIDEO 912B$745 912C$755

ATARI 400 $489

APF Game Only $99

MATTEL INTELLIVISION

$3995

$989

$3499

$689

$249

$2950

$2500

$735

920B $769 920C $779

ATARI 800 $749

Complete System $499

$229

Software available for all Complete Systems

SOFTWARE FOR THE TRS-80* SB?

INTELLIGENT TERMINAL SYSTEM ST80-HI BY LANCE MIKLUS: Enables a TRS-80* to act as a dial up terminal on any standard time sharing network. Provides a TRS-80' with control key. ESC Key, Repeat Key. Rub Out Key, Break Key, full upper and lower case support, selectable printer output and program selectable transmission rates $139

CCA-DATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: Automate your information processing tasks You can create a file of customer information, quickly and easily add. delete or update records; search a file; keep a tile m order of the value m any field, and print records and labels in any desired sequence or from just a part of a file. Requires 32K TRS-80 and one drive. S72.00

S & M SYSTEMS

INSEQ 80'": Indexed Sequential Access Method (ISAM) for the TRS-80 Model I A must for anyone writing business programs Eliminate wasted disk space from direct record processing Split second access to any record Access data records instantly via alpha/ numeric "key" eg Part NR, 2tp code or sequentially In ascending key sequence Add/modify records in any order Access up to three tiles per program —Files

may be spread over multiple disks Machine language processing from your basic program Utility program to convert direct files to lNSEQ-80 format $49.00

FULLY INTERACTIVE ACCOUNTING PACKAGE:

ISAM (INSEQ-80) based includes General Ledger, Accounts Payable. Accounts Receivable and Payroll System runs "stand alone" or "co-ordinated G/L" at users option. Based on Osborne accounting method Requires 32K. TRS-80. 2 or 3 drives N/A CA

Gvfwal Ladgw $99

Accounts R«colvaWa $99

Accounts Payabtt $99

Payroll $99

Osborne books: Req'd as additional documentation $20 ea

INVENTORY Requires 32K. TRS-80. 1 drive $125

INSORT-80: Callable form BASIC via USR Sorts Ran

dom ' Disk Files "Disk" to "Disk" sort times —350 records in 36 sees, 1000 records m 6 minutes. 3500 records in 12 minutes Machine language processing Up to 35 sort keys ascending/descending. Utility to build BASIC program Runs under NEWDOS (4995

CP/M® BASED SOFTWARE for Zenith, Altos, Radio Shack, Apple

2-aO SOFTCARD FOR APPLE: Your key to future soft ware expansion Get the best of both worlds. Apple's 6502 and CP/M Z80 Plug in the card and get a Z80

Supports Apple language card and all Apple peripherals Comes with set of three manuals $339

CCI-TELNET VERSION 5: A communication Package which enables microcomputer users to communicate both with Large Mainframes and other microcomputers Extensive commands make it useful in many applications where communication between computers is necessary Powerful terminal mode enabling user to save all data from a session on disk. Completely CP/M compatible. Multiple communication

protocols supported Able to transfer files in both directions without protocol where the other machine does not Support any protocol Extensive ONSCREEN help Source code provided $149

MICROPRO-WORD-STAR: Menu driven visual word processing system for use with standard terminals. Text formatting performed on screen Facilities for text paginate, page number, justify, center and underscore User can print one document while simultaneously editing a second Edit facilities include global search and replace Read/Write to other text files, block move, etc Requires CRT terminal with addressable Cursor positioning. $399

5 Dexter Row, Dept.BUM Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129

Massachusetts residents add 5% sales tax

Quantities on some items are limited

VISA'

dealer (national/international) inquiries invited Send for FREE Catalogue

The CPU SHOP

TO ORDER CALL TOLL FREE 1-800-343-6522

Massachusetts residents call (617)242-3361 For detailed technical information, call 617/242-3361 Hours: 10AM-6PM (EST)M-F(Sat.till 5) *TRS-80 is a Tandy Corporation Trademark "Digital Research

master charge

Circle 361 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980

407

DISKETTES

For record reliability and quality buy 3M Scotch Diskettes. All Diskettes are in stock for immediate shipment Call TOLL FREE (800) 235-4137 for prices and information. Visa and Master Card accepted. All orders sent postage paid.

PACIFIC EXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd San Luis Obispo. CA 93401 (InCal call (805)543-1037)

CloseOut

Desk Top Computer

This unit is a computerized Electronic Secretary It keepstime. date, calendar, message, and meeting files Originally sold thru a major mail order house for over $450 00

Technically, it's a 6507 MICRO, ROM, Ram. Planaplex Alpha Display. Ni-cad Battery. Power Supply, Keyboard, Wood and Aluminum Case with Schematic and Instructions

Most of these Computers are warranty returns We are offering refurbished like new units for $99.95 and as is (most have minor problems) units for $44.95 Add $4.95 per unit for shipping and handling per unit ordered All units are complete as described All sales are final California Residents add 6 5% Sales Tax

Send Payment and Order to:

Solid State Surplus

P.O. Box 32418/San Jose, CA 95152

FOR SALE:

Unused Polymorphic System 8813 with 32K Ram Memory with floppy disk drives, printer interface and Abern-Sopher Multiwriter III. System has Canadian import tax paid. Offers for complete system to:

Bishop Management,

#8-825 McBride Blvd., New Westminster, B. C, Canada, V3L 5B5. (604) 525-8148.

Circle 352 on inquiry card.

Circle 353 on inquiry card.

Circle 354 on inquiry card.

OmniFORTH

FOR NORTH STAR DOS

• Based on fig-FORTH

• 8080 Compatible (SOLS, IMSAI, etc.)

• Excellent users manual and installation documentation

• Includes the interactive OmniFORTH compiler, Text EDITOR, File system utilities, and 8080 + Z80 ASSEMBLER

• Requires North Star DOS and 24K memory

• Specify disk density (SD or DD/0D)

• Price $64.95 plus $2.00 S&H

(Florida residents add 4% sales tax US Funds only Additional shipping charges outside US A.)

• INTERACTIVE

B COMPUTER SYSTEMS, INC.

aVT 6403 OiMarco Rd.-Tampa. FL 33614

$*&

» • Worif

Skylcs Electric Works

231 E South Whisman Road Mountain View, CA 94041

SURPLUS ELECTRONICS

ASCII

ASCII

TRS-80* COMPATIBLE, IBM SELECTRIC® BASED I/O TERMINAL

with ASCII conversion installed: $645.00

Many Other Items Available: Tape Drives: Cable: Cassette Drives; Wire; Power Supplies (5 volt 35 amp, others); Displays; Cabinets; Transformers; Heat Sinks; Printers; Components.

Send for Free Catalog

WORLDWIDE ELECTRONICS, INC.

130 Northeastern Blvd.

Nashua, N.H. 03062

Phone orders accepted using VISA or MC

Toll Free 1-800-258-1036

in NH 603-889-7661

*TRS-80 is a trademark of the Radio Shack

Division of Tandy Corporation.

Circle 355 on inquiry card.

Circle 356 on inquiry card.

Circle 357 on inquiry card.

J and 5 Computers

2247 Shetland Road Livermore, Ca. 94550

Texas Instruments

99/4 Computer $1090.00

810 Basic Printer (100) $1600.00

810 Full ASC II (201) $1695.00

Exidy

32K Sorcerer $1074.00

48K Sorcerer $1205.00

Lobo Disks

SA 400 in cabinet w/power supply $410.00

3101 I SA 400 for Apple w/interface .. $487.00 SA 801 in cabinet w/power supply $780.00

Centronics

730-1 Parallel $670.00

730-3 Serial $715.00

and more...send $1.50 for a catalogue

California residents add 6% sales tax

All orders, add 3% shipping and handling

ATARI OWNERS

Parallel Printer Interface for the ATARI 400 / 800

Connects to controller jacks 3A4 works with BASIC / DOS / ASSEMBLER Three printer connectors available:

ATARI 400 / 800

TRENDCOM100/200 A4P-1 A8P-1 CENTRONICS 730 / 737 A4P-2 A8P-2 CENTRONICS 36 PIN* A4P-3 A8P-3

•Fits all other parallel Centronics plus Anadex, Base 2, Epson, Comprint and Microtek. Order by part number, MC / VtSA accepted.

$69.95

W W ♦CAsal

les add 6% tax

IICS, inc.®

119.3 N. Golden State Turlock, CA 93380 (A) (909) 6*7-888* / 634-8888

, j RESOLUTION

MR 005"

DRUM DIGITAL PLOTTER

PRINTERS

COLOR GRAPHICS FROM

SMALL PLOTTERS WITH

DIG IDEAS.

But draw the line on price.That's practical!

232 SERIAL IN

FROM $310. SOFTWARE FURNISHED

WRITE FOR DETAILS TO

X-Y ENTERPRISES P.O. BOX 796

HUNTSVILLE ALA. 35804

PHONE (205) 5344177

Circle 358 on inquiry card.

Circle 359 on inquiry card.

Circle 360 on inquiry card.

yc/t

ELECTRONICS

INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

P.O. Box4430X Santa Clara, CA 95054

Will calls: 2322 Walsh Ave. (408) 988-1640

Same day shipment. First line parts only Factory tested. Guaranteed money back Quality IC's and other components at factory prices.

740DTTL

7400N

7402N

7404N

7409N

741 ON

7414N

742QN

7422N

7430N

7442N

7445N

7447N

7448N

7450N

7474N

7475N

7485N

7489N l

7490N

7492N

7493N

7495N

74100N l

74107N

74121N

74123N

74125N

74145N

74150N 1

74151N

741S4N 2

74157N

74161N

74162N 1

74163N

74174N

74175N

74190N 1

74192N

74193N

74221M 2

74298N !

74365N

74366N

74367N

Ml Still TIL

74LS0ON

74LS02N

74LS04N

74LS05N

74LS06N

74LS10N

74LS13N

74LS14N 1

74LS20N

74LS22N

74LS28N

74LS30N

74LS33N

74LS36N

74LS74N 1

74LS75N 1

74LS90N 1

74LS93N l

74LS95N 1

74LS107N

74IS112N

74LS1I3N

74LS132N

74LS136N

741S151N t

74LS155N 1

74LS157N 1

74LS162N 1

74LS163N I

74LS174N 1

74LS190N 1

74LS221N 2

74LS258N 1

74LS367N 1

UNUR

CA3045 CA3046 1

CA3081 1

CA3Q82 1

CA3089 2

LM30tAN.AH LM305H LM307N LM308N 1

LM309K 1

LM311H.N LM317T/K 3 LM318 1

LM320K-5 I

LM323K-5 595

LM320K-12 150

LM320K-15 t 50

IM320T-5 1.35

LM320T-8 1 35

LM320T-12 1 35

IM32QT-15 1 35

LM324N 1 40

■ LM339N 1 00

LM340K-5 1 35

LM340K-8 I 35

LM340K-12 1 35

LM340K-15 1 35

LM340K-24 1 35

LM340T-5 1 25

LM340T-8 1 25

LM340T 12 1 25

LM340T-15 125

LM340T IB 1 25

LMWOT-24 1 25 LM350

IM377

LM379

LM380N

LM381

LM382

LM703H

LM709H

LM723H.-N

LM733N

LM741CH

LM741N

LM747H/N

LM748N

L.M13D3N

LM1304

LM1305

LM1307

L.M2902

LM3900N

IM3905

LM3909N

MC1458V

NE550N

NE555V

NFS56A

NE565A

NE566V

NE567V

NE570B

7BL05

7BL.08

7BM05

75108

75491CN

75492CN

75494CN

B700CJ

8701CN !

8750CJ

L0130

9400CJVF

ICL7I03

ICL7107

CMOS

C04000 C04001 CD4002 CD4006 C04007 CD400S CD4009 CD4O10 C0401I CD4012 CD4013 CD4014 CD4015 CD4016 CD4017 CC4018 CLT4019 CD4020 CD4021 CD4022 CO4023 CD4024 CD4025

3.50

CD4026 CD4027 CDWS CD4029 CD4030 CO4035 0)4040 C04042 C04043 CD4044 CO4046 CD4049 CO4050 CD4051 CD4O60 CD4066 CO4068 CD4069 CD4070 C04071 CD4072 CD4073 CD4075 CD4076 CD407B CD4081 CD4082 CD4116 CD4490 CD4507 CD4508 CD45I0 CD45T1 CD4515 CD4516 CD4518 CD4520 CD4527 CD4528 CD4553 CD456E CD4583 CD4585 CD40192 74C00 74C04 74C10 74C14 74C20 74C30 74C48 74C74 74C76 74C90 74C93 74C154 74C160 74C175 74C192 74C221 74C905 74C906 74C914 74C922 II 74C923 74C925 74C926 74C927

8097 8098 8T09 BTlO 8T13 BT20 8T23 BT24 BT25 8T26 8T28 8T97

eras

4116 200ns 7 95 8/4116 200is49.00

25136 6.30

MM5262 40

MM5280 3 00

MM5320 9 95

MM5330 5 94

P0411D-3 4 00

P041ID-4 5 00

P5101L 8.95

4200A 995

82S25 2 90

91LD2A 150

HD0165-5 6 95

MM57100 4 50

GIAV38500-1 9 95

MCM66751A 9 95

9368 3 50

410D 1001

416 16 01

CLOCKS

MM5311 5.50

MM5312 3.90

MM5314 3 90

MM5369 I 10

MM 5841 14 45

MM5865 795

CT7Q10 895

CT7015 8.95 MM5375AA/N 3.90 MM5375AG/N 4.90

IC SOCKETS

Soloer Tin law Prw PIM 1 UP PIN 1

WIRE WRAP LEVEL 3

16 33 26 1 0

DS0026CN DS0056CN MM53104

6820 6850 8080A

10 MH/ IBMHi 20MKi 32 MHl 32768 m

1 8432 MH; 3.5795 MH;

2 0100 MH/

2 !!9ri':.2 MM/

2 4576 MHz

3 2768 MH: 5 0688 MH/ 5 185 MH: 5 7143 MH/ 6.5536 MH/ -' 31818 MH/

53 key ASCII keyboari

Fully assembled Enclosure Plastic Metal Enclosure

Green, Change Yellow Jumt-o .25 CllpliM LED Mounting Clips fl/S 1 25 (specify red, amber, green yellow, clear)

CONTINENTAL SPECIALTIES In stock Complete line ot Dread board test erji.no MAX 100 8 digit Frm Clr. S1Z6 95

implete line oi AP Products in slock

SPECIAL PRODUCTS MM5865 Stopwatch Timer

with 10 pg spec 9 00

PC boafd 7 50

Switches Mom Pushbutton 27

3 pas slide 25

Encodtt HD0165-5 6.95

Pirilranlci 100A Logii

AnHyttr Model fO Trigger

Expander Kit Model 150 Bus

Grabber Kit Clock Cllmdlr Kit

I 5 M

1425.00 $229 00 1369.00 12395

ir K.I

8 432 V

22 1

1 MHz

137 50

147.75

6259 14.95

1802CP plas 13 95 !802DPplas 17 95 1861P 1150

CDP1802CD 28 95 CDP1B02D 3500 CDP1861 15.95

UART/FIFO

AY5-10I3 5.50 AYS-1014 3341

PROM

1702A

2513B upper 0

2708

2716T1 I

2716 Intel I

82716 Intel II

KEYBOARD ENCODERS

AY5-2376 112.50

AV5 3600 17 95

AY5-9100 1050

AY5-9200 16.50

74C922 5.50

74C923 5.50

HD0165-5 6 95

AY59400 1050

D Cofmncton RS232

D825P 362

DB25S 5.20

Cover 1.67

DE9S 1.95

DA15P 2 10

DA15S 310

Complete Set 9 50

ik IH D.

tit Dm

TRANSFORMERS

6V 300 ma 3 25

12 Volt 300 ma transformer 1.25

12.6V CT 600 ma 3 75

12V 250 ma will plug 2 95

12V CT 250 ma wall plug 3 50

24V CT 400 ma 3 95

10V 1 2 amp wall plug 4 85

12V 6 amp 12 95

I2V50O ma wall plug 4.75

12V 1 amp wait plug 6.50 10/15VACa'16VA wall plug 9 75

MAN3 CC

MAN72 74 CA..CA j

DL704 CC ;

;[-(;: DL707R ca :

74.95

Stopwatch Kll 28.95

Auto Clock Kit 17.95

5 Digital Clock Kit 14.95

, »M»* Eiram Kit

■ Hess PROMS) SB9 00

Malkertoird 139 00

" ErUnrJn Boans $15 00

RESISTORS '■> wall 5% )5 10 par type 03 B 75 25 per type 025 ■5 100 per lyoe 015 )r typa 012

CC/CA ! CC/CA I CC'CA I

350 pi

8746

MOSryitM0RYRAffB755A 2101 I 2 95 N82S23

NB2S123 N82S126 NB2S129 NB25131 NB2S136 N62S137 DM8577 8223

2102AL-4 21Q2AN-2L 2104A-4 2107B-4

•i type 6 75 '■7 wait 5% per lype 05

Telnldco Ttrmmil Model 9'2 $845 DO Model 920 1945 00

B 75 BSR Controller 139 95

DL727.728 DL747.750 DL750 FND359 f.NDiOIMjy.fNDSO J/510 FND800/807 3 digit Bubble

DGB fluorescent DG10 Fluorescent 10 digit Display

''■:■';. ('.■.Hirfi ijhcsocei'-. TIL311 Hex

MAN3640 CC 3

MAN4610 CA 4

MAN4640 CC 4

MAN4710 CA t

MAN4740 CC 4

MAN6640 CC 5

MAN6710 CA 6

MAN6740 CC 6

MA1002A

MA1Ui)?t

MA1012A

1D2P3 transformer

MA ill!/A Translormer

PROM Eraser

assembled 25 PROM capacity $37.50 (with timer $69.50 6 PROM capacity OSHA' UL version $69.50 (with timer $94.50)

Z80 Microcomputer

16 bit I/O, 2 MHz clock, 2K RAM. ROM Breadboard space Excellent tor control. Bare Board $28.50. Full Kit $99.00. Monitor $20.00. Power Supply Kit $35.00. Tiny Basic $30.00

S-100 Computer Boards

8K Static Godbout Econo IIA Kit 145.00

16K Static Godbout Econo XIV Kit 285.00 24K Static Godbout Econo VIIA-24 Kit 435.00

32K Static Godbout Econo X-32 Kit 575.00

16K Dynamic RAM Kit 199.00

32K Dynamic RAM Kit 310.00

64K Dynamic RAM Kit 470.00

Video Interface Kit $135.00

80 IC Update Master Manual $55.00

Comp. IC data selector, 2700 pg. master reference guide. Over 51.000 cross references. Free update service through 1980. Domestic postage $3.50.

Modem Kit $60.00

State ol the art, orig., answer. No tuning necessary. 103 compatible 300 baud. Inexpensive acoustic coupler plans included LRC 7000 + Printer $389.00 40/20 column dot matrix impact, std. paper Interface all personal computers.

64/40/32/20 version $405.00. Optional cables available

LRC 7000 printer interlace cable tor Super Elt with software $26.00

NiCad Battery Fixer/Charger Kit

Opens shorted cells that won t hold a charge and then charges them up. all in one kit w/full parts and instructions. $7.25

Rockwell AIM 65 Computer

6502 based single board with full ASCII keyboard and 20 column thermal printer. 20 char, alphanumeric display, ROM monitor, fully expandable. $375.00. 4K version $450.00. 4K Assembler $85.00. 8K Basic Interpreter $100.00.

Special small power supply for AIM65 assem. in frame $54.00. Complete AIM65 in thin briefcase with power supply $499.00. Molded plastic enclosure to fit both AIM65 and power supply $47.50. Special Package Price: 4K AIM. 8K Basic, power supply, cabinet $599.00

AIM65/KIM/VIM/Super Elf 44 pin expansion board; 3 female and 1 male bus. Board plus 3 connectors $22.95.

60 Hz Crystal Time Base Kit $4.40

Converts digital clocks from AC line frequency to crystal time base. Outstanding accuracy.

Video Modulator Kit $8.95

Convert TV set into a high quality monitor w/o affecting usage. Comp. kit w/full instruc.

Multi-volt Computer Power Supply

8v Samp, »18v .5 amp, 5v 1.5 amp, -5v .5 amp, 12v .5 amp. -12v option. ±5v, ±12v are regulated. Basic Kit $29.95. Kit with chassis and all hardware $43.95. Add $4.00 shipping. Kit of hardware $14.00. Woodgrain case $10.00. $1.50 shipping.

RCA Cosmac 1802 Super Elf Computer $106.95

Compare features before you decide to buy any other computer. There is no other computer on the market today that has all the desirable benefits of the Super Elt for so little money. The Super Elf is a small single board computer that does many big things. It is an excellent computer for training and for learning programming with its machine language and yet it is easily expanded with additional memory. Full Basic. ASCII Keyboards, video character generation, etc. Before you buy another small computer, see if it includes the following features: ROM monitor; State and Mode displays; Single step; Optional address displays; Power Supply; Audio Amplifier and Speaker; Fully socketed for all IC's; Real cost ot in warranty repairs; Full documentation. The Super Elt includes a ROM monitor for program loading, editing and execution with SINGLE STEP lor program debugging which is not included in others at the same price. With SINGLE STEP you can see the microprocessor chip operating with the unique Quest address and data bus displays before, during and after executing instructions. Also, CPU mode and instruction cycle are decoded and displayed on 8 LED indicators. An RCA 1861 video graphics chip allows you to connect to your own TV with an inexpensive video modulator to do graphics and games. There is a speaker system included for writing your own music or using many music programs already written. The speaker amplifier may also be used to drive relays for control purposes.

plus load, reset, run, wait, input, memory protect, monitor select and single step Large, on board displays provide output and optional high and low address. There is a 44 pin standard connector slot for PC cards and a 50 pin connector slot for the Quest Super Expansion Board. Power supply and sockets for all IC's are included in the price plus a detailed 127 pg. instruction manual which now includes over 40 pgs. of software info, including a series of lessons to help get you started and a music program and graphics target game. Many schools and universities are using the Super Elf as a course of study. OEM's use it for training and R&D. Remember, other computers only offer Super Eft features at additional cost or not at all. Compare before you buy. Super Elf Kit $106.95, High address option $8.95. Low address option $9.95. Custom Cabinet with drilled and labelled plexiglass front panel $24.95. All metal Expansion Cabinet, painted and silk screened, with room for 5 S-100 boards and power supply $57.00. NiCad Battery Memory Saver Kit $6.95. All kits and options also completely assembled and tested.

Questdata. a software publication for 1802 computer users is available by subscription for $12.00 per 12 issues. Single issues $1.50. Issues 1-12 bound $16.50. Tiny Basic Cassette $10.00, on ROM $38.00, original Elf kit board $14.95. 1802 software; Moews Video Graphics $3.50. Games and Music $3.00, Chip 8 Interpreter $5.50.

A 24 key HEX keyboard includes 16 HEX keys

Super Expansion Board with Cassette Interface $89.95

This is truly an astounding value! This board has been designed to allow you to decide how you want it optioned The Super Expansion Board comes with 4K ol low power RAM fully addressable anywhere in 64K with built-in memory protect and a cassette interface. Provisions have been made for all other options on the same board and it fits neatly into the hardwood cabinet alongside the Super Elf. The board includes slots for up to 6K of EPROM (2708. 2758. 2716 or Tl 2716) and is fully socketed. EPROM can be used for the monitor and Tiny Basic or other purposes. A IK Super ROM Monitor $19.95 is available as an on board option in 2708 EPROM which has been preprogrammed with a program loader/ editor and error checking multi file cassette read/write software, (relocatable cassette file) another exclusive from Quest. It includes register save and readout, block move capability and video graphics driver with blinking cursor. Break

points can be used with the register save feature to isolate program bugs quickly, then follow with single step. If you have the Super Expansion Board and Super Monitor the monitor is up and running at the push of a button. Other on board options include Parallel Input and Output Ports with full handshake They allow easy connection of an ASCII keyboard to the input port RS 232 and 20 ma Current Loop for teletype or other device are on board and if you need more memory there are two S-100 slots for static RAM or video boards. Also a 1K Super Monitor version 2 with video driver for full capability display with Tiny Basic and a video interface board Parallel I/O Ports $9.85, RS 232 $4.50, TTY 20 ma l/F $1.95. S-100 $4.50. A 50 pin connector set with ribbon cable is available at $15.25 for easy connection between the Super Elt and the Super Expansion Board. Power Supply Kit for the complete system (see

Multi-volt Power Supply).

Announcing Quest Super Basic— SECOND GENERATION

A new enhanced version of Super Basic now Enhancements include increased speed, built

available. Quest was the first company worldwide to ship a full size Basic for 1802 Systems. A complete function Super Basic by Ron Cenker including floating point capability with scientific notation (number range -. 17Ea"). 32 blt integer ±2 billion; multi dim arrays, string arrays; string manipulation; cassette I/O; save and load, basic, data and machine language programs; and over 75 statements, functions and operations.

in provisions for Stringy Floppy, Floppy Disc, Printer Driver, I/O, user definable command library and statement renumbering. Easily adaptable to most 1802 systems. Requires 16K RAM minimum for Basic and user programs. Source listing for both Serial and Parallel I/O included. Super Basic on Cassette $40.00.

Gremlin Color Video Kit $69.95

32 x 16 alpha/numerics and graphics; up to 8 colors with 6847 chip; IK RAM at E0O0. Plugs into Super Elf 44 pin bus. No high res. graphics. On board RF Modulator Kit $4.95

1802 16K Dynamic RAM Kit $149.00

Expandable to 32K. Hidden refresh w/clocks up to 4 MHz w/no wait states. Addl. 16K RAM $63.00 Super Elf 44 pin expansion board; 3 female and 1 male bus. Board plus 3 connectors $22.95 Tiny Basic Extended on Cassette $15.00 (added commands include Stringy, Array, Cassette I/O etc.)

S-100 4-Slot Expansion $ 9.95

Super Monitor VI.I Source Listing $15.00

Elf II Adapter Kit $24.95

Plugs into Elf II providing Super Elf 44 and 50 pin plus S-100 bus expansion. (With Super Expansion). High and low address displays, state and mode LED's optional $18.00.

Super Color S-100 Video Kit $129.95

Expandable to 256 x 192 high resolution color graphics. 6847 with all display modes computer controlled. Memory mapped. 1K RAM expandable to 6K. S-100 bus 1802,8080,8085, Z80 etc. Editor Assembler $25.00

(Requires minimum ol 4K for E A plus user source)

1802 Tiny Basic Source listing $19.00

Super Monitor V2.0/2.1 Source Listing $20.00

TERMS: $5.00 min. order U.S. Funds. Calil residents add 6% tax.

$10.00min.order BankAmericard and Master Charge andCOD. $1.00 insurance optional. Shipping charges will be added on charge cards.

FREE: Send for your copy of our NEW 1980 QUEST CATALOG. Include 48c stamp.

Circle 371 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980 409

Get the inside copy of CP/M*

Just purchase a Jade Double-D or CCS double density disk controller this month and CP/M* 2.2 is yours for free.

S-100 Boards

DOUBLE-D-Jade

Double density dish controller with the inside truck

1OD-1300K Kit & CP M 2.2 $395.00

IOD-1300A H" A & t & CP/M 2.2 .. $489.00

IOD-130SA .*>'<" A & T & CP M 2.2 $489.00

IOD-I200U Hare hoard $55.00

DOUBLK DENSITY - Cal Cotnp Sys

.V " i.r K" dish luiilmllrr with free CP M 2.2 IOD-1 I00A A & T $374.95

THE BIG Z* - Jade

2 or 4 MHz swilchabte Z-HO' CPU with serial I/O

CPU-30201K Kit $145.00

CPU-30201A A & T $199.00

CPU-30800B Bare hoard $35.00

SBC-100 - SD Systems

2.5 MHz Z-80' CPU with serial & parallel I O pnrts

CPC-301Q0K Kit $269.95

CPC-30100A Jade A&T $339.95

SBC-200 - SD Systems

I MHz Z HO' CPU with serial & parallel It) ports

CPC-30200K Kit $299.95

CPC-3020OA Jade A&T $375.00

CB2 - S.S.M.

2 nr ■/ MHz •'Will liable Z-HO' CPU with RAM. ROM. & I O

CPU-30300K Kit $239.95

CPC-30300A A&T $299.95

2810 Z-HO* CPU - Cal Comp Sys

2 -I MHz Z-HO A* CPU w'serial CO port CPU-3OI00A A&T $275.00

KxpandoKAM I - SO Systems

2.5 .)///.- RAM h,mr,l expandable from ItiK tn l!4K

MKM-18130K ItiK kit $245.00

M EM - 16130A / HK Jade A&T $295.00

M EM-32131K I12K bit $275.00

M EM-32131 A :12K Jade A&T $325.00

MKM-48132K IKK hit $305.00

MEM-4H132A /,S'A' Jade A&T $355.00

MEM-64133K INK kit $335.00

MEM-64133A 64K Jade A&T $385.00

64K RAM BOARD $359.95 ExpandoRAM II - SD Systems

4 MHz RAM board expandable from ItiK to 256K

MEM-16630A I6K kit $249.95

MEM-16630A 16K Jade A&T $299.95

MEM-32631K 32K kit $289.95

MEM-32631A 32K Jade A & T $339.95

MEM-48632K 48K kit $324.95

MEM-48631A 48K Jade A&T $374.95

MEM-64633K 64K kit $359.95

MEM-64633A 64K Jade A&T $409.95

32K STA TIC RAM BOARD $299.95 16K STATIC RAM BOARD $169.95

32K STATIC RAM - Jade

2 or 4 MHz expandable static RAM board uses 2II4L's

MEM-16151K 16K4MHzkit $169.95

MEM-16151A 16K 4 MHz A&T ... $224.95

MEM-32151K 32K 4 MHz kit $299.95

MEM-32151A 32K 4 MHz A&T ... $349.95

S.P.I.C. - Jade

Our new I/O card with 2 SIO's. 4 CTC's. and 1 PIO IOI-1045K 2 CTC's, 1 SIO, 1 PIO .. $199.00

IOI-1045A A&T $259.00

IOI-1046K 4 CTC's, 2 SIO's, I PIO $259.00

IOI-1046A A&T $319.00

IOI-1045B Bare hoard w/ manual ...$59.95 IOI-1045D Manual only $20.00

16K STATIC RAM - Cal Comp Sys

2 or 4 MHz ItiK static RAM - a real memory bargain

MEM-16160K 16K 2 MHz kit $249.95

MEM-16160A 1GK 2 MHz A&T... $279.00

MEM-16162K 16K 4 MHz kit $279.95

MEM-16162A If>K 4 MHz A & T ... $309.00 MKM-16160B Bare hoard $29.95

PB-1 - S.S.M.

270H. 2716 F.PROM board with built-in programmer

MEM-99510K Kit $159.95

MEM-99510A A&T $239.95

PROM-100 - SD Systems

270H. 27IK. 27H2. 2758. & 2516 EPROM programmer

MEM-99520K Kit $175.00

MEM-99520A Jade A & T $225.00

1/0-4 - S.S.M.

2 serial I O ports plus 2 parallel I/O ports

IOI-I010K Kit $179.95

IOI-1010A A&T $259.95

IOI-1010B Bare hoard $35.00

BIT STREAMER II - Vector Graphic

ii serial I t) ports plus 2 parallel 10 ports IOI-1025A A&T $259.00

100K DAY CLOCK - Mtn Hardware

Crystal controlled S-100 clock with NiCad backup IOK-1400A A&T $329.95

SB1 -S.S.M.

15 //.- (ii 25K II; music synthesizer for S-100

IOS-1005K Kit $239.95

[OS- 1005A A&T $299.95

TB-4 - Mullen

Kxtremeiy rcrsalile extender board with logic probe

TSX-180K Kil $55.00

TSX-180 A A&T $75.00

TERMINATOR & EXTENDER - CCS.

Can he used as both an S-100 extender and terminator TSX-150K Kit $39.95

S-100 EXTENDER - Cal Comp Sys

Pals problem boards within easy reach TSX-160A A&T $24.95

VERSAFLOPPY I - SD Systems

X'ersiitile floppy disk controller for H" or 5' i"

IOD-1150K Kit $219.95

IOD-1150A Jade A & T $269.95

VERSAFLOPPY II - SD Systems

\eie double density controller for both H" & 5' r"

IOD-1160K Kit $309.95

IOD-1160A Jade A & T $369.95

S-100 PROTO BOARD - Jade

('nirersal design, plated thru holes, gold fingers TSX-140B Bare hoard $24.95

2708/2716 EPROM BOARD - Jade

Holds up to 16 KPROMs. addressable on IK banks

MKM-16230K Kit $69.95

MEM-16230A A & T no PROMs $99.95

MEM-16230B Bare hoard $30.00

* Z-80. Z-80A, and the letter Z are recognized trademarks of Zilog, Inc.

VDB-8024 - SD Systems

HO x 24 I/O mapped video board with keyboard I/O

IOV-1020K Kit $339.95

IOV-1020A Jade A&T $399.95

VB3 - S.S.M.

80 x 24 or 80 x 4H memory mapped with graphics

IOV-1095K Kit, 4 MHz $399.95

IOV-1095A A&T, 4 MHz $464.95

IOV-1096K 80 x 48 upgrade, 4 MHz . $89.00

VIDEO BOARD - Jade

64 x 16 assembled & tested S-100 video board

IOV-1050B Bare board $29.95

IOV-1050A A&T sale price $99.95

Single Board Computers

AIM-65 - Rockwell

6502 computer with printer, display, & keyboard

CPK-50165 IK AIM $374.95

CPK-50465 4K AIM $449.95

SFK-74600008E 8K BASIC ROM ... $99.95 SFK-64600004E 4K assembler ROM $84.95

PSX-030A Power supply $59.95

ENX-000002 Enclosure $49.95

4K AIM, HK BASIC, power supply, & enclosure Special package price $599.00

Z-80* STARTER KIT - SD Systems

Z-HO' computer with RAM, ROM, I/O, & keyboard

CPS-30010K Kit $319.95

CPS-30010A Jade A&T $399.95

Video Monitors

VIDEO 100 - Leedex

12" B & W video monitor with 12 MHz bandwidth VDM-801210 $139.95

VIDEO 100-80 - Leedex

HI X 24'version of Video 100 with metal cabinet VDM-801230 $179.95

9" B & W MONITOR - A.P.F.

High quality, high resolution video monitor VDM-750900 9" monitor $149.95

13" COLOR MONITOR - Zenith

The hi res color you've been promising yourself VDC-201301 $449.00

12" GREEN SCREEN - NEC

20 MHz. Pill phosphor video monitor with audio VDM-651200 12" monitor $249.95

Software

SDOS - SD Systems

DOS, CBASIC-2, Z-80' assembler/editor/linker

SFX-55001000D Manual set $24.95

SFX-55001002M 5'A" disks & man $199.95 SFX-55001006F 8" disk & manual $199.95

CP/M 2.2 - Digital Research

Latest & most powerful release of CP/M

SFC-52506000D Manual set $24.95

SFC-52506000M 5 V disk & manual $149.95 SFC-52506000F 8" disk & manual $149.95

*CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research Corp.

All royalties paid by Jade Computer Products and California Computer Systems.

track and a free 2.2 to boo* m

Accessories for Apple

16K MEMORY UPGRADE

Add 16K of RAM to your TRS-80. Apple, or Exidy

MEX-16100K TRS-80 kit $39.95

MEX-16101K Apple kit $39.95

MEX-16102K Exidy kit $39.95

PRINTER INTERFACE - Cal Comp

Centronics type I/O card w/ firmware IOI-2041A A&T $99.95

8" DRIVES for APPLE

Controller, DOS, two 8" drives, cabinet, & cable Special package price $1475.00

AIO - S.S.M.

Parallel & serial interface for your Apple

IOI-2050K Kit $159.00

IOI-2050A A&T $199.00

APPLE CLOCK - Cal Comp Sys

Real time clock w/battery back-up IOK-2100A A&T $125.00

SUPERTALKER - Mtn Hardware

Speech recognition/synthesizer w/speaker & mike IOS-2015A A&T $275.00

Z-80* CARD for APPLE

Z-80* CPU card with CP/M for your Apple CPX-30800A A&T $298.00

MICROMODEM - D.C. Hayes

Auto answer/dial modem card for Apple or S-100

IOM-2010A Apple modem $349.95

IOM-1100A S-100 modem $375.00

Printers

BASE 2 - Impact Printer

132 cps, bi-directional, tractor feed, & graphics PRM-13100 $675.00

DP-9501 - Anadex

9x11 dot matrix, 220 column, 200 cps, & graphics PRM-10501 Standard DP-9501 .... $1495.00 PRM-10511 with graphics & 2K .. $1595.00

ANACOM 150 - Special

150 cps, 9x9 matrix, tractor feed

PRM-11150 Parallel interface $895.00

PRM-11151 Serial interface $895.00

SPINWRITER - NEC

65 cps. bi-directional, letter quality with tractor PRD-55510 with 2K buffer $2695.00

NOVATION CAT

300 baud, auto answer/originate acoustic modem IOM-5200A Special sale price $139.00

D-CAT 300 baud, direct connect modem IOM-5201A Special sale price $189.00

EPROM ERASERS

L.S. Engineering UV eraser for up to 48 EPROMs XME-3200 A&T $39.95

Spectronics hi intensity industrial eraser

XME-3100 Without timer $69.95

XME-3101 With timer $94.50

TV-1 - Best Buy

The inexpensive alternative to video monitors IOR-5040K Kit $8.95

Call for your free 1980 catalog

Circle 372 on inquiry card.

Disk Drives

JADE DISK PACKAGE

Double-D controller kit, two 8" double density drives

CP/M 2.2, cabinet, power supply. & cables

Special package price $1395.00

DUAL 8" DRIVES - Jade

A pair of double density Shugarts in a cabinet

MSF-12800R 2 single sided $995.00

MSF-125202 2 double sided $1425.00

8" DISK DRIVES

Highly reliable double density floppy disk drives Shugart 801R single sided, double density

MSF-10801R SA-801R $425.00

Special Sale Price 2 for $800.00

Qume Datatrak 8 double sided, double density MSF-750080 851R compatible $625.00

DISKETTES - Jade

Bargain prices on magnificent magnetic media 5'/i" single sided, single density, box of 10

MMD-5110103 Soft sector $27.95

MMD-5111003 10 sector $27.95

MMD-5111603 16 sector $27.95

5'/i" double sided, double density, box of 10

MMD-5220103 Soft sector $39.95

8" single sided, single density, box of 10

MMD-8110103 Soft sector $33.95

8" single sided, double density, box of 10

MMD-8120103 Soft sector $55.95

8" double sided, double density, box of 10 MMD-8220103 Soft sector $57.95

DUAL DISK CABINET Jade

Metal enclosure for 2 801R's, power supply & fan END-000021 Bare cabinet $99.00

Motherboards

ISO-BUS - Jade

Silent, simple, and on sale - a better motherboard 6 Slot (5'4" x 8%")

Bare board $19.95

Kit $39.95

A&T $49.95

12 Slot (9;'/i" x8%")

Bare board $29.95

Kit $69.95

A&T $89.95

18 Slot (UW x 8V»")

Bare board $49.95

Kit $99.95

A&T $139.95

MBS-061B MBS-061K MBS-061A

MBS-121B MBS-121K MBS-121A

MBS-181B MBS-181K MBS-181A

Mainframes

MAINFRAME - Cal Comp Sys

12 slot S-100 mainframe with 20 amp power supply

ENC-112105 Kit $309.95

ENC-112106 A&T $349.95

DISK MAINFRAME - NNC

Dual 8" drive cutouts with 8 slot motherboard ENS-112320 with 30 amp p.s $699.95

TRS-80 APPLE

16K MEMORY UPGRADE KIT

$39.95

i MICROPROCESSORS

1 Z-80

10.95

1 Z-80A .

12.96

1 6502

11.50

f 6800

11.95

1735

39.95

\ 8035

24.00

^ 8035-8 ....

24.00

^t anani

6.59

B^ 8085

15.95

8212 . 4.95 8214 . 4.65 8216 .. 2.95 8224 .. 3.25 8224-4 10.95 8226 3.85 8228 . 4.95 8238 4.95 8243 .. 8.00

8250 14.95

8251 . 6.50 8253 .. 13.95 8255 .. 6.50 8257 .. 19.95 8259 17.95 8275 .. 49.95 8279 .. 15.96

Z-80 SUPPORT

3881 PIO 9.50

3881-4 PIO-4MHZ 14.50

3882 CTC 9.50

3882^ CTC-4MHz 14.95

3883 SIO 29.50

3884 SIO 49.50

BAUD RATE

GENERATORS MC14411 ... 10.00 1.843 MHz xtal 4.95 6800

SUPPORT 6821P 5.95 6828P . 11.95 6834P 12.95 6840P . 18.75 6850P 4.80 6852P . 5.79 6875L . 7.40 68488P 25.00

PROMS 2708 450ns 8.95 2716 I2,5v 14.95 2716 5v .. 14.95 2732 5v . 59.95 2758 Bv . 19.95

^

fc\«fr

UARTS AY5-1013A 5.25 AY3-1014A 825 TR1602B . 525 IM6402 .... 9.00

RAMS 21L02 2 MHz 1251 21L02A 4 MHz 1.501 2114L 2 MHz 3.75 2114LA 4 MHz 3.95 2147 70ns 39.95

4116 4.95

4164 64Kxl 175.00 6257 2 MHz 6.75 5257A 4 MHz 725 MK4118 18.95

PLACE ORDERS TOLL FREE

Inside California 800-262-1710

Continental U.S. 800-421-5500

For customer service or technical inquiries call 213-973-7707

Write for our FREE 1980 catalog

*

COMPUTER PRODUCTS

4901 W.Rosecrans, Hawthorne. CA 90250

TERMS OF SALE: Cash, checks, credit cards money orders or from recognized institutions Purchase orders accepted. Minimum order $1000^*-? California residents add 6% sales tax. Minim-Hir shipping and handling charge S2.50. Prices ac for U.S. and Canadian delivery only and are subjct to change without notice. For export prices jnd information send for a JADE INTERNATIONAL CATALOG. _

VISA

SN7400N SN7401IM SN7402N SN7403N 5N7404N SN7405N SN7406N SN7407N SN740BN SN7409N SN7410N SN7411N SN7412N SN7413N SN74I4N SN7416N SN7417N SN7420N 5N7421N SN7422N SN7423N SN7425N SN7426N SN7427N 5N7429N SN7430N SN7432N SN7437N SN7438N SN7439N SN7440N SN7441N SN7442N SN7443N SN7444N SN7445N SN7446N 5N7447N SN7448N SN7450N SN7451N SN7453N SN7454N SN7459A SN7460N SN7470N

74LS00 74LS01 74LS02 74LSQ3 74LS04 74LS06 74LS08 74LS09 74LS10 74LS11 74LS12 74LS13 74LS14 74LS15 74LS20 74LS21 74LS22 74LS26 74LS27 74LS2S 74LS30 74LS32 74LS33 74LS37 74LS38 74LS40 74LS42 74LS47 74LS48 74LS49 74LS51 74LS54 74LS55 74L573 74LS74 74LS75 74LS76 74LS78 74LS83 74LS85 74LS86 74LS90

74S00 74502 74S03 74S04 74S05 74 SOB 74 SIM 74510 74S11 74S15 74S20 74S22 74S30 74S32 74S40 74S51 74S64 74S65 74S74 74S86 745112 74 SI 13 745114

7400

SN7472N SN7473N SN7474N SN7475N SN7476N SN7480N 5N7482N SN7483N SN748SN SN7486N SN7489N SN7490N SN7491N SN7492N SN7493N SN7494N SN7495N SN7496N SN7497N SN74100N SN74107N 5N74I09N SN74U6N SN74121N 5N74122N SN74123N SN74125N SN74126N SN74132N SN74136N SN74141N SN74142N SN 74143 N SN74144N SN 74145 N SN74147N SN74148N SN74150N SN74151N SN74152N SN74153N SN74154N SN74155N

w$

SN74156N SN74157N SN74160N SN74161N SN74162N SN 74163 N SN 74164 N SN 74165 N SN 74166 N SN74167N SN74170N SN74172N SN74173N SN74174N SN74175N SN74176N SN74177N SN74179N SN74180N SN74181N SN74182N SN74184N SN74185N SN74190N SN74191N SN74192N SN74193N SN74194N SN74195N SN74196N SN74197N SN74198N SN74199N SN74221N SN74251N SN 74276 N SN 74279 N SN74283N SN74284N SN74285N SN74365N SN74366N SN74367N SN74368N SN74390N SN74393N

1.25 2.79 1.95

4.95

74LS

74LS92 74LS93 74LS95 74LS96 74LS107 74LSI09 74 LSI 12 74LS113 74LSI14 74LS122 74LS123 74LS125 74LS126 74LS132 74LS133 74LS136 74LS138 74LS139 74LS1S1 74LS153 74LS154 74LS155 74LS156 74LS157 74LS158 74LS160 74LS161 74LS162 74LS163 74LS164 74LS165 74US168 74LS169 74 LSI 70 74LS173 74LS174 74LS175 74LS181 74L5190 74LS191

1.75 1.19 1.19

74LS192

74LS193

74LS194

74LS195

74LS197

74LS221

74LS240

74LS241

74LS242

74LS243

74LS244

74LS245

74LS247

74LS248

74LS249

74LS251

74LS253

74LS257

74LS258

74LS260

74LS266

74LS273

74LS279

74LS2S3

74LS290

74LS293

74LS298

74LS352

74LS353

74LS365

74LS366

74LS367

74LS368

74LS373

74LS374

74LS375

74LS3B6

74LS393

74LS399

74LS670

81LS95

81LS97

2.95 1.19 1.19 1.19

2.49 2.49 2.49 1.95 1.95

74S

74S133 74S134 74S135 74S136 745138 745139 74 S140 74S151 74S153 74 S157 74S158 74S174 74S175 745188 745194 745195 745196 74S240 74S241 74S242 745243 (TED AVAILABILITY ON

3.95

2.95

745244 74S251 74S253 74S257 74S258 74S260 745280 74S287 74S288 745373 745374 745387 745472 745473 74S474 745475 745570 74S571 745572 74S573' 74S574 74S940 74S941 THESE P:

3.25 1.45 1.45

2.95 4.95 4.95 3.49 3.49 5.95 19.95 19.95 21.95 21.95 7.95 7.95 19.95 19.95 14.95 3.15 3.15 ROMS

CA3013H

2.15

CA3023H

3.25

CA3039H

1.35

CA3046N

1.30

CA3059N

3.25

CA3060N

3.25

CA3080H

1.25

CA-LINEAR

CA3081N CA3082N CA3083N CA3086N

2.00 2.00 1.60

CA3089N CA3096N CA3130H CA3140H CA3160H CA3401N CA3600N

3.75 3.95 1.39

CD4000 CO4001 CD4O02 CO4006 CO4007 CD4009 CD4010 CD40U CD4012 CD4013 CO4014 CD4015 CD4016 CD4017 C D4018 CD4019 CD4020 CD4021 CO4022 CO4023 CD4024 CD4025 CD4026 CO4027 CD4028 CD4029 CO4030 CD4035 CD4O40

1.19 1.39 1.19

CD-CMOS

CD4041 CD4042 CD4043 CD4044 CO4046 CD4047 CD4048 CD4049 CD405O CD4051 CD4052 CD4053 CD4056 CD4059 CD4060 CD4066 CD4068 CD4069 CD4070 CD4071 CD4072 CD4073 CD407S CD4076 CD4081

1.79 2.50

1.35

1.19 1.19 1.19

2.95 9.95 1.49

CD4082 CD4093 CD4098 CD4506 CD4507 CD450S CD4510 CD4511 CD4514 CD451S CD4516 CD4518 CD4519 CD4520 CD4526 CD4528 CD4529 CD4543 CD4562 CD4566 CD4583 CD4723 CD4724 MC14409 MC14410 MC14411 MC14412 MC14419 MC 14433

2.79 11.95 2.79 2.49

14.95 14.95 14.95 11.95 4.95 13.95

JE6Q8 PROGRAMMER

2708 EPROM PROGRAMMER

Rtgimn: 8 LED'ifo. H«« K.y imtries. 10 LE0'i)2°T ■Ml 8 LED'ilo, Dm Mmid-v Rijiitir. Th. Dm Mimar

tomt/rtt of Iht RAMi trorti This EPROM Chip. <ccoo'omiiif wtlermbv rutins ol i ntibon able trom tti Bit sockn to the EPROM locket on the miciop<o»t«i

JE608K KIT $399.95

JE608A Assembled and tested $499.95

DISCRETE LEDS

XC556R .200" red

XC556G .200" green

XC556Y .200" yellov

XC556C .200" clear

XC22R .200" red

XC22G .200" green

XC22Y .200" yello\

MV10B .170" red

5/11 4/J1 4/$l 4/$l 5/$l 4/$l 4/$l 4/$l

MV50 .085" red

XC209R .125" red

XC209G .125" green

XC209Y .125" yellow

XC526R .185" red

XCS26G .185" green

XC526Y .185" yellow

XC526C .185" clear

6/$l 5/$l 4/J1

4/51 5/$l

4/S1 4/S1 4/$l

XC111R .190" red 5/$l

XC111G .190" green 4/$l

XC111Y :190" yellow 4/$l

XC111C .190" clear 4/JI

INFRA-RED LED

i/4"xV4"xl/16" flat

IRL—5/$l

C.A. — Common Anode

Type

MAN 1 MAN 2 MAN 3 MAN 52 MAN 54 MAN 71 MAN 72 MAN 74 MAN 82 MAN 84 MAN 3620 MAN 3630 MAN 3640 MAN 4610 MAN 6610 MAN 6630 MAN 6640 MAN 6650 MAN 6660 MAN 6710 MAN 6750 MAN 6780 OL704 DL707 OL728

Polarity C.A.—red 5x7 D.M.—red C.C.—red C.A.—green C.C.—green C.A.—red C.A.—red C.C—red C.A.—yellow C.C—yellow C.A.—orange C.A.—orange ± 1 C.C—orange C. A.—orange C.A.—orange—DD C.A.—orange ± 1 C.C—orange—DD C.C—orange ± 1 C.A.—orange C.A.—red—DD C.C—red ± 1 C.C—red C.C—red C.A.—red C.C—red

DISPLAY LEDS

C.C. — Con

l Cathode

Price 2.95

4.95

500

1.49

Type

DL741

DL746

DL747

DL750

DL33B

FND70

FND358

FND359

FNO503

FND507

HDSP-3401

HDSP-3403

5082-7613

5082-7620

5082-7623

5082-7730

5082-7731

5082-7750

5082-7751

5082-7760

5082-7300

5082-7302

5082-7304

LIT-1

MOC3010

Polarity C.A.—red

C.A.—red t l

C.A.—red

C.C—red

C.C—red

C.C.

C.C. ± 1

C.C.

C.C. (FND500)

C.A. (FNDS10)

C.A.—red

C.C—red

CCR.H.D— red

C.A.,L.H.D.—yel.

C.C.R.H.D.—yel.

CA..L.H.D.—red

C.A..R.H.D.—red

CA..L.H.D.—red

C.A..R.H.D.—red

C.C.R.H.D.—red

4x7sgi.dlg. RHD

4x7sgl.dlg. LHD

Ovemge.char. (±1) .600

Photo Xslstor Opto-lsol.

Optically Isol.Triac Driver 1.25

.600

.110

.357

.300

.600

1.25

1.25 1.75

1.2S 1.75

22.00 22.00 19.95

RADIO CONTROL CIRCUITS

Ideal for remote control systems which use pulse amplitude modulation (toy cars, boats, tanks, etc.) Features: five function control, adjustable steering angle, suitable for 27 and 47MHz bands and low power consumption.

KB-4428 TRANSMITTER $4.25

Abs. max. rating (TA@25° CJ. Supply volt.: Vccl 12VDC Power Disslp.: PD: 300mW; Temp, range: Oper. 0-+50°C — Storage -30— +125° C. Rec. oper. volt.: 7-11V. Crystal or CR Oscillation circuits acceptable.

KB-4429 RECEIVER $5.95

Abs. max. rating (TA@25°C). Supply volt.: Vccl: 11V. Vcc2: 7.5V. Power Dlssip.: 60Qmw. Temp, range: Oper. 0 ± 50°C. Rec. oper. volt.: VOP1 7-llv — VOP2 3-6V.

LOW PROFILE (TIN) SOCKETS

1-24 25-49 50-100

3 pin LP 14 pin LP 16 pin LP 18 pin LP 20 Pin LP 22 pin LP 24 pin LP 28 pin LP 36 pin LP 40 pin LP

SOLDERTAIL (GOLD) STANDARD

8 pin SG 14 pin SG 16 pin SG 18 pin SG 24 pin SG 28 pin SG 36 pin 5G 40 pin SG

SOLDERTAIL STANDARD (TIN)

14 pin ST 16 pin ST 18 pin ST 24 pin ST 28 pin ST 36 pin ST 40 pin ST

WIRE WRAP SOCKETS (GOLD)LEVEL #3

1/4 WATT RESISTOR ASSORTMENTS -5%

ASST

1

5ea.

10 Ohn 27 Ohrr

12 Ohrr 33 Ohrr

15 Ohn 39 Ohn

18 Ohn 47 Ohn

22 Ohm 56 Ohm

50 pes.

$1.95

ASST

2

5ea.

68 Ohm 82 Ohrr 180 Ohm 220 Ohn

100 Ohn 270 Ohn

120 Ohn 330 Ohn

150 Ohm 390 Ohm

50 pes.

$1.95

ASST

3

5ea.

470 Ohrr 1.2K

560 Ohrr 1.5K

680 Ohn 1.8K

820 Ohn 2.2K

IK 2.7K

50pcs.

$1.95

ASST

4

5ea.

3.3K

8.2K

3.9 K

10K

4.7K 12K

5.6 K 15K

6.8K 18K

50 pes.

$1.95

ASST

5

5ea.

22K 56K

27K 68K

33K

82 K

39K 100 K

47K 120K

50 pes.

$1.95

ASST

6

5ea.

150K 390K

180 K 470K

220K 550 K

270K 680 K

330K 820 K

50 pes.

$1.95

ASST

7

Sea.

1M 2.7M

1.2M

3.3M

1.5M 3.9M

1.8M 4.7M

2.2M 5.6M

50 pes.

$1.95

ASST. 8R

Includes Resistor Assts. 1-7 (350 pes.)

$10.95 ea.

$10.00 Min. Order — U.S. Funds Only Spec Sheets - 254

Calif. Residents Add 6% Sales Tax 1981 Catalog Available-Send 41^stamp

Postage- Add 5% plus$1 Insurance (if desired)

1981,,:

Jameoo

PHONE

ORDERS

WELCOME

(415)592-8097

MAIL ORDER ELECTRONICS - WORLDWIDE

1355SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 94002

PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE

Part No, Function

7045IPI CMOS Precision Timer 7Q45EV/Kit* Stopwatch Chip, XTL 7106CPL 3V2 Digit A/D (LCD Drive) 7106EV/KU* !C, Circuit Board, Display 7107CPL 3V; Digit A/D (LED Drive) 7107EV/Kit* IC, Circuit Board, Display 7116CPL 3>/2 Digit A/D LCD Dis. HLD. 7117CPL 3Vz Digit A/D LED Dis. HLD. 7201IDR Low Battery Volt Indicator 720SIPG CMOS LED Stopwatch/Timer 7205EV/Kit* Stopwatch Chip, XTL 7206CJPE Tone Generator 72Q6CEV/KU* Tone Generator Chip, XTL 7207AIPD Oscillator Controller 7207AEV/KK* Freq. Counter Chip, XTL 7208IPI Seven Decade Counter 7209IPA Clock Generator 7215IPG 4 Func. CMOS Stopwatch CKT 7215EV/Klt* 4 Func. Stopwatch Chip, XTL 7216AIJI 8-Diglt Univ. Counter C.A. 7216CIJI B-Dlglt Freq. Counter C.A. 7216DIPI 8-Digit Freq. Counter C.C. 7217IJI 4-Dlgit LED Up/Down Counter 7218CIJI 8-Digit Univ. LED Drive 7224IPL LCD 4V8 Digit Up Counter DRI 7226AIJL 8-Digit Univ. Counter 7226AEV/Kit* 5 Function Counter Chip, XTL 7240IJE CMOS Bin Prog. Timer/Counter 7242IJA CMOS Dlv|de-by-256 RC Timer 7250IJE CMOS BCD Prog. Timer/Counter 7260IJE CMOS BCD Prog. Timer/Counter 75S5IPA CMOS 555 Timer (8 pin) 7556IPD CMOS 556 Timer [14 pin) 7611BCPA CMOS Op Amp Comparator 5MV 2.25 7612BCPA CMOS Op Amp Ext. Cmvr. 5MV 2.95 7621BCPA CMOS Dual Op Amp Comp. 5MV 3.95 7631CCPE CMOS Trl Op Amp Comp. 10MV 5.35 7641CCPD CMOS Quad Op Amp Comp. 10MV 7.50 7642CCPD CMOS Quad Op Amp Comp. 10MV 7.50 7660CPA Voltage Converter 2.95 8069CCQ 50ppm Band—GAP Volt Ref. Diode 2.50 8211CPA volt Ref/lndlcator 2.50 8212CPA Volt Ref/lndlcator 2.50 * INTERSIL'S EVALUATION KITS

"N

Pri<

14.95 22.95 16.95 34.95 15.95 28.95 18.95 17.95 2.25 12.95 19.95 5.15 9.95 6.S0 11.10 17.95 3.95 13.95 19.95 32.00 26.95 21.95 12.95 10.95 11.25 31.95 74.95 4.95 2.05 6.00 5.25 1.45 2.20

74C0O 74C02 74C04 74C08 74C10 74C14 74C20 74C30 74C42 74C48 74C73 74C74 74C85 74C86 74C89 74C90 74C93 74C95

.39

6.95 1.29 1.29 1.59

74C

74 C106 74 C107 74C151 74 C154 74C157 74C160 74C161 74C162 74C163 74C164 74C173 74C174 74C175 74C192 74C193

2.95 3.95 2.25

74 C195 74C221 74C240 74C244 74C373 74 C 374 74C901 74C903 74C911 74C912 74C915 74C917 74C922 74C923 74C925 74C926 80C95 B0C97

1.59 1.95 2.25 2.25

1.15 10.95 10.95 1.69 10.95 5.49 5.75 7.50 7.50

1.95

LH0002CN 6.85

LM1GCLH 4.50

LM11CLH 4.75

LH0070-OH 6.05

TL071CP .79

TL072CP 1.39

TL074CN 2.49

LH0O82CD 35.80

TL082CP 1.19

TL084CN 2.19

LH0094CD 36.80

LM300H .99 LM301CN LM302H LM304H LM305H

LM307CN .45

LM308CN 1.00

LM309H 1.95

LM309K 1.25

LM310CN 1.75

LM311H .90

LM312H 2.49

LM317MP 1.15

LM317T 1.75

LM317K 3.95

LM318CN 1.95

LM319N 1.95

LM320K-5 1.35

LM320K-12 1.35

LM320K-15 1.35

LM320T-5 1.25

LM320T-12 1.25 LM320T-15 LM323K-5 LM324N LM329DZ LM331N LM334Z LM335Z LM336Z LM337T LM337MP LM338K LM339N

LM340K-5 1.35

LM340K-12 1.35

LM340K-15 1.35

5.95

3.95

6.95

LINEAR

LM340T-5

1.25

LM340T-12

1.25

LM340T-15

1.25

LM341P-5

.75

LM341P-12

.75

LM341P-I5

.76

LM342P-5

.69

LM342P-I2

.69

LM342P-15

.69

LM348N

1.25

LM350K

5.75

LF351N

.60

LF353N

1.00

LF355N

1.10

LF356N

1.10

LM358N

1.00

LM359N

1.79

LM370N

4,49

LM373N

.i.i-S

LM377N

2.95

LM3B0N

L.StS

LM381N

1.95

LM382N

1.79

LM364N

1.95

LM3S6N-3

1.29

LM3B7N

1 45

LM389N

1.35

LM392N

.69

LF398N

4.00

LM399H

5.00

TL494CN

4.49

TL496CP

1.75

NE510A

6.00

NE529A

d.95

NE531H

3.95

NES36H

6.00

NE540H

6.00

NE544N

4.95

NE550A

1.30

NE5S5V

.39

LM556N

.99

NE564N

3.95

LM565N

1.25

LM566CN

1.95

LM567V

1.25

NE570N 4.95

LM702H .79

LM703CN .89 LM709N .29

LM710N .79

LM711N .79

LM723N .69

LM733N 1.00

LM739N 1.19

LM741CN .35 MC1741SCG 3.00 LM747N .79

LM748N .59

LM1014N 2.75 LM1310N 1.95 LM1458CN .59 LM1438N 1.25 LM1489N 1.25 LM1496N 1.95 LM1556V 1.75 LM1800N 2.95 LM1877N-9 3.25 LM1889N 3.20 LM1896N 1.75 LM2002T LM2877P LM2878P LM2896P-1 LM3189N LM390ON LM3905CN LM3909N LM3914N LM3915N LM3916N RC4136N RC4151NB 3.95 RC4194TK RC4195TK KB4428 KB4429 LM4500A ICL8038B LM13080N LM13600N 75138N 75450N 75451CN

2.05 2.25 2.25

2.95

3.95

5.95

4.95

CAPACITOR CORNER

Value 10 pf 22 pf 47 pf 100 pf 220 pf 470 pf

50 VOLT CERAMIC DISC CAPACITORS

1-9 10-99 100+

.05

.08 .06 .05

Value -001/iF .0047m F -OlyF .022LIF .04712 F

1-9 10-99 100+

.09 .07 .15 .12

100 VOLT MYLAR FILM CAPACITORS

.OOlmf .12 .10 .07 I ,022mf .13 .11 .08

.0022mf .12 .10 .07 .047mf .21 .17 .13

.0O47mf .12 .10 .07 .lmf .27 .23 .17

,01mf .12 .10 .07 I .22mf .33 .27 .22

+20% DIPPED TANTALUMS (Solid) CAPACITORS

-1/35V .15/35V .22/35V .33/35V .47/35V .68/35V 1.0/35V

.39

.39

1.5/35V 2.2/35V 3.3/25V 4.7/25V 6.8/25V 15/25V 22/6V

.79 .69 .55

MINI. ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS

-47/50V

1.0/50V

3.3/50V

4.7/25V

10/25V

10/50V

22/25V

22/50V

47/25V

47/50V

100/25V

100/50V

220/25V

220/50V

470/25V

1000/16V

2200/16V

.47/25V -47/50V 1.0/16V 1.0/25V 1.0/50V 4.7/16V 4.7/25V 4.7/50V 10/16V 10/25V 10/50V 47/50V 100/16V 100/25V 100/50V 220/16 V 470/26V

Radial Lead

.15 .13 .12

.15 .13 .12 .16 .14 .13

412 BYTE November 1980

Circle 373 on Inquiry card.

/a

sSnductorClock Modules

12V DC

AUTOMOTIVE/

INSTRUMENT

CLOCK

APPLICATIONS:

• In dash autoclocks

• After-market auto/ RV clocks

• Aircraft-marine elks.

• 12VDC oper. instru.

• Portable/battery powered instrumnts.

Features:Bright 0.3" green display- Internal crystal timebase. ± 0.5 sec/day accur. Auto, display brightness control logic. Display color filterable to blue, blue-green, green & yellow. Complete—just add switches and lens.

MA1003 Module $16.95

MA1023 .7"LowCost Digital LED Clock Module 8.95

MA1026 .7" Dig. LED Alarm Clock/Thermometer 18.95

MA5036 .3" Low Cost Digital LED Clock/T.mer 6.95

MA1002 .5" LED Display Dig. Clock & Xformer 9.95

2 National Semiconductor

v RAM SALE

MM5290J-2 IMK4116/UPD416).. . $6.95 each

16K DYNAMIC RAM 11 50IMS)

(8 EACH $49,951 (100 EACH $560,00/lot)

MM5298J-3A $3.25 each

SK DYNAMIC RAM (LOW HALF OF MM5290J) 200NS (8 EACH $23.95) 1100 EACH S250 00/lot!

MM2114-3 $5.95 each

4K STATIC RAM I300NS)

[8 EACH $43.95! (100 EACH $450.00/lotl

MM2114L-3 $6.25 each

4K STATIC RAM (LOW POWER 300NS) (8 EACH $44,961 (100 EACH $475.00/lot)

EPROM Erasing Lamp

• Erases 2708, 2716. 1702A, 5203Q. 52040. etc.

• Erases up to 4 chips within 20 minutes.

• Maintains constant exposure distance of one inch.

• Special conductive foam liner eliminates static build-up.

• Built-in safety lock to prevent UV exposure.

• Compact - only 7-5/8" x 2-7/8" x 2"

• Complete with holding tray for 4 chips.

UVS-11E $79.50

Jumbo 6-Digit Clock Kit

• Four .630"ht. and two .300"ht. common anode displays

• Uaes MM5314 clock chip

• Switches for hours, minutes and hold functions

• Hours easily viewable to 30 feet

• Simulated walnut case

• 115VAC operation

• 12 or 24 hour operation

• Includes ell components, case and wall transformer

• Size: 6K" x 3-1/8" x IK"

JE747 $29.95

6-Digit Clock Kit

• Bright .300 ht. comm. cathode display

• Uses MM5314 clock chip

• Switches for hours, minutes and hold modes

• Hrs. easily viewable to 20 ft.

• Simulated walnut case

• 11 5 V AC operation

• 12 or 24 hr. operation

• Incl. all components, case 8. wail transformer

•Size: 6%" N 3-1/8" x IX"

JE701 .....$19.95

Regulated Power Supply

Uses LM309K. Heat sink " provided. PC board con- -* struction. Provides a solid *~" 1 amp @ 5 volts. Can supply up to ±5V, ±9V and ±12V with JE205 Adapter. Includes components, hardware and instructions. Size: ZW x 5" x 2"H

JE200 $14.95

ADAPTER BOARD -Adapts to JE200±5V, ±9V and ±12V

DC/DC converter with +5V input. Toriodal hispeed switching XMFR. Short circuit protection. PC board construction. Piggy-back to JE 200 board. Size: 3%" x 2" x 9/16"H

\JE205

$12.95

MICROPROCESSOR COMPONENTS

-8080A/8080A SUPPORT DEVICES

iNSSOBOA

DPS212

OP82M

DPS216 DPS2!4

DPS2M

NSS2« NSfcSO OPS7SI

DPS2H OP127S DFW2TO DPB300 DP8303 DP&3M DPS307 UP8308

ir for 4S Series

I/O Exoi

Asynchronous Comm. Elei Pros. Comm. I/O (USART Prog. Interval Tlrrnr Prog. Peripheral I/O {PPI) Proa. DMA Com. to I Prog. Intenupl Control Prog. CRT Controller

Octal Bus Receiver System Timing Element 8-Blt Bi-Drrectional Recet«8-811 Bl-Dlrectlonal Recelv 8-Blt Bl-Dlrectlonal Recelv

6800/6800 SUPPORT DEVICES

MCMOO MPU

MCM02CP MPU with Clock inn RAM

MCSI.0API 128x8 Static RAM

MCtKl Peripheral Inter. Adapt (MC6820)

MC6828 Priority Interrupt Controller

MC6830L8 102tx8-Blt ROM (MC6SA30-S)

MCMS0 Asynchronous Comm. Adapter

MCMS2 Synchronous Serial Data Adapter

MC6860 CHjOQbps Digital MODEM

MC6K2 JWtops Modulator

MC6S80A Quad 3-Stale Bus. Trans. (MC8T2G)

MICROPROCESSOR CHIPS

7BO(!80C) CPU (MK3SB0N)

ZSOA (TttVl) CPU (MK38S0NJ)

CDP1802 CPU

2650 MPU

IDM2901 ADC CPU-*-Bit Slice (Com.Temp.Grade)

MCS6S02 MPU w/ClocK (65K Bytes Memory)

MPU- 8-Bit (SMHi)

CPU Sgl.Chlp8-Bit(128DytesRAM)

CPU (256 Bytes RAM)

CPU—« Bytes RAM

CPU

CPU—16-Blt

MPU—16-Blt

NS803SN-O NS8039N-6 NSSMQN-6 NS8070N

MMSOOH

MM503H

MM506H

MM5I0M

MM 1402

MM5013

MM5016H

MMS0MN

MMM3SN

2S0*V(1*WA)

2S18N

25HV

2S24V

2S2SV

2527V

2521V

2529V

2532N

334) PC

-SHIFT REGISTERS

Oual 25-Bit Dynamic

Dual 50-Bit Dynamic

Oual uw Bit Static

Dual 54-Bit Accumulator

256-Bit Dynamic

1024-Bit Dynamlc/Accumuli

500/512-Bit Dynamic

Octal 10-Bit

Octal 10-Blt

1024- Bit Dynamic

Hex 32-Bit Static

Dual 132-Bit Static

512-Bit Dynamic

1024-Bit Dynamic

OualZatj-BIt Static

Dual.

t Static

ll 340 Bit Stat Quad 10-Bit Static

-DATA ACQUISITION

AF100-1CN

AF121-1CJ Touch Tone Low Pass Filter

AF122-1CJ Touch Tone Low Pass Filter

LM308AH Suoer Gain Op Amp

LM334Z constant Current Source

LM33SZ Temperature Transducer

LFB6N JFET Input Op Amp

LMJMH Temp. Comp. Prec. Ret. (.5Ppm/C")

ADC0804LCN S-BIt A/D Converter (1 LSB) DAC0806LCN 8-Bit D/A Converter (0.78% Lin.)

-DATA ACQUISITION (CONTINUED)

ADC08O9CCN

ADCOBHCCN

DAC1000LCN

DAC10MLCN

DAC1020LCN

DAC1022LCN

DAC1222LCN

CD40S1N

AYS-1013

(B-Ch. t

B-HIt A/D Converter (16-Ch. Mui 10-BHD/ACOnv. Micro. Comp.

10-Blt D/A Converter (0.05% Lin 10-Bit D/A Converter (0.20% Lin 12-Bit D/A Converter (0.20% Lin 8-Char

MK B

3 UAR

MM2147J 5101

1024x4 Static 45un* 1024x4 Static 300ns

1024x4 Static 300ns ■ 16.3S4xlDvnamic55 4096x1 Fast 70ns 256x4 Static

MM 5261

MM 5262

MM528O/2107 4096x1 Dynamic

MM52903-2(4116) I6K Dynamic 2S0ns (I

MM5298J-3A 8K Dyn. 200ns (lower

7489

:4 Static

.. is-o

1024x4 Static

2KL

BK EPROM

16K EPROM (-SV, *5V, * (2S.6)TI 16K EPROM (Single *5V) (2S32)TI 32K EPROM

8K EPROM (450ns) (5lngl

204BPROM ;iS«) 32x8 PROM (Open Collec

4096 Bipolar PROM S288) 32x8 T-i stale Bipolar PR

2513(2140) 2513(3021) 2516N

MM5230N

2048-Bit Read Only

MCM66750P

DS0Q2SCN OSCD26CN INS1771N-1 INS2651N MMSB167N MM5B174N COP402N

-MICROPROCESSOR MANUALS

User Manual - SPECIAL FUNCTION

Dual MOS Clock Dru Dual MOS Clock Drh

Floppy Disc Control)

trailer

h 64-Olglt

A V-5-9100 AV-S-9200 AV-s-9500 AY-S-2376 HO016S-S

lor. Driver (20-pin pk'

TELEPHONE/KEYBOARD CHIPS

Push Button Telephone Dialer Repertory Dialer CMOS Clock Generator Keydoaro Encooer (88 keys) Keyboard Encoder {16 keys) Keyboard Encoder (16 keys) Keyooard Encoder (20 keys)

Push

96/144-Key Serli

Keybi

DESIGNERS' SERIES Blank Desk-Top Electronic Enclosures

• High strength epoxy molded end pieces in mocha brown finish.

• Sliding rear/bottom panel for service and component accessibility.

• Top/bottom panels. 080 thk alum. Alodine type 1200 finish (gold tint color) for best paint adhesion after modification.

• Vented top and bottom panels for cooling efficiency.

• Rigid construction provides unlimited applications.

CONSTRUCTION:

The "DTE" Blank Desk Top Electronic Enclosures are designed to blend and complement today's modern computer equipment and can be used in both industrial and home. The end pieces are precision molded with an internal slot (all around) to accept both top and bottom panels. The panels are then fastened to V*." thick tabs inside the end pieces to provide maximum rigidity to the enclosure. For ease of equipment servicing, the rear/ bottom panel slides back on slotted tracks while the rest of the enclosure remains intact. Different panel widths may be used while maintaining a common profile outline. The molded end pieces can also be painted to match any panel color scheme.

Enclosure Model No.

Panel Width

PRICE

DTE-8

8.00"

$29.95

DTE-11

10.65"

$32.95

DTE-14

14.00"

$34.95

$10.00 Min. Order - U.S. Funds Only Spec Sheets - 254

Calif. Residents Add 6% Sales Ttx 1981 Catalog Available - Send4Wstamp

Postage — Add 5% plus$1 Insurance (if desired)

J a

PHONE

ORDERS

WELCOME

(415) 592-8097

MAIL ORDER ELECTRONICS - WORLDWIDE

1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 94002

PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE

COMPUTER CUBE"

COMPUTER CRT MONITOR & ACCESSORY CASE

■ One piece heavy duty molded construction

• Painted to match Apple II & III(Lt. beige, textured finish)

• Smoke colored acrylic front cover (removable)

• Built-in shelf holds CRT and allows room for 2 Apple

• disk drives below shelf

• Three 2V>" holes provided in bottom of case for addition

• of fan if needed.

• Fan hole positioned above Apple motherboard location.

• Hookup cables can be run through other 2 holes. •Case accommodates most B&W and Color uncased CRT

• monitors made by Motorola, Ball Bros., Zenith, Sanyo,

• Panasonic, Hitachi, etc. or any monitor that will fit into

• 10-3/8"H x 14'/,"W x 13%"D space.

• Size: 15" x 15" x 1 5" O.D., 14JV'Hx 14/,"Wx 13WI.D.

• Weight: approximately 12 lbs.

• CRT monitor fan and disk drives not included.

CUBE-1 $99.95

TRS-80 16K Conversion Kit

Expand your 4K TRS-80 System to 16K.

Kit comes complete with:

•8 each MM5290-2 (UPD416) (16K Dynamic Rams)

(250NS or less) * Documentation for conversion

TRS-16K $49.95

JE610 ASCII Encoded Keyboard Kit

The JE610 ASCII Keyboard Kit can be interfaced into most any computer system. The kit comes complete with an Industrial grade keyboard switch assembly (62-keys), IC's, sockets, connector, electronic components and a double-sided printed wiring board. The keyboard assembly requires +5V @ 150mA and —12V ■yi 10 mA for operation. Features; 60 keys generate the 126 characters, upper and lower case ASCII set. Fully buffered. Two user-define keys provided for custom applications. Caps lock for upper-case-only alpha characters, Utilizes a 2376 (40-pin) encoder reed-only memory chip. Outputs directly compatible with TTL/DTL or MOS logic arrays. Easy interfacing with a 16-pin dip or 18-pin edge connector.

JCOlO (Case not included) 5j>f "-"5 K62 (Keyboard only) $34.95

Desk-Top Enclosure for JE610 ASCII Encoded Keyboard Kit

Compact desk-top enclosure: Color-coordinated designer's case with light tan aluminum panels and molded end pieces in mocha brown. Includes mounting hardware. Size: 3»"H % 14K"iV x S«"D.

DTE-AK ■ $49.95

SPECIAL: JE610/DTE-AK PURCHASED TOGETHER (Value $129.90) $124.95

JE600 Hexadecimal Encoder Kit

FULL 8-BIT LATCHED OUTPUT 19-KEY KEYBOARD

The JE600 Encoder Keyboard Kit provides two separate hexadecimal digits produced from sequential key entries to allow direct programming for 8-bit microprocessor or 8-bit memory circuits. Three additional keys are provided for user operations with one having a bistable output available. The outputs are latched and monitored with 9 LEO readouts. Also included isa key entry strobe. Features: Full 8 bit latched output for microprocessor use. Three user-define keys with one being bistable operation. Debounce circuit provided for alt 19 keys. 9 LED readouts to verify entries. Easy interfacing with standard 16-pin IC connector. Only +5VDC required for operation,

JE600 (Case not included) $59.95

K19 (Keyboard only) $14.95

Desk-Top Enclosure for JE600 Hexadecimal Keyboard Kit

Compact desk-top exclosure: Color-coordinated designer's case with light tan aluminum panels and molded end pieces in mocha brown. Includes mounting hardware. Size: 3%"H x 8V'W x 8%"D.

DTE-HK $44.95

SPECIAL: JE600/DTE-HK PURCHASED TOGETHER (Value $104.90) $99.95

Circle 373 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980 413

CompuMart has been selling computers by mail since 1971. Our thousands ot satisfied customers rely on CompuMart for services not generally available from the others. Namely:

• Product Selection/Each product advertised by CompuMart has been evaluated by our in-house staff for best price, performance, and supplier reliability

• Return Privilege/After receipt of our products, you are protected by Compu Mart's exclusive, 10-day return privi

ledge- good for all products except software.

• Support/Our Customer Service Dept. and expert technicians are always there to assist you by phone or at CompuMart's outlets. Our knowledgeable phone sales force can provide you with detailed information and complete product specifications.

• Phone Ordering/For added convenience, CompuMart maintains a toll-free ordering number. 1-800-343-5504.

• Phones open MTWThF 8:30 a.m. - 7:00 p.m. Sat. 11:00 a.m. - 4:00 p.m.

with lO day free return == Printers ——

The Paper Tiger Printer From Integral Data

Uses standard % inch roll

paper and riDoon

40 characters per line

Speed: 40 characters

per second

UL approved

High resolution dot matrix impact printer

IDS Paper Tiger Printer $995

IDS Graphics Paper Tiger Printer $1,094

FREE Cable with your Paper Tiger.

NEW! From Integral Data. The IDS 460.

We saw this new desktop printer at the NCC 80 and when we saw its features; Correspondence quality printing. High-resolution graphics capability, programmable print control functions, and automatic text justification —we knew that we had to offer this printer to our cost/features conscious customers $1,295

The Omni 810 Printer from Texas Instruments

Tl Omni 820 Receive-Only (TO) Package. Includes machine-mounted paper tray and cable. A compressed print option and device forms control are standard features $2,155

Tl Omni 820 Keyboard Send Receive (KSR) Package Comes with full ASCII Keyboard with numeric Key- pad and i EIA cable with autospeed select. $2,395

CENTRONICS PRINTERS

New! The incredible Model 737- Correspondence and Draft Quality Printing for Under $1,000. This is the first printer in its class to offer print quality suitable for text processing, plus the performance and application flexibility required for data processing.

737-1 (Parallel Interface)— $899

737-3 (Serial Interface) $1,045

Tractor Feed Printer- Centronics' Most Popular Model. Perfect for the needs of a small business sytesm. Recommended by Apple and Radio Shack.

$1,079

FREE Cable with purchase of any Centronics printer.

NEC The First Name in Letter Quality Printers.

CompuMart offers beautiful print quality with NEC Spinwriter terminals. The Spinwriters, both KSR and RO versions, give unsurpassed hard copy output. CompuMart offers a complete range of

NEC Spin- writers —Call our expert salesforce

Compumart will throw in a FREE fabric ribbon and Currier 72 element when you buy a NEC from us.

Terminals^

We've got the following Lear Siegler Terminals In Stock at prices too low to print—Call for quotes.

ADM-3A Industries favorite dumb terminal for

some very smart reasons.

ADM-3A.+ New from Lear Siegler. CALL!

ADM-31. The terminal that's too smart to be considered dumb.

ADM-42. Available with keyboard semiintelligent terminal offering tremendous user flexibility. The optional configurations are amazing.

Call for details.

HAZELTINE TERMINALS AT SPECTACULAR SAVINGS!

Hazeltine 1410. Hazeltine 1420. Hazeltine 1500. Hazeltine 1510. Hazeltine 1520. Hazeltine 1552.

List $850 List $995 List $1095 List $1395 List $1585 List $1395

CompuMart $749

CompuMart $895

CompuMart $995

CompuMart $1325

CompuMart $1485

CompuMart $1295

Call CompuMart for complete specs and quantity discounts.

Calculators

A CALCULATOR, A SYSTEM, A WHOLE NEW STANDARD.

HEWLETT-PACKARD'S HP-41C

HP-41C Calculator $288.00

The System

Memory Modules. For storing programs or up to

2,000 lines of program memory $45.00

"Extra Smart" Card Reader. Records programs and

data back onto blank mag-cards $199.00

The Printer. Upper and Lower case, High resolution

plotting, Portable Thermal operation $355.00

Application Modules $45.00 EACH

Standard pac: ^^^^— m M be*

Statistics, Mtk B A

Math,

Financial & Surveying

1/2 off Financial Decisions PAC with purchase of HP-41

NOVATION CATM

ACCOUSTIC MODEM

• Answer Originate • Bell 108

• 300 Baud • Low Profile Design Looks good, works great! $169.00

Texas Instruments TI-99/4 Home

Computer

Save $300 on this 16-Bit computer with

monitor

TI-99/4 w/Monitor $1250

TI-99/4 w/o Monitor $ 950

Monitors^

NEW FROM SANYO —Four Great Monitors at Low CompuMart Prices. Sanyo's new line of CRT data display monitors are specifically designed for the display of alphanumeric or graphic data. 9" Sanyo Monitor $179

12" Sanyo Monitor $289

12" Sanyo Monitor with green screen $299 ^

13" Sanyo Color Display Monitor $495

Free 6' Cable with purchase of any Sanyo

EXCLUSIVE from CompuMart!

Special Offer. Zenith Color Video

Monitor for $379! The perfect monitor for Apple, Atari and Texas Instruments owners.

BYTE November 1980

Circle 374 on inquiry card

We carry the most complete inventory of Apple computers, peripherals, and software. CALL! Our Christmas Apple Special: save over

$250 on our most popular Apple System. System

includesa 48K Apple II, Apple Disk & Controller, and

a Sup B Mod RF Modulator.

List: $2,020

Compumart Sale Price: $1,769

New from Apple for the Apple II:

DOS 3-3 Convert disks to 16 sector format for 23%

more storage and faster access $60

Apple Plot. The perfect graphic complement for

Visicalc. $70

Dow Jones News & Quotes $95

Adventure (Uses 48K) $35

DOS Tool Kit $75

Apple Fortran $200

Silentype Printer w/Xface $595

Visicalc $149

Tax Planner $120

From Symtech & Info Unlimited

Super Sound Generator (mono) $159 (stereo) $259

Light Pen $249

X-10 Controller (plugs into paddle port) $49

Apple Sync Controller $49

From Personal Software

Visicalc $149

Desk top plan $99

New from Videx! — Video Term

80 Col. x 24 line

7x9 matrix, plug in compatible board for the Apple

II. Price $325 without graphics EPROM. With

graphics EPROM $350.

New from MUSE

The Voice $39.95

Super Text $99.00

Address Book $49.95

Mountain Hardware — Expansion accessories for

your Apple

lntrol/X-10 System

$289

Super Talker

$299

The Music System

$545

ROM plus board w/keyboard filter

$199

Clock Calendar

$280

16 Channel A to D Converter

$350

Apple Expansion Chassis

$650

ROM Writer

$175

Miscellaneous Apple II Accessories:

Easy Writer (80 col. need Videx)

$249

Easy Mover

$ 49

Easy Mailer

$ 69

Dysan Diskettes

ea. $ 5

S.S.M. Serial & Parallel Apple Interface

$225

ABT's Numeric Key Pad

$110

Preview of the Apple III

Buy $1,000 worth of merchandise from this ad. including at our special sale prices and deals, and we'll ship you a Texas Instrument's Speak & SpellTM with your order. This is Tl's famous talking and learning aid with the electronic voice and brain. It's an incredible electronic learning aid for children aged 7 and up. A $69.95 Value Yours FREE with $1,000 purchase.

SUPER SALE PRICED TO MOVE!

We want to move our inventory of Zenith Z-89 and Exidy Computers. To do it, we've priced them so low you'll have to call us for prices. If you want either of these two great computers, call us now while supplies last for the best prices you'll find anywhere. Good selection of Zenith and Exidy peripherals as well.

. COMMODORE

Buy direct from the biggest — Compumart has delivered more Commodore computers in the U.S. than any other dealer. We were Commodore's first dealer and carry everything Commodore manufactures. In stock for immediate delivery! Call us now for low prices and special deals. NEW FOR PET:

Visicalc (Need 32K and a disk drive) $199

Word Pro 1, $29.95 • Word Pro 2, $99.95 • Word Pro 3, $199.95 • Word Pro 4, $299.95 •

ROCKWELL AIM 65

The single board development system that's perfect in the classroom or lab.

Our AIM System includes: 4K AIM with BASIC interpreter assembler, Power Supply, Cassette recorder & Enclosure $799.

4KAIM — 65

PL65 High Level Language $125

Paper for the AIM (roll) $ 2.50

Rockwell's 4-slot Motherboard (SALE) $175

CompuMart's Microflex 65 System for your AIM Includes: Adapter Buffer Module w/ 4-slot module stack, 8K RAM module, 16K PROM/ROM module. Asynchronous communications Interface, & Power Supply $1,299

Call or write for our complete Microflex 65 brochure

These 4 new Flexible Disk Drives provide fast on-line storage using flexible disks

•HP82901M. Supplies approx. 540K bytes of on-line storage. $2,500

•HP 82902M. Approx. 270K bytes of on-line storage.

$1,500 'HP 82901S. Supplies an additional 540K bytes when connected to an HP 82901M or an HP 82902M.

$2,200 •HP 829025. Supplies an additional 270K bytes when connected to an HP 82901M or an HP 82902M.

$1,300

The Hewlett-Packard 7225A. High Quality/Low Cost Graphics Plotter. $2,050

Call our expert sales force for complete product specifications.

COM PUMARTS EXCLUSIVE ATARI SPECIALS. (Pick one)

3 Ways to save when you buy the Atari 800 from us.

1) Free 8K of memory with purchase. (So your Atari will come to you with 24K.)

2) Free 410 program recorder with purchase ($89.95 value).

3) $100 off Atari Disk Drive purchase.

ATARI 800 Personal Computer System —

Comes with 800 Operators Manual, 16K RAM Memory module, 10 K ROM Operating System, power supply, TV Switch Box. $1080.00

PERIPHERALS

Atari 410 Program Recorder (FREE w/purchase of Atari 800) $ 89.95

Atari 810 Disk Drive ($100 off with purchase) 699.95 New Dual Disk double density 1499.95

825 Printer (Centronics 737) , 995.00

RS232 Interface w/Cable -^ '" ? 249.95

NEW! Light Pens M^fete 74-95

Circle 374 on Inquiry card

Phones open from 8:30 a.m. to 7:00 p.m., Mon.Fri.; 11:00 a.m.-4:00 p.m. Sat. P.O.'s accepted from Dun & Bradstreet rated companies - shipment contingent upon receipt of signed purchase order. Sale prices valid for month of magazine date only - all prices subject to change without notice. Our Ann Arbor retail store is open 11:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. Tues.-Fri., 10:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Saturdays. Stop by and visit.

COMPUMART

270 THIRD ST., P.O. BOX 568, DEPT. 111, CAMBRIDGE, MA. 02139

Member Computer Dealers Assoc.

We've had a reputation for dependability since 1971

C. Itoh's Starwriter Daisy Wheel Printer is designed to fill a distinct gap in the peripheral market place. A speed of 25 cps and its low price make it the ideal choice for today's system designer interested in achieving superior price/performance ratios.

Incorporating the latest LSI technology, the STARWRITER is built by one of the world's most respected peripheral manufacturers. The printer is furnished complete and ready to use, requiring no changes in hardware or software. STARWRITER offers the industry standard parallel interface, as well as the RS-232 interface with voltage or current mode capacity. Total plug compatibility and a wide variety of interface matching capabilities help lower system integration costs and the 25 cps model is also easily upgraded to a 45 cps printer.

Using a 96 character wheel, the STARWRITER produces letter quality printing on 3 sharp copies with up to 163 columns. STARWRITER offers the highest degree of horizontal and vertical positioning, resulting in the most precise character placement in the industry. The easy-to-change character wheel also makes our printer a perfect choice for international applications. Compatible with sheet feeders, STARWRITER accommodates paper widths to 381 mm (15") and uses industry standard ribbon cartridges.

Along with a self-test capability and a programmable VFU (Vertical Format Unit), STARWRITER furnishes the operator with all desirable status functions, commands and program selectable switches. Panel lamps indicate the current Paper, Select and Power status.

The easy plug-in compatibility of STARWRITER and its outstanding print performance continue C. Itoh's tradition of providing reliable peripheral equipment to systems users the world over.

STARWRITER is backed by a one-year warranty (three months on parts and labor, 9 succeeding months on parts) and is supported by a strong, fully trained and technically proficient service organization.

A compete W/P package to add to your computer system now available. VR Data has integrated the C. Itoh Daisy Wheel Printer and the Magic Wand Word-Processing Program into a high-powered inexpensive word processing package. As an introductory offer we have the entire package for $2295.00* - a $200.00 savings over the combined list price.

* Add $75.00 for RS232 interface.

-,©,

Printer specs:

• DIABLO^ Wheels & Supplies

• Letter Quality

• 25 CPS - Rapid Seeking - Bi-Directional

• 45 CPS Optional

• Parallel Interface, Serial Optional

• Tractors Available

Priced Separately:

C. Itoh Starwriter $2195.00

options:

45 CPS 600.00

RS232 interface 75.00

Tractors 250.00

WE SERVICE MANY BRANDS OF COMPUTER EQUIPMENT.

CALL FOR CONSULATION AND ESTIMATE.

DEALER INQUIRES INVITED • BIDS ACCEPTED • ABOVE PRICES 777 HENDERSON BLVD. ARE CASH DISCOUNTED, CALL FOR OTHER TERMS.

FOLCROFT, PA 19032 ORDER NOW • TOLL FREE 1 (800) 345-8102 • IN PENNSYLVANIA (215) 461-5300

416 BYTE November 1980

Circle 375 on inquiry card.

•SALE*

TRS-80

Disk & Other

Mysteries

$19.95

reg. $22.95 ,

VR DATA'S DISK DRIVE HEADQUARTERS

77 track $545

DRIVES «*^»*

|gPnl mm EiUi new low price

TRS-80 Model I compatible

4° ESS&'MO

Lv ■■ I lJF I H SI NEWLOWPRiCE

TRS-80 Model I compatible

ORDER NOW TOLL FREE 1 (800) 345-8102

TRS-8CT 64K MODEL II

$3495.00

NEW LOW PRICE

Model II Drives

1 Drive Single Enclosure S 899.00

1 Drive Multiple Enclosure 1069.50

Additional Drives for Mult. Enc. 540.00

MOD. I MOD. II

$1500 300 $149.95 249

99.95 199

149.95 299

Tape Disk

$19.95 $24.95

34.95 34.95

$175.00 100.00 145.00 Software Documentation Available* CALL FOR PRICES

SOFTWARE

Medical/Dental Patient Accounting Word Processing (Magic Wand) General Ledger Payroll Data Base

Upper/Lower Case Modificatron

Comprehensive Diagnostics

CP/M

New DOS + 40 TK

New DOS/80

IN PENNSYLVANIA (215) 461-5300

SUPERBRAINM

BYINTERTEC

64K $2995.^

5-1/4" disk drives • in stock

I? I

I

I.

• VR DATA Coupon <

$

5 Off! ANY ITEM OVE

OFFER EXPIRES 12 1 80 '

■ II OVER $50.00

I ONE COUPON PER ITEM "W

*1 I I

I

4K L II TRS-80 575.70

16K L II 789.60

RS-232 92.10

OK Expansion Interface 278.10

16K Expansion Interface 376.10

32K Expansion Interface 474.10

Telephone Modem 179.95

Emulator CRT by Intertec 895.00 CRT Stands from 139.00

Anti-static Mats 110.00

ft" I

I

I.

• VR DATA Coupon 4

$10 Off!

^^^^ ANY ITEM OVE

OFFER EXPIRES 12 11

ANYITEMOVER $150.00

ONE COUPON PER ITEM

*1 I I I

VISIT OUR NEW WAREHOUSE SHOWROOM AND REPAIR CENTER*

WE SERVICE MANY BRANDS OF COMPUTER EQUIPMENT.

CALL FOR CONSULATION AND ESTIMATE.

DEALER INQUIRES INVITED • BIDS ACCEPTED • ABOVE PRICES 777 HENDERSON BLVD. ARE CASH DISCOUNTED, CALL FOR OTHER TERMS.

FOLCROFT, PA 19032 ORDER NOW • TOLL FREE 1 (800) 345-8102 • IN PENNSYLVANIA (215) 461-5300

Circle 375 on inquiry card.

BYTE November 1980 417

DP/NET: Redefined

INDIVIDUAL/NET

WORD PROCESSOR

S-100, 7 Slot, 360K Double Density

DUAL/NET

SMALL BUSINESS APPLICATIONS

Up To 4 Terminals Can Be Slaved Off Master

LOCAL/NET

TELEPHONE/NET

OVERSEAS

AUSTRALIA

UNITED KINGDOM

ASP MICROCOMPUTERS TERODEC (MICRO SYSTEMS) LTD.

799 Dandenong Road East Malvern 3145 Victoria, AUSTRALIA TEL: 2118855-2118344

17 The Gallop, Yateley, Camberley, Surrey 6U17 7SG ENGLAND TEL: 0252 874790

CENTRAL EUROPE HANNES KELLER AG

Computer-Zentrum Eidmattstrasse 36 CH-8032, Zurich SWITZERLAND TEL: 01 89 36 33

SOUTH AMERICA

FAR EAST

INVERSIONES URIMAN c.a. MICROBOARDS

P.O. Box 1041 Maracaibo 4001A, VENEZUELA TEL: 33015

1-7-1-1003 Saiwal-Cho Chiba City, Chiba 260 JAPAN TEL: 0472(47)3081

Configurability

SYSTEM/NET

LARGE SYSTEM NUCLEUS

Hard Disc and 8" Floppy Any Combination of Master or Slave

MASTER/NET

CANADA

CESCO ELECTRONICS LTD.

4050 Jean Talon Street WEST Montreal, CANADA H4P 1W1 TEL: (514) 735-5511

BENELUX

MICR0SP0T

Postbus 564-3700 AN Zeis)

Verheullaan 3-3971 RD Driebergen

HOLLAND

TEL: 03438-0)8899

"BUY" WORD FOR THE 1980's

NETWORKING is the newest 'buzzword' in microprocessors. Delta Products has produced a superior hardware system that cannot be matched in either cost or performance.

Don't buy a system that has "designed-in" limitations; check the following:

PERFORMANCE

This is where DP/NET® beats them all. Delta does multiuser and multitasking operations by using distributed processors. DIGITAL RESEARCH has provided a new operating system (CP/NET®) which combines MP/M® and CP/M 2.2® into the world's most powerful microcomputer system. The system cannot be bogged down by adding more users. High-speed DMA transfers from Host to Slave, allow many processors to share workloads. (There can be 3 processors at EACH user terminal; a ZSOfor screen function, and a pair of 8085/8088 for main processing.)

FLEXIBILITY

One of the most important advantages of DP/NET® is that you never have to purchase more system than you currently need. Your system can start with a 5" minifloppy 32K terminal for under $3000.00. Adding a second terminal and additional mass storage is as simple as the original purchase. Networking up to 16 OR MORE intelligent and semi-intelligent work stations can follow in perfect step with the growth of your Company and requirements.

COST

Since you never buy more computer power than you need, the system cost is matched to the demand to be placed upon it. DELTA PRODUCTS has a lot of experience in building micros, with over 2000 DELTA systems now in the field. DELTA component cost has always been extremely competitive. DELTA'S new "networking system" is a natural and simple combination of the competitive "good deals" we have been offering for some time.

SOFTWARE

A computer system to the end user IS THE SOFTWARE. All CP/M® compatible programs run perfectly on the DP/NET®. DELTA PRODUCTS is currently writing its' own high-performance custom data base, screen editor, order entry/inventory, and accounting packages in PL/1®. Target release date for the complete package is November, 1980.

SOLD ONLY THROUGH DEALERSHIPS CALL FOR YOUR NEAREST REPRESENTATIVE

DELTA PRODUCTS

15392 Assembly Lane Huntington Beach, CA 92649

TELEX: 681-367 DELTMAR HTBH

MP/M, CP/M2.2, PL/1 & CP/NET ARE REG. TM OF DIGITAL RESEARCH INC

Circle 376 on Inquiry card.

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FOR MORE S INFORMATION SEE OUR

■m -Wl SELECTION GUIDE IN THE NOVEMBER BIT! MAGAZINE

Terms: Visa, MC, BAC, Check, Money Order, U-S. Funds Only. CA residents add 6% sales tax. Minimum order $15.00 Prepaid U.S. orders less than $75.00 include 5% shipping and handling. MINIMUM $2.50. Excess refunded. Just in case...please include your phone number. Prices subject to change without notice. We will do our best to maintain prices thru November 1980.

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7400

SN7400N SN7401N SN7A02N SN7403N SN7404N SN7405N SN7406N SN7407N SN7408N SN7409N SN7410N SN7411N SN7412N SN7413N SN7414N SN7416N SN7417N SN7420N SN7421N SN7422N SN7423N SN7425N SN7426N SN7427N SN7429N SN7430N SN7432N SN7437N SN7438N SN7439N SN7440N SN7441N SN7442N SN7443N SN7444N SN7445N SN7446N SN7447N SN7448N SN7450N SN7451N SN7453N SN74S4N SN7459N SN7460N SN7470N SN7472N SN7473N SN7474N SN7475N SN7476N SN7479N SN7480N SN7481N SN74S2N SN7483N SN7485N SN7486N SN7489N SN7490N SN7491N SN7492N SN7493N SN7494N SN7495N SN7496N SN7497N SN74100N SN74107N SN74109N SN74116N SN74121N SN74122N

SN74123N SN7412SN SN74126N SN7412SN SN74132N SN74136N SN74139N 5N74141N SN74142N SN74143N SN74144N SN74145N SN74147N SN74148N SN74150N SN74151N SN74152N SN74153N SN74154N SN74155N SN74156N SN74157N SN74 ISSN SN74I60N SN74161N SN74162N SN74163N SN74164N SN74165N SN74166N SN74167N SN74170N SN74172N SN74173N SN74174N SN74175N SN74176N SN74177N SN74179N SN74180N SN74181N SN74182N SN74184N SN74185N SN74186N SN74188N SN74190N SN74191N SN74192N SN74193N SN74194N SN74195N SN74196N SN74197N SN74198N SN74199N SM74221N SN74251N SN74273N SN74279N SN74283N SN74284N SN74285N SN74290N SN74298N SN74365N SN74366N SN74367N SN74368N SN74390N SN74393N SN74490N

CD4000 CD4001 CD4002 CD4006 CD4007 CD4008 CD4009 C04O1O CD4011 CD4012 CD4013 CD40U CD4015 CD4016 CD4017 CD40I8 CD4019 CD4020 CD4021 CD4022 CD4023 CD4024 CD4025 CD4027 CD4028 CD4029 CD4030 CD4031 CD4032 CD4034 CD4035 CD4037 CD4040 CD404T CD4042 CD4043 CD4044 CD4046 CD4047 CD4048 CD4049 CD4050 CD4051 CD4052 CD4053 CD4055 CD4056 CD4059 CD4060 CD4066 CD4069 CO4070 CD407 1 CD4072 CD4073 CD4075 CD4076 CD4077 CD4078 CD408I C04082 CD4085 CD4089

325 2 15 3.25

3.95 2.95 995

CD4093

CD4094

CD4098

C04099

MC14408

MC14409

MCI4410

MC14412

MC14415

WC14419

CD4501

CD4502

CD4503

CD450S

CD4506

C04507

C04508

CD4510

CD4511

CD4512

CD4515

CD4516

CD4518

CD4520

CD4S55

CD4556

CD4566

74COO

74C02

74C04

74C08

74C10

74C14

74C20

74C30

74C32

74C42

74C48

74C73

74C74

74C85

74C89

74C90

74C93

74C95

74C107

74C151

74C154

74C157

74C160

74C161

74C163

74C164

74C173

74C174

74C175

74C192

74C193

74C195

74C922

74C923

MM80C95

MM80C97

CMOS

2.25 12.95 12 95 12 95 12.95 8.95 4.96

2.49 3.50 2.10 239 2.30 2.39 239 2.59 2.75 2.75 2 39 2.39 2.39 7.95 6.95

74LS00

74LSOON 74LS01N 74LS02N 74LS03N 74LS04N 74LS05N 74LS08N 74LS09N 74LS10N 74LS11N 74LS12N 74LS13N 74LS14N 74L315N 74LS20N 74LS21N 74LS22N 74LS26N 74LS27N 74LS28N 74L330N 74LS32N 74LS37N 74LS38N 74LS40N 74LS42N 74LS47N 74LS48N 74LS51N 74LS54N 74LS55N 74LS73N 74LS74N 74LS75N 74LS76N 74LS78N 74LS83AN 74LS85N 74LS86N 74LS90N 74LS92N 74LS93N 74LS95N 74LS96N 74LS107N 74LS109N 74LS112N 74LS113N 74LS114N 74LS122N 74LS123N 74LS124N 74LS125N 74LS126N 74LS132N 74LS136N 74LS138N 74LS'39N 74LS145N 74LS148N 74LS151N 74LS153N 74LS154N 74LS155N 74LS156N 74LS157N 74LS158N 74LS160N 74LS161N 74LS162N 74LS163N

74LS164N 74LS165N 74LS166N 74LS168N 74LS169N 74LS170N 74L5173N 74LS174N 74LS175N 74LS181N 74LS190N 74LS191N 74LS192N 74LS193N 74LS194N 74LS195N 74LS196N 74LS197N 74LS221N 74LS240N 74LS241N 74LS242N 74LS243N 74LS244N 74LS245N 74LS247N 74LS248N 74LS249N 74LS251N 74LS253N 74LS257N 74LS258N 74LS259N 74LS260N 74LS261N 74LS266N 74LS273N 74LS275N 74LS279N 74LS283N 74LS290N 74LS293N 74LS295N 74LS298N 74LS324N 74LS347N 74LS348N 74LS352N 74LS353N 74LS363N 74LS365N 74LS366N 74LS367N 74LS368N 74LS373N 74LS374N 74LS375N 74LS377N 74LS385N 74LS386N 74LS390N 74LS393N 74LS395N 74LS399N 74LS424N 74LS668N 74LS670N S1LS95N 81LS96N 81 LS97N 81LS98N

LINEAR

595

295

325

78H05 78M06 78M.G. LM105H LM108AH LM300H LM301CN/H LM304H LM305H LM306H

LM307CN/H ,29

LM308CN/H .98

LM309K 149

LM310CN 1.25 LM311D/CN/H 98

LM312H 175

LM317T 2.75

LM318CN7H 1.49

LM319N/H 125

LM320K-XX- 1,49

LM320T-XX" 1,25

LM320H-XX- 1.25

LM323K 495

LM324N 125

LM339N 95

LM340K-XX- 1.49

LM340T-XX- 1.25

LM340H-XX" 1.25

LM344H 1.95

LM34BN 1.85

LM358CN .98

LM360N 1.49

LM372N 1.95

LM376N 375

LM377N 3 75

LM380CN/N 1.25

LM381N 179

LM383T 1.95

LM386N 149

LM387N 149

LM390N 1.95

NE531V/T 3 75

NE555V 39

NE556N 98 NE561T 19.95

NE562B 7.95

NE565N/H 1.25

NE566H/V 175

NE567V/H 1 50

NE592N 2.75

LM702H 2,99

LM709N/H 29

LM710N/H .98

LM711N/H .39

LM715N 1.95

LW723N/H .75

LM733N/H 98

LM739N 115

LM741CN/H 33 LM741CN-14 19

LM747N/H 79

LM748N/H .39

LM760CN 2 95

LM1310N 1.90

LM1458CN/N

MC1488N

MC1489N

LM1496N

LM1556N

LM1800N

LM1B20N

LM1850N

LM1889N

LM2111N

LM2900N

LM2901N

LM2917N

CA3013T

CA3018T

CA3021T

CA3023T

CA3035T

CA3039T

CA3046T

LM3053N

CA3059N

CA3060N

CA3062N

LM3065N

CA3080N

CA3081N

CA3082N

CA3083N

CA3086N

CA3089N

CA3096N

CA3097N

CA3130T

CA3140T

CA3146N

CA3160T

CA3190N

CA3401N

MC3423N

MC3460N

SG3524N

CA3600N

LM3900N

LM3905N

LM3909N

RC4131N

RC4136N

RC4151N

RC4194

RC4195

ULN2001

ULN2003

SN75450N

SN75451N

SN75452N

SN75453N

SN75454N

SN75491N

SN75492N

SN75493N

SN75494N

RETAIL STORES OPEN MON-SAT STORE 1310 "B" E. Edinger STORE 674 El Camino Real

#1 Santa Ana, CA 92705 #2 Tustin, CA 92680

Showrooms, Retail, Warehouse Specializing in Systems

ADVANCED

COMPUTER PRODUCTS

With Apple Intelligent Interface

Card. Reg. $595.00

Interface Card Has

All Software For NOW only

Hi-Reg. Graphics A_ .. ~ —

& Pascal Use. $549.00

BECKMAIM

Digital Multimeters

, MODUS TE<H *,*, AND TECH MO

1

%

Choice of Models - The 1ECH 310 nas all abow

features. 7 functions, 29 ranges, plus 0 75% Vdc

accuracy

The TECH 300 has a 0 5% Vac accuracy and all

TECH 300 Digital Multimeter TECH 310 Digdal Multimeter VC-201 Vinyl Carrying Case DC-202 Deluxe Carrying. Case HV-211 High Voltage Probe.

HP-221 RP Probe

Ct-231 AC Current Clamp DL-241 DeluieTest Lead Kit TL-242 Spare Test Leads

SH" MUSIC MACHINE 9s

mm WITH 9 VOICES!

• NEWUSeSlattStSlatedttieArtLSITechnoWgy • Bequras only ore slot tar 9 voces • uses three AW 8910s to produce nne voces • Plays fuse generated Uy DieALFeoairj • ALF softwarerewrefl • APPLE™ HcomcatWe

$129.95

FLOPPY DISK DRIVES

MPI B5l-5*i'". 40 tracks Shugart SA400-51." 35 tracks Shugan S00/801R 8" Siemens Shugart Comoalibie

FDD-120-80 PERSCI Model 27? Du.il WANGO/SIEMENS 5»" Dr^ve MPI B52 5"V Dual WANGO/SIEMENS 282 Dual WANGO/SIEMENS 82

279.00 295.00 475.00

429.00 ' 195.00 290 00 348.00 395.00 290.00

B5BC0NTINENTAL SPECIALTIES

MtM LM-3 40-channel Logic Monitor 585.00 M«IK LM-1 Logic Monitor . .60.00

Model LM-Z Logic Monitor 147.00

MU-IQD 100 MHz Portable Frequency Counter

149.00

MOM LP-1 Digital Logic Probe 5000

MtM LP-2 Economy Logic Probe 28.00

M»M LP-3 High Speed Logic Probe 77.00

MtM LPK-t Logic Probe Kit. . 21 95

Moeei LTC-1, LTC-2 Logical Analysis Kits 220/250

#?<" Proto Clips

■**--'-> 14-Pin Clip PC-14 S 4.!

* 16-Pin Clip PC-16 S 4-f

,, ■ 24-Pm Clip PC-24 S 9.!

-V 40-PinClip PC-40 . S14(

Proto Boards

1695 P9-104 54.CO

18.00 PB-203 .. 97.00

21 00 PB-203A.... 149.00

25.00 PB-203A-KH 129 00

'■MJm'HJHM

Apple II. 16K

or Apple II. Plus $990

DISK SYSTEM SPECIAL

Apple II Plus w/48K Supermod Video Modulator

Disk II w/Controller Integer Based ROM Card.

Reg. $2,220.00, ACP Price $ 1819.00 SAVE $401.00

Hi-Speed Serial I/O Centronics Printer I/O Applesoft II Firmware Apple Clock Introl X-10 System Introl X-10 Controller All Music Synthesizer 16 Ch Analog input 2 Ch Analog Output 13-Key Keypad Visi-CaK

$18900 0S65 D^i-Sector 18000 Apple Graphics Tablet 900 DC Hayes Modem li

26900 17995 269.95 25995 24995 164 95 11995 125 00

'Controller

Disk II

Pascal Lang System Parallel Printer Card Communications Card Business Software Pkg Corvus 10 Megabyte Drive

4625 00

S34900 67500 349 95 55900 459 00 450 00 165 00 189 00 625 00

integer RDM C3rd

Proto Card

M & R Modulator

Sanyo Cassetie

16K upgrade Ka

Desktop Plan

8" Floppy Contioller

Heuristics SpeechlaD

Rompius +

Supertalker

Cashier

SI 89 00 2195

2995 54 95 54 95 98 00 350 00 17900 16900 27900 25000

NEWlCalifornia Computer Systems APPLE Clock. Only $1 24.95

NEW! Z80 Softcard for APPLE CPM 2.2 & M BASIC 5.0 $325.00

A ATARI 800 & 400

I Personal Computer System ATARI 800 $825.00

ATARI 400 $449.00

ATARI 800 Includes: Computer Console, BASIC Lang, Cartridge, Education System Master Cartridge, BASIC Language Programming Manual, 800 Operator's Manual w/Notebook, Atari 410 Program Recorder, 16K RAM Module, Power Supply, TV Switch Box.

rifi»l»rin Etantin SntMi CuMltt rmrmi Sterling 2i 00

Disc Olive 59900 US History 3S00 Basic Electricity 3500

Printer 49900 US Gavernmenl 3500 E3s>c Algetta 3500

Prooram ReconW 6900 Supervrswy SfcHS 3500 Ink (m i« Ptt(rM LiihUii

WorU History IWesterni

Erjucation System Master Cartnooe Atari BASIC AsserrCler DeOug

Counseling Procedures Prmcioles ol Accointng

Great Classics (Enjiisd) Business Commu'riKatniiis Basic Psychology Etleclwe Wnlmg

Ptwicio*s ol Economics

3500 35 00 35 00 3500 35 00

35 00 3500 3500

Driving ControHer Pair

Paddle Conwier Pair

Jovslick CantraHer Pair

Texas Instruments 99/4 PERSONAL COMPUTER

Superior Color, Music, Sound and Graphics - and a Powerful Extended Basic - All Built ' Tl 99/4 Console only available (or $659,00

$1099.00

Cz. commodore

— $775.00

PET AS

^" ■ LOW AS DISCOUNT PRICES

2001-8K 200t-16KN .. ?001-l6KB(reg)

775 00 3023 S0-Cr> Plain Paper Pnnte. 69500

97500 2040 Dual Mm Disk Orrve 125000

97500 Pet to IEEE CatHe .3995

1250.00 IEEE lolEEE Cacrt . . 4995

125000 C?N Emetnai Cassette Deck . 9500 79500

SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER SELECTION GUIDE

■OMO MDCrSJOU ACf PRICE KIM-1 6502 16900

SYM-1 6502 239.00

Cromemco ZBO 409.00

ERCL01UIE A(M2995 A0(13995

■DADO

SC-SBC10Q AIM 65 Cosmac Vip

PRDCE»0H »Cf PRICE EHCLDSUHE

ZBO 23900 N/A

6502 375 00 Add 49.95

Order now in time for Christmas

THE BONE FONE

A

Ctt

|4 ^fr

• SKIERS

• JOGGERS

• SKATERS

• CYCLERS You must hear it are) feel it to believe it!

AM/FM stereo surrounds and fills your body with sound. No earplugs You wear itj

$g595

naniaaoaziii

TTEgnSHJIiEB

sis

SPEAK S SPEAK & SPEAK a SPELL MATH READ

$59.95 $75.95 $82.95

Teus Instruments' remarkaoie new lamily ol talking learning

axis Eacti is based on time-proven learning techniques that help

Children reaclr genump learning objectives. And their Built-in

games and activities make learning turf

■■MM* wMu hi IpMk « S.»i

Vowtf Power. Super Stumpers 4. 5. 6 and 7 B. Mighly Verbs.

isS159£

CIDCCdY RADIO CONTROLLED IIICrUA OFF-ROAD VEHICLE

QUARTZ LCD WATCH

WITH SNOOZE ALARM

The looks and functions of the expensive models at an affordable price.

NEW!

6 FUNCTIONS

• HOURS • MONTH

• MINUTES • DATE

• SECONDS • DAY

An Outstanding ACP Value ONLV $21.95

For rough roads, smooth roads, high cha»«s, It handles "em all.

Tough and ready tor any challenge, ttirs crosscountry, all-terrain R/C achan-wagon comes (trough like a champ, (tough roads, bandies'em alt Dgnai proponirjiai steenng makes easy handling in forward, reverse. ngW. ana W1 Bims - and hw speeds. Takes one 9-volt battery lor the transmitter 6 "C" batteries and one

SPECIFf RED OR SILVER

$49.95

INTRODUCING THE

CALCULIGHTER

LUXURIOUS

BUTANE

LIGHTER

8 DIGIT FOUR

FUNCTION

CALCULATOR

An exquisite gift item tor any occasion. Different, unique A beautifully designed and functional accessory Three designer metal finishes'.

gold, silver, or black,

"SUGG. RET. ACP PRICE

GOLD 95.00 $69.96

SILVER 85.00 $59.95

BLACK 85.00 $59.95

P.O. Box 17329 Irvine, Calif. 92713

Direct Order Lines: (714) 558-8813

(800) 854-8230 or (800) 854-8241

FOR INTERNATIONAL ORDERS. 1401 E. Borchard (714)9530604 SantaAna,CA92705 TWX:910-595-1565

422 BYTE November 1980

Circle 378 on inquiry card.

T P=^COMPUTER

FIRST TQ OFFER PRIME PRODUCTS TO THE HOBBYIST AT FAIR PRICES!

1. Proven Quality Factory tested products only.

2. Guaranteed Satisfaction

3. Over $1,000,000.00 Inventory

1980 CATALOG NOW AVAILABLE.

Send $2.00 for your copy of the most complete catalog of computer products. A must for the serious computer user.

STATICX /RAM BOARDS

v *Stt

• S-100 32K (uses 211 4)

ASSEMBLED Kit 1'/>'

450ns 499.00 450ns 469.00

250ns 539.00 250ns 499.00

Bare Board 49.95 Bare Board w/all parts less mem 99.95

• S-100 1SK (S-100 Compatible)

• WOW!

• Assembled & Tested c

2 MHz $250.00

4 MHz S265.00

• LOGOS IBK

ASSEMBLED

sm

450 ns 149.95 KIT 450ns 125 95 250ns 169.95 250ns 149 95

Vector Graphic 8K Kit $139.95 Bare PC Board w/Data S21.95

The vista v-ao TRS80 ADD-ON

Disk Drive System

SALE

$299.00

THE VISTA V-200 FOR EXIDY

Pnce Sorting as low as J1199.00

V3O0E-33 600 2 Dm* 35 it» 154900 '

DouoleHew W00E30 MO 30rrve 33IM 153400 J

H|

ATTENTION VIDEO HOBBYISTS!!!

* BOX BUILDERS

* USE AS REMOTE TUNER/TIMER

* FULL SCHEMATICS AVAILABLE

* FOR ONLY $5.90! - FREE W/PURCHASE

NEW, UNUSED COMPONENTS

Fram The RCA HDT-Z01 Mwcistttte Rtcsritr

1 UHFrVHF Tuner Subassembly with all knobs

find Video 0 emodulalor $98.93

3 RF Modulator wuh Audio S Video inputs

Channel 3 or 4 OtilDul S3S.95

3 Digital C-0C» Module AM/PM Fluorescein

Readout (Gieeni S10.95

■1 300 Otim to 75 Onm Matctunc __ ■ 2.4ft

Or Subtotal "f12 3.34 5 Comr»eie Set of All Hip Above

to Or»y $74.95

Please Call For Volume Discounts

RAM BOARDS SPECIAL

18K Allan Mlts Dynamic RAM Boards Assam A Tasted $119 95 Untested S9S 00

16K

^>

LOW COST FLOPPY DISK SUBSYSTEM

Siemens FDD 1 20-8 |2) VISTA Floppy Controller IS-1001. Case, Power Supply & Cable. CP/M Dish Operating System Assembled & Tested Walnut Wood Sides S14M.0O

•check ou* Fiorrr disk micks oh thii rut* SAVE $30000 IS179900 VALufcl

WATANABE MIPLOT

IMS STATIC RAM BOARDS

250 ns. 450 ns.

8K Sialic $209.00 $189.00

16K Static $449.00 $399.00

32K Static $729.00 $629.00

CENTRONICS PRINTER

Model 737

• Centronics complete printer

• The 737 has everything. Check and compare the features,

• New low price $835.OO

-V.? SD SYSTEMS BOARDS

S*w TAKE 10% OFF! kit

SBC 100 SmQla Board Computet SBC 200 Single Board Computer Z80 Slarler System VDB 8024 Video Display Board

Ercpando PftOM

SOI 00 Computer System w/64K

SD200 Comrjuler Syslem w/64K

ASSEM :) S26500 $ 349-00 399 00 44900 45900 429.00 22500 6995.00 7995.00

9601 9602 9603

9611

9613

9616

9617

9620

9622

9627

9629

9629A

9630

9640

9650

9655

96103

96702

16 Slot Mother Board Card Cage 8 Slot Mother Board Power Supply DC Input Power Supply UHltty Proto Board Arith Proc/Memory Module Buttered Utility Proto Board 32K EPROM/RAM Module EPROM Programming Head 16 Channel Parallel I/O Module Senal-Parallel I/O Module 16K Static RAM Module 170ns 32K Static RAM 450ns 32K Static RAM 200ns Card Eilender

Multiple Programmable Timer 8 Channel Dupie> Senal I/O Mod Intelligent Tape Controller 32/32 I/O Module Contact Closure Module UNPOPULATED BOARDS tAlso /Wai'aOi

175 00

75.00 100 00 27500 32500

39.00 495 00

49 00 250 00 250 00 295.00 325.00 395 00 695 00 895 OO

68.00 395 00 395 00 550 00 275 00 350.00

APPLE/EXIDY/EXPANDO

■■,;K*:HMriiTITi'rM I ■ htf

$49.95 TRS-80/APPLE $49.95

MEMORY EXPANSION KITS,

4116's, 16K (200/250 ns.)

8 pes for $49.95

w/iinstructions & jumpers Call For Volume Pricing

* Special: TRS80 Schematic $ 4.95

* Expansion Interface Schematic ..$ 4.95

* Expansion Interface Connector... 7.95

^XPATJoORA^^EMOR^rT^

* Bank Selectable * Uses 4116 200 ns.

* Write Protect _*# Power 8VDC, ±16VDC

* Phantom N^cES * Up to 4 MHz Expando 64 Kit (4116) Assem. S Tested Add $50.

16K $269.00 48K $435.00

32K $349.00 64K $505.00

<\

SOROC

TERMINALS

SALE

10 120....$ 695.00 IQ140... 995.00

UV "Eprom'

Eraser

Model UVs-11 E $69.95

Holds 4 Eprom's at a time

Backed by 45 years

experience

Model S-52T... $265.00

rial Model

EMAKO-20..

UNBELIEVABLE!!

125 Caps, 60 lorn-Vertical Formal Unit ■ 96 Chaiaclera ■ Upper/Lower Case 4,5" to 95" AdjuslaPle - 80 col/40 col double width - Full 96 char. ASCII

I. $777.00 $599.00

EMAKO-22 $799.00

Prints a 132 online AvabtXe *

VISTA PRINTER 32

25 CPS, Full Character

Daisy Wheel, 136 Column

Model

No. FP1500 $1995.00

BASE II PRINTER

• 72.80,96. 120

WITH ALL OPTIONS

Option "M" Terminal Screen B Option "S" High Speed Paper Option -T" Tractor Feed

REG. $699.00

$599.00

fer (1920 Char). ... $5000 3vance& Graphics, 50 00

,. . 5000

Z-80/Z-80A/8080 CPU BOARD

* On board 2706 * 2708 included (4S0ni.) Power on jump * Completely socketed.

-ndTested $185.00

,. ., $129.95

PC Board $ 3^95

For AMHi Speed Add S15.00

8080AKit $ 99.95

BOBOA Assembled S1 49.95

S-100 MOTHERBOARD SPECIAL

8 slot expandable w/9 conn.

reg $69.95 NOW $52.95

SIEMEN'S FLOPPY

• n,;Diiw! wiin [ituihse-Oensity e 90 Day Warranty

* CHECK OUR FLOPPY DISK PRICING! ON THIS PAGE

ACOUSTIC MODEM

D' CAT MODEM AVAILABLE SOON

CALL FOR PRICE

0M5.I2CX.

Itfmfe 12', High Resell ?? UHiOEMMcdel • M3000-340

Zemin 13' Color Morula WGA 13" Color TV

VAMP '9' Color Monitor VAMP 15" Color Monitor

499.00

.■,4900 57500

DATA BOOKS • COMPUTER BOOKS

1980 ICMastei INTEL Dala Book INTEL MCS 85 Mam

S080A Programming

6800 Programming

Z80 Programming

Vol. II Some Real Microprocessors w/Binder Some Real Support Devices w/Binder.

oMici

.30*0 27 50 ,/WWft 18.50 ,.3MQ. 18 50

SALE • SVBEX COMPUTER BOOKS • SALE

i & Business Computing ) F-orn Chips to Systems Interfacing Techniques

Programming lh<- /(((KM! PitigrammirKi the 6502 .. (5502 Aoplrcalions Book

MICROPROCESSORS

zeo

280A

F-81.3850) . 2650 .. CD1802 8080A 6O80A-4MHZ SALE 8085 ..

$189.00 ... 149.00 ....10.75

2903 4-bit SupersI TMS 9900JL CP1600 .........

6502

IM6100

8800

6800B 2.0 MHz

6802P

8035

8755 .. ...

8748

6809 . 8086

2995 49.95 39 95

49,95 69 95 37.95 6995

ADVANCED SUPPORT

AM9511 Arith, Processor . .175.00

9512 Arith Processor 175.00

9513 Univ. Timing 79.95

AM951 7 DMA Controller 18.95

AM9519 Universal Interrupt. 18.95

Z-80 SUPPORT CHIPS

Z8Q-PIO 2.5 MHi . .8 75

Z80A-PIO 4.0 MHz 12.95

Z80-CTC 2 9 MH7 8 75

Z80A-CTC 40MHi 12.95

Z80-OMA 2 5 MHz 29 95

Z80A-DMA 4 0 MHz 36 95

Z80-SIO/0 2 5 Mmi . 35 95

ZaOASIO/O 4t) MHZ 39.40

Z80-SIO/1 2 5 MHz 35 95

Z80A-SIO/1 40MH| 3940

Z80-SIO/2 2 5 MHz 35 95

Z80-SIO/2 4 0 MHz 39 40

8080/8085 SUPPORT

8155/8156 I/O 24 95

8755 I/O wilt, fcprom 64 95

8202 Dyn. Ram Cont 34 95

8205/74S 138 Decoder 3.95

8212 8 oil l/o - 2 75

8214 Pnorltylnt 5 25

8216 BusDrrver 2 75

8224 Oock Gen 2 95

8224-4 |4MHj, 9 75

8226 Bus Driver 3 95

8T26 Bus Driver 2 95

8228 Sys Control 8238 Sys Com 8251 Prog. I O 8253 Int Time8255 Prog. I O 8257 Prog. DMA 8259 Prog. Im B275 CRT Cowione* 8279 Prog Keyboard . .

STATIC RAMS

21L02 450ns fe.p\£-* 21L02 250ns. [^02

, 1 30

1 25

99

) 1 y3.75

1 55 3.65

1 15 355

2112-1

ym

2 85

265

2.9(

2 70

2114L-250ns 140451

KSf

5.9E

2114L-450nm. (4045I

5 5(

5.25

475

4044 250 ns.

H9n

750

6 90

4044 450ns.

MCi

595

4.75

EMM4200A

9.75

8.75

EMM4402

r"M

7 25

6.25

74589

2.9S

225

5101C-E

TIM

7 95

7 25

AMDS 140/41

IIIIC

1025

9 25

AMD9130/31

ia.«

10 25

1101

I9*i

1.75

1 25

P2125/93425|45ns|

9.95

835

8 25

6508 1H

. 1 CMOS

rw

795

725

6518 IK

x 1 CMOS

7.9S

7 95

7.25

74SI89 64 bilRam

3.9b

3.25

250

2147 Lr*

v Power 4K Stan

19.95 18.9E

16 95

DYNAMIC RAMS

8 75

Set of 8

I16's .

49 95

4050 4K

x1 {1BP.ni

4 95

4027 4»

x 1 (16 Piil

4 95

5261

! 95 64K

1103

1 95

5270 ..

<»5 RAMS

5605

7 95

■..".HI

.245$159.95

SOCKETS

■ Pins

Lo-Pro Solde

|w,

e Wrap

3 Uval

Gold

Ab

19

.36

59

20

38

.62

24

20

29

.69 79

99

24

38

85

1 20

43

1.10

1 49

36

58

1.25

1 69

40 |

60

1 40

1 89

ZERO INSERTION FORCE

16 Pin S5.50 24Pm S

M.I

40P-I,

$10 25

FLOPPY DISK I/O

1771-01 8" S Mmiftopoy 24 9!

uPd l,V Nee Floppy.. 49.9!

1781 Dual Floppy 299!

1791-01 Dual Floppy . 369!

uPd 765 Floppy 49 9!

A/D CONVERTERS

6700 8 bit Binary .. 13.K

8701 10 Oil Binary. 22 0(

8703 8 bit TS 13.5(

9400 Volt to Freq Conv 7 21

8751.1 ..!'; Digit BCD 13.9!

1408L66blt 3.9(

t408LB8bit 5 9E

DACOI D to A . ... 5.9S

DAC08 9.9i

TV CHIPS/SOUND

AV38500-1 6 Games B/W AV38515 Color Converter AV38603-! Roadrace Game. AY38605-1 Warfare Game AY38606-1 Wipeoul Game AV38607I Shooting Gallery AY3S910 Sound Generator SN76477 Tl Sound Generator MM5320/21 TV Synch Gen

LM1889 RF Modulator 3 95

MM57100 NSC Color TV .... 6.95

MM87104 Clock Gen 3.75

RF Modulator w/Audlo . 8 95

M8R Modulator 29.95

WAVEFORM GEN.

8038 Function Gen 3.95

MC4024VCO 2 98

LM566VCO ..1.85

XR2206 Function Generator. 5 25

SHIFT REGISTERS

MM5056N Dual 256

LED READOUTS

DL704 300 Red

0L7D7 300 Red

FN0357 357 Red

FND501 500 Red

IN!lf,iJ.|..500) 500 Red

FN0507|6IO) 500 Red

FN0508 500 Red

Comm CaftoOe

Comm Cathode Comm Cathode H Comm Camode Comm Anode Comm Anode i-t

500 Green Comm Cathode

2510A0ual 100 1 95

2847 Ouad80 495

3341 Dual 80 4 95

3351 40i9FIFO 17.95

3357 Quad 80 695

9403 16 « 4 FIFO 24 95

9408 lOBitSeauencer 9 95

CTS DIPSWITCHES

CTS206-2 1.75 CTS206-7 175

CTS206-4 1 75 CTS206-8 1 95

CTS206-5 I 75 CTS206-9 1 95

CTS206-6 1.75 CTS206-10 1.95

CONNECTORS (GOLO)

DB25PIRS232I. 3 25

DB2SS Female 3 75

Hood 1 26

Set w/Hood, Sale $750

22/44 WAV. S/T, KIM 2 95

43/66 WAV. S/T, MOT 6.60

50/100 S-100 Connector wAiv . .4.95 50/100 S-100 Connector s/t 395

39 95

49.95

5.95

..5.95

10.95

68O0 SUPPORT CHIPS

6810 128x8Ram 4.75

6820 PIA.... 5.95

6821 PIA 6.50

6829 Priority tri 9.95

6834-1 512»8 Eprom . . ..16.96 6845/HD46505 CRT Com

6847 Color CRT

6850 ACIA

6852 Serial Adapter

6860 Modem

8862 Modulator

6871A I.OMHzOSC

6870

6880 Bus Driver ...........

SHIFT REGISTER SALE

2503V.. .1.49 2525 .1.49 2504V....1.49 2527 ...1.49 2507V ...1.49 2528 1 49 2517V..,.1.49 2529 .1 49 2524V.. 1.49 2533.... 1.49

0502 SUPPORT CHIPS

6520 PIA 7 50

6522 Mull 11.95

2732

2718-5V H716-5V, 12V. 2758-5V .. 5203AQ 5204AO .. . IM 5610 . .. SALE 8223 32 *

S12k8(T5) 32x8

..74.95 14.95

29 95 29.95

3.90 -.2 95

16.95

82S11 82S12 82S126 256 <

825129 256 x 4 (TS) 4.90

825130 512 .4 |OC) .6.50 82S23 6.95

825131 1495

82S137 14.95

NOTE: WE PROGRAM PROMS

CHARACTER GEN.

2513-001 (5V) Upper 9 50

J 5 i -'I ■i'»5 15V) Lower 10.95

2513-ADM3 15V) Lower .... 14.95

MCM6571 . 11.75

MCM6571A 11 75

MCM6574 14.50

MCM6575 14.50

UARTS/BAUD RATE

TR1602B15V. 12V) 3 95

AY51013I5V, 12VI 4 95

AV5i014A/1612l5-i4v"i 6 95

AY510t5A/ia63l5VI 6 95

TMS 60U 15V. 12V) 5.50.

IM6402 7.95

IM6403 8.95

2350 USRT 995

i671BAslros 24 95

SALE TR1 4726 ft.»5

4702 14 95

WD 1941 9 95

COM5016 16.95

KEYBOARD ENCODERS

AY5-2376 .13.75

AY5-36O0 13.75

HD0165 995

74C922 9.95

74C923 9.95

FND550 500 Orange Comm Cathode 149 FNDBC3IB00! 800 Red Comm Cathode 175 FNOSOMBIOl 800 Red Comm Anode 175 HP506?-7340 600 Red 4 i 7 Heiidecimal 20 95 HP5O82-7300 600 Red 4 i 7 Sfll Digit RHO 1895 HP50B2-7731 .300 Red Comm Anode 75 T1L305 - Red Artay 5*7 7 95 T1L308 270 Red Numerical Display 10 95 TIL309 270 Red Numerical Dcsciay 995 TIL311 270 Red 4 » 7 Hewdecmal 10 95 MAN2A 320 Red Array 595 MANiOA 270 Red Alpha Numeric 895 MN3061 300 Red Comm Anode FlqM DP 125 XAN3062 300 Red Comm Anode Lefl DP 1 ?5 XAN3063 300 Red Overtlow. CA Left OP 125 KAN3064 300 Red Comm Camode Right DP I ?5 JCAN3051 300 Green Comm Anode Right DP 199 HAN3052 30D Green Comm Anode Left OP 199 XAN3053 300 Green themow CA Lett OP 199 XAN3054 300 Green Comm Cathode. Right DP 1 99 XAN3081 300 Yellow Comm Anode Right OP 210 KAN3B82 300 Veflow Comm Anode Lett DP 210 XAN30B3 300 Yelkn* Ovedlow CA Lett DP 210 XAN30B4 300 Yellow Comm Cathode Right DP 210

NAKED PC

2-80 CPU (Ithaca) »34 95

8060A CPU 34.95

8K Sialic RAM (Logos) 24.95 16K Stalic RAM (2114) .. 29 95 32K Static RAM (2114) 29.95 8KEprom(2708>. 24.95 1702 Eprom Board 300C 2708/2716 Eprom llthaca) 34 9S 2708/2716Eprom(vVMCl 3000

Realtime Clock 34.95

ACP Prolo 8d. (3M Conn.)... 27.95

Ver ten HrtOO Proto 22.20

Vt'Ctnr HH(1.'J 11 slot M8... 29.95 ACP Extender w/Conn 18.95 Video Interface (SSM) 31-95 Parallel Interlace (SSM) 31.95 13 Slot MolherBoard (WMC) 32 95 9SW!MotberBoardfWMC) . 2995 SStotMolherlexpandable) 34.95 Proc-Tech Bare Boards. ... CALL WMC Floppy PCB . . . 34.95

IC SPECIAL PURCHASE

COMPUTER SPECIALS

LF 13508 JFITT Analog Multi 8 bit 8 95 ICM 7045 Precision SlopWatcr. 23 95 ICM 7205 CMOS LED Stopwatch/Timer 19 95 ICM 7207 Oscillfllor Controller . 7.50 ICM 7208 Seven Decade Counter 18 95

ICM 7209 Clock Generator 6.95

ICL 7107 3V, Digit A/D (LED) , 14.95

MCI 4433P 3', Digit A/D Converter . 13.95 ICL 8211 Voltage Reference 1.95

LM 1820N AM Radio 3/1.00

LM 1850N Ground Fault IC 3/100

LM 2900N Quad Amplifier 2/1.00 LM 2901N (HM) Quad Comparator 2/100 LM 2917N Fred to Volt Conv .. . 2/1.99

AY-33550 4*. digit DMM 24.95

AY-5-3507 40MHz DVM . 9.95

MEM 4963 M.:-.l.'1 l.mii.f Dprpotoi . 11.95 27S08 32 *8Prom(IM 56O0| 2 95 Gl 1 5M 6 channel Moslet ,..'.... 1 49 ULM 2O03A 7 channel Drrver;.... .99

2101AL-4 1.95

MCM 14505 64 bit Static Ram 6 95

7520/25 50 LM 377 1 25

1488/1489 2/199 LM 387 . . 1,25 MK,5Q14Calc 3/1 99 LM 3302 ..., 3/1.99

74S89 3/1 99 LM 4558 . .3/1 99

78H05K 695 RC4136. . 2/1.99

LM323K 4 95 RC4131 2/199 MC1372 895 COM 5027 39 95 MM529B-4A/B. 2 95 COM 5037 49 95

^SCOUHl*

O*5*^ LIST SALE

Apple II Plus W/1BK 1195 990. PET2O01-16N 995. 895 Eddy Sorcerer W/16K 1099 Cromemco Sys III 6990 6290 Horizon 1 w/32K CALL Pascal Mn-roengine 19951595. IPSI 1620 Diablo RO 3295.2695 Anade* DP 8000 995. 875, CenlroniCSMicroS-1 595. 525. Soroc IO 1 20 995 795 Teletype Model 43 1349.11 50. HiPir.r Piutter 1065 899 MiPlot Digitizer 795 735 Intertube It 395 784. Atari 800 999 750 Atari 400 549 449 TI99/4 11501025. Leedei 12" Monitor 149. 139. Centronics 737 995 899. TrencomT-100 375. 349 Trencom T-200 595. 525 Sanyo 9" Monitor 220. 169 Sanyo 15" Monitor 295 249 Mol 22 MHz Monitor 296 219

VERBATIM DISKETTES

10O CERTIFIED ERROR-FREE!

• 35 Htm DDUILf DENSITY IINttE-lllEt W

SOCKET SPECIALS

14 PinwAv-2L ..... $35

18 P,nw/w-2l 55

20 Pm w/w-2L 75

52501 Soft Sectored IRS BO. elc S27 25 525-10 tOHoleHardNS Apple, etc 2725 525-16 16 Hole Hard Miciooolis 2725

22 Pin s/l 15

Call tor volume pricing

• *(T] TRACK BQUIIE DEHSITt - SINGLE SIDED

y. W/KUI REtHFOICEMENT KING 577-01 Sott Sectored IPS flO etc

- ■ •. . ■'.

577-16 16 Hole Hard MicropOtiS

• 40 TRACKS OGUliE SIDED OOUIIE DENSITY S1. 550-01 Soft Sectored SA 450 MR 52 550-10 10 Hole Hard. HAST IrVANGCO 550-16 16 He* Hard Micro'

• I IOQSCERTIFIEIIISKETTEJ FDBOO 01 Soil Smc# Densitv 3740 (DBOO 32 12 Hard Single Density Snug

VOLUME DEALER PRICING AVAILABLE WE ALSO STOCK DYSAN-CALL

TERMS: Use check, M/C. VISA. AMEX, CB, or COD COD requires 25% deposit Charge Orders please

U S Funds Order by phone, mail or TWX MINIMUM $10.00. Please induce- mnqarme 'Hue and phone no. SHIPPING U SA. add S2.00 for first d 30« for addi

I. Fori

i 70« tl

ii lbs FOREIGN: Add 10% shipand handling COD's $ 1.85 e»tra. responsible lor typos Some 5 subiect 10 prior sale We re

RETAIL STORES OPEN MON-SAT 1310 "B" E. Edinger STORE 674 El Camino Real Santa Ana, CA 92705 #2 Tustin, CA 92680

rehouse Specializing in Systems

wmmmmamim

Circle 378 on inquiry card.

P.O. Box 17329 Irvine, Calif. 92713

Direct Order Lines: (714) 558-8813

(800) 854-8230 or (800) 854-8241

FOR INTERNATIONAL ORDERS:

1401 E Borchard {714)9530604 Santa Ana. CA92705 TWX: 910-595-1565

BYTE November 1980

423

CaI.Forn.a DiqiTAl

Post Office Box 3097 B • Torrance, California 90503

Introducing the

ANACDM 150

DOT MATRIX PRINTER

Mfg. suggested list S13S0 California Digital Introductory Price

Full 136 Characters for the price of 80

printer features a ballistic ranieed for three million 6) integrated circuits add to the reliability of the printer.

Microprocessor controlled logic seeking bi-directional head allows the An acorn to print up to speeds of 150 characters per second. 136 columns wide.

r you are in the market for a "Quality Engineered" lot matrix printer, please consider the Aa.ae.om 150 icfore purchasing a less reliable machine.

Wailable either RS-232 serial 9600 baud. PRA-15CS c parallel PRA-15HP. Field exchange. K weight 40 pounds.

======= 3101

= = ===== DISPLAY

= =■=7 = TERMINAL

This modularly constructed CRT terminal has been engineered with the user in mind. The video display modules swivels and tilts to provide the operator with a comfortable viewing posture.

Standard B0 by 24 Line screen formal with a 25th line to display machine status and aid in the diagnostics in the event of a system malfunction.

B7 key Selectric style keyboard arrangement along with numeric entry pad. Eight user definable func

IBM direct price <1295

CALIFORNIA DIGITAL

discount price

SI IOC Immediate

1199 delivery

But moat of ail, buili Into every 3101 terminal la the quality that you have learned to expect from the IBM Corporation. VDT-3101

H..i

"""''■'■"••hi pi; - ■ ■■ .

Sti

JEC V-300

»Word Processing

Daisy Wheel Printer

*1595

Finally a reasonably priced letter quality printer.. . Bi-directional printing a 25 characters per second. Full 136 print positions wide. Proportional spacii 1/120" horizontal, 1/48" vertical.

Uses standard Diablo brand interehai.gable daisy print wheels. Intel 8085 CPU microprocessor controlled. Interfaces via Centronics par all • Shipping 58 lbs. PKV-300.

NEC Spin writer V!

The word processing quatllv Spinwriter prims at speeds upio 55 characters per second. The Model 5510 P/S is supplied with both parallel and RS-232 serial Interfacing Also Included is the tractor feed meeh antes., along with print thimble >nd ribbon. PRJN-5518PS 70 lbs.

Keyboard (KSR) Model 5520 P/S available (8696. PRN-5520 PS 75 lbs.

P-300

PRIIMTRONIX

$4500

Forty-four separate print heads shuttle to provide overlapping dots. This unique feature allows a resolution of 60 dots per inch horizontal and 72 vertical. The Printronix P-300 has the capability of outputing pictures, bar codes and large labels, a feature not provided with band or chain printers. PRP -300 200 lbs.

*1395

PRX9500

DP-9500

TI-BIO

$1495

List $1895

Save $400

CEnTRonics

730 737

$595 $795

Both the Centronics 730 and the 737 are capable of accepting standard office letterhead or pin feed continuous forms. For higher resolution the 737 implements a nine wire dot matrix print head. Parallel interfacing. Add $65 for RS232. PRC-730P <S>. PRC-737P (S) 17 lbs.

AMPEX

DIALOGUE 80 CRT TERMINAL

$995

New from the Ampex Corporation. The Dialogue 80 features removable keyboard, displayable two pages (four optional) dual program keys, half intensity protected fields and status line. Transmits data either tilock, line or character mode. Excellent value. VDT-D80 shipping 47 lbs.

Applied Digital Data Systems Inc.

ENT 25 $850

cter by 24 line twelve inch

18 key numeric-entry cluster.

video. Displavable control rs. VDT-R25 ship. 60 lbs.

REGENT 30 S950

onal features. Special function

High resolution graphics. 25th

line. Multi-intensity screen.

quality keyboard. VUT-R30

REGENT 40 $1195

:/delete line feature. Eleven

al graphic symbols. VDT -R40

REGENT 60 $1495

jlay. Block mode transotected fields. VDT-R60

HEWLETT PACKARD

$2650

The Hewlett Packard HP-85 is a complete, low cost portable computer system. This self contained package includes CPU. keyboard, printer,

i;i,l' iiisplav jfiii cijsst'iLi.' tape drive. SYS-HP85 30 lbs.

HP

■:>:

ATARI

800 '747 400 >695

L0B0

Disk Drives

The package includes a durable steel enclosure. Power One brand disk power supply, muffin exhaust fan and all the necessary harnessing cables. The Lobo package with: One Shugart SA801R disk drive. . . $795 TwoShugart SA801R disk drives.31183

VISA

All merchandise sold Shipping: First five pc Foreign orders 10% si California residents at Open accounts extende tions and companies w Warehouse: 15608 Ingl

pounds $2.00;

S-100 BOARDS

Assembled • Tested • Burned-in

MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS Dynamic memory DMB-8400 $770

Dynamic memory DMB-3200 700

GODBOUT/COMPUPRO Dual 8088/8085 16 bit CPU 375

Z-80 CPU 24 bit address 4 MHz 239 Static RAM 32K (Alpha Micro) 575

Spectrum color graphics board 329

Interfacer II I/O board 199

SEATTLE COMPUTER PRODUCTS 8086 16 bit CPU 2 card set /86 dos 595 CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS S-100 Mainframe 2200A 329

Disk controller/ 2. 2 CPM 2422 329

Z-80 CPU 4 MHz DMA 2810A 250

DIGITAL RESEARCH 32K 2716 EPROM board 99

EPROMS for above 2716 16 req. 13 CALIFORNIA DATA CORPORATION A/D board 16 channel 12 bits QT COMPUTER SYSTEMS Real time clock/calendar 135

MORROW / THINKER TOYS

-Multiboard "NEW" Daisy wheel port.

real time clock, power on jump,

program interrupt confl 3P/3S $275 |

Swilchboard interface 4P/2S '.

Disk Jockey I disk controller J

Disk Jockey II double density '.

SD SALES

PROM-100 programmer !

Video display board 8024

Versafloppy 3740 controller !

MULLEN PRODUCTS

Extender board/Logic probe (kit)

Relay Opto/control board

D. C. HAYES PRODUCTS

Micromodem S-100 FCC register 375 |

ARTEC ELECTRONICS

Wire Wrap proto board WW/100

General Purpose proto GP/100

CALIFORNIA DIGITAL

80H6 CPU 4K on board static RAM 4

S-100 Mother Board $35

Quiet Buss

COMPUTER lg£

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS Arithmetic Processor 7811 B/C $319 Asynchronous serial interface 7710 129 Centronics Interface card 7728 95

12K PROM Module 7114 69

Calender/Clock, Bat. back-up 7424 99 Parallel Interface 7720A 96

Programable Timer 7740A 99

Analog/Digital converter 7470A 99

MICROSOFT PRODUCTS Apple to Z-80 CPU card 379

D. C. HAYES PRODUCTS Micromodem for Apple 319

COMPUTER STOP PRODUCTS Double Vision / 80 Column Video 250

INTERACTIVE STRUCTURES 16 Channel A/D card AIO/2

MOUNTAIN COMPUTER PRODUCTS Intro X-10 system for HSR $23t

Intro X-10 card only 16!

16 channel AD/DA 8 bit 311

Apple Clock battery back-up 221

Supertalker SD200 24!

ROM Plus with filter 16;

ROM Writer/Programmer 1 U

APPLE BRAND PRODUCTS Apple Language card 45C

Floppy disk with controller 56t

Floppy disk without controller 4fl£

Apple parallel Interface 17;

SSM MICROCOMPUTER Dual serial parallel interface AIO 149 | SOKltENTO VALLKY ASSOCIATES

' floppy c

■olU-r (Pai

:al)

direct connect

MODEM

UniversaI DataIOJ

Connects directly to the new modular phone jack. Fully powered from your existing telephone line. No need to locate external AC power. Crystal control prevents frequency drift. Direct connect feature eliminates loss of information due to carbon compression that is associated with acous

$169.

TOLL FREE ORDER LINE

800421-5041

TECHNICAL & CALIFORNIA

213)679-9001

CAlifoRNiA DiqiTAl

Post Office Box 3097 B • Torrance, California 90503

MEW

from INTEGRAL DATA

Paper Tiger

**** All the features of the 440 and more **** The 460 uses a dot matrix character formation technique in which the placement of the dots overlap both horizontally and vertically to achieve a correspondence-quality printing.

The printer's nine-wire print head uses staggered needle rows to create the vertically overlapping dots. The head is driven bidirectionally under microprocessor control by a stepper motor driven mechanism with logic-seeking look ahead capability. Standard " Two-K Byte " buffer allows the printer to accept the entire content of a 1,920-character CRT screen. Weight 27 lbs.

suggested list price $1,295. Calif. Digital price J1 A7C

S 100 POWER SUPPLY .

Mfg. for California Digital by $SQ

S>i-;sij3it*d for on board regulation.

■ 8V./BA, ; ±16V. /2A > Input :1 IS/230VAC.

t 9x5x3" PWS-8A Alba.

Same aa above but: 8V. /20A; ±16V.4A. 11x5x4" PWS-20A

WESTERN UNION

ENCLOSURE

These

ClOBU

tured for Western Union by Universal Technology. The exact purpose of the product ta still a mystery but the enclosure is ideally suited for an S-100 motherboard with shielded power supply. Removable hood and plexlglas front make this enclosure an attractive home for any hobby product New surplus in factory boxes suppll

22/44 edge connectors! DB25S

foot grounded power cord and more, Wl/2T,x8 7/BI' Shipping weight 8 lbi

$24.99

MODEL43

4320 KEYBOARD

TTL AAA $950

RS232....AAK 1050

Friction.., AAE

103 Modem AAB 1575

1100 shipping

TED

PLASTIC LIBRARY CASE

with purchaseof each box of .... Memorex mini-diskettes. S5 value.

boVU'24.99

B,xe°s *22.2?

of TEN forty track

DISKETTES

/UMMMMU.

■£ «—4

_ DB25

V'1 H V ucb 10+

—-i male *2*o jp

:S?°\ female 3*5 30S

hood-2p 1" »«

Cantronlc 6.93

'Z

■B

BCD^sw!1,^"'!?^

Ten Position Mfg. by Digiawitch 1 7/8"high 1/2" wide

Authorized Distributor

Scotch'

Data Products

Edge Connectors

GOLD 100 PIN

IMSAI/ALTAIR

Ims.i tsMtf .1251.250 Immal w/w,125cintiri •Italr •oldirtill.UOro* SPECIALS

22 «4 Kim eyelet 156" 25/50 solder tab .150" 36,72 *id« poll w V..156

• 2.95 3/f 7.50 »4.95 3/(13.00 •5.95 3 115.00

• 1.9S 3 15 00

• 1.09 3/12.00

• 1.95 3 15.00

Lear Seigler Inc. In Plant

POCKET

INTERCOM

$14.95

IEE Projection Module

Another one of our mystery products. Manufactured by the Lear Seigler Company. The pocket Intercom it supplied in a deep drawn blue anodiied aluminium enclosure. Excellent for those special projects which require a touch of elegance. LSI list price SI45. Supplied with chrome pocket clip. 9V transistor battery required. Model 1105. New surplus, measures 3,5x2,75x 1.1251' SPC-LSI

Voltage applied to one of the twelve discrete miniature incandescent #328 I lamps causes the module to display the selected character. (+-«thru9,. Users may substitute the character film and display pictures and symbols of their own choosing, Manufactured by Industrial Electronic engineers Inc. SPC-L12 Used excellent cond. 24 lamp modules also avail.

740-0 IBM soft format. 740/2 Double side soft 741-0 Double density 743-0 Double/Double 740-32 8" Hard sector 744-(0)(10Kl6) 5 l/4"mini Library case for any above B34 A Data Cassette D C 100 Mini C artridge D C 300 D ata Cartridge 920( ) Disk Cartridge

MEMORY

TRS-80 « APPLE II

16k memory (8)4116's

Shugart Associates

SA800-R Floppy

£44950

Installation is simple. Anyone who has ever changed a spark plug should be able < to up-grade his microcomputer. How can California Digital offer these memory up-grade sets at 25% below our competition? Simple, we buy in volume, wholesale to dealers and sell the balance directly to owners of personal microsystems. These 16K dynamic memory circuits are factory prime and unconditionally guaranteed for one full year. NOW, before you change your mind, pick up the telephone and order your up-grade memory from California Digital. Add $3 for TRS80 jumpers. 32-99 100-5C -999 1K+

STATIC

21L02 450nS. 21L02 250nS. 2114 1Kx4 450 2114 1Kx4 300 4044 4Kxl 450

4044 4Kxl 250

4045 1Kx4 450 4045 1Kx4 250 5257 low pow.

1-31 1. 19 1.49 5.95 8. 95 5.95 9.95

8. 95

9. 95 5.95

.99 1. 39 5. 50 8.50 5.50 9.50 8. 50 9.50 5. 50

.95 1. 25 5. 25 8. 00 5. 25 9.00 8. 00 9.00 5. 00

. 90

.85

XEROX 800

WORD PROCESSING

KEYBOARD

ASCII ENCODED

This 77 key word processing keyboard was manufactured by Micros witch Tor use in the Xerox 800 word processing system. The keyboard outputs a seven bit ASCII code along with an eighth bit that allows most keys to shift and double function aa special characters. Extra large " Tab & Return " keys are desired into the layout of the keyboard to emulate the IBM Selectrie. 17 illuminated keys serve for special | word processing codes. The keyboard is equipped with two thumbwheel switches for defining line width.

Original Xerox acquisition over $400.00 California Digital USED price only $49. 00 Excellent cond. Documentation Included.

^V

□ATA INPUT "r",ik TERMINAL

quired from the CMC division of the Pertet Corporation. The unit was originally designed for inputing data directly onto magnetic tapeTrie Hyatem is comprised of a premium cost aluminium and fiberglass enclosure, along with a Honeywell/ Microswitch hall effect keyboard. Thirty display lamps advise the operator of the systems status. Four Inch load speaker acknowledges acceptance of data and alerts the operator of pending problems.

But most of all this "USED " terminal, with a little imagination, can be engineered to make the perfect home for an S-100 computer and video display; or with slight modification will accept the Rockwell AIM-S5 micro/computer.

Five volt regulated power supply is available for an additional $20. (see June Bytel All units are in excellent condition. Original acquisition over $700. 22 lbs.

ControL D/ua CRT Terminal?

^At present we have been un

:ure any printed in form a

ts. If you have any doubia. [jicii si purchase one of these temii led via truck, freight collect.

ShlfijJiri.t V

Scotc]

Diskette

HEAD

Cleaning Kit

$

Please specify: 8" or 5 1/4"

Miniature Switches

your choice

$.98

SPOT Miniature Toggles

7101C&K ON NONE ON

7107 jbt ON-OFF(mnt.ON) I

7108 CK ON-(moment ON) I 7103 CK ON OFF ON

Rotary 3P-4 PoS.

Rotary 3P-6-Pos.

Posh B (N 0) S 39ea 4 -'SI

DIP Switch

hi?9

KEYBOARD *24?5

IBM 2980

ESS

*** THOUSANDS ***

We haVe slashed price in an effort to reduce our over stocked inventory. These are Single Five Volt .Eproms, manufactured by one of the Worlds largest producers of semiconductors. Please phone for volume pricing.

BANK TERMINAL

*250

The IBM 2980 b -mlnai was on lusly adjust the c

was designed

to be located at each tellers puter. Information entered at the computer. A record of the iltaneously recorded onto a contim:

the

i passbook and s seated within the terminal.

he heart of the 2980 is the IBM Selectrlc typewriter, nd full documentation. . potential use for this I/O terminal is in business applications where information ran nto ledger cards at the same time data is recorded at the computer. USED surplus,

init Is supplied with print ball, i

The new BSR timer runs your home like clockwork Turns on lamps and appliances while your away from home.

Completely compatible with your existing system X-10 devices.

BSR Timer $65.00

Master Console 34.95

Ultrasonic Controller 19.9 Modules: Appliance. Lamp or Wall Switch 13.9

VISA

All merchandise sold by California Digital is premium gra Shipping: First five pounds $2.00; each additional add $.40 ~" orders 10% shipping. Excess will be refunded. iia residents add 6% sales tax. COD's discouraged Open accounts extended to state supported educational insti tions and comnanies with a "Strong Dun & Bradstreet. "

Circle 379 on inquiry card.

TOLL FREE ORDER LINE

800)421-5041

TECHNICAL & CALIFORNIA

213)679-9001

Computers, Disk Systems

SUPERBRAIN

BvlNTERTEC

INTERSYSTEMS

formerly ITHACA AUDIO

32K or 64K (Double or Quad Density units available). Uses two Z-80 CPU's. Commercialtype terminal with 12" monitor. Dual double density minifloppies. Over 350 kilobytes of storage (twice that with quad density drives). Two serial RS232 ports, I/O ports standard. Expandable with optional S 100 S 100 interface. Comes with CP/M™ 2.2 operating system. MiniMicroMart includes BASIC interpreter and can supply a wide range of CP/M Development and Application software.

w/32K Double Density, List $2995 . $2685

w/64K Double Density, List $3345 $2883

w/64K Quad Density, List $3995 $3595

W/64K Quad - MiniMicroMart

Upgrade Special $3395

MICROMATION

s

A 64K complete computer with dual density 8" floppies (1 megabyte). Rack or vertical mounting. Systems with double-sided drives, hard disks, and multi-user (MP/M). Z + 100 64K RAM,Computer, $2495. . $2099 Z+120 Includes two 8" disks, $4995 $4199 "Z" system features new distributed processing multi-user concept with one Z 80 per user, with Z-80for MP/M (Master Satellite concept).

AS LOW AS $11,899!

SD SYSTEMS

SDS-100, W/32K RAM, $6995 $5945

SDS-200, List $8995 $7645

RADIO SHACK TRS-80™

10% OFFL

DPS-1, List $1795

Call for Price!

The new Series II CPU Board features a 4 MHz Z-80A CPU and a full-feature front panel. 20slot actively terminated motherboard, with 25 amp power supply (50/60 Hz operation, incl. 68 cfm fan).

COMPLETE SYSTEM with InterSystem 64K RAM, I/O Board w/priority interrupt and double density disk controller board. Full 1-year warranty. List $3595 _ ,, , _ . ,

Call for Price!

HEWLETT-PACKARD

HP-85A

MORROW

THINKER TOYS® DISCUS M26™

26 megabytes of formatted storage List $4,995

$4,199

THINKER TOYS® DISK SYSTEMS

Now includes CP/M® 2.2

Discus 2D, List $1199 $1019

Discus 2D, dual-drive, List $1994 $1694

Discus 2 + 2, Assem., List $1549 $1319

Dual Discus 2 + 2, Assem., $2748 $2335

All Morrow systems now include CP/M® 2.2

Circle 380 on Inquiry card.

NORTH STAR MDS-A Double Density Mini Floppy Disk System

Double Density, Kit

List $799 OUR PRICE $669

Assembled and Tested $719

Quad Version, Kit, List $836

Assembled, List $1099 $896

Above MDS-A units do not include cabinet or

power supply.

Shipping and Insurance: Add $7.50.

NEW! CR0MIX FROM CR0MEMC0

A New UNIX Like Disk Operating System,

With true multi-user,

multi-tasking capabilities

List $295 OUR PRICE $249

NEW! DOUBLE DENSITY CONTROLLER BOARD

FROM CROMEMCO

With built-in diagnostics 16 FDC Controller. List $595 OUR PRICE $505

NEW! CROMEMCO SYSTEM ZERO

List $995 OUR PRICE $849

NEW! CROMEMCO SYSTEM ZERO/D

A complete 64K Computer with Double Density Disk Controller List $2995

OUR PRICES2545

Companion Disk drive for above —

Quad Density — Total of 780 Kilobytes of

storage on the two drives List $1295

OUR PRICE $1099

Only $3644 for a complete 64K Disk System

MORROW

Discus 2D's IN STOCK

Terminals and Printers/

TELEVIDEO TVI-912C

SOROC

TI-810

Upper and lower case, 15 baud rates: 75 to 19,000 baud, dual intensity, 24 x 80 character display, 12 x 10 resolution. Numeric pad. Programmable reversfole video, auxiliary port, self-test mode, protect mode, block mode, tabbing, addressable cursor. Microprocessor controlled, programmable underline, line and character insert/delete. "C" version features typewriter-style keyboard. List $950

OUR PRICE $789

920C (with 11 function keys, 6 edit keys and 2 transmission mode keys, List $1030

ONLY $849

Intertec

EMULATOR

Software compatible with a Soroc IQ-120, Hazeltine 1500, ADM-3A or DEC VT-52. Features block mode transmission and printer port; 12" anti-glare screen; 18-key numeric keypad; full cursor control. List $895

_______ OUR PRICE $749

NEW INTERTUBE III

List $995 ONLY $749

12" display, 24 x 80 format, 18-key numeric keypad, 128 upper/lower case ASCII characters. Reverse video, blinking, complete cursor addressing and control. Special user-defined control function keys, protected and unprotected fields. Line insert/delete and character insert/delete editing, eleven special line drawing symbols.

IQ-120

List $995

SPECIAL

$729

IQ-140 List $1495 SPECIAL $1149

HAZELTINE

1410 w/numeric keypad, List $900 $749

1420 w/lower case and numeric pad 849

1510, List $1395 1089

1520, List $1650 1389

NEC SPIIMWRITER

TM

Terminal/Keyboard as well as

RO Printer Only models available.

CALL FOR PRICES!

TI-810 Basic Unit, $1895 . ONLY $1695 TI-810 w/full ASCII (Lower case), vertical

forms control, and compressed print . $1895 TI-745 Complete printing terminal with acoustic coupler. List $1695 $1399

PAPER TIGER"

• f

CENTRONICS

PRINTERS

NEW 730, parallel, friction, tractor . . . $679

NEW 737 parallel, friction, tractor .... $849 779-2 w/tractor (same as TRS-80 Line

IDS-440 Paper Tiger, List $995 $895 w/graphics option, incl. buffer, $1194 . . $989 TRS-80 cable 45

NEW IDS PAPERTIGER 460List $1295 . $1149 NEW IDS PAPERTIGER 460G List $1394 SI 199

NEW IDS 460

QUALITY PRINTING AT MATRIX

SPEED-LOGIC SEEKING

PROPORTIONAL SPACING

w/auto text justification

RNRD6X

DP9500/DP9501 PRINT6RS

DP-9500, List $1650 $1399

DP-9501, List $1650 $1399

OKI DATA Microline80

Tractor Feed Option . Serial interface

AXIOM IMP I

ONLY $649

$99

$89

$699

COMPRINT 912 w/parallel interf. $559 912 w/serial interface, List $699 $589

MICROTEK, List $750 $675

ANADEX 80-Col. Dot Matrix $849

Above prices reflect a 2% cash discount (order prepaid prior to shipment). Add 2% to prices for credit card orders, C.O.D.'s, etc. Prices are f.o.b. shipping point. Prices are subject to change and offers subject to withdrawal without notice. WRITE FOR FREE CATALOG.

Printer I), List $1350 1049

702 120 cps, bi-direct., tractor, VFU 1995

703 185 cps, bi-direct., tractor, VFU 2395

704 RS232 serial version of 703, $2350 .. $1995

MiniMicroMart, Inc.

1618 James Street, Syracuse NY 13203 (315) 422-4467 TWX 710-541 0431

Circle 381 on inquiry card.

If North Star or Cromemco offer it.

WE HAVE IT!!

Immediate Delivery at Discount Prices

NORTH STAR Horizon 2

32K Double Density

Assembled and Tested List $3095

ONLY $2619

ASSEMBLED

HORIZON 1, DD $2279

32K, QD, List $2995 2539

HORIZON 2, 32K, DD . $2619

32K, QD, List $3595 3049

48K, DD, List $3590 3039

48K, QD, List $4090 3469

64K, DD, List $3830 3239

64K, QD, List $4330 3669

NORTH STAR APPLICATIONS SOFTWARE

(Exclusive for use with North Star Disk Systems — specify Double or Quad Density)

NORTHWORD, List $399 $339

MAILMANAGER, List $299 249

INFOMANAGER, List $499 419

GENERALLEDGER, List $999 799

ACCOUNTSRECEIVABLE, List $599 499

ACCOUNTSPAYABLE, List $599 499

NORTH STAR HARD DISK HD-18

18 megabytes, plugs into parallel port of North Star Horizon. Utilizes tried-and-proven 14" Century Data Marksman. List $4999. QUR pR|CE $419g

NORTH STAR MDS-A - Double (or Quad) Density Disk System, Kit, List $799 . OUR PRICE $669 Assembled and Tested, List $899 SPECIAL $719

NORTH STAR MEMORY BOARDS

16K Dynamic RAM (RAM-16-A/A), Assembled, List $499 $420

Kit, List $449 SPECIAL $299

32K (RAM-32/A), Assembled, List $739 $620

Kit, List $669 ONLY $499

INTRODUCTORY SPECIALS ON ...

PREMIUM QUALITY BASF DISKS CERTIFIED FOR QUAD SYSTEMS

5V." DOUBLE DENSITY DOUBLE SIDED l.si$57.50 8" DOUBLE DENSITY DOUBLE SIDED L.st$75.00 . Shipping J? 50 — Free Shipping In Multiple Of Two Box »

(Box of ten)

.. $36.95 .. $47.49

flrV System 3

by CROMEMCO

Now with Dual

Double Sided

Double Density

(oj/er 2 megabytes

of Storage)

64K of RAM

List $7395

LIMITED TIME INTRODUCTORY SPECIAL

$6199!

CROMEMCO SYSTEM 2 — Now double Density with Double Sided Drives, Quad Capacity mini floppy disc drives. List $3990 Only S3390

CROMEMCO Z-2H

Full 11-megabyte Hard Disk system. FastZ-80A 4 MHz processor, two floppy disk drives, 64K RAM memory, RS232 special interface, printer interface, and extensive software available. List $9995

our price $8489

NEW DOUBLE DENSITY CONTROLLER BOARD From Cromemco

With built-in diagnostics — 16 FDC Controller List $595 OUR PRICE $505

Z-2 COMPUTER SYSTEM List $995 $845

SINGLE CARD COMPUTER - SCC-W 4 MHz. List $450 $382

NEW COLOR GRAPHICS INTERFACE - SOI List $595 OUR PRICE $505 CROMEMCO HDD — 11 /22-megabyte Hard Disk for use with existing systems. DMA controller. Transfer rate of 5.6 megabytes/second.

HDD-11. List $6995 OUR PRICE ONLY $5939

HDD-22. List $11.995 $10,189

SHIPPING AND INSURANCE: Add $15 or Horizons, $2.50 for Boards and Software. Hard Disk Systems and Cromemco systems shipped freight collect. Advertised prices are for prepaid orders. Credit card and C.O.D. 2% higher. Deposit may be required on C.O.D. All prices subject to change and offers

subject to withdrawal without notice. . ,

- WRITE FOR FREE CATALOG ^*^^

MiniMicroMart, Inc.

master charge

1618 James Street, Syracuse, NY 13203 (315)422-4467 twx 710-541-0431

Circle 382 on Inquiry card.

Try to beat our prices!

SUPERBRAIN by Intertec

Self contained computer with duat disks and two RS232C ports. Complete with CPM' 2.2 and BASIC. 60COr

32K Double Density, List $2995 . V^DOU

64K Double Density, List $3345 $2883

64K MiniMicroMart upgraded to Quad Density SPECIAL $3395

VIDEO TERMINALS

/VflrVEMULATOR (Intertec), List $895$ 749 NEW INTERTUBE lllList $895 ONLY $ 749 SOROC 120, List $995 SPECIAL $ 729

1Q140, List $1495 SPECIAL $1149

PERKIN ELMER 550. List $997 $ 799

with anti glare screen, $1027 $ 829

HAZELTINE 1410, List $900 $ 749

1420 $ 849

1500, List $1225 $ 879

1510, List $1395 $1089

1520, List $1650 $1389

ADDS R-20, List $995 $ 945

LEAR SIEGLER ADM3A, Assembled $ 849

TELEVIDEO 912C, List $950 $ 789

920C, List $1030 $ 849

PRINTERS

ANADEX DP-8000 $ 849

DP-9500, List $1650 $1399

DP-9501. List $1650 $1399

PAPER TIGER IDS 440, List $995 $ 895

w/graphics op., incl. buffer, $1195 ... $ 989

NEW IDS PAPERTIGER 460 . List 1295 $1149

NEW I0S PAPERTIGER 460G List $1394 $1199

NEC Spinwriters Call for Price

TELETYPE 43 KSR $1087

CENTRONICS 730 1 parallel interface . . . NEW LOW $679 737 parallel interface . . SUPER VALUE $349 779 w/Tractor, List $1350 $1049

702 w/Tractor, VFU, List $2480 $1995

703 w/Tractor, VFU, List $2975 $2395

704 w/Tractor, VFU, List $2350 $1995

Tl 810 Basic, List $1895 $1695

810/serial & Centronics style

parallel interface, List $1940 $1735

810 w/full ASCII (U/LC), Vertical Forms Control, Compressed Print . . $1895

Tl 820 KSR, List $2165 $1895

Tl 745 w/full ASCII, List $1695 $1399

COMPRINT 912 w/parallel interface $ 559

912 wserial interface, List $699 $ 589

AXIOM IMP I $ 699

MICROTEK, List $750 $ 675

OKIDATA Microline 80, List $949 649

Tractor Feed Option $ 99

RS232 Serial Interface $ 8i>

NORTH STAR HORIZON®

HORIZON 1 ASSEMBLED & TESTED

32K, Double Density, List $2695 .... $2279 32K, Quad Density, List $2995 $2539

HORIZON 2 ASSEMBLED & TESTED

32K, Double Density, List $3095 $2619

32K, Quad Density, List $3595 $3049

48K, Double Density, List $3590 $3039

48K, Quad Density, List $4090 $3469

64K, Double Density, List $3830 $3239

64K, Quad Density, List $4330 $3669

LIMITED QUANTITY OF HORIZON 2 KITS AVAILABLE

FLOPPY DISK SYSTEMS

NORTH STAR MDS A Assembled, List $899 SPECIAL $ 719

Kit Version, List $799 $ 669

MORROW THINKER TOYS* Discus 2D,

List $1199 OUR PRICE $1019*

Discus 2D, dual-drive, List $1994 $1694*

Discus 2+ 2, A&T, List $1549 $1319*

Dual Discus 2 t 2, A&T, List $2748 . . . $2335* •Now includes CP/M" 2.2 MICROMATION Megabox, DD w/

8" drives, 1-megabyte, List $2295 $1949

2-megabyte, List $3095 $2629

MICROPOLIS1041 MacroFloppy

w/enclosure (no P.S.I, List $695 $ 625

1042 MacroFloppy w/case & AC P.S. . $ 709 1053 Dual MetaFloppy' , List $1895 . . . $1695

VIDEO BOARDS

I/O Mapped SD COMPUTER VDB-8024,kit,List $370$319t

Assembled, List $470 $ 3991

XITEX SCT-100K, Kit ONLY $154.95

SCT-100A Assembled $174.95

SSM VB2 I/O. Kit, List $199 Call

Assembled & Tested, List $269 Call

Memory Mapped SSM VB1C, 16x64, Kit, List $179

Assembled & Tested, List $242 SSM VB3, 80-Char.,4MHz,Kit, List $48! Call

4 MHz, AEfT, List $565 Call

iNTERSYSTEMS, 16x64, A&T, List $165 $149

ESCON CONVERSION FOR IBM SELECTRIC

Complete w/microprocessor controller and power supply. Factory built. User installs solenoid assembly or it can be done at Escon factory at nominal cost. Parallel (TRS-80, Sorcerer, etc.), $575 $514

RS232 Standard Serial, List $599 534

IEEb-488 (for PET), List $660 584

TRS-80 Cable 25

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS

280 CPU BOARDS List $299 $269

DISK CONTROLLER 2422 List $399 ... $359

32 CASE STATIC List $710 S599

64K DYNAMIC BOARD List $699 $589

CPU BOARDS

(assembled unless noted) NORTH STAR Z80A (ZPB-A/A), $299 $254 CROMEMCO 4 MHz (ZPU W), List $395 $335

4 MHz (SCC W), List $450 $382

INTERSYSTEMS (formerly Ithaca Audio)

new Series II Z-80, 4 MHz. List $395 . . . $349 SSM CB1 8080 A&T, List $252

CB1A Kit, List $183

CB2 Z 80. A&T, List $344

CB2Kit, List $260

DELTA Z 80, with I/O $289

SD SBC 100, List $350 $298

SBC-100 Kit, List $295 $250

SBC 200, List $400 $332

SBC 200 Kit, List $320 $272

MEMORY BOARDS

32K SD ExpandoRAM Kit only $249T

ONLY $159 without RAM chips

NORTH STAR 16K Dynamic RAM Board,

A&T (RAM-16-A/A), List $499 $420

16K Kit Version, List $449 . . SPECIAL $299

32K A&T (RAM-32/A), List $739 $620

32K Kit, List $669 SPECIAL $499

CROMEMCO 16KZ-W, List $495 $419

64KZ-W, List $1795 1485

MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS & CONTROLS

(Guaranteed performance, incl. labor/parts 1 yr) DM6400 64K Board w/all 64K, $795 . . . $659

DM4800 with 48K, List $695 $589

DM3200 with 32K, List $595 $509

DMB6400 64K Board wall 64K $859

DMB4800 with 48K $789

MORROW SuperRAM - all static, all A&T

16K, 4 MHz or 2 MHz, List $349 $299

32K, 4 MHz, List $699 $629

16K Memory Master, List $399 $339

24K Memory Master, List $549 $465

INTERSYSTEMS (formerly Ithaca Audio)

8K Static 2 MHz, A&T, List $165 $149

8K Static 4 MHz, A&T, List $195 $176

16K Static 2 MHz, A&T, List $475 $427

16K Static 4 MHz, A&T, List $495 $445

64K Dynamic, List $995 $895

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER 16K Static, A&T, List $349.95 $259

FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER BOARDS

NORTH STAR, DD,

Assembled, List $499 $399

MORROW Disk Jockey 1, A&T ($213) . $189

Disk Jockey 2D, A&T, List $479 $429

SD Versafloppy 1, Kit, List $250 $212 t

Versafloppy II, DD Kit, List $350 $297 t

Versafloppy II, DD, A&T, List $430 $365 t

DELTA double density A&T ($385) $345

CONDUCTOR, double density A&T . . . $269 INTERSYSTEMS FDC-2, A&T, $495 . . . $439 MICROMATION Doubler, DD, A&T . . . $399 TARBELL Floppy Disk Interface Kit $199

double density, A&T, List $495 $444

NEW CROMEMCO

DOUBLE DENSITY

DISK CONTROLLER

List $595 OUR PRICE $505

SHIPPING AND INSURANCE: Add $2 50 for boards, $6 for Seleclric Converter or Floppy Disk Drtves, $7.50 for Floppy Disk Systems, $15 for Horizon SHIPPED FREIGHT COLLECT: SuperBram, Centronics

and T.I. printers Contact us for shipping information on other terminals and printers

Above prices reflect a 2% cash discount (order prepaid prior to shipment). Add 2% to prices for credit card orders, C.O.D.'s, etc Prices are subject to change and offers subject to withdrawal without notice

- WRITE FOR FREE CATALOG

MiniMicroMart, Inc.

1618 James Street. Syracuse NY 13203 (315) 422 4467 TWX 710-541-0431

Circle 383 on Inquiry card.

Unclassified Ads

FOR SALE: TRS-80 Model I Level 2, 48 K memory, expansion interface, two disk drives, Emako-20 matrix printer with Centronics cable. Sell all or part at 80% Radio Shack list price. Also diskettes, game cassettes, etc. Philip Crawford, 1720 E 1st St #10, Long Beach CA 90802, (213) 437-5475.

EDUCATORS: Small private school in central Connecticut (K-8) is considering implementation of microcomputers into curriculum. If you've previously experienced such an endeavor in this age group and would be willing to share an evening enlightening faculty and concerned parents, please contact us. We're eager to make this a successful program, and would be interested in learning how your program was launched and pitfalls to avoid. The Independent Day School, Laurel Brook Rd, Middlefield CT 06455, Attn: William Murdoch, (203) 238-3994.

FOR SALE: Voltage regulator, SOLA BASIC 750 VA Unit #63-13-175. Never used, output two outlets, 6.25 A maximum. $300, shipping additional. Jane Groene, 1 Harmony Ct, Syosset NY 11791, (516) 921-4900.

WANTED: KIM-1 or similar microcomputer for dedicated real-time system. Must be like KIM-1: easily expandable but otherwise a bare single-board system. Needed for temperature monitoring system in a solar greenhouse. Robert Heller, Star Route Box 51A, Wendell MA 01379, (617) 544-6416 between 8:30 and 5.

FOR SALE: Standard Memories Ecom memory system including Ecom memory core (32 K), heavy-duty power supply, all interconnecting cables, interface firmware card, and documentation. Original cost of $3500 will sell for $1000. All in excellent condition, both main units are for relay rack mounting. Steve Garber, 3030 Polk St, San Francisco CA 94109, (415) 474-7081.

FOR SALE: Eaton LRC 7000 plus 64-character printer; $250. Radio Shack Quick Printer II 32-character (Catalog #26-1155); $150. Send certified check or money order. William R Spencer Jr, 5421 Grandin Rd Ext, Salem VA 24153.

FOR SALE: LSI-11 processor (KD11-F) mounted in a four-slot backplane with a serial interface (DLV11), paper-tape operating-system package including PAL-11S Assembler, LINK-11S, ODT, PTSP, and singleuser BASIC, with full documentation. Entire system never used, in mint condition. Original cost $1325, asking $1000. Also for sale, Processor Technology VDM-1, $100. M Wallin, 1607 Lauren Ct, Bensalem PA 19020.

FOR SALE: Hazeltine 1500 CRT terminal (less case, cable, XFMR); $450, Anderson Jacobson acoustic coupler #242A; $120, full ASCII keyboard; $50. S Gladstone, 150 W Cedar St #6, Norwalk CT 06854, (203) 866-8930.

WANTED: Soft black leather case for the HP-45, 65, or 67. New or used. E King, 870 W 181 St, New York NY 10033,(212)568-3309.

FOR SALE: Ithaca Audio 8 K, 250 ns static programmable-memory board for S-100 with protect; $120. Ithaca Audio S-100 video-display board, 64 by16 uppercase and lowercase with Greek symbols, normal or reverse video, 1 K on-board programmable memory; $75. Mostek 4115N dynamic-programmable memories; eight for $30. Ted Betz, Box 379A RD#1, Farmingdale NJ 07727,(201)938-3722.

FOR SALE: DEC LSI-11 components: KD11-F processor board with FIS circuit and 4 K memory; DLV11 serial Interface with remote data-rate switch. Also, Vadic twospeed modem: Bell 103/113 (300 bps) and 202 (1200 bps half-duplex) compatible. Sell both for half price. Bob Malahy, Mechanical Engineering Dept, Rice University, Houston TX 77001, (713)664-8635 evenings.

FOR SALE: Color graphics board. Biotech CGS-808 with on-board microprocessor control for S-100 bus. Excellent condition, versatile, up to 256-by-192 resolution. Lots of software Including 3D graphics. $362 postpaid. John Peterson, 1820 Camlno Or, Forest Grove OR 97116, (503)357-6310.

FOR SALE: Apple II computer with 36 K memory, Applesoft Firmware Card, disk drive with controller, all manuals, plus extras. Everything is in excellent condition. $1200 or best offer. David J Bauman, 249 Taft St, Wind Gap PA 18091, (215)863-5736.

WANTED: S-100 system: Z80 processor, 48 thru 64 K programmable memory, 15-siot mainframe, 5 V at 15 A, ± 18 V at 1 A power supply, video-display board, serial and parallel I/O. Optional: keyboard, cassette interface, and read-only memory monitor. Fred Tydeman, 3901 Northf ield Rd, Austin TX 78759, (512) 255-9292 evenings.

FOR SALE: New PP 2708/16 eprom programmer by Oliver Audio Engineering, factory assembled; $200. Double-sided printed-circuit board plated through with schematic for building small system using Motorola MC14500 single-bit controller; $35 each. Charles Krasny, POB 57, Maple Falls WA 98266.

.*■*__£

A New Floppy Disk System for the 8080.

Small (4K)rbut powerful!

Ei ilS This and other Byte/McGraw-Hill

I^fil ^ books are available from Byte | Books or your local computer store.

ISBN #0-07-069206-8 Price $20.00

Please send D

K2FDOS A Floppy Disk Operating System for the 8080

Company

K2FDOS is a complete software package. It includes all the specific routines necessary to bootstrap and run a powerful floppy disk operating system on an 8080 based microcomputer. K2FDOS features assembly language source code listings and object code in hexadecimal listings and machine-readable (PAPERBYTE® ) bar code format.

430 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

State/Province

Code

□ Check enclosed in the amount of $_

□ Bill Visa □ Bill Master Charge

Card No. _________________

Add 75« per book to cover postage and handling.

Please remit in U.S. funds or draw on a U.S. Bank

. Exp. Date.

Available in October

70 Main Street, Peterborough, N.H. 03458

BITI

BillW

UNCLASSIFIED POLICY: Readers who are soliciting or giving advice, or who have equipment to buy, sell or swap should send in a clearly typed notice to that effect. To be considered for publication, an advertisement must be clearly noncommercial, typed double spaced on plain white paper, contain 75 words or less, and include complete name and address information.

These notices are free of charge and will be printed one time only on a space available basis. Notices can be accepted from individuals or bona fide computer users clubs only. We can engage in no correspondence on these and your confirmation of placement is appearance in an issue of BYTE.

Please note that it may take three or four months for an ad to appear in the magazine.

FOR SALE: SwTPC 6800 computer with 12 K memory, CT-64 with Motorola monitor, 2 serial and 1 parallel interface, AC-30 cassette interface, GT-6144 graphics board—all working. Cost over $1200; sell for $600. Also, OSI Challenger with 16 K, cassette interface, video board, extra boards. Cost over $1400; sell for $700. J Chirlgos, 4707 Larchmont NE, Albuquerque NM 87111, (505) 299-0378 after 5 PM.

FOR SALE: 64-word S-100 Model 50 Heuristics Speechlab; $50, Morrow Speakeasy S-100 1P, 1S, and cassette Interface; $30, OAE paper-tape reader; $20. All work fine. Micro-Term ACT-1 terminal, as is; $30. Alex Begin, 7335 Deep Run, Birmingham Ml 48010, (313) 642-7512.

WANTED: Three to six 8080 hackers to work with machine-language Monitor, Editor, and Assembler that I have developed. You will get free software In exchange for user comments and suggestions. First letter should give programming experience, computer type, and Input format required. Robert G Durnal, POB 68, Junior WV 26275.

FOR SALE: Radio Shack 16 K Level IITRS-80 microcomputer. With numeric keypad, expansion interface, cassette recorder, and several game cassettes including Microchess. List price is $1200. I will sell for $750. First cashier's check/money order takes it (I pay shipping). Include SASE for confirmation. Chris Willson, 8726 S Sepulveda Apt 91B, Westchester CA 90045.

FOR SALE: Xitan Z80 system. Mainframe, ZPU, SMB, VDB, 48 K programmable memory, 16 K read-only memory (12 K BASIC in read-only memory), keyboard, manuals, software. Complete system $1800. Terry Young, 4 Aiken St, Derry NH 03038, (603) 434-0257.

FOR SALE OR SWAP: KSR-28 Teletype (not ASCII, uses 5-bit code) with manuals. $100 or will swap for an acoustic coupler, modem, or Radio Shack Voxbox. R L Reynolds, 30 Jordan St, Chelmsford MA 01863, (617) 251-8505.

NEEDED: Information, kit, schematics, or advice on turning ITEL word-processor typewriter Model 84101010 into computer terminal or printer. Gordon Dohle, 414-34 Kleisinger Cr, Regina Saskatchewan, S4R 7M4 Canada.

FOR SALE: IMSAI mainframe with 10-slot motherboard, Ithaca Audio Z80 processor board (with 2708), SSM VB1 video board, 32 K static-programmable memory, and Soroc 117-key professional keyboard. Best offer over $600. Bob Watson, (602) 526-2312.

WANTED: Student experimenter wants integrated circuits, transistors, capacitors, resistors, LEDs, books, catalogs, magazines, diodes, switches, tubes, wire, printed-clrcuit boards, knobs, TTL circuits, keyboards, crystals, transformers, and parts-identification book. Please state price and what you have to offer in full detail. Judy Stapleton, POB 536, Pine Lake GA 30072.

BOMB

BYTE s Ongoing Monitor Box

Article #

1

2 3

Page 22

32

5 6

64

90

126 148

180

8

206

9

220

10

244

11

12 13

296

340

361

Article

The Future of Computer

Graphics

Home In on the Range! An Ultrasonic Ranging System Micrograph, Part 1: Developing an Instruction Set for a RasterScan Display

Language Control Structures for Easy Electronic Visualization

Graphic Color Slides, Part 1 Three-Dimensional Graphics for the Apple II

A Simplified Theory of Video Graphics, Part 1 Getting to Know Your Monitor Digital Storage of Images Machine Problem Solving, Part 3: The Alpha-Beta Procedure A General Interpolating Graphics Package for the TRS-80

An 8088 Processor for the S-100 Bus, Part 3 Add Macro Expansion to Your Microcomputer, Part 2

Authors)

Brown and Levine

Ciarcia

Booch

DeFanti Grogono

Sokol and Shepard

Watson Dalpiaz Williams

Frey

Cohen and Crowe

Cantrell

Brown

FOR SALE: IMSAI 8080 with 16 K bytes, 3 P plus S Teletype I/O board, Tarbell cassette interface, case, panel, and 22-slot motherboard. 8 K BASIC and all standard software. Panasonic cassette unit. Perfect condition. $600 plus shipping, or best offer. Also available: ASR33 teletypewriter. Dick Aronson, 61 Morton St, New York NY 10014, (212) 243-0623 home, (212) 758*500 work.

WANTED: Clever machines and ideas do not always advance the state of the art, but they are fascinating! Do you have or know about any unusual computing devices (mechanical, electronic, analog, digital, unclassiflable)? I am seeking information about such things, historical or recent, completed or not—even just crazy, ingenious ideas. I am also buying unusual machines, books, manuals, and documentation, and am building models of some of the machines. Dick Rubinstein, 15 Maugus Ave, Wellesley Hills MA 02181.

FOR SALE: Radio Shack TRS-80 Model I Level II. Equipped with 36 K programmable memory, 10-key pad, expansion interface. Unit is barely used, has been factory serviced, and can handle additional 16 K programmable memory. $1000. Also, IBM Selectric Model 71-3 I/O device with TRS-80 printer-port interface. Gives letter-quality hard copy. $650. Take both for $1400. Doug Bowie, POB 3453, San Francisco CA 91449, (415) 861-6883.

FOR SALE: Diablo Hytype 1 Model 1200. Best of the daisy-wheel printers. Brand-new unit with in-feed friction platen and print wheel. Interface for Apple, TRS-80, and CP/M systems. Maintenance manual and additional interface information available. Scott Priester, 211 White Water Ct, Greer SC 29651, (803) 268-0678 after 6 PM.

FOR SALE: HP-41C calculator, card reader, two memory modules, and all manuals for $425. All components essentially new. The system was replaced by an HP-85 before all HP-41C components were received. Ernest W Graham, POB 396, Shaw Island WA 98286.

FOR SALE: Fairchild PEP 3870 development board. In circuit emulation of 3870 series single-chip microcomputers. Programs 38E70 and 2716 PROM. Never used. Paid $450; asking $350. Ron Sutherland, POB 1147, Lawrence KS 66044, (913) 841-9433.

FOR SALE: Expandor Black Box printer, 80-column, for connection to parallel port. Includes cable for connection to TRS-80 and maintenance manual with schematics. Cost over $350 two years ago. Needs some attention, but otherwise in good condition. $150 including UPS freight. Gary Taylor, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, POB 451, Princeton NJ 08544, (609) 683-2573.

FORTH Is First

John James' introductory article on FORTH won the BOMB first place in our fourth annual August language issue. Steve Ciarcia came in second with his construction article about a homemade modem for under $50. Kim Harris' unique article, "FORTH Extensibility," ran a close third. The BOMB cards for this month were unusually enthusiastic in their rating of individual articles, affirming the overall positive reaction to this issue. Several BOMB cards expressed support for the article on Khachiyan's algorithm. First place for August was 1.70 standard deviations above the mean, followed by second place at 0.95.1

J

November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 431

Reader Service

To get further information on the products advertising in BYTE, fill out the reader service card with you name and address. Then circle the appropriate numbers for the advertisers you select from the list. Add a 15-cent stamp to the card, then drop it in the mail. Not only do you gain information, but our advertisers are encouraged to use the marketplace provided by BYTE. This helps us bring you a bigger BYTE. 'Correspond directly with company.

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332 AB Computers 395 262 ABM Products 335

72 Ackerman Digital 118 349 Ackerman Digital 404 123 AEI 201

288 Adaptive Data & Energy Sys 380

317 Addlson-Wesley Pub Co 386

346 Addmaster 404

378 Advanced Comp Prod 422, 423

307 Alpha Omega Comp Sys 384 363 Alpha Omega Systems 406

150 Am Comp & Telecom Corp 235 387 Am Micro Prod Inc 364

144 American Square Comp 228

333 Ancrona 396

196 Anderson Jacobson 299

107 APF Electronics 178, 179

99 Apparat Inc 163

6 Apple Computer 12, 13

63 Applied Dig Data Sys 103

283 Applied Logic Inc 380

217 Arizona Comp Systems 309

3 Artec Electronics 6

311 ASAP 385

15 Atari Personal Computers 27

* ATV Research 382

123 Automated Equip Inc 201

* Autometrics 380 81 Axiom 129

28 base 2 inc 49

331 Becklan 394

240 John Bell Engineering 323

* Beta Comp Devices 216, 388 354 Bishop Management Co Ltd 408

* Bit 3 Computer Corp 327 302 Bit Bucket 384

165 Bower-Stewart & Assoc 256

151 Buss/Charles Floto 236

* BYTE Back Issues 337

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214 BYTES & FLIGHTS 307

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265 C & S Electronics 337

249 Cado Systems 330

13 Calif Comp Systems 20, 21

285 Calif Data Corp 380

379 California Digital 424, 425 276 Cambridge Develop Labs 362 293 CCM Inc 382

310 CCS Inc 384

87 Centronics 139

247 CFR Assoc Inc 327

141 Chrlslin Industries 225

111 Circle Comp Sales 184

126 CI Con Comp & Comp 204, 205

374 CompuMart 414, 415

244 Computer Age Inc 325

187 Computer Case Co 291

215 Comp Discount of Am 308

* Computer Factory 237

69 Comp Furniture & Access 112

75 Computer Instant Ads 122

148 Computer Marketing Corp 233 348 Computer Shopper 404

321 Computer Specialties 387

73 Computers P. Us 119 91 Computers R Us 145

105 Computers R Us 175

326 Computers R Us 391

301 The Computer Stop 383

49 Computers Wholesale 82

11 Computer Technology Assoc 18

328 Comp Trans Sys Inc 392

231 Computer Warehouse 318

362 Computer Warehouse 406

16 Computex 28 279 COMPUTIME 368

83 Compuview Products Inc 133

235 Condor Computer Corp 320

334 Concord Comp Components 396

211 Conn microCOMPUTER 307

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149 Coosol 234 238 Coosol 321

162 The Cornsoft Group 252

31 Corvus Systems 53

361 The CPU Shop 407

308 Creative Mind Businesses 384 275 Creative Software 359

1 Cromemco 1, 2

* Cybernetics Inc 243 320 Cybertech 386

255 DAR Sales 332

* Data Discount Center 74 178 Datadisk Systems 278

223 Datasouth Computer Corp 314 97 Decision Master 161

376 Delta Products 418, 419

345 Des & Build Info Serv 404

155 DG Electronics 243

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250 Digiac Corp 331

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164 Digital Research (CA) 255

341 Digital Research Computers 401

130 DIP Inc 211

199 The Disc Software Group 300

225 Dlsk/3 Mart Inc 315

140 Dual Systems Control Corp 224

156 Dynacomp Inc 245

299 Dyn Microproc Assoc 365

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338 Electrolabs 399

46 Electronic Control Tech 78

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295 Electronic Music Systems 382 158 Electronics Book Club 247 194 Electronic Specialists 297 390 Electronic Systems 402, 403

207 Electronic Sys Furniture Co 304

221 Ellis Computing 311

93 Epson 149

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42 Exatron Inc 75

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134 Executive Business Sys 215

4 Factory Direct 10

343 Faragher & Assoc 404

243 Farnsworth Comp Center 325

306 Feith Software 384

322 Fordham Radio Supply 388

228 Futureworld 317

319 General Systems Consulting 386

300 Gimix382

137 Godbout Electronics 218, 219

274 Mark Gordon Computers 359

177 GR Electronics LTD 278

204 GW Computers 303

179 H & E Computronics 279

191 H & E Computronics 294, 295

296 Hanley Engineering 382 56 Hardhat Software 92

222 Hardslde312,313

167 Hayden Book Co Inc 262

84 Hayes Microcomp Prod Inc 135 95 Hazeltine Corp 154, 155

40 Heath Company 71

70 Heath Company 113

7 High Technology Inc 14

335 Hobbyworld Electronics 397

53 Houston Instruments 89

54 Houston Instruments 89 367 Ibex Comp Corp 406 254 IDM 332

34 Image Resource Corp 57

14 Industrial Micro Systems 25

94 Industrial Micro Systems 151 51 Integral Data Sys 87

202 Integrand 301

17 Intel30, 31

85 Intel 136, 137

133 Intelligence Systems 214

355 Interactive Comp Sys Inc 408

200 International Microsystems 301 10 Intertec Data Sys 17

80 Intertec Data Sys 127

* Ithaca Intersystems 8, 9

358 J & S Computers 408 116 Jade Computer Prod 193

372 Jade Comp Products 410, 411

373 Jameco Electronics 412, 413

43 JDR MICRODEVICES INC 76 256 Jepsan Group K Inc 332 314 Jini Microsystems 386

226 Joe Computer 315

339 JR Inventory Co 400

* KemcoLTD115

147 Kenyon Microsystems 232

303 Kit Parts LTD 384 32 Konan Corp 54, 55 90 Kurta Corp 143

210 Leapac Services 305

* Lifbt 36, 156, 157, 162, 230, 341

208 LNW Research 305 68 Lobo Drives Int'l 111

219 Macrotronics Inc 310

304 Macrotronics Inc 384

359 Macrotronics Inc 408 127 Malibu Electronics 207 198 Marketline 299

103 Marinchip Systems 171

163 Marot Software Systems Inc 253

189 Mark of the Unicorn 293

227 Marway Products Inc 316 60 Marymac Industries Inc 266

100 Maxell Data 165

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* Meas Sys & Controls 29, 95 182 Meta Technologies Corp 285 213 MICAH 307

166 MicroAce 259

118 MicroAmerica Distributing 194

120 MicroAmerica Distributing 195

37 Micro Age Computer Store 65

101 Micro Age Computer Store 169 252 Micro Ap 331

168 Micro Appl Group (MAG) 263

432 November 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

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291 Micro Business World 381

135 Micro Computer Brokers 217

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71 Micro Data Base Sys 117

• Micro Focus 109 35 Micro House 58

110 Micromail 183

104 Micro Management Sys 173

96 Micro Mikes 159

• The Micro Mint 392

342 Micro Processor Sys Inc 404

* Micro Pro International 289

24 MICRO-SCI 41 366 Microsette 406

76 Microsoft 123

146 Microsoft (Cons Prod Div) 231

272 MicroTax Software 94

229 MicroTech Exports 317

20 Microtek Inc 37 181 Microware 283

77 The Micro Works 124 88 Micro World 141

325 Mikos 390

157 Miller Microcomputer Ser 246

173 Mindex Infosystems 272

261 Mini Computer Suppliers 335

30 Mini Micro Mart 52

172 Mini Micro Mart 271

380 Mini Micro Mart 426

381 Mini Micro Mart 427

382 Mini Micro Mart 428

383 Mini Micro Mart 429 266 Miro Computers 337

26 Morrow/Thinker Toys 44, 45 12 Mountain Computer Inc 19 61 Mountain Computer Inc 100

138 mpi 221

33 MTI, Inc 56

248 MT Microsystems 328, 329

21 Multi Business Comp Sys 38 19 Nat Microsoftware Prod Inc 35

117 NEECO 194

119 NEECO 195

281 Nestar Systems Inc 379

108 Netronics 181

• Netronics 128, 130, 132, 134 86 NNC Electronics 138

245 Noesis Computing Co 326

18 North Star 33

251 Northwest Comp Serv Inc 331

48 Novation 80

* NRI Schools 209

64 Ohio Scientific Instr 104, 105

386 Ohio Scientific Instr C IV

52 OK Machine & Tool 88

253 Oliver Advanced Eng 331

188 Omikron 293

128 Omega Micro Computers 208 175 Omega Research 274

106 Omega Sales Co 177

* onComputing 257

233 Optimal Technology 319

55 Orange Micro 91

66 Organic Software 108

171 Osborne/McGraw-Hill 269

• Owens Associates 276, 277 259 Pace Inc 333

297 Pacific Exchanges 382 316 Pacific Exchanges 386 352 Pacific Exchanges 408 329 Page Digital 393

159 Pan American Elec 248

129 PCD Systems Inc 210

273 PDF Corp 341

312 Pensadyne Comp Services 386

8 Percom Data 15

78 Percom Data 125

79 Percom Data 125 309 Peripherals Plus 384

125 Personal Micro Comp Inc 203

25 Personal Software 43

* Phase One Systems 251

152 Pickles & Trout 238 269 pk systems inc 339

92 Power One Inc 147

" Priority One 122

377 Priority One 420, 421

230 Professional Data Sys 317 50 Professional Software Inc 83

22 Programma International 39 184 Prog Software Exch 291

136 The Purchasing Agent 217 289 QC Microsystems 191

74 QT Comp Systems 120, 121

315 Quality Computer Parts 386

284 Quality Data Supply 380

153 Quality Software 239

122 Quasar Data Products 199

371 Quest 409

298 Quintrex Inc 382

• R & B Computer Systems 322 241 R & K Enterprises 323

216 Racet Computes 309

27 Radio Shack 47

132 RCA Solid State 213

9 REI Sales Co 16

344 RMF Products Inc 404

290 rmi 380

267 RNB Enterprises 338

327 Rochester Data 392

62 Rockwell International 102

197 RTR Software 299

220 S& M Systems 311

305 S & S Computing 384

270 S-100 Inc 339

174 Howard W Sams Co 273

193 SC Digital 297

2 Scion Corp 5

102 SciTronics Inc 170

115 Scott Instruments 192

131 Scottsdale Systems 212

113 Seattle Computer 187

234 Selanar 319

190 Service Technologies 293

161 Shepardson Microsystems 250

67 Michael Shrayer Software 110

* Shugart 7

* Sinclair Research 81 112 Sirius Systems 185

356 Skyles Electr Works 408

57 Small Business Appl 93

44 Smoke Signal Broadcasting 77

45 Smoke Sig Broad (Dealers) 77 180 Snapp Inc 281

183 Softech Microsystems 287

58 SOFTWARE INC 94

282 Software Consultants 380

280 Software Dev & Trn 368

143 The Software Exchange 227

160 The Software Exchange 249

82 The Software Federation 131

337 Software Labs 398

347 The Software Toolworks 404

263 The SoHo Group 335 324 Solid State Sales 390 353 Solid State Surplus 408

368 Sonora Computing 406 23 Sorclm 40

124 Sorrento Valley Assoc 202

237 Sound Concepts 321

109 Southern Comp Systems 182

350 Southwestern Mngmnt Sys 404

384 Southwest Tech Prod Corp C II 236 Spectrum Software 321

365 SP Electronics 406

5 SSM11

242 Stonehenge Computer Co 325

176 Strategic Simulations 275

287 Street Electronics 380

170 Strobe 267

278 SubLOGIC 336

195 Summagraphics 298

336 Sunny Int'l 398

65 SuperSoft 107

169 SuperSoft 265

232 SuperSoft 319

246 SuperSoft 327

41 Sybex 72, 73

" Synchro Sound 114, 333

257 Synergetic Comp Prod 333 370 Systek Inc 406

186 System Software 291

145 Tarbell Electronics 229

38 Tech Sys Consultants (TSC) 67

294 Technical Innovations 382

121 Tec-Mar Inc 197

206 Texas Comp Sys 303

47 3M Company 79

89 3G Company 142

142 Thunderware 226

201 Mitchell E Timin Eng Co 301

* Robert Tinney Graphics 167 260 TNW Corp 335

318 The Toolsmith 386

185 TransNET291

385 United Business Products CIII

* United Software of Am 84, 85 29 Universal Data Systems 51

369 Universal Security Inst 406

351 US Micro Sales 405

* US Robotics 101 239 VAN DATA 323

59 Vector Graphics 97 286 Videx 380

203 Vintage Books 302

36 Vista Computer Co 59

323 Vista Computer Co 389

364 VLSI Computer Sys 406

218 Voicetek 309

375 VR Data 416, 417

330 Wameco 394

313 WCAS386

* Whitesmith's Ltd 99

258 Wild Hare Comp Sys 333 292 Wintek Corp 382

264 Winterhalter & Assoc 337

357 Worldwide Electronics 408

340 WW Component Supply Inc 400

360 X & Y Enterprises 408

192 Zilog Inc 297

271 Zs Systems 341

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united business products

20268 E. Carrey Rd. WALNUT, CA. 91789

A'

NITED

Business Products

(213) 448-4850 (714) 594-5966

NAME OF COMPANY ,

ADDRESS

CITY, STATE, ZIP

attention or dept.

A D The swingline table top burster will separate single-ply continuous forms into individual sheets up to 15". Length 2W to 12". Paper weight 10 to 110 lb. bond. Speed is constant at 125 ft. per minute.

Wt. 95 lbs. Price $ 899.00

B D Our custom forms have a guarantee that speaks for itself. Our time on forms range from two to five weeks for custom work and before we start a job we now give a guaranteed shipping date and price, depending on art work, from two to five weeks and for every day we're late we give you a 10% discount. To get a quote just mail the detached portion of this ad with sample of form or layout and we will call you the day we get the information with a price and guaranteed day of shipment

C D The swingline table top decollator is a portable unit which separates both carbon and carbonless continuous computer forms into stacks. The separated carbon is easily and neatly removed from carbon pick-up spool. Form size is up to 15" wide. Wt. is 10 to 110 lb. bond paper, and the speed is variable from 75 to 200 feet per minute and takes only 120 volts AC 60 hertz to operate.

Wt. 40 lbs.

Price $ 419.00

D D The Datatech Intimus 007 shredder works for Scotland Yard, for government authorities, for important corporations, banks and embassies. The cutting capacity is 12 to 14 sheets at one pass. Crosscut is 1/35x3/8. It has a 2 HP. motor and runs off of 220/380 V 3 phase.

Wt. 320 Lbs.

Price $6799.00

E D The Intimus 306 is designed for trouble free operation and has a switch for forward and reverse rotation. It has 2 motors with terminal overload. Housing consists of coated steel, mounted on rubber cushions for noiseless shredding. The 306 can sit on a table or a stand. Cutting width is Ve" or 14" and has two 150 watt 110 V 60 cycle. 1 phase motors.

Wt 66 Lbs.

Price $1199.00

F D The Intimus Simplex is designed for security without problems in the office. One push of the button renders confidential information into five illegible paper strips W thin. The simplex has a wide opening in the middle for throw away of cans, etc. Even a paperclip is simply cut into pieces. The cutting capacity is 8 to 10 sheets at one time. It has a 1/5 H.P. motor and runs off of 110 volts.

Wt. 27 Lbs. Price $ 599.00

G D Our catalog consists of more information on equipment in this ad. Other models are available plus a complete line of calculators and typewriters by Adler, Lathem time recorders, several varieties of safes, and our disintegrator that destroys paper, aluminum, film and carbon to a complete loss of identity.

Price $2.00

D Free Brochures and more information:

1. □ Business Forms

2. o Calculators

3. o Forms Handling Equipment

4. d Time Recorders

5. d Typewriters

Terms: Check or money order U.S. funds only. Prepaid orders add 3% S/H, COD's add 5% S/H (U.S.only). California

residents add 6% sales tax. hm

Prices subject to change without notice. JSL

Circle 385 on inquiry card.

mascu*, b

Ohio Scientific: The leader in Winchester based microcomputers.

Ohio Scientific produced the first large capacity fixed media hard disk (Winchester) based microcomputers in 1977. Since then we have shipped more of these systems than the rest of the microcomputer industry combined.

Family Features

All standard C3 features including:

• 3-processor CPU with 6502, Z80 and 6800

• .7MIPS6502A

• 48K static RAM

• Dual 8" floppies

• Free standing rack for direct expansion capabilities

• 17-slot OSI 48 line BUS architecture for large system expansion

• Directly accepts up to 8 users with currently available memory boards, more with higher density boards in the future

• Directly expandable for use as Network data bases

• Slide-mounted subassemblies, removable side panels and locking rear door for easy expansions and service.

C3-A

The floppy only rack based C3 for users who anticipate expansion to hard disk, multi-user and/or networking in the future. Under $7000.

C3-B

The world's most powerful microcomputer (when GT equipped). Features the highly advanced and extensively field proven OKIDATA 3306 Winchester disk.

Features

• System boots from floppies or hard disk on power up

• 74 megabytes end user workspace under OS-65U, 80 megabytes unformatted

• Ultra-high performance disk 74 millisec worst case access 38 millisec average

10 millisec access on cylinder (215K user workspace) 8 megabits per second transfer rate

• Simple on/off disk operation with elaborate internal protection from improper temperature, line voltage and controller failures

• Features spindle brake and designated head landing areas for much longer operational life than the newer low-cost Winchesters

• Highly advanced OS-65U operating system: Multiple level pass word security Multiple operating systems on disk

Ultra-high speed "FIND" command for high speed string searches (Associative Access)

Upward compatible with multi-user and network systems with full file, peripheral and communications arbitration between users

• Available factory configured for up to 8 users and network data base operation

• Expandable to CP/M operation by adding 4K (CM-2 memory) Under $14,000

C3-C

A medium performance Winchester disk based system

which provides the ideal cost/performance ratio in typical

small business applications. The C3-C uses the Shugart

SA4008 29 megabyte Winchester disk.

Performance specifications, hardware configuration and

software is identical to the C3-B with the following

exceptions:

• 23 megabytes of end user workspace under OS-65U

• 29 megabytes unformatted capacity

• Medium performance Winchester 240 millisec worst case access 87 millisec average access

10 millisec access on cylinder (110K user workspace)

• Simple on/off disk operation Under $11,000

Ohio Scientific has a new OEM program that is easy to start with, and provides generous discounts for quantity purchases.

For literature and the name of your local dealer, CALL 1-800-321-6850 TOLL FREE.

OHIO SCIENTIFIC

1333 SOUTH CHILLICOTHE ROAD AURORA, OH 44202 • [216] 831 -5600

Circle 386 on Inquiry card.