Byte Magazine Volume 05 Number 12 - Adventure

This book was produced in EPUB format by the Internet Archive.

The book pages were scanned and converted to EPUB format automatically. This process relies on optical character recognition, and is somewhat susceptible to errors. The book may not offer the correct reading sequence, and there may be weird characters, non-words, and incorrect guesses at structure. Some page numbers and headers or footers may remain from the scanned page. The process which identifies images might have found stray marks on the page which are not actually images from the book. The hidden page numbering which may be available to your ereader corresponds to the numbered pages in the print edition, but is not an exact match; page numbers will increment at the same rate as the corresponding print edition, but we may have started numbering before the print book's visible page numbers. The Internet Archive is working to improve the scanning process and resulting books, but in the meantime, we hope that this book will be useful to you.

The Internet Archive was founded in 1996 to build an Internet library and to promote universal access to all knowledge. The Archive's purposes include offering permanent access for researchers, historians, scholars, people with disabilities, and the general public to historical collections that exist in digital format. The Internet Archive includes texts, audio, moving images, and software as well as archived web pages, and provides specialized services for information access for the blind and other persons with disabilities.

Created with abbyy2epub (v.1.7.0)

c

a:

CO

CD

C

i

TJ

CD4->

CO

'cj

1

CD

c

CD

CO

CO

CD

CD

>

D.

CD

c

>

i_

CO

>

■M

o

8

-a

"co

"0

03X

o

*->

i

CO

C

o

CO

CD

CO

_CD

X

i

CO

_l

'•M■—

o

t:

2

"sf

CD

CO

CO

"co

CO

o

oXO

—)

a

x:o

i+->

X

cn'33

"co

3"D

g

CM

C/J

3

c

CDCD

o

TJ

C

CO

a

X

LU

1

CO

+-1

TJCD

X

I

X

o

c

c

CD

E

o

u

a

x

i

■M

c

CD

-a

h-<

CC

o

o_CC

oo

O

1

COCN

T—

LO

E

CD■f->

CO

O

aO

00

CO

cco

E

CO

~5

i-

>CO

c

CD

a

CD

CD

>

X!

CO

o

>-

CO

CD

CDi_

3o>

4-

coo

o■(-■

3

o

>

o

l-

00CO

rv

o+->

CD

X

CO

o

CO

CD

X!

o

lo

CO

CD>

13

-*"

o

i

E

x+-*

i_

CD

CO

3

r-O

_j

o

CD

x

O

o

i_CD

>

o

1

COCO

a.

co"CD

X!CO>CO

CL

co"

CD

XCO

>

'CDO

E

CD+->

CO

CO

+-"

c

CD

E

CDCnCO

cco

-ac

CD

O

'>CD

T3

1

—O

COCO

CD

O

o

c\i

■D

c

CO

"co

c

E

1_CD

>•

'■M

DQOCC

a.

_i

<o

zIo

LU

O

CO

CO

r-CM00

rv

CO

CO

X

CD1-

CO

■a

c

COQ.

3

CO

TJ

3

E

00

<

OCO)CO

CDCC

"D

a.

T3

k>

o

CO

c

CO

3

1—

h-

o

I/)

■a

00

.__"

O

o

CD

CC

C

'l_

CO

CD

O

o

a

CT

00

O.CO

X

CC

6

c

D5

X

LU

CO

TJ

CDX

H-

di

c

J*

CO

"53

o

CO

a

cd"

CD

TJCD

CO1_O

"co

c

OO

LUI

"E

o+->

c

co

CD

-a

CD

lo

CDXX

1_CD-MCO

CO

CO

a.

z'

CDv.CD

-J"co

>

o

+->

c

CD

>

c

^5

LU

o

o

CD

00CM

LU

HO

CD

<

cco

-o

u

CO

o

l_CD

'o

CO

a

CD

CD

xoc

31

<

r-

1

+->

la

oto

CD

c

CD

CD

X

CD

1-I

3

M—

o

o

o

CO

CM

00

11

CO

o

LO

P

E

cco

LU

1

CO

a>

CO

en

1

1CD

en

q

p

1

u

oE

1

CO

3

<

CC

E

3

C

o

CO

CD+-*>

X

co

CO

CD+-"

X

CD+-"

CO

>•

CO

_c

3XCD

Q

1

CO

CD

en

COCO

CDU

o

0_

CO

Cco

CO

CDO

O

i_

Q.

CO

'35

Coo

E

ooco

co"<&

cco

1

1

■

XI03

E

5

O

CO

305

+3

k>

CD+->CO

X

coQ

c

OCO

CD

aO

c

CO

_l

'■P

D

CO

Q

O

CO

|

COCO

CD

1

1

I

|

I

LU

LU

>

■

>

LU

<

H

ll

|

1

h-

_J

O

DQ

cc

LU

LU

—1

<

o

CC

U_

H

Q

\-

<

u_

<

2

c/>

LU

CO

<

00

(_

H

cc

Q_

CO

u.

co

LU

X

<

o

O

>

LU

:e

00

o

Circle 361 on inquiry card.

Gromemeo accepts

your challenge,

Data General

Yes, Data General, we saw yourad.

So we realize you hope to winover some of our computerbusiness.

And we can see you have reasonto be pleased about your line ofminicomputers. They are MINIsthough.

But Cromemco produces state-of-the-art MICROcomputers.

Powerful ones.

And our micros have someoutstanding advantages.

For example, Cromemco is theonly microcomputer manufacturerto support a broad range ofmicrocomputers with (a) 5-inch

WE'RE BUSTINGTHE COMPFiTTION'SBOARDS AGAIN.

oi Data

o ipul s oncan buy. You

and parallel I/O lines, and soft-i ipport fron

oursell

double-sided, double-density floppydisk drives and with (b) 8-inchdouble-sided, double-density floppydisk drives AS WELL AS (c) 8-inchWinchester hard disk drives.

That means, of course, that ourcustomers have a wide choice ofdisk storage capability.

UNEQUALLEDSOFTWARE SUPPORT

OK. That was one point.

Here's another: our stunningselection of software support.Cromemco is the only micromanufacturer to produce bothsingle-user and multi-user multi-tasking computers with softwarelike this:

SYSTEM SOFTWARE

CDOS (a CP/M-like operating

system)

CROMIX (a UNIX-like operating

system)

RPG-II (IBM-compatible)

COBOL

BASIC

FORTRAN IV

RATFOR

LISP

C

Macro Assembler

APPLICATION SOFTWARE

Word Processing SystemData-Base ManagementGeneral LedgerAccounts ReceivableAccounts PayableInventory

All of this is available now withmore coming all the time.

So there you are, D.G.

You can see why we know ourmicrocomputers will stand the test.

Cromemco eagerly accepts thechallenge.

Cromemco

incorporated

Tomorrow's Computers Today

280 BERNARDO AVE. MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94043(415) 964-7400 • TWX 910-379-6988

I'M

Circle 1 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980

Management Information Display

Ultrasonic heart sector scan

High-resolution display with alphanumeric^

Get the professional colordisplay that has

BASIC/FORTRAN Simplicity

LOW-PRICED, TOO

Here's a color display that haseverything: professional-level resolution,enormous color range, easy software,NTSC conformance, and low price.

Basically, this new Cromemco ModelSDI* is a two-board interface that plugsinto any Cromemco computer.

The SDI then maps computer displaymemory content onto a convenient colormonitor to give high-quality, high-resolution displays (756 H x 482 V pixels).

When we say the SDI results in a high-quality professional display, we mean youcan't get higher resolution than thissystem offers in an NTSC-conformingdisplay.

The resolution surpasses that of a colorTV picture.

BASIC/FORTRAN programming

Besides its high resolution and lowprice, the new SDI lets you control withoptional Cromemco software packagesthat use simple BASIC- and FORTRAN-like commands.

Pick any of 16 colors (from a4096-color palette) with instructions likeDEFCLR (c, R, G, B). Or obtain a circle ofspecified size, location, and color withXCIRC (x, y, r, c).

"U.S. Pat. No. 4121283

Model SDI High-Resolution ColorGraphics Interface

HIGH RESOLUTION

The SDI's high resolution gives aprofessional-quality display that strictlymeets NTSC requirements. You get 756pixels on every visible line of the NTSCstandard display of 482 image lines. Ver-tical line spacing is 1 pixel.

To achieve the high-quality display, aseparate output signal is produced foreach of the three component colors (red,green, blue). This yields a sharper imagethan is possible using an NTSC-compositevideo signal and color TV set. Full imagequality is readily realized with our high-quality RGB Monitor or any conventionalred/green/blue monitor common in TVwork.

Model SDI plugs into Z-2H 11-megabyte

hard disk computer or any Cromemco

computer

DISPLAY MEMORY

Along with the SDI we also offer anoptional fast and novel two-port memorythat gives independent high-speed accessto the computer memory. The two-portmemory stores one full display, permit-ting fast computer operation even duringdisplay.

CONTACT YOUR REP NOW

The Model SDI has been used in scien-tific work, engineering, business, TV,color graphics, and other areas. It's agood example of how Cromemco keepscomputers in the field up to date, since itturns any Cromemco computer into anup-to-date color display computer.

The SDI has still more features thatyou should be informed about. So contactyour Cromemco representative now andsee all that the SDI will do for you.

Circle 1 on inquiry card.

rj| Cromemco

280 BERNARDO AVE., MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040 • (415)964-7400

Tomorrow's computers today

page 44

page 90

^wiiiit

i!!!!|]|Ii!l!!J

IBIBS

'■:!-!"; t!!.!:;

:

IS- ■ -mmmsm

page 142

page 244

In The Oueue

RT1 December 1980Volume 5, Number 12

Foreground

24 MULTIMACHINE GAMES by Ken Wasserman and Tim StrykerThe most exciting computer games are those with two machines and two or more players.

44 COMPUTERIZED TESTING by Steve CiarciaA computer is useful for automating any process—even hardware testing.

96 GRAPHIC COLOR SLIDES, PART 2 by Alan W GrogonoThis month we demonstrate the use of subroutines to generate equation plots, histograms,regression and monthly analysis graphs.

120 MICROGRAPH, PART 2: VIDEO-DISPLAY PROCESSOR

by E Grady Booch

Part 2 details more about this surprisingly simple high-resolution video display.

192 PIRATE'S ADVENTURE by Scott Adams

The man who first brought Adventure games to microcomputers gives us an entire listing

of one of his most enjoyable games.

244 A POCKET COMPUTER? SIZING UP THE HP-41C by Bruce CarbreyThis device comes close to being the world's first pocket-sized personal computer.

268 LOST DUTCHMAN'S GOLD by Bob Liddil and Teri LiApplesoft BASIC is well suited to the writing of games, as this program shows.

Background

142 A SIMPLIFIED THEORY OF VIDEO GRAPHICS, PART 2

by Allen Watson III

Explanations of color-video techniques and some of the quirks of microprocessor systems

are provided.

158 ON THE ROAD TO ADVENTURE by Bob Liddil

Along with a survey of the major Adventure games, here's an explanation of how to play

them.

172 ZORK AND THE FUTURE OF COMPUTERIZED FANTASY

SIMULATIONS by P David Lebling

One of the authors of Zork describes his game and how similar games may appear in the

future.

186 CHARACTER VARIATION IN ROLE-PLAYING GAMES by Jon FreemanA variable set of character traits can be used to create a game of high adventure that isdifferent every time you play it.

Product Reviews: Games

74 DUNGEON CAMPAIGN; 78 A STELLAR TREK; 84 MORLOC'S TOWER;90 ODYSSEY: THE COMPLEAT APVENTURE; 114 SARGON U;264 MICROSOFT ADVENTURE; 282 COMPUTER BISMARCK

Nucleus

6

Editorial: What's Wrong With

296,

325, 326 BYTE's Bits

Technical Writing Today7

306

Clubs and Newsletters

14

Letters

314

Event Queue

94

Technical Forum: The Twelve

318

Ask BYTE

Computerized Days of Christmas

322

Books Received

214

BYTELINES

324

Software Received

222

User's Column

342

What's New7

288

Programming Quickies:

398

Unclassified Ads

Monster Combat

399

BOMB, BOMB Results

294

BYTE's Bugs

400

Reader Service

December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Publishers

Virginia Londoner,Gordon R WilliamsonAssociate PublisherJohn E HayesAssistantCheryl A Hurd

Founding Editor

Carl T Helmers Jr

Editor-in-Chief

Christopher P Morgan

Editors

Richard S Shuford, Gregg Williams,

Curtis P Feigel, Harold Nelson

Stan Miastkowski

Consulting Editor

Mark Dahmke

Book Editor

Bruce A Roberts

Chief Copy Editor

David W Hayward

Copy Editors

Faith Hanson, Warren Williamson,

Robin M Moss, Anthony J Lockwood

Assistant to the Editors

Faith Ferry

Assistants

Debe Wheeler, Karen A Cilley

New Products Editor

Clubs, Newsletters

Charles Freiberg

Drafting

Jon Swanson

Production Director

Nancy Estle

Assistant Production DirectorChristine DixonProduction/Advertising Coordinator

Wai Chiu LiProduction Art

Holly Carmen LaBossiere,

Deborah Porter

Chief Typographer

Sherry McCarthy

Typographers

Debi Fredericks, Donna Sweeney,

Valerie Horn

Advertising Director

Thomas HarveyAssistants

Ruth M Walsh, Ms. Marion GagnonBarbara J Greene, Rob Hannings

Special Projects Coordinator

Jill ECallihanMarketing Coordinator

Laura A Hanson

Circulation Manager

Gregory Spitzfaden

Assistant Circulation Manager

Andrew Jackson

Assistants

Agnes E Perry, Barbara Varnum,

Louise Menegus, David Overbeck

Dealer Sales

Melanie Bertoni

Controller

Daniel Rodrigues

Assistant

Mary E Fluhr

Accounts Receivable Specialist

Karen Burgess

Accounts Receivable Assistant

Jeanne Cilley

Receptionist

Jacqueline EarnshawTraffic Department

Mark Sandagata, N Scott Gagnon

Ife^l

In This Issue

Although the mysteries and menaces lurking in the shadows ofthis issue's cover may exist only in the minds of an imaginativeAdventure player or the cover artist, Robert Tinney, that doesn'tmake them any less real to the person playing the game. This issueexplores the many aspects of Adventure and Adventure-like games.It includes two complete Adventures in BASIC, an excellent in-troductory article ("On the Road to Adventure," by Bob Liddil),two articles on the state of the art in Adventure games, and a hand-ful of game reviews.

This issue also contains "Computer Testing," an article by SteveCiarcia, as well as the second parts of several articles continuedfrom the November graphics issue: "Micrograph," "Graphic ColorSlides," and "A Simplified Theory of Video Graphics."

Officers of McGraw-Hill Publications Company: Paul F McPherson, President; Executive Vice Presidents: James E Boddorf,Gene W Simpson; Group Vice President: Daniel A McMillan; Senior Vice President-Editorial: Ralph R Schulz; Vice Presidents:Kemp Anderson, Business Systems Development; Stephen C Croft, Manufacturing; Robert B Doll, Circulation; James EHackett, Controller; William H Hammond, Communications; Eric B Herr, Planning and Development; John W Patten, Sales;Edward E Schirmer, International.

Officers ot the Corporation: Harold W McGraw Jr, President, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board; Robert FLandes, Senior Vice President and Secretary; Ralph J Webb, Treasurer.

BYTE is published monthly by BYTE Publications Inc. 70 Main St, Peterborough NH 03458, a wholly-owned subsidiary ot McGraw-Hill. Inc. Address all mail except subscriptions to above address: phone (603) 924-9281. Address subscriptions, change ot address.USPS Form 3579. and fulfillment questions to BYTE Subscriptions, PO Box 590. Martinsville NJ 08836. Controlled circulation postagepaid at Waseca, Minnesota 56093 - USPS Publication No. 528890 (ISSN 0360-5280). Canadian second class registration number 9321.Subscriptions are $18 for one year, $32 tor two years, and $46 for three years in the USA and its possessions. In Canada and Mexico.$20 for one year. $36 for two years, $52 tor three years. $32 for one year air delivery to Europe. $32 surface delivery elsewhere. Airdelivery to selected areas at additional rates upon request. Single copy price is $2.50 in the USA and its possessions. $2.95 in Canadaand Mexico. $4.00 in Europe, and $4.50 elsewhere. Foreign subscriptions and sales should be remitted in United States funds drawn ona US bank. Printed in United States ot America.

Address all editorial correspondence to the editor at the above address. Unacceptable manuscripts will be returned if accompaniedby sufficient first class postage. Not responsible lor lost manuscripts or photos. Opinions expressed by the authors are not necessarilythose of BYTE. Entire contents copyright © 1980 by BYTE Publications Inc. All rights reserved. Where necessary, permission is grantedby the copyright owner for libraries and others registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) to photocopy any article herein forthe base fee of $1.00 per copy of the article or Item plus 25 cents per page. Payment should be sent directly to the CCC, 21 Congress St.Salem MA 01970. Copying done for other than personal or internal reference use without the permission of McGraw-Hill is prohibited.Requests for special permission or bulk orders should be addressed to the publisher. Hsmbei

BYTE* is available in microform from University Microfilms International, 300 N Zeeb Rd. Dept PR, Ann Arbor Ml /r~~V.

48106 USA or 18 Bedford Row, Dept PR, London WC1R 4EJ England. ttABCw

Subscription WATS Line: (800) 258-5485 SEEK.

Office hours: Mon-Thur 8:30 AM - 4:30 PM, Friday 8:30 AM - Noon, Eastern Time

NATIONAL ADVERTISING SALES REPRESENTATIVES:

NORTHEAST (617) 444-3946

Hajar Associates

280 Hillside Ave

Needham Heights MA 02194

MIDWEST (312) 864-3467

Hajar Associates2405 LawndaleEvanston IL 60201

EAST & SOUTH (212) 682-5844

Hajar Associates

521 Fifth Ave

New York NY 10017

SOUTHWEST (714) 540-3554NORTHWEST (415) 964-0706

Hajar Associates

1000 Elwell Ct, Suite 227

Palo Alto CA 94303

December" 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

MICROANGELO

HIGH RESOLUTION GRAPHICS SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER

by

SCION

CORPORATION.

RS-170 com-posite of directdrive output

Local orexternal sync <generation

4 or 5 MhzZ80 micro-processor

60 hertz realtime clock

8 levelinterrupt tie-in

IEEE S100 buscompatible

Screenware™ Pak I

A 4K byte operating system resident in PROMon MicroAngelo™ Pak I emulates an 85 char-acter by 40 line graphics terminal and providesover 40 graphics commands. Provisions existfor user-defined character sets and directlycallable user extensions to Screenware Pak I.

SCION Corporation

8455-D Tyco Road

Vienna, Va. 22180

(703) 827-0888

Light peninterface

Time multi-plexed refresh

4K residentScreenware™Pak I operatingsystem

32KRAMisolated fromhost addressspace

High speedcommunica-tions overparallel busports

Host Resident Terminal Software

An interface software package that coordi-nates input/output from the MicroAngelo™graphics board, the MicroAngelo™ keyboard,and your computer. The result is a flexible,yet sophisticated graphics terminal.

European Distributor:Micro Diversions UK Ltd.

17/19 Mesnes Street

Wigan, England WN1 1QP

09-423 4311

Circle 2 on inquiry card.

Circle 3 on inquiry card.

Portable

Develop on a Z-80t,runonLSI-11%, T.I. 990,6800 or vice versa

Efficient

Structured, readableSpeeds development X5Easy maintenance

Powerful

Full standard Pascalor ANSI '77 FORTRANplus extensions.Concurrency, multipleusers soon.

Cost-Effective

Complete system withcompiler, editors, inter-preter, assembler andutilities from $350.

NOW AVAILABLE

Operating SystemCompilersProgrammer UtilitiesData Base ManagementWord ProcessingBusiness and

Medical SoftwareGames, Home & Hobby

Popular MicrosSupported

DEC, Radio Shack, Apple,Microengine, CP/M§ basedand others

PCD

SYSTEMS

P. 0. Box 143Penn Yan, NY 14527315-536-3734

•TM Univ. of Calif.

iTM of ZiiogTM of Digital EquipmentTM Digital Research

Editorial

What's Wrongwith Technical Writing Today?

Chris MorganEditor-in-Chief

In going through the scores of articles that cross my desk each month, I'vebegun to notice that many of them are poorly written. I'm talking here not somuch about incompetent writing (although the number of spelling and syntaxerrors is alarming), but rather about misguided writing, writing that is difficultto read, unclear, or wasteful of the reader's time. The problem is certainly notBYTE's alone. Editors of other magazines have told me much the same story.Thinking about possible solutions to the problem led me to write this editorial.

The quality of technical writing affects all of our readers in one way oranother. Whether you program for a living or just for fun, you need to writeclear, concise documentation to accompany your programs. And you un-doubtedly have to write reports as part of your job or your studies.

There are tricks to good technical writing. I'd like to describe some of themhere, and list some sources of information that have proved helpful to us inour writing work. I've also included a list of recommended reading at the endof the editorial.

Ask someone on the periphery of our field what the problem is with ourprose, and he or she will probably say, "There's too much jargon." Thingslike: I/O, ASCII, byte, CPU, compiler, nonvolatile memory, BASIC, NANDgate, modem, macro, Pascal, floppy disk, Z80, 8080, 8086, 6809, 6502, 68000,Z8000, BCD, CP/M, Unix, Xenix, bootstrap, OS, DOS, DMA, CAI, CAD,CAM, vectored interrupt, monitor, RS-232C, S-100 bus, global variable,checksum, NOP, SWI, VOM, and so on, and so on.

It's a lexical maze for the uninitiated. But is jargon really our downfall? Ithink not. We need jargon in the same way that doctors and psychologists do— as a convenient form of shorthand. Programmers have traditionally wres-tled with the problem of fitting the most program into the least amount ofmemory space, so it's only natural that their everyday speech has been con-densed down to a sort of technical "alphabet soup." Jargon isn't intrinsicallybad — it's how you use it that counts.

Knowing Your Audience: The Seesaw Effect

Outside of grammar, syntax, and spelling (all of which I'll deal with later),there is the major consideration of your intended audience.

Imagine your readers to be sitting at irregular intervals along a large seesaw.At one end are the most technically astute members of your audience; at theother, the interested novices. In the middle are people with varying degrees ofknowledge in the subject you are writing about. Your job is to keep the seesawas level as possible by attending to the various groups in proportion. If thereare many novices involved, you must "hold up" their side by providing themwith a lot of introductory material. But if you go too far in this direction, theexperts will get bored, dismount, and leave you hanging with a partial au-dience. It's a quandary, one that has no simple answer. Some topics are sotechnical that even the most intelligent novice will be left in your wake. Youcan't understand the workings of a compiler, for instance, until you know a lotabout computer languages in general.

Some seesaws can't be balanced despite the best intentions of the writer. It isthe job of the writer to know this. Nevertheless, within limits, a lot can be

••« •{

"For reliable data storage,you can't beat Shugart's

fVl%l%^f"* M Raymond Schlitzer, Owner—

Computerland, San Francisco

• ft

"I sell systems my customers can dependon. That's why most of the personal andsmall business computer systems sold herefeature Minifloppy disk drives. I knowfrom experience I can rely on theMinifloppy?'

Since 1976 Shugart's Minifloppy hasbeen used by more small computer systemmanufacturers than any other drive. Infact, more than half-a-million Minifloppys

TM—Minifloppy is a trademark of Shugari Associates.

have been installed. The Minifloppy lookssmall—but it stores a lot of data. 250kilobytes on one side, or up to 500 kilo-bytes in the double-sided model. That'sabout 50 pages of printed information on asingle-sided Minidiskette, and twice thaton the double-sided version. You'll haveplenty of storage capacity for your pro-grams, letters, forms, or ledger entries.And you find your data fast, too, becausethe Minifloppy is a random access device

that eliminates the need to search for yourdata serially as you must with a tapecassette unit.

No matter what problem you'resolving with your computer system, youcan rely on Shugart's Minifloppy for datastorage. We're known as the Headstrongcompany for good reason. We'reHeadstrong about reliability, quality, andvalue. Ask your dealer. He knows us.

Rely on theHeadstrong Company.

^Shugart

475 Oakmead Parkway, Sunnyvale. California 94086

done to encourage those readers who are interested inyour topic, but who may need some extra clarification.This leads me to the first of what I immodestly refer to asMorgan's Laws of Writing (not to be confused withDeMorgan's Law):

Morgan's Law §1: No Writer Ever Got Shot Down forWriting Too Clearly.

How do you write clearly? A good first step is to buy acopy of The Elements of Style by Strunk and White.There is more wisdom contained in this slim volume thanin many a three-pound guide to English Usage.

Next, find some good technical writing and study it.I've included a bibliography of good technical books atthe end of this editorial. We can learn a lesson frompainters and musicians who take it for granted that goodpaintings and pieces of music by other artists should becarefully studied. Donald Knuth's three-part series ofbooks, The Art of Computer Programming, containssome of the best writing you're likely to find in our field— and he's funny, to boot!

Another excellent writing tip comes from Peter Jacobi,a professor of journalism at the Medill School of Jour-nalism:

Read your writing out loud.

How does it sound? Is it awkward, circumlocutory,pedantic? If so, rewrite it. There's something aboutreading a piece out loud that lays bare its weaknesses.You can be clear without turning off the majority of youraudience. See the accompanying text boxes for some Do'sand Don't's of clear writing.

Morgan's Law #2: The Beginning Is Half the Thing.

Actually, this is an old Roman saying I borrowed. Themain point of it is that the first few paragraphs of an arti-cle are crucial to the rest of the text. The chances areyou'll win or lose your readers at the beginning. Still, it'sthe one part of an article that fledgling writers gloss overin their eagerness to write the main body of the text. Onevery good writer I know told me he spends up to half ofhis article-writing time creating the first few paragraphs!

Morgan's Law #3: Avoid the Penguin Syndrome.

A famous story made the rounds a few years ago in-volving a publisher of children's books. A copy of one ofthe company's books about penguins appeared in thepublisher's mailbox along with a letter from an eight-year-old girl that read, "Dear Sirs: I am returning yourbook, because it told me more about penguins than Iwanted to know."

The moral? Tell your readers what they need to know,and no more. If you're zealous about a given topic, tellthe reader how to get more information by including acomprehensive list of references. Don't waste space.

Morgan's Law § 4: Writing Is Nonlinear.

Article ideas don't come in an orderly sequence. Beprepared to jot down your ideas as they come, as writerJohn McPhee does. McPhee is blessed with a short-termmemory that permits near-total recall. Even so, he writes

PASCAL/Z - Q.E.D.

Ithaca Intersystems PASCAL/Z is the most powerful CP/M™compatible Z-80™ Pascal compiler ever . . . and here's why:

PASCAL/Z generates true Z-80 native code - ROMableand re-entrant — 5-10X faster than P-code interpreters;permits separate compilation; supports Direct File Accessand variable length STRINGs; utilizes fast one-pass recursivedescent organization; the macro-assembler generatesrelocatable object modules; and much, much more.

Complete package includes compiler, macro-assembler,linker/loader and source for the full library on one disk; withfree copy of Jensen/Wirth book and complete documenta-tion. Only $395.00.

IT'S DEMONSTRABLE!Don't just take our word for it. Ask for a demonstration ofthese features and more today at Computerland " and otherfull-service computer stores.

Ithaca Intersystems Inc., 1650 Hanshaw Road

P.O. Box 91, Ithaca, N.Y. 14850. Phone (607) 257-0190

Computerland is a registered trademark of Computerland Corporation.

CP/M and Z-B0 are trademarks of Digital Research Corp. and Zilog, inc. respectively

PASCAL/Z and InterSystems are trademarks of Ithaca Intersystems Inc.

December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 4 on inquiry card.

IntersystE

Micros for bigger ideas.

"*~=^1

*#"»■

,!

' ■

■■

■::.* ■

S3

N

[/

«,».

Outside of the gardenyou need a computer that can grow.

For the average garden-variety home and hobby operation,a high quality personal computer is a real temptation. Butlet's face it: in the world of business, engineering andscientific applications you need a system that can keep upwith bigger ideas.

Bigger ideas today mean the power and flexibility tomove the micro up to and beyond the level of yesterday'sminis. More memory to hold bigger data bases. Moreflexibility to handle a variety of data entry devices. Moreprogramming and computing power for numbercrunchingand applications development. And easy upgrade to 16 bitoperation when you need it.

Intersystems has that, and more. The power and flexibilityof the versatile S-100 bus, with 20 slots of expandability forup to 16 individually-addressable DMA devices and up to 1Megabyte of memory, fully accessible to all users via ourunique memory management system. Plus reliableIntersystems design and manufacture, and the support ofour PASCAL/Z,M...the most powerful Z-80*" compiler ever.

For really serious computing, our front panel provides apowerful diagnostic tool for debugging or development.Combined with a scope, it allows you to look at any locationin the circuitry, set breakpoints, trigger and view one-shotevents, and many other activities usually possible only withexpensive logic analyzers. No wonder it's fast becoming thetool of choice for repair technicians and custom hardwaredesigners.

Intersystems Series II is the most complete line of fullyIEEE 696 compatible S-100 boards...easily upgradeable toour MPU 8000™ or other 16 bit S-100 CPU's as they becomeavailable...so you're never locked out of rapid expansion, orlocked into obsolescence, by dependency on a proprietaryproduct line.

So if you've left those garden-variety applications behind,come to Intersystems and get a system that will grow as bigas your next idea. Get it from the people who know smallcomputers...your Computerland store...or other fine fullservice computer dealers.

Ithaca Intersystems Inc., 1650 Hanshaw Road

P.O. Box 91, Ithaca, N.Y. 14850.

Phone (607) 257-0190 TWX: 510 255 4346.

Z-80 ts a trademark ol Zilog, nc

PASCAL'Z. MPU 8000 and InlerSystems are Iradcmarks of Itnac.a Intersystems Inc

Circle 5 on inquiry card.

DoDten

Micros for bigger ideas.

his ideas on index cards every day and pins them to abulletin board where he can mix and match them. The ac-tual writing of a piece might not occur until some timelater. E B White recommends that writers use scissors andglue to cut and paste their efforts during the first-draftstage. Some of the more advanced word-processing pro-grams can help to do this. Another great writing aid is touse a data-base-handling program that allows you tocross-index ideas and file them away.

Morgan's Law #5: (otherwise known as the Three-FootRule): Don't Write Anything Unless You Have a Dic-tionary and a Thesaurus Within Three Feet of You.

I know I'm being a little strict here, but it's important.Unless the dictionary is within easy reach, you probablywon't bother to use it, and you may make a spelling er-ror. Going without a thesaurus is a further way of handi-capping yourself. Both these books are vital to everywriter, and I needn't tell you that the average level ofspelling accuracy these days is low. The AmericanHeritage Dictionary is a good all-round choice because ofits excellent usage notes.

There's nothing much I can say about improving gram-mar and syntax other than to suggest the reference booksat the end of the editorial. The Careful Writer and Mrs.Thistlebottom's Hobgoblins by Theodore Bernstein bothhelp to dispel many of the bugaboos that have hauntedour language ever since the well-meaning Victorians gottheir hands on it. Bernstein correctly points out that it'sall right to occasionally split an infinitive, or to use apreposition to end a sentence with. William Sloane's TheCraft of Writing, although primarily aimed at the fictionwriter, contains a valuable chapter on nonfiction. It's abeautifully written book.

Morgan's Law §6: Don't Be Afraid to Be Interesting.

This may be the most important law of all. Involveyour reader by being specific. Generalities make for dullreading. Use humor if you can carry if off. Otherwise,don't! Add some personal observations and opinions.The reader will take them in stride.

All of this leads to the general conclusion that youshould write about what you know well. William Sloanesays, "There are no uninteresting subjects, only unin-teresting writers."

In closing, I can think of no better quote than thefollowing one from the same book (although Sloane istalking here about nonfiction books, the sentiment ap-plies equally well to technical articles):

// a book has a beginning, it also has an end. Nonfic-tion develops by increment, builds on its ownmaterial, and ends when its material has been com-pletely exploited. If the book fulfills its contract withthe reader, the end will complete the book by fulfillingthe promises it made at the start. And if the peoplewho read that book feel continuously that they are ad-ded to and believe, at the end, that there is more tothem than there was before, the work of nonfiction hassucceeded. The same can be said of fiction. In bothcases, the contract between the writer and the readerhas been kept.

Clear Writing: Some Do's

DO: (1) Tell your audience what you're going to talkabout, (2) Talk about it, and (3) Tell them what youtalked about. This old saw from your creative-writingclass in high school is as valid as ever. Not observing itis a common failing of much technical writing today.DO: Include a theme sentence near the beginning ofyour writing that concisely sums up what you want tosay in the piece.

DO: Tell your story in miniature in the captions tofigures, photos, tables, listings, and other illustrations.Your readers may not have time to read all of your ar-ticle: give them a quick summary and they'll thankyou for it. Scientific American magazine does this sortof thing very well.

DO: Spell out acronyms and abbreviations when theyfirst appear in text. How many times have you beenstopped cold by an unfamiliar abbreviation in the mid-dle of an interesting article?

DO: Use verbs. Avoid adjectives and adverbs. A verbin an article title can add a lot of spice. (See Electronicsmagazine for good examples of verbs in titles.) Adjec-tives and adverbs, to paraphrase Robert Benchley, arethe spinach of technical prose. Everybody says they'revital, but few of us would miss them if the majority ofthem suddenly disappeared tomorrow. John McPhee(perhaps the best nonfiction writer in the country) haswritten several books on technical subjects (such asThe Curve of Binding Energy) that illustrate theseprinciples better than a hundred paragraphs from me.DO: Break up your text into digestible chunks withsubheadings.

DO: Remember the questions you had when you werefirst learning a subject.

Clear Writing: Some Don'ts

DON'T: Use the passive voice as your primary voice.Many of us were taught to use the passive voice whenwriting technical reports and the like. But the passivevoice lends an air of coldness and formality to writing— the sort of thing you'd expect in technical transac-tions, but not in an article that's designed to be read.For example, "I ran the program" is more personalthan "The program was run." Sometimes you need thepassive voice for variety, but in general, own up: SayI, me, my, we, us or you.

DON'T: Make your reader search for information inan article. If you have a list of items in text, perhapsthey could be set off in a table. If you have a glossaryin your article, tell the reader at the beginning.DON'T: Use big words when small words will do. Agood example is utilize, a word that can almost alwaysbe replaced with use. Another popular word thatshould be avoided is implement. Don't implementwhen you can install, design, code, control, enable,connect, build, or operate; your readers will have abetter idea of what you are doing.DON'T: Use a clever title for an article if it fails toconvey the article's content. Imagine that your title isall that the reader has to go on in deciding whether ornot to read your work.

Text box continued on page 12

10

December 1980 £ BYTE Publicalions Inc

Circle 6 on inquiry card.

It you

ssgSStfs*

to a videos

^ssrt-

a y T3 40 a raoaei" - - , opy. The

se

enalm^" handshaking,

£^£^d:xfonW^-

^dardbaudrate.areProV.leiWOriti

ware ProVldfwon?tneedtownteanysoftware to^ -faCC

Apple* to a v rts uaw _usw with

to bandie oL The troVilng

inc!par

iudes

^el printers

or.iiy^.f"

3r routine is avjlab^31161 ^s an opt^J^&B ge^31

ware »=> "" iication w "only one aPPjJtoterfaCe.purpose par

-mmmB

Two

t°*°*Stthe

^^a^^^^r^rj^^ss

■into

i compete

'informs""*1

ta^.'SeorcMW*

Maybe we cansave you a call,

Many people have called with the

same questions about the AIO.

We'll answer those and a few more here.

Qs Does the AIO have hardware handshaking?

A: Yes. The serial port accommodates 3 types—RTS,

CTS, and PCD. The parallel port handles ACK, ACK,

BSY, STB, and STB.

Qi What equipment can be used with the AIO?

A: A partial list of devices that have actually been tested

with the AIO includes: IDS 440 Paper Tiger. Centronics

779, Qume Sprint 5, NEC Spinwriter, Comprint, Heathkit

H14, IDS 125, IDS 225, Hazeltine 1500, Lear Siegler

ADM-3, DTC 300, AJ 841.

Qi Does the AIO work with Pascal?

A: Yes. The current AIO serial firmware works great

with Pascal. If you want to run the parallel port, or both

the serial and parallel ports with Pascal, order our

"Pascal Patcher Disk"

Qi What kind of firmware option is available for

the parallel interface?

A: Two PROM's that the user installs on the AIO card

in place of the Serial Firmware PROM's provide:

Variable margins, Variable page length. Variable

indentations, and Auto-line-feed on carriage

return.

Qi How do I interface my new printer to my Apple

using my AIO card?

A: Interconnection diagrams for many popular

printers and other devices are contained in the

AIO Manual. If your printer is not mentioned,

please contact SSM's Technical Support Dept.

and they will help you with the proper

connections.

Q: I want to use my Apple as a dumb terminal

with a modem on a timesharing service like

The Source. Can I do that with the AIO?

A: Yes. A "Dumb Terminal Routine" is listed

in the AIO Manual. It provides for full and

half duplex, and also checks for presence

of a carrier.

Qi What length cables are provided?

A: For the serial port, a 12 inch ribbon cable

with a DB-25 socket on the user end

is supplied. For the parallel port, a 72 inch

ribbon cable with an unterminated user

end is provided. Other cables are available

on special volume orders.

store

cables, and co.X;MOat,our

See

us for more

?»'SB8&9BD1

Compute.

The AIO is just one of several boardsfor the Apple that SSM will be introducingover the next year. We are alsoreceptive to developing products tomeet special OEM requirements.So please contact us if you havea need and there is nothing availableto meet it.

B=*il

SSM Microcomputer Products2190 Paragon Drive

San Jose, California 95131

(408) 946-7400

DON'T: Use it or other pronouns if the meaning isobscured. Vague pronoun references in an article slowthe reader down. What does the it mean?

Writing for BYTE

If you'd like to write for BYTE, we offer the follow-ing guidelines:

Knowing the reader: Over three-quarters of BYTE'sreaders are involved professionally with computers asprogrammers, systems analysts, engineers, or techni-cians. Most of them are dyed-in-the-wool hobbyists atheart and spend a lot of time with their systems. Themajority have college degrees or higher, although wealso have many student readers. They are interested invirtually every aspect of personal computing, in-cluding high-level languages, original hardwaredesigns, reviews of software and hardware (we areespecially interested in these), graphics, artificial in-telligence, using computers to control the home,games, robots, etc, etc.

Although many of our articles contain highlytechnical information, we also encourage the submis-sion of lower-level tutorial articles to enable readers tobrush up on the basics. BYTE's readers like to have funwith their systems, too — a fact that should not beoverlooked.

DEALERS...OEM USERS.

Call on Monday.,your North Starcomputerwill be

(MMsmdl byThursday

WHOLESALE PRICESAVAILABLE.

GBC maintains readystock on the follow-ing products andsoftware:

• North Star

• Centronics

• Perkin-Elmer

• Epson

NEC Spinwriter1 Turnkey North StarBusiness Software

(609) 424-0465

®m.

2020 Fairfax AvenueCherry Hill, New Jersey 08003

Form of the Submitted Article

• All submissions should be double-spaced andtypewritten on 8V2 by 11 inch paper, with the narrowdimension vertical. Double-spacing is important, sinceproofreader's marks and other additions must be madeto the manuscripts.

• Take the time to write complete, descriptive cap-tions for all figures, tables, listings, and photos.

• Schematic diagrams should be neatly drawn, usingthe schematics in BYTE as a guide. Note that we prefera certain type of connector designation, and thatpower connections to integrated circuits are usuallylisted in a separate power-wiring table rather than be-ing included in the schematic. The direction of flow ina flowchart is assumed to be downward and to theright. No directional arrows should be-used unless theflow is contrary to the aforementioned directions.Again, see the magazine for examples.

• We prefer not to typeset listings, but rather tophotograph them for the magazine in order toeliminate the possibility of typographical errors.Because of this, we ask authors to submit listingsprinted on white paper with a dark ribbon (preferablynew).

• Photographs can be either color or black andwhite, but should be as sharp as possible. We prefercolor slides to color prints.

• All submissions should be accompanied by astamped, self-addressed envelope with sufficientpostage affixed. We acknowledge all manuscriptsupon arrival, and make a final determination within 8to 12 weeks.

Reference Books

Rathbone, Robert R. Communicating Technical Infor-mation. Reading MA: Addison-Wesley, 1972. A goodsource of information about technical writing.Ralston, A, and Meek, C, eds. Encyclopedia of Com-puter Science. New York: Petr ocelli/Charter, 1976.Although this book is oriented more toward largecomputers, it contains a wealth of information abouthigh-level languages, assembly language, data process-ing, and hundreds of other topics, all presented inlucid fashion. Every serious computer science libraryshould have a copy.

Bernstein, Theodore M. The Careful Writer: AModern Guide to English Usage. New York:Atheneum Press, 1977. Highly recommended, alongwith the author's other book, Mrs. Thistlebottom'sHobgoblins.

Burton, Philip E. A Dictionary of Microcomputing.New York: Garland Publishing Company, 1976. Stillthe best dictionary in the microcomputing field.Turner, R P. Technical Writer's and Editor'sStylebook. New York: Howard W Sams and Com-pany, 1964.

Todd, Alden. Finding Facts Fast. Berkeley CA: Ten

Editorial continued on page 294

12 December 1980 © BYTE Publications lnc

Circle 7 on inquiry card.

Circle 8 on inquiry card.

Edison had over1,800 patents inhis name, butyou can be just as inventive

with an Apple.

Apple is the company with the brightest ideas inhardware and software and the best support — so you canbe as creative with a personal computer system as Edisonwas with the incandescent bulb.

How Apple grows with you.

With Apple's reliable product family, the possibilities ofcreating your own system are endless. Have expansion capa-bilities of 4 or 8 accessory slots with your choice of system.

Expand memory to 64K bytes or 128K bytes. Add anA to D conversion board. Plug into time sharing, news andelectronic mail services. Use an IEEE 488 bus to monitorlab instruments. Add 4 or 6 disk drives — the 5lA" 143Kbytes, high-speed, low-cost drive that's the most popularon the market.

Apple speaks many languages.

Since more than 100 companies create software forApple, you'll have the most extensive library in the personal

computer world. Want to write your own programs?Apple is fluent in BASIC, Pascal, FORTRAN, PILOT and6502 assembly language.

There's even a series of utility programs called theDOS Tool Kit that not only lets you design high-resolutiongraphic displays, but lets you work wonders withcreative animation.

More illuminating experiences in store.

You won't want to miss all the Apple products beingintroduced at your computer store all the time. Don't lethistory pass you by. Visit your nearestApple dealer or call 800-538-9696.In California, 800-662-9238. Or write:Apple Computer, 10260 Bandley Drive,Cupertino, CA 95014.

apple computer inc.

•

i

Letters

Heath Faces Horizon

John Dye remarked in his letter(August 1980 BYTE, page 18) that hecannot run his Heathkit H-14 printerwith a North Star Horizon at any datatransfer rate over 110 bps (bits per se-cond). A simple reconfiguration of theHorizon headers, as designed by Don

Baker, will allow it to recognize theBUSY from the H-14.

I have assembled three H-14s and in-terfaced them with Horizon systems at4800 bps with no problems. Heathkitsupplies a modification-instruction pam-phlet which allows you to obtain aBUSY signal on the printer's connectorpin 4. This pin translates to pin 15,

After you play

the Temple ofApshal,

you can play

Sticks and Stones for free.

Within the 200 rooms andcatacombs of the Temple ofApshai, untold treasures awaityou - the hero. All you haveto do is elude, outsmart andoutwit the beasts, monstersand demons lurking in thedark labyrinth. Spend minutesor hours on this role-playingfantasy - the boldest computergame in our Dunjonquest™series.

Now, when you order the"Temple of Apshai," you get the"Sticks & Stones" board game

for no extra charge. In fact, ifyou're not satisfied with the"Temple of Apshai," you canreturn it within 10 days and stillkeep "Sticks & Stones!"

But don't wait, this specialoffer is limited. (We'll also sendyou a catalog outlining ourother exciting com-puter games).

Automated Simulations, Department BYP.O. Box 4247,1988 Leghorn StreetMountainView, California 94040

Please send me the "Temple of Apshai" for:

Cassette ($24.95)

Disk ($29.95)

TRS-80 D16K, Level II

D 32KTRSD0S

APPLE Not available

□ 48K Applesoft in ROM

PET □ 32K

Not available

(Add SI.00 shipping and handling charge; plusNnme

6%

or 61/2% tax for California residents.)

Arlrirflss

City Stntp, 7ip

□ Check enclosed.Amount $

Charge to: □ VISA □ MasterCard

# Expiration date_

Or charge by phone: (800) 824-7888, operator 861. In California: (800) 852-7777, operator 861.If you prefer, call these numbers for a list of the computer stores near you.

D

DB:XMIT CLK (DCE), on the Horizonmotherboard. To accomplish the hand-shaking, jumper the right configuration-header at location 4D as follows:

Connect pin 2 to pin 16Connect pin 4 to pin 14Connect pin 5 to pin 11Connect pin 7 to pin 8Connect pin 9 to pin 10 andConnect pin 12 to pin 12 of theright special-clock header at loca-tion 2C.

David M Koehler306 Timber TrlLafayette IN 47905

The APL Plot

I was very pleased to see BYTE'sAugust 1980 FORTH issue, since I amworking part-time with FORTH doing acomputer-aided design package to beused with the fine Mauro EngineeringProac plotter. Incidentally, the newproduct announcement for this plotter inthe August 1980 BYTE (page 249) refer-red erroneously to the unit as a printerin the heading.

The self-replicating programs in "Pro-gramming Quickies" (see "Self-Reproducing Programs," by Burger,Brill, and Machi, August 1980 BYTE,page 72) are a challenge that APLerscannot pass up. I have a 22-characterline of APL that reproduces itself whenexecuted, which was published a fewyears ago in APL News, a free publica-tion of APL Press (not to be confusedwith Personal APL News, my publica-tion, which is now part of the APLMarket Newsletter from SouthwaterCorporation). Anyone who is interestedshould contact Eugene McDonnell of I PSharp in Palo Alto, California.

If we take the character string:

,1i-'l + 23pllp ' '

l+23pllp'

! v I I r t

and then print it and execute it, we get:A

l + 23pllp ' ' »l + 23pllp ' ' 'tA

l + 23pllp ' ■ 'l+23ollp ' ' '

The key to this line is the fact that thereshape function wraps around to thebeginning of the right argument. I hopethat the following makes it clear what ishappening:

' ' ' l + 23pllp ' ' '' l + 23pllp '

lip " 'l + 23pllp ' ' '

' l + 23pllp ' '

14

December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 9 on inquiry card.

Circle 10 on inquiry card.

TRS-80* Model I Computer Owners ...

Store Up to 350 Kbytes on a 5" Disk

FORMATTED DISK STORAGE CAPACITY

IN

KBYTES

300 MO

Ugtfttt

tmuSMimiw F[

/ / / / / / / 4

y y >

./

<T

* .** > ^

The DOUBLER™. It packs almost twice the data on a disk track as your single-densitysystem. Depending on the type of drive, you can store up to four times more data on oneside of a minidiskette than you can store using a standard Model I mini-disk drive.

• The DOUBLER™ reads, writesand formats either single- or dou-ble-density minidiskettes.

• Proprietary design allows you tocontinue to run TRSDOS* NEW-DOS*, Percom OS-80™ or othersingle-density software withoutmaking any changes to softwareor hardware. Switch to double-density operation at any conve-nient time.

• Includes DBLDOS™, aTRSDOS* compatible double-density disk operating system.

Mini-Disk Systems

track format.$399.

More storage capacity,higher reliability — fromPercom, the industryleader. One-, two- andthree-drive configura-tions in either 40- or 77-Fully burned-in. From only

• CONVERT utility, onDBLDOS™ minidiskette, convertsfiles and programs from single- todouble-density or double- to sin-gle-density.

• The DOUBLER™ circuit cardincludes high performancedata separator, write precom-pensation circuits for reliabledisk read operations — even with80-track drives.

• Plug-in Installation — TheDOUBLER simply plugs into thedisk controller socket of your Ex-

$20

$20 !

PERCOM DISCOUNT

COUPON

worth $20

toward

The Purchase of a

DOUBLER™

Coupon No. B10101

Expires December 30, 1980

„ Void where prohibited by law. ft,

l$^U LIMIT ONE COUPON PER DOUBLER JP^UJ

pansion Interface, requiring nostrapping or trace cutting. Expan-sion Interface disk controller maybe completely restored to originalconfiguration by simply removingthe DOUBLER™ and re-installingthe original disk controller chip.

• Works with standard 35-, 40-,77- and 80-track mini-disk drivesrated for double-density operation.

• Introductory price, includingDBLDOS™ and format conversionutility on minidiskette, only$219.95. Use the coupon for evengreater savings.

Call toll-free, 1-800-527-1592. for the

address of your nearest authorized Per-com dealer, or to order directly from Per-com.

PERCOM DATA COMPANY, INC.

211 N. KIRBY GARLAND, TEXAS 75042(214) 272-3421

trademark of Percom Data Company. Inc.* trademark of Tandy Radio Shack Corporation which has no relationship to Percom Data Company.t trademark of Apparat Company. Inc.

PRICES AND SPECIFICATIONS SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE.. PRICES DO NOT INCLUDE SHIPPING AND HANDLING CHARGES.

23pllp ' ' 'l + 23pllp ' ' ''l + 23pllp ' ' ' l + 23pllp ' ' '

This is much shorter and also muchsimpler in conception than the other self-replicating programs given. It is not,however, a defined function, but an ex-pression. I don't think it would be dif-ficult to write an APL function thatwould produce its own visual represen-tation, even without using the visualrepresentation function which makes thequestion trivial:

tnt+MYSELF

in n*-r\vR 'MxssLP*

V

This function returns its characterform as a value, and only prints bydefault if that value is not assigned to avariable; the expression given earlier alsoyields a value and not just printing.Only LISP can improve on that, byreturning a function as its value, ratherthan a character vector (character stringto the rest of you).

Other variants of this amusementhave been worked out in APL before.Try creating two expressions, each ofwhich gives the other as its value or itsprinted result, or a cycle of three ormore.

Mokurai Cherlin

Director, Micro Systems Development

APL Business Consultants Inc

APL Computer Language Specialists

POB 1131

Mt Shasta CA 96067

Thlef-Reproduthing Programth

We are rather amazed and amused bythe "Self-Reproducing Programs" (seethe "Programming Quickie," by Burger,Brill, and Machi, August 1980 BYTE,page 72). We were amazed by theelegance of the "optimal" C programpresented (especially given C's notablelack of expressive power), and amusedby the proposed LISP solution (which,by the way, won't work. What was pro-posed will not evaluate to a function —it needs an enclosing DEFUN orDEFINE).

Consider the problem of creating anexpression which evaluates to itself. Amicrosecond's thought usually yields aconstant, usually 1. Indeed, any friendlyAPL or LISP interpreter would be morethan happy to return 1 when 1 is typedto it. However, many people wouldclaim that 1 is data, and not a program.For the sake of this letter, we will payhomage to this unfounded prejudice, andgo "up" a level in our analysis.

The canonical "program" in thelambda calculus which reduces to itself

PUT TIME AND

BSR CONTROL IN

YOUR APPLE II

TM

THUNDERCLOCK PLUS

AN INTERFACE FOR THE BSR X-10

• Control AC outlets with your BSRCommand Console and APPLE II

• All 22 BSR commands at your pro-gram's fingertips

• Up to 128 separate dim/bright levels

• THUNDERWARE'S Scheduler soft-ware will control AC outlets in thebackground, while you run anotherprogram in the foreground

BOTH FEATURES ON ONE CARD

A REAL-TIME CLOCK/CALENDAR

• Provides month, date, day-of-week,hour, minute, and second

• Software selectable time formats: 24hour or AM/PM ASCII string, or asnumeric values

• Provides interrupts which can be en-abled or disabled under software con-trol

• On board battery allows accurate time-keeping for up to 2 years even withyour APPLE turned off

• On-board firmware makes the THUNDERCLOCK PLUS exceptionally easy to use

• Read or set time, control interrupts, and send BSR commands with simple BASIC'INPUT' and 'PRINT' statements

• Completely APPLE II compatible: INT and FP BASIC or PASCAL with Unit support

• Special introductory prices end Jan 15, 1981

THUNDERCLOCK PLUS™ $119.00

Clock, BSR interface, and User's manual

THUNDERWARE SCHEDULER $24.95

Diskette with Scheduler, examples, demos,and Scheduler manual

PASCAL SOFTWARE $19.95

Diskette with PASCAL Unit for clock andBSR interface

TO ORDER TOLL FREE (VISA/MC) CALL:800-227-6204 Ext. 307 (Outside California)800-632-2131 Ext. 307 (California Only)

APPLE II is a trademark of APPLE COMPUTER, INC

California residents add 6% sales tax

BSR X-10 is a trademark of BSR (USA) LTD

SEE YOUR DEALER

OR WRITE FOR INFORMATION:THUNDERWARE INCORPORATEDP.O. Box 13322, Oakland, CA 94661

(Xx-xx)(Xx-xx)-

The first (Xx-xx) is the "program" andthe second (Xx-xx) is data to the pro-gram. When this "program" is"executed" the formal parameter x isbound to (Xx-xx) parameter of the pro-gram (x), then x is concatenated withitself once (this is what xx means), andthen this value is returned. (You mayfind it instructive to compare this withthe "optimal" C program.)

We shall try to emulate this in LISP.The first attempt yields:

((lambda (x)(list x x))),

(list x x)) (lambda (x)

however, this fails because the data partwill get evaluated. We can try:

((lambda (x)(list x x)))

(list x x))'(lambda (x)

16

December 1980 ^ BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 11 on inquiry card.

but this only yields:

((lambda (x) (list x x))(lambda (x)(list x x))),

which is missing the quote mark. An in-teresting hack is to change the waylambda evaluates by executing (macrolambda form (list 'quote form)). Thefirst attempt above will now workbecause when (lambda (x) (list x x)) isevaluated it will return a copy of itself,which is what we want. However, thereare those that would claim this ischeating because we have implicitlychanged the behavior of the evaluator.We will admit this objection and con-tinue with our analysis.

After much mushing around trying toget the quote mark back in we stumbleupon:

((LAMBDA (LAMBDA)(LIST(LIST

'LAMBDA '(LAMBDA)

LAMBDAXLIST 'QUOTE

LAMBDA)))

'(LIST (LIST 'LAMBDA

'(LAMBDA)

LAMBDAHLIST'QUOTE

LAMBDA)))

which does what we want. Note thatthis uses no PROG, SETQ's orREPLACx's. Also note that the lambdavariable need not be named lambda, thisis merely a hack. It is trivial to make aprogram out of this expression bythrowing up the necessary DEFUN's:

(DEFUN PRINTMEO((LAMBDA (LAMBDAXLIST'DEFUN

'PRINTME'()(L1ST(LIST'LAMBDA'(LAMBDA) LAMBDA) (LIST'QUOTE LAMBDA))))'(LIST 'DEFUN'PRINTME'()(LIST(LIST 'LAMBDA

Circle 12 on inquiry card. —^^

r. ' '/id

SAN JOSE. CALIFORNIA

September 5.6. 7 LONDON. ENGLAND

,9B0 September 4.5 K

1980

WINS BOTH WORLD AND NORTH AMERICANMICROCOMPUTER CHESS CHAMPIONSHIPS!

The same engineers who helped win the "First World Microcomputer ChessChampionship" under the auspices of the World Chess Federation on Sep-tember 4, 5, and 6,1980 in London, England -five straight wins with no loss ordraw - and the "First Official North American Microcomputer Chess Cham-pionship" on September 5,6, and 7,1980 in San Jose, California-four straightwins without a loss or draw - are proud to announce Fidelity's newest chessproduct...

Every M04You Mik

senses every moverarftfu^ija-iyy^atlcaHy;erfte^iWnti9'l^,'i»J>rn^.,';brain." Fifty-Wortf vocabulary'' 'calls out moves',describes ''

captures, announces .errors.Plays at ten levels ofdifficulty. Analyzes over3,000,000 moves -it'sfaster and smarter .

than ever. Speaks '

English, Spanish,French qr Germanlanguage.'■ Chess Clock tells

time remaining,

elapsed time, time

used per move.

• Duplicates 64 of the world's greatestgames - you play against the Master.

• Plays 64 book openings, average 15 moves intothe game.

• Many other features include: Problem Mode, Mate-in-Two solutions,change sides in mid-game, and much more.

For the beginner or serious player. Available in fine stores everywhere.

• Spanish, French or German optional.

The world's largest manufacturer of self-contained, microprocessor based, board games.

acle in U S A

FIDELITY ELECTRONICS, LTD.

8800N.W. iWhSIRII f,MIAMI,FLORIDA H17H

read cards...economically!

The new HEI Model 121-4 cardreader handles marked andpunched cards interchangably,including many colors of pen orpencil. Absolutely no operatoradjustment required. Includes anumber of switch-selectable features forapplication tailoring without extra cost.

• Reads strobe marks right or left, or self-clocking on both80 column punch and mark-sense cards.

• RS-232 ASCII output (with Hollerith to ASCII conversionif necessary), or parallel TTL output.

• Six in-per-sec. card feedthru, or auto return to the frontafter read.

A built-in self test feature checks all 13 channels with adiagnostic card. The Model 121 -4 operates on 50/60 CPS.Specify voltage as either 110 or 230 VAC.

The Model 121 -4 is the most flexible and capable hand-fedcard reader on the market at any price, and the price is right.You'll find it to be ideal for a variety of inventory control anddata collection tasks. Call or write for more information onthe latest optoelectronic solution from HEI.

The Optoelectronic Specialists

M HEI inc.

Jonathan Industrial Canter • Chaaka, MN 55318 • 612/448-3510

'(LAMBDA) LAMBDA) (LIST'QUOTE LAMBDA)))))

However, neither of these two solu-tions would be written that way in amodern LISP (eg: MacLISP or Lisp-MachineLISP, instead using the back-quote facility they would be written:

((lambda (x) '(,x ',x)) '(lambda (x)'(,x',x)))

and:

(DEFUN PRINTMEQ((LAMBDA (X) '(,@X',X)))'(DEFUN PRINTME ()((LAMBDA(X)'(,@X',X)))))

The real way it would be written inMacLISP is (DEFUN PRINTME ()(GRINDEF PRINTME)). This whole ex-ercise really isn't very interesting in LISPbecause this sort of thing is doneroutinely. Routines are constantly beingconsed up by other routines, and macroswhich write their own macros are be-coming a standard tool. LISP doesn'tdiscriminate against something justbecause it is code.

Daniel Weise

NE43-838

MIT Laboratory for Computer Science

545 Technology Sq

Cambridge MA 02139

Leedex / Sup'FT TerminalIncompatibility

Any BYTE reader who owns an AppleII system and is considering expandingto 80 columns may be interested in myexperience with the Leedex monitor andthe Sup'R' Terminal RF (radio-frequen-cy) modulator board. While the Leedexmonitor is an excellent value and per-forms well with the standard 40-columnApple II, I found it impossible to get aclear display while using it in conjunc-tion with the Sup'R' Terminal board.Repeated efforts at adjusting both theboard and the monitor failed to producea legible display. The only solution pro-ved to be using another monitor, namelya Hitachi.

Sunil SubbakrishnaShakti SystemsWilmette IL 60091

Bar-Code Reader as Light Pen?

Before reading Carl Helmers's editorial"Bar Codes, Revisited ..." (April 1980BYTE, page 6) on the Hewlett-PackardHEDS-3000 bar-code data-entry wand, Iconsidered the possibility of buying alight pen for my Apple II. Afterwards, Icouldn't see buying two pieces of equip-ment when one might do both jobs.

Circle 13 on Inquiry card.

Circle 14 on inquiry card.

Mountain Computer makesmore peripherals forthe Apple Computerthan Anybody.

OLX-10

and ... a place to put them

ghts andhedules andplete applicationssoftware package. Home security with randomscheduler. Power usage accounting package forhome energy cost control. No wiring required.

APPLE CLOCK

Interruptsperation of

two programs simultaneously. Battery back-up.Crystal-controlled for * .001% accuracy. OnboardROM for easy access from BASICS. SupportsPASCAL. Time from one millisecond to one vear.

it

SUPERTALKER SD200

room, or souna enecas well as output is u

igrams. I/O capabilityipted inputs. Use output for. announcements in a control-rams. Easy to use because inputpecial software operating system.

ROMWRITER

Create your own firmware.

vis. Disk software packageA programming. EPROMs are verifiedur programs from on-board socket or

ROMPLUS+

.jm through firmware. Six socketsi or ROM equivalents. Six or any com-at once. Scratch-pad RAM and two TTLconnectors. Special 2K ROMs available for powerful systemenhancement: Keyboard Filter ROM—COPYROM-Otherscoming soon.

._ble only onlainframe com-tal instrumentalmusic synthesizer system 16 voices instereo. Instrument definitions simulate thesound of real instruments—and more. Fullyprogrammable waveforms. Envelope Con-trol. Composition system—sheet musicinput using standard music notation.Chords and multi-part scoring up to 16voices. A true instrument that anyone withan Apple can play.

o digital input. 16tal to analog output,.olution. Super-fast 9/isec. conversion time. Monitor andoutput to the real world. All on onecard.

EXPANSION CHASSIS

duty power supply. Easy to use. Address cardsin Expansion Chassis the same way as in yourApple. Only one additional command to specifyin Apple or in Expansion Chassis. Compatible withall Apple peripherals.

CardR<

igh-quality device fordata entry from user-marked cards. ImplementBASIC programming, examination scoring,inventory maintenance and other applicationsrequiring off-line data preparation for batchentry later. Connects to any computer havingRS-232 interface. Software and cards areavailable for jobs in business, science andeducation.

MOUNTAIN COMPUTER has the most compre-hensive line of Apple peripherals available.Anywere. From anybody. We know the Appleinside and out and are committed to providingthe most innovative and unique products toexpand and enhance its capabilities and use.After all, we were the first company to make anApple peripheral—except Apple Computer.

Available at Apple Dealers worldwide.

y West Blvd., Santa Cruz, CA 950608600 TWX 910 598-4504

' Apple Computer Inc.

That is, can the wand be altered so as tobecome a light pen7

John Gibbs

// you don't activate the infrared LED(light-emitting diode) in the HEDS-3000,you can certainly sense light coming intothe wand from an external source, suchas the video display's CRT (cathode-raytube). There might he problems inmatching the wave length of the lightfrom the CRT to the spectral sensitivityof the infrared phototransistor in thewand . . . CH

Telecommunication Options

I enjoyed Carl Helmers's June editorialvery much. (See "The Grass Roots Elec-tronic Post Office, or, How Electronic(and Private) Mail Is Already Here,"June 1980 BYTE, pages 6 thru 10.) Theprospect of using my terminal for rapidand inexpensive communication is veryexciting.

The costs you mention for sendingcomputer messages using voice telephonelines can be greatly reduced by takingadvantage of the digital communicationprovided by Telenet or Tymnet. This iseasily done by means of The Source orMicroNet information services. Elec-tronic mail can be sent with The Sourcefor $8.50 per hour of connection timecounting both send and receive time dur-ing "nonprime" hours, but not countingthe initial charge. Similarly, MicroNetcharges $10 per hour (for both send andreceive) and has a lower initial charge.In addition, both systems permit users tochat on-line with other users throughtheir respective terminals.

Robert W HoskenAvatar Exports21515 Hawthorne Blvd #432Torrence CA 90503

According to my table of telephonerates, the cost for a one-hour telephonecall from New Hampshire to Californiaduring the 60% discount time period(which Carl Helmers used as an exam-ple) would be $9.65. The cost would beless, of course, for a call over a shorterdistance.

Using The Source or MicroNet has thebenefit that the two correspondents donot have to send and receive simulta-neously and opens the possibility formultiple recipients of the same com-munication . . . RSS

Info on Micropolis Software Wanted

The Micropolis Users Group (MUG) isan association whose desire is maximiz-ing the use of the Micropolis-supplied

20

December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

software. As part of this endeavor, weare compiling a directory of all softwarethat runs on MDOS or MicropolisBASIC without requiring a secondoperating system (such as CP/M). Iwould appreciate suppliers of such soft-ware informing me of their products.

Of course we are also always in-terested in new members. Membership is$12 per year for twelve monthlynewsletters.

Buzz RudowMicropolis Users Group604 Springwood CrHuntsville AL 35803

6809 Time-Sharing

Don Kinzer's article in the June 1980BYTE ("A Time-Sharing/Multi-UserSubsystem for Microprocessors," page122) describes how a sixteen-user time-sharing system can be implemented. Thesystem, based on a 6800 microprocessor,uses a minimum of hardware and soft-ware. However, using the new 6809 pro-cessor, even less hardware and softwareis required.

The first savings of hardware occursat power-up/reset. Most processors, in-cluding the 6800, accept a nonmaskableinterrupt (NMI) at any time—even atreset. Obviously, if an NMI occursbefore the stack is initialized correctly,the program will bomb. The problem isusually solved by adding a special circuitthat disables all interrupts until the pro-cessor is properly initialized (as shown infigure 4 of Kinzer's article).

On the 6809, the NMI is blocked untilthe first load of the system stack pointer(SP). Thus, no special reset circuitry isneeded. After initialization is complete,the stack pointer is loaded to enable theNMI. Note that most interrupt timersmust still be initialized; when using the6809, simply use the RESET signal toclear the timer to a known state.

The 6809 allows direct addressinganywhere in the memory map. By use ofa direct page (DP) register, the64 K-byte addressing range is divided in-to 256 pages. In a time-sharing environ-ment, the DP register could be loadedwith a different value for each user,resulting in each user accessing a dif-ferent 256 bytes of temporary storage.

An alternate method of implementinga time-sharing/multi-user system is withthe 6829 memory-management unit(MMU). The MMU expands the addressspace of the 6809 from 64 K bytes to 2megabytes. Each MMU can handle fourconcurrent tasks; the address space ofeach task can be fully protected fromother tasks. In addition, a total of eightMMUs can be used in a system,

Letters continued on page 298

Circle 15 on inquiry card.

A growingline of tools toexpand the Apple

7440A Programmable Interrupt Timer Module.Time events in four operating modes—continu-ous, single shot, frequency comparison, andpulse width comparison. Includes three 16-bitinterval timers, plus flexible patch area forexternal interface. Programmable interrupts,on-board ROM, and much more.

7720A Parallel Interface, Two bi-directional 8-bitI/O ports will connect your Apple to a variety ofparallel devices, including printers, paper tapeequipment, current relays, external on/offdevices. Full featured, programmable inter-rupts, supports DMA daisy chaining.

7811B Arithmetic Processor. Interfaces withApplesoft, so you just plug in and run. Basedon the AM 9511 device, provides full 16/32-bitarithmetic, floating point, trigonometric, loga-rithmic, exponential functions. Programmed I/Odata transfer, much, much more.

7710A Asynchronous Serial Interface. Conform-ing to RS-232-C A thru E1978 standard, thiscard will drive a variety of serial devices such asCRT terminals, printers, paper tape devices, orcommunicate with any standard RS-232 device,including other computers. Full hand-shaking,and fully compatible with Apple PASCAL!

7470A 3% BCD A/D Converter. Converts a IXvoltage to a BCD number for computerizedmonitoring and analysis. Typical inputs includeDC inputs from temperature or pressuretransducers. Single channel A/D, 400 msper conversion.

7490A 0PIB IEEE 488 Interface. A true imple-mentation of the IEEE 488 standard—thestandard protocol for instrumentation and testdevices. Control and monitor test instrumentssuch as digital voltmeters, plotters, functiongenerators, or any other device using theIEEE 488.

7114A PROM Module. Permits the addition to orreplacement of Apple II firmware withoutremoving the Apple II ROMs. Available withon-board enable/disable toggle switch.

7500 A Wire Wrap Board. For prototyping yourown designs.

7S10A Solder Board.

75B0A Extender Board.

7016A18K Dynamic Memory Add-On.

Watch this space for new CCS products forthe Apple. We've got some real surprises in theworks. To find out more about the CCS productline, visit your local computer retailer. The CCSproduct line is available at over 250 locationsnationally, including most that carry the Apple.Or circle the reader service number on this ad.

Apple II, Apple II Plus, and Applesoft are trademarksof the Apple Corporation.

CCS makes the difference.

We see the Apple

a little differently.

<G

Itfcr'ii ' •""•"'

W>

^

^

$g9

**

«w:

v

IP

m

i\S i

*iM

We see it as a goodway to get things done.

Apple has built a great computer. We at CCS havebuilt a great line of peripherals and components to expandthe Apple. To do almost anything you want to get donewith a computer.

If you wartt to do business with an Apple, we've gottools to connect the Apple to standard business printers andterminals. Or to modems, for communications over tele-phone lines, with other computers, even with other Apples.

If you want to apply your Apple to engineering, scien-tific, or graphic projects, we've got tools for high-powered,

high-speed math functions, and fast, high resolution graph-ics. And tools to connect the Apple to lab test equipmentlike function generators or plotters.

And we have tools to connect the Apple to the outsideworld, including A/D converters and interval timers withexternal interface.

We make components for the S-100 bus, the PET, andthe TRS-80, too. We built our products to deliver hard-nosed value to the OEM, and to the inventor who knows thebest, at prices that are unbeaten.

To find out how much computer your Apple II can be,see things our way. Because for serious users with serioususes for the Apple, we've got the tools.

California Computer Systems

250 Caribbean Sunnyvale, CA 94086 [408] 734-5811

Your vehicle for com

The Challenger 8P DF.

The general purpose microcomputerwas first introduced as a computerfor hobbyists and experimenters.However, as the industry has grown,microcomputers have becomespecialized for personal use or forsmall business use. There is virtuallyno computer for the serious experi-menter with one important exception,the Ohio Scientific Challenger 8R

The C8P is unique in that it incor-porates the features of state-of-the-art personal computers, with thememory and disk storage capacityof business computers, along withthe "mainframe" bus architectureand open ended expansion capabilityof industrial control computers.

Personal ComputerFeatures

The C8PDF's specsbeat all personalcomputers handsdown. It executesinstructions twoto three timesfaster, anddisplays morealphabeticcharacterson its screenthan other

models. It has upper and lower caseand graphics in 16 colors. The C8P'sstandard I/O capabilities are farmore extensive than any other com-puter, with joystick and keypad inter-faces, sound output, an 8-bit D/Aconverter, 16 parallel I/O lines,modem and printer interfaces, ACremote control and security monitorinterfaces and a universal acces-sory port that accepts a prom blaster,12-bit analog I/O module, solderlessprototyping board and more.

Ohio Scientific offers a large libraryof personal applications programs,including exciting action gamessuch as Invaders and Star Trek,sports simulations, games of logic

and educational games, personalapplications such as biorhythms,calorie counter, home programssuch as checking and savingsaccount balancers and a homebudgeter just to name a few. A newPlot BASIC makes elaborate anima-tions easy, and music compositionprogram allows you to play complexmulti-part music through the com-puters DAC.

At the systems level the machinecomes standard with OS-65D, an ad-vanced disk operating system withMicrosoft BASIC and an interactiveAssembler Editor. Optional softwareincludes UCSD PASCAL andFORTRAN and an InformationManagement System (OS-MDMS).Dozens of independent softwaresuppliers now also offer personalprograms for the C8P

w

'-•'V'

puter explorations

Business Computer Features

The C8P DF utilizes dual 8" floppydisk drives which store up to eighttimes as much information as per-sonal computer mini-floppies, andan available double-sided optionexpands capacity to 1.2 megabytesof on-line storage. The C8P DF iscompatible with Ohio Scientific'sbusiness computer software, in-cluding OS-65U an advanced oper-ating system, and an InformationManagement System (OS-DMS) withsupplementary inventory, account-ing, A/R-A/P, payroll, purchasing,estimation, educational grading andfinancial modeling packages. Thesystem also supports word process-ing (WP-3) and a fully integratedsmall business accounting system(OS-AMCAP V1.6). The C8P DF'sstandard modem and printer portsaccept high-speed matrix printersand word-processing printers directly.

Home Control andIndustrial Control

The C8P DF has the most advancedhome monitoring and control capa-bilities ever offered in a computersystem. It incorporates a real timeclock and a unique FOREGROUND/BACKGROUND operating systemwhich allows the computer tofunction with normal BASIC pro-grams, at the same time it ismonitoring external devices.The C8P DF comes standardwith an AC remote control

interface, which

allows it to control a wide range ofAC appliances and lights remotely,without wiring, and an interface forhome security systems which moni-tors fire, intrusion, car theft, waterlevels and freezer temperature, allwithout messy wiring. In addition,the C8P DF can accept Ohio Scien-tific's Votrax voice I/O board and/orOhio Scientific's new universaltelephone interface (UTI). The tele-phone interface connects the com-puter to any telephone line. Thecomputer system is able to answercalls, initiate calls and communicatevia touch-tone signals, voice outputor 300 baud modem signals. It canaccept and decode touch-tonesignals, 300 baud modem signalsand record incoming voicemessages. These features collec-tively give the C8P DF capabilities tomonitor and control home functionswith almost human-like capabilities.

For process control applications, abattery back up calendar clock withautomatic computer restart capabili-ties is available. Ohio Scientific'sunique accessory ports allow theconnection of a nearly unlimitednumber of 48 line parallel I/O cardsand 12-bit high speed instrumenta-tion quality analog I/O modules tothe computer by inexpensive 16-pinribbon cables.

Exploring New Frontiers

Ohio Scientific's vocalizer softwareprocesses normal BASIC print state-ments with conventional spellingsand speaks them clearly in real-time

on computers equipped with the UTI(CA-15B orCA-14A). This voice out-put capability, combined with theC8P's remote control, remote sens-ing, telephone interface capabilitiesand reasonable cost open up newfrontiers for computer applications.

Documentation

The C8P DF is not a beginner's com-puter and doesn't come with begin-ner's documentation. However, OhioScientific does offer detaileddocumentation on the computerwhich is meaningful for experts,including a Howard Sams producedhardware service manual that in-cludes detailed block diagrams,schematics, parts placement dia-grams and parts lists. Ohio Scientificis now also offering fullydocumented Source Code inmachine readable form for OS-65D,the Challenger 8P's operatingsystem allowing experimenters andindustrial users to customize thesystem to their specific applications.

What's Next?

Ohio Scientific is working on aspeech recognizer to complementthe UTI system, with a several hun-dred word vocabulary. The companyis also developing an 8 megabytelow-cost, add-on hard disk for use inconjunction with natural languageparsing to further advance the state-of-the-art in small computers. Themodular bus architecture of the C8Passures system owners of beingable to make use of these newdevelopments as they becomeavailable just as the owner of a 1976vintage Challenger can directly plugin voice output, the UTI and othercurrent state-of-the-art OSIproducts.

The C8P DF with dual 8" floppies,BASIC and two operating systemscosts about $3000, only slightlymore than you would pay for a dualmini-floppy equipped personal com-puter with only a fraction of thecapabilities of the C8R

For more information and thename of the dealer nearest you,call 1-800-321-6850 toll free.

1333 SOUTH CHILLICOTHE ROADAURORA, OH 44202 • [216] 831 -5600

Circle 16 on inquiry card.

Multimachine Games

Ken Wasserman and Tim Stryker

Mach 2 Software

96 Hammersmith Apts

Danbury CT 06810

There you are, staring into a poor dumb tube, spend-ing hours trying to wheedle, cajole, flatter and coax yourmachine into coughing up a few more points, or maybeinto reluctantly admitting every now and then: "YOUWINIII(bell)(bell)lll" How much satisfaction is there inthat, really? How much challenge? So you beat the com-puter. So what? So the computer beat you. Who cares?Do you ever long for a scenario something like thefollowing?. . . .

Tonight will be the final, deciding match of the battleseries—the winner will have won the regional computer-club title and will be eligible for the national playoffs nextmonth in San Diego. As you and your worthy opponent,both dressed in black, enter the room, a hush falls overthe gathered assembly. You approach your respectiveconsoles, and, at a prearranged signal from the presidingjudge, the game begins.

The screen before you contains a wealth of informationabout the status and positioning of your various forces.You have two "windows" onto the field of play, onecentered on your base, the other on your current tank.You see no sign of your opponent or his base in eitherwindow, for the field of play is very large: you know thathe is out there somewhere, but, as the game begins, youhave no idea where.

As you begin to move your tank out of your base, youfind that it stays centered in its own window, therebymaking previously unseen portions of the field visible toyou, while, from the point of view of your base (which isimmobile) your tank appears to move away from win-dow center until shortly it disappears off the edge. Quick-ly reconnoitering your base perimeter, you begin to laydown mines to protect it from invasion. (These mines arevisible to you but not to your opponent, to whom a

Cassettes containing Flash Attack for the PET, at $15each, and kits containing all the hardware needed torun Flash Attack and other games on the PET, in-cluding CB2 sound, at $15 each, are available from:Mach 2 Software, 96 Hammersmith, Danbury CT06810.

Quickly reconnoitering your baseperimeter, you begin to lay downmines to protect it from invasion.

square filled with one of your mines looks just like astretch of virgin grassland.) As you do this, the steadyclickety-click you hear from your opponent's keyboardtells you that he is not exactly idle either—he is probablymining the area around his base.

Or perhaps his base is well protected by mountainranges, and he is now already actively seeking yours ? Ormaybe he has decided on the decoy ploy, and is buildingand mining an entirely false base to confuse you? Youhave no way of knowing!

Running out of mines, you frantically return to yourbase to restock, then rush out again to complete the min-ing operation. Suddenly you hear the sound of a mine ex-ploding. Has your opponent run across your mine fieldalready? Or did he, in his own haste, run afoul of one ofhis own mines? Thankful you had the foresight to makeyour mine fields orderly, you investigate: one of them ismissing! Your opponent's tank is now badly damaged,but there are still four more where that one came from,and, more important, he now has some idea as to whereyour base is.

Out of mines again, and unwilling to return to base torestock, you are unable to patch the breach—instead,you take off after the intruder, and suddenly—there he is!His tank appears within your tank window! Youfire—and miss—he maneuvers, fires—and hits you!

Your tank goes into condition yellow—you maneuver,fire—and miss—fire again—a hit! His tank, which was incondition red from having hit the mine, is completelydestroyed, but you know that the second of his supply offive tanks has now been made available to him back athis base, wherever that is. Quickly slipping into a nearbyforest to survey the area, you suddenly run across whatcan only be his second tank!

You reason as follows: in order for his second tank tohave gotten back to this area as fast as it did, his base

24

December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 17 on inquiry card.

ATARI: PERSONAL

COMPUTER SYSTEMS THAT

GROW WITH YOU

Start with a better computer.

Atari computers have built-in capa-bilities you can't even add ontomany other personal computers.Three programming formats (ROMcartridge, disk and cassette). A 57 keyupper/lower case ASCII keyboard with29 keystroke graphics symbols. 128colors and hues. Four separate soundchannels and a built-in speaker. Fourcontroller ports. A built-in RF

©1980, Atari, Inc.

O A Warner Communications Company

Atari reserves the right lo make changes to productsor programs without notice.

modulator and FCC approval forconnection to any TV Plus, nationwideAtari Authorized Service Centers.And more.

Add memory. The ATARI

800™ is supplied with16K of memory, You canexpand up to a full 48K ofRAM with 8K or 16K MemoryModules™ you install yourself.In less than a minute, TheATARI 4oo's™ 8K of RAM may beexpanded to 16K at Authorized Ser-vice Centers. Both may be expandedto 26K of ROM with slip-in ROMcartridge programs.

Add peripherals. The ATARI 410™audio-digital program recorder, Sin-gle or dual density* disk drives, TheATARI 800 individually addresses upto four drives. Add the ATARI 850™RS232 Interface Module. Add highspeed 40 or 80-column printers. Addan acoustic modem for remote dataaccess. Add a light pen* And thereare more Atari peripheralson the way.

« III B

Add programs. Choose among doz-ens of programs in Atari's rapidlyexpanding software library. Programscategories include:

• Personal Finance& Record Keeping

• Personal Interest & Development

• Professional Applications

• Education

• Information & Communication

• Entertainment

• Programming Languages

• Small Business Accounting

Add It up. With Atari, you startwith more. And you can build tomore. Because Atari offers you per-sonal computer systems that growwith you. Ask your Atari retailerto give you a full demonstrationof Atari computers, peripheralsand programs. Complete systems,Because when other people werethinking hardware and software,Atari was thinking systems.

ATARI 'Available Fall, 1980PERSONAL COMPUTERS

1265 Borregas Avenue, Sunnyvale, CA 04086

Call toll-free (800)5)8-8547 (Except Alaska and Hawaii)lln California: I800) 67J-1404) for the name of your nearest Atari retailer.

/SSinSiIRD CXB53

-ie>K.-F?>?NJ-s/V

^sjit^jrhi cxbs3 sasssrz i€>k- f^^j\/y

ES ATARI

BASIC

COMPUTING

LAKir.l IAO"

Kir ,111

P

must be nearby. Accordingly, you ignore the fact that histank begins firing at you, opting instead to try to catch aglimpse of his base in your tank window before your tankis destroyed.

You maneuver—are hit!—your tank is now in condi-tion red, and you find it difficult to move prop-erly—nevertheless you forge ahead—there is his base!You move again, and hit a mine—your tank is destroyed!However, remembering the coordinates your tank was atwhen you saw his base, you make a lightning mental con-version from rectangular to polar coordinates, and,shouting insults across the room to distract your oppo-nent's attention, you swiftly key the polar data into yourangle and range registers and fire off an intercontinentalballistic missile from your base. A high, falling whistle isheard, followed by a colossal explosion.

A deathly quiet ensues: your condition display glowswith the word "SUPREME," while on your opponent'sscreen you know the condition to be "DEFUNCT." Youhave triumphed in the first game of tonight's seven-gamematch—as you glance across to see the look of fiercedetermination on the face of your opponent, you realizethat the remaining games may not be won so easily. Thejudge, looking at both players, slowly raises his hands,and the second game begins. . . .

Creating a Game

The creation of such a game may not be as far beyondyour capabilities as you might think: the above game, in-cluding all features mentioned, and more, has alreadybeen implemented for use on a pair of lowly 8 K-byte

FLOPPY DISK FACTORY DIRECT FLOPPY DISK FACTO

cro

<

Ll_

a>a.a.o

cj

ULl

cra

craI—u<

ena>a.

Q_

a

CJUJQC

a

>

DC

o

HH

• Buy factory direct from the manufacturer of floppy diskssold exclusively under other well-known brand names.

• Save distribution costs on reversible 5.25" floppy disks,which are 100°/o certified for 40 track, dual side, doubledensity and all other standard applications.

• 50°/o savings on 5.25" floppy disks with new factory-direct 2.2 megabyte capacity "Diskit".

• Factory-direct "Diskit", includes twelve floppy disksand accessories, plus a head cleaner disk and solutionpackaged in a bookcase binder for easy access, handlingand Storage. "Diskit" complete for the introductoryprice of only $49.50 plus $2.50 freight and handling.Normal price $59.50. Order now and save 810.00(CA residents add 6Va°/o sales tax).

• Available in hard and soft sector configurations; whenordering indicate number of sectors — 1, 10 or 16.

• Send check or money order to:

Factory Direct

P.O. Box 60759Sunnyvale, CA 94088

For VISA or MasterCard call toll-free

(800)824-7888

In Calif. (BOO) 852-7777

In Alaska & Hawaii (800) 824-7919

Ask for Operator 88

U<

d msio Addoid loddia Adoicvd >isia Addoid 10

n

<a

D

mn

o

"OT)

<Den

ad

a

55m

n

a

"D"D<

aen

7\

Tl>

n

—io

D

-<

a

TJ

in

Commodore PET computers, under the name of FlashAttack. (See photos la and lb.)

A pair of 16 K-byte PETs, TRS-80s, or Apple lis shouldallow the development of even more outrageous games ofthis general type, perhaps involving quicksand pools,laser weaponry, or aerial reconnaissance, to name a fewpossibilities. The game could even conceivably begeneralized to include more than two players, leading tosituations in which teamwork and treachery couldbecome determining factors in a game's outcome.

Photo 1: A typical game of Flash Attack fully underway. Thephotos la and lb show the display screens seen by each of thetwo players. The two rectangular "windows" seen on eachscreen represent a limited view of each player's base and theview from his active tank. By presenting only incomplete infor-mation to each player, the skill necessary (along with the cor-responding sense of accomplishment) is increased.

26 December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 18 on inquiry card.

Circle 19 on inquiry card.

Computer -

System

Qpp.ioo

Reset

^F Head

vvnte peadv Load

protect

QDP 100 is quietQDP 100 is quietly beautifulQDP 100 quietly works and works and works

beautifully

$4695

• Z-80 4 Mhz CPU • Two 8" Double Sided Double Density Floppies • Four Ports - 2 Scriol - 2 Parallel

• 64 K Memory • Dish Controller - Double Sided Double Density - up to 4 M.G. • Monitor in Prom

• CP/M 2.2 DOS • S-100 (!-€€€) Motherboord • Basic Language Included • Real Time Clock

Quasar Data Products

10330 Brecksville Rd.. Brccksville, Ohio Mil 1216 - 526 - 0838 216 - 526 - 0839

life

Willi

The game hinges on the players'judicious use of incomplete informa-tion.

The basic factors that go into making a game like thisinteresting are threefold:

1. More than one human player is involved in the game.Rather than having the user compete against themachine, the machine is utilized to permit two ormore people to compete with each other in ways thatwould be impossible without the aid of the machine.

2. Success in the game hinges on the players' judicioususe of incomplete information. Although the gamemay, in fact, be entirely deterministic in the sensethat each legal move a player proposes gets put intoeffect without the intervention of any randomizinginfluence, the fact that each player has only a limitednotion as to what his opponents are up to lends adefinite element of suspense and calculated risk-taking to the game.

3. The game is played in real time: one's options areconstrained not so much by the rules of the game asby one's own fleetness of hand and mind (or lackthereof).

Many conventional board games, and virtually all con-ventional card games, embody factors 1 and 2. Manyvideo pinball parlor games, such as Atari's Pong and

Tank, embody factors 1 and 3, while most of the rest ofthe available microcomputer game software embodieseither none of these factors (computer chess, backgam-mon, etc), factor 2 alone (Star Trek, Adventure, etc), or,in exceptional cases, factors 2 and 3 together (real-timeStar Trek, etc).

It is interesting to note that, of all the major leaguesports, the one that embodies all three of these factorsmost fully is football—this may be the reason why thesport is so overwhelmingly popular.

Bringing all three of these factors together in a singlecomputer game virtually requires that more than a singleconsole be used. Since, to most of us, a requirement formultiple consoles is equivalent to a requirement formultiple machines, the issue that will be addressed hereis: what is needed in the way of hardware and software tosupport the implementation of multimachine games?

Two-Machine Games

In the case of two-machine games, the answer turns outto be surprisingly simple and inexpensive. Mostmicrocomputers come already supplied with a general-purpose, 8-bit, parallel I/O (input/output) port pokingout the back someplace. For those that do not, an add-onport of this type can generally be purchased at nominalexpense. As in the PET, the port should ideally have theproperty that, even though configured for output, it willstill return a correct reading of the states of the pins in-volved when a "read" operation is performed on it.

Also, as with the PET, the port should represent thehigh state upon output by means of a passive pull-upresistor. Ports not satisfying these conditions may still be

Building Blocks forMicrocomputer Systems,Dedicated Controllersand Test Equipment.

R2l/0

S-100 ROM,

RAM & I/O

BOARD

ECT's R2l/0 is an S-100 Bus I/O Board with 3 SerialI/O Ports (UART's), 1 Parallel I/O Port, 4 Status Ports,2K of ROM with the 8080 Apple Monitor Program and2K of Static RAM.

$295.00

RM-10S-100

RACK MOUNTCARD CAGE

ECT's RM-10 is a rack mount 10 slot Card Cage withPower Supply, consisting of an ECT-100 rack mountCard Cage (19"W x 12.25"H x 8"D) the MB-10 MotherBoard (with ground plane and termination) all 10connectors and guides and the PS-15A Power Supply(15A@8V,1.5A@±16V). $295QQ

Specializing in Quality Microcomputer HardwareIndustrial • Educational • Small Business • Personal

Card Cages, Power Supplies, Mainframes, CPU's, Memory, I/O, OEM Variations

ELECTRONIC CONTROL TECHNOLOGY

763 Ramsey Ave., Hillside, NJ 07205

(201)686-8080

28

December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 20 on inquiry card.

THE UNBEATABLE S-100MEMORY

kj**L

^m

'miuu\ * wuut

i. ■■■•-■■

•-—m—i

L5ES

That's the MEASUREMENT systems & con-trols DMB Series of S-100 bus memorymodules, fully compatible with ALPHAMICRO, CROMEMCO, DYNABYTE , NORTHSTAR, MP/M, and most other S-100 systems.

Definitely a winner, the DMB Series is avail-able with Bank Select (DMB6400) or without(DM6400) and utilizes industrial quality con-struction, provides outstanding reliability,and is backed by dedicated customer serviceand a one year guarantee.

The DMB6400 uses I/O port addressing forthe bank select feature. A switch provides theability to select any one of the 256 I/O portsfor addressing the memory banks. The mem-ory is configured as four totally independent16K software selectable banks, with eachbank addressable on any 16K boundary.

Systems

Group

a Division of MEASUREMENT systems &. controls

incorporated

Outstanding features such as those listedbelow make the DMB series the UNBEATABLES-100 Memory:

• Four independent 16K software select-able banks.

• Each bank is independently addressableon any 16K boundary.

• Switch selectable bank sizes — from16K to 64K in 16K increments.

• Eight banks (512K) per I/O port for eachof the 256 ports.

• Z-80 4MHz operation with no waitstates using transparent refresh.

• On-board diagnostic LED's.

• Low power — 8 watts maximum.

• Reliable, tested and burned-in memory.

• IEEE S-100 compatible timing.

• One year guarantee.

• Attractive Dealer & OEM Prices.

See your nearest computer dealer, or contactus for the complete story on the UNBEAT-ABLE S-100 Memory.

867 North Main St. / Orange, Calif. 92668 / (714) 633-4460TWX/TELEX: 678 401 TAB IRIN

'Herds the bestnews yet aboutFluke DigitalMultimeters.

Now-you cancarry onehomer

I Pie*

I

■ Right now, in selected electronicssupply stores across the country, Fluke isintroducing a new line of low-cost DMM's:the Fluke Series D. With their distinctivedark cases and full range of accessories,these five DMM's are designed to meetthe test and measurement needs of theuncompromising service technician, homehobbyist, student or working engineer.

Fluke perfected the handheld DMMand set tough standards for accuracy andreliability that have made analog metersobsolete, and other digitals seem clumsyby comparison.

You've probably heard about theirsuperior electrical performance, mechanical

ruggedness and environmental endurance.And now you can see for yourself atyour favorite electronics dealer why FlukeDMM's have become the professional'schoice the world over.

Series D Handheld Models.

D 800: Fluke's lowest-priced DMM, easyto operate, with six functions, 24 rangesand 0.5% dc voltage accuracy. Guaranteeda full year by Fluke. A sure-fire solutionto basic measurement needs. $125.*D 802: Basic dc accuracy of 0.1% andconductance for high resistance measure-ments to 10,000 Mil make this multimetera solid price/performance value. $179.*

If your dealer doesn't carry Series D Multimetersyet, call this number. We'll be happy to tell youwho does. 1 -800-426-9182

D 804: A powerful, versatile handheldDMM with nine functions, 26 ranges, 0.1%basic dc accuracy and more. Directtemperature readings in °C with K-typethermocouples; peak hold on voltage andcurrent functions; even an audible indicatorfor instant continuity and logic leveldetection. Available January 1981. $229.*

Series D Bench/Portables.

D 810: By means of a Fluke-built hybridconverter, this multi-purpose DMM deliversTrue RMS measurements of ac voltage andcurrent with speed and precision. Alsofeatures conductance, 0.1% basic dc accuracy,an extra 10A range and diode test. $259.*

D 811: Same performance features asthe D 810 with the added convenience ofbattery power. Rechargeable "C" size Ni-Cad batteries deliver up to 40 hourscontinuous operation. $299.''

Series D Accessories.

A wide range of accessories to extendthe measurement capabilities of yourSeries D Multimeter is available, includingtemperature and current probes, carryingcases, deluxe test leads and thermocouples.

With Series D Multimeters so easy tofind and economical to own, Fluke hasmade selecting the right DMM much simpler.This is your opportunity to own a Fluke.

Ym\""

w#w mm

• « it ■]

—j; t-r-UUBIffc-ki '■

mmf- ' 1

I

from the worldleader in DMM's.Now weVe designedone for you.

'suggested U.S. list price.For technical data circle no.

Circle 21 on inquiry card.

FLUKE

Listing 1: Listing of the program used to test the cable describedin figure 1.

188

ite

1£8£88£18

REM*** PROGRAM TO TEST INTER-

REM*** MACHINE COMMUNICATIONS

REM***

GOSUB 18888

IF PEEK<59471) AND

S$

16 THEN £68= CHR$<8)

THEN 999

£38 IF S* = "" THEN

£48 GOSUB 18£88

£58 IF S* = "•

£68 GOSUB 18488

£78 PRINT R$;

£88 IF Rt <> "3" THEN ££0

999 END

18888 REM***

18818 REM*** ROUTINE TO INITIALIZE

18828 REM*** INPUTS: NONE

18838 REM*** OUTPUTS: NONE

18848 REM***

18858 POKE 59471,£55

lBObt) rUKfc

< OSTQ DrT! !Df.lX r-*--? t rj i\€- t lifCfl

A K-> i— KJ KJ l\i_ii *

■IjR I

18££810£3818£4818£5810268

18£88

1<

:98

18£18

kjE

18318103£8

1 (3 O O *3

1834810488184181042818438

104581046810470

18518185£8

REM*** INPUT: S$ = BYTE TO BE

REM*** SENT

REM*** OUTPUTS: NONE

REM***

HN = IHT<flSC<S*V16)

LN = RSC<S$)-HN*16

POKE 59471,LN+l£8+3£

IF PEEK<59471) AND 1£8 THEN 18S98

POKE 59471,HH+1£8+64

IF PEEK<59471) AND 1£8 THEN 18338

G0T8 18318

POKE 59471,£55

r» i—n i r-i l IP.E_ i UKri

REM***

REM*** ROUTINE T8 RECEIVE BYTE

RFfl*** OUTPUT:

REM***

IF PEEK<59471)

LN = PEEKt59471

r UK. fc. D^^r f' i j ic i"

AND

15

l r

r't-t-'f-.'-. -t'z'^Ti" I .-' iii^ij ;.c

! ll'i — P L_C_S--. =-.C> :"• V C —. Q A "? 1

used as long as there is provision made within them forindividually programming each bit position to be eitherinput or output (examples of the use of such ports will notbe given here).

What is needed, then, is an arrangement that will allowa byte at a time to be transferred from either machine tothe other. Figure 1 gives the wiring diagram for the cableneeded; as you can see, each bit position on each machineis simply directly connected to the corresponding bitposition on the opposite machine. This is true for all bitsexcept for the 24 bit, labeled ASYM, which is groundedon one machine and left floating high on the other. Thewhole package, including connectors, should cost lessthan $5.

Listing 1 contains a program designed to test the cable.It is designed for use on a pair of PETs, but, with minormodifications, it should be capable of supporting anypair of machines with ports satisfying the conditionsdiscussed above. With the cable in place, and with bothmachines running this program, what should happen isthat any keys hit on either machine should be displayedon the screen of the other. Type a shift-Q (not the STOPkey) to exit the program and return to BASIC.

The three utility routines of interest here start at lines10000, 10200, and 10400, respectively. The routine at line10000 simply initializes the port: location 59471 is thePET's User Port I/O data register, while 59459 is theregister used to configure the data pins for input and out-put. The POKE in line 10060 configures all eight pins asoutput.

The SEND routine at line 10200 may be calledwhenever it is desired to send a byte to the opposite

machine. However, the opposite machine must call itsown RECEIVE routine, at line 10400, in order for thetransfer to take place. There is a potential pitfall here: if,when writing your own code to use these routines, youcreate a situation in which both machines are trying tosend a byte to the other at the same time, or if bothmachines try to receive a byte from the other at the sametime, both will "hang."

The programs running on the two machines must be setup in such a way that whenever one of them decides tosend a byte, the other realizes this and sets up to receiveit. Given this fact, the purpose of the ASYM bit in figure1 becomes evident: it guarantees that start-up problemswill not arise when running identical copies of a singleprogram in both machines. Consider yourself in the posi-tion of the program in listing 1 as you begin running;eventually you would reach the point where you wouldlike to start up a dialogue with the other machine.

Question: should you send a byte to the other machinefirst, or receive one7 You and the other machine had bet-ter come to complementary conclusions as to which to dofirst. Solution: you use the setting of the ASYM bit todecide. This is exactly what happens in line 210 in thelisting. If, upon reading the port contents, you find thatthe 24 bit is high, you receive first; otherwise you sendfirst. From that point on, in this example, you simplyalternate sending and receiving, and everything is fine.

Let's take a closer look at what is actually involved intransferring a byte using this scheme. The nine linesshown in figure 1 can be broken down into four groups.-

• GND. This is a signal ground, which must be present in

32

December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 22 on inquiry card.

1

->■

**

^nmsti.

■ <

„ ■

^

-"**£*

X^Spt*

^«

' §*T^

"jb:

it ^

A1 m M

3&S

W

i

•• -<>

^

%

,4 w

-*^fe£

^

.▼

ZORK is morethan an adventure.

Zork'" is a computer fantasy of ultimate challenge. Un-earthly creatures guard treasures beyond your imagina-/ tion. Mazes confound your quest. So quicken your wits* and pick your path carefully through the Great Under-ground Empire. The least likely objectmay be the only thing that can save- your life. i0^f

Yet, you can succeed. Discover the 20 ptAjRitreasures of Zork, return them to the Trophy M®Case and leave alive. But bring all the cunningand courage you can muster. Because inZork, they take no prisoners .. .

Zork, The Great Underground Em-pire, was created by lnfocom, Inc., andis available for 32K Apple1"' II and IIPlus and 32K TRS-80™ Model I LevelII disk systems.

Also new from Personal Softwareis MONTY'" Plays Monopoly* whichlets an Apple or TRS-80 plav Amer-ica's favorite board game with thefamily.

Arcade Classics is a new TRS-80

action game featuring Cosmic

Raiders, Pinball, Ricochet and

x Blockade. A great way to

\ have fun without feeding

quarters into the machines.

Zork, MONTY Plays Mon-^ opoly and Arcade Classics-more fun and games withyour computer, now join-ing our other StrategyGames: Microchess,Gammon Gambler,Checker King, BridgePartner and Time Trek.See these great strat-egy games at your Per-sonal Software com-puter retailer. For thedealer nearest you, callPersonal Software Inc.at 408/745-784T, or write1330 Bordeaux Drive,Sunnyvale, CA 94086.

When you put yourcomputer to work, usePersonal Software1" Pro-ductivity Products: VisiCalc)"DESKTOP/PLAN'" andCCA Data Management

- «1

5°r

/.cik is .i trademark oi lnfocom, Inc.; Apple Is a regis!trademark «<f Apple Computer, Inc.; TRS-80 is.i tradei' .Sh.uk Division of Tandy Corp.; MONTY Is ark of Kit.un Corp.; Monopoly is.i trademark iParker Brothers, Inc.; MONTY is not sponsored orendorsed by Parker Brothers, Inc.

MACHINE A8-BIT I/O PORT

270

26 O-

25 O

24<0

ASYM

23<I>22C>

21 O2°<Z>

JT

DRCV

LNR

HNR

DATA 3

DATA 2

DATA 0

GROUND

-0 27

-O26

■0 2'

<Z>24<^23

-0>22

^>2>

^7

MACHINE B8-BIT I/O PORT

Figure 1: The cable arrangement needed for connecting two PETs in game-playing configuration. Each machine runs the same pro-gram, and exchanges relevant information, one byte at a time, with the opponent's computer. The bit labeled 2* determines the initialstate of each machine and, thus, whether it first transmits or receives.

DRCV

V

/

LNR

V

J

HNR

\

/

DATA 0-3

I

I

7

Figure 2: Timing diagram for information transfer using the cable scheme of figure 1. The transmitting computer puts information onthe DATA lines, low-order nybble first, and brings the LNR line low. The receiving computer brings the DRCV line low when the in-formation has been accepted. The process is repeated for the high-order nybble, but HNR is used to indicate the presence of new data.When DRCV is brought high, the transmitter and receiver functions reverse.

order for the two machines to have a common referencevoltage.

• DATA 0 thru 3. These lines, which are controlled bythe sender, carry the actual data being transferred, a nyb-ble at a time (a nybble is half of a byte, or 4 bits).

• ASYM. This has alreadybeen discussed.

• DRCV, INK, and HNR (data received, low-ordernybble ready, and high-order nybble ready). These arethe so-called "handshake" lines. LNR , which is a signalfrom the sender to the receiver, is brought low by thesender to indicate to the receiver that the low-order nyb-ble of the byte being sent is now ready to be read off ofthe DATA lines. HNR , also a signal from the sender tothe receiver, is brought low by the sender to indicate tothe receiver that the high-order nybble of the byte beingsent is now ready to be read off the DATA lines.

DRCV, which is a signal from the receiver to the sender,is brought low by the receiver once he has read the low-order nybble off of the DATA lines, to indicate to thesender that he is ready for the high-order nybble; DRCVis then brought high again by the receiver once he has

read the high-order nybble off of the DATA lines, to in-dicate to the sender that the high-order nybble has beenreceived and that, as far as the receiver is concerned, thetransaction is complete.

Figure 2 shows a timing diagram of the whole opera-tion. Essentially, what happens is this:

The sender puts the low-order nybble on the DATAlines, and (by bringing LNR low) says, "Here is the low-order nybble." The receiver reads in the low-order nyb-ble, and (by bringing DRCV low) says, "I've got it." Thesender then puts the high-order nybble on the DATAlines, and (by bringing LNR high and HNR low) says,"Here is the high-order nybble." The receiver reads in thehigh-order nybble, combines it with the low-order one tomake a complete byte, and (by bringing DRCV highagain) says, "All set. Goodbye." The sender must thenreturn all lines to the high state before returning to hiscaller.

All lines are left in the high state except when actuallyin use so that if one machine tries to send or receive whilethe other is off doing something else, the first machinewill simply wait until the other is ready before proceeding

34

December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

'What You Don't Know

Won't Hurt You". Couldn't Be

Further From The Truth

When It Comes To Running Your

Own Business.

How far from the truth is theadage that says "What youdon't know won't hurt you."

Systems II is designed togive you the advantage. Its up-dated methods and program-ming procedures will take youout of the "pencil pushing" ageand into "today's technology".The Reasons For Systems II

The number one reasonis dependability.

At Applewest Inc. we haveput the system through itspaces. However no matter howmuch "in-house" testing isdone the true test comes fromthe end user — like yourself.We listened to our customersand we learned.Here Is What We Found Out

The small businessmanwants big performance fromhis micro system, not microperformance. He wants com-plete documentation that iseasy to use. He wants com-plete flexibility to grow into a

more advanced system. He diskettes, standard eight inchwants the availability of addi- disk or a ten megabyte hardtional programs so he won't be disk. Programs are continuous-boxed in. Last, but not least, he ly being developed to expandwants support for any pro- the usability of our system,blems he may have. See your local dealer today.Here Is How We Responded If he doesn't have SYSTEM II

To expand the performance have him give us a call.

Of the already super Apple II, Systems II - Apple II - And You

the KSAM (keyed Sequential ac- Moving Your Business Forward

cess method) was developed Faster.

for fast aCCeSS tO any record 2455 S.W.4th Ave. Suite 2 Ontario, Oregon 97914

on file, giving performance that (503)8898777

even larger systems find hard

to beat. ^j"

Our documentation is the "IPmost complete of any on the^market. Our Operations Manualexplains in depth the use ofeach module in the system, butwe didn't stop there.

A Lesson Manual/User'sGuide was developedtaking the user throughthe system in a format-ted, learning process.

systems ii is avail- Software Inc.

able On five and One quarter Apple His a trademark of Apple Computers

with the transfer.

The only modifications necessary for this scheme (tohandle ports lacking the previously discussed properties)would be: to have code at the beginning of the RECEIVEroutine which configured the DRCV line for output andthe remaining lines for input; to have code at the begin-ning of the SEND routine that configured the DRCV linefor input and the remaining lines for output; and to havecode at the ends of both routines for reconfiguring alllines as input. The port initialization routine would alsohave to be changed to initially configure all lines for input

Listing 2: Functionally the same as listing 1, this program istailored for the PET computer and has several utility routinesimplemented in machine code.

_ -_: : -. EL = i •!--«-1- ■_• _i A ! i i_j SinL-llliiL. £_!!:! '-J'_' I i °_i I—

Z;C= KlI i'^^-^ rif'iU U I flL_K i_rr lw-lC-ii i

.-* .*-- rj i— m -a- .2...... n r. -..— tz- i- J-- V- ~ '- '■ ~ "TCf^Likl T ri"! IC,—

~F-' i--.i_!"E-- ■- ! V-.uuRi till i i. !"i3_A i i_L-! ii'i 1 l--:'_!i '

— :_- QCfet-d •

_! "=■_'• F-. Z- I"!"- -~-T-

n ft* r- ;- ■.— i • r-: -i a.- =-j,-- _ .—'. .■ c Q ■-.. j-t

O 1 •": T 177 c- 17 ET ■.-•':' =7. 0.1 77 i '= O kl P, 1 iTU" kl O -i p.

O -":■"-- rTTC*lC O ■ Tr' C kl t-" ,_ -i- '■- "-■ fjTMI-Li:- Q C P" -"' C" -±" "'I

l_ i_ t"_" :_i L_ !_'-*■■ _* =1.* a ii LL'l\ _'■*' .' /'■J I I li_il_' f! _' «_- ■-. —> -*-" .'

O -Z-C-. I j—I |€T w ;** C v: = T *~ C -a — :! = " T U L7~ ki Q QO

ii4y Rs:=!jHR*(. UbK< — 1 ) ). PR I HTR$ ;

QQC: L7k»T

10000 F

18010 REM***

•* :- ~- ■- :- Pi C Svi .1. -i.. .i.

A El =-_• ■_' W !"-. i_ ■"!-'- "■- -■"

4 i~- :~ -■* iT: DCM* "A- -A-

itl'VT^ :-.l_f"!---->--"-

i (a kj ■-= >o v% c PI-T' "T' "T'

1 i?-. p cl ;7-: p V =v< -a- -a- -a-

i ijij;u i^Lri

pni ! nisTkii- srapT! TTTrre

I I — I SCO:"" ^_k:

i 1 E3 rlL O L-: t E i i"t O i_ j

i '-' i" g I— 53'-' t i ■_= O j i f" 3" ^ C t.= O ^ O iZ.

?1 jl*tl

■i •■- .------_ r-.r:Tn *7Q OOO \ EH

1 fSOQ T-rOTQ C'iTiO .-l.-i TO C=-=0 d.s-! O^i 1 .« H 7Q

± j. '_= -_■ ei ynin ■<—r-' ■-= j ~ ■* r » -■ j s— -1 j- j< «■-' r *— --■ i * ± '-r i. j i _-

■; -f ra A :-; r-. o T Q O -~> O d. A "7 'Q -Z' O O 1 iC O =" 1 -■* Q .-f .<

i A ^_' — ^-< E/nlil 1_ ■_' L_ j -T T" j 1 ^' . l_ -_' L_ a A •_' j l_ -_> i j *t O j "*t I-T

< ', ;7-: = i^ h 'Zi T O OO 1 R O O "? iC 1 O C! O 1 iTi -1 .1 77 O

A A '_' i U A.-' I I I i! A -w' -_' j A '_■ ■■_' . A '_' --"j A L_ i 3 A ^T A j I 77 j, l7_ O C

i A _• '-' '-= A' 1 I I I I A D 77 j, ■_• 1_ j, -T H » I -- j !_ O 17. , 17. (3 O j: AT. _i i _» I f O

I

■i -f

i & l--" i 1 ■; i i lOl-.^Cj

1 -j C . 77 o

so that the ASYM bit could be sensed properly.

Although code resembling that shown in listing 1works, it executes excruciatingly slowly under most cur-rent implementations of BASIC. Anyone consideringwriting a real-time game using these routines would bewell advised to rewrite, at a minimum, the SEND andRECEIVE routines in machine language. Listing 2 shows aprogram, tailored for the PET, which is functionallyidentical to the one in listing 1: the difference is that inlisting 2 all three utility routines have been implementedin machine code.

The subroutine at 10000 now sets up the machine codein the PET's "tape-2 buffer"—the SYS to 909 in line 200 iswhat actually initializes the port. The USR function is in-voked with a negative argument (as in line 240) to causethe machine to execute the RECEIVE software . . . thevalue returned by USR is that of the byte received.

When the argument to the USR function is non-negative (as in line 230), its value is turned over to theSEND software for transferrence to the othermachine . . . under these conditions the value returnedby USR is garbage. The ASYM bit must still be checkedfrom BASIC to determine whether to send first or receivefirst. (See line 210.)

Putting It All Together

Just having the capability to transfer bytes back andforth between two machines does 'not guarantee successin writing multimachine games. We now need a generalstrategy for controlling the flow of information betweenthe various machines in such a way that the moves madeby each player are processed in a consistent manner by allmachines involved. Among other things, the strategyused must ensure that all of the machines involved agreeas to the order in which the various players' moves are tobe processed. Only one such strategy, the key-orientedstrategy, will be discussed here. Although many other ap-proaches to the problem do exist, this one is particularly"clean" and therefore easily debugged; it is alsoreasonably efficient in both space and time.

The information transfers addressed by any generalstrategy of this kind fall into two groups: those that occurat initialization time and those that occur during the ac-tual play of the game. The key-oriented strategy calls forall information pertinent to the initial state of the game,including information that may be kept secret from oneor more players, to be made known to all machines at ini-tialization time.

Then, during play, a continuous conversation is set upamong the machines in which the only informationchanging hands consists of individual keystrokesgenerated by the players at their keyboards. If a playergenerates no keystroke to be sent on a given pass, a zerobyte is sent out to the other machine(s) to indicate thisfact. Every machine maintains the full status of everyplayer but only displays the information its own player issupposed to see.

Listing 3 shows a program, Real-Time Two-MachineHangman, designed to illustrate the use of the key-oriented strategy. To keep it short, such things as instruc-tions, gruesome representations of gallows, and so onhave been left out. The object of the game is not, as it is innormal Hangman, to guess your opponent's word withina set number of letter-guesses while he sits around tellingyou where your correct guesses fit in. Instead, both youand your opponent choose words that the other tries to

36 December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 23 on inquiry card.

26 MEGABYTES$4995.

Suddenly, S-100 microcomputer systems can easily handle 100 millionbytes. Because Morrow Designs™ now offers the first 26 megabyte hard diskmemory for S-100 systems-the DISCUS M26™ Hard Disk System,

It has 26 megabytes of useable memory (29 megabytesunformatted). And it's expandable to 104 megabytes.

The DISCUS M26™ system is delivered complete-a 26 megabyte hard disk drive, controller, cables and operating system-forjust $4995. Up to three additional drives can be added, $4495 apiece.

The DISCUS M26™ system features the Shugart SA4008Winchester-type sealed media hard disk drive, in a handsome metal cabinetwith fan and power supply.

The single-board S-100 controller incorporates intelli-gence to supervise all data transfers, communicating with the CPU via 1:three I/O ports (command, status, and data). The controller has the ability togenerate interrupts at the completion of each command to increase systemthroughput. There is a 512 byte sector buffer on-board. And each sector can beindividually write-protected for data base security.

The operating system furnished with DISCUS M26™systems is the widely accepted CP/M* 2.0.

See the biggest, most cost-efficient memory ever intro-duced for S-100 systems, now at your local computer shop. If unavailable ,locally, write Morrow Designs,™ 5221 Central Avenue, Richmond, CA 94804.Or call (415) 524-2101, weekdays 10-5 Pacific Time.

'CP/M is a trademark o( Digital Research.

Q /MORROW DESIGNS™

Thinker Toys

guess—whoever guesses the other's word first wins.

The program as shown is, of course, only capable ofrunning on a pair of PETs. However, with suitable alter-ation of the SEND/RECEIVE software, it should be possi-ble to run it on any pair of common microcomputers

possessing the cabling arrangement described above.

Game Time

To play the Hangman game, attach the cable, type theprogram in, and RUN it on both machines. You and your

Listing 3: Real-time Two-Machine Hangman in which you at-tempt to guess your opponent's chosen word first.

.-. i_i = -.--:--

1H^ bUbUB iS^Mg

i =—rTrDlf" £7fi! IfclTS Cfl CQD

■ 3 38:?

140 LS—U5RC—I)

i-_"i= if i_-■---. >i_C.Hv W&K X .-1 .-■ S Hfc.Fi Cl©

I -?i-: -:--iin c"--ti-ii-i _ o O = fflTfto OQfl

X t tl *_2 U _? =_?*_? Jl»tJa s ! —1_ > ■_!*_• I S_" C_03fJ

190 y=US^c LEH£ !sf-££ 1 5 J 5 - LS—USR€

i rlC-il i—O?:

-—= ■; .-j —i —: t l e t B UrtDfiC G D 17" f-1Ci£j fixi !i i ».= U K L-: b HKh. N

("fieri *o

E? l"!-r-- — »_re -i'-.-f\ :_»_*i--.:-. X .-* .

UUIU dl58

pnn ; s_* [rp/ GC"s~-:-" hl-ir N \

308 IF M$=CHR*<8) THEN 588

■r-t -—: :"i T — M .-5- .-' --_ " T i"-. --*- .-!».■*■' fi \ T ■€ X T IE C L E J~» £ =-i

o&lfJ ir ri-*---. /hiL-!^\ w3-% r/jijIJ i rtfc.n Jt-o

-- E7 ;-i — .-=- .-■ —: % M T r-. .+- .-" £" .-5- .-- Fj "-- -E T < % J E-.-J * : M T V~. .-*- .' T~ *• f

oD^ r *\ r .-*—ri 1 \j^-\ r *\ r ,J P i f i ~ I ;Tn»+fj j, L?*\ r w\

*T a -_■ i rLi.il s vi *_» i--. t/ _M_* i ns\E jir^SC- J

4£8 PRINT "TRIED SO FAR; "jT$<2>588 P=3-P : OH P GOTO SFe^PSe18yy hem***

1805 REM*** WE HAVE R WINNER

iflifl PPM***

; IF P=l I HEN lti4U

r ra n et

.IKit.I._i

Tl :T~r~;

- i i s--- =_;

1046

;i8a

_7 -£ _i T i TO ! C

s ; — i i _"rtt-" Qr-r1-_■ ht r^..-i-.-- i *.*-s * \ t 4 --. ^. vU-U3K\ I |Z.L;-. ii i L-f*x W*t. i J , 1 ji 1 .'" / J

wryT t

!-.,__£ i-T--T--T'

IBJ KiLi i*-+-•*■ KUUflNfc. lu Kt.L-t.IVt. Liilip.L

5118 REM*** WORD FROM OTHER MRCHINE

5115 REM***

5128 FOR 1=1 TO LS

CC O £$ _a D ST M -JL- -a- -i-

-_. co)9 KC.I1 -~- ™ +-

5218 REM*** F$ ENTRIES TO HLL DfiSHEi

5215 REM***

5228 FOR 1=1 TO LS

•jlju i -k% x s—i -fS. x .'* ■ r*\ i_ .-- — i ■*■■-. !_ j-- •

5248 NEXT I : RETURN

18888 REM*** THIS ROUTINE SETS UP THE

FOLLOWING FRCILITIESIN MRCHINE LRNGURGE:

_' i -J --■ ^.* y m m iI I I 1 i~ !-. X _|J _

18818 REM***

18828 REM***

18638 REM***

18848 REM***

1rJricrt r-j i— ±a ...... _,

5SJB S.LH -+- t- *

18868 REM***

18878 REM***

18888 REM*** U=USRt-l> ...RECEIVES U

18898 REM***

18188 F0RI=S26T0917sREflDK:P0KEI_XsHEyT

iUi io i *_*r>.n. jl ,-_*«_• ■ r!jfM_i_j j

1 £31 O_3_ TCDrrfc'/1 i=-i"j =-is-i--. \_-jTijriirirTnnLi

x 5c? x c^5 irr ElURs 3>fc3fc?tJC' .-r—13 i riC-NKc. i UKM

y x _sl3 r urltoc t _? x 3^ S r ur-xoot? _, ^ f » r UKtoo*! _« _?o

1 fk 1 .-i O Dfli.-'ITO£ Q 1 ="iQe: Dn"-TO''0 QO» DiH-TQR^S QQ

i t3 x =-r»3 rUivc-OO j _f x ^i _^ _j - Ur-.LOC'C _, _?e % r ukl ~oo _= ?o

x k: I jo r-.h-1 UKN

X E.«c*£* L'J ! I fl Oi_ f iDl j l_^«^_' a X OO j. X t" _7 ■ cSo __ -_>C

X^ifel L,= niH X t-wi , Ic-y, fCj?Jt__4o,41 _-x -i « x^x

11 50i? r»DTD in OO"O 1 SJ "74 *t -1 7jI -? .■? o

I x ?3o^ L'H i hi cbo « *H* * r ? * c-jc j 4o , c:-_» x _= x t- x = f ^

i i ££*n£3 r=wTO oo i R-~ o ~^£: i ofl '■v-iaa -^ -^ ~?o.

1 i Q^rCf r-OTQ ooo 1 1 o o=^i 1 ~?'^ 70 ----t-- .^ •; <c

x i 'Jdu yri 1 n cJc, lie, cO ijif 0,1 3? rcoc jtijID

t 1 f?"^«S r-r^E-TQ * OO i O^ i £Q 1 0"7 i .-i 1 -^O OOO

ii^-'i w i-'iMii a -_«i_« , I •_? & , a o:? j a t_ i j. a -r x « i' —■ = ti o c:

1 1 AOfl pjDTQ 1 £.Q OO j!-1 "?Q OOO OOO 0="* 1 70

a X DOS l/i ■ i ri X •_= _- = _?l_ j -tt ji f 7, CJC j CL*5o j d -_f X » X i O

f 13Q3 pjOTQ 7Q OOO 1 Q IS 1 r> in r=- infl -e .-- .-

x I t?o i/n I ii co1? , wt, 10? j,U j, I oli , C-3Q , x 4£ , r 31

i i i 1C* r-tC3~?cz ooo t a-o £-? ooo o^

38 December 1980 © BYTE Publications In

In this age of runaway inflation...

Look what $795* will buy

The ideal input device for the smallsystem user.

»;;;■; ~

ggy moo "IS"! SS™

HUM 670X0 M.*J ™«

"!":! ,,«s.oo £;j£ ™™

»~- f»

ll»o IfLS ^M i^H

woo. in.

1 ...: ^H ■»> .HI

WXKL LrtT

Er ?!

^^fF^T^^^^B '*

S3:; I3SE

Available with stylus or optional cursor.

The HIP AD™ digitizer

Inexpensive input to your computer

The HIPAD™ digitizer can be used for both converting graphic information intodigital values and as a menu. Utilizing either the stylus or the optional cursor, theoperator can input graphic data into the computer by locating individual points onthe digtizers 11" x 11" (28cm x 28cm) active area. In the "stream mode" a contin-uance of placements of coordinate pairs may be input.

Not a kit, the HIPAD™ comes complete with both RS-232C and parallel interfacesand has its own built-in power source. The origin is completely relocatable so coor-dinates may be positive or negative for a true reference value and oversized mater-ial may be input by simply resetting the origin.

Accurate positional information, free form sketches,even keyboard simulation

All can be entered using the multi-faceted HIPAD™ digitizer. Its capabilities andlow price make the UL listed HIPAD™ a natural selection over keyboard entry, inac-curate joysticks, or expensive approximating light pens. It's perfect for inputtingisometric drawings, schematics, X-rays, architectural drawings, business graphs,and many other forms of graphic information, as well as creating your own graphics.

Use it with Apple II™ , TRS-80 Level II ™, PET ™ or otherpopular computers

The HIPAD's™ built-in RS-232C and parallel 8 bit interfaces make it allpossible. (For Apple II order DT-11A, for TRS-80 or PET order DT-11).Furthermore, you get English or metric scaling, data format (Binary/BCD/ASCII),selectable baud rates, and resolution of either .005" or .01".

For complete information contact Houston Instrument, One Houston Square, Austin, Texas 78753.(512)837-2820. For rush literature requests, outside Texas call toll free 1-800-531-5205. For technicalinformation ask for operator #5. In Europe contact Houston Instrument, Rochesterlaan 6, 8240 Gistel,Belgium. Telephone 059/27-74-45.

Available with optional display.

'U.S. Suggested retail price

TM HIPAD is a trademark of Houston InstrumentTRS-80 is a trademark of Tandy CorporationAPPLE is a trademark of Apple Computer IncPET is a trademark of Commodore Business Machines. Inc.

Circle 24 for literature

Circle 25 to have representative call

houston instrument

GRAPHICS DIVISION OF

BAUSCH&LOMB Y

opponent will each be asked to enter a word—if thewords entered are of different lengths, the program printsan error message and reprompts both players for newwords. Once the program has accepted the two words,any key you strike is taken to be a letter-guess directed atyour opponent's word.

Each time you hit a key, your machine displays theresults of your guess—that is, your target word so far,with dashes in the positions corresponding to letters notyet guessed, and a tabulation of the letters you have triedso far. The program automatically detects when oneplayer has guessed every letter in his opponent's word,and declares the winner accordingly.

The initialization phase of listing 3 encompasses lines10 thru 240 and all of the subroutines appearing from line5000 on up. During this phase, the program POKEs themachine-language software into place, initializes the portto the other machine, and then (in line 110) prompts itsown player for input and reads the reply into W$(l).

Then, using the ASYM bit as usual to determinewhether to send first or receive first, it essentially ex-changes word lengths with the other machine and checksto make sure that the two word lengths are equal. Oncesatisfied that they are, the program proceeds to exchangewords with the other machine (using the subroutines at5000 and 5100), placing the other player's word intoW$(2). Both machines now know both players' words.Each machine has its own player's word in its own copyof W$(l) and the opposing player's word in its own copyof W$(2).

MARK GORDON

COMPUTERS

DIVISION OF MARK GORDON ASSOCIATES, INC.

P.O. BOX 77, CHARLESTOWN, MASSACHUSETTS 02129(617)491-7505

SD SYSTEMS COMPUTER KITS

• EXPANDORAM I (No RAMS) 169.00

• VERSAFLOPPY CONTROLLER I . . 189.00

• SBC-100 Single Board Kit 239.00

• Z80 Starter 269.00

OTHER SPECIALS

• 16K Memory Kit 49.00

• CAT Modem 151.00

• Leedex Monitor 109.00

• 16K Model HI TRS-80 859.00*

• Atari 800 779.00

• Hazeltine 1410 699.00

To Order Call Toll-Free 1-800-343-5206

*TRS-80 is a Trademark of Tandy Corp.

ORDERING INFORMATION

We accept Visa and Mastercharge. We will ship C.O.D. certifiedcheck or money order only. Massachusetts residents add 5 percentsales tax.

The Company cannot be liable for pictorial or typographical Inaccuracies.

The Play Phase

At this point, the program is ready to enter the playphase, but first it must set the initial value of the playerselect variable P to either 1 or 2, depending on the settingof the ASYM bit. The reason for this is that the section ofcode from line 300 to line 500 is used to process proposedletters, or moves originating from both players—this isthe essence of the key-oriented strategy. The variable P,which flips back and forth during play between 1 and 2via the statement 'P = 3 —P" in line 500, is used on eachpass to determine whether to attempt to get a keystrokefrom one's own keyboard (which is what the GET state-ment in line 280 does) or to receive from the othermachine the result of its attempt to get a keystroke fromits own keyboard (which is what the assignment in line270 does).

The value of P is also used in the main processing loopas the index into each of the two-element arrays VV$, F$,and T$, to ensure that the proper player's status is up-dated as a result of the processing of the keystroke. Thenet implication is that P must be initialized to 1 on onemachine and to 2 on the other so that the play phase willbegin correctly.

During the play phase, then, the program simply cir-culates in the main processing loop shown, alternatingthe value of P back and forth between 1 and 2 on eachpass. When P is 2, the machine's own keyboard is inter-rogated, the resulting keystroke (or a zero if the resultingkeystroke was null) is sent off to the other machine, andthe keystroke is processed by examining W$(2) for occur-rences of it. F$(2) and T$(2) are updated accordingly and,in lines 410 and 420, are printed out.

When P is 1, the keystroke to be processed comes fromthe other machine (in order for this to happen the othermachine's copy of P will at this point be equal to 2). Thekeystroke is processed by examining W$(l) for oc-currences of it, and F$(l) and T$(l) are updated but notprinted out, since they are of interest only to the playeron the other machine.

Checking for the end-of-game is thus very simple: assoon as F$(P) becomes equal to W$(P), the game is over,and the value of P for which this was the case can be used(as it is in line 1020) to determine who won.

This is how a typical real-time two-machine game in-volving incomplete information is implemented. Othergood candidates for implementation in this mannerwould be Star Trek, Kriegspiel (a version of chess inwhich neither player is ever entirely sure just where hisopponent's pieces are located), and Stratego. You caneasily design entirely new Adventure games, a submarinebattle for example, using the basic approaches given here.The possibilities are certainly more exciting and creativethan playing Battleship with pencil and graph paper. ■

Need heto? Call us.Want to help?Call us.

Red Cross iscounting on you.

40

December 1980 © BYTE Publications lnc

Circle 26 on inquiry card.

Circle 27 on inquiry card.

Give Your

the Best

The Microline 80

You can't find a better small printer. TheMicroline 80 will outperform and outlast everycompetitor. It will run all day at 80 cps withno duty cycle limitations, producing letterperfect printing on plain paper. And the headis warranted for 200,000,000 characters.

You can't find a better value either. TheMicroline 80 includes upper and lower case:haracters, double width and condensedprinting, friction and pin feed, six and eightline per inch spacing and block graphics forcharts, graphs and diagrams. And it operateswith TRS-80™, Apple and other popular smallcomputers. The only extras are snap-on trac-tors and a buffered RS232 interface. Give yourcomputer the best, the Microline 80.

TRS-80 Is a registered trademark of Radio Shack,a division of Tandy Corp.

OKIDATA

Okidata Corporation

111 Gaither Drive

Mount Laurel, New Jersey 08054

609-235-2600

TOGETHER... A New B

.-v,, -.-1 s

Manufacturing and marketing micro products isour only business.

QT is committed tobuilding uncommonfeatures and qualityinto each of its micro

offering you thelowest prices on theQT System +and other fine pro-ducts. It's our newbeginning.

Open Accounts: Minimumorder $25.00. We gladly ac-cept purchase orders fromgovernment agencies, educa-tional institutions and firmswith a favorable D & Brating. All prices are FOBLawndale, California.

■ Look At These QTSystem + Features:

2 Megabyte storage (standard)• Up to 16 Megabytes storageavailable • Mainframe with power

Bimnki nn.J fnn _ T«l....:.4.. _ nnnn

terminal • CPU-Z80-4MHZ • Two8" disk drives • Floppy disk con-troller (double density) • DynamicMemory (48K—expandable to64K) • 2K Monitor program andDisk Bios on 2716 EPROM

• RAM/ROM/PRQM, up to 8K inany combination on CPU • HardDisk Compatible • 2 Serial/2Parallel Ports • Real Time Clock

• EPROM Programmer • CP/M""2.2 or 1.4 Operating System

• MP/M" Compatible • Full lineof business software available.

SYSTEM + SS (1 Megabyte)Sgl Side/Dbl Den $4295.00,SYSTEM + OS (2 Megabytes)Dbl Side/Dbl Den $4995.00

■ Silence + Mother Boards

No need for termination • Veryhigh crosstalk rejection ■ 6, 8, 12and 18 slots available • Hasoperated to 14 MHZ quietly.

Bare B-Slot 8-Slot 12-Slol 18-Slot

Bd. S24.9S S2E.95 S29.95 S49.95

Kit S39.95 S54.95 S69.95 S99.95

A&T S49.95 S69.95 S89.95 S139.95

■ SBC + 2/4

1K RAM On Board • 2 Program-mable Timers • Power On Jump toOn-Board 1K or 2K EPROM(2708-2716) • 2 Separate ParallelPorts • Programmable Baud RateSelection (110 to 9600) • SerialI/O Port (RS-232).Bare Board S60.00 Kit SI 90.00IK Mem. Kit S12.00 A&T S280.00

Expandable + DynamicMemory (16K to 64K)

Uses 3242 Refresh Chip withdelay line • Quiet four layer PC Bd• Supports 16K, 32K, 48K or 64Kof memory • 24 Address lines perIEEE specifications • Bank on/offsignal selected by I/O port 40(Hex) per industry standard.Bare Board S70.00 48K Kit S480.001BK Kit S280.00 48K A&TS550.00

16KA&T S325.00 B4K Kit S525.0032K Kit S360.00 64K A&TS625.00

32KA&T S425.00

■ 1/0 +

Two Independent SYNC/ASYNCSerial Ports • One Strobed8-Bit Parallel Input Port WithHandshaking • Three 8-BitParallel Ports (Undedicated, UserConfigured) • Three Independent16-Bit Timers • 8 Level PriorityInterrupt Controller.

Bare Board S69.00 A&T S375.00Kit S275.00

COMPUTER

SYSTEMS-. I IMC.

15620 South Inglewood Avenue

Lawndale, CA 90260

(213) 970-0952

Call TOLL FREE: 800-421-5150

(Except Alaska, California and Hawaii)

Circle 28 on inquiry card

■ RAM + 65

2 or 4MHZ • 16K Static RAM

• Uses 2114L static RAMS 'Ad-dressable in 4K steps • Memoryprotection in 1K increments

• Features bank selection.

2MHZ 4MHZ

Bare Board $20.00 Kit S225.00

Kit S200.00 A&T S250.00

t&T S240.00

■ Clock/Calendar +

Day, Week, Month, Year • 24Hour Time, or 12 Hour AM PM(selectable) • Interval InterruptTimer: 1024 Hz (approximately 1millisec). 1 Sec, 1 Min, 1 Hour

• On Board Battery Backup

• Available for Apple & TRS-80.

Bare Board S4S.00 A&T SI 50.00Kit S100.00

1 Mainframe + MF +

Cabinet • 30A Pwr Supply • 12or 18 Slot Motherboard • Fan-cooled • AC Line Filter toeliminate EMI • A&T • Power andReset Switches on front panel.

MF + 12 S450.00

MF + 18 SS00.00

MF+ W/OMotherbrd S400.00

■ Mainframe + MF+ MD

Accepts 2 Each 5 V Disk Drives

• 18A Pwr Supply • 6-12 SlotMotherboard • Dual-mini-disk provision • Disk Drive PowerSupply • AC line filter to eliminateEMI • Power and reset switcheson front panel.

Ml + MD12 $500.00

MF-f MD6 S450.00

MF + MD W/O Motherbrd S400.00

■ DDC-8 +

Available in Brown or TRS 80Colors • Disk Cabinet for Single8" Drive • Data Cable • Fan

• Accepts Persci, Shugart,Siemens, Remex, QUME.

DOC-8+ S250.00

Also Available: S-100 (Smart)Proto Board +. Ask for ourcatalog.

WARRANTY: 1 year againstdefects in material and workman-ship from date of shipment on all0T products.

Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer.Inc. CP/M" and MP/M" are trademarksol Digital Research. TRS-B0 is a trademarkof Radio Shack.

Gispcis's Circuit Gellsp

Copyright © 1980 by Steven A Ciarcia. All rights reserved.

Computerized Testing

Steve Ciarcia

POB 582

Glastonbury CT 06033

Suppose for a moment that you area custom-electronics manufacturer.You have accepted a job to produce1000 sequential-controller boards fora major photocopier manufacturer.(It is not unusual for large companiesto farm out control subassemblies.)For all practical purposes, the con-troller board is a microcomputer thathas various output combinations inresponse to designated inputs. As asubassembly manufacturer, you havethe responsibility for testing the con-troller boards as well as buildingthem.

The controller board in questionhas ten inputs and ten outputs. Whena particular input signal is received(perhaps from the copy button), thecontroller activates one or more out-puts, waits a preset time limit, andthen changes the output. Dependingupon the input-signal combination,the sequence may have one to fivesteps. The timing intervals can alsovary within each sequence.

Without going into too muchdetail, it is easy to see that what weare discussing could prove to be anightmare to test. It could con-ceivably be done manually in perhaps2 or 3 hours with a maze of switches,indicators, and wires. With 1000 ofthem to build, it would take the ser-vices of two workers, and only sixunits could be shipped a day. (If youare Jucky, you won't have to deliver1000 controllers in 3 months.)

If you have any business sense atall, you know that such a situation isworth avoiding. (Customers have a

The general industry-practice of estimatingsoftware cost results in acost of $20 to $40 per lineof finished code.

habit of changing schedules just whenthe only technician who knows thetest procedure goes on vacation.) Theobvious solution is automatic testing,or more explicitly, computerizedtesting.

Automated Testing by Computer

Automated testing is an activitywhere a machine simultaneously ac-tivates and monitors signals accord-ing to a prescribed test plan. While itis not a necessity, most automatictesters incorporate microcomputersbecause of the cost advantages andflexibility they impart to the tester.Microcomputers replace bulky relaysand hardwired logic in older designs.The latest economically priced unitsare in fact nothing more than a basiccomputer with some specializedfront-end interfacing.

In many applications, it is cheaperto configure your own test systemand program it for a specific applica-tion rather than buy a "board tester."In our photocopy-board example, thehardware for ten input and ten outputbits is relatively inexpensive. The ap-plication program to do the testing re-

quires some thought, however.

There are two ways to write soft-ware for automatic test and controllerapplications. One is to use assemblylanguage, and the other is to use ahigh-level language such as BASIC,tiny-c, or FORTH.

Companies that manufacture elec-tronic devices in 1000-quantity arequite concerned about memory sizeand costs. High-level languages takeconsiderably more memory space fora given application than straightassembly code. Every extra 1 K bytescosts $10. This results in $10,000 dif-ference for each 1 K increment on1000 photocopier controllers. In high-volume applications where cost is themost important factor, assemblylanguage is used to save space.

As a custom-electronics manufac-turer, you have similar decisions tomake concerning computer hard-ware. You must design an automateddevice to efficiently test thephotocopier controller. Unfortunate-ly, you are building only one unit andwill not have the large productionvolume over which to amortize thesoftware-development costs. Youronly choice is to risk becoming un-competitive by raising the price ofassembling each controller board.Therefore, it is in your best intereststo keep these testing costs low.

High-Level Languages in ControlApplications

The cost for developing a programis much higher than you probablythought. (Many business profes-

44

December 1980 © BYTE Publications lnc

:e your mn

6

gs- i 2

iwiifliii[irf«i<»]iii»j7I{5<

Get the

Graham-Dorian Business software.

only as useful as the software you insert in it.

So it pays to rely on Graham-Dorian,the software that gets your micro performingto its fullest — almost like a mini.

Graham-Dorian, the industry leader,offers highly detailed and well-documentedprograms. All pretested on the job. Each socomprehensive that it takes little time tolearn to run a program — even for someonewho's never operated a computer before.

Programs are compatible with mostmajor computers using CP/M disk operatingsystems, and come in standard 8" or onvarious mini-floppy disks. Each packagecontains the software program in INT andBAS file form plus a user's manual and hardcopy source listing. Graham-Dorian standsbehind dealers with technical advice.

Yes, there's a world of difference inbusiness software. Graham-Dorian has moreper-package capabilities and more packages.(With new ones added every few months.)

The Cincludes

Medical Apartment Management

Dental Construction Job Costing

Surveying Accounts ReceivableInventory Accounts PayablePayroll General Ledger

Cash RegisterCBASIC-2Ask your dealer for a demonstration soon.

Graham-DorianSoftware Systems, Inc.

211 North Broadway / Wichita, KS 67202 / (316) 265-8633

sionals discover this only after buyingcomputers.) The general industrypractice of estimating software is tocharge at the rate of one line of codeper hour regardless of the languageused. This results in a cost of $20 to$40 per line. You may write ten linesof code in the first hour, but with allthe documentation, debugging, andtesting involved, one per hour isrealistic by the time the application isthoroughly finished.

For a high-level language such asBASIC, the average line-for-linecoding-time comparison is about 10

to 1 over assembly language. Asmuch can be accomplished with asingle IF . . . THEN . . . ELSE state-ment as ten or fifteen assembly-language instructions. For limitedproduction items, or one-of-a-kindapplications, where one line of high-level code costs no more than one lineof assembly code, it is morereasonable to consider the former.

The major limitation of high-levellanguages such as BASIC is that theyare interpretive and slow (2 to 5 msper line). They require a fixed blockof code (2 K bytes for a tiny BASIC to

NEW OPEN FRAMES

AN,

our same old low prices!

## !:H

More new open frames to choose from - plus new special-purposemodels for specific applications such as Microprocessor and Floppy-Disk systems. Also, Power-One now offers a growing line of switchingD.C. Power supplies with the same high quality and reliability as ouropen frame models.

New 1980-81Product Catalog..plus our new

Tour Guide.Phone or write foryour copies today!

*-.*7*~i>

, PEOPLE

OPauier-ane~~~*

pmuer-m

n.c. power supplies

Power-One, Inc. • Power One Drive • Camarillo, California 93010Phone: (805) 484-2806 • (805) 987-3891 • TWX: 910-336-1297

24 K bytes for a fully extended diskversion) to interpret and execute anyamount of program statements in ad-dition to the memory containing theuser program. The size of the inter-preter depends upon the sophistica-tion of the instruction repertoire.

"Slow" is a relative term. If youneed to activate a signal only 10 timesa second, then there is no conflict.Doing something 500 times a secondis more involved. As the interpretercode is reduced in size and complexi-ty, the processing speed is increased.In its bare-bones state, a tiny BASIChas only integer arithmetic, noalphanumeric string-handlingcapability, limited array-handlingcapability, and limited math func-tions. But it is fast by comparison tofully extended high-level languages. Iffull processor speed is required insome portions of the application, oneor more special assembly-languagesubroutines can be called and ex-ecuted from the high-level languageprogram, which takes over again atthe conclusion of the assembly-language subroutine.

An Actual Automatic TesterApplication

In "I/O Expansion for the TRS-80,"Parts 1 and 2 (Ciarcia's Circuit Cellarin the May and June 1980 BYTE,pages 22 and 42, respectively), Ipresented an article on the design of aserial/parallel I/O (input/output) in-terface for the TRS-80 called theCOMM-80. (A block diagram of theinterface is shown in figure 1.) I havereceived an influx of reader inquiriesconcerning component sources andterminal software. This leads me tobelieve many people are building theinterface.

This assumption, as well as a needto have a good diagnostic programfor any computer peripheral in pro-duction, prompted me to design thehardware and software necessary toautomatically test a COMM-80. Inaddition to providing anyone whohas constructed the interface with auseful test program, the resulting ef-fort fully demonstrates use of a high-level language in a test/control ap-plication.

Reviewing quickly, the COMM-80

is an interface designed specifically

for the TRS-80 (it can be attached to

any 8-bit computer with a bidirec-

Text continued on page 50

Circle 30 on inquiry card. ^^^-

When It ComesTo Add-on Memory...

LOBO

Has It All.

LOBO DRIVES manufactures a full line of S-100

computer compatible disk drives. All drives are

software compatible with most S-100 disk operating

systems and applications software programs. Only

LOBO DRIVES offers you the variety and choice of

floppy and fixed disk drives. Choose from 5Vi and

8-inch floppies, 5V* and 8-inch Winchester technology

fixed disk drives, and several Floppy/Fixed disk

combinations. Each LOBO DRIVES system is

thoroughly tested and burned-in and has the famous

LOBO DRIVES One Year, 100% Parts/Labor

Warranty.

MODEL 400 5V4-INCH FLOPPYDISK MEMORY SYSTEM

A high-speed (298) Msec Access), high-reliability (8000 hrs MTBF), low-cost floppydisk memory system. It is available in bothsoft and hard sector formats, and a choiceof single or double density configurations.

• Up to 220 KBytes Capacity

• Single/Double Density

• Soft Sector Format

• Complete Software Compatibility

MODEL 800/850 DUAL FLOPPYDISK DRIVE MEMORY SYSTEM

LOBO DRIVES offers you a choice ofsingle-sided, single or double density(Model 800) or double-sided, single ordouble density (Model 850) dual 8-inchmemory subsystems. Each system comescomplete with chassis and power supply,cables, controller and interface.

• Compatible with Most S-100 DOSSystems

• Up to 3.2 MByte Capacity

MODEL 1850 DUAL

FLOPPY/FIXED DISK MEMORY

SYSTEM

No more worries about back-up. LOBODRIVES has combined the latest state-of-the-art Winchester technology with the pro-ven reliability and dependability of its Model850 8-inch floppy disk drive to bring you theultimate in memory expansion for yourS-100 computer. The Model 1850 is theideal memory system for small businessand word processing applications.

• 5 or 10 MByte Fixed Disk Capacity

• 1.6 MByte Floppy Disk Capacity

• Software Compatibility

• Sealed Environment

• Winchester Reliability

• 70 Msec Average Access Time

MODEL 950 DUAL

FLOPPY/FIXED DISK MEMORY

SYSTEM

All the advantages of Winchestertechnology fixed disk memory: largecapacity (6.38 MBytes), high speed (170Msec avg. access time), and extendedreliability, combined with the convenienceof a built-in floppy disk back-up in onecabinet. Only LOBO can bring you thestorage capacity of 16 mini-floppies at afraction of the price.

• The Storage Capacity of 16 Mini-Floppies

• Built-in Back-up

• 1 70 Msec Access (Avg)

• Software Compatibility

See your nearest dealer, call, or write for the complete LOBO DRIVES story.,find out just how competitively priced a quality drive can be.

*"9rii/es

v

IIMTERNATIDNAL

935 Camino Del SurGoleta, California 93017(805) 685-4546Telex: 658 482

+ 12Vt

POWERSUPPLY

+5Vt

I

40 CONDUCTORRIBBON CABLE

SWITCHES

ADDRESSDECODER LOGIC

(TO ALL SECTIONS)

ADDRESS BUS

-12V

34 PIN EDGECONNECTOR(PRINTER PORT)

8-BIT

OUTPUT

LATCH

DATA 8DATA 7DATA 6DATA 5DATA 4DATA 3DATA 2DATA 1

BUSY

PAPER

UNIT SEL

FAULT

B3

B2

Bl

BO

STROBE »

3-STATE

INPUT

BUFFER

c

RS-232C 25PINSERIAL CONNECTOR

AUXILIARY #1EXPANSION CONNECTOR

40 PIN EDGE CONNECTOR

Figure 1: Block diagram of the COMM-80 I/O interface showing the interrelationship of the signals.

48 December 1980 © BYTE Publications In

Circle 31 on inquiry card.

dolosoulh announces

;&m

*■&

ml

T\

\\\

I[

• o

• o

;

With so many matrix printers on the market today, it may seemtough to find exactly the right one for your application. Somemodels may offer the speed you need, others the communicationsflexibility and still others trie forms handling capability. But noprinter offers all the features you need...until now.

The DS180 matrix printer provides the total package of perfor-mance features and reliability required for applications such asCRT slave copy, remote terminal networks and small to mid-rangesystems. Not a "hobby-grade" printer, the DS180 is a real work-horse designed to handle your most demanding printer require-ments. And pricing on the DS180 is hundreds of dollars belowcompetitive units.

High Speed Printing-Bidirectional, logic-seeking printing at180 cps offers throughput of over 200 Ipm on average text. A9-wire printhead life-tested at 650 million characters generatesa 9x7 matrix with true lower case descenders and underlining.

Non-volatile Format Retention-a unique programming keypadfeaturing a non-volatile memory allows the user to configure theDS180 for virtually any application. Top of form, horizontal andvertical tabs, perforation skipover, communications parameters

and many other features may be programmed and stored from thekeypad.When your system is powered down, the format is retainedin memory. The DS180 even remembers the line where you stoppedprinting. There is no need to reset the top of form, margins, baudrate, etc....it's all stored in the memory. If you need to recon-figure for another application, simply load a new format into thememory.

Communications Versatility—The DS180 offers three interfacesincluding RS232, current loop and 8-bit parallel. Baud rates from110-9600 may be selected. A 1K buffer and X-on, X-off hand-shaking ensure optimum throughput.

Forms Handling Flexibility-Adjustable tractors accommodateforms from 3"-15". The adjustable head can print 6-part formscrisply and clearly making the DS180 ideal for printing multipartinvoices and shipping documents. Forms can be fed from the frontor the bottom.

If you would like more information on how the DS180's low-costtotal printer package can fill your application, give us a call atDatasouth. The DS180 is available for 30-day delivery from oursales/service distributors throughout the U.S.

data©®*

computer corporation

4740 Dwight Evans Road • Charlotte, North Carolina 28210 • 704/523-8500

Text continued from page 46:tional data bus). It contains asoftware-programmable serial portand an 8-bit parallel I/O printer port.It has variable-address selection andfull RS-232C handshaking capability.The variety of options makes for a

lengthy test when done manually.

The Test Sequence

As I previously mentioned, mostautomatic testers consist of amicrocomputer and some front-endinterfacing hardware. In this applica-

Photo 1: TRS-80 system and test equipment for the COMM-80. The COMM-80 unitunder test is on the left with the cover removed and cables attached. The programmingtechniques employed and described in the testing of this unit are applicable to manyother computer-control applications.

Photo 2: Test cables required to run diagnostics on a COMM-80 serial/parallel I/O in-terface. The cable on the top (from figure 3) connects the test-unit printer port to themaster-unit printer port. The 8-bit parallel output is also wired to a sixteen-pin dual-inline plug header to test the programming-plug input.

The cable on the bottom (from figure 6) connects the test unit RS-232C signals to themaster unit's RS-232C port. The prototyping board contains a beeper that is triggeredwhen the computer outputs data through the test-unit printer port.

tion, I chose to use the TRS-80 as thetest computer for obvious reasons,but the software is written so that itcan be executed on most similarBASICs. The front-end equipment,consisting of a serial and parallelport, is coincidentally anotherCOMM-80 that is set at an addressdifferent (hexadecimal 37F8) from thetest unit. When the test unit is exer-cised, the computer reads the resultsthrough the second (master) unit. Theentire computer configuration isshown in photo 1. The second unit isrequired only to provide the auto-matic test computer with the properserial/parallel I/O capability.

There are four major tests in-volved, and special cables are re-quired to attach the test unit to themaster unit (see photo 2). When at-tached, they appear as in photo 3.The sequence of tests includes inorder: address decoding, TTL(transistor-transistor logic)-levelparallel I/O, RS-232C handshaking,and serial I/O. A flowchart for the se-quence of test routines is shown infigure 2.

Address Decoding

The address-selection section of aperipheral device determines wherewithin the computer's addressingrange the computer will find thisperipheral. For the COMM-80, thereare sixteen locations between hexa-decimal locations 3708 and 37F8 towhich it can be set. To be compatiblewith standard Radio Shack software,the setting should be 37E8. Generallyspeaking, the failure in addressdecoders is usually the switch and notthe logic. It is not enough to set theunit for address 37E8 and presumethat, if it works, the rest of the ad-dresses will. All sixteen addressesneed not be checked, but each one ofthe 4 selectable address bits should becycled. My preference is to check sixcombinations: all on, all off, and oneon at a time. The only way to deter-mine if they work is to successfullyaccomplish I/O communication ateach address.

Figure 3b is a diagram of a circuitthat facilitates this test. It is a simpleone-quarter-second beeper that is ac-tivated by the 1 /is printer output-strobe pulse. Only the address-decoder circuitry and the 74121(IC16) strobe-pulse generator on theCOMM-80 board are involved. If atest unit is set for an address of 37E8,

50

December 1980 & BYTE Publications In

A Few Extraordinary Products for Your 6800/6809 Computer

From Percom .. .

Low CostMini-Disk Storagein the Size You Want

Percom mini-disk systems start aslow as $599.95, ready to plug in andrun. You can't get better quality or abroader selection of disk softwarefrom any other microcomputer disksystem manufacturer — at any price!

Features: 1 -, 2- and 3-drive systemsin 40- and 77-track versions store102K- to 591K-bytes of random ac-cess data on-line • controllers in-clude explicit clock/data separationcircuit, motor inactivity time-out cir-

cuit, buffered control lines and othermature design concepts • ROMDOS included with SS-50 bus ver-sion — optional DOSs for EXOR-ciser* bus • extra PROM socketson-board • EXORciser* bus versionhas 1 K-byte RAM • supported by ex-tended disk operating systems; as-semblers and other program de-velopment/debugging aids; BASIC,FORTRAN, Pascal and SPL/M lan-guages; and, business applicationprograms.

EXORciser* Bus LFD-400EX™ -800EX™ Systems

Versatile Mother Board, Full-Feature Prototyping Boards

The SBC/9™. A "10" By Any Measure.

The Percom SBC/9™ is an SS-50 bus compatible, stand-alone Single-Board Computer. Configured for the 6809microprocessor, the SBC/9™ also accommodates a 6802without any modification. You can have state-of-the-artcapability of the '09. Or put to work the enormous selection of6800-coded programs that run on the '02.

The SBC/9™ includes PSYMON™, an easily extended 1-Kbyte ROM OS. Other features include:

• Total compatibility with the SS-50 bus. Requires no changes to themotherboard, memory or I/O.

• Serial port includes bit-rate generator. RS-232-C compatible withoptional subminiature 'D' connector installed. 10-pin Molex connec-tor provided.

• Eight-bit, non-latched, bidirectional parallel port is multi-addressextension of system bus. Spans a 30-address field; accommodatesan exceptional variety of peripheral devices. Connector is optional.

• Includes 1-Kbyte of static RAM.

• Costs only $199.95 with PSYMON™ and comprehensive usersmanual that includes source listing of PSYMON™.

™ trademark of Percom Data Company, Inc.

* trademark of the Motorola Corporation.

Prices and specifications subject to change without notice.

Printed wiring is easily soldered tin-leadplating. Substrates are glass-epoxy. Pro-totyping cards provide for power regula-tors and distributed capacitor bypassing,accommodate 14-, 16-, 24- and 40-pinDIP sockets. Prototyping boards includebus connectors, other connectors andsockets are optional.MOTHERBOARD — accommodates fiveSS-50 bus cards, and may itself be

plugged into an SS-50 bus. Featureswide-trace conductors. Price: $21.95SS-50 BUS CARD — accommodates 34-and 50-pin ribbon connectors on topedge, 10-pin Molex connector on sideedge. Price: $24.95.

SS-30 BUS CARD — 1 Winch higherthan SWTP I/O card, accommodates 34-pin ribbon connector and 12-pin Molexconnector on top edge. Price: $14.95.

The Electric Window™: Instant, Real-Time Video Display Control

Memory residency and outstanding software control of display format andcharacters make this SS-50 bus VDC card an exceptional value at only $249.95.Other features: «<

• Generates 128 charac-ters including all ASCII dis- | f fcplayable characters plusselected Greek letters andother special symbols.

• Well-formed, easy-to- iread 7x12-dot characters. ITrue baseline descenders.|_

• Character-store (display)HEfc| ^u .*> KBmemory included on card. ^

• Provision for optional^character generatorEPROM for user definedsymbols.

• Comprehensive users!manual includes sourcelisting of Driver software.*Driver — called WINDEX™— is also available on mini-diskette through the Per-com Users Group.

PEttQOM

PERCOM DATA COMPANY, INC.

211 N. KIRBY GARLAND, TEXAS 75D42(214)272-3421

Products are available at Percom dealers nationwide. Call toll-free,

1-800-527-1592, for the address of your nearest dealer, or to

order direct. „. ,

Circle 44 on inquiry card.

Circle 43 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980

51

the beeper will sound every time thecomputer writes data to that address.In addition to providing a method fortesting the address decoder, thebeeper serves as an audible indicatorduring other test sequences.

An integrated-circuit test clip facili-tates access to +5 V (to power thebeeper). It also conveniently picks upthe strobe pulse and provides ground,even though they are available on theprinter connector. The beeper circuitis completely independent of theother cables, but it is constructed on aboard attached to the RS-232C con-nector, for convenience.

Figure 4 charts the test sequence,and listing 1 contains the actual code.This software, as well as that ofthe other tests, is designed as an in-dependent subroutine to allow multi-ple passes.

Initially, all switches are set to theopen position (hexadecimal address37F8), and the computer attempts towrite to the printer at port 37F8. If theaddress decoder works, the beepershould sound continuously. If not,there is a problem. Once continuousbeeping is achieved, reset the addressswitches (as shown in photo 4) to hex-adecimal address 3778 and press the@ key. This action tells the computerto try to write to printer port 3778.Once again the beeper should sound.

The sequence is repeated five timeswith the last address, hexadecimal37E8, being left as the switch settingfor all future tests. The master unit ispermanently set at address 37F8 forall remaining tests. The test takes

f START J

ADDRESSTEST

PRINTER I/O

AND

PROGRAM PLUG

TEST

RS — 2 32HANDSHAKINGSIGNALS TEST

SERIAL I/OTEST

whatever time it takes to flip theswitches and press a key.

Printer Port andProgramming Plug

Figure 3a outlines the hardwarenecessary to test parallel I/O. On theCOMM-80, there is one full 8-bit

parallel I/O port for the printer andone 8-bit option-select programming-plug input port. The latter has nophysical connection to the serialhardware, but is used to set serial-communication options under soft-ware control. With the interface set athexadecimal 37E8 the programmingText continued on page 58

f END J

Figure 2: Flowchart of the four-step se-quence employed to test the COMM-80.

Listing 1: BASIC program testing the address decoding of the COMM-80.

100 PRINT"************ ADDRESS CHECK **************"

105 REM THIS SUBROUTINE CHECKS EACH ADDRESS BIT OF THE ADDRESS

107 REM SELECTION SWITCH

130 PRINT"SET ALL ADDRESS SWITCHES TO THE OPEN POSITION"

140 GOSUB 510

150 POKE 14328,0

160 GOSUB 500

170 IF A$="@" THEN 180 ELSE 150

180 PRINT:PRINT"CLOSE SW1 ONLY" :GOSUB 510

190 POKE 14200,0

200 GOSUB 500

210 IF A$="@" THEN 220 ELSE 190

220 PRINT:PRINT"CLOSE SW2 ONLY" :GOSUB 510

230 POKE 14264,0

240 GOSUB 500

250 IF A$="@" THEN 260 ELSE 230

260 PRINT:PRINT"CLOSE SW3 ONLY" :GOSUB 510

270 POKE 14296,0

280 GOSUB 500

300 IF A$="@" THEN 310 ELSE 270

310 PRINT:PRINT"CLOSE SW4 ONLY" :GOSUB 510

320 POKE 14312,0

330 GOSUB 500

340 IF A$="@" THEN 350 ELSE 320

3 50 PRINT:PRINT"ADDRESS TEST CONCLUDED LEAVE ADDRESS SWITCHES

IN THIS SETTING";360 PRINT"FOR REMAINDER OF TESTS AND SHIPPING"370 GOSUB 25003 80 RETURN

500 A$=INKEY$ :RETURN

510 PRINT"IF YOU HEAR A BEEP THEN PRESS AN 8 KEY" -.RETURN2500 PRINT:PRINT:PRINT"PRESS ANY KEY TO CONTINUE TEST"2510 IF INKEY$<>"" THEN RETURN ELSE 2510

Listing 2: BASIC program testing the printer parallel port and programming plug of theCOMM-80.

10 REM COMM-80 DIAGNOSTIC PROGRAM

20 REM

30 REM MASTER UNIT SET FOR ADDRESS F8-FB

40 REM

50 DATA 0,1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128,255

55 FOR X=l TO 10 :READ Z(X) :NEXT X

1000 PRINT:PRINT:PRINT"******* PRINTER PORT AND PROGRAMMING PLU

G TEST *******"

1010 FOR X=0 TO 9

1020 POKE 14312,Z(X) :REM SET DATA ON TEST UNIT PRINTER OUTPUT

1030 S=PEEK(14312) :REM READ TEST UNIT PRINTER INPUT

1040 S1=INP(233) :REM READ TEST UNIT PROGRAMMING PLUG

1050 S2=PEEK(14328) :REM READ MASTER UNIT PRINTER INPUT

1060 IF S+S1+S2<>3*Z(X) THEN 1200

1070 NEXT X

1080 PRINT"PROGRAMMING PLUG AND PRINTER PORT CHECK OK"

1090 RETURN

1200 IF S2<>Z(X) THEN PRINT"BAD PRINTER OUTPUT PORT FAILED O

N ";Z(X);" DATA VALUE" :GOSUB 2500 :RETURN

1210 IF SIOZ(X) THEN PRINT"BAD PROGRAMMING PLUG INPUT FAILE

D ON ";Z(X);" DATA VALUE" :GOSUB 2500 :RETURN

1220 IF SOZ(X) THEN PRINT"BAD PRINTER INPUT PORT FAILED ON

n;Z (X);" DATA VALUE"

1230 GOSUB 2500 :RETURN

2500 PRINT:PRINT:PRINT"PRESS ANY KEY TO CONTINUE TEST"

2510 IF INKEY$<>"" THEN RETURN ELSE 2510

52 December 1980 © BYTE Publications lnc

WordPro Plus™Word Processing Software

Turn your Commodore CBM/PET™ computerinto a highly sophisticated word processing system

Everyone expected it would happensooner or later... with WordProPlus it already has! Now all themarvelous benefits of an advancedstand-alone wordprocessor areavailable with the WordPro Plusseries of software and the systemsthey create.

If you've already been shopping forsoftware in the crowdedwordprocessing marketplace, you'veprobably determined the featuresyou really want. You'll findWordPro Plus has them, and more.

And if you haven't begun to shopyet, we urge you to compare,because only by comparison willyou fully appreciate how completeand sophisticated WordPro Plussoftware really is.

WORDPRO PLUS

GIVES YOU THREE LEVELS

TO CHOOSE FROM

WORDPRO 1 PLUS is idealfor hobbyists, students andorganizations who can benefit fromthe advantages of a basicwordprocessor without the programrefinements of a comerciallyoriented system. WordPro 1 Plus isrecommended for use with theCBM/ PET 8/ 16K, C2N cassetteand interfaced printer.

WORDPRO PLUSSOFTWARE IS LOADEDWITH THE LATESTINNOVATIONS

Sophisticated systems programmedwith leading edge wordprocessingfeatures, WordPro Plus is a seriesof programs designed specificallyfor use with the CommodoreCBM/PET computers, peripheralsand compatible typewriter qualityprinters.

WORDPRO 3 PLUS convertsthe CBM/2001 32K computer intoa highly sophisticated 40-columnscreen wordprocessor. Thisprogram incorporates the advancedfeatures considered important toeffective wordprocessing, includingnearly every entering, editing,memory and printing featureavailable today. WordPro 3 Plus isrecommended for use withCBM/PET 32K (40-column)computer, CBM Dual Disk Drive,and a properly interfaced printer.

Call for completeof a

WORDPRO 4 PLUShas it all!With this program, you will haveeverything you could want from awordprocessor.. .and then some.WordPro 4 Plus includes everyfeature found on WordPro 3 Plus,but with the added advantage of an80-column display screen. The 80-column display simplifies textediting and makes entering text incolumnar formats effortless. Andwith a few simple keystrokes, you'llbe able to visualize on the screenexactly how your document willlook prior to printing it out.WordPro 4 Plus is designed for usewith the Commodore CBM 8032computer, CBM Dual Disk Drives,and a properly interfaced printer.

product literature or for the name and addressWordPro Plus dealer near you.

WHAT MAKESWORDPRO PLUS THEBEST?

Our research has shown that whilemany wordprocessing packageshave comparable features toWordPro Plus, none can surpassWordpro Plus's EASE OF USEAND FLEXIBILITY. WordproPlus operators need not be familiarwith computer commands orfunctions. WordPro is easy to learnfor anyone wtih ordinary typingskills.

Professional Software Inc.

166 Crescent Rd., Needham, MA 02194

(617) 444-5224, Telex: 95-1579

'International Distributors and Domestic Dealer inquiries invited. "CBM Is a registered trademark of Commodore Business Machines.'WordPro Plus was developed by Steve Punter of Pro-Micro Software Ltd., and is marketed exclusively by Professional Software Inc.

Circle 33 on inquiry card. byte December 1980 53

(3a)

TEST UNITDO

<I>

<o^

o

D2

PRINTER OUTPUT PORT <

<3-

<s>-

o-

D5

<m

D6

<33-

<33-

fjpJ

PRINTER INPUT PORT (

(3b)

B4

El>i

Bl

my

PARALLEL I/O TEST CABLE

-> SEE FIGURE 3b

MASTER UNIT

BO

<M

Bl

<m

^cm

-<2D

^n

> PRINTER INPUT PORT

^H

B6

'-O

,T0 PROGRAMMING PLUGSOCKET ON TEST UNIT

16 PIN

DIP

HEADER

13 ) NO CONNECTION0—

140—IS

, . +5V

1 T

>3.9K

■^O.lfiF ioMF

}\*

<i

)\

10

ii

14

BEEPER

i -r-\.

3

C R/CAl

741210.25 SECA2 Q

riN l O STR0BE

i

4

\J

7

, „ GND

m

IK

Figure 3: Hardware for testing the parallelI/O (figure 3a) and addressing (figure 3b)capabilities of the COMM-80. Figure 3ashows an I/O test cable that connects themaster and test units. Figure 3b shows abeeper circuit that tests the address selec-tion of the COMM-80.

UCSD p-System* for the INTE2TEC SUPE3BRAIN

With UCSD Pascal* and FORTRAN

UCSD p-System includes: operating system, editor, filer, library,

Z80 assembler, and documentation,with Pascal $ 400

with FORTRAN 450

with Pascal and FORTRAN 600

NOCSIS (MMPM(B1> €W» VtSA/MasterCardAcc^T615 Third Street, San Francisco, CA 94107Telephone: (415) 495-7440

UCSD p-System and UCSD Pasca I are trademarks ot theRegents otthe University ot California'"'Trademark of Intertec Data Systems

54 December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 34 on inquiry card.

WHY OUR WINCHESTER

HARD DISK BASED

SYSTEMS ARE PICKED BY

GROWING CONCERNS

Growing seasons. Thosefruitful times when firmsoften find that their appli-cations have outgrowntheir systems. Yet thecosts of stepping up to aminicomputer can causegrowing pains for manygrowing concerns.

Altos ComputerSystems, a world leader insingle board microcom-puter technology, haspackages of fresh ideasdesigned specifically forgrowing OEM's, the busi-ness sector, and manyother end users. In fact, they'reresponsible for Altos' own rapidgrowth in the last three years.

Packages like Altos' ACS8000-6microcomputer family that's loadedwith features which provide mini-computer performance at affordablemicrocomputer prices. The advanced,proprietary double-sized single boardcontains fully socketed and reliableLSI circuitry that includes: the Z80A*CPU with high speed DMA; up to 208KBytes of RAM; the sophisticatedfloppy disk and Winchester hard diskcontroller; six RS-232C serial and two8-bit parallel ports; and an optionalfloating point processor.

The Altos hard disk familywill support up to four users simul-taneously with 48 KBytes of RAMeach, as weU as up to 58 MBytes of

on-line quality Shugart Winchesterhard disk storage, with tapecartridge back-up. And all this atmicrocomputer prices.

Altos also supports threeindustry standard operatingsystems: single/multi-user CP/M,**OASIS.1 and Altos' proprietaryAMEX." Seven high level program-ming languages are offered whichare CP/M or AMEX compatible.

Weed through the micro-computer system alternatives. Nomatter what your application, you'llpick Altos.

For specific details aboutpricing or performance, call or write-.Altos Computer Systems,2360 Bering Drive, San Jose, CA,95131, (408) 946-6700, Telex 171562ALTOS SNJ.

1-4 Users

FloppyDisks:.5Mb-2MbAnd CartridgeTape Back-Up

Winchester Disk:14.5Mb-58Mb

Packed withFresh Ideas

COMPUTER SYSTEMS

'Z80A is a registered trademark of Zllog. Inc. ' CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research. Inc. ;0ASIS is a registered trademark of Phase One Systems. Inc. c, I980 Altos Computer Systems

Circle 35 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980

55

■

m

' ■

I

Oyer the past sevenyears we've earned a namefor ourselves by making thebest magnetic media in thebusiness. Precision magneticmedia — Diskettes, MiniDiskettes, Diagnostic Disk-ettes, Rigid Discs, DiscPacks, and Disc Cartridgesi —all certified to be 100%error free both on-trackand between the tracks.

Now we're makingit easier for you to buy thebest. Just dial Dysan directTOLL FREE at 800/538-8150or 408/988-3472 {in Cali-fornia) or contact your localDysan office listed below.

Precision magneticmedia from Dysan. Ourmedia says it all. -—-

9 Dysan

^CORPORATION

5440 Patrick Henry DriveSanta Clara, CA 95050, 408/988-3472

w,

"flatf*

■

jr local Dysan office:

ysan Corporation

5440 Patrick Henry DriveSanta Clara, CA 95050408/988-3472

19600 FairchildSuite 150Irvine, CA 92713714/851-9462

13201 Bell Red RoadSuite 205

Bellevue, WA 98004206/455-4725

Text continued from page 52:

plug is read as input port hexadecimal

E9.

The concept behind this is to havethe test unit send a data byte from itsown output port to both input ports.The master unit reads the same 8 bitsto determine that they are set correct-ly. While we could have gone frominput to output (sixteen wires) be-tween master and test units, nothing

better would be accomplished. Figure5 and listing 2 outline this activity indetail. The test takes about 1 second.

RS-232C Handshaking Test

A similar technique is employed tocheck the RS-232C handshakingsignals. The necessary interface cableis outlined in figure 6. Figure 7 andlisting 3 detail the logic flow.

There are two output (DTR, Data

Photo 3: A production COMM-80 under test with cables attached. A second unitbeneath it provides the computer with the necessary I/O capability to successfully inter-face to both a serial and parallel port. This capability is also available using a RadioShack Expansion Interface with a RS-232C board installed.

Photo 4: Address selection during test. When the beeper is heard, the proper addresshas been selected on the dual-inline plug switch.

Terminal Ready, and RTS, RequestTo Send) and four handshakingsignals (RI, Ring Indicator; CD, Car-rier Detect; DSR, Data Set Ready;and CTS, Clear to Send) on the RS-232C interface. Some are almostnever used, but all must be checkedand functioning. The test is ac-complished by tying the input to theoutput on the test unit and monitor-ing the output lines again through themaster unit. With two signal lines,there are four possible combinations,and all are checked. The test takesabout 1 second.

Serial I/O Test

The serial section of the COMM-80incorporates a COM5016 data-rategenerator and a COM2017 UART(universal asynchronous receiv-er/transmitter). Both are program-mable devices. Through them, it ispossible to automatically set datarates, parity, word size, and stop-bitoptions completely through software.This makes testing much easier andeliminates the necessity of manuallyflipping switches. Figure 8 and listing4 outline this test.

Upon initial examination, the soft-ware looks straightforward. Tenbytes of data (all on, all off, and eachindividual bit set) are sent from themaster unit to the test unit at each ofthe sixteen data rates. The com-munication path is then reversed and10 bytes are sent from the test unit tothe master at each data rate to com-plete the test.

It may be surprising to note that aclose examination reveals no as-sembly-language routine to transmitor receive the serial data. Even at19,200 bps (bits per second), the serialcommunication and UART programinteraction are accomplished com-pletely in BASIC. (Remember that ittakes less time to write a program inthe higher-level language. So, if youdon't need assembly-languageroutines, why bother?)

A UART is a hardware device thatappears to the computer as a parallelport. To send data, we merely ad-dress this port and load 8 bits of datainto it. At the conclusion of the out-put instruction, the UART auto-matically converts this byte to serialformat and transmits it at a rate thatis dependent only on the transmit-clock input to the UART. If this clockText continued on page 64

58

December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

GOmPUTER WAREHOUSE

CALL TOLL FREE 1-800~528-1054

ATARI

800 (24K) $748

400 $445

810 Disk Drive $550

825 Printer $750

850 Interface $160

Star Raiders $ 47

Software From $ 10

Visicalc Call

Kurta Digitizer Call

MODEMS

Lexicon

LEX-II

Novation

CAT

D-CAT

$115

$150$160

MONITORS

APF - 9" Monitor $123

Sanyo - 9" Monitor $147

VIDEO TERMINALS

Hazeltine

1500 ..

1420 ..Soroc

IQ 120 .

IQ 140 .Televideo

912 B. .

912 C .

920 B. .

920 C .Zenith - Z

19 .

. $848. $795

. $693$1099

. Call. Call. Call. Call$789

PRINTERS

Centronics

730 Serial $650

730 Parallel $598

737 Serial $875

737 Parallel $790

Diablo

1640 Call

1650 Call

Epson-MX-80 Call

NEC

5510 Call

5520 Call

Okidata - Microline 80 $545

Qume

5/45 Call

5/55 Call

Teletype

Model 40 Call

Model 43 w/Pinfeed $1005

Texas Instruments

810 Basic $1516

810 Loaded $1724

820 KSR Basic $1732

820 KSR Package $1916

Circle 37 on inquiry card.

COMPUTERS

Aitos Call

Cromemco Call

Northstar

HRZ II-32K D (Assm) $2300

HRZ II-32K Q (Assm) $2665

Zenith

Z-89 48K $2210

DISKETTS

BASF

5%-0 Sector S/S D/D (Qty 10) $33514-10 Sector S/S D/D (Qty 10) $335'/4-10 Sector D/S D/D (Qty 10) $37

Memorex5V4-10 Sector S/S D/D (Qty 10) $27

Dysan

5'/4-10 Sector S/S D/D (Qty 10) $375'/4-10 Sector D/S D/D (Qty 10) $42

Scotch

5%-0, 10, 16 Sector (Qty 100) $2758"-0, 32 Sector (Qty 100) $275

•USED

Experienced Equipment

Soroc IQ120 . . $500Tl 810 Basic . . $1200

TVI 912 $550

TVI 920 $600

Qume Call

Diablo Call

Centronics 779 $600Centronics 730 $450

Teletype 40 Call

Comprint $400

Z-89 Call

Tl 99/4 Console $450

WAREHOUSE

C9

2222 E. Indian School Rd. Phoenix, Arizona 85016

Store Hours: Tues. - Friday 10-6 MSTSaturday 10-5 MST

BYTE December 1980 59

Circle 36 on inquiry card.

Have some

greatmemories.

16K PROM boards.

■ PROM card has 2708-type memory

■ Quality board construction ■ 0-4 wait states

■ Address any 4K group to any 4K boundary

■ Control up to 8 banks of memory ■ Fullyassembled and tested ■ PRICE—$300

(California residents add 6% sales tax}

Expandable 5 MHz RAM boards.

8—32K expandable RAM board uses TI 4044memory runs at 5MHz ■ Fast 250 ns accesstime ■ Bank select ■ Address any 4K block toany 4K boundary ■ Quality board construction

PRICE—8K—$175; 16K—$315; 24K—$475;32K—$620; 8K add-on kits—$135

(California residents add 6% sales tax)

Call or write Artec for details

dRTGC GL€CTRONOJNC

605 Old County Rd., San Carlos, CA 94070Telephone (415) 592-2740

( START J

FOR THE FOLLOW-ING ADDRESSES:F8, 78, B8, D8. E8

MANUALLY SETADDRESS SWITCHES

ADDRESSING ERROR

TYPE (3 KEY ANDSET NEXT ADDRESSON SWITCHES

( STOP J

( EX'T )

Figure 4: Flowchart showing the sequence of the address-decoder test program.

Listing 3: BASIC program testing the RS-232C handshaking signals of the COMM-80.

60 DATA 0,0,0,2,128,48,1,64,192,3,192,240

65 FOR X=0 TO 3 :READ A(X),B(X),C(X) :NEXT X

2000 REM THIS SUBROUTINE CHECKS THE RS-232 HANDSHAKE LINES

2002 REM THE DTR AND RTS SIGNALS ARE TIED TO RI,CD,DSR, AND CTS

2005 PRINT:PRINT:PRINTn******* RS-232 HANDSHAKE SIGNAL TEST **

2010 POKE 14312,02020 FOR X=0 TO 32040 OUT 234,A(X)

:REM SOUND BEEPER

:REM SET DTR AND RTS ON TEST UNIT

20702080

:D=D AND 192THEN 2200:E=E AND 240THEN 23 00

:REM READ CTS AND DSR ON MASTER

:REM READ TEST UNIT LINES

RS-232 HANDSHAKE SIGNALS CHECK OK"

2050 D=INP(248)2060 IF DOB(X)

E=INP(232)

IF EOC(X)2090 NEXT X2100 PRINT"2110 RETURN

2200 PRINT" MALFUNCTION ON DTR OR RTS OUTPUT SIGNALS" :RETURN2300 PRINT"MALFUNCTION ON RI,CD,DSR,OR CTS INPUT SIGNALS":RETURN

Listing 4: BASIC program testing the serial input and output of the COMM-80.

50 DATA 0,1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128,255

55 FOR X=l TO 10 :READ Z(X) :NEXT X

75 DIM N(16)

80 DATA 50,75,110,134.5,150,300,600,1200,1800,2000,2400

85 DATA 3600,4800,7200,9600,19200

90 FOR X=0 TO 15 :READ N(X) :NEXT X

2500 PRINT:PRINT:PRINT"PRESS ANY KEY TO CONTINUE TEST"

2510 IF INKEY$<>"" THEN RETURN ELSE 2510

3000 PRINT:PRINT:PRINT"******* SERIAL INPUT TEST *******"

3010 POKE 14312,0 :REM SOUND BEEPER AT START OF TEST

3020 GOSUB 3500

3 030 FOR B=0 TO 15

Listing 4 continued on page 62

60

December 1980 © BYTE Publicalions Inc

THEY INVENTED THE WHEEL...

During 1978 a set of four business systems was developedfor sale in the CP/M environment under the name

"Peachtree Software". Since then,

this software has been used in over 3000 —-—

installations, and sold through more than —

150 retail outlets. During this period, —

however, there was a split among —■—

the principals which resulted in a .

parting of the ways. It was decided one group would —— •

retain the "Peachtree Software" trademark and 0 *,

the second group would be restricted from competingwith them for one year. We are now ready to market ourbusiness software to you under the name of "Insoft Accountant"

WE GAVE IT A NEW TWIST

Thanks to the Z-80 Softcard"^ by Microsoft, this software isavailable to Apple owners for the first time. It uses

the standard Apple 40 character display and unlike

the Peachtree version, does not reguire an extra16K memory card to run. All you need is an

Apple II or Apple II Plus with 48K RAM, 2 drives, T \' ^^? /

the Microsoft Z-80 Softcard®, DOS 3.3 and ^ ■><• \

a 132 column printer. We supply all —M- ' sf'VX

programs, manuals and sample company iJV

data files to get you up and rolling fast.

The deal of 1981!

EXACTLY WHAT IS IT?

This fully Integrated Business Software Package for s365 includes:

• GENERAL LEDGER — Will automatically post end of month transactions from A/R, A/P, and Payroll.Prints detailed company and department reports, optional comparative financial statements withcurrent, YTD, budget, and last year (month and YTD) giving values and percentages.

8 ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE — Instant customer account information (current and aged) with completeinvoicing with open item and statement capabilities.

9 ACCOUNTS PAYABLE -- Tracks current and aged payables. Has extremely useful cash flowmanagement reports.

• PAYROLL — Calculates payroll for every type of employee while maintaining monthly, quarterly and yearlytotals for reporting purposes in multiple states. User modifiable tax tables. W-2, 941's, etc.

• MANUALS — Comprehensive user manuals for each module with start up aids, 290 pages.

ORDERING INFORMATION — Fill out and mail

□ APPLE II 40 COLUMN SCREEN ^365 Signature

□ APPLE II SO COLUMN SCREEN s365 Name

□ MICROSOFT Z-80 SOFTCARD™ s320 Address

□ SINOLE DENSITY 8" VERSION s365 "•',—••

, . , „,Tnc I elephone

For machines such as ALTOS Viga^r MC #

Certified Check or Money Order. Visa and MC welcomed. Personal checks require 2 weeks to clear. At this pricesoftware is sold as-is without support. Warranty limited to "good copies" of disks. Sale is to end users only for useon one computer. Call for sample reports. 80 column APPLE version requires SUP-R-TERM board or equivalent.

Apple II. CP'M Pea hee Software cinri Microsoft are registered trademarks ol Apple Computer Inc Digital Reseat eh Retail Scieni rs. inc. and Microsoft Consumer Products, inc. respectively

rem @®mui

259 Barnett Rd„ Unit 2 ■ Medford, Oregon 97501

503 / 779-2465

Circle 38 on inquiry card.

Circle 72 on inquiry card.

SAVE MORE THAN 20%!

NORTH STAR — [NTERTUBE — MICROTEK

ZENITH — RCA-COSMAC — ITHACA

THINKER TOYS — GODBOUT — SUPERBRA1N

The smartest computers at the smartest price

FACTORY ASSEMBLED & TESTED LIST ONLY

HORIZON 132K DOUBLE OCN *269B »1994

HORIZON 2 32K DOUBLE DEN 3095 2274

HORIZON 2 32K QUAD DENSITY 3595 2674

HORIZON 2 64K QUAD+HARD DISK 9329 7149

HORIZON RAM ASSM SALEI 16KM349 32KM579

HORIZON RAM KIT SALE! 16K-*314 32KM4B9

315

SALEI

3939

190249

HORIZON DISK DRIVE SALE DOUB DENNORTH STAR HARD DISK 18 Mb 4999

HORIZON PORTS. PAHITYS. EDGE CONNECTORS. ETC.PASCAL FOR NORTH STAH ON DISK 199

PASCAL PLUS 14. 18. or 3B DIGIT PRECISION

Powerful NORTH STAR BASIC.Tho Boil FREE

NSSE1 22 &P01 TERRIFIC PROGRAMS ONLY 10

NORTHWORD 294 MAILMAN 234 INFOMAN 364

RCACOSMAC VP111 99 GODBOUT SPECTRUM

MicroAnuolo HIRES GRAPHICS

ITHACA FRONT PANEL COMPUTER 64K

Z 8002 CPU CARD 16 bit ITHACA S 100

ITHACA MEMORY 8/16-bit 64K

PASCAL!? < THE SPEED KING

SEATTLE 8086 CPU 16 bit 556 RAM 16K 8116

SSM KITS 2 80 CPU 221 VIDEO BRD VB3 4»

SYSTEMS GROUP RAM 64K A & T 4mHz

SYSTEMS GROUP RAM 64K BANK SELECT

ECONORAM XIV UNKIT 16K

CENTRAL DATA 64K RAM

DISCUSI2D A & T + CPIM

THINKER TOYS HARD DISK 26 Mb

DISCUS/2+2 1.2 Mbytes A & T

TARBELL DISK CONTROLLER DD

SUPERBRAIN

SUPERBRAIN QUAD DENSITY

RUM

289

1095

985

3195

2695

1059

995

945

395

376

356

IMhi

412

599

789

279

249

665

599

1199

938

4995

3995

1545

1259

495

445

2995

2395

3995

2995

ZENITH HEATH Z 89 48K 2895

INTERTUBE III SMART TERMINAL 895

EMULATOR 4 IN 1 TERMINAL 895

ZENITH HEATH SMART TERMINAL 995

CAT NOVATION MODEM 179

MICROTEK PRINTER 795

DIP Bl PRINTER FRICTION FEED! 499

ANADEX PRINTER DP 9501 1389 ANADEX DP 8000NEC PRINTER Fait Typewriter Quality 2915

SECRETARY WORD PROCESSOR The Best! 85

TEXTWRITER III Book Writing Program 125

COFAST NORTH STAR BASIC Speeder Upper 79

ASSEMBLER PLUS DISASSEMBLER I

A BASIC PROGRAM TRACER! ♦ FANCY RENUMBERINGEZ CODER Translates English to BASIC 79

ECOSOFT FULL ACCOUNTING PKG 315 MICROSTATBOX OF DISKETTES 29 EZ 80 ZBO TUTORIAL

Which Computer! are BEST? BROCHURE

North Star Documentation refundable wjHRZ

22997257257391696754258652799

77112

71! 39

99

71225

25FREE

20

ORDER 2 or more COMPUTERS... BIGGER DISCOUNTSYES WE WILL BEAT OUR COMPETITION'S PRICE!FACTORY ASSEMBLED & FACTORY WARRANTY

AMERICANSQUARE COMPUTERS

KIVETT DR * JAMESTOWN NC 27282(919J-889-4577

62 December 1980 f BYTE Publications Inc

Listing 4 continued:

304030503060307030753080309031003110312031303140314531503155316031703180

GOSUB 3600

PRINT"CHECKING ";N(B);" BITS PER SECOND"

FOR X=l TO 10

OUT 251,Z(X) :REM LOAD MASTER UNIT WITH OUTPUT DATA

IF B<5 THEN GOSUB 3950

S=INP(234) :REM READ TEST UNIT STATUS REGISTER

S1=S AND 56 : REM MASK OR,PE, AND FE

IF S1>0 THEN 3800

IF S AND 128=0 THEN 3850

D=INP(235) :IF DOZ(X) THEN 3900

NEXT X

NEXT B

RETURN

PRINT:PRINT:PRINT"******** SERIAL OUTPUT TE_-

POKE 14312,0 :REM SOUND BEEPER AT START OF TEST

GOSUB 3500

FOR B=0 TO 15

GOSUB 3600

Listing 4 continued on page 64

*******"

f START )

FOR Z(X) = 0, 1, 2, 4,8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 255

SET Z(X) VALUE ONTEST-UNITPRINTER-OUTPUT PORT

ISMASTER-'UNIT PRINTER-INPUT\ NO

NEXT Z(X)

PORT=Z(X) yp y^

Tyes

PRINT "TEST UNITPRINTER OUTPUTPORT BAD-FAILEDON DATA BYTE" ZIX)

yr 1 S \.

PROGRAPLUG= Z(X

MMING- \. N0

„"

) yT

3 /

Tyes

PRINT "TEST UNITPROGRAMMING PLUGINPUT PORT BAD-FAILED ON DATABYTE" ZIX)

yr IS \^

' TEST

PRINTER

PORT =

UNIT \-INPUT \ NO

■;

Z(X) >

a y^

| YES

PRINT "TEST UNITPRINTER INPUT PORTBAD-FAILED ONDATA BYTE" ZIX)

y^ IS \^

' THIS

LAST

VAL

YES\

THE \ZIX) \-UE /

S yS

( EXIT )

Figure 5: Flowchart showing the sequence of operations of the parallel I/O test pro-gram.

Circle 39 on inquiry card. »^^^

The trouble with video terminals todayis that most of the low-cost models just don'thave the performance to handle your toughapplications. And the few that do are usuallynot compatible with your existing system. Butnow, Intertec has resolved this age olddilemma with the introduction of its newEmulator™ Video Terminal.

The $895* Emulator™ performs exactlyas you command. With the depression of justa few keys, Emulator users can selectterminal control codes of any one of fourpopular video terminals. The Lear-SieglerADM-3A. The Soroc 10-120. The DEC VT-52. Or the Hazeltine 1500. Incredible! It's likehaving four terminals for the price of one.

But, best of all, not only does theEmulator replace these terminals, it outper-forms them by offering enhanced user-oriented features. Features that those otherterminals just don't have - at any price.

Standard Emulator™ features include: asharp, crisp 12" non-glare screen with a full24 line by 80 column display. Twin RS232Cserial ports - one for the host computer andone for your printer. Four separate cursorcontrol keys. A separate 18 key numeric pad.Keyboard selectable baud rates and operatingmodes. And, a host of visual attributes.

No matter which dumb or smart terminalyou're using today, don't buy another until youcheck out our new Emulator™. You'll get the

performance of four terminals for the price ofone. And you'll probably save hundreds ofdollars over the price you paid for your lastterminal. Plus, you'll get unparalleled relia-bility, nationwide service and quick delivery.Call or write us today for all the details.Intertec terminals are distributed worldwideand may be available in your area now.

2300 Broad River Rd, Columbia, SC 29210(803) 798-9100 TWX: 810-666-2115

*Quantity one - Dealer inquiries invited

Circle 40 on inquiry card.

CHOOSE...

Choose an Apple Desk

A compact bi-level desk ideal for an Applecomputer system. This 42"x31}4" desk comeswith a shelf to hold two Apple disk drives.Thetop shelf for your TV or monitor and manualscan also have an optional paper slot to accom-odate a printer.

Choose a Micro Desk

Get your micro computer off the desk top andinto the micro shelf under our Designer Seriesdesks. Suitable for the North Star, Dynabyte,Vector Graphics, and Altos computers. Thedesks come in a variety of sizes and colors.

Choose a Mini Rack

Mini racks and mini micro racks have standardventing, cable cut outs and adjustable RETMArails. Choose a stand alone bay or a 48", 60",or 72" desk model in a variety of colors andwood tones. A custom rack is available for theCromemco.

Choose a Printer Stand

The Universal printer stand fits the:

Centronics 700's Diablo 1600's & 2300's

Dec LA 34 T.I. 810 8.820

NEC Spinwriter Okidata Slimline

Lear Siegler 300's Anadex 9500's

Delivery in days on over 200 styles and colorsin stock. Dealer inquiries invited.

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS

FURNITURECOMR4N4I

17129 S. Kingsview AvenueCarson, California 90746Telephone: (213)538-9601

Listing 4 continued:

3190 PRINT"CHECKING ";N(B);n BITS PER SECOND"

3200 FOR X=l TO 10

3210 OUT 235,Z(X) :REM LOAD TEST UNIT WITH OUTPUT DATA BYTE

3220 IF B<5 THEN GOSUB 3950

3230 S=INP(250) :REM READ MASTER UNIT STATUS REGISTER

3240 S1=S AND 56 :REM MASK OR,PE, AND FE

3250 IF S1>0 THEN 3800

3260 IF S AND 128=0 THEN 3850

3270 D=INP(251) :IF DOZ (X) THEN 3900

3280 NEXT X

3290 NEXT B

3300 PRINT:PRINT:PRINT"TEST COMPLETE"

3310 RETURN

3500 OUT 232,0 :OUT248,0 :REM RESET MASTER AND TEST UNITS

3510 OUT 234,228 :OUT 250,228 :REM SET BOTH UNITS FOR 8 BITS,

3520 REM EVEN PARITY AND 1 STOP BIT

3530 RETURN

3600 OUT 233,B+B*16 :OUT 249,B+B*16 :REM SET EQUAL BAUD RATES

3610 RETURN

3800 PRINT"STATUS BIT ERROR":GOSUB 2500 :RETURN

3850 PRINT"NO DATA RECEIVED":GOSUB 2500 :RETURN

3900 PRINT"WRONG DATA RECEIVED":GOSUB 2500 :RETURN

3950 FOR A=0 TO 60 :NEXT A :RETURN

Photo 5: Close-up of RS-232C connector on the unit under test. The circuit on the per-forated board is a 0.25-second monostable multivibrator (one-shot) activating a low-voltage beeper.

Text continued from page 58:is 800 Hz, then the information willgo out at 50 bps. If, on the otherhand, the clock is 153,600 Hz, the in-formation will go out at 9600 bps.The only difference to the program-mer is that, at 9600 bps, he cantransmit the next byte sooner.

To read the incoming data, the pro-gram periodically reads the UART-status register as would be done withany input port and checks to see if theDAV (data available) flag is set.When that occurs, the program readsthe data from the UART and resetsthe DAV line. Similar I/O-port

manipulations accomplish errorchecking and option setting.

This can be done in BASIC just aswell as in assembly code—only, notquite as often. We may be able tosend data at 19,200 bps, but it can besent by BASIC only at about 10characters per second. Similarly, wemay be able to read data from theUART in BASIC at 19,200 bps, but italso better not come any faster than10 characters per second.

Since we can control the rate at

which we send data, we can easilyText continued on page 70

64

December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

YOU WILL FIND

WHAT WE DID!!

Specifications KG-12C

Input Signal: 1.0+0.2VP-P

composite Video sync.

negative, fully compatible.Input Impedance: 75 ohmsCRT: 12", 90° deflectionCRT Color: Green P31 phosphorVideo Amplifier Bandwidth: 18 MHzDisplay Format: 25 lines of 80 charactersScan Frequency: Horizontal—15.75 KHz Vertical—60 HzPower Requirement: AC 117 volts 50/60 HzSize: 1 VA" high x 1-254" wide x 12" deepWeight: 16 Lbs

INTERNATIONALCUSA), INC

SUITE 600, UNION BANK BLDG.,

11222 LA CIENEGA BLVD., INGLEWOOD, CA90304

TEL (213) 641-4588 TLX 182379 BMC USA ING

INTERNATIONAL

No. 27, 5-CHOME, TANIMACHI, HIGASHI-KU,OSAKA 540, JAPAN CABLE "BMCINT" OSAKAPHONE: OSAKA 768-7791 TELEX: 64930 NISEMIC

Circle 41 on inquiry card.

Circle 42 on inquiry card.

S-1.0?

|CO«W>\

Order theseheavy duty industrialquality boards-best overall specs inthe industry, finest components andworkmanship, IEEE standard forS-100bus.

Guaranteed to operate with Cromemco,North Star and most other S-100 systems.All manuals include applications programsin BASIC. DIP switch selectable port baseaddress.

A/D MODULE

Dependable high-speed analog-to-digitalconversion. 12-bit precision. 32 single-ended input channels, or 16 true differen-tial inputs. High-speed sample and holdamplitier. 25 usee conversion time. Preci-sion analog multiplexer. Vectored inter-rupt capability. Optional instrumentationamplifier with gain from 1 to 1,000.AIM-12, standard input module with

instrumentation amplifier $725

AIM-12B, input module only $635

AIM-11B, 11-bit precision module . $575

D/A MODULE

Four independent channels for digital-to-analog conversion. 12-bit precision overfull 0° to 70°C range. Jumper selectableoutputs. Binary or 2's complement digitalinputs. Flexible bit-mapping jumpers allowcompatibility with any existing I/O mappedsoftware (either 12- or 8-bit). Supersimple programming.AOM-12, output module $495

REAL TIME CLOCK

Features new OKI CMOS clock chip forday, date, hours, minutes, and seconds.12 or 24 hour time format. On-board bat-tery backup. Full year operation withoutbattery replacement. Read or write timedirectly from I/O port. Vectored interruptcapability.CLK-24 $250

ALSO AVAILABLE: Industrial control out-put current module, 4-20 mA - $395.Nonvolatile CMOS memory, 250 nsec, 4Kbytes with battery backup - $395.8K CMOS memory - $590.16K CMOSmemory - $990. Thermocouple compen-sation module - $350.

California; add 6% tax.Money back guarantee. 10-day trial.

OEM and dealer inquiries invited.

system reliability/system integrity

DUAL SYSTEMS CONTROL CORP.

1825 Eastshore Hwy., Dept. BBerkeley, CA 94710 (415) 549-3854

TEST UNIT

DB-25 CONNECTOR

RS-232 DIAGNOSTIC CABLE

<u-o

RTS(BO)

<Hr

RMB4)

MASTER UNITDB-25 CONNECTORCTSIB7)

-o

DSRIB6)

CTS (B7)

DSRIB6)

<H

<3-

<Oh

<?>

o

Figure 6: Schematic diagram of the RS-232C interconnection cable between the masterand test units.

f START J

SET TEST UNIT DTRAND RTS SIGNAL TOONE OF 4 POSSIBLECOMBINATIONS:A(X) = 00, 10, 01, AND 11

A(X) =TEST UNIT OUTPUTSETTING

B(X} = CORRECT

MASTER UNITINPUT READING

C(X) = CORRECT

TEST UNITINPUT READING

PRINT "MALFUNCTIONON DTR ORRTS OUTPUTSIGNALS"

PRINT MALFUNCTIONON Rl, CD, DSR,OR CTS INPUTSIGNALS"

( END J

( EX'T )

Figure 7: Flowchart showing the sequence of operations of the RS-232C handshakingtest.

66 December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

NEXT B

NEXT X

( START J

SERIAL INPUT TEST

FOR NIB) DATA RATES =50, 75, 110, 134.5, 150, 300,600, 1200, 1800, 2000, 2400,3600, 4800, 7200, 9600,AND 19200 BITS PER SECOND

SET TEST UNIT AND MASTERUNIT TO THE SAMEDATA RATE

SET TEST UNIT AND MASTERUNIT TO: 8-BIT WORD,1 STOP BIT, EVEN PARITY

FOR Z(X) DATA BYTES = 0, 1,2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64. 128, 255

OUTPUT Z(X) DATA BYTEFROM MASTER UNITTO TEST UNIT

READ TEST-UNITSTATUS REGISTER

READ DATA AVAILABLE

NO

NO

PRINT

"STATUS BIT ERROR"

PRINT

"WRONG DATA RECEIVED"

( EX,T )

Figure 8: Flowchart of the sequence of operations of the serial input and output tests. Figure 8 continued on page 68

December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 67

Figure 8 continued from page 67:

SERIAL OUTPUT TEST

NEXT B

FOR NIB) DATA RATES ■50, 75, 110, 134.5, 150, 300,600, 1200, 1800, 2000, 2400,3600, 4800, 7200, 9600,AND 19200 BITS PER SECOND

SET TEST UNIT AND MASTERUNIT TO SAME DATA RATE

SET TEST UNIT AND MASTER

UNIT TO: 8-BIT WORD,

1 STOP BIT, EVEN PARITY

FOR ZIX) DATA BYTES*0, 1, 2, 4, 8. 16, 3264, 128, 255

OUTPUT DATA BYTE FROMTEST UNIT TO MASTER UNIT

READ MASTER-UNITSTATUS REGISTER

NEXT X

NO

NO

PRINT

"STATUS BIT ERROR"

PRINT

"WRONG DATA RECEIVED"

C EX'T )

( EX'T )

68 December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

'.11 ..II j

imiflii iii pwi pmi ppi inimm piiii pnii pzii] pnii piiu mi «i ym/nii umiwi imi

If Mill Iml lull mill""' lini linflinl Iml Imi Uf lwf 1ml liiii Init hnlf In

NEVER UNDERSOLD!

That's right, if you can find a lower price In this magazine for any of the Itemi lifted In this ad, we will reduce our pricebelow our competitor'i price. See each box below to determine how much EXTRA we will cut off of THEIR price If we're notlowest. Please consider the competitor's shipping charges, OUR SHIPPING IS FREE1*

s

II/1I1I/1K11I/I1AU1I11WII//I17WM

ll/IHI//lllA\II^Hl\llAlIl/HIMf/ll[JWU

FLOPPY DISKETTES& SUPPLIES

IF YOU CAN FIND A LOWER PRICE INTHIS MAGAZINE ON ANY OF THESEITEMS, DEDUCT S.30 FROM OURCOMPETITOR'S PRICE. THAT'S OURPRICEI

Call For Quantity Discounts

Verbatim Dltkette. (box ol 10)5V,"MD525-01 soft.lOor 16. $26.50

5'/," MD57701 quad soft. lOor 16 $33.00

8 FD3410O0solt $30.00

8 FD32-1000 hard $30.00

8" FD34-8000 double density sod $44.00

8" FD32-8000 double density hard $44.00

Prlntwheeli (specify style}Qume or Diablo $6.50

La b«U

3", "X15/16" (5000 labels) ... $18.75

Other sizes and quantities CALL

Ribbon*

Diablo Hy Type I $4.95

Diablo Hy Type II $5.25

Qume Sprint $3.50

Centronics Zip Pack $3.95

MANY OTHERS CALL

ffff

PRINTERS

IF YOU CAN FIND A LOWERPRICE IN THIS MAGAZINE ONANY OF THESE PRINTERS,DEDUCT $10 FROM OUR COM-PETITOR'S PRICE. THAT'S OURPRICEI

Paper Tiger IDS-440G $939

Paper Tiger IDS460G $1193

Anadex DP-8000 $855

Anodex DP-9500 $1395

TI-810 Basic $1625

Centronics 737 $825

NEC 5500 Dw/Bidrctnl Board $2695

NEC 5530 $2595

VISTA Daisey Wheel Printer $1834

Qume 5/45,5/55 CALL

Escon IBM Interface $595

Call For Other Printers

HARDWARE

IF YOU CAN FIND A LOWER PRICE INTHIS MAGAZINE ON ANY OF THESEITEMS, DEDUCT 5% FROM OUR COM-PETITOR'S PRICE, THAT'S OUR PRICEI

Novation CAT Modem $145

Novation D-CAT Modem $185

16K Memory kit $46

Isolators $49

Shugart 35tr Drive $349

Pertec or MPI 40tr Drive $359

Lobo Drives CALL

Matchless Drives CALL

Percom Doubler $209

Percom Seperator $27

AIM-65 Computer 375

TI-99/4 Computer $925

California Computer Systems Bds CALL

Symtec Computer Boards CALL

Mountain Hardware Boards CALL

Green Screen $11

Call for Other Hardware

For phone orders CALL:

(Z13) 883-8594

'FREE shipping on all orders over $20. Visa and Master Card accepted. AM never undersold offers good as supply lasts. Please add 2.00 for all COD orders. Please coll for items not listed. We glad-ly answer any questions on all of our hardware, software, and supply needs. Ouanitity discounts available. School purchase orders accepted. Please remember to figure competitors shipping andhandling charges when arriving at never undersold price.

Circle 32 on inquiry card.

ENTREPRENEURS

Iml PFIi !■ I MORE THAN EVER IN THE MICRO-

I1LLI#LU COMPUTER INDUSTRY.

The shortage of knowledgeable dealers/distributors Is the #1 problem of microcomputermanufacturers. Over 300 new systems houses will go into business this year, but the number fallsshort of the 1200 needed. It is estimated that the nationwide shortage of consultants will be over3000 by 1981. The HOW TO manuals by Essex Publishing are your best guide to start participatingin the continued microcomputer boom.

$36.

HOW TO START YOUR OWN SYSTEMS HOUSE

6th edition, March 1980

Written by the founder of a successful systems house, this fact-filled 220-page manual covers virtually all aspects of starting andoperating a small systems company. It is abundant with useful,real-life samples: contracts, proposals, agreements and a completebusiness plan are included in full, and may be used immediately bythe reader.

Proven, field-tested solutions to the many problems facing thesmall systems house are presented.

From the contents:

• New Generation of Systems Houses • The SBC Marketplace •Marketing Strategies • Vertical Markets & lAPs • CompetetivePosition/Plansof Major Vendors • Market Segment Selection &Evaluation • Selection of Equipment & Manufacturer • Make or BuyDecision • Becoming a Distributor • Getting Your AdvertisingDollar's Worth • Your Salesmen: Where to Find Them • ProductPricing • The Selling Cycle • Handling the 12 Most Frequent Objec-tions Raised by Prospects • Financing for the Customer • Leasing

• Questions You Will Have to Answer Before the Prospect Buys •Producing the System • Installation, Accaptance. Collection •

Documentation • Solutions to the Service Problem • Protecting Your Product • Should You StartNow? • How to Write a Good Business Plan • Raising Capital

No. 10

HOW TO BECOMEA SUCCESSFUL

COMPUTERCONSULTANT

ESS EX PUBLISHING

$28.

HOW TO BECOME A SUCCESSFUL COMPUTER CONSULTANT

by Leslie Nelson, May 1980

Independent consultants are becoming a vitally important factor inthe microcomputer field, filling the gap between the computervendors and commercial/industrial users. The rewards of theconsultant can be high: freedom, more satisfying work and doubledor tripled income. HOW TO BECOME A SUCCESSFUL COM-PUTER CONSULTANT provides comprehensive background infor-mation and step-by-step directions for those interested to explorethis lucrative field:

• Established consulting markets • How to get started • Itemizedstart-up costs • Are you qualified? • Beginning on a part-time basis

• The Marketing Kit • Should you advertise? • Five marketing tips

• Getting free publicity How much to charge* When do you need acontract? • Sample proposals • Which jobs should be declined •Future markets • The way to real big money • Avoiding the legal

How consultants' associations can help you • The National Register of Computer Con-• How others did it: real-life sample cases • and much more.

No. 16

FREE-LANCE SOFTWARE MARKETING 3rd edition, June 1980

Writing and selling computer programs as an independent is abusiness where • you can get started quickly, with little capitalinvestment • you can do it full time or part time • the potentialprofits are almost limitless. Since the demand for computersoftware of all kinds is growing at an explosive rate, the conditionsfor the small entrepreneur are outstanding.

This manual will show you how to sell your own computer programsusing these proven techniques: • direct to industries • throughconsulting firms • through manufacturers of computer hardware• in book form • mail order • through computer stores. It willshow you how to profitably sell and license all types of softwareranging from sophisticated analytical programs selling for thou-sands of dollars, down to simple accounting routines and games forpersonal computers.

The book will guide you step by step through the process ofmarketing, advertising, negotiating a contract, installing software,training users and providing maintenance and support. It also contains sample software contractsthat have been used in actual software transactions. Also included are tips on how to negotiate witha large corporation, ways of avoiding personal liability, techniques for obtaining free computer timeand hints on how to run a free-lance software business while holding a full-time job.

No. 32

ESSEX PUBLISHING CO. Dept. 2 H

285 Bloomfield Avenue • Caldwell, N.J. 07006 I! - I

Order books by number. Send check, money order (U.S.$), VISA or Master Charge #.

Publisher pays 4th class shipping. For Air Mail shipping add $2.50 per book in USA and

Canada, $5.00 In Europe, $8.00 elsewhere. N.J. residents add 5% sales tax.

□ No. 10 D No. 16 □ NO. 32 □ Check enclosed D Creditcard

Name

Address .City

-State.

Card #

For faster shipment on credit card orders call (201) 783-6940 between 9 and 5 Eastern time.

-Zip--Exp.

Text continued from page 64:send it at a rate that can be digested.The UART's function is primarily cer-tified by the conversion/transmissionand reception/reconversion processrather than the number of charactersit can send through the wires. If itworks for 1 character per minute, itwill work for 100 characters persecond. In truth, though, I decided tosettle on 10 bytes which exercise eachbit and to send each byte with parityenabled. The entire test, automatical-ly checking thirty-two data rates,takes 39 seconds.

You might ask, as an afterthought,why I didn't just loop the input to theoutput on the test unit and check itthat way, rather than utilizing aseparate communications channel.The typical failure on a data-transfer-rate generator is that it sticks at onefrequency for a group of data-ratesettings. If this malfunctioning clocksignal is simultaneously applied toboth the transmit and receive sectionsof the UART under test, the data inand out will still be synchronized andno error will be detected. The onlytrue test is to send data at a knownrate from an external source and tryto read it.

Conclusion

As you think about this presenta-tion and consider possible applica-tions, keep in mind that there arelimitations as well as strengths in anyhigh-level language. First, commonsense should tell you that high-levellanguages suit only smaller applica-tions. BASIC gets bogged down inboth programming confusion and ex-ecution time as programs get largerthan 4 K bytes.

On the other hand, appreciate it asa learning tool for understanding con-trol applications with limited stresson the programmer. BASIC is an ex-cellent language for becoming in-troduced to man-machine interfacing.A good programmer will not stopthere and will soon become interestedin more complete languages such asFORTH and tiny-c, which can be ex-panded to meet the specific problems.

You have to start somehow, andthis way is fairly painless. ■

Next Month:

Are you blacking out theneighborhood with your computer?EMI (electromagnetic interference)will be discussed.

70 December 1980 @ BYTE Publicalions Inc

Circle 45 on inquiry card.

Circle 46 on inquiry card.

JwJ

Ill ,

\ \[i

1 — /

H

mm.

You probably knowabout the SoftCard — ouringenious circuit card thatconverts an Apple II® into aZ-80® machine runningCP/M®

You may even knowthat with the SoftCard, you get Microsoft'spowerful BASIC — extended to supportApple graphics and many other features.

Now, whenever you're ready to get beyond theBASICS, the SoftCard can take you into wholenew realms. Starting with two advancedlanguage packages from Microsoft.

FORTRAN ANDCOBOLTOGO.

Now you can run theworld's most popularengineering/scientific lan-guage and the most popular ^^^"business language on your

Apple. Think what that means: you can choose from liter-ally thousands of "off-the-shelf" applications programs,and have them working with little conversion. Or designyour own programs, taking advantage of all the problem-solving power these specialized languages give you.

FORTRAN-80

A complete ANSI-standard FORTRAN (exceptCOMPLEX type), with important enhancements. The ex-tremely fast compiler performs extensive code

-so

optimization, and, sinceit doesn't require a "P-code" interpreter at runtime, your programs willtypically execute 2-3times faster than withApple FORTRAN.

FORTRAN is easy tolearn if you know BASIC,and the package in-cludes a huge library ofM floating point, math,and I/O routines> you can use in allyour programs.

COBOL-80

Virtually the only choice forserious business data processing.It's ANS11974 standard COBOL, with many user-orientedfeatures added: formatted screen support for CRT termi-nals, simple segmenting of very large programs, powerfulfile handling capability, trace debugging, and muchmore. A separate Sort package is coming soon.

FORTRAN-80 and COBOL-80 are just two more rea-sons why the Apple with SoftCard is the world's most ver-satile personal computer. Get all the exciting details fromyour Microsoft dealer today. And start getting beyond theBASICS.

MICROSOFT Consumer Products, 400108th Ave.N.E., Suite 200, Bellevue, WA 98004. (206) 454-1315.

SoftCard is a trademark of Microsoft. Apple II is a registered trademark of Apple Com-puter. Inc. Z-80 is a registered trademark of Zilog, Inc. CP/M is a registered trademarkof Digital Research, Inc.

/flCfipSOfT

Introducing 7 data-shield-ing improvements fromVerbatim for greater diskdurability, longer data life.

Improvements to protectyour data from head-to-diskabrasion. Improvements toshield your data against lossdue to environmental condi-tions. Improvements that'lldeliver a longer lifetime oftrouble free data recording,Storage and retrieval thanever before possible.

It's all made possibleby Verbatim, with theseimprovements:

1. A longer-lasting lubri-cant. Our new lubricant ismore resistant to diffusion, toprotect against data-destroy-ing head-to-disk contact.

2. An improved liner.Our new liner cleans and

removes debris better. It alsoenables more lubricant toreach the recording head,protecting against head wear.

3. A thicker, more dura-ble coating. Our disks have

a more uniform oxide coatingfor more adhesive and co-hesive strength. We've alsomade it thicker; providing10% more protective lubri-cant and an optimized signalresolution for the new record-ing heads. «s

4. Advanced polishingtechniques. Our burnishingmakes our disks uniformly'smooth, for better data trans-fer, less head wear.

5. Reinforcing hub rings.All Verbatim disks are avail-able with hub rings to aid inregistration, eliminate slip-page, reduce errors, and give

\fetbatinu.

I

DD32-4000-18U3

dirt no

Oatalifc

<Z

Kfttft

/*

formance of a lifetime

WA

better alignment repeatability.

6. Testing standards thatgo far beyond industry stand-ards. Every Verbatim diskmeets or exceeds the mostdemanding of IBM, Shugart,ANSI, ECMA and ISO stand-ards-because we insist onVerbatim being the industrystandard of excellence.

We analyze raw materialsdown to their molecular con-tent. We subject every coatingbatch to more than 70 chemi-cal, magnetic and electricaltests. Two separate test groupsemploy life-cycle tests usingmore than 400 disk drivesfrom every manufacturer. Andwe conduct "worst case" test-ing of every bit of every byteof every track of every singledisk. All to insure that Verba-tim disks always pass the ulti-

mate test: satisfying you.7. A 100% Error-FreeCertification that meansmore than just" 100% error-free" Our certification isn'tbased on random sampling,or statistical averaging. Rather,it's based on extensively test-ing every single disk. So wecan state that our disks reallyare 100% error-free, and backit up with a one year warranty.

"Try new Verbatim for theperformance of a lifetime"

.1,:

^m

We play it back, Verbatim!

Circle 47 on inquiry card.

■

H . ■

Product Review

Dungeon Campaign

Gregg Williams, Editor

One of my favorite games for the Apple II is DungeonCampaign, from Synergistic Software (see "At a Glance"box for details). I cannot think of any game that causessuch delight in playing, and I cannot think of a game thatoffers so much entertainment per unit of program.Dungeon Campaign is an example of fine game designand expert use of limited resources. Even though it doesnot use either game paddles or high-resolution graphics,it is far more entertaining than most games that do.

When the game begins, the computer draws four levelsof mazes and erases them (this takes a minute or two). Ithas just created the maze that you will explore. After thefull maze has been created, the program places you in themiddle of a blank area that represents the top level of themaze. You use five 1-keystroke commands (U, D, R, L,and J) to move your explorer group (shown as a redsquare) up, down, right, or left (J for jump can precedeany of these commands to jump over a square that mightcontain danger). As you move in the maze, adjacentwalls become visible, allowing you to explore the levelyou are on. If you are lucky in your explorations, youwill find some treasure, your group of explorers will notbe totally destroyed, and you will leave the bottom levelof the maze, thus winning the game.

The object, of course, is to find treasure; but in yourexplorations you may find stairways, pit traps, monsters,poison gas, man-eating dragons, and several other in-habitants; I will not tell you about these others to giveyou the surprise of discovering them. Combat with dif-ferent kinds of monsters is resolved by die rolls for eachside and subsequent computation (all done by the pro-gram); this gives the program an entertaining Dungeonsand Dragons-like flavor.

The program is, at times, subtle. For example, some-times the bottom level is drawn with the single exitblocked off (the maze is randomly created for eachgame). At first, I thought there was no way to leave themaze and win the game. But, in a later game, I discovereda "magic carpet" treasure that can be used only once totake your explorers over walls. This is an indication ofthe sophistication of this seemingly simple (but alwaysenjoyable) game.H

Photo 1: A partially explored maze in Dungeon Campaign. Thered and green squares in the middle of the display are the ex-plorers and a group of zombies, respectively, that are about todo battle. The thick white lines denote a stairway, while thelight blue square near the bottom represents a hazard of un-known kind (at the moment).

At a

Glance

Name

versions supplied in each

Dungeon Campaign

package)

Type

Computer

Low-resolution color

Apple II or Apple II Plus,

graphics game

with 32 K bytes of

memory (16 K bytes for

Manufacturer

cassette Integer BASIC

Synergistic Software

version)

5221 120th Ave SE

Bellevue WA 98006

Documentation

(206) 641-1917

Instruction sheet plus in-

structions in program

Price

$15 cassette, $17.50 disk

Features

Sound effects through

Format

Apple II speaker

Cassette tape or 5-inch

disk

Audience

Game enthusiasts of all

Language

ages (simple enough for

Applesoft and Integer

children)

BASIC versions (both

74 December 1980 @ BYTE Publications Inc

The best

news since

CPM...

customizable

full screen

editing

North StarHeath H8/H89Super Brain

Sorcerer

TRS-80 Model I

TRS-80 Model II

Most other CP/M Systems withCRT or Memory Mapped Displays.

Changes You Make On the Screen BecomeThe Changes to the File.

Full screen editing is the fastest and easiest method ofediting all types of text files. Straight forward enough fornovices, yet also the choice of professionals. VEDIT is aproven full screen editor with unequalled features. You willappreciate that you can easily edit 10 times faster than with acommand editor. Since VEDIT is customizable, it adapts toyour applications and preferences, instead of requiring youto adapt to it.

VEDIT is ideally suited to program development and it'sspecial features make it the most valuable development toola programmer can have. VEDIT appeals to word processingusers too. Many simple text editing tasks, such as mailinglists, are faster and easier to do with VEDIT than with morecomplex word processors.

Features of VEDIT:

Full screen editor with status line and cursor. The screencontinuously displays the region of the file being edited.Changes are made by first moving the cursor to the text youwish to change. You can then overtype, insert any amount ofnew text or hit a function key. These changes areimmediately reflected on the screen and become thechanges to the file.

Full array of cursor movements with singlekey movement to begin and end of lines and totab positions.

Function keys for character delete, line deleteand allowing line splitting and concatenating.Text movement is very easy using a textregister.

Flexible command mode allows global

search and substitute, repetitive editing

operations.

File handling allows files to be merged on input, split on

output, drive selection and more. Blocks of text are readily

copied from one file to another.

Disk buffering can automatically perform Read/Write forfiles larger than available main memory.

Tabs settable to any positions. Tab key inserts tabcharacter or spaces to next tab position.

Extensive 60 page, clearly written manual with sections forboth the beginning and experienced user.

You Customize the Fastest Editor forWord Processing, C-Basic, Fortran andAssembler:

Keyboard layout for all cursor and function keys.

Your screen size, (tip to 70 lines, 200 columns).

Default Tab positions and various parameters.

Scrolling methods.

Cursor type, blinking, reverse video.

Its ideal for diverse hardware, keyboards and applications.

For OEMs too.

Ordering: Specify your CRT terminal type, video board ormicrocomputer, the 8080/Z80 or Z80 code version, and diskformat required.

Standard Package: Disk and manual $110

Manual: Price refunded with software purchase $ 15PIICEON V-100: 24 X 80 Video display board .. .$445

VISA and MASTER CHARGE Welcome.Attractive Dealer Terms.

Compuview Products, Inc.

618 Louise / Arm Arbor, Michigan 48103 Call Anytime - (313) 096-1209

Circle 48 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980 75

Now With Multi-Key Capabilities For Apple & Pet

Since KRAM™ was introduced in 1979 it has fast become known as theusers. Now, after hundreds of requests we have added MULTI-KEY,

IBM/370 users have VSAM (Virtual Storage Access Method) toprovide fast, flexible keyed-access to their data. Now SUPERKRAM (Keyed Random Access Method), from UnitedSoftware of America, gives Apple and Pet users the sameflexibility, substantially increasing the processing power of theApple and Pet.

Until SUPER KRAM the only "random access" capability inthe Apple and Pet consisted of a crude form of "relativerecord" processing. While this is usable for very simpleapplications, it falls far short of the needs of today's businessand analytical applications. Using SUPER KRAM recordsmay be processed by any one of multiple "Key" values, whichmay consist of any kind of data: numbers, letters, specialcharacters, etc. Even Apples's long-awaited DOS 3.3 doesn'thave anything like this!!

KRAM™ 2.0 Regular Features

• Written in 6502 machine codeBasic compatible

• Create/Open a dataset

• Put record by key

• Add & delete records by key

• Get any record by Full/Partial key

• Access by any key in as little as.2 sec. (.1 sec. with Corvus disk)

• Supports multiple disks

• Read next or previous record■ Dynamic space allocation

• Dynamic space reclamation

• Dynamic index compression

• Files never need reorganization

• Compatible with language systems

KRAM™2.0 Only $99.95

APPLE / ATARI

"Precise, humanized, well documented an excellent value" are the applauds being given

3-D

ANIMATED

COLOR

GRAPHICS

APPLE WORLD bypauLu«us

The Program made famous on National TV!

Written in machine code.

Look for the RED-WHITE-BLUEUnited Software Display at your localcomputer dealer, or send check ormoney order, plus $3.00 shipping to:

UNITED

SOFTWARE

OF

750 3RD Avenue, AMERICA

New York NY 10017

(212) 682-0347 Telex 640055

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

KRAM is a trade mark of United Software ot America.

APPLE WORLD turns your Apple into a sophisticated graphicssystem capable of creating animated three-dimensional colorimages, projecting them in true perspective on the screen, rotatethem, move them closer, further away, and many other exciting andimaginative things.

Draws objects with 65,000 points per side.

A powerful screen-oriented text editor is included to facilitateimage formation. This program was recently featured on TomSnyder's Prime Time Saturday TV Show and is now available forsale.

APPLE WORLD'S powerful editor is so easy to use that children willlove it. You can now "sketch" your dream house, boat, car, orfantasy empire. Then view it as it would be seen from 10,000 feet, oryou can ZOOM in until the screen is filled with a doorknob. Youcould then go inside and move from room to room examiningfurniture placement as your screen rotates within the room. Imagesor specific parts of images can easily be saved to disk or printer.

Does all this sound I ike science fiction? You won't think so after youhave visited Apple World.

Introductory Price $59.95

36 page manual included

For 48K Apple II or Plus with Disk

By Ken Germann

You've Asked For It, Now You Got It!

quickest and most powerful access method for serious Apple and PetMULTI-INDEX, functions, as well as increasing processing speed.

SUPER KRAM'S "Added Features

• MULTIKEY SUPPORT — Allowing simultaneous access to a KRAMfile by more than one key field.

• HI-SPEED READ — This feature allows increased I/O speed upto 60% faster during processing of SUPER KRAM read

next, read previous, put and delete requests.

• IMPROVED INDEX ARCHITECTURE — Allowing fasterindex searchers and more efficient disk space utilization.

• INTEGRATED BASIC COMMANDS — Allowing SUPERKRAMtm commands to be coded in-line with Basic, providingeasier usage of KRAM than ever before.

• USER-SPECIFIABLE BUFFER POOL — Allowing the user tospecify how many KRAM files are allowed open at onetime; will support any number of KRAM files.

• LOGICAL RECORDS (KEYS MAY BE NON-UNIQUE) —Records added to the KRAM files are immediatelyaccessible by any of the defined keys for the file (AutomaticUpgrade).

• KRAM 2.0 files are totally compatible with SUPER KRAM

Requirements

Apple & Pet requirements - KRAM 2.0 and SUPER KRAMare designed to work with both Apple ll's, Disk II, and CorvusSystems 10 Megabyte Winchester Disk, and Commodore's2040, 3040, and 8050 Disk units. KRAM 2.0 and SUPER KRAMrequire 32K/48K Apple and a least on disk drive.(KRAM 2.0 requires Integer Basic in ROM). KRAM andSUPER KRAM work on any 40/80 column 16K/32K Pet.

SUPER KRAM™ Only $175

BREAKTHROUGHS

these sophisticated programs designed to meet the stringent needs of individuals and business professionals.

NEW 3-D SUPERGRAPHICS

& 3-D GAME DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM IN COLOR

by Paul Lutus

Watch colorful butterflys, birds, fly across your Apple or Atariscreen with true 3 dimensional perspective. Have rocket shipsfly out at you in this incredible high speed graphics package.3-D SUPERGRAPHICStm is a 6502 machine language programthat will interface to your Basic or machine languageprograms or games using simple "DOS-like" commands.Features include:

• Simple image entry through editor

• Objects up to 256 points per side

• Uses all hi-res colors

• Allows mixed colored text &graphics for prompts and captions

• Translates on 3 axes

• Individual axis scales

• 21 different commands

• Rotate object by 1.4° to 360° increments at machine speeds

For 48K Apple II or Plus withDisk II $39.95 for diskFor ATARI 800 with 40K memory(disk optional) $39.95 for tape

FOR COMMODORE 16K/32K COMPUTERSDATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM - A comprehensive,interactive system like those run on mainframes! Six modulescomprising 42K of programming allow you to; create, edit, delete,display, print, sort, merge, etc., etc. - databases of up to 10.000records. Printer routines automatically generate reports and labelson demand. 60 pages of concise documentation are included.Requirements - 16-32K PET and 2040 Dual Disk (printeroptional) COST $125

OTHER SOFTWARE

APPLE COMPUTERS

Super Space Wars $ 9.95

States & Capitals 9.95

Moving Point

Average 19.95

Stock Options 24.95

Finance 12.95

Bonds 12.95

COMMODORE PET

Stock Options 24.95

Finance 12.95

Bonds 12.95

Stock Analyzer 22.95

Mortgage 14 95

Space Intruders("Best Game of 1979") . .$19.95

Jury/Hostage 9.95

Kentucky Derby/Roulette 9.95

Alien I.Q./Tank 9.95

Tunnelvision/Maze Chase 14.95

Submarine Attack 9.95

Battle of Midway 7.95

Laser Tank Battler 9.95

Swarm 14.95

Baseball 9.95

Super Startrek 14.95

PET Music Box 29.95

Product Review

A Stellar Trek

Harold Nelson, Editor

You, captain of the starship Enterprise, begin your taskof freeing the galaxy from the threat of the Klingon Em-pire and its Romulan allies by selecting the members ofyour crew. Next you must make some general strategydecisions.

There are two types of encounters (games) to choosefrom. Regular games are always different, while tourna-ment games have identical outcomes if played in the sameway. This is an interesting feature, because most gamesof this type are either stochastic (output from a given in-put is somewhat random) or deterministic (output from agiven input is fixed). This feature of choice between thesetwo kinds of games opens many possibilities for develop-ing and practicing strategies, competing against otherplayers, and still not "running out of game" as soon as agame has been successfully completed.

At a

Glance

Name

Computer

A Stellar Trek

Apple II with 48 K bytes

of memory, with Apple-

Type

soft floating-point

High-resolution color

BASIC, and a color

graphics game

display

Manufacturer

Documentation

Rainbow Computing Inc

Photocopied, 8V2 by 11

9719 Reseda Blvd

inch stapled packet with

Northridge CA 91324

a table of contents for

(213) 349-5560

sections on game opera-

tion and descriptions of

Price

commands.

$24.95

Audience

Format

Star Trek fans and others

5-inch floppy disk

9 years old and up in-

terested in Adventure-

Language

type games

BASIC

k®

THE FIRST TRS-8CT COMPATIBLE COMPUTERWITH HIGH DENSITY COLOR GRAPHICS!

LNW80

PC BOARD

$89.95

LNWRESEARCH

Ask about our : Keyboard

cabinet

L«»d«xVIDCO 100-60

LNW RESEARCH introduces the LNW80, a high performance color computer,compatible with the TFS-80™ Model I. The fully integrated LNW80 isa sophisticated and versatile microcomputer wi th the following powertulfeatures.

COMPATBILrTY

Hardware and software compatible to the Radio Shack TRS-80™ Model Icomputer, provides the widest software base of any microcomputer,cassette interface; expansion bus

DISPLAY

Quality upper and lower case display.

Two modes of color graphics, high resolution graphics, 384 x 192 ineignt colors - higher densitv than the Apple II' Low density colorgraphics of 128 x 192 are also available in eight colors.

High resolution - black, and white graphics - of 384 x 192 mixed withtext and Tns-80™ standard graphics.

Reverse video* composite video,RF output.PERFORMANCE

The LNW80 utilizes the fast Z-80A microprocessor which executes at aspeed of 4 MHZ - over twice the speed of the TRS-80™ Model I.

Nl

EXTERNAL DATA SEPARATOR

w

$14.95

SOME SOLDERING REQUIRED

SYSTEMEXPANSION

$69 " [u

LNW RESEARCH 3183-E ARWAY AVE COSTA MESA CA 92626 714-562-8946

ORDERING INFORMATION

PC BOARD & ISER MANUAL J

SERIAL RS232C/20 mA I/OFLOPPY CONTROLLER32K BYTES MEMORYPARALLEL PRINTER PORTDUAL CASSETTE PORTREAL-TIME CLOCKSCREEN PRINTER BUSONBOARD POWER SUPPLYSOFTWARE COMPATIBLESOLDER MASK,SILK SCREEN

78

December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 49 on inquiry card.

Circle 50 on inquiry card.

I

to the wise...

IMM technology has developed a new innovative memory board with yourfuture in mind. This compact static memory will operate in your present 8 bitS-100 system with built-in flexibility to handle 16bit transactions when youare ready for it.

Sound engineering and common sense were the basic ingredients in ourdesign parameters for the IMM-816. Your needs were our guidelines. Theend result is a reliable memory with remarkable features at competitiveprices.

MODEL IMM

* full ieee compliance

* low power 5257 static memories

* 8 bit Extended address option

* ADDRESSABLE in z separate bloc..

HHW

roiiTim

* OPERATES IN 8 or 16 BIT S-100 SYSTEMS

* IEEE OR NON IEEE SYSTEMS» PHANTOM LINE ENABLE

♦ MWRT/PWR OPTION

^ 3>4>

f J ' ¥

£ «5 tX

"V-^-

■fh"'' ': ": : -•'' •

ft • » c i™ , . • *

or ^,- fl a - • -

il'i .<

All lines

are buffered to one low

power Sehottky TIX load. Our

mcmorj' can coast at 2MHz or zip along at a fast

4- MHz clip. All functions arc DIP switch selectiblc

without wire jumpers. We used high quality parts

such as the Augat face-grip, low profile sockets to

assure maximum component retention.

If your system employs Bank Select operation, ourMcmoiy Manager Card (Model IMM-900) may beused to emulate virtually any bank select formatcurrently in existence; ie.Cromemco, Alpha Micro,Horizon, etc. The memory management card

simpie i/ u port, swiiselectable to any 8 bit address. Data iswritten to 8 IEEE extended add(A16-A23) to set the desired active

■BBBESga

■QT^El^Hk^k^HH

8 290

IMM 816K-85

4MHzKIT

8 315

IMM 816A-45

2MHz Assembled & Tested

8 325 i

IMM 816A-25

4MHz Assembled & Tested

8 350

IMM900K

KIT

8 65

IMM900A

Assembled & TestedCharge Cards are accepted

8 95

24125 Lamay Street

Canoga Park, California 91306 •(213) 887-5737

BW-2630

Battery Tool

BW-2630 $19.85'

BT-30 $ 3.95*

BT-2628 $ 7.95*

BW-S630 BATTERY TOOL

The new BW-2630 is a revolutionary ■battery-powered wire-wrapping tool. The tool operateson 2 standard "C" size NiCad batteries (notincluded) and accepts either of two speciallydesigned bits. Bit model BT-30 is for wrapping30 AWG wire onto .025" square pins ; BT-2628wraps 26-28 AWG wire. Both -produce thepreferred "modified" wrap.Designed for the serious amateur, BW-2630even includes both positive indexing andanti-overwrapping mechanisms — featuresusually found only in industrial tools costingfive times as much. Pistol grip design andrugged ABS construction assure performanceand durability. In stock at local electronicretailers or directly from

OK Machine & Tool Corporation

3455 Conner St., Bronx.N.Y. 10475 U.S.A.^ Tel. (212) 994-6600 Telex 125091 j

V Minimum billings S35.00. add shipping charge SS.OO /

\ New York State residents add applicable tax /

Photo 1: The Klingon ship in sector 9 (row), 9 (column) fires onthe Enterprise in sector 5,2. In addition to the Enterprise andthree Klingon ships, there are six stars in this quadrant. To theright of the quadrant display is important status information.Below that is a grid giving information on the quadrants sur-rounding the one currently occupied by the Enterprise, with thedisplayed quadrant in the center. In the space below the displayyou are given some messages and enter your commands.

1

1 ' '

3> •$-

4 8.2 «M*c m C.««.tit.m E>«-f| 2172

SiBiDtir «:•

7 mm TtrpW*" t. an PJMurt

* *j

HPSi

4 S 6 7 8 9 19

photon Hunear

K^^l

F

Photo 2: A photon torpedo from the Enterprise is on its way tothe Klingon ship in sector 3,1.

Your next decision is to determine the length of yourtrek (in stardates, not real time). The longer the game, ofcourse, the more opponents you will have to overcome.

Finally, you will select the level of difficulty for yourencounters. The choices range from Novice (quite easy),through Expert (extremely difficult), to Emeritus (perhapsnot humanly possible).

Having made your choices, you are ready to beginyour mission. From this point on, the format for playingA Stellar Trek is basically that of the standard Star Trekgames. You can move about the galaxy of sixty-four"quadrants" seeking Klingons or visiting starbases forenergy and repairs. The Move commands (manual orautomatic) require some thought and care in execution,but the documentation explaining their use is quite clear.

When you encounter Klingons or Romulans, you cando battle using either phasers or photon torpedoes.Again, use of these commands requires some care buthere, too, the documentation is very good (see box).

80

December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 51 on inquiry card.

Circle 52 on inquiry card.

The Perfect Fit

The Micromodem II data communications systemand the Apple II* computer. What better combination tomaximize the capabilities of your personal computer!

This popular direct connect modem can transmitdata between an Apple II and another Apple II, aterminal, another microcomputer, minicomputer oreven a large time-sharing computer anywhere in NorthAmerica. The Micromodem II has unique automaticdialing and answer capabilities which further increasesthe communications possibilities between the Apple IIand another computer or terminal.

You can send and/or receive messages or datawhen you are out of your office, home or out of town.Your branch business locations can communicate witheach other regarding inventory and other matters overthe phone. Or you can communicate with friendsacross the country. And you can access informationutilities like the SOURCE for various business andpersonal applications.

The Micromodem II consists of two parts. One partincludes the printed circuit board which holds theMicromodem II, ROM firmware and the serial interface.The board plugs directly into the Apple II providing allthe functions of a serial interface card plusprogrammable auto dialing and auto answercapabilities. The on-board ROM firmware enables theMicromodem II to operate in any of three modes toperform different tasks-terminal mode, remote consoleand program control mode.

The other part of the Micromodem II datacommsystem is a Microcoupler which connects theMicromodem board and Apple II to a telephone line.The Microcoupler gets a dial tone, dials numbers,answers the phone and hangs up when a transmissionis over. There are none of the losses or distortionsassociated with acoustic couplers. The Microcoupler iscompatible with any North American standardtelephone lines and is FCC-approved for directconnection in the U.S. It works with standard dialphone service or Touch-tone service.

The Micromodem II is completely compatible withBell 103-type modems. Full and half-duplex operatingmodes are available as well as speed selectabletransmission rates of 110 and 300 bps.

Why not increase your Apple ll's capabilities byoutfitting it with the sophisticated Micromodem II datacommunications system? The Micromodem II isavailable at retail computer stores nationwide. For thestore nearest you, call or write:

©Hayes

Hayes Microcomputer Products Inc.

5835 Peachtree Corners East, Norcross, Georgia 30092 (404) 449-8791

,u Micromodem II is a trademark of Hayes Microcomputer Products, Inc.

* Apple II is a registered trademark of Apple Computer Inc.

The Micromodem II can also be used with the Bell & Howell computer.

*no* For The

$99 GENERAL

The Micro Computer General 85

FOR USE IN:° OEM Industry ° Laboratory0 University ° Home

The General is a 4.5" x 6" single board microcomputer, ideal for industrial control applicationsas well as for dedicated test monitoring systems,communication subsystems, small scale dataprocessing and front end processing. Through itsadvanced design, it is adaptable for data logging,data acquisition, prototyping and experimenting.

Program development is facilitated through theGeneral's "Expeditor" system monitor. The Ex-peditor has specialized commands for automaticbaud rate selection — uploading and download-ing which speed up development and cut down on"hidden" program costs. An optional assemblerand disassembler on a 2716 will compliment theExpeditor and will further reduce programmingtime and cost.

The General comes complete with the DeluxeUsers Manual which offers complete instructionson hardware and software usage.

THE GENERAL — ONE POWERFULCOMPUTER SYSTEM

HARDWARE FEATURES

• Board dimensions — 4.5" x 6"

• 8085 A CPU

• 4 Level programmable Interrupt

• 3 Priority Interrupts

• 2 Non-maskable Interrupts

" 256 Bytes of programmable memory(expandable on board to 2 K bytes ofeither Static Ram or CMOS Ram withbattery back-up]

• 2 K Bytes of EPROM — expandableon board to 4 K bytes

• 22 Programmable parallel I/O lines(ports)

• 6 Bit memory mapped port

' Programmable 14 bit binary counterand timer controlled through thesystem software

• Software compatible with the 8080

THE GENERAL MCG-85 $99.00

(Kit)

The GENERAL MCG-85 $135.00

(Assembled & Tested)

2 K Expansion Rom $30.00

SOFTWARE FEATURES

EXPEDITOR — 2 K SYSTEM MONITOR

° Automatic Baud RateSelection (50-9600 Baud)

■ Downloading — from a computer thatsupports an assembler. This will enablethe user to develop programs on a timesharing service, a larger computer, anddownload directly to the Ram of theGeneral.

° Uploading — Develop programs on theGeneral and upload them to a computerthat supports a disk drive for programstorage.

Hex Keypad and Display $69.002 K Basic in Rom $59.00

2 K Expansion Ram

Send certified check (regular checks requireCard. Add $3.00 shipping. N.Y. residents

2 K Assembler &

Disassembler $40.00

$30.00 Expeditor Monitor Listings $29.00(Manual Form)2 weeks to clear) or charge to Visa or Masteradd 8% sales tax.

* In Kit form, single quantity, introductory offer.Dealer Inquiries Invited

ATLANTIS COMPUTERS

Division ofAtlantis Computerized Services

34-13 30 Ave. Astoria, NY 11103(212) 728-6700

A Stellar Trek also has several interesting commandsnot present in standard versions of Star Trek games. Forexample, you can scan a nearby planet for dilithiumcrystals. If they are present, you can beam down to theplanet, mine the crystals, and return them to the Enter-prise. The dilithium crystals can then be used as anemergency source of energy, though they tend to beunstable. You can, if you are desperate enough, employan experimental death ray. Even if the Enterprise is aban-doned or destroyed, all is not necessarily lost.

An important feature, since games can take a very longtime, is the Freeze command. This enables the player tosave the game being played for later completion.

A Stellar Trek makes very fine use of the Apple II high-resolution graphics. (See photos 1 and 2.)

As indicated above, this game is not played in realtime. The only annoying aspect of the game, in fact, isthe amount of time it takes for displays to change, toenter new commands, and to be able to react to newsituations. It also takes an awfully long time for a photontorpedo to find (or miss) its target.

Apart from the fact that this is not a fast-paced game, itis, in all other respects, an excellent version of an oldstandard. It requires thought, planning, and some luck. Itprovides engaging enjoyment (or frustration for the un-wary). A Stellar Trek is a very fine game and makes gooduse of the capabilities of the computer. ■

Note: The documentation contained in the originalpackage received did not explain all of the optionsavailable with the use of the phasers. However, a callto the people at Rainbow Computing Inc resulted in anupdated version of the documentation. This new ver-sion nicely clarifies all possible uses of the phasers anda few other matters in addition. This immediate actionbased on our suggestions is very impressive. It seemsthat this company has a sincere interest in usersatisfaction from its software.

BYTE's Bits

Call for Papers

The Software EngineeringTechnical Committee of theIEEE Computer Society issoliciting papers for theSoftware Engineering Stan-dards Applications Work-shop on August 18 thru 20,1981, in San Francisco, Cali-fornia. Suggested topics in-clude the selling of stan-dards, process standardiza-tion versus product stan-dardization, unrealizablestandards, standards en-forcement, factors in stan-dards selection and tailoring,effectiveness of standardsand the case against stan-dards.

Five copies of presentationproposals are requested;they should consist of a750-word summary. Finalpapers should be approx-imately 3000 words. Mailproposals by January 26,1981. Acceptance notifica-tion and author kits will besent by March 30, 1981.Send proposals to E Bersoff,CTEC Inc, 7777 LeesburgPike, Falls Church VA22043. For additional infor-mation, contact Robert MPoston, EAI, 185 Mon-mouth Pky, West LongBranch NJ 07764, (201)229-1100. ■

82

December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 53 on inquiry card.

^A

BASH

%s&mS*&\

mm />■ c,o

Tfti /Hi,,

"Hi

Si

*1

BASIC

PIsoft'vvabe:

IJfBI

S.3P-K

BASIC SOFTWARE UBRARY

NOW • 10 * Volumes and Growing

WHY Pay hundreds of dollars for Software that does Not work when WE offer the BESTavailable Software for only a few dollars a program. And what is better OURS WORKS!

We have over 100,000 in circulation since 1975 and we are still around and That's more than Anyone else can say. Weused to sell hundreds of programs individually, the programs in Volume X were sold for several years at over $10,000,in Volume III for over $6,000 but a few years ago we decided to promote software to the mass public and it was aninstant success.

For Homeowners, Businessmen, Engineers, Hobbyists, Doctors, Lawyers, Men and Women

Vol. IS24.

Business &PersonalBookkeepingPrograms

Bond

Building

Compound

Cyclic

Decision 1

Decision 2

Depreciation

Efficient

Flow

Installment

Interesl

Investments

Mortgage

Optimize

Order

Pert Tree

Rate

Return 1

Return 2

Schedule 1

Games &Pictures

95

Animals Four

Astronaut

Bagel

Bio Cycle

Cannons

Checkers

Craps

Dogfight

Golf

Judy

Line Up

Pony

Roulette

Sky Diver

Tank

Teach Me

A. Newman

JFK.

Linus

Ms. Santa

Nixon

Noel Noel

Nude

Peace

Policeman

Santa's Sleigh

Snoopy

Virgin

Vol. II $24.

Binomial

Chi-Sq.

Coeff.

Confidence i

Confidence 2

Correlations

Curve

Differences

Dual Plot

Exp-Distri

Least Squares

Paired

Plot

Plolpts

Polynomial Fit

Regression

Stat 1

Stat 2

T-Distribution

Unpaired

Variance 1

Variance 2

XY.

APPENDIXA

95

Beam

Conv.

Filter

Fit

Integration 1

Integration 2

Intensity

Lola

Macro

Max. Mm.

Navaid

Optical

Planet

PSD

Rand 1

Rand 2

Solve

Sphere Than

Stars

Track

Triangle

Variable

Vector

Vol. Ill$39.95

Billing

Inventory

Payroll

Risk

Schedule 2

Shipping

Stocks

Switch

Vol. VI$49.95

Mini-Ledger

Payroll

A/R

Inventory

Peprec.

Ledger

Vol. VII$39.95

ChessMedbilWdprocUtility

Vol. IV$9.95

Bingo

Bonds

Bull

Enterprise

Football

Funds 1

Funds 2

Go-Moku

Jack

Life

Loans

Mazes

Poker

Popul

Profits

Qubic

Rates

Retire

Savings

SBA

Tic-Tac-Toe

Vol. V$9.95

Andy Cap

Baseball

Compare

Confid 10

Descrip

Differ

Engine

Fourier

Horse

Integers

Logic

Playboy

Primes

Probal

Quadrac

Red Baron

Regression 2

Road Runner

Roulette

Santa

Stat 10

Stat 11

Steel

Top

Vary

Xmas

APPENDIX B

Vol. VIII •

$19.95

1040-Tax

BalanceCheckbookInstol 78Deprec 2APPENDIX CFavorites

Vol. IX$19.95

Auto

Cypher

Hurrtrac

ID

Lorana

Map

Navigate

Omega

Patterns

Radar

RDF

Vol.X$69.95

Intro.A/RA/PMgr InvCheckAssetsPayrollBalShP/L

Year EndData BaseTax UpBasic St.

SPECIAL BONUS* 15% discounts on single purchase of full set

by December 31st, 1980

Jnconditional Money Back Guarantee.

dd $1.50 per volume handling, all domestic shipments sent U.P.S. except APO andO. Box which go parcel post- Foreign orders add $6.00/volume for air shipment andake payable in U.S. dollars only.

Almost every single programincluded in these volumes will run inevery Computer system thatoperates in Basic. A few changesmay be required for some Basics butmost of these changes are covered inone of the Tables and Appendicesincluded in Volumes 111, V, Vt,VIII, and'X.

Volume VI — Disk programs arecompatible with TRS-80 disk basic

The disk programs in Volumes VI, VII and X arewritten In (CP/M) M Basic and Disk ExtendedMicrosoft Basic. Other programs written in 8KBasic.

VAILABLE AT MOST COMPUTER STORESfaster Charge and Bank Americard accepted.>ur Software is copyrighted and may not be reproduced or sold.

Jnlike others we have NOT raised our prices in five years

OVER 116,

KEMCO, LTD.

P.O. Box 2096L Ashland, VA 23005

Sales HOT LINE 1-804-798-1147

IN GERMANY

Ing. W. Hofacker, GmbHHolzkirchen, W. Germany

IN HOLLAND

Nanton Press B.V.Bilthoven, Holland

%\%\%

USE TODAY

YOU'RE RIGHT!

KEYED FILE ACCESSING

is essential to develop effective applicationprograms under CP/M® for your 8080/Z80 machine.Your on-line, interactive systems demand theperformance that only a professional keyed fileaccessing package can offer: fast random andsequential access to data by key values, on-lineadditions and deletions to your data files,elimination of lengthy sorting procedures.

BUT WHICH ONE?

Feature

MICRO B+:" The Other One

• Random Access by Key

YES

YES

• Wild Card Search

YES

YES

• Key-Sequential Access

YES

YES

• Multiple Keys

YES

YES

• Automatic Space

Reclamation

YES

YES

• Eliminate Overflow Files

YES

NO

• Maximum Number of Entries

65,535'

10,000

• Eliminate Index File

Reorganization

YES

NO

• Guaranteed Optimal Index

Rle Structure

YES

NO

• Maximum Disk Accesses To

Reach Any of 10.000 Entries

3

?

• Duplicate Key Values

YES*

NO

•32,767 for the source code versions.

^Source code versions only.

IT'S OBVIOUS, GET MICRO B+™!

And search an index of over10,000 key values in less than onesecond on a floppy disk system!

Assembly Language Version ...$260.00Specify MICROSOFT, CBASIC™, PL/l-80'". S-BASIC"

Basic Source Code Version ...3195.00Specify MICROSOFT Basic or CBASIC"

Shipping $2 USA / $5 ForeignWe accept VISA and MASTERCARD

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

RirCom

Making Micro's work Ilka Maxl't

© 1980 Fair Com

2606 Johnson DriveColumbia, MO 65201(314) 445-3304

Product Feview

Morloc's Tower

Gregg Williams, Editor

The Automated Simulations' Dunjonquest games areas close to a computer-automated Dungeons andDragons-type dungeon as I have seen. Naturally suchgames do not have the inventiveness or the vindictivenessof a human dungeonmaster. They do have the advantageof allowing you solitary play. And, in contrast to con-ventional Adventures which are essentially puzzles that,once solved, hold no interest, the Dunjonquest games arerandomly configured at startup to give you a worthwhilegame even if you have won the game before.

Morloc's Tower is a Dunjonquest of average complex-ity, simpler than The Temple of Apshai, yet more com-plicated than the beginner's Datestones of Ryn. Yourcharacter is Brian Hammerhand, and his self-imposedtask is to kill Morloc the Mad before sunrise to preventthe destruction of Hagedorn, a village under Morloc'srule. The format of the game is simple: the screen showsan overhead outline of the room you (ie: Brian) currentlyare in (see photo 1). Your character, a small graphicsfigure in the center of the room, can be caused to move,fight, search, and perform other tasks by an appropriate1- or 2-keystroke command. There are thirty rooms inthe Tower, six levels of five rooms each, and they aredrawn for you as you enter them through doors (secretand visible) and stairwells.

CP/M and PL/1-80 are trademarks of Digital ResearchMICROSOFT is a trademark of MICROSOFT. Inc.CBASIC is a trademark of Compiler Systems, Inc.S-BASIC is a trademark of Topaz Programming

At a

Glance

Name

Language

Morloc's Tower

BASIC

Type

Computer

Graphic role-playing

Radio Shack TRS-80

Adventure game

(plus versions for Apple

II and Commodore PET)

Manufacturer

Automated Simulations

Documentation

Inc

Sixteen-page booklet, 5Vi

1988 Leghorn St

by 8V2 inches (14 by 21.5

Mountain View CA

cm)

94043

(415) 964-8021

Audience

Game enthusiasts (10

Price

years or older)

$14.95

Format

Cassette (also available

on floppy disk)

84 December 1980 © BYTE Publicalions Inc

Circle 54 on inquiry card.

EXCITING NEWS FOR INVESTORS WITH TRS-80 32K DISK-BASED SYSTEMS!

Standard & Poor's proudly announces

STOCKPAK,

a unique software and data system

to help you meet your investment goals

like a Wall Street professional.

STOCKPAK not only delivers a "stand-alone" Port-folio Management System but also gives you the soft-ware for Standard & Poor's monthly Common StockData Service (available to TRS-80 owners on a sub-scription basis). With STOCKPAK and the Data Ser-vice you command one of the most powerful andversatile investment tools available.

Here's How STOCKPAK Will Help You:

A 900 COMPANY DATA BASE SERVICE

Monthly Data Service subscribers receive a diskettecontaining 30 vital financial items on 900 of the mostwidely traded stocks (S&P "500" and 400 NYSE, ASEand OTC issues). Accompanying this monthly disketteis an Investors Newsletter highlighting important fi-nancial news and investment strategies, with sugges-tions for maximizing the usefulness of the system.

STOCKPAK SELECTION SYSTEM

The heart of STOCKPAK is a powerful, analyticalstock selection tool which enables investors to choosestocks which meet their investment criteria. For exam-ple, you may wish to select only those oil and gas stockswith price/earnings ratios of less than 7 and yields of 6%or more. Once a group of stocks has been selected, youcan store it as a separate data file for continuing use.

REPORT WRITER

You can define the report formats you would like tosee on those stocks meeting your investment objec-tives. Hundreds of calculations and ratios that youdefine can be sorted, averaged or totalled, and dis-played on video screen or optional printer.

PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Now you can effectively evaluate and manage yourown stock portfolio of up to 100 securities with as manyas 30 transactions for each. You can record "buy" and"sell" transactions, price and dividend information andstock splits for instant retrieval, for record keeping andtax purposes. You can measure actual performance orcreate hypothetical situations to help you make "buy"or "sell" decisions.

HOW TO ORDER STOCKPAK

STOCKPAK is designed exclusively for TRS-80users with 32K business systems with two mini-diskdrives. You can obtain the basic software and sampleData Base, plus a comprehensive User's Manual fromyour local Radio Shack Store for only $49.95. TheSTOCKPAK Monthly Data Updating Service can beordered directly from Standard & Poor's for $200 an-nually, or from the order form provided in the basicpackage you purchase from Radio Shack.

Standard & Poor's Corporation

25 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10004 (212) 248-3994/3374

Circle 55 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980 85

The game is similar to conventional Adventures in thatthere are several treasures in the Tower, some of whichare necessary to kill Morloc, others of which will hinderor harm you in the attempt. And, of course, there aremonsters that will try to kill you. As an example of com-mands in Morloc's Tower, fighting commands are A (at-tack), T (thrust), P (parry), F (fire a normal arrow), andM (fire a magic arrow). Each command has different ef-fects on you and your attacker, usually trading off effec-tiveness of attack or defense with the degree of fatigue orwounds suffered by you. The game takes place in realtime, which means you have to act quickly in fights. Thismakes the game a lot more interesting than most Adven-tures.

This game, like other role-playing games, takes a lot oftime to play, and Morloc's Tower must be played at onesitting; there are no commands to save the state of thegame. The version that I used, a cassette version for theTRS-80 Model I, is contained on both sides of thecassette. Side one is the program itself, while side twocontains three sets of data statements, one of which isread to create a game in one of three levels of complexity.(I found that you have to leave the remote jack in theTRS-80 cassette recorder during loading; the programdoesn't have enough time to "digest" the data if the taperuns uninterrupted.)

My only complaint against the game is one of speed;character movement is just a bit slow, and the delay ofover a minute to redraw a fully explored level (whenreturning to it from another level) is quite annoying. Boththese problems could be solved with a machine-language

Photo 1: A game of Morloc's Tower in progress on the RadioShack TRS-80. The three-block symbol near the bottom of thecenter room represents the player's character, and the two smallrectangles are treasures. Information on the status of the gameand the player is given on the right-hand side of the screen.

version of the game. This is the route that all the majorAdventure writers (Scott Adams and Greg Hassett, inparticular) have taken to improve the quality of the\tgames. ■

* CRYSTALWARE *

Hires graphics - Crystalsonics ■ sophistication...Crystal is what is happening in fantasy and science fiction games! Tired of text games and wordymanuals? Have you been looking for games which are different each time you play? We offer you the results of three years of testing and research; whatwe believe to be the finest games available anywhere for the Apple Computer.

m

HOUSE OF USHE - Wander through a haunted house. Rooms andscenery in 15 color lo-res graphics. We offer a $100.00 prize to the firstperson to solve the mystery. Over 200 monsters, objects, and perils.$24.96

GALACTIC QUEST — Crystalsonics ■ hires graphics - the ultimate spaceadventure. Vegan warships attack and fire in real time simulation. Landon and trade with over 64 star systems in 3 galaxies. Allow 6-12 hours forplay. $24.95 *S!pii| ^ ^rjSkSUMER — Travel back through time to ancient Sumeria In the middleeast. You are given 10 years as king to restore this kingdom to prosperi-ty. Plant, war, consult the astrologers • very hard to beatl $19.95

LASAR WARS — Crystalsonics - hires graphics • protect the planet earthfrom a full scale alien invasion. Over three types of Invading craft andhundreds of approach simulations. The game speaks for itself. $29.95

WORLD WAR III — Crystalsonics - hires graphics - for you war gamefreaks, this Is itl Iran and Iraq • nuclear missiles • hires 3 sceeen bat-tlefield - demolition squads - tanks - strategy. Custom designed for twoarm chair generals. Save the world from nuclear holocaust! $29.95

BENEATH THE PYRAMID — Crystalsonics - hires graphics - brand new!Explore the pyramids and miles of winding secret tunnels beneath them.Enter at the Sphinx and find the hidden treasure chamber. All In hireswith very aggressive monsters and many many perils. To win you mustfind the golden cat and your way out!!! $29.95 m^. -JM

for Apple 48K with disc

Please send all correspondence

But no matter what the size, they all give you increased sales,greater security, and lower costs.

Choose from the VIP (315K bytes with optional add-ons up to 1.2Mbytes), the Vector 2800 (2M bytes with 91 msec average access time),or the Vector 3030 (32M bytes with 34 msec average access time).

Each one gives you more disk speed and capacity than compet-itive models. So you can offer a less expensive system with morecapacity than your competition, or one with much greater capacity forthe same money.

Our multiple configurations with transportable software do notlock you into one level of system. For reliability, Vector builds industrystandards into each Economy Sized Computer. Standard software andcomponents include CP/M2® operating system, Microsoft BASIC-80®S-100 bus, 4 MHz, Z80A processor, RS-232C serial ports.

Our modular systems use common Vector 3 mainframes, boards,and printers. They save you time and money on inventory, service,staff, and training. Software transportability from one system to thenext eliminates the cost of -,-. o» j ^

rewriti ng or conveti ng Economy Sized Computers

software and data. Ouradvanced software develop-ment tools reduce de-velopment time dra-matically. And sincewe have such a widerange of models,wehelpyou make more sales.

All this goes toprove one thing.

That is, no mat-ter what size systemyou're building, anEconomy Sized Com-puter can be a big help.

For more infor-mation, write Vector,31364 Via Col inas, West-fake Village, CA 91362.Or call 213/991-2302.

now come in small,medium and large.

Economy Sized Computers

Circle 57 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980 87

lw iiiM'"*">«■■■■ m«>iV«

■ HI? I'M mill.,! ■■iiH«i »i\i ■■

»•**—... ^Hpp

New power atyour fingertips.

Konan presents Hard Disk Control, Tape Control, andSerial 1/6 Boards tor S-100 computers. Konan, knownthroughout the industry, for its leading, innovative;guaranteed controllers for S-10O systems, does it again, -Now, it offers you more of the expanded capabilities youneed" , ■ • ' , : »v< '•' , .

First, there's Konan's complete line of hard disk mass .storage subsystems and controllers. These high reliabilityproducts include the SMC-IOO™ storage module (SMD orCPC 9760 interface) hard disk coritrolleribr theS-lOO Bus,DAT-lOO Winchester type hard disk tape backup con-,,troller;ttie ^ARD TAPE™ system, and the new KNX-500™!hard disk controller which is software compatible with ' \Alpha. Micro AM-500*. Also, coming soon Shugart"', technology mini hard disk controller, arid 9 track reel toreel tape controller. ,' '..'''; '.

Now, Konan introduces.OCTOPLUS™ and OMNIPORT™- ,"two new serial I/O boards. OCTOPLUS™, the'8-port board'offers a realtime clock and fiill interrupt control. And'the 16port OMNIPORT™. offers you. an efficient, economicalboard where more than 8 ports are needed.

With these and other quality products, Konan shows '•again that when it comes to S-lOO systems, it is definitely in ,, ,control."(And all at attractive O.EM. and dealer prices.)

For complete information call Konan's direct; toll-free in-' formation line. 800-528-4563. ,.

Or write to: Konan Corporation, 1448 North 27th Avenue,Phoenix, AZ 85009, TWX/TELEX 9109511552

"Alpha Micro AM-500 is a trademark oi Alpha Micro Systems.

IN, CONTROL SMC-IOO, HARD TAPE, KNX-500. OCTOPLUS, andOMNIPORT are trademarks of Konan Corporation.

;*. ..-■ — *k i *•' '

Circle 58 on Inquiry card,

. .,•, I* ■■ k .. ■

.raJIrmin^iiiMi i ■ .'i»

»B«Wi«t^«IMliilWluill«^»>«t«ll<ltollM«»<ttM^*f.rt«iq<i»-»t»i|L>i»iii[i.»'iiii^'liiji K-HiWI^Wf^wHtillinHr-liMlr^rilUMIIIililflilUll

i.,^.^_....:.. .

Product Review

Odyssey: The Compleat Apventure

Harold Nelson, Editor

One Friday afternoon recently, I decided to try myhand at a new game that sounded most intriguing. Theevening before I had read over the game documentationpamphlet (I would urge any Odyssey adventurer to dothe same before undertaking a game). On this particularFriday, I played one game which ended in less than suc-cess. A friend then joined me and we played a gametogether—one person at the keyboard and the othergoing through the documentation pamphlet. We musthave begun this game around 4:30 PM. After thoroughlytouring the island on which the game begins (see photo 1)and amassing a large army, a good deal of wealth, andconsiderable equipment, we decided to embark on a shipwe had just purchased (very reasonably priced) foranother island. Thinking it was about 6:30 PM, we decid-ed to have something to eat before going to sea. We wereastonished to discover that it was actually about 8:00PM. We had been playing for nearly four hours, thoughit seemed like only half that time.

SYNCHRO-SOUND

SOROC Technology

|Q120$69900IQ140$99900

Regent 25!$79500

4 TELEVIDEO" Data Terminals

Model 912 $82500

Model 920 $89500

We carry a full line of: ADDS, LEAR-SIEGLER,

HAZELTINE, QUME, TELETYPE, DEC,

FLORIDA DATA SYSTEMS, TEXAS INSTRUMENTS

A SYNCHRO-SOUND enterprises, inc.

h The Computer People ■ PHone ORDERS, CALL:

V 193-25 Jamaica Avenue I New York—212/468-7067■ ' Jamaica. NY. 11423 Los Angeles-213/628-1808

Chicago-312/641-3010■ Dallas-214/742-6090

Photo 1: The island on which the Odyssey game begins. Thecrosses indicate villages containing markets where you can pur-chase supplies and equipment for your journey. The humanshape shows the location of you and your followers (mostlymercenaries). The figure to your south is an ancient templewhich is locked and can be opened and entered only with the ap-propriate devices. The figure to the northwest of you is a hutwhich is the dwelling of any one of an assortment of characters.Directions, hints, and questions are generally given below themap. Commands are, for the most part, single keystrokes (eg: Eto move east). The major exception is typing numbers (eg:amounts of quadroons to bargain for a purchase or a bribe).Photo by Charles Freiberg.

At a

Glance

Name

Odyssey: The Compleat

Computer

Apventure

Apple II with 48 K bytes

of memory and Integer

Type

BASIC

High-resolution color

graphics game

Documentation

Sixteen-page SYi by 8V4

Manufacturer

inch (14 by 22 cm) staple-

Synergistic Software

bound pamphlet in-cluding a table of con-

5221 120th Ave SE

Bellevue WA 98006

tents listing the various

(206) 641-1917

aspects of the game.

Some directions, hints

Price

and questions are in-

$30

cluded in the program.

Format

Audience

5-inch floppy disk

Almost anyone with suf-

ficient time

Language

BASIC

90

December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 59 on inquiry card.

Orange micro

CENTRONICS 737 (SE)

Word Processing Print Quality

• 18 x 9 dot matrix; suitable for wordprocessing • Underlining • proportionalspacing • right margin justification • seriftypeface • 50/80 CPS • 9V4" PinFeed/Friction feed • Reverse Platen •80/132 columns

CENTRONIC 737-1 (List $995)

EPSON MX80

Low-PricedProfessional Print Quality

• 9 x 9 dot matrix • Lower case descenders

• 80 CPS • Bidirectional, Logic seeking •40,66,80,132 columns per line • 64 specialgraphic characters: TFSS-80 Compatible •Forms handling • Multi-pass printing • Ad-justable tractors

EPSON MX80 (List $645) SCall

OKIDATA MICROLINE SERIES

TRS-80 Graphics Compatibility

• 9 x 7 dot matrix • 80 CPS • 80, 132columns — 64 shapes for charts, graphs &diagrams • Double wide characters • 6/8lines per inch • Up to 3 part copy • Friction& pin feed • 200 M character head warranty

OKIDATA MICROLINE 80 (List $800)

$599

BASE 2

The Hobbyist Printer With The Most Features

• Graphics • Tractors/Friction Feed • 2KInput Buffer • RS-232 Serial, Centronics®Parallel, IEEE-488, 20 ma • TRS-80 Cableoption • 100 CPS • Fast form feed • Userprogrammable character set • 64, 72, 80,96, 120, 132 Columns/line • Expandedcharacters • Automatic skip-over-perfora-tion • Horizontal & Vertical tabs • Pro-grammable vertical line spacing • Intel8085 Microprocessor — over 40 softwarecommands (List $699) $649

BASE 2 800B

TOLL FREE(800) 854-8275

CA.AK, HI (714) 630-3322

At Orange Micro, we try to fit the right printer to your application.Call our printer specialists lor free consultation.

"SPECIALIZING IN PRINTERSAND CRT'S"

MALIBU

The Small Business Printer;Letter Quality & Speed.

• 10 x 9 dot matrix • Letter quality print;Lower case descenders • High speed; 165CPS, Bidirectional, Logic seeking • Widecarriage, Adjustable tractors to 16" •Vertical forms control • Variable line spac-ing • User programmable character set •Dot Resolution Graphics

(List $2495)

$2195

ANACOM

Low Cost, High Speed, Wide Carriage

9 dot matrix • Lower case descenders • Wide carriage •Adjustable tractors to 16" • 150 CPS, Bidirectional, Logic Seeking

ANACOM 150 (List $1350) SCall

EPSON TX80

•5x7 dot matrix • 125 CPS • Double wide characters • Dotresolution graphics & 64 special graphic characters • 6/8 line perinch • Vertical forms control • Adustable tractors • Heavy Duty —Highly reliable

EPSON TX80 (List $799) SCall

THE SMALL COMPUTER PRINTER by Brent Weston

This illustrated booklet provides the information you need about today's smallprinters. There are many printers available, each with different features andcapabilities. The Small Computer Printer will guide you in determining whichprinter best fits your applications. A complete feature comparison chart is

^ included representing over 40 small printers. A printer is a big investment —learn all about them before you buy one. $795

mwm TELEVIDEO CRT'SPRICES SLASHED!

TVI912C1 Please Call Toll Free

.. > Prices are too low to

TV I 920C J advertise

f PRINTERSCENTRONICS 730 Radio Shack Line Printer II (List $795) $ 639OKIDATA MICROLINE 82 & 83 $ CallNEC 5530-5 letter quality, RO, parallel, tractors (List $2970) $ 2599PAPER TIGER IDS 440 w/graphics and 2K buffer. . (List $1094)$ 939PAPER TIGER IDS 460w/graphics,9x9dot matrix .. (List $1295)$ Call

IQUME 5/45 typewriter quality (List $2905) $ 2559INTERFACE EQUIPMENTAPPLE II - BASE 2 parallel graphics interface board & cable $ 160APPLE II - EPSON TX80parallel graphics interface board & cable $ 110SSMAIO BOARD Apple Serial/parallel interface (List $225)S 175MICROTRONICS Atari parallel interface $ 69

ATARI 850 Interface module, serial/parallel $ 199

TRS-80 CABLES to keyboard or Exp. interface * Cal1

CALL FOR FREE CATALOG

Phone orders WELCOME. Same dayshipment for VISA, MASTERCHARGE, and AMERICAN EX-PRESS. Personal checks require 2weeks to clear. Add 3% for ship-ping and handling. California resi-dents add 6%. Manufacturer'swarranty included. Prices subject torevision.

Orange

fTIICrO, Ine/

3148 E. La Palma, Suite EAnaheim, CA 92806

Obviously, we decided, this is a game worthy of highpraise. There is only one warning for the prospectiveplayer. The warning is simple: make sure you have suffi-cient time. It is obviously an engrossing game. It might beadvisable to keep a clock handy or even set an alarm toyour desired quitting time. Since a game in progress canbe saved on any initialized disk and completed later, it isprobably better to break off a game than risk the loss offamily or job.

Upon returning to our game on that Friday evening, weset sail and were just getting the knack of handling ourship when we were lost in a fog bank and ran aground.We spent quite awhile trying, unsuccessfully, to get free.When we first went aground there was a brief message tothe effect that local fishermen would help us for a price.This message appeared quite briefly and did not reap-pear.

In a case such as this, if the correct command is notfound, it may seem as though there is a bug in the pro-gram causing it to go into a infinite loop. A call toSynergistic Software convinced us that this is not the caseand that there is one command that can result in freeing aship caught in this situation. (Hint: Use quadroons.)

Some friends have said that they would like to see alittle more detail in the documentation about how theoutcome of battles with bandits and various monsters isdetermined. But, on the other hand, the element of uncer-tainty and chance that the user experiences may add tothe excitement and enjoyment of the game. Also, thedocumentation does include the relative worth of the dif-ferent offensive and defensive devices available. And,with some luck, one can increase his ability to avoidbattle when its outcome appears doubtful.

The finest feature of this game is its use of high-resolution color graphics. It is the best use of colorgraphics in a game for the Apple that I have seen.

While this program does not operate in real time, cer-tain features of the game give the user the illusion that itis doing just that. This is especially true of traveling onhorseback, flying on a magic rug (should you encounter a

wizard inclined to give you one), and sailing.

Another strong feature of the game is the great numberof possible encounters both on land and at sea and thevariety of outcomes that can result from these en-counters. These are too numerous to list or begin todescribe in a brief review, and learning to deal with themis a major part of the enjoyment of this game.

It is also interesting that, as opposed to some Adven-ture games, it is virtually impossible to reproduce anOdyssey game. Each game starts at a randomly chosenpoint and the locations of castles, tombs, and other ob-jects and creatures are also changed with each game.Hence, each game is unique.

Conclusions

• This is a very fine game for the Apple II computer. Itmakes excellent use of color graphics. Fans of Adventureand Dungeon games should find this to be an interestingand challenging addition, with some new twists, to theircollections. For those just developing an interest in thistype of game, Odyssey is such a good one that startingwith it may greatly diminish the interest you have inother Adventure games.

• The documentation seems, at the very least, adequate.Some users may desire more detail on how variousaspects of the program work. At any rate, there is enoughinformation, presented in a clear and interesting manner,to allow virtually anyone to start playing the game.

• My only criticism of the program is that some of themessages offering hints on what to do next (such as thatmentioned above about the local fishermen) appear sobriefly that if their meaning is not clear at first or if youare momentarily distracted, they might as well not havebeen there at all.

• It is important to keep in mind that a well-played gameof Odyssey is going to take a lot of time, but games canbe saved and played in installments. The only short gameis an unsuccessful game with an obvious outcome. ■

f" S-100 USERS: GIVE YOUR COMPUTER THE GIFT OF SIGHT! "1

The DS-80 Digisector® is a randomaccess video digitizer. It works inconjunction with a TV camera (eitherinterlaced or non-interlaced video) andany S-100 computer conforming to theIEEE standards. Use it for:

• Precision Security Systems

• Moving Target Indicators

• Computer Portraiture

• Fast To Slow Scan Conversion

• Robotics

• Reading UPC Codes, schematics,paper tape, musical scores

THmo©o^§>

• IMAGE PROCESSED BY DS-80

CHECK THESE FEATURES:

□ High resolution — a 256 x 256 pic-ture element scan

□ Precision — 64 levels of grey scale

□ Speed — Conversion time of 14microseconds per pixel

□ Versatility — scanning sequencesuser programmable

□ Economy — a professional toolpriced for the hobbyist; comes fullyassembled, tested and burned in,with fully commented portrait print-ing software.

Price: $349.95 MasterCharge and Visa

P.O. BOX 1110, DEL MAR, CA 92014 714-942-2400J

92 December.1980 @ BYTE Publicat:

:ions Inc

Circle 60 on inquiry card.

Circle 61 on inquiry card.

"When you sell to smallbusiness, learn to speaktheir language. COBOL- 80.w

Ron May berryMayberry Systems, Inc., Belleville, Illinois

"It's amazing what afew key phrases will dofor your sales recordto small businesses.Words like "faster,""cheaper," andMicrosoft's "COBOL-80"

I should know. I'm inthe business of sellingcomplete computer sys-tems to one of the mostdemanding enterprisesaround: pharmacies.That means my pro-grams have to solvethe complex problemsfacing pharmacies today—the deluge of paper-work, regulations, andthe need for immediateaccess to patientinformation.

I've sold a lot of mini-computer systems withprograms written inDIBOL. Then I discover-ed microcomputers,and Microsoft'sCOBOL-80. Together,they're faster and lessexpensive than my oldsystem, yet do all thesame things. And more.

Like what? Likemore flexibility and ver-satility. I use practicallythe whole range ofCOBOL-80 features, tospeed inventory, billing,labeling, pricing,accounts receivable,patient profiles and

doctor lists. And I'll beusing a lot of the samefeatures to write a pro-gram for travelagents too.

Believe me, wechecked them all, andonly COBOL-80 had allthe necessary LEVEL IIfeatures, plus the newCHAIN feature, pro-gram segmentationand formatted screenACCEPT/DISPLAY.

The CHAIN featureimpressed even aveteran programmerlike me. With my menu-driven systems, I havetotal control over whichprogram will execute

next. And it was great tofind that COBOL-80'sACCEPT/DISPLAYstatements give for-matted screens thatlook the same as my oldDIBOL screens. Yetwith fewer lines of code.

With 300 differentprogram modules, youcan be sure I appre-ciate segmentation too.In one case, I collapsedseven DIBOL programsinto one segmentedCOBOL-80 program.Now I can organize mysystem according toprogram function ratherthan memory size.

My compile times?Incredible. Over 1,500lines compile and link injust five minutes.

I know what you'rethinking. 'Sounds great,but I wouldn't want to bein Mayberry's shoeswhen he translated allthose DIBOL programsto COBOL-80.'Well,surprise. Since mostDl BOL features trans-late into COBOL one-for-one, we convertedthe source code sixtimes faster thanoriginally scheduled.

So simply put, that'show Mayberry SystemsInc. learned for itselfthat COBOL-80 is onelanguage that makesa lot of sense tosmall businesses.

In my opinion,COBOL-80 is first-class. And I thoughtyou should know aboutit too."

COBOL-80 now sup-ports Level II ANSISORT/MERGE state-ments to interface withMicrosoft's new sortfacility, M/SORT.

COBOL-80 withdocumentation, $750.

Documentation purchasedseparately, $20.

M/SORT, $125.

10800 NE Eighth, Suite 819

Bellevue, WA 98004206-455-8080 Telex 328945

We set the standard.

Technical Form)

The Twelve Computerized Days of Christmas

Teri Li and Elizabeth Cooper, POB 481, Peterborough NH

03458

On the first day of Christmas, my computer gave to meA glitch on the video screen.

On the second day of Christmas, my computer gave to

meTwo keyboard bounces,And a glitch on the video screen.

On the third day of Christmas, my computer gave to me

Three loose plugs,

Two keyboard bounces,

And a glitch on the video screen.

On the fourth day of Christmas, my computer gave to me

Four garbled SAVEs,

Three loose plugs,

Two keyboard bounces,

And a glitch on the video screen.

On the fifth day of Christmas, my computer gave to me

Five blank cassettes,

Four garbled SAVEs,

Three loose plugs,

Two keyboard bounces,

And a glitch on the video screen.

On the sixth day of Christmas, my computer gave to me

Six I/O spasms,

Five blank cassettes,

Four garbled SAVEs,

Three loose plugs,

Two keyboard bounces,

And a glitch on the video screen.

On the seventh day of Christmas, my computer gave to

meSeven system resets,Six I/O spasms,Five blank cassettes,Four garbled SAVEs,Three loose plugs,Two keyboard bounces,And a glitch on the video screen.

On the eighth day of Christmas, my computer gave to me

Eight worthless printouts,

Seven system resets,

Six I/O spasms,

Five blank cassettes,

Four garbled SAVEs,

Three loose plugs,

Two keyboard bounces,

And a glitch on the video screen.

On the ninth day of Christmas, my computer gave to me

Nine burnt-out fuses,

Eight worthless printouts,

Seven system resets,

Six I/O spasms,

Five blank cassettes,

Four garbled SAVEs,

Three loose plugs,

Two keyboard bounces,

And a glitch on the video screen.

On the tenth day of Christmas, my computer gave to me

Ten disk-drive lockouts,

Nine burnt-out fuses,

Eight worthless printouts,

Seven system resets,

Six I/O spasms,

Five blank cassettes,

Four garbled SAVEs,

Three loose plugs,

Two keyboard bounces,

And a glitch on the video screen.

On the eleventh day of Christmas, my computer gave to

meEleven damaged diskettes,Ten disk-drive lockouts,Nine burnt-out fuses,Eight worthless printouts,Seven system resets,Six I/O spasms,Five blank cassettes,Four garbled SAVEs,Three loose plugs,Two keyboard bounces,And a glitch on the video screen.

On the twelfth day of Christmas, my computer gave to

meTwelve blown-out circuits,Eleven damaged diskettes,Ten disk-drive lockouts,Nine burnt-out fuses,Eight worthless printouts,Seven system resets,Six I/O spasms,Five blank cassettes,Four garbled SAVEs,Three loose plugs,Two keyboard bounces,And a glitch on the video screen. ■

94

December 1960 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 62 on inquiry card.

ICROSHOPPEI^

the new Computers!

The most comprehensive consumers' guide to microcomputing everpublished is hot off the press! The latest edition of the best-sellingMicroShopper has been expanded to 192 pages, and is now in aconvenient book form ... includes nearly 200 photographs, illustra-tions and charts; dozens of hardware and software product reviews,and feature articles on topics from the history of computers to robotics.The new MicroShopper explains the often difficult-to-understand jar-gon of the computer industry, provides tips on selecting a system forbusiness, professional, educational or personal use, and lets you takea look at the latest microcomputers and peripherals from industry-leading manufacturers!

To order the new edition of the MicroShopper, call toll-free 1-800-528-1418, or fill out and clip the coupon below today! Make checks ormoney orders payable to PGI Publishing. Master Card and Visa orderswelcomed.

TOLL FREE 1-800-528-1418

Please send me MicroShopper(s) at

$9.95 each plus $1.75 for postage and handling.Arizona residents add 5% sales tax.

Name-

Address .City

.State.

-Zip.

I I Check or money order enclosed |_J VISA

| I Master CardAcct. No.

nnnnnnnnnnnnnnn

Expiration date DDDD

Publishing1425 W. 12th Place * Tempe, Arizona 85281 i

Graphic Color Slides

Part 2

In "Graphic Color Slides, Part 1"(November 1980 BYTE, page 126), Idemonstrated a series of subroutinesfor the Compucolor II that togethercan be used to plot a set of points, anequation, or horizontal or verticalbar graphs. The listings in this article,when added to the subroutines givenin listing 1 of the cited article, willenable us to plot several new types ofgraphs. These listings alsodemonstrate the use of thesesubroutines in building special-purpose programs that generate a de-sired kind of graph. The programslisted here are designed to run on aCompucolor II with extended diskBASIC and at least 16 K bytes of pro-grammable memory.

The first three graph programshave been written as part of a singleprogram (see listing 1); the equationplotting, histogram, and regressionroutines all use the subroutinesunaltered. Both the histogram and re-gression routines use a statistics sub-routine at line 11400 that calculatesthe arithmetic average (programvariable MEAN) and the standard de-viation (variable DEVIAT). Themonthly analysis chart routine, givenin listing 2, illustrates how the graph-ics subroutines can be modified for anew application; the subroutine linesin listing 2 are the only lines beingchanged, not the entire subroutine.As before, the variable names used inthese listings have been chosen to de-scribe their function.

Alan W Grogono MD

Associate Professor

State University of New York

Upstate Medical Center

750 E Adams St

Syracuse NY 13210

Equation Plotting

The equation plotting routine iscontained in lines 1000 thru 1086 oflisting 1. This routine is similar to theone in last month's article in that itallows the user to change screencolors and to save a finished graph;but this routine allows you to graph anew equation, select a different type

Photo 1: Examples of equation plotting.Photos number la thru Id show the sameequation, Y=X4 — 4X , plotted in dif-ferent X- and Y-ranges and colors. Photolb shows a conventional plot of the equa-tion; photos la, lc, and Id show the equa-tion as the upper edge of a series of ver-tical bars.

(la)

of plot (line or vertical bars), andchoose different X- and Y-ranges.Photos la thru Id illustrate the sameequation, Y = X4 — 4X2, plotted inseveral different ways.

Histogram

The histogram plotting routine,lines 2000 thru 2390 in listing 1,allows the distribution of a given setof data to be displayed as a histo-gram. In addition, the theoreticalGaussian (bell-shaped) curve with thesame mean and standard deviation issuperimposed on the histogram; also,the areas under the curve and thehistogram are the same.

Within the listing, the one-dimen-sional data to be plotted as part of thehistogram is stored in ARRAY(N,0)—that is, in ARRAY (1,0),ARRAY (2,0), ARRAY (3,0), etc. Thedata is analyzed to determine thelargest and smallest numbers to begraphed on the horizontal axis andthe step size (variables HIGH (0),LOW (0), and JUMP (0), repectively).The user selects the number of bars inthe histogram, and the value is storedin the variable COLUMNS. The datais classified as belonging to one ofCOLUMNS groups, and the tally ofthe number of data items belonging togroup N (where N is between 1 andCOLUMNS, inclusive) is stored inARRAY N,l). The height of theequivalent Gaussian curve iscalculated in the statistical subroutineat line 11400, leading to the display of

ad)

11IIIII

96 December 2980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 63 on inquiry card.

COMPARE SMARTS.

smart (HI

si less ID;

Reverse video

— Blinking/blank fields

Upper/Inner case char.

Protected fields

I'nderlininfi

Xonglare screen

12 x 10 char, res.

Winking cursrjr

•9 Baud rates(75-9fiOO Baud)

• Self test• Auxiliary port

FunctionJedit keys

Typewriter/TTY keyboards

Numeric pad

Model 9Z0C shown.

Kwr smarts.

Video, they're standard

We jjut a lot of engineering Bavvyinto our CRTs. Their modular design

means high rhuikl in high

JllllV. It ills

Find out how you can make yournext CRT buy a smart one. ContactTeleVideo today tor information.

Nationwide Field Service is available

from General Electric Co., Instrumen-tation and Communication EquipmentService shops.

Tfel^lded

TeleVideo, Inc., 2149 Paragon Dr.San Jose, California 95131Phone (408) 946-8500

"Optional, with models 912C and 920C only.

•

Witt

CALIFORNIA Costa Mesa (714) 557-6095 • San Jose (408) 946-8500 • ILLINOIS Oak Grove Village (312) 981-1706MASSACHUSETTS Boston (617) 668-6891 • NEW YORK/NEW JERSEY Paramus (201) 265-1321 • TEXAS Dallas (214) 980-9978

(2a)

(2b)

(2c)

MM

e

a

! ffl s " * lfte a

Photo 2: Examples of histograms. Here, a Gaussian (bell-shaped) curve having the same mean and area is superimposed on each ofthe histograms. Both the number of bars in the histogram as well as the colors used can be chosen by the user.

the histogram and Gaussian curvewith labeled X- and Y-axes.

The same data, once entered, canbe displayed with different colors anda different number of histogram bars.Photos 2a thru 2c show the same setof data displayed in different ways.

Regression

The regression routine, lines 4000thru 4760 of listing 1, allows two setsof data to be plotted with a regressionline for comparison. The two sets ofdata are graphed as X,Y pairs (withthe X data being the independentvariable and the Y data the depen-

dent variable). Then the computerfinds the best line that describes a cer-tain presumed relationship (linear,logarithmic, exponential, or recipro-cal, as chosen by the user) for thosepoints. If the chosen relationship islinear (if the user is performing alinear regression), the actual Y valueis plotted with its given X value. If therelationship is logarithmic, exponen-tial, or reciprocal, the dependent (Y)variable is replaced by the ap-propriate transformed value—that is,the X data point is plotted oppositeIn Y, er, or 1/Y, respectively.

After the data pairs and the regres-

Write in for this write-off.

Want to save taxes, travel expense and time?

Rockwell's Jetproposition — now withthree Commander® Jetprops and new

and expanded plans that make themeven easier to own and operate —can show you how.

J5 Member of GAMA

Name .Tllfe

Company—

Street

City

Zip

Present aircraft owned

RockwellInternational

..where science gets down to business

For full information on the manyadvantages of owning your ownCommander Jetprop,call 800/654-4483.' Or write:Depl. 25, Commander fetpropInformation Center,Rockwell International,5001 N. Rockwell Avenue,Bethany, Oklahoma 73008.TWX 910-830-6870. AEROCOM.' In Oklahoma, call collect:405/789-5000, Ext. 228. BY 12

sion type have been entered, theoriginal Y data (stored in ARRAY[N,2] ) is transformed according tothe regression type, with the trans-formed Y values stored in ARRAY(N, 1). At this point, the programmakes the necessary calculations anddisplays the resulting graph, plottingthe data points and the regression linethat best fits them. (Actually, theregression line given by any regres-sion except linear regression is not astraight line but rather a logarithmic,exponential, or reciprocal curve thatbest fits the data. These curves appearas straight lines because we are graph-ing X not against Y, but against atransform function of Y—In Y, ey, or1/Y, respectively.)

Once the data has been entered, itcan be displayed in different colorswith different kinds of regression.Photos 3a thru 3d show the same datagraphed varying the colors and re-gression type. The data was takenfrom the following example: we havefour test tubes (2, 3, 4, and 6) from alarger series of test tubes, and eachone has a chemical solution in it; theindependent (X) variable is the tubenumber, and the dependent (Y) vari-able is the measured strength of thesolution in that tube. A linear regres-sion on these data points (photo 3a)provides a poor fit, as does exponen-tial regression (photo 3b). Logarith-mic regression provides a better fit(photo 3c), but reciprocal regressionprovides the best fit of all (photo 3d).

Monthly Analysis Graph

The monthly analysis graph,shown in photos 4a and 4b, is a spe-cific case of a graph that will plot thevalues of one or more variables overa given range of the independent vari-able. Here, income for 4 years is plot-ted for each month of the year. TheText continued on page 110

98 December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 64 on inquiry card.

Circle 65 on inquiry card.

80

Software Packages

Computerized Accounting & Tax Service

Taxman* US1040 tax return preparation Canhandle 29 schedules $3000

CMC

Legal Billing* Allows attorney to monitor chargesbased on hourly rates, costs, or flat fees. AllAR (unctions S2500

Computer Management SystemsGeneral ledger & Payroll* Single diskette based,easy to use program. Writes checks, W-2'sand 914's Ideal for small retailer $500

Tek-Aids Industries, Inc.

BUS-I Original version, with GL. AR, AP 6 disketteswith new docs $99

BUS/DMS* Most current version of BUS series.Special $150 discount for PO.'s submitted withoriginal copies of Digital TechnologyBUS-II $850

MEMTEST/2 New edition of popular memory testtor OSI hardware 8" and 5" disk. $50

fig-FORTH Stand-alone version of the FORTHInterest Group Model $175

DCS Software Products

WP/INT* Interface between WP-2 and any DMSfile for form letters. $80

Tra-Sta

Amway Distributors Package Order entry/inventoryPackage for direct Amway buyer. Maintainscommission structure. $995

BBS

Data Director* Powerful data base manager.Command oriented, very interactive $995

Tri-Comp

System Exerciser Self-prompting test routines forend user troubleshooting. $60

Farragher and Assoc.

Med-Bill* Single doctor client billing $995

Frisch Computer Systems

Manulacluring Control System* Hard disk based.Standalone inventory with job costing and biII—at-matenals Extensively field tested $3500

DQFLS

WP-6502 0S65U version of popular wordprocessor $125

(JCSD System Users Society

USUS Software Exchange Library 6 disketteset of UCSD Pascal programs, includes USUSmembership $80

Abacus Data Systems

Mailer* Text processor plus key file/sortcapability Good mass mailer. $190

Payroll* Thorough package for floppy or harddisk End User Maintenance Servicerecommended $495

General Ledger* Multi-division/department sup-port, journal based, floppy or hard disk. $495

Digital Technology

BUS-II Manufacturer's original version sold attrade-in price. $150

*DMS Compatible

Affiliated Dealers

Abacus Data Systems Greensburg. PA 15601

Taxman Sail Lake City, UT 84115

Case Computer Bradley, IL 60915

Business Computer ol Joliet Cresthill, IL 60435

Business Data Systems, Inc. Bolder, CO 80301

Community Computers Arlington, VA 22201

Computer Management Systems Mitchell, SD 57301

CSB Houston, TX 77057

Cybertronics Houston. TX 77084

Data Buss Grayslake. IL 60038

Data Services Computer Corp. Denver CO 80239

Delta Data Distributors Memphis, TN 38118

Farragher & Assoc. Milwaukee, Wl 53213

Frisch Computer SI. Paul, MN 55113

International Automation New Kensington. PA 15608

KMH Galesburg, IL 61401

MAP Systems Peoria Hts., IL 61614

Practical Computer Springfield. IL 62703

Specialized Computer Systems Jackson, Ml 49204

Tek-Aids Industries, Inc. Arlington His. IL 60004

Tra-Sta Computer Shoppe Pueblo, CO 81005

TriComp Inc. Denver, CO 80221

Total Data Systems Ft Collins, CO 80525

Whitlock International, Inc. Detroit, Ml 48219

WINS

The Ohio Scientific Software Game

Selecting software for your OhioScientific computer is a chancy task atbest. There are few trustworthy ven-dors with a national reputation. Thereare no consistent quality standardsand the documentation isoften cryptic and inaccurate.If you are lucky enoughto find a goodpackage, there'sno guarantee ofongoing sup-port. A wrongchoice resultsin months ofwasted time,effort, and money.

With the SoftwareFederation, you no longertake that risk. TheSoftware Federation wasformed by three of thelargest Ohio Scientific hard-ware distributors to select andmarket quality software throughreputable dealers nationwide.

DEALERS

The Software Federationsoloes the dealer's problems by pro-viding low cost access to high qualitysoftware with the sort of demonstra-tion packages, documentation,and support that the dealer needsto successfully sell machines.

AUTHORS

The Software Federation solvesthe independent vendor's problems

by providing a proprietary methodof software protection, aggressiveenforcement of software licenses, astrong dealer base, primary support,and national advertising.

END USERS

The Software Federationsolves the user's problems byproviding quality software,exceptional documenta-tion, after-the-salesupport, and optionalsoftware maintenanceservices.

Why risk makingthe wrong choice?With the SoftwareFederation, everyonewins!See the dealer in yourarea for a complete turnkeydemonstration.

Software Federation Inc.

44 University DriveArlington Hts,, IL 60004Phone: 312/259-1355

.'SOUND EFFECTS !

GUNSHOTS! PHASERS!

MUSIC! "OUTER SPACE

NOISES" AND MUCH MORE...

with

THE

noi^m ace* ©

S-100 BUSand

noftEmA<E3 n

APPLE II BUS™-

BOARDS USE THE

Gl AY 3-8910 TO PRODUCE

SOUND EFFECTS UNDER

SOFTWARE CONTROL

• On board audio amp

• Breadboard area with +5, gnd

• Tone generators, noisesource

• Envelope generator, I/O ports

FULL MANUAL INCLUDES:

Construction notes, softwareexamples, full notes on AY3-8910 schematic, parts list, etc.P.C. board soldermasked, goldcontacts, parts silkscreen

NEW FEATURES!!!!

noisemaker(S-100 Bus)Now, TWO on board audio ampsfor stereo, and on board waitstate logic for4MHz systems

ATTENTION APPLE II™- USERS!

Assembled & tested noisemaker II

now available at $79.95!

plus $1.50 shipping & handling

noisemaker P.C. board & manual$34.95 + 50C shipping

noisemaker II P.C. board & manual$34.95 + 50$ shipping

Please specify which versionwhen ordering.

Illinois residents add sales tax"Apple is trademark ot Apple Computer, Inc.

Write for details on the new ADS

sound effects interpreter,

the "Sound Writer"

100 PRINT

"S P E

C I

110 PRINT

: PRINT

,, "1

120 PRINT

:PRINT

11 fl

f f c

130 PRINT

:PRINT

,,"3

140 PRINT

:PRINT

,,"4

150 PRINT

:PRINT

IICf t -J.

Listing 1: Menu-driven program to produce equation plots, histograms, or regressiongraphs. In order to run correctly, this program needs the subroutines from listing 1 ofPart 1 of this article added to it.

5 REM KV 5 REM GRAPHS. <C) R. W. GR0G0ND. AUGUST 1979

6 REM HISTOGRAM, REGRESSION, EQUATION, VI46 RESTORE :CLEAR 200:DIM I$<12)

50 DATA 1,2, 6, 4: FOR 1= 1T0 4: READ COLOUR CD :NEXT I90 PLOT 29, 27,24,15,14, 2, 255,6,1,12, 3,16,3: REM CLEAR PAGEA L GRAPH S":PRINT

CREATE HISTOGRAM"

LINEAR REGRESSION"

PLOT EQUATION"

ERASE/REVIEW IMAGES"

MAIN MENU"

190 PLOT 10,10,9, 9, 9, 9: INPUT "ENTER *: "; CHOICE200 ON CHOICEGOSUB 2000, 4000,1000, 7000, 220: GOTO 5220 LOAD "MENU":RUN

490 REM WRITE EQUATION AT 500, EG: 500 V= ST2 - 3* X510 RETURN

990 REM

991 REM

992 REM SUBROUTINE TO PLOT EQUATION

993 REM

1000 DIM ARRAY(25,1>:REM PLOT EQUATION

1010 TITLE$= ""

1020 GOSUB 10108.REM EQUATION SUB

1030 PRINT :PRINT ,, :INPUT "X-BflRS OR LINE: "tI*

1035 K= 1- <I$= "X")

1040 GOSUB 9000:ON KGOSUB 11100,11200:GOSUB 11900

1042 GOSUB 11800:IF K$= "C'THEN 104O:REM COLOR SELECT

1045 PLOT 3, 0, 31, 6,4,11,3,15, 31

1050 INPUT "NEW EQUATION, RANGE,

"E"THEN PLOT 12

"R"THEN 1020

"S"THEN GOSUB 11500

"M"THEN RETURN

'.; I*

Ackerman Digital Systems, Inc.

110 N. York Rd., Suite 208Elmhurst, 111.60126 (312)530-8992

JAVE OR MENU:1060 IF I$=1070 IF I*=1075 IF I*=

1085 IF I$=

1086 GOTO 1045

1190 REM

1191 REM

1192 REM SUBROUTINE TO ANALVSE DATA AND PLOT HISTOGRAM

1193 REM

2000 GOSUB 10000:REM HISTOGRAM

2010 RXIS= O:GOSUB 10210:GOSUB 10310

2015 IF HIGH(0» BIG(0>THEN 2020

2017 BIG<0)= BIGC0H JUMPC0.V 2.GOSUB 10310

2020 PLOT 6,6,12, 3,8,5: PR I NT "THE HISTOGRAM WILL EXTEND FROM ";

2030 PR I NT LOW (0> :■ " TO "; HIGH C 0): PR I NT : PR I NT

2040 PRINT , "SELECT NUMBER OF COLUMNS IN HISTOGRAM: ":PRINT

2050 DATA " 4"," 6", " 8", "12", "16", "24"

2060 RESTORE 2050:PRINT :F0R 1= 1T0 6:READ COLUMNS*

2070 PRINT ,,"";CHR* (64+ I);" ".; COLUMNS*;" COLUMNS"

2880 PRINT :NEXT I

2110 PRINT ,, : INPUT "SELECT A - F: ";.J*:J= ASC (J*)- 64:REM

2120 IF J< 10R J> 6THEN PLOT 28,11.GOTO 2110

2130 RESTORE 2050:FOR 1= 1T0 J.READ COLUMNS*:NEXT I

2140 COLUMNS' VAL (COLUMNS*)

Listing 1 continued on page 102

Circle 171 on inquiry card.

Please send your free software catalog.

(Check which software is of particular interest)

H C COMPILER. Optimized native code for VAX 11/780, PDP-11, LSI-11, Z80,B085, 8080. Full C language as defined in Kemighan and Ritchie, with com-prehensive portable library. Cross compilers available. Runs under VMS,IAS, RSX-11D, RSX-11M, RSTS/E, RT-11, UNIX, Idris, CDOS, CP/M. From $600

3 IDRIS OPERATING SYSTEM. System calls and file system identical toUNIX V6, including pipelines. Utilities include shell, editor, assembler,loader, archiver, compare, copy, grep, etc., plus system utilities for filesystem maintenance. Runs on LSI-11, PDP-11. From $1000.

D PASCAL COMPILER. Optimized native code for VAX 11/780, PDP-11,LSI-11, Z80, 8085, 8080. Full Pascal language as defined in Jensen andi/Virth, with standard library. Includes C compiler and portable library,permitting intermixed C and Pascal. Cross compilers available. Runsunder VMS, IAS, RSX-11D, RSX-11M, RSTS/E, RT-11, UNIX, Idris, CDOS,CP/M. From $750.

Name_

Company^

Street

City

_State_

_Zip_

IrJrts is a trademark of Whitesmiths Ltd.UNIX is a trademark of Bell LaboratoriesCP/M is a trademark of Digital Research Co.

VMS. RSX-11. RT-11. RSTS/E. VAX.PDP-11. LSI-11 are trademarks of DigitalEquipment Corporation.

Whitesmiths, Ltd

Software for grownups.(212)799-1200

RO.B. 1132 Ansonia Station, New York, N.Y. 10023

By Natronlcs

ASCII/BAUDOT,STAND ALONE

Computer ~95

Terminal ±*rU

Terminal

The Netronics ASCII/BAUDOT Computer Terminal Kit is amicroprocessor-controlled, stand alone keyboard/terminalrequring no computer memory or software. It allows the use ofeither a 64 or 32 character by 16 line professional display for-mat with selectable baud rate, RS232-C or 20 ma. output, fullcursor control and 75 ohm composite video output.

The keyboard follows the standard typewriter configurationand generates the entire 128 character ASCII upper/lower caseset with 96 printable characters. Features include onboardregulators, selectable parity, shift lock key, alpha lock jumper,a drive capability of one TTY load, and the ability to matedirectly with almost any computer, including the new Ex-plorer/85 and ELF products by Netronics.

The Computer Terminal requires no I/O mapping andincludes Ik of memory, character generator, 2 key rollover,processor controlled cursor control, parallel ASCII/BAUDOTto serial conversion and serial to video processing—fullycrystal controlled for superb accuracy. PC boards are thehighest quality glass epoxy for the ultimate in reliability andlong life.

VIDEO DISPLAY SPECIFICATIONS

The heart of the Netronics Computer Terminal is the micro-processor-controlled Netronics Video Display Board (VID)which allows the terminal to utilize either a parallel ASCII orBAUDOT signal source. The VID converts the parallel data toserial data which is then formatted to either RS232-C or 20 ma.current loop output, which can be connected to the serial I/Oon your computer or other interface, i.e., Modem.

When connected to a computer, the computer must echo thecharacter received. This data is received by the VID whichprocesses the information, converting to data to video suitableto be displayed on a TV set tusing an RF modulator) or on avideo monitor. The VID generates the cursor, horizontal andvertical sync pulses and performs the housekeeping relative towhich character and where it is to be displayed on the screen.Video Output: 1.5 P/P into 75 ohm (EIA RS-170) • Baud Rale:110 and 300 ASCII • Outputs: RS232-C or 20 ma. current loop• ASCII Character Set: 128 printable characters—

■fft rtvxyvtWofio in"*1**/ !«♦*

!'m4/()*+,-./0123456789: ;<=>?

WBC0EFGHI3KLrl«r^RSTUUyXVZC\lA_

vabcdef9hijklAnoNrstuwxyz{t}*l

RSTUVWXYZ-?:*3$tt().,90l4!57;2/68*Cursor Modes: Home, Backspace, Horizontal Tab, Line Feed,Vertical Tab, Carriage Return. Two special cursor sequencesare provided for absolute and relative X- Y cursor addressing •Cursor Control: Erase, End of Line, Erase of Screen, FormFeed, Delete • Monitor Operation: 50 or 60Hz (jumperselectable.

Continental U.S.A. Credit Card Buyers Outside Connecticut

CALL TOLL FREE 800-243-7428

_ _ To Order From Connecticut Or For TechnicalAssistance, Etc. Call (203) 354-9375

—n

I Netronics R&D Ltd., Dept. B12333 Litchfield Road, New Milford, CT 06776

| Please send the items checked below—

ID Netronics Stand Alone ASCII Keyboard/ComputerTerminal Kit. $149.95 plus $3.00 postage & handling.ID Deluxe Steel Cabinet for Netronics Keyboard/Termi-nal In Blue/Black Finish, $19.95 plus $2.50 postageIand handling.D Video Display Board Kit alone (less keyboard), $89.95

I plus $3 postage & handling.D 12" Video Monitor (10 MHz bandwidth) fully assem-Ibled and tested, $139.95 plus $5 postage and handling.D RF Modulator Kit (to use your TV set for a monitor),

I $8.95 postpaid.D 5 amp Power Supply Kit In Deluxe Steel CabinetI(±8VDC @ 5 amps, plus 6-8 VAC), $39.95 plus $2postage & handling.I Total Enclosed (Conn. res. add sales tax) $.By-

IO Personal Check D Cashiers Check/Money OrderD Visa D Master Charge (BankS )

I Acct. | __ Signature _

I Print

| Name

I

_Exp. Date .

City.

Listing

21502166217021802200221022202225223022402250226022702280229023002310232023302340235023552360237023752380238523903990399139923993

40004010

403040354040405040604070407540854690440044104420443044404450447944804490450045104520

1 continued:

FOR 1= 1T0 COLUMNS:RRRflV(Ll)= 0:NEXT I:REM ZERO SUMS

JUMP= SCRLEC0V COLUMNS:FOR ITEM= 1T0 NUMBER

GROUP* 1+ INT (<ARRAY<ITEM,0>- LOW(0)>/ JUMP)

ARRAV<GR0UP, 1>= ARRAYX GROUP, 1>+ 1:NEXT ITEM

PLOT 6,C0L0UR(1),12:AXIS= 0:GOSUB 11400

G0SUB 11900:RXIS= 1:G0SUB 10210:REM BIG<1)

DEF FN E(I)= EXP (- <(MEAN<0>- I)" 2/ <2* DEVIATE)" 2)))

DEF FN F(I)= DEVIRTC0)* COLUMNS* 2.50663

DEF FN G(D= NUMBER* SCRLE(0>* FN Ed)/ FN FCD:REM GAUSS

IF FN GO1ERNC0)» BIGCDTHEN BIG<1)= FN G(MEflN(0))

G0SUB 9020:REM FRRME

PLOT 6,C0L0UR(4):REM GAUSSIAN CURVE

FOR 1= LOW(0)TO HIGH(0)STEP <HIGHC8>- LOW<0)>/ 24

AXIS= 0:PLACE= I:G0SUB 10700

AXIS= 1:PLACE= FN G(I):G0SUB 10700

ON 1- (1= L0W(8))G0SUB 11020,11010:NEXT I

FOR RXIS= 6T0 1:PLRCE= LOW(RXIS):G0SUB 10700:NEXT AXIS

PLOT 6,C0L0URG):G0SUB 11818:FOR 1= 1T0 C0L0UMNS:REM HIST0

AXIS= 1:PLRCE= RRRRY<I, RXIS>:G0SUB 10700:G0SUB 11828

AXIS= 0:PLRCE= L0W<AXIS)+ I* JUMP:G0SUB 10706:G0SUB 11028

AXIS= 1:PLACE= L0W<fiXIS):G0SUB 16780:G0SUB 11020:NEXT I

G0SUB 11908:G0SUB 11800:IF K*= "C'THEN 2010:REM COLORS

PLOT 3,9, 31,6,4,11, 3,15, 31

INPUT "NEW DATA, HISTOGRAM, SAVE OR MENU: M$

IF I*= "M"THEN RETURN

IF I*> "D"THEN 5

IF I*= "S"THEN G0SUB 11509:GOTO 2355

ON - (I$= "H")G0T0 2010:GOTO 2355

REM

REM

REM SUBROUTINE TO ANALYSE DATA AND PLOT REGRESSION

REM

G0SUB 16000:REM DATA FOR LINEAR REGRESSION

G0SUB 4400:REM BORDERS AND LINE

G0SUB 11800:G0SUB 11980:REM POINT PLOT AND PAUSE

G0SUB 11808:IF K*= "C'THEN G0SUB 4730:GOTO 4*38:REM COLORS

PLOT 3, 0, 31, 6, 4,11,3,15, 31

INPUT "NEW DfiTR, REGRESSION, SAVE OR MENU: ".; I*

"D"THEN 5

"R"THEN 4018

"S"THEN G0SUB 11508:GOTO 4040IF I*= "M"THEN RETURNGOTO 4040

7:REM SELECT REGRESSION

IF I*=IF I*=IF I*=

REG

V = AX1C-TY =

R E S S I 0 N":PRINT :PRINT+ B", ""AX + B"

, "10'"

L0G18CV) = AX + B", "LOGaO)"1/V = AX + B", "1/"

_Zip

PLOT 6, 47,14,12, 3,1

PRINT "S E L E C T

DATA "LINEAR:

DATA "EXPONENTIAL:

DATA "LOGARITHMIC:

DATA "RECIPROCAL:

TITLES= 4

RESTORE 4428:FOR 1= 1T0 TITLES:READ TITLE*, PREFIX*

PLOT 18,9,9: PRINT I, TITLE*: NEXT I

PRINT :PRINT ,,,:INPUT "SELECT REGRESSION: ";J

IF ,K 10R ,T> TITLESTHEN PLOT 28,11, 28: GOTO 4588

RESTORE 4428:FOR 1= 1T0 J:READ TITLE*, PREFIX*:NEXT I

ON JG0T0 4538, 4548, 4558,4568

Listing 1 continued on 106

mm mat mmm D Send Me More Information ibm §■■■ J102 December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

For years many small business system buyersthought that in order to get "real" performanceand enough storage to be a "real" business systemthey would have to sacrifice the family jewels.

But with the introduction of the Smoke SignalChieftain series office computers a lot of people'sminds have been changed.

Because we designed the highly reliableChieftain small business system with the mostinnovative combination of performance and effi-ciency around.

At your fingertips there are 64,000 charactersof random access memory and you can addressanywhere from 740,000 characters to 2 millioncharacters with Smoke Signals's new double den-sity controller. For larger concerns, there's a 20Mbyte hard disk available.

At a time when other small computer manu-facturers tell you "you're on your own", SmokeSignal offers an abundance of easy-to-use softwareprograms such as order entry, inventory control.

accounts receivable, invoice entry, payroll, wordprocessing and much, much more. There's BASIC,COBOL and FORTRAN — even a multi-user BOS(Business Operating System) that allows fornumerous users simultaneously.

Chieftain systemsstarting at under $200.00per month display per-formance on par with sys-tems costing twice tothree times as much.

So call (213) 889-9340for your nearest autho-rized Smoke Signal dealerdemonstrate the Chieftain's high reliability and

ease of operation. For dealers only, circle 68

he'll be glad to

All other inquiries, circle 67

SMOKE SIGNAL

BROADCASTING

31336 Via Colinaa. Westlake Village. California 91361. (213) 889-9340

4FEW

OF THE FEATURES

THOTGVETEMK

THEEDGER1

PRICE PERFORrTUIKE

While some of the features ofTerak's new 8600 can be found inother computer graphic systems,no other system in the $5K-$20Kprice class (and even those costingthousands more) provides a com-parable combination of featuresand benefits. Features such as

Low Entry Cost The basic8600 color system is priced at about$15,000. It can be upgraded tohigher resolution and a greaternumber of colors, but even fullyexpanded it still comes in at lessthan $19,000.

Or, you can start with a blackand white system for less than$8,500 and upgrade to color at anytime by the addition of a colorprocessor and monitor.

m

SimultaneousGraphic/Text Display

The 8600 offers outstandingcontrol and formatting of bothgraphics and text. Completelyunder user control, the multiplememory planes permit simul-taneous display and indepen-dent manipulation of text andgraphics to achieve specialeffects such as overlays, scroll-ing and zoning. This capa-bility, in conjunction withTerak's unique flexible charac-ter generation, enables the8600 to present visual displaysthat are unequalled by anyother system of its class.

Broad Spectrumof Color Selection

The number of color mapsand the colors in each map iscompletely under softwarecontrol. With a 6-plane mem-ory (640 x 480 x 6), up to 64colors can be displayed on thescreen simultaneously. Witha 3-plane memory (320 x 240 x3), up to 8 simultaneous colorscan be displayed from anyone of eight color maps. Theoutput of the color map pro-duces eight levels each for red,blue and green. The resultis the selection of 512 possiblelevels ol intensity, saturationand hue. Switching from mapto map is under softwarecontrol.

,

u\.l. \t> « ■

Zoning

The 8600 m

divided into a maximum ofvariable In ,i

typical on, the up]

thi- iph

ics while the lower zoniplays text. The texscrolled or slow scrolled whilethe graphics are chnicide with the lexl

Dual Processors For Speed andFlexibility The two 16-bit proces-sors (each with its own memory)are assigned those tasks which theycan accomplish most efficiently andwith the fastest throughput. Theresult is more available user spacein memory faster processing andincreased flexibility of operation.

DEC Based Hardware andSoftware The DEC based hard-ware and software includes theLSI-H main processor, RT-H oper-ating system and Q bus compati-bility. As a result, the 8600 willsupport a variety of software andeasily integrates peripheral devices.

USCD Pascal, Too The 8600also supports the easy to use USCDPascal operating system for pro-

gram development, text editing,word processing and interactiveapplications.

Siggraph Core Standards, 2D1Level Graphic support is pro-vided for USCD Pascal and RT-11for Fortran, Basic and Pascal.

The Other Reasons? Add suchthings as graphics display listprocessing, a high resolution quad-rant, four modes of display blank-ing, emulation, remote on-linediagnostics, etc. The list goes onand on. But to fully appreciatethe system you should see one inaction. We'll be happy to set upan appointment. Just contact us.

CORPORATION

14151 North 76th StreetScottsdale, Arizona 85260(602) 998-4800

Circle 69 on inquiry card.

COLOR O.SFIHV .. .. .

tir.iit •uiciuimmuHMiim u*AiWM>wii*—'n

;: ."-■■U>: ^ntnHUiiiqttimli

..- II .'. lift .;!V. !•,,...„. -

IBIC1 IipilHl'MliTrtiiilliif! M1»l):il>»M1ilMn)1ll!/t

Flexible

Character Generation

Jnlike the rigid cell sizes oflany graphic display systems,the SoOO character generationis under sol (ware control.laracters can be programmedany size or shape includingdie creation and display ofireign languages such as

1 lebrevv, Russian, etc.,

Fill Algorithms

Terak's fill algorithms are fastand allows you to fill the insideof simple or complex geometricfigures without calculating points.This not only helps define charts,graphs, etc., but greatly enhancesthe appearance of presentationmaterial.

DYNAMICFEATURES

The 8600 also offers severaldynamic features that areimpossible to illustrate andmust be seen to fully appreciate.

Smooth or Line Scrolling

The speed of the vertical,bi-directional scrolling is underoperator control. It can beslowed down for text editingor speeded up for search. And,unlike most terminals thatjump a line at a time, the 8600moves in increments of onescan line. The result is a smoothmoving text that is easy to read.

External Video Synch

The 8600 can be synchronizedto receive externally generatedRGB signals or transmit 8600signals to external video moni-tors. This lets you combineand/or overlay internally andexternally generated charactersand graphics onto a singlescreen if mixing hardware isincorporated in the system.

■ ■

The days of complicated, unreliable,dynamic RAM are gone:

the ultrabyte memory board

$199.

QU I complete kit Iw «« ^w'rA IBKmemoryf

Metronics consistently offers innovative products at un-beatable prices. And here we go again —with JAWS,the ultrabyte 64K S100 memory board.ONE CHIP DOES IT ALLJAWS solves the problems of dynamic RAM with astate-of-the-art chip from Intel that does it all. Intel'ssingle chip 64K dynamic RAM controller eliminateshigh-current logic parts . . . delay lines . . . massiveheat sinks. .. unreliable trick circuits.REMARKABLE FEATURES OF JAWSLook what JAWS offers you: Hidden refresh . . . fastperformance... low power consumption . . . latcheddata outputs ... 200 NS 4116 RAMs . . . on-boardcrystal. . . 8K bank selectable . . . fully socketed . . .solder mask on both sides of board . . . designed for8080, 8085, and Z80 bus signals. . . works in Explorer,Sol, Horizon, as well as all other well-designed S100computers.

I GIVE YOURCOMPUTER A BIGBYTE Of MEMORY |POWERWITHJAWS—SAVEUPTOS90 OftINTRODUCTORY LIMITED-OFFER SPECIAL PRICES! |

UNDECIDED? TRY A WIRED ISK JAWS IN YOUR COMPUTER ON OUR10-DAY MONEY- BACK OFFER (SPECIFYYOUR COMPUTER!.

CONTINENTAL U.S.A. CREDIT CAflO BUYERS OUTSIDE CI1NNECTICUTCAU

From Connecticut Or Far AstiiUnc

LRiNETRONICS;

CALL TOLL FREE 800-243-7428

From COHIHtltcut Or far ftnitWttt, (203) 354-9375 Qep!

"■RESEARCH & B12IDEVELOPMENTLTD

333 Litchfield Road, New Milford.CT 06776Please send the items checked below:

□ JAWS 16K RAM kit, No. 6416, $199.96.*

□ JAWS 16K RAM fully assembled, tested, burned in,No. 6416W, S229.95.*

□ JAWS 32K RAM kit, No. 6432, (reg. price $329.95),SPECIAL PRICE $299.95*

G JAWS 32K RAM fully assembled, tested, burned in,No. 6432W, (reg. price $369.95), SPECIAL PRICE$339.95.*

□ JAWS48K RAM kit. No. 6443, (reg. price $459.95),SPECIAL PRICE $399.95.*

□ JAWS 48K fully assembled, tested, burned in, No.6448W, (reg. price $509.95), SPECIAL PRICE$449.95.*

D JAWS B4K RAM kit, No. 6464, (reg. price $589.95),SPECIAL PRICE $499.95.*

□ JAWS 64K RAM fully assembled, tested, burned in.No. 6464W, (reg. price $649.95), SPECIAL PRICE$559.95.*

□ Expansion kit, JAWS 16K RAM module, to expandany of the above in 16K blocks up to 64K, No. 16EXP,$129.95.*

*AII prices plus $2 postage and handling. Connecticutresidents add sales tax.Total enclosed:$

□ Personal Check D Money order or Cashiers Check

D VISA □ MASTER CHARGE (Bank No )

Acct. No. Exp. Date

Signature

Print Name

Address

City

State Zip

O Send me more information

Listing 1 continued:

4539 DEF FN F(D= I:GOTO 4680:REM LINEAR

4548 DEF FN F(D= 10" I:GOTO 4680:REM EXPONENTIAL

4550 DEF FN F(D= LOG (IV 2. 30253:GOTO 4600:REM LOG BASE 10

4568 DEF FN F(I)= 1/ I:GOTO 4600:REM RECIPROCAL

4680 XYSUM= 0:REM PREPARE REGRESSION

4610 FOR ITEM= 1T0 NUMBER:RRRfiY(ITEM,1)= FN FC ARRAY (ITEM, 2))

4620 XYSUM= XY5UM+ ARRAY(ITEM,0)* ARRAYCITEM,!) :NEXT ITEM

4625 LABEL*<1)= PREFIX** LABEL*(2):PLOT 6, COLOUR(1), 12

4630 FOR AXIS= 0TO 1:G0SUB 11400:NEXT AXIS

4640 1= NUMBER* XYSUM- SUH(0)* SUM<1)

4645 SLOPE* 1/ (NUMBER* SQUARESUMcO)- SUM(8)" 2)

4650 INCEPT= (SUM(i)- SLOPE* SUM(8))/ NUMBER

4660 COEFFICIENT= SLOPE* DEVIAT(8)/ DEVI AT CD

4662 PLOT 3,20,1?:PRINT "SLOPE: ";SLOPE

4664 PLOT 3,20,13:PRINT "INTERCEPT: ";INCEPT

4666 PLOT 3, 20, 21: PR I NT "CORR. COEFF : ".; COEFFICIENT

4668 GOSUB 11300

4670 GOSUB 10200:REM BIG & LITTLE

4680 ARRAY(NUMBER+ 1,0)= LITTLEC8)

4630 ARRAY(NUMBER* 1,1)= INCEPT+ SLOPE* ARRAY(NUMBER* 1,0)

4700 ARRAY(NUMBER+ 2,0)= BIGC0)

4710 ARRAY(NUMBER+ 2,1)= INCEPT+ SLOPE* ARRAY(NUMBER+ 2,0)

4720 NUMBER= NUMBER+ 2:GOSUB 10200:NUMBER= NUMBER- 2:REM LIMITS

4730 GOSUB 3820:PLOT 6, C0L0UR(4):REM PREPARE GRAPH

4748 FOR ITEM= NUMBER+ 1T0 NUMBER+ 2:F0R AXIS= 0TO l.REtt LINE

4750 PLACE= ARRAY(ITEM, AXIS):GOSUB 1870O:NEXT AXIS

4760 ON 2+ (ITEM= NUMBER+ DGOSUB 11010,11028:NEXT ITEM:RETURN

11332 REM

11333 REM

11334 REM

11335 REM

11336 REM CALCULATES MEAH(AXIS)

11337 REM AND PRINTS: DEVIAT(AXIS)

11338 REM ERR(AXIS)11333 REM

11400 SUM(AXIS)= 0:SQUARESUM(AXri11485 FOP ITEM= 1T0 NUMBER11487 SUM(AXIS)= SUM(AXIS)+ ARRAY(ITEM,AXIS)11418 SQUARESUM(AXIS)= SQUARESUM(AXIS)+ ARRAY(ITEM, AXIS)" 211415 NEXT ITEM

11420 MEANCAXIS)= SUMCAXIS)/ NUMBER11438 1= SfiUARESUM(AXIS)- SUM(AXIS)'" 2/ NUMBER11448 DEVIAT(AXIS)= SOR (1/ (NUMBER- D)11458 ERR(AXIS)= DEVIAT(AXIS)/ SQR (NUMBER)11468 1= 28+ 20* AXIS:PLOT 3,1+ 3,5:PRINT LHBEL*(AXIS)11465 PLOT 3, 0,3:PRINT "MEAN:":PLOT 3,1, 3:PRINT MEAN(AXIS)

:, 8,11: PR I NT "STAN. DEV.":, I,11:PRINT DEVIAT(AXIS)U 8,13: PR I NT "STAN. ERROR:":, 1, 13: PR I NT ERR (AX IS): RETURN

SUBROUTINE TO ANALYZE ARRAY(NUMBER, AXIS)

0:REM STATISTICS

11478 PLOT11475 PLOT11488 PLOT11485 PLOT

11435 REM

11436 REM

11437 REM

11438 REM11433 REM

11588 PLOT 6, COLOUR(2), 3,8,31,11:REM SAVE ON DISK

11548 PLOT 27, 4: PR I NT "SAVE SCREEN. DIS 6800-6FFF" :PL0T 27,2

11550 RETURN

ABBREVIATED SUBROUTINETO SAVE IMAGES

106

December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 70 on inquiry card.

SupetScft First in Software Technology

ENHANCED 'TINY' PASCAL

We still call it 'Tiny' but it's bigger and better than ever! This isthe Famous Chung/Yuen 'Tiny' Pascal with more features includ-ing recursive procedures/functions & disk I/O.'Tiny' Pascal is fast. Programs execute up to ten times fasterthan similar BASIC programs.

SOURCE TOO! We still distribute source, in 'Tiny' Pascal, oneach discette sold. You can even recompile the compiler, addfeatures or just gain insight into compiler construction.

'Tiny' Pascal is perfect for writing text processors, real timecontrol systems, virtually any application which requires highspeed. Requires: 36K CP/M. Supplied with complete user manualand source on discette: $85.00 Manual alone $10.00

StackWork's FORTH

A full, extended FORTH interpreter/compiler produces COMPACT,

ROMABLE code. As fast as compiled FORTRAN, as easy to use

as interactive BASIC.

SELF COMPILING: Includes every line of source code necessary

to recompile itself.

EXTENSIBLE: Adds functions at will.

Z80or 8080 ASSEMBLER included

Single license, OEM licensing available

Please specify CPU type: Z80 or 8080

Requires:32K CP/M.

Supplied with extensive user manual and tutorial: $150.00

Documentation alone: $25.00

Protect your software investment by buying source! Prevent obsolescence, create custom versions,or use our systems as sources for 'library functions!

The source code for all our programs, including the ones on this page, is available from us, eitherat additional cost, or if noted, included in the price. The programs on this page are distributed withmachine readable source at no additional cost.

SUPERSOFT

Your Source forSOURCE

TFS-Text Formatting System

An extremely powerful formatter. More than 50 commands. Supportsall major features including:

• left & right margin justification • user defined macros

• dynamic insertion from disk file • underlining and backspaceTFS lets you make multiple copies of any text. For example:Personalized form letters complete with name & address & otherinsertions from a disk file. Text is not limited to the size of RAMmaking TFS perfect for reports or any big job.

Text is entered using CP/M standard editor or most any CP/Mcompatible editor. TFS will link completely with Super-M-Listmaking personalized form letters easy.

Requires: 24K CP/M

Source to TFS in 8080 assembler (can be assembled usingstandard CP/M assembler) plus user manual: $250.00.

Object code only with user manual: $85.00

Manual alone: $20.00

TERM

A complete intercommunications package for linking your computerto other computers. Link either to other CP/M computers or tolarge timesharing systems. TERM is comparable to other systemsbut costs less, delivers more and source is provided on discette!With TERM you can send and receive ASCII and Hex files(COM too, with included conversion program) with any otherCP/M computer which has TERM or compatible package. Allowsreal time communication between users on separate systems aswell as acting as timesharing terminal.

• Engage/disengage printer • send files

• error checking and auto retry • receive files

• terminal mode for timesharing between systems

• conversational modeRequires: 32K CP/M.

■Supplied with user manual and 8080 source code: $110.00Manual alone: $15.00

CP/M Formats: 8" soft sectored, 5" Northstar,5" Micropolis Mod II, Vector MZ

*CP/M REGISTERED TRADEMARK DIGITAL RESEARCH

SUPERSOFT ASSOCIATES • PO.BOX1628- CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820

(217)359-2112

OUR PRICES

ARETOO LOW

TOADVERTISE!

CHECK THEM—CALL TOLL FREE!

800-243-7428

LOOK WHAT WE OFFER!

• HAZELTINE

Terminals

• CENTRONICS

Printers

• LEAR SIEGLER

Terminals/Printers

• DATAPRODUCTS

Printers

• ANADEX

Printers

BE SMART-DON'T BUYUNTIL YOUCHECK OURPRICES!

MASTERCHARGE

VISA COD

PERSONAL CHECK. MONEY ORDER

I3MVETR0NICS

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT, LTD.

333 Litchfield Rd., New Milford, CT 06776

Listing 2: Programs for monthly analysis graph. Because this program modifies some ofthe previously written subroutines, this program should be added to the subroutinesgiven in listing 1 of Part 1 of this article. (If the subroutines are added to this listing, theprogram will not run correctly.)

5 REM KV 5 REM GRAPHS. CO R. W. GROGONO. AUG. 1979

6 REM MONTHLY ANALYSIS FOR UP TO 7 YEARS40 RESTORE :CLEAR 280:DIM I*(12)

56 DATA 1, 2,1, 2, 4, 6, 3, 5, 7: FOR 1= 1T0 9: READ COLOURd >: NEXT I96 PLOT 29. 27,24,15,14, 2, 255,6,1,12, 2,16, 3: REM CLEAR PAGE

98 REM

99 REM

252 PRINT "M 0 NTHL V C 0 M PARI S 0 N":PRINT254 PRINT :PRINT ,,"THIS PROGRAM ALLOWS YOU TO"

, "ENTER PROFITS OR INCOME ETC"

, "MONTHLY FOR UP TO 7 YEARS. "PLOT 10,10,10, 9, 9: PR I NT "VOL! CAN START AND FINISH"

"iCT

&z< PRINT : PR I NT256 PRINT :PRINT

£DI

258 PRINT :PRINT

259 PRINT :PRINT26U PRINT :PRINT261 PRINT264 PRINT

266 PRINT

267 PRINT

:PRINT:PRINT:PRINT:PRINT

,"PART WAY THROUGH THE FIRST"

,"AND LAST YEARS RESPECTIVELY"

,"BY ENTERING THE NUMBERS OF"

, "OF THESE MONTHS. "

PRINT ,,"1. CREATE GRAPH":REM

, "2. ERASE/REVIEW OLD GRAPHS"

,"1 RETURN TO MAIN MENU".PRINT :PRINT ,,,

268 INPUT "ENTER 1-3: ";I:IF 1= 2THEN GOSUB 7080:GOTO 5

270 IF 1= 3THEN LOAD "MENU":RUN

272 PLOT 12, 3,16,5: INPUT "ENTER # OF YEARS: ";N

274 FOR Y= 1T0 N.PLOT 6, Y, 10, 9, 9:PRINT "ENTER YEAR NUMBER".; V;

275 INPUT ": "; Y*CV> :NEXT V:PL0T 10, 9, 6,1: PRINT "FOR YEAR ",•

276 PRINT Y$(l).i : INPUT ", ENTER # OF FIRST MONTH, 1-12: "^ FIRST

277 PLOT 18, 9,6, N: PR I NT "FOR YEAR ";Y*(N)i

278 INPUT ", ENTER # OF LAST MONTH, 1-12: ";LAST

279 GOSUB 10000:FOR Y= 1T0 N:GOSUB 10038:NEXT V

280 LITTLE(8>= 0:BIG<8>= 12

281 LITTLE(1>= ARRAY(FIRST, 2):BIG(1>= ARRAV(FIRSL2)

282 FOR Y= 1T0 N:F0R ITEM= 1TO 12

283 ARRAV(ITEM, 1)= ARRAYCITEM,Y+ 1):REM COPY NEXT YEAR

284 NEXT ITEN:AXIS= 1:G0SUB 18215:NEXT Y:REM FIND BIG, LITTLE

285 GOSUB 680:REM SELECT ZERO END FOR Y-AXIS

286 GOSUB 10588:REM FRAME

287 FOR Y= 1T0 N:F= 1:IF Y= 1THEN F= FIRST

288 L= 12:IF V= NTHEN L= LAST

300 FOR ITEM= FTO L:ARRAY<ITEM,1)= ARRAY(ITEM,Y+ 1)

382 NEXT ITEM

328 GOSUB 11180:REM LINE

322 PLOT 3,59,20+ N- V* 3:PRI NT V*(V>:REM YEAR IN GRAPH-COLOR

324 NEXT Y:GOSUB 115O0:REM SAVE

325 GOSUB 11880:IF K$= "C'THEN GOTO 286:REM COLORS

338 PLOT 3,15, 31: INPUT "ENTER A TO ALTER Y-AXIS ZERO: ".; I*

348 IF I$= "A"THEN 288:REM NEW ZERO

350 GOTO 5

680 PLOT 6

682 PRINT

610 PRINT

620 PRINT

638 PRINT

6,14,12, 3,16,5: PRINT LABELED: PLOT 15, 6,1,18,18

,"SELECT LENGTH OF SCALE":PRINT

PRINT ,,"1. WITH ORIGIN STARTING AT ZERO"

PRINT ,,"2. MAXIMUM ENLARGEMENT"

PRINT ,,, : INPUT "SELECT 1 OR 2: "} I648 IF 1= 1THEN LITTLE(1>= 8658 GOSUB 18308:RETURN :REM SCALE VALUES

Listing 2 continued on page 110

108 December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

MokeVourDreamsCome True

Imagine sitting down ot your computersystem and developing thot specializedapplication you've always dreamedabout — with absolutelyno programming!

Now you can with PRISM™ — the firstData Base Management System thatprovides the Total Solution to yourinformation management needs. UJithPRISM™, you can have your applicationup and running in a matter of minutes -not months.

PRISM requires CP/M and CBRSIC (CP/M is o registeredtrademark of Digital Research. C6( iSIC is a trademark ofCompiler Systems.)

PRISM's flexibility and ease of use orecombined with its full spectrum offeatures and capabilities to moke it theideal DBMS for a wide range of businessapplications. Mailing Lists, PatientRecords, Real 6state Listings, and ClientBillings are just a few of the possibilities.And PRISM™ provides the guolity,performance, and affordability you hovecome to expect from MAG softwareproducts.

To find out how your dreoms conbecome realities, see your PRISM™dealer today.

Micro Applications Group, 7300 CaldusAvenue, Van Nuys, California 91406,(213) 881-8076.

PRisrui

TNI

"The Total Solution" [fUlME

® MAG 1980

Circle 71 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980 109

Now-Break Through The 64KMicro-Memory Limit!

SIXTEEN

Bank Selectable 16K Static RAM

SAVE $50.QO

LIMITED TIME OFFER

Don'! buy any more antique RAMs (RAM withoutbank select) — now there's Netronic's newSWEET SIXTEEN board featuring a universal soft-ware bank select system. SWEET SIXTEEN iscapable of addressing 2,048 different banks.With SWEET SIXTEEN boards you can add mem-ory beyond the 64K limit, or expand to a multi-terminal system.

LOOK AT THESE FEATURES:

• 300 NS. low power 2114s.

• Software Bank Selector — Universal decoderworks with Cromenco, Alpha Micro. Netrooics. mostother systems, or your design. Onboard dipswitches: Bank Select Enable,- Reset Enable, ResetDisable; Port Address,- Port Data.

• All Inputs And Outputs meet the proposed IEEEstandards for the S-100 bus.

• 4.0 MHz Operation.

• Schmitt Trigger Buffer on all signals for maximumnoise immunity.

• Addressable On 16k Boundaries, 0-64k, dipswitch selectable.

• Phantom Option, dip switch selectable.

• PWR/MWRITE Option, dip switch selectable.

• LED Indicator to display status,

• Glass Epoxy PC Board with gold-plated contactsand double-sided solder mask.

• Fully Socketed.

• Four Separate Regulators for maximum stability.

10-Day Money-Back Policy For Wired & TestedUnit: Try a tully wired board — then either keep it,return it for kit, or simply return it in working condi-

11011 Continental U.S.A. Credit Card Buyers

■ ■■■■■■■■■■ Outside Connecticut: ■■■■■■■■■■■!

CALL TOLL FREE:800-243-7428

From Connecticut Or Fnr Assistance:I2D3) 354-9375Please send the items checked below:Q SWEET SIXTEEN kit; No. S-16 . (reg. price

$249.95) now S199.95*D SWEET SIXTEEN, fully assembled, tested,burned in; No. S-16W . . . (reg. price S289.95)nowS239.95**Plus S2 postage b insurance. Connecticut residentsadd sales tax.Total Enclosed: S

□ Personal Check D Money Order/Cashier's Check

n VISA □ Master Charge (Bank No. )

Accl. No. Exp. Date

Signature

Print

Name

Address

City

State

-Zip

ISNNETRONICS

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT, LTD.333 Litchfield Rd„ New Milford, CT 06776

RLTERRTIONS TO SUBROUTINES:

1000010260105601100011800

DATA ENTRVFIND BIG FIND LITTLEDRAW BORDERS ETC.PLOT POINTS AND LINESCOLOR SELECTION

Listing 2 continued:

9998 REN

9991 REM

9992 REM

9993 REM

9994 REM

9995 REM

9996 REM999? REM999S REM

9999 REM

10600 PLOT 6,1,12,14,1.15,13: REM DATA ENTRV

10810 PRINT "DATA E N T R V"

10815 PLOT 10, 9, 9: INPUT "GRAPH TITLE: "jTITLE*

10620 NUMBER= 12

10021 DIM ARRAY<NUMBER, N+ D

16022 LA$(6>= "JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JLY AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC"

10825 IF CHOICE= 1THEN LABEL*(1)= "NUMBER":GOTO 18038

10026 PLOT 18, 9,9: INPUT "Y-AXIS UNITS: ",;LABEL$(D

18028 RETURN

10030 F= 1:IF Y= 1THEN F= FIRST:REM ENTER DATA

10832 L= 12:IF V= NTHEN L= LAST

10835 FOR ITEM= FTO L:REM ENTER POINTS

18040 IF ITEM> FTHEN 10068

18845 PLOT 12, 3,17, 8: PR I NT Y$(Y>

10858 PRINT :PRINT "POINT",, "MONTH":REM

18855 IF CHOICE< > 1THEN PLOT 28.PRINT ,,,,"".; LABELED

18060 IF ITEM- 1= 6* INT ((ITEM- IV 6)THEN PLOT 10:REM SPACE

18865 I$= MID* (LABEL*(0), ITEM* 4- 3,3)

10670 PRINT :PRINT "MTEM,,""; I$:ARRflV(ITEM,8)= ITEM- . 5:REM

10075 IF CHOICE= 1THEN NEXT ITEM.RETURN

10880 PLOT 28,18, 9, 9, 9, 9: INPUT ""; ARRAY (ITEM, Y+ 1)

18085 NEXT ITEM:RETURN

10215 F= I:IF Y= 1THEN F= FIRST

18216 L= 12:IF Y= NTHEN L= LAST

10217 FOR ITEM= FTO L

10498 REM

18499 REM

10557 IF AXIS= 8THEN NEXT AXIS

10662 PLOT 3, MAXSCREEN(8.V 2- LEN (LABEL*(0>>

18664 PLOT 33- MINSCREEN(l)/ 4:PRINT LABEL$C8>

18998 REM

18999 REM

11158 PLOT 6, CQL0URC2+ Y):FOR ITEM= FTO L:FOR AXIS= 8T0 111178 ON 2+ (FLAG= 10R ITEM= F)GOSUB 11818,11828

11798 REM

11799 REM

11845 DATA "GRAPHS", "GRAPH4", "GRAPHS", "GRAPH6", "GRAPH?"

11858 FOR J= 1T0 N+ 2: READ I*: PLOT 3,16,9+ 2+ J: PR I NT "FOR ".; I*;

Text continued from page 98:independent (X) variable is the monthof the year, while the dependent (Y)variable is the income in dollars for 1month; four variables (the income ineach of 4 years) are plotted on thisgraph.

When you run the monthly analy-sis graph program (by adding listing 2

to the subroutine lines of listing 1 inlast month's article), you are askedfor the numbers of the years to begraphed, followed by the beginningmonth for the first year and the end-ing month of the last year to begraphed. (This program is written toaccount for the possibility that youmay not have all the data for the

no

December 1960 © BYTE Publications Inc

At $7951 bow tough canthese new Tigers be?

Introducing the new Paper Tiger™445 with the most rugged printingmechanism ever put in a low-costmatrix printer.

The 445 comes with a reliable ballis-tic-type print head and an advancedcartridge ribbon that lasts four timeslonger than many cassette or spoolribbons. Two separate heavy dutymotors drive the print headand advance the paper. Plus you gettrue tractor paper feed.

And the new 445 gives you the per-formance you expect from the PaperTiger family of printers. You can soft-ware-select character sizes, print80- and 132-column formats, adjustpaper width and length, even gen-erate six-part business forms. All atunidirectional print speeds to 198characters per second.

Need more stripes? Specify DotPlot™a sophisticated raster graphics option.

If you've got an Apple**, TRS-80***or other personal computer, get yourpaws on the tough new Paper Tiger™445 from IDS.

The people who invented low-costmatrix printing just growled.

Call TOLL FREE 800-258-1386 (inNew Hampshire, Alaska and Hawaii,call 603-673-9100.)Or write:Integral DataSystems, Inc.,Milford, NewHampshire03055.

Paper

Tiger 445

i

1

^

)lntegral Data Systems, Inc.

Circle 73 on inquiry card.

'Suggested U.S. retail price.** Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer Inc.***TRS-80 is a trademark of Radio Shack, a division of Tandy Corp.

beginning and ending years.) Afterthe title, Y-axis label, and monthlydata values have been entered, theprogram calculates and displays thedata on the color video displayscreen. The Y-axis can start at zero(as in photo 4a), or it can start atsome nonzero value to allow max-imum use of the Y-axis (as in photo4b). As before, the colors used in thegraph may also be changed.

Summary

The programs were written withreadability as the main objective. Youmay wish to decrease the memoryneeded to store these subroutines byomitting REMark statements and put-ting multiple statements on a line.Care should be exercised, however,when compressing statement linesbecause some subroutines are writtento be entered at more than one point.

The Compucolor PLOT statementwas more fully explained in lastmonth's article.

The four kinds of graphs describedin this article demonstrate how thegraphics subroutines can be com-bined (with or without modification)to form complex programs that pro-duce specialized graphs. These sub-routines can be used to substantiallyreduce the time required to create agiven graph. In addition, the use ofphotographed color images (as op-posed to color slides of convention-ally produced graphs) can significant-ly decrease both the time and costnecessary to add color graphs to aslide presentation.■

Photo 3: Examples of regression charts. The program in listing 1 allows the entered datato be graphed using different colors and different types of regression—linear (photo 3a),exponential (photo 3b), logarithmic (photo 3c), or reciprocal (photo 3d).

Photo 4: Examples of monthly analysis graphs. These graphs superimpose a variableplotted over a 12-month span for up to seven 12-month graphs. The Y-axis can starteither at zero (photo 4a) or at some predefined value (photo 4b).

'Trademark of Western Digital, y |3Trademark of Digital Research.: £ *'Trademark of University of California,

Copyright ©I960,Digicomp ResearchAll rights reserved.

New PASCA1/100™ CPU matestoday's popular UCSD Pascal lan-guage to your S-IOO system. Withboth a Z80 processor and the PascalMicroengine1 aboard, PASCAL-100gives you the power of software datastructuring without sacrificingspeed, memory space—or even yourcurrent Z80, 8080 and CP/M2software.

Greater Speed, up to 5 to

10 times faster than usual S-100

implemen-tationsof

UCSD Pascal

More Memory, up to

128K bytes of memory, plus an optionalIM extended address feature.

Better Performance.

Complies with the new IEEEstandard-PASCAL-100 hasupward compatibility built in.

Dealer/OEM inquirieswelcomed

For complete information—fast—mail this ad or call us.liame Title

Company .Address _

Phone

State

Ztp-

Digicomp Research TerraceHiil. Ithaca NY 14850 (607)275*590©

112 December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 74 on inquiry card.

New on the North Star Horizon:

18Mb Hard Disk Drive!

7

I

o

I I

^

u

W

V

Horizon Computer with 64K RAMand dual quad capacity (720kb)floppy disks

Up to four 18Mb Winchester-type hard disk drives

Display terminal

Letter-quality or dotmatrix printer

Horizon I/O flexibilityallows expansion tomeet your needs

Unsurpassed Performance and Capacity!

North Star now gives you hard disk capacity and process-ing performance never before possible at such a lowprice! Horizon is a proven, reliable, affordable computersystem with unique hardware and software. Now theHorizon's capabilities are expanded to meet your growingsystem requirements. In addition to hard disk perform-ance, the Horizon has I/O versatility and an optional hard-ware floating point board for high-performance numbercrunching. The North Star large disk is a Century DataMarksman, a Winchester-type drive that holds 18 millionbytes of formatted data. The North Star controller inter-faces the drive(s) to the Horizon and takes full advantage

NorrhStaf^

North Star Computers, Inc.

1440 Fourth St.

Berkeley, CA 94710

(415) 527-6950 TWX/Telex 910-366-7001

of the high-performance characteristics of the drive. Ourhard disk operating system implements a powerful filesystem as well as backup and recovery on floppy diskette.

Software Is The Key!

The Horizon's success to date has been built on the qual-ity of its system software (BASIC, DOS, PASCAL) andthe very broad range and availability of application soft-ware. This reputation continues with our new hard disksystem. Existing software is upward compatible for usewith the hard disk system. And, with the dramatic increasein on-line storage and speed, there will be a continuallyexpanding library of readily available application software.For more information, see your North Star dealer!

HORIZON-HD-18

Horizon computer with 64KRAM, 2 quad capacity minidrives and one HDS-18 harddisk drive $9329

HDS-18

Additional 18Mb hard disk drivefor expansion of Horizon HD-18,or your present Horizon $4999

SYS-1N

Complete Horizon HD-18 plus80 x 24 display terminal andNEC Spinwriter printer $13,239

SYS-1A

Complete Horizon HD-18 with80 x 24 display terminal andAnadex printer $11,319

Circle 75 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980 113

StackWork's

A full, extended FORTH interpreter/compilerproduces COMPACT, ROMABLE code. As fast ascompiled FORTRAN, as easy to use as interactiveBASIC.

SELF COMPILING

Includes every line of sourcenecessary to recompile itself.

EXTENSIBLE

Add functions at will

CP/M* COMPATIBLEZ80or 8080 ASSEMBLER included

Single license

Supplied with extensive user manual and tutorial:

$150.00

Documentation alone: $25.00

OEMs, we have a deal for you!

CP/M Formats: 8" soft sectored,5" Northstar, 5" Micropolis Mod II,Vector MZ.TRS-80 Mod II

Please specify CPU type.Z80or8080

All Orders and General Information:

SUPERSOFT ASSOCIATES

P.O. BOX 1628

CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820

(217)359-2112

Technical Hot Line: (217) 359-2691

(answered only when technician is available)

SuperSoft

First in Software Technology

*CP/M registered trademark Digital Research

Product Review

Sargon II

An Improved Chess-PlayingProgram for the Apple II

John Martellaro

2929 Los Amigos, Apt B

Las Cruces NM 88001

The advertising literature for Sargon II quotes amagazine article: "Buy this program when it becomesavailable. ..." My reaction: the program is available;buy it. Sargon II is everything Sargon I should have been.It is a mature effort. The program is clean, strong, anddebugged. Nearly every deficiency of Sargon has beencorrected:

• Sargon II has book openings.

• Sargon II recognizes stalemates.

• The levels of play are geared to clock time instead ofply search. As the pieces disappear, the ply search goesdeeper, keeping the time relatively constant.

• Setting up a board position is easier.

• The program shows the move it is thinking of making.

• It will suggest a move for you.

• The graphics are new and very handsome.

• There is the much-asked-for asterisk prompt to indi-cate that the program is thinking.

• Every check is logged on the screen.

• Move entry is easier, but still not as easy as inMicrochess 2.0.

• The playing strength is vastly improved.

Sargon II plays well. I play at an unofficial 1700 +United States Chess Federation (USCF) rating and havenever lost a serious chess game to any microcomputerprogram (Boris 1978, Microchess 2.0, Sargon I), but I lostthe first two trial games against Sargon II — mostly frombeing taken by surprise at its unwillingness to be bullied.Carelessness? Impatience?

After this appalling result, I promptly invited twofriends over. They have official USCF ratings of 1650 and1714, and the former player is extremely familiar with theopenings.

We set Sargon II at level 3, the highest level that makesmoves in tournament time. By our combined efforts, wecleaned Sargon II off the board — mostly by our

114 December 1980 © byte Publicaiions Inc Circle 76 on inquiry card.

Our Printers

MEAN BUSINESS!

ANACOM ISO

DOT MATRIX PRINTER

FEATURES:

• 750 Characters per second

• Bidirectional printing, logic seeking

• 9x9 Dot matrix

• Upper and lower case with descenders

• Double width characters

• 10 Characters per inch - horizontal

• 6 or 8 Lines per inch - vertical

• Adjustable tractors

• Original and 4 copies

OPTIONS:

• Extended life head

• Paper out sensor

• Bell, programmable

• 240 Vac 50 Hz

• Extended Factory Service

Circle 77 on inquiry card.

The ANACOM - 150 is a highly dependable receive onlyprinting terminal. It's modular construction combinesrugged quality with convenient serviceability. It is factorywarranteed for 90 days with an extended service contractavailable for continued customer protection.

Suggested list priceIncludes:Serial or parallel interface

ANACOM GENERALCORPORATION

1116 E. Valencia Dr.

Fullerton, Calif. 92631

(714) 9 )2-0223

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

$1,350.00

familiarity with the standard opening moves.

The 1650-rated player, whose lifetime high rating is1850, has played every available computer chess game,including large mainframe computers. None has ever sur-vived his "fried-liver attack." [The fried-liver attackinvolves placing the White King's Bishop on c4 and aWhite Knight on g5, attacking the weak King's Bishoppawn; or the equivalent setup for Black... .RSS] Sargon IIfared no better and succumbed in 13 moves.

Convinced now that Sargon II could be beaten, I rolledup my sleeves, got very mean, and again set the programfor level 3. After 90 minutes of trekking through abloody, grim Ruy Lopez opening, fending off a Queen-side attack, and using my mobility on the Kingside, Ibroke through. On move 40, Sargon made a mistake(failure to look far enough ahead), and I blew its positionwide open. But for that one mistake, the game wouldhave been a draw.

During the dozen or so games I have played againstSargon II, I have lost only one more game and have madethe following observations. Sargon II has much neededand clearly visible improvements over Sargon I. It castlesat the most propitious time and actually seeks an oppo-nent's weaknesses and tries to gain tactical advantages.

The pawn play is much improved. Sargon II senses theworth of passed pawns and actively tries to promotethem. Sargon I had little use for pawns.

After our three-game "tournament" mentioned above,we set up an endgame position out of curiosity. We tookWhite with King at cl and pawns at c2, b2, and h2. Wegave Sargon II a King at g8 and pawns at g7, h7, a7, andb7. This should be a won game for Black with careful

Desk

Desk Main/Frame

LOW COST & ATTRACTIVE STYLING

• MAIN/FRAME INTEGRATED INTO FURNITURE QUALITY DESK

• ELECTRONICS PACKAGE SLIDE MOUNTED FOR EASY ACCESS

• SUPPORTS TWO 8" FLOPPY DRIVES FROM SEVERAL MANUFAC-TURERS (DRIVES NOT INCLUDED)

• 10 SLOT MOTHERBOARD INCLUDES CONNECTORS

• POWER SUPPLY FOR DRIVES AND CARDS

• DESK AND MAIN/FRAME AVAILABLE SEPARATELY

• MATCHING PRINTER DESK AVAILABLE

WRITE OR CALL FOR OUR BROCHURE WHICH INCLUDESOUR APPLICATION NOTE: 'BUILDING CHEAP COMPUTERS'

INTEGRAND

8474 Ave. 296 • Visalia, CA 93277 • (209) 733-9288We accept BankAmericard/Visa and MasterCharge

White(Sargon

1. e2-e4

2. Ng1-f3

3. Bf1-b5

4. Nb1-c3

5. d2-d3

Black

(Three humans, rated 1700+,

1714, and 1650)

e7-e5Nb8-c6Ng8-f6Nc6-d4

This looks like a good developing move, but Sargon II needed toplay a little more sharply here. 5.Nf3xe5 leads to a much bettergame for White.

5.6.7.

Bb5-a40-0

c7-c6d7-d6

It looks safe enough for Sargon II. He has castled and mobilizedhis pieces by move 7. Sargon I never managed that.

Bc8-g4

8. Bc1-e3

A critically weak move. The Black Knight is going to captureanyway. Why not Bc1-g5?

9.10.

g2xf3Rf1-e1

Nd4xf3Bg4-h3

An unfortunate move to have to make. If White could have seenwhat was in store, he might have abandoned the Rook and movedthe King to hi.

10.

Nf6-h5

This clears the way for the Queen. An important move in theattack.

11. Qd1-d2

A clever and amusing trap by White. If we had played 11 . . . .Qd8-h4 to pour it on, then 12.Be3-g5, and we lose our Queen. Wevery nearly fell for it. So far, Sargon II has played like anintelligent, but inexperienced, player. This is the first "trap" I haveseen set by a microcomputer chess program.

11.

Qd8-f6

But at the last second, we don't fall for the trap and attack theweak pawn at f3 instead.

12. Nc3-d5?

A desperation move; White ignores the weak pawn at f3, butprobably saw 12,Qd2-e2, Qf6-g6 check, and is ready to try

anything.

12 Qf6xf3

It's all over now for White.

13.14.

Nd5-c7 checkBa4xc6 check

Ke8-d7Kb7xc6

The horizon effect, trying to avoid fate: any human would havedone the same.

15. Nc7xa8

Qf3-g2 checkmate

Table 1: Score of a game played between Sargon II (with theWhite pieces) and three humans (with the Black pieces), oneof whom is an openings expert. While Sargon lost the game,it went down fighting. This contest shows the style andlimitations of the program, which played at level 3. Thenotation is algebraic.

116

December 1980 © BYTE Publications lric

Circle 78 on inquiry card.

Circle 79 on inquiry card.

MUOWCMD

TOLL FREE 1-800-528-1418

ATARI 800 SYSTEM

MicroWorid now offers complete systems basedaround the Atari 800 Personal Computer! Easier toopeate, easier to own. In addition to features like16-color graphics and a memory expandable to 48K,a full line of peripherals and comprehensive softwarelibrary are now available for the Atari 800! Choosebetween two models of floppy disk drives, programrecorder, three models of printers, modem, RS232Interface module, and software designed for per-sonal, professional and educational use! And now,MicroWorid offers FREE 8K RAM, FREE joysticks and FREEStar Raiders game with the purchase of an Atari 800Personal Computer!

CALL FOR SPECIAL PRICE!

DIABLO 630 RO

Letter-quality, up to 40 cps printeroffers complete interchangeabil-ity between metal and plastic printwheels! Universal Interface, baudrates to 9600, optional forms trac-tor.

CALL FOR PRICE!

LEXICON LX-11

Priced lower than Novation, lowerthan Livermore! New Bell 103A-compalible, RS232-compatiblemodem has special battery-powered option!

CALL FOR PRICE!

kCRDPER

«if*0'

■

MICROSHOPPER

New edition of the best sellingcomputer consumer guide! In-cludes more than 100 photos,dozens of hardware and softwareproduct reviews... feature articles,glossary, and more!

$10.00 POSTAGE PAID

OK3DATA M-80

Reliable low-cost, 80 cps dotmatrix printer. Program selecta-ble 80 or 132 columns; friction,pin or tractor feed! Block gra-phics, too!

CALL FOR PRICE!

ATARI 400

Complete systems based aroundthe Atari 400 from M icroWorld...excellent software selection for

home and educational use!Plenty of options and acceso-ries too'

CALL FOR PRICE!

FREE FREIGHT

Best mail order offer in the industry! MicroWorid will pay thesurface freight on any item featured in this add! Free freightto 18,000 locations on selected NorthStar, Cromemco, Dyn-abyte, Archives, Centronics, Soroc and Texas Instrumentsproducts, too! Cal IM icroWorld today for the nation's largestmicrocomputer inventory and rapid, automated orderingprocessing! We pass our savings on to you!

Prices are subject to change and offers subject to withdrawal without notice.

AicotoriD

1425 W. 12th Place, Tempe, AZ 85281Master Card and Visa orders welcomed!

SYNCHRO-SOUND

THE COMPUTER PEOPLE

Texas Instruments

810 MulticopyImpact Printer

ONLY

Intertec

Super BrainComputer Terminal

$4295.

Lear Siegler

ADM3AADM 3A+

Some

Technology

IQ 120

140

DECwriter IV

LA34

Okidata

Microline 80

Northstar

Horizon IIHorizon II Quad

CROMEMCO, FLORIDA DATA SYSTEMS, SCOTCH,

MAXELL, VERBATIM, ALPHA-MICRO, ATARI,

INTEGRAL DATA, LIVERMORE COUPLERS,

HAZELTINE, TEXAS INSTRUMENTS,

DIGITAL MICRO SYSTEMS and others.

Ik

SYNCHRO-SOUND

TERPRISES, INC.THE COMPUTER PEO

193-25 Jamaica Ave.Jamaica, New Vork 11423TWX 710-582-5886

PHONE ORDERS CALL:New York 212/468-7067Los Angoles 213/628-1808

Chicago 312/641-3010

play. At times, Sargon II pushed its look-ahead pro-cedure to level 8. (This cannot be set from the keyboard.)

Sargon pushed its pawns carefully, but blundered bytrying to fight on both fronts for too long. The programfinally made a critical mistake and allowed us a draw. Wewound up with just the two Kings on the board. Curious-ly at that point, instead of calling a draw Sargon's Kingstarted advancing toward our King, perhaps thinkingthat with a hidden dagger up its sleeve, it could finish usoff. Such violence would be a patent violation of chesslaw.

Sargon II is the first chess program I have seen whichhas doubled its Rooks on a file with malice obviouslyintended. It is also the first program I've played that hasactually set a trap. Perhaps this is a glimmer of artificialintelligence!

The program will suggest a move for you if you typecontrol-K. You would be wise to ignore this advice if youare an experienced player. Why? These programs playwell tactically but with poor strategy. Any suggestedmove will be de\ Did of the strategic thought which you,as a human, ougnt to be applying.

Sargon II may be the strongest chess program you canbuy, dedicated chess-playing devices included. I amimpressed beyond all expectation. If I were to estimate itsElo rating, I would say it is possibly 1500 at level 3.

However, as with any software product, there aresome minor complaints. If you bought Sargon I for $20,you may flinch at buying Sargon II for $30 ($35 on floppydisk). Such a price seems hard to justify, and you wouldexpect that for a $30 program, the packaging would be alittle better. For example, the shell of the cassette Ireceived was the glued-together type, instead of thehigher-quality shell with screws.

Also, the instruction book is not what you wouldexpect of a $30 program. The book was not carefully pro-duced and assumes too much prior knowledge on the partof the user. There is an error on page 4 where it says totype a control-R followed by a Return. If you hit theReturn, you'll find yourself helplessly transferred into themonitor, and since the program is locked and protected,you'll have to reload it.

Another possibility for grief lies in the use of a printerto record the game. If Sargon II changes its decisionabout a move, it will overwrite the previous move. Thisworks fine for a video display, but on a printer therewould be a blob after two or more move changes.

About the only other request you might make ofSargon II is to have the listing of the entire game inmemory instead of letting lines scroll off the top of thescreen. Often a user gets too busy playing to record thegame by hand. Not everyone can afford a printer; butthis is a minor affair.

In summary, Sargon II is about all we computer chessplayers could wish for in 1980. No doubt, stronger pro-grams will be written (Sargon III is still in an experimen-tal stage), but this one will keep your attention unless youare a wizard in the openings. Dan and Kathe Spracklenare to be commended for a superb implementation on the6502 microprocessor: in fact, I give them an A+ ratingfor the implementation. The Spracklens and the HaydenBook Company also get a A+ for correcting the prob-lems in Sargon I, but unfortunately, Hayden gets a C onthe packaging. ■[Next month the author reviews Sargon 2.5...ed]

Circle 80 on inquiry card. ^^+-

Pump Up Your TRS-80 with the ES/F Mass Storage System

.

THESE FACTS SPEAK FOR THEMSELVES!

MEET

THE WAFER

▲ Actual Size

Actual Thickness T

CASSETTE

ES/F

MINI-DISK

SPEED 56

(Seconds toload "Blackjack")

6

(5' wafer)

6Yz

CAPACITY

(thousandsof bytes)

38(C-20)

64

(75' wafer)

59(TRSDOS)

RELIABILITY

(Designed fordigital data?)

NO

YES

YES

SYSTEM COST

(First unitplus interface)

$60

$250

$800

MEDIA COST

(in quantitiesof ten)

$3.10cassette

$3.00wafer

$3.20disk

Let's face it. Cassette players were notdesigned to store digital data and pro-grams. That's why we designed a digitalstorage system using a continuous tapeloop: the Exatron Stringy/Floppy(ES/F) and the Wafer. There's no ex-pensive interface to buy-the ES/Fcomes ready to pump up your TRS-80.*

Once your TRS-80* is pumped up byour ES/F . . . you won't want to deflateit. We're so sure, that we offer anunconditional 30-day money-backguarantee and a one-year limited war-ranty. Over 2,000 TRS-80 * owners havemet the wafer. . . why don't you <i/

"?

EXATRONSTRINGY/FL

SPEED, CAPACITYAND RELIABILITY (FOR ONLY $249.50

w

CALL

OUR HOTLINE

(800)-538-8559

IN CALIFORNIA.CALL (408)-737-7111

&fi

igP

exatron, inc.

1 Commercial Streetnnyvale, Calif. 94086

!**-

'TRS-80 is a registered tradema

Micrograph

Part 2: Video-Display Processor

E Grady Booch

4314 Driftwood Dr

Colorado Springs CO 80907

Part 1 of this article (BYTE,November 1980, page 64) presentedsome background on interactivecomputer-graphics systems, with anemphasis on the characteristics ofdisplay processors (the portion of thegraphic system that produces the ac-tual image). The instruction set for acolor raster-scan graphics-displayprocessor was also presented. Part 2will feature the hardware for a low-cost display processor, calledMicrograph, which implements thisinstruction set. You can find theessential characteristics of Micro-graph listed in table 1, Theprocessor's hardware, including a cir-cuit description, construction hints,

Features:

64 by 64,128 by 128, and 256 by 192 pixelresolutions available.

Up to eight different colors displayed atone time.

Single-board processor, based on ZilogZ80 and Motorola MC6847 Video-DisplayGenerator.

Costs approximately $275 to construct.

Supported by high-level graphicsprimitives to produce images efficiently.

Supports graphics and alphanumerics.

Interfaces to a host microcomputer viathree 8-bit I/O ports (status, input, and out-put) and by radio frequency or video entryto a standard, unmodified color television.

Table 1: Summary of the characteristicsof the Micrograph color-display system.

and enhancement ideas, will be thetopic of the latter portion of this partof the series.

Block Diagram

As figure 1 indicates, Micrograph isrelatively simple in terms of hard-ware: there is nothing tricky about itsdesign. Micrograph is built around aZilog Z80 microprocessor, whichshares a bus with a video-displaygenerator. The bus control arbitratesbetween the microprocessor and thedisplay generator so that only one

RESET

Z80MICROPROCESSOR

device is allowed to access the bus ata time.

Also connected to the system busare several I/O (input/output) ports,which are used to communicate witha host computer. The I/O interfaceincludes ports for transmission ofdata and instructions from the hostcomputer and ports for the transmis-sion of data and status to the hostcomputer. Micrograph thus appearsto the host computer as an intelligentperipheral. With this architecture, thedisplay processor does not tie up the

VIDEO

DISPLAY

GENERATOR

BUSCONTROL

.TODISPLAY

COLORMEMORY(ENHANCEDSYSTEM)

TO

HOST

STATUS ♦"

OUTPUT ■*-

INPUT —

EPROM

PRIVATEMEMORY

REFRESHMEMORY

Figure 1: Block diagram of Micrograph hardware. The Z80 microprocessor provides anactive element for implementing the instruction set described in Part 1 of this article. Byusing a video-display generator device developed by Motorola, the hardware issimplified. The processor and display generator share a common bus that is separatefrom the host system's bus, so that Micrograph is a truly intelligent peripheral.

120 December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 81 on inquiry card.

Radio Shack's *399TRS-80 Color ComputerInnovation at it's

Very Best!

The Family Christmas Gift That'sFunctional, Fun and Educational!

Tremendous versatility and value ata breakthrough price. Something foreveryone in your home! The TRS-80Color Computer can be used with ourplug-in ROM Paks, or write your ownprograms in BASIC. Mom and Dadcan use it for any number of applica-tions, such as keeping track of per-sonal finances; youngsters can learnthe basics of computer programming—the whole family will enjoy playingexciting color action games. It's ex-pandable.so its capability grows withyours. Attaches to any color TVquickly and easily or get our op- ^===?^"tional TRS-80 Color VideoReceiver (works as anextra TV too!).

Ah

*:

Put a computer inyour life this Christmas.Get the full story and specs fromyour nearest Radio Shack store,dealer or Computer Center. Over6,000 locations, nationwide. Or writefor a free TRS-80 catalog: RadioShack, Dept. 81-A-60, 1300 OneTandy Center, Fort Worth, TX 76102.

•Retail prices may vary at individual stores and dealers.

•J I

V

The biggest name in little computers'*J,

Mode

Conl

rol S

gnals

Colors

Border

Resolution

Number

A/G

A/S

GM1

GM2

GM3

CSS

INV

1

0

0

X

X

X

0

0

green on black

black

32 characters by

0

0

X

X

X

0

1

black on green

black

16 lines

0

0

X

X

X

1

0

orange on black

black

0

0

X

X

X

1

1

black on orange

black

2

0

1

X

X

X

X

X

black, green, yellow, blue,red, buff, cyan, magenta, or

black

64 by 32, eight colors

orange (depends on color code)

3

X

0

0

0

0

X

green, yellow, blue, red

green

64 by 64, four colors

X

0

0

0

1

X

buff, cyan, magenta, orange

buff

4

X

0

0

1

0

X

black, green

green

128 by 64, two colors

X

0

0

1

1

X

black, buff

buff

5

X

0

1

0

0

X

same as 3

green

128 by 64, four colors

X

0

1

0

1

X

same as 3

buff

6

X

0

1

1

0

X

same as 4

green

128 by 96, two colors

X

0

1

1

1

X

same as 4

buff

7

X

0

0

0

X

same as 3

green

128 by 96, four colors

X

0

0

1

X

same as 3

buff

8

X

0

1

0

X

same as 4

green

128 by 192, two colors

X

0

1

1

X

same as 4

buff

9

X

1

0

0

X

same as 3

green

128 by 192, four colors

X

1

0

1

X

same as 3

buff

10

X

1

1

0

X

same as 4

green

256 by 192, two colors

X

1

1

1

X

same as 4

buff

Table 2: S

ummary of the mo

des available to the

Micrograph user. The Motorola MC6847 Video-Display Generator integrated

circuit supports

other

resolutions,

which

are no

available in the systems presented here.

The 6847

control signals include: two

lines to select between

alphanumerics, semigraphics,

and graphics; three lines to select the

graphics-

mode resolution; a color-set

select line

and

an inverse-video s

elect line.

host computer's time but ratherhandles its own display refreshing.

EPROM (erasable programmableread-only memory) is required tostore the approximately 2.6 K bytesof software that implements theMicrograph instruction set. (Adiscussion of this software will bepresented next month in Part 3.)Finally, 2 K bytes of programmablememory are used to store softwarevariables and data for a program-mable character generator, and 6 K to8 K bytes of programmable memoryare used for the display buffer.

Note that there is a reference to"System II": this is an improvementto the basic Micrograph system thatwill be discussed later in this article.

Video-Display Generator

The secret to Micrograph'ssimplicity is Motorola's MC6847video-display generator. This forty-pin integrated circuit performs all thenecessary video timing and refreshfunctions needed to produce a trulyinexpensive color-graphics display.The 6847 was actually designed forthe 6800 family of microprocessors,but its control, address, and datastructures are generalized enough toallow its use with almost any

microprocessor. I chose the Z80because it was convenient in terms ofthe software development tools I hadavailable.

The 6847 has several modes ofoperation, including alphanumeric,semi-alphanumeric, and full graphicsmodes. The device offers several dif-ferent graphics-display resolutions,including sixteen lines of thirty-twoalphanumeric characters and 64 by 64pixel, 128 by 64 pixel, 128 by 96 pixel,128 by 192 pixel, and 256 by 192 pixelgraphics. The circuit also produces upto eight different colors that can bedisplayed at one time. Of course,with memory size held constant as theresolution increases, the number ofcolors that can be displayed at onetime decreases. For example, the 128by 192 pixel resolution has four col-ors, and the 256 by 192 pixel resolu-tion has two colors. (Table 2 sum-marizes the modes available to theMicrograph user.)

Ready for use with the 6847 is acompanion device, the MC1372 colortelevision video modulator. This cir-cuit interfaces directly to the MC6847to provide either an RF (radio-frequency) or composite-video televi-sion signal. This allows Micrographto be connected directly to an un-

modified color television. Both ofthese devices are obtainable frommost Motorola distributors; and insingle quantities, the MC6847 costsaround $35 and the MC1372 costsaround $5.

For those readers who would ratheravoid the expense of building a com-plete version of Micrograph, theMC6847 will still offer a very inex-pensive way to produce a color-graphics display. In the event thatyou wish to connect the video-displaygenerator to an existing microcom-puter, the following discussions arestill applicable. However, the advan-tage of dedicating a microprocessorto control the video display is that thehost computer doesn't have to waitwhile the video generator accessesdisplay-refresh memory. Further-more, the Micrograph instruction setallows the host processor to deal withmanipulating images, rather thanworrying about the overhead of scan-line conversion and otherwise main-taining the display.

Circuit Description

Figure 2 provides the completeschematics for Micrograph. As wenoted in the block diagram, the Z80

Text continued on page 126

122 December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

would di

Increase

your PETS IQ

Speed up your PET programming with The BASICProgrammer's Toolkit,™ now only $39.95.

Don't waste valuable programming time if there's aneasier way to go. Here it is: The BASIC ProgrammersToolkit, created by Palo Alto ICs,a division of Nestar. The Toolkit is aset of super programming aids de-signed to enhance the writing,de-bugging and enhancing of BASICprograms for your PET.

The BASIC Program-mer's Toolkit has twokilobytes of ROM firm-ware on a single chip.This extra ROM store lets you avoidloading tapes or giving up valuableRAM storage. It plugs into a socketinside your PET system, or is mounted on a circuit board attached onthe side of your PET, depending onwhich model you own.

There are basically two versions ofPET. To determine which Toolkit youneed, just turn on your PET. If yousee***COMMODORE BASIC?**your PET uses the TK-80P Toolkit.If you see ###COMMODOREBASIC###, your PET uses theTK-160 Toolkit. Other versions ofthe BASIC Programmer's Toolkitare available for PET systemsthat have been upgradedwith additional memory.

How Toolkit makes your programming easier:

FIND locates and displays the BASIC program linesthat contain a specified string, variable or keyword.If you were to type FIND A$, 100-500, your PET's screenwould display all lines between line numbers100 and 500 that contain A$.

RENUMBER renumbers theentireprogram currently in your PETYou can instantly changeall line numbers and allreferences to thosenumbers. For instance,to start the line numberswith 500 instead of 100,just use RENUMBER 500.

HELP is used when your program• stops due to an error. Type HELP,and the line on which the erroroccurs will be shown. The erroneousportion of the line will be indicatedin reverse video on the screen.

These simple commands, and the otherseven listed on the screen, takethe drudgery out of programdevelopment work. And for a verylow cost. The BASIC Program-mer's Toolkit costs as little as$39.95, or at most, $59.95.

Get the BASIC Programmer'sToolkit and find out how quickand easy program developmentcan be. See your local PETdealer or send this coupon intoday.

£r commodore

PET

MJQ ICs

personal

computer

A Division of Nestar Systems, Incoroorated

PET™ is a trademark ofCommodore BusinessMachines, Inc. The BASICProgrammers Toolkit™is a trademark of PaloAlto ICs, a division ofNestar Systems, Inc.

The Toolkit is fully assembled.It is not a kit and requires nospecial tools to install.

I want to save

programming

time and money.

Send me The BASIC Programmer's Toolkit that will give

my PET 10 new and useful commands.

Fill in the appropriate line below:

Qty TK-160 Toolkit(s) @ $39.95 each

Qty TK-80P Toolkit(s) @ $59.95 each

out the

Want to charge it? Call (4153 493-TOOL, orfform below.

Enclosed is a □ money order □ check

(If charging): □ Bill VISA □ Bill Master Card.

Charge Card-

_Exp Date-

Master Card Interbank Number-

Signature-

Please include the amount of the Toolkit, plus $2.50 forshipping and handling. Please allow 4-6 weeks for delivery.SATISFACTION GUARANTEED, OR SEND IT BACKWITHIN 10 DAYS OF RECEIPT AND PALO ALTO ICsWILL REFUND YOUR MONEY.

SEND TO:

Name

Address-City

-State-

_Zip_

Phone

MAIL TO:

Palo Alto ICs

A Division of Nestar Systems, Inc.

430 Sherman Avenue

Palo Alto, CA 94306

(415) 493-TOOL _ ,

Dealer inquiries invited.

Circle 82 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980

123

02 74LS3676Y 5Y 4Y 3Y 2Y

T

4.7K

330

-Wv-

r°^

i>^^i>>

I0C^

E 01<3-

BUSAK BUSRQ

IC3 74LS14

^<J^f<H^

^3

n

74LS367

ft

ft

IC1074LS367

L

!<<<<<<

IC14

zao-pio

BRDY BSTB

■JffJ

IC162708IK X 8 EPROM

oooooooo

I <r rO -h o 01

■ 2 a a o q q Q (

<<<<«<■

OO OOOOOo

IC17270BIK X 8 EPROM

IC182708

IK X 8 EPROM

^<h

124 December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

1

74LS73CLR IK 1J Q

) RF OUT

+ 5V

1

I2 I3 1"

12

A12

21

DA12

DAll

DAIO

DA9 INT/EXT

DA 8

DA7

DA6

DA 5

DA4 'C6

DA3 MC6B47

DA2

DAI

DAO

007

DD6 &B

DD5 CHBDD4

DD3 *PA

DD2 Y

DD1

000 n = o w a v> >

O lu. IS (3 13 w o K l< —

1

All

20

CK0SCIN RF0U1

IC7MC1372

RF TANKCOLOR BCOLOR REFCOLOR ALUM RF TANKCH0UT CH,N

12 ,

+ 5V

A10

19

31

<

im ♦ 2

75 i

A9

AO

16

^50pF J*

9-25pF

A7

15

A6

14

A5

13

240

A4

26

i

A3

25

m

10 COLOR B 5

A 2

24

Al

23

AO

22

07 r

40

. ?

40'V—1

14

D6

2

D5

B

iO.OlfiH

D4

7

U COLOR A 7

D3

6

02

5

28 LUMINANCE AND SYNC 9

Dl

4

_ *w"

DO

3

8 110

COLOR TV

M

£

a

&

o>

o

01 irlO K

N

MODULATOR

I

^O.l^FS750

Figure 2: Schematic diagram of Micro-

14 |fi

<„F

vr

graph, which continues on page 126. See

5 4

»F

ti

i

s

14 \9

2

rrcwsf be made to the system but are notshown in figure 2.

QQQO ooqq

IC11 csAM82160B3 082 081 DBO DIEN

1

7?

a

7 DB

H M N H « o oo — o — o _ o

Q a O Q Q Q o

IC12 rTAM82163 082 DB1 0B0 DIEN

i

^7

13 1C

6

3

15

3 10

6

a

15

23

A 10 -B IC13 9 -3C 74LS154 8D 7 JG2 6 -0 1 2 Gl 3 4 5

i

22

0

21

20

19

2

3 Il8 4

5 li

07

m

''

!■

8

a

CS< <

IC19 57^2114 VrON*

<<<<<<< < ~ — _ —

1

>

IC21 JJ|2114

1

)

CS

1C23 «2114 ¥

* tO CM .

< <f <x «f 4 << << <_ __.

lE -

)

CS ,C252114

< < < i i < <

m to

fc-W*

T S

•"

3 8 !

1 *

£ I

J £

p. N

*>«

*■

(0

o

s

51

3

2

(0

s

-

N

*°

V

"

to

m

3

-

fO -J

s

£

-

N

0 If

D6

.

*"

D5

*~~

D4

.

~*

D3

D2

_J

H H

Dl

'

'

~*

l| 00

1

A9

A8

A7

*

A6

A5

H ^~

A4

A3

A2

Al

AO

10 u

*«

A

« o

m id

2 - cm if

« r-

U) A

:sr

■»

S!

i r-

H N

r~

10

in

s

51

2,

2

<u

s

,H

W

«

V

P.

u>

m

a

H

22

8 .

1— C

i£

6

^

IM

o y-

ffi

< <8 _

•— CS

r- id m *r m cm " O *r ,o r^, ~

< < <<!<<£ "* < O O o O

IC20 - - - ~2114

WE

13

mror-.ix) <i^ N ni •* O tf mi m f<

IC22 ----CS 2114

WE

B

oi(DMii«)'r"iN-;otii)N-

< < < <t <t < < < 1 «* O o O <

IC24 - - ~ "CS 2114

WE

;

o> cd t- id m <r W

oooooooo

icta

2708

lC2e

S 2114

IK X 8 EPROM

10

10

10

CS

20

—<

►—

—<

i—

—1

December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 125

.

Power

Connections

for Figure 2

Number

Type

+ 5 V

GND -5V

+ 12 V

IC1

Z80

11

24

IC2

74LS367

16

8

IC3

74LS14

14

7

IC4

74LS14

14

7

IC5

74LS73

20

10

IC6

MC6847

17

1

IC7

MC1372

11

4

IC8

74LS367

16

8

IC9

74LS367

16

8

IC10

74LS367

16

8

IC11

AM8216

16

8

IC12

AM8216

16

8

1C13

74LS154

24

12

IC14

Z80-PIO

26

11

IC15

Z80-PIO

26

11

IC16

2708

24

12 21

19

IC17

2708

24

12 21

19

IC18

2708

24

12 21

19

IC19

2114

18

9

IC20

2114

18

9

IC21

2114

18

9

IC22

2114

18

9

IC23

2114

18

9

IC24

2114

18

9

IC25

2114

18

9

IC26

2114

18

9

IC27

2114

18

9

IC28

2114

18

9

IC29

2114

18

9

IC30

2114

18

9

IC31

2114

18

9

IC32

2114

18

9

IC33

2114

18

9

IC34

2114

18

9

Text continued from page 122:

and the MC6847 share the same bus.Since both of these devices havethree-state address and data lines,they can simply be wired to the samephysical bus. The only problem thatmust be dealt with is the selection of asingle device to use the bus at a giventime. This problem is simplified bythe bus-control lines of the Z80 (theBUSRQ and BUSAK controMines)and the MC6847 (with the FS andMS control lines). On the Z80,whenever the BUSRQ line is pulledlow, the BUSAK line will go lowlater, indicating that a request to usethe bus has been acknowledged. Atthat time, the processor's address anddata lines enter a high-impedancemode, the processor essentially"disappears," and another systemcan control the bus.

On the MC6847, there are similarlines to control bus access. The FSline goes low during_ the verticalretrace period. The MS line on theMC6847 can then be brought low toallow the Z80 access to the bus whilethe video-display generator's addressand data lines are in a high-impedance condition.

In this design, the video-displaygenerator has priority for memory ac-cesses. This approach limits theamount of time the microprocessorhas to execute, but since we have a

►—

8

8

a

8

IC25 w"e2114

IM „ O ° ° ° O•3 tf <X - - — —

1C

CS IC27 wT2H4

0> CD l>- i0iO T row„o°P°°< < < *x-i < <<«i<a_r — ^ _

li

)

CS IC29 WE2114

<n r» r» 10 m <j- m n« 0PP00< < < < <t << < < < i _ ii

K

>

CS

IC31 WE2114

1 < 4 < <I <<«<<]__ _i

i

)

,C53 51

2114

CJ> r» f- <0 in »«inhO°Ooo4 44 4 -a <j<<<<i^:^;!!i

1C

D7 *

'

■■

:-.

!:

2

S

2

£

:-.

-

•*

-■

«

'-

10

<n

:-:

a

2

S

!

0

*

"

N

m

»

-

<0

-~

3

2

2 :

2

2

s

"

"

"

•

*

tt

*

s

~

5

2

2

10

;:

"

~

~

"

>-

"

■

3

a

22

06

ob

*"

,

D4

li

53

02

i

~~i

r

D1

"*

H

on

'

'

A9

1

1

1

'

1

)

AH

A i

A6

A'J>

:<•■

.-.;

ai

ao

^

,

B

:_

■-

-

V

s

s

:.

..

..,

IO

v

K

to

,,-

-

a

«j

:--

S

2

fc

„

N

ro

^.

^

ID

in

s

a

s:

2

2

6

_

CM

m

T

r-

W

m

a

a

a

:•

5

-

s

_

n.

«1

v

^

<0

n

S3§SSS§

IC262114

WE

8

<X < < < < < <<<<OOp?C

IC28

CS 2114

WE

B

<<<$<< << < a <oooo

IC30CS 2114

WE

B

CD (O N 10 if) -j- rO C\J ■-- O 5 rO CM -^<3<< << et < < < < Oooo

IC32CS 2114

WE

8

IC34CS 2114

WE

10

10

10

10

10

H

1

—H

i

-■<

i—

126 December 1980 @ BYTE Publicalions Inc

Circle 83 on inquiry card.

This Christmas, vflfcdon't give a toy... \£gp

Give aMicrotek

LOADED WITH INNOVATIONS

• 40, 80 or 132 columns

• Non-thermal paper, pin feed

• 125 CPS, 70 lines per minute

• 9 x 7 dot matrix

• Vertical format unit

• 96-character ASCII (upper and lower case)

• Adjustable forms width to 91/2"

• Parallel and serial (RS-232C) interfaces available

• One year warranty

The market is flooded with low-cost printers that lookand last more like toys.

On the other hand, the Microtek MT-80, our versatilealphanumeric line printer, has a high quality mecha-nism that gives you solid value for your dollar. Westand behind every printer we make because we buildquality into each one. So stop tinkering with toys andget serious. The Microtek decision assures you 100%value.

Available from Microtek or your nearest computerdealer.

9514 Chesapeake DriveSan Diego, CA 92123Tel. (714) 278-0633TWX 910-335-1269Outside Californiacall toll free: 800-854-1081

MICROTEK-o

Z80

^c

MS

FS

MC6B47

BUSAK

X

BUSRQ

r~

I ^

13

"

ADDRESS BUS

n

J

p

DATA BUS

V

V

8J—13

8

-8 C

C_

SYSTEM BUS

Figure 3: Bus control. Since both the processor and the display generator must accessmemory, this simple arbitration scheme was devised to eliminate contention. Thedisplay generator is given priority. This approach limits the amount of time available tothe processor for executing display "primitive" instructions, but it does help to maintaina stable display without the "tearing" effect that occurs when the display generator can-not read from memory when it needs to.

dedicated processor, this is not reallya problem. This approach also pro-vides a stable display that will not"tear" since the video-displaygenerator has the bus the entire timeit needs it. As we see in figure 3, thebus control can be handled by two in-verters, which are part of the 74LS14Schmitt-trigger inverters in figure 2.

The Microprocessor

The discrete components shownnear the Z80 in figure 2 are requiredfor clock-line pull-up, as specified byZilog. The nonmaskable interrupt(NMI) and wait (WAIT) lines arepulled high, since Micrograph opera-tion requires neither wait states nornonmaskable interrupts.

The Shared Bus

The Z80 and MC6847 address anddata lines are simply tied together.The leftmost 74LS367 bus driver cir-cuit is used to provide additional ad-dress (A13) and control (WR, RD,IOREQ, and MREQ) lines, which areactive only when the MC6847 hascontrol of the bus. These lines areneeded since the MC6847 does notsupply these signals. In this case, theaddress line (A13) is tied high to forceaddressing of the refresh memory inthe 8 K to 16 K range of the Z80microprocessor's address space.

The next integrated circuit, a74LS14, is used to provide a manual

and power-up reset circuit and also todrive the clock line to themicroprocessor. The 74LS73 JK flip-flop is used to derive the Z80 clocksignal from the video-display-generator clock output.

The Modulator and DisplayGenerator

Note that the connections to theMC6847 are simple: the address lines(AO thru A12) and data lines (DO thruD7) go to the shared bus. At the bot-tom of the schematic, there are sevencontrol lines that determine thedisplay mode. These lines are con-trolled by one of the four I/O ports.

The MC6847 and MC1372 connectdirectly together. In this configura-tion, the MC1372 is wired to providean RF output, so that Micrographmay be tied to the antenna leads of atelevision through a matchingtransformer. (See figure 4 for the wir-ing option to provide direct videooutput.)

Also tied to the modulator is theclock circuitry, which provides a3.579545 MHz signal, which is thestandard color-burst frequency. Thisclock is routed to both the video-display generator and the modulator.

The variable capacitor in the tim-ing circuit is used to fine-tune thedisplayed colors. On the right side offigure 2 is the RF tank circuit, whichcan be tuned to station 3 or 4.

Every ISC computer isbacked by a worldwidenetwork of representa-tives and service centers.

AL: W A BROWN INST 205/883-8660 AH: (OK) USDATAAssoc 918/252-9646, AZ: BFA Corp 602994-5400CA: Thorson Co So Ca AlhamDta 213,281-2280. Golela805/964-8751 Irvine 714 557-4460 Los Angeles 213476-1241. Thorson Co San Diego 714 292-8525, JavSlone Assoc . Los Altos 415 948-4563. No Ca ServiceClt 408 732-4502. CO: PAR Assoc 303 371-4140 CT':J&J Assoc 203/624-7800 DE: (PA) Denco Daia Equip!215/542-9876. DC: (VA) Inlron Corp 703/569-1502 FL:W A Brown Insl , Fl Lauderdale 305/776-4800 Melbourne305/723-0766.'Orlando305 425-5505. Tallahassee904878-6642. GA: W A Brown Insl 404 455-1035 HI':Thorson Co 808/524-8633. ID: PAR Assoc 801/292-8145,IL: (No) Resource Dala Sys 312/564-5440. (So) DigilalSys Sales 816/765-3337 IN: Resource Dala Sys 312/546-5440. IA: (MO) Digilal Sys Sales 816,765-3337. (IL)Scoll Co Only. Resource Dala Sys 312/564-5440 KS:(MO) Dianai Sys Sales 816.765-3337 KY: Lowry & Assoc606,273-3771 LA: W A Brown Insl 504 626-9701 ME:(MA) J&J Assoc 617 729-5770 MD: (VAI Inlron Corp703 569-1502. MA: J&J Assoc 617 729-5770. Ml': Lowry& Assoc Brighton 313-227-7067 Grand Rapids 616363-9839, MN: Dytec No 612'645-5816 MS:|AL|W ABrown Insl 205 883-8660 MO: D : •: ' , es 816

765-3337 MT': (CO) PAR Assoc 303 355-2363 NB:(MO) Digilal Sys Sales 816/765-3337 NH: iMA) J&JAssoc 617/729-5770 NJ: (No ) Tech Mklg Assoc201'224-6911. (So) (PA) Denco Dala Equip! Corp 215'542-9876, NM: BFA Corp , Albuquerque 505/292-1212.Las Cruces. 505524-9693 NV: (AZ) BFA Corp 602/994-5400. NY: Naco Elect Corp Fairport 716 223-4490No Syracuse 315/699-2651 UUca 315 732-1801 Melro-LI(NJ) Teen Mklg Assoc 201 224-6911. NC: W A BrownInsl 919/683-1580 ND: (MN) Dylec No 612 645-5816.OH: Lowry & Assoc . Cleveland 216 398-9200 Daylon513'435-7684 OK-: USDATA Assoc 918 252-9646.OR: Thorson Co 503644-5900 PA: (E) Denco DalaEquipl 215/542-9876 Lowry & Assoc 412 922-5110.Rl: (MA) J&J Assoc 617 729-5770 SC:W A Brown Inst803.798-8070 SD: (MN) Dytec No 612 645-5816 TN:W A Brown Inst 615 4B2-5761 TX: Austin USDATAEngrg 512/454-3579, "Dallas 214,661-9633, "El Paso(NM) BFA Corp 505/524-9693, 'Houston USDATA Assoc713/681-0200. UT: "PAR Assoc 801 ,'292-8145, VT:(MA)J&J Assoc 617,729-5770. VA: Intron Corp 703/569-1502WA: Thorson Co 206 455-9180. WV: (PAI Lowry & Assoc412/922-5110, Wl: (IL) Resource Data Sys 312'564-5440.WY: (CO) PAR Assoc 303 355-2363

"Service coraracl available m these cities plus San Fran-cisco, Ca Consull factory lor addilional information

INTERNATIONAL DISTRIBUTORSEUROPE: Techexport. Cambridge, MA 617/661-9424,BELGIUM: Noron S A . Brussels 02-24236-04 DEN-MARK: Nordland Comm , Kobenhavn 02-913255FRANCE: Techdata Sari, Rueil Malmaison 749-47-65.Informatic/ISTC, Paris 33-1-306-4606, GREECE: Info-data. Alhens 642-1368. ITALY: E FE , Milano 02-600733.THE NETHERLANDS: Schreiner Elec! , Poeldi|k 01749-47640, Compu 2000 Amsterdam 020-360904. SPAIN:Mecorsa. Barcelona. TELEX/813-53908. SWEDEN: Tele-inslrumenls AB. Vallmgby 08-380-370 SWITZERLAND:W Stolz Ag. Mulschellen 057-546-55 UK: Techex L!d.Bournemoulh 0201671181 ICELAND: Benco. Ltd .Reykiavik, 091-21945, WEST GERMANY: TechdataGmbH. Koblenz 01149-31025 AUSTRALIA: AndersonDigital Equipl Melbourne 03-543-2077 Canberra 58-1811.Sydney 02-808-1444. Brisbane 07350-2611, NEW ZEA-LAND: Anderson Digital Equipl, Wamuiomata, 644-585Auckland 876-570, Chrislchurch 796-210.CANADA: Datamex, Lid Dorval. PO 514/636-9774Ollawa. Onl. 613/224-1391, Toronlo. Onl 416i787-l208.Vancouver, B C 604/684-8625. CENTRAL & SOUTHAMERICA & CARIBBEAN: (GA) Amer Bus Sys 404/394-9603 MEXICO: Inlercomex. Monlerrey 564-876FAR EAST: Computers Intl. Los Angeles 213/382-1107CHINA: Syscom Computer Engrg , Taipei 02 7022156,HONG KONG: Comptec. Hong Kong. 03-463-9921INDIA: Patni Computer Sys , Bombay 230 314, JAPAN:Computers Intl. Tokyo 03-463-9921. TAIWAN: Sys Com-puter Engrg. Taipei 02-7026284, MIDDLE EAST: (GAIISC Middle East 404/581-0243, EGYPT: United Elect.Alexandria 809933 KUWAIT: W J Towell, Safal 438180. LEBANON: Computer Inlo Sys . Beirul 260110,SAUDI ARABIA: Jamioom Int I. Jeddah 27790. Ryadh25083-39732 REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA: Fulmen Africa. Germisfon (Elandslonlem) (011) 36-5201

For sales and service in other countries contact )SCheadquarters in Norcross, Ga USA

Computer Dealers: Contact your localISC rep to find out how you too (carry the ISC product line.

>can

intelligent Systems Corp.,

128

December 19S0 § BYTE Publications Inc

EDUCATIONAL

L5= gl

ISC's new3650 Series:

No other desktopcomputers havesuch a colorfulpast.

• Eight-Color 128x128 Graphics

• Expandable from Standard 92K to2.6M Byte Disk Storage

• Color Business Graphics and WordProcessing Software

• Microsoft® BASIC in ROM

• RS-232C Communications Port

Now from ISC, the world leader in low-cost colorsince 1973, comes a line of computers that giveyou the powerful color-graphics capabilityyou need, with the expanded interfacecapability you want. For furtherinformation and the nameof your nearest authorizeddealer, call ISC toll-free at800-241-4310 and ask forRon Hinkley.

Color

Communicates

Better

intelligent Systems Corp

Intecolor Drive • 225 Technology Park .'Atlanta ■ Norcross, Georgia 30092Telephone 404,449-5961 ■ TWX 810-766-1581

Unrelouched photo of screens. Price is US. domes!

+ 5VA

I

ICyF

+ 7VA

11

1N4001

13

MC1372

■12K

VIDEOOUTPUT

Figure 4: Optional wiring for direct video output. The Motorola MC1372 can be used toprovide direct (composite) video to a video monitor, if it is available. As shown infigure 2, the MC1372 may also be used to provide an RF (radio-frequency) output foruse with television set tuned to channel 3 or channel 4.

o

IK2K3K4K5K6K7K8K9K10 K

iik

12K

13 K14K15K16 K

EPROM

( FIRMWARE)

-

MEMORY(PRIVATE)

COLOR MEMORY(SYSTEM H ONLY)

MEMORY(REFRESH)

-

(MREEMF°RREYSH, (SYSTEM n ONLY,

LEAST SIGNIFICANT BIT

Hz>

[28>-

STATUS SIGNALS

FROM PIO 0PORT B

[30>[33>

{m>-

-j ^> ERROR

-| ^> ERROR

-| ^> FRAME INTERRUPT

-j ^> OUTPUT PENDING

-\ t> INPUT PENDING

-| ^> EXECUTE

-j ^> FETCH

-| ^> INITIALIZE

, TO HOST

/ COMPUTERPARALLELPORT

MOST SIGNIFICANT BIT

LEAST SIGNIFICANT BIT

COMMAND SIGNALS

FROM PIO 0PORT A

[i£>-[To>

CO-

UNASSIGNED-fl2> INV-f3^> A/S-f35^> A/G-T39^> CSS

-f30]> GMO-(T9~> GM1

TO) VIDEO-DISPLAYGENERATOR

-[£?> GM2

MOST SIGNIFICANT BIT

Figure 5: Status-port and command-port pin assignments and control-byte formats.One PIO (peripheral input/output) port is used to communicate status information tothe host processor and also to control the video-display generator. These connectionsmust be added to figure 2.

Bus Control

The address and control lines arerouted to 74LS367 bus drivers, wherethey are then passed to the memoryand I/O circuitry. The top four ad-dress lines are also routed to a74LS154 four-to-sixteen-line decoderto provide memory chip-selectdecoding. Finally, the two 8216 busdrivers buffer the data lines. Theirdirection is controlled by the DBINsignal from the shared bus.

I/O Circuitry

Only two PIO (peripheral-input/output) circuits are needed.PIO 0 provides a status indication tothe host through one port. (See figure5 for the format of the status byte).The other PIO 0 port is routed to thevideo-display generator to select theproper display format. (Figure 5 alsoprovides the format of this controlbyte.) The second PIO circuit is usedto communicate with the host corn-

Figure 6: Memory map for the Micro-graph board.

puter.

One of the ports is used to receivedata and instructions from the host(the input port), and the other port isused to transmit data back to the host(the output port). In either case, thestrobe lines for both of these ports arecontrolled by the host to indicate thatMicrograph is being sent an instruc-tion or that the host has just receiveda data byte. The protocol for com-municating with the host computerwill be further discussed in Part 3 ofthis article. Refer to tables 3 and 4 onpage 132 for the port assignments inthe microprocessor address space.

Firmware and Frame Buffer

Three 2708 EPROMs (erasable pro-grammable read-only memories) areused to hold the 2.6 K bytes of the ob-ject code required to controlMicrograph. Four type-2114 1024 by4-bit static-memory devices providethe 2 K bytes needed by the firmwarefor variables and data for the pro-grammable character generator.Refer to figure 6 for a memory mapand to tables 3 and 4 for memory andport assignments.

In the frame buffer, 6 K bytes ofmemory are required, and 2114s areused to keep the device count low.Figure 6 provides the map for theframe-buffer memory also.

That is all the hardware needed toproduce a color-graphics display.Thanks to the MC6847, Micrographcan be built with only thirty-four

130

December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

5,000,000 Reasons to replace

your 5-inch Floppies with a

low-cost, high-performance

r

n

■g

n-

P

■

[ 0

'

"■■ 1

■/:>

c_>

«5»>

<:>

O

■ ^

5 megabytes instantly expand the program and data storagehorizons on your H-89, TRS-80, or s-100 microcomputer system.

cjust slip 5 megabytes of on-line data storageinto place in your standard 5-inch floppy diskopenings, and suddenly your capability horizonshave dramatically shifted, upwards. Now yourCP/M* S-100 microcomputer system, or H-89Heathkit (HDOS or CPM 2.2) computer system canutilize the kind of high-reliability and rapid-access mass storage which today's sophisticatedprogramming demands, da company namedACT has created a complete package at a price so good, youcouldn't walk away from it. The 5-Inch package Includes theremarkable Shugart Technology ST 506 hard-disk drive with 6.3megabytes of unformatted mass storage and a micro-sequencingcontroller card with complete floppy disk-like Interfacing. Hard-disks have never been more affordable, nif you are wonderingJust how these ultra-fast, high throughput hard-disk drives willwork with your multi-terminal or real-time,transaction oriented systems: now you can get Lsome straight answers. Clip and mall the coupon Is^5^^ wfor quick response to all your questions. Orrbetter yet, give us a call today at (703) 471-6288for some no-nonsense reasons why your systemneeds to ACT now. Quantity pricing is availableto meet the needs of Original Equipment |Manufacturers; check the box on the coupon.

American Computerand TelecommunicationsCorporation

Circle 84 on inquiry card.

Clip and mail coupon to:

11301 Sunset Hills RoadSuite A-4, Reston, VA 22090(703)471-6288

Tell me more about the act5-inch hard-disk drivepackage:

My present 5-inch hard-disk driveinterests center around:

□ S-100 Microcomputer Systems

□ H-89 Heathkit Computer SystemsD TRS-80 Radio Shack Computer

Systems

□ Send me quantity price schedule

Name

Title

CompanyAddress _

City, State, ZipPhone ( )

DIPs (dual-in-line packages) and ahandful of discrete components.Micrograph can be constructed on asingle board and requires only a+ 5 V, +12 V, and —5 V power sup-ply.

Construction

Photos la and lb show my pro-totype Micrograph. I used a universalwirewrap board, and as the photo in-dicates, a spacious layout was possi-ble as a result of the low device count.In the leftmost section of photo la arethe Z80 and the two PIO devices. Inthe next section are part of the busdrivers and the EPROMs. In the mid-dle section are the rest of the busdrivers and some of the 2114 memorycircuits. In the next and final sectionsare the rest of the memory integratedcircuits and the video-display cir-cuitry. Note the few discrete com-ponents required: most are decou-

Type of memory

Address (decimal)

EPROM

0 to 3071

private memory

4096 to 6143

color memory 0

7168 to 7183

color memory 1

7184 to 7199

color memory 2

7200 to 7216

refresh memory

8192 to 14335

(for System I)

8192 to 16383

(for System II)

Table 3: Type an

d location of memory

used in the Micrograph board.

PortNumber

DeviceName

Use

Typeof Port

portO

PIO0,port A

displaycontrol

output

port 1

PIOO,port A

portcontrol

output

port 2

PIOO,port B

status

output

port 3

PIOO,

port B

portcontrol

output

port 4

PIO 1,port A

input

input

port 5

PIO 1,port A

portcontrol

output

port 6

PIO 1,port B

output

output

port 7

PIO 1,port B

portcontrol

output

Table 4

Port numbers and their usage

by Micrograph.

"The MDBS data

base system is

fantastic!"

That's the essence of this letter fromLeonard L. Overton, Jr., president of LSBusiness Systems, Inc. Here's whathe says...

"The MDBS data base system has made a fantasticimprovement in the productivity of our customprogramming operation. The implementation of thissystem in our business has allowed us to change to acompletely different concept of producing custommicrocomputer based software. The old system of amyriad of files, pointers, updates, and file structures hasbeen changed to a simple graphical representation of thedata network and its logical relationships (the schema).

"Representing an application with a schema that canreadily be transferred to the computer through the datadefinition language has increased our softwareproductivity in the following ways:

1. The system designer gets a much clearer picture of howclean, efficient, and effective his design is. Improvementsare made easily and rapidly.

2. The programmer can spend his time producing thecalculational and interactive parts of the system ratherthan getting bogged down in the intricacies of the datastructure. This not only reduces the amount of codegeneration but also reduces programmer fatigue due totedious repetition.

3. Communication with the end-user is much moreeffective when he can see an easily understood,graphical depiction of how his data will be handled. Agood understanding by the end-user in the early stagesof the design can eliminate costly program changes ordata restructuring later.

4. Debugging time is greatly reduced and so are calls fromcustomers who find the hidden bugs that always showup in a complex data structure written on a file basis.

"In short, the MDBS data base system is not only a veryeffective software development tool but has become thefoundation on which we are building our futureapplications software. This change has enabled us toproduce quicker, cleaner, and more flexible applicationssoftware at a lower cost to our end-users."

To find out what a fantastic job the MDBS system can dofor you, see the facing page and then contact us withoutdelay!

/WlicrcIhini BaseSystems, inc.

Box 248. Lafayette, Indiana 47902

132 December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 85 on inquiry card.

Micro-computerdata basemanagementat its best!

Get the most out of your micro-computer. Use our

advanced and productive data management system.

HDBS is an extended hierarchical data basesystem offering

• fixed length records

• file-level read/write protection

• one-to-many set relationships

MDBS is a full network data base system offeredas an upgrade from HDBS.. .or it may be ideal asyour initial system. Unique and versatile, it addsthese features:

• full network CODASYL-oriented data structures

• variable length records

• multiple levels of read/write protection

• one-to-one, many-to-one, and many-to-many sets

• non-redundancy of data, easy updating

• occurrences of a record type may own otheroccurrences of the same type

• a single set may have multiple owner and memberrecord types

MDBS-DRS.As an add-on to MDBS, the DRS

system offers extraordinary flexibility in data base

restructuring to meet new needs.

• Item, record, and set types can be added, deleted,or renamed in an existing data base as well asother data base characteristics. You can redesignthe data base after it is already on-line!

MDBS-RTL. As an add-on to MDBS, the RTL(Recovery Transaction Logging) logs all data basetransactions, so that in the event of a systemfailure, the data base can be recovered withminimal loss of information.• The recovery processor permits selectivereloading of the data base from the transactionfile. Users can log messages, indicate complextransaction sequences, and effect selectivecontrol over the recovery process.

MDBS-QRS. An interactive Report-Writer/Query-System for HDBS/MDBS data bases.Featu res...

• may be customized for non-technical users

• complex retrieval conditions may be specified

• detailed reports can be quickly generated

• wildcard and "match-one" string specificationsincluded

HDBS and MDBS Packages Include:

• DDL data definition language analyzer/editor

• 260-page users manual

• DMS data management routines callable fromhost language

• Sample application program and DDL files

• Relocator to re-org all routines

• System specific manual for bringing up oursoftware

Both HDBS and MDBS Systems...

• Run under...

CP/M® with CBASIC; Microsoft BASICS,FORTRAN or COBOL; InterSystemPASCAL/Z; Sorcim PASCAL/M; MicroFocus CIS COBOL; Digital Research PL/I

OASiS

TRSDOS and NEWDOS (Models I and II) withDisk BASIC

North Star DOS with North Star BASIC

Apple DOS and Applesoft BASIC

Machine Language Interface available on allabove systems.

• Up to 254 record-types definable in the data base;each record-type may contain up to 255 item-types;each item-type may be up to 9,999 bytes in length.

• Names of data items, records, sets, and files arewholly user definable.

• Commands to add, delete, update, search, andtraverse the data base.

• Straightforward use of ISAM-like structures.

• Records can be maintained in several sortedorders.

• Written in machine language for maximumexecution efficiency and minimal memory usage.

• Independent of types and sizes of disk drives.Support data base spread over several disk drives(max.8); disks may be mini- or full-sized floppiesor hard disks.

• Available versions: Z80 (requires approx. 18K),6502 (approx. 30K), 8080 (approx. 22K)

Total memory requirement must allow for bufferareas. For Apple users, a language card isrecommended.

• 8086 version available. (Call or write for detailsand prices.)

Ordering information (applicable to Z80, 8080and 6502 versions):

HDBS (Version 1.04)

MDBS (Version 1.04)

DRS

RTL

ORS

HDBS upgrade lo MDBS

MDBS with DRS,

RTL. and ORSHDBS/MDBS ManualDRS ManualRTL ManualORS ManualSystem Specific

Manuals (each)

$ 300.00900.00300.0030000300.00650.00

1500.00

35.00

5.00

5.00

5.00

5.00

When ordering, specify intendeduse with...

North Star DOS and BASICCP/M- -CBASICCP/M- - Microsoft BASIC 4.XXCP/M- - Microsolt BASIC S.XXCP/M- - Microsoft BASIC orFORTRAN Compiler- Microsoft COBOL-80

CP'M-CP/M-CP/M-CP/M-CP/M-

InterSystem PASCAL/ZSorcim PASCAL/M

Within a given operating system,add $125 00 for each additionallanguage selected.

For prices outside the U.S. andCanada, please ask for price lists.

Add $2.50 handling, fee for non-cashorder ($5.00 outside U.S.).

Digital Research PL/IMicro Focus CISCOBOL

11. TRSDOS/NEWDOS and TRSDisk BASIC (Models I and II)

12. Apple DOS and Applesoft BASIC

13. OASIS

14. Machine Language Programs(Specify operating system.)

Indiana residents add 4%.

We accept Visa and Master Charge.

54-page "primer" on data basesystems for micro-computers —only $10.00 per copy.

Dealer Demo-Package ($60.00)includes Primer, HDBS/MDBSManuals, Demo-Disk, etc.

Setting standards of excellence for data basesoftware.. .worldwide.

yWlfcrcData HnscSystems, inc.

Dept. B, Box 248, Lafayette, IN 47902317-448-1616

Circle 86 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980

pling capacitors. This physical layoutfollows the schematic layout almostexactly.

In photo lb (page 136) is a view ofthe wirewrap side. It took me twoweekends to wrap the board, using aSlit N' Wrap tool marketed by Vectorand also an electric wirewrap tool. Iused Slit N' Wrap techniques for thebus and, as best as I could, tried tocolor-code the whole device.

Any construction technology canbe used to build this board, but thereare a few hints I might pass along. Tobegin, insure that the video-modula-tor circuitry is well isolated from therest of the system: keep the wiring asshort as possible in this section. Fur-thermore, because of the relativelyhigh frequencies used, be sure tominimize stray capacitance: a shield-ed board will help reduce in-terference.

Micrograph is best built in stages. Isuggest you start with the video-display generator and modulator cir-cuit. Wire this area first, then tem-porarily wire some memory on the6847's bus. You can go ahead andsupply power to this circuit to verifythat your display is working proper-

ly. The various modes can then betested. At this time, you can connectthe modulator to your television (usecoaxial cable, and don't forget amatching transformer). When youapply power, a random pattern thatreflects the mode you have selectedshould appear. The variablecapacitor in the timing circuit canthen be adjusted to produce the mostpleasing colors.

Once the video display is workingproperly, you should install the restof the refresh memory and busdrivers. Again, repeat the checkout ofthe display, this time using all therefresh memory. Note that the 256 by192 or 128 by 192 resolution modeswill utilize all the memory. You mighteven connect an oscilloscope to theaddress lines to check that the linesare cycling through the entire 6 Kbytes of memory.

Once this portion is working, theEPROMs, Z80, and PIOs can bewired in. From this point, there is lit-tle testing to do without the necessarysoftware, which will be discussed inPart 3.

Troubleshooting a system withoutgood tools is almost impossible. I

A CREATION OF COMPUTER HEADWARE

T

(Wow! HMd All ThatStuff get In There?)

A sophisticated,self-indexing filingsystem—flexible,infinitely useful and easyto use, that adapts toyour needs.

WHATSIT's unique capabilities:

Multiple Entries allowed perfield: For example, abibliographic file canassociate each work with anynumber of authors. WHATSITallocates file space asneeded for each.

New Data Fields added "onthe fly": You're not confinedto a particular "recordlayout" that must be declaredin advance. Your file evolvesto fit your needs.

Immediate Response: Even inthe largest files, WHATSITresponds in seconds, thanksto pointer linkages and hashcoding.

Conversational Dialogue:

Query and update requestsmay be intermixed in anyorder, without returning to a"menu selector."

NEW

Apple II PlusWHATSIT at specialintroductory price:

$95

(Regular price, $150after December 31, 1980).

WHATSIT comes ready to run onyour Apple, Apple II Plus, AlpaMicroNorthStar, or CP/M computer. Seeyour dealer for a fulldemonstration.. .or write or call:

IJAIUHIAT

<§>qftwanz

P.O. Box 14815 • San Francisco, CA 94114 • Tel: (415) 621-2106

found that I needed no more than agood oscilloscope to check out thesystem, even though I had a Hewlett-Packard 1611 MicroprocessorAnalyzer available. The Micrographsystem has an excellent test devicebuilt in: the color display. Since thevideo-display generator scans all ofthe refresh memory, you have avisual means of checking a large por-tion of your wiring. To track down abad memory circuit, you might selec-tively remove integrated circuits andwatch how the display is affected.

One final word concerning the con-struction. The system draws +5 V atabout 1.5 A, so don't make yourpower bus small. The other supplies,since they are mainly for theEPROMs, require only a few hundredmilliamperes. When powering up thesystem, if your supplies are indepen-dent, be certain the —5 V supplypowers up first and powers downlast, if it can't be done simultaneouslywith the rest of the power. (I didn't doit that way and, consequently,destroyed six EPROMs; then I readan obscure warning in an Intel databook.)

Enhancements: System II

There are a number ofenhancements to the system that willincrease the system performance,although I have not implementedthem. The first obvious improvementis to use a Z80A (capable of using a4 MHz clock) and run the system onthe color-burst clock. This will im-mediately double the speed of thedisplay processor. Of course, be surethat your memory is fast enough tohandle the extra speed.

You might also try to use dynamicmemory. I used static memory toreduce the development risk andmake the design and testing of theboard easier, but if the timing worksout, the use of dynamic memorywould significantly reduce the cost ofthe system.

These are some basic im-provements that can be made, and I'lloffer some more radical changes,which I call System II. When I firstdesigned Micrograph, I created asystem consisting of over 100 DIPsfor the video section alone. Thisdesign supported two formats: 128 by128 with sixteen colors and 256 by256 with two colors. The system alsosupported a color-look-up table, toallow a set of 212 (or 4096) possible

134 December 1980 ® BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 87 on inquiry card.

Circle 88 on inquiry card.

THE SOLUTION STORE

... Makes The Difference!

MicroAge Computer Stores sell solutions to your professional, businessand household-management problems, not just hardware. That's whatmakes the MicroAge difference! From systems integration to easy-to-understand application software, research and development to warrantyservice and repair, systems consulting to training and installation. In allthese, we offer the latest, most innovative approaches. That's why we are♦he forerunners... the pioneers in the microcomputer industry.

But don't just take our word for it. Visit the MicroAge Computer Store nearestyou and see the difference solutions make. We have differences you'llexperience with every time and money-saving idea. The difference thatwill keep you satisfied now and for years to come!

MiacAge.

co/MPUTer STore

"Where Vision Becomes Reality"

611 Rockville PikeRockville, Maryland(301)840-9315

5742 E. BroadwayTucson, Arizona(602) 790-8959

1707 Monroe AvenueRochester, New York(716) 244-9000

1220 Melbourne DriveHurst, Texas(817)2844413

2065B El Camino Real West 83 South 10th Street 24 W. Camelback 2591 Hamilton Road

Mountainview, California Mineapolis, Minnesota Phoenix, Arizona Columbus, Ohio

(415)964-7063 (612)338-1777 (602)265-0065 (614)868-1550

2525 N. Scottsdale Road 1490 W. Spring Valley Road 4550-50 E. Cactus Coming SOOn tO:

Scottsdale, Arizona Richardson, Texas Phoenix, Arizona El Paso, Texas

(602)941-8794 (214)234-5955 (602)996-2910 Denver, Colorado

FOR FRANCHISE OPPORTUNITY INFORMATION CALL (602) 967-1421

(la)

Photo 1: Two views of the completed Micrograph prototype. The use of a universalwirewrap circuit board (photo la) allows a spacious layout that almost exactly followsthe schematic diagram of figure 2. Photo lb shows the wiring that required approx-imately two weekends of the author's time. A daisy-chaining wirewrap tool was usedfor the majority of the bus wiring, while control signals were made in the standardwirewrap fashion; power is provided to the integrated circuits via buses printed andetched on the board.

mainder of the hardware and soft-ware remains the same, as does theinterface between the host andMicrograph. Thus, in a sense, there ishardware independence built into thesystem.

For that matter, you can producejust about any display resolution upto 256 by 256 with 256 colors withoutmajor modifications to the circuitryother than the video-displaygenerator. Of course, at these higherresolutions, you need much morememory. So, for the dedicatedreader, I offer this as a possiblesystem enhancement; it's somethingI'm going to try next. As you can see,the design of Micrograph using theMC6847 supplies an excellent colordisplay at a very low price.

I offer a final radical change, but Ihaven't implemented it. In thisdesign, we assume that the videodisplay has the bus whenever it needsit. This scheme produces a clear, tear-free display. However, if themicroprocessor is given priority formemory accesses, quality of displayis traded for speed. In fact, in my ap-proach, the Z80 is only allowed con-trol of the bus around 20% of theavailable time. Of course, this is not aproblem with a dedicated micropro-cessor.

If raw speed is necessary, however,let the microprocessor have dominantbus control, and give the bus to thevideo-display generator only whenthe software permits it (such as afterthe display has been updated). Thisapproach has the advantage of hav-ing a much faster processing speed.However, it has the drawback ofcausing a streak across the screenwhenever the microprocessor is up-dating the display. Furthermore, youwill need to modify the software andhardware to accommodate this ap-proach. By the way, a similar ap-proach is used by Motorola'sTVBUG, a 6802/6847-based boardthat allows the user's system to treatthe refresh memory as an intelligentperipheral.

colors. However, I came across theMC6847 and decided to use thislower-risk approach to complete thesystem, since my main concern wasthe software design and instructionset.

I designed the software so only onesection of code must be altered to

support the new display resolutions.The code already exists to support thecolor-look-up tables, but the MC6847obviously does not have the capabili-ty to support such a setup. Thus, youonly need to modify the video-display electronics and one section ofcode to produce System II. The re-

Conclusion

This article concludes the presenta-tion of the hardware required to sup-port Micrograph. I have examinedthe circuit design, discussed construc-tion details, and looked at varioussystem enhancements. Photos 2a and2b provide some examples of displayspossible with Micrograph.

136

December 1980 '?> BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 89 on inquiry card.

Multi-User

UniFLEX is the first full capability multi-useroperating system available for microprocessors.Designed for the 6809 and 68000, it offers itsusers a very friendly computing environment.After a user 'logs-in' with his user name andpassword, any of the system programs may berun at will. One user may run the text editorwhile another runs BASIC and still another runsthe C compiler. Each user operates in his ownsystem environment, unaware of other useractivity. The total number of users is onlyrestricted by the resources and efficiency of thehardware in use.

Suppor

The design of UniFLEX, with its hierarchical filesystem and device independent I/O, allows thecreation of a variety of complex supportprograms. There is currently a wide variety ofsoftware available and under development.Included in this list is a Text Processing Systemfor word processing functions, BASIC interpreterand precompiler for general programming andeducational use, native C and Pascalcompilers for more advanced programming,sort/merge for business applications, and avariety of debug packages. The standardsystem includes a text editor, assembler, andabout forty utility programs. UniFLEX for 6809 issold with a single CPU license and one yearsmaintenance for $450.00. Additional yearlymaintenance is available for $100.00. OEMlicenses are also available.

FLEX

Multi-Tasking

UniFLEX is a true multi-tasking operating system.Not only may several users run differentprograms, but one user may run severalprograms at a time. For example, acompilation of one file could be initiated whilesimultaneously making changes to another fileusing the text editor. New tasks are generatedin the system by the 'fork' operation. Tasks maybe run in the background or 'locked' in mainmemory to assist critical response times. Inter-task communication is also supported throughthe 'pipe' mechanism.

UniFLEX is offered for the advancedmicroprocessor systems. FLEX, the industrystandard for 6800 and 6809 systems, is offeredfor smaller, single user systems. A full line of FLEXsupport software and OEM licenses are alsoavailable.

J con/ultantr, inc.

Box 2570, West Lafayette, IN 47906(317) 463-2502 Telex 276143

'"UniFLEX and FLEX are trademarks of TechnicalSystems Consultants, Inc.

Circle 90 on inquiry card.

n

DECEMBER

MEMORY SPECIALS

2101

450ns 2.49

2708 450ns

6.25

2102-1

450ns .99

2716 450ns

14.95

21L02-1

450ns 1.29

2732 450ns

49.95

2112

450ns 2.99

2650

12.95

2114

450ns 4.99

2-80

9.95

4116

200ns 5.99

4116 250ns

8080A

8/39.95

3.95

OTHER SPECIALS

2N3055

10/6.99 LM723

10/3.99

95H90

7.99 LM741

10/2.99

8038

3.99 7805

10/7.99

LM380

5/4.59 7812

10/7.99

LM555

10/3.49 RED LED 100/7.99

LM556

5/3.49 GREEN LED

50/6.99

LM565

5/3.99 MAN 72 CA .3"

10/7.99

LLM56?

4/4.99 MAN 74 CC .3"

10/7.99 i

LS SERIES

LOOK AT THIS LS PRICING!

74LS00

.32 74LS85

1.23 74LS175

1.09

74LS02

.38 74LS86

.45 74LS191

1.31

74LS04

.35 74LS93

.71 74LS195

1.39

74LS08

.38 74LS95

1.11 74LS221

1.28

74LS10

.32 74LS109

.49 74LS240

1.89

74LS20

.35 74LS138

.79 74LS241

1.89

74LS30

.35 74LS139

.79 74LS244

1.79

74LS32

.39 74LS151

.79 74LS283

1.03

74LS38

.39 74LS153

.79 74LS298

1.24

74LS42

.79 74LS157

.79 74LS367

.99

74LS51

.35 74LS158

.82 74LS368

.99

74LS54

.35 74LS161

.99 74LS373

1.85

74LS73

.44 74LS163

.99 74LS374

1.81

■ 74LS74

.48 74LS174

1.19 74LS377

1.48

TTL

7400

10/1.99 74153

3/1.99

7404

10/1.99 74157

3/1.99

7447

5/2.49 74161

5/3.99

7490

5/1.99 74163

5/3.99

7493

5/1.99 74164

5/3.99

I 74151

3/1.99 74192

5/3.79 ^B

LINEAR IC'S

LM301-8

.34

LM555-8

.39

LM310

.64

LM556

.69

LM311-8

.64

LM565

.99

LM318-8

1.49

LM567

1.29

LM319

1.29

LM741-8

.29

LM324

.59

LM747

.79

LM377

2.29

LM1458-8

.69

LM380

1.29

LM1889

2.49

REGULATORS

7805T

.89

7905T

.99

7812T

.89

7912T

.99

. 7815T

.99

7905K

1.29

DIP

IC

SWITCHES

SOCKETS

4 positio

.99

14 pin

10/1.49

.

5 position 1.02

16 pin

10/1.69

6 position 1.06

24 pin

4/1.00

7 position 1.09

8 position 1.14

IMSAI S-100 edge

connector solder tail

^

gold 2.49

MA1012A

CLOCK MODULE

I Complete alarm clock module w

Ml special transformer and

^^L spec sheets included. Just add

switches. 8.99 3/24 ^M

TERMS: Include $2.00 lor shipping.

$10.00 I

minimum order

Send SASE for com

plete catalog

JDR MICRODEVICES, INC.

1101 South Winchester Blvd.

1

San Jose, California 95128

408 247-4852

Photo 2: Examples of Micrograph displays.

Listing 1 contains the second thirdof the Micrograph software (begun inPart 1 and to be completed in Part 3).In the final part of this article, I willdiscuss the software needed byMicrograph to implement the instruc-

tion set presented in Part 1, cover themajor algorithms implemented in thesystem (such as the scan-line-conversion algorithm), and examinehow to operate Micrograph. ■

Listing 1 begins on page 327

138

December 1980 Cc) BYTE Publications Inc

DYNACOMP

Quality software for:

ATARI

PET

APPLE II Plus

TRS-80 (Level II)NORTH STARCP/M 8" Disk

GAMES

BRIDGE 2.0 (Available for all computers) Price: $17.95 Cassette

$21.95 Diskette

An all-inclusive version of this most popular of card games. This program both BIDS and PLAYScither contract or duplicate bridge. Depending on the contract, your computer opponents will eitherplay the offense OR defense. If you bid too high, the computer will double your contract! BRIDGE 2.0provides challenging entertainment for advanced players and is an excellent learning tool for the bridgenovice.

HEARTS 1.5 (Available for all computers) Price: $14.95 Cassette

$18.95 Diskette

An exciting and entertaining computer version of this popular card game. Means is a trick-orientedgame in which the purpose is not to take any hearts or the queen of spades. Play against two computeropponents who are armed with hard-to-beat playing strategies.

CR1BBAGE 2.0 (TRS-80 only) Price: $14.95 Cassette

$18.95 Diskette

This is a well-designed and nicely executed two-handed version of the classic card game, cribbage. It isan excellent program Tor the cribbage player in search of a worthy opponent as well as the beginnerwishing to learn the game, in particular the scoring and jargon. The standard cribbage score board iscontinually shown at the top of the display (utilizing the TRS-80's graphics capabilities), with the cardsshown underneath. The computer automatically scores and also announces the points using the tradi-tional phrases.

CHESS MASTER (North Star and TRS-80 only) Price: $19.95 Cassette

$23.95 Diskette

This complete and very powerful program provides five levels of play. It includes castling, en passantcaptures and the promotion of pawns. Additionally, the board may be preset before the start of play,permitting the examination of "book" plays. To maximize execution speed, the program is written inassembly language (by SOFTWARE SPECIALISTS of California). Full graphics are employed in theTRS-80 version, and two widths of alphanumeric display arc provided to accommodate North Starusers.

STARTREK 3.2 (Available for all computers) Price: S 9.95 Cassette

$13.95 Diskette

This is the classic Startrek simulation, but with several new features. For example, the Klingons nowshoot at the Enterprise without warning while also attacking starbases in other quadrants. TheKlingons also attack with both light and heavy cruisers and move when shot at! The situation is hecticwhen the Enterprise is besieged by three heavy cruisers and a starbasc S.O.S. is received! The Klingonsget even!

SPACE TILT (Apple only) Price: $10.95 Cassette

$14.95 Diskette

Vac the game paddles to tilt the plane of the TV screen to "roll" a ball into a hole in the screen. Soundsimple? Not when the hole gets smaller and smaller! A built-in timer allows you to measure your skillagainst others in this habit-forming action game.

GAMES PACK I and GAMES PACK II Price: $ 9.95 each, Cassette

$13.95 each. Diskette

GAMES PACK 1 contains BLACKJACK, LUNAR LANDER, CRAPS. HORSERACE, SWITCHand more. GAMES PACK II includes CRAZY EIGHTS, JOTTO, ACEY-DUCEY, LIFE, WUMPUSand others. Available for all computers.Why pay S5.9S or more per program when you can buy a DYNACOMP collection for just $9.95?

STUD POKER (ATARI only) Price: $11.95 Cassette

$15.95 Diskette

This is the classic gambler's card game. The computer deals the cards one at a time and you (and thecomputer) bet on what you see. The computer does not cheat and usually bets the odds. However, itsometimes bluffs! Also included is a five card draw poker betting practice program. This package willrun on a IfiK ATARI.

STATISTICS and ENGINEERING

DATA SMOOTHER (Available for all computers) Price: $14.95 Cassette

$18.95 Diskette

This special data smoothing program may be used to rapidly derive useful information from noisybusiness and engineering data which arc equally spaced. The software features choice in degree andrange of Tit, as well as smoothed first and second derivative calculation. Also included is automaticplotting of the input data and smoothed results.

FOURIER ANALYZER (Available for all computers) Price: S14.95 Cassette

$18.95 Diskette

Use this program to examine the frequency spectra of limited duration signals. The program featuresautomatic scaling and plotting or the input data and results. Practical applications include the analysisof complicated patterns in such fields as electronics, communications and business.

TFA (Transfer Function Analyzer) Price: $19.95 Cassette

$23.95 DisketteThis is a special software package which may be used to evaluate the transfer functions of systems suchas hi-fi amplifiers and filters by examining their response to pulsed inputs. TFA is a major modificationof FOURIER ANALYZER and contains an engineering-oriented decibel versus log-frequency plot aswell as data editing features. Whereas FOURIER ANALYZER is designed for educational and scien-tific use, TFA is an engineering tool. Available for all computers.

FOURIER ANALYZER Hnd TFA may be purchased together for a combined price of $29.95(Cassettes) and $37.95 (Diskettes).

REGRESSION I (Available for all computers) Price: $19.95 Cassette

$23.95 Diskette

REGRESSION I is a unique and exceptionally versatile one-dimensional least squares "polynomial"curve fitting program. Features include very high accuracy; an automatic degree determination option;an extensive internal library of fitting functions; data editing; automatic data and curve plotting; astatistical analysis (e.g., standard deviation, correlation coefficient, etc.) and much more. In addition,new fits may be tried without reentering the data. REGRESSION I is certainly the cornerstone programin any data analysis software library.

REGRESSION II (PARAFIT) (Available for all computers) Price: $19.95 Cassette

$23.95 Diskette

PARAFIT is designed to handle those cases in which the parameters are imbedded (possibly nonlinear-ly)in the fitting function. The user simply inserts the functional form, including the parameters (A(l),Ail), etc.) as one or more BASIC statement lines. Data and results may be manipulated and plotted aswith REGRESSION 1. Use REGRESSION I for polynomial fitting, and PARAFIT for those com-plicated functions.REGRESSION I and II may be purchased together for S36.95 (cassettes) and $44.95 (diskettes)

Availability

DYNACOMP software is supplied with complete documentation containing clear explanations andexamples. All programs will run within I6K program memory space (ATARI requires 24K). Except wherenoted, programs are available on ATARI, PET, TRS-80 (Level II) and Apple (Applesoft) cassette anddiskette as well as North Star single density (double density compatible) diskette. Additionally, most pro-grams can be obtained on standard 8" CP/M floppy disks for systems running under MBAS1C.

BUSINESS and UTILITIES

MAIL LIST II (North Star only) Price: $21.95

This many-featured program now includes full alphabetic and lip code sorting as well as file merging.Entries can be retrieved by user-defined code, client name or Zip Code. The printout format allows theuse of standard size address labels. Each diskette can store more than 1100 entries (single density; over2200 with double density systems)!

TEXT EDITOR I (Letter Writer) Price: $14.95 Cassette

$18.95 Diskette

An easy to use, line-oriented text editor which provides variable line widths and simple paragraph in-dexing. This text editor is ideally suited for composing letters and is quite capable of handling muchlarger jobs. Available for all computers.

FINDIT (North Star only) Price: $19.95

This is a thrcc-in-onc program which maintains information accessible by keywords of three types: Per-sonal (e.g., last name). Commercial (eg: plumbers) and Reference (eg: magazine articles, recordalbums, etc). In addition to keyword searches, there are birthday, anniversary and appointment search-es for the personal records and appointment searches for the commercial records. Reference recordsare accessed by a single keyword or by cross-referencing two or three keywords.

DFILE (North Star only) Price: $19.95

This handy program allows North Star users to maintain a specialized data base of all files and pro-grams in the stack of disks which invariably accumulates. DFILE is easy to set up and use. It willorganize your disks to provide efficient locating of the desired file or program.

COMPARE (North Star only) Price: $12.95

COMPARE is a single disk utility software package which compares two BASIC programs and dis-plays the file sizes of the programs in bytes, the lengths in terms of the number of statement lines, andthe line numbers at which various listed differences occur. COMPARE permits the user to examine ver-sions of his software to verify which arc the more current, and to clearly identify the changes made dur-ing development.

COMPRESS (North Star only) Price: $12.95

COMPRESS is a single-disk utility program which removes all unnecessary spaces and (optionally)REMark statements from North Star BASIC programs. The source file is processed one line at a time,thus permitting very large programs (o be compressed using only a small amount of computer memory.File compressions of 20-5096 are commonly achieved.

GRAFIX (TRS-80 only) Price: $12.95 Cassette

$16.95 Diskette

This unique program allows you to easily create graphics directly from the keyboard. You "draw"your figure using the program's extensive cursor controls. Once the figure is made, it is automaticallyappended to your BASIC program as a string variable. Draw a "happy face", call it H5 and then printit from your program using PRINT HS! This is a very easy way to create and save graphics.

TIDY (TRS-80 only) Price: $10.95 Cassette

$14.95 Diskette

TIDY is an assembly language program which allows you to renumber the lines in your BASIC pro-grams. TIDY also removes unnecessary spaces and REMark statements. The result is a compactedBASIC program which uses much less memory space and executes significantly faster. Once loaded,TIDY remains in memory; you may load any number of BASIC programs without having to reloadTIDY!

SIMULATIONS and EDUCATION

BLACK HOLE (Apple only) Price: $14.95 Cassette

$18.95 Diskette

This is an exciting graphical simulation of the problems involved in closely observing a black hole witha space probe. The object is to enter and maintain, for a prescribed time, an orbit close to a small blackhole. This is to be achieved without coming so near the anomaly that the tidal stress destroys the probe.Control of the craft is realistically simulated using side jets for rotation and main thrusters for accelera-tion. This program employs Hi-Res graphics and is educational as well as challenging.

VALDEZ (Available for all computers) Price: $14.95 Cassette

$18.95 Diskette

A simulation of supertanker navigation in the Prince William Sound and Valdez Narrows. The pro-gram uses an extensive 256X256 element radar map and employs physical models of ship response andtidal patterns, Chart your own course through ship and iceberg traffic. Any standard terminal may beused for display.

FLIGHT SIMULATOR (Available for all computers) Price: $17.95 Cassette

$21.95 Diskette

A realistic and extensive mathematical simulation of take-off, flight and landing. The program utilizesaerodynamic equations and the characteristics of a real airfoil. You can practice instrument approachesand navigation using radials and compass headings. The more advanced flyer can also perform loops,half-rolls and similar acrobatic maneuvers.

TEACHER'S PET I (Available for aU computers) Price: $ 9.95 Cassette

$13.95 Diskette

This is the first of DYNACOMP's educational packages. Primarily intended for pre-school to grade 3,TEACHER'S PET provides the young student with counting practice, letter-word recognition andthree levels of math skill exercises.

Ordering Information

All orders arc processed and shipped postpaid wilhin 48 hours. Please enclose payment with order alongwith computer information. If paying by VISA or Master Card, include all numbers on card. For ordersoutside North America add !0e< for shipping and handling.

Add S2.50 to diskette price for 8" floppy disk (soft sectored. CP/M, Microsoft BASIC)

Deduct 10% when ordering 3 or more programs.

Ask for DYNACOMP programs at your local software dealer. Write for detailed descriptions of these andother programs from DYNACOMP.

DYNACOMP, Inc.

6 Rippingale Road^^=, Pittsford, New York 14534

(716) 586-7579

New York SUM resident, pltue .dd 7* NYS sile* In,

Circle 117 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980

139

Q ATARI©©©

And one that costs you a buck.

One: Buy a new TeleLink® I cartridge for yourATARI 400® or ATARI 800® computer andget one free hour of CompuServe InformationService time.

Two: Visit a Radio Shack® computer center. Mostare equipped to access the CompuServeInformation Service now. Log in and see what youcan get. The service is compatible with anyTRS-80® including the new VIDEOTEX® unit.

Three: Send $1.00 to us and we'll send you thecurrent "menu" of services, including thesophisticated big mainframe power of Micro NET.Send $1.00, name and address to: CompuServe,Information Service Division, 5000 ArlingtonCentre Boulevard, Columbus, Ohio 43220.

Radio Shack, TRS-80 and Videotex are trademarks of Tandy Corporation.ATARI 400 and ATARI ROO are trademarks of ATARI, Inc.

Circle 91 on inquiry card.

All this is yours to command.

Access to news andentertainment data bases,computer games and art,regional newspapers,newsletters, programs,languages, storage (up to128k free!) and lots more isyours for 8V3 cents perminute (between thehours of 6 pm and 5 amweekdays and all dayweekends), billed toyour charge card. It's

a local phone hook-up in more than 260 U.S. cities.

CompuServe isworking with 11major regionalnewspapers tobring you theirelectroniceditions, as wellas the AssociatedPress news andsports wires.

Simple games andgraphics for thebeginner. And, whenyou're ready—try thereally tough ones onMicroNET (seeMicroNET service).You haven't lived

until you discover aplayer from Los Angeles

in your dungeon!

CompuServe is continually adding new on-lineinformation resources.So, order our currentmenu and watch for newfeatures such as anelectronic encyclo-pedia, travel infor-mation, foodpreparation andgardening tips,government pub-lication data—and much more!

MicroQuote has his-torical and statisticaldata on almost everystock, bond or optionyou can buy. Corporatefinancial information,commodity pricesand financialnewsletters arealso available.

And, when you're ready for big-time computer action...

You need a

computer to

use all the

MicroNET

services which

put you in

command of

our big, fast

mainframe

computers.

But even with

the simplest

terminal you can send electronic mail to any other user,

use the CB simulator, and try to zap the enemy's

spaceships in real—and very fast—time. Many

networking multi-player games available.

See for yourselfwhat a

state-of-the-artelectronicinformationservice can do.Geta demonstration ata Radio Shack*computer center orsend $1.00 fora currentmenutoday.

Not 1985.

NOW!

CompuServe

Information Service Division5000 Arlington Centre Blvd.Columbus, Ohio 43220(614) 457-8600

Circle 91 on inquiry card.

A Simplified Theoryof Video Graphics

Part 2

Allen Watson III

1261 Robbia Ct

Sunnyvale CA 94087

Color Television

To produce color television dis-plays we need a picture tube with aphosphor screen that can be made toglow in different colors. This is doneby a method similar to the half-tonemethod of color printing; a full-colorpicture is made by superimposingthree single-color images made up ofvery small dots. At the normal view-ing distance the dots are too small forthe human eye to resolve, so that thecolors appear to merge into a singleimage. The inside of a color televisionscreen is covered with an array ofsmall dots of three different phos-phors that glow in red, green, a bluewhen struck by electrons. By careful-ly controlling the brightness of eachcolored dot we can produce any colorwe desire. (See text box, "ThePrimary Colors".)

The major problem is independentcolor control. We need three separateelectron beams (ie: one for each col-or) arranged so one beam strikes onlythe red phosphor dots, one beamstrikes the green dots, and one beamstrikes the blue dots. It is not practical

Note that the numbers used for figures,photos, and tables in this article have been con-tinued from Part 1, which appeared in theNovember 1980 BYTE, page 180.

to aim the beams this precisely; in-stead, a shadow mask is used. Theshadow mask is a perforated metalplate placed just behind the phosphorscreen in the picture tube. The threeelectron beams can strike the phos-phor dots only after passing throughholes in the mask. The electron gunsthat produce the beams are posi-tioned so each beam strikes only dotsof the correct color; thus each guncasts an electron "shadow" on phos-phors of the other colors. Brightnessof each of the primary colors is con-trolled by the intensity of the cor-responding electron beam.

Color by Direct Drive

A straightforward approach to col-or computer displays uses three iden-tical video-refresh circuits, each withits own refresh memory, in order togenerate separate signals for the threeelectron guns. This approach is rela-tively expensive; it takes three timesas much refresh memory as an equiv-alent black-and-white display. If thismethod were used with the 200 by300 dot display example discussed inPart 1 of this article, 3 X 7500 =22,500 bytes of refresh memorywould be required.

We can have a more economicalsystem using direct drive of the threecolors, but using only one refreshmemory. (Some switching circuitry is

necessary to display two colors in-stead of black and white.) With aspecial-character graphics system, wecan use a few of our extra charactercodes to select the colors. The colordisplayed in place of white is calledthe foreground color and the one dis-played instead of black is called thebackground. By inserting color-selectcharacters wherever they are needed,it is possible to make different partsof the display show different colors.If each of the electron guns is eitheron or off, the colors available withthis system will be the eight possiblecombinations of the three primarycolors:

1. no color, or black

2. red

3. green

4. blue

5. red + green = yellow

6. green + blue = cyan

7. blue + red = magenta

8. all three = white

The main drawback to the use ofdirect drive (often referred to as R-G-B) is the cost of the color monitor.Professional monitors with separatered, green, and blue video inputs arenot mass-produced, so they are quiteexpensive. Compucolor, the only per-sonal computer manufacturer usingdirect-drive color, builds a low-cost

142 December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

THE DAWN OFA NEW AGE

The 2nd Generation is here!

MEASUREMENT systems & controls proudlyintroduces its new and exciting "2nd Generation"family of S-100* compatible products. Each hasbeen specifically designed for use withmulti-user and networkoperating systems suchas MP/M, CP/NET, andOASIS. Every product isfully tested and burned-in, comes with a 1 yearguarantee, and offersyou features notcurrently available fromany other source.

Z80 PROCESSORBOARD — The most

powerful CPU board available today. Outstandingfeatures include 4MHz operation, high-speed serialand parallel I/O utilizing DMA or programmedcontrol, eight vectored priority interrupts, and areal time clock.

MULTI-USER SERIAL I/O BOARD — For use in

expanded systems requiring up to eight additionalserial I/O ports. Features include: 16 maskable

*AII products meet the new IEEE standards.

Systems

a Division of MEASUREMENT systems 8. controls

incorporated

vectored priority interrupts, RS-232C interfaces

with full handshake, asynchronous or synchronous

operation with asynchronous baud rates to 19,200.

Available in four or eight channel versions.

DOUBLE DENSITY

FLOPPY DISK

CONTROLLER BOARD-

controls up to four 51/4-inch or 8-inch disk drivesusing IBM soft sectoredformats. It features 1Kof on-board buffering,DMA controlled datatransfers and the per-formance character-istics of the superiorNEC 765 chip.

64K BANK SELECTABLE MEMORY BOARD -

Features include I/O port addressing for bank

select with 256 switch selectable I/O ports for the

memory bank addressing. The memory is

configured as four totally independent 16K

software-selectable banks, with each bank

addressable on any 16K boundary.

"Attractive Dealer & OEM Prices"~ See your nearest computer dealer, or

contact us for the complete story onThe 2nd Generation.

867 North Main St. / Orange, Calif. 92668(714) 633-4460 TWX / TELEX: 678 401 TAB IRIN

The Primary Colors

In grammar school, most of uswere taught that there are threeprimary colors (red, yellow, andblue) and that any other color canbe produced by mixing these three.You may be wondering how colortelevision manages to use red,green, and blue as its primary col-ors. First of all, the primary colorswe learned in school are appro-priate only for pigments such aspaints and crayons; light sourcessuch as the glowing phosphor dotsin a color picture tube don't workthe same way.

The creation of a color by mix-ing pigments relies on the subtrac-tion (or partial absorption) ofcolors from the light falling onthe pigment. If you mix pigmentswithout adding white, the imagegets darker. However, creating acolor by mixing light works by ad-dition, so if you combine severalcolors of light, the result is lighter.

Complementary colors are es-sentially opposites: if you mixcomplementary-colored pigmentsthe resulting color is black, butif you mix complementary-coloredbeams of light, the resulting coloris white. This "symmetry" meansthat primary colors for light will bethe complements of primary colorsfor pigments.

This still sounds paradoxical:how can red, green, and blue bethe complements of red, yellow,and blue? This apparent problem iscaused by the vagueness of our col-or names. The colors in the twosets of primaries are actually alldifferent, but one color in each setis reddish and one is bluish. Youcan see examples of the pigmentprimaries by examining a printedreproduction of a color photo-graph in which the printing platesare out of register. Here you canperceive the colors of the inks andthat the "red" ink is actually red-

violet, or magenta, and that the"blue" ink is blue-green, or cyan.

To see the primary colors usedin television, try viewing a colortest pattern by tuning to a televi-sion station before it is broad-casting programs. If you adjustyour television set's color controlsso the primaries are as pure aspossible, you will find the greenslightly yellowish, the red a bitorangy, and the blue almost in-digo. If we arbitrarily use ourvague color names for specific col-ors and call the television prima-ries red, green, and blue, we mustcall the pigment primaries magen-ta, yellow, and cyan to avoid con-fusion. The two sets of primarycolors make up complementarypairs, like this:

Lights

red

green

blue

Pigments

cyanmagenta

yellow

color monitor into the computer inorder to keep the total system costreasonably low.

Color by Subcarrier

Another method of avoiding ahigh-priced color monitor is to use anordinary color television set to dis-play computer video. Even with theaddition of extra circuitry needed topick up broadcasts, home televisionsets cost less than professionalmonitors. However, there are draw-backs to the use of a television set.

A color television set is designed toaccept a VHF (very-high-frequency)radio signal or carrier that is modu-lated by a composite-video signal.This signal consists of horizontal andvertical synchronizing pulses, black-and-white picture information (calledluminance), and a 3.58 MHz subcar-rier that contains the color informa-tion (called chrominance). The sub-carrier is modulated by the color in-formation in such a way that theamplitude of the 3.58 HMz signaldetermines the intensity of the colorat each point in the picture; the phaseof the signal determines the actualcolor displayed. (Refer to the textbox, "Outline of NTSC Color Stan-dards.")

Remember that the video signaldeveloped from memory produces

output pulses at the appropriate timesduring the raster-scanning process.This creates dots of light on thedisplay screen. It is convenient todesign computer video circuits soeach dot corresponds to a half cycleof the 3.58 MHz color subcarrier. Ifseveral dots are adjacent, the outputwill be a continuous high-level signal;this will appear on the screen as awhite line as wide as the number ofdots. If we alternate dots and spaces,the signal will consist of alternatinghigh and low levels, each a half cyclewide, creating a square wave at the3.58 MHz subcarrier frequency. Thetelevision set decodes the amplitudeof the 3.58 MHz component of thecomposite video as the intensity ofthe color to be displayed, so whatwas sent out as a string of dots andspaces will be displayed as a brightlycolored solid line.

The color that is displayed dependson the phase of the color subcarrier.The timing of the dots generated bythe video-refresh circuits determinestheir phase. For example, with dotscorresponding to half cycles, inter-changing dots and spaces is equiva-lent to a phase reversal, or a 180°phase shift, which will produce thecomplement of the first color. To pro-duce more colors, we must makesmaller changes in the timing of the

dots. The half-cycle dots are pro-duced by computer circuits runningat twice the color subcarrier frequen-cy, or 7.16 MHz. If we make our cir-cuits run twice as fast (14.3 MHz), wecan put dots on quarter-cycle inter-vals and have 90° phase differences.With the half-cycle dots this wouldgive us four colors in addition toblack and white.

Bit mapping is not the only way toproduce NTSC (National TelevisionSystem Committee) color signals.Our computer can have circuits thatwork like character generators, todecode different values of refreshdata into appropriate dot patterns,for even more colors. The circuits canproduce dots a quarter-cycle long,separated by spaces three-quarters ofa cycle long and vice versa, which arestill at the frequency of 3.58 MHz.The quarter-cycle dots can be at anyof four phases, as can the three-quarter cycle dots, giving us eightmore colors for a total of twelve, plusblack and white. The quarter-dot col-ors will have a low average voltagelevel and, hence, lower brightnesswhen compared to the longer three-quarter cycle dots. In other words,four of the twelve colors produced bythis technique will be dark, fourwill be medium bright, and the re-

Text continued on page 150

144 December 1980 S BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 92 on inquiry card.

Software forPeople who areri

:; ''«.'■ ■'i'|,,,jk'?. 11 ■ ,*''. I

't

Easy to Please.

1

High quality pretested inter-active application softwarepackages for personal and smallbusiness computers designed byexperts — Datasoft. Provenstandard accounting and inventorycontrol functions — Datasoft.Special market packages forattorneys, physicians, wholesalersand retailers — Datasoft. Completedocumentation — Datasoft.Sophisticated electronic games —Datasoft. Great dealer discounts —Datasoft. Total support—Datasoft.Best value — Datasoft.

Guaranteed — Datasoft.

Mail this coupon today or call now for fasterdelivery — (800) 896-5630

Hurry, send details on:

□ Business software □ Personal soft-ware □ Dealer information

□ Programmer □ Consumer

□ Educational

Datasoft Inc., 16606 Schoenborn St.Sepulveda,CA 91343, (213) 894-9154

Type of computer owned

Company/Name

Address.

City_

State.Zip.

Phone

Dealer inquiries invited

PaU<p(r3 Pops

COMPUTER SOFTWARE

Circle 93 on inquiry card.

Price/Performance Breakthrough!

Mouro MP-250 Prooc

The $695 pen plotter that gives

professional accuracy with

superb line quality!

Mauro's design innovations make it possibleto produce a high quality, low cost plotterthat out-performs every other plotter ofcomparable price on the market today. Infact, its line quality matches that of plotterscosting $2,000 or more.

Proac draws with .005"/step resolutionand ± 0.5% @ 17" degree of accuracy atspeeds of 2.5" per second or higher. Aunique multi-point paper drive helps achievethis level of accuracy, making Proac suitablefor a wide variety of applications for whichMauro is developing supportive software.Programs currently available include: [I]Complete 2D and perspective plotting, in-cluding ASCII and curve generation whichare available as relative linking libraries (L80)for Microsoft compatible software products,Fortran-80, Cobol-80, Compiler Basic, andMacro-80 in CP/M compatible files on 8"IBM-3740 or $V*" Northstar formatteddisks. [2] Apple II UCSD Pascal implemen-tation of Turtle Graphics including full 128ASCII character set; Pascal subroutines areFortran compatible. [3] Complete scientificand business data graphing package for Ap-ple II. Includes data editor, Hi Res screenpreview, Axis tic marks, labeling and scaling,data overlays, names and comments, point,line, bar, and pie graphs, 128 ASCII charac-ter set, data file handling. [4] Schematicdrawing system for TRS-80. Has two fontsystem: .15" grid for B size, and .1" for Asize drawings. Comes complete withpredefined symbols for standard logic, lineardevices, passive and active components, con-nectors, and 128 ASCII character set. Systemis menu driven with placement of symbolsand interconnectors done under cursor con-trol on the screen before plotting. Other soft-ware is in development and will be availableupon completion.

Proac comes with full vector drivingsoftware for 8080, 6502, and 6800 based com-puters. Interfaces are available for Apple,TRS-80 and PET. With the addition of an"intelligent" serial interface, Proac becomescompatible with any computer.

Contact Mauro Engineering about com-plete information and specifications for MP-250 Proac and available software.

MAURO ENGINEERING

Rt. 1, Box 133, Mount Shasta, CA 96067Telephone 916 926-4406

146 December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Outline of the NTSC ColorStandards

In 1953 the NTSC (NationalTelevision System Committee) an-nounced a method of color tele-vision broadcasting that wasadopted as the US standard. TheNTSC system superimposes colorpicture information onto the olderblack-and-white signal in such away that the resulting compositesignal is compatible with the oldstandards. This means that colorbroadcasts may be viewed onblack-and-white sets (and viceversa), and this made it possible tocontinue using black-and-whiteequipment.

A color television camera isessentially a combination of threemonochrome (ie: black-and-white)cameras, each viewing the samescene through a different coloredfilter. The most straightforwardway to transmit color television in-to the home would be to send thesethree signals over the air, but thatwould require the equivalent ofthree television channels andwould not be economically feasi-ble.

Studies of human vision haveshown that fine details in color arenot resolved as well as they are inblack-and-white. This is fortunatesince it allows transmission of col-or picture information with amuch narrower bandwidth thanthree separate channels would re-quire. In order to take advantageof this effect, the NTS.C techniqueconverts the three signals from acolor camera into one full-re-solution black-and-white signalcalled the luminance signal, andtwo color-difference signals calledchrominance signals (which arefiltered to limit their bandwidth,thereby decreasing their resolu-tion).

The total bandwidth requiredfor the luminance signal plus thetwo chrominance signals is about40% greater than the bandwidth ofa black-and-white signal, still toobroad to keep within the 4.5 MHzbandwidth that was originallyallocated for the video signal. TheNTSC system puts the chromi-nance signals into the band that isalready occupied by the luminancesignal. This trick is accomplishedby putting the chrominance signalsonto a subcarrier, which is thenadded to the luminance signal. The

subcarrier is so called because,while it modulates the radio-fre-quency carrier along with the nor-mal video signal, it is also a car-rier.

The subcarrier frequency mustbe higher than that of the informa-tion it is to carry, although there isa maximum frequency that willstill fit within the 4.5 MHz band-width. Another reason for puttingthe subcarrier at a relatively highfrequency is that the luminancesignal has less energy at higherfrequencies, so there is less inter-ference between the luminance andthe subcarrier. There are still morecomplex aspects of the NTSC tech-nique required to minimize this in-terference and to preserve certainother characteristics of the originalblack-and-white television signal,but their importance in computerapplications is not great enough towarrant a full description here.The net result is that the horizontalline frequency is changed slightlyin the NTSC system, to 15,734.26Hz, and the color subcarrier is putat 3.579545 MHz. This is usuallyreferred to as the 3.58 MHz colorsubcarrier.

The two chrominance signalsmodulate the 3.58 MHz subcarriertogether in such a way that theresulting signal has an intensity oramplitude proportional to theamount of color at each point inthe picture and a phase that deter-mines the particular color. Theremust be a standard phase for thereceiving set to refer to in decodingthe color information, so a shortburst of unmodulated 3.58 MHzsubcarrier is transmitted duringpart of each horizontal retrace in-terval. This so-called color burst isused by the receiver to generate areference subcarrier phase.

It turns out that most televisionsets don't do a very good job ofseparating the chrominance andluminance signals that are com-bined so cleverly in the NTSC sys-tem. Compromises made in the in-terests of lower cost cause mostsets to lose the fine detail in the pic-ture and pick it up as chrominanceinstead. This means that fine ver-tical black-and-white stripes willsometimes produce spurious colorson the screen. You can see this ef-fect by watching for coloredstreaks across those striped shirtsworn by news announcers.

If you

just bought

another

printer,

boy are

you gonna

be sorry.

Epson.

The Epson MX-80. It's not just another worked-over rehash of last year's model. It's our top-of-the-line 80-column printer. It's new. From theground up. And it's the most revolutionaryprinter to hit the market since Epson inventedsmall printers for the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo.Don't take our word for it, though. Compare.There simply isn't a better value in an 80-columnprinter. Period.

But here's the fact that's going to stand theprinter world on its ear. The MX-80 sports theworld's first disposable print head. After it'sprinted about 50 million characters, you canthrow it away. Because a new one costs less than$30, and the only tool you need to change it is at-tached to the end of your arm.

Now that's revolutionary,but that's only the beginning.The MX-80 also prints bidirec-tionally at 80 CPS with a logi-cal seeking function to mini-mize print head travel time

The world's first disposable printliead. It has a life expectancy/ of over 50million characters, yet it's so simple,you can cliange it with one hand. And itcosts less than-repeat less than -$30.

and maximize throughput. It prints 96 ASCII,64 graphic and eight international characters ina tack-sharp 9x9 matrix. And it provides a user-defined choice of 40, 80, 66 or 132 columns andmultiple type fonts.

We spent three long years developing theMX-80 as the first of a revolutionary series ofEpson MX Printers. We employed the most ad-vanced automatic assembly and machiningtechniques in existence to produce a printer thatis incredibly versatile, remarkably reliable andextraordinarily inexpensive. It's a printer thatcould only come from the world's largest man-ufacturer of print mechanisms: Epson.

If it sounds like we're proud of the MX-80, weare. Not only does it do thingssome of the world's most ex-pensive printers can't do, it'lldo them for you for less than$650. That's right. Under $650.And if that isn't revolution-ary, we don't know what is.

EPSON

EPSON AMERICA, INC.

23844 Hawthorne Boulevard, Torrance, California 90505, Telephone (213) 378-2220

Circle 94 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980

147

THETYPRINTER221

The TYPRINTER 221 is the only intelligent printer'thatis Totally Compatible with every computer and allword processing software. Features such asAutomatic Underlining, Automatic Bold Print, ReversePrint, Columnization, Decimal Location are allincluded at no extra cost. This daisy wheel printerprints 20 characters per second with Pica, Elite orMikron size type. Standard Centronics type interface,RS-232 or IEEE available. This incredible printer can beused off-line as a typewriter with a 17" paper widthcapacity. Unit has a non-volatile resident memory for:Automatic recall of often-used formats, Automaticrecall of often-used phrases.This is the only printer inthe world that can be programmed for use with anyword processing software. $2850.00

THE MICROLINE-80

The Microline-80 offers business-quality andreliability at an attractive price. Small and lightweight,it easily fits in an attache case. It operates at 80characters per second, and accomodates three-partforms up to 9.5" in width. It can switch from standard80 column printing at ten characters per inch to 132column condensed printing at 16.5 characters perinch. The condensed printing, combined with programcontrolled line spacing at six and eight lines per inch,provides for substantial savings in paper. Features:Upper and Lower Case, Centronic Interface, 9x7Matrix, Block Graphics, 110V/220V 50/60 cps, Friction& Pin-Feed. $639.00

PRINTERS

COMPUTERS

LIST PRICE OUR PRICE

Centronics 730 $795.00 $749.00

Centronics 730-3 $895.00 $795.00

Centronics 737 $995.00 $869.00

Centronics 779 w/lower case $1595.00 $1195.00

Epson MX-80 $645.00 $599.00

LRC 7000 + (64 col.) $405.00 $299.00

NEC 5510 SplnWrlter $3195.00 $2695.00

NEC 5520 SplnWrlter $3395.00 $2995.00

NEC 5530 SplnWrlter $3195.00 $2595.00

NEC Tractor-Feed Option $249.00 $225.00

Okldata Microline-80 $800.00 $699.00

Okldata Microllne-82 $960.00 $799.00

Okldata Slimline SL300 $5380.00 $4395.00

TYPRINTER 221 $2850.00

Vista V300 $1895.00 $1795.00

LIST PRICE OUR PRICE

Model I, Level II, 4K $649.00 $619.00

Model I, 16K no keypad $768.00 $669.00

Model I, 16K w/keypad $849.00 $729.00

Model II, 64K Ram $3899.00 $3799.00

Model III, 16K Ram $999.00 $929.00

Model III, 32K Dual Disk $2495.00 $2299.00

Pocket Computer w/lnterface $289.95 $269.00

TRS-80 Color Computer $399.00 $359.00

TRS-80 Color Computer Expanded $599.00 $519.00

Atari 400 Computer System, 8K $629.95 $499.00

ATARI 800 Computer System, 16K.... $1079.95 $849.00

16K APPLE II Computer $1195.00 $999.00

16K APPLE II + Computer $1195.00 $999.00

32K APPLE II + Computer $1295.00 $1059.00

48K APPLE II + Computer $1395.00 $1119.00

TERMS: Prices and specifications are subject to change. HARDSIDE accepts VISA & MASTERCARD,Certified checks & Money Orders; Personal checks accepted (allow 3 weeks to clear). HARDSIDE pays allshipping charges (within 48 states) on all PREPAID orders OVER $100.00. UPS Blue Label or Air Freight isavailable at extra cost. COD orders accepted (orders over $100 require 25% deposit).

148 BYTE December 1980

Circle 165 on inquiry card.

The Software Exchange

bScxithStn\H,lkKM,Miliord,NU(W5riCALL TOLL FREE1-800-258-1790

(in NH call 673-5144)

A

We hove it oilunder one roof!

At TSE we stock our shelves with only the finest products available tomake your micro-merchandise shopping a pleasure. So the next timeyou're considering a purchase for your micro, just pick up the telephoneand dial our toll-free number (1-800-258-1790) to get in touch with all thatcounts in the micro industry.

SOFTWARE

HARDWARE

• Microsoft

• Radio Shack

• Apparat

• Commodore Pet

• Racet

• Atari

• Hayden

• Percom

• Muse

• Centronics

• Creative Computing

• NEC

• Personal Software

• Sun

• Scott Adams

• Okidata

• Acorn Software

• Source/Telecomputing

• Synergistics

• Computer Case Co.

• Strategic Simulations

• MicroMint

• Lance Micklus

• Eaton LRC

• Softape

• Cover Craft

• Quality Software

• BSR

• Web Associates

• BASF

• Small System Software

• Corvus

• Image

• Archbold Electronics

• On-Line Systems

• ESP

• Ritam

• Novation

• Avalon Hill

• Big Five

• Micro Lab

• Programmers Guild

• Quality Software Distributors

Send $1.00 for our

catalog, and receive a

$2.00 credit toward

your next purchase.

Circle 166

Dn inquiry card.

BOOKS

• Hayden

• Wiley

• Scelbi

• Compusoft

• Dilithium

• Sams

• Radio Shack

• SoftSide

• Addison Wesley

• Computer Science Press

• Rainbow Associates

• Plus much more!

COMPUTERCIRCUITS

DISPLAY

REFRESH

MEMORY

C )

(

DISPLAY

VIDEO

REFRESH

CIRCUITS

II

Figure 2: The cause of video-display dropouts. Several popular microprocessor systemsuse a display scheme that switches the refresh memory out of the video-refresh circuitrywhenever some refresh memory location is changed. This is interpreted by the displayas a blank line on the screen for a short interval.

Text continued from page 144:

maining four will be pastels. (Seephoto 2 on page 152.)

This method of color productionhas some drawbacks. For one thing, itproduces spurious black or whitemargins wherever certain color areas

touch. This is due to the behavior ofthe dot patterns. If the dot pattern forgreen is binary 0101 and the patternfor magenta is 1010, you can see thatthere will be either two dots togetheror two spaces together whenever agreen area is next to a magenta one.

Mountain Computer

can now

EXPAND

Your Apple II Peripheral Capacity

EXPANSION CHASSIS

Quality You Expect

Eight more slots for your Apple! Now youcan bank-select eight more peripheral slotswith immediate or deferred softwarecommands—like having up to 15 peripheralcards "on line"—or use the Select/Deselectswitch mounted on the front panel.Expansion Chassis' heavy-duty powersupply is primarily for peripherals, withoutthe heavy demand of motherboard supportchips required in your Apple. This meansmuch more power is available for peri-pherals than in your Apple itself! If you'verun out of room in your Apple—ExpansionChassis is your answer. Drop by your Appledealer for a demonstration, or contactMountain Computer for the location ofthe dealer nearest you.

Performance You Demand

• Eight mirror image I/O slots of the Apple

• Fully buffered, bi-directional data lines

• Apple II compatible interface card

• Dual selection capability; hardware orsoftware

• Immediate or deferred selection insoftware mode

• From BASIC, a single POKE commandturns the chassis ON or OFF

• Compatible with all software

• Dedicated power supply withapproved power transformer

jSjjjS Mountain Computer

^£ incorporated"

300 Harvey West Blvd., Santa Cruz, CA 95060(408) 429-8600 TWX 910 598-4504

Apple is a trademark ol Apple Computer Inc.

Two or more dots together producewhite on the display.

Another problem arises when try-ing to superimpose text and color.Since the characters are made of linesonly one dot wide, some parts of thecharacters will match the dot patternsof the colors and they will disappearif displayed on a colored background.One way to avoid this is to makecharacters of elements at least twodots wide. This prevents their merg-ing into colored backgrounds, but ata price: you cannot fit as many ofthese wider characters into thedisplay.

Undocumented Features andQuirks

Several of the personal computerslisted in Part 1 of this article havesubtle quirks that are not apparent atfirst glance and are never mentionedin the manufacturers' specificationsor sales literature. While they couldeasily escape your notice during ademonstration at the computer store,they could become very irritatingonce you become aware of them. Ifyou are planning to use one of thesecomputers for graphics, you shouldbe aware of these quirks before youdecide which computer to buy.Although you may discover otherproblems, these are the major designflaws in the personal computerslisted:

• asymmetrical plotting

• video-refresh dropouts

• limited color resolution

• adjacent color interactions

Asymmetrical Plotting

Asymmetrical plotting makes aplot with the same number of dotshorizontally and vertically come outnot as a square but as a rectangle.Some personal computers are quitebad in this respect while others pro-duce almost perfectly symmetricalplots. You can figure whether or not adisplay is symmetrical by finding theratio of its horizontal resolution to itsvertical resolution, and comparingthe result with the aspect ratio of thedisplay portion of the screen. Theaspect ratio is the display width com-pared with the display height: a stan-dard television screen is a third widerthan it is high, so its aspect ratio is4:3. If a computer's display is sym-metric, the number of dots it takes tofill the screen in each direction will beproportional to the size of the screenin that direction. You will probably

150

December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 96 on inquiry card.

rhen you pick a Daisy..ick Vista's V300 Printer.

Vi/to

Computer Company

■ --..- — -'■•-■■

$1895.

There are Daisies!... And, There are Daisies!... But Vista has a Peach!

The Vista V300 is exactly that, a "peach" of a daisy wheel printer both from the standpoint of priceand performance.

Think of it, a printer at nearly half the price (when compared to models even remotely competitive inquality) combined with the ultimate in reliability, print quality, and flexibility.

Typical Comments: "Superb print quality!", "Highly reliable.", "Definitely letter quality. . . I can'tbelieve the price tag.", "Best use I've seen yet of LSI Technology."

But judge for yourself — look at the V300 features and keep in mind this is a letter quality printer atdot matrix prices.

• Tractor option available

• Print Speed — 25 CPS (Optional 45 CPS tor $2,195)

• Print Wheel — Industry standard 96-character Daisy Wheel(including the extended-life dual plastic wheels)

• Service — Prompt maintenance/service agreements avail-able nationwide

• Interface — Industry standard parallel (RS232-C optional)

• Printable Columns — 136

• Warranty — 90 days parts and labor, one year parts only

• Proportional, bi-directional printing • Programmable VFU

• Extensive self-test functions • Hardware and softwarecompatible

Vista does it again! Quality, Price and Perfor-mance with a peach of a daisy wheel printer.

222

AND, Vista Has a Complete V100 Word Pro-

cessing System for Only $4995!

The Vista V100 is a complete word process-

ing system that inc

udes:

• Exidy Sorcerer

• Vista V300 Printer

Computer, 48K

Full Character Daisy

• V200E20 Disc Drive

Wheel

System, Double

• Wordstar, CPM 1.4

Density

(Includes E Basic)

• Sanyo Data Display

• Can also be used for

Monitor

Data Processing

IMMEDIATE DELIVERY

For Further InformationCall Toll Free (800) 854-8017

The Vista Computer Company 1401 Borchard Street* Santa Ana. California 92705* 714/953-0523

Circle 97 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980

151

Photo 2: Bars of complementary colors. Twelve colors (plus white) can be produced by the color-subcarrier method, where eachcycle of the 3.58 MHz color frequency is broken into quarters. By varying the phase and by putting out signals with a duty cycle of75%, 50%, or 25%, a computer display can select the color.

be able to program the computer tocompensate for an asymmetricdisplay, but the results may look soragged that you prefer to live with the

asymmetry.

Video-Refresh Dropouts

Video-refresh dropouts looksomething like the interference pro-duced by static from electric motorsand automobile ignitions (ie: short,horizontal black lines that appearvery briefly and in random locationson the screen.) They are not externalinterference in this case, but are self-inflicted. Whenever a Radio ShackTRS-80 or an Exidy Sorcerer accessesthe video-refresh memory (either to

read it or to change it), the computerinterrupts the video refresh. (Seefigure 2.) The severity of the resultingdisplay-data dropouts depends partlyon the nature of the data beingdisplayed. If only text is beingdisplayed, with a black background,most of the dropouts will occur inareas of the screen that are alreadyblack and pass unnoticed. (The small-keyboard Commodore PET hasdropouts too, but they are white andonly appear when the display isPEEKed or POKEd.)

Dropouts happen only while thedata in the computer's video-refreshmemory is being read or changed; ifthe display is being changed often, as

during animation, the occurrence ofdropouts will increase. So if you areplanning to use your computer foranimated graphics, look for modelsthat do not have this problem.

In order to avoid having videodropouts, some personal computershave refresh memory that runs twiceas fast as necessary for refreshing thedisplay. This makes it fast enough torespond to a memory-access requestby the computer between two suc-cessive transfers to the display. Thecomputer and the display share therefresh memory by taking alternatememory cycles. Neither interfereswith the other in any way.

The main reason that all personaj

152 December 1980 '<; BYTE Publicalions Inc

Circle 98 on inquiry card.

NEW DISK SYSTEMPOLISHES APPLE

w

fX;

I

IP*

I

Micro-Sci's new disk drive familyreally makes your Apple shine.

Both the A-40 and A-70 offerextra performance plus the abilityto read existing diskettes writtenon Apple Disk II systems.

And a jumper selectable bootprom for 13 and 16 sector intergerBasic or 8 sector Pascal comesstandard.

The Model A-40 actually costsa lot less than Apple Disk II drives.Yet it provides 40 tracks instead of

35, along with up to 20K increasein capacity. Maybe an extra 20K isn'tanything to write home about, butthe speed sure is—5 ms track totrack vs. Apple's 15 ms.

The Model A-70, on the otherhand, features twice the tracks andcapacity of the Apple Disk II, butit costs only a few dollars more.

The secret of outstanding per-formance and reliability is a state-of-the-art design incorporating aband positioner, instead of a plastic

fj-sa

cam, plus an improved mediacentering system.

SPECIAL DISCOUNT.

One A-40 plus controller is pricedat only $495 and the second driveis just $395. You can saveup to $200 per system over Apple IIdrive prices.

And you can save even more ifyou act now. Contact us today fora special $50 introductory discounton your Micro-Sci A-40 or A-70system order.

MICRO-SCI

1405 E. CHAPMAN AVENUE • SUITE E • ORANGE, CALIFORNIA 92666

MICRO-SCI IS A DIVISION OF STANDUN CONTROLS. INC.Apple and Apple II are registered trademarks of APPLE COMPUTERS INC. SAN JOSE, CALIFORNIA

714/997-9260

computers do not use this method ofpreventing dropouts is cost. The com-ponents for this refresh memory mustbe capable of operating at twice thenormal speed—this makes thememory more expensive. Or lookingat it another way, without the needfor fast refreshing, the higher-speedmemory would enable us to use afaster microprocessor and obtain bet-ter performance. Another factor af-fecting the design of the refreshmemory is the type of microprocessorbeing used; some types have internalclocking schemes that are not com-patible with this refreshing scheme.

Limited Color Resolution

If you choose a computer thatgenerates NTSC video in order to usean ordinary color television set foryour display, you may be disap-pointed by the poor horizontalresolution. Even though the computerproduces a signal with up to 280 dotsper horizontal line, the television setwill only show black-and-whiteresolution of about 160 dots per lineand color resolution that is evenlower — 40 or 50 dots per line.

We must define three differentkinds of horizontal resolution whendiscussing graphics displays on a col-

HOLIDAY GREETINGS FROM JOHN D. OWENS ASSOCIATES

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS

HIGH IN QUALITY. LOW IN PRICEZ80 CPU, 4 Mhz, with one serial port; 12 slot S-100 mainframe, disk controller, 64K

Dynamic Ram, CP/M 2.2® $1,645.

Interfaced to 2 Shugart, 8 inch drives with power supply and cabinet for an

additional $1,250.

and you have a complete S-100 system for under $3,000. THE BEST BUY ONTHE MARKET.

IMS 5000 and 8000 Systems

The new rising stars! Beautifully designed and constructed with the Industrial MicroSystem reputation for fine quality. These systems feature a Z80 CPU, S-100 bus; doubledensity drives (either single or double sided) CP/M®. 5000 series uses mini floppies, 8000uses maxi floppies. Hard disk and MP/M now available.

Model 5-00125 with two double density drives, 32K Static RAM $2,765.

Model 8-00125 as above but with 8" drives $4,185.

AMPEX DFR-900 HARD DISK DRIVES

Winchester media; 16MB removable; 32, 64, or 96 MB fixed. These drives are totally in-tegrated with the IMS hardware and CP/M® or they can be used with other systems. Wecan furnish a package consisting of an IMS system, your choice of CRT or printer, op-tional hard disk and applications software.32MB System $8,500.

DRIVES

Per Sci299B Now Available!!! . $2,300.

Cabinet and power supply $300.

Per Sci 277.$1,210. Shugart .... $525.

MPIB51. . . $265. B52 $365.

Innotronics and QUME also available.

HAZELTINE1500 $885.

1510 $980. 1520 $1,210.

1420 (two year warranty) $775.

CENTRONICS

737 $780. 730 $680.

TELEVIDEO SMART CRTs

912 B and C $780.

920B $1,105. 920C $850.

IMS MEMORY 16 K static $285.

32 K static $585.

64 K Dynamic with parity $950.

TEI MAINFRAMES, S-100

12 slot $500.

22 slot $670.

TARBELL

Double density controller $420.

Cables $40.

CALIF. COMPUTER SYSTEMS

CONTROLLER Single or double densi-ty; SVi or 8" drives. ROM Addressable.Price includes CP/M® 2.2 $395.

WE EXPORT:

Overseas Callers:

TWX 710 588 2844

Phone 212 448-6298 or Cable: OWENSASSOC

CALL OR WRITE FOR CATALOGUE AND PRODUCT LITERATURE

JOHN D. OWENS

Associates, Inc.

12 Schubert StreetStaten Island, New York 10305

212 448-6283 212 448-2913 212 448-6298

or television receiver. To start with,you can distinguish the 280 dot posi-tions even on a color set. (We mightcall this figure the accuracy of thedisplay, since it determines thesmallest difference that the computercan display.) The resolution problemarises due to the way most colortelevision sets separate the color in-formation from the rest of the video:they send all of the high-frequency in-formation to the color circuits. Thislimits the picture bandwidth to only 2to 3 MHz and the horizontal resolu-tion to 160 to 200 dots per line.

This resolution, poor as it is, ap-plies only to brightness changes in thepicture (ie: black-and-white informa-tion). If you display different colorsnext to each other, the colors willsmear across the width of four or fivedots. This is due to the narrow band-width of the color circuits. A band-width of about half a megahertzallows only about fifty color changesacross the width of the screen. In spiteof this, you can produce quite gooddisplays on a color television set byusing a lot of black and white alongwith colors. Most of the picture con-sists of brightness differences and hashorizontal resolution of about 160dots per line. Displaying black be-tween different colored areas keepsthe color smears from being visible.

Color Interactions

Suppose you want to draw severallines on your color-graphics display.If you try to make the lines differentcolors, you will discover that thecompromises made in the designs ofsome personal computers limit thenumber of colors that can be adja-cent. If you try to put more than twocolors close together, the computerwill sometimes change one of the col-ors plotted earlier, depending onwhich color is used last. This can berather disconcerting the first time ithappens to you and worse when youfind that it is a characteristic of yourcomputer. You may be able tominimize the effect it has on yourdisplays by understanding themechanism behind it in order to "pro-gram around it."

This problem arises in the Com-pucolor II and in the Texas In-struments TI-99/4 because of theirbackground-foreground schemes forspecifying colors. Programs on thesemachines can use any one of theavailable colors for the dots beingdisplayed (ie: the foreground) andany other color for the background.Each character cell can have its own

154 December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

foreground and background colors,so the colors can be different in dif-ferent parts of the display. However,inside a region that is the size of acharacter, there can be only two col-ors. If you try to draw a colored linethrough a cell that already has twoother colors in it, the foregroundpoints in that cell will be displayed asthe new color.

The Apple II has a similar problemdue to the tricky way it selects colorsin high-resolution mode. High-resolution graphics on the early Ap-ple II have only two colors, plusblack and white. It uses bit mappingof 7 bits out of each displayed byte.Later models have been modified touse the eighth bit in each byte toselect two more colors by shifting thephase of the dots made by the other 7bits. This means that the color-selectbit in each byte determines which twocolors are available for seven adja-cent points. If a line happens to fall inthe same seven-dot-wide region asone already plotted, with the color-select bit the other way, the color-select bit will get changed to matchthe new line. (See table 2.)

Which Method Is Best?

By now it shouldn't be surprisingthat I don't single out one personalcomputer as the best. It should alsobe obvious that my criticism of par-ticular features of certain manufac-turers' computers does not automati-cally disqualify them or imply thattheir competitors' machines aresuperior. Careful examination ofnewer computers is likely to revealother peculiar features.

My explanations of these un-documented quirks are intended toshow how published specificationsfail to provide complete descriptionsof these machines. The different ap-proaches to graphics displays mayresult in similar specifications, but thedisplays may perform quite different-ly in a particular application. Youshould try to understand these dif-ferences so you can evaluate them interms of your own needs and makeyour own judgments.

The most important graphicsfeature of a personal computer issimply having graphics. Of course,you can produce video displays thatare adequate for some applications ona system that does not have anygraphics features. For example, photo3 shows a plot of a histogram pro-duced by means of standardcharacters. Most of the ubiquitousStar Trek games also use this ap-

Model

region heightregion widthcolors in regioncolors available

Apple

1746

Compucolor II

422

TI-99/4

216

Table 2: The color interaction characteristics of three popular microprocessorsystems. The four colors in a seven-dot region on the Apple II are black, white, andone of the pairs: green and magenta or orange and blue. Any character-cell regionin the Compucolor and Texas Instruments computers can have any two of theavailable colors, with black and white counted as colors.

proach, which might be calledpseudographics. Still, such displaysare limited both in information con-tent and in visual appeal.

The personal computers I havementioned all have at least some kindof block-graphics display. Photo 3and photo 4 show the same histogram

HOLIDAY GREETINGS FROM JOHN D. OWENS ASSOCIATES

TELETYPE Model 43 Inventory Sale/!!!

Model 4320, Friction or Pinfeed $985.00

Model 4330 punch/reader. 10 or 30 CPS.

8 level, 1" tape $2,595.

Limited supply of Model 45 available.

IBM 3101 CRT Model 10 $1,195.

Model 20 $1,395.

Selectric-like, detached keyboard. 9x16 dot matrix. Main-tenance contract from IBM only $70 per year.

ITHACA INTERSYSTEMS

Full S-100 IEEE Compatibility! Full 24 address bits. DMA diskcontroller. SYSTEM 2A includes 20 slot mainframe with frontpanel, 64K Dynamic RAM. Z80 CPU, 4 MHZ, extended ad-dressing capability. 4 parallel, 2 serial I/O, floppy controller.Our discounted price $3,236.

MARINCHIP SYSTEMS M9900

Elegant 16 bit CPU, S-100 compatible, multi user, multi pro-cessor operating system. BASIC, FORTH, META, PASCAL,Word processor, text editor

CPU kit and software package $ 550.

Assembled $ 700.

Complete system, 64KB, two drives $5,700.

MICRO ANGELO $2,280.

High resolution graphics system. Microangelo features 15",22MHZ, green phospher screen, 72 key keyboard; includescomplete cabling and software. From SCION.S-100 Graphics card $960.

GRAPHICS SOFTWARE

On line, real time, for the M9900 to drive the Microangelo.For use in design of PC board masks, IC masks and other ap-plications usually requiring a $200,000 system.

CORVUS HARD DRIVES

We are the S-100 CORVUS dealer in the New York area.Demonstrations by appointment.

MODEL 11, HARD DISK SYSTEM $4,820.

Mirror Backup System $ 715.

Host Multiplexer $ 675.

MULTI-BUS

Z-8000 CPU and supporting boards. From Central DataCorp. Complete systems starting at $6,500.

INDUSTRIAL

MICRO

SYSTEMS

TELETYPE

HAZELTINE

IBM

TELEVIDEO

TEI

TARBELL

CORVUS

PER SCI

NEC

ITHACA

INTERSYSTEMS

MARINCHIP

DATA SOUTH

QUMECENTRONICS

TEXAS

INSTRUMENTS

ATARI

DEC

CALIFORNIA

COMPUTER

SYSTEMS

KONAN

EDGE

TECHNOLOGY

INNOTRONICS

XEROX

DIABLO

INTEGRAL

DATA SYSTEMS

CROMEMCO

SOROCMICROPRO

TELETEK

NOVATION

AMPEX

CDC

NORTH STAR

COMMODORE

SCION

MPI

POWER ONE

MEASUREMENT

SYSTEMSAND CONTROL

WE OFFER A FULL RANGE OF EXPERT CONSULTING

SERVICES COVERING ALL AREAS

OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS AND SYSTEMS.

JOHN D. OWENS

Associates, Inc.SEE OUR AD ON FACING PAGE

December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 155

displayed using pseudographics andlow-resolution block graphics.

The next important feature of agraphics display is color. If you doubtthe validity of that statement, askyourself why, when television madethe transition from black and white

to color, all the commercials weredone in color long before all the pro-grams were. Statistically speaking,you could say that a color display canconvey three times as much informa-tion as a black-and-white displaywith comparable resolution. This

tit

####

################################## .

#######################

################### .

################

###########

iff*#

16086 UALUES— NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

Photo 3: Pseudographics are created by using characters that are meant for viewing asstandard text.

Photo 4: The same histogram shown in photo 3 is repeated here using subcell-blockgraphics on a 40 by 40 grid.

generalization fails to describe the im-pact that color provides. If your ob-jective in having graphics on yourcomputer is to enhance the effec-tiveness of your displays, then youare almost certain to find that colorcapability is worth the cost.

Next we come to the question ofresolution, and here things get a littlecomplicated. An inexpensive way toget high resolution is by means ofspecial characters, but this method isnot well suited for producing graphsof curves or other mathematical func-tions. You can directly compare thespecifications of the other types ofgraphics systems, subcell and map-ping, because these enable you to plota curve as a series of points in or-dinary rectangular coordinates. Thehigher the resolution, the smootherand more accurate these plots will be.

However, special-character graph-ics systems do not allow you to plotarbitrary curves in high resolution.Only predetermined shapes can bedisplayed, except on the Texas In-struments and Exidy machines withtheir programmable graphics charac-ters. While it should be possible towrite a program to dissect a curve in-to 8 by 8 graphics cells on these com-puters, it would be extremely tedious.This means that the resolution of aspecial-character system is not direct-ly comparable with that of the othertypes. How important that is to youdepends on your need to plot curveswith your computer. It alsodemonstrates another way thatspecifications can be misleading ifyou look only at the numbers.

I hope that the information I haveprovided has not given you the ideathat the graphics displays on all thecurrent personal computers areunusable. I think it is very excitingthat we can get so much graphicscapability on such inexpensivemachines. My objective in presentingthis description has been to help yousee the reasons behind their dif-ferences. If you can understand them,you will be able to figure out whichtype is most appropriate for makingthe kind of graphics displays you areinterested in.H

References

1. Lancaster, D. TV Typewriter Cookbook. In-dianapolis IN: Howard W Sams & Co, 1976.

2. Schure, A. Basic Television, RevisedSecond Edition, Volume 6. Rochelle Park NJ:Hayden Book Co, 1975.

3. Watson III, A. "More Colors for Your Ap-ple," BYTE, Volume 4, Number 6, June 1979,page 60.

156 December 1980 @ BYTE Publications In

Suddenly, RCA makes talking toyour computer a lot cheaper.

New interactive data terminalwith color graphics-onlyj

RCA's new VP-3301 is a professional quality, ASCIIencoded, interactive data terminal, suitable for a widevariety of industrial, educational, business and individualapplications requiring interactive communicationbetween computer and user. Connects directly to yourcomputer or to a standard modem for over the phoneaccess to time sharing networks and data bases. And it'scompatible with networks such as those provided byCompuServe Information Services and Source Tele-computing Corp. Microprocessor intelligence and LSIvideo control integrated circuits bring performance,features and flexibility at a low price. Power supplyincluded.

Unique color locking circuitry creates sharp, jitterfree, true color graphics and rainbow free characters.

Displays the entire field of characters in any of 8colors against any of 8 background colors (7 gray scaleswith monochrome monitors). Or to add specialemphasis, you can display individual letters, words orlines in different colors or in reverse video.

The VP-3301 offers you a choice of two software-selectable display formats: Either 40 characters by 24lines. Or 20 characters by 12 lines.

The terminal's resident character set consists of 52upper and lower case alphabetics, 10 numerals, 32punctuation /math symbols, and 31 control characters.

You can also define a total of 128 of your own characters.Including: Greek letters and other foreign alphabets,graphic symbols, large graphics building blocks,playingcard suits, unique character fonts, and "little green men."

The keyboard section features flexible-membranekey switches with contact life rated at greater than fivemillion operations. A finger positioning overlay andpositive keypress action give good operator "feel".

An on-board sound generator and speaker providesaural feedback for key presses and may also beactivated with escape sequences to provide an audiooutput.

The sealed keyboard surface is spill proof and dustproof. This combined with high noise immunity CMOScircuitry makes the VP-3301 ideal for hostileenvironments.

Output is industry standard asynchronous RS232Cor 20 mA current loop with six switch selectable baudrates and 8 selectable data formats.

The terminal can be connected directly to a 525 linecolor or monochrome monitor. Or to a standard TV setusing an Rf modulator.

For more information, contact RCA MicrocomputerMarketing, New Holland Avenue, Lancaster, PA 17604.

Or call our toll-free number: 800-233-0094.

'Suggested user price.

ItCJl

Circle 99 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980

157

On the Road to Adventure

Bob LiddilThe Programmer's Guild

POB66Peterborough NH 03458

Adventure! The very word bringsforth visions of high intrigue anddanger. The armchair adventures ofthe personal computer user can beevery bit as exciting as the real thing,without the personal risk.

Adventure players are just asdedicated to their activity as are anyof the many different types of gamingenthusiasts. They expect a high stan-dard of excellence.

This article by no means claims tocover all there is to know aboutAdventure. [The capitalized wordAdventure will be used to refer to thisclass of games as a whole . . . ,GW]What I will do is introduce the readerto the styles and procedures that havepopularized Adventure to almost cultstatus and present the currently pop-ular authors along with their works.Additionally, there will be tips onhow to play Adventure without tear-ing your hair out and going totallycrazy.

What Is Adventure?

Adventure is a semi-intelligent,word-recognizing computer programthat employs a narrative style to pre-sent an unsolved puzzle. (For an ex-ample of an Adventure dialog, seelisting 1.) The format of the game canbe almost any organized grouping oflocations that are bound together bya single theme. The clues to the puzzleare tied to the theme so that the gameflows logically and smoothly. Solvingthe puzzle in whole or part leads to

About the Author

Bob Liddil is a freelance writer and is bothgame designer and president of The Program-mer's Guild. He is interested in photographyand noncomputer fantasy war-gaming, and hisequipment includes a Radio Shack TRS-80Model I computer with 48 K bytes of memory,two MP/ disk drives, and a Centronics 730printer.

the treasure or to valuable clues to theultimate winning of the game. SomeAdventures are goal oriented, whileothers rely on the accumulation ofvaluable objects.

The commands in Adventure affectfour factors: where you are, whatyou see, where you can go, and whatyou can do.

Magic words are popularwith some Adventureauthors.

Your puppet, the narrator insidethe program who resides in the worldof your Adventure, can freely usethe data provided by the computer todeliver your options to you. Whenyou respond, the puppet executesyour command and lives (or dies)through the consequences.

By paying careful attention to theinformation given you through thefaculties of your puppet, you canmove him freely through his environ-ment. One mistake can cost you thegame (and the puppet his life).

How to Play Adventure

Your puppet will do whatever youcommand if it is within his power.He is totally dependent on you for hissequence of action. He understandsquite a vocabulary of two-wordEnglish sentences, but you must becareful because he takes your com-mands literally. Thus, a command toa puppet standing at the edge of a cliffto JUMP will cause the puppet to hurlhimself into space, resulting in(depending on the author) conse-quences ranging from death to softlanding. A command of SHOOTHORSE in a western Adventure couldleave you afoot.

GO, GET, LIFT, CARRY, PUSH,

KICK, SHOOT, ATTACK, KILL,FEED, LEAD, and DRINK are only afew of the many (usually more thanone hundred) direct-action com-mands available to the player of Ad-venture. One Adventure by ScottAdams has a fully functionalbathroom with a presumablyanatomically correct puppet re-sponding to the direct-action com-mand USE !

EXAMINE always gets results,even when the response is a seeminglynonhelpful, I SEE NOTHING SPE-CIAL. This is still a clue in that iteliminates the object just examinedfrom further consideration. Some-times EXAMINE reveals somethingthat you have overlooked. In a recentouter-space scenario, I carried aphaser pistol for almost an hourbefore remembering to examine it.When I did, I discovered that it hadtwo settings, stun and destroy. I hadbeen stumped, but now I destroyed acertain object and things fell logicallyinto place. I was able to proceed withthe game, following it to an entertain-ing and pleasant conclusion.

Movement commands are usuallysimplistic. In some Adventures, pos-sible directions to take are displayedat the top of the screen with the title"OBVIOUS EXITS ARE:". Thesemay not be your only options, how-ever. Lost in a desert, with a road insight (and the message YOU SEE: AROAD, CACTUS, SANDdisplayed), you may have the addi-tional movement-command optionsof GO ROAD, GO CACTUS, or GOSAND. These may produce suchdiverse results as YOU ARE ON AROAD, YOU SEE: DESERT,MOUNTAINS, TOWN or OUCH !I'M STUCK FULL OF PRICKLYPEAR NEEDLES or I'VE BEEN BIT-TEN BY A RATTLESNAKE, I'MDEAD.

158

December 1980 <<■' BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 100 on inquiry card.

The MODEL 800 AAST is certainly pleasing to look at, but its true beauty lies beneath the surface. A glimpse <features reveals why it is rapidly becoming the most sought after printer in the world . . .

• Four standard interfaces:

RS-232 (15 baud rates)

Centronics compatible parallel

IEEE-488

20ma current loop

• Six line densities: 64, 72, 80, 96, 120, 132

• 100 CPS at all six densities

• Unidirectional or bidirectional printing

• Sixteen horizontal and ten vertical tabs

• Elongated characters in all six densities

• 1920 character buffer

• Uses either perforated or roll paper

• Fully adjustable tractors to 9V2"

• Auto self-test

Up to 10 character fonts

Standard 96 character ASCII

User defined character font

Provision for up to eight additional fontsDot resolution graphics in six densitiesVariable line spacing control from 0 to 64 dots inhalf-dot increments

Auto form-feed for any form length at any linespacing

Heavy-duty all aluminum chassis1 lOvac or 220vac, 50/60Hz.100 million character priritheadMeasures only 15" wide, 3" high, and 11" deepWeighs only 15 lbs.

but maybe its most attractive feature is the price $699.00.

bo/e_ c.

P.O.

^—

BOX 3548 FULL., CAL. 98634 / C7141 938-4344

Circle 101 on inquiry card.

MTI stocks em all

101

S3

No hidden charges. Prices include delivery.VISA and MasterCard orders accepted.

VIDEO TERMINALS

VT100 DECscope $ 1695

VT132 DECscope 2295

ADM-3A (dumb terminal) »

ADM-3A+ (dumb terminal) »

AOM-31 (2 page buffer) «

ADM-42 (8 page buffer avail.) »

1410 (Hazeltine dumb terminal) 825

1420 (dumb terminal) 895

1421 (Consul 580 & ADM-3A comp.).... 895

1500 (dumb terminal) 1045

1510 (buffered) 1145

1520 (buffered printer port) 1395

1552 (VT-52 compatible) 1350

300 BAUD TELEPRINTERS

LA34-DA DECwriter IV 1045

LA34-AA DECwriter IV 1295

Teletype 4310 1085

Teletype 4320 1225

Diablo 630 RO 2295

Diablo 1640 RO 3085

Diablo 1640 KSR 3285

Diablo 1650 RO 3185

Diablo 1650 KSR 3385

Tl 743 (portable) 1190

Tl 745 (portable/built-in coupler) 1585

Tl 763 (portable/bubble memory) 2690

Tl 765 (port/bubble mem/b-i coupler) . 2895

600 BAUD TELEPRINTERS

Tl 825 RO impact 1565

Tl 825 KSR impact 1645

Tl 825 RO Pkg 1750

Tl 825 KSR Pkg 1895

1200 BAUD TELEPRINTERSLA120-AA DECwriter III (forms pkg.) . 2410

LA180 DECprinter I 2195

Tl 783 (portable) 1745

Tl 785 (port/built-in coupler) 2395

Tl 787 (port/internal modem) 2845

Tl 810 RO impact 1800

Tl 810 RO Pkg 2047

Tl 820 KSR impact 2057

Tl 820 KSR Pkg 2275

Tl 820 RO 1895

Tl 820 RO Pkg 2047

2400 BAUD

Dataproducts M200 (2400 baud) 2595

DATAPRODUCTS LINE PRINTERS

B300 (300LPM band) 5535

B600 (600LPM band) 6861

2230 I300LPM drum) 7723

2260 (600LPM drum) 9614

2290 OOOLPMdrum) 12655

ACOUSTIC COUPLERS

A/J A242-A (300 baud orig.) 242

A/J 247 (300 baud orig.) 315

A/J AD342 (300 baud orig./ans.) 395

A/J 1234 (Vadic compatible) 895

A/J 1245 (300/1200 Bell comp.) 695

MODEMS

GDC 103A3 (300 baud Bell) 395

GDC 202S/T (1200 baud Bell) 565

GDC 212-A (300/1200 baud Bell) 850

A/J 1256 (Vadic compatible) 825

CASSETTE STORAGE SYSTEMS

Techtran 816 (store/forward) .1050

Techtran817 (store/for/speedup) 1295

Techtran 818 (editing) 1795

Techtran 822 (dual) 2295

MFE 5000 (editing) 1495

FLOPPY DISK SYSTEMS

Techtran 950 (store/forward) 1395

Techtran 951 (editing) 1995

* Please call for quote.

mti

Applications Specialists & DistributorsGreat Neck. New York/Cleveland Ohio.

N.Y.: 516/482-3500 & 212/895-7177800/645-8016 Ohio: 216/464-6688

isting 1: Sample dialog from an Adventure. These three screens are from Lostlutchman's Gold, an Adventure from The Programmer's Guild. The questions andlong replies are by the Adventure program. The two-word replies at the end of each in-dented line are the player's command. Although the format will vary from Adventureto Adventure, each one will tell you something about your immediate surroundings. Inthis Adventure, the information above the heavy lines is rewritten after each command.In other words, the legend DEAD BURDENBEAST at the top of the last screen isdisplayed only after the command SHOOT BURDENBEAST (at the bottom of thescreen) is given.

YOU ARE IN A SMALL CAMP. YOU SEE :

CARRYBACKS. UNTIED BURDENBEAST. LEATHER PIECE. CAMPFIRE.

OBVIOUS EXITS ARE ! WEST NORTH SOUTH EAST

WHAT DC YOU WANT TO DO NOW? GET BURDENBEAST? YOU HAVE NOT THE STRENGTH TO DO THAT, SIR KNIGHT.

WHAT DO YOU WANT TO DO NOW? EXAMINE CAMPFIRETHERE'S SOMETHIN' HERE !!

WHAT DO YOU WANT TO DO NOW? EXAMINE BURDENBEASTYOU SEE A FLOP-EARED ILL TEMPERED BUADRAPEDAL ANIMAL.

WHAT DO YOU WANT TO DO NOW? DROP CARRYBACKSOK

YOU ARE IN A SMALL CAMP. YOU SEE 5

UNTIED BURDENBEAST, LEATHER PIECE. CAMPFIRE.

OBVIOUS EXITS ARE i WEST NORTH SOUTH EAST

WHAT DO YOU WANT TC DO NOW? EXAMINE CARRYSACKSIT IS A WELL WORN DOUBLE CARRYBACKIT APPEARS TO HAVE SOMETHING IN ITrMAYBE YOU SHOULD GET IT.

WHAT DO YOU WANT TC DO NOW? GET CARRYSACKSDK

WHAT DO YOU WANT TO DO NOW? OPEN CARRYBACKOK

YOU ARE IN A SMALL CAMP. YOU SEE J

DEAD BURDENBEAST. LEATHER PIECE. CAMPFIRE.

OBVIOUS EXITS ARE S WEST NORTH SOUTH EAST

MAYBE THE BURDENBEAST HASN'T BEEN FED RECENTLY

WHAT DC YOU WANT TO DO NOW? FEED BURDENBEAST

YOU'RE TOO SLOW, HE GOT AWAY.

WHAT DO YOU WANT TO DO NOW? GET HANQWEAPON

OK

WHAT DO YOU WANT TO DO NOW? SHOOT BURDENBEAST

WITH WHAT"' HANDWEAPON

Not that you shouldn't try all avail-able options—there could just aseasily be a treasure or a clue behindthat cactus or in that underbrush.Things can often be examined from adistance. If not, a curt YOU CAN'TDO THAT YET will appear on thescreen, followed by a nasty electronicsnicker from deep within your com-puter. Generally, when the word YETappears in a message, you know youare on the right track.

Magic words or teleportationphrases are popular with some Ad-venture authors. SAY the magic wordand the whole world spins around,taking you elsewhere or elsewhen.

This is a convenient way to travel,but it can be a two-edged sword thatmight land your puppet in never-never land for an indefinite stay.There are at least two Adventures inwhich teleportation phrases areemployed (with pitfalls in both). Athird accepts an incantation fromanother Adventure; however, theresponse is instant death.

CLIMB is a word you can use to getsomewhere when saying a magicword does not teleport you. If youare carrying an object, you may haveto drop it to proceed with climbing.Generally, what can be climbed intocan be climbed out of. Don't be afraid

160 December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 102 on inquiry card.

SayAhh...

Our New grafixPLUS™ 80-column printeropens wide for easy servicing.

Introducing the newest.members of ourgrafixPLUS™ family—the DP-9000 Series 80/132column printers—built on the same tradition ofquality printout, solid design and low cost ofownership established by our 132/220 columnDP-9500 Series.

A Case for Serviceability

Not that is comes up often, but want to get inside?Simple. Just remove a few screws and the clam-shell case swings open exposing all major compo-nents. This easy access plus built-in self-test andminimum component count yields an MTTR of one-half hour. The 9-wire print head replacement's evensimpler... two screws and it's out. Withoutopening the case. And without a service call.

Performance Plus

The DP-9000 Series prints the full ASCII 96 charac-ter set, including descenders and underlining, bi-directionally, at up to 200 CPS. Number of columnscan go up to 80 or 132, depending on characterdensity—switch or data source selectable from 10to 16.7 characters per inch. And all characters canbe printed double width. The print head producesrazor-sharp characters and high-density graphicswith dot resolutions of 72X75 dots/inch underdirect data source control.

Interface Flexibility

The three ASCII compatible interfaces (parallel,RS-232-C and current loop) are standard, so con-necting your computer is usually a matter of plug-

it-in and print. Also standard are: a sophisticatedcommunications interface for printer control andfull point-to-point communications, DEC PROTO-COL, and a 700 character FIFO buffer. An addi-tional 2K buffer is optional.When you're ready for a printer (or severalthousand), look into the grafixPLUS DP-9000 Seriesfrom Anadex—you'll find an open and shut casefor quality. Contact us today for details, discountsand demonstrations.

...the plus in printers

...close please.

SALES OFFICES: San Jose, CA (408) 247-3933

Fullerton, CA (714) 871-0501 • Wakefield, MA (617) 245-9160 • Austin, TX (512) 327-5250

ANADEX, INC. • 9825 DeSoto Avenue • Chatsworth. California 91311. U.S.A. • Telephone: (213) 998-8010 • TWX 910-494-2761

ANADEX, LTD. • Dofna House. Guildford Road • West End, Woking. Surrey GU24 9PW, England • Tel: Chobham (09905) 6333 • Telex: 858762 ANADEX G

to go into tight places; they can pro-vide clues to your game.

Logic is your best friend in playingAdventure. Approach a situationwith a careful eye for detail. Goinginto a room and drinking from a bot-tle without examining it (using thewords GO, DRINK, and EXAMINE)can result in your puppet beingpoisoned. In real life you would neverimbibe without looking at a label;why kill off your puppet needlessly?The same reasoning applies to anyphase of your Adventure. Applycommon sense and you will winevery time.

On the other hand, the author ofyour Adventure, while bound by thelaws of order and fair play, is notabove puns, a little chicanery, or out-and-out silliness. Watch for doublemeanings in the author's choice ofwords; he will fool you, if he can,with painfully obvious clues.

The HELP, SCORE, and INVEN-TORY commands are always ex-plained in the openings of the pro-grams. They accomplish what theirnames imply.

Adventures are tremendous fun,but you must stay alert and ask the

right questions: What do I see? Wherecan I go? What is the easiest way toget there? What can I do where I am?These questions can help you solvethe puzzle and win the game.

There are six main vendors ofmicrocomputer-based Adventures:Scott Adams, Greg Hassett, RadioShack, The Programmer's Guild,Microsoft, and Mad Hatter Software.The following sections give a syn-opsis (revealing none of the secrets,however) of their product lines at thetime of this writing.

Scott Adams Adventures

Twenty-eight-year-old ScottAdams is generally credited withbeing the father of microcomputerAdventures. The game began as a"head toy" for the PDP-10 and otherlarge computers. Through ScottAdams and his company, AdventureInternational, it soon found its wayinto the 16 K-byte TRS-80 heartlandof America. Here is a list of hisAdventures:

• Adventureland is a lightheartedlittle trip into the countryside. Thisfirst effort was written in BASIC,then changed to machine language. It

LINE VOLTAGETRANSIENT CLIPPING

Features Parallel Operation 5000 Hits/Second

PROTECTS:

•Computers

• Micro-Computer Systems•Word Processors•Cash Registers

• Power Supplies

PROTECTS AGAINST:

• High Energy VoltageTransients

•On-Off Switching

• Lightning Induced Transients

• Inrush of On/Off Power

MFD. by Energy Electronic Systems, Inc.Exclusively for:

TRANSIENT VOLTAGE

SURGE SUPPRESSOR LISTED

7133 RUTHERFORD ROADBALTIMORE, MARYLAND 21207

(301) 298-3130

is a good beginning point for thenovice since it is not too complicated.There are a bog and a lake andnumerous other natural features tokeep things lively. This is an Adven-ture that uses a magic word.

• Pirate's Cove is rated as a classic.Its smooth storytelling style quicklysets the standard for all Adventuresto follow. There are four basic loca-tions: a flat in London, an island, aTreasure Island, and never-never-land. The wild and wacky charactersthat populate this game only enhanceit. A pirate, a mongoose, a parrot,and assorted other beasties give thisAdventure a delightfully humorouseffect.

• Mystery Fun House is an excur-sion into the madcap world of a car-nival funhouse. It includes passing agatekeeper and exploring multiplecorridors. You must find a variety ofobjects within the funhouse and getout within the time limit. This one is areal brain teaser.

• Mission: Impossible pits youagainst unknown enemies in a race tostop a nuclear reactor from beingdestroyed. To complicate matters,there is a bomb planted in your head.This one is pretty tough to solve andis an absolute must for those whoseAdventure skills have become wellhoned.

• Strange Odyssey is one of thebest of this series. You are alone on astrange planetoid with only a brokenspaceship and your wits. There is arock with alien runes on it. If yousolve the mystery of gaining en-trance, a stargate to brave newworlds with treasures awaits you.Manipulation of objects with alienenvironments plays an important rolein the solution of this puzzle.

• The Count is an Adventure thatwill leave your blood cold as you at-tempt to rid the world of CountDracula once and for all. You mustrace against time to beat the sunset,find the Count in his humanoid form,and overcome his powers to drive thestake home. As for your motivation,there is an angry crowd preventingyou from shirking your duty. A sub-puzzle of this Adventure, decipheringthe hallways, will keep you occupiedfor hours.

• Voodoo Castle is a weird Adven-ture. It seems that Count Christo hasbeen cursed, and you are the only onewho can save him. Starting off in achapel, you must explore the stony

162

December 1980 © BYTE Publications lnc

Circle 103 on inquiry card.

H

CQMPLITRQNICS

N

... EVERYTHING FOR YOUR TRS-80 •••

TRS-80 In a trademark of ihc Kailln sha< k Division of Tandy Corporation

1980 INCOME TAX PAC

Completely Revised • Latest Tax Tables • Fully Tested • Complete Manual and Documentation• • The New Version Of The Income Tax Pacs Are Full Of Error Catching Codes • •

• • Making It Impossible To Make An Error • •— Follow The Simple Step By Step Procedure That Makes Tax Preparation Simple —

r

L

• INCOME TAX PAC A

FOR LEVEL II 16K

• DOES FORM 1040 and 1040A

• SCHEDULE A ITEMIZED DEDUCTIONS

• SCHEDULE S INTEREST and DIVIDENDS

• OUTPUT TO VIDEO DISPLAY

• SCHEDULE C TAX COMPUTATION

_L

• INCOME TAX PAC B

FOR LEVEL II with or without Printer. Cassette or Disk Has all featuresof Income Tax A PLUS,

• WORKS WITH LINE PRINTER

• FORMATS FORM 1040 and 1040A FOR TRACTOR FEED FORMS

• SCHEDULE C INCOME FROM A PERSONALLY OWNED BUSINE

• FORM 2106 EMPLOYEE BUSINESS EXPENSE

ESS

FORM 1040 (LONG FORM)

FORM 1040A (SHORT FORM)

FORM 2106 EMPLOYEE BUSINESS EXPENSE

FORM 2440 DISABILITY INCOME EXCLUSION

FORM 2441 CREDIT FOR CHILD AND DEPENDENT CARE EXPENSES

FORMS 3903 MOVING EXPENSE ADJUSTMENT

FORM 4797 SUPPLEMENTAL SCHEDULE OF GAINS AND LOSSES

* * PROFESSIONAL * *INCOME TAX PAC C

• SCHEDULE A ITEMIZED DEDUCTIONS

• SCHEDULE B INTEREST AND DIVIDENDS

• SCHEDULE C PROFIT (OR LOSS) FROM BUSINESS OR PROFESSION

• SCHEDULE D CAPITAL GAINS AND LOSSES

• SCHEDULE E SUPPLEMENTAL INCOME SCHEDULE

• SCHEDULE G INCOME AVERAGING

• SCHEDULES R & RP-CREDIT FOR THE ELDERLY

FOR MODEL I (32K) or MODEL II (64K)

WITH 1 OR MORE

DISK DRIVES

ALL SPECIFICATIONS SUBJECT TO CHANGE

SCHEDULE SE-COMPUTATION OF SOCIAL SECURITY SELF-EMPLOYMENT TAX

SCHEDULE TC TAX COMPUTATION

OUTPUT TO VIDEO OR LINE PRINTER

FORMATS FOR TRACTOR FEED OR INDIVIDUAL FORM FEED PRINTERS

AUTOMATIC MEMORY STORAGE FOR INCOME TAX PREPARERS

INSTANT LINE CHANGE

BUILT IN ERROR CHECKING

•CQMPLTmQNICSi

..\A^-*^-'WX"« -a-

50 N. PASCACK ROADSPRING VALLEY. NEW YORK 10977

PLEASE SEND ME:

D INCOME TAX PAC A ($19 95)

D INCOME TAX PAC B (S49 95)

O PROFESSIONAL INCOME TAX PAC C (S99 95)

D MODEL II PROFESSIONAL INCOME TAX PAC C (S199 95)

NEW TOLL-FREE

ORDER LINE

(OUTSIDE OF NY. STATE)

(800) 431-2818

I

A COMPLETE LINE OF NELCO TAX FORMS

ARE AVAILABLE

• INDIVIDUAL FEDERAL and STATE FORMS

• 2 OR MORE PART FORMS

• TRACTOR FEED FORMS

• PLASTIC OVERLAYS

•*• All orders processed within 24-Hours* 30-Day money back guarantee on all Software• Add $2.00 for shipping in UPS Areas-k Add $3.00 for COD. or NON-UPS Areas• Add $4.00 outside U.S.A., Canada & Mexico

CREDIT CARD NUMBER

SIGNATURE

NAME

.EXP DATE

STREET.CITY

.STATE.

.ZIP.

(914) 425-1535

Circle 104 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980 163

No. 17%

Software withfull support

Purchasing our software is just thebeginning. We then back it up withprofessional support:■ Subscription to "LIFELINES" for automaticnotifications of revisions! ■ Update service forsoftware and documentation! ■ TelephoneHotline! ■ Overseas software export service!

lhMin /

<anunl/ Alone

illwarc .

with / w

Manual / A

$t«u^ui C?/M^dfP&>£

Its

y

CP/W FLOPPY DISK OPERATING SYS-TEM—Digital Research's operating systemconfigured tor many popular micro-computersand disk systems:

System Version Price

Apple II" 2.x-.. 349/NA ©

SottCard* with 280

Microsoft BASIC version 5

with high resolution

graphics

North Star Single Density .. 2.x 170/25

North Star Double/Quad . 2.x 170/25Durango F-85 2.x 170/25

.1.4.

145/25

.170/25 ■

.170/25"170/25"375/25 - -145/25145/25 9.145/25 ».250/25 :200/25250/25330/25.145/25 8170/25250/25

fl

145/25170/25170/25200/25 ®200/25 ®

.350/25 *

250/25250/25.225/25375/25

iCOM Micro-Disk 2411(COM 3712 for MITS

88-2SIO Console 1.4

iCOM 3712 for 3PIS/MITSSIO

Rev non-zero console 1.4

iCOM3812 1.4

iCOM 4511/Pertec D3000 .. 2.x

Mits 3202/Altair 8800 1.4

Heath H8 - H17 14

Heath H89 1.4

Heath H89 by Magnolia .... 2.x

Ohio Scientific C3 2.x

Onyx C8001 Standard 2.x

Onyx C8001 Enhanced 2.x

TRS-80 Model I 1.4

TRS-80 Model II 2.x

TRS-80 Model II - Corvus . 2.xProcessor Technology

Helios II 1.4

Intel MDS Single Densily .. 2.xIntel MDS Double Density .. 2.x

Micropolis Mod I 2.x

Micropolis Mod II 2.x

Mostek MDX STD

Bus System 2.x

The following configurations are scheduled for

release soon:

Norlh Star Double/Ouad

- Corvus 2.x

Ohio Scientific C3-C 2.x

ICOM3812 2.x

iCOM 451 1/Pertec D3000 . 2.xSoftware consists of the operating system, texteditor, assembler, debugger and other utilitiesfor file management and system maintenanceComplete set of Digital Researchs documen-tation and additional implementation notes In-cluded. Systems marked ' and "" include firm-ware on 2708 and 2716 Systems marked + in-clude 5440 media charge. Systems marked® require the special iu'< versions of soft-ware in this catalog. O includes hardware ad-dition to allow our standard versions ofsoftware to run under it.280 DEVELOPMENT PACKAGE-Consists® of: (1) disk file line editor, with global inter and<r. intra-line facilities; (2) 280 relocating assem-bler, Zilog/Mostek mnemonics, conditional as-sembly and cross reference table capabilities:(3) linking loader producing absolute Intel hex

disk file S95/S20

IZDT —280 Monitor Debugger to break and

w-examine registers with standard Zilog/

® Mostek mnemonic disassembly displays. S35

when ordered with Z80 Development

Package S50/S10

JWOCETSYSTEMS

XASM-68— Non-macro cross-assembler withnested conditionals and full range of pseudooperations Assembles from standard MotorolaMC6800 mnemonics to Intel hex . S200/S25XASM-65-As XASM-68 for MOS Technology

MCS-6500 series mnemonics S200/S25

XASM-48 — As XASM-68 for Intel MCS-48 and

UPI-41 families S200/S25

XASM-18-As XASM-68 for RCA 1802 S200/S25

pf

DISILOG-As DISTEL lo Zilog/Mostek

® mnemonic files 565/S10

®

I ISMAL/80 Structured Macro Assembler©Language— Package of powerful generalpurpose text macro processor and SMALstructured language compiler. SMAL is an as-sembler language with IF-THEN-ELSELOOP-REPEAT-WHILE, DO-END. BEGIN-END constructs. Not compatible with CP/Mversion 2 or greater. S75/S15

PHOENIX SOFTWARE ASSOCIATES

[ PASM* — Z80 macro assembler. Intel/TDL©mnemonics. Generates Intel hex format or re-locatable code in either TDL Ob|ect Moduleformat or PSA Relocatable Binary Module for-mat. Supports text insertion, conditionalbranching within macros, recursive macro callsand parameter passing S129/S25

J EDIT—Character oriented text file editor. In-

© eludes macro definition capabilities. Handles

insertion, deletion, searching, block move, etc.

for files of any length Does not require a

CRT S129/S25

PLINK* —Two pass disk-to-disk linkage edi-© tor/loader which can produce re-entrant,ROMable code. Can link programs that arelarger than available memory tor executiontargeted on another machine. Full librarycapabilities. Input can be PSA Relocatable Bi-nary Module. TDL Object Module 01 MicrosoftREL files Output can be a COM file, Intel hexfile, TDL Object Module or PSA Relocatablefile S129/S25

BUG* and /-BUG* —Z80 interactive machineS level debugging tools for program develop-ment. BUG has full symbolic trace and interac-tive assembly (mnemonics compatible withPASM) Dynamic breakpoints and conditionaltraps while tracing (even through ROM!) /(BUGis a subset of BUG and is used in memorylimited situations S129/S25

DIGITAL RESEARCH

MP/M-Installed for single density MDS-800Multi-processing derivative of the CP/M op-erating system. Manual includes CP/M2

documentation S300/S50

I I MAC —8080 Macro assembler. Full Intel macro® definitions. Pseudo Ops include RPC. IRP.REPT, TITLE, PAGE, and MACLIB. Producesabsolute hex output plus symbol table file foruse by SID and ZSID (see below) . S120/S15' SID—8080 Symbolic debugger Full trace,©pass count and breakpoint program testingHas backtrace and histogram utilities. Whenused with MAC. provides full symbolic display ofmemory labels and equated values S105/S15ZSID — Z80 Symbolic debugger with all fea-ts tures of SID S130/S15

®

i "TEX —Text output formatter to create paginat-es-ed. page-numbered and justified copy Outputcan be directed to printer or disk . .S105/S15! i DESPOOL— Utility program to permit simulta-4: neous printing from text files while executingother programs SB07S10

tiny C—Interactive interpretive system for

@ teaching structured programming techniques

Manual includes full source listings S105/S50

BDS C COMPILER —Supports structures,(w unions, 2 dimensional arrays, pointers, recur-fflsion and overlays. Features optimized_code

generator, variable sized buffers forfile I/O. and

\gyAf capability to produce ROMable code. Include;

\ttfy macro package to enable user to produce link

"^ able modules with MAC tsoe under Diaital Re

I DISTEL— Disk based disassembler to Intel8080 or TDL/Xitan Z80 source code, listing andcross reference files. Intel or TDL/Xitan pseudoops oplional. Runs on 80S0 S65/S10

able modules with MAC (see under Digital Re-search). Floating point functions, full run-timepackage and machine code library sourcesprovided. Linker, library manager and textbookincluded. Compiler lacks initializers, statics,floats and longs S145/S25

WHITESMITHS C COMPILER-The ultimatel in systems software tools. Produces (aster6 code than a pseudo-code Pascal with moreextensive facilities. Conforms to the full UNIX*Version 7 C language, described by Kernighanand Ritchie, and makes available over 75 func- vrtions for performing I/O, string manipulationsand storage allocation. Linkable to Microsolt \REL (iles. Requires 60K CP/M S630/S30

MICROSOFT

1 BASlC-80-Disk Extended BASIC, ANSI^■compatible with long variable names.(9WHItE/WEND. chaining, variable length file

records. MBASIC version 4.51 also included on

disk S325/S25

BASIC COMPILER —Language compatible

2 with BASIC-80 and 3-10 times faster execution.

® Produces standard Microsoft relocatable bi-nary output. Includes MACRO-80. Also linkableto FORTRAN-80 or COBOL-80 codemodules S350/S25

i i FORTRAN-80-ANSI 66 (except for COM-

® PLEX) plus many extensions. Includes relocat-

® able object compiler, linking loader, library with

manager. Also includes MACRO-80 (see

below) S425/S25

I I COBOL-80—Level 1 ANSI 74 standard plusCD most of Level 2. Full sequential, relative, and'"'indexed file support with variable tile names.Powerful interactive, formatted screen handlingwith ACCEPT and DISPLAY verbs. Programsegmentation for execution ot programs largerthan memory and CHAIN command with pa-rameter passing. Full support of CP/M version2 files. Includes MACRO-80 (see above), link-ing loader, and relocatable library manager.

Requires 48K CP/M S700/S25

i MACRO-80— 8080/Z80 Macro Assembler.

® Intel and Zilog mnemonics supported, Rclocat-

® able linkable output. Loader, Library Manager

and Cross Reference List utilities

included S149/S15

XMACRO-86 —8086 cross assembler. AllS Macro and utility features of MACRO-80 pack-age Mnemonics slightly modified from IntelASM86 Compatibility data sheet

available S275/S25

EDIT-80 —Very fast random access text editor

[ for text with or without line numbers. Global and

intra-line commands supported File compare

utility included S89/S15

i ! PASCAL/M* —Compiles enhanced SlandardS) Pascal to compressed efficient Pcode. TotallyCP/M compatible. Random access files. Both16 and 32-bit Integers. Runtime error recovery.Convenient STRINGS. OTHERWISE clause onCASE Comprehensive manual (90 pp. inde-xed) SEGMENT provides overlay structure.IN PORT. OUTPORT and untyped files for arbi-trary I/O. Requires 56K CP/M. Specify 1) 8080CP/M 2) Z80 CP/M, or 3) Cromemco

CDOS S175/S20

PASCAL/Z —Z80 native code PASCAL com-Q piler Produces optimized. ROMable re-entrant'"code All interfacing to CP/M is through thesupport library. The package includes compiler,relocating assembler and linker, and sourcefor all library modules. Variant records, stringsand direct I/O are supported. Requires 56K

CP/M S395/S25

: I PASCAL/MT- Subset of standard PASCAL.("I Generates ROMable 8080 machine code8 Symbolic debugger included Supports inter-rupt procedures. CP/M file I/O and assemblylanguage interface. Real variables can be BCD,software floating point, or AMD 9511 hardwarefloating point. Includes strings enumerationsand record data types. Manual explains BASIC-PASCAL conversion. Requires 32K S250/S30APL/V80 — Concise and powerful language ford application software development. Complexprogramming problems are reduced to simpleexpressions in APL. Features include up to 27Kactive workspace, shared variables, arrays ofup to 8 dimensions, disk workspace and copyobject library. The system also supports auxil-iary processors for interfacing I/O ports. Re-quires 48K CP/M and serial APL printing termi-nal or CRT S500/S30

ALGOL-60 —Powerful bfock-structured lan-©guage compiler featuring economical run-time'« dynamic allocation of memory. Very compact(24K total RAM) system implementing almostall Algol 60 report features plus many powerfulextensions including string handling direct disk

address I/O etc S199/S20

CBAStC-2 Disk Extended BASIC-Non-'"'interactive BASIC with pseudo-code compilerand run-time interpreter Supports full file con-trol, chaining, integer and extended precisionvariables, etc. Versions ot CRUN for CP/M ver-sions 1.4 and 2.x included on disk. .SI20/S15

MICRO FOCUS

STANDARD CIS COBOL-ANSI 74 COBOL(i' standard compiler fully validated by U.S. Navytests to ANSI level 1. Supports many teatures lolevel 2 including dynamic loading of COBOLmodules and a full ISAM file facility. Also, pro-gram segmentation, interactive debug andpowerful interactive extensions to support pro-tected and unprotected CRT screen formattingfrom COBOL programs used with any dumb

terminal S850/S50

FORMS 2 —CRT screen editor. Output is' COBOL data descriptions for copying into CISCOBOL programs. Automatically creates aquery and update program of indexed filesusing CRT protected and unprotected screenformats No programming experience needed.Output program directly compiled by STAN-DARD CIS COBOL S200/S20

/

NEVADA COBOL-Subset of ANSI-74. Fea-tures fast compilation and execution with smallobject modules Has extended arithmetic with18 digit accuracy. Extended I/O includes ran-dom access files and sequential files ot bothfixed and variable length records, and interac-accept/display verbs. Good error mes-sages and debugging facilities enhance pro-gram development. Requires a 32K CP/Msystem S149/S25

EIDOS SYSTEMS

KBASIC —Microsoft Disk Extended BASICversion 4.51 integrated with KISS Multi-KeyedIndex Sequential and Direct Access file man-agement as 9 additional BASIC commandsKISS included as relocatable modules linkableto FORTRAN-80. COBOL-80. and BASICCOMPILER. Specify CP/M version 1 4 or 2 xwhen ordering. Requires 48K CP/M S585/S45To licensed users of Microsoft BASIC-80(MBASIC) S435/S45

IXYBASIC Interactive Process ControlBASIC-Full disk BASIC features plus uniquecommands to handle byte rotate and shift andto test and set bits. Available in several ver-sions:

Integer ROM squared S350/S25

Integer CP/M S350/S25

Extended ROM squared . .S450/S25

Extended CP/M S450/S25

Extended Disk CP/M S550/S25

Integer CP/M Run Time Compiler S350/S25Extended CP/M Run Time CompilerS450/S?5

'RECLAIM —A utility to validate media underCP/M. Program tesls a diskette or hard disksurface for errors, reserving the imperfectionsin invisible files, and permitting continuedusage of the remainder Essential for any hard

disk. Requires CP/M version 2 S80/S5

I BASIC UTILITY DISK - Consists of: (1)® CRUNCH-14— Compacting utility to reducethe size and increase the speed of programs inMicrosoft BASIC 4 51. BASIC-80 and'TRS-80BASIC. (2) DPFUN— Double precision subrou-tines (or computing nineteen transcendentalfunctions including square root, natural log, logbase 10. sine, arc sine, hyperbolic sine, hyper-bolic arc sine, etc. Furnished in source on dis-kette and documentation S50/S35

STRING/80 —Character string handling plusroutines for direct CP/M BDOS calls fromFORTRAN and other compatible Microsoft lan-guages. The utility library contains routines thatenable programs to chain to a COM file, retrievecommand line parameters and search file direc-tories with full wild card facilities. Supplied aslinkable modules in Microsoft formal. S95/S20

STRING/80

separately— .

code available S295/NA

THE STRING BIT-FORTRAN charactei• string handling Routines to (ind. fill, pack,move, separate, concatenate and comparecharacter strings. This package completelyeliminates the problems associated withcharacter string handling in FORTRANSupplied with source . ... S65/S15

VSORT — Versatile sori/merge system tor fixed'length records with fixed or variable Ipnqthfields. VSORT can be used as a stand-afonepackage or loaded and called as a subroutinefrom CBASIC-2 When used as a subroutine,VSORT maximizes the use of buffer space bvsaving the TPA on disk and restoring it on com-pletion of sorting. Records may be up to 255bytes long with a maximum of 5 fields Upperlower case translation and numeric fieldssupported S175/S20

CPM/374X—Has full range of functions locreate or re-name an IBM 3741 volume, displaydirectory information and edit the data set con-tents. Provides full file transfer facilities be-tween 3741 volume data sets and CPMfiles S195/S10

CPAids* "

MASTER TAX —Professional lax preparationl program Prepares schedules A. B. C. D, F Ft G. R/RR SE, TC, ES and forms 2106. 2110.2210, 3468. 3903. 2441. 4625. 4726, 4707.4972. 5695 and 6251. Printing can be on readilyavailable, pie-printed continuous forms, onoverlays, or on computer generated. IRS ap-proved forms. Maintains client history (iles andis interactive with CPAids GENERAL LEDGERII (see below) , , , S995/S30

Annual Update Fee S350

STANDARD TAX-As above tor schedules A.

t B.C.D. E.G. R/RR SE, TC and forms 2106 and

2441. Also, does not maintain client history

files S495/S30

Annual Update Fee S175

GENERAL LEDGER It-Designed for CPAst Stores complete 12 month detailed history oftransactions. Generates financial statements,depreciation, loan amortizalions. journals, trialbalances, statements of changes in financialposition, and compilation letters. Includespayroll system with automatic posting to gen-eral ledger. Prints payroll register. W2's andpayroll checks S450/S30

Lifeboat Associates ,1651 Third Avenue, N.Y, N.Y 10028

(212) 860-0300 International Telex: 220501, Domestic Telex:64093

Neu in derSchweiz Lifeboat Associates GmbH, Aegenstr. 35. 6340 BaarTelefon 042/31 2931

Copyright ©1980 LrlBboat Associates. No por-tion of this advertisement may be reproducedwithout prior permission.

*ilh / Manuallanunl/ Alone

tj£/u

jf mar

fjjJJ Bnai

T/MAKER—Powerful new lool (or preparinganagemeni reporis with tabular dala Makesmcial modeling projects easy. Do you want aweekly profitability report7 Set up the table andcompute Just change the sales figures for nextweek and compute You have a new report!T/MAKER includes a full screen editor forselling up tables which pages left, right, upand down. Compule includes standard arith-metic, percents. exponents, common tran-scendental functions, averages, maxima,minima, projections, etc. Requires 48K CP/M.CBASIC-2, CRT Terminal with addressablecursor positioning S275/S25

BSTAM— Utility to link one computer to another® also equipped with BSTAM. Allows file transfersat lull data speed (no conversion lo hex), withCRC block control check for very reliable errordetection and automatic retry. We use it! It'sgreat! Full wildcard expansion to send *. COM,etc. 9600 baud with wire. 300 baud with phoneconnection Both ends need one. Standard and« versions can talk lo one another. Thissoftware requires a knowledge of assemblerlanguage for installation S150/S10

/

t/

M CP/M systems. Permifs communication be-w'tween micros and mainframes Sends charac- vler data files to remote compulers under com-plele control. Syslem can record character datasent Irom remote computer systems and databanks. Includes programs to EXPAND andCOMPRESS binary files for transmission. Thissoftware requires a knowledge of assemblerlanguage for installation S200/S25

WHATSIT?'—Interaclive data-base systemusing associative tags to relrieve information bysubject. Hashing and random access used forfast response Requires CBASIC-2 .S175/S25SELECTOR III-C2—Data Base Processor to

f create and maintain mulii-key data bases.

■'«■■ Prints formatted sorted reporis with numericalsummaries or mailing labels. Comes with sam-ple applications, including Sales Activity. Inven-tory. Payables. Receivables. Check Register.and Clienl/Patient Appointments, etc RequiresCBASIC-2 Supplied in source S295/S20

GLECTOR-General Ledger option toSELECTOR III-C2. Interactive system provides

lor customized COA. Unique chart of transac-tion types insure proper double entry book-keeping. Generates balance sheets. P&Lstatements and journals. Two year record al-lows for statement of changes in financial posi-tion report. Supplied in source. RequiresSELECTOR III-C2. CBASIC-2 and 56Ksyslem S350/S25

DMA

CBS —Configurable Business System is af comprehensive sel of programs for definingcustom data files and application systems with-out using a programming language such asBASIC, FORTRAN, etc Multiple key fields foreach data file are supported Set-up programcustomizes system to user's CRT and printer.Provides fast and easy interactive data entryand retrieval with transaction processing.Report generator program does complex calcu-lations wilh stored and derived data, recordseleclion wilh multiple criteria, and custom for-mats Sample inventory and mailing list sys-tems included No support languagerequired S395/S40

MICROPRO

SUPER-SORT I — Sort, merge, exiract utility asE absolute executable program or linkable mod-ule in Microsoft format Sorls fixed or variablerecords wilh data in binary. BCD Packed Deci-mal. EBCDIC. ASCII, floating & fixed point, ex-ponential, field justified, elc. Even variable

number of fields per record! S225/S25

SUPER-SORT II —Above available as abso-i lute program only S175/S25

SUPER-SORT III-As II without SELECT/E EXCLUDE S125/S25

DATASTAR —Professional forms control entry| and display system for key-to-disk data cap-lure. Menu driven with butll-in learning aids.Input field verification by length, mask, attribute(i.e. uppercase, lower case, numeric, auto-dup.etc.). Buill-in arithmetic capabilities using keyeddata, constant and derived values Visual feed-back for ease of forms design Files compatiblewith CP/M-MP/M supported languages. Re-quires 32K CP/M S350/S35

WORD-STAR —Menu driven visual word pro-! cessmg system for use with standard terminals.Text formatting performed on screen. Facilitiesfor lext paginate, page number, justify, centerand underscore User can print one documentwhile simultaneously editing a second. Editlacilities include global search and replace.Read/Write lo other texl files, ijlock move, etc.Requires CRT lerminal wilh addressable cursorpositioning S445/S40

WORD-STAR-MAIL-MERGE-As above with

' option lor production mailing of personalized

documents with mail lists from DATASTAR or

NAD S575/S40

WORD-MASTER Text Editor—In one mode[ has superset of CP/M s ED commands includ-ing global searching and replacing, forwardsand backwards in file in video mode, providesfull screen editor for users with serial address-aote-cursor lerminal S145/S25

MAGIC WAND' —Word processing syslemwith simple, easy to use full screen text editorand powerful print processor. Editor has allstandard editing functions including text insertand delete, global search and replace, blockmove and library files for boiler plate lext. Printprocessor formatting commands include au-tomatic margins, pagination, headings & fool-ings. cenlered and justified text. Also prints withIrue proportional spacing, merges wilh datafiles for automatic form letters, and performsrun-time conditional testing for varied output.Requires 32K CP/M and CRT terminal wilh ad-dressable cursor S395/S40

TEXTWRITER 111 — Text formatter !o justify and9 paginate letters and other documents. Specialfeatures include insertion of texl during execu-tion from other disk files or console, permittingrecipe documents to be created from linkedfragments on other files. Has facilities lor sortedindex, table of contenis and footnote insertions.Ideal for conlracls. manuals, etc Now compati-ble with Eleclric Pencil' and Word-Star pre-pared files S125/S20

DATEBOOK —Program to manage time justlike an office appointment book but using thespeed and memory of a computer. Keeps trackol three appoiniment schedules (Ihree dentalchairs. Ihree attorneys, etc.) al once. Appoint-menls consist of name, reason for the appoint-ment, Ihe dale and lime, and the length ol theappointment. Syslem can be quickly cus-tomized for Ihe individual user Many helpfulfeatures for making, changing, finding, and re-porting appointments. Requires 48K CP/M and180K bytes diskette storage Not available forApple CP/M. Specify 8080 CP/M. Z80 CP/M orCromemco CDOS S295/S25

PEACHTREE SOFTWARE'

1 'General accounting software for small busi-

© nesses. Each product can be used alone or with

t automatic posting to the general ledger.

Supplied in source for Microsoft BASIC 4.51.

GENERAL LEDGER S530/S40

ACCOUNTS PAYABLE S530/S40

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE S530/S40

PAYROLL S530/S40

INVENTORY S660/S40

Other applicalion products supplied in source©forMicrosoft BASIC 4.51.

t MAILING ADDRESS S530/S40

PROPERTY MANAGEMENT . . S925/S40

GRAHAM-DORIAN SOFTWARESYSTEMS

' i Comprehensive accounting software written inv CBASIC-2 and supplied in source code EachIB soflware package can be used as a stand-t alone syslem or inlegrated with the GeneralLedger for automatic posting to ledger ac-counts Requires CBASIC-2GENERAL LEDGER . S805/S40

ACCOUNTS PAYABLE S805/S40

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE S805/S40

INVENTORY SYSTEM S555/S40

JOB COSTING S805/S40

APARTMENT MANAGEMENT S805/S40

CASH REGISTER S805/S40

POSTMASTER —A comprehensive package® for mail lisl maintenance lhal is completelymenu driven. Features include keyed recordextraction and label production. A form letterprogram is included which provides neal letterson single sheet or continuous forms. IncludesNAD file translator. Requires CBASIC-2 S150/S20

STRUCTURED SYSTEMS GROUP

1 Complele interactive accounting software fort business. Each product can be used stand-alone or wilh automatic posting to the generalledger. Each product is thoroughly lesled andvery well documenled.

GENERAL LEDGER ..... S820/S40

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE S820/S40

ACCOUNTS PAYABLE S820/S40

PAYROLL S820/S40

INVENTORY CONTROL . . . S820/S40

Soflware /

with / Manu.ilManual/ Alone

ANALYST—Customized data entry and reporl-t ing system. User specifies up to 75 data itemsper record Interactive data en:ry. retrieval,and update facility makes informationmanagemenl easy. Sophisticated reporlgenerator provides customized reports usingselecled records wilh multiple level break-points for summarization. Requires a disk sortutility such as OSORT. SUPER-SORT or

VSORT S250/S15

LETTERIGHT —Program lo create, edit andtype letters or olher documents. Has facilities loenter, display, delete and move text, with goodvideo screen presentation. Integrates with NAD

for form letter mailings S200/S25

NAD—Name and Address selection syslemInteractive mail list creation and maintenanceprogram wilh oulpu! as full reports wilh refer-ence data or restricted information for maillabels. System for extraction and transfer ofselected records to create new files. S100/S20

QSORT—Fast sort/merge program for fileswith fixed record length, variable field lengthinformation. Up lo five ascending or descend-ing keys Full back-up of input files created S100/S20

*******

CONDIMENTS

*******

HEAD CLEANING DISKETTE-Cleans the

drive Read/Wrile head in 30 seconds. Disketteabsorbs loose oxide particles, fingerprints, andother foreign particles lhat might hinder the per-formance of Ihe drive head. Lasts at least 3months with daily use. Specify 5' or 8".

Single sided S20 each/S55 for 3

Double sided S25 each/S65 for 3

DC 300 Data Cartridges Specify 450 XL or

300 certified. Pack of 5 S100

FLIPPY DISK KIT—Template and instructionsto modify single sided 5w" diskettes for use of

second side in single sided drives S12.50

! FLOPPY SAVER— Protection for center holesfor 5' and 8 floppy disks. Only 1 needed perdiskelle. Kit contains centering post, pressurelool and lough 7 mil mylar reinforcing rings for25 diskettes

5 .Kit S14.95

5" Rings only S7.95

8 Kit S16.95

8". Rings only S8.95

PASCAL USER MANUAL AND REPORT-ByJensen and Wirlh. The standard textbook onthe language. Recommended for use byPascal/Z, Pascal/M and Pascal/MT users S12

NEWSLETTERFROM LIFEBOAT

LIFELINES is the first step in software bupport forthe serious microcomputer user Each issuereports new revisions togethe' with information onthe purpose for each such release, be it for correctionof bugs or the addition of leatures and facilities

Feature Articles I New Software ! ProductComparisons ! Info on CP/M Users Group !

SUBSCRIPTION INFORMATION:

S18 for twelve issues: U.S.. Canada, and MexicoS40 for twelve issues: all other countries.S2 50 lor each back issue. U.S.. Canada, andMexico

S3.60 for each back issue: all other countriesSend Check to LIFELINES. 1651 Third Avenue,New York, NY 10028 or useyour VISA orMASTERCARD-call (212) 722-1700

THE C PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE-ByKemighan and Ritchie. The standard textbookon the language Recommended for use byBDS C. tiny C. and Whitesmiths C users . .512STRUCTURED MICROPROCESSOR PRO-GRAMMING-By the authors of SMAL/80.Covers structured programming, the 8080/8085 instruction set and the SMAL/80 lan-guage $20

ACCOUNTS PAYABLE & ACCOUNTSRECE1VABLE-CBASIC book by Osborne/

McGraw-Hill $20

GENERAL LEDGER-CBASIC book oy

Osbome/McGraw-Hil! S20

PAYROLL WITH COST ACCOUNTING-CBASIC book by Osborne/McGraw-Hilt .S20

*******

Hearty Appetite.

*•*•*•*•

*CP/M and MP/M are trademarks of Digital Re-search.

Z80 is a trademark of Zilog. Inc.UNIX is a trademark of Bell Laboratories.WHATSIT? is a trademark of Computer Head-ware.

Electric Pencil is a trademark of MichaelShrayer Soflware.

TRS-80 is a trademark of Tandy Corp.Pascal/M is a trademark of Sorcim.SoftCard is a trademark of Microsoft.Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer.PASM, PLINK, BUG and /iBUG are trademarksof Phoenix Software Associates Ltd.CPAids is a trademark of Computer Tax Ser-vice, Inc.

MAGIC WAND is a trademark of Small Busi-ness Application, Inc.

Peachtree Software is a trademark of RetailSciences, Inc.

•j* Recommended system configuralion consistsof 48K CP/M, 2 full sizedisk drives, 24 x 80 CRTand 132 column printer.

% Modified version available for use with CP/M asimplemented on Heath and TRS-80 Model tcomputers.

BUser license agreement for this producl mustbe signed and relumed to Lifeboat Associates

before shipment may be made.

©This product Includes/eXcludes ihe languageIS manual recommended in Condiments

ISSerial number of CP/M system must besupplied with orders.

© Requires Z80 CPU.

Ordering Information

MEDIA FORMAT ORDERING CODESWhen ordering, please specify format code.

LIFEBOAT ASSOCIATES MEDIA FORMATS LIST. Diskette, cartridge disk and cartridge lapefornat codes to be specified when ordering software for listed computer or disk systems. Allsoftware products have specitic requirements in lerms of hardware or software support, such asMPU type, memory size, support operating system or language.

Computer syslem Formal Code

Altair 8B00 Disk . See M1TS 3200Altos ..........Al*

Apple ■ SoltCard 13 Sector RG

Apple ■ SoltCard 16 Sector RR

AVL Eagle RB

BASFSystem7100 RD

Blackhawk Single Density 03

Blackhawk Micropenis Mori II 02

CDS Versatile 3B 01

CDS Versatile 4 Q2

COMPAl-BO Q2

Cromemco Syslem 3 A1'

Cromemco Z2D R6

CSSN BACKUP (tape) TI U

Delta AT

Digi-Log Mtcrotoim II RD

Digital Microsystems Al*

Discus See Morrow Discus

Durango F-85 RL

DynabyleDB8 2 R1

Dynahyto DB8-4 AT

Budy Sorcerer Lileboat CP'M Q2Exidy Sorcerer Exidy CP. M 04Healfi HB - H17/H27 P4

Heath H89 Lifeboat CP/M P4

Healh HB9 Magnolia CP/M P7

Helios I! See Processor TechnologyHorizon See Nnrlh Slar

ICOM2411 Micro Floppy R3

ICOM3712 Al

iCOM 3612 A r

Prices reflect distribution on 8"single density diskettes. If aformat is requested whichrequires additional diskettes, asurcharge of S8 per additionaldiskette will be added.Prices FO B New York.Shipping, handling and C.O.D.charges extra.

Manual cost applicable againstprice of subsequent softwarepurchase.

The sale of each proprietarysoftware package conveys alicense for use on onesyslem only.

Computer sysl

Forn

I Code

Computer syslem

Format Code

ICOM451 1 5440 Cartridge

CP/M 1.4 D1 *iCOM 45H 5440 Cartridge

CP/M 2.2 . D2*

IMS 5000 RA

IMS 8000 AT

IMSAI VDP-40 R4"

IMSAI VDP-42 . R4"

IMSAI VDP-44 R5"

IMSAI VDP-B0 Al"Inlecolor . . See ISC Intecolor

Intel MDS Single Density A2

Inlel MDS Double Density ,A5

Inlertec SuperBrain DOS 0 1 R7Inlerlec SuperBrain DOS 0.5-2 X RJ

Interlec SuperBrain DOS 3 X RK

ISC Intecolor 8063/8360/8963 Al

Kontron PSIBO RF

Meca 5'j P6Mtcromalion

Except TRS-80 below) A i ■

Micropolis Mod I 01

Mir-rnpolis Mod tl 02

MITS 3200/3202 Bi

Morrow Discus Al*

Moslek .... Al

MSD51* RC

North Slar Single Density P1Worth Slat Don hie/Quad .. ,P2Nylno Single Density . . . . .03

Nylac Mlcrppolia Mori II . .02

Ohio Scientific C3 A3

Onyx C8001 T2«

Per tec PCC 2000 AT

Processor Technology Helios II B2

Quay 500 RO

Quay 520 RP

RAIR Single Density R9

' Single-Side Single-Density disksare supplied lor use with Double-Density and Double-Side 8 softsector formal syslems

" IMSAI formats are single densitywith directory otlsel ol zero

# A media Surcharge ol S25 tor or-ders on tape lormals T1 and T2 andol SS0Q lor orders on disk formatsDt and D2 will be addedThe list ol available lormals is sub-- jec! to change without notice Incase of uncertainty, call to confirmthe format code for any particularequipment

RAIR Double Density

Research Machines 8

Research Machines 5'

REX

Sanco 7000 5' ■>

SD Syslems 8

SD Systems 5'

Sorcerer

Spacebyte

SuperBrain

Tarbell

TEI5'j

TEIB

Thmkerloys

TRS-80 Model I

TRS-80 Model I

TRS-flO Model 1

TRS-80 Model I

TRS-B0 Model I

TRS-80 Model I

TRS-80 Model II

VDP-*0'42/44'80

Vector Graphic 02

Vector MZ . .02

Versatile See CDS Versatile

Visla V80 5'.i Single Density P5

VistaV200 5'i Double Density P6

Zenith ZB9 - Lifeboat CP/M P4

Zenith Z89 Magnolia CP/M P?

See Exidy Sorcerer

See Inlertec

See Morrow Discus

5'j R2

FEC Freedom RN

- Micromotion A4*

- Omikron 5'j RM

- Omikron fl Al■ Shulfleboard8 At

ATSee IMSAI

Lifeboat Associates 1651 Third Avenue, N.Y., N.Y 10028 (212) 860-0300

'< The Software Supermarket is a trademarkof Lifeboat Associates

NO FRILLS!

NO GIMMICKS!

JUST GREAT

DISCOUNTS

MAIL ORDER ONLY

ATARI 800

Personal ComputerSystem

$79900

NORTHSTAR

Horizon II32K

Horizon II Quad ....

Horizon II64K

Horizon Quad 64K. .

234900279900299900339900

TELEVIDEO

912

920

7490079900

HAZELTINE

1420

1500

1510

1520

79500

84900

104900

122900

0KIDATA

Microline 80

69900

SOROC Technology

iq 120 69900

iq 140 99900

CR0MEMC0

System 3 .Z2H

569500799500

INTERTEC

Superbrain 32K ....Superbrain 64K ...

249500279500

DECwriter IV

LA34

97900

I TEXAS INSTRUMENT

1 810 Multi Copy

Impact Printer 149900

We'll meet or beat any advertised prices!

Most items in stock for immediate deliveryFactory sealed cations Full manufacturer's guarantee 1

DATA DISCOUNT CENTER

Box 100135-53 Northern Blvd.. Flushing, N.Y. 11354Visa* Master Charge* N Y S residents add Sales Fax IShipping F.O.B. N.YPhone Orders Call 212-465-6609

Speed is the essential dif-ference between machine-language and BASICAdventures.

hallways and darkened dungeons ofVoodoo Castle. There is a juju man, akachina doll (a likeness of the Count),a book for removing curses, andmuch more. For entertainment value,this one rates very high.

• Pyramid of Doom takes you toan unexplored pyramid somewhere inEgypt. You have the key and canbegin the search for a treasure underthe watchful eyes of an ever-presentnomad. This one is so good that aftertwo weeks, I still haven't solved evena portion of it . . . yet.

• Ghost Town is an Adventurewith a Western theme that has all themystique of a John Wayne epic. Thepuzzle is one of the most rewardingand entertaining of Scott's nine Ad-ventures. The maze is an authenticghost town complete with saloon,hotel, jail, boot hill and an out-rageous piano-playing ghost. Thisone is great fun.

Greg Hassett's Adventures

Of note to Adventure shoppers arethe differences between the machine-language versions of Adventure andBASIC-language versions. The latterare appearing on the market in ever-increasing numbers. Speed is theessential difference. To most playersof Adventures, the difference in ex-ecution time is of little importance.To the Adventure cultist, however,speed is everything. With this inmind, the authors who write Adven-tures in BASIC, ever in the shadow ofScott Adams and his beginnings inBASIC, are one by one graduating tomachine language, blinking cursors,and (blinding) speed. One suchauthor is Greg Hassett.

Greg is a 13-year-old schoolboyfrom Chelmsford, Massachusetts. Hiseye for detail and wry writing stylehave placed his Adventures in directcomparison with those of ScottAdams. This is unfortunate for tworeasons. Greg's work is often judgedunseen and dismissed due to his ageor the fact that most of his program-ming has been in BASIC. When cri-tiqued on their own merit, however,the Hassett Adventures stand up wellin both entertainment and value perdollar.

166 December 1980 ® BYTE Publications Inc

• Journey to the Center of theEarth is a perky little trip into the in-terior of our planet. The earthdiggerin which you are riding gets a bustedGonkulator, and you have to find anew one (or something to replace itwith) somewhere in the maze of tun-nels in which you find yourself. Giantbugs and treasure make thisbeginner's game interesting.

• House of the Seven Gables pitsyou against a wicked witch in ahaunted house. More complicatedthan its predecessor, this programwill be deadly to those who take itspuzzle lightly. Unique objects ofvalue and scenes of personal combatgive a player his money's worth withthis one.

• Atlantis: If undersea is whereyou want to be, this one is for you.Personal combat is taken one stepfurther with the guardians of trea-sures being fierce sea creatures. Theentire Adventure is done underwater, and it's a lot of fun. Whirl-pools and octopi and denizens of thedeep await you here.

• Sorcerer's Castle allows you tochallenge the evil sorcerer on his ownturf. Well, if you can find your wayout of the woods, you'll be just intime to fight and may even confrontthe evil sorcerer personally. Treasureabounds here, with ample puzzlementto please even the most demandingAdventure enthusiast.

• In Enchanted Island, magic andmystery join hands to present an Ad-venture of worth. The highly dif-ferent flavor of this program wouldbe spoiled by the presentation of anydetails in this review. It is the author'smost challenging Adventure writtenin BASIC.

• Enchanted Island Plus: LikeScott Adams, Greg Hassett alsoquests for the increased speed offeredby a machine-language Adventure.This program has it all—speed,blink-ing cursor, and an increased numberof locations. This Adventure is amust buy.

• Mystery Mansion summons youin a dream to come solve the mysteryof a haunted mansion. Good paceand colorful descriptions are the sell-ing points for this Adventure. It is afast, well-written machine-languageAdventure, and it should especiallyappeal to younger Adventure fans.

• World's Edge gives you a futurewhere the Earth's pollution count hasfinally reached a critical level. Youcan save the planet from extinction

Circle 105 on inquiry card. ■■—►

National Microsoftware Producers

ANNOUNCES

^EF

Video Typing System for 8080, 8085 and Z80s

PROFESSIONAL QUALITY

WORD PROCESSING PACKAGE FOR

CP/M* COMPATIBLE MICROCOMPUTERS

f

I

^m ^1 ^^^^^^^^^^J^^^^^^^^a

1

H ^1 ^V ' M ■•3|'<l I15 1

^B ^H ■ch*Ii IWOflD f $ENT I line f "ARA 1

' PAGE * 'iCWJ V BEG W FND W VAfi V MAR ^H

fl /:/:./- f:

f; f I I'llfij

7 S 9 M

■ &■ z

■ T T V

IHllllinHRU^

A 5> 6 ■\ 2. 3 ■

\

SOFTWARE

HARDWARE

PACKAGE *

• CP/M COMPATIBLE

• OPERATES ON 8080, 8085

• REPLACEMENT KEYTOPS

AND Z80 MICRO-

COLOR CODED BY

• EASILY OPERATED BY

COMPUTERS WITH 48K

FUNCTION

OFFICE PERSONNEL

MEMORY

• MANUAL WITH

• CONTAINS ALL

• CHOICE OF 5" OR 8"

EXTENSIVE GRAPHICS

PROFESSIONALWORD

• FLOPPY DISKETTES

DESIGNED FOR THE

PROCESSING FEATURES

• REPLACEMENT KEYTOPS

FIRST-TIME USER

• PROMPTS ON SCREEN

PROVIDED FOR MOST <

» SELF STANDING MANUAL

GUIDE USER THROUGH

CRT's

IN EASEL BINDER

FUNCTIONS

• SUPPORTS SERIAL AND <

» SPANISH, FRENCH,

• COMPARABLE TO DEC,

WORD QUALITY

GERMAN, DUTCH

NBI, Q YX, WANG . . .

PRINTERS (DIABLO, NEC,QUME)

VERSIONS AVAILABLE

SOLD THROUGH AUTHORIZED DEALERS AND DISTRIBUTORS ONLY

O.E.M. INQUIRY INVITEDSUGGESTED RETAIL PRICE S549.00

National Microsoftware Producers, inc.3169 Fillmore StreetSan Francisco CA 94123 USA415-346-7025 Telex 171790

Circle 106 on inquiry card.

SUPERBRAIIM

32K or 64K (Double or Quad Density unitsavailable). Uses two Z-80 CPU's. Commercial-type terminal with 12" monitor. Dual doubledensity minifloppies. Over 350 kilobytes ofstorage (twice that with quad density drives).Two serial RS232 ports, I/O ports standard.Expandable with optional S-100 S-100 inter-face. Comes with CP/M™ 2.2 operating sys-tem. MiniMicroMart includes BASIC inter-preter and can supply a wide range of CP/MDevelopment and Application software.

w/32K Double Density, List $2995 . $2685

w/64K Double Density, List $3345 $2883

w/64K Quad Density, List $3995 $3595

64K Special Quad Version $3395

INTERSYSTEMS

formerly ITHACA AUDIO

DPS-1, List $1795

Call for Price!

The new Series II CPU Board features a 4 MHzZ-80A CPU and a full-feature front panel. 20-slot actively terminated motherboard, with 25amp power supply (50/60 Hz operation, incl.68cfmfan).

COMPLETE SYSTEM with InterSystem 64KRAM, I/O Board w/priority interrupt anddouble density disk controller board. Full 1-yearwarranty, List $3595

HEWLETT-PACKARD

HP-85A

F.O.B. shipping point. All prices subject to change and alloffers subject to withdrawal without notice. Advertised pricesare for prepaid orders. Credit card and C.O.D. 2% higher.C.O.D. may require deposit.

- WRITE FOR FREE CATALOG -

MiniMicroMart

1618 James StreetSyracuse, IMY 13203 (315) 422-4467

168 December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

with 2.2 kg of APC-80 located on asmall distant planetoid. However, theelement is considered holy by the in-habitants of the planetoid, so a fightis imminent .... This is by far themost imaginative plot from Greg,who seems to love to add combat tohis Adventures. It is also another ofhis machine-language Adventures.

Radio Shack Adventures

• Pyramid 2000, the first Adven-ture from Radio Shack, is a machine-language scenario set in Egypt. Youexplore the pyramid for gold andglory without the scrolling or blink-ing cursor that hallmarks othermicrocomputer Adventures. Still, theauthors have managed to work amuch-used theme to its maximum,drawing a fairly complex and enter-taining puzzle.

• Haunted House, like its cousinDeath Dreadnaught, deals not withgold or glory, but survival. Once in-side the house, you are pitted againstunseen enemies with awesome teleki-netic powers. Levitating knives andeerie occurrences await the Adven-turer here. Produced for Tandy Cor-poration by Device Oriented Gamesof Dallas, this is an excellent offering.

The Microsoft Adventure

Microsoft Consumer Products, asibling company to the Microsoft thathas written so many versions ofBASIC, has a very heavy version ofAdventure available on disk only(most Adventures are supplied oncassette tape). It is reputed to be acopy of the original Adventure writ-ten by Crowther and Woods for theDigital Equipment CorporationPDP-10. The original Colossal Caveis there, and there is ample room onthe floppy disk for the over 400 elo-quent descriptions.

The Programmer's GuildAdventures

One of the newest of the Adventurepublishers is a little company calledThe Programmer's Guild. It dis-tributes three adventures written byindependent authors. LostDutchman's Gold and Spider Moun-tain are by Teri Li, and Death Dread-nought was coauthored by Biff andSpudd Mutt [pseudonyms, Ihope . . . ,GW] of Device OrientedGames.

• Losf Dutchman's Gold is a Wes-tern Adventure. In the SuperstitionMountains of Arizona, you accom-pany the ghost of Backpack Sam, agrizzled old former prospector, whoknows the secret of the Lost Dutch-man's mine. There are Indians, astubborn mule, a ghost town, and theSuperstitions, dark and mysterious,to keep you spellbound throughoutthe simulation.

• Spider Mountain Adventure is aclassic Dungeons and Dragons typeAdventure that employs Shelob, agiant spider, as guardian of the manytreasures of Spider Mountain. Armedwith only a crossbow, you face oresand spiders in the maze of tunnelsunder the mountain.

• Death Dreadnought, rated R byits own publisher due to extreme de-scriptions of violence, pits managainst an unseen horror that hasdevastated an entire alien battle-cruiser. As the last living human onboard, the Adventurer is requiredmerely to escape. This, however, isno small task with a killer on yourtrail and an unsolved maze beforeyou. This one is not for the squeam-ish or faint of heart.

Mad Hatter Adventures

Mad Hatter Software, which beganas a distributor for the Hassett Ad-ventures, recently launched two titlesof its own.

• Sleuth is a detective story, awhodunnit Adventure with graphicsand sound. The graphics consist ofvideo maps of where you are, and thesounds are the primitive tink-boopsounds that characterize early soundeffects for the TRS-80.

• Quest uses the same graphics andsound techniques as Sleuth but ismore of a fantasy Adventure. Neitherheld my attention the way the otherAdventures reviewed did. Plotlinesare thin and seem to be built aroundgimmickry rather than solid plots andprogramming.

How to Write an Adventure

Adventures are, first and foremost,puzzles. You (the Adventure author)must be prepared to satisfy the Ad-venturer's lust for the unsolvable,while at the same time making it easyenough for the novice.

Choose a recognizable theme. InSpider Mountain, for example, it isevident that the Mountain is the goal.

Circle 107 on inquiry card. ^~•+■

Whateverhappened toeenie, meeitie,miney, mo':

.a perfectgift for thaturban cowgirl!

X

I could beanother. Solomon..

'This may putthe Godfatherjjut of business.

Wordy

my heartwould stop\gracing.

It must useBayesian,weighted factor.analysis, and.

Brilliant!Like a windowinto the future.

Maybe this'llhelp me choosea career...

I coulduse it toselect my Staff.

Should Ibuy stockor commoditiesin this economy:

■f 11,1/,/,// ^M

W rather have "^

H Winston's millions

i3

B or Billy Joe's ^

^L /nil'.'' jdj

^^f Hmmmm. -^^B

H could be ^H

- 14HE9

B my ticket ^M

^^^p^^i

H fo /7?e Boardroom. 1

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^B

' /

of these people Vafford$29.95? J

\> i i

.'*,, ■ '■'.-.

■

IM

W%ew DecisionMaster speaks everybody listens.

Let's face it. We all have to make decisions. Decisions that can change our lives. Decisions that canmake us happy or unhappy. Decisions that could win us fame or fortune. Now, DecisionMastercan help you make the best decisions of your life. .

Use Bayesian theory to peer into the future...even if you've never heard of the Bayes' Rule, ^kDo a complete weighted factor analysis... without knowing what one is. Use discounted ^fk

cash flow to compare investment alternatives without bothering with present value ^^[^>

tables. These and other sophisticated theories that were once the exclusive domain ofprofessors and top business executives are built into DecisionMaster's algorithms...so you can use them at the touch of a key! V

DecisionMaster is easy to use. It features: .^B

• A fully documented manual developed by an authority in the field.

• A unique program-controlled cross reference system.

• A powerful formatted-screen data entry system.

You'll use DecisionMaster in hundreds of routine decisions,as well as more important ones such as* Buying a house

• Changing jobs* Selecting investment- Evaluating insur-ance policies' Expanding product lines* Leasing vs.purchasing.

If you buy only one computer program this year,make it DecisionMaster. And when it speaks,listen.

<$

&

W .1° rfb

Circle 108 on inquiry card.

ie*

Z8QOO

The System X8000 MICRO-MINI™ based onthe 16-bit Zilog Z8000 processor is availablefor immediate delivery.

FEATURES (partial list)

• Zilog Z8000 CPU

• Intel Multibus compatible

• Unique memory management systemallows up to 16 megabytes of memory

• Optional 9511 arithmetic processor

• 8-level vectored + non-maskable interrupts

• Two programable timers

• On-board monitor ROM option

• Full "Multimaster" capabilities allow multipleprocessors and/or DMA devices on thesame bus

• Flexible and/or hard disk controller

• Powerful disk-based operating system

• Memory boards: 16K, 32K, 48K, 64K, 96K,128K

• 15-slot backplane

• Heavy-duty switching power supply

• Industrial quality throughout

Prices start from $998. System discounts.Call for prices on complete custom systems.

SYSTEM X9020

(CPU Manual $19.95)

$4195

The SUPER-MICRO'"READY TO RUN

SYSTEM FEATURES (partial Hat)Paacal MICROENGINE" X9000

• 16bilP-codeCPU

• 64K bytes RAM/Full DMA

• Floppy disk controller (SS or DS)

• Floating point hardware (IEEE standard)

• System software with enhancements

• 2 serial. 2 parallel ports

• Pascal compiler,iexl editors, tile manager.

CPU & memory diagnostics, symbolic Pascal debugger,linker, utilities and moreFloppy Olak Drives (2)

• 1M combined memory

• Double density, single sided

• Standard 8" diskettes

• 6 ms track to track

$900*

With CPU

MODEL X-920DISPLAY/EDIT TERMINAL

•LIMITED TIMF. cash price. 10% DOWN guarantees

priority. Master Charge & VISA cards accepted.System discounts

ADM3A+ plus RGgraphics(512x256)...$1995

NEC Spinwriter 5510 or 5530 w/trac 2895

Anadex DP-9500 printer (60dpi) 1595

X-912 CRT (less 18 function keys) 799

P-E 550 CRT ("Bantam") 740

Siemens standard 8" drive (ss/sd-dd) .... 399

,—^ 312 684-3183

^^™ COMPUTEX

^^L \ Microcomputer Syitemi X

^\^ \ 5710 Drexel, Chicago, IL 60637

So, as the game begins, we leave thecampsite, hiking as fast as we can forthe mountains we see in the distance.An hour or so of looking for a way tofind the treasure on the mountainssoon convinces us that the goal mustbe irisirff? or possibly under the moun-tains. In fact, the author hassidetracked us away from the real en-trance to Spider Mountain, but this isOK as long as it is enjoyable andrelated to the rest of the Adventure.

Clues and equipment may be scat-tered throughout the theme area.Their locations should not be obviousto avoid easiness, but they shouldalso not be impossible to find. Avoidhighly complicated situations; theyinterrupt the flow of your game.

Several minor or subtheme areaswill spice up the game. It is notnecessary to provide a lot of memory-consuming action in the lesser areas;however, nobody likes an emptyroom (desert, etc), so at least putsomething there for your player'strouble.

Scott Adams' use of subthemeareas in Strange Odyssey is one of thebest examples of this concept. Bybreaking his Adventure up into dif-ferent worlds, each with its own com-plications and dangers, Scott effec-tively entertains his audience withoutfrustrating them. Some of the dif-ferences among the stargate worlds ofthis Adventure are deadly, but not tothe point of aggravation.

Make sure that your overall themedoes not duplicate an Adventurealready in existence. Both Adams andHassett have extensive lines ofAdventure scenarios. Mad HatterSoftware and The Programmer'sGuild, which have only a few Adven-tures each, are both planning more.

Research your settings. Make surethat your locations ring of authentici-ty and that your descriptions are ac-curate; otherwise, your reader willspend more time criticizing than play-ing.

Be certain that your Adventure hasa large enough vocabulary to func-tion well. If you add radical words toyour vocabulary, be sure that provi-sions are made for giving clues aboutthem to your player.

Be innovative. Don't wait aroundfor someone else to do it. Introducenew features into your game. Makeyour Adventure unique in themarketplace.

Above all, be entertaining. Youraudience will come back for more and

more if you give them their money'sworth each and every time they play.

Adventure is the product of imag-ination appealing to imagination. It isnot just the puzzle, or the theme, orthe nonplayer characters and theirpersonalities. It is a verbal tapestry ofinterwoven phrases that whisk youaway to magical kingdoms of themind. The computer becomes a toolof reaching that conveys you where itwill. You go along eagerly, breath-lessly, awaiting what comes next.

Such are the worlds created by Ad-ams, Hassett, Li, and all the Adven-ture writers who have not yet beenpublished. What they have in storefor us next is anyone's guess. But I betit's well worth waiting for. ■

Scoff Adams Adventures areavailable on cassette tape for the24 K-byte Apple II or Apple IIPlus, the 48 K-byte Apple II withdisk, the 16 K-byte Radio ShackTRS-80, and the 16 K-byte ExidySorcerer. Write:

Adventure InternationalPOB 3435

Longwood FL 32750(305) 862-6917

The Programmer's Guild Ad-ventures are available on cassettetape or floppy disk for the 16K-byte TRS-80. For information,write:

The Programmer's GuildPOB 66

Peterborough NH 03458(603) 924-6065

The Greg Hassett Adventuresare available on cassette tape forthe 16 K-byte TRS-80 from:

Adventure World

POB 914

North Chelmsford MA 01863

Microsoft Adventure isavailable on floppy disk for 32K-byte TRS-80 and Apples from:

Microsoft Consumer Products400 108th Ave NE, Suite 200Bellevue WA 98004(206) 454-1315

Radio Shack Adventures areavailable from local Radio Shackstores and dealers.

170

December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

DG: Realizing the H8's Potential

For the Engineer; Businessman; and Serious Hobbyist.

Now Use Standard CP/M®Software

DG's system enhancements provide for RAMin Low Memory allowing the use of the widelyaccepted STANDARD CP/M.

Now Operation in PowerfulZ80® Code

Our DG-80 Z80R based CPU opens a newworld of more powerful AND efficientlanguages and software.

Powerful, Bank Selectable64K RAM

Our high capacity, low power DG-64D 64KRAM allows more efficient utilization of space,freeing your motherboard for peripheralinterfacing.

Now 4MHz Operation

The DG-ADP4 allows for operation of theDG-80 CPU at 4MHz while maintainingcompatibility with the H17 Disk System.Execution time of CPU intensive programs isreduced to half even before utilizing theenhanced Z80 instruction set.

Increased Flexibility With NewMonitor

DG's FP8 monitor allows front panel debuggingof 8080 AND Z80 machine language programsin either hexadecimal or octal format. Maintainsall PAM-8" entry points and features. Allregister sets available.

The DG system enhancements for the Heath H8 computer are definitely astep above in price, performance, and factory support.

THE DG-80 ZILOG Z80 BASED CPU — $249.00 (Documentation Only $25.00)

FEATURES:

• Compatible with Heath" H8 hardware and software

• Z80CPU— Enhanced instruction set • Provisions forup to 8K R0M/EPR0M and/or 4K RAM • Jump-On-Re-set to any 1K boundary • DIP switch selectable wait

states for any or all 8K blocks of memory • All Z80interrupt response modes available • Interrupt Acknow-ledge and Dynamic Memory Refresh signals available onbus • Frequently selected options by DIP switch or sol-derless jumper • Machined contact gold sockets for

R0M/EPROM, RAM • Includes many advanced featuresfor future expansion • Assembled, tested and guaran-teed • Extensive operations manual and Z80 PROGRAM-MING MANUAL90 DAY WARRANTY

DG-64D 64K-$529.00 48K-$480.00 32K-$431.00 16K-$382.00 ^K-$333.00

BEST RAM EVER

AVAILABLE FOR

THE H8.

FEATURES:

• Up to 64K bytes capacity Dynamic RAM

• Hardware bank selectable in 8K incre-ments • Software bank selectable in 16Kincrements through I/O port • On- boardbank select/CPU ROM disable port, ad-

dressable to any of 256 I/O addresses • Upto 8 boards controllable through one I/O port(allows page mode operation) • On-boardtransparent refresh for 8080 or Z80 micro-processor backed up by asynchronous re-fresh upon loss of normal program execu-

tion. • 4 MHz operation with no wait statesrequired • Low power consumption —less than 8 watts • Assembled, tested, &burned-in

90 DAY WARRANTY

Documentation Only $15.00

DG-FP8 — $69.95

Monitor/Utility package for DG-80 CPU providesfunctions of PAM-8 as well as the following:

• Split Octal or Hexidecimal Entry and Dis-play • Z80 monitor features such as dis-play alternate register sets, display indexregisters, • "Shorthand" display of mem-ory contents pointed to by general purposeDocumentation Only - $15.00 (Source Listing Not Included)

registers • Supports STANDARD CP/Mprovided by D-G as well as HDOS • Pro-vides firmware support for DG-ADP4,4 MHzhardware • Includes single step features

DG-ADP4 — $19.95

Plug-in hardware modification to allow operation of the Heath" H17 disk system with theDG-80 at 4 MHz. Requires the use of the DG-FP8 firmware package.

16K CHIP SETS $49.00

(8-4116 Type Dynamic RAMS) for DG-32D.DG-64D,Apple",TRS-80"H88/89", and Pef

DG-CMD1 — $29.95

ROM disable port for use with theHeath" H8 computer. Addressable toany of 256 I/O ports. Allows the use of afull 64K of RAM when used in conjunc-

tion with the DG-80 CPU and the DG-FP8hardware/firmware package (NOT RE-QUIRED FOR SYSTEMS UTILIZING THEDG-64D MEMORY BOARD)

DG-FP8/DG-ADP4 - TOGETHER - $79.95

Save on Combination Purchase — Reg. $89.90

DG-32D — 32K — $339.00 — 16K — $287.00—/ft — $235.00 -DOCUMENTATION $12.00

STANDARD CP/M Ver 2.2 $130.00

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research of Pacific Grove. California Heath. HDOS. H8, H88/89 & PAM8 are registered trademarks of the Heath Company. Z80 is a registered trademark of ZilogCorp PET is a registered trademark of Commodore. Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer TRS-80 is a registered trademark of TANDY Corp.

O-E

Ordering Hbnmlui Products listed available from DG Electronic Develop-ments Co., P.O. Box 1124.1827 South Armstrong. Denison. Tx. 75020. Check,Money Order, VISA or Master Charge accepted. Phone orders (charge onM call(214) 465-7805. No CODs. Freight prepaid. Allow 3 weeks tor personal checksto dear. Texas residents add 5%. Foreign orders add 30%

Circle 109 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980

171

Zork and the Future of

Computerized Fantasy

Simulations

P David Lebling

14 Pelham Ter

Arlington MA 02174

CFS (computerized fantasy simulation) games are anew art form: the computerized storybook. Instead ofreading the story, you play it. The author presents thestory, but only as you squeeze it out of him by wit andbrute force. It's Up to you to figure out what's going on,and the satisfaction of doing so depends on how wellthought out the story is. To be fun to play, the story mustbe more or less consistent and complete. To a large ex-tent, this means that the program that embodies the storymust simulate the universe well.

1 have been involved for several years with Zork, oneof the larger and (I would like to think) better worked outCFS games. The authors (Marc Blank, Tim Anderson,Bruce Daniels, and I) have spent a lot of time trying tomake the universe of Zork as consistent and complete aspossible within the bounds of the space available. Thefirst version of Zork was written for the Digital Equip-ment Corporation PDP-10; it eventually grew to straineven the megabyte address space of that machine. Thegame was completely rewritten for microcomputers andis now limited primarily by the size of a 5-inch floppydisk. Zork games swap data (programs and text) intomemory from the disk as needed and therefore aren'tlimited by the size of the system's user memory.

Standard 5-inch floppy disks store about 100 K bytes(some store more, some less). This works out to about10,000 words of English prose and a similar amount(about 40 K bytes) of code. This is large for amicrocomputer-based program, but as literature it's stillonly at the short story length.

Zork is shrunk to fit into the micro-world by runningon a Zork-language virtual machine. This means that the

If you are interested in playing Zork: The GreatUnderground Empire, Part I, the game is distributedby Personal Software, 1330 Bordeaux Dr, SunnyvaleCA 94086 on foppy disk for Apple II and TRS-80 com-puters. Zork games are produced by Infocom Inc,POB 120, Kendall Sta, Cambridge MA 02142. Zork isa trademark of Infocom Inc.

code that is running while you are playing Zork is muchmore compact than the same program would be if writtenin machine language (on a Radio Shack TRS-80, for ex-ample). This is because the instruction set of the virtualmachine is tailored to CFS games. For example, the Zork-language instruction to move an object from one room toanother takes just 3 bytes of storage. The other advan-tage is that the Zork code is machine independent; all ittakes to move Zork to another machine is to write theZo Wc-language interpreter for that machine. Such inter-preters currently exist for the Apple II, PDP-11, PDP-10and the TRS-80. For more details about the Zork-language see "How to Fit a Large Program into a SmallMachine," by Marc S Blank and S W Galley, July 1980,Creative Computing.

Even using a disk to store parts of the game, thePDP-10 Zork was still too large for the micro-world. As aresult, we split it into two smaller, independent games:The Great Underground Empire, Part I, and The GreatUnderground Empire, Part II, each of which is a self-contained program. There was room left over, so we add-ed some new problems to round things out.

Still, a lot of universe can fit into a microcomputer anddisk. Zork "understands" a useful subset of English(mostly imperative sentences), including sentences ascomplex as "Put all of the books but the green one underthe rug." The Zork vocabulary is over 600 words and in-cludes 100 verbs. A parser this powerful is a good-news/bad-news proposition. On the one hand, such a parsermakes possible the implementation of subtle and realisticproblems. When the most complicated sentence you canunderstand is "Drop uranium," you are limited to pro-ducing certain types of situations. If you can say "Tell theRobot 'Put the uranium in the lead box'," then the gamecan become more interesting.

Zork has a fairly complicated parser for imperativesentences. It endeavors to reduce its input to a construc-tion of:

<verb> < direct object > < indirect object >where the objects are optional. Prepositions are folded in-

172 December 1980 © BYTE Publications lnc

G016-BIT NOW — WE HAVE MADE IT EASY

8086

8 Mhz. 2-card CPU Set

$

WITH 86-DOS&

595

ASSEMBLED, TESTED, GUARANTEED

With our 2-card 8086 CPU set you can upgrade your 280 8-bit S-100 system to run three times as fast by swapping theCPUs. If you use our 16-bit memory, it will run five times asfast. Up to 64K of your static 8-bit memory may be used in the8086's 1 -megabyte addressing range. A switch allows either4or 8 Mhz. operation. Memory access requirements at 4 Mhz.exceed 500 nsec.

The EPROM monitor allows you to display, alter, andsearch memory, do inputs and outputs, and boot your disk.Debugging aids include register display and change, singlestepping, and execute with breakpoints.

The set includes a serial port with programmable baud rate,four independent programmable 16-bit timers (two may becombined for a time-of-day clock), a parallel in and parallel outport, and an interrupt controller with 15 inputs. External powermay be applied to the timers to maintain the clock duringsystem power-off time. Total power: 2 amps at + 8V, less than100 ma. at + 16V and at -16V.

86-DOS®, our $195 8086 single user disk operatingsystem, is provided without additional charge. It allowsfunctions such as console I/O of characters and strings, andrandom or sequencial reading and writing to named disk files.While it has a different format from CP/M, it performs similarcalls plus some extensions (CP/M is a registered trademark ofDigital Research Corporation). Its construction allows relative-ly easy configuration of I/O to different hardware. Directlysupported are the Tarbell and Cromemco disk controllers.

The 86-DOS® package includes an 8086 resident as-sembler, a Z80 to 8086 source code translator, a utility to readfiles written in CP/M and convert them to the 86-DOS format, aline editor, and disk maintenance utilities. Of significance toZ80 users is the ability of the translator to accept Z80 source

code written for CP/M, translate this to 8086 source code,assemble the source code, and then run the program on the8086 processor under 86-DOS. This allows the conversion ofany Z80 program, for which source code is available, to run onthe much higher performance 8086.

BASIC-86 by Microsoft is available for the 8086 at $350.Several firms are working on application programs. Call forcurrent software status.

All software licensed for use on a single computer only.Non-disclosure agreements required. Shipping from stock toone week. Bank cards, personal checks, CODs okay. There isa 10-day return privilege. All boards are guaranteed one year— both parts and labor. Shipped prepaid by air in US andCanada. Foreign purchases must be prepaid in US funds.Also add $10 per board for overseas air shipment.

8/16 16-BIT MEMORY

This board was designed for the 1980s. It is configured as16K by 8 bits when accessed by an 8-bit processor andconfigured 8K by 16 bits when used with a 16-bit processor.The configuration switching is automatic and is done by thecard sampling the "sixteen request" signal sent out by all S-100 IEEE 16-bit CPU boards. The card has all the high noiseimmunity features of our well known PLUS RAM cards as wellas "extended addressing". Extended addressing is a replace-ment for bank select. It makes use of a total of 24 address linesto give a directly addressable range of over 16 megabytes.(For older systems, a switch will cause the card to ignore thetop 8 address lines.) This card ensures that your memoryboard purchase will not soon be obsolete. It is guaranteed torun without wait states with our 8086 CPU set using an 8 Mhz.clock. Shipped from stock. Prices: 1-4, $280; 5-9, $260; 10-up,$240.

Circle 111 on inquiry card.

A

l Seattle Computer Products, Inc.

*-T-^ 1114 Industry Drive, Seattle, WA. 98188

(206) 575-1830

BYTE December 1980

173

One method of dealing with players whoare "killed" in Zork is to resurrect themin a forest.

to the verb, which allows Zork to differentiate

>PUT BOMB UNDER TROPHY CASE

from

>PUT BOMB IN TROPHY CASE

(Lines beginning with > are the player's input.)

Similarly, adjectives are used to distinguish amongseveral books, doors, or any collection of like objects. Inconjunction with all and but, adjectives provide powerfulconstructs:

> TAKE ALL THE TREASURES>BURN ALL THE BOOKS BUT THE BLACK ONE

The parser also allows the player to be laconic, if he sodesires. If only one object in the vicinity fits the verb heuses, it will be selected and the player will be informed:

A menacing troll brandishing a bloody axe blocks allpassages out of the room.>KILL TROLL(with sword)

HEATH

OWNERS

UPGRADE your H9 for a fraction of thecost of a new terminal with these features.

r* LI (_ K fc H FREE 569.95 kit 579.95 assembled

if Columbus would have had to wait for his H9 operating at 600 baud, he might not havediscovered America. At last your computer can communicate with your HS eight timesfaster 14800 buudl without that annoying refresh interrupt that causes the screen to Mashat rates greater than 600 baud. Faster listings. Faster program execution. Eight timesfaster.

CURSOR CONTROL $29.95 kit $34.95 assembled

Why limit your output to consecutive lines of your terminal? CURSOR CONTROL al-

touch to your displays by utilizing masking techniques. Functions included are; left.right, up, down, left and right 20 spaces, home and erase page.

GRAFIX 559.95 KIT 5 69.95 ASSEMBLED

Open a whole new world to your output. The graphical display capabilities of GRAF IXallow you to create displays never before possible on the H9.

LOWER CASE ENTRY t«u» assembled

Now you can enter lower case characters from the keyboard. A Shift Lock key allowsthe keyboard to operate as the standard H9 keyboard or to generate upper and lowercase depending upon the Shift key as per a normal typewriter.

LOWER CASE DISPLAY

Lower case capabilities greatly improve readability

KEY CAPS

These quality contour key caps h

S34.77 ASSEMBLEDilnals modified lor 24 lines.

S12.50SET 4 ARROWS 51.00

Ided-in alphanumerlcs. For that professional feel.

Full Six Month Warranty —24 Line Compatible

Northwest Computer Services, Inc.

8503 N.E. 30th Ave.

Vancouver, WA 98665

(206) 573-8381

ogisterod trade

at Heath Co

MASTER CARD and VISA welcort

If the meaning is not obvious, the player is asked toclarify, and the new input is added to the old to produce acomplete sentence. This can go on indefinitely:

>OPEN

Open what?

>DOOR

Which door do you mean?

> THE TRAP DOOR

For more details on the Zork parser and internal struc-ture, see "Zork: A Computerized Fantasy SimulationGame," by P David Lebling, Marc S Blank, and TimothyA Anderson, in IEEE Computer, April, 1979.

On the negative side, having a clever parser means thatthe player may expect almost any concept to beunderstood. Unfortunately, only a small number of con-cepts can be implemented given the available space.

Some concepts that Zork does implement are:

• Properties: Objects can have properties or attributes,some of them changeable. Lamps can be on or off,treasures valuable or worthless, villains fighting-mad orpeaceful. Some of these properties never change; a con-tainer is always a container, for example. But other pro-perties can change; for example, some containers may beopened and closed at will.

• Containment: Objects may have contents. Bottles cancontain water and be open or closed. Some objects aretransparent. Some objects must be unlocked before theycan be opened. The capacity of an object is limited. (Forexample, a paper bag won't hold as much as a bucket.)

• Weight: Objects have weight. A solid gold coffinweighs a lot more than a newspaper. The amount aplayer can carry depends on the total number of objectscarried and on the total weight of the objects and theircontents.

• Position: An object may be in, on, or under anotherobject.

• Vehicles: The player may be in a vehicle which istraveling through the locations in the game. In additionto the player, the vehicle may have other contentsdistinct from the player's belongings and the "contents"of the location.

• Time: Game events may be scheduled to happen at ar-bitrary future times. Time-bombs may go off, matchesburn out, lanterns grow dimmer, and so on.

• Actors: Actors are other characters who have roles inthe game. They may fight or choose not to. They mayspeak to the player or be spoken to. They may movearound or stay in a particular place.

• Fighting: The player may engage in combat with otherinhabitants of the game. He may be wounded (affectinghis ability to carry heavy loads), or he may kill his oppo-nent and retrieve the opponent's weapon.

Every object in Zork has a pointer to its location(which may be "nowhere"), which is its parent; a pointerto the next object in the same location, which is its sib-ling; and a pointer to its first contents, which is its firstchild. Thus, a container points to its contents, and thecontents point back to it.

One result of this implementation is that an object can

174 December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 112 On inquiry Card.

Circle 113 on inquiry card.

Thousands of SoftwareHows'"users agree — SoflwareHowsproducts set a new standard of excellence for solution-orientedsoftware. Instant installation for your system, powerful "wordprocessing-like" editing facilities and consistent operatingfeatures make this SolutionWare'" the only serious choice foryour needs.

Why settle for a piecewhen you can havethe whole pie?!

At last! An integrated system of businesssoftware ideal for you!

irchased software

Cost

Payroll

Accounting r

How often have you purchased softwareonly to be disappointed by its features orfrustrated by the inability of the differentprograms to work together? Are you tiredof entering the same data into your Pur-chase Ordering System when a part is or-dered , into Inventory when it arrives, Payableswhen it's invoiced and General Ledger whenit's paid for? Can you easily link your Account-ing Data Base with your word processing softwareto create personalized letters, reports, notices andannouncements?* Does your Point of Sale, OrderEntry software also save a keyed file which may laterbe Sorted for over 60 customer characteristics and usedto generate personalized sales literature?

If you don't like your answers to these questions, your accountingsoftware is costing you money!

The Data Base Integration'"System from SoftwareHows" does allthis and much more! This newest software product offers theperfect blend of performance, price and flexibility. Every singletransaction feeds your master records. This common data baseapproach organizes all your business information so that everymodule is fully interactive. The result of this vast and easy to usedata base is unique. You'll be amazed at how much better you'llunderstand the operation and cash flow of your business! Andbetter understanding means better planning — and higher profitsfor you!

The Data Base Integration System is built around the basic fouraccounting tools: General Ledger provides those all importantbalance sheets and income statements, Accounts Receivable andPayable take care of invoice control in a jiffy, while Payroll withCost Accounting does your payroll and provides cost effective-ness data. All packages fully interact and are self-checking. Theamazing Order-Right'"order entry system and MicroDaSys In-ventory, give you one of the most complete sales managementand material requirements systems available. Output is processedwith lightning speed and meticulous accuracy: invoices,shippinglabels, charge slips and COD tags. Orders automatically interactwith Inventory and Receivables. If your stock is too low, Inventoryrecommends the best source of supply and approximate prices topay. Upon authorization, a purchase order is generated. Thereceiving department verifies receipt and the invoice is trans-ferred to Accounts Payable.

The Data Base Integration Business System is $2500. And that'sfor all seven packages! Now there's a deal too good to pass up!It includes over 1500 pages of user documentation, and a supplyof computer forms. With our unique DBI Installation Program,getting the complete package up and running on your systemis a breeze. Best of all, complete CBASIC source code is includedwith every CBASIC package. Current disk formats include 8" soft-sectored, 5" hard- and soft-sectored.

Call or Write for the SolutionWare'" to meetyour software needs — today!

Order-Right"

Accounts VJjPayable

Inventory

I I Ask your dealer why our

business software is the best!

I I A Complete 200 page Overview of all

SoftwareHows SolutionWare is yoursfor just $75, refundable with purchase.

TM

a division of MicroDaSys

PO Box 36275 Los Angeles, CA 90036(213)731-0876 TWX310-321-2378

Circle 114 on inquiry card.

c

J

>

c

>

EXTENDED DISTANCEEIA RS-232 DATA CABLESAT LOW PRICES!

12 conductor cable $15 plus 500 per foot18 conductor cable §16.50 plus 75$ per foot.25 conductor cable $16.50 plus 850 per foot.

These low capacitance cables enable you to extend the distancebetween your modems and terminals up to 250 feet — with noline drivers. They're available in male to male, male to female orfemale to female connectors. We'll make them to specifiedlengths. Quick delivery. Phone or write in your orders.

=

INTERNATIONALDATA

SCIENCES, INC.Export: EMEC, 2350 S. 30th Ave., Hallandale, Florida 33009 Telex 51-43-32

7 Wellington Rd., Lincoln, R.I. 02865Tel. (401)333-6200. TWXI7101384-1 91 1

TURTLES

TEACH

Fantastically fun, the Terrapin™ Turtle rolls, blinks, beeps, draws,and feels. Learn, teach and demonstrate geometry, assemblyand high level programming, life sciences, Artificial Intelligence.Interface this small home robot to TRS-SO, APPLE, DEC:—anydigital computer (not included).Send for brochure and prices.

Terrapin, Inc.H 678 Massachusetts Ave. # 205

Cambridge, Mass. 02139Terrapin, Inc. 617-692-8816

be in only one place at one time. Things like water, whichcan potentially be infinitely finely divided, are difficult toimplement in Zork for this reason. Consequently Zorkhas two "water" objects; one for water in general (flow-ing in streams, filling reservoirs, leaking from pipes) andone for water in the player's possession (in a bottle, forexample). In handling water, the general sort alwayseventually ends up as the specific sort, and exceptionsaren't tolerated:

>FILL BOTTLE WITH WATER

The bottle is now full of water.

>POUR WATER

The water spills to the ground and evaporates.

Another aspect of containment involves problems ofweight and capacity. The weight of an object mustalways be the sum of its own weight and the weight of itscontents. Naturally, each of the contained objects has itsweight calculated the same way. On the other hand, thevolume of an object is filled only by the size of the objectsdirectly in it.

LOOK

You are in the magic boat.The magic boat contains:A shovel.A lamp.

A solid-gold coffin.The solid-gold coffin contains:A brown sack.The brown sack contains:A lunch.A clove of garlic.

Of course, containers have other properties. They canbe open or closed, opaque or transparent, locked orunlocked.

> INVENTORYYou are carrying:A glass bottle.

The glass bottle contains:

A quantity of water.>DRINK WATERI can't reach the quantity of water.

> OPEN BOTTLEOpened.

> DRINK WATER

Thank you very much. I was rather thirsty.

The concept of a surface is implemented as a specialkind of containment. Objects which have surfaces onwhich other objects may sit are actually containers withan additional property of "surfaceness."

Vehicles are an even more specialized case of con-tainers. A vehicle has a property called the action proper-ty that is allowed a chance to give special handling to anyinput of the player. For example, a spaceship vehiclemight want to restrict the player's movement during theacceleration phase of a flight or prevent him from takingobjects that are outside the ship.

Possibly the most useful concept in Zork is that oftime. An arbitrary event may be scheduled to occur at an

176 December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 110 on inquiry card.

Circle 115 on inquiry card.

WINS BOTH WORLD AND NORTH AMERICANMICROCOMPUTER CHAMPIONSHIPS!

V The same engineers who helped win the "First World Microcomputer Chess

^M Championships" in London, England and the "Fijst Official North American

ffl Microcomputer Chess Championship in San Jose, California, proudly intro-

fm duce Fidelity's newest Microcomputer bridge product...

j| LONDON, ENGLANDIL_ September 4, 5, 6Ifi^ 1980

SAN JOSE. CALIFORNIA

September 5.6.7

1980

to mm

Challeriger^'''matfe.'.vbeen to tnp RiWreitind '. '■' \it works'!" "■•';5.C< ! A

Voice Bridge.'7"'. 'r ■'."Challenger"' is skillfullyengineered and iprogrammed to be a worthypartner or opponent. In fact,if you're alone, Challenger'"'will bid and play the otherthree hands. ..you'll have acomputer as your partner andtwo computer opponents!Challenger' will also play one,two, or even all four handsif you wish.

Voice Bridge Challenger'*clearly and audibly announcesall bids and plays, usingaccepted bridge terminology.

Challenger's'*' bidding is based primarily on StandardAmerican, also includes some aspects of such Europeansystems as ACOL, and makes use of up to ninewell-known conventions. During the play of the hand, itforms and executes a plan of action much like ahuman player.

Many outstanding features include: an optic scannerthat quickly reads custom coded playing cards; optionalrandom dealing of hands without using the cards andscanner; indicators showing the Dealer andvulnerability; reviews of the bidding and of the last trick;automatic replay by the Computer of a deal you have justcompleted (making it easy for you to play duplicatebridge against the Computer), and instant response. Andit even keeps score!'

Voice Bridge Challenger" ...a great bridge-playingcompanion for the beginner or bridge enthusiast.Available at fine stores everywhere.

The world's largest manufacturer of self-contained, microprocessor based, board games.

Quality made in U S A *

FIDELITY ELECTRONICS, LTD.

arbitrary time in the future: for example, the dischargingof the batteries in a lantern is controlled in this way.

Introducing time also introduces some problems. If anevent is scheduled, the circumstances under which it isvalid must be coded into it. Otherwise, the behavior ofthe game can appear nonsensical. Suppose the playerlights the fuse on some dynamite. If he sticks around, hewill be blown to smithereens. He runs away, only to findthat the dynamite has apparently followed him. He stillgets blown up because, when the explosion happens, theprogram doesn't check to see if he is still there.

One method of dealing with players who are "killed" inZork is to resurrect them in a forest. In an early versionof Zork, it was possible to be killed by the collapse of anunstable room. Due to carelessness with scheduling sucha collapse, 50,000 pounds of rock might fall on your headduring a stroll down a forest path. Meteors, no doubt.

In an effort to introduce a little more randomness intowhat was at one time a deterministic game, we addedfighting. The player was allowed to attack any of themonsters or other characters he encountered during histravels. The scheme we implemented is conceptually sim-ple. There is a range of possible outcomes for any attack,either by the player on a villain or vice versa. You can bekilled outright, knocked unconscious, wounded, wound-ed seriously, staggered, or you can have your weaponknocked from your hand.

The villain, each time it is his turn to riposte, has theoption of parrying or turning and running (if he is notlimited to one room, as the troll is). Some weapons arebetter against certain opponents than others. The relative

DECLSM1Components

Dependable serviceat discount prices

Domesticand Export

mini

Computer Suppliers, Inc.

25 Chatham Rd., Summit, N.J. 07901Since 1973

(201) 277-6150 Telex 13-6476

©Mini Computer Suppliers. Inc.1979

strengths of player and opponent figure into the outcomeas well (the player's strength is a function of health andprogress in the game). The results are a selection of ap-propriate messages describing the fight as it progresses.

>KILL THIEF WITH SWORD

Clang! Crash! The thief parries.

>AGAIN

The thief receives a deep gash on his side.

>KILL

The thief slowly approaches, strikes like a snake, and

leaves you wounded.

>ATTACK

The thief is disarmed by a subtle feint past his guard. The

robber, somewhat surprised at this turn of events, nimbly

retrieves his stiletto.

>KILL THIEF

A good stroke! Blood wells down the thief's leg. You

evidently frightened the robber. He flees, but the contents

of his bag fall to the floor.

Well, he may live to fight another day, but yourecovered some of his booty. Fighting in Zork is prettyprimitive when compared to real life or even to a "melee"in the popular game Dungeons and Dragons. You couldmake combat more elaborate, and in fact there are CFSgames that have gone in that direction, producing quiterealistic "hack and slash" games.

Possibly, the most enjoyable aspect of writing Zorkwas designing the other characters the player may en-counter. Zork contains various other actors, including atroll, a thief, a wizard, various monsters and friendlygnomes, and a beautiful princess. Some of these are pret-ty simple. The troll is basically an obstacle. He doesn'tmove but merely bars the way and must be defeated byforce of arms.

The thief, on the other hand, is embodied by a complexprogram. After a while, he begins to take on a personali-ty of his own: the slightly down-at-the-heels younger sonof a noble family, perhaps. He is cultivated but has arather nasty sense of humor. For example, his idea of funis to foul up the standard Adventure maze-mappingtechnique of identifying rooms by dropping objects inthem. When he finds a player doing that, he will wanderaround switching objects, no doubt chuckling all thewhile:

You are in a maze of twisty little passages, all alike.

> DROP KNIFE

Dropped.

In the distance, you hear a voice saying, "My, I wonder

what this fine rope is doing here?"

Some actions of the thief are motivated by the charac-terization; he is unlikely to kill you during a fight if heknocks your weapon out of your hand—too well bred.On the other hand, maybe his thiefly reflexes will get thebetter of him .... Many of the thief's actions aremotivated by simple probability. There is a certainchance he will stop in any room while roaming around, acertain probability that he will steal any particular object(high for treasures, of course), and a probability that hewill decide to attack the player. His behavior, nonethe-less, can seem very realistic: Sometimes he seems to dog

178 December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 116 On inquiry Card.

Computer experts(the pros) usually have bigcomputer experience.That's why when they shopsystem software for Z80micros, they look forthe big system featuresthey're used to. And that'swhy they like Multi-UserOASIS. You will too.

DATA INTEGRITY: FILE &AUTOMATIC RECORD LOCKING

The biggest challengefor any multi-user systemis co-ordinating requestsfrom several usersto change the same recordat the same time.

Without properco-ordination, theconfusion and problemsof inaccurate or evendestroyed data can bestaggering.

Our File and AutomaticRecord Locking featuressolve these problems.

For example: normallyall users can view aparticular record at thesame time. But, if thatrecord is being updatedby one user, automaticrecord locking will deny allother users access to therecord until the up-date iscompleted. So recordsare always accurate,up-to-date and integrityis assured.

Pros demand file &automatic record locking.OASIS has it.

SYSTEM SECURITY:LOGON, PASSWORD& USER ACCOUNTING

Controlling who gets onyour system and what theydo once they're on it is theessence of system security.

(THEN COMPARE.)

Without this control,unauthorized users couldaccess your programs anddata and do what they like.A frightening prospectisn't it?

And multi-userscan multiply the problem.

But with the Logon,Password and PrivilegeLevel features of Multi-UserOASIS, a system managercan specify for each userwhich programs and filesmay be accessed —and for what purpose.

Security is furtherenhanced by UserAccounting —a feature thatlets you keep a historyof which user has beenlogged on, when andfor how long.

Pros insist on thesesecurity features.OASIS has them.

EFFICIENCY:RE-ENTRANT BASIC

A multi-user systemis often not even practicalon computers limitedto 64K memory.

OASIS Re-entrantBASIC makes it practical.

How?

Because all users use asingle run-time BASICmodule, to execute theircompiled programs, less

memory is needed. Evenif you have more than 64K,your pay-off is cost savingand more efficient useof all the memory you haveavailable —because itservices more users.

Sound like a pro feature?It is. And OASIS has it.

AND LOTS MORE...

Multi-UserOASIS supportsas many as 16 terminalsand can run in as little as56K memory. Or, withbank switching, as muchas 784K.

Multi-Tasking lets eachuser run more than onejob at the same time.

And there's our BASIC-a compiler, interpreter anddebugger all in one.An OASIS exclusive.

Still more: Editor; Hard& Floppy Disk Support;Keyed (ISAM), Direct &Sequential Files; Mail-Box;

Scheduler; Spooler;all from OASIS.

Our documentation isrecognized as some of thebest, most extensive, in theindustry. And, of course,there's plenty ofapplication software.

Put it all together and it'seasy to see why the realpros like OASIS. Join them.Send your order today.

OASIS IS AVAILABLE FOR

SYSTEMS: Altos; Compucorp;Cromemco;Delta Products: Digital Group; DigitalMicrosystems: Dynabyte: Godbout: IBC:Index: Intersystems; North Star: Onyx;SD Systems: TRS 80 Mod II: VectorGraphic; Vorimex

CONTROLLERS: Bell Controls; CameoCorvus; Konan: Micromaiion; Micropolis:Tarbell; Teletek: Thinkertoys: X Comp

Write for complete.

free Application Software Directory.

PLEASE SEND ME:

Price

with

Manual

Product

Manual

Only

OPERATING SYSTEM

(Includes:

EXEC Language,

File Management;

User Accounting;

Device Drivers;

Print Spooler;

General Text

Editor: etc.)

SINGLE-USER

S150

SI7.50

MULTI-USER

350

17.50

BASIC COMPILER/

INTERPRETER/DEBUGGER

too

15 00

RE-ENTRANT BASIC

COMPILER/INTERPRETER/

DEBUGGER

150

15.00

DEVELOPMENT PACKAGE

(Macro Assembler;

Linkage Editor;

Debugger)

150

2500

TEXT EDITOR &

SCRIPT PROCESSOR

150

15.00

DIAGNOSTIC &

CONVERSION UTILITIES

(Memory Test.

Assembly Language,

Converters: File

Recovery, Disk Test:

File Copy from

other OS; etc.)

100

15,00

COMMUNICATIONS

PACKAGE

File Send & Receive)

100

15,00

PACKAGE PRICE

(All of Above)

SINGLE-USER

500

60.00

MULTI-USER

850

60 00

FILE SORT

100

15.00

COBOL-ANSI 74

750

35.00

Order OASIS from:

Phase One Systems, Inc.

7700 Edgewater Drive, Suite 830

Oakland, CA 94621

Telephone (415) 562-8085TWX 910-366-7139

NAME.

STREET (NO BOX

rr)

CITY

STATEAMOUNTS

ZIP

(Attach system description;

add S3 for shipping;

California residents add sales tax)

□ Check enclosed □ VISA

□ UPS C.O.D. □ Masfercharge

Card Number

Expiration Date

Signature

MAKES MICROS RUN LIKE MINIS

Data Terminals Fast...from MICROMAIL

. Than T.i. °,u

DIABLO 630

• Uses metalized or plastic printwheels.

• Automatic bi-directional printing.

• Maximum print speed is 40characters/second.

$1999.00

Optional Forms Tractor - $200.00

DIABLO

1650

R.0. $2890.00KSR $3155.00

DIABLO

1640

R.0. $2745.00KSR $3050.00

ANADEX DP 9500/9501

High Density Graphics

Parallel, RS-232C, and CurrentLoop interfaces standard.

9-wire print head, 650 millioncharacter life.

Bi-Directional printing withshortest distance sensing logic.

Adjustable width tractor paperfeed.

$1399.00

ANADEX

DP 8000

$899.00

ANADEX

DP 9000

$1299.00

T.I.

810

• Includes upper/lower case option.

• Bidirectional printing at 150 cps.

• Tractor-feed forms, 3" to 15" wide.

$1599.00

Options: r«ww.iw

- Forms length control—$100.00

- Vertical Format Control withCompressed Print-$125.00

DECwriter

LA 34

Options: $969.00

- Numeric keypad-$80.00

- Adjustable forms tractor-$130.00 ^

Model'AA'

$1,099.00\

TELETYPE

43

$999.00

SOROC

IQ120

$689.00

SOROC

IQ140

TELEVIDEO

912/920

$1099.00

Insert/delete line, insert/deletecharacter, line/page erase.

Reverse video, blinking,underline, V4 intensity, pro-tected field, blank security field.

Uses 7x10 dot matrix for ahigh quality u/l case displaywith descenders.

912 C $795.00

Write or Call In for Our Free Catalogue!

eKIJCRQKIflU..,

MICROMAIL • BOX 3297 • SANTA ANA, CA 92703(714) 731-4338

TO ORDER: Send check or money order to: MICROMAIL, P.O. Box 3297, Santa Ana, CA

92703. Personal or company checks require two weeks to clear. All equipment includes

factory warranty.

SHIPPING: We ship freight collect by UPS when possible. Larger terminals are shipped

by motor freight. Air and express delivery is available on all products.

HANDLING: All orders are subject to MICROMAIL's handling charges. Less than

$750.00, add 3%. S750.00 to $2,000.00. add 2%. Over $2,000.00 add 1%.

the player, who no sooner finds a treasure than the thieffilches it.

There is a rich range of possibilities in producing gamesin which characters in the story (other than the player)act more like real people and less like monsters or one-dimensional villains. But the simulation of humanbehavior is still an unsolved problem in the field of ar-tificial intelligence. The best approximations to date havebeen the classic simulations of a nondirectivepsychotherapist (Weizenbaum's Eliza) and of a psychoticparanoid (Colby's Parry). But even they would not makevery interesting characters in a story. (These two curiousbeings actually met once, as recorded in "Parry En-counters the Doctor" by Vinton Cerf, in Datamation, Ju-ly 1973.)

There are other, more mundane areas in which Zorkcould be extended. For example, take a simple conceptlike clothing. If the player can reference his clothing (oreven a magic ring he might be wearing) some interestingquestions arise. Is there a distinction between wearingsomething and carrying something? Probably, becausewhen the player says "drop all," he probably doesn'tmean to include his clothes. Also, the existence of clothesprobably means the definition of many parts of the body.You could take this to extremes:

> INVENTORY

You are empty-handed.

You are wearing a diamond ring on your right index

finger.

You are wearing bells on your toes.

You are wearing a coonskin cap on your head.

Of course, if you implement clothes, there might as wellbe pockets, and backpacks, and other "different" sorts ofcontainers. It would have to be defined whether theplayer can reference things inside them (what if the flapof the backpack is closed, for example?). What happens ifhe falls into a lake? Do the clothes drag him down? Whatabout wearing a suit of armor? Clothes probably need aweight or need to produce a fatigue effect on the player.

The mention of falling into a lake brings up anotherpossible extension to Zork. Currently players aren'tallowed to swim. One reason was to avoid the problemsassociated with the player's belongings dragging himunder. Another is the question of what happens to hisbelongings. Do they get wet? If so, do they ever dry outagain? What about wet matches (to give one example)? Iswet paper still burnable? How long can the player swim?Can he hold his breath and swim underwater? There areany number of questions that have to be considered ifsuch a feature is to be implemented.

Even the addition of a run-of-the-mill object can pro-duce complications. In early versions of Zork, the troll'saxe disappeared when he was killed. We finally decidedto let the player recover it, as advances in Zork weaponstechnology removed the reason for destroying it. Un-fortunately, we didn't think it through. One of our bestplay testers, on hearing that "you can finally get the axe,"immediately said, "Great, I'm going to go up to the forestand chop down some trees." Oops. We never thought ofthat, not to mention using the axe to chop through doors,split timbers, and any number of other commonplaceuses for something we were thinking of strictly as aweapon.

Circle 118 on inquiry card.

When You Have ToFace A Deadline

Communication Arts. Huntington Beach. CA

Arm Yourself WithPascal/MT+

From

ViSA*

master charge

MT Micro SYSTEMS

1562 Kings Cross DriveCardiff, California 92007 (714) 753-4856

We ship on 8" single density and 5-1/4" North Star single density.Other formats available. Ask us.

CP'M is a registered tiaclemark of Digital Research MP/M is a trademark ol Digital Research Pascal/MT* is a registered trademark of MT Micro Systems

Circle 119 on inquiry card.

The authors of Zork have thought about several possi-ble extensions to the Zork parser. One that has come upmany times is to add adverbs. A player should be able todo the following:

>GO NORTH QUIETLY

You sneak past a sleeping lion who sniffs but doesn't

wake up.

The problem is to think of reasons why you would not doeverything "quietly," "carefully," or whatever. Perhapsthere should be time and fatigue penalties for doingthings in a nonstandard way:

> SEARCH WALL CAREFULLY

This would take a long time (and all the while the lamp isburning down), possibly tiring the player out. To be fairto the player, he should not need to search every wallcarefully, or walk quietly everywhere. There should bereasonable clues or hints as to why and where he shoulddo such things.

This long discussion of the problems of extending Zorkis not intended to scare anyone (including the authors ofthe game). The idea is to show that apparently simple ex-tensions to the game have their nonobvious ramifica-itions. Of course, it would be simple to ignore them, butwe think that the authors of a game should play fair withthe players. Just as it's disappointing to see the wiresholding up Flash Gordon's spaceship, it's disappointingto see:

779 upper CASE/lower case"Conversion Kit I"

Expand the capabilities of your 779 line printer toinclude word processing!! Available to all Centronics779 and TRS 80 Printer I owners is the option of lowercase and changing slash 0 Zero to standard 0. No etchcuts or soldering needed, installs in minutes with ascrewdriver. No program modification or additionalinterface is required. Price $125.00

UPPER/LOWER CASE NOW AVAILABLE FOR THE FOLLOWINGCENTRONICS PRINTERS:

101AL, 102BL, 306, 500, 501, 503, 700, 701, 702, 703, 780, 781.

Motor control "conversion kit ii"

FOR ALL CENTRONICS 779 & TRS 80 PRINTER I LINE PRINTERS!!

Our "Conversion Kit II" Motor Controller gives your 779the ability to turn the motor on and off automatically.Removes the annoying noise of constant run,increasing the life span of your 779 and TRS 80 lineprinter motor! No soldering, software or hardwarechanges needed, installs easily. Price $95.00

SAVE! Buy Service Technologies "Conversion Kit I"and "Conversion Kit II" together for the single priceof $199.00

To order, please send check or money order in theproper amount to: r rr- . , a

C/ervice Jecnnoloqies, Jfnc.

32 Nightingale Rd.

Nashua, N.H. 03062

(603) 883-5369Visa and Master Charge accepted (please include signature,expiration date and phone number).

>PUT RING ON FINGERI don't know the word 'finger'.

We authors would hardly claim that Zorlc is perfect inthis respect, but we have made an effort in that direction.When we add something new, we try to think of how theplayer might try to use it and what verbs he might try toapply to it. Within the space available, we've tried to putmost of those things in.

All the CFS games that I have encountered are similarin one major respect: they are about problem solving andthe acquisition of treasure. This is probably because astructure containing problems and rewards is obviousand easy to implement.

It is possible to imagine games in which the goals aredifferent. Some programmers in southern California havedesigned a game in which the moral choices the playermakes have a significant impact on the game. For exam-ple, does the player give an old man some water? Similar-ly, the problem-solving idea could be shifted intosomething closer to scientific research. The player couldbe introduced into an environment where he performs ex-periments, ponders the results, and ultimately gainsunderstanding and control of that environment.

Innovations in form as well as content are possible.There are already CFS games that try to give the player agraphic view of his surroundings. As microcomputertechnology advances, this will become more common,and the renditions will achieve higher quality: it will betechnically feasible to have a CFS game "illustrated" byFrank Frazetta or Jeff Jones. On the other hand, theplayer's imagination probably has a more detailed pictureof the Great Underground Empire than could ever bedrawn. I can even recall discussions among the game'simplementors over who should play the thief in themovie version.

Another area where experimentation is going on is thatof multiplayer CFS games. Each player (possibly not evenaware how many others are playing) would see only hisown view of the territory. He would be notified whenother players enter or leave the room, and could talk tothem. There was briefly a multiplayer version of thePDP-10 Zork several years ago, and today there is a"Multiple User Dungeon" at Essex University in England.

There are major problems, however. One is producingproblems that are compatible with different numbers ofplayers (from one to, say, a dozen). If it takes five playersto solve a problem (one to hold the light bulb and four toturn the ladder?), what happens if only two people areplaying? The other problem, as far as the microcomputerowner is concerned, is that few can afford an unlimitednumber of machines or even video monitors to accom-modate so many players.

CFS games as an art form can continue to grow as longas their medium continues to grow. Zork is already con-stricted by the size of today's microprocessors (it waslarge even on the PDP-10), but the new generations of16- and 32-bit machines offer the opportunity of enor-mous further growth. The possibilities of new concepts,new milieux, and new purposes are enormous. We wouldlike to think that it will not be long before authors viewsuch scenarios as just another medium of expression. Ifind the prospect exciting because I enjoy playing CFSgames as much as writing them.H

182 December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 120 on inquiry card.

DEC® LSI® 11/23 COMPUTERS $6750

and we're delivering from stock!

SOFTWARE

PRODUCTS

CI-103 DESK TOP COMPUTER. Available with LSI 11/23 or LSI 11/2. Complete computer systemenclosed within a VT-103 video terminal, immediate delivery. Only $4500 with LSI 11/2 and 64KMemory. $6750 with LSI 11/23 and 96K Bytes Memory.

PDP 1103SE — LSI 11/2 CPU, 64KB Memory, powersupply, KEV 11 in 8 slot rack mountable chassis. $2695

CI 1103LK — LSI 11/2 CPU, 64KB Memory, power supply,KEV 11 in 16 slot rack mountable chassis. $2750

CI-11/23 AC — LSI 11/23 CPU, MMU, 256KB Memory,power supply, in 16 slot rack mountable chassis. $6895

LSI 11/2 CPU card with 64K ByteMemory. $1095

1 Megabyte RX02 Floppy DiskSystem. $3045

RT11 V4 Operating System. $1085RSX11M Operating System. $3250VT100AA Video Terminal. $1795

€

Chrislin Industries, Inc.

Computer Products Division

31352 Via Colinas • Westlake Village, CA 91362 • 213-991-2254

DEC. LSI. PDP. are Trademarks ol Digital Equipment Corp

Circle 121 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980 183

Today one dollar buysY3 of a business phone call

Today one dollar buy£ readers who actually

s6% readers who actualfy seeyour sales message.

{'<$&, %\:.

As your selling dollar buysless and less, it pays more andmore to advertise inMcGraw-Hill magazines.

As prices keep going up and up,McGraw-Hill magazines help 10.8 milliondecision-makers keep costs down.

For example, Chemical Week toldchemical processing managers and pro-fessionals how exports credits couldlower their debt-servicing costs. AndEngineering News-Record showed theconstruction industry how to cope withthe destructive effects of the 1981 federalbudget.

By helping 10.8 million readers solvetheir inflation problems, we help yousolve yours.

Today, the price of reaching onepotential customer in McGraw-Hillmagazines is only 160.1 This compares toa cost of $6.07 for sending a business let-ter,2 over $3.50 for a business phone call,3and an in-person sales call which, believeit or not, now costs $137.02.4

In times like these, when everythingcosts more, you may be tempted tospend less on your advertising budget.But our Laboratory of Advertising Per-formance (LAP) Report #5262 demon-strates that "Industrial companies thatmaintained or increased their advertisingexpenditure during the 1974-75 recessionenjoyed higher sales growth than thosethat cut advertising." Write 1221 Avenueof the Americas, New York, N.Y. 10020for LAP Report #5262 today And let ushelp you make your advertising moreefficient, as the price of all other sellingtools becomes more expensive.

'One reader-noted impression in the average McGraw-Hill publication.-The Dartnell Institute of Business Research. 3"TeIephone Marketing"by Murray Roman. H 87, McGraw-Hill 1976. ^Laboratory of AdvertisingPerformance Report #8013.5. McGraw-Hill Research.

McGraw-Hill Magazines

M

With inflation,we're an even better buy.

Character Variation inRole-Playing Games

Jon FreemanAutomated Simulations Inc

1988 Leghorn StMountain View CA 94043

Editor's Note: This issue is concernedwith Adventure and its variants. SomeAdventure enthusiasts will claim thatgames like Automated Simulations'Morloc's Tower (see a review of this gameon page 84) are not really Adventures. Tosee that this is rightly so, contrast this arti-cle by Jon Freeman, creative director forAutomated Simulations, with the Adven-ture article, "On the Road to Adventure,"by Bob Liddil (page 158).

But this is not to say that the Dunjon-quest games and an increasing number likethem are not "as good as" the more conven-tional command-and-answer Adventuregames. Rather, they emphasize a differentset of values that capture the player's im-agination in another, equally engagingway. Players of Dungeons and Dragonsand other role-playing games will find a lotof the Dungeons and Dragons philosophyused in Automated Simulations' Dunjon-quest games. Unlike Dungeons andDragons, however, computer-aided gamesof this sort have the advantage of runningin real time. A fight that could take 15minutes to resolve in Dungeons andDragons will only take 10 seconds toresolve with these games, so you'd better befast on your keyboard! . . . .GW

The peculiar attraction ofDungeons and Dragons, Tunnels andTrolls, Traveller, and other similargames stems, I believe, from twothings: open-endedness and role-playing. Anything can happen: as aplayer in such a game, you may be at-tacked by 1,000 goblins or a jealouslover, contract a disease, acquire anew suit of armor, or inherit one hun-dred dollars—er, gold pieces. Any-thing can be done, from fighting adragon to begging a wizard's forgive-ness, from besieging a castle to kiss-ing a frog. And it never stops, excepttemporarily: there is no final victory,

There is no role-playingin games of the Adven-ture /Zork family.

no point to playing except playing,and no ultimate aim except the con-tinuing development of your "char-acter"—the alter ego who stalks theimagined landscape in your stead.

Even microcomputers in a fractionof a second can make complicatedcalculations that would take aDungeons and Dragons refereeminutes of page-turning and piles ofcharts. However, no computer gamescan handle all the aspects ajluded toabove as well as the best-run noncom-puter games. Computer-based gamescan therefore be grouped according towhich aspects they emphasize andwhich they ignore.

There is no real role-playing, forinstance, in the Adventure/Zor/c fam-ily: the protagonist is just you in astrange setting. Games of that sortconcentrate on the perceived open-endedness of action: not only isthere a multitude of command op-tions available (typically far morethan Dunjonquest's eighteen or so),but also they are not made known toyou except by trial and error. It canbe quite challenging to find the rightkey, the right moment, and the rightcommand necessary to insert it in theright lock; but once you do, the doorwill open—always. Thus, a game likeAdventure is really a puzzle that,once solved, is without further in-terest.

Character Variation inDunjonquest

The Dunjonquest series employs adifferent approach. For one thing, sit-uations are primarily defined graph-ically, not textually: you see the situ-ation rather than just being toldabout it. More to our present pur-pose, while some Dunjonquestgames, like Morloc's Tower, have aspecific object (finding and slayingthe mad and elusive wizard Morloc),there is an open-endedness of result inall of them on the micro level (ifyou'll excuse a small pun). Generallyspeaking, there are no "right"answers; the outcome of events isprobabilistic, not predetermined.

Brian Hammerhand, the assignedalter ego/protagonist of Morloc'sTower and The Datestones of Ryn,can, for example, slay a dire wolfnine times out of ten, but on any par-ticular occasion he may survive theencounter unscratched, or limp awaybadly mauled and out of breath—andthere is also that tenth time.Moreover, the exact outcome of anyencounter depends both on the tacticsyou choose and on the specific traitsof your surrogate character. The ex-perience is different every time youplay and quite different with eachnew character you take on youradventure. You are role-playing: get-ting outside youself and into the skinof another (albeit imaginary) being.

In The Temple of Apshai, HellfireWarrior, The Cliffs of Tyyr, andothers in the Dunjonquest series, sixtraits or attributes are used todistinguish Samson the Strong fromCugel the Clever, and Dorgon the

186

December 1980 © BYTE Publications lnc

\^Bft Mtk ^H 4ft Licenced by Sinclair Research Ltd ^^

A Microcomputer

for everyone ata Micro Price

J5&

The IMkrofkeJ

The unique

and valuable

components of the MicroAce

The MicroAce is not just another personalcomputer. Quite apart from its exceptionally lowprice, the MicroAce has two uniquely advancedcomponents: the powerful BASIC interpreter, andthe simple teach yourself BASIC manual.

The unique versatile BASIC interpreter offersremarkable programming advantages:

• Unique 'one-touch' key word entry: theMicroAce eliminates a great deal oftiresome typing. Key words (RUN, PRINT,LIST, etc.) have their own single-key entry.

• Unique syntax check. Only lines with correctsyntax are accepted into programs. A cursoridentifies errors immediately. This preventsentry of long and complicated programs withfaults only discovered when you try to runthem.

• Excellent string handling capability takes upto 26 string variables of any length. All stringscan undergo all relational tests (e.g.comparison). The MicroAce also has stringinput to request a line of text whennecessary. Strings do not need to bedimensioned.

• Up to 26 single dimension arrays.

• FOR/NEXT loops nested up 26.

• Variable names of any length.

• BASIC language also handles full Booleanarithmetic, conditional expressions, etc.

• Exceptionally powerful edit facilities, allowsmodification of existing program lines.

• Randomise function, useful for games andsecret codes, as well as more seriousapplications

• Timer under program control.

PEEK and POKE enable entry of machine codeinstructions, USR causes jump to a user'smachine language sub-routine.

• High-resolution graphics with 22 standardgraphic symbols.

• All characters printable in reverse underprogram control.

• Lines of unlimited length.

'Excellent value' indeed!

For just $149.00 (excluding handling charge) youget everything you need to build a personalcomputer at home... PCB, with IC sockets for allICs; case; leads for direct connection to a cassetterecorder and television (black and white or color);everything!

Yet the MicroAce really is a complete, powerful,full-facility computer, matching or surpassing otherpersonal computers at several times the price.

The MicroAce is programmed in BASIC, and youcan use it to do quite literally anything, from playingchess to managing a business.

The MicroAce is pleasantly straightforward toassemble, using a fine-tipped soldering iron. Itimmediately proves what a good job you've done:connect it to your TV ... link it to the mains adaptor... and you're ready to go.

Fewer chips, compact design,volume production-more powerper Dollar!

The MicroAce owes its remarkable low price to itsremarkable design: the whole system is packed onto fewer, newer, more powerful and advanced LSIchips. A single SUPER ROM, for instance, containsthe BASIC interpreter, the character set, operatingsystem, and monitor. And the MicroAce 1K byte

- a new generation ofminiature computers

A COMPLETE COMPUTERfor $149.00 for 1K Kit

Post and Packing FREE

(Add 6% Tax for Shipments inside California)

RAM (expandable to 2K on board) is roughlyequivalent to 4K bytes in a conventional computer- typically storing 100 lines of BASIC. (Key wordsoccupy only a single byte.)

The display shows 32 characters by 24 lines.

And Benchmark tests show that the MicroAce isfaster than all other personal computers.

No other personal computer offers this uniquecombination of high capability and low price.

The MicroAce teach-yourseifBASIC manual.

If the features of the BASIC interpreter meanlittle to you-don't worry. They're all explained in thespecially-written book free with every kit! The bookmakes learning easy, exciting and enjoyable, andrepresents a complete course in BASICprogramming-from first principles to complexprograms. (Available separately-purchase pricerefunded if you buy a MicroAce later.)A hardware manual is also included with every kit.

The MicroAce Kit:

$149.00 with IK COMPLETE

$169.00 with 2K

Demand for the MicroAce is very high: use thecoupon to order today for the earliest possibledelivery. All orders will be despatched in strictrotation. If you are unsuccessful in constructingyour kit, we will repair it for a fee of $20.(X), post andpacking FREE. Of course, you may return yourMicroAce as received within 14 days for a fullrefund. We want you to be satisfied beyond alldoubt - and we have no doubt that you will be.

Z80 A microprocessorchip, widely recognisedas the best ever made.

.

■«■■■■■■■■

M it M «i ii 1» st ii ip

Your MicroAce kitcontains...

• Printed circuit board, withIC sockets for all ICs.

• Complete components set,including all ICs-allmanufactured by selectedworld-leading suppliers.

• New rugged keyboard,touch-sensitive, wipe-clean.

• Ready-moulded case.

• Leads and plugs forconnection to domestic TVand cassette recorder.(Programs can be SAVEdand LOADed on to aportable cassette recorder.)

• Mains adaptor of 600 mAat 9VDC nominalunregulated.

• FREE course in BASICprogramming and usermanual.

JOIN THE REVOLUTION - DON'T GET LEFTBEHIND - ORDER YOUR MICROACE NOW!!

Send Check, Money Order or quote your Credit Card No. to:MicroAce 1348 East Edinger, Santa Ana, California, Zip Code 92705.or phone (714) 547 2526 quoting your Credit Card Number.

Quantity

Description

TOTAL

II

NarI Adc

jlcttv

MicroAce Kit 1K

$149.00

MicroAce Kit 2K

$169.00

Manual

$10.00

1K Upgrade Kit

$29.00

Shipjnenadd 6%

ts inside CaliforniaTAX

TOTAL

Amex.DinersCheck

Money OrderMaster ChargeVisa

Card No..

Exp. Date-

.Zip.

Circle 122 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980

187

Circle 123 on inquiry card.

Still

programming"by hand"?

Leave your handsand mind freeto create new programs.Let PEARL handlethe production ofprogram code. Defineyour new programmingideas by answeringPEARL'S prompts. PEARLthen writes your programcode. Simply. Conveniently.

Available in three userlevels ... Level 1 forthe personal-hobbyistnon-programmer ($130);Level 2 for businessapplications and thosewith programming skills($350); Level 3 forsoftware developers ($650).

Join the hundreds whouse PEARL to createerror-free code automaticalInterested? Need moreinformation? Visit yournearest microcomputerdealer or call CPU today.

/O, CPU International! -y P.O. Box 128no* Salem, Oreg(503)370-8653

Dolt from either. Three traits (ego,intelligence, and intuition) cover themental aspects of a character, andthree traits (dexterity, strength, andconstitution) cover the physical at-tributes. Each of these is assigned anumber (randomly, if the program iscreating the character) from a low of3 to a high of 18—the equivalent ofrolling three six-sided dice, which ishow such characters are normallycreated in games like Dungeons andDragons. (This commonality allowsyou to bring characters from "out-side" into the Dunjonquest world.)

The numerical valuation permitsthe use of charts and tables, or com-puter calculations, to affect or resolveoutcomes during the course of theadventure. It also permits 166 =16,777,216 different characters,which is enough to allow all thevariation you could ask for if thesystem is set up to handle it.

Dexterity and Constitution

In the Dunjonquest systems,character variation affects the gamein many ways. For instance, in anyround of combat between an adven-turer (you and your character) and amonster (dragon, troll, goblin, com-mon thug, etc), there is a chance thecharacter will strike the monster withhis sword, and a separate chance thatthe monster will strike the adventurerwith his teeth/claws/club/badbreath. Dexterity, representing acombination of reflexes, coordina-tion, speed, etc, interacts with theadventurer's choice of weapons in acomplex way to modify those combatprobabilities.

Simply put, with a dexterity of 4,Cleavon the Clumsy has troublekeeping his shield out of his ownway; he spends much of his timefutilely slicing the air and is an easytarget for attacking monsters. In con-trast, Flash Farrad (dexterity 17) willhit his opponent far more often andwill block more blows with his shield.Reasonably enough, since Farrad isbetter at hitting where he aims, hisadvantage over Cleavon extends tothe amount of damage he is likely todo (but other factors — size of theweapon and strength of the swordarm — enter in; see the following).

Constitution, a measure of healthand endurance, is perhaps the singlemost important trait, since itrepresents specifically the number ofpoints of damage a character can sus-

tain before dying. A monster must doexactly three times as much damageto Steel Strongheart (constitution 18)to kill him as it would take to do inpoor Ferdinand the Frail (constitution6). (In fact, Ferdinand is too sickly topass muster in the Dunjonquestcharacter-generation sequence, whichrejects hopelessly inferior characters.)Furthermore, Ferdinand will tire(from moving or fighting) three timesas fast as Steel. Since fatiguedcharacters must rest or risk fallingeasy prey to monsters through sheerexhaustion, even running away canbe hazardous to unhealthy adven-turers.

Strength and Ego

Strength measures how strong thecharacter is and affects damage donein combat both directly and indirect-ly. Heavier weapons do potentiallymore damage, but not all characterscan wield even a broadsword, andonly the strongest can manage ahand-and-a-half sword one-handed.More directly, the nominal damage(obtained by a random "die roll" itselfaffected by dexterity and other fac-tors) done by the adventurer to themonster he is fighting is multiplied byone-tenth the strength value to deter-mine the gross damage done. On a"roll" that yields a nominal damageof five points, Nerdley the Not-so-Strong (strength 8) actually does only5 x .8 = 4 points of damage, whileManfred the Mighty (strength 16)would receive 5 x 1.6 = 8 points ofdamage out of the same swing of asword. Strength is also part of thecomplex algorithm used to calculatefatigue, which is, in part, related tothe ratio between the amount ofweight an adventurer is carrying atany moment and the square of hisstrength. Stronger characters canmanage heavier armor and moretreasures without strain.

Ego is a measure of mentaltoughness and willpower. In part, itexpresses the differing reactions ofpeople to stress: in a bad situation,Casper Milquetoast (ego 3) gives up,while Darvon the Determined (ego16) redoubles his efforts. Thistranslates into an increase (for Dar-von) or decrease (for Casper) in theprobability that either will strike themonster he is fighting; the value ofthe increase/decrease is dependent onthe extent of their injuries.

In Dunjonquest games in which the

188

December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

LIMITEDEDITION

□ Check enclosed for .

Offered for the first time, Volumes II andIII of BYTE back issues, packed with articlesby your favorite authors, are a realcollector's item. Volume II contains issuesfrom January '77 thru December '77 andVolume III contains issues from January '78thru December '78. Each volume is priced at$100.

These gold embossed, hard-cover volumesare individually numbered with only 100 setsavailable. Orders will be handled on a first-come, first-served basis. Based on our quicksell-out of Volume I, we know that thislimited offer will sell rapidly. So fill out thecoupon below and rush your order to BYTEBOOKS today.

□ Volume II Parts 1 and 2 (Jan 77 thru Dec 77) $100.00

D Volume III Parts 1 and 2 (Jan 78) $100.00 W"i ■ iwv

EVlt

I IIW

□ Bill BankAmericard/Visa □ Bill Master Charge

. Exp. Date.

State .

. Zip.

m

Call TOLL FREE: 800-258-5420or

Mail to: BYTE Books, Inc.70 Main StreetPeterborough N.H. 03458

protagonist is a magician, ego affectsthe power of a spell much the sameway strength modifies a physical at-tack. In all games, ego is added to in-telligence to determine the success ofa character's attempt to parley with amonster. Finally, it interacts with in-telligence in a more complex way toaffect a character's ability to bargainin the Inn, Apothecary, and MagicShoppe.

Intelligence and Intuition

Intelligence in Dunjonquest islimited to the "left-brain" powers oflogical reasoning and verbal expres-sion. Since it most closely representsthat quality brought to bear on thegame by you, the player, thecharacter's intelligence affects play

less than any other attribute. It helpsor harms the ordinary adventurerchiefly in his negotiations withmonsters or the Innkeeper and com-pany, and it controls the complexityof spells used.

The final attribute, intuition, is thecomplement of intelligence: it coversreal and imagined "right-brain" func-tions like spacial perception, ESP,and luck. The probability of findingsecret doors, traps, and monsterslurking in the next room is directlydependent on the attribute of intui-tion. Poul the Perceptive (intuition15) finds secret doors with ease; Igorthe Insensitive (intuition 5) finds trapsonly by falling into them.

All six attributes can be subtly and,to the player, often invisibly affected

by potions and magical devices,enhanced by experience, or decreasedby "undead" monsters like spectres,shades, and such. In fact, by means ofthe subtle but significant effects of in-cremental alterations in each at-tribute, the speed and power of acomputer allow for more meaningfulvariation in [and more objectiveevaluation of ... . GW/ individualcharacters than would any noncom-puter role-playing game yet pub-lished. Since monsters are even morecomplicated and individualized thanadventurers, the variety of possibleevents and outcomes is truly mind-boggling. Once the hard-core fantasyenthusiasts realize this, even thereferees may trade in their charts andtables for microcomputers. ■

SciTronics introduces the first small computer based power monitor

^ ENERGY WATTCHER

TM

Now have your computer continuously measure, calculate and record yourpower consumption and cost. Receive energy reports every minute, 15 minute,hour, day and month period.

• Available for TRS-80-I, Apple II & S-100computers.

• Easy installation clip-on probes supplied.

• Qualify for a 15% energy tax credit.

Remote Controller & Real Time Clock Available

Have full computer control of up to 256 lights, appliancesand even wall switches without special wiring. The SciTronicsREMOTE CONTROLLER permits direct control of the inex-pensive BSR remote line-carrier switches sold by Sears,Radio Shack and many others.

• Controls all 256 BSR remote switches —not just 16

• Hardware driven —requires minimal software

• No ultrasonic link —prevents erractic operation

• No BSR command module necessary

• Real time, crystal controlled clock available

The controller comes complete with full documentation, sample softwareand is designed to work with most of the popular computers includingany S-100 based system, TRS-80-1, Apple II, Heath H8 and others.

Real time clocks are available for all of the above computer systems.When used with the controller, true time scheduling is realized. Allclocks are crystal controlled and have battery backup for accurate andreliable operation. Interrupts allow Foreground/Background operationof two programs simultaneously Clock data includes year, month,date, day of week, hour, minute,- and second.

Applications:

• Make your entire home or apartment computer controlled

• Save energy by controlling lights & appliances

• Control security systems & alarms

Compatible with Remote Controller & Real TimeClock for complete Energy Management System.Inexpensive —only $295.

Remote switches not included

ENERGYWATTCHER $295.

S-100 CONTROLLER BOARD $159.

S-100 REAL TIME CLOCK BOARD $159.

ENCASED CONTROLLER (TRS-80, Apple II etc ) $184.

ENCASED CONTROLLER &

REAL TIME CLOCK (TRS-80, Apple II etc.) $269.

APPLE II CLOCK BOARD $129.

Send check or SciTl"OniCS IflC.

money order to: 523 s. Clewell St., P.O. Box 5344Bethlehem, PA 18015(215) 868-7220

Please list system with which you plan to use peripheral.Master Charge and Visa accepted. PA residents add salestax. COD's accepted.

Dealer Inquiries Invited

190 December 1980 @ BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 125 on inquiry card.

SAVE

APPLE®ond TRS-80^

"APEX" NEW DISK OPERATINGSYSTEM FOR THE APPLE®

Fully Professional DOS for the Apple II. The result of two years ofextensive development, APEX provides a complete program developmentand file management system. A comprehensive command set allows theuser to perform almost any imaginable disk operation.

• Command structure similar to CPM® ond main frame systems.Contains 20 command words.

• Easy program interface. Simple communications.

• Capable of handling 5 inch, 8 inch, and hard disks.

• Safety fearutes to protect against accidental data loss. Featuresinclude backup files, directory, read ofter-wrire & limit checks.

• 4 times faster than CPM®.

• Auto default structure eliminates redious typing by automaticallysetting up command strings, file names, etc,

• Functional on both single and multi-drive sysrems.

• Device handler structure for interfacing peripherals.

The APEX package includes all of the tools for o complete assemblylanguage development system, high speed two pass resident assemblerana a powerful macro editor.

The complete APEX package with operating system, assembler, editorond manuals, also includes utilities to maintain tiles.

APEX RELATED SOFTWARE

*yy FOCAL™ l59

SAVE ON APPLE II 16K

FREE MEMORY UPGRADE KITTO 48K WITH PURCHASE OFAPPLE II 16K

(MTI ONLY)

M195

m

INTRODUCTORY OFFER

SAVE $300 TRS-80 GraphicsList $949

OKIDATAMICROLINESO■■«w OUR PRICE

*649

Z-80SoftCard

>399

The Source $100

Applesoffware.. $29.95

MTI APPLE 8" DISK SYSTEM

"One 5A600R Floppy

*1 Drive Chassis & Power Supply

'Controller, Coble and DOS

H439

Drives for any Microcomputer

Does not include power supply & cabinet.

Perrec FD200 $282

Shugort SA400 $279

MPID51 $279

MPID91 $399

FD250 $359

SA800/801 $479

D52 $349

B°2 $525

Printers

Cenrronic 779 $1,069

Dose 2 $649 «*.MSW

Centronics 737 $939

Centronics 702-9 $1,995

Anadex 9501 $1,549 w

Molibu $2,395

Spinwrirer $2,549 Daisy Wheel.

$1,779

an

/MICROCO/MPUTER

TECHNOLOGYINCORPORATED

ricvvuuoou

A new enhanced NEWDOS for the TRS-80.

The most powerful Disk Operating System for the TRS-80.designed for the sophisticated user and professional program-mer who demands rhe ultimate.

NEWDOS/80 is rhe planned upgrade from NEWDOS 2.1.Some of rhe features ore:

• New DASIC commands for files with variable recordlengths up to 4095.

• Mix or march drives. Use 35. 40 or 80 track 5" diskdrives or 8" disk drives, or combo.

• Security boor-up for DASIC or machine code applica-tion programs.

• New editing commands.

• Enhanced RENUMber rhar allows relocation.

• Command chaining.

• Device handling for routing to display and printersimultaneously.

• DFG function; striking of D. F and G keys allows user toenter a mini-DOS without disturbing program.

• Comparible with NEWDOS & TR5DOS.

• Machine language Superzap/80 2.1 %AJi Qutilities and enhanced debug and copy. I T* 2r

Disk Drive Sale!

Complete with power supplyand chassis.

TF-0 Shugarr SA400 $339

Perrec FD200, 40 track $379

• TF5MPI D51, 40 track $369

*F 7 Micropolis 77 track $579

TDH-1 Dual Sided drive

35 frock $499

TF-3M Drive Sys 2 Shugort ... $699

Disk Expansion System

•2 ShugarrSA400 TF-3 $678

• 1 Two-Drive Coble $ 26

• 1 ExpansionInterface 32K $459

• 1 35-trackDOS+ $ 99

TOTAL LIST PRICE $1262

SPECIAL

cZ H/I49

Same as obove butincludes TRS-80®Level II

M949

NEWDOS+

40 track $110

NEWDOS+

35 track $ 99

Microconducror,Dora Base Mgr.

Modi $249

Mod II $399

AJA Business Pkg $359

The Source $100

Basic Compiler $195

Mail List $60

Electric pencil $150

NEW

TF-8 80 TRACK DISK DRIVE

Double Your Capacity

TF-9 DUAL 80 TRACK DISK DRIVE

Quadruple Your Capacity

$609>789

6" Floppy Disk Drive System

for Model I

• One SA801 Floppy

• NEWDOS 80

• Coble (j Adopter

H095

3304 West MacArthur

ALL PRICES CASHDISCOUNTED

Santa Ana CA 92704 6J£& *££2& ^£22*"*'

(714) 979-9923

TAD IRIN

ASK FOR OURFREE CATALOGUE

4401 South Tamarac Parkway

Denver, CO 90237

(303)741-1778

Circle 126 for MTI

Circle 127 for Apparat

BYTE December 1980

191

Pirate's Adventure

Scott Adams

Adventure International

POB 3435

Longwood FL 32750

A Short History

Time flies. The copyright date onmy game, Pirate's Adventure, reads1978. It seems like yesterday, but ithas been two and a half years since Istarted on my Adventures . . .

At the time I was working as asystems programmer for StrombergCarlson when I was first introducedto the classic Adventure game writtenby Crowther and Woods to run on aDEC (Digital Equipment Corpora-tion) PDP-10. After playing for onlya few minutes I was hooked. It tookalmost ten days of early-morning andlate-evening sessions before Iachieved the coveted score of 350 andthe title of Grand Master. I had doneit—I was a bona fide adventurer! Yetit seemed unfair that such afascinating game was restricted tosuch an expensive machine.

Back then, I had just gotten myRadio Shack TRS-80 Level II com-puter, and (having recently finishedmy backgammon program) I waslooking for another good game towrite. The concept of characterstrings intrigued me, and I wanted agame that used them. (Up to thatpoint, I had programmed primarily inFORTRAN and assembly language,neither of which can handle stringseasily.)

Adventure seemed to fit my needsexactly. But I didn't want to copysomeone else's program, and I wasafraid I wouldn't get much of anAdventure in a 16 K-byte BASICcomputer—especially when the FOR-TRAN version I played took about300 K bytes!

I mentioned the idea of gettingsome sort of Adventure into my smallmachine to friends; fortunately, I wasnot daunted by their laughter. Afterall, I could remember when it wassupposedly impossible to get a BASICinterpreter to run on an 8080

microprocessor!

Interpreter? Did I say interpreter?Suddenly the idea fell into place! Ihad written many compilers andoperating systems. Why not write anAdventure interpreter? This wouldallow me to write many Adventuresand would also provide the compres-sion I needed to fit them into a small

It seemed unfair that sucha fascinating game wasrestricted to such an ex-pensive machine.

machine. (Inside, I'm really afrustrated science-fiction writer; Ihave over 3000 science-fiction booksin my collection but have never triedto write one myself.)

So, weeks later, my initial scrib-blings had evolved into a working in-terpreter with a skeleton Adventureto play on it. It took some six monthsof play-testing before my first Adven-ture, Adventureland, was finallyreleased through The Software Ex-change of Milford, New Hampshire,and Creative Computing Software.Thus the Scott Adams AdventureSeries was born.

And, at that same moment, italmost died. For six months I hadbeen so engrossed in programmingAdventure that my wife Alexis (whoat the time was pregnant withMaegen, our daughter) started hidingmy floppy disks around the house toget my attention. Once she hid themin the oven—boy, did she get someattention that time! I then decidedthat one Adventure was enough.

Some time after that, Alexis unex-pectedly announced that she wantedto write an Adventure, and it was thiseffort that led to the Scott Adams

Adventure given in listings 1 and 2,Pirate's Adventure. With her basicideas, we created an Adventure thatwas different from any that had everbeen written before. Instead of simplysearching for treasures in this Adven-ture, you now had an added ingre-dient—a "mission." (In this case, youhad to figure out how to build apirate's ship!) This set the stage formany of my later mission-orientedAdventures that replace a cumulativescore with a do-or-die situation.These include my Mission Impossi-ble, The Count, Voodoo Castle, andMystery Fun House Adventures.

All my current Adventures, for theApple II, the Radio Shack TRS-80,and the Exidy Sorcerer, are written inmachine language and run muchfaster and cleaner than the originalBASIC versions (of which there wereonly two and a half). I probablywould never have written these pro-grams in machine language if it hadnot been for the gentle nudges Ireceived from a friend I've never metbut greatly respect, Lance Micklus.

Program Notes

Pirate's Adventure was first soldcommercially to run in Level IIBASIC on a 16 K-byte TRS-80. Boththe Adventure-interpreter program(in BASIC) and a data file created bythe Adventure-editor program wereon the cassette tape. After you loadedthe interpreter program, you used itto read the data file, an operation thattook 20 minutes but allowed me tocompress a lot of Adventure into verylittle memory space.

In planning this article, I had todevise a means of creating the tapedata file without using the Adventureeditor. The BASIC program in listing1 provides the means. This program,which runs on a TRS-80 with 16 K

Text continued on page 212See pages 194 thru 210 for listings

192

December 1980 © BYTE Publican

The Talk of the '80s

>/7/J ii i i i j , . > ■ •

I t i % v v

SoftCare.

A New Medical Billing System That is Easy, and Works!

FILL IN THE BLANKS

The only system that works like you do. Add, change,or delete material right on the form (displayed on thevideo screen). It's really easier than filling in the blankbecause you can go back and type over any mistakeyou make.

NO BATCHING

As the information is entered, the system automatic-ally detects clerical errors in patient information, pro-cedure codes, and procedural data. No waiting daysor weeks for verification.

INSTANT ACCESS

Up to date patient information available anytime.Patient files are updated everytime a transaction isentered. All you need to check their files is to enterthe patient's name — no ID number.

PRIVATE AND THIRD PARTY BILLING

System keeps track of third party billing and insur-ance claims. You can bill the patient on paper whilethey are in the office! Resubmission of a claim is assimple as pushing a button.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

Written in Pascal, the system runs on most any 56K or 64K micro or mini computer. The system is currently operatingon Dynabyte, Cromemco, Onyx, Vector Graphic, and Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) computers. Differentsystems provide 500 to 10,000+ patient capacity.

Contact your Local computer store or

Circle 128 on inquiry card.

PROFESSIONAL

BUSINESS

SOFTWARE

119 Fremont Street, San Francisco, CA 94105, (415) 546-1596

Listing 1: Data-tape generation program for Scott Adams' Pirate's Adventure, written for the Radio Shack TRS-80 Model I runningLevel II BASIC.

6010 ' **** BE SURE AND USE ft C-60 TOPE FOR YOUR DftTft TfiPE!!!!£020 ' ADVENTURE DATA TAPE BUILDER. BUILDER/BASS030 ' VERSION 1.3 CO SCOTT ADAMS '30.

£040 ' ADVENTURE INTERNATIONAL BOX 3435 L0NGW0OD FL 32750E050 ' PHONE (305)-862-6917

E0E0 ' BUILDS DATA TAPE FOR ORIGINAL BASIC VERSION OF PIRATE'S ADVENTURE£070 'PLEASE NOTE ON LINES THAT SUDDENLY GO TO THENEXT LINE LIKE

THIS USE <DOWN ARROW) KEY WHICH IS RIGHT ABOVETHE LEFT HAND SHIFT KEY ON YOUR TRS-30!

£030 DATA 60, 151, 53, 33, 5, 1, 2, 3, 200, 71, 1,30,422,342,420,340,0,16559,3350, 30, 462, 432, 460, 0, 0, 15712, 1705, 100, 521,552, 540,229, 220, 203,8700, 3, 433, 0, 0, 0,0, 15712,0, 100, 234, 0, 0,0,0,3550,0, 100, 23, 663, 403, 40,0,3700,0, 100, 43, 20, 660,740, 2206090 DATA9055,10902,100,23,20,0,0,0,3310,0,100,3,700,720,0,0,10353,0,100,43,40,640,400, 300, 9055, 3305, 25, 664, 0, 0,0,0, 4263, 0, 40, 104,336, 0, 0,0, 4411,0, 30, 242,502, 320,30,240,3321,10109,100,3,140,30,500,0,10262,3S50,35,421,346,420,200,0,5162,06100 DATA100, 129,120, 0, 0,0,6503,0,50, 242,932,320,440,240,9321,8350,35,483,63,0,0,0, 15705, 0, 10, 483,249, 0, 0,0, 15706,0, 50, 484, 1073, 1036,0, 0, 17651, 9150, 50, 204, 1035,0, 0,0, 16711, 0, 10, 209, 1040, 1060, 300, 1100, 10372, 10050, 10, 203, 1040, 1050, 33,0, 108576110 DATA0, 35,433, 3, 0,0,0, 15719, 10200, 100, 3,0, 0, 0,0, 10200, 0, 100, 104,0, 0,0,0,3550,0, 80, 462,282, 280, 1160, 0, 1422,0, 153,32, 50, 0, 0, 0, 8170,9500, 4510, 51, 0, 0,0,0,300, 0,163, 22, 100, 0, 0, 0, 8170, 9600, 3100, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 16200, 0, 4800, 104, 120, 61, 0, 0, 105076120 DATAS164, 4800, 107, 100,61, 39, 0, 10507, 8154,4063,22, 0,0, 0, 0,647, 0, 5570, 161,203, 160, 130, 0, 10370, 1264,5170, 131, 130, 160, 0, 0,8302,0, 6300, 104,0, 0, 0, 0,900, 0, 1529, 442,465,440,0,0,7300,0, 1529, 442,462,0, 0,0,760,9i50, 183, 322, 130,0,0,0,3170,35005130 DATA153S,262,242,0,0,0, 1300,0, 1533,252,245,250,0,0,7800,0,5333,252, 242, 0, 0,0, 1800, 0, 5333, 262,245,0,0,0, 1950,0, 6133,262,245,541,250,560,2155,7950,5388, 261,0, 0, 0, 0, 2400, 0, 4038, 561, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2400, 0, 4083, 263, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2713, 0, 4033, 552, 530, 1095140 DATA100, 249, 2303,8700, 4033,243,552, 103, 300,240,6203,3700,4033,243,552,0,0,0, 6600, 0, 4053, 103, 69, 0, 0, 0, 645, 0, 4053* 103, 58, 0, 0, 0, 6600, 0, 5387, 342, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2550, 0, 5387, 352, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2713, 0, 5337, 332, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2100, 0, 159, 382, 320, 0, 0, 0, 3170, 95006150 DATA51S7, 342, 352,0, 0,0,2550,0, 6187,345,362,541,350, 380,3303, 10050, 3451,503,0, 0, 0, 0, 172, 0, 3750, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3300, 0, 1523, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 9900, 0, 4108, 1143, 1012, 0, 0, 0, 645, 0, 5450, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2853, 0, 4510, 56, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2720, 0, 4350, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 9750, 0, 5114,06150 DATA0,0,0,0, 10550, 0, 7092,592,0,0,0,0,2745,0, 185,284, 140,0,0,0,3155, 10564,4038, 1054, 0, 0, 0, 0, 647,17550,4093, 1053, 0, 0, 0,0, 547, 17400, 4033, 322, 0, 0,0,0,647,0,4095, 752, 0, 0, 0, 0, 547, 0, 195, 732, 921, 0, 0, 0, 2727, 0, 135, 762, 261, 0, 0, 0, 2727, 0, 6900, 0, 06170 DATA0, 0,0,9450,0, 1526,602, 0,0, 0,0, 2723,0, 1541,621,602,640,520, 600,7353,3250, 195, 732, 651, 0, 0, 0, 2727, 0, 7092, 623, 533, 303, 543,'20, 3700, 0, 7092, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3750, 0, 200, 722, 220, 0, 0, 0, 10554, 9500, 195, 762, 61, 0, 0, 0, 2727, 0, 4050, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 10564, 0, 15255130 DATA523,520,0,0,0,7300,0,195,762,340,0,0,0,8126,3464,195,732,350,0,0,0,8157, 10564,7530,404,242, 1053,S3,0, 17250, 0, 4800, 0,0, 0,0,0,450,0,5863, 103,200,59,50,0,4553, 8700, 5868,68,0,0,0,0,494, 0, 1546, 145, 0, 0, 0,0,4800,0, 1546,802,141, 140,840,06190 DATAS302,0, 2746, 341, 840, 140, 0, 0,3302, 4950, 3495, 802, 0, 0, 0,0, 811,0, 3496, 841, 840, 140, 0, 0, 811, 8302, 7366, 322, 820, 240, 400, 0, 5305, 9300, 5861, 503, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2100, 0, 3411,501,500,140,0,0,5459,7833,192,742,400,0,0,0,S170,9500,201,404,83,420,240,2426200 DATAS170,8071,201,404,89, 120,0,0,3170,9600,7530,404,245,0,0,0,2737,0,7530, 404, 912, 0, 0, 0,2738,0,7530,404,S3,30,740,420,5908,9300,7530,404,38,80,740, 120,5910, 9300, 7671, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 6000, 0, 4553, 903, 0, 0, 0, 0, 6300, 0, 1350, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5000, 0, 15106210 DATA62,50, 0, 0, 0, 7800, 0, 5360, 53,0, 0,0, 0, 13000, 0, 201, 404,88, 420, 0, 0,3170, 9500, 135, 234, 360, 0, 0, 0,8170,9600, 1539, 432,242,0,0,0, 1800,0, 1539,432,480,0,0,0,7904, 15300, 194, 632, 300, 0, 0, 0,3170,9600, 174, 149,454, 140, 0, 0,3751,0, 174, 150,0,0,0,05220 DATA8751, 0, 7800,444, 940,921,952,0, 10543, 8014, 7800,124,921,0,0,0,7350,0,7800,424,992,980,921,0,10553,7254,3250,104,0,0,0,0,10505,9500,7300,464,148,1140,921,1152,10553,7264,1541,543,640,0,0,0,7300,0,163,104,40,0,0,0,3170,3600,6300,44,05230 DATA0, 0, 0, 15450, 0, 4534,583, 0, 0,0,0, 4550, 0, 6187, 70^, 541, 0, 0,0,2713, 16050, 5887, 702, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2713, 0, 5887, 0, 722, 0, 0, 0, 2100, 0, 198, 1022, 480, 0, 0, 0, 3170, 3500, 157, Z,24,40,0,0,3170,9500, 1510, 44, 50, 40, 80, 35, 7801, 10300,1532, 302, 203, 300,0,0,7300,0E240 DAT01532,302,209,0,0,0,2313,0,1532,305,0,0,0,0,10518,7564,3411,341,340,140,0, 0, 8922, 0, 155, 1122, 500, 0, 0, 0, 3170, 3600, 1392, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 6000, 0, 5300, 234, 0, 0, 0, 0, 16350, 0, 8532, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 17700, 0, 7800, 321, 209, 302, 200, 0, 3700, 0, 7350, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2700

Listing 1 continued on page 198194 December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 129 OP. inquiry card. >

Ten reasons

_1 T*^

i

eeet3 ^

More than four decades of experi-ence in magnetic media-BASFinvented magnetic recordingtape, the forerunner of today'swide range of magnetic media,back in 1934, and was the firstindependent manufacturer ofIBM-compatible floppy disks.

Tough Tyvek sleeve-no paperdust, no static electricity.

Special self-cleaning jacket andliner help eliminate data errorsand media wear and tear.

BASF BASF FlexyDisk

Center hole diameter punched tomore accurate standards thanindustry specifications, for topperformance.

Bi-axially oriented polyestersubstrate—for uniform and reli-able performance year after year.

Cross-linked oxide coating-forlow head wear and long trouble-free media life.

Total capability- one of two man-ufacturers in the world that;makes both 8" and 5.25" models,has tape and disk experience, andmanufactures floppy disk drives.

Double lubrication - lubricantsboth in the formula and on thedisk surface, to minimize mediawear due to head friction.

Packaging to suit yourrequirements - standard flip-topbox, Kassette 10'" storage case,or bulk pack.

100% certification - every singledisk is tested at thresholds 2-3times higher than system require-ments, to be 100% error-free.

For the name of your nearestsupplier, write BASF Systems,Crosby Drive, Bedford,MA 01730, or call 617-271-4030.

See us at the NCC, Booth 1121

BASF

Floppy Disks Mag Cards Cassettes Computer Tapes Disk Packs Computer Peripherals

VISA

t.

col

oi

credit card users'-please read(ring information.

7)RDER JBY PHONE •

7 DAYS 9 6 PST

ORDERS FROMCALIFORNIA. ALASKA, HAWAII AND

SALES INFORMATION, TECHNICAL ORBACKORDERS, CALL (714) 698-0260

CONTINE

L FREE ORDER LINE: 800~854-6654

tipple computer

Authorized Dealer

[apple//

ACCESSORY SPECIALS

DISK II DRIVE (add-on) 425

D.C. HAYES MICROMODEM II 319

GRAPHICS TABLET 655

INTEGER BASIC OR APPLESOFT IIfirmware card 149

SILENTYPE PRINTER with Interface card. . 515

APPLE II ACCESSORIES

CENTRONICS PRINTER

Int. card 185

PARALLEL PRINTER Int. card145COMMUNICATION CARD

w/conn. cable 185

HI SPEED SERIAL Int. card.. 145DAN PAYMAR lower case kit. 55MICROWORKSDS 65

DIGISECTOR 339

LAZER lower case adapter. ... 50SSM AIO SERIAL/

PARALLEL kit 155

SSM AIO assembled & tested190SYMTEC LIGHT PEN SYSTEM215SYMTEC SUPER SOUND

GENERATOR 225

SVA 8 INCH DISK

CONTROLLER CARD 335

VERSA WRITER

DIGITIZER SYSTEM 215

VIDEX VIDEOTERM

80 COLUMN CARD 315

VIDEX VIDEOTERM

w/graphics ROM 335

LOBO DISK DRIVE ONLY... 385LOBO DRIVE

w/cont. & DOS 3.3 "99

GPIB IEEE-488 (1978) Int 259

ARITHMETIC PROCESSOR

CARD 335

SPEECHLINK 2000

(64 Word Vocab.) 215

M&R SUP R MOD

TV MODULATOR 30

CORVUS 10 MEGABYTE HARD

DISK DRIVE SYSTEM

w/pwr supply 4395

CORVUS CONSTELLATION. . 59516K MEMORY UPGRADE KIT(TRS-80, APPLE II,

SORCERER 60

ABT NUMERIC INPUT KEYPAD

(specify old or new kybrdl. 115ALF MUSIC SYNTHISIZER. . . 235

BRIGHTPEN LIGHTPEN 32

M&R SUPER-TERMINAL

80 COLUMN CARD 335

SMARTERM 80 COL 335

Mountain ComputerAPPLE CLOCK/CALENDAR

card 225

SUPERTALKER SD200 SPEECH

SYNTHISIZER SYSTEM. ... 245ROMPLUS w/kybrd filter. . . . 165INTROL/X-10 BSR REMOTE

CONTROL SYSTEM 245

INTROL/X 10 controller

card only 165

ROMWRITER SYSTEM 155

MUSIC SYSTEM

(16 voices/stereo) 465

A/D-D/A 16 CHANNELS 319

EXPANSION CHASSIS

(8 slotsl 555

m

CHRISTMAS

SUPER

SALE

O1 3- 'V

w APPLE II PLUS

m OR APPLE II STANDARD

f I6KoFn°lV $9MFOR '1049DISK I DRIVI $SM

w/controller & DOS 3.3 9mw

♦425

microsoftSOFTCARD *299

APPLE II SOFTWARE

VISICALC 120

CCA DATAMANAGEMENT. 85

THE CONTROLLER General

Business System 519

THE CASHIER Retail Manage

menf ft Inventory system 199APPLEWRITERWord

Processor 65

APPLEPOST MAILING

List system 45

DOW JONES PORTFOLIOEVALUATOR 45

APPLE CONTRIBUTED

Volumes 1-5 w/manuals . . 30•DESKTOP/PLAN by DESKTOP

COMPUTERS 85

APPLEBUG ASSEMBLER/

DISASSEMBLER 75

APPLE DOS TOOL KIT 65

PIMS Personal Information

Management System .... 23ADVENTURE by

MICROSOFT 27

SUB LOGIC FS 1

Flight Simulator 34

SARGON II Chess

byHAYDENICass.) 27

FORTRAN 165

DOS 3.3 49

APPLE PLOT.... 60

TAX PLANNER 65

SARGON II Chess

on Diskette 32

TRILOGY OF GAMES 27

SPACE GAME ALBUM 38

SPACE INVADER (Cass.). . . 18SPACE INVADER (Disk.I... 23SYBEXAPPLE-80

8080 Simulator 17

FORTH II by PROGRAMMA

SOFTWARE 45

SINGLE DISK COPY

ROUTINES 17

APPLEBUG DEBUGGER. .. 27APPLESOFT UTILITY PRO

GRAMS BY HAYDEN 27

The CORRESPONDENT 35

ASTEROIDS IN SPACE 19

HEAD-ON 25

3-D ANIMATION PACK 53

BATTLESHIP

COMMANDER 23

FASTGAMMON 26

STAR CRUISER 24

TRANQUILITY BASE 24

More software availablePlease write us for a list.

Circle 130 on inquiry card.

INTERNATIONALCUSTOMERS:

TELEX 69&400

ANSWER "BETA" ATTENTION "CRUSCOMING SOON....SALES AGENTS IN:

LONDON PARIS BERLIN CHONOKONC T

AS!//

tlYADH JOHANNESBURG

SYMIEY MEXICO CITY

EXIDY

ATARI

Please

Call

For

Best

Price

SORCERER IICOMPUTER

16.32K & 48K VERSIONS AVAILABLE

S100 EXPANSION UNIT 37S

WORD PROCESSING PAC 179

DEVELOPMENT PAC 89

A

ATARI"

PMC-80

*<?*,

THE TRS-80 WORK-ALIKE'16K LEVEL II ONLY$579

Completely compatible with Radio Shack TRS-80Level II software and peripherals. Features include;Level II Basic, Video & Ch. 3 TV output. Builtm Cassette, 40 pin interface conn., 16K User RAMmemory, Expandable to 48K.

For more information, please call or write.

16K for /5J5JATARI 800

PERSONAL COMPUTER SYSTEM

400 COMPUTER 479

820 PRINTER (40 col.) 459

810 DISK DRIVE 559

410 PROGRAM RECORDER 59

815 DUAL DISK DRIVE 1199

822 THERMAL PRINTER I40 col.I 369

825 PRINTER (80 col. imp.l 795

850 INTERFACE MODULE 175

ATARI 16K RAM MODULE 155

LIGHT PEN 65

ACOUSTIC MODEM (CAT) 169

COMPUTER CHESS 35

SPACE INVADERS 19

STAR RAIDERS 49

SUPER BREAKOUT 35

3-D TIC TACTOE 35

VIDEO EASEL 35

MUSIC COMPOSER 49

VISICALC DISK 129

OSI

SCIENTIFIC

C4Pi

799 f *S*S3»

C4PMF *1699

CIP

MOD II"449

PLOTTERS VIDEO MONITORS

*1095

onlyWATANABE MIPLOT

for more info please call or write

LEEDEX VIDEO 100 139

SANYO 9" B&W 165

SANYO 12" B&W 255

PANACOLOR 10" COLOR 329

NEC 12" HI-RES COLOR 875

NEC 12" LO RES COLOR 399

NEC 12" GREEN PHOSPHERIP3H. . 239

TELEVIDEO 912B&C 698

TELEVIDEO 920B & C 745

Cassette Disk

SPACE INVADERS 19 29

SARGON II 30 35

FORTH N/A 69

OS 65-D V3.3 N/A 79

MDMS PLANNER N/A 100

GRAPHICS I N/A 35

dac i N/A 45

ASSEMBLER/EDITOR 40 N/A

EXTENDED MONITOR 20 N/A

PASCAL 8- FORTRAN I4P & 8P only!. N/A 450

When nrderina rjlease SDecifv SVStem.

PRINTERS

ANADEX DP-8000 775

ANADEX DP 9500 1350

BASE 2 649

CENTRONICS 737 825

PAPER TIGER IDS-460 w/graphics 1195

PAPER TIGER IDS-440 w/graphic» 895

NEC SPINWRITER 2550

TRENDCOM 200 519

SILENTYPE W/Int 515

EPSON TX 80 w/graphic» 729

EPSON MX 80 132 col ... : 620

QUME SPRINT 5 2550

ORDERING INFORMATION: Phone Orders invited using VISA. MASTERCARD, AMERICAN EXPRESS, or bank wire Iranslers VISA S MC credit card service charge of 2VAE credit card service charge of 5Do Mail orders may send charge card number (include expiration date! cashiers check, money order or personal check (allow 10business days to clear ) Please include a telephone number with all orders Foreign orders (excluding Military PO'sl add 1 G°o for shipping all funds must be in USdollars (letters of credit permitted) Shipping. Handling and Insurance in U S add 3% (minimum S4 00| Calilornia residents add 6°o sales tax Our low margins prohibitus to send COD or on purchase orders or open account (please send for written quotation | All equipment is subject to price change and availability Equipmentis new and complete with the manufacturer warranty We do not guarantee merchantibility of products sold All returned equipment is subject to a 15°D restocking feeWe ship most orders within 2 daysWE ARE A MEMBER OF THE BETTER BUSINESS BUREAU AND THE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE. RETAIL STORE PRICES MAY DIFFER FROM MAIL ORDER PRICES.

PLEASE SEND ORDERS TO:CONSUMER COMPUTERS MAIL ORDER, 8314 PARKWAY DRIVE, GROSSMONT SHOPPING CENTER NORTH, LA MESA, CA. 92041

Circle 130 on inquiry card.

Listing 1 continued:

6250 DATA0, 5903, 621, 1143, 1000, 0, 0,4553,0, 5266, 0, 0,0, 0,0, 1800, 0, 6300,224, 0,0,0,0,

17517, 17350, 1200,0,0,0,0,0, 17100,0,6300, 124, 0, 0,0,0,16350,0,4350,203, 1040, 1060,0

,0, 10313, 0, 6300, 134, 242,0, 0, 0, 3600, 0, 7300,921, 160, 140, 0, 0,7410, 9000, 6300,0, 0,0

6260 DATA0, 0, 450, 0, OUT, ANY, GO, NORTH, *CLI,SOUTH, *Wftl_, EAST, +RUN, WEST, +ENT, UP, *PAC,

DOWN, +FOL, 3TA, SAY, PAS, SAI, HAL, GET, BOO, *TAK, BOT, +CAT, *RUM, +PIC, WIN, *REM, GAM, *WEA,

MON,+PUL, PIR, FLY, ARO, DRO, BAG,*REL,+DUF, *THR, TOR, +LEA, OFF, *GIV, MAT, DRI, YOH, +EAT

6270 DATA30,INV,LUM,BAI,RUG,LOO,KEY,*SHQ,INV,WAI,DUB,REA,SAI,.,FIS,YOH,AMC,SCO,S

HA,SAV,PLA,KIL, CAV,+ATT,PAT,LIG,DOO, . ,CHE,OPE,PAR,+SMA,HAM,UNL,NAI,HEL,BOA,AWA,+

SHI,+BUN, SHE, , CRA, QUI,WAT,BUI,+SAL,+MAK,LAG,WAK,+TID,SET,PIT, CAS, SHO,DIG,+BEA

6230 DATABUR, MAP, FIN, PAC, JUM, BON, EMP, HOL, WEI, SAN, , BOX, , SNE, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, , 0, 0, 0, 0,

0, 0, APARTMENT IN LONDON, 0, 0, 0, 0,0,1, ALCOVE, 0, 0, 4, 2, 0, 0, SECRET PASSAGEWAY, 0, 0, 0, 3

, 0, 0, MUSTY ATTIC, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0

6290 DATA*I'M OUTSIDE AN OPEN WINDOW ON A LEDGE ON THE SIDE OF A

VERY TALL BUILDING, 0,0,3,0,0,0,SANDY BEACH ON A TROPICAL ISLE,0, 12, 13, 14,0, 11,MA

ZE OF CAVES, 0, 0, 14,6,0, 0, MEADOW, 0,0, 0,3, 0,0, GRASS SHACK, 10, 24, 10, 10, 0, 0, *I' M IN

THE OCEAN,0,0

6300 DATA0,0, 7, 0, PIT, 7,0, 14, 13, 0,0, MAZE OF CAVES, 7, 14, 12, 19, 0, 0, MAZE OF CAVES, 0,

0, 0,3,0, 0,+TM AT THE FOOT OF A CAVE RIDDEN HILL.

A PATH LEADS TO THE TOP, 17, 0,0,0,0,0,TOOL SHED, 0,0,17,0,0,0,LONG HALLWAY,0,0,0, 1

6, 0,0, LARGE CAVERN, 0,0, 0,0,0

6310 DATA14,*I'M ON TOP OF A HILL. BELOW IS PIRATES ISLAND. ACROSS THE SEA

OFF IN THE DISTANCE I SEE *TREASURE+ ISLAND,0,14,14,13,0,0,MAZE OF CAVES,0,0,0,0

,0,0,+ I'M ABOARD PIRATE SHIP ANCHORED OFF SHORE,0,22,0,0,0,0

6320 DATA*I'M ON THE BEACH AT TREASURE ISLAND,21,0,23,0,0,0,SPOOKY OLD GRAVEYARD

FILLED WITH PILESOF EMPTY AND BROKEN RUM BOTTLES,0, 0, 0, 22, 0, 0, LARGE BARREN FIELD, 10,6,6,6,0,0,SHALLOW LAGOON.

TO THE NORTH IS THE OCEAN,0,0,0,23,0, 0

6330 DATASACKED AND DESERTED MONABTARY, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, , 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, , 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, , 0,0, 0, 0, 0, 0, , 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, , 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, , 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,0,., 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, +WELCOME TO NEVER

NEVER LAND,,THERE'S A STRANGE SOUND6340 DATATHE NAME OF THE BOOK IS -TREASURE ISLAND-THERE7 S A WORD ENGRAVED IN THE FLYLEAF -YOHO-

AND A MESSAGE -LONG JOHN SILV6R LEFT 2 TREASURES ON TREASUREISLAND!-, NOTHING HAPPENS, THERE'B SOMETHING THERE ALRIGHT. MAYBE I SHOULD6350 DATATHAT'S NOT VERY SAFE,YOU MAY NEED MAGIC HERE,EVERYTHING SPINS AROUND AND SUDDENLY YOU ARE ELSEWHERE...,TORCH IS LIT,I WAS WRONG. I GUESS ITS NOT A MONGOOSE CAUSE THE SNAKES BIT IT. , I'M SNAKE BIT

6360 DATAPARROT ATTACKS SNAKES AMD DRIVES THEM OFF,PIRATE WON'T LET ME, ITS LOCKED,ITS OPEN,THERE ARE A BET OF PLANS IN IT,NOT WHILE I'M CARRYING IT,CROCS STOP ME,SORRY I CAN'T,WRONG GAME YOU BILLY GOOSE!,I DON'T HAVE IT

6370 DATAPIRATE GRABS RUM AND SCUTTLES OFF CHORTLING,...! THINK ITS ME. HEE HEE.,ITS NAILED TO THE FLOOR!,-MAGIC WORD- HO AND A ... CWORK ON IT. YOU'LL GET

IT),NO. SOMETHING IS MISSING!,IT WAS A TIGHT SQUEEZE!,SOMETHING WON'T FIT6380 DATASINCE NOTHING IS HAPPENING,I SLIPPED AMD FELL...,SOMETHING FALLS OUT,THEY'RE PLANS TO BUILD JOLLY ROGER (A PIRATE SHIP!:)

YOU'LL NEED HAMMER NAILS LUMBER ANCHOR SAILS AND KEEL.,I'VE NO CONTAINER,IT SOAKS INTO THE GROUND6390 DATATOO DRY. FISH VANISH.,PIRATE AWAKENS. SAYS -AYE MATEY WE BE CASTING OFF

SOON-HE THEN VANISHES

,WHAT A WASTE...,I'VE NO CREW,PIRATE SAYS -AYE MATEY WE BE NEEDING A MAP FIRST-6400 DATAAFTER A MONTH AT SEA WE SET ANCHOR OFF OF A SANDY BEACH.

ALL ASHORE WHO'S GOING ASHORE...,TRY -WEIGH ANCHOR-,THERE'S A MAP IN IT,ITS A MAP TO TREASURE ISLAND. AT THE BOTTOM IT SAYS

-30 PACES AND THEN DIG!-5410 DATA* WELCOME TO -PIRATES ADVENTURE- BY SCOTT & ALEXIS ADAMS *,ITS EMPTY,I'VE NO PLANS!,OPEN IT?,GO THERE?,I FOUND SOMETHING!,I DIDN'T FIND ANYTHING,I DON'T SEE IT HERE,OK I WALKED OFF 30 PACES.6420 DATACONGRATULATIONS !!!

BUT YOUR ADVENTURE IS NOT OVER YET...,READING EXPANDS THE MIND,THE PARROT CRYS,-CHECK THE BAG MATEY-,-CHECK THE CHEST

MATEY-,FROM THE OTHER SIDE!,OPEN THE BOOK!,THERE'S MULTIPLE EXITS HERE!6430 DATACROCS EAT FIBH AND LEAVE,I'M UNDERWATER. I CAN'T SWIM. BLUB BLUB...,-PI

Listing 1 continued on page 200

198 December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

32K Board Pictured Above

Why Not the Best?

From The Dynamic RAM Company.

2MHz

4MHz

16K—$249

$259

32K—$375

$395

48K—$500

$530

64K—$625

$665

We have now been shippingour 2MHz dynamic RAM boardsfor over two years. Hundreds of4MHz boards have been goingout every month since early1979. Our reliability is proven inthe thousands of systems whichcontain our board. Many quality-minded systems houses acrossthe country and overseas areusing our boards for theirequipment.

Our prices still beat all.Despite rising 1 6K memory chipprices (at least from reputablesuppliers), Central Data continuesto give you the best buy inmemory today. Nobody offers aboard with a capacity of 64K,assembled, tested, and guaranteedfor a full year at the price we do.

Circle 131 on inquiry card.

Deselect around PROMs. Our

boards have the important deselectfeature which lets you overlap anyfixed memory in your system withno interference.

Our features make the boardeasily used and expanded. Youaddress our boards on 16Kboundaries with mini-jumps (smallshorting plugs that slide over wire-wrap pins) near the top of theboard for easy access. If you wantto expand your board after youhave purchased it, all that youneed to do is add memory. Wecan supply you with expansionpackages ($150-2MHz,$160-4MHz) which include eightRAMs that you can depend on aswell as two mini-jumps foraddressing. And of course, ourboard never generates wait states.

Low power consumption keepsyour computer running cool andreliable. The total powerconsumption of our 16K board istypically less than 4 watts ( + 8V @300ma, +1 6V @ 1 50ma and

-16V @ 20ma). Boards withadditional memory typicallyincrease power consumption only1 watt per 16K!

Standard S-100 Interface. Ourboard is designed to interface withany standard S-1 00 CPU. All ofthe timing of the board isindependent of the processor chip,and the board is set up fordifferent processors by changingtwo plugs on the board.

Call or write us today. That willguarantee a fast response withmore information on the board. Ormake an order — you'll probablyhave the board in two weeks! Ifyou're interested, also ask for acatalog on our Z8000 16-bitprocessor board designed for theMULTIBUS. All of these productsare available to your local dealer,also.

Central Data Corporation, 713Edgebrook Drive, PO Box 2530,Station A, Champaign, IL 61820.(217) 359-8010

Central Data

BYTE December 1980 199

Listing 1 continued:

ECES OF EIGHT-,ITS STUCK IN THE SAND,USE 1 WORD,PIRATE SAYS -RYE MATEY WE BE WAITING FOR THE TIDE TO COME IN-,THE TIDE IS OUT,THE TIDE IS COMING INS440 DATAABOUT 20 POUNDS. TRY -SET SAIL-,-TIDES A CHANGING MATEY-,NOTE HERE -I BE LIKING PARROTS. THEY BE SMART MATEY-,PI RATE FOLLOWS YOU ASHORE AS IF HE IS WAITING FOR SOMETHING.,FLIGHT OF STAIRS,1,OPEN WINDOW,2,BOOKS IN A BOOKCASE,26450 DATALARGE LEATHER BOUND BOOK/BOO/,0,BOOKCASE WITH A SECRET PASSAGE BEHIND IT,0,PIRATE'S DUFFEL BAG/BAG/,4,SIGN ON WALL -RETURN TREASURES HERE. SAY SCORE-SIGN BY STAIRS -ANTONYM OF LIGHT IS UNLIGHT-,1,EMPTY BOTTLE/BOT/,0E4E0 DATAUNLIT TORCH/TOR/,4,LIT TORCH/TOR/,0,MATCHES/MAT/,0,SMALL SHIP'S KEEL AND MAST,S, WICKED LOOKING PIRATE,9,TREASURE CHEST/CHE/,S,MONGOOSE/MON/,S,RUSTY ANCHOR/ANC/, 24, GRASS SHACK,S,MEAN AND HUNGRY LOOKING CROCODILES, 11,LOCKED DOOR, 11G470 DATAOPEN DOOR WITH HALL BEYOND,0,PILE OF SAILS/SAI/, 17,FISH/FIS/, 10, *DUBLEONS*/DUB/,25, DEADLY MAMBA SNAKES/SNA/,25,PARROT/PAR/,3,BOTTLE OF RUM/BOT/,1,RUG/RUG/,0, RING OF KEYS/KEY/,0,OPEN TREASURE CHEST/CHE/,0,SET OF PLANS/PLA/,0,RUG,164S0 DATACLAW HAMMER/HAM/,15,NAILS/NAI/,0,PILE OF PRECUT LUMBER/LUM/,17,TOOL SHED,17,LOCKED DOOR,IS,OPEN DOOR WITH PIT BEYOND,0,PIRATE SHIP,0,ROCK WALL WITH NARROW CRACK IN IT,IS,NARROW CRACK IN THE ROCK,17,SALT WATER,10,SLEEPING PIRATE,0S4S0 DATABOTTLE OF SALT WATER/BOT/,0,PIECES OF BROKEN RUM BOTTLES,4,NON-SKID SNEAKES/SNE/,1, MAP/MAP/,0,SHOVEL/SHO/,15,MOULDY OLD BONES/BON/,0,SAND/SAN/,E,BOTTLES OF RUM/BOT/, 0,+RARE OLD PRICELESS STAMPS*/STA/,0,LAGOON,E,THE TIDE IS OUT, 24E500 DATATHE TIDE IS COMING IN,0,WATER WINGS/WIN/,15,FLOTSAM AND JETSAM,0,MONASTARY,23, PLAIN WOODEN BOX/BOX/,0,DEAD SQUIRREL,0, ,0,,0,E510 REM

S520 REM PROGRAM STARTS HERE...E530 REM

S540 CLEARS00:DEFIMTA-Z:POKE 1E5

JO, .i.JJ

:RESTORE

E550 CLS:INPUT"PREPARE DATA TAPE <HIT ENTER)";TP*:D=-1

S5S0 CLS:PRINT3E4*4,"ADVENTURE DATA TAPE BUILDER - WORKING"

S570 READ IL, CL, NL, RL, MX, R,TT,LN,LT,ML,TR: PRINT#D, IL, CL, NL, RL,MX,R, TT,LN,LT,ML,T

R

Listing 1 continued on page 202

FEATURES INCLUDE:

• Uses Standard Typewriter Ribbon

• Micro Processor Controlled

• Can Operate Continuously—

No Thermal Problems (Hasan all metalprint head)

• 5 x 7 to Larger 10 x 7 and Larger 10 x 14Dot Matrix Character Generator

• Standard 96 ASCII Character Font

• Upper and Lower Case Printing

• Up to 88 Characters Per Line

• Single Line Print Rate Is 160 CPS

• Average Print Rate Is 60 CPS For TenLines

• Graphics Capability With ExtendedCharacter Modes

• Programmable With 32 System LevelSoftware Commands

• Standard Parallel and Serial Interface

• Software and Hardware Reset Interface

• Software Line Counting For Paging

• Baud rate Select From 110 to 9600

• Manual Paper Advance

• Manual Selftest and Reset

• Adjustable Tractor Width From 1 to 91/2Inches

• Interfaces with Apple, Atari, OSI, T.I.,TRS-80 and the List Goes On

C00S0L DATA LOGGER IMPACT PRINTER

$495 Kit, 101B-80KE $545 Assembled & Tested 101B-80E

COOSOL, INC. P.O. BOX 743, ANAHEIM, CA 92805 (714) 545-2216 7 Days a Week

200

December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 132 on inquiry card.

ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE OR BASIC...

...and improve your programming skills with 6502 GAMES andINSIDE BASIC GAMES. These books do more than just describecomputer games—they show the logic and structure of gamesprograms so you can create your own games and developprogramming competence and confidence.

BASIC GAMES

by Richard

This book is for everyone who wants to learn to writeprograms in BASIC for home computers. Games areused as programming examples because they exhibitmost of the programming situations important inother interactive computer applications. Readers withlittle programming experience will Increase theirunderstanding of computers, learn program structur-ing and commonly used algorithms. More experi-enced readers will learn a powerful design tool calledFree BASIC and interactive programming characteris-tic of small systems. From the educational ArithmeticGames through the complex Match-Up Game and thegraphics-oriented Game of Life, each game is de-scribed, explained and analyzed so the reader can playthe game, while at the same time learning to write pro-grams for other games. All programs in this book aredesigned to be used on any home computer system.

$13.95 300pp, 120 illustr. 7x9

by Rodnay Zaks

SHOOT THEWORKS

set of algorith

This book presents a comp

and programming techniques for ten common com-puter games while covering virtually all aspects of ad-vanced programming. Effective algorithm design, datastructure design and effective coding techniques related to storage economy are explained in a straight-forward, enjoyable manner. Not only will you learn tplay sophisticated games in the powerful 6502 assembly level language, but you will also learn to programyour 6502 to perform a variety of tasks, from hornapplications to industrial controls. All programs are athe 6502 assembly language level, can be played onreal board (the SYM) and require few additional components. Ask for our catalog for a complete descriptionof a pre-assembled games board and cassette incorporating all programs presented in this book.$12.95 304pp, 104 illustr.

Tl

I

rodnay zaks M02

MAIL TO:

^YBEX

PLEASE SEND

D 6502 GAMES $12.95

NAME

D INSIDE BASIC GAMES $13.95

DEPT. B12

2344 SIXTH STREET,

BERKELEY, CA 94710

PHONE ORDERS: 415/848-8233

ADDRESS

CITY

PLUS □ $1.50/book UPS or

TOTAL AMT. ENCLOSED

CARD #

SIGNATURE

STATE.

ZIP_

: 750/book 4th class mail (CA add tax)

OR CHARGE MY D VISA D MC □ AM. EX.

EXP. DATE

: PLEASE SEND ME YOUR FREE CATALOG

Circle 124 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980

201

Listing 1 continued:

G5S0 DIMCOC1,7),NV*CNL+10, 1), IO*CIL), IRC ID, RS*CRL), RMCRL, 5) , MS* (ML), 00(5) i 0*C9)

,0(1,7)

G590 FDRZ=0TOCL STEP2:FORXX=0TO1:FORY=0TO7:REOD COCXX,Y):NEXTY, XX:X=0

EE00 Y=X+l:PRINT#D,COCX,0),COCX,1),CO(X,2),COCX,3),COCX,4),COCX,5),COCX,G),CO(X,

7),COCY,0),COCY, 1),COCY,2),COCY,3),COCY,4),COCY,5),COCY, 6),COCY, 7):NEXTZ

GG10 FQRX=0TONL:FORY=0TO1:REOD NV*CX,Y):NEXTY,X

BE20 FORX=0TORL:REOD RM(X,0),RMCX,1),RMCX,2),RM(X,3),RMCX,4),RMCX,5),RS*(X):NEXT

EG30 FORX=0TOML:REOD MS*(X):NEXT

GG40 FORX=0TOIL:REOD I0*(X), IOC X):NEXT

EG50 FORX=0TONLSTEP10:FORY=0TO1:PRINT#D,NV*CX,Y),NV*CX+1,Y),NV*CX+2,Y),NV*CX+3,Y

),NV*CX+4, Y),NV*CX+5,Y),NV*CX+G,Y),NV*(X+7,Y),NV*CX+S,Y),NV*CX+9,Y):NEXTY,X

E6G0 FORX=0TORL:PRINT#D,RMCX,0),RMCX,1),RMCX,2),RMCX,3),RMCX,4),RMCX,5),RS*CX):N

EXT

6E70 FORX=0TOML".PRINT#D,MS*CX) :NEXT

GGS0 FORX=0TOIL:PRINT#D,Ifl*CX),IOCX):NEXT

GG90 INPUT"REWIND TOPE TO BE VERFIED";TP*

G700 P0KE1E553,255:RESTORE:F0RX=1T011:REODO0:NEXT

G710 INPUT#D, 00, 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, OG, 07, OS, 09, B0

6720 IFB0 <> TRORO0 <> IL0R01 <> CL0R02 <> NL0R03 <> RL0R04 <> MX0R05 <> R0RC06 <> TT)0R07 <> LNOR

C OS < >LT)0R09 < > MLTHENG790

G730 FORX=0TOCL STEP2:INPUT#D,OC0,0),0(0, 1),0(0,2),0(0,3),0(0,4), 0(0,5),0(0,G),0

(0,7),0(1,0),0(1, 1),0(1,2),0(1,3),0(1,4),0(1,5),0(1,G),0(1,7)

G740 FORY=0TO1:FORZ=0TO7:POKE1G553,255:REODO0:IFOCY,Z)<>O0THENG790ELSENEXTZ,Y,X

G750 FORX=0TONLSTEP10:FQRY=0TO1:INPUTttD,fl*(0),0*(1),A*(2),fl*(3),0*(4),0*(5),fl*(G

),0*C7),A*C8),0*C9) :FORZ=0TO9:IFNV*CX + Z,.Y) <> 0$C Z) THENG790ELSENEXTZ, Y, X

G7G0 FORX=0TORL:INPUT#D,OOC0),OOC1),OOC2),OOC3),OAC4),OOC5),O*:FORY=0TO5:IFOOCY)

ORMCX, Y)ORO*ORS*CX)THENG790ELSENEXTY, X

E770 FORX=0TOML ! INPUTttD, 0$: IFO* <> MS* C X) THENG790ELSENEXT

G7S0 FORX=0TOIL:INPUT#D,O*,AAC0):IFOOC0)<>IOCX)ORfl*<>IA*CX)THENG790ELSENEXTX:CLS

:PRINT"DOTO TOPE VERIFIED":END

G790 PRINT"BOD T0PE"':END

Listing 2: Main program of Scott Adams' Pirate's Adventure for the TRS-80. This program uses the data tape generated by listing 1.

10 'COPYRIGHT SCOTT ODOMS. 197S

20 CLEOR5400:DEFINTO-Z:D=-1

30 IFD=-1IFMEM<>452EPRINT"BAD LOAD":END

40 X=Y=Z:K=R=V:N=LL==F:TP*=K*:W=IP=P:Z*="I' VE TOO MUCH TOO CORRY. TRY -TOKE INVEM

TORY-":GOSUB1240:GOTO100

50 CLS: PRINT" *** WELCOME TO ADVENTURE LOND. (#4. B) ***" ! PRINT: PRINT" UMLE

SS TOLD DIFFERENTLY YOU MUST FIND +TREASURES*

flMD-RETURN-THEM-TO-THEIR-PROPER—PLOCE!"

E0 PRINT:PRINT"I'M YOUR PUPPET. GIVE ME ENGLISH COMMANDS THAT"

70 PRINT"CONSIST OF 0 NOUN OND VERB. SOME EXAMPLES...":PRINT:PRINT"TQ FIND OUT W

HOT YOU'RE CARRYING YOU MIGHT SAY: TAKE INVENTORY

TO GO INTO 0 HOLE YOU MIGHT SAY: GO HOLE

TO SAVE CURRENT GAME: SAVE GAME"

S0 PRINT:PRINT"YOU WILL AT TIMES NEED SPECIAL ITEMS TO DO THINGS, BUT I'M

SURE YOU'LL BE A GOOD ADVENTURER AMD FIGURE THESE THINGS OUT."

90 PRINT:INPUT" HAPPY ADVENTURING... HIT ENTER TO START";K*:CLS:RETURN

100 R=AR:LX=LT:DF=0:SF=0:INPUT"USE OLD 'SAVED' GAME" ' K*: IFLEFT* (K*, 1) <> " Y" THEN13

0

110 IFDO-1THENCL0SE:0PEM"I",D,SV*ELSEINPUT"READY SAVED TOPE"5K*:PRINTINTCIL*5/G

0)+l""MINUTES"

120 INPUT#D,SF, LX,DF,RiFORX=0TOIL:INPUT#D, IOCX):NEXT:IFD<>-1 CLOSE

130 GOSUB50:GOSUB240:GOTO1G0

140 INPUT"TELL ME WHAT TO DO";TP*:PRINT:GOSUBl70:IFFPRINT"YOU USE WORDCS) I DON'

T KNOW":GOTO140

150 GOSUB3G0:IFIAC9)=-lTHENLX=LX-l:IFLX<0THENPRINT"LIGHT HAS RUN OUT":10C9)=0ELS

EIFLX<25PRINT"LIGHT RUNS OUT IN"3LX5"TURNS!"

1G0 NVC0)=0:GOSUB3E0sGOTO140

170 K=0:NT* C 0) = "":NT* C1) = ""

Listing 2 continued on page 204202 December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

IOMEGA WHOLESALE COMPUTER PRICESfI SALES DIRECT TO THE PCIBLIC I

SCO.

12 Meeting St., Cumberland, R.I. 02864

'MM^^s^^SJ^gs^S-m^s^%^^&^s^s^s^&TS,^s:

APPLE II DISK

with Controller — $495

V

<&$

&

NEC Spinwriter

5530 or 5510

$2449

1 Box (5 Pes) |

Diskettes |

1

I

SOROCIQ120$699

I

OKIDATA MICROLINE 80 - $529

EPSON MX-8080 Character, 9x9 Dot MatrixRoll & Pin Feed Printerfor your Apple, TRS-80or Commodore $599

<^V^ Interface toYour Computer

mm

W-

OMEGA OFFERS THE BEST DELIVERY AND PRICE ON

APPLE • ATARI • TRS-80 MODEL II • INTERTEC •

T.I. 810 • HEWLETT-PACKARD-85 • SOROC •

COMMODORE • NEC • QOME • CENTRONICS

HMEGA sells only factory fresh, top quality merchandise to out customers.OMEGA will try to match any current advertised price with similar purchase conditionsBefore you buy anywhere else — be sure to call flMEGA Sales Co.1-401-722-1027

flMEGA ships via (JPS, truck or air. COD's, VISA, Master-charge accepted."A member in good standing of the Better Business Bureau."

We cany a complete Hne

of the above equipment

For information and

further pricing call:

TOLL FREE

1-800-556-7586

TELEX: 952106

Circle 134 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980

Listing 2 continued:

180 F0RX=1T0LE|\KTP$:> iK*=MID*CTP*, X, 1) :IFK*=" "THENK=1ELSENT*<K)=LEFT*«NT*CK)+K*,

LM)

130 NEXTX:FORX=0TDl:NVCX)=0:IFNTfCX)=""THEN230ELSEFORY=0TONL:K*=IW*CY, X):IFLEFT*

CK*, i) = "*"THENK$=MID*CK*, 2)

200 IFX=1.TFY<7THENK*=LEFT$CK$, LN)

210 IFIMT* C X) =K*THENNV (X) =YELSEMEXTY: GOTO230

220 IFLEFT*CNV*CNVCX),X), 1)="*"THENNVCX)=NVCX)-1:GOTO220

230 NEXTX:F=NVC0) <10RLENCNT$C1))>0ANDNVC1)<15 RETURN

240 IFDFIFIAC9) O-lflNDIACB) ORPRINT" I COM'T SEE, ITS TOO DPiRK. ": RETURN

250 K=-l:IFLEFT*CRS*<:R), 1 :> ="*"THENPRINTMID*C RS$CR>, 2) ;ELSEPRINT"I'M IN fl "?RS*CR

) "

2E0 FORZ=0TOIL:IFKIFIOCZ)=RPRINT". VISIBLE ITEMS HERE:

" ! K=0

270 GQTO300

2S0 TP*=Ift*CZ) :IFRIGHT$<:TP*7 i ) =" / "FORW=LENCTP*) -1T01STEP-1: IFMID*CTP*, W, 1)="/"TH

ENTP$=LEFT*CTP$, W-1)ELSEMEXTW

290 RETURN

300 IFIPKZ) <> RTHEN320ELSEGDSUB2S0:IFPOSC0)+LENCTP*)+3>S3THENPRINT

310 PRINTTP*;". ";

320 NEXT:PRINT

330 K=-l:FORZ=0TO5: IFKIFRMCR, Z) O0PRINT"

OBVIOUS EXITS: "":K=0

340 IFRMCR, Z) <>0PRINTNV*CZ+l, 1)5" ";

350 NEXT:PRINT:PRINT:RETURN

3G0 F2--1:F=-lsF3=0:IFNVC0) = lflNDNVC1) <7THENE10ELSEFORX=0TOCL:V=CflCX, 0>/150:IFNVC

0)=0IFVO0RETURN

370 IFNVC0) <> VTHEMNEXTX :GOTO990ELSEN=CPl(:X, 0>-V*i50

3S0 IFNVC0)=0THENF=0:IFRNDC100) <=NTHEN400ELSENEXTX:GOTO990

390 IFN <> NVC1)ONDN <> 0THEMNEXTX:GOTO990

400 F2=-l:F=0:F3=-1:F0RY=1T05:W=CflCX,Y>:LL=W/20:K=W-LL+20:Fl=-1:ONK+1GOTO550,430

Listing 2 continued on page 208

To Place An Order

From Outside Texas

1-800-231-3680

MARYMAC INDUSTRIES, INC.

(Radio /hack)

Questions & Answers

& OrdersTexas 1-713-392-0747

Store #G-189

BRAND NEW IN CARTONS DELIVERED. Marymac Industries owns & operates Radio Shack® dealership in Katy, Texas. Warran-ties will be honored by all company owned Radio Shack® stores, & participating franchisees and dealer authorized sales centers. SaveState Sales Tax. Texas Residents Add Only 5% Sales Tax. Open Mon.-Sat. 10-7. We pay freight and insurance. No extra charge forMaster Charge & Visa. Call us for reference in or near your city. Ref: Farmers State Bank, Brookshire, Texas. Write or visit us at,21969 Katy Fwy, Katy (Houston), Texas 77450.

WE OFFER ONREQUEST

Federal Express B

Houston Intercontinental Airport B

Delivery

U.P.S. BLUE El

References from people who have E

bought computers from us probablyin your city

In stock TRS-80 Model III and III

No Tax on Out of Texas Shipments!

ED McMANUS

»:

Model III

10% 15%

OR MORE

In Stock

WE ALWAYSOFFER

E NO extra charge for Master Chargeor Visa

E We always pay the freight andinsurance

E Toll free order number

E Our capability to go to the giant TandyComputer warehouse 5 hours away,in Ft. Worth, Texas, to keep you instock.

JOE McMANUS

Radio/Tiaek

204 December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 135 on inquiry card.

A RRSCAL/M Demo Disk from Sordm.

You've heard all about the power of PASCAL. You know it's asimple, high level, block structured language that is replacingBASIC as the universal programming tool. But how can youlearn if it's really what you want without spending a lot ofmoney? Sorcim's Incredible $10 Free Offer is the answer.

For only $10 you receive a CP/M® compatible 8"floppy disk that demonstrates the entire PASCAL/Mlanguage. Through a sample pro-gram that displays the uniquefeatures of PASCAL/M and alimited compiler that allowsyou to create programs ofyour own, you'll discoverthe incredible world ofPASCAL/M first-hand.

You can run the disk on anystandard CP/M-based system using an 8080,8085 or Z80'" CPU device with 56K memory.So whcrc's the FREE come in?

After the demo disk gets you hooked onPASCAL/M, just order the full PASCAL/Mpackage, including the compiler, object libraryand pseudo code (P-Code) interpreter, andwe'll give you full credit for the demo disk!

That's $10 off of our regular low price of $175. And that makes itabout as close to free as you can get.

If you need full documentation, just turn your Incredible$10 Free Offer into an Incredible $20 Free Offer. Order thecomplete 90-page User's Reference Manual, which fully detailsour entire PASCAL/M package, for an additional $10.And you'll get full credit for the $20 offer, too.

Sordm Is the solid software source.Sorcim is fully committed to the advance-ment of technology through software develop-ment. Our next PASCAL enhancement, thePASCAL/M symbolic debugger which dra-matically reduces program development time,is proof of this commitment. We also offer acomprehensive line of state-of-the-art softwareproducts for Z80, 8080, 8048, 6502, 680x,Z8000, M68000 and 8086/88 microprocessor-based systems. And Sorcim can develop operat-ing systems, compilers and assemblers for yourspecialized applications.

Take advantage of our incredible offer byfilling out the coupon and sending it to ustoday. You'll get hard evidence of solid softwarefor microcomputer applications.

THE INCREDIBLE$10 FREE OFFER!!

OK, I can't pass up your Incredible $10 Free Offer.Please send me the items checked below:

□ PASCAL/M Demo Disk $ 10.00

□ PASCAL/M User's Reference Manual $ 10.00

□ Demo Disk and Reference Manual $ 20.00

I understand that I'll receive full credit for my Incredible $10 (or$20) Free Offer if I order the full PASCAL/M package by July31,1981.

□ I can't stand it; I've got to have the full PASCAL/M package,including Compiler, Object Library, P-Code Interpreter, Ref-erence Manual and Demo Disk.

□ Z80* □ 8080/85* □ Z80/9511*

"Specif: □ CP/M or ^CDOS $175.00

□ 8088/86 (Requires CP/M 86) $250.00

□ Master Card □ VISA □ Ship UPS C.O.D.

□ Check or money order enclosed

Card Number Exp. Date

Master Card Interbank Number

Signature

(for credit card purchase)Total amount enclosed

PASCAL/M is a trademark of Sorcim

CP/M is a registered trademark

of Digital Research

Z80 is a trademark

of Zilog Corporation

(California residents add 6.5% sales tax; for overseas shipment, add $10.00;for shipment to Canada or Mexico, add $5.00.)

SHIP TO:

ADDRESS:

CITY:_

STATE:

(NttP.O buses, please)

_ZIP_

s

SORCIM

1333 Lawrence ExpresswaySuite 418

Santa Clara, CA 95051(408)248-5543

Circle 136 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980

205

CPU 8085/88:

sp?

KrT

~*&\

'•*£{'•.

w*'

K«*S%.

;:&k-t&i&

THE BRIDGEBETWEEN TWO WORLDS

When we shipped the first CPU 8085/88back in June of 1980, we created a bridge between the8 bit world of the present and the 16 bit world of the future.

The response has been overwhelming - but really, no other reaction would beappropriate for a CPU board that is downward compatible with 8 bit 8080/8085software, upward compatible with 16 bit 8086/8088 software (as well as Intel'scoming P-Series), designed for professional-level high speed applications, andengineered for full compliance with all IEEE 696/S-100 standards.

See this bridge to the future of computing at finer computer stores world-wide.The CPU 8085/88 is all that we say it is. . . and more.

CornpuProM

Bldg. 725, Oakland Airport, CA 94614

from

^ ELECTRONICS ^

Prices: $295 unkit (sockets and bypass caps pre-soldered in place, 5 MHz operation); $425 assembled (5 MHz operation); $525 qualified underthe high-reliability Certified System Component program (with 5 MHz 8085, 6 MHz 8088). Owner's manual available separately for $5.Monitor/debugger available on 8" disc for $35. For 24 hour VISA ©/Mastercard® orders, call (415) 562-0636.

206

BYTE December 1980

Circle 137 on inquiry card.

Nole: Unkitsarenot in! en dec! for novice builders Assembly is simple, but de-bugging *•

J required due to problems such as IC infant mortality in case of problems, factory service is ;i--'

iaO'6 J

I for unkils (or a (la! service charge

1 CompuPro products are also available assembled, or qualified under our high-reliability Cert

lied 1

I System Component (CSC) program (200 hour burn-in. extensive testing. 2 year extended warran

ty ;

| morel

NEW! ANNOUNCING THE"SYSTEM SUPPORT 1"S-lOO BOARD

The perfect, multi-purpose helpmate for any S-100 system -at anastonishingly low price! Just look at all these features:

- Month/day/time clock with on-board crystal timebase and provision forbattery backup. All time data available in BCD.

- Provision for adding the 9511 or 9512 math processor.

- Full RS-232 serial port, similar to the serial ports in our acclaimed"Interfacer" boards.

- Three interval timers - cascade, or use independently.

- Two interrupt controllers - supports buss vectored interrupts, andinterrupts generated by the interval timers and/or math processor.

- Space for up to 4K of onboard EPROM and/or RAM; two2716-pinout sockets handle 4K ROM, 2K RAM/2K ROM, or 4K RAM.

- Ideal for use with the CPU 8085/88 or CPU Z.

This amazingly versatile board costs an equally amazing $295 unkit, S395 assm, or $495 CSC(add $195 to all prices for inclusion of the 9512 math chip). Shipment starts in December- so getready to add some real computing power to your S-100 system.

COMPUPRO S-lOO MOTHERBOARDS:

DESIGNED FOR THE FUTURE, AVAILABLE NOW

These advanced motherboards handle the coming generation of 5 to 10MHz CPUs (as well as present day 2 and 4 MHz systems), and featureFaraday shielding between all bus signal lines to minimize crosstalk, activetermination that splits the termination load between each end of every busline, and mechanical compatibility with Godbout, Vector, Imsai, TEI, andsimilar enclosures. Unkits have edge connectors and termination resistorspre-soldered in place for easy assembly.

SCK-026 6 slot motherboard with edge connectors - unklt $89,

assm $129

#CK-025 12 slot motherboard with edge connectors - unkit $129,

assm $169

SCK-024 20 slot motherboard with edge connectors-unkit $174,

assm $214

COMPUPRO COMPUTER ENCLOSURE

$289 desktop, $329 rack mount

This handsome enclosure does justice to the finest computer systems.Includes dual AC outlets and fuseholderon rear, heavy-duty line filter, andblack anodized front panel (with textured vinyl painted cover for desktopversion). Pre-drilled base accepts our high-performance S-100motherboards or types by Vector, California Digital, and others. Rackmount version includes slides for easy pull-out from rack for maintenanceor board changing.

8088/8086 MONITOR DEBUGGER: $35

Supplied on single sided, single density, soft-sector 8" disc. CP/M*compatible. Great development tool; mnemonics used in debug conform asclosely as possible to current CP/M* mnemonics.

OTHER S-100 BUS PRODUCTS

Active Terminator Board $34.50 kit

Memory Manager Board $59 unkit, $85 assm, $100 CSC

Mullen Extender Board $59 kit

Mullen Relay/Opto-lsolator Control Board. $129 kit, $179 assm

Spectrum color graphics board $299 unkit, $399 assm, $449 CSC

2708 EPROM Board (2708s not included)... $85 unkit, $135 assm, $195 CSC

Interfacer 1 (dual RS-232 serial ports) $199 unkit, $249 assm, $324 CSC

Interfacer 2 (3 parallel + 1 serial port) $199 unkit, $249 assm, $324 CSC

WE'RE IN THE

MEMORY LEAD AGAIN.

Make way for the memory board of the year: RAM 21, the first128K byte S-100 static RAM board. Includes all the features you'dexpect from CompuPro RAM boards, with current consumptioncomparable to standard 32K boards. Full data and pricing on thisremarkable memory board will be available during December.

Our current memory lineup features fully static design to eliminatedynamic timing problems, full IEEE 696/S-100 spec compatibility, 4/5 MHzoperation, low power, extensive bypassing, and careful thermal design.CSC memories will run with 10 MHz CPU clock speeds on the S-100 buss(while drawing half the current of non-CSC boards) to give high speed,ultra-low power operation.

If you're looking for specs - if you're looking for performance- ifyou're looking for exceptional value, then look no further than theRAM series from CompuPro.

RAM XX (with bank select and IEEE compatible extended addressing)

unkit assm CSC

16K RAM XX-16 $319 $399 $479

24K RAM XX-24 $429 $539 $629

32K RAM XX-32 $559 $699 $799

OTHER S 100 MEMORY

8K RAM MA $159 $189 $239

16K RAM XIV $279 $349 $429

(Includes IEEE compatible extended addressing.)

CLOSEOUT SPECIAL: 32K fully static memory for the SBCbuss (RAM XI), now only $699 assembled. Limited quantities.

CPU-Z:

8 BITS OF Z80A* POWER FOR THE S-lOO BUS

Superior design in a true IEEE-compatible board (timing specs availableon request). Includes all standard Z-80A* features along with power onjump/clear, on-board fully maskable interrupts for interrupt-drivensystems, selectable automatic wait state insertion, provision for adding upto8K of on-board EPROM, IEEE compatible 16/24 bit extended addressing,and much more. CSC boards supplied with 6 MHz CPU; others suppliedwith 4 MHz CPU. $225 unkit, $295 assm, $395 CSC.

NEW LOW PRICE!

16K DYNAMIC RAMS - 8/$ 39!!

Lowest price ever on one of our most popular items. Expands memory inTRS-80* -I and -II, as well as machines made by Apple, Exidy, Heath H89,newer PETs, etc. Low power, high speed (4 MHz), Add $3 for 2 dip shuntsplus TRS-80* conversion instructions. Limited quantity - first come, firstserved.

PASCAL/M FROM SORCIM:

$175 COMPUTE

PASCAL- easy to learn, easy to apply-can give a microcomputer withCP/M' more power than many minis. We supply a totally standard WirthPASCAL/M* 8" diskette and manual. Specify 280* or 8080/8085 version.

2102 MEMORY SPECIAL

While they last. 99 cents each, 10/S9.90. Low power.

COMING SOON: "MPX 1", a front end processor/systemmultiplexer for high speed multi-task/multi-user setups. ..and anSTD buss motherboard and RAM card. Stay tuned!

TERMS: Cal res add tax. Allow 5% shipping; excess refunded. Orders under $15 add $2 handling. VISA"} ancMastercard- orders ($25 min) call (415) 562-0636, 24 hrs. Please include street address lor UPS delivery. Saleprices good through cover month of magazine, other prices subject to change wilhoul notice.

FREE CATALOGUE: Find out more about our productstamps; foreign orders add $2 (refundable with order).

. For 1st class delivery, add 41 cents in

VISIT flNER COMPUTER STORES WORLD-WIDE FOR MORE INFORMATION ON THESE OUTSTANDING PRODUCTS,

OR WRITE US DIRECT IF THERE'S NO STORE IN YOUR AREA.

CompuPro™

Bldg. 725, Oakland Airport, CA 94614

from

*< ELECTRONICS *Si

Circle 137 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980 207

Listing 2 continued:

,450,470,490,500, 510,520,530,540,410, 420,440,460, 480

410 Fl=-1:FORZ=0TOIL:IFIACZ)=-lTHEN550ELSENEXT:F1=0:GOTO550

420 F1=0:FORZ=0TOIL:IFIA<Z)=-1THEN550ELSENEXT:Fl=-1:GOTO550

)=-l!GOTO550

) <>-1ANDIACLD <> R:GOTO550

)=RSGOTO550

) <> 0:GDTO550

)=RQRIACLL)=-l:GOTO550

)=0:GOTO550

430 F1=IACLL:

440 F1=IACLL

450 Fl=IflCLL:

4S0 Fi=IfiCLL:

470 Fi=IACLL:

4S0 Fl=IflCLL:

430 F1=R=LL:GOTO550

500 F1 = IACLD<>RSGOTG550

510 Fi = IACLD O-1.SGOTO550

520 F1 = ROLL:GOTO550

530 Fl=SFANDCINTt2t-LL+. 5) :F1=F1 <>0:GOTO550

540 Fl=SFANDCINTC2-t-LL+.5> :F1=F1=0:GOTO550

550 F2=F2ANDF1:IFF2THENNEXTYELSENEXTX:GOTO990

560 IP=0 : FORY=1T04:K=C Y-1)/2+G:DMYGOTO570, 530, a,

570 AC=CACX,K)/150:GOTO530

5S0 AC=CA<X, D-CINTCCACX, K)/150)+150

530 IFAO 101THEN600ELSEIFftC=0THEN360ELSE]:FAC<52THENPRINTMS$CAC:> !GOTOS60:ELSEONAC

-51GOTOGG0,700,740,7G0,770,780,730,760,S10,830,840,850,880,870,890,320,330,340,3

50,710,750

800 PRINTMS*CAC-50:> :GOTO360

610 L=DF:IFLTHENL=DFfiNDIfi(3J <) R ANDIA C3) <> -1: IFL PRINT"DANGEROUS TO MOVE IN THE

DORK!"

820 IFNVC1)<1PRINT"GIVE ME ft DIRECTION TOO."sGOTO1040

630 K=RMCR, NVCD-l) : IFK <1 IFLTHENPRIMT" I FELL DOWN AND BROKE MY NECK. " i K=RL : DF=0:

ELSEPRINT"I CAN'T GO IN THAT DIRECTION":GOTO1040

640 IFMOTLCLS

850 R=K:GOSUB240:GOTO1040

680 L=0:FORZ=1TOIL:IFIACZ)=-1LETL=L+1

670 NEXTZ

680 IFD=MXPRINTZ*:GOTO370

630 GOSUB1050:1ft C P)=-1:GOTO3B0

700 GOSUB1050:IACP>=R:GOTO360

710 PRINT"SAVING GOME"tIFD=-1THEMIMPUT"REftDY OUTPUT TAPE"3K$:PRINTINTCIL+5/B0)+1

!"MIMUTES"ELSEGPEN"Q", D, SV$

720 PRINT#D,SF, LX, DF, R: FORW=0TOIL: PRINT#D, IACW) =NEXT: IFDO-1CLOSE

730 GOTO9G0

740 GOSUB1050:R=P:GOTO9G0

750 GOSUB 1050: L=P : GOSUB 1050: Z= I ft CP> : I ft C P) =Ift CD : LACD =Z :GOTO3G0

780 GOSUB1050:IACP>=0:GOTO360

770 DF=-l:GOTO960

780 DF=0:GOTO9G0

730 GOSUB1050

300 SF=SF ORCINTC.5+2+P):GOTO3G0

310 GOSUB1050

820 SF=SFANDNOTCINT C. 5+2+ P): GOTO3G0

830 PRINT"I'M DEAD. . . ":R=RL:DF=0:GOTOS60

840 GOSUB1050:L=P:GOSUB1050:Ift CD=P:GOTO360

350 INPUT"THE GAME IS NOW OVER

ANOTHER GAME";K$:IFLEFT*CK$, 1)="N"THENEMDELSEFORX=0TOIL:IACX) = I2CX J :NEXT:GOTO!00

880 GOSUB240:GOTO3G0

370 L=0:FORZ = 1TOIL:IFIACZ:)=TRIFLEFT*CIA*CZ:>, 1 > ="+"LETL=L+i

S80 NEXTZ:PRINT"I7VE STORED";L;"TREASURES.

ON A SCALE OF 0 TO 100 THAT RATES A";CINTCL/TT+100)sIFL=TTTHENPRINT"WELL DONE.":

GOTO850ELSE3G0

330 PRINT'T M CARRYING:":K*="NOTHING":FORZ=0TOIL:IFIACZ)<>-1THEN910ELSEGOSUB2S0:

IFLENCTP$)+POSC0)>63PRINT

300 PRINTTP*;".",■:K*=""

310 NEXT:PRINTK$:GOTO3G0

320 P=0 5GOTO800

330 P=0:GOTO820

340 LX=LT:IAC3)=-l:GOTO9G0

Listing 2 continued on page 210

208 December 1980 (9 BYTE Publications Inc

Now NRI takes you inside the

world's most popular microcomputer

to train you at home as the

new breed of computer specialist!

NRI teams up with Radio Shackto teach you how to use,program and servicemicrocomputers... make youthe complete technician.It's no longer enough to be just aprogrammer or a technician. With micro-computers moving into the fabric of ourlives (over200,000 of the TRS-80™ alonehave been sold), interdisciplinary skillsare demanded. And NRI can prepareyou with the first course of its kind,covering the complete world of themicrocomputer.

Learn At Homein Your Spare Time

With NRI training, the program-mer gains practical knowledge of hard-ware, enabling him to design simpler, moreeffective programs. And, with advancedprogramming skills, the technician cantest and debug systems quickly and easily

Ihiining Includes TRS-80 computer, transistorizedvolt-ohm meter, digital frequency counter,and the NRI Discovery Lab with hundreds of testsand experiments.

(TRS-80 is a trademark of the Radio Shack division of Tandy Corp.)

Only NRI gives you both kinds oftraining with the convenience of homestudy No classroom pressures, no nightschool, no gasoline wasted. You learn atyour convenience, at your own pace. Yetyou're always backed by the NRI staff andyour instructor, answering questions, givingyou guidance, and helping you over thetough spots.

Explore the TRS-80Inside and Out

NRI training is hands-on training,with practical experiments and demon-strations as the very foundation of yourknowledge. You don't just program yourcomputer, you introduce and correct faults.. .watch how circuits interact... interfacewith other systems...gain a real insightinto its nature.

You also build test instruments andthe NRI Discovery Lab, performing over 60separate experiments in the process. Youlearn how your trouble-shooting tools work,and gain greater understanding of the in-formation they give you. Both micro-

computer and equipment come as partof your training for you to use and keep.

Send for Free Catalog...No Salesman will Call

Get all the details on this excitingcourse in NRI's free, 100-page catalog. Itshows all equipment, lesson outlines, andfacts on other electronics courses such asComplete Communications with CB, TV andAudio, Digital Electronics, and more. Sendtoday, no salesman will ever bother you.Keep up with the latest technology as youlearn on the world's most popular computer.If card has been used, write to:

NRI Schools

McGraw-Hill Continuingmtiu> Education Center■ilvZ 3939 Wisconsin Avenue■ ■ II I Washington, D.C. 20016.

Listing 2 continued:

950 CLS:GOTO9G0NEXTY

IFNVC0) O0THEN930NEXTX

3609709S09901000101010201030104.0105010E0107010B0109011001110

cia*c

112011301140115011E011701130113012001210122012301240" 3 K*125012&01270

COMMAND":GOTO1040' :GOTO1040

=L+i

IX) "/"THEN1190ELSELL=LEMt:ift*eX)>-

l:IFMID*CTP*, Y,1)<>"/"THENMEXTY:GOT01190LM)

IFNVC0)=0THEN1040

GOSUB10G0

IFFPRINT"! DON'T UNDERSTAND YOUR

IFN0TF2PRINT"I CAN'T DO THAT YET

RETURN

IP=IP+1:W=CACX, IP) :P=W/20:M=W-P+20: IFM <> 0THEM1050ELSERETURN

IFNVC0)<>10ANDNVC0)<>1SORF3THEN1230

IFNVC1)=0PRINT"WHAT?":GOTO!180

IFNVC0)<>10THEN1110

L=0:FORZ=0TOIL:IFIA C Z)=-1THENL

NEXT:IFL>=MXPRINTZ*:GOT01180

K=0:FQRX=0TOIL:IFRIGHT*(IA* CX)

X),1,LL):F0RY=LLT02STEP

TP*=LEFT*CMID*CTP*,Y+l)

IFTP*ONV*CNVCl), DTHEN1130

IFNVC0)=10THEN11E0

IFIACX)O-lTHENK=l:GOTO1130ELSEIACX)=R

IFIA(X)<> RTHENK=2:GOTO1130ELSEIA CX)=-1

PRINT"OK, "5

F=0:RETURN

NEXTX

IFK=1THENPRINT"I'M NOT CARRYING

IFK=0IFNOTF3PRINT"ITS BEYOND MY

IFKO0THENF=0

RETURN

IFDO-1THEN1330ELSEINPUT" READY DATA TAPE. HIT ENTER

INPUTttD,IL,CL,NL,RL,MX,AR,TT,LN,LT,ML,TR

1:TP*=MID*

iGOTO1170

IT"ELSEIFK=2PRINT"I DON'TPOWER TO DO THAT":F=0

SEE IT HERE'

i"MINUTES TO LOADI AC

0),

W=CIL+CL/2+NL/10+RL+ML)/12:PRINTW+l

dimnvci:>,caccl,7),nv*cnl, n, ia*cid

I2CIL)

1280 FORX=0TOCL STEP2:Y=X+1:INPUTttD,CACX

, 5), CACX, S), CACX,7),CACY,0),CACY, 1),CACY

, 7) .'NEXT

1230 FORX=0TONLSTEP10:FORY=0TO1:INPUT#D,NV*(X,Y),NV*CX+1

), NV*CX+4, Y), IW*CX+5, Y), NVSKX+6, Y), NV*CX+7, Y),NV*CX+8, Y)

j ■

IL), RS*CRL), RMCRL,5),MS*CML), NT* c i :

7

CACX, 1),CACX,2),CACX,3), CACX, 4) , CA

:x

CACY,3),CACY,4),CACY, 5), CACY, G),CA

:y

Y), NV*CX+2, Y), NV*C X+-:NV*CX+9,Y):NEXTY,X

1300

FORX=0TORL:INPUT#D,

RMCX, 0),RMCX, 1), Rf

EXT

1310

FORX=0TOML:INPUT#D,

MS*CX):NEXT

1320

FORX=0TOIL:INPUT#D,

IA*CX),IACX):I2CX)

1330

REM

RMCX, 2),RMCX,3), RMCX,4),RMCX,5),RS*CX):N

= IOCX):NEXT:IFD=-1RETURN

VM-13

COLOR

MONITOR/RECEIVER

Two Modes of Operation for The Price of One

• Standard composite video/ 75 ohm term.

• Transformer isolated for safety.

• External audio input with control.

• Power Requirements: 117 VAC 60 Hz.

• VM-19, 19" diagonal screen, $575.00.

• For professional, industrial, home video applications.

V.A.M.P. Inc.

P.O. BOX 29315 • LOS ANGELES, CA 90029 • (213) 466-5533

210 December ]°80 '© BYTE Publications In

Circle 138 on inquiry card.

INFORMATION LINE(714) 549-7373

YOUR COMPUTER PROFESSIONALS

TOLL FREEORDER LINES

(800) 854-0523(Outside California)

(800) 432-7066(Within California)

HEWLETTPACKARD

Headquarters

HP-85A STANDARD FOR PROFESSIONALS.

HP-67 299.95

HP-92 399.95

HP-97 584.95

HP-33C NEW . . . 89.95HP-34CNEW ...124.95HP-38C NEW ...124.95

HP-31E 44.95

HP-32E 54.95

HP-33E 73.95

HP-37E 59.95

HP-38E 104.95

HP-41CNEW CALL

HP-85 NEW CALL

HP-41C

Complete Enhancements, Peripherals and Accessories

INNOVATIONS FROM TEXAS INSTRUMENTS

NOW: the Tl 99/4 J^\ ^^^tp

Home Computer ^P/ *<NE\N S-

You can begin using the Tl home ,_. "Tfl'^^f*^

computer in minutes. You simply

snap in one of Tl's Solid State

Software

Command

Modules.

649

Texos Instruments

Spe^k

Bead

Texas Instruments

TI-30SP 17.95 Tl

TI-35SP NEW .... 24.95 Tl

Bus. Anal. I 21.95 Tl

BA II Exec. NEW. . 44.95 Tl

Bus. Card 39.95 T

Invest. Anal. NEW . 49.95 Tl

TI-55 34.95 Tl

Tl

INCORPORATED

■ 57 54.95

-5100 39.95

-5015 64.95

■ 5040 89.95

5135 NEW 79.95

■5142 NEW 124.95

■808 41 NEW . . . 62.95

■ 58C 104.95

TI-59

PC-100C

TI-58/59 Libraries . .

Speak & Spell

Speak & Read NEW :Speak & Math NEW .Lang. Tutor NEW . .Home Comp. 99/4 . .

209.95169.9535.0059.95CALLCALL169.95649.95

WE WILL MEET OR BEAT ANY COMPETITOR'S PRICE ON MOST ITEMS IF HE HAS THE MERCHANDISE IN STOCKAll units shipped in original factory cartons with accessories according to manufacturer's specification. Visa, Mastercard, S order, Pers.Ck. (14 wrkg. days to clear), COD accepted. Min. S4.95 for shipping in U.S.A. AIR on Reqst. CA res. add 6% sales Tx. All Mdse.subject to availability; prices subject to change. Send orders to Dept. BY - DEC WRITE OR CALL FOR FREE CATALOG.

topple computer

w Authorized Dealer

COMPLETE BUSINESS, EDUCATIONAL& GAME SOFTWARE AVAILABLE.

NOW AVAILABLE:DOS 3.3APPLE PILOTAPPLE FORTRANSILENTYPE PRINTERGRAHICS TABLETEXTENDED WRNTY.

INTRODUCING

fpppto///

, personal use in professional applications.i Look al these special Apple III^ features: • an 80- character upper/t lower case display disc drive andintegrated peripheral interfacesenhanced graphics capiblity> an emulator mode allowingl Apple II software to be run

pple II

COMPUTIQUE IS AN AUTHORIZED APPLE DEALER

A ATARI 800 (16KI 899.95Free Software Offer Thru 12/31/80 CALLATARI 810 Disc Drive 559.95

«y « rjl" ATAR I 820 40-Column Printer 479.95

AIMKI PLUS Complete Entertainment & Educational Software

ESBSiSlEm X'lOHi cS^R COMMAND.'^

wrrrsL fLfrmurucs' inteinvision 249.95

CHES5 ..-I-

■"■■™ — ™ 7 99.95

CHALLENGER

6200 NEW EXECUTIVE 99.95

5813 NEW SCI PROGRAMMABLE 34.95

5100 NEW LCD ALPHANUMERIC 89.95

SHARP 5102 mEw FIN. PROG 79.95

7000 NEW MEMO WRITER 124.95

rACIA* ML-9° 49-95

IA3IU FX-68 27.95

rnntiouoii: 175° NEW 26995

\*sJUt'Arrmjrm 1000 109.95

ALSO: CANON, TOSHIBA, NSC, SEIKO, MATTEL, PEARLCORDER,ITT, GTE AND MANY OTHERS. ALL AT GREAT PRICES!!!

WE PROVIDE SOLUTIONS

NEWPORT BEACH/COSTA MESA

3211 S. Harbor Blvd.

Santa Ana, CA 92706

(714) 549-7373

TORRANCE/LAWNDALE

16611 Hawthorne Blvd.

Lawndale

(213) 370-5795

TAR2ANA

18665 Ventura Blvd.

Tarzana

(213) 705-7507

WILSHIRE CENTER

3285 Wilshire Blvd.

Los Angeles

(213) 385-7777

ANAHEIM/FULLERTON

2514 E. Chapman Ave.

Fullerton

(714) 738-7775

LOS ANGELES

11986 Wilshire Blvd.

Los Angeles

(213) 820-0423

PASADENA

260 S. Lake Ave.

Pasadena

(213) 795-3007

BREA

1080 E. Imperial Hwy.

Brea

(714) 990-6600

PROFESSIONAL DISCOUNTS

Circle 139 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980

211

Text continued from page 192:bytes of memory, has the sole pur-pose of generating the Adventure-data file that will be read by theAdventure-interpreter program. Theprogram of listing 1 writes the dataon a C-60 cassette and verifies thatthe tape has been correctly written.Allow about 45 minutes for this pro-gram to run.

The Adventure-interpreter pro-gram appears in listing 2. It will readthe tape data file in about 20 minutesand then start play of the game.

If you plan to run Pirate's Adven-ture, on a 32 K-byte TRS-80 or larger

machine, you can merge the two pro-grams as follows: delete lines 6510thru 6790 of listing 1. Append thedata statements of listing 1 to listing2, replacing all occurrences ofINPUT#D in listing 2 with the wordREAD.

It is possible to run this program onmachines other than the TRS-80. Ifyour machine runs a version ofMicrosoft BASIC (eg: Apple II run-ning Applesoft, Commodore PET,Exidy Sorcerer, or any Ohio Scien-tific computer), you will have fewerchanges to make. Here are some ofthe obscure changes that may have to

Gender

COMPUTER CORPORATION

Our Newest

Data Base

Management

System

Introducing CONDOR SERIES 20/DBMS, the relationaldata base management system for users who want power-ful performance at reasonable prices.

For the special introductory offer of $695, discover howeasy it is to develop business or personal informationsystems with SERIES 20/DBMS.

•Create a Data Base in Minutes•Full CRT Screen Management•Use English-like commands. Host language notrequired.• Computational, Statistical, and Sorting Capabilities

CONDOR SERIES 20/DBMS is compatible with many Z-80microcomputers with at least 48K RAM running underCP/M® operating systems.

CP/M is a registered trademark olDigital Research, Inc.

CONDOR SERIES 20/DBMS

.User's Manual ($35, plus tax)

.Additional information.

Please Send To:Name

Company.City

.SERIES 20 package ($695, plus tax)

Position

Address

State ZIP.

Phone(

.Computer.

.CRT.

CONDOR COMPUTER CORPORATION

3989 Research Park Drive, P. O. Box 8318

Ann Arbor, Michigan 48107 (313) 769-3988

Dealer inquiries welcome. C 20-2

be made (depending on your machineand version of BASIC):

• A logical operation returns thevalue — 1 (or hexadecimal FF) whentrue, and 0 otherwise. For example,executing:

PRINT (1=2), (1 = 1)

causes the numbers 0 (denoting false)and —1 (denoting true) to be printed.

• The flag SF is a 16-bit integer that isset and tested with boolean algebracommands. This can be replaced bythe following:

1. Dimension SF as SF(15)

2. Replace F1 = SF ANDCINT(2tLL + .5) with F1 = SF(LL)

3. Replace SF = SF ORCINT(2tP + .5)withSF(P)= -1

4. Replace SF=SF AND NOTCINT(.5+2tP) with SF(P) = 0

• IF . . . THEN . . . ELSE state-ments in TRS-80 Level II BASICassert that, if the condition beingtested is true, the statements betweenthe words THEN and ELSE are per-formed. If the condition is false, thestatements following the ELSE areperformed. If your BASIC does nothave the ELSE clause, you will haveto split the statement into multiplelines.

• LEFT(A$,B) returns the substringof A$ from the first character tothe Bth character. Similarly,MID$(A$,B,C) returns the substringfrom the Bth character on, for a totalof C characters, and RIGHT$(A$)returns the last (ie: rightmost) Bcharacters in the string.

• If you cannot create a two-dimensional array of strings (eg: DIMA$(20,3)) as a twenty-row by three-column array of strings), you willfind conversion nearly impossiblebecause this feature is used heavily inthe program.

Happy adventuring, and watch outfor the tides on Pirate's Island—theycan be tricky. ■

Please note that the Pirate'sAdventure is copyrighted. Itspublication in BYTE entitles thereader to personal use only. Theprogram may not be distributed inany way without the written per-mission of the author.

212 December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 140 on Inquiry card.

It's a text pROcessoR

Continuous, no-clutter, textual display, and short,easy-to-remember commands make Mince one ofthe finest editors available for small computers. Mince isbased upon Emacs, a text manipulation system previouslyavailable only on a few large computers. The manyfeatures Mince now brings to the microcomputing worldinclude, for example, the ability to switch back and forthbetween several documents, or even to display twodifferent documents at once so that you can makechanges in one based on the other.

Scribble is a text formatter that, when combined withMince or another editor, forms a comprehensivedocument preparation system. Scribble is based onScribe, which was developed at Carnegie-MellonUniversity to provide a simple yet powerful formattingenvironment for the non-technical user. Scribble com-mands allow you to specify the logical structure of thedocument rather than worry about formatting details.

Gemstones are pro-fessionally craftedprograms that representthe state of the art in theirrespective domains. Thedocumentation for eachGemstone includes not justa user's manual but also adesign overview andrelated theoretical material.Each Gemstone also re-presents an ongoingcommitment to user sup-port, in the form of anewsletter, programupdates, and a telephonehotline.

Mince '125

Scribble (available January 1981) '125

Both Mince and Scribble (ordered together) . .'175

Amethyst *350

Mince Manual '15

Scribble Manual (available January 1981) .... *15

Amethyst Manual '35

Manual price is refundable upon purchase of the cor-responding product

All programs require a 48K CP/M'S system. Mince andAmethyst require a cursor-addressable display. Avail-able on 8" soft sector diskettes Other formats byspecial request

Mark of the Unicorn

PO Box 423

Arlington. Massachusetts 02174

617-489-1387

Amethyst, first of the Gemstones, combines Mince,Scribble, the BDS C compiler, and the source codefor the Mince command set. This package makes possibles.imple reconfiguration of the editor to meet your needs.Not only can you customize the editor to your taste, youcan even write your own programs and make use of'the Ccompiler. This way well make Amethyst the ultimate8080/Z-80 program development system.

But what makes this Gemstone sparkle in our eyes issupport! For Amethyst owners, service is our mostimportant product. Purchasing Amethyst entitles you tofree future updates and additions, as well as a newslettercontaining other users' comments on how to get themost from the system. We will provide any single

command or simple document type that you find missingfrom Mince or Scribble for free, as well as providing morecomplex changes at additional cost. Further, our pro-gramming staff is available by phone or mail forconsultation in bringing Amethyst up on your computeror helping you modify it to meet your needs.

We see your customization requests as feedbackon the quality of our product. If there's some-thing you think we've forgotten, we're just as anxious tohave it in the software as you,are. Big or small, you'reimportant enough 'to. have an editor that works a litt.lemore the way you 'want and a little less the way anyoneelse thinks it ought to.

No, it's a przogrzom deoelopraeiot system

Actually, it's both.

CP/M is a registered trade mark of Digital Research

Circle 141 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980 213

BYTELINES

NEWS AND SPECULATION ABOUT PERSONAL COMPUTING

Conducted by Sol Libes

$299 Color Computer

management and retrieval

nate the under 20-mega-

New York City. More stores

From Commodore: Com-

program), and probably

byte market.

are expected to be shut

modore International Ltd

VisiCalc. It could have a

down.

has announced several new

dramatically low price. The

Xerox, CDC (Control

products, including the

CBM 8096 in conjunction

JVLodel 33

Data Corporation), and

$299 VIC-20 color com-

with a high-capacity disk

Commodore all have

puter, which has been the

drive (like Commodore's

Teletypewriter To Be

followed DEC's lead by

subject of much speculation

new CBM 8062, with 3.2

Discontinued: The Tele-

opening computer stores.

over the past year. The VIC

megabytes capacity), could

type Corporation's Model

Xerox expects to open fif-

(Video Interface Computer)

undersell the already low-

33 teletypewriter, affec-

teen stores in 1981, while

connects to any television

priced Radio Shack Model

tionately known as "TTY"

CDC and Commodore

set or monitor and features

II.

by long-time users, will be

stated that they expect to

color (22-character by

Availability: Do not ex-

phased out of production

open "hundreds" of com-

23-line display); sound;

pect to see the VIC-20

by the end of 1981 after

puter stores.

5 K bytes of programmable

before the second guarter

over twenty-five years of

memory (expandable to

of 1981. The CBM 8096 will

production. Teletype will

ileader's Digest Buys

32 K bytes); user-program-

not be out before the fourth

also stop production on the

mable function keys; full-

guarter of 1981.

models 28, 32, 35, DRPE,

The Source: In a surprise

size typewriter keyboard;

BRPE, and 4210. The

move, the Reader's Digest

high-resolution graphics;

W inchester 8-Inch

Model 33 was the primary

has purchased a 51% in-

standard PET BASIC; a

terminal for interactive

terest in the Source

graphics character set; pro-

Drives Off To Slow Start:

computer use in the 1960s

Telecomputing Corpora-

visions for joysticks, pad-

Manufacturers of 8-inch

and early 1970s. Although

tion. According to the

dles, and light pen; and ex-

miniature Winchester hard-

it was designed for message

Washington Post, Reader's

ternal slots for extra

disk drives are reporting

transmission via telephone

Digest paid $3,000,000—a

memory and ROM (read-

that sales, so far, have been

lines, early computer

substantial amount of

only memory) packs.

disappointing. Apparently

designers adopted it and its

money for a company with

Peripherals to be available

there is a wait-and-see at-

ASCII (American Standard

no assets and only a

include a tape-cassette

titude on the part of

Code for Information Inter-

marketing concept. The

unit, single floppy-disk

customers. This appears to

change) character code as

Source is entirely a resale

drive, and printer. Com-

be due to standardization

a standard. Parts and

operation: communications

modore's new low-priced

and interface problems, as

documentation support will

from Telenet, computing

CBM 2031 single disk-drive

well as the emergence of

be continued for five years.

from a time-sharing service

unit (also part of the new

5-inch miniature Win-

called Dialcomm, and data

products announcement)

chester drives. Sales for

Lb/eC Shuts Two

bases from all over. The

will be available in a serial-

1980 were predicted to be

Washington Post article also

bus version for use with the

in excess of 60,000 units;

Computer Stores: DEC

disclosed a messy court

VIC-20. The CBM 2031 will

however, it appears that

(Digital Eguipment Cor-

battle between Bill Von

be able to store up to 170 K

fewer than 37,000 will be

poration), the first com-

Meister, who developed the

bytes on a single 5-inch

shipped, with IBM taking a

puter company to open a

idea for The Source (and

floppy disk. It will retail for

very sizable portion of this

chain of computer stores,

some years ago, developed

under $600.

number.

has halted the planned ex-

the idea for the Mailgram),

Another significant an-

Sales of 8-inch miniature

pansion of its store net-

and Jack Taub, who ousted

nouncement from Com-

Winchester drives are ex-

work. Further, it has closed

Von Meister in a financial

modore was made with

pected to increase at a

two of its twenty-seven

power struggle last year.

much less fanfare: a new,

healthy rate. Some industry

stores. Reportedly, DEC

A recent article in

high-capacity business

analysts are predicting

spent between three and

Business Week described

computer called the CBM

500,000 units by 1985. It is

five million dollars to open

The Source's woes. When

8096 that will feature an

further predicted that these

the stores plus an equal

Jack Taub took over the

80-column display, 96 K

drives will take over the

amount for operating ex-

company last October, he

bytes of programmable

20- to 200-megabyte market

penses, yet only a few of

immediately fired forty-five

memory, FORTRAN,

previously held by 14-inch

the stores have become

of the seventy employees,

COBOL, Ozz

Winchester drives. It is ex-

profitable. The stores

cut expenses, and procured

(Commodore's new user-

pected that the 5-inch Win-

closed are in Detroit and

additional financing.

adaptable data-

chester drives will domi-

the Wall Street district of

However, many suppliers

214 December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

meknem

tSffr

,936-'

0

\tf®

&$&

2670

O

yfi^

#6»

0nd<

ijBBB'

,io*«

i 0»«e

s?s

i s*9w

6e'

;0S«

NO"

^c

: 2'3S>>.<

ed^

Tierf

ooN

o**'

too*

B**

(epN

KEN

R8PV

*!£*"?«*+

i»d

C0P*6S

9**

id*6

OpP'

«*-£"

s^*

dW8«**525

ticks'

ft\J

jfl^-BBW

,\oW*

rsoos

iti*

„0m6

We W- gjoJjH ««"; 4 so s«°- gene....de*-f,LC . „<«, de U *.„ U880 1° y„,.

cioss

MO""'""

,««»

, oteo

**» *■£*•«

co^.TdePsW^

WS-80

5535252^-*

<*

WWIO-

SOtt'S60'

loted '

5V." N°'

flWSW <

Fu\\ si

creeo

\«*

ad'iW9

mott*9

cornw1

,onds

.fl.-"***"

i »«9>n9

# line P,op$350.

^fc

,NN^

c^

o*&%&^

,8"

W«9

P.--S5-*

^^g.SMP8''

80/160

joto»'

CPU's

wd^°<2°

C<o*'

==5 V*6S

O"4"*

,co\

CPl<* c°'6600

on6

**» !£*•»«*

5^5-

^

5V15

\\.CP"*

2*

omP01

,«*»

cross

osse"1'

JjW

SUP6''

W

l»a«

no)

0V*6

-.1»"

■»?Ud«iffi5

iW6i.

r,oW6

:ode.

,eWcO^>'9S

S\n9»

„ed^6<

8, dd*w

jjol* >

i0p\eS

,V.ed*

0o\oWeS

,rthS»(

20

31POIN '

+ Poc^"fo,mo\

pa}6'

s?50-

Jptf6

\\\*'

6" s

4ensW.

op'peort

US65

\(0U'

,t*ne

p!09'

raws

|0U»8S

PI09'01"

,fo<

pe.s0'

(B*W*

eaus«

,PC5S

, vevsiV

lVi«ed

^ss^s'

,uVvn9i\ort

itt^o'6

lSleW

,W8P<

SA30.S350.9650

iCP'»*

SSSS>-

CPPT*

id»<

suPP'

orts

»»«>«

cessW

pin

,pW5

PJB

S«61

oow

SSOl

o'jei'

»ts?S5^

,ob\e

do»»

««*z*«*

o\s°

WlP1

\ett6,s

fvi« P'oP

CO?

s-jSW<P

s»'

««•*

»d

,Wd8Sc

.rtsff0'

i\ed

nO»P9

»s»

^cP^0,^pCi« nPN Iorv9

W« P"'

j««9

odes

deP^erf

«»»

o«

flW

o"N

i0< '

,»P9S

W

sfow

onoW

cod6

ou\Pu<

OOP5

OO'"'

xNW^*

00?^

>N^tR+

•t*-::i:*»-

Red1

uites

66*

B»»

6\PQ>6

pe"S'

0&_

\0P°

«e*»w

pa

lN1o«V<ot

,9(0^

\o(>

tosss\n9»

jUSS

l6os«N,\»ed

"rSJ-*—

do»

tos6

CO'

OSM»'

h0U!S

+ f ode'Red^eS

>oP6'

joW8

s\(pe

i~r:v*!Z*+

i\ed

**"><>-

f\CN

SO*

Vl«w

,\d»n9s

st\.t(

^J5»

^e«c

ords«60»W

ned

lMse«-P6rf0W'M ^6«oW

coM m*1,6CU,',« mo66 w'"w" 0\ *«*

=ass5sss

>«h6'6-

OS

coW

r»a

fields'

»**U«»»

Red^es6

s550. ^

foi(P°*5

,nuo\

3\P9W

515-

4eos«V.

,ortPSW

20

,*«»*

WodV

TBC

au«s

,\e*<

SoOS,^oPO«

,woos

fcoifl"

•(RS-80

enhoW

,ced P'

,1***9'

.ncWdW

(*Bon

. (SbW°

oo»i

:hoo9e.^

S^CWPT. SV)6sCWPT

5«5

l»anuo\

a\o«6

.525.

is ino" — ^**~-^- Report Writer

^^^, is a trademark of Carolina Business

Mod »■ ^^—«—■"""" Computers, Inc. Paysoft & FILETRAN are trademarks

t\lO- ^.^^^^ of Ready Corp. Selector IV is a trademark of Micro-Ap, Inc.

—■"" Pearl is a trademark of CPU International Pcscal/M & ACT are trademarks of

Sorcim CBASIC2 is a trademark of Compiler Systems, Inc. Magic Wand is a trademark of

Small Business Applications, Inc. Textwriter & Datebook are trademarks of Organic Software Ultrasorf II

is a trademark of Computer Control Systems, Inc. Copywriter is a trademark of Systronics TRS-80 is a trademark of

Tandy Corp. CP/M & MP/M are trademarks of Digital Research Superbrain is a trademark of Intertec Data Systems S-Basic

is a trademark of Topaz Programming Prices effective until January 1,1981 For shipping add S4. in US; S10. outside US per package

California residents add appropriate slate sales fax Terms: Prepaid check, M/C or VISA or in US COD (UPS) Dealer inquiries invited

Circle 142 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980

215

still report that they havenot been paid and Taubhad been asking them towait until 1982.

The Source promised inits advertisements thatairline schedules,restaurant guides in majorcities, and mailgram-likeservices would beavailable. The mailgramwent into effect last Apriland the airline schedules inJune. The restaurant guidestill covers only two cities.Also, at present a maximumof 100 users can use thesystem simultaneously;higher demand on TheSource has led to somelong-delayed responses.

Most users seem to ac-cept The Source's problemsas those of a pioneer withdevelopment difficultiesand that slowly, but surely,the services are improving.Most agree that even withits problems, The Source isvery worthwhile.

The Reader's Digestcould be just what TheSource needs to becomesuccessful. The purchaseindicates that the Reader'sDigest is clearly moving in-to the electronic jour-nalism/communications/in-formation field.

X he Japanese Are

Coming: Until now the UShas dominated the micro-,mini-, and large-computermarkets across the globe.However, things are .chang-ing and 1981 will no doubtsee the Japanese as a majorfactor in the computermarket. The Japanese arealready pushing foreigncomputer suppliers out ofthe Japanese marketplaceand are presently settingup marketing organizationsin the US and Europe.They are moving slowlyand very carefully, which isquite different from theAmerican way of operating.Therefore, do not look forthe Japanese computers tosuddenly dominate themarket. Rather, look forslow, but steady, growth asthe Japanese 'learn how toadapt and market productsin foreign marketplaces.There is no doubt that-the

hardware is first-rate—acongressional task forcerecently concluded thatJapan has caught up to theUS in semiconductor tech-nology "and in certainareas, may be ahead ofus." In fact, manyAmerican computer makersare already using Japanesecomponents in their com-puters, and the trend is in-creasing.

This picture is essentiallythe same as that of the in-troduction of Japanese carsinto this country. Japanesecars were first introducedin the US about 20 yearsago. Today they accountfor 40% of the market.Their cars cost more thanUS cars but are designedand made better. The samething will probably happenin the computer market.Who knows, in another tenyears we may seegovernment-supportedloans for Apple, Com-modore, or Radio Shack.

J\El

ENIX. UNIX-Like.UNIX-Equivalent - WhatNext? There are now atleast three UNIX-likeoperating systems availablefor microcomputers, onlyone of which is licensed byWestern Electric. By now,Microsoft should have itsXENIX operating system,developed in the Clanguage under WesternElectric license. It will beavailable for Z8000-based ■systems. Electrolabs .already has its "UNIX-Like"systems available forZ80-based systems, andMorrow Designs has an-nounced a "UNIX-Equivalent" system for use '.with its Z80 system.

Microsoft claims thatXENIX is to be a superset ofUNIX and that it will con-form to Release 7 of UNIX.Further, Microsoft hopes"to establish a clearing-house for UNIX and XENIXsoftware developed byusers." XENIX will be soldprimarily to OEMs (originalequipment manufacturers),and Microsoft will receive$500 for each single-usercopy sold.

Electrolabs claims that its

OS-1 Operating System"appear[s] exactly likeUNIX to the user" and thatit "provides for up to 1024users" plus "lots more"—allin 12 K bytes of code. A4 K-byte CP/M adapter isalso included (with sourcecode) in the $249 price.The Morrow operatingsystem will be advertised asa "UNIX-Equivalent." It willbe designed to runspecifically with the newMorrow Z80 processorcard, which includes ahardware mathematics pro-cessor and a programmablesystem-supervisor circuitfor memory management.

X hree-DlmensionalSystem To Be Introduced:

Genisco Computers, CostaMesa, California, is ex-pected soon to announcethe first three-dimensionalcomputer-graphics display.It will use a vibratingparabolic mirror and strokedisplay to create the illu-sion of a three-dimensionalobject hovering in spacebefore the operator. Thesystem will probably sellfor about $100,000, and itis expected to find applica-tions in air-traffic control,molecular research, and oilexploration.

L/ata Errors To IncreaseWith Sunspots: NOAA (theNational Oceanic and At-mospheric Administration)is predicting that increasesin sunspot activity willcause disruption of datacommunications worldwide.This increase occurs everyeleven years, with 1981thru 1983 being a. period, ofintense activity. The lastsuch period occurred be-tween 1969 and 1972. Theeffect is felt to be moresevere at higher altitudes.

Dc

"ouble-Side FloppyWoes Persist: Makers ofdouble-sided floppy-diskdrives finally appear to bedelivering reliable units.Users report that the 5-inchdual-sided drives exhibitexcellent reliability.However, 8-inch drives still

appear to have problems,and full production of high-reliability units is not ex-pected for several moremonths. Experts are pre-dicting that not until 1982will we see a crossoverpoint where more double-sided floppies are madethan single-sided units.

i ired Programmer SuedFor Erasing Programs: A

suit filed by Leeds & North-rup (L & N) against aformer employee accuseshim of erasing severalvaluable programs shortlyafter being fired from hisproject manager/program-mer position and before hispassword had been re-moved from the system.L & N is asking for $10,000in damages and a courtorder restraining theformer employee fromfuture tampering with thecomputer. Fortunately,L & N was able to restorethe obliterated programsfrom backup magnetictapes.

u,

' ps And Downs InPersonal Computing: It'sbeen all "ups" for TandyCorporation, while it hasbeen all "downs" for TexasInstruments (TI).

It looks like Tandy willsell close to 300,000 RadioShack Model I computersystems by the year's end.Tandy reported that itsfourth quarter earningsrose 52% to over $30 • .million, with year-end netsales of over $112 million.That's an increase of over35%, on.sales that rose14%. Further, Tandy an-nounced that it plans to •open fifty more RadioShack Computer Centers(there are sixty presently).Tandy also plans to have250 full-line stores (ie:Radio Shack stores that.carry its full microcomputerline of products) by the endof 1981. Also, 100 newRadio Shack stores will beadded, bringing the totalnumber of Radio Shack'stores selling audio, elec-tronic, and computer

216

December 1980. © BYTE Publications Inc

ARCHIVES BUSINESS COMPUTER

CP/M-BASED ... 1.5 MB CAPACITY... S-100 BUS

A full 1.5 megabytes of storage on double-sided bVt" diskettes; single-sided drives alsoavailable: CP/M operating system and stan-dard S-100 bus allow for wide applicationpossibilities and easy expansion.

FULLY TESTED...

BROAD MARKET APPEAL ...

HIGH MARGIN

The Archives Business Computer representsthe new generation of all-in-one compu-ters, ideally targeted at professional andbusiness customers. The compact desk-topunit includes two 5W. drives that can besold CP/M-based applications software; a12" green phosphor monitor; detachablekeyboard with numeric cluster, functionkeycluster and 23 relegendable function

keys; 64K RAM, and Z-80 microprocessor...options include a direct-connect Bell 103compatible modem and hardware float-ing point chip.

The new Archives Business Computer is nowavailable from PGI Wholesale, the nation'sleading microcomputer distributor. Call ustoll-free for the most competitive pricingand widest selection of name-brand pro-ducts in the industry! A complete Researchand Development Evaluation Report on theArchives Business Computer is available todealers free of charge. The Archives isimmediately available at substantial deal-er discounts.

Manufacturer's suggested retail pricesfrom $6,500 for dual drive single-density to$7,500 for double-density 1.5 megabytesystem.

UJHDLE5RLE

(formerly MicroAge Wholesale)

1425 W. 12th PlaceTempe, Arizona 85281

Circle 143 on inquiry card.

CALL TOLL-FREE 1-800-528-4415 1-800-528-6450

equipment to 8000worldwide.

Texas Instruments, on theother hand, has problems.Its 99/4 personal-computersystem has met with poorsales, far less than TI pro-jected. The general feelingis that, although the unithas many unique features,it is overpriced and under-supported. TI reported inits most recent quarterlyreport that this was one ofthe company's "adverseareas." But TI is not takingthis lying down. Learningfrom automobile makers, TIis experimenting with $200rebates ($100 cash and$100 worth of software) andis backing this up withpromotion, softwaredevelopment, and aseminar program. The 99/4lists at $950, but manydealers are discounting itto as low as $699 plusrebate.

t unny Bit: The Manhat-tan Yellow Pages telephonedirectory lists LifeboatAssociates, the country'slargest distributor ofmicrocomputer software,under "Marine Supplies &Emergency Equipment."

A andy Introduces ThreeNew Computers: Recentlythe Tandy Corporation an-nounced three new per-sonal computers. Theirfeatures have been coveredin detail in several publica-tions (see the October 1980BYTE, page 172); there isno need to review themhere. However, some com-ments may be worthwhile.The three machines arethe TRS-80 Color Com-puter, the TRS-80 ModelIII, and the TRS-80 PocketComputer. The color com-puter sells for $400 in itsbasic configuration (4 Kbytes of programmablememory) and is onlyexpandable to 16 K. It usesthe 6809processor and istherefore not compatiblewith the TRS-80 Model Iand II. It does not look likeit is intended to competewith the Apple computer.Rather, it appears aimed at

competing with lower-levelsystems such as the Atari400 and TI-99/4 personalcomputers.

Although Tandy deniesit, the Model III appears tobe a replacement for theModel I. Considering thatthe Model III contains themonitor, keyboard and diskdrives in a single en-closure, is software com-patible with the Model I,and offers additionalenhancements, most in-dustry people feel that theModel I will be phased outwhen the Model III systemsfinally arrive at the stores.

The Pocket Computer isreally a marketing experi-ment. Neither Tandy norany of the other pocket-computer makers reallyknow if there is a mean-ingful market for thismachine. Quasar andPanasonic talk about sellingone million of their newhand-held computers nextyear (at $400 each). Tandy,however, is selling its at$250 and may garner themajor portion of themarket.

But what is the market forthese pocket machines?The makers are projectingthat they will be bought bysalesmen and executiveswho, via a modem, willcontact their home com-puters to book orders,check order status, receiveand send messages, etc.Will hobbyists be attractedto these machines? Thesuccessful systems today allhave a strong hobbyistbase. It will, therefore, beinteresting to see if thesepocket devices catch on asplanned.

X RS-80 Copy Due From

Far East: EACA Limited ofHong Kong is manufactur-ing a functional copy of theRadio Shack TRS-80, whichis no doubt the mostpopular microcomputersystem made to date.Although it does not looklike a TRS-80, it is hard-ware and software compati-ble with it. The computerwill be marketed in the USby Personal Micro Com-puters Inc (PMC), Moun-

tain View, California, andwill be known as thePMC-80. It will list for $595(without a monitor), whichis $200 less than theTRS-80. It will have a50-pin bus (TRS-80 has a40-pin bus); PMC plansS-100 and TRS-80 inter-faces.

E

Landom Rumor Bits:

Zilog is still having prob-lems delivering bug-freeZ8000 chips.... AMD (Ad-vanced Micro Devices) isrumored to be working onthe Z8003, a 32-bit versionof the Z8000, scheduled forrelease in 1981.... NEC isrumored to be about readyto announce a newvideo-display-controllerintegrated circuit capableof handling a bit-mapgraphics display of 1024 by1024 pixels, devoting 16bits to each pixel. It will becapable of being con-figured for gray scale orcolor (3 bits each for red,green, and blue intensities)and still have 7 bits leftover for things like blinkingpixels, intensity protection,etc.... Intel, WesternDigital, National Semicon-ductor, and Texas In-struments are all rumoredto be working on con-trollers for Winchesterfloppy-disk systems. Whenthese integrated circuits areavailable, it should reducethe cost of these controllersfrom the present $1000 to$1500 to a range of $200 to$500....

R.

Landom News Bits:

SofTech MicroSystems Inc,sole licensing agent forUCSD Pascal, expects tomake available a 16-bit ver-sion of UCSD Pascal for8086-based systemssometime in 1981. This willbe followed later by a

68000 version Tandy

Corporation (parent ofRadio Shack) has acguiredthe Lika Corporation ofStockton, California, for$4.5 million. Lika is amanufacturer of double-sided and multilayer

printed-circuit boards

Apple is having difficultyshipping Apple Ills and

does not expect the firstshipments until after thefirst of the year, six months

later than promised

Bubble-memory prices aredropping as yields im-prove. Intel has droppedthe price of its BPK bubble-memory prototyping kitfrom $1710 to $995 and itsiSBC250 bubble-memorycard from $4750 to $3500.Sales of bubble memoriesrose to $226 million in 1980compared to $18.4 millionin 1979.... NationalSemiconductor has in-troduced a microprocessorwith BASIC in ROM (read-only memory). The INS8073device has a 2.5 K-byteROM with Tiny BASIC anda 64-byte area of program-mable memory, which isused as a scratch-pad

memory ANSI

(American National Stan-dards Institute) hasestablished a committee todevelop an APL languagestandard. Those wishing toparticipate should contactClark Wiedman, Universityof Massachusetts Com-puting Center, AmherstMA 01003.... ShugartAssociates will soon in-troduce a new series of5-inch floppy drivescapable of storing 500 Kbytes on a single side and 1megabyte on two sides.They will be compatiblewith older drives.... IBM isquietly setting up adistributor organization tosell its computer

peripherals The

Massachusetts Departmentof Revenue recently heldhearings on a new tax foroff-the-shelf software, time-sharing, and other data-processing services

Apple Computer will soonbegin production of thenew Apple III in a newplant located in Ireland.

MAIL: I receive a largenumber of letters each monthas a result of this column. Ifyou write to me and wish aresponse, please include astamped, self-addressedenvelope.

Sol LibesPOB 1192Mountainside NJ 07081

218

December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Z80, OASIS, MAROT.

A superior operatingsystem and top applicationsoftware bring out the bestin a microcomputer. That'swhy Marot offers the oasis*Operating System andcompatible software forowners of Z80 based microsThey make a terrific trio.

1

Z80 micros —greatmachines.Tandy's trs-80mod n* with DMA, bankselect possibilities andnationwide service. Altos.Cromemco. Horizon.And many others. Greatmachines—but it takesa great operating systemto tap their full potential.

2 enter oasis —availablefrom Marot. oasis is fastemerging as the operatingsystem for Z80 commercialapplications and seriousprogrammers. Why?...rapidformating and back-up ofdiskettes; efficient disk utili-zation; excellent line editorand document processorfor file management andtextwriting; user accountingwith logon, password, privi-lege level and use account-ing; machine independenceof programs, data and textfiles; sequential, direct andkeyed index (ISAM) files;interpreted and compiled

BASIC; COBOL-ANSI 74;

single and multi-user ver-sions; and more. No wonderpros say 'oasis makesmicros run like minis!'

Circle 144 on inquiry card.

3 APPLICATION SOFTWARE— available from Marot.oasis is your active, invisiblepartner supporting theseexcellent, ready-to-runproducts:

Magic Wand." Thewordprocessor combiningthe ease of screen editingwith micro power.

HDBS** For datamanagement needsrestricted to hierarchicaltree structure and fixedlength records.

MDBS** Handles fullnetwork CODASYL orienteddata structures andvariable length records.

ABS*** Quality officemanagement systems—accounts receivable andpayable, general ledger,etc.—the total interacting,user-oriented businesspackage. Written in COBOL;available with source code.

A Law package. Andready soon: completemedical management,real estate, restaurant,pharmacy, managementanalysis packages, andothers.

Marot and its Dealersoffer oasis and manyprofessional softwareproducts to individuals,OEMs and dealers.Licensing arrangementsare also available. Justcall or write and startyour own terrific trio.

PLEASE SEND ME:

(Circle what you would likeand send order with paymentto the address shown below )

D SEND COMPLETEINFORMATION

Product

MAGIC WAND

Price

$400

ABS ACCOUNTING (call or write)

MDBS, full networkHDBS

Report Generator,Query SystemPrimer(Other options available)

$900300

30010

Magic Wand. MDBS and HDBS areavailable for several operating systems.

'oasis is Ihe Irademark ol Phase One Systems. Inc"hdbs and MDBS are produced by Micro Data Base

Systems. Inc"'American Business Systems. Incras-80 is the registered Irademark o: Ihe TandyCorporation

Magic Wand is the registered tradenarkot Small Business Systems. Inc

ProductOASIS

Pr

withManual

ce

ManualOnly

OPERATING SYSTEM

(Includes:EXEC Language;File Management;User Accounting;Device Drivers;Print Spooler;General TextEditor; etc.)SINGLE-USERMULTI-USER

$150350

$17.5017.50

BASIC COMPILER/INTERPRETER/DEBUGGER

100

15.00

RE-ENTRANT BASIC

COMPILER/INTERPRETER/

DEBUGGER

150

15.00

DEVELOPMENT PACKAGE

(Macro Assembler;Linkage Editor;Debugger)

150

25.00

TEXT EDITOR &SCRIPT PROCESSOR

150

15.00

DIAGNOSTICSCONVERSION UTILITIES

(Memory Test;Assembly Language;Converters; FileRecovery; Disk Test;Fite Copy fromother OS; etc.)

100

15.00

COMMUNICATIONSPACKAGE

(Terminal Emulator;File Send & Receive)

100

15.00

PACKAGE PRICE

(All of Above)

SINGLE-USER

MULTI-USER

500850

60.0060.00

FILE SORT

100

15.00

COBOL-ANSI 74

750

35.00

MAROT SOFTWARE SYSTEMSYOUR EASTERN SOURCE

Send order to:

Marot Software Systems, Inc.

310 Madison Ave.

New York City, NY 10017

Telephone (212) 661-8550

NAME

STREET (NO BOX #)

CITY_STATE_

.ZIP.

AMOUNTS

(Attach system description;

add $3 for shipping;

New York residents add sales tax.)

□ Check enclosed D VISA

□ UPS C.O.D. D Mastercharge

Card Number

Expiration Date

Signature

BYTE December 1980

219

CBM™ 8032 BUSINESS COMPUTER

The new Commodore'8032 Business computer offers a widescreen display to show you up to 80-character lines of informa-tion. Text editing and report formatting are faster and easierwith the new wide-screen display. The 8032 Business Com-puter also provides a resident Operating System with ex-panded functional capabilities. You can use Basic on the 8032Business Computers in both interactive and program modes,with expanded commands and functions for arithmetic,editing, and disk file management. The CBM 8032 Busi-ness Computer is ideally suited for the computing needsof the business marketplace. Call for additionalinformation.

£s commodore

$1695

$1795

*32K RAM, 14K 4.0 BASIC

*IEEE BUS *80 x 25 CRT

"Ideal for WordProcessing

or other business/technical computer uses.

CBM™8050 DUAL DRIVE FLOPPY DISK

The CBM 8050 Dual Drive Floppy Disk is a much enhancedversion of the intelligent CBM 2040 Disk Drive. The CBM 8050has all of the features of the CBM 2040, and provides morepowerful software capabilities, as well as one megabyte ofonline storage capacity. The CBM 8050 supplies relativerecord files and automatic diskette initialization. It can copyall the files from one diskette to another without copyingunused space. The CBM 8050 also offers improved error recov-ery and the ability to append to sequential files.

MULTI-USER TIME SHARE OFFERED TO YOU BY THE

NEECO MULTI-CLUSTER

At a'low entry cost, up to eight CBM computers can transfer data bi-directionally to oneCBM Dual Disk Drive. The MULTI-CLUSTER, designed with its own independent powersupply, provides a connection from one CBM computer work selection to other CBMcomputer work stations, allowing data transfer and data access on a priority queuing basis.This system provides the cost effectiveness required in a multi-using environment byestablishing the dual disk drive as a central mass storage unit. This provides a high degreeof disk accessibility.

The standard configuration of this system allows 3 CBM* microcomputers (maximum of 8)connected through the MULTI—CLUSTER to the IEEE port of the 2040 Disk Drive. MoreCBM's can be added to the system according to the user's need.MULTI-CLUSTERStandard Components $995 Additional Component Prices

One Multi-Cluster , ' Each extra CM-100 $250

Controller MC800A Output Printer Module $200

Three Channel Modules . .. CM-100 (for Centronics Protocal) $200

Multi-Cluster is a product of BMB Compuscience.

NEECOPROUDLY

ANNOUNCES

.DATASOURCE 1

"A full featured Database Manager for the Commodore 8032"

Never before has a true Database been available for Commodore Computers. DATASOURCE 1 contains databasecapabilities you would not expect on a microcomputer system. Capabilities like selective search by any sub-field or fieldwithin a record, mathematic manipulation, up to 120 fields per screen display, and much much more! DATASOURCE l's

major feature is total usability! DATASOURCE was designed for use by you! • ■ ©* m^^^'

MAJOR FEATURES INCLUDE:

• SCREEN ORIENTED • SELECTIVE OR SEQUENTIALSEARCHES • UP TO 120 SORT ABLE DISPLAY FIELDS • UP TO 2DISPLAY SCREENS OF DATA PER RECORD • HUNT FUNCTION(find characters in any record) • POWERFUL MATHEMATICALMANIPULATION • SUPPORT PROGRAMS INCLUDE: FILE OR EDITSCREEN RECORD, POWERFUL SORT/MERGE, DIRECTORYMANAGER, EXTENDED OUTPUT REPORT GENERATOR. FULLCOMPATIBILITY WITH WORDPRO 4'" PLUS FILES, AND MUCH,' .yVMUCH MOREI EMINENTLY USABLE BY NOVICE USERS

*2

;H>

AJOR USES INCLUDE:

MAILING LISTMANAGEMENT • QUERY/CALLINFORMATION • A/R AGINGMANAGEMENT • CASH FLOWFORECASTS • FILE MANAGEMENT • ANYPROJECT/PROBLEM THAT REQUIRESINVENTORY DATA OR FILEMANIPULATION!

<$<*

$495

Circle 145 on inquiry card

1 'Requires DOS 2.0 or DOS 2.5

AVAILABLE TO DEALERS FROM MICROAMERICADEALER TOLL FREE: 1-800-343-4411

WordPro 4 Plus is a registered trademark of Professional Software Inc.

NEECO

679 HIGHLAND AVE.NEEDHAM, MA 02194

NEW ENGLAND ELECTRONICS CO., INC.

"NEW ENGLAND'S Largest

Computer Showroom"

(617) 449-1760

MASTEHCHARGE OR VISA ACCEPTED

TELEX NUMBER 951021, NEECO

MON-FRI, 9:00-5:30, E.S.T.

NEECO

PROUDLY

INTRODUCES

altoSCOMPUTERS

BBS

ALTOS ACS 8000-5

• Dual 8" floppy disks

• Megabyte storage. 64K RAM

• Totally expandableto Hard Disk (29MB)and Multi-User

$5990

ALTOS OFFERS OUR USERSTOTAL SYSTEM CAPABILITIESAND FLEXIBILITY.. .

• Z80 based • CP/M • Multi-User

• Hard Disk • Seven languages

• MP/M • NEECO system support

• Full Word Processing

'ALTOS Computers offer you SystemFlexibility and Reliability"

CONTACT NEECO FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ONHOW ALTOS CAN BECOME YOUR COMPUTER SOLUTION

Altos computers range in price from less than $3000 to over $14,000. Altos Computer Systems' capabilitiesrange from single disk-single user to 29 Megabytes-Multi-User.

ALTOS computers are distributed to Dealers/OEMs in the N.E. Region by MICROAMERICA

ggragngiE

Trial Tested Osborne Business Packages on the Superbrain• Accounts Receivable $250.00 Complete 4 ModuleQ/%PT\A/AQP • General Ledger «250.00 Package $795

WW" I WAnC • Accounts Payable ^250.00 MicrosoftBASIC

(Business Packages written in MicrosoftBASIC) • Payroll Package s250.00 $325

UPERBRAIN

32K RAM $279564K RAM $2995FORTRAN $ 450

| "The Superbrain is ideal for use as an intelligentterminal or stand alone microcomputer system forOEM's, commercial customers, and other •

sophisticated computer users."

SPECIAL OFFER!

Purchase a 64K Superbrainat $2995 and will includeMBASIC5 for only $250!(regularly $350)

SPECIAL OFFER! - Purchasea Centronics 704-9 (RS232,180 CPS, retail $2380) printerand a 64K Superbrain togetherfor only $4595 - cash price only.

Two 5.25" Shugart Minifloppies with over

300 K (CP/M Version 2.2 or later) Disk Storage.|

Integrated in a single compact housing.

CP/M operating System with MBASIC5 andother interpreters/compilers available.

32K or 64K RAM models available.

2 I/O Ports - one fully enabled RS232port for communications. Other port forRS232 serial printer output.

Too many software packages are nowavailable to list them here.

OEM/DEALER INQUIRIES

All pricing and specifications are subject to change.)

1

NEECO

Mon-Fri 9:30-5:30MasterCharge &679 Highland Ave. Visa AcceptedNeedham, MA (617)449-1760Telex: 951021

02194

ISUPE3BRAJN

|The Honor Graduate

MICEOAMERICA DISTRIBUTING!

"Nationwide distributors of Computer Equipment"

21 Putnam Street

Needham, MA „_

02194 (617)449-43101

Circle 147 for NEECO

Circle 148 for Mlcroamerlca

BYTE December 1980

221

The User's Column

BASIC, Computer Languages,and Computer Adventures

Jerry Pournellec/o BYTE Publications

70 Main StPeterborough NH 03458

It's a typical Sunday afternoon here at Chaos Manor.In one room a dozen kids are playing games on the RadioShack TRS-80, while here in the office I've been playingabout with the C programming language after adding acheck-writer to my accounting programs. My wife, theonly practical member of the family, gently reminds meof my deadlines: galley proofs of a new novel, KingDavid's Spaceship (Simon and Schuster); two chapters ofthe latest Niven/Pournelle collaboration, Oath of Fealty(Simon and Schuster, Real Soon Now); plus three col-umns; a speech to a librarians' convention; and inputs fora NASA study on America's fifty-year space plan. Somebusiness people worry about cash flow; for authors it'swork flow—work comes in bunches, like bananas, andsometimes it seems everything has to be done at once.

So, since it's what we've been doing here lately, I'll talkabout computer games and programming languages; adisparate set of topics, but not quite as unconnected asthey might seem at first glance.

Languages

One of the biggest unsolved problems in the microcom-puter field is languages: which ones are going to be stan-dard? Everyone learns BASIC, of course, because itcomes with the machine, and it's a very easy language tolearn. Pretty soon, though, you come to the limits of theBASIC supplied with the computer; and then what?

A few years ago there wasn't a lot of choice. You couldbuy FORTRAN, and perhaps COBOL; you could learnassembler; but then you were stuck. Moreover, theredidn't seem to be any obvious advantages to FORTRANand COBOL, both of which were not only hard to learn,but also difficult to connect up with the computer. Mostof the books on those languages were written with bigmainframe machines in mind, and the documentation forthe small-system versions was, to put it kindly, ratherskimpy. Moreover, the user manuals were filled withmysterious references to "logical devices" and other suchnonsense, while giving almost no clear examples of howto get programs running on a home computer.

The result was a great expansion of BASICs. What wasonce a simple teaching language, designed largely to let

new users become familiar with the way computersthink, became studded with features. Every time youturned around there was a new BASIC interpreter, eachone larger than the last, and almost none of them com-patible with each other. Whatever portability BASIC hadenjoyed vanished in a myriad of disk operations, func-tions, WHILE statements, new input formats, etc, etc,and, at the same time, the "free" memory left over afterloading BASIC got so small that you couldn't handlemuch data.

The logical end of that process is Microsoft's newestBASIC-80. Understand, it's an excellent BASIC. It hasfeatures that, not long ago, the most advanced languagesdidn't have. It's well documented—at least the commandsand functions, which are listed alphabetically, are clearlydescribed. The general information section could be ex-panded with profit—at present it's written for users whoare already more or less familiar with how BASIC oper-ates. There are elaborate procedures for error trapping,and they all work. The editor has been improved. Thereare procedures (not very well documented) for linking inassembly-language subroutines. You can use long vari-able names, such as "Personal.data.1" and"Personal.data.2", and be certain the program will knowthey are different variables.

In other words, there's a lot going for it; but it takes up24 K bytes of memory, and it's still BASIC. If you wantto understand your program six weeks after you write it,you'll have to put in a lot of REMark statements, everyone of which takes up memory space. As with allBASICs, you have to sweat blood to write well-struc-tured code (and if you don't bother, that will come backto haunt you when you want to modify the program).And, like all BASICs, it is slow. Fairly simple sorts, evenwith efficient algorithms, take minutes; disk operationsare tedious.

I suspect that Microsoft BASIC-80 is the end of theline; they have carried BASIC about as far as it can go.They've done it very well, but they've also reached the in-herent limits of the language; and those limits may not beacceptable.

Of course most programmers have always known that

222 December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Microcomputer NetworkingFrom Digital Research

CP/NET™ brings CP/M® based networking to the microcomputer world.

CP/M MP/M CP/M

CP/M CP/M / \

DISKS PRINTER

Now you can use CP/M, Digital Research's "industrystandard" operating system, in a network environment. Inconjunction with MP/M"*, our high-powered multi-user ■system, a variety of CP/NET configurations allow you toshare your valuable resources among a number of mastersrunning MP/M, and slaves running CP/M or MP/M.

■ Share and transfer disk files

■ Share printers and consoles

■ Share programs and data bases

As with all Digital Research products, CP/NET is compatiblewith a large variety of computer hardware, allowing anetwork to be constructed with any combination of sharedmemory, parallel I/O or serial links with any protocol.

For the office or the classroom, as well as the applicationdevelopment environment, contact Digital Research or yourhardware supplier to find out how CP/NET can enhanceyour system's flexibility and convenience.

10) DJGlTflL RESEARCH8

U. S. A.

DIGITAL RESEARCH

P.O. Box 579801 Lighthouse AvenuePacific Grove; CA 93950408-649-3896 TWX 910 360 5001

EUROPE

VECTOR INTERNATIONAL

Research Park

B-3030 Leuven

Belgium

32 (16) 20-24-96 Telex 26202 VECTOR

FAR EASTMICROSOFTWARE ASSOCIATES

102 Plasada

3-16-14 Minami Aoyama

Minato-ku

Tokyo 107, Japan

03-403-2120 Telex 2426875 MSA

Circle 149 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980

223

even the best BASIC interpreter wasn't good enough; thatif you add enough features to make the language useful,you'll end up with a very slow monster that takes up fartoo much memory, and that even if you could toleratethose limits, the language itself forces sloppy thinkingand inelegant code. However, knowing the problemdidn't make the solution obvious; indeed, it's not obviousyet. We can recognize the limits to BASIC and still notagree on what to do about it.

There seem to be two fundamental paths. One is tostart over: to relegate BASIC to its original function as ateaching language, and switch to some other language forserious programming. Many took this path, and cameout with microcomputer versions of such languages as C,APL, ALGOL, LISP, FORTH, STOIC, and Pascal.

The other way is to compile BASIC. One of the firstcompiled BASICs, BASIC E, is in the public domain; Iobtained a fairly decent version with (barely) adequatedocumentation from the CP/M User's Group severalyears ago. Then Software Systems brought out an im-proved BASIC E called CBASIC. It is easy to use andfeatures really excellent documentation, some of the bestI've ever seen. It has decent file structures; you are notlimited to either sequential or random-access disk files,but may use sequential operations on random-accessfiles.

There are irritants in CBASIC, particularly with regardto line-printer operations. CBASIC has only the PRINTand PRINT USING commands; there is no LPRINT. Toget hard copy, you must execute a LINEPRINTER state-ment, then one or more PRINT statements, then do aCONSOLE statement to have the copy sent to the ter-minal. Every time you do the CONSOLE statement, theprint buffer empties, and you can get unwanted stuffprinted on your hard copy; worse, you can also get un-wanted line feeds, making it tough to format hard copy(although'CBASIC does allow you to output charactersthrough a port so that, if you are clever enough, you cancontrol the line printer directly; you could even make aCBASIC program drive a Diablo for reverse printing ifyou wanted to spend the time writing that program).Another needless limitation is that CBASIC allows amaximum carriage width of 133 characters, although a12-character-per-inch printer can print lines 158characters long.

Irritants or no, CBASIC is both well designed andwell documented. It has WHILE; IF-THEN-ELSE (withchaining); long variable names; and logical operations (IFTAX >0 AND PRICE < MAXIMUM.ACCEPTABLETHEN GOSUB 234 ELSE PRINT "NO GOOD" is aperfectly valid CBASIC expression). It has the CASE(Switch or ON-GOTO) statement.

And it saves memory by compiling. To use CBASIC,one creates a program with any editor that makes ASCII(American Standard Code for Information Interchange)files (Electric-Pencil-created programs have to be putthrough a converter), then turns the CBASIC compilerloose on it. What comes out isn't true compilation; thecompiler strips out remarks and needless line numbers,and compacts the remainder into an INT (intermediate)file; when you want to run the program, you must load ina 10 K-byte run-time package. The INT file is still inter-preted; it is not a machine-language program. You can,though, include scads of remarks, put each statement on

a separate line, leave lots of blank space, put in rows ofasterisks, indent whole sections of the program, and thusvastly increase program readability without using upmemory space. A CBASIC program can be written forlegibility.

But it's still BASIC. Because a program can bereasonably well structured and self-documenting doesn'tmean that it will be; BASIC makes it easy to write incom-prehensible code and difficult not to. And CBASIC isvery slow, no faster than Microsoft BASIC-80 and oftenslower.

There's another limit. It's very hard to write long pro-grams in CBASIC. This problem is inherent in any com-piled language—whether true compilation to machinecode, or pseudocompiling to an INT file. For example,assume that I want to add a small feature to my account-ing package (which I did in fact write in CBASIC twoyears ago). I load the source program into the text editor.I add the feature and hook it into the program; since I dosweat blood to write structured code, that's fairly easy.Now I must save the altered source and put it through thecompiler. Since it's a long program, the compilation takesmany minutes—and toward the end, I get a SYNTAXERROR message. I've put a comma where it wants asemicolon.

Now I have to load the editor, read in the source, makethe change, save, and recompile. Presuming that this timeit goes without error, I may have used up half an hourjust to change"," to ";"—and I still have no test of theprogram's logic. If I now test for logic and it's not right,well, I have to start all over again, hoping that this time Idon't manage a new syntax error....

Thus, you can use up a whole afternoon adding some-thing quite simple to a big program. There must be a bet-ter way. Why can't someone come up with a languagethat runs interpretively like normal BASIC, letting youcorrect both syntax and logic errors while in an interac-tive mode; and then allow you to compile the result?While we're at it, let's wish for the compiled program tobe in true machine language, code that could be put intoread-only memory, and, moreover, code that would befast.

That's the route that Microsoft took. Their BASCOMcompiler works just that way with their BASIC-80. It willalso compile Microsoft BASIC 4.5, and, with con-siderable modifications to syntax, programs written inboth CBASIC and BASIC E. Moreover, it's a very power-ful compiler. It implements almost all the features ofBASIC-80, including WHILE, IF-THEN-ELSE, CASE,logicals, and string operations, etc. It sounds like theanswer to a prayer.

Of course there are problems. Random-access diskoperations are unbelievably messy, and worse, arandom-access file cannot be accessed sequentially.There's considerable overhead burden. For example, thisprogram:

10 PRINT "Hello"20 END

required 9 K bytes when compiled into a CP/M COMfile; there's obviously a big run-time package built intoBASCOM. Worse, present Microsoft user contracts re-quire that anyone marketing a program compiled by

224 December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

SIRIUS80+

High Performance

Low cost Floppy Add-ons!

The SIRIUS SYSTEMS 80+ Series of FloppyDisk add-ons are designed to provide un-matched versatility and performance for yourTRS-80-. Consisting of four different add-ons, there is a 80+ Series Floppy Disk Drive tomeet your needs.

COMMON CHARACTERISTICS

■ 5ms track-to-track access time

■ Auto-Ejectm 180 day WARRANTY

■ Exceptional speed stability -1112%

■ Single!Double Density operationm Mix any or all 80+ Series on the SS

Standard cable

SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICSThe SIRIUS 80+1 -a single sided, 40 trackDrive. Offering 5 more tracks than the RadioShack model, it cost $120 less. Formatteddata storage is 102K/204K Bytes Single/Double Density.

SIRIUS 80+1 $379.95

The SIRIUS 80+2 is a dual sided. 80 track (40per side) Disk Drive. It appears to the TRS-80-as TWO 40 track drives yet COST LESS THANHALF THE PRICEI Even greater savings resultsince data is recorded on both sides of themedia instead of only a single side. This unitmay require the SS Standard cable. Formatteddata storage is 204K/408K Bytes Single/DoubleDensity.

SIRIUS 80+2 $449.95

The SIRIUS 80+3 - a single sided, 80 trackDrive. Offering 2'A times the storage of astandard Radio Shack Disk Drive, the 80+3greatly reduces the need for diskettes corre-spondingly. Additionally, because of the In-creased storage and faster track-to-trackaccess time, the 80+3 allows tremendouslyincreased throughput for disk based uro-

grams! The 80+3 includes SIRIUS's TRAKS-PATCH on diskette (for use with 96 tpi drives).Formatted data storage is 204K/408K BytesSingle/Double Density.SIRIUS 80+3 $499.95

The SIRIUS 80+4 -a dual sided, 160 track (80per side) 5'/<" monster! The ultimate in state-of-the-art 5V4" Floppy Disk Technology, the80+4 is seen by the TRS-80* as two singlesided disk drives. Thus, in terms of capacity,one 80+4 is equivalent to 4% standard RadioShack drives — at a savings of over 73% (notto mention diskettes!!!). (With a double den-sity converter the available memory is huge!)The 80+4 (a 96 tpi drive) includes TRAKS-PATCH on diskette and may require the SSStandard cable. Formatted storage is 408K/816K Bytes Single/Double Density^SIRIUS 80+4 $649.95

All 80+ Series Floppy Disk add-ons operate at5ms track-to-track but are Expansion Interfacelimited to 12ms for the TRS-80*'TRS-80© ol Tandy Corp.

ACCESSORIES

SS Standard 2 Drive Cable $29.95

NEWDOS/80-Sophistlcated Operating Systemfor the TRS-80- fromApparat $149.95

Save up to 10% with these SIRIUS Packages!

NEWDOS/80, SIRIUS 80+3, and Two Drive Cable ....NEWDOS/80, SIRIUS 80+4, and Two Drive Cable ....NEWDOS/80, Two (2) SIRIUS 80+3's, Two Drive CableNEWDOS/80, Two (2) SIRIUS 80+4's, Two Drive Cable

$624.95

$749.95

$1080.95

$1349.95

PRIAM

Hard DisksNow Availablefrom SIRIUSSYSTEMS!

PRIAM's high-performance, low-cost Winchester disc drives speed up throughput and expand data storagefrom 20 megabytes to 154 megabytes. And a single controller can be used to operate 14-inch-disc drives withcapacities of33,66, or 154 megabytes or floppy-disc-size drrves holding 20 and 34 megabytes. So if s easy tomove up in capacity, or reduce package size, without changing important system elements or performance.

I Fast. Unear Voice Coil PositioningI 10 mstrack-to-track positioningI fully sen/oed head positioningI Dedicated servo tracks

I DC Power required only!I Simple, parallel InterlaceI Optional SMD Interlace

I 50 ms Average Positioning timeI 90 ms Maximum Positioning TimeI 6.4 ms Average Latency

THE PRIAM LINEUP

Size

x 17" x 20"x 17" x 20"x 17" x 20"! 8.55" x 14.25": 8.55" x 14.25"

Modal/Disc Size Capacity

DISK0S 3350(14") 33Mbytes

DISKOS 6650(14") 66 Mbytes

DISKOS 15450 14" 154 Mbytes

DISKOS 2050 8") 20 Mbytes

DISKOS 3450 ( 8") 34 Mbytes

DISKOS 1070 10.6 Mbytes floppy-size

All PRIAM DISKOS Drives have a Transfer Rate of 1.03 Mbytes/Sec.

Optional SMD interlace available lor SI 50.

7"

7"

7"

4.62" i

4.62" ;

Weight

33 lbs.33 lbs.33 lbs.20 lbs.20 lbs.(Idw)

Price$2995$3749$4695S2995$3745$2195

SIRIUS SYTEMS offer cases and enclosures for all PRIAM Hard Disk Drives. All 14" WinchesterDrives will mount in our 14" Standard Case. The 8" Winchesters have two alternatives: a singledrive case and a dual drive case. All SIRIUS SYSTEMS Winchester drive cases include PowerSupply, internal cabling, switches, fan, extra AC outlet (not switched, but fused) and possess veryadequate ventilation. Drive addressing is done on the rear of the Case and not on the drive itesellto provide ease of use during operation. All WINCHESTER DRIVE Cases are Warranted for a fullyear and come in our standard blue-black color scheme. Consult us for current availability andpricing.

introducing the versatile, Low-CostOMEGA Series Controller

As new technological advances bring down thecost of fast, reliable mass data storage, the needfor an inexpensive, versatile controller have be-come greater and greater. To meet this need,SIRIUS SYSTEMS- OMEGA Series Controllerwas designed.

The SIRIUS OMEGA Series Controller Moduleutilizes an on-board microprocessor tomediate data transfer to a wide variety ofperipherals from an equally wide variety of hostcomputer systems. Up to four Winchester HardDisks (8" or 14"), four 5V»" Floppy Disks Drivesand/or up to eight 8" Floppy Disk Drives may bein use at one time. Host systems interfacingis accomplished via a parallel or a serial inter-face. With the additon of a Personality module.the OMEGA Series Controller Module is directlycompatible with many popular com-puter systems (among them the TRS-80-,Apple, Heath, and others). Provision is made forthe addition of a streaming tape drive, also.

SPECIFIC HARDWAREFEATURES INCLUDE:

■ Control ol up to twelve Floppy Disk Drives(eight 8" andlor lour 5V»")

• 8 " andlor 5Vi" Disk Drive Utilization

• Single (FM) or Double (MFM) density datastorage

• Hard or Soft sectored diskette usage

• Utilization ol "Quad" density (96 tpi) 8" or5V<" Disk Drives

M Control ol up to lour WINCHESTER typePRIAM DISKOS Disk Drives

• 8" or 14" may intermix on thesamecable

• Accommodates 8" andlor 14" drives ol5.3Mbytes to 1S4Mbytes

• Ultra-Fast data transfers

■ Extremely llexible host-controller interlacing

SPECIFIC SOFTWAREFEATURES INCLUDE:

■ Dynamic format modifications via commandwords

■ Extremely flexible format acceptance for un-usual data storage formats

■ Easily interfaces to standard operating sys-tems (TRS-DOS-.CP/M* .etc)

■ Operates in either get/put sector mode ordata string mode

■ Performance parameters may be changed byEPR0M replacement or Dynaminic Repro-gramming

CP/M& of Digital Research

Dedicated systems cards are also available on alimited basis for the STD-BUS and the S 100.These cards feature shared memory also (again,software selectable) in addition to the regularOMEGA Series Controller Module features. Con-sult SIRIUS SYTEMS tor current price andavailability for the entire line of OMEGA SeriesMemory Units and Controllers. Dealer Inquir-ies are Invited.

What tforth Is - and what It has to offer you!

TFORTH is a unique growth programming language for the TRS-80® that combines the bestfeatures of an interpreter and a compiler all in one functional easy-to-use package. TFORTH cannot besimply compared with Fortran, BASIC or PASCAL. This high speed, high level modular code offersthe speed found in many FORTRAN compilers yet retains the on-line conviences found in BASICINTERPRETERS by flagging Input errors as they occur llne-by-llne. Unlike PASCAL, TFORTH needsno "run-time" package for support. Serving as an operating system, compiler, assembler, Inter-preter, virtual memory manager, all In one: TFORTH makes easy, efficient- structured re-entrantprograms a natural consequence.

The key to TFORTH's flexibility and ease of use lies in Its use of a stack for parameters and a uniquedictionary for WORDS. These WORDS are stated in terms of other WORDS already defined in thedictionary. It is this rich set of WORDS that provides DO LOOPS, IF-THEN-ELSE statements,BEGIN-END statements, virtual memory, any number base (to base 32) for Input or output, a macroassembler, re-entrant code, multithread dictionary, line editor, excellent math package (16 bitintegers, double precision floating point, SIN, COS, TAN, EXP and LOG) and it runs under eitherTRSDOS* or NEWDOS. Assembler inherently nests with high level in an easy fashion. Complicateddrivers for new devices take only a few lines of TFORTH which saves both memory and disk space!

TFORTH is a procedural language speclflng a process rather than a desired result. The ability tohave the language grow In the direction the user desires is excellent for novel applications. New datatypes and new processes can become part of the language. Due to the modular constructions, a verycompact code is produced which executes at exceptionally high speeds between machine code andmachine code plus 20% typical overhead speeds. Memory requirements can be "less" thanassembler coding or other high level languages.

TFORTH comes complete for the TRS-80" with as little as 16K of memory and a single Disk Driveusing either TRS-DOS* or NEWDOS. It provided on diskettes and an optional Math and Utilitiespackage is available.

Through TFORTH an excellent way to develop new languages, provide simple control of device(including videomonitors, A/D and D/A converters and burglar alarms) and to implement tasksrequiring monitoring and decision is offered. Many WORDS to handle peripherals are part of basicTFORTH and others may be added easily. Often, substantial hardware development can be eliminatedby using TFORTH to do the major digital or reduction of data.

For many applications a minimal task may be written in high level (or mixture of assembler and highlevel) code: loaded, assembled and prior to execution may be written to the disk as a ready to executemachine code/EXE module with the DOS.

TFORTH (on diskette - specify for Standard or 96 tpi Disk Drives) $129.95

TFORTH with the addition of TRAKS-PATCH (a powerful combination!) $136.95

STATE-OF-THE-ART DISK DRIVES

QUME DataTrakS

8" Disk Drive

DOUBLE SIDEDI

DOUBLE DENSITY!

High performance Double Sided Disk 8" DiskDrive ■ Single or Double Density ■ Door Lockand Write Protect INCLUDED! ■ Negative DCVoltage not required ■ Low Power Operation

■ FAST! 3ms track-to-track access

■ Low friction and minimum wear

■ Superior Head Load Dynamics

OUMEDataTrakS $574.95

(2/S549 ea)

QUME Technical Manual $6.95

Connector Set #3 (AC, DC, & Card Edge)

$10.95

Connector Set #4 (AC and DC) $2.95

MPI51/52 & 91/92

5%" Disk Drives

SIRIUSSYSTEMS

7528 Oak Ridge HighwayKnoxville, Tennessee 37921

TO ORDER CALL (615) 693-6583

Phone Orders Accepted 9AM-7PM (EST) Mon-Fri

We accept MC, VISA, AE, COD (requires Certified Check, Cashier's Checkor Cash) and Checks (personal checks require 14 days to clear). SHIPPINGAND HANDLING: $7.00 per Floppy Disk Drive or 80+ Module ■ 5% for otheritems (any excess will be refunded) ■ Foreign Orders add 10% for Shipping& Handling. Payment in U.S. currency ■ Tennessee residents add 6% SalesTax ■ VOLUME DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE

■ Fast! 5ms track-to-track access

■ Exclusive Pulley-Band Design

■ Unique DoorlEjector Mechanismm Reliable 1112% Speed Stability

■ Single/Double Density Operationm Industry/ANSI Standard Interface

MPI 51 (Single Head/40 tracks)125K/250K Bytes Single/Double Density* •

$259.95

MPI52 (Dual Head/80 tracks (40/slde))250K/500K Bytes Single/Double Density

$349.95

MPI 91 (Single Head/80 tracks)250K/500K Bytes Single/Double Density

$399.95MPI 92 (Dual Head/160 tracks (80/side))'500K/1000K Bytes Single/Double Density"

$524.95

MPI Technical Manual $6.95

* "Unformatted data storage

Circle 150 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980

225

BASCOM pay a stiff 9% royalty to Microsoft on everycopy soldi Since this is about equal to the profit marginof many software houses, it's understandable that there'sbeen no great rush to sell programs employingBASCOM.

But let's assume much of this is fixed. Microsoft has agood reputation for responding to customer suggestions.As an example, at the West Coast Computer Faire I spoketo the Microsoft representatives about the lack of a FILESstatement (a means of finding out the file names presenton disk) in BASCOM; BASIC-80 supported FILES,.butnot the compiler. Two weeks later I received an updatedversion of BASCOM—and lo!—the FILES statement hadbeen implemented, along with several features otherusers had suggested.

At the National Computer Conference, Microsoft re-presentatives said they were "rethinking" their contractpolicy and would probably change it; that change mayhave been implemented by the time you read this. I havealso mentioned to them the desirability of allowing se-quential access to random files, and they've promised tolook into that. It's not unreasonable to assume they'lltighten up the overhead-code problem. Thus, as I said,let's assume that the major problems of BASCOM arefixed. What will we have?

First, the combination of BASIC-80 and BASCOM issuperb for quick and dirty jobs and for those littlespecial-purpose programs that aren't going to be run veryoften (possibly only once). For example, I recentlywanted to reformat some financial data files. The pro-gram had to go open the file, read the data, make acouple of changes, and write the information out in a newformat. The only problem was that I also wanted to sortthe data before putting it back out, and this had to bedone for a lot of files. Doing it with interpretive BASICwould take hours and hours; while writing even thatsimple a program in Z80 assembler would, at best, use upan afternoon, and might take a lot longer.

The solution was to write it in BASIC-80, test syntaxand logic while in interpretive mode, and compile withBASCOM. That took an hour. In another hour, I hadreformatted about one hundred files. BASCOM is fast,blindingly fast; sorts that take 3.5 minutes in CBASIC aredone by BASCOM (using the same algorithm) in under20 seconds.

In other words, the combination of BASIC-80 andBASCOM has a lot going for it. If I'd written this reviewa year ago, I'd have concluded that BASIC-80/BASCOMwas what the world has been waiting for, and spent therest of the review suggesting incremental improvementsto make it even better.

Now I'm not so sure.

The problem is that when all the improvements aredone; when all the bugs (if any; I've found none in thelatest versions of BASCOM) are eliminated; when all thenew features are added; when the code is tightened; whenthe disk operations are simplified—when all that's done,it's still BASIC.

And there are many who believe BASIC is a dead end;that the inherent limits to the language are just too severefor it ever to be acceptable; that incremental im-provements actually harm rather than help the field,because they encourage newcomers to stick with BASICinstead of learning something better. My mad friend isconvinced of that. So are a number of my associates.

"But," I protested to my mad friend, "I'm interested inusing computers. I don't care about elegance. What Iwant is something that lets me get the jobs done quickly,and BASIC-80/BASCOM does that...."

"But at a stiff price. How many times have you had tostart over with a program because it just wasn't worth theeffort to improve one of those BASIC routines? BASICdoesn't let you build software tools. It's like PidginEnglish—you can manage to buy dinner and sell coprawith Pidgin, but you'll never write Hamlet. Or theDeclaration of Independence, or even good laws...."

And the argument starts over and goes on until we gethungry, and, at the bottom line, it's all a matter of opin-ion; and since my space is limited, I'll drop it for the mo-ment. Just now the bottom line is that BASIC-80 andBASCOM work, and, if you're willing to accept the in-herent limits of BASIC, they're quite splendid; but thoselimits are severe.

Looking Elsewhere

What, then, are the microcomputer user's best alter-natives to BASIC? Once again, let me be honest: these areopinions. They're opinions based on considerable userexperience, but they're opinions still; and I have foundthat every known language has passionate supporters, soI am bound to make someone unhappy.

The earliest alternatives to BASIC were FORTRANand COBOL. These, in my judgment, are languageswhose time has long passed. They have little to recom-mend them, because they have nearly all the limits ofcompiled BASIC without the advantage of letting youprogram in the interpretive mode before compiling. I'vehad both for years, and after an initial flurry of en-thusiasm for FORTRAN (I never cared at all for COBOL,which may be all right for very large systems, but is plaincrippled on microcomputers) they went on the shelf andhaven't come off it. Neither FORTRAN nor COBOL letsyou write structured code. True, FORTRAN with RAT-FOR (excellently described in Kernigan and Plauger'sbook Software Tools, Addison-Wesley, 1976) overcomessome of the limits; but to use RATFOR requires anothercompilation stage, so that it can take over an hour to findand correct a trivial error in a fairly simple program. TheSoftware Tools approach to programming is excellent,and I strongly recommend the book; but in my judgmentthe deficiencies of FORTRAN with RATFOR are simplyoverwhelming, and I cannot recommend using them.

Then there's Pascal, which very well may be the waveof the future. Pascal began unfortunately: the first wide-spread implementation of Pascal for microcomputers wasfrom the University of California, San Diego, and it justdidn't work for most users. The hooks into the diskoperating system were clumsy, and it was very slow.

Then came some other versions of Pascal, and they toohad horrible problems; you had to be really sophisticatedto use them. Bugs appeared, and, unless you knew anawful lot, you couldn't tell whether you'd made a pro-gram error or the compiler was at fault. Implementingearly Pascals required a constant and fairly complexdialogue between user and publisher.

As a result, a lot of us lost interest in Pascal. Thelanguage looked great in theory, but if you couldn't runit, that hardly mattered.

There are now a lot of Pascals; Pascal for the Apple,Pascal for the TRS-80, Pascal for CP/M; Pascal that

226 December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Start learning and computing for only $129.95 w^n a Netronics 8085-basedcomputer kit. Then expand it in low-cost steps to a business/development systemwith 64k or more RAM, 8" floppy disk drives, hard disks and multi- terminal I/O.

THE NEW EXPLORER/85 SYSTEM

Special! FuIJ 8" floppy, 64k system for less than the price of a mini! Only $1499.95!

(Also available wired & tested. $1799.95)

Imagine — for only $129.95 you can own the startinglevel of Explorer/85, a computer that's expandable intofull business/development capabilities — a computerthat can be your beginner system, an OEM controller,or an IBM-formatled 8" disk small business system.From the first day you own Explorer/85, you begincomputing on a significant level, and applying princi-ples discussed in leading computer magazines. Ex-plorer/85 features the advanced Intel 8085 cpu, whichis 100% compatible with the older 8080A. It offers on-board S-100 bus expansion, Microsoft BASIC in ROM,plus instant conversion lo mass storage disk memorywith standard IBM-formatted 8" disks. All for only$129.95, plus the cost of power supply, keyboard/terminal and RF modulator if you don*t have them (seeour remarkable prices below for these and other, ac-cessories), With a Hex Keypad/display front panel,Level "A" can be programmed with no need for a ter-minal, ideal for a controller, OEM, or a real low-cost

Full 8" disk system for less than the price of a mini (shown withNctronics Exp/ornr/85 computer and new terminal). System featuresfloppy drive from Control Data Corp.. world's largest maker ofmemory storage systems (not a hobby brand!)

Level "A" is acomplete operatingsystem, perfect for'beginners, hobbyists,industrial controlleruse. $129.95

LEVEL "A" SPECIFICATIONS

Explorer/85's Level "A" system features the advancedIntel 8085 cpu. an 8355 ROM with 2k deluxe monitor/operating system, and an advanced 8155 RAM I/O . . .all on a single motherboard with room for RAM/ROM/PROM/EPROM and S-100 expansion, plus generousprototyping space.

PC Board: Glass epoxy, plated through holes withsolder mask. • I/O: Provisions for 25-pin (DB25) con-nector for terminal serial I/O, which can also support apaper tape reader . . . cassette tape recorder input andoutput . .. cassette tape control output . . . LED outputindicator on SOD (serial output) line .. . printer inter-face (less drivers) , . . total of four 8-bit plus one 6-bitI/O ports. ■ Crystal Frequency: 6.144 MHz. • ControlSwitches: Reset and user (RST 7.5) interrupt . , , addi-tional provisions for RST 5.5, 6.5 and TRAP interruptsonboard. • Counter/Timer Programmable, 14-bit bi-nary. • System RAM: 256 bytes located at F800. idealfor smaller systems and for use as an isolated stackarea in expanded systems . . . RAM expandable to 64Kvia S-100 bus or 4k on motherboard.

System Monitor (Terminal Version): 2k bytes ofdeluxe system monitor ROM located at F000. leavingftoffe free for user RAM/ROM. Features include tapeload with labeling . . . examine/change contents ofmemory. . . insert data .. . warm start.. . examine andchange all registers . . . single step with register displayat each break point, a debugging/training feature ... golo execution address . . . move blocks of memory fromone location lo another.. . fill blocks of memory with aconstant . . . display blocks of memory . , , automaticbaud rale selection lo 9600 baud .. . variable displayline length control (1-255 characters/line) . .. chan-nelized I/O monitor routine with 8-bit parallel outputfor high-speed prinler. . . serial console in and consoleoul channel so that monitor can communicate with I/Oports.

System Monitor (Hex Keypad/Display Version):Tape load with labeling . . . lape dump with labeling, . , examine/change conlents of memory . , . insert data. . . warm start . . . examine and change all registers . . .

=.-;-i_rf-^**-'"*^ Level "A"

With HexKeypad /Display.

single step with register display at each break point. . .go to execution address. Level "A" in this versionmakes a perfeel controller for industrial applications.and is programmed using the Nelronics Hex Keypad/Display. It is low cost, perfect for beginners.HEX KEYPAD/DISPLAY SPECIFICATIONSCalculator type keypad with 24 system-defined and 16user-defined keys. Six digit calculator-type display,that displays full address plus data as well as registerand status information.LEVEL "B" SPECIFICATIONSLevel "B" provides the S-100 signals plus buffers/drivers lo support up to six S-100 bus boards, and in-cludes: address decoding for onboard 4k RAM expan-sion selectable in 4k blocks . . . address decoding foronboard 8k EPROM expansion selectable in 8k blocks... address and data bus drivers for onboard expansion. . . wait slate generator (jumper selectable), lo allow theuse of slower memories . . . two separate 5 voll regula-tors.

LEVEL "C" SPECIFICATIONSLevel "C" expands Explorer/85's motherboard with acard cage, allowing you lo plug up lo six S-100 cardsdirectly inlo the motherboard. Both cage and card areneatly contained inside Explorer's deluxe steelcabinet. Level "C" includes a sheet metal superstruc-ture, a 5-card. gold plated S-100 exlension PC boardthat plugs inlo the molherboard. Just add requirednumber of S-100 conneclors.

LEVEL "D" SPECIFICATIONS

Level "D" provides 4k of RAM. power supply regula-tion, filtering decoupling components and sockets loexpand your Explorer/85 memory lo 4k (plus Ihe origi-

nal 256 bytes located in the 8155A). The static RAMcan be located anywhere from $$$ lo EFFF in 4kblocks.

LEVEL "E" SPECIFICATIONSLevel "E" adds sockets for 8k of EPROM to use thepopular Intel 2716 or the TI 2516. It includes all sockets,power supply regulator, heat sink, filtering and decou-pling components. Sockets may also be used for 2k x 8RAM IC's (allowing for up to 12k of onboard RAM).DISK DRIVE SPECIFICATIONS

• 8" CONTROL DATA CORP. • Datacapaciry: 401.016 bytesprofessional drive. (SD). 802.032 bytes (DD),

• LSI controller. unformatted.

• Write prolect. • Access time: 25ms (one

• Single or double density. track).

DISK CONTROLLER/ I/O BOARDSPECIFICATIONS

• Controls up to four 8" drives. • 2716PROMsocket included

• 1771A LSI (SD) floppy disk for use in customcontroller. applications.

• Onboard data separator • Onboard crystal controlled.(IBM compatible). • Onboard I/O baud rale

• 2 Serial I/O ports generators to 9600 baud.

• Autoboot to disk system • Double-sided PC boardwhen system reset. (glass epoxy.)

DISK DRIVE CABINET/POWER SUPPLY

• Deluxe steel cabinet with individual power supply for max-imum reliability and stability.

ORDER A COORDINATEDEXPLORER/85 APPLICATIONSPAR!

Beginner's Pak (Save $26.00!)— Buy Level "A" (Ter-minal Version) with Monitor Source Listing and AP-15-amp Power Supply: (regular price $199.95), now atSPECIAL PRICE: $169.95 plus post. & insur.Experimenter's Pak II (Save $53.40!) — Buy Level"A" (Hex Keypad/Display Version) with HexKeypad/Display. Intel 8085 User Manual, Level "A"Hex Monitor Source Listing, and AP-1 5-amp PowerSupply: (regular price $279.35), all at SPECIALPRICE: $219.95 plus post. & insur.Special Microsoft BASIC Pak (Save $103.00!) — In-cludes Level "A" (Terminal Version), Level "B".Level "D" (4k RAM), Level "E", 8k Microsoft inROM, Intel 8085 User Manual, Level "A" MonitorSource Listing, and AP-1 5-amp Power Supply: (regu-lar price $439.70), now yours at SPECIAL PRICE:$329.95 plus post. & insur.

ADD A TERMINAL WITH CABINET,GET A FREE RF MODULATOR: Saveover $114 at this SPECIAL PRICE: $499.95plus posl. & insur.Special 8" Disk Edition Explorer/85 (Save over $104!)— Includes disk-version Level "A", Level "B", twoS-100 connectors and brackets, disk controller, 64kRAM, AP-1 5-amp power supply, Explorer/85 deluxesteel cabinet, cabinet fan, 8" SD/DD disk drive fromfamous CONTROL DATA CORP. (nol a hobbybrand!), drive cabinet with power supply, and drivecable set-up for two drives. This package includeseverything but terminal and printers (see coupon forthem). Regular price $1630.30. all yours in kit atSPECIAL PRICE: $1499.95 plus post. & insur. Wiredand tested, only $1799.95.

Special! Complete Business Software Pak (Save$625.00!) — Includes CP/M Z.0, Microsoft BASIC.General Ledger. Accounts Receivable. AccountsPayable, Payroll Package: (regular price $1325). yoursnow at SPECIAL PRICE: $699.95.

Please send the items checked below:

□ Explorer/B5 Level "A"kll(Terminal Version). .. SI2fl.95plusS3 post. & insur.

□ Explorer/85 Level "A" ktl (Hex Keypad/Display Version). ..$129.95 plus $3 post. & insur.

□ 8k Microsoft BASIC on cassette tape. S64.95 postpaid.

□ 8k Microsoft BASIC In ROM kit (requires Levels "B". "D" and"E")... $99.95 plus $2 post. & insur.

D Level "B" (S-100) Ml... $49.95 plus $2 post. & insur.O Level "C" (S-100 6-card expander) kit $39.95 plus $2 post& insur.

□ Level "D" (4k RAM| Wl. . . $69.95 plus $2 post. & insur.

□ Level "E" (EPROM/ROM) Idl.. . S5.95 plus 50c pSh

□ Deluxe Steel Cabinet for Explorer/85 . . . S49.95 plus S3 posl.& insur.

a Fan For Cabinet . . . $15.00 plus SI.50 post. & insur.Q ASCII Keyboard/Computer terminal kit: features a full 128character set. u&l case: full cursor control; 75 ohm videooutput: convertible to baudol output: selectable hand rate.RS232-C or 20 ma. I/O. :J2 or 64 characler by 16 line formats,andean be usedwith either a CRT monitor or a TV sol (if youhave an RF modulator). . . $149.95 plus $3.00 post. & insur.

D DeLuxe Steel Cabinet for ASCII keyboard/terminal ...

S 19.95 plus $2.50 post. & insur.

□ New!Termlnal/Monltor:(S<!e photo) Same features as above.except 12" monitor with keyboard and terminal is in deluxesingle cabinet: kit... $399.95 plus $7 post. & insur.

□ Hazeltlne terminals: Our prices too low lo quote — CALL US

□ Lear-Slgler term!rials/printers: Our prices loo low to quote:

CALLUSD Hex Keypad/Display kit $69.95 plus $2 posl. & insur.

D AP-1 Power Supply Kit ±8V @ 5 amps) in deluxe steel cabinet

. .. $39.95 plus S2 post. & insur.D Gold Plated S-100 Bus Connectors. S4.B5 oach. postpaid.

□ RF Modulator kit (allows you to use your TV sftl as a monitor)

$8 95 Dostnald.

□ ilk RAM Cil (S-ioo board expands lo 64k)... $199.95 plus $2post. ft insur.

□ 32k RAM Idl . $299.95 plus $2 posl. ft insur.

□ 48k RAM kit $390.95 plus $2 posl. ft insur.D 64k RAM Idl.. . $490.95 plus S2 posl. ft insur.

D 16k RAM Expansion kit (to expand any or Iho above in 16kblocks up In 64k) . . . $99.95 plus $2 posl. Si insur. each.

U Intel 8085 cpu Users' Manual.. . $7.50postpaid.

D 12" Video Monllor (10MHz bandwidth) . . . $139.95 plus $5posl. ft insur.

D Beginner's Pak (see above] $169.95 plus $4 post. & insur.D Experimenter's Pak (see above) $219.95 plus $6 posl. ft

insur.D Special Mlcrosnll BASIC PakWithout lermlnai(soealiuve). ..

$329.95 plus S7 posl. ft insur.D Same as above plus ASCII Keyboard Terminal With Cabinet,

Get Free RF Modulator (see above)... $499.95 plus s in posl.

ft insur.D Special H" Disk Edition Explorcr/85 (son above)... $1499.95

plus $26 posl. ft insur.

□ Wired & Tested . . $1799.95 plus $26 post, ft insur.

□ Extra 8" CDC Floppy Drives... $499.95 plus $12 post. & insur.n Cabinet & Power Supply For Drive. $69.95 plus $:i post, ft

insur.

□ Drive Cable Set-up For Two Drives. $25 plus $1.50 post. &

insur.

D Disk Controller Board With 1(0 Ports $199.95 plus S2 post

ft insur.D Special: Complete Business Software Pak (sen above) ...

$699.98 post paii I.SOLD SEPARATELY:

D CP/M 1.4... $100 postpaid.

D CP/M2.0. . SIMpostpaid.

D Microsoft BASIC . $325 postpaid.D Intel 8085 cpu User Manual $7.50 postpaid.

□ Level "A" Monitor Source Listing. . $25 postpaid.

^m Continental U.S.A. Credit Card Buyers Outside Connecticut ^.

■ CALL TOLL FREE: 800-243-742R ^

To Order From Connecticut Or For Technical Bv^B Assistance, call (203) 354-B375 ™

Total Enclosed (Conn res. add sales lax) $

Paid By:

□ Personal Check □ Cashier's Check/Money Order

□ VISA □ Master Charge (Bank No . )

Acct. No. Exp. Dale

Signature

Print

Name

Address

City

Stale

13b

. Zip_

NETR0N1CS Research & Development Ltd.333 Litchfield Road, New Milford, CT 06776

Circle 151 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980

227

pseudocompiles to an INT file the way CBASIC does(Pascal users call the INT file "p-code"); Pascal that trulycompiles into machine language for 8080, Z80, 8086, etc.All these look good, and people I respect tell me they run;but since I haven't implemented any of them yet, I can'treport on them. I can say that Pascal has many enthusi-asts, and might well be the standard language of thefuture. Then there's Ada, a Pascal-like language heavilysupported by the DOD (Department of Defense), whichwill certainly be around for many years. If I were prepar-ing for a secure career in programming, I'd learn Pascalinstantly and keep very close tabs on the progress of Ada.

In the next couple of months, we're adding a Pascal ex-pert to the staff here, and I'll devote a whole column toPascal/Ada; for now, I must simply pass them over.

Pascal has enthusiasts. So does C, a programminglanguage developed at Bell Telephone Laboratories. Thebest (and indeed nearly the only) manual on C is Kern-ighan and Ritchie's, The C Programming Language(Prentice-Hall, 1978). This is an excellently written bookwhich anyone at all interested in the C language simplymust read. It succeeds in communicating a lot of enthusi-asm for C. There are lots of examples of real programsthat work. Kemighan, incidentally, is the same BrianKernighan who coauthored Software Tools.

C is nothing like BASIC. There are far fewer com-mands, for one thing. On the other hand, there are anumber of conventions. For example, the BASIC state-ments:

FOR I = 0 TO N - 1NEXT I

would appear in C as:

for ( i = 0; i < N; i++)

which looks complex, but is, with a bit of experience,quite readable. The i+ + means that i is first to be testedagainst N, then incremented; the expression could havebeen written with + +i, which would require that i be in-cremented before the test against N.

Despite (perhaps because of) the numerous time-savingconventions such as + -K, C can be learned by a BASICuser in a couple of weeks. Real facility requires practice;more practice than BASIC, precisely because there aremany fewer limits in C. Programming with elegance andstyle takes work—but in C such programs are possible,while BASIC simply won't let you write elegant code.

I have two C compilers for microcomputers. I'm toldthere's also an interactive tiny-c, which I have not seenrunning, but which is said to be a good teaching aid,although severely limited in capability. [Editor's note;See "A User's Look at Tiny-c," by Christopher O Kern,December 1979 BYTE, page 196....RSS]

Of my two C compilers, only one is suitable for thosenot already familiar with the C language. This is BDS C,available from Lifeboat Associates for $125. BDS Ccomes with a copy of Kernighan and Ritchie's book andquite extensive documentation on the BDS (BD Software)implementation.

The BDS compiler uses two passes. One might at firstthink that a disadvantage because of the time required,but in fact it is not: the first pass is done very fast, andchecks for trivial errors, such as missing semicolons,

comments improperly delimited, unmatched parenthesesand brackets (C loves brackets, braces, and parentheses),and the like. The second pass goes a bit slower but is stillmuch faster than the CBASIC compiler.

Like BASCOM, compiled C code must be put througha linker, and like Microsoft's, the BDS documentationtells you precisely how to do this. When it's all finished,you have a CP/M command file; and the resulting code isvery fast. I've not yet been able to benchmark BDS Cagainst a similar BASCOM program, because when youtranslate from BASIC to C you actually restructure theprogram; but I have two Othello games, one in C and theother compiled by BASCOM, and they seem to run atabout the same speed. The C program, however, is about8 K bytes compiled; the BASIC program, performing thesame searches and playing at the same level, compiled toover 20 K bytes. Other programs doing similar jobs alsorun in comparable times, and with about the same dif-ferences in program size.

Disk operations in BDS C are fairly simple if youunderstand CP/M, not so simple if you don't—andCP/M's documentation is so notoriously unclear thatyou'll have to work for a couple of days understandingCP/M before you can write decent disk I/O (input/out-put) operations for BDS C. It is worth sharpening upyour understanding of CP/M, though, because BDS Clets you do everything CP/M will: get the names andsizes of files currently on disk, make backups, renameand delete, etc, and it's no more difficult to understandthan the FIELD statements in Microsoft BASIC or thedreaded FORMAT statement in FORTRAN.

String operations in C are more difficult than inBASIC. Actually, they aren't; ie: it's possible to write, inC, all the string functions of BASIC (such as LEFTS, etc),then call them as needed; and once you have writtenthem, you can use them in any program that needs them—and leave them out if not wanted. And, in fact, that il-lustrates one of the fundamental differences betweenBASIC and C: the BASIC language provides a number offunctions which you must have present whether you needthem or not, and which must be used exactly the wayBASIC wants them used. C, on the other hand, allowsyou to leave out functions you don't want, and rewritethose you keep to suit your precise requirements.

There is, however, one very severe limit to BDS C: itdoes not support floating-point data types. One can usefloating-point variables, because BDS supplies a numberof functions that can be called to do floating-pointarithmetic; but the result is clumsy. If you want to learnthe C language, and write games, calendar programs, andalmost anything that doesn't involve crunching a lot ofnumbers, BDS C is highly recommended; however, itisn't suitable for writing an accounting or financialpackage.

The other C compiler for microcomputers is the White-smiths C Compiler, which is available from LifeboatAssociates for $630. This is a full implementation of thestandard C described by Kernighan and Ritchie, and ishighly regarded by many professionals who work withlarge machines like DEC's (Digital Equipment Corpora-tion) PDP-11. In fact, Whitesmiths C was written forlarge machines, and it is only an accident that it could bescaled down for microcomputers. The president ofWhitesmiths Ltd is P J Plauger, a fellow science fictionwriter, and more important, coauthor of Software Tools.

228 December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

AttentionComputer Buyers:

Olympic sales will meet or beat any competitor'sadvertised price as long as our competitor has thegoods on hand. Don't waste your money . . .buy from Olympic Sales and save on

Hewlett-Packard • Apple • Texas Instruments • Atari • Mattel • Ohio Scientific • Sony • RCAAnadex • Centronics • Seiko • Craig • Smith Corona • and many more.

¥An% HEWLETTL7J PACKARD

CALL US FOR THE LOWEST PRICESIN THE WORLD!

HP-85 computer • Graphics plotter • 8 models of disk drives •HP-2631B high quality printer • HP personality module • NewHP-85 ROMs • Interface module • HP-86 16K memory modules •All accessories and supplies for the HP-85HP Calculators at new low prices

HP-41C Programmable scientific

S239.9S

HP-38C Business/real estate

S123.95

Card reader for 41C

179.95

HP-97 Printer's programmable

579.95

Printer for 41C

309.95

HP-67 Scientific programmable

297.95

Optical wand for 41C

112.95

HP-33C Scientific

95.95

Memory modules for 41C

39.95

HP-37C Business management

58.95

HP-34C Scientific

123.95

HP-32E Advanced scientific

53.95

We are the largest HP dealer in the world and carry an enormousamount of accessories and supplies for HP products. All HPproducts guaranteed by HP.

ATARI

COMPUTERS

Model 800 computer

Model 400 computer

810 disk drive

820 printer—40 column Impact

822 thermal printer—40 column

825 printer—80 column Impact

830 acoustic modem

850 interface module

8K memory module

16K memory module

TV game

All Atari

accessories

at super

discount

prices!

$759.95439.95499.95429.95349.95729.95159.95169.9594.95149.9514B.95

Jgcippkz computer

AMERICA'S NUMBER ONE SELLER

Immediate delivery on all models ofApple II plus 16K, 32K and 48K RAMs

New disk drive controller with DOS 3.3 • Disk drives • Graphicstablets • Software • Modems • DOS 3.3 to improve old model disks• Silentype printers • Monitors • Memory modules • 80 columncard reader • Fortran-Pascal language cards • Centronic printers •Qume printers • Anadex Apple Slder and other models • Dow Jonesnews and quote reporter • More • More • More

Ask us for super low prices on the new Apple III 96K and 128Kcomputers and peripherals. We're taking orders for future delivery.First come, first served.We are an authorized, servicing Apple dealer.

SONY

MATTEL HORSERACE ANALYZER. .

the computer thathandicaps theponies. Only $119.95

Mattel IntellivisionTV game $239.95

Spiko WATCHES

The largest collection of Seiko watches.320 models to choose from. Here aresome samples.

SEIKO Tank Watch for Ladies & Gentlemen, CARTIER Type, Elegant, Classic Style.

Ladies XU010 to XU015 Ret: S250.00 Y/C: S185.00, for Men FS 014. Ret: S250.00

Y/C: S185.00

SEIKO Musical Alarm Chronograph, Digital Quartz, Plays Tune for You, SS Melody.

Ret: $260.00 Y/C: $199.95, Goldtone GY002 Ret: $300.00 Y/C: S239.95

SEIKO Dual Chronograph Digital Quartz SS DHX018-021 Ret: $195.00 Y/C: S89.95

SEIKO Alarm Digital Quartz DHN010-018-013 Ret: $175.00 Y/C: S89.95

SEIKO Calculator Watch w/Alarm, Digital, SS, %, DFK018 Ret: S250.00 Y/C:$179.95 Goldtone Model 5000G Ret: $295.00 Y/C: $229.95

SEIKO the Famous DIGIANA a Combination of Two Watches in One "Digital" andAnalog. Very Interesting and Original! SS Ret: $300.00 Y/C: $169.95 Goldtone Ret:$325.00 Y/C: $199.95

SEIKO Perpetual Calendar Quartz, SS (DZ001-DZ007) Ret: $175.00 Y/C: S99.95SEIKO Memory Bank Calendar, SS (FX005) Ret: $225.00 Y/C: $149.95SEIKO Quartz Alarm Chrono, with Count-down Timer IGC007I SS Ret: $235.00Y/C: S169.95 Goldtone (GC008) Ret: $275.00 Y/C: $199.95

SEIKO Multi-Alarm Digital (OHT011, 018, 028) SS, Ret: S275.00 Y/C: $99.95, inGoldtone Model DHR803, Ret: $250.00 Y/C: $159.95

NEW SEIKO Ladies Quartz Beautiful-(XT084) Ret: S250.00 Y/C: S199.95. Model j

5190G Ret: $275.00 Y/C: $219.95 -i

SEIKO SPORTS 100 Quartz, 300 ft (FY097) SS. Ret: $220.00 Y/C: $163.95

SEIKO DIVERS Watch (SK91) 500 ft. Automatic SS. Ret: $225.00 Y/C $183.95

SEIKO "ROLEX" Type, Beautiful! Men's Two-tone (FY018) Ret: $250.00 Y/C: $183.95

SEIKO Travel Alarm, Beautiful, Dual Time (QD851 K) Black or Goldtone (QD851G)

a Fantastic Item to Travel with or Give. Ret: $119.95 Y/C: $89.95

NEW SEIKO Ladies Alarm Watches Digital, Great Unit IUT010) Ret: S235.00 Y/C: $189.95

SEIKO Solar Alarm Chronograph with 10,000 Hr. Battery SS GH007-GH009. Ret:

S295.00 Y/C: S215.00

SEIKO Quartz Alarm Chronograph, Month/Day/Date, Hardlex Glass Goldtone

(DHZ024I Ret: $265.00 Y/C: $199.00

320 SEIKO Watches on Display at Oxford Store - 100 New 1981 Models - the Most

Spectacular Display of Seikos,Texas Instruments and Other Watches!

The famous Walkman stereo $169.95

New SL-5800 video cassette recorder Call usNew AG-300 Beta stack autochanger

(20 hours of recording) $189.95

Also, the lowest prices on Sony Betamax 5400, Betamax5600, color cameras, projection TV's, portable videocassette recorders, radio's, stereos and tape recorders.Buy one Sony KP7200 72 inch projection TV at $3700.00or one 50 inch Sony projection TV at $3200.00 and getFREE one Sony Betamax SL5400 programmable videocassette recorder (retail value—$1250) plus 6 FREE blankSony video cassettes.

Sony cassettes L500 (2 hours) $10.95

L750 (3 hours) $13.95

WE ALSO CARRY RCA

New RCA selectavlslon model 650 for 1981 $1 098.00

RCA Selectavislon model 250 869.95

RCA VK250 tapes (6 hours) 13.95

Computer Peripherals and Accessories

w

1 Maxwell diskettes

$ 3.95 & Up

w

Centronics printers

¥

■ Model 737

789.95

W Model 700-9

1199.00

> -«"y ■

M Anadex Apple Slder printer

*V£J

M Model 8000AP

795.00

'"■ y

ji) Diablo model 630/1 RO FP terminal

2295.00

".«% fi

r Other Diablo terminals

f Qume high quality daisy wheel printer

Call us

compatible with Apple ll/lll

2395.00

.

Form tractor for Qume

199.95

Texas Instruments

99/4 computer console $529.95

RF modulator 69.95

Color monitor 389.95

TI-59 199.95

TI-58C 89.95

PC-10OC 159.95

TI-57 49.95

Speak and Spell 59.95

Tl programmer 48.95

Speak and Read 76.95

Speak and Math 74.95

We carry an enormous selection of Tl accessories. Call usfor the best deals!

Prices f.o.b. LA. Minimum freight and handling charge—$4.95. In CA, add 6% sales tax. Goods subject to avail-ability. Request our 130 page catalog in writing.

Mail and phone orders only: (800) 421-8045 (outside CA)

216 S. Oxford Ave. (213) 381-3911 OR

Los Angeles, CA 90004 (213) 381-1202 (in CA)

Master Charge* Visa Telex 67-3477

Olympic SAies comPAn* inc.

216 South Oxford Avenue • PO Box 74545 Los Angeles.CA 90004 • (213) 381-3911 or (213) 381-1202 • Telex 67-3477

In Southern California, four other convenient locations

Pasadena Ontario El Segundo Costa Mesa

1756 E.Colorado 1030 W." I" St. 600 N. Sepulveda 2300 Harbor Blvd.

(213)577-1422 (714)986-2740 (213)615-0222 (714)540-1530

Circle 152 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980

229

Although the Whitesmiths Compiler is an excellentprofessional tool, I cannot recommend it to anyone whodoesn't intend to program in C in a big way—and eventhen I'd recommend buying the BDS C compiler as well.Whitesmiths C compiles, eventually, to true machinecode; but it does so by going through an intermediateassembly language called A-Natural. It's slow, and sincethere's no first pass to find trivial errors, the Whitesmithscompiler can grind away for half an hour before report-ing a misplaced semicolon. It is certainly not what I'dchoose to learn the language with—but I would get it if Iwere going to market programs written in C.

Ubiquitous Microsoft doesn't market a C compiler, butit does have a LISP interpreter. The Microsoft muLISP-79is well done, if you like the LISP language. You may notcare for the language, but those who like it like it a lot.LISP stands for list processing, and it makes creatinghighly complex linked lists very easy.

LISP is, however, a peculiar language. It was written inthe 1950s by Dr John McCarthy, now Director of theStanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratories (SAIL), andit's extensively used at Stanford and MIT (where Mc-Carthy wrote it).

LISP does bit-by-bit arithmetic, meaning that there isno theoretical limit to the precision you can obtain; if youwant an exact numerical expansion of, say, 2 to the 55thpower, or 87 factorial, you can get it from LISP, and withonly about three lines of code for a program—and you'llget the answer faster than you think. LISP is one of thefastest languages I know of, often approaching assembly-language programs in speed of operation.

LISP programs are very tight; it's almost impossible towrite unstructured code in LISP. It's also very nearly im-possible to understand a LISP program, even if you wroteit; at least that's been my experience. You can strain like agearbox and produce code that runs, and which youunderstand just at that moment; but hours later it's gib-berish. The only thing less comprehensible than a LISPprogram is one in APL—APL doesn't even use normalletters, but instead requires a special keyboard that cangenerate strangely bent arrows and other weird symbols.Both LISP and APL programmers delight in writing awhole page of instructions into one line (and you can doit, too, because both languages allow functions to callthemselves). They also like to baffle fellow professionalsby showing a line of code and challenging anyone to saywhat it does.

It's very hard to comment a LISP program—but that'sall right, because it isn't traditional for LISP program-mers to comment their programs anyway.

In other words, I am not a wild enthusiast for LISP as a"standard" microcomputer language. It's true that one oranother LISP variant is used by just about everyone inthe artificial intelligence field; for certain purposes there'snothing better. But for general-purpose programming,LISP and APL are, in my judgment, simply too obscure.

The Microsoft muLISP-79 was written by The SoftWarehouse in Hawaii; I got mine directly from theauthors and haven't seen the Microsoft versions (forCP/M and the TRS-80), although they were supposed tobe sent weeks ago. I am told that Microsoft has rewrittensome of the documentation, which could only improve it.The problem with documenting LISP is that the languageis fairly obscure; you need not only a user's manual, butan introduction to LISP itself, which is far more than the

muLISP-79 manual claims to be.

The best way to learn LISP is to attend Stanford orMIT and get tutorial instruction from someone alreadyproficient. The next best way is to get access to the MITMacsyma Consortium computer and run the TEACH-LISP programs. There are also a couple of MIT docu-ments which are pretty good introductions. I wish I knewof a good commercial textbook, but I don't. If you wantto learn LISP, you've no choice but to play about with it;since muLISP-79 is interactive, that's not so hard to do,and there are some decent examples in the documentssuppied. If you like playing with powerful languages,muLISP-79 is recommended—but don't blame me if youdon't use it very often after the first wave of enthusiasm.

Which concludes my overview of languages. I haven'tmentioned STOIC and FORTH, because they're really akind of assembler language using the programmer as aparser; they make programming a bit easier, but you'vegot to be into assembler work before you can use them,and this is, after all, the User's Column.

Drawing Conclusions

So what's the best language to learn? I don't know. Ilike C. I also like what I've seen of Pascal, assuming thecurrent crop will really run on microcomputers. And de-spite my misgivings, I still find myself using BASIC-80/BASCOM, particularly for quick and dirty jobs.

It seems certain—to me at least—that Pascal is going tobe around a long time, especially what with all that DODsupport for the Ada variant. Now that there seem to besome decent Pascal compilers available for microcom-puters, we're going to see a lot of software written inPascal, and those who want to modify their software willhave to be familiar with the language.

But there may not be a real conflict between Pascal andC. Both are vastly different from BASIC; different in con-ception, in terminology, but more important, in the"philosophy" or style of programming employing them.Learning either will help break the BASIC habit of slop-py program structure; and having done that, you'll havelittle trouble learning the other, or indeed any otherwell-structured language.

And that can't hurt users or programmers.

Adventure and Other Games

Now, what about computer games? Well, when micro-computers first came out, games were the rage. It wasn'tso much fun to play the games, which tended to be ratherdull (you wouldn't play much tic-tac-toe with a humanopponent); the fun was in writing the programs and see-ing just how smart you could make the machine. Withthe possible exception of Star Trek, nobody spent muchtime with the games once they were written andperfected.

That's no longer true. Nowadays you can buy com-puter games that are fun to play. For example, at both theWest Coast Computer Faire and the National ComputerConference, the most popular exhibit was Atari's. Notthat so many were wild about the Atari computers, or theeducational games, or that sort of thing, but boy did theystand in line to play Star Raiders, a real-time game inwhich you are a pilot of an X-wing fighter, or perhaps it'sa Colonial Viper, and you go zipping about throughspace destroying villains and saving civilizations....

There are lots of real-time games showing up for

230 December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

The VP-111 hobby computer:Start programming for only $99.

$99.

New! VP-111MicrocomputerAssembled* and tested.

Features:

• RCA 1802 Microprocessor.

• 1 KBytes static RAM.Expandable on-board to 4K.Expandable to 32K Bytes total.

• 512 Byte ROM operating system.

• CHIP-8 interpretive language ormachine language programmable.

• Hexidecimal keypad.

• Audio tone generator.

• Single 5-volt operation.

• Video output to monitor or modulator.

• Cassette interface—100 Bytes/sec.

• Instruction Manual with 5 video gamelistings, schematics, CHIP-8, much more!

Ideal for low-cost control applications.

Expandable to full VP-711 capability withVP-114 Kit.

"User need only connect cables (included), a5-volt power supply and speaker.

1199L

New low price!VP-711, only....Completely assembledand tested.

All the features of the VP-111 plus:

• A total of 2K Bytes static RAM.

• Power supply.

• 8 Bit input port.

• 8 Bit output port.

• I/O port connector.

• System expansion connector.

• Built-in speaker.

• Plastic cover.

Three comprehensive manuals:

• Instruction Manual—20 video gamelistings, schematics, much more.

• User's Guide—operating instructionsand CHIP-8 for the beginner.

• RCA 1802 User's Manual (MPM-

201B)—complete 1802 reference guide.

ItG/l

Add computer power aboard at a time.

With easy-to-buy options, the versatileRCA hobby computer means evenmore excitement. More challenges ingraphics, games and control functions.For everyone, from youngster to serioushobbyist.

Built around an RCA COSMAC micro-processor, our hobby computer is easyto program and operate. PowerfulCHIP-8 interpretive language gets youinto programming the first evening.Complete documentation provided.

Send the coupon now...

Complete the coupon below and mail to:RCA Microcomputer Customer Service,New Holland Ave., Lancaster, PA 17604.

Or call toll free (800) 233-0094

to place your Master Charge or VISAcredit card order. In Pennsylvania,call (717) 397-7661, extension 3179.

Please send me the items indicated.

□ VP-111 New low cost Microcomputer

(See description above) $ 99

D VP-114 Expansion Kit for VP-111—Includes

3K RAM, I/O Port and connectors $76

□ VP-711 The original VIP Microcomputer

(See description above) $199

□ VP-44 RAM On-Board Expansion Kit—Four

2114 RAM ICs. Expands VP-711

memory to 4K Bytes $ 36

D VP-590 Color Board—Adds color. Four

background and eight

foreground colors $ 69

D VP-595 Simple Sound Board—Provides

256 programmable frequencies. For

simple music or sound effects.

Includes speaker $ 30

□ VP-550 Super Sound Board—Turns

VP-111 /711 into a music synthesizer!Two independent sound channels.Outputs to audio $49

□ VP-551 4-Channel Super Sound—Includes

VP-576 and demo cassette. RequiresVP-550 and 4K RAM $ 74

□ VP-570 Memory Expansion Board—

Plug-in 4K RAM memory $95

□ VP-580 Auxiliary Keypad—Adds two-player

interactive capability. Connects

to VP-590 or VP-585 $ 20

D VP-585 Keypad Interface Board—Interfacestwo VP-580 Auxiliary KeypadstoVP-111/711 $ 15

D VP-560 EPROM Board—Interfaces two

2716 EPROMS to VP-111/711 .. $ 34

□ VP-565 EPROM Programmer Board-

Programs 2716 EPROMs.

With software $ 99

D VP-575 Expansion Board—Provides 4buffered and one unbufferedexpansion sockets $ 59

□ VP-576 Two-Board Expander—Allows

use of 2 Accessory Boards in either

I/O or Expansion Socket $20

D VP-700 Tiny BASIC ROM Board—BASIC

code stored in 4K of ROM $39

D VP-701 Floating point BASIC tor

VP-711 on cassette. Requires 16KBytes RAM (avail. 7 /80) $ 49

□ VP-710 Game Manual—Listing for 16

exciting games $ 10

□ VP-720 Game Manual-ll—More games .. $ 15

ASCII keyboards.

□ VP-601 Keyboard—128-character ASCII

encoded alphanumeric 8-bit paralleloutput $ 69

□ VP-606 Keyboard—Same as VP-601.

Asynchronous serial output $ 99

□ VP-611 Keyboard—Same as VP-601 plus

16-key numeric keypad $ 89

□ VP-616 Keyboard—Same as VP-606 plus

16-key numeric keypad $119

n VP-620 Cable—Connects VP-601/611 to

VP-111/711 $ 20

D VP-623 Cable—Unterminated for

VP-601/611 $ 20

D VP-626 Connector—Male "D" mates to

VP-606/616 $ 7

Enclosed is $ for items checked plus shipping & handling charge of $3.00.

Add your state and local taxes $ Total enclosed $

I enclose □ check or □ money order. Or charge my □ VISA □ Master Charge.Credit card account No.

Master Charge Interbank No.

Signature (required for credit orders):

Name (please type or print):

Street address:

State & Zip:

Expiration date.

. City:

.Telephone^ ).

Make checks payable to RCA Corp. Prices and specifications are subject to change without notice.

Circle 153 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980

231

WEDELIVER!

Osborne BusinessSofrwore

■* r'

"Mi

Before you buy the programs that your company is going todepend on for its accounting, ask the following questions:

Do I get the sourcecode?

Is it well documented?

Is It fully supported?

(Don't settle for less.You cannot make thesmallest change without it.)(The Osborne documen-tation is the best.)(If not, why not? What arethey afraid of?)

The Osborne system is the industry standard accountingpackage, with literally thousands of users. We offer an en-hanced version of that package that will run on most systemswithout recompiling.

CRT INDEPENDENCE. The original programs weredesigned to run on a Hazeltine terminal. To use a differentCRT, you had to modify and test two modules — and recom-pile every program! With the Vandata package, you simplypick your CRT from a menu and run.

FILE/DRIVE MAP. The original package had all data fileson the same drive as the programs. Ours allows you todynamically specify the drive assigned to each file. In fact, youcan change the drive assignments whenever you wish, to ac-commodate expanded file sizes or new hardware — allwithout recompiling!

INTEGRATION. The original AR and AP systems had tobe changed and recompiled to feed journal entries to GL. Ourinstallation program eliminates this hassle. It simply asks you ifyou want the systems integrated, and what your special ac-count numbers are.

SPEED. The original programs used a binary search to ac-cess the GL account file. We use an enhanced technique thatgreatly cuts down on disk accesses, thus speeding up accountlookups significantly in the GL, AR and AP systems.

BUGS. We have corrected a number of bugs in the originalprograms. If you find a bug in our programs, we'll fix it — andsend you a $20 reward! Our users are sent bug fixes in sourceform.

MORE! We have made many minor enhancements, andfixed many minor problems. We are committed to the ongoingsupport of our package. Vandata has been an independentsoftware supplier for over seven years. Quality and support areour way of doing business.

General Ledger with Cash Journal $95

Accounts Receivable $95

Accounts Payable $95

Payroll with Cost Accounting $95

• All Four Packages (GL, AR, AP, PR) $295

Magic Wand (Super Word Processor!!) $345

Pearl Level III (best prog, tool available) $645

CBASIC-2 . $110

TRS-80® MODIICPM9 2.2 (Pickles & Trout) $185

H89/Z89 CP/M® 2.2 (Magnolia inc. h/w mod) $295

Formats: Sid. 8". 5" NorthStar DD. TRS-80 MOD II Im, H89/Z89 Manuals lorGL. AR/AP. and PR are not included in price — add $20 per manual desired(AR/AP are in one manual). CP/M*' and CBASIC-2 required 10 run accountingsoftware Users must sign licensing agreement Dealer inquiries invited.

To order call:or write:

VISA/MC WelcomeTRS-80*-'

(206) 542-8370

VANDATA

17541 Stone Avenue North

Seattle, WA 98133

— CP/M1 is a registered trademark ol Digitalis a registered trademark of Radio Snack. Inc

Research

microcomputers. Alien Invader, Space War, and a wholefamily of games formerly available only in arcades can beyour very own.

There's also an entirely different class of game avail-able. Adventure is here.

The game of Adventure was first written in FORTRANby Larry Crowther and Don Woods. It bore some slightresemblance to Hunt the Wumpus, in that the game con-sisted of wandering through unknown territories and en-countering various hazards. Unlike Wumpus, though,the Adventure map is fixed. The game always begins at awell house, and you may continue to explore until youare killed. Actually, it doesn't end even then: the com-puter will resurrect you if you like.

You move about in Adventure by telling the computerwhere you want to go. The object of the game is to findtreasures and bring them to the well house. On the wayyou encounter various obstacles and monsters, such as alarge green snake, a dragon, and a ferocious bear chainedto the wall. (The problem is that the bear's silver chain isa treasure.) You also find various objects: a rod, a bird-cage, and other such things, some of which may be usefulin solving puzzles that lead to treasure.

The game quickly became a cult object among pro-grammers. Computer-installation supervisors estimatedthat when Adventure arrived, two weeks' work would belost due to the staff bootlegging time to run the game.Various fixes were tried, including restricting the times atwhich Adventure could be accessed, but nothing reallyworked except letting the disease run its course; when allthe programmers had solved the game, then and onlythen did they get back to work. Until then, they weredriven to it as if hypnotized. To make it worse, it wascustomary not to tell anyone how to solve the game,although strange and misleading hints were allowed.

Adventure now exists for various microcomputers.The game itself is public domain (although programs toimplement it are not), so there are many versions offered.I have one for 8-inch floppy-disk CP/M systems sold byWorkman and Associates (POB 482, Pasadena CA91102, $23.95 postpaid) and another for the Radio ShackTRS-80 Level II (Model I) by Microsoft, $24.95, andavailable from most dealers. Both run quite fast—faster,in fact, than the FORTRAN versions did on a DECPDP-10. Both require 32 K bytes of memory and a singledisk drive, and both are full implementations of theoriginal Crowther and Woods Adventure, including the"Save" feature that allows you to store an incompletegame so that you don't have to start over every time.

The Workman version recognizes a number of com-mands that were not in the original Adventure, but thepuzzles and their solutions remain unchanged.

In addition, both the Workman and the Microsoft ver-sions store most of the game information on disk, andevery time you give a command they have to go to thedisk to get the response. There's no help for that, ofcourse; the Adventure data base requires over 50 K bytesof ASCII (American Standard Code for InformationInterchange) characters. Thus the disk gets a good work-out. This presents no problem with the Workman andAssociates CP/M version, because any good CP/M copyroutine will allow you to make a backup; but the Micro-soft TRS-80 Adventure has been carefully rigged to makebackup copies nearly impossible. I say nearly; within

232

December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 154 on Inquiry card.

Circle 155 on inquiry card.

-w S-100 A/D & TIMER

Yj** Tecmar's new A/D and Timer Board is designed to meet sophisticated data acquisitionneeds. The board can accommodate various A/D modules providing options such as 12,14, 16 bit accuracy; 100 KHz throughput; variable ranges and gains. It contains a powerfultimer circuit (AMD 9513) which can start A/D conversion and can also be used independ-ently for time of day, event counting, frequency shift keying and many other applications.

TM-AD200 FEATURES

Complies with IEEE S-100 specifications

Transfers data in 8 or 16 bit words

30 KHz throughput standard

12 bit accuracy standard

Jumper-selectable for 16 single-ended or

8 true differential channels

External trigger of A/D

Provision for synchronizing A/Ds

Data overrun detection

Data is latched providing pipelining for

higher throughput

Input ranges: +10V, +5V, 0 to +10V, 0 to +5V

Output formats: Two's complement, binary,

offset binary

Auto channel incrementing

• I/O or memory mapped

• Utilizes vectored interrupt or status test of A/D

• Provision for expansion to 256 channels

TIMER FEATURES

• 5 independent 16 bit counters (cascadable)

• 15 lines available for external use

• Time of day

• Event counter

• Alarm comparators on 2 counters

• One shot or continuous frequency outputs

• Complex duty cycle and frequency shiftkeying outputs

• Programmable gating and count source selection

• Utilizes vectored interrupt

TM-AD200 OPTIONS

Programmable gain up to 500

14 bit accuracy

16 bit accuracy

Screw terminal and signal conditioning

panel with optional thermocouple

cold junction compensation

100 KHz throughput with 12 bit accuracyLow level, wide range (lOmV to 10V FSR)permitting low level sensors suchas thermocouples, pressure sensors andstrain gauges to be directly connected tothe module input

(216) 382-7599

HR

$695

INC. r

23414 Greenlawn • Cleveland, OH 441

22

„te are simple, the original Tecmar

TM.AD100 FEAWRES lffcations

: SKSS-S*2 *ren"a'

• 12 bit accuracy

• 25 KHz throughput

. I/O or memory mappea +^ Q to +5V

. lnput ranges^OV.^, ^

• NVinimal software requ __"i^OOBOARDS

RAM

8Kxl6/16Kx8

8086

prow/o $35(

Serial and

Parallel I/O& Timer

' ' "' ft :" •"' T" '" _ "'* D/A Board provides

TM-DA100 FEATURE^cations

. Complies ^™£o analog converters

• 4 independent digiwiLU

• 12 bit accuracy

• 3 usee settling time

. f/O or memory ™We% ±10V, 0 to +5V,

• Output ranges: ±d.w, ■

0to+l0V

TRS-801

APPLE

PET2

A/D D/A

12 Bit

Highspeed

8 Ch. Differential

16 Ch. Single-ended

Each A/D Module *495

KIM2

12 Bit

High Speed

4 Channel

Each D/A Module *395^

Ssflrasa

S-100 Real Time

Video Digitizer

Digitizes and Displays inl/lO sec,flicker-free16 Gray LevelsSwitch Selectable to

sgassssas

, fAinimal software $ggQrequirements

Data Acquisition |y^|^datebleVideo Microcomputer System . .

Circle 156 on inquiry card.

CATCH THE S-100 INC. BUS!

TARBELL DOUBLE DENSITY

DISK CONTROLLER — A &S.D. SYSTEMS VERSAFLOPPYGODBOUT CPU-Z — A & TMULLEN EXTENDER CARD

W/PROBE — KITPOTOMAC MICRO MAGIC

MODEM — A & T3M "SCOTCH" 8"

740-0 DISKETTES — 10CROMEMCO 32K BYTESAVER ■CCS 64K DYNAMIC RAM — A

Subject to Available Quantities • Prices Quoted Include Cash Discounts.Shipping & Insurance Extra.

We carry all major lines such as

S.D. Systems, Cromemco, Ithaca Intersystems, North Star,

Sanyo, ECT, TEI, Godbout, Thinker Toys, SSM.

For a special cash price, telephone us.

S-IQD,inc.

7 White Place, Clark, N.J. 07066201-382-1318

Hours: Mori. - Fri. — 10 a.m. to 6 p.m.

LISTPRICEEACH

OUR

SPECIALCASHPRICE

T

495.00

399.00

— KIT

350.00

299.00

295.00

249.00

59.00

49.00

399.00

341.00

50.00

30.00

A&T

295.00

249.00

T

700.00

549.00

THIS YEARCP/1iDS

COMPLETE INTEGRATEDACCOUNTING SOFTWARE

MASTER TAX—Professional tax preparation program. Prepares sched-ules A, B, C, D, E, F, G, R/RP, SE, TC, ES and forms 2106, 2119, 2210,3468, 3903,2441, 4625,4726, 4797, 4972, 5695 and 6251. Printing can beon readily available, pre-printed continuous forms, on overlays, or on com-puter generated, IRS approved forms. Maintains client history files and isinteractive with CPAids GENERAL LEDGER II (see below) ... .S995/S30Annual Update Fee S350

GENERAL LEDGER II-Designed for CPA's.Stores complete 12 month detailed history oftransactions. Generates financial statements,depreciation, loan amortizations, journals,trial balances, statements of changes in finan-cial position, and compilation letters. Includespayroll system with automatic posting to gen-eral ledger. Prints payroll register, W2's andpayroll checks S450/S30

Runs with widely accepted CP/M operatingsystem

Distributed by

Lifeboat Associates

1651 Third Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10028□ (212)860-0300 □ Telex: 220501

either TRSDOS or Apparat's NEWDOS it is impossible,but since I have the Omikron CP/M Mapper installed onmy TRS-80, I can make backups of anything, using aCP/M sector-by-sector copy routine.

(As an aside: I've been informed that both ParasiticEngineering and Field Engineering Consultants Ltd alsomake memory mappers that will allow you to run CP/Mon the TRS-80 Model I. I've had no chance to test eitherof them. My Omikron Mapper continues to work flaw-lessly, by the way.)

I often wonder about companies that deliberately tryto keep you from copying software—especially when it'ssupposed to run on something as inherently flaky as aTRS-80 5-inch disk. Experienced users never run theirprimary source disks; making a backup is just commonsense, even if you have excellent hardware like Percom orMatchless disk drives. (I've tested both on my TRS-80,and I'm quite happy with them.) Moreover, making ithard to copy a disk is often like waving a red flag at a bull—there are plenty of sophisticated users who will con-sider it a challenge, and, having with great effort found away to make copies, will feel ethically justified in distrib-uting them to all their friends.

In any event, the Workman and Microsoft Adventureimplementations have provided many hours of trouble-free enjoyment, and I recommend them highly.

Just after the Adventure craze hit, there were rumors ofanother game, Zork, which is to Adventure as Adventureis to Wumpus. Zork was developed at the MassachusettsInstitute of Technology by "the Four Implementors": TimAnderson, Marc Blank, Bruce Daniels, and David Leb-ling. The game was written in MDL (or "Muddle"), aLISP-like language, and featured an enormousunderground dungeon, dozens of clever puzzles, and ahighly intelligent command parser that understandsmuch that Adventure finds incomprehensible. AlthoughZork never quite caught on the way Adventure did, itbecame widespread—and where it did appear, it costmore time than ever Adventure had, because it was bothmore difficult and more interesting.

Implementors Lebling and Blank have devised a micro-computer implementation of Zork in two parts. Zork:The Great Underground Empire, Part I is being sold forthe Apple II and the TRS-80 on 5-inch floppy disk by Per-sonal Software, 1330 Bordeaux Dr, Sunnyvale CA 94086,at a price of $39.95. [Editor's note: Part II is still underdevelopment, but Part I alone constitutes a completegame that can be played through to a satisfactoryending....RSS] Like the Microsoft Adventure, Zork re-quires constant access to the disk but cannot be copied bynormal means. I've been just a little afraid of running theprimary disk, so I haven't checked out everything;besides, the kids are still mapping Adventure. I've playedwith this Zork enough to know that I like it (and I wastedincredible amounts of time playing the original Zork on aPDP-10).

Adventure and Zork became popular during the D & D(Dungeons and Dragons) craze—a madness which showslittle sign of peaking out even yet. It was inevitable thatother D & D games would come forth, and sure enough,Automated Simulations Inc (ASI), POB 4232, MountainView CA 94040, has come out with a whole series, fromthe introductory Datestones to the full four-leveldungeon in Temple of Aphsai. These games are sold in

234 December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

When it comes to 6800Software Source Books;Hemenway delivers whatthe others leave out.

...including complete source listings,complete descriptions of all algorithms used,and complete manuals of the products.

SP/68 OPERATING SYSTEM

One of the most powerful operating systemsavailable for the 6800 family of microproces-sors, this disc-based system features greatflexibility. The user can add commands forspecial purposes. A single transient Periph-eral Interchange Program (PIP) transfers databetween devices. The system is relocatableanywhere in memory and fits in less than 8K.Other features include device-independentI/O and dynamic file allocation.

U.S. $34.95International $52.45

STRUCTURED BASIC LANGUAGESTRUBAL+™ COMPILER

The compiler features variable precision

from 4 to 14 digits for business or scientific

uses and Structured Programming forms. It

produces Relocatable and linkable code. You

can create data structures with mixed data

types, COMMON and DUMMY sections.

STRUBAL+™ includes a complete scientific

package, allows for string-handling and is

extensible. . _ „ .- __

U.S. $49.95

International $74.95

LINK68 LINKING LOADER

This is a one-pass linking loader which allowsseparately translated relocatable objectmodules to be loaded and linked together toform a single executable load module, and torelocate modules in memory. It produces aload map and a load module in MotorolaMIKBUG loader format. This book provideseverything necessary for learning about thissystem and the nature of linking loader designin general.

U.S. $7.95International $11.95

XA6809 MACRO LINKING TRACER: A 6800 DEBUGGING RA6800ML RELOCATABLE MACRO

CROSS-ASSEMBLER PROGRAM ASSEMBLER

This new two-pass program generates relo- ideal for tne programmer looking for good This two-pass assembler produces a programeatable and linkable code (requires LINK68). debugging software. TRACERfeatures single listing, a sorted symbol table listing, and relo-Resident on any 6800 system, XA6809 lets step execution using dynamic break points, eatable object code. Object code is loadedyou produce code for a 6809 right now. This regjster examination and modification, and and linked with other assembled modulesassembler hasfull macro facilities and features memory examination and modification, using LINK68. This book fully describes the

Includes detailed TRACER program notes

and a reprint of "Jack and the Machine

Debug" (from the December 1977 issue of

BYTE magazine). U.S. $5.95

International $8.95

a COMMON section for the production ofROMable code, conditional assembly andfast execution.

U.S. $24.95International $37.95

If your machinewould like to readthese programs,object code versionsare available in thesedisk formats: Per-com, ICOM, SSB,SWTPC, TANO andothers.

WRITE FOR PRICES

Please rush the following books:

copies of SP/68 OPERATING SYSTEM

copies of XA6809 CROSS ASSEMBLER

copies of UNK68 LINKING LOADER

copies of RA6800ML MACRO ASSEMBLER

copies of STRUBAL+™ COMPILER

copiesofTRACERDEBUGGING PROGRAM

6800 assembly language and all major rou-tines used, and includes flow charts, details oninterfacing the assembler. Cross referenced,showing all calling and called-by routines,pointers, flags and temporary variables.

U.S. $24.95International $37.95

For North America, add $.75 per book postage or $1.50 per book forFirst Class. All other destinations, add $2.00 per book postage andhandling or $3.50 per book for Priority Mail.

Name

Company.City

.Title

_Street_

□ Check or M.O. enclosedCard No

_ZIP_

_State

□ VISA □ MasterCharge.Expires

□ First Class/Priority □ Book rate

H6M6N WAY ASSOCIATES, INC.

101 TremontSt.Boston, MA 02108(617)426-1931

o>

Circle 157 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980

235

both tape cassette and disk versions, and they range inprice from $14.95 for Morloc's Tower on cassette to$26.95 for the disk version of Temple of Apshai. ASIguarantees these games to be interesting, and I don'tthink they refund much money. They've been verypopular around here.

There are versions for TRS-80, PET, and Apple com-puters; the Apple versions make extensive use of Apple'sexcellent graphics, so that monsters like Ant-man and theWolf look pretty good. Unfortunately, the TRS-80doesn't have such nice graphics, and the characters andmonsters look like blobs. Unlike Zork and Adventure,these games are played in real time, and, instead of aroom description, the computer draws a map, placingmonsters and treasures in it where appropriate. They'revery playable games, guaranteed to waste more time thanyou really expected to put into them.

The real time wasters for me, though, have beenAutomated Simulation's space war games, StarfleetOrion (two players) and Invasion Orion (one playeragainst the computer). These games allow a number ofdifferent scenarios; ten or so are supplied (along with apleasantly written background and story data includingcharacterizations), but the user can make up his own, sothat in effect either of these games has an infinite numberof variants. The rulebooks also give a number of stan-dard warship types, but once again the user can designhis own, from torpedo boats to dreadnoughts to armoredplanets. There are Tractor and Pressor beams, somethingmuch like a phaser, torpedoes and missiles, and quite alot o{ the flavor of a space battle.

I'd like the single-player version somewhat better if itwere faster; in my favorite scenario, Damocles, it cantake several minutes for the computer to plan out itsmove, and worse, you can't just go away, because thebattle results are presented dynamically and can't berecalled once shown.

The Orion games are quite realistic. Classical prin-ciples of fleet warfare work, and strategy and tactics aremore important than luck. Since players can modify theships at will, it's possible to tailor the games to a balanceof power so that an experienced player (or the computerin the single-player version) doesn't routinely stomp anewcomer, and the game can be changed again as theplayers gain experience.

All of the Automated Simulations games are imple-mented in BASIC. They can be copied, listed, and evenmodified. In theory, one ought to be able to compile In-vasion Orion with Microsoft's TRS-80 version ofBASCOM and thus speed it up. Obviously, you will haveto modify the games a bit; in particular, you will have tolengthen the loops that govern how long displays stayvisible. I'm anxious to try this, but so far the TRS-80BASCOM hasn't arrived, so I can't say for certain that itwill work.

Needless to say, I enjoy all the Automated Simulationsgames, and recommend them highly. And, needless tosay, I enjoy the C language and BASIC-80, etc, etc. Sowhat does it all mean7 Well, it means that I have to getthe kids away from the TRS-80 and have some computerfun of my own, here at Chaos Manor.

See text box on page 238

Tiny-C Two — The Compiler

tiny-c two® is ten times faster than tiny-c one® . It has manyextra features, including long (32) bit integers, lots of newoperators, and redirectable and direct access input/output.This version of tiny-c is viable for professional work, eithersystems programming or business applications. It comes witha UNIX® style command interpreter called the "tiny-shell"® .With the tiny-shell, every compiled tiny-c program becomes anew shell command. Tiny-shell commands can havearguments, and dash(-) options, just as real UNIX shellcommands do. The < and > input/output redirection operatorsare supported. There are over fifty standard library functions,and this set is readily extended. The input/output functions areUNIX style, including fopen, fprintf, etc. Both ascii and raw(binary) input/output are supported. And the entire package isportable. Bringing it up on a new processor or new operatingsystem should take a few days or a few weeks at the most.And as usual with tiny-c products, all the source code isincluded.

tiny-c two $250 Manual Only . . $50

tiny-cone $100 Manual Only . $50

Visa/Mastercharge Welcome

Formats: Std. 8", 5" NorthStar DD,

TRS-80 MOD II® & H89/Z89.To order call: (206)542-8370. JJ or write: VANDATA" WkA \ 17541 Stone Avenue North

N\\U Seattle, WA 98133

$J <-? b TRS-80 is a registered trademark of Radio Shack. Inc. UNIX is a

registered trademark or Bell Laboratories, Inc. tiny-c andtiny-shell are trademarks of tiny-c associates.

vfr_Ctihail

COLORSOFTWARE

COLORFUL PROGRAMS FOR THEAPPLE II, ATARI 16K, Tl 99/4

3-D STARTREK: Discover new planets, fight Klingons in 3-dimensionalgalaxy. Hi-resolution display of galaxy.

$15 on cassetteROADRACE: Race around 2.25 mile course. Hires display shows viewfrom race cars. 1 or 2 players.

$15 on cassetteApple II or Atari onlyDRY WELL: Strategy game of oil exploration. Discover pattern ofdeposits and maximize profits.

$15 on cassetteApple requires ROM ApplesoftNUCLEAR REACTOR: Simulation of a nuclear power plant.

$15 on cassette

MAJOR LEAGUE BASEBALL: Manage Major League teams and make all

lineup, batting, pitching and running decisions.

$25 on disk

Apple II only. Requires ROM Applesoft, 48 K RAM

BLACKJACK: Popular card game for 1 to 3 players.

$15 on cassette

Atari or Tl 99/4 only

Apple II programs available on disk for $2.50 per order more.

COLOR SOFTWARE5410 W. 20th St. • Indianapolis, IN 46224

236 December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 158 on Inquiry card.

Circle 159 on Inquiry card.

Free Microprocessor Design Aid

Now, optimize microprocessor performance,using Intel's new Memory Calculator.

To get the high perfor-mance you're paying for fromyour microprocessor, you haveto carefully match system com-ponents—especially EPROMmemories. That means givingclose consideration toparameters such as clockfrequencies, buffer delays,number of wait states andmemory access speeds. To dothat accurately, you have toperform tedious calculationsinvolving the inter-relationships amongthese parameters, andtheir impact on systemdesign.

And now you can—very simply, with Intel'snew EPROM MemoryCalculator. Similar to acircular slide rule, the Cal-culator helps you quicklyanalyze the trade-offs in cost,speed and wait states for yournext microprocessor design.Making it easy for you to

i 3

3

tOMHi

1 iAPX 86 10 II0WAIT STATEl

|»j

•

8 MHz

1

iAPX 86*10

(0WAIT

• STATES)

X

o

5

flMM.

(

s

8000WAITTATE)

iAF(1 WA

•

X 86/10T STATE)

•

Ei OB

O

J

8 MHz

(1 WAITSTATE)

BMHl

68000(2 WAIT STATES)

3Z

o

•

Z8000

(0 WAITSTATE)

a.

■

3o<

i

100 ZOO 300 400 500

600

MEMORY RESPONSE TIME lisac)

minimize wait states vs.throughput in your designs,and thus increase systemperformance.

How it works

We're offering calculatorsfor Intel, Zilog or Motorolamicroprocessors. So regardlessof which one you're designingwith, there's a Calculator thatlets you try a

variety ofoptions, and find outimmediately which one is thebest for your design. Thushelping you get the full powerand potential out of yournext microcomputer system.

Using the Calculator is easy.You just dial in the relevantdesign parameters for your

application and performancelevel. Then read out the speedof the EPROM memoryrequired to implement thatdesign. It's that simple.

Our free offer

Best of all, the Calculatoris free. If you're a designerinterested in using one of themicroprocessors listed below,just fill in and return thecoupon. We'll send you yournew Memory Calculator,along with information onour newest EPROM memor-ies. Get your free MemoryCalculator today.

To receive your free Memory Calculator*please check one of the boxes below. Thencircle the microprocessor models you're using.

□ Intel: 8085A 8085A-2 80868086-1 8086-2 8088Other

□ Zilog: Z8000 Z80A Z80BOther

□ Motorola: MC68000 MC6809

MC6800 Other

Title

Company-Address

City/State/Zip

Phone( )

Intel Corporation, Literature Dept.

3065 Bowers Avenue, Santa Clara, CA 95051

(408) 987-8080

B 12

""Supplies are limited, so order now.

int^ deliverssolutions.

Circle 160 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980

237

Circle 161 on inquiry card.

INNOVATION PLUS FROM PROVAR INC.

Two new boards from PROVAR INC.( Miscellaneous Input/output ).

: RICE (ROM in circuit emulator)Plus a fast MULTI-USER CP/M*.

The RICE board can emulate up to 4 EPROMS type 2708, 12716 or 12732. TheRICE board uses your S-100 RAM for emulation which can be addressed onany IK, 2K or 4K boundary depending on the type of EPROM being emulated.Other features include:

IEEE S-100 compatible including extended addressingTerminated address lines on external EPROMS

Places external processor in a reset for normal S-100 operationKeeps the S-100 processor in a hold during emulation

'Ith four 36 inch 24 pin dip

RICE comes completely assembled and testedcables for only $189.95

The MIO board has just what the name implies, miscellaneous input/output.First is a 32 character 8 bit FIFO buffer perfect for a keyboard input(Great for Wordstar). Plus a 16 channel 8 bit A/D converter with 80 usconvertion time. There are also two 8 bit bi-directional I/O ports. Andlast is T.I.s new programable sound generation chip SN76489N. The MIO isalso IEEE compatible. Supplied with all necessary cables and connectorsand a SPACE INVADERS program written In Pascal. Fully assembled and testedthe MIO Is $299.95, also available without the FIFO, Sound and A/D.

MULTI-USER CP/M* can support up to 4 seperate users with very fast 180 usoverhead between users. Dissimilar tasks may be performed on differentterminals. The operating system can also support up to 4 differentprinters. However, if only one printer is attached to the system a printerlock out Is provided. System requirements are CP/M 1.4, bank select memoryand an interrupt board to generate a RST 6 every 16-20 ms. MULTI-USERCP/M* is sold in 8080 machine code supplied in source on an 8 inch singledensity diskette for only $150.00.

PROVAR INC.

6217 KENNEDY AVE.

HAMMOND, IND. 46323

312-374-7335

CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research

MICROSTATNOW AVAILABLE FOR CP/M*

MICROSTAT, the most powerful statistics package availablefor microcomputers, is completely file-oriented with a power-ful Data Management Subsystem (DMS) that allows you toedit, delete, augment, sort, rank-order, lag and transform (11transformations, including linear, exponential and log) existingdata into new data. After a file is created with DMS, Microstatprovides statistical analysis in the following general areas:Descriptive Statistics (mean, sample, and population S.D.,variance, etc.), Frequency Distributions (grouped or individ-ual). Hypothesis Testing (mean or proportion), Correlation andRegression Analysis (with support statistics), Non-parametricTests (Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Wilcoxon, etc.). Probability Dis-tributions (8 of them), Crosstabs and Chi-square, ANOVA(oneand two way). Factorials, Combinations and Permutations, plusother unique and useful features.

MICROSTAT requires 48K, Microsoft Basic 80 with CP|Mand is sent on a single-density 8" Disk. It is also available on5" diskettes for North Star DOS and Basic (32K and twodrives recommended), specify which when ordering. Theprice for Microstat is $250.00. The user's manual is $15.00and includes sample data and printouts. We have otherbusiness and educational software, call or write:

H ECOSOFT

P.O. Box 68602Indianapolis, IN 46268

._. ._ _jl (317) 283-8883

[ master charge]

ITERBANK CARO

CP/M is a registered trade mark of Digital Research.

Items Reviewed

Microsoft

10800 NE 8th, Suite 819Bellevue WA 98004

muLISP-79 CP/M 8-inch disk system

$200

BASIC-80 CP/M

$350

BASCOM

BASIC

Compiler CP/M,

ISIS-II,

TRSDOS

$395

Adventure TRS-80 Model I Level II

$24.95

32 K disk

Lifeboat Associates

1651 Third Ave

New York NY 10028

BDS C Compiler

CP/M

$125

Whitesmiths C

Compiler

CP/M

$630

CBASIC2

CP/M

$120

Workman Associates

POB 482Pasadena CA 91102

Adventure 8-inch disk CP/M 32 K $23.95

8080 or Z80

Automated Simulations Inc

POB 4232

Mountain View CA 94040

(Following are available in disk or cassette versions)

The Temple of TRS-80, PET, Apple $24.95

Apshai

The Tower of TRS-80, PET, Apple $14.95

Morloc

Starfleet Orion TRS-80, PET, Apple $19.95

Invasion Orion TRS-80, PET, Apple $19.95

Personal Software

1330 Bordeaux DrSunnyvale CA 94086

Zork: TheGreat Under-ground Empire,Part I

TRS-80 or Apple disk

$39.95

Books

Kernighan, Brian W and Dennis M Ritchie.The C Programming Language.

Englewood Cliffs N]: Prentice-Hall Software Series,Prentice-Hall, 1978, $13.95

Kernighan, Brian W and P ] Plauger.Software Tools.

Reading MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company,1976, $11.95

238 December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 162 on inquiry card.

r

a CromemcoincorporatedTomorrow's Computers Today

(jiF

Discover Savings and Service with

MAIL ORDER

<OR

DER TO

DIVISION \

LL FREE) J

• WE ARE PROUD to be an AUTHORIZED CROMEMCO DEALER

• CROMEMCO stands for quality, reliability and obsolescence insurance

• CROMEMCO is widely recognized as a microcomputer industry leader

• CROMEMCO provides strong support for their dealers and end-users

• THE BOTTOM LINE - it's what you buy AND where you buy it ... WE CARE!

Hew-

CROMIX IS HERE!

The exciting new multi-user, multi-tasking operating system with manyadded capabilities.

New- • •

SYSTEM ZERO!

The S-100 personal computer withCromemco reliability.

16 FDC

Double density disk controller

N&w-

RPG II

Exclusive offering of this importantbusiness language by a microcom-puter manufacturer

LISPThe language for Artificial Intelli-gence research

\\&n-••

QUADART!

4 port serial I/O

INTELLIGENT I/O CONTROLLER!

On board Z-80

Use these together for results you

won't believe!

flew. • •

BUSINESSSYSTEMS SOFTWARE!

General LedgerAccounts PayableAccounts ReceivableInventory

An integrated turnkey system thatrequires no computer programmingknowledge. Produced and supportedby Cromemco, and designed tomake full use of the advancedfeatures found in Cromemco hard-ware.

SYSTEMS:

List

Our Price

SYSTEM 2 3990 3190.

Now double density/Dual double-sided mini floppy diskdrives; 64K RAM

SYSTEM 3 7395. CALL

No w double density!2 Mbyte of dual double-sided 8" floppydisk:64K RAM

Z-2H

CALL

9995.

Now double density!11 Mbyte integral hard disk; 2 double-sided 5" floppy disks; 64K RAM

All Cromemco systems feature theS-100 industry standard bus, 4 MHZZ-80 CPU, 64K RAM, and can beeasily upgraded to multi-user, multi-tasking capability.

PERIPHERALS:

3102 "SMART" TERMINAL40 function keys; detachable keyboardwith 14-key numeric pad

3703 DOT-MATRIX PRINTER180 CPS; 18-inch platen; 132 columns;bi-directional with double buffering

3355A FULL LETTER PRINTER55 CPS; 15-inch platen; quality impress-ion suited to camera copy

BOARDS: List Our Price

SGL.CARDCOMP. 450. 380.

8K BYTESAVERII 245. 210.

32K BYTESAVER 295. CALL

ZPU 395. 335.

4FDC 495. 420.

64KZ 1785. 1510.

TU-ART 295. 250.

SDI 595. CALLHigh resolution color graphics interface

OurLANGUAGES: List Price

COBOL, now updated 95. 90.

FORTRAN IV 95. 90.

MACROASSEMBLER 95. 90.

16K BASIC 95. 90.

32K BASIC 295. 275.

DATA BASE MGMT. 95. 90.

WORD PROCESSING 95. 90.

RATFOR 195. 180.

TRACE 95. 90.

EBS BUSINESS SOFTWARE:

GENERAL LEDGER; ACCOUNTS PAY-ABLE; ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE; PAY-ROLL (Calif.); INVENTORY; ORDERENTRY

List Price $995. each

Customization available

Call or write for our low mail order prices on all CROMEMCO products ... or on PERSCI disk drives,MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS boards, BASE 2, QUME, SOROC, ADDS, TVI, NEC SPINWRITER orother quality products.

"XECUTIVE

USINESS

kYSTEMS

20457 E. Valley Blvd., Walnut, CA 91789(714) 594-5736

WE ALSO OFFER:

• Complete analysis of your system needs

• Installation, training, support & maintenance1 Custom applications software

AT OUR REGULAR CONSULTING RATESPhone inquiries welcome

Prices shown are for "Cash with Order"COLLECT PHONE ORDERS WELCOME or Send check orM.O. (Personal or Co. checks require 2 wks. to clear) Pleaseinclude phone number. Shipping charges will be added.Within Calif, add applicable sales tax. Factory warrantyincluded. All prices subject to revision.

CDOSTiDigital Research

Cromemco, Inc.CBASICTv

Compiler Systems^

Circle 163 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980

239

One-Stop Component Center

AUTHORIZED DISTRIBUTORS

ALABAMA

Birmingham J.L.S. Electronic Inc.

Birmingham Micrologic Inc.

Huntsville Industrial Electronic Supply

Huntsville WSW Electronics

Mobile Lafayette Radio Electronics

Tuscaloosa Radio Parts Inc.ALASKA

Anchorage The Electronic Company

Anchorage TV MartARI20NA

Flagstaff Jim's Audio & Stereo Repair

Green Valley Radio Shack

Sierra Vista B&S Electronics

Tucson Electronic City

Yuma Yuma ElectronicsARKANSAS

Little Rock Southern Electronics Co.CALIFORNIA

Anaheim Heathkit Electronic Center

Anaheim R.F. Electronics

Atascadero Coast Electronics

Aiuta Amco Electronics

Bakersfield Jay-Kern Electronics

Berkeley Al Lasher Electronics

BuBna Park Ford Electronics

Buena Park S.J. Electronics

Chula Vista Lion Electronics

Covina G&H Electronics

Cypress SCR ElectronicsDavis Paradyme Consumer Electronics

Fontana Fontana Electronics

Fresno Electronic Brain

Fresno Sparky Electronics

Glendale Eagle Electronics

Goleta Bill's Stereo

Half Moon Bay Radio Shack

Harbor City Buff's Electronics

Hawaiian Gardens Carson Electronics

Hollywood Pacific Radio ExchangeInglewood Radioland/lnglewood Electronics

La Habra A.B.C. Electronics

La Mesa Heathkit Electronic Center

Lancaster Consumer Electronics

Modesto Computer Magic

Modesto Pacific Radio

Monterey Zackit

Morro Bay Coast Electronics

National City Willy's Electronics

Northridge Pacific Radio Electronics

Oceanside Electronic Center

Oxnard Dow Radio

Palmdale Radio Shack A.S.C. Palmdate

Palo Alto U.S. Electronics

Palo A/to Zack Electronics

Pasadena Dow Radio Inc.

Paso Robles Mission Electronics

Pomona Heathkit Electronic Center

Redding Radio MartSacramento Calif. Radio & Television Supply

Sacramento Zackit

Salinas Salinas Radio

San Carlos J&H Outlet StoreSan Diego Radio Shack A.S.C. Mira Mesa

San Fernando San Fernando Electronics

Sen Francisco Zack ElectronicsSan Jose Peninsula Electronic Supply Inc.

San Jose United Radio 3 TV SupplySan Luis Obispo Mid-State Electronic Supply

San Rafael Electronics Plus

Santa Barbara Lombard Electronics

Santa Cruz Santa Cruz Electronics

Santa Fe Springs Industrial Electronics

Santa Maria Cap's Communications

Santa Rosa Electronics Inc.

South Gate Mac's Electronics

South Lake Tahoe CalPlne Electronics

Sunnyvale Sunnyvale Electronics

Torrance SE Electronics

Torrance Torrance Electronics

Tustin A-B&B Electronics

Vallejo ZackitVan Nuys Thrifty Electronics Supply Inc.

Westminster JK Electronics

Whittier O&S Electronics

Whittier Whittier Electronics Co.

Woodland Hilts Heathkit Electronic CenterCOLORADO

Aurora Aurora ElectronicsColorado Springs Centennial Electronics Inc.

Denver Mt. Coin Distributing Co.

Denver Micro World ElectronicsCONNECTICUT

Avon Heathkit Electronics CanterNew Haven Customized Computer Systems

Wastport ComputerworksDELAWARE

New Castle Delaware Amateur Supply

Newark Computer/and

Wilmington Laraco

Wilmington Wholesale Electronics Inc.FLORIDA

Clearwater AGL Electronics

Ft. Lauderdale Computers For You

Ft. Lauderdale Lafayette Radio Electronics

Gainesville Lefayatta Radio

Hlalaah Heathkit Electronic Center

Jacksonville Laraco of Florida Inc.Lake/and Lakaland Spscialty Electronics

Miami Herman Electronics

Miami N&G Distributors

Oakland Park Lafayette Radio

Orlando Southeast Micro-Data Corp.

Paniacola Grlca Electronics Inc.

FLORIDA (Continuad)

Plantation

Tampa

Tampa

Tampa

GEORGIA

Atlanta

Atlanta

Atlanta

Columbus

Stone Mountain

HAWAII

Honolulu

Honolulu

Wailuku

IDAHO

Boise

Caldwell

ILLINOIS

Carbondale

Chicago

Chicago

Evanston

Geneva

Grove/and

Mount Prospect

Niles

Peoria

Peoria

Rock ford

Schaumburg

Skokie

Villa Park I j

INDIANA

Bloomington

Chesterton

East Chicago

Evansville

Gary

Indianapolis

Muncie

South Bend

South Bend

IOWA

Ames

Devenport

Des Moines

Des Moines

KANSAS

Hutchinson

Kansas City

Mission

Salina

Wichita

KENTUCKY -

Lexington

L ouisvllle

Heathkit Electronic Center

AMF Microcomputer Center Inc.

Heathkit Electronic Center

Microcomputer Systems

Atlanta Computer;.M$rj-

CompuShop

Heathkit Electronic Cenwr

Radio Wholesale

Coleman's Electronics

Industrial Electronic Inc.

Integrated Circuit Suppty

Q.S.K. Electronics

Custom ElectronicsA-Gem Supply Inc.

Picks Electronics

Howard Electronic Salts

Olson Electronics

Tri-State Electronic Corp.

Melv'm Electronics

Mover Electronics

Tri-State Electronic Corp.

•Computer Land

L Computer Land otPebrtaWarren Radio Co.mputer Store of Rockford .Data Domain of SchaumburgLi/fpute ComputerMeivin Electronics, ,

ttenstfer Radio <Co. Inc.'

Chesterton Electronics

Aero Electronics Corp.

Hutch & Son Inc.

Calujnet Electronic Supply ,

Heathkit Electronic Gantar

Pierce Electronics

'Redio Distributing Inc.

' Television Supply Co.

Electronic Suppty Inc.

■Memory Bank

I Glffotd Brown Incorporated

Radio Trade Supply Co.

Hutchinson Electronics,

Electronic Surplus Salat

Heathkit Electronic Canter,'

Electronics Inc.

Amateur Radio Equipment Co.

Richmond

LOUISIANA

Baton Rouge

Baton Rouge

Baton Rouge

Kenner

Lake Charles

Leke Cheries

New Orleans

Shreveport

MARYLAND

Annapolis

Annapolis

Baltimore

Baltimore

Beltimore

Baltimore

Churchville "' ■

Damascus

Frederick

Glen Burnie

La Vale

Rock villa

Silver Spring

Towson

Towson

Towson

Towson

Wheat on

MASSACH

Littleton

Peabody

Pitts field

Waltham

Wellesley

West Springfield

Worcester

MICHIGAN

Adrian

Allen Park

Ann Arbor

Battle Creek

Bay City

Canton

Clawion

Cold water

Detroit

Detroit

Detroit

Oxford

East Detroit

Flint

Garden City

Grand Rapids

Grand Rapids

Grand Rapids

Grand Rapids

Radio'"Electronic Equipment Co.Peerless Electronic Equipment Co.

He,

HUSEft

Madisitn Coupty Electronics .

Davis Electronics Supply Co. '■Menard Electronics Inc.'Pelican ElectronicsHeethkit Electronic CenterQulf Power Si ControlsWholesale Radio & EquipmentWm. B. Aflen Supply Co.Industrial Electronic Supply-Computers Etc.j [, J MM Electronics Inc.

■ .'.■ American 0istrihtttin<i Co.,'n \ Everything Electronic

Herco ElectronicsTritropics, Inc.Churchville ElectronicsDamascus CO •Frederick Computers: Revacto

JBiM ElectronicsHeathkit Electrohip Center ■[Computers Etci' IBavnesville Electronic Inc.Computers Etc, 'Computers UnlimitedHeathkit Electronic CenterComp u ter Crafters

J TefrCom Inc.

Heathkit Electronic Center

rittsfieto Radio Co. Inc.

Computer Mart Inc.Heathkit Electronic Center jNorbill's Electronics Inc.RM Electronics Inc. '

E&B Electronics Inc. '

Electronic P*rtt Go,

Wedemeyer Electronic Supply

Warren Radio Co.

Kinde Distributing Co.

The Electronic Connection

Radio Supply A Engineering Co.

B&M Electron/as

Heathkit Electronic Canter

Radio Supply ft Engineering Co.

SAS Electronics

Ox ford Software Co.

Heathkit Electronic Center

Shand Electronics inc.

Computer Center

Micro Computer World

Redlo Perts Inc.

T& W Electronics

Warren Radio Co.

MICHIGAN (Continuad)

Jackson Fulton Radio Supply

Kalamoroo Warren Radio

Lansing Fulton Radio Supply Inc.

Livonia Lafayette Radio

Livonia Norwest Electronics

.Livonia - Radio Supply & Engineering Co. Inc.Madison Heights Warren Radio Co.

Midland Cotpputronix Corporation

Milan C&$ Electronics Mart Ltd.

Olson ElectronicsBerr'sH.R. ElectronicsNiles Radio SupplyElectronic SupplyMain TV\ Radio Electronics Inc.Electronic Mart

Mt. Clemens

Mt. Pleasant

Muskegon

Niles

Pontine

Port Huron.,

Saginaw

St. Claire Shores

St. Joseph

Taylor

Traverse City

West tend

MINNESOTA. Pulutfr .

Hopkins

Minneapolis- 8t. Petti

Winona

MISSISSIPPI

Jackson

MISSOURI

Br]dgeton1 El Dorado Springs

flhrissant

i m Louis

MONTANA

Billings

Bozeman

Great Pelfs

NEBRASKA

Lincoln

Lincoln

Norfolk ■

North Platte

Omaha

Omaha

Omaha

NEVADA

Let Vegas

NEW JERSEY

Cherry Hill ,

Englewooo1

Pair Lawn

Qeean

Pennseukeh

Pompion Lakes

Ramsey: Trenton

Vineland

NEW YORK

Albany

Albany

Albany yMA

Amherst

Buffalo

Cort/end

Endwell

Ithaca

Ithaca

Jamestown

Jericho

Kingston

Kingston■ Mlddletan

Nawburgh

New York City

New York City

New York City

Orchard Perk

Peaksxtlt

Poughkeepsie

Bell Electronics

fileath Customer Center

Electronic World

TfeyeriB.City Electronic Supply

Olson Electronics

Northwokt Radio of Duluth Inc.

Heathkit Electronic Center

Pal Electronics

■Heathkit Electronic Center

Hiawatha Electronics Inc.

Ellington. Electronic Supply

Forsythe Computers

Beckrnan Electronics

Computer Country

Computer Country (Downtownl

Cqnley Radio Supply

Electronic Service & Dist. Inc.

Arts Electronics

Computer Systems

Scott Electronic Supply Inc.

Caauwes Gun & Hobby Shop

Scott Electronic Supply Corp.

Midwest Computer

Scott Electronic Supply Corp.

Heathkit Electronic Center

1 * a i ' \ , \

\ Century 23

The Computer Emporium

> Radiomesters

Heathkit Electronic Center

Heathkit Electronic Center

Lafayette Radio

Computer Corner

Typatranic Computer Store

Lafayette Radio Electronics

Lafayette Radio Electronics

Action Audio Inc.Fort Orange ElectronicsGreylock ElectronicsHeethkit Electronic CenterRedlo Equipment Corp.Action Audio Inc.Cofnbutef, Tree Inc.Action Audio Inc.Rad- TronicsWarren Radio'hkit Electronic CenterAction Audio Inc.Greylock Electronics' Action Audio Inc.Action Audio Inc.] Aristo CraftDigibyte Systems Corp.Taft Electronics 45 Corp.Radio Equipment Corp.rJAeffcJn Audio inc.Greylock ElectronicsNorth White Plains Heathkit Electronic CenterRochester 'Heathkit Electronic Center

wnII :

Heath,

Troy ,

Vtlca

Utice

Wappingers Pails

White Plaint ■

NORTH CAROLINA

Raleigh

NORTH DAKOTA

Forgo

OHIOCincinnatiCincinnatiV ClevelandColumbusDoverFremontRaynoldsburgToledoToledoWickllffeYoungstownOKLAHOMAOklahoma CityOklahoma CityOklahoma CityOREGONAlbanyBeavertonCorvalllsEugenePort land

Trojan Electronics

Am-Comj£lectronics

Centrel Elhctronics

Action Audio Inc.

The Computer Corner

Byte'Shop of Releigh

SStS Electronics

Heathkit Electronic Center

Micro-Solution

Heethkit Electronic Center

Heathkit Electronic Center

T. V. Specialties

''Terra Tech College Bookstore

t^^XJnlversat Amateur Radio

thathkit Electronic Center

Warren Radio

Amateur Electronic Supply

Ross Radio Company

Bits, Bytes & MicrosHeathkit Electronic CenterTrice Wholesale Electronics

Oregon Ham Sales

Norvec Electronics

Zero-Gee

Eugene Amateur Radio Supply

Port/end Radio Supply

OREGON (Continuad)

Salem CommShackPENNSYLVANIA

Braddock Left Electronics

Chambursburg Sunrise Electronic Dist. Co.

Drexei Hill Kass Electronics Distributors

Drums Mr. D's Digital Electronics

Erie Werren Radio

Prtiter Heathkit Electronic CenterPeoli Personal Computer Corporation

Philadelphia Heathkit Electronic Center

Philadelphia Resco Electronics

Phoenixville Stevens Electronics

Pittsburgh Heathkit Electronic Center

Pittsburgh South Hills Electronics

Wilkes Barre Hemline Electronics

York G.Y.C. CompanyRHODE ISLAND

Cranston Jabbour Electronics City

Pawtucket Jabbour Electronics City

Warwick Heathkit Electronic CenterTENNESSEE

Cookeville Wegnon's Stereo CanterKnoxvil/o Shields Electronics Supply inc.

Memphis Bluff City ElectronicsMemphis Sere-Rose & Spencer Electronics

Memphis Warren Radio CompanyNashville Eddie Warner's Parts Company

Nashville Electre Distributing Co.

Oekridge Notional Electronics

Tullehome H&H Electronics Co. Inc.TEXAS

Beaumont Electro-Hut

Brownsville George's Electronics Mart

Dallas Heathkit Electronic Center

Dallas Ram Micro Systems

Fort Worth The Ingenuity Concept

Gerlend Tinker Tronics Inc.

Houston Heathkit Electronic Center

Houston Interactive Computers

Lubbock Trice Wholesale Electronics

McAllen Carlos Franco ElectronicsSen Antonio Appliance & Equipment Co. Inc.

San Antonio C&K Electronics Inc.

San Antonio Heethkit Electronic Center

Weco L&M Wholesale ElectronicsUTAH

Midvele Heathkit Electronic Center

Provo Alpine Electronic Supply Co.

Salt Leke City Best Distributing

Salt Leke City Computer/end of Selt LekeVERMONT

Essex Junction Lefeyette RadioVIRGINIA

Alexandria Computers Plus Inc.

Alexandria Heathkit Electronic Center

Annadale Arcade ElectronicsArlington Arlington Electronic Wholesalers

Blacksburg Scotty's Radio & TV Inc.

Charlottesville Graves Electronics

Falls Church Crossroad Electronics

Hampton Electronic Sales Inc.

Hopewell B& G Electronics

McLean Tyson's Computer Emporium

Norfolk Avec Electronics Corp.

Norfolk Priest Electronics

Portsmouth Electronics Unlimited

Richmond Avec Electronics Corp.

Roanoke Avec Electronics Corp.

Vienna Electronic Equipment Benk

Virginia Beech Heathkit Electronic Center

Werrenton Redio Sheck

Woodbridge Virginia Micro SystemsWASHINGTON

Bei/evue ABC Communications

Everett ABC Communications

Kennewick C&J Electronics Inc.

Longview Progress Electronics

Moses Lake Ron's Electronics

Pasco Riverview Electronics

Richland C&J Electronics

Seattle ABC Communications

Seattle Amateur Radio Supply

Seattle Empire Electronics

Spokane Don's Stereo Center

Spokane Personal Computers

Tacoma C&G Electronics

Tacome Northwest Redio SupplyWEST VIRGINIA

Fairmont TPS Electronics Inc.

Morgantown The Computer Corner

Morgantown Electro Distributing Co. Inc.Wheeling Lefeyette Radio Associate StoreWYOMING

Cheyenne Computer Concepts

CANADA

Alberta:

Calgary

Ontario;

Toronto

GUAM

ENGLAND

Berkshire

GUATEMALA

PANAMA

SINGAPORE

SINGAPORE

SWEDEN

Stockholm

WEST INDIES

Port of Spein, Trlnlded The Hobby Centra

CompuShop Alberta L td.

House of Computers

Marianas Electronics

NewBeer Computing Store

Electronice Pen-Americana

Tropelco, S.A.

Applied Digital System

Sys-Tech

LSI Electronics HB

For Distributor Information, write or phone JIM-PAK® 1355 Shoreway Road, Belmont, CA 94002 (415) 595-5936

240

BYTE December 1980

Circle 164 on inquiry card.

electronic components

One-Stop Component Center &

This is a partial listing of over 500 itemsavailable from authorized Jim-pak Distributors:

ff%f TTL Iff

pl

7400 .

2/.85

7490 . . .

. . . .85

740?

2/.85

7493 . . .

. . . .85

7404 .

2/.8S

74100. . .

. . . .2.25

7406

2/1.19

74109. . .

. . .2/1.19

7407

2/1.19

74121. . .

. . . .69

74123. . .

. . . .99

7410

2/.85

74150. . .

. . . .1.95

7414

99

74154. . .

. . . .1.95

7417

2/1.10

74157. . .

. . . .99

7420 .

2/.85

74161. . .

. . . .1.19

74164. . .

. . . .1.59

7474 .

69

74174. . .

. . . .1.59

7475 .

79

74175. . .

. . . .1.49

7476 .

69

74192. . .

. . . .1.19

7485

1.19

74193. . .

. . . .1.19

7486

2/1.19

74367. . .

. . . .99

7489

2.99

74393. . .

. . . .1.95

POTENTIOMETERS

2 Watt @ 70°C

7/8" Slotted Shaft

Linear Taper

IK 5K 10K25K 50K 100K

1 Meg

CMU . . $2.95

3/4 Watt @ 70°C15 Turn Pot.Linear Taper

100T2 500n 1K5K 10K 50K100K 500K 1Meg

830P. .$1.79

W CMOS ^*

400040014002400640094010401140134016401740184020402340244027

.69

.69

.69

1.95

.89

.85

.69

.85

.85

1.49

1.49

2.19

.49

1.29

.89

403040404044404640474049405040514066406940704071408140934511

.791.951.392.492.75.89.891.951.19.79.79.79.691.191.95

CONNECTORS

DB25P D-Submlnlature Plug

DB25S D-Submlniature Socket

DB51226 Cover for DB25P/S

22/44SE P.C. Edge

UG88/U BNC Plug

UG89/U BNC Jack

UG175/U UHF Adapter

S0239 UHF Panel Recp.

PL258 UHF Adapter

PL259 UHF Plug

UG260/U BNC Plug

UG1094/U BNC Bulkhead Recp.

3.954.952.252.952.193.95.591.491.951.952.391.49

1^ LINEAR Wff

LM301N. .LM305H. .LM307N. .LM308N. .LM309K. .LM310N. .LM311N. .LM317T. .LM318N. .LM319N. .LM320K-5.LM790ST .LM7912T .LM7915T .LM323K. .LM324N. .LM337T. .LM339N. .

.591.39

.751.192.252.691.492.292.952.952.251.751.751.755.951.292.291.29

LM7805TLM7812TLM7815TLM380N.LM384N.LM555N.LM556N.LM565N.LM566N.LM567N.LM723N.LM741N.LM1310NLM1458NLM1488NLM1489NLM1800N76477 N. .

1.761.751.751.492.49

.691.491.951.951.79

.79

.652.95

.991.591.594.493.95

GB100GB101GB102GB103GB108GB110GB113GB11EGB117GB120

Cer. Caps. (100) 2.95

Mylar Caps. (60) 4.95

Electrolytlcs (60) 4.95

Tantalums (40) 4.95

TTL IC'S (50) 4.95

Asst. LEDs (100) 5.95

Trimmers (30) 4.95

V<w Resist. (200) 2.95

ViW Resist. (200) 2.95

Slide Switch (25) 3.95

GB123GB127GB137GB139GB140GB141GB145GB154GB162GB173

Heat Sinks (30) 3.95Transistors (100) 3.95Chokes (50) 3.95

Term. Strips (40) 3.96Spcr/Stndff (150) 2.95Washers (200) 2.95Lugs (100) 2.95

1&2W Resist. (100) 2.957-Seg.Dsplys.(50)5.9S3/8" Pots. (100) 5.95

REGULATED POWER SUPPLY KIT

'*^»..

Uses LM309K. Heat Sink _provided. PC board con-struction. Provides a solid1 amp @ 5 volts. Can supply upto ±5V, ±9V and ±12V withJE205 Adapter. Includes compo-nents, hardware and instructions.31/3"x5"x2"H

JE200 $14.95

DESK TOP ENCLOSURES

DTE-8 (Pictured) $31.95

DTE-11 (Pictured) 34.95

DTE-14 36.95

DTE-HK (Case for JE600) 47.95

DTE-AK (Case for JE610) (Pictured) ... 52.95

VIDEO CONTROLLER

Ideal for all videogames or remotecontrol projects.Two mini. pots.40K ohm each.SPST push buttoncontrol.Five-wireconnection cable5' long. Ruggedplastic case —1M"H x2-3/8"Wx4-5/16"L

JVC-40 $5.95 each

^^ LS Schottky WP

74LS00 55 74LS109 .

74LS02 55 74LS123 .

74LS04 69 74LS138 .

74LS08 55 74LS139 .

74LS10 55 74LS154 .

74LS14 1.09 74LS157 .

74LS30 55 74LS161 .

74LS32 69 74LS174 .

74LS38 69 74LS175 .

74LS42 1.49 74LS192 .

74LS47 1.49 74LS193 .

74LS48 1.79 74LS221 .

74LS73 79 74LS244 .

74LS74 79 74LS245 .

74LS75 99 74LS367 .

74LS85 1.95 74LS374 .

74LS90 1.09 81LS97. .

. .791.951.491.492.491.491.791.791.791.891.891.952.493.491.292.492.49

SOCKETS

Low Profile

8 pin LP14 pin LP .16 pin LP.18 pin LP .20 pin LP .22 pin LP.24 pin LP .28 pin LP .36 pin LP.40 pin LP .

2/.59. 2/.69. 2/. 79. 2/. 89. 2/.99.2/1.09. .79. .82. .99. 1.19

Wire Wrap

14 pin WW tin .7514 pin WW gold 1.0916 pin WW tin .7916 pin WW gold 1.1924 pin WW gold 1.6940 pin WW gold 2.7514 p. plug/coverl.2916 p. plug/cover 1.3924 p. plug/cover 1.95+ molex p./sockets

DIODES

IN751

IN757

IN1188

IN3600

IN4001

IN4004

IN4007

IN4148

IN4733

IN4734

IN4735

IN4742

IN4744

& TRANSISTORS

2/.592/.592.695/.994/.594/.694/. 7910/.992/.692/.692/.692/.692/.69

2N2219A. . . .2/1.192N2222A. . . . 2/.892N2907A. . . . 2/.89

2N3055 99

2N3772 2.25

2N3904 2/.69

2N3906 2/.69

2N4401 2/. 79

2N4403 2/. 79

2N5129 2/.69

2N5139 2/.69

2N5210 2/.79

2N5951 2/1.29

CAPACITORS

Dipped Tantalum ELECTROLYTIC

.lmfd@>35V

,47mfd@35V

lmfd@35V

2.2mfd@25V

3.3mfd@25V

4.7mfd@25V

10mfd®25V

33mfd®25V

2/.89

2/.89

2/.89

2/1.09

2/1.19

2/1.39

1.19

3.95

100V MYLAR

.001-.01mfd

.022mfd

.047mfd

.lmfd

.22mfd

4/.79

4/.89

4/.99

4/1.19

4/1.29

lmfd@50V

4.7mfd@50V

10mfd@50V

22mfd@50V

47mfd@50V

100mfd@50V

220mfd@50V

1000mfd@25V

2200mfd@16V

50V CERAMIC10pf-.022mfd 4/.59,047mfd 4/.69

.lmfd 4/.79

3/.69

2/.59

2/.69

2/. 79

2/.89

.59

.69

1.19

1.39

MICROPROCESSORS

Z80A CPU (4MHz) 14.95

MC6800 8 Bit MPU 14.95

8080A CPU 7.95

8212 8 Bit I/O Port 3.95

8216 Bl-Dlrectional Bus Driver 4.49

2513/2140 Character Generator 12.95

8T97 Trl-State Hex Buffer 2.25

AY-5-1013 30K Baud UART 6.95

AY-5-2376 88-Key Keyboard Encoder 13.95

2114-3 4K Static RAM (300ns) 9.49

MK4116 16K Dynamic RAM (250ns) 9.95

2708 8K EPROM 10.95

2716 16K EPROM (+5V) 19.95

Discount linrvpak Coupon

omf ^JfirTiiTniiViMiviiniin nnnn FOR

ONE

DOLLAR

Discount Coupon

OFFER EXPIRESDECEMBER 31, 1980Redeemable atparticipating JIM-PAKDistributors for $1.00discount on purchasesof JIM-PAK componentsexceeding $1.00

GOOD FOR

ONE DOLLAR

DISCOUNT

on purchase of any

JIM-PAK PRODUCTS

at participating Distributors

ONE DOLLAR

One Coupon Per Customer

Mr. Distributor: Jim-Pakwill accept this couponfor one dollar creditwhen returned to us withyour regular orders.

Circle 164 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980

241

H

CQMPUTRQNICS

N

• • • EVERYTHING FOR YOUR TRS-80"• • •

* TRS-80" is a trademark of the Radio Shack Division of Tandy Corporation

MOD-II PROGRAMS

* All orders processed within 24-Hours■k 30-Day money back guarantee on all TRSDOS Software• Add $2.00 for shipping in UPS Areas• Add $3.00 for COD. or NON-UPS Areas* Add $4.00 outside U.S.A., Canada & Mexico■A We will match any bonafide advertised pricein any of the Major Computer Magazines

A

LL

S0

FTWARE

LISTEDHERE

wo

RKS

WI

TH

TRSDO

(1) ELECTRIC PENCIL (Michael Shrayer Software)...Complete word processor with extensive editing and

printer formatting features $325 (STANDARD

TRSDOS VERSION)...$350 (DIABLO. NEC OR QUMETRSQOS VERSION).

(2) GENERAL LEDGER, ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE,ACCOUNTS PAYABLE, INVENTORY CONTROL,INVOICING ANO PAYROLL (Small Business SystemsGroup)...an extensive business system for the serioususer...can be used one module at a time or as a co-ordinated system...$225...per module...$1299 for thecomplete system.

(3) GENERAL LEDGER, ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE,ACCOUNTS PAYABLE, INVENTORY CONTROLAND PAYROLL (Compumax)...a complete user ori-ented business system...can be used one module at atime or as a coordinated system...$140 per module...$995 for the complete system.

(4) MOD-II UTILITY PACKAGE (Racet Computes)...adds important utilities to TRSDOS...copy filesselectively...taster and more accurate file copying...repair bad directories...displays sorted directory ofall files on 1 to 4 disk drives...SUPERZAP...changedisk ID...and more...$150.

(5) ADVENTURE #1-#9 {Scott Adams - AdventureInternational)...a series of games formally only

available on the large computers...yourgoal is to workyour way through a maze of obstacles in order torecover a secret treasure or complete a mission...thepackage includes all 9 Adventures written by ScottAdams. ..$99.95.

(6) GSF (Racet Computers)...Generalized SubroutineFacility...a series of super fast machine languageutilities that can be called from a BASIC program (nomachine language knowledge required)...sorts 1000items in under 5 seconds.allows PEEK and POKEstatements...move data blocks...compress and un-compress data., works under TRSDOS...550.

(7) DSM (Racet Computes). Disk Sort Merge...sortsand merges large multiple diskette files on a 1 to 4drive system...NOT AN IN MEMORY SORT...canactually alphabetize (or any other type of sort) 4 diskdrives worth of data...sorts one complete disk ofinformation in 10 minutes...information is provided touse DSM with the RS MAILING PROGRAM, worksunder TRSDOS...$150.

(8) RSM (Small Systems Software)...a machinelanguage monitor and disassembler...can be used tosee and modify memory or disk sectors...contains allthe commands found on the Model-I version plussome additional commands for the MOD-II...worksunder TRSDOS.. $39.95.

(9) BLINK BASIC LINK FACILITY (Racet Computes)..Link from one BASIC program to another saving allvariables...chain programs without losing variables...$50.

(10) BASIC CROSS REFERENCE UTILITY (RacetComputes)...lists all variables and strings used in aprogram (with the line numbers in which [hey appear)...lists all GOTO's and GOSUB's (with the line num-bers in which they appear)...searches for any specificvariables or strings (with the line number in whichthey appear)...$50.

(11) DEVELOPMENT PACKAGE (Racet Computes)...SUPERZAP (to see. print or change any byte on a

diskette)...Disassembler and MOD-II interface to the

MICROSOFT EDITOR ASSEMBLER PLUS includinguploading services and patches for Disk I/O..assembledirectly into memory...save all or portions of sourceto disk...dynamic debug facility (ZBUG). entendededitor commands ..$125

(12) HARD/SOFT DISK SYSTEM (Racet Computes)...The software essential to interface any of the popularlarge hard disk drives...completely compatible withyour existing software and files...allows up to 20megabytes of storage (and larger)...directory expand-able to handle thousands of files...$400.

(13) CAMEO HARD DISK DRIVE CONTROLLER...

coming soon {November 1?)

(14) HARD DISK DRIVES, coming soon (Nov. 1?)

(15) H & E COMPUTRONICS, INC. SHARE-A-PROGRAM DISKETTE S1 ..works under TRSDOS.acollection of programs written by MOD-II owners...programs include data base management...a wordprocessor...mail system,..mortgage calculations...checkbook register., and many others.. $8 (add $3postage outside of the United States, Canada andMexico)...FREE it you send us a diskette containinga program that can be added to the SHARE-A-PRO-GRAM DISKETTE.

(16) WABASH CERTIFIED DISKETTES...$39.95 (perbox of 10).

(17) FLIP SORT DISKETTE STORAGE TRAY..Stores

50 diskettes...comes complete with index-dividers, tiltplates and adjustable spacing...$44.95.

(18) MASTER PAC 100. .100 essential programs...BUSINESS...PERSONAL FINANCE.STATISTICS...MATH.,.GAMBLING...GAMES...includes 125 pagemanual and 2 diskettes,.,$99.95.

(19) BUSINESS PAC 100 .100 essential business

programs...INVENTORY CONTROL...PAYROLL...BOOKKEEPING SYSTEM ..STOCK CALCULA-TIONS...CHECKBOOK MAINTENANCE...AC-COUNTS RECEIVABLE.. ACCOUNTS PAYABLE...includes 125 page manual and two diskettes.,.S 149.95.

(20) EDITOR ASSEMBLER (Galactic Software Ltd.)...the first user oriented Editor Assembler for theMODEL II and was designed to utilize all the featuresof the MODEL II. It includes innovative features forease of coding and debugging and complete docu-mentation (over 120 pages)...works under TRSDOS...$229.00.

(21) BASIC COMPILER (Microsoft)...changes yoursource programs into machine language...increasesprogram execution by 3-10 times,..$395.

(22) MAIL/FILE SYSTEM from Galactic Software Ltd.stores 2.500 names per disk. No sorting time isrequired since the file is automatically sorted by firstand last name plus Zip Code on input. Retrieve by anycombination of 19 user codes. Supports an 11 digitalphanumerica Zip Supports a message line. Comescomplete with user-oriented documentation (100-page manual). Allows for company name and individ-ual of a company and complete phone number (andextension)...works under TRSDOS. .$199.00

(23) INCOME TAX PAC Professional income taxpackage...most forms and schedules...output to videoor line printer...automatic memory storage of allinformation,..data can be loaded from diskette,changed and edited ..built inerrorchecking...$199.95.

(24) COMPUTER GAMES (SBSG). Mean Checker

Machine, Star-Trek III. Concentration, Treasure Hunt,Banco, Dog Star Adventure...$74.95.

iCQMPUTRQNICSi

50 N. PASCACK ROADSPRING VALLEY, NEW YORK 10977

HOUR

ORDER

LINE

NEW TOLL-FREE

ORDER LINE

(OUTSIDE OF NY. STATE)

(800) 431-2818

(1) CP/M (Lifeboat Associates) an alternative

operating system for the MOD-II that allows MOD-IIowners to use any of the hundreds of programsavailable under CP/M...$170.

(2) CP/M HANDBOOK.. (Sybex).. a step-by-stepguide to CP/M. takes the reader through each of theCP/M commands...numberous sample programs. .practical hints...reference tables...$13.95.

(3) GENERAL LEDGER, ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE,ACCOUNTS PAYABLE, INVENTORY CONTROL,AND PAYROLL (Peachtree Software)., requires CP/Mand MICROSOFT BASIC...professional businesssystems...turn key operation...can be used as singlemodules or as a coordinated system. $500 permodule.$2500 for the complete system.

(4) WORD-STAR..The ultimate word processor amenu driven word processing system that can be usedwith any printer. All standard word processingcommands are included...plus many unique com-mands only found on WORD STAR,..requires CP,M...$495.

(5) MAIL LIST MERGE...An add on package thatallows the user to send form letters (created onWORD-STAR) to any compiled mailing list (using anyCP/M based MAIL program such as the PEACHTREEMAIL PROGRAM)...requires CP/M, WORD STAR andandy CP/M based mail program.,,$150.

(6) SELECTOR III (Micro-Ap)...complete datamanagement system...user defined fields and codes...manages any list defined by the user,,.includesadditional modules for simplified inventory control,accounts receivable and accounts payable...requiresCBASIC-2...$295.

(7) SELECTOR IV (Micro-Ap). the ultimate datamanagement system, all features use the SELECTORIII plus..data file format conversions...full page reportformatter...computations...global search and replace...hard disk compatible ..data/text merging...$550.

(8) GLECTOR (Micro-Ap)...add on package to theSELECTOR ...general ledger that allows the user todefine a customized chart of accounts...$350.

(9) CBASIC-2 a non-intesactive BASIC used formany programs that run under CP/M...allows user tomake more efficient use of disk files...eliminates theuse of most line number references...require on suchprograms as the SELECTOR...$120.

(10) MICROSOFT BASIC...an enhanced version of theMICROSOFT BASIC found on TRSDOS..addscommands such as chaining {allows the user to LOADand RUN a new program without losing the variablescurrently in memory)...long variable length filerecords. WHILE/WEND and others...can be used withthe BASIC COMPILER to speed up programs (3-10times faster execution)...$325.

(11) MASTER TAX (CPAids)... professional taxpreparation program, .prepares schedules, A. B. C. D,E. F. G. R/RP. SE. TC. ES and forms 2106, 2119, 2210.3468. 3903. 2441, 4625. 4726. 4797. 4972. 5695 and6521. Printing can be on readily available pre-printedcontinuous forms, on overlays, or on computergenerated IRS approved forms. Maintainsclint historyfiles...interactive with CP/Aids General Ledger...$995.

(12) GENERAL LEDGER II (CPAids)...designed forCPA's...stores complete 12 month detailed history oftransactions...generates financial statements.

depreciation, loan amortizations, journals, trialbalances, statements of changes in financial position,and compilation letters...includes payroll system withautomating posting to general ledgers...printspayroll register, W2's and payroll checks...$450.

(13) ELECTRIC PENCIL (Michael Shrayer Software)...Complete word processor with extensive editingand printer formatting features...$275 (Standardprinter version)...$300 (DIABLO. NEC or QUMEversion)

(14) BASIC COMPILER (Microsoft) .changes yoursource programs into machine language, .increasesprogram execution by 3-10 times...$395.

• (CP/M IS A REGISTERED TRADEMARKOF DIGITAL RESEARCH)

A

LL

PROGRAMS

R

E

Q

U

I

R

E

CP

/M*

(914) 425-1535

NEW!!!

MOD-II NEWSLETTER

$ll/year (or 11 issues)

242 BYTE December 1980

Circle 95 on inquiry card.

THE ORIGINAL MAGAZINE FOROWNERS OF THE TRS-80™* MICROCOMPUTER

SOFTWARE

FOR TRS-80 "

OWNERS

H

CQMPLJTRQMCS

MONTHLY

NEWSMAGAZINE

FOR TRS-80 "

OWNERS

MONTHLY NEWSMAGAZINE

Practical Support For Model I, II & III

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSBUSINESS

GAMBLING • GAMESEDUCATIONPERSONAL FINANCEBEGINNERS CORNERNEW PRODUCTSSOFTWARE EXCHANGEMARKET PLACEQUESTIONS AND ANSWERSPROGRAM PRINTOUTS AND MORE

FRtE*

PROGRAMS AND ARTICLES PUBLISHED IN OUR FIRST 12 ISSUESINCLUDE THE FOLLOWING:

A COMPLETE INCOME TAX PROGRAM (LONG AND SHORT FORM)

INVENTORY CONTROL

STOCK MARKET ANALYSIS

WORD PROCESSING PROGRAM (FOR DISK OR CASSETTE)

LOWER CASE MODIFICATION FOR YOUR VIDEO MONITOR OR PRINTER

PAYROLL (FEDERAL TAX WITHHOLDING PROGRAM)

EXTEND 16-DIGIT ACCURACY TO TRS-80'" FUNCTIONS (SUCH AS

SQUARE ROOTS AND TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS)

NEW DISK DRIVES FOR YOUR TRS-80""

PRINTER OPTIONS AVAILABLE FOR YOUR TRS-80™

A HORSE SELECTION SYSTEM***ARITHMETIC TEACHER

COMPLETE MAILING LIST PROGRAMS (BOTH FOR DISK OR CASSETTE

SEQUENTIAL AND RANDOM ACCESS)

RANDOM SAMPLING***BAR GRAPH

CHECKBOOK MAINTENANCE PROGRAM

LEVEL II UPDATES***LEVEL II INDEX

CREDIT CARD INFORMATION STORAGE FILE

BEGINNER'S GUIDE TO MACHINE LANGUAGE AND ASSEMBLY

LANGUAGE

LINE RENUMBERING

AND CASSETTE TIPS. PROGRAM HINTS. LATEST PRODUCTS

COMING SOON (GENERAL LEDGER. ACCOUNTS PAYABLE AND

RECEIVABLE. FORTRAN 80, FINANCIAL APPLICATIONS PACKAGE.

PROGRAMS FOR HOMEOWNERS. MERGE TWO PROGRAMS.

STATISTICAL AND MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMS (BOTH

ELEMENTARY AND ADVANCED) AND

■ I US MP IS A ) Iv-M II MAKK ( II I AM nil IKP

WORD PROCESSING PROGRAM For writing letters, text, mailing lists, etc., with each new subscriptions or renewal

LEVEL II RAM TEST Checks random access memory to ensure that all memory locations are working properly

DATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Complete file management for your TRS-80".

CLEANUP Fast action Maze Game.

ADVENTURE Adventure #0 by Scott Adams (From Adventureland International).

* All programs are supplied on cassette (add $3 for Diskette Version - add $5 for modified Mod-ll Version).

**££

SEND FOR OUR NEW 48 PAGE SOFTWARE CATALOG (INCLUDING LISTINGS OF HUNDREDS OF TRS-80"" PROGRAMS AVAILABLE ONCASSETTE AND DISKETTE). $2.00 OR FREE WITH EACH SUBSCRIPTIONS OR SAMPLE ISSUE.

•CQMPLITRQNICS

fvlATV^AATeiAL APCU1ATON6 SE«VCE*'

50 N. PASCACK ROADSPRING VALLEY, NEW YORK 10977

ONE YEAR SUBSCRIPTION $24TWO YEAR SUBSCRIPTION $48SAMPLE OF LATEST ISSUE $ 4

HOUR

ORDER

LINE

\€IB\24

(914) 425-1535

NEW TOLL-FREE

ORDER LINE

(OUTSIDE OF N.Y. STATE)

(800) 431-2818

START MY SUBSCRIPTION WITH ISSUE(#1 - July 1978 • #7 - January 1979

NEW SUBSCRIPTION

#12 ■RENEWAL . .

June 1979 • #18 - January 1980)

CREDIT CARD NUMBER .

EXP. DATE .

SIGNATURE-

NAME

ADDRESS .

.CITY.

STATE-

^IP_

ADD $6 YEAR (CANADA. MEXICO) - ADD S12 YEAR AIR MAIL - OUTSIDE OF U.S.A.. CANADA & MEXICO '

Circle 95 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980

243

A Pocket Computer?Sizing up the HP-41C

Bruce D Carbrey704 Currituck DrRaleigh NC 27609

These days, the introduction of a new pocket calcula-tor is usually greeted with a yawn. This is because calcu-lators have become so commonplace. So what's all theexcitement over the Hewlett-Packard HP-41C7 Theanswer is that the HP-41C has novel features that place ita cut above all other calculators and blur the distinctionbetween calculators and personal computers. Hewlett-Packard, not usually given to wild claims, ventures tosuggest in the HP-41C Owner's Handbook and Program-ming Guide that the calculator "can even be called a per-sonal computing system." What are the features thatseparate the HP-41C from the pack?

• twelve-character, true alphanumeric display

• expandable, nonvolatile memory

• plug-in peripherals: magnetic card reader, printer,read-only memory application packs, and a bar-codereader

These, plus a host of convenience features, make thiscalculator the most versatile machine ever.

Display and Keyboard

Perhaps at some time you have marveled at the in-genuity of the person who discovered that, if you holdyour calculator upside down after entering 710.77345, itwill read "SHELL OIL". Well, you don't need to resort totricks like that on the HP-41C, because the usual redseven-segment light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are gone.They are replaced by a large, high-resolution black-on-white liquid-crystal display (LCD) capable of displayingall twenty-six uppercase alphabetic characters, tennumerals, and twenty-three other characters (see photo1). In addition, the display contains eleven "status annun-

The HP-41C has an array of featuresthat blurs the distinction betweencalculators and personal computers.

ciators," which inform you of various calculator modescurrently active. For example, if_ you select radianmeasure instead of degrees for trigonometric functions,"RAD" appears at the bottom of the display. There iseven a SHIFT annunciator that indicates when the shiftkey has been depressed.

The keyboard is HP's usual very high-quality, thirty-five-key, tactile-feedback keyboard, augmented by fourpush-on-push-off mode-selection switches. With fifty-nine displayable characters and 130 built-in functions, itshould be apparent that the thirty-nine keys have severalduties. In fact, each key is etched with three labels: itsstandard (unshifted) function, its shifted function (abovethe key), and its alpha-mode function (on the bottomsloping side of the key). Alpha-mode characters areenabled as long as the alpha-mode switch is set. The moreunusual alpha-mode characters (such as "£," "%," "=£,""$," etc) are selected by using the shift key in alpha mode.To keep the keyboard reasonably uncluttered, this set ofspecial characters is not etched on the keys but appears ina pictorial layout on the back of the calculator.

Even with each key potentially performing quadrupleduty, there are simply not enough keys for all the func-tions. To employ one of the more esoteric functions, youdepress the execute (XEQ) button and spell the name ofthe desired function. For example, to compute 12! (12 fac-

244 December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 364 on inquiry card.

torial), you would key in:1 2 XEQ ALPHA F

C

ALPHA

If you happen to be heavily involved in statistics, youmay find this a nuisance because FACT (the factorialfunction) will be frequently needed. This is where the"programmable keyboard" feature of the HP-41C comesin handy. You can assign or reassign any function to anykey you like by using the ASN function. For example:

ASN ALPHA

C T ALPHA TAN

assigns the FACT function to the button normally used toactivate the tangent function. A push-on-push-off USERmode switch determines whether user-defined or stan-dard meanings are currently associated with the keys. Ifyou forget what function you have assigned to a key, youcan find out by simply holding down the key. For our ex-ample, holding down the TAN button will show "FACT"on the display while in user mode and "TAN" while innormal mode.

User-programmed functions can also be assigned tokeys, allowing the calculator to be customized to yourapplication. Two keyboard overlays with stick-on labelsare provided for identification of user-defined keys.

Photo 1: The Hewlett-Packard HP-41C calculator. Each key onthe HP-41C has up to three labels associated with it: the labeletched into the top face of the key, the label visible directlyabove the key, and a letter of the alphabet (enabled by togglingthe ALPHA button) etched into the bottom face of the key.Additional functions are called by hitting the XEQ button andspelling out the function name. (Photo courtesy of Hewlett-Packard.)

/n

^r\

DISK DRIVE BONANZA BY Ql

8" DISK DRIVES

Shugart 801R Sgl/side Dbl/Den $395.00Two for $775.00

Qume Dalalrak 8'dbl sided, dbl density.

QME-8DS (851R compatible) S 599.00

Pkg of two S549.00 ea

QT DISK PACKAGES

I Dbl Den Controller, A & T, two 8" dbl den drives. CP/M ■2.2, cabinet, power supply & cables $1395.00

H Two 801R disk drives with cabinet, power supply& fan $1100.00

ID Dual 8" Drives:

Dbl den drives in cabinet only

2 sgl sided (801R) $ 989.00

2 dbl sided (QUME) $1409.00

5V4" DRIVES

MPI-B51 MPI B-51 S250.00

Sgl Sided Sgl Dbl Den

Exact Replacement lor SA-400

MPI-B52 MPI B-52 S350.00

Dbl Sided. Dbl Den

MPI-B91 MPI B-91 $375.00

Sgl Sided. Dbl Den. 77 Tracks

PERTEC FD-200 PER-FD200 ... $225.00Sgl Sided. Sgl'Dbl Den

Shugart SA400 SHU-SA400 5250.00

Sgl Sided, Dbl/Den

COMPUTER

SYSTEMS WE ACCEPT M/C. VISA, AM EXP

INC PLACE ORDERS TOLL FREE

1-800-421-515015620 South Inglewood Ave. (CONTINENTAL U.S. ONLY)Lawndale, California 90260 (EXCEPT CALIFORNIA)

(213) 970-0952 CP/M is a trademark ol Digital Research

the electric pencil II

for the TRS-80 Model II* Computer

aS

m

The Electric Pencil is a Character Oriented Word ProcessingSystem. This means that text is entered as a continuous stringof choracters end is manipulated as such. This allows the userenormous freedom trid ease in the movement and handling oftext. 5ince lines ore not delineated, any number of char-acters, words, lines or paragraphs mcy be inserted or deletedanywhere in the text. The entirety of the text shifts andopens up or closes as needed in full view of the user. Car-riage returns as well as word hyphenation ore nol requiredsince each line of text is formatted automatically.

As text is typed arid the end of a screen line is reached, apartially completed word is shifted to the beginning of thefollowing line. Whenever text is inserted or deleted, existingtext is pushed down or polled up in a wrap around fashion.Everything appears on the video display screen as it occursthereby eliminating any guesswork. Text may be reviewed atwill by variable speed or page-at-a-time scrolling both in theforward and reverse directions. By using the search or thesearch and replace function, any string of characters may belocated and/or replaced with any other string of characters asdesired. Specific sets of characters within encoded Stringsmay also be localed.

When text is printed, The Electric Pencil automaticallyinserts carriage returns where they ore needed. Numerouscombinations of Line Length, Page Length, Chorocter Spacing,Line Spacing and Page Spacing allow for any form to behandled. Right justification gives right-hond margins thatare even. Pages may be numbered as well as titled.

the electric pencil

-n Proven Ward PrOWBlltfl System

The TRSDOS versions of The Electric Pencil II are our bestever! You can now type as fast as you like without losing anycharacters. New TRSDOS features include word left, ward right,word delete, bottom of page numbering as well as extendedcursor controls tor greater user flexibility. BASIC files mayalso be written and simply edited without additional software.

Our CP/M versions ore the same as we have been distributingfor several years and allow the CP/M user to edit CP/M fileswith the addition of our CONVERT utility for on additionalS35.O0. CONVERT is not required if only quick and easy wordprocessing is required. A keyboard buffer permits fast typingwithout character loss.

CP/M TRSDOSSerial Diablo, NEC, Qume $ 300.00 S 350.00All other printers $ 275.00 S 325.00

The Electric Pencil I is still available for TRS-80 Model Iusers. Although not os sophisticated as Electric Pencil II, itis still an extremely easy to use and powerful word processingsystem. The software has been designed to be used with bothLevel I (I6K system) and Level II models of the TRS-80. Twoversions, one for use with cassette, and one for use with disk,are available on cassette. The TRS-80 disk version is easilytransferred to disk and Is fully interactive with the READ,WRITE, DIR, and KILL routines of TRSDOS.

trc Cassette S loo.oo

TRD Disk $ 150.00

Features

TRSDOS or CP/M Compatible ■ Supports Four DiskDrives * Dynamic Print Formatting • Diablo, NEC &Qume Print Packages ■ Multi-Column Printing • PrintValue Chaining ■ Page-at-a-time Scrolling *Bidirectional Multispeed Scrolling * Subsystem #ithPrint Volue Scoreboard * Automatic Word & RecordNumber Tally ■ Global Search & Replace • Full MarginControl ■ End of Poge Control * Non Printing TextCommenting • Line & Paragraph Indentation •Centering • Underlining • Boldface

ss

MICHAEL SHRAYER SOFTWARE. INC.

1198 Los Robles Dr.

Palm Springs, CA. 92262

(7141 323-1400

Circle 167 on Inquiry card.

December 1980 © BYTE Publicat

ions Inc

245

To facilitate the entry of multiple-key sequences, thedisplay provides prompting messages, and invalid keysare disabled. In addition to the normal clear-display key,there is a backspace key to facilitate corrections. If youforget the name of a function (programmed or standard),depressing the CAT (catalog) key will list all functionscurrently known to the calculator.

Memory

The HP-41C has continuous memory, which meansthat the contents of memory are preserved even when thecalculator is turned off. You can even replace the bat-teries without destroying the contents of memory. TheHP-4lC's size-N throw-away batteries typically last 1 or2 months, instead of the 9 to 12 months claimed in thedocumentation. A BAT annunciator warns you whenyou have only about 2 weeks' worth of life left in the bat-teries. The HP-41C can also be run using an AC adapter.

Not only are user programs saved in continuousmemory, but so is virtually everything relating to thecalculator: data, flags, user-key assignments, registers,and display formats. You can even set a flag so that,when you turn on the calculator, it immediately con-tinues executing a program from where it left off whenshut down!

The standard calculator contains sixty-three registersof memory. Each register is 7 bytes long and can be usedto store one number, up to six characters, or several pro-gram steps. The total memory space can be partitionedinto any combination of program and data storage, or itcan be left at the default partition of seventeen dataregisters and forty-six program registers. The instructionset contains eighty-six 1-byte instructions, thirty-one2-byte instructions, three 3-byte instructions, and one4-byte instruction. Instructions with alphanumericoperands such as LABEL, GOTO, etc, use 1 extra byteper character. In a typical mix of instructions, the HP-4lC can store about 200 lines of program code in thedefault forty-six registers of program space. An HP-41Ccontaining four optional expansion-memory modulescontains over 2.1 K bytes of continuous memory, capableof storing an average of over 1300 program steps.

Programming

Programming is easier on the HP-41C than on anyother calculator. You need not be concerned with ad-

dresses or instruction lengths; instead, programs areentered on automatically numbered lines, as is done onmany microcomputer text editors. Lines may be freely in-serted or deleted anywhere, with automatic renumberingof subsequent lines. Alphabetic labels of up to sevencharacters can be used for tagging the destination ofbranches or for program, subroutine, and functionnames. Also, any number of programs may be resident inmemory, each uniquely indentified by an alphabeticname. Programs can be selectively edited, deleted, orentered without affecting other programs.

Best of all, the key codes displayed by other calculatorsare gone, and are replaced by mnemonic instruction dis-plays. For example, if you examine an instruction forstoring a number into register 15 on the Texas In-struments TI-59, it is displayed on three separate lines as"42", "01", "05", where "42" is the TI-59's key code forthe STO key. On the HP-41C, however, the same opera-tion is displayed on a single line as "STO 15". This im-provement is analogous to stepping up to assembly-language programming from machine-language, an ad-vantage that really speeds up program development andcheckout.

Two powerful loop-control instructions have beenadded to the function repertoire of the HP-41C: incre-ment and skip if greater (ISG), and decrement and skip ifequal (DSE). These instructions allow a single register toserve as a loop counter, increment value, and final valuesimultaneously, by coding the number in the register inthe form:

iiiii.fffcc

where iiiii is the current counter value, /// is the finalvalue, and cc is the increment. For example, the BASICloop:

FOR I = 1 TO 50 STEP 2

NEXT Iis programmed on the HP-41C as:1.05002 iiiii = l,fff=050,cc = 2

CALL NOW • TOLL FREE

1-800-558-0870

MASTER CARD • VISA

COMPUTERS

SAMPLE PRICES:

CIP Series 2 8K RAM with 24 x 24 or 48 x 12 character display; sound,music & voice; 300 baud modem & printer port; expansion to color,joysticks, AC remote & more . . .

OSIRETAIL

$479

OURPRICE

$422

CIP MF Series 2 Same as above plus 20K RAM; real-time clock, 90K

mini floppy & more . . . $1279 $1126

6301/0 Expander Board (add to CIP or CIP MF) 16 color output; dual8 axis joystick interface; home security interface; 16 line parallel I/O;programmable sound generator & more . . . $229

FARAGHER ASSOCIATES, INC.

7635 W. BLUEMOUND MILWAUKEE, Wl 53213HOURS: C.S.T. M-F 8-6 SAT. 9-1

$202

246

December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 168 on inquiry card.

QWEST PmCES ONDERSONAL COMpUTERsfa^Ve

[cippkz computer

Apple II

personal

computer.

16KList $1195

ONLY $989

J2K, List $1395 $1169

18K, List $1259

IISK II DRIVE $420

ibove w/Controller $505

MICROSOFT Z80/CPM

onversion For Apple II ■ ■ ■ ONLY $299

tPPLE III

v/96K $2998

CENTRONICS PRINTER INTERFACE

ascal Language SystemList $495 $420Centronics

rinter Card List $225 $191

ligh Speed

rinter Interface $195 $1 65

COMPLETE LINE OFCALIFORNIA COMPUTERS

Interface cards available.We also stock theDC Hayes Micromodem,Mountain Hardware,and the SSM combinationserial/parallel interfaces.

R

ersonalomputcrystems

c

s

609 Butternut St.,

Syracuse, NY 13208

(315) 475-6800

Prices do not include shipping by UPS. Allprices and offers subject to change withoutnotice.

HEWLETT-PACKARD

HP-85A ONLY $2795

HP-85 ACCESSORIES

5-1/4" Dual Master

Disc Drive List $2500 $2125

5-V4" Single Master

Disc Drive List $1500 $1275

HP 7225A

Graphics Plotter List $2050 $1845

HP-85 16K

Memory Module List $395 . $355

HP-85 Application PacsStandard List $95 $85

Serial (RS-232C)

Interface Module List $395 $355

GPIO

Interface Module List $495 $445

IMAGINE A CALCULATORYOU CAN CUSTOMIZE.ITS HERE—THE HP-41C.

HP-41CONLY $244.95

^CALCULATORS:

HP-32E Scientific w/Statistics _HP-33C Scientific ProgrammableHP-34C Advanced Scientific

Programmable

HP-37E Business Calculator

HP-67 Handheld Fully AdvancedProgrammable Scientific for

Business & Engineering

HP-97 Desktop w/Built-in Printer. 579.95Circle 169 on inquiry card.

53.9599.95

123.9558.95

298.95

Texas Instruments

INCORPORATED

TI-99/3

home computer

CALL FOR PRICE

Commodore Pet

CALL FOR PRICE

PRINTERS FORALL COMPUTERS

A

ATARI4

A Warner Com

PERSONAL

COMPUTER

SYSTEMS

Comoany© LlSt $ 1 080

ATARI® 800™PERSONAL $849COMPUTER SYSTEM.

■ Hifo'Hfmm/iiiimifiii nmimiiimunmumYP, \

iim i\\ *

ATARI® 810 DISC DRIVE

List $699.95 $589

ATARI®

820™ Printer, List $599.95 . • ■ • $499

Atari® 400 List $630 • • • -$499

TONE VALUE—•> 0123456789

Figure 1: Musical notes on the HP-41C. The TONE function on the HP-41C produces one of ten musical notes that roughly corres-pond to the notes presented in this figure.

STO01

LBL "TOPLOOP"

ISG01

GTO "TOPLOOP"

Store the loop-control number in

register 01

Top of loop label

Increment register 01 by 2, skipnext line if greater than 50Otherwise, repeat this loop

The integer part (iiiii) of register 01 is incremented by 2 ineach pass until 51 is reached; the GTO is then skippedand the loop is exited at the bottom.

A full complement of indirect operations (including in-direct subroutine calls) and register arithmetic are sup-ported. Subroutines may be nested up to 6 levels deep.Ten different compare operations are available, includinga test for character string equality. Fifty-five flags areprovided, some of which are predefined for controllingcalculator functions such as display format, mode ofoperation, etc.

There are eleven user-defined flags, five of which havebuilt-in status annunciators on the display. I found theflags with annunciators useful for monitoring programexecution during debugging. Since running programshave complete control over the display format, it is easyto display several labeled numeric values on the displayat the same time. User-defined prompts for data entry arealso easily programmed. In fact, an executing programcan even turn the calculator off.

Error Detection

When a running program encounters an error condi-tion, the calculator displays an English error message.Dividing by 0, for instance, produces the diagnostic"OUT OF RANGE". If you depress the PROG key, thedisplay will show the exact line number and instructionthat caused the error. If desired, a flag can be set to ignoreerrors, or errors can be detected under program controlfor user-specified recovery.

Besides flags for various error conditions, there areflags that detect whether the data entered is numeric oralphabetic in nature. Since these flags are set only if datais entered, they can be used in conjunction with thePAUSE function to poll the keyboard during program ex-ecution to see if a key has been depressed. The PAUSE in-struction activates the keyboard for about 1 second, after

which normal execution resumes. The data entry flagscan be tested to see if any keys were depressed during apause; if so, the corresponding key indentifications,which are stored in the display register, are available tothe program. This feature facilitates the programming ofgames with real-time user responses.

Let the Music Play

The calculator can produce ten different audible tonesunder keyboard or program control. I found the volumelevel of the tones a little too low for my taste; it is barelyaudible in a noisy office. After successfully programming"Mary Had a Little Lamb," I decided to tabulate whichmusical notes are actually provided; the results arepresented in figure 1. Those with perfect pitch may findthe error in the frequencies of the notes a little annoying,but the tones are close enough to produce recognizablemusic.

Documentation

One of life's little pleasures is reading Hewlett-Packarddocumentation, which is among the best in the industry.It took me three evenings to finish the entire 268-pageHP-41C Owner's Handbook, working each example pro-gram as I read. For me, the manual struck just the rightbalance between simplicity and comprehensiveness. Myonly complaint is that the text does not always makeclear which functions are available on the keyboard andwhich must be spelled out. For instance, I spent severalminutes fruitlessly searching for the multiple-line-delete(DEL) function shown in the example on page 138 as akey, only to conclude that it must be accessed by depress-ing:

XEQ ALPHA DEL ALPHA

A second manual, HP-41C Standard ApplicationsHandbook, gives ten sample programs ranging fromhexadecimal conversions to a blackjack game. These pro-grams detail a wealth of programming techniques in-cluding random-number generation, character-string con-catenation and substring extraction, display formatting,table lookup, etc. In addition, a year's free membershipto Keynotes, the HP calculator newsletter, is includedwith your purchase.

Membership in a user's library group is available on asubscription basis for $20 per year. This subscription en-

248 December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

anew

is born!

r ^

m

EBBBM "(d)""

'■"^^^—^

a better computer systemany way you look at it.

The facts speak for themselves. The QUAY 500 SERIESoffers more for the money than North Star Horizon"computers.

MORE TECHNICAL FEATURES. A single board computer in-stead of a backplane with multiple boards, means fewer parts,fewer interconnections and fewer problems □ additional diskcapacity for more program storage □ DMA controlled disktransfers for increased system performance □ on-board expan-sion capabilities for additional parallel and serial ports, andEPROM □ AC convenience outlets □ a more compact design.IMMEDIATE DELIVERY. The 500 SERIES is available off theshelf for virtually immediate delivery. No waiting for far off de-livery dates for this one.

LOWER PRICE. The advanced technology engineered intoQuay computers actually lowers our cost to manufacture.The price of the 500 SERIES is about 20% lower than the

Horizon-2-32K-D — andour 520 SERIES also offerssignificant savings over theHorizon-2-32K-Q.The bottom line is simple.There is a new star in thecomputer field. The 500SERIES by Quay. It out-shines all of the competi-tion.

COMPARE FOR YOURSELF:

Advanced single board modular design.

SPECIFICATION

QUAY 500

H0RIZ0N-2-32K-D

Architecture

Single Board

S100 bus

CPU

Z80A, 4MHz.

Same

Dynamic RAM (std)

64Kb.

32Kb.

Disk drive type

Double density

Same

No. of drives (std/max)

2/4

Same

Capacity per drive (on-line)

200 Kb.

180 Kb.

Direct Memory Access (DMA)

Yes

No

CP/M" disk operating system

Standard

Optional

Unit Price

$2,995.

$3,095.

SPECIFICATIONS

QUAY 520

H0RIZ0N-2-32K-Q

Disk drive type

Quad density

Same

Capacity per drive (on-line)

400 Kb.

360 Kb.

Unit Price

$3,495.

$3,595.

The QUAY500offers technical superiority—availability—a $2,500 price!

CP M" is a registered trademark of Digital Research

Horizon is a registered trademark of North Star Computers, Inc.

QUASI

CORPORATION

P.O. Box 386, Freehold, New Jersey 07728 ■ (201) 681-8700Factory: Route 34, Wall Township, New Jersey 07719

DISTRIBUTOR AND REPRESENTATIVE INQUIRIES WELCOME

Circle 170 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980

249

Photo 2: The HP-41C and accessories. Clockwise from top are:the 82143A peripheral printer, a key overlay (for use whenredefining key functions), the HP-41C with the 82104A plug-incard reader, two magnetic cards, and three read-only-memoryapplication packs. In the center is the 82153A bar-code wand,which is used to read software printed in the form of bar codes.(Photo courtesy of Hewlett-Packard.)

6809 i-100 "**

SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER

MEETS I.E.E.E. S-100 STANDARD

& • 10 addressing modes

TM

#

• 24 indexed sub modesauto increment/decrement

• constant indexing from PC

4K/8K/16K ROM • 2K RAM

ROM /RAM relocatable on 4K boundary

ACIA; PIA; 8080 SIMULATED I/O

20 PARALLEL I/O LINES • 256 I/O PORTS

ACIA provides RS-232 lines for asychronous com-munications with limited modem control at 8 select-able baud rates; I/O locatable at any 4K boundary

P.C. Board & Manual $69.95with Monitor $99.95

ASSEMBLED & TESTED WITH 2K RAM& MONITOR $349.50

adsMON: ADS MONITOR

Examine and change registers and memory; punchand load in Motorola format; user definable inter-rupt service and more$39.95 in 2716 EPROM

MasterCharge/VISA AcceptedIllinois residents add sales tax Add 2.5% for shipping

Ackerman Digital Systems, Inc.

110 N. YorkRd., Suite 208, Elmhurst, III. 60126 (312)530-8992

titles you to a catalog of contributed programs, updatesto the catalog, and a coupon good for four free programsof your choice, distributed on magnetic cards. Additionalprograms are $6 each. You may submit programs to thelibrary in return for four free programs from the library.

Expansion

One of the most exciting aspects of the HP-4.1C is thearray of available peripheral devices, including:

• a twenty-four-column thermal printer

• an attachable magnetic card reader/writer

• application packs in read-only memory

• continuous-memory expansion modules

• bar-code program reader

Several of these accessories are shown in photo 2.

The 82143A battery-powered thermal printer produces127 characters, including all uppercase and lowercaseletters, in either single width (twenty-four characters perline) or double width (twelve characters per line). (Seephoto 3 for an example of printer output.) In addition,user-defined characters may be defined within a 7 by 7dot matrix. Simple printer-plots are supported. Theprinter can also be used to trace program execution dur-ing debugging.

The 82104A magnetic card reader is similar to thebuilt-in unit on the HP-67 and HP-97 and is compatiblewith cards produced on these machines. Up to sixteenregisters can be stored on each side of a card; the calcula-tor prompts you to enter as many cards as needed. Pro-grams, data flags, and even key reassignments can also besaved on the cards. For the security-minded, programscan be designated as execute-only, in which case an at-tempt to display or alter the program will result in thedisplay of the message, "PRIVATE."

Plug-in application packs (useful routines stored inread-only memory modules) are available in disciplinessuch as aviation, medicine, surveying, finance, stressanalysis, etc. Programs in these applications modules canbe copied into continuous memory, if desired, forcustomizing by the user.

For large programs, from one to four 82106A con-tinuous memory modules may be plugged in to extendthe built-in memory from the standard 63 to a maximumof 319 registers, in 64-register increments. The extendedmemory can be partitioned between program and datastorage and is continuous, just like the memory suppliedwith the standard HP-41C.

An accessory just recently made available is a wandthat is used to read bar-codes similar to the kind found onmost grocery products. This will enable users to load pro-grams directly from HP-41C Solution Books to be pub-lished by Hewlett-Packard, which will use bar-code list-ings of programs to supplement the usual step-by-stepkeystroke listings. An HP-41C user with a bar-code wandwill be able to enter these programs by running the wandacross the bar-code listing, eliminating the tedium and er-ror associated with manually entering a program.

The Great Calculator Race

A strong contender for the programmable calculatormarket is the Texas Instruments Tl-59, which sells for lessmoney than the Hewlett-Packard machine and includes a

250

December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 171 on inquiry card.

PMC-80

Level II16K at $645

SOFTWARE COMPATIBLE

Reads all Level II BASIC tapesReads all SYSTEM tapesFull range of peripherals

The PMC-80 is a "work-alike" computerto the popular TRS-80* Model I, Level IIby Tandy, Radio Shack. The PMC-80 has16K bytes of RAM and the completeLevel II 12K BASIC ROM by Microsoftthat makes it 100% software compatiblewith programs from Radio Shack andfrom the hundreds of other independentsuppliers. The built-in cassette playerreads standard Radio Shack programsfor the TRS-80.*

Sold through computer stores.

Video output for monitor and TVOptional FASTLOAD at 8000 baudOptional Upper/Lower case

The PMC-80 will operate with any of themany peripherals Radio Shack andother independent vendors have in-vented to plug into the TRS-80* Mostimportantly, the Interface Adapter per-mits Expansion Interfaces with memoryexpansion to 48K to be added. AnExpansion Interface will also permit theaddition of Radio Shack compatible5W" disks and disk operating systems,RS 232, printers, etc.

TRS-80 is a registered trademark of Tandy. Radio Shack.

Personal Micro Computers, Inc.

475 Ellis Street, Mountain View, CA 94043

(415) 962-0220

Circle 172 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980

251

standard magnetic card reader and larger standardmemory (960 bytes, as opposed to 441 bytes on a stan-dard HP-41C). (Price information for the Hewlett-Packard machine is given at the end of this article.) Ofcourse, it doesn't have an alphanumeric display or con-tinuous memory; still, it is an attractive alternative to theHP-41C.

I decided to run a small benchmark test to comparespeed and memory usage on both machines. Conductingproper benchmark tests is an involved and time-consuming process. Instead, I settled for one represen-tative test that should be adequate for at least rough com-parison. I programmed both the HP-41C and the TI-59 tocompute the present value of a bond with "periodiccoupons," as given by the formula:

P=I^2(1 + Y)-J+M(1 + Y)-N7=1

where:

P ■

I ■

N ■

M -

Y ■■

present valuecoupon valuenumber of periodsmaturity valueyield rate, in percent

I picked this example because it requires a mix ofarithmetic, looping, and register operations; I intuitivelyfelt that this mixture is representative of the operationsperformed in many of the problems suitable for pocket

GREAT

FOR

XMAS

ATTACHE STYLE CASES FOR CARRYING AND PROTECTING A COM-PLETE COMPUTER SET-UP CONSTRUCTED OF THE HIGHEST QUALITYLUGGAGE MATERIAL WITH SADDLE STITCHING WILL ACCOMMODATEEQUIPMENT IN A FULLY OPERATIONAL CONFIGURATION ALONG WITHMANUALS. WORKING PAPERS AND DISKS NEVER A NEED TO REMOVEEQUIPMENT FROM CASE. SIMPLY REMOVE LID. CONNECT POWER ANDOPERATE LID CAN BE REPLACED AND LOCKED FOR SECURITY ANDPROTECTION WITHOUT DISCONNECTING CABLES FULLY TESTED

• AP101S Apple and Single Disk Drive $109

0 AP102D Apple and Double Disk Drive 119

• AP103M Apple, 9 inch Monitor and Double Drive 129

• RS201 TRS-80, Expansion Unit and Double Drive 109

• RS202 TRS-80 Monitor and Accessories 84

• P401 Paper Tiger Printer 99

• P402 Line Printer ll-Centronics 730 89

• CC90 Matching Attache Case 75

CDflPJTEH CASE CDrlPfiMV

i650 INDIANA MOUND CT COLUMBUS OHIO 4321.116U, 868-9.16.1

calculators. I programmed both calculators in the samemanner, deliberately trying to avoid "trick" program-ming but taking advantage of each machine's strengthswhere possible (such as short-form addressing on theTI-59 and stack manipulation on the HP-41C).

The programs for the HP-41C and the TI-59 are inlistings 1 and 2, respectively. Although I expected theHP-41C to run slower since it uses ultra-low-powertechnology, both calculators took about the sameamount of time to execute the benchmark. The HP-41Cprogram uses less memory space, but of course it hasonly about half as much memory available in its standardconfiguration.

Listing 1: HP-41C benchmark program to calculate the presentvalue of a bond with "periodic coupons." This problem,described in the text, was used as a benchmark program againstthe Texas Instruments TI-59 because it uses both arithmeticcalculations and program looping. The TI-59 benchmark pro-gram is given in listing 2, and the results of the comparison aregiven in table 1.

HP-41C program steps often consist of multiple keystrokes;each step is shown in this listing as it appears in the calculator'sdisplay after entry, with one exception: characters entered inalphabetic mode on the calculator are shown here enclosed inquotes. On the calculator's display the quotes do not appear,but the characters are preceded by a superscript "T".

REGISTERS

R, M, maturity valueR; N, number of periods

and J, loop indexR3 I, coupon valueR4 1 + Y, where Y is yield

rate as decimal fraction

LINE PROGRAM STEP COMMENTS

0102030405060708091011121314151617IS19202122232425262728293031

LBL "BOND"

FIX 2

STO01

STOP

STO 02

STOP

STO 03

STOP

100

/

1

+

STO 04

RCL02

CHS

Y/X

RCL 01

0

LBL 01RCL 04RCL 02CHSY/X+

DSE 02GTO01RCL 03

+

END

Set dollars and cents format

SAVE M in 01

Input N

Save N in reg 02

Input I

Save I in reg 03

Input Y

Convert to decimal fraction

Save (1 + Y) in reg 04

(1 + Yrv

M*(l + YP

Initialize sum to 0

Top of summation loop

(1 + Y)

I

- I

(1 + YF

New summation

I = J - 1...

...Until J = 0

Then recall I

Times summation

Plus second term = result, P

252 December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 173 on inquiry card.

TO ORDER CALL (212) 687-5000

h it] :♦'«

SUPRBCAJN

INTE^TEC

DATA

SYSTEMS64KONLY

$2995

32K $2795

More than an intelligent terminal, the SuperBrain outperforms many othersystems costing three to live times as much. Endowed with a hefty amount ofavailable sottware (BASIC. FORTRAN. COBOL), the SuperBrain is ready totake on your toughest assignment. You name it! General Ledger, AccountsReceivable, Payroll, Inventory or Word Processing. . .the SuperBrain handlesall of them with ease FEATURES INCLUDE:

• 2 dual-density minifloppies with 360K bytes of disk storage • A CPM DiskOperating System with a high-powered text editor, assembler and debugger

Model QD

7Z0K Bytes disk storagiand 94K RAM

$3895

SUPER BRAIN HARD DISKS

10 Megabyte

$3995

16 Fixed-16

Removable

$9995

APPLE II PLUS/or Pr/ce

A complete self-contained computer system with APPLESOFT floating pointBASIC in ROM. full ASC 11 keyboard In a light weight molded carrying case.

Features Include:

• auto-start ROM • Hi-Res graphics and 15 color video output.

• Expandable to 48K

Supertalker $279 Mlcromodem $379

~ Superterm (24x80) 395

Speechlab 229

Communication Card. ... 225

Modem 200

Graphics Printer 595

Graphics Tablet 795

Disk 595

Add-on Disk 495

Pascal Card 495

Business Software 625

Monitor 159

Printer Card 180

[apple//

IS FINALLY HERE128KRAM!!

CLOSE OUT SPECIALS!

U»t Special

Compucolor 16K with 117 Key

Keyboard $1945 $ 972.50

Compucolor 32K with 117 Key

Keyboard 2245 1095

PLUS $200 FREE COMPUCOLOR SOFTWARE

Chats-worth Card Reader for TRS-80 750 450

Versawriter Graphics Tablet for

Apple II 259 179

Axiom 810 495 195

Protoline PET to Centronics Interface 199 49

Microtronics PET/Ham Interface 125 49

Model 8032

32K memory

SI 795

NEW96K

80 Column

t, CommodoreCBM

Basic 4.0OperatingSystem

• 80 column by 25 line display

• 12" CRT

• New screen editor

• Split screen processing

• Super fast string handling

• 15 additional basic commands

• Supports relative record processing

NEW!Model 8096

96K memory

Call for price

NEW 8050 DUAL DISK

1 million bytes on-line storage

and DOS 2.0 operating system

• Supports relative record (Random Access)

. Faster more reliable only $1795

CENTRONICS 704

cps Bl-Dlrectional • Up to 15"^aper Width • 9 x 9 Matrix• Upper/Lower Case

• Tractor Feed

• RS-232Serial Interface

$1895

List $2500CENTRONICS 700-9

$1 295 List $1895

• 60 cps • Up to 15" paper width

• Tractor Feed • Parallel Interfacefor Apple & TRS-80 • 2 channelvertical forms! • Top of Form!

CENTRONICS(Letter quality)737 Serial $925737 Parallel $895

CENTRONICS

730 Serial $735730 Parallel $715

Commodore Computer

These low cost Commodore PET BusinessComputers have virtually unlimited businesscapabilities. Accounts Receivable, InventoryRecords, Payroll, and iother accounting I *.; .<;.v

(unctions. / { *( $\Q ^t

PET 16N & 32N/ *.;**»£!

COMPUTERS I 7s

• Full size keyboard

• 16 or 32,000Bytes Memory

• Level litOperatingSystem

• Full Screen ~"Editor

• Upper low6rcajje& 64 graphic characters, PET DUAL

PERIPHERALS

FLOPPY DISK

1 • Stores 360,000

Bytes on-line1 • Microprocessor—-- controlled

• Uses single ordual sided floppiesHI-SPEED PRINTER• 150 cnaracters persecond • Up to 4copies 8" widej ■ MicroprocessorControlled • PrintsAll Graphics • FullFormatting Capability

DIP-81BIDIR^0T[PpNsAL|MATRIX PRINTER

Centronics

interface< Serial add $50' Ribbon cartridgej> Up to 4 copiesi 80 column

$395!

rFjeyy.

ANDERSONJAC0BSON

841 I/O Terminal Ideal for

word processing and

small businesses.

ASCII Code

15 CPS Printout

SerialS1230

High Quality Selectrlc PrintingReliable heavy duty mechanism• Completely Refurbished by A.J

red FREE to nearest service cente

XEROX 1730

Letter Quality Printer

List $2755 Special $2495

• 40 cps 90 Day On Site Warranty

• Uses all 100 metal & plastic daisy wheels

• Automatic bidirectional printing

• Fewer moving parts

XYMEC HQ 1000

with 10, 12, 15 Pitch &Proportional Spacing

$2495

• Z-80 controlled

• Up to 198 columns

VISA'

Min.Credit Card Order $75

N Y residents arid 8°o sales tax

• Same day shipment on prepaid and

crodi! card orders

TO ORDER CALL (212) 687-5000 JSim m ih

The COMPUTER FACTORY ~,"*~Z^~-'ZXLr'l'~m

Listing 2: Texas Instruments Tl-59 benchmark program tocalculate the present value of a bond with "periodic coupons,"The results of the comparison with the HP-41C are given intable 1.

056

43

RCL

057

06

6

Plus first term

058

95

=

Result is P

059

91

R/S

060

00

REGISTERS

R,

M

maturity value

R,

N,

number of periods,

and J, loop index

R3

I,

coupon value

R<

1

+ Y, where Y is yield

rate as decimal fraction

R5

scratch register forsummation

DISPLAY

KEY

LINE

CODE

ENTRY

COMMENTS

000

76

LBL

001

11

A

002

58

FIX

Set dollars and cents fo

003

02

2

004

42

STO

005

01

1

Save M in reg 01

006

91

R/S

Input N

007

42

STO

008

02

2

Save N in reg 02

009

91

R/S

Input I

010

42

STO

Oil

03

3

Save I in reg 03

012

91

R/S

Input Y

013

55

/

014

01

1

Convert to decimal frac

015

00

0

016

00

0

017

85

+

018

01

1

019

95

=

020

42

STO

021

04

4

Save (1 + Y) in reg 04

022

45

Yx

(1 + Yr"...

023

43

RCL

024

02

2

025

94

+ /-

026

65

X

027

43

RCL

028

01

1

029

95

=

030

42

STO

031

05

5

SaveM*(l + Y)'K

032

25

CLR

033

42

STO

034

06

6

035

76

LBL

036

44

SUM

Top of summation loop

037

43

RCL

038

04

4

039

45

r

040

43

RCL

041

02

2

042

94

+ /-

-J

043

95

=

(1 + Y)J

044

44

SUM

New summation

045

06

6

046

97

DSZ

J = J - 1...

047

02

2

048

44

SUM

...Until J = 0

049

43

RCL

050

03

3

Then recall I

051

49

PRD

052

06

6

Times summation

053

43

RCL

054

05

5

2nd term

055

85

+

A subjective conclusion I drew after programmingboth calculators is that the HP-41C is much easier to pro-gram and debug because of its line-oriented, mnemonicdisplay. The results of this comparison are given in table1.

Sample Program: Codebreaker

Because I am a games enthusiast, I decided to write agame program as an example of an HP-41C program. Iprogrammed a variation of the popular "codebreaker"type games, where the calculator generates a randomcode and the player attempts to guess the code. Theflowchart for this program is given in figure 2.

To begin, the player first decides on the number ofdigits for the code, from three to five digits. Assume thata three-digit game is chosen. The calculator will thensecretly pick a three-digit number with no two digits thesame. The user then enters a three-digit guess.

After evaluating the guess, the calculator displays thenumber of digits that are exactly right and the number ofdigits that exist in the true code but are not in the properposition. For example, if the secret code is 108 and 802 isthe guess, the display will show:

802 RT:1 MP:1

indicating one entirely right (RT) digit (the 0) and onemisplaced (MP) digit (the 8).The user continues guessing until the correct answer is

Text continued on page 258

Tl-59

HP-41C

Number of data registers used 5 4

Program size (as displayed) 59 lines 31 lines

Program size (internal representation) 59 steps 41 bytesTotal memory used/total memory 99/960 69/441 (69/2233)

Percentage of total memory used 10.3 15.6(3.0)

Execution time, seconds 43 37

Benchmark equation programmed:

P = I £ (1 + Y)-J + M(1 + Y)-"J=-\Data used:

M = 20,000, N = 50, / = 1400, Y = 8%

Answer: P = 17,533.30

Table 1: Results of the HP-41C/TI-59 benchmark. The pro-grams of listings 1 and 2 are the basis of the data givenabove. The difference between the two program-size figuresfor the HP-41C is due to the fact that it combines several pro-gram steps into an assembly-language-like instruction whendisplaying it. The figures in parentheses refer to the HP-41Cfilled with its maximum amount of memory; the figures justbefore them refer to the HP-41C as purchased.

254 December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

THE STARS OF THE TARBELL EMPIRE

Circle 174 on inquiry card.

r

<

ALABAMA

Jack Randolph & Assoc Inc1518 Chamblis LaneBirmingham 822-2339Jett Consulting1312 Brookmeade StHuntsville 852-4364ARIZONAKonan Corp1448 N 27Ih AvenuePhoenix 269-2649Micro Age

1425 W 12th Place Suite 101Tempe 967-1421Ozymandias Systems976 S 5thYuma 783-4315Thought Works2340 N.W. Grand Suite 7Phoenix 972-4065

N. CALIFORNIA

Atlordable Computers

3400 El Camino Real

Santa Clara 249-4221

Bell Controls

270 Prospect Drive

San Rafael

454-4782 & 924-7068

Computerland Corp

14400 Catalina St

San Leandro 895-9363

Computer Store of San Leandro

701 MacArthur Blvd.

San Leandro 569-4174

Cybernitic Data Systems

1618Inglis Lane

San Jose 925-6354

Digital Deli

80 West El Camino Real

Mountain View 961-2670

Electric Brain

3038 No Cedar Avenue

Fresno 227-8479

Electrolabs

930 Emerson Avenue

Palo Alto

321-5605 & 321-5601

Evergreen Business Services

3365 B S White Road

San Jose 274-8717

lota Microsystems

5532 Pennsylvania Blvd

Concord 649-6841

Microage Computer Store

2065 B El Camino Real West

Mountain View

PCE Electronics

4782 Dewey Drive

Fair Oaks 966-2208

Precision Computer Systems

1737 N. 1st Suite 580

San Jose 279-8228

Support Systems

1157 Chess Drive Suite G

Foster City 349-2340

S. CALIFORNIA

Action Computer Enterprise

55 W Del Mar Blvd

Pasadena 793-2440

Advanced Computer Products

1310 B East Edinger

Santa Ana 558-8813

Applied Processor Laboratories

11808 So Prairie Ave

Hawthorne 676-8940

Astar International Company

5676 Francis Ave

Chmo 284-0561

Bits N Bytes

679 D So State College Blvd

Fultarton 879-8386

Brown Dog Engineering

P O Box 427

Lomita 326-8482

Byte Shop

123 E Yorba Linda Blvd

Placentia 524-5380

Byte Shop

8038 Clairemont Mesa Blvd

San Diego 565-8008

Byte Shop

14300 Beach Blvd.

Westminster 894-9131

Cal Blu Corporation

350 S. Figueroa St. Suite 298

Los Angeles 625-0673

Richard Chew

2020 Crown Circle

La Verne 596-3480

The Computer Center

8205 Ronson Rd.

San Diego 292-5302

Computer World

6791 Westminster Ave.

Westminster 898-8330

Computer World

3808 West Verdugo Ave.

Burbank 848-5521

Computer World

5846 Sepulveda Blvd.

Van Nuys

786-7411 & 786-2199

Computer Galaxy

14112 San Antonio

Norwalk 863-8008

Computerland

4233 Convoy St

San Diego 560-9912

Computer Sys & Applications

P.O. Box 8340

Orange 532-1226

Data Vector Corporation

2412 N Keystone St.

Burbank 842-2866

Dynalron International Company

18210 Sherman Way

Reseda 881-8700

ED.P Management

5465 Lake Murray Blvd. KD

La Mesa 462-5400

Electronic Supply

2486 3rd St.

Riverside 787-9220

Formula International

12603 Crenshaw Blvd

Hawthorne 973-1921

Franklin System/ICS

9000 Mason Ave

Chatsworth 998-1300

Futra Co

3447 Torrance Blvd.

Torrance 370-1589

Hobbyworld Electronics

19511 Business Center Dr

Northndge 886-9200

International Scientific USA Inc

17971 Skypark Circle Suite F

Irvine 549-2312 /

Jade Computer Products

13440 S. Hawthorne Blvd

Hawthorne 973-7330

L. Electronics

410 Bell Ave

Santa Ana 557-8796

Micro Da SysP.O Box 36051Los Angeles 731-0876MC Computers2008 Wilshire BlvdSanta Monica 535-3006Q.I Computers15818 Hawthorne BlvdLawndale 370-4842

Sunshine Computer Co Inc20710 S Leapwood AveCarson 327-2118

W.E.H Computer Systems8481 Grace CircleHuntington Beach 964-4425

COLORADOByte Shop

3464 South Acoma St.Englewood 761-6232Computer Technology6311 N Federal BlvdDenver 427-4438

CONNECTICUT

Office Services of Hamden Inc965 Dixwell Ave.Hamden 624-9917

FLORIDA

Data Technology Associates Inc10445 S.W. 70th Ave.Miami 667-3410Microcomputer Technology Inc.1549 W. Brandon BlvdBrandon 685-6714Quaray Devices1033 N.E 8th Ave.Gainsville 373-7959GEORGIAAdvanced Computer Technology6540 Roswell RdAtlanta 255-8984Electromagnetic Sciences Inc125 Technology ParkNorcross 448-5770H&L Electronics5144 Peachtree Rd.Atlanta 455-0626

HAWAIIKahaluu Komputing47-500 KamKaneohe 239-7332Mahalo Microsystems Ltd355 Royal Hawaiian AveHonolulu 922-2152Zintel

2449 Sonoma StHonolulu 521-1070

ILLINOISBies Systems Inc7037 West North Ave.Oak Park 386-3323Lillipute Computer Mart4446 Oakton StSkokie 674-1383Midwest Microcomputers Inc708 S Main StLombard 495-9889Wilcox Enterprises25 W 178 39th StNaperville 420-8601INDIANAComputer Consulting Services1028 N Illinois StIndianapolis 638-5330Data Domain221 West DoddsBloomington 334-3607Digital Supply817 Agathon DrEvansville 985-3677Digital Technology10 N 3rd

Lafayette 423-2548The Home Computer Center2115 East 62nd StIndianapolis 251-6800Smith Computer Systems530 Pierce AveDyer 322-5461

LOUISIANAGreat Southern Computer Systems915 TalbotThibodaux 446-8432

(MARYLANDComputers Etc13A Allegheny AveTowson 296-0520

MASSACHUSETTSThe Computer Mart Jnc1395 Main St Route 117 at 128Waltham 899-4540Computer Shop288 Norfolk StCambridge 661-2670Scientific Consulting Services4 Lovell RoadWatertown 926-4046

MICHIGANAmerican Computer Center Inc4132 N WoodwardRoyal Oak 549-2B70

Computer Mart Inc.560 W. 14 Mile RoadClawson 288-0040GAW Computertronics37727 Amrhein Rd.Livonia 464-0441Jepsan

4180 44th Street S.E.Grand Rapids 698-8700

MINNESOTA

Microage Computer Store83 South 10thMinneapolis

NEW JERSEY

Computer Emporium

Bldg 103 Avenues ot Commerce

Cherry Hill 667-7555

Computer Mart of NJ Inc.

501 Route 27

Iselin 283-0600

Computer Systems International

539 Durie Ave.

Closter 767-7510

S-100 Inc

7 White PI.

Clark 382-1318

NEW YORK

Computer Shop of Syracuse Inc

3470 Erie Blvd. East

Dewitt 637-6208

Management Computer Systems

86-16 Santiago St.

Hollis 479-7783

Mini Micro Mart

1618 James

Syracuse 422-4467

Owens Associates

12 Schubert St

Staten Island

448-6283 & 448-6298

NORTH CAROLINAAmerican Square ComputersRt 1 Box 56 Klvetl DriveJamestown 889-4577Byte Shop of Raleigh

1213 Hillsborough St.Raleigh 833-0210Computer Sharing Inc.273 Haywood StAshville 253-2364Digital Dynamics Corp1118 Clement Ave.Charlotte 374-1527Southern Digital Systems IncVernon Park Mall Suite 806AKinston 527-4691

OHIOCincinnati Computer Store11711 Princeton PikeCincinnati 671-6440Computerland of Cleveland1288 Som Center RoadMaytield Heights 461-1200Computer Mart6310 Linworth RoadColumbus 846-2966Digital Automation Associates Inc735 Haskins Rd.Bowling Green 352-6977Ohio Microcomputer Specialist1204 W. Broad St.Columbus 275-0464Quasar Data Products3501 Lakeview Blvd.Stow 779-9387Service Specialist1279 No. ProspectOberlm 774-1041Tec Mar Inc.23414 Greenlawn AveBeechwood 382-7599

OREGON

Byte Shop Beaverton3482 S.W Cedar Hills BlvdBeaverton 223-3496

PENNSYLVANIA

Erie Computer Company1253 W. 81h St.Erie 454-7652

Marketline Systems Inc.2337 Pnilmont AveHuntingdon Valley 947-6670

TEXASComputer Technology Associates5812 Cromo Drive Suite 102El Paso 581-3500 & 581-5400Houston Computer Mart8029 Gulf FreewayHouston 649-4188Integrated Data Systems6002 CerritosHouston 729-9160The K.A Computer Store9090 Stemmons Fwy.Dallas 634-2667Microbyte Abacus2212 CrawfordHouston 757-1128The Micro Store634 S. Central ExpresswayRichardson 231-1096Northwest Datacomm1174 Commerce DriveRichardson 669-1816Radio Hut201 LockwoodDallas 324-2829Ribigital Electronic Co.200 W Seventh St Suite 2812Fort Worth 336-0777Young Electronic Service808 F Brothers Blvd.College Station 693-3462

VIRGINIAComputers Plus6120 Franconia RdAlexandria 971-1997Tne Home Computer Center12588 Warwick BlvdNewport News 827-3917

WASHINGTONInnovative Computing1135 Lake St South Suite 245Kirkland 827-0731Olympic Computers418 S. LincolnPort Angeles 457-3315

WEST VIRGINIAAssociated Computer Consultants1332 Pineview DriveOsage 599-2319The Computer Corner Inc.22 Beechurst AveMorgantown 293-5121WISCONSINByte Shop of Milwaukee6019 W. Laylon AveGreenfield 281-7004DMA Inc.545 Meadow LaneSheboygan Falls 467-6006Magic Lantern Computers3313 University AveMadison 233-2026

OUTSIDE U.S.Bytronix Microcomputer Ltd.83 West StreetFarnham SurreyGU97 N EnglandCanadian MicrocomputerSys Assoc. Ltd1188 Main StreetSmithers

B.C. Canada 20J 2NO604 847-4838Compex2 Gerts Vej

2300 Copenhagen, Denmark01-520494Computer Centre9 De-La-Beche StreetSwansea

South Wales SA1 3EX0792 460023

Microboards1-7-1-1003 Saiwai - ChoChiba CityJapan 2600427 (47) 3081

f START J

INPUTDESIREDNUMBERDIGITS, P

INITIALIZELOOP

PICK FIRSTRANDOMDIGIT, R

SAVE NEWRANDOMDIGIT, R

PICK NEWRANDOMDIGIT, R

INCREMENT

GUESS

COUNTER

INPUT NEWGUESS ANDVALIDATE

INITIALIZELOOP

COMPARE NEXTGUESS DIGITTO

CORRESPONDINGACTUAL DIGIT

INITIALIZELOOP

GET NEXTGUESS DIGIT,D

GET NEXTACTUALDIGIT, A

CORRECT FORDUPLICATIONS-,MP ■ MP-RT

INCREMENT#RIGHTCOUNT, RT

DISPLAY

GUESS,

#OF GUESSES

( END J

INCREMENT♦ MISPLACEDDIGITS, MP

DISPLAYGUESS,RT, MP

Figure 2: Flowchart for the HP-41C Codebreaker game. Listing 3 gives the HP-41C keystrokes for the equivalent program.

256 December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

GViXOETO PERSONAL i

COMPUTING

GETT\NG ST/*TED

What Vou Need AnAVhat It Will Cost

EQU\Prv\ENT REVIEWS

TRS-fcO, Apple, Sorc«%r and PETHest-SelUng Author

JERRY POURNELLl

"Writing With A MicrocomputerTHE BttMAvRY WOR

Also...

A. PERSONALCOMPUTER DIRECTORSCOMPUTER CLUBS:WHO NEEDS THEM?

Explosion ton

f

Are you prepared for the explosivetransformation? Right in your ownhome? Electronic mail. Personalized *iinvestment analysis. Foreign languagetutorial. Home energy management.Robots. Computer music. Secretarialservice. Diet and menu planning. Andmore, more, more.

onComputing™ the new McGraw-Hillquarterly, prepares you for theenormous changes coming during the

! ComputerYOU?

LJ

\WWmlh W

1980's (Some are already here).

onComputing™ explains in nontechnical

language what personal computers are,

how they work, and how you can use

them at home, for fun and profit.

Don't let the personal computer

explosion catch you off guard. Know

what's happening and help make it

happen! Prepare now for the exciting

future with a subscription to

onComputing™!

Call Toil-Free

800-258-5485

Start yoursubscription today*

| onComptittag™ Subscription Dept. P.O. Box 307, Martinsville, NJ 08836 |l

1 DOMESTIC subscription rate: 211| □ U.S. 1 vr. (4 issues) @ $8.50 □ Canada & Mexico, 1 yr. (4 issues) @ $10.00 | |

1 FOREIGN (to expedite sen/ice, please remit in U.S. funds drawn on a U.S. bank.) o, 11| □ Europe (and all other countries, except above), 1 yr. @ $ 12.00 — surface delivery, o" 11

□ Bill Visa □ Bill Master Charge D Bill me (North America only) g * 1

i 1

onComputing, Inc. 1980

" II

■ Card Number Expiration w ■1

i ml

Signature Name (please print) 'o Z11 oil

n 1

Street/Apartment Number £ ' 1

trc '1

City State/Province/Country Code

7BC0 ,

Circle 146 on inquiry card.

J^

systems,inc.

• Quantity DiscountsAvailable

• 90-day Warranty

• Ask about our unique"Guaranteed CustomProgramming"

ZENITH DATA SYSTEMS

LIST

$2,895

OUR PRICE

$2,495

Z89 MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEM

48KB Memorv

Z19 Video Terminal (24 x 80)

2 Serial EIA ports

Single 5" Diskette Drive

Z19 Smart Video Terminal ... .SPECIAL .24 lines x 80 colReverse VideoNumeric keypad

HDOS Operating System (with BASIC)..

Microsoft Basic

Word Processing for Z89 System

Dual 5" Diskette Drive for Z89 System ..

To Order: Send Check or Money Order to: PK Systems, Inc., 113 NorthCenter, Bloomington, IL 61701. Allow two weeks for personal checks toclear. For COD Orders, add 5% for handling and service charge. Rushorders, add $50.00

Shipping: Freight collect, FOB Bloomington. We ship UPS, air freight, ormotor freight.

$ 950

$ 150$ 150$ 395$1,195

$ 795

i 145' 145i 375i 1,095

PK Systems is an AuthorizedService Center.

Dealer and Zenith

Introducing

the

82143R

THE HP-41C-S

WHISPER QUIET PRINTER.

KEY FEATURES

127 STANDARD CHARACTERS

SINGLE WIDTH

DOUBLE NIDTH

UPPER CASE

lower case

SPECIAL CHARACTER

CAPABILITIES

Photo 3: Sample thermal printer output. The 82143A peripheralprinter is capable of printing both uppercase and lowercaseletters, as well as numbers, symbols, and user-defined specialcharacters, all in two print densities. The printer can also beused for program tracing or equation plotting. (Print samplecourtesy of Hewlett-Packard.)

Text continued from page 254:

obtained; the number of guesses made is then displayedand the game is over. Since the game displays resultsfrom only the most recent guess, pencil and paper aregood accessories for keeping track of previous guessesand results.

Examining the Program

Several interesting capabilities of the HP-41C are ex-plored in this program (see listing 3). Line 02 places a textstring into the alphanumeric display register, which holdsfrom zero to twenty-four characters. Line 03 causes theregister's prompting message to be displayed and halts foruser input. Lines 04 thru 11 validate the user input andsave the desired number of digits, P, in register 00.

Lines 12 and 13 initialize the display format as integeronly with no decimal point displayed. Lines 14 thru 16tell the player how many random digits will be picked.Line 17 is a call to subroutine RDIG, which returns a ran-dom digit, 0 to 9; I used the random-number generatordescribed in the HP-41C Standard Applications Hand-book.

Text continued on page 262

258 December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 186 on inquiry card.

Why is the 88G Printerthe new industry

leader?

QUALITY

The attractive, durable 88G casework isformed from impact-resistant, flame-retardant Styron. Microprocessor con-trolled stepper motors provide precisioncontrol over print head and paperpositioning. Computer quality tractorsposition paper for readability and arefully adjustable to accommodate varyingpaper widths.

MICROPROCESSORCONTROLLED INTERFACE

The microprocessor array provides theintelligence for a dual RS232 serialand a Centronics" type parallel interface.Both inputs are fully buffered to allowthe 88G to receive data and printsimultaneously. A IK character buffer isstandard with a 2K buffer available asan option.

The short line thruput of the 88G hasbeen increased by incorporation of aQuick Cancel feature that fully utilizesthe bidirectional/unidirectional printingcapabilities. Built-in diagnostic andself-test capabilities allow the user toeasily pinpoint system problems anda Power On confidencetest verifies —

operational status ofthe printer eachtime power is applied.

VERSATILITY

The 88G prints a full upper and lowercase 96 character ASCII set with a crisp,clear 7x7 matrix in 80, 96, or 132 columnformats. For text processing andcorrespondence applications, an 11x7,80 column serif style matrix can beselected by switch or software command.The dual tractor/pressure-feed paperdrive system allows the user to chooseeither pin-feed, roll, or single sheetpapers up to 9.5 inches wide.

Complete forms control allows the8SG to be quickly configured for printingsingle or multiple-ply invoices, purchaseorders, checks, or any type of preprintedform. Optional paper roll holders andsingle sheet feeders can be quicklyattached.

The wide use range of the 88G makesit the perfect companion for businesssystems, data processing, RO teleprinterand terminal printer applications.

GRAPHICS

A high-resolution, dot-addressablegraphics option can be added for appli-cations requiring plotting, printing ofscreen graphics, drawings, illustrations,etc. Single dot print resolution greatlyextends the usefulness of the graphics .capability. Selection of one of the /

four horizontal dot densities availablecustomizes the graphic printout, andalphanumerics can easily be includedfor titling of graphs and illustrations.

LONG LIFERIBBON CARTRIDGE

Ribbon difficulties are minimizedthrough use of a continuous loop cart-ridge with a five million character life.It is easily changed without openingthe case, and without any complicatedor messy threading operations.

PRICE

Every detail is directed toward providinga heavy-duty, commercial qualityprinter for only $749.00. No other printeron the market today can provide itsquality, features and performance ata comparable price. The 88G is anobvious industry leader.

^Centronics is .i registered tr.idcm.irk of thi> Centi

I3.it.i Computer Corp.

Micro Peripherals, Inc.2099 West 2200 SouthSalt Lake City, Utah 84119Phone (801) 973-6053

Circle 175 on inquiry card.

Listing 3: HP-41C Codebreaker game program. This program chooses a random 3- to 5-digit number with nonrepeating digits andgives the player clues about the code, based on the player's guesses. This listing uses the same conventions as listing 1.

REGISTERS

R0 Number of digits (positions) to play, P, 3 £ P £ 5

R, First digit of actual code number

R2 Second digit of actual code number

R3 Third digit of actual code number

R„ Optional fourth digit of actual code number

R5 Optional fifth digit of actual code number

R6 Current user guess, normalized to O.ddddd format

R7 Scratch for loop control

RB Scratch for indirect register access, loop control

R9 Number of exactly right (RT) digits in current user guess

R10 Number of misplaced (MP) digits in current user guess

R,, Seed for random number generator

R12 Count of number of guesses made by user

LINE PROGRAM STEP COMMENTS

010203040506070809101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051

LBL "MM"

"NO. DIGITS?"

PROMPT

STO00

3

X>Y?

GTO "MM"

RDN

5

X<Y?

GTO "MM"

FIX0

CF29

"IM PICKING "

ARCL 00

AVIEW

XEQ "RDIG"

RCL00

1000

/

1

+

STO07

LBL 01

RDN

STO IND 07

LBL 02

XEQ "RDIG"

RCL 07

INT

STO 08

LBL 03

RDN

RCL IND 08

X = Y?

GTO 02

DSE08

GTO 03

ISG07

GTO 01

0

STO 12

"GUESS?"

LBL 04

PROMPT

10

RCL 00

Y/X

X< =Y?

GTO 04

/

Program name

Prompt user to enter no. of digits, 3 to 5Save P places reguested

If less than 3 places, re-prompt

If P greater than 5, re-promptShow no fractional part in displaySuppress display of decimal point

Tell user how many random digitsGet first random digit, 0 to 9Recall no. of places, P, 3 to 5

Set up loop control in form LOOP

Store new digit in array

Get candidate random digit, 0 to 9

Last position filled

Recall candidateRecall existing digitIf candidate is same as existing digit......then go get a different random digitElse check next existing digit......until all existing digits checkedThen fill next position with candidate......until all P positions filled

Initialize count of guesses madeGet P-digit user guess

10"

If guess greater than P digits....then go get legal guessElse normalize valid guess

52

STO 06

Save guess in format O.ddddd

53

0

54

STO 09

Initialize count of "right" digits

55

STO 10

Initialize count of "misplaced" digits

56

1

57

ST+ 12

Increment guess counter

58

RCL 00

59

STO 07

P

60

LBL 05

61

RCL IND 07

Actual code digit

62

XEQ "GDIG"

Get digit from user's guess

63

X*Y?

Compare corresponding actual digit

64

GTO 06

65

1

66

ST+ 09

If match, increment right count

67

LBL 06

68

DSE 07

Repeat for all P digits

69

GTO 05

70

RCL 09

71

RCL 00

72

X = Y?

If number right = P...

73

GTO 14

...exit, game over

74

STO 07

Else set up for "misplaced" counting

75

LBL 07

76

RCL 00

P

77

STO 08

Set up inner loop count

78

XEQ "GDIG"

Get digit from user guess

79

ENTER/

80

LBL 08

81

RDN

Recall guess digit

82

RCL IND 08

Digit from actual number

83

X*Y?

84

GTO 09

85

1

86

ST+ 10

If same, increment "misplaced" count

87

LBL 09

88

DSE 08

Repeat for P positions, inner loop

89

GTO 08

90

DSE 07

Repeat for P positions, outer loop

91

GTO 07

92

RCL 09

93

ST- 10

Correct "misplaced" count is (MP - RT)

94

XEQ "SHOG"

Show guess in display

95

"hRT:"

96

ARCL 09

Show no. of digits exactly right, RT

97

"|-MP:"

98

ARCL 10

Also show number "misplaced," MP

99

GTO 04

Go get new guess

100

LBL 14

Come here on end-of-game only

101

XEQ "SHOG"

Show correct guess

102

"h "

103

ARCL 12

Show count of guesses used

104

"h TRIES"

105

AVIEW

106

BEEP

Ring the bell to celebrate

107

RTN

End program.

108

LBL "SHOG"

Subroutine to display guess

109

RCL 00

Recall P

110

STO 08

Number of digits to display

111

CLA

112

RCL 06

Recall normalized guess, O.ddddd

113

LBL 12

114

10

115

*

Shift out next digit

116

ENTER/

Save on stack

117

INT

Discard fraction

118

10

119

MOD

Get units place only, 0 to 9

120

ARCLX

Display digit

Listing 3 continued on page 262

260

December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

MODEL

DISCOUNT

TRS-80®..

MODEL I

« A301

26-4002

64K 1 Drive

$3466.00

MODEL III

26-1061 4KI $630.00

26-1062 16K III 900.00

26-1063 32K III

2-Drives, RS232 2246.00

COMPUTER SPECIALISTS

26-1051 4K Level I System M24.00

26-1054 4K Level li System 552.00

26-1145 RS-232 Board 84.00

26-1 140 "O" K Interface 249.00

26-1141 "16" K Interface 359.00

26-1 1 42 "32" K Interface 469.00

26-1160 Mini Disk - Drive 0 419.00

26-1 161 Mini Disk - Additional 419.00

26-1154 Lineprinter II 699.00

26-1 156 Lineprinter III 1799.00

26-1159 Lineprinter IV 859.00

26-1104 Factory Upper Lower

Case Modification Installed 70.00

26-1506 Scripsit - Tape 60.00

26-1563 Scripsit - Disk 79.00

26-1566 Visicalc 83.00

26-1562 Profile 72.00

NOTE: Call for availability of VIDEO TEX, Model III. Color,and other new products.

26-105616K LevelSystem$670.00

COLOR

ALL OTHER R.S. SOFTWARE

FURNITURE, STANDS, CABLES

AND ACCESSORIES DEDUCT

10% FROM CATALOG PRICE

26-3001 4K $360.00

26-3002 16K 540.00

26-3010 Color Video 360.00

26-1206 Recorder 54.00

26-3008 Joysticks 22.50

CEriTRonics

Fast 100 CPS Centronics

730 Printer $659.00

Text Quality Centronics

737 Printer $819.00

Novation Cat Modem. .$149.00CCA Data Management

System 72.00

Adventure Games

Games 1-9 each 14.00

a

Acorn

SoftwareProducts, Inc.

Model II Cobol Compiler

$360.00Cobol Run Time Package

$36.00

Pocket Computer

p&r wictvOoeBODoa

DOC. JQODDODD

BnSSuSDPGHBBlBSBBOBB

26-3501 1.9K P.C $225.00

26-3503 Cassette l/F 45.00

14-812 Recorder 72.00

GAMES:

Alien Invasion $9.00

Stock Market 9.00

Star Trek 9.00

Block'Em 9.00

Ting-Tong 9.00

UTILITIES:

System Savers 14.00

EDUCATION:

Language Teacher 18.00

FREE: COMPUTER CATALOGUPON REQUEST

1-800-841-0860 Toll Free Order Entry

mJCRQ MFINflGEinEUT SYSTEMS, INC.

No Taxes on Out OfState Shipments

Immediate ShipmentFrom Stock on Most Items

DOWNTOWN PLAZASHOPPINGCENTER

115 C SECOND AVE. S.W.

CAIRO, GEORGIA31728

(912) 377-7120 Ga. Phone No.

R.S. 90 Day Limited WarrantyF-48 Form Provided

Largest InventoryIn the S.E. U.S.A.

"TRS-80 Is a registered trademark of the Tandy Corp.

Circle 176 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980

261

Listing 3 continued

121

RDN

122

DSE08

123

GTO 12

124

RTN

125

LBL "GDIG'

126

RCL 06

127

10

128

RCL 07

129

Y/X

130

*

131

INT

132

10

133

MOD

134

RTN

135

LBL "RDIG"

136

RCL 11

137

9821

138

*

139

.211327

140

+

141

FRC

142

STO 11

143

10

144

*

145

INT

146

RTN

147

END

Recall shitted guess

Repeat till all P digits displayed

Return from subroutine

Subroutine to return 1 digit of guess

Register 07 = desired position in guess

Return from subroutine

Come here to get random digit, 0 to 9

Seed

New random seed, 0 to 1

Return from subroutine, digit on top of stack

Text continued from page 258:

The most interesting part of the program is containedin lines 18 thru 40, which consist of two nested loops forselecting P random digits with no two digits the same.Lines 18 thru 23 initialize the outer loop controlparameters in register 07. For example, if three digits aredesired, register 07 will be initialized to 1.003. The end of

MAIL ORDER DISCOUNTS

tippkz computer

Sales and Service

APPLE II PLUS 16K

$945

APPLE II PLUS 32K $995APPLE II PLUS 48K $1,059

ACCESSORIES

DISK II DRIVES CONTROLLER (DOS 3.3) 525

DISK II DRIVE ONLY 420

INTEGER BASIC FIRMWARE CARD 149

APPLESOFT II FIRMWARE CARD 149

MS.RSUR-RMODRF MODULATOR 25

CENTRONICS PRINTER INTERFACE CARD .185HIGH-SPEED SERIAL INTERFACE CARD ... .145LEEDEX VIDEO 100 12'1 8&W MONITOR 129

MICROSOFT Z-80 SOFTCARD SYSTEM 290

VIDEX 80 COLUMN BOARD

W/GRAPHICS AND SWITCH 350

DCHAYESMICROMODEMII 315

SILENTYPE PRINTER VWINT. CARD 510

LANGUAGE SYSTEM W/PASCAL 420

GRAPHICS TABLET 650

ALF MUSIC SYNTHESIZER 235

SOFTWARE

APPLE FORTRAN 165

DOS 3.3 49

APPLE DOS TOOL KIT 65

APPLEPLOT GRAPH & PLOT SYSTEM 60

CCA DATA MANAGEMENT 85

THE CONTROLLER BUSINESS SYSTEMTHE CASHIER RETAIL MANAGEMENT ,

VISICALC

APPLEWRITER TEXT EDITOR

BASF 5V4" DISKETTE (10)

• WE WILL TRY TO BEAT ANY ADVERTISED PRICE

• WE PERFORM APPLE WARRANTY REPAIR

TO ORDER: Please phone using VISA and Master Card. Or send cashier's check,money order or personal check (allow 14 business days to clear). VISA and MCcredit card service add 2%. Shipping, handling and insurance add 3%. Californiaresidents add 6% sales tax.ORDER HOURS: Monday thru Saturday 9-5 PST.

computer aqa. inc.

Authorized Apple Dealer & Service Center4688 CONVOY ST., SUITE 105, SAN DIEGO, CA 92111 (714) 565-4042

the loop is on lines 39 and 40, with line 39 incrementingregister 07 until it reaches 3.

Register 07 is used inside the loop as the subscript foran array of size P in registers 01 thru P, each to containone digit of the code number. An inner loop, controlledby register 08, compares all previously selected digits tothe new candidate digit, and rejects any duplications. Thelogic of this code selection segment of the program can beillustrated by its BASIC equivalent:

10 DEF FNR = INT(RND*10)

100 D = FNR

110 FOR I = 1 TO P

120 N(I) = D

130 D = FNR

140 FOR J = 1 TO I

150 IF NO) = D THEN 130

160 NEXT J

170 NEXT I

After the code is selected, the user's guess is entered.Each user guess is stored in register 06 in a normalizedformat obtained by dividing the guess by 10 . For exam-ple, a guess of 012 would be stored as .012 in a three-digitgame; a guess of 30987 would be stored as .30987 in afive-digit game. This format is used so that functionGDIG (line 125) can extract the 7th digit, D, from theguess, G, by calculating D = MOD10 (INT (G X lo'j).

The balance of the program is fairly straightforward.Lines 94 thru 98 illustrate how to simultaneously displayfive individual numbers and two alphanumeric characterstrings. Note that subroutine SHOG (line 108) displayseach digit of user's guess individually; otherwise, a guesswith a leading zero would not show the zero because ofthe automatic leading-zero suppression of the calculator.

Conclusion

I found the HP-41C far more pleasurable to programand use than its predecessors, primarily because of thealphanumeric display capabilities. The list prices of theHP-41C and its accessories are as follows:

HP-41C programmable calculator (with

63-register memory) $295

82106A 64-register Memory Module 45

Application Pacs, each 45 to 70

82143A Peripheral Printer 350

82104A Plug-in Card Reader 195

82153A Wand 125

HP-41C Solution Books 12.50

82045A Thermal Paper (box of six rolls) 6

82120A Rechargeable Battery Pack 40

I am able to find discounts of about 15% off the listprice in my area. Larger discounts can be expected withthe passage of time. The HP-41C is manufactured byHewlett-Packard Co, Corvallis Division, 1000 NE CircleBlvd, Corvallis OR 97330.

Is the HP-41C a pocket computer? Well, maybe notquite—but what will the next generation of calculators belike?B

262 December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 177 on inquiry card.

The PRACTICAL MICROCOMPUTER PROGRAMMING™ books

WHAT DO THE CRITICS SAY?

BYTE: "// was apparently Mr. Welter's goal from the beginning to pre-sent the fundamental concepts of assembly language programming ina completely nonthreatening way. He has accomplished this betterthan any other author to date.. .Practical Microcomputer Program-ming is a very powerful series. It is well written and full of essentialtechniques for the assembly language programmer.".. . "The authorsknow the difference between a novice and a ninny. They never talkdown. . . on every page the authors spot and clear up the small ambi-guities of technical jargon that can block understanding."

Kilobaud: "A powerful plus for this book is the author's determinationto demonstrate why and how to use each instruction, not merely to ex-plain how it works. . .At no point do the authors resort to rehashingmaterial available from the manufacturer. . . but instead choose a lesstheoretical, more practical approach."

Leventhal: "pies, and atopics."

. . large numbers of documented, well structured exam-clear readable style, a logical development of major

Digital Design: "This book is the best and most lucid introduction toZ80 programming that we have seen."

CACHE: "This is an EXCELLENT book,software and documentation."

.dirt cheap for such great

PRACTICAL ' m

■7!7h":Ti>:i liK(S:«

IF YOU'VE TRIED THE "CHEAPIES" AND AREN'T SATISFIED WITH WHAT YOU GOT, IT'S TIME TO TRY THE REALTHING, THE ACKNOWLEDGED WORLD STANDARD OF TECHNICAL EXCELLENCE IN ASSEMBLY LANGUAGEPROGRAMMING INSTRUCTION—THE PRACTICAL MICROCOMPUTER PROGRAMMING BOOKS.

• FOR THE 6502 -PRACTICAL MICROCOMPUTER PROGRAMMING: THE 6502 6yW. J. Weller $32.95

20 chapters, 6 appendices, 475 page Smythe sewn hardcover covering all fundamental assembly language techniques for the 6502 processor. Thetext explanation is re-enforced with 118 verified, real world programming examples that run on real computers. An extended 6502 language, sup-ported by a new editor/assembler which comes with the book, circumvents many of the problems which have made the 6502 so difficult to pro-gram in the past. In addition to the fundamental technique chapters, there are special chapters covering simple graphics, elementary cryp-tography and random number generation and use. The source texts of both the editor/assembler and a powerful new debugging monitor for the Ap-ple II and Apple II + included in appendices. The object code for this software is supplied FREE to book purchasers on Apple cassette or for $7.50on disk when the licensing agreement from the book is returned to the publisher. The editor/assembler is also available on paper tape for users ofother 6502 based systems.

- FORTHEZ80-PRACTICAL MICROCOMPUTER PROGRAMMING: THEZ&0 by W.J. Weller $32.95

18 chapters, 4 appendices, 481 page Smythe sewn hardcover which details assembly language technique as applied to the Z80 processor. TheZ80is treated as an 8080 superset in an 8080 extension language, which means that you don't have to discard your hard won 8080 knowledge to pro-gram the Z80. In addition to the fundamental chapters there are chapters on graphic output and full four function decimal arithmetic. The text ex-planation is re-enforced with 104 tested, verified programming examples. A powerful editor/assembler and debugging monitor, in source form, areprovided to support the language used in the book. This software will run on any Z80 based computer with 10K RAM beginning at 0. Object code forboth editor/assembler and debugging monitor is sent to book purchasers FREE on paper tape or, in modified form, on TRS-80 Level II cassettewhen the coupon from the book is returned to the publisher.

■ FOR THE 8080 -

PRACTICAL MICROCOMPUTER PROGRAMMING: THE INTEL 8080 by Weller, Shatzel and Nice $23.95

18 chapters, 3 appendices, 318 page Smythe sewn hardcover which applies fundamental assembly language technique to this most popular ofprocessors. The text is supported by 84 separate programming examples. The book includes a special section on the handling of complexperipheral devices and exotic typefaces. Appendices give the source for an 8080 resident debugging monitor and a minicomputer cross assemblerfor the 8080. Also available (not shown above) are a workbook for use with this text ($9.95) and AN EDITOR/ASSEMBLER SYSTEM FOR 8080/8085BASED COMPUTERS ($15.95) which supports the language used in the text. These three books together make a complete teaching package forthe 8080.

■ FOR THE 6800 -

PRACTICAL MICROCOMPUTER PROGRAMMING: THE M6800 by W.J. Weller $23.95

76 chapters, 2 appendices, 299 page Smythe sewn hardcover text which details the application of fundamental assembly language technique tothe 6800. 104 separate programming examples re-enforce the text explanation. Contains in addition special chapters on low precisiontrigonometry and random number generation and use. A resident debugging monitor for 6800 systems is included in an appendix.

NO GAMES, NO NONSENSE, NO RE-PRODUCTIONS OR REHASHES OFMANUFACTURER'S DATA SHEETS,JUST TESTED, ACCURATE, RELEVANT PROGRAMMING INFORMATION BACKED UP BY REAL EXAMPLES THAT RUN ON REAL COMPUTERS—THE PRACTICAL MICROCOMPUTER PROGRAMMING BOOKSTHERE IS NOTHING ELSE AS GOODANYWHERE, AT ANY PRICE.

Mail to: Northern Technology Books, Box 62, Evanston, IL 60204

□ Practical Microcomputer Programming: The 6502

□ Practical Microcomputer Programming: The Z80

□ Practical Microcomputer Programming: The Intel 8080D Practical Microcomputer Programming: The M6800

□ Workbook for Practical Microcomputer Programming: The Intel 8080

□ An Editor/Assembler System for 8080/8085 Based Computers

D Check enclosed (U.S. funds only)

Name

G Money order enclosed

Street.| City _

. State

-Zip

$32.95$32.95$23.95$23.95$ 9.95$15.95

Illinois residents add 5% sales tax

BYTE December 1980 263

Ppcducl Review

Microsoft Adventure

Bob LiddU, POB 66, Peterborough NH 03458

For there are treasures to be found

As mysteries unfold

In the depths of the great unknown

In the search for yellow gold.

But beware the shadows,

For who knows what they hold

In the great Colossal Cave?

From "Adventure's Song"

—Freerover the Bard

Of all the computer simulations available for themicrocomputer user, none stirs the imagination quite likeAdventure. And of all the Adventure games Microsoft'sis one of the most intriguing.

The premise of this Adventure, exploration of the Col-ossal Cave, is not a new one. It is, in fact, the basis for the

At a

Glance

Name

Language

Microsoft Adventure

Machine language

Type

Computer

Adventure game

Radio Shack TRS-80

Model I with single disk

Manufacturer

drive and 32 K bytes of

Microsoft Consumer

memory (also available

Products

for Apple II with one

10800 NE Eighth,

disk drive and 32 K bytes

Suite 819

of memory; same price)

Bellevue WA 98004

(206) 454-1315

Documentation

Instructions in game, plus

Price

short booklet

$29.95

Audience

Format

General audience

5-inch floppy disk

■

original Adventure that has been appearing around uni-versity campuses and mainframe computers for years.According to Microsoft, the Digital Equipment Corpora-tion PDP-10 version is reproduced faithfully for theTRS-80 with 32 K bytes of programmable memory and asingle disk drive.

[Editor's note: / had the good fortune to log onto aDigital Equipment Corporation PDP-11/70 that was run-ning the original Adventure. This version credited WillieCrowther with the original version of the program andDon Woods with "most of the features of the current ver-sion." Although the Softwin Company is credited withwriting the Microsoft Adventure, the names of WillieCrowther and Don Woods should he added to the list.Short sessions with both the Microsoft and the PDP-11versions of the Adventure showed them to he virtuallyidentical in content, program logic, and wording. Mr Let-win has added some features (described below) and hasmade slight format changes that make the version moreplayable.... GW]

The Microsoft Adventure sets itself against the de factonorm later established by Scott Adams. The split screen,the blinking cursor, all the slick niceties of the Adams andsimilar Adventures are missing. That does not detractfrom the game, though, because they are replaced bytechnical innovations that make game play easy andpainless.

The Adventure's acceptance of shorthand commands isa joy. Instead of tediously typing GO HOUSE or GETKNIFE, one needs only type HOUSE or KNIFE. The com-puter understands and complies. The directional short-hand commands, N, S, E, W, U, and D (for the four com-pass points and the directions UP and DOWN), are con-venient. Adventurers will be very comfortable with theease with which this program functions.

Adventurers in the Colossal Cave will come acrosssituations they may recognize from other Adventures.This is acceptable. It gives a player a sense of comfort andfamiliarity in an otherwise hostile environment.

Most of the descriptions used for locations and objectsare stored on the floppy disk and called only when need-ed. This arrangement prevents the descriptions from be-ing terse as a result of limited program space. These plushand vivid descriptions add much to the enjoyment of thegame. The puzzle of this Adventure, while difficult to

264

December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

fj\ OSBORNE/McGraw-Hill

WAKES UP YOUR COMPUTERAND PUTS IT TO WORK

All too often, computer users who've cut their eye teethon entertainment programs, have trouPle coming upwith ideas for practical computing. Your computer playsspace games well enough, but when you have a down-to-earth practical problem like a lease/buy decision, incomeaveraging or statistical estimation, can it perform?

It can now!

In PRACTICAL BASIC PROGRAMS you will find 40 useful andeasy-to-use programs that solve common problems infinance, management, statistics, math and science. Thebook includes complete write-ups and real-life situations tohelp you see a wealth of useful computer applications.

SOME COMMON BASIC PROGRAMS contains no fewer than76 brilliantly documented programs you can use even ifyou don't know BASIC. You'll get a lot of math powerincluding personal finance, taxes, and statistics. Otherprograms include recipe cost and check writer. Thecost? — 16<t per program!

This book is available in a new PET edition, and on ready-to-run cassette or disk for PET/CBM. It's also on cassette for TRS-80 users. All cassettes and disks are fully guaranteed. Usethe book for documentation and operating instructions.

So if you have purchased a very expensive plaything,now you can get it busy doing what a computer wasmeant to do. WORK!

DoingSomethingUseful

■•"©•*'"*'

Name.Street.City

State.

.Zip.

Price

Quantity

Amount

■ SCBPBook

$12.50

• SCBP PET Book

$12.50

SCBP PET Cassette

$15.00

SCBP PET Diskette

$22.50

SCBP TRS-80 Cassette

$15 CO

" Practical Basic Programs

$15.00

Effective January 1. 1981 prices w

II be

Tax

Shipping

Total

■$14.99 ■■$15.99

Check or Money orders only:Add; 75c/ltem — 4th class

$1.25/item - UPS$2.50/item - Air Mail$4.CO/item - Foreign OrdersCalifornia residents add locdl sales tax Phone orders cdll (415) 548-2805

#*f\oSBORNE/McGraw-Hill

630 Bancroft Way, Dept. BIOBerkeley, California 947 lO

m

Circle 179 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980

265

Circle 180 on inquiry card.

uD

S-100 BUSFLOATING POINT

FPP-1 Floating Point Processor

— Integer and double integer multiply, divide

— Hardware (AMD9511) math functions:

SQRT, SIN, EXP., LOG, etc.

— measured speeds 5 to 10 + times faster than software

FPP-2 Floating Point Processor

— IEEE standardfloating point format (AMD9512)

— single and double precision

— speeds floating point 5 to 10 times

BOTH PRODUCTS Feature:

— IEEE S-100 Bus Standard

— counter/timers and vectored interrupt control

— support libraries on floppy disk

— transparent use with Microsoft FORTRAN

— soon supports Microsoft BASIC compiler,

Intersystems PASCAL Z

— ideal for all computational applications: graphics, statistics.

correlations, filtering, FFT's. factor analysis, etc.. etc.

$599

$650

Micro Designs

P.O. Box 497. Tour de la BourseMontreal, CANADA, H4Z 1J7(514)284-3348

VISA, M/C acceptedOEM discounts

DIGITALCOMPUTER CASSETTES

• Ideal for Apple, Pet or TR-S80 Users.

• Eight Special 50 Foot Cassettes.

• Unique Storage Album.

$9.95 each or 3 for $26.00

Extra cases - $4.95

No Sales Tax For Out Of State CustomersPrice Includes Free Shipping In Continental U.S.

Dealer Inquiries Welcome

c , „ Call Collect

Sound Concepts for Master Card

P°B°*2?9 , or Visa Orders

Provo, Utah 84601 801.375.7333

decipher fully in one or even a half dozen sittings, is notimpossible. It is well laid out, challenging, and presentedlogically. It is solvable, given time.

There are monsters lurking in the shadows. There is, inthe first level of the cave, a knife-wielding dwarf who at-tacks repeatedly at nearly every turn. I suspected for awhile that there was a dwarf-cloning machine somewherefar below me in the depths of the cave, turning out rubber-stamp dwarves that stood in line to try to kill me. As fastas I dispatched one, another popped up to take his place.

Just out of plain view, a mystery figure beckons to mein the dim light. In trying to reach this spectre, to find outwhy he/she/it is there, I got lost in a maze of crisscrosstunnels, not once but five times.

The nonplayer characters are not the only barrier toyour progress as an adventurer. The cave is the adven-turer's worst enemy. Its passages twist and turn, creatingthe kind of terminal (sic) frustration that has made thisAdventure a favorite of thousands of personal-computerusers.

The game is divided into three skill levels consisting ofthe beginning, intermediate, and advanced caves. The in-tensity of play increases by level so that, by the time theAdventure program offers a Grandmaster game to aplayer, the player has survived virtually every fantasysituation conceivable. The Grandmaster level is attain-able only after every other puzzle is solved and alltreasures have been obtained. Few Grandmasters exist. Itis a goal worth working toward.

The Microsoft Adventure is a gold mine for the en-thusiast and a nightmare for the software pirate. (Afterall, you would expect Microsoft to actively protect itsproduct.) I was unable to copy the Microsoft Adventuredisk, even with the help of several disk inspection/modification programs.

The Microsoft Adventure is attractively packaged andwell documented. The buyer should have no troublefinding it on the pegboard of his local computer store. Itis well worth the price being charged. The Adventurelover is in for many hours of pure enjoyment with thisone.

Conclusions

• This is an interesting Adventure in many ways. First, itis the original Adventure that was first running on aPDP-10. It is also one of the most sophisticated Adven-ture games I have seen. Since it is written in machinelanguage, it is faster than the Adventures that are writtenin BASIC. It draws its descriptions from the floppy disk;therefore it is a fuller Adventure than most other Adven-tures, which offer limited description as a result of storingthe text with the program and are limited by the amountof memory in the computer.

• This Adventure has a different format from that ofother microcomputer Adventures. This should not beconstrued as a shortcoming; I mention it only for thebenefit of Adventure enthusiasts accustomed to theother, more recent format.

• Microsoft Adventure is actually a series of Adventuresthat reveal themselves as the player becomes more skill-ful. It can be enjoyed by both the novice and the ex-perienced player. The ability to save the game on diskallows a player to take advantage of deeper levels of playwithout being confined to one sitting. ■

266

December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 181 on inquiry card.

Can You Tell Which Tax Practitioner

TM

Uses Aardvark Software ?

Aardvark helps you eliminate long hoursof arduous work by providing fast, accurateand cost-effective software. Aardvark helpsyou save time and energy, while your clientsbenefit from some of the most comprehen-sive tax programs available.

The Aardvark system, designed by CPAswith over 17 years of "Big Eight" tax experi-ence, meets or exceeds the requirementsof most professional tax preparers. All Aard-vark Software™ programs run on a variety ofmicrocomputers, including Microengine,*ACI-90,** Apple,* and TRS-80.tt

Two new products from Aardvark are "TaxPrep" and "Tax Plan." "Tax Prep" allows youto easily calculate your client's FederalForm 1040, including all lettered schedules(A-TC) and the most frequently used num-bered forms. Selected state forms are also

available. Since this system is user-orientedand fully prompting, even a novice can pro-cess forms immediately. "Tax Plan" is de-signed to eliminate hours of work andhuman error when evaluating various taxalternatives for your clients. It allows youto enter a variety of income and expenseitems and isolate the tax effects attribu-table to changes in one or more items (e.g.wages, capital gains, charitable contribu-tions, etc.)

Aardvark Software™ programs are fast,efficient and easy to use. Of course, if youenjoy working nights, weekends, holidays,...

For more information, please write orcall us.

* is a trademark of Western Digital Corporation.** is a trademark of Associated Computer Industries.

t is a trademark of Apple Computer Inc.11 is a trademark of Tandy Corporation.

AARDVARK SOFTWARE IIMC

The Microcomputer Peoplefor Professionals

783 NORTH WATER STREET MILWAUKEE. WISCONSIN 53202 414/289-9988

Circle 182 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980

267

Lost Dutchman's Gold

Bob LiddilThe Programmer's Guild

POB66Peterborough NH 03458

Teri Li

POB 481

Peterborough NH 03458

Lost Dutchman's Gold is an Adventure game that takesplace in the Old West at the turn of the century. The ob-ject of the game is to find the gold (and other treasures)hidden in the Lost Dutchman's Mine and successfully findyour way out. The Adventure starts in an abandonedminer's shack where you'll find a rifle and a shovel. If youcan find it, there is also a map of the mine hiddensomewhere to help you on your Adventure.

This program (see listing 1) is written in ApplesoftBASIC and requires 24 K bytes of memory and one diskdrive. It will also run on nondisk Apples if the commandsrelated to saving a game to disk are deleted. With somemodifications, this Adventure game should run on other

microcomputers that use Microsoft BASIC.

[Unfortunately, the disk commands in this program con-tain invisible control-D characters at the beginning ofsome lines. (It is the control-D character that signals thebeginning of a disk command within a PRINTstatement.) All PRINT statements that begin with thewords OPEN, CLOSE, READ, WRITE, VERIFY, andNOMON should have as their first character the invisiblecontrol-D character. To the best of my knowledge, thelines that need this character are lines 36, 85, 95, 2535,2550, 4000, and 4100. We regret this inconvenience toour readers....GW] ■

Listing 1: Lost Dutchman's Gold. Written in Applesoft BASIC,it requires 16 K bytes of programmable memory.

10 POKE 34,0: POKE 35,24: TEXT :

HOME20 VTAB 5: PRINT " WELCOME TO THE SEARCH FOR THE LOST DUTCHMAN'S GOLD. I'M THE GHOST OF BACK-PACK SAM, YER GUIDE ON THIS ADVENTURE.

YA CANUSE 2 WORD COMMANDS TO FINDCLUES'N MOVE 'BOUT. GET, G0, PUT, DROP,30 PRINT "SCORE, INVENTORY 'N 'BOUT 100 MORE WORDSMAKE SENSETA ME. ASK FER HELP IF YAGET STUMPED.": PRINT "

I HOPE YA DON'T END UP A GHOST,LIKE ME!

GOOD LUCK!!

35 REM WORLD COPYRIGHT (C) 1980

BY TERI LI. ALL RIGHTSRESERVED.

36 DIM N$(26,7),0$(32,3),R$(46):

B = 0.-IN = B:LN = 50 : LM = LN:X1 = B:X2 = B:T$ = "":M1$ =T$:M2$ = T$:QM$ = T$:U = B:U

1 = B:IM = 2:BD = 21:L = 1:C

$ = CHR$ (13): PRINT "NOMON

I,0,C40 FOR L = B TO 26: FOR I = B TO

7: READ N$(L,I): NEXT I,L50 FOR I = B TO 32: READ O$(I,0)

,0$(I,1),0$(I,2):0$(I,3) = "

": NEXT60 FOR I = B TO 46: READ R$(I): NEXT

70 PRINT "

HIT 'SPACE' TO START."

: GET QM$:L = 1: INPUT "REST

ORE OLD GAME?";QM$: IF LEFT$

(QM$ + " ",1) < > "Y" THEN

10080 INPUT "NAME?";QM$:QM$ = "LDG/

" + QM$: ONERR GOTO 400085 PRINT "VERIFY "QM$: PRINT "OP

EN "QM$: PRINT "READ "QM$

90 INPUT L,CL,LN,IN,LM,U,U1,IM

91 FOR X = 0 TO 32: INPUT 0$(X,1

),0$(X,2),0$(X,3): NEXT95 PRINT "CLOSE"QM$: POKE 216,0100 IF ((0$(12,2) = STR$ (L) OR

0$(12,3) = "1") AND CL > 0) OR

L < 15 THEN 150102 POKE 34,0: POKE 35,23: HOME

: PRINT "IT'S TOO DARK TA SE

E !!": IF L = 15 AND 0$(6,3)

Listing 1 continued on page 270

268 December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

The Professional

Word Processing System

for your Apple-ll Personal Computer

n'PUiS

The Continuous Letter Module

_- w»

A <

▼

The Personal Electronic Mail Module

^ <****

1US

*»~ The entire EasyWriter -7.

q? family of office communication \s

O products is available through your <

> local computer store or directly from K.

- our office in Berkeley, Ca.

IUS (Information Unlimited Software, Inc.), 281 Arlington Ave., Berkeley, CA 94707 415-525-4046

Circle 183 on inquiry card. BYTE Dumber 1980 269

Listing 1 continued:

< > "1" AND 0$(4,3) < > "1" THEN PRINT "YA HEAR A STRANGE NOISE !110 POKE 35,24: GOTO 350120 T$ = "OK": RETURN140 B = 1: PRINT : PRINT "YA SEE

: ";: RETURN150 IF CL = 1 THEN LN = LN - 1: IF

LN < 1 THEN CL = 0160 I = FRE (0):L1 = L170 B = 0: POKE 35,BD: POKE 34,0:

VTAB 1: HOME : POKE 3 5,24: PRINT"YER "N$(L,0)".": FOR J = 0 TO32: IF VAL (0$(J,2)) < > LTHEN 240175 IF B = 0 THEN GOSUB 140ISO IF 0$(J,3) = "-7" OR 0$(J,3)= "-2" THEN PRINT "BURNT "

19 0 IF J < > 1 OR VAL (0$(1,2)

) < > L THEN 20 0193 IF 0$(1,3) = "" THEN PRINT

"UNTIED ";: GOTO 200196 IF 0$(1,3) = "-9" THEN PRINT

"DEAD ";200 IF 0$(J,3) = "-3" THEM PRINT

"SMASHED ";210 IF L < > 26 OR J < > 32 THEN

220213 IF Ul < > 0 THEN PRINT "UN

•I .

216 PRINT "LOCKED

220 IF CL = 1 AND J = 12 THEN PRINT

BUILDING BLOCKS FORMICROCOMPUTER SYSTEMS,CONTROL &TEST EQUIPMENT

R2

2K ROM3 SERIAL PORTS

I/O

2 K RAM1 PARALLEL PORT

TT-10

TABLE TOP MAINFRAMES

ECT-100-F

RACKMOUNT CARD CAGES

POWER SUPPLIES, CPU's,MEMORY, OEM VARIATIONS

270 December ]9SO © BYTE Publications lnc

SPECIALIZING

IN

QUALITY

MICRO-COMPUTERHARDWARE

INDUSTRIALEDUCATIONAL, SMALL BUSINESSPERSONAL ,

ELECTRONIC

CONTROL

TECHNOLOGY

763 RAMSEY AVE.HILLSIDE, N.J. 07205

(201) 686-8080

Circle 184 on inquiry card.

"LIT ";230 PRINT O$(J,0)". ";

2 40 NEXT J

250 IF Ul = 1 AND L = 1 THEN PRINT

"OPEN TRAP DOOR. ";260 IF N$(L,1) = "" THEN PRINT

: GOTO 3 30265 IF B = 0 THEN GOSUB 140270 IF L < > 16 THEN 280273 IF U < > 0 THEN PRINT "UN"

276 PRINT "LOCKED ";: GOTO 290

280 IF L < > 17 THEN 290

283 IF U = 1 THEN PRINT "UNLOCK

ED ";: GOTO 29028 6 PRINT "BLOCKED ";290 PRINT N$(L,1)".310 IF L = 17 AND U = 0 THEN N$(

L,2) = " " + RIGHT$ (N$(L,2

),3)320 IF L = 16 AND U = 1 THEN N$(

L,2) = "E" + RIGHT$ (N$(L,2

),3)330 CALL - 868: PRINT : IF N$(L

,2) = "" THEN 3 50335 PRINT "OBVIOUS EXITS : ";: FOR

I = 1 TO 4:P$ = MID$ (N$(L,

2), 1,1): IF P$ = "N" THEN PRINT

"NORTH ";

3 36 IF P$ = "S" THEN PRINT "SOU

TH " ;

337 IF P$ = "E" THEN PRINT "EAS

rp II .

338 IF P$ = "W" THEN PRINT "WES

rn II .

340 NEXT : CALL - 868: PRINT

3 50 B = 0: PRINT "===============

360 BD = PEEK (37): POKE 34,BD: VTAB

24: IF L = 9 AND 0$(22,2) =

"11" THEN PRINT "THAR'S NOI

SE UP AHEAD.": PRINT "SOUNDS

LIKE INJUNS.

370 IF L = 9 AND 0$(22,2) = "" THEN0$(22,2) = "11

390 INPUT " —NOW WHAT?";QM$

410 IF LN < 10 AND CL = 1 THEN PRINT"YER RUNNIN1 LCW ON KEROSENE

415 IF QM$ = "SAVE" OR QM$ = "SA

VE GAME" THEN 2 52 0420 IF QM$ < > "SCORE" THEN 450

423 IF L < > 6 THEN T$ = "YA GE

T NOTHIN' FOR BEIN' HERE!": GOTO1900

426 Z = 0: FOR I = 14 TO 17: IF O$ (1,2 ) = "6" THEN Z = Z + 1

4 30 NEXT

440 PRINT "YA GOT "Z" TREASURES,

TOT'LIN "(Z / 4) * 100"%": IF

Z = 4 THEN PRINT "YA MADE I

T!!": GOTO 2220445 T$ = "YA MISSED SUM TREASURE!

": GOTO 1900450 IF CL = 0 AND L = 15 AND 0$(

6,3) < > "1" THEN PRINT "Y

E GAD!": PRINT "YA BEEN BIT

BY A RATTLER.": PRINT "YER D

EAD.": GOTO 2220460 IF L = 17 AND U = 1 AND RND

(1) * 9 + 1 < 2 THEN PRINT

"&(%]#&@ CAVE IN !! /:+*§":PRINT "THE IRON DOOR'S BLOC

KED,": PRINT "YER TRAPPED!!"

:U = 0480 IF QMS = "HELP" THEN X = VAL

(N$(L,3)): ON X GOSUB 2300,2

310,2320,2330,23 50,2370,2380

,2390: GOTO 100490 XI = LEN (QM$): IF XI < 3 THEN

T$ = "WHAT?": GOTO 1900493 X3 = 0: FOR X2 = 3 TO Xl:Ml$ =MID$ (QM$,X2,1): IF MIS = "" THEN X3 = X2':X2 = XI49 5 NEXT X2:X2 = X3: IF X3 = 0 THEN

X2 = XI

500 P$ = LEFT$ (QMS,3): IF X2 <

> XI AND X2 + 3 > XI THEN 610

501 II = - 1: FOR I = 0 TO 42: IF

P$ = RS(I) THEN II = I

502 NEXT : IF II > - 1 THEN I =II: GOTO 520

510 IF XI = X2 THEN T$ = "WHAT?": GOTO 1900

511 T$ = "SORRY, BUT YA CAN'T " +

LEFTS (QM$,X2): IF X2 < XI THENT$ = T$ + RIGHTS (QMS,XI -X2)

512 T$ = T$ + ".": GOTO 1900

520 IF I < 8 AND XI = X2 THEN ONI + 1 GOSUB 2010,2010,2010,2220,680,2020,1920,2000: GOTO1900

5<i0 JJ = - 1:M1$ = MID$ (QM$,X2+ 1,3): FOR J = 0 TO 32: IF

HIS = LEFTS (O$(J,0),3) THENJJ = J

542 NEXT :J = JJ: IF JJ > - 1 THEN630

543 IF Ml$ = "IRO" THEN 580545 IF I = 36 THEN 940

550 IF N$(L,1) = "" THEN 560

552 Z = 1:A = Z:XI = LEN (N$(L,1

)): FOR X2 = 5 TO XI: IF MID$(N$(L,l),X2,1) < > CHR$ (46) AND X2 < > XI THEN NEXT: GOTO 560

553 M2$ = MID$ (N$(L,1),Z,3): IF

M2$ = Ml$ THEN 556

554 Z = X2. + 2:A = A + 1: NEXT : GOTO

560556 X2 = XI: NEXT :B = A: IF I =

10 THEN PRINT "YA SEE NOTHI

N' SPECIAL.": GOTO 160558 GOTO 630560 FOR X = 43 TO 46: IF MIS = R

$(X) THEN X = 46: NEXT : GOTO

650565 NEXT570 IF 0$(4,3) = "1" OR 0$(6,3) =

"1" THEN IF I = 23 AND Ml$ =

"SEL" THEN PRINT "OK": PRINT

"YER DEAD.": GOTO 222058 0 IF I = 32 THEN GOSUB 78 0: GOTO

1900590 IF I = 33 THEN GOSUB 860: GOTO

190060 0 T$ = "I CAN'T TELL WACHA WANT

.": GOTO 1900

Listing 1 continued on page 272

STILL PLAYING GAMES_WITH YOUR COMPUTER?

GET DOWN TO BUSINESS WITH CBS.

THE CONFIGURABLE BUSINESS SYSTEM™is a ready-made set of programs that letsyou customize your computer without everusing a complex programming language.

• It makes accounting a 1,2,3 operation.

• It turns inventories into child's play.

• It makes mailing lists a zip.

In fact, CBS now makes the business of

computers so easy, you might still thinkyou're playing a game!

Disks and manual, $395. Manual only, $40.

CBS Disks can fit any 8080 or Z80 computerwith CP/M.* Your DMA representative can tell youabout PDOS, our CP/M compatible operatingsystem, and ASCOM, an Asynchronous Commu-nication Control Program.

DMA • WE SPEAK YOUR LANGUAGE.

CP/M' is a Trademark of Digital Research Corp.

DYNAMIC MICROPROCESSOR ASSOCIATES • 545 Fifth Avenue • New York, New York 10017 • (212) 953-1721 • Master Charge and VISA accepted

Circle 185 on inquiry card.

December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 271

Circle 187 on inquiry card.

AUTHORIZED TRS 80® DEALER #R491

$670.00 MODEL I

16K Level II with Keypad26-1056

$3500.00 MODEL II

MODEL II, 64K26 - 4002

$875.00

MODEL III

MODEL III 16K RAM,

MODEL III BASIC

26-1062

WE ACCEPT CHECK, MONEY ORDER, ORPHONE ORDERS WITH VISA OR MASTERCHARGE. SHIPPING COSTS WILL BE ADDEDTO CHARGE ORDERS. DISK DRIVES, PRINT-ERS, PERIPHERALS, AND SOFTWARE -YOU NAME, WE'VE GOT IT.WRITE OR CALL FOR OUR COMPLETEPRICE LIST.CSS ELECTRONICS, LTD. 32 EAST MAIN ST. MILAN, MICH. 48160(313)439-1508 (313)439-1400

CSS ELECTRONICS MART IS AN AUTHORIZED TRS 80" SALES CENTER STORE #R491

FULL FACTORY WARRANTYON ALL ITEMS SOLD.

Finally, a language to meet your needs

The new S-BASICTM language has more computing power than any other truecompiler BASIC in the industry.

S-BASICTM ]S the ONLY CP/MTM compatible BASIC providing . . .

• Chainable .COM programs with parameter passing.

• Dynamically allocated arrays, sequential and random file buiiers.

• Dynamically relocatable variables.

• Common, global, and local variables.

• A choice of: While-Do, Repeat-Until, Begin-End, If-Then-Jilse, and Case-OfStructures.

• Recursive, Multi-lined functions and procedures.

• Memory image disk storage (no conversions).

• CP/M 2 .xx enhancements usage as well as CP/MTM 1.4 x capable.

• 6 data types: Character, string, integer, single and double precision floatingpoint, and packed BCD.

Besides all of these unique features, S-BASICTM offers long variable names,digit/string line labels (when required), relocatable code output, multiple libraries,external .COM program execution, all of the flexibility of an enhanced BASIC,and a multitude of conveniences that make programming a pleasure.

As a software house, always looking for that ideal, powerful, new language . . .we're excited about making S-BASICTM available to the software community.

MICRO'AP. INC.

9807 Davona Drive San Ramon, CA 94583

(415) 828-6697 MICR0*AP

"S-BASIC is a trademark of Topaz programming.*CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research.

630633

636640

Listing 1 continued:

610 T$ = "I MUST BE DUMB, YA DON'T MAKE SENSE.": GOTO 1900IF I < 9 THEN 650IF J < 33 AND J > - 1 THENB = VAL (0$(J,2)): IF B < >L AND B > 0 THEN 1890IF J > 32 THEN J = 29ON I - 8 GOSUB 1250,1390,1390,13 90,12 50,17 0 0,17 00,1700,170 0,18 20,18 20,1250,70 0,70 0,10 80,10 60,1060,920,1150,1190,1210,730,730,780,860,1250,900,9 40,17 00,1690,1320,1340,1820,2500

IF I < 9 THEN ON I + 1 GOSUB970,970,970,2220,680,970,19 20,2000,1320GOTO 1900

< > "1" THEN 18 9

650

660680

683

685686

700701

702

703

704

705

710730

735740

750

770780783786

788800803806

808820

825

830840

860

870

IF 0$(3,3)

0

PRINT "OK"

: IF VAL

FOR I = 13 TO 170$(I,2) ) = - L THENT$ = "EUREKA! WE STRUCK GOLD?!??":0$(I,2) = STR$ (L): RETURN

NEXTT$ = "DAG NAB IT! THAR'S NOT

HIN' HERE!": RETURN

IF J < > 23 THEN 1060

IF L = 14 THEN 0$(23,2) = "1

5": GOTO 120

IF L = 15 THEN 0$(23,2) = "1

6": GOTO 120

IF L = 16 AND U = 1 THEN 0$(

23,2) = "17": GOTO 120

IF L = 17 THEN 0$(23,2) = "1

9": GOTO 120

IF L = 19 THEN 0$(23,2) = "2

3":0$(23,3) = "-3

GOTO 120

IF J = 3 OR J = 4 OR J = 6 OR

J = 8 OR J = 9 OR J = 11 OR

J = 12 OR J = 13 OR J = 19 OR

J = 27 OR J = 28 THEN 740

GOTO 1050

IF 0$(J,3) = "1" THEN IN = I

N - 10$(J,3) = "-3":0$(J,2) = STR$

(L): GOTO 120T$ = "DON'T HAVTA.": RETURN

IF L < > 16 THEN 800

IF U < > 0 THEN 770

IF O$(10,3) = "1" THEN U = 1

: GOTO 120

GOTO 1890

IF L < > 26 THEN 820

IF Ul < > 0 THEN 770

IF O$(10,3) = "1" THEN Ul =

1: RETURN

GOTO 18 9 0

IF 0$(1,3) < > "1" THEN 840

IF O$(0,3) = "2" THEN O$(0,3

) = M":O$(0,2) = STR$ (L): GOTO

120

GOTO 1050

IF CL = 1 AND 0$(12,3) = "1"

THEN CL = 0: GOTO 120IF (L = 16 OR L = 17) AND U =1 THEN U = 0: GOTO 120IF L = 26 AND Ul = 1 THEN Ul

= 0: GOTO 120

272 December 1980 © BYTE Publications In

Circle 188 on inquiry card.

880 GOTO 1050

900 T? = "YA HEAR NOTHIN' SPECIAL

. " : RETURN920 IF I, < > .11 OR 0$ (9,3 ) < >

"1" THEN 13 20930 PRINT "THEY TOOK THE FIRE WA

TER 'N RAN.":IN = IN - 1:0$(

9,2) = "":0$(9,3) = "":0$(22

,2 ) = " " : RETURN940 IF Ml$ = "YOH" THEN TS = "TU

RKEYi": PRINT "SORRY, YER INTHE WRONG ADVENTURE.'": GOTO

1900950 GOSUB 120:T$ = T$ + CHR$ (1

3) + RIGHTS (QM$,X1 - X2) 4

".": GOTO 1900970 IF B = 0 THEN 98097 3 L = VAL (N$(L,B + 3)): IF 0$

(1,3) = "1" AND (L = 1 OR L =

6 OR L = 15) THEN T$ = "HE W

ON'T GO.":L = LI: RETURN976 IF L = 17 AND U = 0 THEN L =

LI: GOTO 1890978 IF LI = 26 AND L = 1 AND Ul =

0 THEN L = LI: GOTO 18 9 097 9 GOTO 1060980 IF Ul = 1 AND L = 1 THEN L =

26: GOTO 120990 IF Ul = 1 AND Ml$ = "TRA" AND

L = 2 6 THEN L = 1: RETURN1000 FOR XI = 1 TO 4:M2$ = MID?

(N$(L,2),X1,1): IF M2S < >LEFT$ (Ml$,l) THEN NEXT Xl

: GOTO 10101003 FOR X2 = 43 TO 46: IF Ml$ <> R$(X2) THEN NEXT X2: GOTO

10101006 L = VAL (N$(L,X1 + 3)): IF

I, < > 0 THEN 10601010 IF L = 23 THEN T$ = "IT'S T

OO SLIPPERY.": RETURN1020 IF L = 25 THEN L = 26: RETURN

1030 IF L = 26 THEN L = 25: RETURN

1040 IF L = 19 THEN L = 23: PRINT"NIGH BROKE M'NECK!!": RETURN

1050 T$ = "SORRY, BUTCHA CAN'T DO

THAT.": RETURN1060 B = 0: GOTO 1201080 IF 0$(4,3) < > "1" AND 0$(

6,3) < > "1" THEN 13201083 IF J < > 1 THEN 11101086 Z = 0: IF 0$(J,3) = "1" THEN

Z = 991090 0$(J,3) = M-9":OS(l,2) = STR$

(L)1100 IF Z = 99 THEN IN = IN - 11110 IF J = 22 THEN PRINT "YA G

OT ONE!": PRINT "BUT THE RES

T GOT YOU!": GOTO 22201120 IF J = 9 THEN T$ = "YA HIT

ONE!": RETURN1130 GOTO 1201150 IF 0$(18,3) < > "1" THEN 1

890

1152 IF J < 0 THEN 511

1153 IF J = 4 OR (J > 5 AND J <11) OR (J > 14 AND J < 18) OR

J = 22 OR J = 29 OR J > 30 THEN10 50

Listing 1 continued on page 274

SINGLE

BOARD

TECHNOLOGY

Circle 189 on inquiry card.

S«?B

Basic system with: 600K bytes

• 1.2 megabytes $2790.

• 2.4 megabytes $3350.

A Z80A CPU combined with the CP/M® operating system

opens new vistas to software availability for eight-bit

micros. FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC, APL, PL/1 and

Pascal are available now to accommodate today's

scientific, educational, sophisticated small business

and personal system users.

4MHzZ80ACPUCP/M 2 operating system64K 200ns main memory6K 300ns video memory8-inch dual floppy drives

color video text & graphicssound generator2-serial ports2-parallel ports4-counter/timers

Substantial dealer discounts are available.OEM inquiries are invited. Please contact:

COLONIAL DATA SERVICES CORP.

105SanfordSt.,Hamden,Connecticut06514(203)288-2524

®CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research. Inc.

From S-lOO toIEEE-488

P&T-488+ S-100 computer = Intelligencefor your Instrumentation System

The P&T-488 permits an S-100 computer to operate as a talker,listener, or controller on the IEEE-488 instrumentation bus forless than half the cost of calculator-based systems. Softwarepackages which give access to the 488 bus from high level lan-guages such as BASIC are available for CP/M, North Star DOS/BASIC, and Cromemco CDOS. Or "roll your own" systemwith the custom system package of assembly language drivers.P&T-488, assembled and tested, + anysoftware package: S450 (domestic USA)

?m

C-^ PICKLES & TROUT

1 ROU 1 P.O. BOX 1206. GOLETA. CA 93017, (805) 967-9563

Circle 190 on inquiry card.

December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

273

Circle 191 on inquiry card.

** S-100 USERS**

Is LIFE too Slow?

Specialty Video Systems celebrates the tenthanniversary of the game of Life with theintroduction of a complete Life processor on asingle S-100 card.

Under full software control, create dazzlingvideo animation effects as this card displays 60generations per second! See glider guns come tolife, see spaceships zoom across the screen!

And, when you are not running Life, this carddoubles as a 128 x 128 graphics display.

S-100 compatible

* 128 x 128 Life array

* 60 generations per second

* Doubles as a graphics displayOperates under full software control

* $ 189.00 Assembled and TestedFor more information, write:

Specialty Video Systems

P. O. Box 2662

VanNuys, CA 91404

(213) 782-5137

Payroll

General LedgerAccounts PayableAccounts Receivable

Flexible and sophisticated business software that Is olthe highest quality. Originally developed by Osborne& Associates and rapidly becoming a standard. Ac-countants are pleased with our balance sheets andincome statements. It has been tested and approvedby secretaries.

• Complete instructions • Return within 30 days

• Up and running the for complete refund ifsame day of delivery. not satisfied.

• 100% guaranteed • No licensing

• Unlimited free agreement —use astelephone assistance. you want.

Accounts Receivable $95.00

Accounts Payable $95.00

Payroll-California $95.00

Payroll-Non California stateincome tax calculations

(add to California payroll) $95.00

General Ledger $95.00

Multiple profit center option

for general ledger $95.00

Manuals (each) $20.00

Formats: Any 8" single or double density, TRS-80 Mod II, NorthstarDD, Vector Graphics, Super Brain, many others.Runs on Beehive. Soroc. Hazeltine. ADDS, Televideo, SOL. TRS-80Mod II. HEATH, ACT V. Interlube II. Altos. ADM and many otherterminals. All progroms in CBASIC under CP-'M (includes source).

Synergetic Computer Products

575 Middlefield Avenue Suite J, Palo Alto, CA 94301

(415) 328-5391

VISA • Master Charge • COD • Company Check

TRS-80 is a trademark of Radio Shack. Inc CP< M is a trademark ot Digital Research

Listing 1 continued:

1156 IF 0$(J,3) = "1" THEN IN =IN - 1

1157 0$(J,3) = "-7":0$(J,2) = STR$

(L)

1158 IF J > 0 THEN 1060

1160 IF O$(0,3) < > "-7" THEN 1

0601163 O$(0,2) = STR$ (L): FOR J =

5 TO 21: IF 0$(J,2) = "-1" THEN

0$(J,3) = "-7"1170 NEXT : GOTO 10601190 IF J < > 12 THEN 11501193 IF 0$(J,3) < > "1" OR 0$(1

8 ,3) < > "1" THEN 11501195 CL = 1: GOTO 1201210 IF J = 13 THEN PRINT "YEEE

CHI!": PRINT "IT'S KEROSENE!

": PRINT "YA JUST POISONED Y

ERSELF. ": GOTO 22201220 IF J < > 9 THEN 10501230 PRINT "WHEEEE!!": PRINT "YAGOT PLASTERED AND LOST A DA

Y.": IF CL = 1 THEN LN = LN -

101235 RETURN1250 IF J > 32 OR J < 0 THEN 126

01253 B = VAL (0$(J,2)): IF 0$(J,

3 ) = "2" OR B = L OR B = -

1 THEN 12 601255 IF J < 22 THEN 1890

12 57 T$ = "IT AIN'T HERE.": RETURN1260 IF J > 21 OR J = 1 OR J = -

1 THEN T$ = "WHO THE HECK YATHINK YA IS?" + C$ + "PAUL

BUNYON??! YA AIN'T STRONG '

NUF.": RETURN1270 IF 0$(J,3) = "-7" THEN T$ =

"IT'S BURNT UP 'N RUINED.": RETURN1280 IF IN > 4 THEN T$ = "YA CAN

'T! YER HANDS 'R FULL.": RETURN

1283 IF 0$(J,3) = "1" THEN PRINT"YA ALREADY GOT IT!": RETURN

1286 IF VAL (0$(J,1)) = 0 AND I< > 16 THEN 1290

1287 IN = IN + 1: IF 0$(J,2) = "-1" THEN IM = IM - 1:0$(J,2) ="":7$(J,3) = "1": GOTO 1290

1288 0$(J,3) = "1":0$(J,2) = ""1290 IF J < > 9 AND J < > 11 AND

J < > 2 THEN 1201293 IF J = 9 THEN IF 0$(8,2) =

"-6" THEN 0$ (8,2) = "61295 IF J = 11 THEN IF 0$(12,2)

= "-8" THEN 0$(12,2) = "81297 IF J = 2 THEN IF 0$(18,2) =

"-14" THEN 0$(18,2) = "141300 RETURN1320 IF 0$(J,3) < > "1" THEN T$

= "YA DON'T HAVE IT !": RETURN

1325 T$ = "OK":IN = IN - 1:0$(J,2

) = STR$ (L):0$(J,3) = "": RETURN

1340 IF 0$(5,3) < > "1" THEN 1890

13 50 IF L = 7 THEN L = 8: GOTO 1

201360 IF L = 12 THEN L = 131370 GOTO 1201390 GOSUB 120: ON J + 1 GOTO 14

274

December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 192 on inquiry card.

0 0,1430,14 40,14 60,14 70,148 0,

1490,1460,14 60,1500,1510,152

0,1530,1540,1460,1460,14 60,1

460,1460,1560,1570,1580,1590

,1600,1610,1620,1460,163 0,14

60,1460,1460,1640,14601395 GOTO 14601400 IF VAL (O$(0,3)) < 1 THEN

T$ = "THEY'S LUMPY OLE LEATH

ER SADDLEBAGS.": RETURN1410 PRINT "THEY HOLD ";: IF IM =

0 THEN PRINT "NOTHIN'.":T$ =

"": RETURN1415 FOR I = 6 TO 22: IF 0$(I,2)= "-1" THEN PRINT " "0$(I,

0 ) " , " ;1420 NEXT :T$ = CHR$ (8) + ".":

RETURN1430 T$ = "YA SEE A WEARY OLD GRE

Y MULE.": RETURN1440 T$ = "IT'S AN OLE TORN SACK.

": IF 0$(18,2) = "-14" THEN

0?(18,2) = "14"1450 RETURN1460 T$ = "YA SEE NOTHIN' SPECIAL

. " : RETURN1470 T$ = "IT'S AN OLD WINCHESTER

SINGLE-SHOT.": RETURN1480 T$ = "LOOKS LIKE A MAP TA TH

' LOST DUTCHMAN'S MINE! THAR

'S A SKETCH OF SUM BOULDERS.

": RETURN1490 T$ = "NOTHIN' SPECIAL," + C$+ "JUS' A LOADED SIX SHOOTE

R.": RETURN1500 IF 0$(8,2) = "-6" THEN T$ =

"LOOKS LIKE SUMTHIN'S 'HIND

THE BOTTLES.":0$(8,2) = "6":RETURN1505 GOTO 14601510 T$ = "THAR'R 3 KEYS, TIED WI

TH A LEATHER STRAP": RETURN

1520 IF 0$(12,2) = "-8" THEN T$ ="LOOKS LIKE THAR'S GLASS UNDER 'UM.":0$(12,2) = "8": RETURN

1525 GOTO 1460

1530 T$ = "IT'S AN OLE KEROSENE L

AMP," + C$ + "FULL TA THE '"+ 3TR$ (LN) + " TURNS LEFT

' MARK.": RETURN1540 IF I = 11 THEN T$ = "IT SEZ

'KEROSENE.'": RETURN1550 TS = "THAR'S WRITING ON IT."

: RETURN1560 IF O$(20,2) = "-17" THEN 0$

(20,2) = "17":T$ = "IT'S A M

ESSAGE !": RETURN1565 GOTO 14601570 IF I = 11 THEN T$ = "IT SEZ

:" + C$ + "BRING TREASURES T

O SALOON, SAY 'SCORE.'": RETURN

1575 GOTO 1550

1580 IF I = 11 THEN T$ = "IT SEZ: " + C$ + "WATCH FOR OTHER RIDER FANTASY CREATIONS ADVENTURES!": RETURN

1585 GOTO 1550

1590 T$ = "THEY'S A SAVAGE LOOKIN

Listing 1 continued on page 276

Circle 193 on inquiry card.

THE PASCAL DATABASEwritten in UCSD PASCAL

Software ahead of its timeavailable now for the APPLE' COMPUTERCreate a library of information at your fingertips

Full database power. Unlimited applications for such diversedata as: mailing lists, personal and business accounting,inventory, job estimates, sales analyses and propertymanagement.

THE PASCAL DATABASE is easy to use.Menu driven. Clear screen instructions enable even theinexperienced user to operate THE PASCAL DATABASE.

THE PASCAL DATABASE has advanced features:

• On-line interaction. Update, search and traverse database files...sort on multiple fields... maintain records in several sorted orders.

• Screen formatting ...you design the layout of your files.

• Immediate and automatic indexing of information at data entry,t User definable data description gives you ultimate flexibility...

you define file, record and field names

• Generates custom, easy to read reports. Easy storage andretrieval in report library.

• Password protection for individual files

• Up to 1024 bytes per record.

>

Soon available on 8" IBM 3740 floppies and other UCSD Pascal systems.Source license available. Dealer inquiries invited.

OTHE PASCAL DATABASE Special introductory price $400.00Shipped on floppy disks. Includes complete documentation andsample datafiles. An20na res,dent5 please ada6yosa|es ta).

O Manual Only$25.00 Master Charge Bank Amencard Check or Money Orde

(Refundable with system purchase within 90 days)

<

ARIZONA COMPUTERSYSTEMS, INC.

P.O. Box 125 Jerome, Arizona 86331(602)-634-7301 9am 4 pm Mon.-Fn.

'" Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc." UCSD PASCAL is a trademark of the Regents of the University of California

<

Computers Terminals Modems

We are the stocking terminal distributor offering full service,on-site maintenance coverage.

CRT's

Perkin-Elmer Bantam 550B

$749

Perkin-Elmer Super Owl 1250

$1799

Microterm Act VA

779

Microterm Mime HA

819

IBM 3101 Model 10

1191

IBM 3101 Model 20

1375

DecVT100

1699

Televideo912C

799

Televideo920C

839

Hardcopy Terminals

DEC LA34AA 939 DEC LA34DA

1149

Teletype Model 43 KSR 1049with RS232C and connector cable

NEC Spinwriter 5520Typewriter quality wribbon, thimble

th Trac

3088

or.

Printers

Perkin-Elmer 650/655 CRTScreen Printer100 CPS

999

NEC Spinwriter 5510Typewriter quality wribbon, thimble

th Tract

2754or.

MicrolineSO

594

Centronics 737

828

Centronics 779

1068

call for other Centronics models

Modems

Bell212A — Penril 300/1200 799 Bell 103/113— USR-330 339

1200 and 300 Baud/Manual 300 Baud/Manual originate

originate auto answer auto answer

Autodial option 799 Auto dial option 50

{Both modems connect lophone lines via RJ11C standard extension phone jack.)

Acoustic Coupler Computers

Phone Link — 300 Baud 179 USR-1600P 4099

Originate and answer. Compact.

Leasing rates on request. Write or call for product information.10 day money back guarantee on all products.

O

U.S. ROBOTICS inc.

2D3 N.WABASHSUITE 171BCHICAGO, ILL SOBDl

C3I21 346-5650

Circle 194 on inquiry card.

December 1980 f. BYTE Publications Inc

275

Circle 195 on inquiry card.

bcstrac m™™

p

l\ ^^^-^*\ **3^

p

h

*5§NrC«=^^^^^55L«<s:

h

Q

0

W

^p^ ^^^"^

9

9

^-^^

9

n

T~""

n

LJD plot PACKAGE S1600O

LI

L2D ft L3P PACKAGES S360 00

LI

MAURO PROAC MP 250 PLOTTER S695 00

□

Witt L2D package s 79b OOwiih LIO & L3P packages S9SOOO

MAURO PLOTTER UtK '' wide paper ul an, lengih such as E . bond oi 17 gr.ipn paper Plottingresolution M 200 step*, per men with 005 lucking fiior at plotting speeds o' up to J' pe> second Uses

□

p

Vector drivel software in source is supplied vvtin the plotter 'or 8090 ZBO 6502 ft 6800 micro processors

P

APPLE TflS 80 .inrifiS 73? interface cards are available as Dpnons

LEAPAC SOFTWARE Comptelo two dimensional and perspective plotting solfw.iro packages are available

w

including ASCII char.icti'i annotation and curve plotting This software is Iian1w,ii» mdependen! and will nol

W

become obsolelod as you Upgrade vour plotting equipment Tile software is supplied as 8080 260 relative

linking libraries IL80I for MICROSOFT compatatile products fORTRAN 80 COBOL 80 COMPILER BASIC and

Ml

MACRO 80 on B' CP M or 5'.' NOHTHSTAR TRS 80 oi HEATH 89 ciimpatable diskelles

|D|

LID PACKAGE Two dimensional plol package mat contains over 25 enmrs ll'.il allow vou iodic or

0

window ynur drawings annoiale vour drawings and diaw elliptical curves CuniainsCalComp Comp

Q

alable calls sucn as PLOTS PLOT WHERE FACTOR elc

L3P PACKAGE Perspective or tniee dimensional plot package lHai conta.ns tivei 70 enmes thai

H

allow ton lo plot perspective figures suet, as trie self portrait above Routines lot STEREO GENERA

!ul

TlON ZOOMING FLV 8*5 and ANIMATION are built into ItW package lot minimal programming

□

Write for more detailed mformaiton A package ol 6 useis guides is availaOle lor $30 00 containing over 180

□

pages describing Hie use of I lie above packages Credit back on purchase nf packages

9

Besides Ihe Mauio Ploller interlace optional drivers are available lor CalComp and Houston tnstiomeni Drum

W

plotleis Houston Instrument HIPLOT DMP 3 4 6 S7 plotters and d.asv wheel or spindle printers such as

DIABLO I6?0 U, 1640 OUME SPRINT 5 and NEC 5510 & 5570

U

LEAPAC SERVICES (9T6) 3BT-I717

ti

8246 MEDITERRANEAN WAV SACRAMENTO. CALIFORNIA 95876

CP M is a regisleied trade mark of Digital Research die

HIPLOT ft DMP are trade marks of Houston Insliumeni

TRS 80 is a trade mark ol Tandy Corporation

ZBO is a trade mark of 2ilog Inc

SPECTACULAR

Offers

BASF "FLEXYDISK"Superior qualitydata storage medium,certified andguaranteed 100%error free.

6Vi" or 8"* . _ .

Diskettes 10/924

BV4" or 8" VinylStorage Pages

10/$5

Write for quantity discounts"Single sided / Single Density

SFD CASSETTES"Super Ferro Dynamic"Using the finestAgfa PE 611 tapein a professionalquality housing.

™ LIBRARY CASE3-ring binder album,Protects your valuable■irograms on disks orassettes. Fullyinclosed andprotected on all sidessimilar to Kas-settestorage box.

C-10 Cassette

Sonic Weld . __

Housing 10/5 /

Add 10C p/cassette tbr5 screw housing

Cassette Album . - _ _

Page $1.89

Write for quantity discounts

Library 3-ring binder $6.50

5%'8"

mini Kas-sette/10 $2.49Kas-sette/10 $2.99

Write for quantity discounts

DISKETTE DRIVEhead cleaning kitsprevent headcrashes and insureefficient error-free operation.

5Vi" or 8" KIT

INTRODUCTORYPRICE$19.50

HARDHOLE 8" applicator $4.00

reinforcing ring of 51/," applicator $3.00

tough mylar protects 8.. , hardhoies ,50) . s8.00

irnnr Hiclce trnm * ' '

BY*" mylar hardhoies (50) $6.00

your disks from

IQ

ABM

PRODUCTS

631 "B" StSan Diego,CA 92101(714) 235-6602

VISA • MASTERCHARGE • MONEY ORDERSCERTIFIED CHECK • FOR PERSONAL CHECKSALLOW2 WEEKS • COD. REQUIRES A 10%

DEPOSIT • CAL RES. ADD 6% SALES TAX

MIN. $2 SHIPPING & HANDLING • MINIMUM

| ORDER $10 • SATISFACTION GUARANTEED

OR FULL REFUND.

Listing 1 continued:

' BAND," + C$ + "'N THEY SEE

N YA!": RETURN1600 T$ = "JUS' AN OLE ORE CART F

ULL 0' ROCKS.": RETURN1610 IF 0$(5,2) = "-25" THEN 0$(

5.2) = "1":T$ = "THAR'S SUMTHIN1 HERE!!": RETURN

1615 GOTO 1460

1620 IF I = 11 THEN T$ = "IT SEZ

:" + C$ + "WELCOME TO FRONTI

ERTOWN.": RETURN1625 GOTO 15501630 IF O$(10,2) = "-6" THEN 0$(

10,2) = "6":T$ = "THAR'S A S

ET OF KEYS THAR!": RETURN1635 GOTO 14601640 B = INT ( RND (1) * 3 + 1):

ON B GOTO 1650,1660,16701650 T$ = "IT'S A BARREL CACTUS."

: RETURN1660 T$ = "IT'S A CHOLLA CACTUS."

: RETURN1670 T$ = "IT'S A SAGUARO CACTUS.

": RETURN1690 IF J = 4 AND I = 38 THEN 17

801700 IF J < > 1 OR VAL (0$(1,3

)) < 0 THEN T$ = "SORRY, B'

THAT AIN'T POSSIBLE.": RETURN

1710 IF I < > 38 THEN 17201715 IF 0$(1,3) = "" THEN T$ = "

TENDARFOOT! YA HAV'TA LEAD '

IM FIRST.": RETURN1717 GOTO 1780

1720 IF 0$(1,3) = "1" THEN 13201723 IF 0$(7,3) = "1" THEN IF I< > 16 THEN T$ = "TRY 'LEA

D.'": RETURN1730 ON I - 13 GOTO 1740,1750,17

60,17701740 T$ = "HE GOT AWAY FROM YA.":

RETURN1750 T$ = "YER TOO SLOW, HE GOT A

WAY.": RETURN1760 IF 0$(7,3) < > "1" THEN T$= "BAD LUCK, YA TRIPPED ANDHE RUN OFF.":0$(1,3) = "":0

$(1,2) = STR$ (L): RETURN1763 IF 0$(1,3) = "" THEN 12801766 GOTO 13201770 T$ = "HE BUCKED YA OFF.": RETURN

1780 INPUT "WITH WHAT?";QM$: IFJ = 4 THEN 1800

1782 IF LEFT$ (QM$ + " ",3) < >"SAD" THEN T$ = "IT FELL OFF." + C$ + "HE GOT AWAY.":0$(

1.3) = "":IN = IN - 1:0$ (1,2) = STR$ (L): RETURN

1790 IF O$(0,3) = "1" THEN O$(0,

3) = "2":IN = IN - 1: GOTO 1

0601795 GOTO 132018 0 0 IF LEFT$ (QM$ + " ",3) < >

"BUL" THEN 10501805 IF 0$(8,3) < > "1" OR 0$(4

,3) < > "1" THEN 13201810 GOTO 1201820 IF 0$(J,3) < > "1" THEN 13

201822 INPUT "ON OR IN WHAT? (IE '

276

December 1980 © BYTE Publications lnc

Circle 196 on inquiry card.

Circle 197 on inquiry card.

ON TABLE') ?";QM$:P$ = LEFT$(QM$ + " ",2): IF P$ < > "IN" AND P$ < > "ON" THEN T$ ="HUH?": RETURN1830 Ml$ = MID? (QM$,4,3)

1840 IF P$ < > "ON" THEN 1850

1841 IF Ml$ = "MUL" THEN 17901843 IF J < > 13 THEN 13201845 IF LM = 0 THEN T$ = "IT'S E

MPTY.": RETURN1847 LM = 0: GOTO 13201850 IF Ml$ < > "SAD" THEN 1860

1852 IF J < 5 OR J = 19 OR J = 2

2 THEN T$ = "SORRY, IT DON'TFIT.": RETURN1855 IF IM > 4 THEN T$ = "THE BA

GS 'R FULL.": RETURN1857 0$(J,2) = "-1":0$(J,3) = "":

IN = IN - 1:IM = IM + 1:T$ =

"OK": RETURN1860 IF Ml$ = "MUL" THEN T$ = "Y

A GOT KICKED !": RETURN1870 IF Ml$ < > "LAN" THEN 1050

1872 IF 0$(13,3) < > "1" OR 0$(

12,3) < > "1" THEN 1320187 5 IF LM = 50 THEN LN = LN + 5

0:LM = 0: GOTO 1201880 T$ = "JAR'S EMPTY.": RETURN

1890 T$ = "YA CAN'T DO THAT... YE

T!1900 PRINT T$:T$ = "": GOTO 1001920 PRINT "YA GOT WITH YA: ";: IF

IN = 0 AND 0$(1,3) < > "1" THEN

T$ = "NOTHIN"': RETURN1930 B = VAL (O$(0,3)):Xl = B: IF

B < > 1 THEN 19401933 PRINT : PRINT O$(0,0)", CON

TAINING: ";: FOR I = 1 TO 2 2

: IF 0$(I,2) = "-1" THEN PRINT

O$(I,0)". ";:X1 = 21936 NEXT : IF XI < > 2 THEN PRINT

"NOTHIN"! ";19 40 IF 0$(1,3) = "1" THEN PRINT

: PRINT "THE MULE, WHICH YERLEADIN. ";: IF B = 2 THEN PRINT

"(CARRYIN' SADDLEBAGS) ";1950 PRINT :X1 = 0: FOR I = 2 TO

22: IF VAL (0$(I,3)) < 1 THEN

19701955 IF CL = 1 AND I = 12 THEN PRINT

"LIT " ;1960 PRINT O$(I,0)". ";1970 NEXT

1980 T$ = "": RETURN2000 IF L = 19 THEN HOME : PRINT

YA FELL 10 0 FEET 'N LANDEDON ROCKS.": PRINT "

YER DEAD.": GOTO 2220

2005 IF J = 23 OR J = 32 OR Ml$ ="P" THEN T$ = "OK": RETURN

2006 GOTO 1050

2010 T$ = "WHERE?": RETURN

2020 IF L = 25 THEN L = 26: GOTO

1202030 IF L = 26 THEN" L = 252040 GOTO 1202100 DATA ,,,,,,,,IN A MINER'S S

Listing 1 continued on page 278

iiiiiiii-iiisi'

Boards for S-100 BUSfrom S.C. Digital

"CPUI-Z80"

Advanced Z80A based CPU board

S219 Assembled and TestedS149 Kit *(less Interrupt)Features: Model CPUI-Z80

• 2/4 Mhz SW selectable. • Built in 8 Prioritized Vectored Interrupts with 8 possible levelsof Nested Interrupts using powerful Mode 2 of Z80, all done in Hardware, expandable withexternal ckt. • Vector Jump on RESET, in 4K increments. • Supports 2K of EPR0M (notsupplied), DMA, dynarmic RAM refresh . . . many more.'Kit comes with all parts except chips connected to Interrupts.

"INTERFACE: 1"

1/0, MemoryInterface Board

$229 Assembled and TestedSI69 Kit

Features: Model 3SPC

• 3 Serial w RS232C or 20ma Current Loop, 1 Parallel. • 4K of EPR0M/RDM and 4K ofRAM (ROM/RAM not supplied). • Built in Kansas City Standard Cassette interface usable to1200 Baud. • Generates all popular baud rates up to 19.2K baud, including 110 6 134.5. •SW sellable Address, Baud Rates, Ports.

"UNISELECT" 16K Static RAM with universal Bank SelectModel 16KUS $235 A & T, with 200 nsec memory chips.

All boards meet IEEE-S100 standards. Fully socketed, solder masks, gold contacts, and

guaranteed for one full year. Kit guaranteed parts, only.

Delivery: from stock to 72 hours. Ordering: You may call for M.C., VisaorC.D.D. orders.

(Add S4.00 for COD.) Personal checks ok., but M.O. speeds shipment. Takes 7 to 15 days to

clear personal checks before shipping.

Undamaged boards can be returned within 10 days for full refunds. Illinois residents add 5'/4%

O.E.M. PRICING AVAILABLE, DEALER INQUIRY INVITED

Sp r^ini + ol PO. Box 906 Phone:

■*-'■ UlylTal Aurora, IL 60507 (312)897-7749

The Phone Link Acoustic Modem

Sleek Quiet Reliable

Circle 198 on inquiry card.

December 1980 © BYTE Publications lnc 277

Circle 199 on inquiry card.

8088 PROCESSOR

Add new processing power to your S100 bus system. Addthe LDP88 processor to your system and realize performanceonly available with minicomputers previously. The LDP88utilizes the Intel™ 8088 processor which is fully compatiblewith software written for the 8086.

LDP72 FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER

The LDP72 offers the following advanced features:

• Software selectable single or double density

• Software selectable mini or standard floppy disk

• Onboard data separation for data reliability

• Controls up to 4 double density, double sided floppydisks for up to 4M bytes of storage

86-DOS™

86-DOS, Seattle Computer Products 8086 operatingsystem, is now available for the LDP88 with a BIOS for theLDP88, LDP72 combination.

86-DOS $195

Partial Kit

Full Kit Assembled & Tested

LDP88

$199.95

$349.99 $399.99

LDP72

129.95

219.95 274.95

MasterCharge and Visa accepted (Visa add 4%)(Mass. residents add 5% sales tax)

LOMAS DATA PRODUCTS

1 1 Cross Street

Westborough, MA 01 581

Telephone: (617) 366-4335

86-DOS is a trademark of Seattle Computer ProductsIntel is a trademark of Intel Corporation

IEEE-488 BUS

SYSTEM BUILDING BLOCKS

For Commodore PET/CBM and other computers.

TNW-1000

TNW-2000

TNW-232D

TNW-103

SOFTWARE

CORPORATION

TNW-2000

Serial Interface: $129

1 channel output only

Serial Interface: $229

1 channel mpui ana output

Dual Serial Interface: $369

2 channels input and output plus RS-232 conlrol lines

Telephone Modem: $389

Auto answer/auto dial Use with DAA

PTERM: A program that turns vour PET into a terminal(Use with TNW-2000, TNW-232D, or TNW 1 03)

SWAP: Allows storage of up 10 8 programs in PETmemory a! once Run Ihem in any order

PAN: A sophisticated electronic man program(use with TNW-103)

Write or call for Information today:

TNW Corporation3351 Hancock StreetSan Diego CA 92110

(714) 225-1040

Listing 1 continued:

HACK,WINDOW. DOOR,,1,3,3,,,IN A DESERT,ROAD. MOUNTAINS.DESERT,WNES,2,4,2,2,2,ON A DIRT PATH,MINER'S SHACK. ROAD. MOUNTAINS," W ",5,1,4,2,2

2110 DATA ON A DIRT ROAD,MOUNTAINS. PATH. DESERT. TOWN,NE S,2,7,3,2,5,IN A GHOST TOWN,SALOON," N ",1,6, 4,,,IN A SALOON,,W ,1,5,,,

2120 DATA AT THE SUPERSTITION MOUNTAINS,ROAD. DESERT,S N ,4,4, 2,2,2,AT WEAVER'S NEEDLE,,NS ,1,9,7,,

2130 DATA IN A NARROW DEFILE,BUSHES. CAVES," NS",1,11,10,12,8,IN A SMALL CAVE,,E ,1,9,,,,BEHIND A BUSH,BUSH.,W,1,9,,,,IN A BOX CANYON,BUSHES. TREES. BOULDERS," S",4,12,12,12,9

2140 DATA IN FRONT OF A HIDDEN MINE,MINE SHAFT,ESNW,8,14,12,12,12,IN THE MOUTH OF A DIMMINE,MINE SHAFT,EW ,1,15,13,,,IN A MINE,DARK TUNNEL,EW,6,16,14,,

2150 DATA AT THE END OF A TUNNEL,IRON DOOR," W ",1,17,15,,,IN A LARGE CHAMBER,IRON DOOR,WNES,1,16,19,18,20,IN A MAZE OF TUNNELS,,NSEW,6,18,18,18,18,IN FRONT OF A PIT,DARKHOLE," S ",7,23,17,,

2160 DATA AT AN INTERSECTION,,"SNW",6,,22,17,21,IN A DEAD END TUNNEL,,E ,8,20,,,,IN ABLOCKED TUNNEL,,N ,8,20,,,,AT THE BOTTOM OF A SHAFT,WALL,S ,8,24,,,

2170 DATA IN A TUNNEL,,NS ,6,23,25,,,AT THE END OF A TUNNEL,LADDER," N ",6,26,24,,,ATTHE TOP OF A LADDER,,,6,1,25

2180 DATA SADDLEBAGS,2,1,MULE,,3,BURLAP SACK,4,14,SHOVEL,4,1,RIFLE,4,1,MAP,1,-25,GUN,1,-1,CARROTS,1,-1,BOX OF RIFLEBULLETS,1,-6,WHISKEY BOTTLES,2,6,KEYS,1,-6,PILE OF BONES(MINE),2,8

2190 DATA LANTERN,2,-8,JAR OF LIQUID,1,-11,*SPANISH COINS*,1,-10,*TOURQUOISE*,l,-2 3,#SILVER#,l,-21,#GOLD#,l,-22,MATCHES,1,-14,CRATES,3,17,NOTE,1,-17,PAPER,1,6,INDIANS,,11

2200 DATA ORE CART,,14,BED,,1,STGN,,5,BROKEN GLASS,,6,TABLES,,6,CHAIRS,,6,ROCKS,,10,WOODEN RAILS,,15,CACTUS,,2,TRAPDOOR,,2 6

2210 DATA GO ,ENT,RUN,QUI,DIG,CLI,INV,JUM,DRO,GET,EXA,REA,LOO,MOV,CAT,CHA,LEA,RID,PUT,PLA,PTC,PUS,PUL,SHO,OPE,CLO,GIV,BUR,LIG,DRT,BRE,HIT,UNL,LOC,TAK,LT S,SAY,FEE,LOA,UNT,FOL,POU,EAT,NOR,SOU,EAS,WES

Listing 1 continued on page 280

278 December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 200 on inquiry card.

Introducing

Dynabyte's

muui'tasking

microcomputer.

Our latest MP/M™ enhance-ment enables the Dynabyte 5000

microcomputer family to handleeight simultaneous tasks initiatedby as many as eight consoles.

For example, Dynabyte's newBusiness Manager applicationsoftware can be used for accountingfunctions by several operators,while word processing or othertasks are being performed by otheroperators. And each user can

perform more than one task fromthe same console.

Leading edge capabilities,including DMA for faster thru-put,type-ahead for quicker operatorentry and independent spooling toaccommodate as many as sixteendifferent printers for output flexi-bility Additionally, the Dynabyte5000 microcomputer family offersup to %MB capacity.

Its hard to believe—so Dyna-

byte invites you to see for your-self. Just send the coupon below toP. Michael Seashols, Vice Presidentof Marketing, Dynabyte,115 Independence Drive, MemoPark, California 94025. We'llcontact you to arrange for a demon-stration of our remarkable newmulti-tasking, multi-user microcom-puter. It you are in a hurry, callus at (800) 227-8 XV or in California(415) i29-8021.

PROVE IT!

OShow me how this enhanced MP/M running on Dynabyte's 5000 family olmicrocomputers handles multiple t.isks Its hard to believe you \*e made microcomputers so advanced

□ I ;tm interested in your diskette.

n Winchester cartridge module,

D hard disk version

Give me a call and send me information.

Name

Title

Company.

Street Address.

City

Phone.

.Slate

-Zip

nunansii'h:

MP/M is ;i registered trademark of Digital Research Corporation

Circle 20f on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980

279

Listing 1 continued:

2 2 20 VTAB 24: INPUT "DO YA WANTTA TRY AGIN?";QM$: IF LEFT$(QM$ + " ",D = "Y" THEN RUN

2230 POKE 34,0: POKE 35,24: HOME

: NEW2300 PRINT "TRY EXAM'NIN THIN'S.

": RETURN2310 PRINT "ROADS GO PLACES.": RETURN

23 20 PRINT "MAYBE THE TRAIL GOES

SUMWHAR.": RETURN2330 IF 0$(5,3) < > "1" THEN PRINT

"YA GOT A MAP?": RETURN2340 PRINT "TRY 'FOLLOW.'": RETURN

2350 IF VAL (0$(1,2)) = L THENPRINT "THE MULE LOOKS THIN.": RETURN2360 GOTO 23002370 PRINT "KEEP GOIN'.": RETURN

2380 PRINT "IT'S SLIPRY, BUTCHAMIGHT MAKE IT DOWN.": RETURN

PRINT "THIS HERE'S A MINE,YA KNOW.": RETURN

IF J = 7 THEN T$ = "THEY TASTE PURTY GOOD.": RETURNT$ = "CAN'T DO THAT... WEIRDO !": RETURN

INPUT "SURE?";QM$: IF LEFT$(QM$ + " ",1) < > "Y" THEN390

INPUT "NAME?";QMS:QMS = "LDG/" + QM$: ONERR GOTO 4100

PRINT "OPEN "QM$: PRINT "WRITE "QMS

PRINT L","CL","LN","IN","LM","U","01","IM

FOR X = 0 TO 32: PRINT OS(X,1)","0$(X,2)","OS(X,3): NEXT

23902500

25102520

2530253525402541

2550

4000

40104020

41004110

4120

4130

4140

41509999

PRINT "CLOSE "QM$: POKE 216,0: PRINT "SAVED!": GOTO 390

POKE 216,0: PRINT "CLOSE "QM$:EE = PEEK (222): IF EE =2 OR EE = 3 OR EE = 11 THEN

PRINT "BAD NAME. TRY ANOTHER.": GOTO 80

IF EE = 6 THEN PRINT "NO FILE NAMED "QM$: GOTO 70

PRINT ">>> DISK PROBLEM. ERROR #"EE: GOTO 70

POKE 216,0: PRINT "CLOSE "QM$:EE = PEEK (222)

IF EE = 2 OR EE = 3 OR EE =11 THEN PRINT "BAD NAME. TRY ANOTHER.": GOTO 2 52 0

IF EE = 4 THEN PRINT "DISK

WRITE PROTECTED!": GOTO 2520

IF EE = 9 THEN PRINT "DISK

FULL!": PRINT "DELETE"QM$: GOTO2520

IF EE = 10 THEN PRINT "FILE LOCKED! (AND I DIDN'T DO IT!)": GOTO 390

PRINT ">>> DISK PROBLEM. ERROR #"EE: GOTO 390

END

COMPUTER STRATEGIES

SPRING VALLEY 914. 356-7770

COMPUTERLAND

CARLE PLACE 516.742-2262

BUFFALO 716/836-6511

DIGIBYTE SYSTEMS

NEW YORK CITY 212/889-8130 MUTEX SOUND S ELECTR.

EAST COAST TRANSISTOR PARTS RIG SPRING 915. 263-8300

INTERACTIVE COMPUTERSHOUSTON 713 772-5257KELLOGG COMPUTER INCABILENE 915 673-7782MICRO-MIKE'SAMARILL0 806/372-3633

"\

W HEMSTEAD 516.483-5742EMPIRE MICRO SYSTEMSORCHARD PARK 716/662-7122GELLEfl STATIONERSJAMAICA 212/291-8880HEATHKIT ELECTRONIC CENTERWHITE PLAINS 914 761-7670MANAGEMENT PERCEPTIONSNEW YORK CITY 212/679-3610MICRO MANAGEMENT LTD.NEW YORK CITY 212/867-5337ROCHESTER VI0E0 AWARENESSROCHESTER 716/338-7563R0NC0COMM. S ELECTRONICSTONAWANDA 716/873-0760SYNCRO SOUND ENTERPRISESH0LLIS 212/468-7067UPSTATE COMPUTER SHOPNEW HARTFORD 315.733-9139VIDEO POWER INCBELLM0RE 516/265-5215VIDEO VISION

HUDSON FALLS 518.747-2323N.CAROLINABYTE SHOP OF GREENSBOROGREENSBORO 919/275-2983MULTI VIDEO

CHARLOTTE 704/334-3862NO.DAKOTACOMPUTERLAND GRAND FORKSGRAND FORKS 701/746-0491OHIO

ALTAIR COMPUTER CENTERDAYTON 513.274-1149ASTRO VIDEO EQUIPMENTLANCASTER 614/687-0629COMPUTERLANDMAYFIELDHGTS 216.461-1200COLUMBUS 614/888-2215NO OLMSTED 216/777-1433HEATHKIT ELECTRONIC CENTERCINCINNATI 513/771-8850J. A. MARTIN & CO.COLUMBUS 614/488-9767MICRO CENTERCOLUMBUS 614.486-5381OKLAHOMABSC DISTRIBUTORSOKLAHOMA CITY 405 521-8098

COMPUTER SYSTSS SOFTWARE wVOMIWr

MUSKOGEE 918/687-3161

SOUTHWEST BUSINESS SYSTS.ABILENE 915/677-3593SYSTEMS SUPPORT INC.HOUSTON 713 683-6824TEXAS MICROCOMPUTERSMC ALLEN 512 687-8744THREE W ENTERPRISESODESSA 915.366-2128YOUNG ELECTRONIC SERVCOLLEGE STATION 713/693-3462UTAH

BONNEVILLE DATA SYSTEMSSALT LAKE CITY 801/524-2558VIRGINIAHOME COMPUTER CENTERVIRGINIA BEACH 804.340-1977VOLKMICRO COMPUTER SYSTEMSWILLIAMSBURG 804 220-0005WASHINGTONBYTE SHOP OF LYNNWOODLYNNWOOD 206. 775-7436COMPUTER CONNECTIONSILVERDALE 206.692-7753COMPUTER MARKETING CORPWENA1CHEE 509/663-1625MICRO BUSINESS SYSTEMSSEATTLE 206.324-9972SMALL BUSINESS SYSTEMSRENTON 206.228-6552XL COMMUNICATIONSSPOKANE 509.928-2015WEST VIRGINIACOMPUTER SYST. DESIGNHUNTINGTON 304 525-5662WISCONSINAAA COMPUTER SERVICEAPPLETON 414/734-7161BENCHMARK COMPUTER SYSTEMSWAUKESHA 414/784-5350C0L0RTRONRACINE 414.637-2003PETTED MICRO SYSTEMSMILWAUKEE 414/282-4181COMPUTERLAND OF MADISONMADISON 608,273-2020MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEMSRACINE 414 632-9209WISCONSIN COMPUTER SUPPLYMILWAUKEE 414 228-8930

VECTOR TECH INC.

NORMAN 405/360-4030

OREGON

COMPUTER WARE

PORTLAND

WESTERN COMPUTER SYSTEMS CANADA

LANGE DATA SYSTEMSLARAMIEPUERTO RICO

MICRO-COMPUTER STORECAPARRA TERRACE 809/781-0350

EUGENE 503/485-4222PENNSYLVANNIA

ALPHA COMPUTER CTRLANCESTER 717.299-0567COMPUTERLANDALLENTOWN 215 776-0202PAOLI 215.296-0210COMPUTER HOUSE PITTSBURGPITTSBURGH 412/921-1333GREAT LAKES COMPUTERPRODUCTSERIE 814/459-0068RHODE IS.COMPUTER CITYPROVIDENCE 401/331-2187SOUTH DAKOTACOMPUTERLAND RAPID CITYRAPID CITY 605. 348-5384TENNESSEESERE ROSES SPENCERMEMPHIS 901 683-9125

TEXAS

ALPHA OMEGA COMPUTER SERVHOUSTON 713/451-1915COMPUTER CONCEPTSBEAUMONT 713/892-3992COMPUTER CORNERAMARILLO 806/355-5618COMPUTER SHOPSAN ANTONIO 512 828-0553DATA SUPPLY CORP.RICHARDSON 214.783-8170GSBCOMPUTER SYSTEMSABILENE 915/695-0581HOUSTON MICROCOMPUTERBELLAIRE 713/661-2005

AUDIO SERVICE CENTRETHUNDER BAY ONT 807,345-7334COMMUNICATIONS PLUSST LAURENT. OUE 514,337-7255COMPUTER MART LTDTORONTO. ONT 416.928-0730COMPUTER MARKETS CORPDONS MILLS. ONT 416/445-1978KOBETEK SYSTEMS LTDNOVA SCOTIA 902/542-9100ORTHON HOLDINGSEDMONTON. AL 403/488-2921COMPUTERLAND OF WINNEPEGWINNEPEG204 772-9519

EUROPE

DATA EFFICIENCY LTD.

HEMEL HEMPSTEAD

HERTS. ENGLAND

MIKE GURR MICROS

TENTERDEN KENT GB

MICRO DESIGN

CREWE. CHESHIRE . GB

DIGICOMP

ZURICH

SWITZERLAND

ELECTRONICA TOP INTL.

MARTERLAAN. DEN COLDER

HOLLAND

MICRO COMPUTERS UNLTD.

GENT BELGIUM

AUSTRALIA

GFSELECTRONIS IMPORTS

MITCHAM VICTORIA

S.AMERICA

SDCIEDAD ANONIMA DEVENTAR

CUENA EOUADOR

Q COVER CRAFT

280 December 1980 ® BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 202 on inquiry card.

DUST COVERS

Holiday gifts thatwrap up year-round protection

ALABAMA

ANDERSON COMPUTESS

HUNISVILLE 205 539 3444

DATA SYSTEMS SSOFTWARE

BIRMINGHAM 205-988-5957

ARIZONA

BYTE SHOP OF TEMPE

TEMPE602 894-1129

BYTE SHOP OF TUCSON

TUCSON 602/327-4579

COMPUTERLAND OP PHOENIX

PHOENIX 602 956-5727

HEATHKIT ELECTRONICS

PHOENIX 602 279-6247

PERSONAL COMPUTER PLACE

MESA 602-833-8949

ARKANSAS

COMPUTERLAND LITTLE ROCK

LITTLE HOCK 501 224-4508

DATA COPE

LITTLE ROCK 501/666-8588

PROGRAMMERS SOFTWARE EXCH

CABO1501 843-6037

CALIFORNIA

ABM PRODUCTS

SAN D.EGO 714/235-6602

ADAPCO

RIVERSIDE 714 359-1511

ADVANCED COMPUTER PROD.INC.

IRVINE 714/558-8813

AEXIM CORP.

REOONDO BEACH 213 376-3213

ALPHA SUPPLY CORP.

CHATStVORTH 213. 882-9818

AMERCAN NATIONAL SUPPLY

GARDENA 213/532-7780

8YTE SHOP

VENTURA 805.647-8945

CAPITOL COMPUTER SYSTEMS

SACREMENTO 916/483-7298

CENTURY ELECTRONICS

BREA 714/990-3051

COASTAL COMPUTERS

S LUIS OBISPO 805 543-9339

COMPUTER ALTERNATIVES INC

SAN RAFAEL 415.459-1366

COMPUTER CENTER

BERKELEY 415.845-6366

COMPUTER SHOP OF CITRUS

CITRUS HGTS 916/483-961-8754

COMPUTER STORE

SANTA MONICA 213.451-0713

COMPUTER TIMESHARING CORP.

SAN DIEGO 714/226-1334

COMPUTERLAND

DUBLIN 415/828-8090

DATAVISIDN

SACREMENTO 916 441-6883

DISKETTE COMPUTER SYSTEMS

FAIR OAKS 916/961-4997

DIVERSIFIED ELECTRONICS

SUNNYVALE 408.738-3911

ELECTRONIC MEMORY LTO.

MONTEREY 408,646-9666

ENERGY WEST CORP.

TUS1IN 714/544-4670

FULLER ELECTRONICS

GOLETA 805/685-2096

GULF DATA

CHATSWORTH 213.98-0922

HOBBY WORLD ELECTRONICS

NORTHRIDGE 213/886-9200

MALIBU MICROCOMPUTING

MALIBU

MCM ENTERPRISES

PALO ALTO 415/321-1944

MICROBYTE COMPUTER STORE

SAN JOSE 408.377-4685

MICRO SUN COMPUTER CENTER

WALNUT CREEK 415:933-6252

MICRO WORLD

SAN FRANCISCO 415.665-2755

MODERN OFFICE SUPPLY

LOS ANGELES 213. 748-4171

PROMEOICS DATA CORP

PALO ALTO 415,961-2401

SAN DIEGO DATA PRODUCTS

SAN DIEGO 714/563-1861

SCOTTS VALLEY VIDEO

SCOTTS VALLEY 408, 438-6900

SIERRA NATIONAL CORP

SAN DIEGO 714,277-4810

SUPPLY OEPDT

WOODLAND HILLS 213,992-6060

VISIBLE COMPUTER SUPPLY

LODI 239 334-9487

COLORADO

COMPUTER CONNECTIONS

BOULDER 303 449-8282

COMPUTER BROKER

MORRISON 303/623-7700

DATA PRO LTO

DENVER 303/777-8655

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

616 PEAKVIEW CIRCLE

BOULDER

MICRO COMPUTER MANAGEMENT

FT COLLINS 303/493-5700

POOR RICHARDS

FI COLLINS 303.221-1776

DENVER 303 922-8107

SHUREDATASYSTEMSW BRUSH

303/842-2835

CONNECTICUT

COMPUTERLAND

FAIRFIELD 203, 255-9252

HAMDEN 203.288-5162

TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS

BETHEL 203 748-6856

DELAWARE

MICRO PRODUCTS

WILMINGTON 302 762-0227

DISTRICT OFCOLUMBIA

PROGRAM STORE

WASHINGTON 202337-4691

FLORIDA

AMERICAN COMPUTER SUPPLY

CORAL GABLES 305 442-1300

AUTOMATED HOME SERVICES

MIAMI 305, 233-3313

COMPUTER AGE INC.

POMPANO BEACH 305 9464999

COMUTERLANO OF W PALM

W PALM BEACH 305 682-3338

COMPUTERS FOR YOU

FT LAUDERDALE 305,581-8945

DATA TEAM INC

FI LAUDERDALE 305 486-3333

HEATHKIT ELECTRONIC CENTER

HIALEAH305 823-2280

MICROSYSTEMS INC.

IAMPA813 879-4225

SARA TECH ELECTRONICS

VENICE 813 465-3559

WEST INDIES SALES CD.

HIALEAH 305 888 1676

GEORGIA

AGENCY MANAGEMENT SERV.

MARIETTA 404.955-2392ATLANTA COMPUTER MARTATLANTA 404/455-0647ELECTRONIC INFO. SYST.ATHENS 404/353-2858

iptHHm*

r~

m

Here's a great idea for every computer.Cover Craft Dust Covers are currentlyavailable for hundreds of computers,CPU's and printers priced as low as$7.95

HAWAII

THI-L MICRO COMPUTERS

HONOLULU 80B,524-3780

IDAHO

SCHWENDIMAN WHOLESALE

IDAHO FALLS 208. 5222492

TELE-VIDEO

BOISE 208,377-4493

ILLINOIS

BYTE SHOP OF CHAMPAIGN

CHAMPAIGN 217 352-2323

COMPUTERLAND OF NILES

NILES 312.967-1714

FARNSWORTH COMPUTER

AURORA 312 851-3888

U.S. ROBOTICS

CHICAGO 312, 733-0497

VISIBLE COMPUTER SUPPLY

ST CHARLES 800-323-0628

WALLACE COMPUTERS

PEORIA 309 685-7876

INDIANA

DATA DOMAIN

FT WAYNE 219 482-8415

BLOOMINGTON 812 334-3607

HEATHKIT ELECTRONIC CENTER

INDIANAPOLIS 317.257-4321

QUANTA MIDWEST

HAMMOND

IOWA

MEMORY BANK

BETTENDORF 319/355-6401

MID-AMERICA SUPPLY

W DES MOINES 515,225-3866

KANSAS

COMPUTER SYSTEMS DESIGN

WICHI1A 316.265-1120

DUNN ELECTRONICS

LIBERAL 316/624-1888

PERSONAL COMPUTER CENTER

OVERLAND PARK 913. 649-5942

KENTUCKY

DATA SWIM

LEXINGTON 606/255-2363LYNTON TV

LOUISVILLE 502,425-7928MAINE

MAINE COMPUTRONICSBANGOR 207/947-0738MARYLANDCOMPUTERS ETC.T0WS0N301 296-0520COMPUTER WORKSHOPROCKVILLE 301/468-0463ELECTRONIC WIZARDRYRANDALLSTOWN301 6550100HEATHKIT ELECTRONIC CENTERBALTIMORE 301,661-4446MASSACHUSETTSCOMPUTER CITYBURLINGTON 617/273-3146CHARLESTOWN 617/242-4597FRAMINGHAM 617/875-8126WORCESTER 617, 755-5464HANOVER 617/826-9217COMPUTERLAND OF BOSTONWELLESLEY 617,235-6252COMPUTER PKGS. UNLTD.W BOYLSTON 617/835-3428COM MAR

NORTHBORO 617 393-2411CPU SHOP INC.

CHARLESTOWN 617/242-3350G. A. BLANCO & SONSHOUSATONIC 413/274-3838HEATHKIT ELECTRONIC CENTERPEABODY 617-531-9330WELLESLEY 617,237-1510I. T. I.

NEEDHAM 617/444-5702MICROAMERICA DIST. CO.NEEDHAM 617.449-4310VIDEO DIST OF NEW ENGL.FRAMINGHAM 617-875-1576

MICHIGAN

THE ABACUS

3ERREIN SPRINGS 616/429-3034

COMPUTERLAND OF SOUTHFIELD

SOUIHFIELD 313,356-8111

COMPUTER CONNECTION

FARMINGTON HILLS 313,4!

COMPUTERS OF ROCHESTER

301 SLIVERNOIS

ROCHESTER

COMPUTER MART

CLAWSON 313/288-0040

COMPUTRONIXCORP.

MIDLAND 517/631-8060

INFO DESIGN. INC

W BLOOMFIELD 313 582-9090

MICROCOMPUTER WORLD

GRAND RAPIDS 616,451-8348

MINICOMP SYSTEMS

GRAND RAPIDS 616,949-9130

VIDEO CLUB OF AMERICA

FARMINGTON HILLS 80C

MINNESOTA

ABS DATA SYSTEMS

ST CLOUD 612, 253-8734

COMPUTERLAND OF BLOOMINGTON

BLOOMINGTON 612/884-1474

CUSTOM COMPUTER SYST.

MINNEAPOLIS 612/588-3944

MISSOURI

COMPUTER COUNTRY

FLORISSANT 314,921-4433

ST LOUIS 314,487-2033

FORSYTHE COMPUTER INC.

CLAYTON 314 721-4300

NO

Dealer?Contact

MONTANA

BYTE SHOP OF BILLINGSBILLINGS 406/252-2299NEBRASKACOMPUTERLAND OF OMAHAOMAHA 402 391-67164470 MIDWEST COMPUTER CO INCOMAHA 402 5923590NEVADABYTE SHOP OF RENORENO 702 826-8080HOME COMPUTERSLAS VEGAS 702/798-1022N.HAMPSHIRECOMPUTER CITYMANCHESTER 603,668-9527SALEM 603/898-2390COMPUTERLAND OF NASHUANASHUA 603,889-5238BITZ N BYTES521-023C CONCORD 603/224-8233HAROSIOE INC.MILFOHD 603/673-5144NEW JERSEYA. C. fl. SYSTEMSBRICKTOWN 201,477-4222COMPUTERLAND OF MORRISTOWNMORRISTOWM 201/539-4077DATA SYSTEMS OF N.J.UNION 201 686-1100L S S DISTRIBUTORSMARLTON 609/983-7444PILOT ELECTRICNEPTUNE 201.775-0121NEW YORKACOUSTATRONICS LABFLUSHING 212/463-1192BERLINER COMPUTER CTflNEW HYDE PARK 516/775-4700COMPUTER CORNERWHITE PLAINS 914/949-3282COMPUTER ERANEW YORK 212/860-0500

COVER CRAFT

Call dealer first to Insure availability

P.O. Box 555B • Amherst, NH 03031 • (603) 889-6811

Product Review

Computer Bismarck

Peter A Ansoff, 5441-10 Sheffield Ct, Alexandria VA 22311

. . . the next few years will see a massive influx ofcomputers into serious war-gaming.

— The General volume 16, number 3

Ever since the advent of the war game as a hobby in theearly 1950s, the marriage of the war game and the com-puter has been a recurring topic of discussion inperiodicals and at gaming conventions. Certain aspects ofdesigning and playing war games appeared to be naturalapplications for the computer—recording andmanipulating large quantities of data, simulating in-complete intelligence in a two-player game, and record-ing and storing games in progress. The design andpublication of war games is, however, a commerical fieldlike any other, and until recently, the high cost of thehardware and software involved sent the average war

At a

Glance

Name

Computer

Computer Bismarck

Apple II with 48 K bytes

of memory and one disk

Type of package

drive

Historical-simulation

game

Documentation

Sixteen-page booklet, 8V2

Manufacturer

by 11 inches (22 by 28

Strategic Simulations Inc

cm), plus printed charts

POB 5161

Stanford CA 94305

Audience

(415) 494-0557

Game enthusiasts, high

school and older

Price

$59.95

Additional comments

A somewhat different

Format

version for the Radio

5-inch floppy disk

Shack TRS-80 with 16 K

bytes of memory and a

Language

cassette interface is

Applesoft BASIC

available for $49.95

gamer back to his manual unit-strength roster sheets witha sigh of "what if."

Although Star Trek and other computer "war games"have been in existence for some time, attempts to applycomputers to a serious historical-simulation game arerelatively recent. (The quotation above, taken from anarticle entitled "Panzer Dreamer," was published asrecently as September 1979.) Simulations PublicationsInc (SPI), a major war game publisher, announced inApril 1979 that it would soon market a line of RadioShack TRS-80 "game assistance" programs that could beused to speed up manual play of specific SPI games. SPIhas also designed and published some general-purposesoftware including a range algorithm for use with thecompany's standard hex-grid maps.

In January 1980, however, the small California firm ofStrategic Simulations Inc published a game called Com-puter Bismarck—and the war game hobby entered thecomputer age. This game represents a milestone in thedevelopment of commerical war games.

The Game

Computer Bismarck simulates the breakout of the Ger-man battleship Bismarck into the North Atlantic in 1941,and the massive British naval and air effort to locate andsink the Bismarck. (The version for an Apple II with onedisk drive and 48 K bytes of memory is the one beingreviewed here.) The game can be played in two modes; asa two-player game with one player commanding theBismarck and the other the British forces, or as solitaire,with the player commanding the British forces against thewily efforts of "Otto von Computer." In either case, theobjectives are the same: the British must sink or damagethe Bismarck while protecting their merchant convoyroutes to and from North America, and the Germansmust avoid being sunk while disrupting convoys andpossibly sinking British warships.

The game begins with all forces located as they were at1200 hours on May 22,1941. Play proceeds in turns, witheach turn representing four hours of time. During a turn,each player enters movement and search commands bykeyboard for each of his ships and aircraft. A color map,displayed on the computer video screen, shows the loca-tions of friendly forces and of enemy forces that werespotted in the previous turn.

After all orders have been entered, the computer car-ries out all movement simultaneously and determineswhether opposing forces have sighted each other. Com-bat can result when opposing forces find themselves inthe same map square. Combat resolution (including

282

December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 203 on inquiry card.

As the Western United States' largestdistributor of SuperBrain® hardware and soft-ware,

WE WILL NOT BE UNDERSOLDBY ANY ADVERTISED PRICE!

Huge volume purchases for national andinternational marketing gives us the chanceto get you rock bottom prices from the fac-tory.

Our SuperBrain® prices are the lowest inthe country, and our assistance in hardwareand software information will be pleasant andhelpful at all times.

bUMWAHb.

n

PROGRAM LANGUAGES.

CBasic

MBasic

Accounts Receivable

X

X

$250.00

C Basic

\

125.00

Accounts Payable

X

X

250.00

M Basic

300.00

General Ledger

X

X

250.00

Fortran

'

450.00

Payroll

X

X

250.00

Cobol

II

650.00

Inventory

X

X

250.00

Restaurant Payroll

X

250.00

Job Costing

X

250.00

Mailing List

X

X

150.00

Word Processing

X

195.00

"Magic Wand"

X

325.00

AND MORE.

Model 88T Impact Matrix Printer

•Other Printers Available:»T-I 810

Anadex

Diablo

NEC

Qume

595.00!

. COMPUTERQdB MARKETING

Dealer Inquiries Invited.

Computer Marketing Corporation11058 Main St., Suite 125Bellevue, WA 98004(206) 453-9777

aerial bomb/torpedo attacks, surface gunfire/torpedo at-tacks, and submarine attacks) is done by the computer,and damage points are assigned to the forces involved asappropriate. Damage cumulatively reduces the speed,firepower, and/or the structural integrity of a ship. Thenumber of hits required to sink a ship varies with thecharacteristics of the particular ship and the amount ofdamage it has sustained in previous combat.

Once combat resolution is completed, another turnbegins and the cycle is repeated. Factors such as weather(which affects searching), ammunition expenditure, andreinforcements are monitored by the computer and in-troduced into play as appropriate. The game ends whenthe Bismarck is sunk, when one player has accumulated alead of 30 victory points, or after the 0800, May 27,1941,turn.

Physical Description

Along with the program floppy disk, the ComputerBismarck package includes two plastic-coated mapboardcharts for move plotting, a sixteen-page rulebook (con-taining strategy suggestions and historical background,as well as the game rules), a set of data charts, a setupsheet, and two grease pencils for use with the mapboardcharts. The printing and graphics are of professionalquality throughout. The components are packaged in anunnecessarily large, but attractively illustrated, box. Allin all, the game is an excellent physical product. A minorirritation with the graphics is the use of three-digittwenty-four-hour clock times on the turn record chart(eg: "400" instead of the more proper "0400" to represent4 AM).

At last...the

Typewriter Interface!

Turn your electric typewriter into a low cost, highquality hard copy printer. 1 Year Warranty

Dynatyper—the patented* RDI—I/O Pak is fast becoming the industrystandard for typewriter output. Why? Because:

1. It takes 2 minutes to initially install and 5 seconds to remove orreplace.

2. You do not have to modify your typewriter. All factory warrantiesand maintenance agreements on your typewriter will be honored.

3. You can use it with all powered carriage return typewriters thathave U.S. keyboard. Our Model I works with all non Selectrics andour Model II works with Selectrics. Conversion between modelstakes 2 minutes and the kit (26 plungers) is available for a nominalcharge.

4. You don't have to lug around a bulky printer when you travel. Ifthere is a typewriter at your destination, you can install the light(3 lbs.) I/O Pak in just 2 minutes.

5. Same interface for TRS-80, Apple and GPIB. Centronics and Petcompatible interfaces are available in third quarter 1980. Electricpencil available.

6. Delivery: Stock to two weeks. Price: $499. for the complete system,FOB Rochester, Domestic.

Over 1000 In operation today. VISA and MasterCard accepted.Call Ken Yanlcky at 716-385-4336, or write: "Dept. B".

'Potent Ponding

3100 Monroe Avenue, Rochester, New York 14618

incorporated

Game Evaluation

The promotional literature for Computer Bismarckclaims that "without the drudgery of the organizationaloverhead of paper-and-pencil games, your mind is free todevelop and test sophisticated search, combat, andlogistics strategies ..." (Campaign, number 79). Regret-tably, this claim is largely untrue. Although ComputerBismarck does relieve the player of many of the paper-work aspects of conventional war games, it introducesnew problems that can actually increase the time requiredto complete a single turn.

The mechanics of Computer Bismarck are basedalmost entirely upon those of the conventional war gameBismarck, published in 1979 by the Avalon Hill Com-pany. While the designers of Computer Bismarck wiselychose not to adapt the detailed combat mechanics of theAvalon Hill game, the movement and search procedures,orders of battle, and capability factors assigned to theships and aircraft are derived almost directly from theAvalon Hill version. There is certainly nothing wrongabout this; indeed, it was probably wiser to adapt an ex-isting design rather than use a new and untried system(although it would seem proper as a matter of courtesy toacknowledge that the game was based on an Avalon Hilldesign).

The fact remains, however, that the original game wasdesigned for manual play, and its search procedure—moving ship counters on a playing board—wasreasonably efficient for that medium. In ComputerBismarck, ships are moved by entering the square-by-square track that each ship is to follow, consulting themapsheet each time to verify the square coordinates andchecking the rules for convoy destinations and otherdetails. This can be rather time-consuming, as the Britishfrequently have thirty-plus ships in play, not to mentionaircraft. It also causes a player to become mired in thedetails of individual ship movement to the exclusion ofstrategic considerations. Computer Bismarck alsoperpetuates the irritating system of ship movement rateswhich, in the Avalon Hill original, was apparently scaledso that the map-board would fit exactly into the box.

The failings of Computer Bismarck can be summarizedby saying that it does not take advantage of thepossibilities offered by the computer. For example, itwould have been relatively easy to design a movementsystem based on the target square principle; ie: a shipwould be ordered to proceed to square X and patrol thereuntil further orders are given. The convoys could also be"programmed" to steam toward their destinations unlessordered otherwise (eg: to avoid the Bismarck). Thesechanges would also have made the game much morerealistic. Also, the task force system used in the AvalonHill game could easily have been adapted to the computerversion, increasing both playabilrty and realism.

Instead of thinking along these lines, the designers ofComputer Bismarck chose to retain the conventionalpencil-and-paper system of the Avalon Hill game; bydoing this, the designers precluded many of the advan-tages that computerization might have provided. It is dif-ficult to believe that they couldn't have done better.

In all fairness, it should be pointed out that the com-puter version does offer one unique advantage: thepossibility of solitaire play. Preliminary play testing in-dicates that "Otto von Computer" is indeed a skillful op-

284

December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 204 on inquiry card.

Software for the Apple II and Apple II Plus*

ASTEROIDS IN SPACE'"

By Bruce Wallace

An exciting space action game! Your space ship istraveling in the middle of a shower of asteroids. Blastthe asteroids with lasers, but beware — big asteroidsIragment into small asteroids! The Apple game paddlesallow you to rotate your space ship, fire its laser gun,and give it thrust to propel it through endless space.From time to time you will encounter an alien spaceship whose mission is to destroy you, so you'd betterdestroy it first! High resolution graphics and soundeffects add lo the arcade like excitement that thisprogram generates. Runs on any Apple II with at least32K of RAM and one disk drive.

On Diskette - $19.95

Cassette

FASTGAMMON'" By Bob Christiansen.Sound, hi res, color, and musical cartoons havehelped make this the most popular backgammonplaying game for the Apple II But don't let theseentertaining features fool you — FASTGAMMONplays serious backgammon. Runs on any Apple IIwith at least 24K of RAM.$19.95 Diskette - $24.95

ASTROAPPLE'" by Bob Male.Your Apple computer becomes your astrologer,generating horoscopes and forecasts based on thecomputed positions of the heavenly bodies. Thisprogram offers a delightful and stimulating way toentertain friends. ASTROAPPLE produces natalhoroscopes (birth charts) for each person basedon his or her birth data. Any two people may becompared for physical, emotional, and intellectualcompatibility. The program is written in ApplesoftBASIC with machine language subroutines. Itrequires either RAM or ROM Applesoft and at least32K of memory.

Cassette - $14.95 Diskette

$19.95

i^4\'^ag

im

FRACAS'" by Stuart Smith.

A fantastic adventure game like no other! Up to eightplayers can participate in FRACAS at the same time.Journey in the land of FAROPH, searching for hiddentreasure while warding off all sorts of unfriendly anddangerous creatures. You and your friends can competewith each other or you can join forces and gang up on the

■j, _:, monsters. Your location is presented graphically and soundeffects enliven the battles. Save your adventure on diskette

■Jiit or cassette and continue it at some other time. Both integer.-% BASIC and Applesoft versions included. Requires at least

' * 32K of RAM.

Cassette - $19.95 Diskette - $24.95

BENEATH APPLE MANOR'" by Don WorthDescend beneath Apple Manor into an under-ground maze of corridors, rooms, and secretpassages in quest of rich and powerful treasures.The dungeon complex consists of many floors,each lower level more dangerous than the last. Ifyou can reach the lowest level, you may even findthe ultimate object of your quest, the fabledgolden apple of Apple Manor. Strategy isextreme-ly important as you deal with a variety of monsters,each with its own characteristics. Written ininteger BASIC with machine language sub-routines. Requires integer BASIC and at least 16Kol RAM on cassette or 32K of RAM on diskette.

Cassette - $14.95 Diskette

$19.95

BATTLESHIP COMMANDER'" by Erik Kilk and Matthew Jew.

A game of strategy. You and the computer each start out by positioning five ships ofdifferent sizes on a ten by ten grid. Then the shooting starts. Place your volleys skillfully— a combination of logic and luck are required to beat the computer. Cartoons showthe ships sinking and announce the winner. Sound effects and flashing lights also addto the enjoyment of the game. Both Applesoft and integer BASIC versions are included.Requires at least 32K of RAM.

Cassette - $14.95 Diskette - $19.95

BABBLE'" by Don Worth.Have fun with this unique software. You write astory, entering it as a BABBLE program. As youwrite the story you specify certain words to beselected by the computer or entered from the key-board at execution time. Run the program andwatch BABBLE convert your story into an oftenhilarious collection of incongruities. The ways inwhich BABBLE can entertain you are limited onlyto your imagination. You can compose animpressive political speech or write poetry. Youcan plan a dinner menu. You can even formimages on the screen or compose musical tuneswith the help of BABBLE. The cassette versionrequires at least 16K of RAM and the disketteversion requires at least 32K of RAM. BABBLE iswritten in machine language and runs on anyApple II computer.

Cassette - $19.95 Diskette - $24.95

Si STtR '5 PENCIL SHftRP-EN ETR LOVES YOUR ANTEATERAND THE CRABCiRaSS IS AT-TACKING THE FRIENDLY MATADOR.

D

BABBLE

LINKER by Don Worth.

Turn your Apple II or Apple II Plus into a powerful and productivesoftware development machine with this superb linking loader/editorpackage. LINKER does the following and much more:

• Dynamically loads and relocates suitably prepared machinelanguage programs anywhere in RAM.

• Combines a main program with subroutines. You can assemble asubroutine once a nd then use it with as many main programs as youwish.

• Produces a map of all loaded routines, giving their location and thetotal length of the resulting module.

• Contains a library of subroutines including binary multiplication anddivision, print text strings, delay, tone generator, and randomnumber generator.

Linker works with virtually any assembler for the Apple II. Requires 32Kof RAM and one disk drive.

Diskette - $49.95 Manual Only - $19.95

QUTILny SOFTW7IR6

6660 Reseda Blvd.. Suite 105, Reseda. CA 91335(213)344-6599

Now exclusive distributors for products from The Software Factory, Newhall, California•Apple I1 and Apple II Plus are trademarks ol Apple Computer, Inc.

WHERE TO GET IT: Call us at (213) 344-6599 for the name of the Quality Softwaredealer nearest you. If necessary you may order directly from us. Mastercard andVisa cardholders may place orders by telephone. Or mail your check or bankcardnumber to Quality Software, 6660 Reseda Blvd., Suite 105, Reseda, CA 91335.California residents add 6% sales tax. SHIPPING CHARGES: Within North Americaorders must include $1.50 for first class shipping and handling. Outside NorthAmerica the charge for airmail shipping and handling is $5.00. Pay in U.S.currency.

Circle 205 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980

285

ponent; one hopes that he has enough crafty schemes inhis repertoire to keep the game from becoming predict-able.

Summary

• The field of computer war games has vast potential,and it is perhaps unfair to expect the first published ex-ample to be a fully developed product. Others, much im-proved, are certain to follow; as of this writing, AvalonHill has announced the availability of four "war gamesfor home computers." (One of them, entitled NorthAtlantic Convoy Raider, is described as "a computersimulation of the Bismarck convoy raid of 1941 . . ..") Itis likely that Computer Bismarck will be remembered asthe Tactics II of computer gaming—somewhat crude, buta fine effort and definitely a first.

Conclusions

• Computer Bismarck allows solitaire play against thecomputer. This a great advantage for the war gamer whocannot find suitable opponents.

• The game is very attractively produced, includingplastic-coated mapboard charts and a well-designedrulebook organized in much the same way as rulebooksfrom other war game publishers. This adds considerablyto the pleasure in playing the game.

• Movement of pieces in this game, which must be doneone piece at a time, is time-consuming and tedious. ■

More CFR Spectaculars!!!

Parallel Input 'Correspondence' SELECTRICTYPEWRITER/PRINTER

Features:

• 15" Frame. 132 Columns

• Takes Sid. Office

Golf-Ball' Elements

• Parallel "Cenlronics-Type" T-'L Input•IBM 745 Printer Mechanism

• Upper & Lower Case ASCII Inl

• Used. Reconditioned Terminals

• Ideal lor Word Processing Complete. """

• Use as a Typewriter. Tool Ready to Use: s659.00!!

Replacement Line Cord Included, No Type Elemenl Included■Add $20 00 lor Handling & Packaging. Pay Snipping When Delivered

■^ IBM Technical Data for 'Selectric

™ -GET OUR BARGAIN-PACKED PERI

DAISY KSR ASCII TERMINALS

Featuring:

• 15" Frame. 132 S 156 Columns

• 15 & 30 Characters/Second

• Dual Pitch [10. 12 Chars./lnch]•Diablo "Hytype" Printer

• Plotter Function w/ 1/60"H & 1/48"V Steps

• Simple RS-232-C ASCII I/O

Includes Operators Instructions. Schematics. Etc.Add S35 lor Shipping Crate. Pay Shipping on Delivery

System 75 Daisy Terminals. . . $1 499.00..

S20.00 ^

PHERAL FLYER!!- M

BARGAIN "FLOPPY" DRIVES —

Removed from service, built by MPI Div.of Control Data. 9400 Series, takesShugart-type 8" diskettes. Good cond.,may need some service. Incl.: data, schem-atics, etc.

Only $299.00 ea

Buy 3 and SAVE BIG! 3/*599.00 ptus siuppmg

ft^y.

I^CFR

Associates, Inc.

MAIL ORDERS:

Bon 144, Newton, N.H.

03858

«-» PHONE ORDERS:

t2" 617/372-8536

(Sorry, No Collect Calls)

MaslerchargB & VISA Welcome

WAREHOUSE:

18 Granite SI.

Haverhill, Mass. 01830

War-Gaming—The Hobby

Shortly before the First World War, the notedscience-fiction writer HG Wells published a book en-titled Little Wars. It contained a set of rules forsimulating historical battles and campaigns usingmodel soldiers on tabletop battlegrounds. From thatpoint on, miniature war games acquired a troop ofdevoted followers.

A new type of commercial war game was introducedin 1953, when Charles S Roberts published Tactics.Tactics was a board game in which the opposingforces, represented by cardboard unit counters, weremaneuvered over a gridded map. Each unit was ratedaccording to its combat and movement ability, andbattles were resolved by comparing the strengths ofopposing forces and applying a luck factor via die roll.

Tactics was quite successful (a revised version, Tac-tics II, is still on the market today), and other gamessoon followed. The majority of the early titles dealtwith historical actions such as Gettysburg, Waterloo,and the Battle of the Bulge. The Avalon Hill Com-pany, founded by Roberts in 1958, was for many yearsthe only professional publisher of commercial wargames. In 1970, Simulations Publications Inc beganproducing games and introduced a number of in-novative design concepts. Avalon Hill and SPI con-tinue to be the giants of the war-game industry,although a number of smaller firms have since ap-peared.

There are currently several hundred war game titlesin print, and sales are climbing toward a million gamesper year. Game topics range from the campaigns ofAlexander and Caesar to World War II, Vietnam, andeven to the intergalactic struggles of the distant future.

Information about the war-gaming hobby can beobtained from the many publications on the subject. Afew of the most useful sources are listed below:

Book:

The Comprehensive Guide to Board Wargaming, byNicholas Palmer, published in paperback by McGraw-Hill, 1979, is an excellent introduction to the subject,although some of the game reviews are already dated.Magazines:

Campaign (POB 896, Fallbrook CA 92028) is arespected source for game reviews, strategy articles,and other features.

The General (published by the Avalon Hill Company,4517 Harford Rd, Baltimore MD 21214) is limited tocoverage of Avalon Hill games only, but it is verygood on the subjects it covers.

Strategy and Tactics (published by SimulationsPublications lnc, 257 Park Ave S, New York NY10010) offers a complete, ready-to-play war game ineach issue, as well as historical articles and generalgaming information. SPI also publishes Moves, whichis devoted mainly to game design and strategy, andAres, which covers the relatively new field of science-fiction/fantasy war games.

286

December 1980 <S BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 206 on inquiry card.

CP/M* compatible software

SYSTEM MAINTENANCE

DIAGNOSTICS I: Easily the most comprehensive set of CP/M compatiblesystem check-out programs ever assembled. Finds hardware errors in yoursystem, confirms suspicions, or just gives your system a clean bill of health.Tests

• Memory • CPU (8080/8085/Z80) • Terminal

• Disk • Printer

To our knowledge the CPU test is the first of its kind anywhere. Diagnostics I canhelp you find problems before they become serious A good set of diagnosticroutines are a must in any program library.

Minimal requirements: 24K CP/M. Supplied with complete user manual:$60 00 Manual alone: $15.00.

ACCOUNTING

ACCOUNTS PAYABLE/RECEIVABLE: A complete, user oriented packagewhich features:

automatic postings to general ledger (optional)

accounts payable: ■ check printing with invoice • invoice aging

accounts receivable • progress billing • customer statements

• partial invoice payments • invoice agingThe entire package is menu driven and easy to learn and use. It incorporates errorchecking and excellent user displays. This package can be used stand alone orwith the General Ledger below.

Supplied with extensive user manual: $200.00. Manual alone: $20.00.

GENERAL LEDGER: A complete, user oriented package which features:

• Accepts postings from external programs (i.e. AP/AR above)

• Accepts directly entered postings

• Maintains account balances for current month, quarter, and year and previousthree quarters

• Financial reports: trial balance, income statement balance sheet, and more.Completely menu driven and easy to learn and use. Excellent displays and errorchecking for trouble free operation. Can be used stand alone or with AccountsPayable/Receivable above.

Supplied with extensive user manual: $200.00. Manual alone $20.00Both require 48K CP/M, terminal with cursor positioning, home and clear home,one 8" disk or Two 5" disks. CBASIC2 required.

TEXT PROCESSING

TFS-Text Formatting System: An extremely powerful lormatter. Morethan 50 commands. Supports all major features including:

• left & right margin lustification • user defined macros

■ dynamic insertion from disk file • underlining and backspace

TFS lets you make multiple copies of any text. For example: Personalized formletters complete with name & address & other insertions from a disk file. Text isnot limited to the size of RAM making TFS perfect for reports or any big job

Text is entered using CP/M standard editor or most any CP/M compatibleeditor. TFS will link completely with Super-M-List making personalized formletters easy.

Requires: 24K CP/M.

Supplied with extensive user manual: $85 00. Manual alone $20.00.

Source to TFS in 8080 assembler (can be assembled using standard CP/Massembler) plus user manual: $250.00.

MAILING LIST

SUPER-M-LIST: A complete, easy to use mailing list program packageAllows lor two names, two address, city, state, zip and a three digit code field loradded flexibility Super-M-List can sort on any field and produce mailing labelsdirect to printer or disk file for later printing or use by other programs. Super-MList is the perfect companion to TFS. Handles 1981 Zip Codes!

Requires: 48K CP/M.

Supplied with complete user manual' $75.00. Manual alone- $10.00

UTILITIES

Utility pack #1: A collection of programs that you will find useful and maybeeven necessary in your daily work iwe did!). Includes

CMPARCHIVER

SORT:XDIR

PRINTPG

FORTH: a full,ROMABLE code.BASIC.

—PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

extended FORTH interpreter/compiler produces COMPACT,As fast as compiled FORTRAN, as easy to use as interactive

SELF COMPILING: Includes every line of source code necessary to recompile

itself.

EXTENSIBLE: Adds functions at will.

Z80 & 8080 ASSEMBLERS included

Single license, OEM licensing available

Please specify CPU type: Z80 or 8080

Supplied with extensive user manual and tutorial: $150.00

Documentation alone: $25.00

ENHANCED 'TINY' PASCAL: We still call it Tiny' but it's bigger and betterthan ever! This is the Famous Chung/Yuen 'Tiny' Pascal with more featuresadded. Features include:

• recursive procedures/functions • integer arithmetic • CASE

• FOR (loop) 'sequential disk I/O • one dimensional arrays

• IF .. THEN ... ELSE -WHILE • PEAK'8'POKE'•READS WRITE -REPEAT ... UNTIL -more

Tiny' Pascal is fast. Programs execute up to ten times faster than similar BASICprograms.

SOURCE TOO! We still distribute source, in Tiny' Pascal, on each discettesold. You can even recompile the compiler, add features or just gain insight intocompiler construction.

Tiny' Pascal is perfect for writing text processors, real time control systems,virtually any application which requires high speed. Requires: 36K CP/M. Suppliedwith complete user manual and source on discette $85.00.

Manual alone: $10.00.

SOFTWARE SECURITY

ENCODE/DECODE: A complete software security system for CP/M. Encode/Decode is a sophisticated coding program package which transforms data storedon disk into coded text which is completely unrecognizable. Encode/Decodesupports multiple security levels and passwords. A user defined combination(One billion possible) is used to code and decode a file. Uses are unlimited. Beloware a few examples:

• data bases • general ledger • inventory

• payroll files • correspondence • accounts pay/rec

• programs • tax records • mailing listsEncode/Decode is available in two versions:

Encode/Decode I provides a level of security suitable for normal use.Encode/Decode II provides enhanced security for the most demanding needs.Both versions come supplied on discette and with a complete user manual.

Encode/Decode I: $50.00

Encode/Decode II: $100.00 Manual alone: $15.00

—INTERCOMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS

TERM: a complete intercommunications package for linking your computer toother computers. Link either to other CP/M computers or to large timesharingsystems. TERM is comparable to other systems but costs less, delivers more andsource is provided on discette!

With TERM you can send and receive ASCII and Hex files (COM too, withincluded convertion program) with any other CP/M computer which has TERM orcompatible package. Allows real time communication between users on separatesystems as well as acting as timesharing terminal.

error checking and auto retryconversational modereceive files

Compare two files for equality

Compacts many files into one. useful when you run out of directoryentries

In core sort of variable length recordsExtended alphabetical directory listing with groupings by commonextension

Formatted listings to printerLists files to CRT a page at a timeplus moreRequires 24K CP M _. 0 —

Supplied with instructions on discette S50.00 MrSt Ifl OOTtWare leClinOIOQy

Circle 207 on inquiry card.

SuperScft

• Engage/disengage printer■ terminal mode for timesharing between systems

• send filesRequires: 32K CP/M.

Supplied with user manual and 8080 source code: $110.00Manual alone: $15.00.

CP/M Formats: 8" soft sectored, 5" Northstar,5" Micropolis Mod II, Vector MZAll Orders and General Information:SUPERSOFT ASSOCIATESP.O. BOX 1628CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820(217)359-2112

Technical Hot Line: (217) 359-2691(answered only when technician is available)

*CP/M REGISTERED TRADEMARK DIGITAL RESEARCH

VISA

BYTE December 1980

287

Circle 208 on inquiry card.

TM

reformaTTer

Now There Are Three!

REFOIlMA^TBIl,'' diskette conversion software now includes3 programs for transferring information bidirectionally via floppydiskette medium:

GP/M * <—»DEC gives the CP/M® usercomplete access to DEC formatted diskettes. Provides completefacilities for file reorganization and directory maintenance alongwith editing capabilities.

TRSDOS <—*IBM gives the RadioShack* Mod II user complete access to IBM 3740 formatteddiskettes. Provides complete facilities for character translation,file reorganization and directory maintenance, along with editingcapabilities.

CP/M"" <—>IBM, the original REFORMATTER™

now available with enhanced features, gives the CP/M" usercomplete access to IBM 3740 formatted diskettes. Providescomplete facilities for character translation, file reorganization,and directory maintenance, along with editing capabilities.

REFORMATTER™ programs require a multiple drive systemwith at least one 8" single density drive.

REFORMATTER™ is available at S195.00 per program. Fordetailed information contact:MicroTech Exports467 Hamilton Avenue, Suite 2Palo Alto, California 94301

415/ 324-9114 ■ TWX: 910-370-7457 MUH-ALTOSDealer & OEM discounts available

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research.Radio Shack is a registered trademark of Tandy Corp.

Software and Hardware forBusiness Education Entertainment

Recent Arrivals:

A stellar trek the definitive Hi-Res color version of the classicStartrek game. Three different Klingon opponents. Many commandperogatives from use of weapons to repair of damages. Need 48K

Applesoft ROM Disk $24.95

Add S2.00 U.S./S5.00 Foreign shipping charges.

VERSAWRITERII A drawing tablet, simply plugs into your game I/Oport. Trace, draw, design, or color any type of graphic. Adds words topictures. Creates schematics. Computes Distance/Area of any figure.

Needs 32K Applesoft ROM and disk drive A bargain at... $249.95

Add S5.00 U.S./S10.00 Foreign shipping charges.

California residents add 6%. Don't see what you want here, THEN writeor call today for your FREE software and hardware catalog.

Open Tuesday • Sunday

visa/ Mastercharge welcome

Garden Plaza Shopping Center

9719 Reseda Blvd., Northridge, calif. 91324 Dept. 12

Telephone: (213) 349-5560

J

Programming OuicMes

Monster Combat

Lee Chapel, 2349 Wiggins, Springfield IL 62704

In the game Monster Combat, you attempt to wintreasure from various loathsome creatures and leave theforest with as much treasure as possible—without gettingkilled in the process. This program, as shown in listing 1,was written in BASIC on a KIM microprocessor and usesless than 4 K bytes of memory. It is easy to change toalmost any other form of BASIC.

In the game, you are placed at a randomly chosen loca-tion in a forest with a certain combat strength that is ran-domly determined. Also, you encounter monsters guard-ing various tempting treasures and are given a choice offighting them, running from them, or bribing them; greedand wit are certainly tested here.

To fight the monster, enter a 1. When the program asksyou for the number of combat points you wish to use,enter any number smaller than your combat strength (ie:

Listing 1: Listing for the Monster Combat program. This pro-gram is written to run on a KIM-1 microcomputer with BASICand 4 K bytes of memory. It can also be modified to run on adifferent machine or to generate a larger forest to explore.

1 REM MONSTER COMBAT

2 REM WRITTEN BY LEE CHAPEL 6/15/80

5 DIMA(10,10):PRINTTAB(20)"MONSTER COMBAT"10 F0RI=1T09:F0RJ=1T09:A(I,I) = 1:IFRND(1)>.75

THENA(I,J) = 213 NEXT:NEXT

15 X = INT(RND(l)*6 + 2):Y = INT(RND(l)*6 + 2)17 A(X,Y) = 5:C = INT(RND(l)*1501+500)20 GOSUB90025 PRINT'YOUR COMBAT STRENGTH IS"C:GOSUB400:

IFI>11THEN2530 IFM = OTHENPRINT'TOU GET THE TREASURE FREE":

GOT049533 IFM = 100ANDN=1THEN880

35 INPUT'DO YOU (1)FIGHT,(2)RUN, OR (3)BRIBE";K40 ONKGOTO300,350,635300 INPUT"HOW MANY COMBAT POINTS DO YOU WISH

TO USE";K305 IFK>CTHENGOSUB600:PRINTC'OOMBAT POINTS":

GOTO300310 I = INT(RND(1)M001):L = 2:C = C-K:K = K-.01*Q315 FORH = 1000TO0STEP-50:IFL*M< =KANDH> =ITHEN490320 L = L-.1:NEXT

325 PRINT'THE MONSTER KILLED YOU.";330 PRINT'TOU LOSE EVERYTHING":PRINT"DO YOU WISH TO

TRY AGAIN";335 INPUTX$:IFLEFT$(X$, 1) = "Y'THENRUN340 PRINT:PRINT"SO LONG.BETTER LUCK NEXT TIME":END350 I = INT(RND(1)*12):IFI=11THEN325

Listing 1 continued on page 290

288 December 1980 © BYTE Publications In

OS-9™ LEVEL TWO MULTIUSEROPERATING SYSTEM

T

rue multitasking, multiuser OSfor timesharing or real-timecontrol applications

■ Sophisticated memorymanagement permits useof over one megabyte.

■ Versatile, easy-to-use input/outputsupports multiple devices.

■ UNIX™-like file structure includinghierarchical directories, pipes, filters,and byte-addressable random access files.

■ Provides log-on password protectionand user file security.

■ Can run on small, inexpensivesystems with floppy disks and as little as32K memory.

□ $495.00*

INTRODUCING

6809

SOFTWAREPOWERTOOLS

and edited.

■ Buffer, line and character orientedcommands.

■ Search, change and extend operations.

■ Permits multiple input/output files.

□ Disk or tape $75.00

□ ROM set (2716) $90.00

OS-9™INTERACTIVE ASSEMBLER

OS-9™ LEVEL ONEOPERATING SYSTEM

A multitasking real-time operatingsystem for software development,process control and smallermulti-user applications.

■ Versatile input/output system cansupport multiple devices usinginterrupt-driven, DMA, or program-controlled data transfer. Users can easilyadd additional I/O devices.

■ Tape or disk-based versions available.

■ Disk versions support UNIX™-likehierarchical directory structure andbyte-addressable random-access files.

■ Memory management for singleaddress-space (up to 64K).

□ Disk version $150.00*

□ Tape version $95.00

BASIC09™PROGRAMMINGLANGUAGE SYSTEM

Extended BASIC languagecompiler/interpreter withintegrated text editor and debugpackage. Runs standard BASIC programsor minimally-modified PASCAL programs.

■ Permits multiple named programmodules having local variables andidentifiers. Modules are reentrant,position independent and ROMable.

■ Additional control statements forstructured programming: IF ... THEN... ELSE. FOR .. . NEXT. REPEAT .. .UNTIL, WHILE ... DO, LOOP ...

BY MICROWARE'

ENDLOOP, EXITIF ... ENDEXIT.

■ Allows user-defined data types andcomplex data structures. Five built-indata types: byte, integer, 9 digitfloating-point, string and boolean.

■ Outperforms any other BASIC on any8-bit MPU.

■ Available on ROM, disk or cassettetape. Runs under OS-9™ Level One orLevel Two.

□ Disk or tape $195.00*

S

MICROSOFT6809 BASIC

tandard Microsoft BASIC optimizedfor the 6809 and OS-9™.

■ Four data types: integer, string,single precision and double precisionfloating point.

■ Program trace and edit capabilities.

■ Automatic line numbering andrenumbering.

■ Supports random and sequentialfile I/O. Full PRINT USING forformatted output.

□ Disk or tape $250.00

M

OS-9™ TEXTEDITOR

inimum-keystroke macro texteditor useful for textpreparation or interactive

word processing.

■ User-defined macros with

parameters permit virtually

unlimited command expansion.

Macros can be saved, loaded

Compact Motorola compatibleassembler for machine languageprogram development.

■ Operates in "batch" mode orinteractive line-by-line mode.

■ Facilities for generation of OS-9™memory modules and system calls.

■ Formatted listings include syntax andcontext error checking.

■ Runs on OS-9™ Level One orLevel Two.

□ Disk or tape $75.00

□ ROM set (2716) $90.00

F

OS-9™INTERACTIVEDEBUGGER

acilitates testing and debugging ofmachine- language programs.

■ Includes common "monitor"functions: memory examine/change,breakpoints, display/change registers, etc.

■ Calculator mode evaluates arithmeticexpressions in hex, decimal or binary.

■ Access to system commands.

■ Available on ROM. disk orcassette tape.

□ Disk or tape $35.00

□ ROM (2716) $50.00

BASIC 09 is a trademark of Motorola. OS-9 is atrademark of Motorola and Microware". UNIX is atrademark of Bell Telephone Laboratories.

Most software is available on ROM,diskette and tape in versions for manypopular 6809 computers. Source listingsand yearly maintenance/update serviceare sold separately for most programs.

*Specify manufacturer and type of CPUand I/O controllers. Contact Microware *for specific availability.

MICROWARG

Microware Systems Corp., Dept. Bl5835 Grand AvenueDes Moines, Iowa 50304(515) 279-8844

Circle 209 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980

289

Listing 1 continued:

355 FORH = 0TO10:IFH*10>MANDH< =ITHEN375

360 NEXT:GOT0685

375 A = X:B = Y

380 X = INT(RND(1)*3-1) + A:Y = INT(RND(1)*3-1) + B

385 IFA(X,Y)>1THEN380

390 IFA(X,Y) = OTHEN1000

395 A(A,B)= 1:A(X,Y) = 5:IFI< > 12THEN20

397 RETURN

400 I = INT(RND(1)M4+1):M = I*10:IFI<11THENPRINT"A "

405 ONIGOTO410,413,415,417,420,421,423,425,427,429,430,

750,700,950410 PRINT"MINOTAUR";:GOTO450413 PRINT"CYCLOPS";: GOTO450415 PRINT"ZOMBIE";:GOTO450417 PRINT"GIANT";:GOTO450

420 PRINT"HARPY";:GOTO450

421 PRINT"GRIFFIN";:GOTO450423 PRINT"CHIMERA";:GOTO450425 PRINT"DRAGON";:GOTO450427 PRINT"WYVERN";:GOTO450

429 PRINT"BASILISK";:GOTO450

430 PRINT"NOTHING";:M = 0

450 PRINT" IS GUARDING ";:I = INT(RND(1)*7+1)455 ONIGOTO460, 461, 463, 465, 467, 470, 475

460 PRINT'TO SILVER SPOONS":P= 10:RETURN

461 PRINT'A JEWELED SWORD":P = 30:RETURN463 PRINP'A JAR OF RUBIES":P = 50:RETURN465 PRINT'A TREASURE CHEST":P = 200:RETURN467 PRINT"50 SILVER COINS":P = 50:RETURN470 PRINT"100 GOLD PIECES":P= 100:RETURN475 PRINT"A BOX OF JEWELS":P = 75:RETURN490 PRINT'TOU BEAT THE MONSTER"

493 S = S + 1

495 Q = Q + P

497 IFP = 30THENGOSUB800

500 IFP = 200THENGOSUB850:GOSUB867

505 PRINT"YOU NOW HAVE "Q" TREASURE POINTS"

510 A = X:B = Y:INPUT"WHAT DIRECTION (HIT 1 FOR THEMAP)";X$

511 IFX$ = "l"THENGOSUB900:GOTO510

512 IFRIGHT$(X$, 1) = "W'THENX = X - 1

513 IFRIGHT$(X$, 1) = "E'THENX = X + 1

514 IFLEFT$(X$,1) = "N"THENY = Y-1

515 IFLEFT$(X$,1) = "S"THENY = Y+1517 IFA(X,Y) = 0THEN1000

520 IFA(X,Y) = 2THENPRINT"YOU RAN INTO A WALL":X = A:Y = B:GOTO510

525 A(A,B) = l:A(X,Y) = 5:GOTO20

600 PRINT'TOU ONLY HAVE";:RETURN

635 INPUT"HOW MUCH DO YOU WISH TO PAY";K

640 IFK>QTHENGOSUB600:PRINTQ"TREASURE POINTS":

GOT0635645 I = INT(RND(l)*22):L = 0:IFI=21ORK<lTHEN325660 FORH = 0TO20:IFK< =L*PANDI> =HTHEN680670 L = L + .1:NEXT675 PRINT'TOUR BRIBE WAS ACCEPTED.";:

Q = Q-K:GOTO505680 PRINT"YOUR BRIBE WAS NOT ACCEPTED.";685 PRINT'TOU MUST FIGHT":GOTO300700 PRINT'A GIANT BAT CARRIED YOU TO A NEW SPOT":

A=X:B = Y705 X = INT(RND(l)*7 + 2):Y = INT(RND(l)*7 + 2):

IFA(X,Y)olTHEN705710 A(A,B)=1:A(X,Y) = 5:RETURN750 J = INT(RND(1)*20+1):C = C-J755 PRINT"YOU FELL INTO A PIT AND USEDT'COMBAT

POINTS TO CLIMB OUT"760 IFC<0THENPRINT"YOU DIED WHILE CLIMBING OUT":

GOTO330765 GOT0375

800 IFRND(1)< .50RO3000THENRETURN810 PRINT'THE SWORD WAS ENCHANTED AND DOUBLES

YOUR STRENGTH"815 C = C*2:RETURN

850 I = INT(RND( 1)* 10):IFI<>7THENRETURN860 PRINT'THE CHEST WAS A TRAP.YOU WERE KILLED

WHEN YOU OPENED IT"865 GOTO330

867 I - INT(RND( 1) * 10) :IFI <> 3THENRETURN870 PRINT'A MIRROR WAS IN THE CHEST.";875 PRINT'TT WILL KILL ANY BASILISKS YOU MEET":

N = 1:RETURN880 PRINT'TOUR MIRROR KILLED THE BASILISK":GOT0493

900 FORI = 0TO10:FORJ = 0TO10:PRINTTAB(5);:IFA(J,I) = 0THENPRINT"";

901 IFA(J,I) = 1THENPRINT"X";

902 IFA(J,I) = 2THENPRINT"I";

903 IFA(J,I) = 5THENPRINT"0";905 NEXT:PRINT:NEXT:RETURN950 IFS<5THEN400

955 PRINT"A GIANT EAGLE CARRIED YOU TO SAFETY"1000 PRINT:PRINT"YOU SURVIVED THE FOREST"1005 PRINT'TOU WON A TREASURE TOTAL OF"Q:

PRINT"CONGRATULATIONS"9999 END

the amount you think it will take to defeat the monster).Each monster has its own combat strength. If you enter anumber of combat points equal to the monster's strength,you have a fifty-fifty chance of defeating it. Entering ahigher number increases your chances of winning, whileentering a smaller number lowers your chance of win-ning. No matter how much strength you use, there isalways at least a one-in-a-thousand chance that themonster will kill you—not bad odds, unless you havecold feet. Also, the more treasure you have, the morestrength you need to use to achieve the same odds againstthe monster in combat.

If you choose to run (option 2), your chances of gettingaway from a monster successively decrease as each newmonster's strength possibly increases. Thus you are morelikely to get away from a minotaur than from a basilisk.If you succeed in running away, you are placed in a newrandomly selected square; not getting away usuallyresults in a battle. Occasionally, while you are running,the monster will catch and kill you—one of the risks youmust accept.

Of course trying to bribe (option 3) your foe is an age-old alternative to running or fighting. For this, you mustuse your hard-earned treasure. Whether or not you windepends on the value of the treasure he is guarding. Thegreater the treasure, the more you have to pay to suc-cessfully bribe the monster. If he doesn't care for yourbribe, you usually have to fight him.

There are other things in the forest besides monsters,but these are best left for the player to discover. Onething that I will mention is the mirror you may find. Thiskills basilisks, the most fearsome of all the creatures youwill meet. A basilisk can kill people by looking them inthe face, but when it looks into a mirror it frightens itselfto death.

Movement through the forest is easy: just enter thedirection you want to go—N for north, E for east, NE fornortheast, and so on. North is the top of the map and eastis the right. The Xs mark out the forest in the display, theIs are walls through which you cannot pass, and the 0 isyou. To leave the forest, just move onto any blank areaaround the edge of forest.

290 December 1980 & BYTE Publications Inc

-Technological Breakthrough-

COMPUTER-METER

Microprocessor technology andthe inventors of the digitalmeter have teamed up to bringyou the world's most versatiletest instrument.

Computers for the home. Toys that speak.Machines that think. Space age technologybrings new changes to your world every day.Even those of us who work with this newtechnology are constantly amazed by the latestapplications of the ubiquitous microprocessor.And here is a remarkable new way forcomputer techonology to simplify your worklife. When the president of our company (abusinessman, not a technician) saw one of thepre-production models of this new testinstrument at a trade show, even he recognizedit for what it is: a remarkable new way foranyone involved with electronics to save time,money, and space. We've shown it to ourtechnicians and their reactions were similar,though more down-to-earth: "I want it!"

There's much more to tell about thisincredible little meter that takes the place of atleast 3 separate test instruments, but we're surethat the Touch Test 20 will end up very near thetop of your equipment list.

STAYING AHEAD

For three decades, the inventors of the TouchTest 20, Non-Linear Systems, have made ascience of staying ahead through innovation intest equipment In 1952, NLS propelledelectronic testing into the space age byintroducing the world's first digital voltmeter,and they have remained committed to first ratevalue and performance through sophisticated,yet simplified electronic test tools. Theirbattery powered portable oscilloscopes have"lightened the load" of both field andlaboratory engineers all over the world, andNIjS digital panel meters have also become aworld-wide standard.

The Touch Test 20 adds to the NLSreputation for accuracy and reliability andwe're proud to be among the first to be able tooffer it to you.

3 1b 8 oz TEST LAB

We think the Touch Test 20 isminiaturization at its best, because nocompromises in accuracy and versatility weremade in the process of squeezing a trunk full oftest equipment into a rechargeable batterypowered portable test lab.

It will measure AC voltage, AC current,resistance, capacitance, conductance,temperature, DC voltage, DC current,continuity, and test diodes - 20 key testfunctions, 10 electrical parameters and 44ranges. Now, you can take one lab to the fieldinstead of a cumbersome collection of

individual testers. And in the lab, the TouchTest 20 will go a long way toward cleaning upthe cluttered array of equipment found on mosttest or troubleshooting benches.

JUST TOUCH

The "touch" in Touch Test 20 means nomore knobs and dials to fiddle with:selection of the various functions isaccomplished by a tap of the finger on one ofthe touch sensitive switches on the frontpanel. When you switch functions, there'san audible bleep and an LED lights to showthe function selected. Selecting the range isalso a beautifully simple procedure - justtouch one of the switches below the displayto shift the decimal point to the appropriateplace for the signal you're measuring.

Non-Linear Systems, Inc.

Specialists in the scienceof staying ahead.

SPECIFICATIONS

VOLTS 1 mV to 1 KV @ .2%

AMPERES 1 uA to 10 A <§> 1%

OHMS .. 10 uOhm to 19.99 MOhm @ .25%TEMPERATURE -40° C to +150° C +/- 3°CAPACITANCE .. 1 pF to 199.9 uF @ 1%CONDUCTANCE .01 nS to 199.9 nS @ .2%DIODE TEST ... 1 mV to 1999 mV @ .2%

SIZE 2.9" x 6.4" x 7.5"

WEIGHT .. 3 lbs 8 oz (including batteries)

EVEN IDIOTS

While no intrument is totally idiot-proof, theTouch Test 20 certainly comes close: when anyfunction is selected, this instrumentautomatically selects the least sensitive rangeof the function, to avoid embarrasing but all tocommon smoke test situations. We're told(though we do not advise such mistreatment),that you can plug the test leads into a 120 voltwall socket and select any function withoutcausing terminal damage to the instrument.

To complement these remarkablecapabilities, the Touch Test 20 is shipped readyto go to work for you, complete with a chargerunit, rechargeable batteries, high quality testprobes, a component test block, and atemperature probe.

ONE YEAR WARRANTY

Each Touch Test 20 is individually testedand "burned-in" at elevated temperatures to

assure the quality of the instrument shipped toyou. However, should the unlikely happen, themanufacturer stands behind their reputationfor reliability with a full one-year limitedwarranty against any defects in material orworkmanship. This of course excludes damagebrought about through any kind of abuse, andthe warranty extends only to the originalpurchaser.

PRIORITY SHIPMENT

We at JADE have been in the business ofsupplying computers and related equipment forfive years now, and we've always guaranteedour customer's satisfaction. We know thatyou'll be happy with this piece of equipment, sotry it for thirty days; if the Touch Test 20doesn't live up to your expectations, we'llquickly refund the purchase price. And don'tworry about slow delivery - the manufacturerhas assured us that we will have priorityshipment of the Touch Test 20 directly from thefactory. This plus our computerized orderprocessing system assures you of the fastestpossible delivery.

CALL US TOLL FREE

To order your Touch Test 20 send $425.00plus $2.95 shipping and handling to JADEComputer Products, 4901 West Rosecrans,Hawthorne, California 90250 (Californiaresidents please add 6% sales tax). Credit cardbuyers may use one of our toll free numberslisted below.

JADE Computer Products has teen anindustry leader in the microcomputer field forover five years - further assurance of ourdedication to fast service and continuedproduct support.

Computer Products

4901 West Rosecrans AveHawthorne, California 90250

Continental US.. . 800-421-5500Inside California . 800-262-1710Los Angeles Area 213-973-7707

Call for your free copy of our catalog containingover 4000 different computer products.

Circle 133 on inquiry card.

Scores for this game generally range from 500 to 700. Ifyou get over 1000, you are doing very well. A samplelisting of the game at its end is given in listing 2.

Experience has shown me that this game becomes moreexciting as the map gets larger. If you have more than 4 Kbytes of memory in your system, you can increase themap size by changing the proper lines in the program(mainly lines 10, 15, 705, and 900). You can also addmore monsters and treasure or add other options to thegame.

Table 1 lists the monsters and their combat strengths;table 2 lists the treasures and their values. So load up,enter the forest, and huntlH

Listing 2: Part of a sample run of Monster Combat program.Each X represents part of the forest, each I represents part of awall that must be circumnavigated, and the single 0 representsthe player.

X

X

I

X

I

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

I

I

X

I

I

I

I

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

I

X

I

X

X

I

X

I

X

I

I

X

X

X

X

X

X

0

I

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

I

X

X

I

X

X

X

X

X

X

I

X

X

I

I

X

X

X

Combat

Monster

Strength

minotaur

10

cyclopszombie

2030

giant

40

harpygriffinchimera

5060

70

dragon

80

wyvernbasilisk

90100

Table 1:

A list of

monsters

that can

be found in

the

forest

and their combat s

trengths.

YOUR COMBAT STRENGTH IS 1270

A CHIMERA IS GUARDING 50 SILVER COINS

DO YOU (1)FIGHT,(2)RUN, OR (3)BRIBE? 2

YOU MUST FIGHT

HOW MANY COMBAT POINTS DO YOU WISH TO USE? 132

YOU BEAT THE MONSTER

YOU NOW HAVE 80 TREASURE POINTS

WHAT DIRECTION (HIT 1 FOR THE MAP)? SW

X

X

I

X

I

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

I

I

X

I

I

I

I

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

I

X

I

X

X

I

X

I

X

I

I

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

I

X

X

X

X

X

X

0

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

I

X

X

I

X

X

X

X

X

X

I

X

X

I

I

X

X

X

Treasure

Value

ten silver spoons

10

a jeweled sword

30

a jar of rubies

50

fifty silver coins

50

a box of jewels

75

100 gold pieces

100

a treasure chest

200

Table 2: A list of treasures

and their values.

YOUR COMBAT STRENGTH IS 1138A DRAGON IS GUARDING 10 SILVER SPOONSDO YOU (1)FIGHT,(2)RUN, OR (3)BRIBE? 3HOW MUCH DO YOU WISH TO PAY? 10YOUR BRIBE WAS ACCEPTED.YOU NOW HAVE

70 TREASURE POINTSWHAT DIRECTION (HIT 1 FOR THE MAP)? W

YOU SURVIVED THE FOREST

YOU WON A TREASURE TOTAL OF 70

CONGRATULATIONS

$GOLD DISK$ CP/M® Compatible Z-80 Software

AVAILABLE FOR ALL 8-5" SS-SD IBM FORMAT SYSTEMS INCLUDING TRS-80", NORTHSTAR, SD SYSTEMS,

ALSO AVAILABLE ON 5" DOUBLE DENSITY SUPERBR A1N'"

A GIFT FOR STUDENT OR BUSINESSMAN!REPORT WRITER

Take the AGONY out of term paper writingAuto footnoting, table spacing, headingsNo retyping to include changes, corrections

Always professional looking letters, formsSimple multi-letter printing $*3 PC OO

LEFT AND RIGHT JUSTIFICATION J JjjSimple to learn, easy to use %"'v^Ppd.

UN-CAN YOUR CANNED SOFTWARE!Z-80 DISASSEMBLER

Feel couped up with your canned software?Our Z-80 Disassembler recreates assembly

LANGUAGE SOURCE FILES FROM ABSOLUTE CODEENABLING USERS TO EASILY TAILOR PROGRAMS TOMEET THEIR SPECIFIC NEEDS. THE ,PRECONDITIONER ALLOWS THEDISASSEMBLER TO DECODE ASCII. V^ U Ppd.

65

oo

Credit Cards: Free 24 hr orderphone. we'll credit invoice, oneday service. checks, m.o.'s: tenworkday hold. ca. res: add tax.

VISA

BOWER-STEWART & ASSOCIATESI P.O. BOX 1389

HAWTHORNE, CA. 90250(213) 676-5055

State system a controller.Allow time for holiday rush.Trademarks- "Digital Research"Radio Shack, ■"Intertec.

292

December 1980 © BYTE Publications lnc

Circle 210 on inquiry card.

€•

ITION

/ERS

%■•».,,

-=sa

wii

The Byte Covers shown at left are available asCollector Edition Prints. Each full color print is:

• 11" X 14" including a 1 Vfe" border.

• Part of an edition strictly limited to only 100prints.

• Personally inspected, signed and numberedby the artist, Robert Tinney.

• Accompanied by a Certificate of Authenticity.

• Carefully packed and shipped first class.

• Priced at $20, plus $3 ($6 overseas) for post-age and handling. If Set 1-4 or Set 5-8 isordered, the price for all 4 prints is only $70.

To order, use the coupon below. Visa or Master-Charge orders may call Toll Free.

rpi(lio

Please send me the following Collector Edition Byte Covers and Certificates of Authen-ticity.

Qty. Cover Amount

#1-7 Bridges of Konigsberg $20

#2-Fun and Games $20

#3-Homebrew $20

#4-Sof1ware Mirage $20

#5-Computer Engineering $20

#6-Tolal Eclipse $20

#7-Computer Hardware $20

#8-Perspectives $20

No.'s 1-4 $70

No.'s 5-8 $70

Post. & hand. ($3 in US , $6 overseas) $

Total

□ I have enclosed check or money order

□ Visa □ MasterCharge

Card #

Expiration Date

Send my print(s) to:Name

Address-

City

State

-Zip-

Mail this coupon to:

robert tinney graphics

1864 N. Pamela Dr.Baton Rouge, LA

FORwsaoTr: 70815

A DAY!

910

7d*ysa

WEEK!

Editorial continued from page 12

Speed Press, 1979. As Alvin Toffler says, "The

shortest distance between two facts may well be Alden

Todd." Even practiced denizens of the library will find

information of interest in this book about reference

sources.

Sloane, William. The Craft of Writing. New York:

Norton, 1979.

Some Examples of Good Technical Writing

Knuth, Donald E. The Art of Computer Programming(three volumes). Reading MA: Addison-Wesley, 1968,1969, 1973. An indispensable set.Papert, Seymour. Mindstorms: Children, Computers,and Powerful Ideas. New York: Basic Books, 1980. Arefreshingly readable text that discusses Piaget'stheories about learning and the use of personal com-puters in the classroom.

Gardner, Martin. The Ambidextrous Universe, secondedition. New York: Scribner's, 1979. This book dealswith symmetry in nature, and shows Gardner's re-markable ability to discuss technical subjects in theclearest of terms. He is the author of the monthly"Mathematical Games" column in the ScientificAmerican magazine. I recommend all of his books tothose interested in good technical writing.

Hofstadter, Douglas R. Godel, Escher, Bach: An Eter-nal Golden Braid. New York: Basic Books, 1979. ThisPulitzer prize-winning work discusses computerscience, art, music, philosophy, and physics in a waythat is nothing short of wondrous. It is positive proofthat a technical book can be artistic, rigorous, andfascinating.

Swann and Johnson, Prof. E. McSquared's Original,Fantastic, and Highly Edifying Calculus Primer, JointEdition. Los Altos CA: William Kaufmann, Inc, 1975.This colorful offbeat book is actually a cleverlydisguised introduction to differential calculus in comicbook form. It manages to be witty and rigorous at thesame time. Would that there were more books like thisone.

Jacobs, Harold, Mathematics: A Human Endeavor,and Geometry. San Francisco: W S Freeman and Co.,1976, 1978. The art of the textbook at its finest.

Two other writers should be mentioned for theircontributions to good technical writing: Jeremy Bern-stein and Philip Morrison. Their book reviews aboutscientific and mathematical books appear regularly inthe New Yorker and the Scientific American, respec-tively, and they are among the best in their field. ■

Articles Policy

BYTE is continually seeking quality manuscripts written by indi-viduals who are applying personal computer systems, designingsuch systems, or who have knowledge which will prove useful toour readers. For a more formal description of procedures andrequirements, potential authors should send a large (9 by 12 inch,30.5 by 22.8 cm), self-addressed envelope, with 28 cents US postageaffixed, to BYTE Author's Guide, 70 Main St, Peterborough NH03458.

Articles which are accepted are purchased with a rate of up to $50per magazine page, based on technical quality and suitability forBYTE's readership. Each month, the authors of the two leadingarticles in the reader poll (BYTE's Ongoing Monitor Box or"BOMB") are presented with bonus checks of $100 and $50. Unso-licited materials should be accompanied by full name and address,as well as return postage.

BYTE's Bugs

A Strategic Bug

The program in the articleby John Rheinstein "Fifteen:A Game of Strategy (or Tic-Tac-Toe Revisited)" (June1980 BYTE, page 230) con-tains an error in line 720. In-stead of:

"720 IF T2 > 0 THEN 270"

the line should read:

"720 IF T2 > 0 THEN 750"

If the program is input asgiven, you get nothing but asequence of prompts thatsay "YOUR MOVE?"

An alternate fix is todelete line 460 and lines 650thru 810. The program thenruns satisfactorily, but doesnot recognize a tie gameafter only 8 moves (which ispossible as the user always

VAK-4 16K STATIC RAM BOARD

• Designed specifically for use with the AIM-65, SYM-1, and KIM-1 microcomputers

• Two separately addressable 8K-blocks with write protect.

• Designed for use with the VAK-1 or KIM-4* motherboards

• Has provisions for mounting regulators for use with an unregulated power supply

• Made with 1st quality 2114 static ram chips

• All IC's are socketed

• Completely assembled, burned-in, and tested

We manufacture a complete line of high quality expansion boards. Use reader servicecard to be added to our mailing list, or U.S. residents send $1.00 (International send $3.00U.S.) for airmail delivery of our complete catalog.'Product of MOS Technology

VAK-4 DUAL 8K-RAM $370.0fr $325.00 plus shippingVAK-2 8K-RAM (Vz populated) $239.00

JYrnb>

ENTERPRISES

INCORPORATED

2951 W. Fairmount Avenue • Phoenix, AZ 85017 • (602)265-7564Please note new address

294

December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 211 on inquiry card.

DISCOUNT PRICES

Circle 212 on inquiry card.

APPLE II COMPUTERS

16K APPLE II

949.00

32K APPLE H

994.00

48K APPLE II

1039.00

DISK W CONTROLLER

520.00

DISK ONLY

450.00

APPLESOFT CARD

159.00

INTEGER CARD

159.00

PASCAL SYSTEM

425.00

SILENTYPE PRINTER

525.00

RAM MEMORY

FOR TRS-80, APPLE II

16KSET41 16's

45.00

NORTH STAR COMPUTERS

HRZ-1D-32K-ASMHRZ-2D-32K-ASMHRZ-1Q-32K-ASMHRZ-2Q-32K-ASM

2125.002475.002375.002990.00

VERBATIM DISKETTES

BOX OF 10 5%" 29.50BOX OF 10 8" 39.50

FREDERICK COMPUTER PRODUCTS

MUNICIPAL AIRPORT

FREDERICK, MD. 21701

(301) 694-8884

September, October Super Special

Apple II 16K

$950.00._

INTEGRAL DATA

Centronics 737

$895

SYSTEMS

High Quality Dot Matrix

reg. 995.00

Apple Silentype

$535

440G: Paper Tiger

$950

Includes interface and

reg. 595.00

with Graphics;

rag. 51095

graphic capabilities

2K Buffer

Apple Parallel Int.

$160

460: Word

$1099

rog. $180

Processing Duality

rag. 1295

Apple Serial Int.

$175

460G: IDS 460 w/Graphics

$1199

Centronics Parallel Int

reg. $195

$185

reg. 1395

reg. $225

DOUBLE VISION

$295.00

DISK II

16K RAMS f

with controller

$525.00

APPLE II

$59

without controllerMICROMODEM

$445.00$325.00

TRS-80

PASCALLEEDEX MONITOR

$425.00$140.00

VERBATIM

.

KG-12C

Green Phosphor

$275.00

DISKS

Q97l

12" Screen w/Glare Cover

10 for

uj£ 1 1

18 MHz bandwidth

y- ■

The Computer Stop

16919 Hawthorne Blvd.Lawndale, CA 90260

(213)371-4010

MON. - SAT.

BYTE

BACK ISSUES

FOR SALE

The following issues are available:

1976: July and November

1977: March, May thru December

1978: February thru October, December

1979: January thru December except March

1980: January to current issue except February

Cover price for each issue through August 1977 is $1.75

Domestic; $2.75 Canada and Mexico; $3.75 Foreign.

September 1977 through October 1979 issues are $2.50

Domestic; $3.25 Canada and Mexico; $4.00 Foreign.

November 1979 to current is $3.00 Domestic; $3.75 Canada

and Mexico; $4.50 Foreign.

Send requests with payment to:

BYTE Magazine

70 Main St, Peterborough NH 03458Attn: Back Issues

Ti

RF EMISSION-SHIELDING MAINFRAME CABINET

Rugged, attractive, heavy aluminum construction. Immediate-ly available from stock: $85.00 plus shipping. Will accomodateDigital Group equipment as well as any other CPU fitting di-mensions listed. All measurements are Inside Dimensions (ID):

a. ID between card racks: 12%"

b. ID front-to-back panels: 153/i"

c. ID between cabinet siderails: 23"

d. ID between motherboard racks: 11"

e. ID mother-board-to-top 6"

f. ID cabinet floor-to-ceiling: 7% "Digital Group products are available through AEON Elec-tronics, Denver. AEON carries the complete line ofcabinets —matching mainframe cabinet described above,printers, disks, single and double density controller cards,memory cards, Z-80ACPU 2.5/6Mhz, communications cards(for terminals and modems), and peripheral boards. Most itemsshipped immediately from stock.

/3EOINI Manufacturer of Digital Group Computers

1855 S. Pearl Denver, Colorado 80210

Phone orders: 303-777-AEON Visa and M/ C accepted

Circle 213 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980

295

Circle 214 on inquiry card.

r

TOLL FREE ORDERING

These FineProducts and More

NORTHSTAR

HRZ1-32K-D 2100

HRZ2-32K-D 2340

HRZ2-32K-0 2690

HARD DISC SYSTEM 3950

DYNA BYTE

DB8/148K 2395

DB8/248K ' 3900

DB8/4 3030

32M PHOENIX 11800

TERMINALS

TELEVIDE0 912 745

TELEVIDEO920 795

SOROCIQ-120 700

PRINTERS

NEC 5510 2700

NEC 5520 2975

TI-820 1650

ANADEX 795

BASE 2 600

EPSON CALL

THINKER TOYS

DISCUS 2 + 2 1 DRIVE 1265

DISCUS 2D 1 DRIVE 970

DISCUS M26 HARD DISC . . . 4095

SOLID STATE MUSIC Kit AssmSB1 SYNTHESIZER . . .161 227

VB1BVIDEO 125 170

CB2Z80CPU 168 220

MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS

DM 3200 32K 250ns 500

DM 6400 64K 250 ns 640

DMB3200 650

SOFTWAREDISCSMISC

CPM-2 150

WORDSTAR 350

GRAHAM-DORIAN CALL

STRUCTURED SYSTEMS . .CALL

VERBATIM 5(10) 28

VERBATIM 8 (10) 35

ATARI CALL

TI99-4 CALL

WE WILL TRY TO BEAT ANY ADVERTISED PRICE

Automated Equipment Inc.

4341 W. Commonwealth Ave Suite D

Fullerton, Calif. 92633

(714)739-4701 (800)854-6003

ZOBEX

ZS-SYSTEMS

Complete computer on 3 S-100 boards with 32K RAM for $1395.00Runs M/PM and C/PM

64K RAM

4 MHz No WAIT States

DMA operation,

Bank select in 16K sections

DISK CONTROLLER

8" and 5" DRIVESAll digital design for stable andreliable performance. No one-shots or analog circuitry. BIOSfor C/PM available.

Z80CPU

2-4 MHZ

2 or 4 serial ports, 3 parallel,one 4K EPROM, Vectored inter-rupts, real time clock, Softwarecontrolled baud rates, Drivesdaisy wheel printer directly

CARD CAGE

and Fan

6 slot shielded motherboard forgood cooling and low noise.

SEND FOR FREE INFORMATIONS

6 months warranty on our boards with normal use

Zg-SYSTEMSZOBEX

5333 Mission Center Rd.,San Diego, CA. 92108

P.O. Box 1847, San Diego, Ca. 92112

(714) 447-3997, (714) 296-9182

moves first), and does notrecognize a tie game at all ifthe program is modified tolet the machine move first.

Mr Rheinstein has pro-vided an interesting twist onthe old game of tic-tac-toe.I've played several dozengames and haven't won yet,but I'm still trying!

Clinton R Foulk5101 Delancey StColumbus OH 43220

Error in AirborneNavigation

A typographical error oc-curred in the "Desk TopWonders" item "CalculatorAirborne Navigation: TheHP-25 Finds Ground Speedand True Heading," by L JKuhns (November 1979BYTE, pages 245 and 246).

In the program listing onpage 246, six consistentsubstitutions of "8" for "g"were made; for instance, inline 09, "8>0" should havebeen "g>0". The errorswere in lines 9, 14, 25, 30,33, and 44. The use of "g"refers to an operation in-volving the blue function-entry key.

We at BYTE hope that noone has navigated incorrect-ly due to this error.

Benchmarking Errors

We cannot seem to getbenchmark programs right.There is an error in listing 1of the Technical Forumarticle "Some More Noteson Performance Evaluation,"by Carl Helmers, in the July1980 BYTE (pages 216 thru219). (The article itself con-tains a correction for aprevious BYTE article onbenchmarking.)

110 IF A(I)=0THEN 100 ELSE 90

should read:

110 IF A(X) = 0THEN 100 ELSE 90

Our thanks go to Tom KellyJr of Salem, Ohio, and otherreaders for pointing this outto us.

In addition, our staff

found that the program hasno way to print out theresults by executing lines 120thru 170. To correct this,change line 110 to:

110 IF A(X) = 0THEN 100 ELSE 85

and add line 85:

85IF2*X>LTHEN 120

We apologize for these er-rors.

Sorry, Wrong Number

The October 1980 issue ofBYTE contains an error onpage 347, in the "What'sNew?" column. Thetelephone number listed forMoore Business Forms Inc,is incorrect. The numbersare (800) 942-8330 in In-diana, and (800) 323-8326for the rest of the US.B

BYTE's Bits

National ComputerConference 1981Needs Panelists

Interest has been steadilymounting for a panel discus-sion on personal roboticsand artificial intelligenceideas, applications, and ac-complishments. And now,the Personal ComputingFestival of the NationalComputer Conference 1981will offer this opportunity.If you wish to participatein this discussion, senda description of yourinterest area and the con-tents of a 5-minute presenta-tion to A Gelles, 185 WHouston St, New York NY10014. Participants shouldbe nonprofessionals inrobotics and artificial in-telligence disciplines.

The conference will beheld in Chicago, Illinois, onMay 5 thru 7, 1981. Addi-tional information may beobtained by writing to theabove address. ■

296

December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 215 on inquiry card.

Circle 216 on inquiry card.

fflMYCHESsW

I ^1 H by David Kittinqer I ^B H

Winner of 5th West Coast

Computer FaireMicro-Chess Tournament

MYCHESS

3V2

Atari

2V6

Atari

2

Boris/Sargon 2.5

IVi

Voice Challenger

1

Highest finish for a Micro at the Third World Computer Championships

USCF rating 1 568 (June Supplement) from over 60 rated games - highest everany micro-program.

• Z80 Assembly program

• Will display best line of play

• Searches on opponent's time

• Over 850 opening moves

• Tournament time control

• Will print game out when over

Available for CP/M®, CDOS®,North Star\ (CP/M®, DOS®)

$50.00

Computer Services2431 LyvonaAnchorage, AK 99502

• Will save game on disk forlater play

• Set up any position

• 9 levels of play - Will solve anymate-in-5 problem

Z80" is a trademark of

Zilog Inc.CP/M is a trademark of

Digital ResearchCDOS is a trademark of

Cromenco. Inc.NorthStar & NorthStar

DOS are trademarks of

North Star Computers

Inc.

FIG FORTHFor CP/M'

Conquer the wait while the editor or compiler loads. Conquer excessive diskI/O. Conquer boredom during yet another compilation or assembly just tosquash a tiny bug. Conquer memory squeeze on application programs.

Timm Engineering now offers CP/M users a complete, integrated, memoryresident full FORTH system. Powerful editor. Incremental FORTH compiler.ZB0/8D80 assembler. Virtual memory. Fast .17 secDnd/K-byte disk I/O. Toplevel command processor. All using your standard CP/M BIOS.

Ready to run for only $95. User Manual alone, $20, credits toward softwarepurchase.

Place your order today — Then go FORTH and conquer!

0.0

MITCHELL E. TIMIN ENGINEERING COMPANY

9575 GENESEE AVENUE • SUITE E2Q-O-D SAN DIEGO • CALIFORNIA 921 21■QO TELEPHONE [714] 455-9008

))

i in 51 ■ tern ■ .'Mj'iiM'. -:

■■FORTH uteres i .,

...... ,.i | !.■■■.■■■

... rtS heure In GOU uredit t

I: ;v, ft ■.. „r. h CttV

! I) ;.:>'i .!...,■■ .,'■ | ■ ao hi :■■ -.;.. ;.■■ -.t, ■; . Q

it:, n;rl.itii'it i hect i.n itionev oniar Ciiitoi rwj rurnnIt-;it^. ;js:;i!ii' u

COMPUTERFORMS KIT

with continuous business formsfor small computer systems

Each kit contains samples, programmingguides, flyers, prices and order forms forchecks, invoices, statements, envelopes,stock paper and labels to fit almost everycomputer system.

• Available in quantities of 500, 1,000, 2,0004,000, 6,000

• Low Prices (500 checks only $32.50)

• FAST SERVICE — It is our policy to shipwithin 6 working days following ourreceipt of your order.

• MONEY BACK GUARANTEE — If for anyreason you are not completely satisfied,your money will be promptly refunded.

Fast Service by mail or. . .PHONE TOLL FREE1 + 800-225-9550

Mass. residents 1+800-922-85608:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time Monday — Friday

Please Ship FREE Kit To:

Name

CODE 460

Company

Street

City, State and Zip

Phone

Computer make & model

Circle 217 on inquiry card.

Circle 218 on inquiry card.

■ Computer Forms -J

78 HollisSLreet,Groton,Mass. 01450

A division of New England Business Service. Inc.

BYTE December 1980 297

Letters continued from page 20:resulting in control of thirty-twoseparate tasks!

Norman McEntire323 Tram RdColumbia SC 29210

Beware Automatic Color TVs

BYTE readers should be made awarethat RF (radio-frequency) modulatorssuch as the popular Sup'R' Mod IImanufactured by M & R Enterprisesmay not be compatible with certaintelevision sets. Unhappily, I discoveredthis fact when I purchased a new RCAcolor television equipped with all-

electronic tuning for use with an AppleII equipped with a Sup'R' Mod II. Itseems that the electronic tuners are sostable and accurate that they are not re-quired to have a fine-tuning control. Un-fortunately, the UHF (ultra-high frequen-cy) oscillator in a typical radio-frequen-cy modulator is anything but stable andaccurate. To "find" the signal put out bythe radio-frequency modulator, either afine-tuning control on the television or afrequency-adjustment control on theradio-frequency modulator is an ab-solute necessity. Having neither in mycase (the Sup'R' Mod II has no frequen-cy adjustment), I am out of luck.

It may be that radio-frequency modu-lators operating on VHF (very-high fre-

TWO YEARS...AND GROWING

; RSI

jfjjjjjirijiiiir";

Personal /Professional System

48K Apple II or Plus

Disk w/Controller w/3.3 DOS

Super Mod

Viscalc & Applewriter

Box of Paper

Silentype Printer

Reg. $2925

$2495

cash price

tipple computer

' Sales and Service

See an original Apple I on display in our showroom.

FARNSWORTHCOMPUTER CENTER

1891 N. Farnsworth Ave.(immediately S. of E-W Tollway)Aurora, III. (312) 851-3888Weekdays 10-8; Sat. 10-5

quency) channels 3 or 4 may be moreaccurate. But in any event, BYTEreaders should be aware of this potentialproblem if they are in the market for acolor television for use as a monitor, orfor a radio-frequency modulator to usewith the new breed of television setslacking fine-tuning controls.

Jacob Z Schanker, PE105 Colony LnRochester NY 14623

In a related situation, I cannot playback prerecorded videotapes on my 1978color television. Commercial tapes addan antipiracy signal that causes the pic-ture to roll. This can be remedied by ad-justing the vertical hold on your televi-sion—unless you have an automatic col-or television (like mine) that doesn'thave such a control anywhere . . . GW

Fidelity versus Digicast(or Datacast)

Although I missed the article on theDigicast Project in the January 1979BYTE (our BYTE magazine goes througha lot of hands), I would like to commenton Noel Moss's letter in the April issue.(See "The Digicast System: ReceivingData and Information Over Your EMRadio," by A I Halsema, January 1979BYTE, page 100; also see "DigicastData," April 1979 BYTE, page 8.)

As a former FM broadcast engineer, Idisagree with Mr Moss's contention that"high-fidelity music transmission is notrestricted by the current modulationlimits." In the lab, yes, but in theseTennessee hills multipath will createdistortion problems even when the ab-solute signal strength is just fine. Stereoin particular is subject to damage inreception quality due to multipath.

What those music syndicators havebeen trying to tell us is: you can't cheatMother Nature. Sure, you can put sub-carriers all over the place and broadcaststereo. (Dorren quadraphonic, while youare at it?) But you can't do that and seearound corners at the same time. In hillyterrain or metropolitan areas, it is bestto limit your bandwidth as much as pos-sible, or suffer the high cost of listenerdissatisfaction with your mobile recep-tion.

SCA (subsidiary communications au-thorization) for digital data is a specialproblem. For some time we at stationWSMC attempted to use our subcarrierto route telemetry from the transmitterto the studio's remote control. Pleasebear in mind that the data rate of this isabout 2 bps (bits per second). The resultwas a very noticeable flutter sound inreceivers that did not have a line of sightto our antenna, which was modulatedby mountain peaks in mobile reception.

298

December 1980 <£> BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 219 on inquiry card.

Circle 220 on inquiry card.

DISK DRIVE WOES? PRINTER INTERACTION?

MEMORY LOSS? ERRATIC OPERATION?

DON'T BLAME THE SOFTWARE!

4 -

ISO-1 ^\) ISO-2

Power Line Spikes, Surges & Hash could be the culprit!Floppies, printers, memory & processor often interact!Our unique ISOLATORS eliminate equipment interactionAND curb damaging Power Line Spikes, Surges and Hash.•ISOLATOR (ISO-1 A) 3 filter isolated 3-prong sockets;integral Surge/Spike Suppression; 1875 W Maximum load,

1 KW load any socket $56.95

•ISOLATOR (ISO-2) 2 filter isolated 3-prong socket banks;

(6 sockets total); integral Spike/Surge Suppression;

1875 W Max load, 1 KW either bank $56.95

•SUPER ISOLATOR (ISO-3), similar to ISO-1A

except double filtering & Suppression .... $85.95•ISOLATOR (ISO-4), similar to ISO-1 A except

unit has 6 individually filtered sockets .... $96.95•ISOLATOR (ISO-5), similar to ISO-2 except

unit has 3 socket banks, 9 sockets total . . . $79.95•CIRCUIT BREAKER, any model (add-CB) Add $ 7.00*CKT BRKR/SWITCH/PILOT any model

(-CBS) Add $14.00

PHONE ORDERS 1-617-655-1532 ■■■

Z±^ Electronic Specialists, Inc.

171 South Main Street. Natick. Mass. 01760

Dept.BI

f

Give an ear to your computerthis Christmas!

COGNIVOX lets your computer respond toyour spoken commands.

PET, TRS-80 LllAIM-65 and SORCERER

NEW COGNIVOX SR-100 has 32 word (or short phrase) vocabulary(AIM-65 with 4K RAM. 16 words). Up lo 98% recognition rateBreakthrough price ol only $119 includes microphone, cassette withsoftware and manual. Version for the TRS-80 (VIO-332) costs S149 butalso has 32 word speech output and music capability, includes all aboveplus speaker/amplifier. For the Sorcerer, in addition lo SR-100. we oilerCOGNIVOX VIO-132 which includes speech output and music andextensive software and costs S179. Please add S3 for shipping in the US.Calil. add 6% tax. Foreign orders welcome, add 10% lor processing andshipping by air When ordering, please specify make, model and memorysize of your computer.

VOICETEK

Dept. B, P.O. Box 388, Goleta, Ca 93017

APPLE II TRS-80

• QUALITY m

3E DISK SOFTWARE &

□ HOME FINANCE PAK I: Entire Series$49.95 ®(J)

P] BUDGET; TIih heart of ,\ comprehensive huniu finance system. Allows user to define op lo 20 hudyelHums. Actual expense Input can be by keyboard ot by automatic reading of CHECKBOOK II files. Costs areautomatically sorted and compared with hudget. BUDGET produces hntli monthly actual/budget/variancereport and a year-to-date by month summary of actual costs. Color graphics display of expenses. . .S24.95

[~] CHECKBOOK II; This extensive prugram keeps complete records ol each check/deposit. Unique checkentry system allows user to set up common check purpose and recipient cateyoncs. Upon entry you selectIrom tins pn: defined me mm to minimize keying in a lot ol data. Unique names can also be stored for com-pleteness. Rapid access tu check files. Check register display scrolls for ease of review. 40 coluuio print-out. Up in 100 checks per month storage. Files accessible hy BUDGET program S19 95

□ SAVINGS Allows user lo keep track of deposits/withdrawals for op to 10 savings accounts. Completerecords shown via screen nr 40 column printer S14.95

□ CREDIT CARD: Keep control of your cards with this program. Organizes, stores and displays purchases,payments and service charges. Screen or 40 column punter display Up to 10 separate cards SI4.95

□ UNIVERSAL COMPUTING MACHINE: $39.95 ®CD

A user programmable computing system structured around a 20 low x 20 column (able. User defines rowand column names and equations lorming a unique computing machine Tahle elements can be multiplied,divided, subtracted nr added to any other element. User can define repealed functions common to a row orminimi greatly simplilymg table setup. Hundreds of unique computing machines can he defined, used, stmedami recalled, with or without old data, foi later use. Excellent for sales forecasts, engineering design analysis,budgets, inventory lists, income statements, production planning, project cust estunaies-in short for anyplanning, analysis in reporting problem that nan be sulveil with a table. Unique CUrsei enmmands allow yuulu move to any element, change its value and immediately see the effect on other tahle values. Entire tablecan be printed hy machine pages (user-defined 3-5 columns) on a 40 column printer.

□ COLOR CALENDAR: $19.95®

HI RES color graphics display of your personal calendar. Automatic multiple entry of repetitive events. Review at a glance imponanl dales, appointments, auniveisanes. hiilhdays, action dates, etc. nvei a 5 yeai permd. Graphic calendar marks dates. Printer and screen display a summary report by month ol your full textdescribing each day's action item or event. Ideal lor anyone wild a busy calendar

D BUSINESS SOFTWARE: Entire Series $159.95 ®<D

□ MlCROACCQUNTANT: fhe ideal accounting system lui the small business Based on classic T accuunisand double-entry bookkeeping, this efficient program records ami produces reports on account balances.general ledger journals, revenue and expenses Screen ur 40 Column punter reports, Handles up in 1000juiiiuaf entries per miniih up to 300 accounts. Includes >i shnu prime) in Financial Accounting, . S49.95

□ UNIVERSAL BUSINESS MACHINE. This program is designed lo SIMPLIFY and SAVE TIME lui theserious businessman who must periodically Analyze, Plan and Estimate, rhe program was created using runUniversal Computing Machine and il is programmed to provide the following planning and forecasting tools.CASH FLOWANALYSIS PR0F0RMA BALANCE SHEET SUURCE AND USE UF FUNDSPROFDRMA PROFIT & LOSS SALES FORECASTER JOB COST ESTIMATOR

PriCB, including a copy of the Universal Computing Machine S89.95

□ BUSINESS CHECK HEGISTER AND BUDGET: A combination uf out CHECKBOOK II and BUDGrTprograms expanded to include up lo 50 budget able items and up lu 500 checks pel month Includes hankstatement reconciliation anil automatic check search I48K) S49.95

D ELECTRONICS SERIES: Entire Series $159.95 ®

□ LOGIC SIMULATOR SAVE TIME AND MONEY. Simulate your digital logic circuits before, you buildlitem. CMOS. TTL, ur whatever, if it's digital logic, this proyiam can handle it. The piugiam is an interactive, menu driven, full-fledged lugic sunulaioi capable ul simulating the hit time hy bil-iune response o! alogic netwurk lu user specified input patterns. Il will bandit- up to 1000 gates including NANDS. NORS, INveiieis. FLIP FLOPS, SHIFT REGISTERS. COUNTERS and usei ilnlineii fviACROS Up lo40user-defined,random ui lunary input patterns. Simulation results displayed on CRT or printer Accepls netwurk desminium-. Irom keyboard or Irom LOGIC DESIGNER for simulation S89.95

QlOGIC DESIGNER Interactive HI-RES Graphics prugram fui designing digital logic systems. A menudriven series ul keyboard Commands allows you to draw Directly on the SCieen up to 15 different gale types,including 10 gate shape patterns supplied with Mie program and 5 reserved (oi user specification. Standardpatterns supplied are NAND. NOR. INVERTER. EX-0R, T FLOP. JK FLOP, D FLOP, RS FLOP, 4 BitCOUNTER and N BIT SHIFT REGISTER. User interconnects uaiespisi as ynu would normally draw usingline graphics commands. Network descriptions fin LOGIC SIMULATOR generated simultaneously with theCRT ilunmm being diawn 589.95

D MATHEMATICS SERIES: Entire Series $49.95 ®

□ STATISTICAL ANALYSIS I This menu driven program performs SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION analysis, determines the mean, siandanl deviation and plots the frequency distribution of user-supplied data sets.Printer. Oisk. 1/0 and edit routines included (32K mm.). . S19 95

Q NUMERICAL ANALYSIS: HI-RES 2 Dnneiisuinul plot ol any luuctinu. Automatic scaling. At youi Option,the program will plot the function, pint the INTEGRAL, plot the DERIVATIVE, determine the ROOTSfind the MAXIMA and MINIMA and list the INTEGRAL VALUE S19.95

Q MATRIX A general purpuse. menu driven prugram for determining the INVERSE and DETERMINAN1 ufany mainx, as well as the SOLUTION m any sei uf SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS Disk I/O lotdata save. Specify 55 equ. set (48K) ur 35 equ. '3210 519.95

□ 3D SURFACE PLOTTER- Explore the ELEGANCE andBEAUlY ef MATHEMATICS by creating HI -RESPLOTS ol 3*dimensional surfaces from any 3-vanable equation, Disk save .md recall routines 'ur plots Moondriven tu vary surface parameters. Hidden line ur transparent plotting 519 95

□ ACTION ADVENTURE GAMES: Entire Series $29.95 ®

□ RED BARON Can yuu uutfly the RED BARON'' This lasi action game simulates a machine gun DOGFIGHT between youi WORLD WAR I Bl PLANE ami the baiuns You can LOOP. DIVE. BANK 01 CLIMBin any one uf 8 directions and so can the BARON, in ill lit :, graphics S14 95

□ BATTLE OF MIDWAY: You am in command of tin: U.S.S. HORNETS' DIVE-BOMBER squadron. Youitargets ire the Auciafl carriers', Akagi. Suryu and Kaga. You must lly your way thtuugli ZEROS and AAFIRE lo make yum DIVE BUMB In HI RES graphics S14.95

DSUB ATTACK It's Apul, 1943. The enemy convuy is headed lui the CORAL SLA Yum sub. [haMORAY, has just sighted the CARRIERS and BATTLESHIPS. Easy pickings But watch mil foi the DCSTHOYERS they're fast and deadly, lu HI RES graphics S14.95

□ FREE CATALOG All programs are supplied on disk and run on Apple II u Oisk & Applesoft ROM Caul «,TRS 80 Level II .md require 32K RAM unless otherwise noted Detailed instructions included. Orders shippr-tl within 3 days. Caul users include card number Add SI 50 postage and handling with each order,Cahluima residents add BV.1;, sales tax.

Make checks payable to:

SPECTRUM SOFTWARE

P.O. Box 2084 142 Carlow, Sunnyvale, CA 94087For phone orders - 408-738-4387DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

Circle 221 on inquiry card.

Circle 222 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980

299

Circle 223 on inquiry card.

Circle 224 on inquiry card.

Buy By Mailand Save!

INTERTEC SuperBank, 32K $2495

64K Ram, List $3345 $2695

64KQuad, List $3995 $3395

NORTH STAR Horizon I

32K DD List $2695 $1989

Horizon I QD List $2995 $2245

Horizon 2 32K DD.List $3095 $2289lntersystemDP-1 List $1749 . .$1495

i

CROMENCO Z-2, List $9995 .$7945

System 64K, List $3990 $3179

System 3 64K, List $7395 5689

ATARI 800, List $1080 $799

APPLE II, 16K $969

DISK SYSTEMS

THINKER TOYS1 Discus 2D ..$939

Dual Discus 2D $1559

Discus2 + 2, List $1549 . . . .$1259

M26 Hard Disk, List $4995 . . . $3949

PRINTERS & TERMINALS

PAPER TIGERS IDS-440 $679

With graphic option $749

CENTRONICS 730-1,List $795 $595

737, List $995 $789

704-9 180 cps " $1495

703-9 180 cps $1569

Tl ft10,LiSt$1895 $1489

NECSPINWRITER5530 $2395

NEC SPINWRITER 5515 $2395

DIABLO 630 List $2711 $2399

INTERTEC

Intertube III.List $895 729

Emulator $729

Televideo 912C $679

920C $799

Hazeltine1420 $789

1500 $845

Soroc120, List $995 $689

Soroc 140 $994

Most items in stock for immediate delivery. Factory sealed cartons,w/lull factory warranty. NiS residents add appropriate sales tax.Prices do not include shipping. VISA and Master Charge add 3%.C.O.D. orders require 25% deposit. Prices subject to change withoutnotice.

ComputersWholesale

P.O. Box 144 Camillus, NY 130313 (315)472-2582

The result was a decision against SCAand against switching-type stereo en-coders—this latter decision was madebecause we would rather have any prob-lems in the stereo signal result in place-ment errors in the stereo field instead ofadding to distortion.

The best place for digital broad-casting, in my view, is in the blankingintervals in television video signals. Thisis being used with great success in publictelevision for subtitling for the hearing-impaired. Please don't crowd ourmarginal FM signals with it!

John Beckett

Director of Computer ServicesSouthern Missionary CollegeCollegedale TN 37315

The Digicast Project has been renamedthe "Datacast Project" by its principalproponent, ]im Warren. No regularDatacast service is now in operation, butin a recent telephone conversation, MrWarren told me, "The only thing that'sholding up Datacast is Jim Warren." Headded that several tests have been per-formed both in Sacramento, California,and in the San Francisco Bay area, andthat he intends to pursue Datacast whensome other projects are completed.

I also talked with Harry R Anderson,the broadcast engineer who helped per-form the tests. He agrees with many ofthe points made by Mr Moss (notingthat few people can detect a 1 dB dif-ference in volume), but derogates theobjections of Mr Beckett regarding in-creased multipath distortion resultingfrom use of the SCA.

Mr Anderson believes that the prob-lems experienced by WSMC were prob-ably caused by other factors, and hesays that the theoretical causes ofmultipath distortion should not be af-fected by SCA subcarriers.

Mr Anderson is the author of two ar-ticles on the Digicast/Datacast system.See "Digicast: Towards a More EffectiveUse of the Radio Spectrum Resource,"Intelligent Machines Journal, Number10, June 25, 1979, page 18; also see"Digicast: A Status Report," IntelligentMachines Journal, Number 17', October31, 1979, page 10. . . . RSS

The End of the CBT

The article by Ron Parsons about a6860-based modem was excellent. (See"An Answer/Originate Modem," June1980 BYTE, page 24; also see the"BYTE's Bits" item "Tracking Down theModem Filters," September 1980 BYTE,page 312.)

Unfortunately, on January 1, 1980,the Bell Telephone system made the CBTdata-access arrangement (DAA) ob-solete. No telephone-line interface

Announcing the most important utility

ever introduced for the TRS-80* Model 1

and Model II—

TM

ENHBAS

ENHBAS is an Enhanced Basic extensionmodule, which loads at the top of BASIC, add-ing many commands and background tasks—□Over 30 new commands added to yourBASIC:

•SORT-Multi-keying, multi-tagging arraysort. Sorts thousands of items in mereseconds, all with one command!

•JNAME-Use line labels along with linenumbers in branching statements, as inassembly language, using the ENHBAScommands GTO and CSUB (specialGOTO and GOSUB).How many times have you wanted to usevariables to reference line numbers? Nowyou can! GTO and CSUB allow variableexpressions as operands, such as inGTO X+40.

•WHILE / WEND-New, structured pro-gramming loop construct. Makes for morelogical program flow (less GOTO's).

•EXEC / EVAL-Two new, extremely pow-erful functions! EVAL evaluates an alge-braic expression in string form. With EVALyou can manipulate complex functions instring form, and then evaluate them. EXECexecutes a string expression as if it werea BASIC program line! With EXEC, yourcomputer can actually write its own pro-grams and execute them!

•CALL-Pass control to machine languagesubroutines at any address, passing para-meters both ways.

•CLM / PAGE-Set up automatic pageroll-over and other line printer functionsfrom BASIC.

•A// these and many more!

□In addition to the above commands, Model IENHBAS contains vector graphics anddrawing commands, Model II ENHBAS hasmany functions suited to business program-ming—ISAM file handling commands, RS-232access, and many more; along with severalModel 1 BASIC commands left out of Model II(PEEK, POKE, OUT, etc.).

□ENHBAS includes many background util-ities (Model I version):

•User-definable cursor•Key click

•Two-tone beep on error•Automatic lower-case•Automatic debounce•Short-entry commands

(Shift-letter prints command)•Real Control keys•One letter commands•Formatted LISTmgs

ENHBAS is available for:

16K Model 1-Level-II Tape $39.95

32K Model I Disk $39.95

32K Model III (avail- 11/1/80) $39.95

32K Model II (on TRSDOS disk) $99.95

*TRSS0 is a reg. trademark of Radio Shack, a Tandy Co.

Other software:

CSG PILOT-Disk-based, high level language.32K Model I Disk $59.95

Z-EMULATOR-Executes assem. lang. lines

16K Model I—Level-Il Tape $29.95

32K Model I Disk $29.95

ENHCOMP-Integer subset BASIC compiler.

Full graphics. Reauires RS Editor/Assembler.32K Model I Disk $24.95

ABBREV-Level I abbrev. in Level-H/Disk.

16K Model 1—Level-It Tape $24.95

32K Model I Disk $24.95

Dealer and OEM inquiries invited.

The Cornsoft Group

6008 N.Keystone Ave., Dept. B

Indianapolis, IN 46220

(317)257-3227

Circle 225 on inquiry card.

TERMINALS FROM TRANSNET

PURCHASEPLAN

12-24 MONTH FULLOWNERSHIP PLAN

36 MONTH ^1LEASE PLAN

PURCHASEPRICE

PER MONTH12 MOS. 24 MOS. 36 MOS.

LA36 DECwriter II

LA34 DECwriler IV

LA34 DECwriter IV Forms Ctri.LA120 DECwriter III KSR

LA180 DECprinter I

VT100 CRT DECscope

VT132 CRT DECscope

$1,6951,0951,2952,4952,0951,8952,295

$162105124239200182220

$ 905969140117101122

$ 61404790756883

DT80/1 DATAMEDIA CRT

1,995 191

106

72

TI745 Portable Terminal .... 1,595 153 85 57

TI765 Bubble Memory Terminal 2,595 249 146 94

TI810RO Printer 1,895 182 101 68

TI820 KSR Printer 2,195 210 117 79

TI825 KSR Printer 1,595 153 85 57

ADM3A CRT Terminal 875 84 47 32

ADM31 CRT Terminal 1,450 139 78 53

ADM42 CRT Terminal 2,195 210 117 79

QUME Letter Quality KSR ... 3,295 316 176 119

QUME Letter Quality RO .... 2,895 278 155 105

HAZELTINE 1420 CRT 945 91 51 34

HAZELTINE 1500 CRT 1,195 115 64 43

HAZELTINE 1552 CRT 1,295 124 69 47

Hewlett-Packard 2621A CRT . 1,495 144 80 54

Hewlett-Packard 2621P CRT . 2,650 254 142 96

FULL OWNERSHIP AFTER 12 OR 24 MONTHS 10% PURCHASE OPTION AFTER 36 MONTHS

ACCESSORIES AND PERIPHERAL EQUIPMENT

ACOUSTIC COUPLERS • MODEMS • THERMAL PAPERRIBBONS • INTERFACE MODULES • FLOPPY DISK UNITSPROMPT DELIVERY • EFFICIENT SERVICE

RANSNET CORPORATION

1945 ROUTE 22

UNION, N.J. 07083

201-688-7800

TWX 710-985-5485

AOSOnA NOVA® 4/X?

Wild Hare's

MTSS Provides NOVA® Users

With Multi-User Capabilities

DG users now have a choice when upgrading to a mul-ti-user environment. Previously, the only way to support atrue multi-user environment was to upgrade to AOS. butnot anymore

MTSS provides all of the standard RDOS features for upto 16 users simultaneously and each user is totally in-dependent. Users mdy edit, compile and execute pro-grams written in FORTRAN IV. FORTRAN V. ALGOL, BASIC.MACS, etc

This means no software rewriting is necessary No newoperating system need be installed.More importontly. MTSS supports all NOVA" 's as wellas ECLIPSE" 's so no expensive hardware upgradek required.

Now Data General UsersHave A Choice!

JlMDUARE

P.O. Box 3581, Boulder, Colorado 80307(303)422-1182

DATEBOOK for Tue Jin 1 - Not printed since the last change

IFirst one

Uohn Stiitrvroot canal.

9 98 !

IB IKathg Nelson/check up.

56 Mike SilvaTestoration.

}<ee;

18 IGeorge Kennedu/:: —;29 !restoration:-:^-.:;—;

IDennis Johnson/MisdOM.!tooth extraction

!Ed Jones/check up and!x-rags.

!Judith Uashington-'Irestoration

IThelna Carter/check up.

Schedule (Xancel Modify L(ook for openings HCold in Reschedule I istTCodag NCext dayFCuture Krint dau's a'ppts DCisplau. person's apptsKei) in an option letter, nwber or space for a ntm display, or Q to quit

INTRODUCING

DATEBOOK™

THE NEW OFFICE

APPOINTMENT CALENDAR

PROGRAM

DATEBOOK helps manage time just like a com-mon office appointment book, but with the speedand accuracy of a computer. DATEBOOK elim-inates the scribbles, erasures, and frustration ofsearching through the book for a specific opening.

DATEBOOK™ is ideal for Doctors, Dentists, Law-yers, Salesmen, Repairmen, or in any situation wheretime management is critical to office efficiency. Itsmenu display and one-key options make DATE-BOOK one of the easiest programs to learn anduse.

DATEBOOK™ features include:

• Appointment scheduling, cancelling, modify-ing and rescheduling.

• Automatically searches for openings accordingto time of day, day of week, and week of year.

• Displays all scheduled appointments for aspecified person.

• Lists day's schedule (Screen or hard copy).

• Can be customized to accommodate anyworkday/hours schedule.

DATEBOOK™ is written in PASCAL and is avail-able to run on CP/M®as well as UCSD PASCALsystems.

(415) 455-4034

rou only S>£"b

W^Wii/tys Dealer Inquiries Invited

naturally 9

bug free

1492 Windsor Way, Livermore, CA 94550

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research

Circle 226 on inquiry card.

Circle 227 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980 301

Circle 228 on inquiry card.

Circle 229 on inquiry card.

64K Horizon II

$2669

Don'l be fooled by our low price. These aren't just any 64K IHorizon H's. They're thoroughly tested, enhanced, specially Ipackaged and backed by fast warranty service. Before you Ibuy your Horizon, find out how our service, prices, Iaccessories, and software are making us the #1 source for| the #1 S-100 system.

I Horizon II 64K Quod $0069 I

Horizon II 32K DD $2339

| Horizon II 32K Quod $2689

PRINTERS

Okidota

Microline 80 J

$539

Paper Tigers /jj| g

440

440G

460G

$835

$875

$1149

Centronics 737Anadex 9500, 9501TI810 Basic

$789$1349$1489

COMPUTERS

3«w*

Atari 600 16K

$744 |

Plus big sqvings on accessories

ITI99/4 w/monitor $899 I

] Zenith (Heath) Z-89 48K $2259

Industrial Micro 5000 D D $2499

LAItos ACS-8000-5 $4995 J

_ TERMINALS ]

PI. Bantam (w/non glare)

$669

SoroclQ 120

$729

Televideo 912C

$749

Televideo 920C

$799

Hazeltine 1500

$899

Visual Tech 200

$945

[ HOW TO ORDER ]

Moil Order Only2% cosh discount inc./charge cards add 2%Az. residents odd 5% tax — We exportWarranties included on all products.

ScottsdaleSystems

6730 E. McDowell Road #103

Scottsdale, Az. 85257

Open 6 to 6 PM - M-Sar.

302

(602)941-5856

December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

devices can be obtained through thetelephone company. With this act, thetelephone company made obsolete anentire generation of equipment, in-cluding modems and telephone-answer-ing devices.

At present, I can find no one who isproviding CBT couplers or devicesequivalent in function for sale, althoughthe telephone company insists that theseare available through "electronics supplyhouses."

The current regulations specify thatany device to be directly connected tothe telephone lines must be certified ascompatible by the FCC (Federal Com-munications Commission). This isbeyond the means of most individuals.About the only legal means left is topurchase one of the commerciallyavailable direct-connect modems or set-tle for an acoustically coupled unit.

James R Boatright3112 W 11thTopeka KS 66604

Comments on the August Issue

Editor's Note; BYTE readers were evenmore vocal than usual this month aboutour August 1980 FORTH language issue.Apparently, the combination of SteveCiarcia's article ("A Build-It-YourselfModem for Under $50"), the manyFORTH articles, and the article byTheron Wierenga on "Construction of aFourth-Generation Video Terminal" (nopun intended) combined to hit a collec-tive nerve. Here are some of the short,usually anonymous reader comments wereceived on the monthly BOMB cards(for an explanation of the BOMB card,see the back of this issue).

Incidentally, wildly enthusiastic com-ments about FORTH outnumbered nega-tive comments by a factor of 10 to 1:

• More FORTH!! Pascal's just anotherlanguage to eliminate programmers, butFORTH is a language for programmers(and engineers and scientists andbusinessmen and kids and everybody)!

• I would like to see more articles onFORTH—best single issue since Volume1, Number 1.

• Excellent coverage. I believe FORTHis a language worth learning and using.My TRS-80 will be runningMMSFORTH as soon as possible!

• Economically, FORTH has got to be amajor breakthrough. Memory doesn'tcome cheap and you don't need much ofit!

• FORTH is fantastic. It's likeheroin . . . you gotta have more onceyou try it. How about some more in thenear future?

• I was quite impressed by FORTH and

New! A CONSUMER'S GUIDE TOPERSONAL COMPUTING ANDMICROCOMPUTERS, SecondEdition (Freiberger & Chew) Anupdated second edition of the textchosen by Library Journal asone of the 100 outstanding sci-techbooks of 1978. Updates prices, thelatest developments in micro-computer technology, and a reviewof over 100 microcomputer prod-ucts from over 60 manufacturers.#S116-X, $8.95

New! DR. DOBB'S JOURNAL OECOMPUTER CALISHENICS &■ORTHODONTIA Vols 1,2,6-3

(The People's Computer Company)Vol. 1 reflects the changes thattook place in personal computingin 1976. Vol. 2 (1977) chroniclesthe emergence of the smallcomputer as a useful tool. Vol. 3(1978) looks at the growinginterest in programminglanguages, along with articleson specialized applications andutilities. Vol. 1,#5475-0; Vol. 2,#5484-X; Vol. 3, #5490-4;each $18.95

3.

New! THE S-100 BUS HAND-BOOK (Bursky) "...offers a clearoverview of the processor'sinstruction set... tables andfigures provide valuable, difficult-to-obtafn pinout and interfacinginformation..." EDN. DiscussesCPU, memory, input/output,computer fundamentals, bulk-memory devices, and more.#0897-X, $14.50

...^P-S. Qo to youAdooaC eompute/i sfo/iel

00

50 gssw Sta>i

QocMfe Ttofe. OIJ 07662,

Circle 230 on inquiry card.

O

ooo

oooooooooo

oo

o

o

BUY COMPUTERSBY MAIL ORDERAND SAVE 16%

APPLE HARDWARE

5 958.00$1,040.00$1,099.00

495.00440.00445.00655.00215.00

16K32K48KDisk with Controller

Disk

Pascal

Graphics Tablet

Symtek Light Pen

Versawriter Digitizer System

$ 215.00Vldex Videoterm80 Column Card $ 315.00with graphics-ROM $ 335,00Apple Clock $ 225.00

Micro Soft Z-80 Software CardwlthCPM $ 319.00

Parallel Printer Card

$ 145,00Communications Card withconnecting cable $ 185.00Apple II Firmware Card

$ 149.00Integer Basic Firmware

$ 149.00

SOFTWARE

Controller (General BusinessSystem) $ 519.00

Cashier (Retail Mgmt 8iInventory System) $ 199.00Apple Post Mailing List

$ 45.00

CROMEMCO

SAVE 16% ON ALL EQUIPMENT

NORTHSTAR

Horizon-2-32KDD

$2,390.00

VERBATIM& MEMOREX

5W $

27.50

PLASTIC BOXES

5W $ 2.25

8" $ 3.50

Send certified check (regular checks require 2 weeks to clear) orcharge to VISA or Master Charge. Customer pays shipping.

MIRO COMPUTERS, INC.

27 Long Meadow Place South Setauket, L.I(516) 423-7955 call mon.-sat., ioam-6pm

N.Y. 11720

-ui

oooooooooo

0

ooooooo_uf\J

en

•tOW COST

COMPUTERINSTANT ADS

Buy or sell fast with the Computer Instant Ads. The all adlow cost computer publication for individuals and businesses.It's on convenient 8V2" by 11" pages in easy to read type.

Bargains — Computers, Components, Peripherals, Software,Positions and Help Wanted, whether you're buying, selling,or swapping you can get fast results at low cost with the CIA.

Instant Ads — If you don't want to wait a few days for the nextCIA issue—Just dial our special computer hot line number(reserved for subscribers) anytime, 24 hours a day, and ourcomputer will tell your computer (with 300 baud modem) allabout the ads received by the CIA since our last issue. Callas often as you like. The only additional expense to you isthe price of a direct dial phone call. But remember, if youdon't want to pay for the phone call, you only have a fewdays to wait because the CIA is published TWICE each month.

LOW COST ADVERTISING - Only 10* per word for one adand just 8<t per word per issue when the same ad is run intwo or more consecutive issues.

FREE ADVERTISING — Subscribe now for free advertising.Mail an ad (up to 50 words type written or printed, please)to us with your subscription and we will run it free; or phoneyour subscription using our toll-free number and charge yoursubscription to your VISA or Master Charge Card. When youtelephone your subscription, we will send you a certificatefor 3 frpp fid

One year (24 issues) only S13.00

Two years [48 issues) only $20.00

Subscribe NOW Call TOLL-FREE 1-800-453-6464In Utah phone 268-3000

|](]| COMPUTER INSTANT ADS ASSOCIATION

■ rl 277 East 6100 South ■ Salt Lake City. Utah 84107

LOW SUBSCRIPTION RATES

Diagnostics

for CP/M & TRSDOS

Someday your computer is going to break; even the most reliable

computer systems "go down". Often, finding exactly what is

wrong can account for the most time consuming part of repairing

the system, and the longer the system is down, the more

money you lose.

DIAGNOSTICS I is a complete program package designed to check

every major area of your computer, detect errors, and find the

cause of most common computer malfunctions, often before they

become serious. For years, large installations have run daily

or weekly diagnostic routines as a part of normal system

maintenance and check-out procedures.

DIAGNOSTICS I is designed to provide that kind of performance

testing for 8080/Z80 micro computers.

DIAGNOSTICS I will really put your system through its paces. Each

test is exhaustive and thorough. The tests include:

■ Memory Test -CPU Test (8080/8085/Z80) -Printer Test

■Disk Test -CRT Test

To our knowledge, this is the first CPU test available for 8080/Z80

CPU's. Many times transient problems, usually blamed on bad

memory, are really CPU errors.

A good set of diagnostics is an indispensable addition to your

program library even if your system is working fine. Hours have been

wasted trying to track down a "program bug" when actually

hardware was to blame!

DIAGNOSTICS I also allows you to be confident of your system.

This can be critical when file merges or sorts and backups

are involved. You want to be as sure of your computer as possible

during these critical times. Running DIAGNOSTICS I prior to

these and other important functions helps to insure that your

system is operating at peak performance.

DIAGNOSTICS I is supplied on discette with a complete users manual.DIAGNOSTICS I: $60.00 Manual only: $15.00Requires: 24K CP/M; 16K disc for TRS-80formats: CP/M 8" SOFT SECTORED, NORTHSTAR CP/MAND TRS-80 DOS

All Orders and General information:SUPERS0FT ASSOCIATESP.O. BOX 1628CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820(217)359-2112

Technical Hot Line: (217)359-2691

(answered only when technician is available)

Circle 231 on inquiry card.

Circle 232 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980

303

Circle 233 on inquiry card.

SPECIALS

NORTH STAR HORIZON:

HRZ-2-32K-DD-ASM S2275

HRZ-2-32K-Q-ASM S2675

NORTHWORD DQ $ 295

MAIL MANAGER $ 235

INFO-MANAGER $ 365

GENERAL LEGER $ 775

ACC. REC. OR ACC. PAY..$ 445

WORD STAR $ 350

COMMODORE (PET):

2001 32K $1090

8032 (80 COLUMN SCREEN)S1599

2040 DUAL DRIVE S1090

8050 DUAL DRIVE (1MEG).514992022 TRACTOR PRINTER 5 749

APPLE II PLUS CALL FOR PRICEATARI 800 $ 799

TI 99/4 CONSOLESMONITOR.. $ 1190

SPINWRITERS FROM NEC:

5510 RO OR 5530 RO $2690

5520 KSR SERIAL $2990

CENTRONICS:

730 $ 559

737-1 (LETTER QUALITY) $ 849(WE CARRY THEIR COMPLETE LINE)PAPER TIGER 440G $ 990

BASE II 800MST $ 649

OTHER PRINTERS WE STOCK:ANADEX,COMPRINT,EATON.EPSON,TELETYPE,TI,ETC-CALL FOR PRICEDISPLAY TERMINALS

HAZELTINE 1420 $ 949

1500 $ 999

(WE CARRY THEIR COMPLETE LINE)INTERTUBE III $ 775

TELEVIDEO 914 $ 850

MOST ITEMS IN STOCK.PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE

MULTI-BUSINESS COMPUTER SYS.28 MARLBOROUGH STREETPORTLAND, CONN. 06480

(203)342-2747 TWX 710-428-6345M-F 9-6 SAT.9:30-3:00

because of #4 [John James's "What isFORTH? A Tutorial Introduction"] I amgetting TFORTH for the TRS-80.

• The simplicity of FORTH is an idealshowcase for modularity and extensibili-ty. #3 [Charles Moore's 'The Evolutionof FORTH, An Unusual Language"] wasentertaining and human. The diagramsand charts of #4-6 [three other FORTHarticles] were wonderfully simple, direct,and to the point.

• Best overall issue in a long time. Ihave already ordered a FORTH compilerfor my 16 K Apple II.

• Let's have all you can get on how toimplement and how to use threadedlanguages.

The few negative comments we gotwere also strongly stated:

• Easily the worst issue ever.

• Yeechl This issue soured on the way!

• Too much emphasis on FORTH. I liketo see a variety each month (maybespread it out). (Had the emphasis beennearer my interests, would have lovedit. You can't please all the people . . . )

Other languages were also mentionedas topics for future articles (future BYTEauthors, take note):

• Loved it!! More FORTH, APL, LISP,and other wild and crazy languages.

• I hope that at some time in the nearfuture, an issue will be devoted to C.

• SNOBOL/VOWI

• How about some programs in theApple Pascal system assembler?

• For next year's language issue, pleaseconsider one that directly supports con-currency—Concurrent Pascal, Ada, etc.

Other comments included general en-thusiasm for the issue and a good dealof respect for the article on Khachiyan'salgorithm ["Khachiyan's Algorithm, Part1: A New Solution to Linear Programm-ing Problems"!:

• More Steve Ciarcia!

• Superb issue! Hope there is anothervolume of Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar and aBYTE Book of FORTH to be madeavailable for the Christmas season!

• Still have not figured out the math in§7 ["Khachiyan's Algorithm, Part 1"]but a little bit (lot?) of work won't hurtme. Give us more on FORTH. Best issueto date.

• More hardcore math like theKhachiyan algorithm.

• The editorial ['Threads of a FORTHTapestry"] gets an 8!

• The Khachiyan algorithm piece ap-peals to a very narrow readership and isquite advanced—as noted. However, weall need something to tease us into ad-vancement once in a while! ■

Circle 234 on inquiry card.

^T

CP/A

OPTIMIZED SYSTEMSSOFTWARE

PRESENTS

CONTROL PROGRAM/APPLEthe DOS you have been waiting for

OSS CP/A is an all new, disk-basedoperating system which providescommands and utilities similar toCP/M™ CP/A has byte and block I/O, asimple assembly language interface,and direct access via Note and Point.And it's easy to add your own com-mands or device handlers. CP/A isexpandable, flexible, consistent,easy-to-use and available now withcompatible program products:

BASIC — Some of the features of OSSBASIC are syntax checking on programentry, true decimal arithmetic (great formoney applications), 32K byte string sizes,flexible I/O, long variable names (up to 255significant characters), and the ability to getand put single bytes.

BUSINESS BASIC WITH PRINT USING —

This is virtually the only basic available onthe Apple that has PRINT USING. It alsohas record I/O statements and all thefeatures of our standard BASIC.

EDITOR/ASSEMBLER/DEBUG — OSS

EASMD is a total machine language de-velopment package. The editor providesfunctions like FIND, REPLACE, etc. Theassembler uses standard 6502 mnemon-ics, can include multiple files in one assem-bly, and can place the object code inmemory or to a disk file.

Prices of CP/A with:

BASIC $ 69.95

Business BASIC 84.95

EASMD 69.95

BASIC + EASMD 109.95

Business BASIC + EASMD 124.95

Requires 46K RAM and DISK

Add $3.50 for shipping and handling in continental USA.California residents add 6%. VISA/Master Charge wel-come. Personal checks require two weeks to clear.

SEE YOUR DEALER or ORDER TODAY

OPTIMIZED SYSTEMS SOFTWAREis a product of

Shepardson Microsystems, Inc.

20395 Pacifica Dr., Suite 108B

Cupertino. CA 95014

(408) 257-9900

CP/M is a registered trademark ot Digital Research

304

December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 235 on inquiry card.

Quiet Designs

Preformatted Disks:

Compatible with Lanier 'No Problem',Lanier 90/100, Micom 2000/2001,A.M. 425, C.P.T. 6000/8000, Canon

Standard Disks

For all systems using unformatted disks

Head Cleaning Kits

Kits for 5Va" and 8" drives

Flip-Sort™

Durable, Dust Proof, Desk Top Disk Storageand Retrieval System.

%r^

Quiet Designs

Quiet Designs Inc.1330 W. Robinhood Dr.,Suite F

Stockton, CA 95207Ph. (209) 957-8631

Quiet Designs Inc.473 Macara #706Sunnyvale, CA 94086Ph. (408) 739-5215

Quiet Designs of California1030 W. Maude #512Sunnyvale, CA 94086Ph. (408) 730-0170

Quiet Designs International5940 F #2 RoadRichmond, British Columbia,Canada V7C4R9Ph. (604) 273-9710

32 K BYTE MEMORY

RELIABLE AND COST EFFECTIVE RAM FOR6502 b 6800 BASED MICROCOMPUTERS

AIM 65-*KIM*SYM

PETS44-BUS

• PLUG COMPATIBLE WITH THE AIM-65/SYM EXPANSIONCONNECTOR BY USING A BIGHT ANGLE CONNECTOR(SUPPLIED) MOUNTED ON THE BACK OF THE MEMORYBOARD.

. MEMORY BOABD EDGE CONNECTOB PLUGS INTO THE

6800 S 44 BUS« CONNECTS TO PET OB KIM USING AN ADAPTOB CABLE.

• RELIABLE-DYNAMIC RAM WITH ON BOARD INVISIBLEREFRESH-LOOKS LIKE STATIC MEMORY BUT ATLOWER COST AND A FRACTION OF THE POWERREQUIRED FOR STATIC BOARDS.

• USES *5V ONLY. SUPPLIED FROM HOST COMPUTER.

. FULL DOCUMENTATION ASSEMBLED AND TESTEDBOARDS ARE GUARANTEED FOR ONE YEAR ANDPURCHASE PRICE IS FULLY REFUNDABLE IF BOARD ISRETURNED UNDAMAGED WITHIN 14 DAYS.

ASSEMBLED WITH 32K RAM $395.00

S WITH 16K RAM $339.00

TESTED WITHOUT RAM CHIPS $279.00

HARD TO GET PARTS (NO RAM CHIPS)

WITH BOARD AND MANUAL $109.00

BARE BOARD & MANUAL . $49.00

PET INTERFACE KIT-CONNECTS THE 32K RAM BOARD TOA 4K OR 8K PET. CONTAINS: INTERFACE CABLE. BOARDSTANDOFFS. POWER SUPPLY MODIFICATION KIT ANDCOMPLETE INSTRUCTIONS M9.00

Til

16K MEMORYEXPANSION KIT

ONLY

$58

FOR APPLE, TRS-80 KEYBOARD.EXIDY, AND ALL OTHER 16KDYNAMIC SYSTEMS USINGMK4116-3 OR EQUIVALENTDEVICES.

• 200 NSEC ACCESS, 375 NSECCYCLE

• BURNED-IN AND FULLYTESTED

• 1 YR. PARTS REPLACEMENTGUARANTEE

• QTY. DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE

U.S. PRICES ONLY

ALL ASSEMBLED BOARDS ANDMEMORY CHIPS CARRY A FULL ONEYEAR REPLACEMENT WARRANTY

COmPUTER DEVICES

1230 w.coums owe. .,

ORfiDGE.o .Cfl 92668 •

(714)633-7280

>nts please add 6% sales tax. Matterchargespied. Please allow 14'days for checks !o

„„jr bank. Phone orders welcome. Shipping -*■-

will be added to all shipments.

Circle 236 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980 305

Circle 237 on inquiry card.

Selectric® Interface System

t#ASILY interfaced to any IBM Selectric I,II, or III.

^5TOP spinning your wheels. Letter qual-ity at an affordable price.

CONNECTS via Parallel or RS-232, ac-commodates varied handshaking.

o

N

NLY S575 to $599. Dealer inquiries in-vited.

EW design provides added features.

iiM^iiimnmniiMtM

ESCON Products, Inc.

12919 Alcosta Blvd.

San Ramon, Ca!, 94583

(415) 820-1256

TEXAS COMPUTER SYSTEMS

. Radio /hack

Authorized Sales Center, OFFERS

LOWEST PRICES on

TRS-80

COMPUTERS

For the BEST prices on TORTJIFcomputersTJL^Radio Shack® computers are discounted 10%, 15% up to 20%! CALL lor the latest prices on the itemsyou need,.or get advice from our consultant about your specific needs. CALL for prices on the Model I, II.and the new Model III. Color Computer and Pocket Computer,

SAVE up to 50% on accessories (non-Radio Shack8 ). Need more disk space? Ask about smgle/DOUBLEDENSITY controller for the Model I. 300k in a 2-disk system. 5 minute installation w/no modifications.Copies your single density data to DOUBLE for complete compatability. Less than $200.

40 track disk drives $359. 16k memory add on only $58 w/instructions. Specify computer or expansioninterface. CALL for information on Programs available.

* UPS prepaid insured delivery-FREE except some large items.

* No taxes on out-of-state shipments. Texas res. Add 5%.

* All merchandise is new. checked and guaranteed by manufacturer.

* Payment: Money Order, Cashier's Check. Certified Check. Personal Checks require 3 weeks to clearVISA, MASTERCHARGE-Add 3%.

* Prices subject to change at any time,

* Delivery of merchandise is subject to availability.

TCS, 106 East 10th, Brady, TX. 76825

An Authorized MDIO SHACK" Sales Center F701

TOLL FREE Order Number 1-800 351-1473

Texas Residents 915-597-0673

Globs and Newsletters

Heathkit Group in SanDiego

The San Diego HeathkitComputer Users Group hasbeen formed to help userson the local level. The clubmeets on the first Wednes-day of each month at the LaMesa Heathkit Store at 7PM. Membership is $10 peryear. The club wishes to ex-change newsletters and ideaswith other clubs. Contact RA Cobb, 12202 KingsfordCt, El Cajon CA 92021,(714) 443-4772.

Microcomputer UsersInternational

Microcomputers Users In-ternational is a group serv-ing the Sault Ste Marie area.The group publishes amonthly newsletter entitledNorthern Bytes. Thenewsletter is available toother groups on an exchangebasis. Meetings are held onthe third Tuesday of eachmonth. Contact JackDecker, 1804 W 18th St, Lot#155, Sault Ste Marie MI49783, (906) 632-3248. InSault, Ontario, phone (705)942-1363, and ask for PhilBarton or Frank Gardner.

National ComputerAssociation (NCA)

The organizational struc-ture of the NCA, an in-dependent nonprofit com-puter user group, has beenexpanded. The NCA is nowoffering full membership tovendors, consultants, OEMs(original equipmentmanufacturers), manufac-turers, end users, and af-filiated membership to com-puter clubs. Also, subgroupsfor members with similar in-terests are now being of-fered. The subgroups arebeing formed along product-interest lines. Monthlynewsletters will be publishedcontaining technical infor-mation. A new subgroup

must have a potential of 200members. Membershipwithin NCA is $35, whichincludes membership withina subgroup. Computer clubaffiliation entitles the club toreceive all NCA publica-tions. Clubs may join for anannual fee of $50. Clubmembers can join as in-dividual members, if sodesired. Contact NCA, 1485E Fremont Cr S, LittletonCO 80122, (303) 797-3559.

PIE for PET Users

PIE (PET Information Ex-change) is made up ofPET/CBM users. Meetingsare informal and they areheld approximately twiceevery month at various loca-tions in Rhode Island. Anewsletter is published. Thedues are $6 per year. Thegroup is involved in a pro-ject to install two BASFfloppy-disk drives behindthe name-plate on a new32 K-byte PET. Other futureprojects include a computerbulletin board service for thegroup members. ContactPIE, 27 Leicester Way,Pawtucket RI 02860.

Salem Area ComputerClub

The Salem Area Com-puter Club (SACC) member-ship is open to anyone in-terested in using microcom-puters. Membership dues are$5 per year, which includesthe monthly newsletter.Meetings are held on thefirst Monday of each odd-numbered month at theMcKinley CommunitySchool, 461 McGilchrist StSE, in Salem, Oregon. Onthe first Monday of even-numbered months, meetingsare held at ComputerPathways Unlimited, 831Lancaster Dr NE, SouthEnd—Lancaster Mall, Salem,Oregon. Contact SACC, c/oDoug Walker, 3485 MockOrange Ct S, Salem OR97302, (503) 364-2488.

306

December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 238 on inquiry card.

Circle 239 on inquiry card.

BUILD YOUR COMPUTER BREADBOARDS

& INTERFACES FASTER AND EASIER

WITH NEW VECTOR PLUGBORDS

EASY TO USE! COST EFFECTIVE! CLEAN HOLES!

Pe^SMftmicCbmpany

4610 Series - For STD-BUS-WW, solderable andunpatterned models

4608 Series - For Intel/National SBC/BLC 80-WW/solderable, or unpatterned

8804 Series - For S100 -5 models available

4607 - For DEC LSI 11/PDP8-11, Heath H-11

4609 - For Apple II,SuperKim, Pet Commo-dore with Expandamem

4350puter

For Tl 980 Com-

INCORPORATED

12460 Gladstone Ave., Sylmar, CA 91342 (213) 365-9661 TWX (910) 496-1539

Available through Distributors or Factory Direct if not available locally.

NEW EATON 7000+

Now you can add hard copycapability to your computerwith plug-in simplicity thatmatches up to any microsystem. And with the Eaton7000+ dot-matrix printer,you get complete printoutversatility at anaffordable price.

Interfaces with

any personal computer

Apple, Commodore Pet, TRS-Northstarand others —no matterwhat type of computer you have orare thinking of buying, Eaton 7000+fits. Just plug it in and start printing.You'll get virtually maintenance-freeoperation with a minimum of movingparts. And minimum life of 100million characters with Eaton'snewest printhead, while the print

mechanism is designed

for a minimum of 10 million cycles.

High performance design

The 7000+ features uni-directionalprinting at a speed of 1.25 linesper second. It accepts any standardsingle or 2-ply roll paper from %" to

PLUG IN ANDPRINT OUT-IN SECONDS!

IVe" wide and prints ZYz" line/ith 40 to 64 adjustable charactercapacity.

For immediate information call:Eaton Printer Product Operations,307/856-4821.

For descriptive literature and thename of your nearest dealer writeEaton Corporation, Count Control/Systems Division, 901 South 12th St.,Watertown, Wl 53094.Dealer inquiries invited.

FiT'i

Electrical/Electronic Control

Circle 240 on inquiry card.

EAT-IA

BYTE December 1980 307

Circle 241 on inquiry card.

GET IT

OFF THE

FLOOR

Now that you have a shiny newcomputer terminal, what are yougoing to put it on? Computer Furni-ture and Accessories makes a varietyof furniture for a wide range of com-puter applications. In combinationsof six widths, three depths, and threeheights. With "L" shaped returns,Micro shelves, data shelves, RETMAmounting, and printer stands. Withoptional drawers, doors, CRT turn-tables, and casters. Sizes, shapesand colors designed to fit your officeor computer room environment. Rea-sonably priced and shipped fromstock.

Call CF&A. We'll get your system upwhere you can really put it to use.

CF*A

Computer Furniture and

Accessories, Inc.

1441 West 132nd Street

Gardena, CA 90249

(213) 327-7710

308 December 1980 @ BYTE Publications Inc

Small Computer News

Small Computer News is abiweekly newsletter coveringthe microcomputer field.Written for the computerhobbyist, manufacturer, andretailer, each issue containsinformation on the micro-computer business, newproduct previews, conven-tion news, and free-lanceand career employment op-portunities. Subscriptions,including first class postage,are available for $24.50 peryear from Edwards Publica-tions, 78-56 86th St,Flushing NY 11385, (212)441-4082.

Electronic Magazine forDEC Users

Digital Digest is a digitalmagazine that operates 24hours a day. To utilize thisinformation exchange, usersneed a 300 bps (bits perse-cond) modem and terminalset up for seven data bits,even parity, and one stopbit. The initial data linenumber is (404) 447-5254.The magazine is directed atthe DEC (Digital EquipmentCorporation) PDP-11 userand will be expanded tohandle Data General users.Featured in the magazinewill be a free PDP-11 soft-ware exchange, DEC usersbuying group co-op, elec-tronic mail box, softwareand hardware product in-dex, and more. The elec-tronic version of DigitalDigest is free and the printedversion is $15 per year. TheDigital Exchange softwareexchange system is free forcontributing members and$75 for noncontributors.Contact Digital PublicationsInc, 1101 Noble Forest Dr,Norcross GA 30092.

OSI-MUG

OSI-MUG (Ohio ScientificMichigan Users Group) hasrecently been formed. Theclub has over 130 members,primarily from the south-eastern Michigan area. Themembers are interested inexchanging information withsimilar groups. Contact OSI-MUG, 3247 Lakewood Ave,Ann Arbor MI (313)761-5358.

MORE FOR YOUR ^

RADIO SHACKTRS-80 MODEL I !

THE DATAHANDLER

DATABASE MANAGEMENTSYSTEM IN MMSFORTH

Now the power, speed and compactness otMMSFORTH drive a major applications pro-gram for many of YOUR home, school andbusiness tasks! Imagine a sophisticateddatabase management system with flexibili-ty to create, maintain and print mailing listswith multiple address lines, Canadian or thenew 9-digit U.S. ZIP codes, and multiplephone numbers, plus the speed to load hun-dreds of records or sort them on severalfields in 5 seconds! Manage inventories withselection by any character or combination.Balance checkbook records and do CONDI-TIONAL reporting of expenses or other cal-culations. File any records and recallselected ones with optional upper/lowercase match, in standard or custom formats.Personnel, membership lists, bibliographies,catalogs of record, stamp and coin collec-tions—you name it! ALL INSTANTLY, with-out wasted bytes, and with cueing fromscreen so good that non-programmers quick-ly master its use! With manual, sample datafiles and custom words for mail list andcheckbook use.

Technical: Handles data as compressed in-dexed sequential subfiles of up to 25K char-acters (9K in 32K RAM). Access 1-4 datadiskettes. Modified Quicksort. Optionallyprecompiles for 5-second program load. Self-adjusts for many routine mods. Structuredand modular MMSFORTH source code idealfor custom modifications.

THE DATAHANDLER V1.1, a very soph-isticated database management systemoperable by non-programmers (requires DiskMMSFORTH, 1 drive & 32K RAM); withmanuals $59.95*

FORTH

THE PROFESSIONAL FORTHFOR TRS-80 MODEL I

(Over 1,000 systems in use)

MMSFORTH Disk System V1.9 (requires 1

disk drive & 16K RAM) just $79.95*

MMSFORTH Cassette System V1.8 (requiresLevel II BASIC & 16K RAM) $59.95*

AND MMS GIVES ITPROFESSIONAL SUPPORT

Source code provided

MMSFORTH Newsletter

Many demo programs aboard

MMSFORTH User Groups

Programming staff can adapt

THE DATAHANDLER to YOUR needs.

MMSFORTH UTILITIES DISKETTE: includesFLOATING POINT MATH (L.2 BASIC ROMroutines plus Complex numbers,Rectangular-Polar coordinate conversions,Degrees mode, more), plus a full Forth-styleZ80 ASSEMBLER; plus a powerful CROSS-REFERENCER to list Forth words by blockand line. All on one diskette (requiresMMSFORTH, 1 drive & 16K RAM), . . $39.95*

FORTH BOOKS AVAILABLE

MICROFORTH PRIMER (comes with

MMSFORTH) separately $15.00*

USING FORTH — more detailed and advanc-ed than above $25.00*

URTH TUTORIAL MANUAL — very readable

intro. to U/Rochester Forth $19.95*

CALTECH FORTH MANUAL — good onForth internal structure, etc $6.95'

* — Software prices include manuals and re-quire signing of a single-system userlicense. Add $2.00 S/H plus $1.00 per addi-tional book; Mass. orders add 5% tax.Foreign orders add 15%. UPS COD, VISA &M/C accepted; no unpaid purchase orders,please.

Send SASE lor tree MMSFORTH information.Good dealers sought.

Get MMSFORTH products from yourcomputer dealer or

MILLER MICROCOMPUTERSERVICES (B12)

61 Lake Shore Road, Natick, MA 01760(617)653-6136

Circle 242 on inquiry card.

Circle 243 on inquiry card.

FANTASTIC MAIL ORDER DISCOUNTS 111

[apple computer

16K*

$959

ADD 2 % IF USING CREDIT CARD

ONLY ON APPLE COMPUTERS

APPLE n OR APPLE ITPlUS

APPLE II 32KM 040 APPLE II 48KM100APPLE II ACCESSORIES

CORVUS 10 MEGABYTE DISK DRIVE.. .. S4650

PASCAL LANGUAGE SYSTEM 445

GRAPHICS INPUT TABLET 675

NEW DOS 3.3 535

DISK n without controller 440

APPLE SOFT II FIRMWARE CARD 155

INTEGER FIRMWARE CARD 155

PARALLEL INTERFACE CARD 155

SERIAL INTERFACE CARD 160

COMMUNICATIONS CARD 190

SUP-R-MOD RF TV MODULATOR 25

SUP-R-TERM 80 col. CARD 349

DAN PAYMAR Lower cese kit CALL

SVA 8'' DISK CONTROLLER CARD 349

CCS ARITHMETIC PROCESSOR CARD .... 349

CLOCKfCALENDAR CARD 239

INTROL X-10 SYSTEM 239

SUPER TALKER SPEECH SYNTHESIZER:.. 259

ROMPLUS CARD wf KEYBD.FLTR 179

HEURISTICS SPEECHLINK 2000 225

HAYES MICROMODEM II * 335

ALF MUSIC SYNTHISIZER 245

SSMA10 CARD (KIT) 129

SSM A10 CARD (ASSEMBLED) 170

NOVATION CAT MODEM 159

CCS GPIB IEEE INTERFACE 269

MICROSOFT Z-80 SOFT CARD wfCP/M .... 349

MICROWORKS DS-65 DIGISECTOR 349

ROMWRITER 1 59

SYMTEC LIGHT PEN CARD 229

CCS PROGRAMMABLE TIMER MODULE ... 159

CENTRONICS PRINTER INT. CARD 190

SLIENTYPE PRINTER wflNT. CARD 529

SOFTWARE

PASCAL LANGUAGE SYSTEM $445

FORTRAN LANGUAGE PACKAGE 175

THE CONTROLLER GEN. BUS. SYSTEM ... 529

THE CASHIER RETAIL MGT. & INV 209

APPLEPOST MAILING LIST SYSTEM 45

WE WILL GLADLY PERFORM WARRANTY REPAIR ON ALL APPLE COMPUTER PRODUCTS.

APPLEWRITER WORD PROCESSOR 69

VISI-CALC 125

SARGON II on Disk 35

SUPER INVADER On DISK 25

MONITORS

LEEDEX VIDEO 100

12" BLACK & WHITE MONITOR•VIDEO BANDWIDTH 1 2 MHz±3db•COMPOSITE VIDEO INPUT

$ 1 O^J S0ROC IQ 120 $739I rjy S0R0C IQ 140 $1295

SANYO9" B/W Monitor$169• SANYO 15" B/W Monitor$259• ZENITH 13" Color Monitor $429

PAPER TIGER ITS 440 w/qraphics S1050

THENDCOM T-200 559

CENTRONICS 737 850

CENTRONICS 700'9 1149

AN^OEX DP-8000 OR AP 850

MPI88-T 725

THE AMAZINGThe SORCERER is a Z80 CPU

SORCERER IIi6K

NEC SPINWRITER 2695

AXIOM EX-801 495

AXIOM EX-820 750

COMPRINT 91 2S 599

COMPRINT 912P 559

TRENDCOMT-100 349

ocompLler internally expandable

to 48K 4K ROM resident monitor 10 connector (or S-IOO expansioiParallel anU serial interlace Dual cassette I/O Grapt'ic resolution ol 240 *612. 30 linos ol 64 characters. 8 x 8 dot matrix Full ASCII set (upperand lower case) plus standard graphic symbols User may define up to128 characters Keyboard is 63-hoy data processing type, plus a 16

$995

jtpad

S-100 EXPANSION UNIT (390

word processor pac its

DEVELOPMENT PAC gfl

31K 1,145.00 48K 1,145.00

A

ATARI"

rnmm

BASKETBALL .

.30

MAR: 400 COMPUTER W9 mn

AIAHi UO PRINTER 419 *"K°»SEL JO

ATARI MO DISK DRIVE 579 SUPER BREAKOUT 30

ATARI 410 PROGRAM RECORDER 69 MUSIC COMPOSER *i

ATARI UK RAM MODULE 149 COMPUTER CHESS 30

A1ARI 8K RAM MDOULE 99 30 TIC TAC TOE 30

STAHRAIOEBS 4S

$799

©

ATARI BASIC ROM

ASSEMBLER/EDITOR 4!

•High resolution COLOR Graphics■ 1 OK Basic in ROM*6K user RAM expandable to 48K•57 key lull stroke keyboard

PERSONAL UNANCt•fldill-in RF TV modulator•High speed sori.il I 0 port•Includes ATARI 4 10 program

45

• TO ORDER .

Phone orders invited, using credit cards. Or send cashierscheck or money order that draws on a U.S. bank. Please add3% (S5.00 Minimum) for handling, shipping {air service) andinsurance, or equipment will be shipped freight collect.California residents add 6% sales tax. All equipment is infactory cartons with the manufacturers warranty. Equipmentis subject to price change and availability without notice.

COMPUTER SPECIALTIES

1251 BROADWAYEL CAJON, CA. 92021 • (714) 579-0330

Combine accurate flight characteristics with the best in animation graphicsand you'll have SubLOGIC's

FS1 Flight Simulator

fortheTRS-80

SubLOGIC's T80-FS1 is the smooth, realisticsimulator that gives you a real-time, 3-D,out-ol-the-cockpit view ol flight.

Thanks to fast animation and accurate repre-sentation of flight, the non-pilot can now learnbasic flight control, including take-offs andlandings! And experienced pilots will recog-nize how thoroughly they can explore theaircraft's characteristics.

Once you've acquired flight proficiency,you can engage in the exciting British Ace3-D Aerial Battle Game included in thepackage. Destroy the enemy's fuel depotwhile evading enemy fighters.

Computer and aviation experts call theT80-FS1 a marvel of modern technology.You'll simply call it fantastic!

Special Features:

• 3 frame-per-second flicker freeanimation

• Maximum transfer keyboard input

• Constant feedback cassette loader

Hardware Requirements:

• Radio Shack TRS-80, Level 1 or 2

• 16K memory

• Nothing else!

$

Only

See your dealer or order direct. Fordirect order, include 31.25 and specifyUPS or first class mail. Illinois residentsadd 5% sales tax. Visa and Mastercardaccepted.

*L0GIC

Distribution Corp.Box V, Savoy, IL 61874(217)359-8482

Circle 244 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980

309

Circle 250 on inquiry card.

PERSONAL

COMPUTER

SYSTEMS[cippkz computer

Sales and Service

APPLE II, 16K, List $1195 $ 989

32K, List $1395 $1169

48K 1259

ATARI® 400™, List $630OUR PRICE ONLY $499

820 PRINTER, List $599.95 $499

810 DISK DRIVE, List $699.95 $589

HP-85

List $3250

only$2799

• Extended BASIC Language

• Advance Graphics

• CRT Built-in Display

• Magnetic Tape Cartridge for Storage

CALCULATORS BY

W/iJM HEWLETT

mLUm Packard

HP-41C Calculator, "A System" . .

$244.95

HP-32E Scientific w/Statistics . . .HP-33C Scientific Programmable .HP-34C Advanced Scientific

Programmable

HP-37E Business Calculator

$ 53.95. 99.95

123.9558.95

298.95579.95

HP-67 Handheld Fully AdvancedProgrammable Scientific forBusiness & Engineering

HP-97 Desktop w/Built-in Printer .

COMMODORE PET Call for Prices

Prices do not include shipping by UPS. Allprices and offers are subject to change withoutnotice.

R

ersonal

om patery sterns

C

s

609 Butternut Street

Syracuse, N.Y. 13208

(315) 478-6800

310 December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

INAUG

INAUG (InternationalApple Users Group) isdedicated to increasing theflow of information betweenApple users worldwide. TheINAUG requests that allApple users and groupsunite and join its group.Please send a self-addressed,stamped envelope for moreinformation. The address isINAUG, POB 96, Twain CA95984, (916) 283-3497.

Another Apple Group

The OKC Apple UsersGroup meets at variouscomputer stores in theOklahoma City area on thefirst and third Tuesday ofeach month. Its newsletter isentitled OKC Apple Times.Membership dues are $10per year, which includes asubscription to the news-letter. OKC is a member ofthe International AppleCorps. Contact TheSecretary, OKC Apple, c/oGreenbriar DigitalResources, POB 1857,Edmond OK 73034.

UKTRS-80 Users Group

This United Kingdom-based group currently hasover 230 members, andalong with publication oftheir monthly newsletter,they organize single-day andweekend workshops in dif-ferent parts of the country.A software library isavailable for members' use.Membership is by subscrip-tion to the newsletter, whichis £5.75. Contact Brian Pain,40a High St, Stony Strat-ford, Milton Keynes,England.

The Portland ComputerSociety

This group has over 180members and a busy sched-ule of meetings. The mainmeeting is held on the thirdSaturday of each month atthe Far West Federal Sav-ings, Fred Meyer RaleighHills Shopping Center, 4770SW 76th (Beaverton Hills-dale Hwy). They have manyother special interest groupsthat meet regularly. A news-

SNAPP II EXTENDED DASIC A family of en-hancements to the Model II DASIC interpreter.Part of the package originated with the best ofAPPARAT, INC. s thoughts in implementingNEWDOS DASIC. The system is written entirely inmachine language for SUPER FAST execution.The extensions are fully integrated Into Model IIDASIC, and require NO user Memory, and NOuser disk space. The package is made up of mefollowing six modules, each of which may bepurchased separately;

XDASIC—Six single key stroke commands to listthe first, last, previous, next, or current programline, or to edit the current line. Indudes quickway to recover DASIC program following a NEWor system or accidental re-boot. Ten singlecharacter abbreviations for frequently usedcommands: AUTO, CLS, DELETE, EDIT. KILL,LIST, MERGE, NEW, LUST, and SYSTEM. $40.00XREF—A powerful cross-reference facility withoutput to display and/or printer. Trace a vari-able through the code. Determine easily if avariable is in use. $40.00

XDUMP—Permits the programmer to displayand/or print the value of any or all programvariables. Identifies the variable type for allvariables. Each element of any array is listedseparately. $40.00

XRENUM—An enhanced program line renum-bering facility which allows specification of anupper limit of the block of lines to be renum-bered, supports relocation of renumberedblocks of code, and supports duplication ofblocks of code. $40.00

XFIND—A cross reference facility for key wordsand character strings, also includes global re-placement of keywords. % $40.00XCOMPRESS—Compress your DASIC programsto an absolute minimum. Removes extraneousinformation; merge lines; even deletes state-ments which could not be executed. Typicallysaves 30-40% space even for programs wirh-out REM statements! Also results in 7-10% im-provement in execution speed. $40.00ENTIRE PACKAGE ONLY $200.00

6160 Corporate Park Dr.

Cincinnati, Ohio 45242

Ohio residents call collect

(513)891-4496

! Call Toll Free

1 - 800 - 543-4628

All products now available to run with TR5DOS 2.0.

Circle 246 on inquiry card.

Circle 247 on inquiry card.

800-323-1780 NCETHOTLINE FOR SAVINGS!

Ribbons for: Diablo, Qume, IBM. Wang,NEC, all Data Printers and Typewriters.Printwheels, Elements and Thimbles.Magnetic Media: Floppy disks, mini-floppy. Tape. Packs and Cassettes.Disc storage systems, Quietizers, Anti-static mats, Ink rolls and much more.Terminals and accesories.

DISKETTES

• 100% Certified

• 2 Year Warranty

• 10 Million Passes

• Human Engineered

• EZ View Box

• The Best DiskAvailable Today.

Box of 105V«" (Soft Sector) 29.95

5'A" (10 Sector) 29.95

5'4" (16 Sector) 29.95

8" Single Side-Single Density 32.50

8" Single Side Reversible 52.50

8" Single Side Double Density 50.00

8" Double Sided Double Density 52.50

Ribbons & Thimblesfor NEC Spinwriters

Available for All Brands ofEquipment

Form tractorsSheet feeders

• Quietizers

Satisfaction Guaranteed

New!

NOW

AVAILABLEFROMXEROX

1730 DAISY WHEEL PRINTER (DIABLO 630)

only $2395.00

Daisy Wheel Printer Features Metallzedand Plastic Print Wheel Interchangeablllty.Includes 90 day warranty by Xerox. Whysettle for less. Buy American made qualityprinters!

• TO ORDER •

Phone orders invited, using credit cards. Orsendcheck, cashiers check or money order that drawson a U.S. bank. Please add 3% (S5.00 Minimum)for handling, shipping and insurance. Illinoisresidents add 5'A% sales tax. All equipment is infactory cartons with the manufacturers warranty.Equipment is subject to price change and avail-ability without notice.

Mail order pricing only. Catalog mailed uponrequest.

NOW AVAILABLE FROMOUR EQUIPMENT DIVISION

PRINTERS - NEW

Xerox 1750 (Diablo 1650)

Metal Wheel - KSR 2795.00Xerox 1740 (Diablo 1640)

Metal Wheel - KSR .. _ 2650.00

TI-820 - KSR 2195.00

TI-810 RO - Basic Unit 1595.00

RO - W/ULC/ASC11/UFC/CP 1895.00TI-745 - Portable/Built-in Coupler 1595.00

TI-743 Portable 1195.00

TTY-43 1045.00

Digital - LA - 34 - KSR 1045.00

Digital - LA - 120 - KSR 2495.00

CRT - TERMINALS

LEAR ADM 3-A 849.00

Digital VT-100 1895.00

MODEMS

Acoustic Couplers 175.00

212A-300/1200 895.00

REFURBISHED SPECIALS -FULLY GUARANTEED

DIGITAL - LA - 36........... ... 995.00

ALL OPTIONS AVAILABLE

t\JC£

"Run With the Thoroughbreds"

NCE Supply Corp.

915 W. Liberty Drive

Wheaton, IL 60187

Phone: 800-323-1780 Toll Free

*312-682-0001 Within Illinois

'NCE Supply Corp. is not affiliatedwith any other entity.

BUSINESS SOFTWRRCFORTHCZ-89!

S Si M Systems, Inc., the "fll!-ln-One" Software Company

is offering a full line of Business Packages for the

"flII-ln-One" Z-89 Microcomputer

lnseq-80(TM) Business Software SystemsIndustry Standard Osborne Based: Accounts Payable/Receivable,

General Ledger, PayrollS & M Software: Retail Inventory Control, Invoicing,Manufacturers Inventory Control, Customer Mail List

PLUS MANY MORE!!

All Systems have been Field Tested and are ready for shipment!

CALL ABOUT OUR NATIONAL DEALER PROGRAM AND JOIN THE BEST

IN SELLING THE FINEST SOFTWARE ON THE Z-80 MARKET!

SYSTEMS ALSO OPERATE ON TRS-80 MOD I. MOD II, MOD IIIAND ALTOS MICROCOMPUTERS

for Further Information, Contact: S & M Systems, Inc.

P. O. Box 1225

Or Dial Direct: 1-617-373-15991-617-481-5231

Haverhill, Massachusetts 01830

Circle 248 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980

311

Circle 245 on inquiry card.

APPLEUSERS!

Technicians! Hobbyists!Engineers! Repairmen!

NEW!

16 CHANNEL

VARIABLE

A-D BOARD!

Now you can digitallydisplay, store, analyzeand print yourmeasurements!

The NEW ADC-16B A-D

Board can be used for:

POSITION MEASUREMENTS

PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS

PHOTOELECTRICMEASUREMENTS

TEMPERATUREMEASUREMENTS

A COMPUTERIZEDVOLT-OHM METER

YOU GET A COMPLETESOFTWARE PACKAGEINCLUDING A TEST KIT,CALIBRATION METHODAND VARIOUSAPPLICATIONS! Only 17995

This is a variable GainBoard that allowsincreased measurementsfrom 5 volts up to 100volts.

CTA

COMPUTER

TECHNOLOGY

ASSOCIATES

ORDER TODAY! Credit Card

users call toll free!

800-854-2003 ext. 815in California Call1-800-522-1500 ext. 815

computer Technology Associates5812 Cromo Drive, Suite 102, El Paso,Texas 79912

Please rush me new ADC-16B A-D

Boards at the Introductory price of 179"each.

D Check Enclosed D MasterCardD visa D Diners Clubcard No Exp. Date

Name_

Address .

city state Zlp_

Texas residents add 5% sales tax.Please allow 4-6 weeks for delivery.

letter is published monthlythat contains items aboutthe meetings of specialgroups, industry items, let-ters from members, andother news. Contact PCS,POB 17371, Portland OR97217.

Computerized Bulletin

Board Service in

Milwaukee

MAUDE (Milwaukee AreaUtility for Digital Ex-changes) is a computerizedbulletin board inMilwaukee, Wisconsin.MAUDE is available toanyone who has access to aterminal or terminalemulator equipped with astandard modem. Thesystem allows the postingand retrieval of messages ofinterest to computer hob-byists. There is no chargefor using MAUDE. Thenumber for MAUDE is(414) 241-8364. For more in-formation, contact JohnTaylor, POB 121, HartlandWI 53029.

Prince William ComputerClub

The Prince William Com-puter Club holds its regularmeetings at the PrinceWilliam Branch Library,Woodbridge, Virginia, onthe first Tuesday of eachmonth at 7:30 PM. For in-formation, call Don Bennett,(703) 670-4773.

The Red Sea Apple Club

The Red Sea Apple Clubis located in Saudi Arabia,Most members have AppleII computers with two disksand the Pascal system. Theyare interested in correspond-ing with any and all clubsand individuals so that theycan keep up with the cur-rent trends in the Americanmicrocomputer world. Thegroup is also interested inswapping disks. The club'saddress is Red Sea AppleClub, c/o Saudi ArabianParsons Ltd, POB 3694,Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. ■

What makesa streetwise kid

from Newlforkwant to helprice farmersin the tropics?

Meet Mike Harvey. He's not out tochange the world, just to under-stand it better. And because hethinks underneath all the dif-ferences people are basically alike,he feels he can help.

It's what today's Peace Corps isall about. Americans from everykind of background working to-gether with people around theworld to meet their basic needs.

It isn't easy and it takes realcommitment. But if you're lookingfor a challenge unique to the PeaceCorps, there are any number ofopenings for which you mayqualify.

Above all, you'll understand theworld better while making friendswith people you can help. Andthat's what life should be allabout.

For further information, calltoll free 800"424~8580. Or writePeace Corps, Washington, D.C.20525.

Peace Corps

The toughest jobyou'll ever love.

£^ *- - W A Public Service of This MagazineVjOUKH & The Advertising Council

312

December 1980 © BYTE Publications In

Circle 251 on inquiry card.

PET TWO-WAY RS-232 andPARALLEL OUTPUT INTERFACE

SAOI • The microprocessor based serial and parallel interface for the Com-modore PET. SADI allows you to connect your PET to parallel and serial print-ers. CRT's, modems, acoustic couplers, hard copy terminals and other com-puters. The serial and paral.el ports are independent allowing the PET tocommunicate with both peripheral devices simultaneously or one at a time.In addition, the RS-232 device can communicate with the parallel device.

Special Features for the PET interface include:

Conversion to true ASCII both in and out

Cursor controls and function characters specially printed

Selectable reversal of upper and lower case

PET IEEE connector for daisy chaining

Addressable ■ works with other devicesSpecial Features lor the serial interface include:

Baud rate selectable from 75 to 9600

Halt or full duplex

32 character buffer

X-ON, X-OFF automatically sent

Selectable carriage return delaySpecial Features for the parallel interface include:

Data strobe • either polarity

Device ready - either polarity

Centronics compatible

Complete with power supply, PET IEEE cable, RS-232 connector, parallelport connector and case. Assembled and tested.

SADIa (110VAC) $295

SADIe (230VAC) $325

Order direct or contact your local computer store.

Ii

am

Connecticutmicrocomputer, Inc.

34 DEL MAR DRIVE, BROOKFIELD, CONNECTICUT 06804TFl: (203)775-4535 TWX: 710-4560052

VISA AND M/C ACCEPTED SEND ACCOUNT NUMBER. EXPIRATION DATE AND SIGN ORDER.

ADO $3 PER ORDER FOR SHIPPING & HANDLING - FOREIGN ORDERS ADD 10% FOR AIR POSTAGE.

MENTION THIS MAGAZINE WITH YOUR ORDER AND DEDUCT 2%.

^"xr~s<rTxr^g*'S

rs^^^v^v iK-^^yvvvvxy s<;^s^-x-

r

Circle 252 on inquiry

PET to NEC and

CENTRONICS

PRINTER ADAPTER

LOWEST COST COMPLETE INTER-FACE ON THE MARKET

Simple to use - low cost - designed for NEC 5530 Spin-writer and Centronics parallel printers. Works withWORDPRO and other software. Switch for upper-lowercase conversion or upper case only.

Plugs into the PET and into the printer - all cables andconnectors included - extra IEEE connector for Com-modore disk drives.

Uses BASIC PRINT statements - no machine code need-

works with other'

ed.

Device address selectableperipherals.

$129 complete - compare to others at $225. Generousdealer discounts.

Assembled and tested. Our usual 30 day money backtrial period applies.

Order direct or contact your local computer store.

SHI

card.

Connecticutmicrocomputer, Inc.

34 DEL MAR DRIVE, RROOKFIELD, CONNECTICUT 06804TEL: 12031775 4595 TWX: 710-4560052

VISA AND M/C ACCEPTED ■ SEND ACCOUNT NUMBER. EXPIRATION DATE AND SIGN ORDER.

ADD S3 PER ORDER FOR SHIPPING & HANDLING ■ FOREIGN ORDERS ADD 10% FOR AIR POSTAGE.

MENTION THIS MAGAZINE WITH YOUR ORDER AND DEDUCT 2%.

Sg -><■ sg -xr -xr->^ ;

~^->-?-xr-*r-*<-:

: s^ s^ v-g?"t

\j&£L Produced and widely used in England and U.S.A.COMPLETE BUSINESS PACKAGE

INCLUDES EVERYTHING FROM INVENTORY TO SALES SUMMARY

PROMPTS USER, VALIDATES EACH ENTRY, MENU DRIVEN

Approximately 60-100 entries/Inputs require only 2-4 hours weekly and your entire business is under control.

PROGRAMS ARE INTEGRATED-

01 = ENTER NAMES/ADDRESS, ETC

02 = ENTER/PRINT INVOICES

03 = ENTER PURCHASES

04 = ENTER A/C RECEIVABLES

05 = ENTER A/C PAYABLES

06 = ENTER/UPDATE INVENTORY07= ENTER/UPDATE ORDERS08= ENTER/UPDATE BANKS

09 = EXAMINE/MONITOR SALES LEDGER

10 = EXAMINeMONlTOR PURCHASE LEDGER

11 = EXAMINE/MONITOR (INCOMPLETE RECORDS)12= EXAMINE PRODUCT SALES

SELECT FUNCTION BY NUMBER-

13= PRINT CUSTOMER STATEMENTS14 = PRINT SUPPLIER STATEMENTS15= PRINT AGENT STATEMENTS

16 = PRINT TAX STATEMENTS

17 = PRINT WEEK/MONTH SALES

18= PRINT WEEK/MONTH PURCHASES19= PRINT YEAR AUDIT

20 = PRINT PROFIT/LOSS ACCOUNT

21 = UPDATE END MONTH FILES MAINTENANCE

22 = PRINT CASH FLOW FORECAST23= ENTER/UPDATE PAYROLL (NOT YET AVAILABLE)24= RETURN TO BASIC

WHICH ONE? (ENTER 1-24)

01 SUB. MENU EXAMPLE: 01 = EXAMINE: 02 = INSERT: 03 = AMEND: 04 = DELETE

05 = PRINT (1,2,3): 06 = NUMERIC COMBINATIONS: 07 = SORT

VERY FLEXIBLE. ADD YOUR OWN FUNCTIONS. EASY TO INTEGRATE.

All programs in BASIC for CP/M. PET. 6800

G. W. COMPUTERS LTD, the producers of this beautiful package in U.K.

WE EXPORT TO ALL COUNTRIES:

BARCLAYCARD ACCEPTED

CBM APPROVED

CP/M Ver. 9.00 is one 16 K core program

using random access releasing both drives for

data storage, and 250 word vocabulary is

translatable in any foreign language.

PRICES: Programs 1-23 EXC (19,20,22,23) £475

CALLERS BY APPOINTMENT ONLY

B9 Bedford Court Mansions

Bedford Avenue

London WC1, U.K.

CONTACT TONY WINTER 01-636-8210

BARCLAYCARD ACCEPTED

CBM APPROVED

CP/M Ver. 9.00 is one 16 K core program

using random access releasing both drives for

data storage, and 250 word vocabulary is

translatable in any foreign language.

£575 Stock Integrated Option + £100 Bank Integrated Option + £100

Circle 253 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980

313

Circle 254 on inquiry card.

REMOTE I/O

Control AND monitor remote devicesReal time clock/calendar included

• An AC carr ier communications I/O interface for the APPLE II*computer. Output communications operate up to 256 BSR SystemX-10* control modules. Input communications come from the X-10command console, and temperature and security input modules,soon to be available from Intelligent Control Systems, Inc.« Software routines are provided to handle the AC I/O, to set,read, and display the real time clock, and a background schedulecontrol program. 4 selectable interrupt rates allow machinelanguage programs to run simultaneously with other programs.

• Real time clock provides sec, min, hour, date, day of week, mo,and year. Rechargable battery runs clock when APPLE is off.

• Trademarks-APPLE II: Apple Computer Inc ., System X-10 :BSR Ltd .SEE YOUR APPLE DEALER FOR A DEMONSTRATION... $185 sugg . retail

Intelligent Control Systems, Inc.

POBOX 14571«MPLS,MN 55414«(612)699-4342

l::i

r>

$150

APPLE-TIME

For Your APPLE... The Ultimate

CLOCK/CALENDAR Board

MORE FEATURES FOR LESS

• 12 or 24 HR Format

• Perpetual Calendar MM DD YY

• Crystal Controlled Time Base

• Ultra Fast Time/Date Setting

• 4 Interrupts Available

• Months Of On-Board Battery

Backup Set it & forget it.

MANY MORE FEATURES

TSR80 & S100 MODFI S AVAII API F

i

l A

Dealer Inquires.

©Compu/TimePO Box 5343Huntington Beach. Ca 92646 (7141 536-5000

Makers Of Quality Low CostMicrocomputer Components

y

In order to gain optimal coverage of your organization's computerconferences, seminars, workshops, courses, etc, notice should reachour office at least three months in advance of the date of the event.Entries should be sent to: Event Queue, BYTE Publications, 70 MainSt, Peterborough NH 03458. Each month we publish the currentcontents of the queue for the month of the cover date and the twofollowing calendar months. Thus a given event may appear as manyas three times in this section if it is sent to us far enough in advance.

December 1980

December 9-12 and 15-17

Training Courses forEngineers, Fairchild'sMicrocomputer EducationCenter, San Jose CA. Thisseries of technical trainingcourses are offered fordesign engineers who mustlearn to design the micro-processor into a workingsystem. The curriculum in-cludes courses on data com-munications and the 6856device, 3870 microcomputerdesigns, the 6800 micro-processor, and bit-slicetechniques. Contact theCenter at MS42-2120, 101Bernal Rd, San Jose CA95119, (408) 224-7095.

December 101980 Computer NetworkingSymposium, GaithersburgMD. The symposium issponsored by the IEEE Com-puter Society, TechnicalCommittee on ComputerCommunications, and theInstitute for ComputerSciences and Technology ofthe National Bureau of Stan-dards. The focus is on officeautomation, office systemcomponents, and the com-puter networks required tointerconnect them. For in-formation, contact ExecutiveSecretary, POB 639, SilverSpring MD 20901, (301)439-7007.

January 1981

January 7-9The Fourteenth InternationalSymposium on Minicom-puters and Microcomputers,

Hotel del Coronado, San

Diego CA. The scope of thesymposium will cover tech-nology, hardware, software,engineering, languages, sys-tems architecture, operatingsystems, numerical methods,computer networks, andother aspects of computing.Contact the Secretary,MIMI '81 San Diego, POB2481, Anaheim CA 92804.

January 7-10The Fourteenth AnnualHawaii International Con-ference on System Sciences(HICSS), Ilikai Hotel,Honolulu, HI. HICSS is de-signed to bring together theacademician and practitionerin a forum for the inter-change of ideas in all areasof information systems tech-nology. Seminars and dis-cussions will cover computerhardware, software, medicalinformation processing, andcomputer-based decison sup-port systems. ContactHICSS-14, c/o Office ofManagement Programs,University of Hawaii, 2404Maile Way C-202, HonoluluHI 96822

January 8-11

Winter CES, Las VegasHilton, Convention Center,and the Jockey Club Hotel,Las Vegas NV. Over 700manufacturers will be ex-hibiting goods from theaudio, video, personal elec-tronics and microcomputerindustries. Contact TheConsumer ElectronicsShows, 2 Illinois Center,Suite 1607, 233 N MichiganBlvd, Chicago IL 60601,(312) 861-1040.

January 13-15

Communications Networks1981, Albert Thomas Con-

314

December 1980 § BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 255 on inquiry card.

Omikron's Accounting Software

We made our reputation with our Mapper sys-tems. One year ago we told TRS-80 Mod Iowners that they could have standard CP/M,8" drives, compatibility with the Mod II, theability to transfer files from TRSdos to CP/Mor run Newdos80, the TRSdos compatibleoperating system, with 8" and 5" drives allon line at once. Most of the readers said "toogood to be true" and it was only the slowlyspreading word (plus some excellent reporting—see August Byte column by Jerry Pournelle)that convinced you it worked.

Here we go again! A field-proven, fully in-tegrated accounting package with self-instructive documentation for $350.00. Too

good to be true? A General Ledger which hasbeen running in the real world long enoughto shake out the bugs and has sold for manytimes our price of $100.00. Too good to be true ?Ok, if we have to, we can wait for the word tospread. But just to get the ball rolling—let megive you the particulars:

REQUIREMENTS:Computer— 48KZ80/8080

Printer— 132 columnsVideo — 80 x 24 or 16 x 64 w/scrollingStorage — 2 disk units 250 kbytes eachLanguage — Microsoft BasicO/S- CP/M

BENEFITS: This is not another re-write of theOsborne packages but a professionally pro-duced and marketed set of accounting softwareoriginally produced for the Mits/Altair machine.It has been tested and debugged in actual use.It comes with sample data and a manual de-signed for self-instruction. They are thought-fully designed, interactive programs with clearprompts for ease of operation. Source code anddocumentation to aid in customization are alsoincluded.

INTERESTED? Write or call for our free brochure.It may sound too good to be true, but we'veheard that before. Risk a stamp —our Mappercustomers were glad they did.

Too good to be true?

•CT/M is a TM of Digital Research. TRS-80 is a TM of Tandy Corporation.

Circle 256 on inquiry card.

IN WITH THE NEW...

Is your TRS-80 singing Auld Lang Syne? Does it J0%$

remember the good old days when each new fi^'"' '

Power-Up sequence brought new software tomassage its RAM? Is it lacking the Spirit of the / ^

Season? Start the New Year off on the right keys! Mo, V"^^ >X*N

not E-D-l-T . .. C-L-O-A-D. /L^fF

Mo standing in the end-of-the-year return lines. These lcu° '

original, ready-to-load programs fit your TRS-80perfectly. Your computer will receive one 30 minutecassette each month by First Class Mail containingready-to-CLOAD programs that will even keep ol'Father Time from aging.

Make your Mew Year's resolution early thisholiday season and surprise your TRS-80 with asubscription to CLOAD MAGAZINE.

The Fine Print:

Overseas rates slightly higher—please write for them.

Back issues available—ask tor our list."

TRS-80 is a trademark of Tandy Corporation. PRICES

California residents add 6% to single copies I year subscription $42.00

and anthologies. 6 month subscription $23.00

Programs are lor Level II I6K and Single copies $4.50

occasionally for 48K disks. Anthology-volunu- I $10.00

*24 Level I back issues also available. Anthology-volume I $ 1 5.00

Mastercharge/Visa Welcome Also Cash & Gold. Copyright CLOAD MAGAZINE 1980

MAGAZINE INC.

P.O. Box 1267

Goleta, CA 93017

(805) 964-2761

Circle 257 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980

315

vention Center, HoustonTX. This show will featureexhibits and seminars cover-ing network policy andmanagement for US and in-ternational users and car-riers; network architecture,software, and hardware;new developments; informa-tion appliances; and more.This conference is aimed atcommunications profes-sionals and carriers, serviceand hardware vendors whoare interested in combiningvoice, data, and messagesystems applications. Con-tact Communications Net-works '81, c/o The Con-ference Company, 60 AustinSt, Newton MA 02160, (617)964-4550.

January 14-19

The Forty-Second NationalAudio-Visual Conventionand Exhibit, Dallas Conven-tion Center, Dallas TX.Over 300 manufacturers andproducers of audio-visual,video and microcomputerhardware and software willbe exhibiting their products.

Seminars will cover market-ing and production ofaudio-visual items. For moreinformation, contact theNational Audio-VisualAssociation, 3150 Spring St,Fairfax VA 22031, (703)273-7200.

January 16-17

Microcomputer Conference,

Arizona State University,Tempe AZ. The goal of thismicrocomputer conference isto introduce educators tothe applications of com-puters in the classroom. Theemphasis of the conferenceis to provide an awarenessof microcomputers and theirimpact on society. For fur-ther information, contact DrGary G Bitter, Arizona StateUniversity, Payne 203,Tempe AZ 85281.

January 27-29Advanced SemiconductorEquipment Exposition, San

Jose Convention Center, SanJose CA. Over 100 ex-hibitors will feature equip-

ment at this trade show.The show's emphasis is onnew products and emergingtechnology in the semicon-ductor processing and pro-duction fields. ContactCartlidge & Associates, 491Macara Ave, Suite 1014,Sunnyvale CA 94086, (408)245-6870.

January 28-31

The Third IMMM/DataComm International JapanExpositon, Harumi Ex-positon Center, South Hall,Tokyo, Japan. Over 15,000scientists, design engineers,technical managers, applica-tions engineers, and otherspecialists are expected to at-tend this show. InternepconJapan/Semiconductor Inter-national is held concurrent-ly. The conference programwill include talks onmicrocomputer-controlleddata communicationssystems, peripheral inter-facing, software manage-ment, and more. Contact In-dustrial and Scientific Con-ference Management Inc,

Fifty %aisInnovation

n

st>

Co

nsu

flief

&e

ctro

nics

0pP°r

tun'

tie*

Lubbock Openings

Texas Instruments has immediate openings for the following positions:Educational Products Marketing Manager

Develop marketing strategy for microcomputer educational soft ware products. Performmarketing analysis and market segmentation studies. Select soft ware packages and establishschedule priorities. Identify and help si itmilate 3rd party software and course-ware develop-ment. Position data-base strategy to support educational requirements.

Position requires a BSorMBA in Education or Marketing and 3-5 years' experience in devel-oping or marketing computer-aided educational material for either institutional or industrialeducation environment.Software Products Marketing Engineer

Develop marketing strategy for microcomputer software products. Perforin marketing analysisand software package selection. Handle pricing, merchandising, and 3rd party softwaredevelopment negotiate his.

Position requires a BSEE or related field and IJ-ij years' experience in marketing planningsupport or management, preferably in the personal computer sector.Software Design Engineer

Duties include design, documenting, programming, integrating, and testing computerapplications software programs, and development of new and existing computer packages forretail marketing.

Position requires a I5K or MS in Computer Science, EE or related field, and t he ability toprogram in basic PASCAL and assembly level language.

Interested applicants should send resume in confidence to: Gary Sprehe P.O. Box KtoOS, M.S.5890/Lubbock, TX 7SM08.

Texas Instruments

I NCORPORATED

An equal opportunity employer M 1

222 W Adams St, ChicagoIL 60606, (312) 263-4866.

February 1981

February 2-5

The Second Middle EastElectronic CommunicationsShow and Conference,

Bahrain Exhibition Centre,Bahrain. This conferencewill cover communicationsresearch, technology, andadministration in satellitecommunications, digitalcommunications, networksand industrial systems, andbusiness communications.An exhibition will also beheld. Contact TMAC, 680Beach St, Suite 428, SanFrancisco CA 94109, (800)227-3477.

February 4-5

Computer and OfficeAutomation Show and Con-ference, Hyatt RegencyHotel, Vancouver, Canada.This conference will featuredata-processing equipment,small-business computers,computer peripheral prod-ucts, medium and high-speed copiers, word-proces-sing systems, and conven-tional office products andservices. Seminars on therole of computers ininformation management,electronic mail, data baseapplications, and otherrelated topics, will be given.Contact Whitsed PublishingLtd, Suite 1201, 55 Bloor StW, Toronto, Ontario,Canada M4W 3K2.

February 9-13

Reliability Engineering,Testing and MaintainabilityEngineering, University ofCalifornia at Los Angeles.This course is designed forreliability, product assur-ance, logistics, qualityassurance, and designengineers. The course is in-tended for those required todesign and to predict thereliability of components,equipment, and systems.The fee is $750. ContactContinuing Education inEngineering and Mathe-matics, UCLA Extension,POB 24901, Los Angeles CA90024, (213) 825-1047. ■

316

December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 258 on inquiry card.

Circle 259 on inquiry card.

A REFURBISHED ASCII TERMINAL OFFERED FOR THE FIRST TIMETO SMALL BUSINESS AND PERSONAL COMPUTER USERS.

The AJ 630. For just $495*you canhave a quiet thermal printer terminal.

Now, for less than the price of a good electric typewriter, youcan have your own personal ASCII printer terminal.

And the AJ 630 gives you a lot of features for interactivetimesharing, data entry/retrieval, and communications.

• A wide carriage—up to 140 characters per line

• Built-in lamp for paper illumination

• Upper and lowercase characters

• 128-character ASCII code set

• RS-232C interface

• Selectable 110, 150, or 300 bps operation

• Desktop portability

• 30-day warranty on parts and labor

Perhaps best of all, the AJ 630 is quiet. You can use itanywhere without disturbing anyone—in the office or athome. And we'll make it easy for you to pay—with cash,certified check, Master Charge, or Visa.

Call toll-free for more information and details on our10-day money back guarantee:**

800/538-9721

California residents call collect 408/263-8520, Extension 263.

Plus $50 for transportation, terminal checkout, and one 15" four hundred foot roll of paper'Excluding checkout charge of $50.Available only in the continental United States

ANDERSON

JACOB5DN

CP/M®1 - based Business Software for TRS-80®2 computers on . . .. . . the fastest Mod-ll CP/M with the most features!!!

• Over 610,000 bytes/disk

• Downloading package included

• 1,200 baud operation of serial

printers without data loss

• Single drive backup

MOD-II CP/M $250.00

• Mixed single/double density on any

of 4 drives (even a 1-drive system)

• Ultra-fast disk operation

• Emulation of cursor addressing for

any of several "dumb" CRTsMOD-I CP/M $150.00

• Auto-LF printer support & ASCII

top-of-form software (LRUI)

• Supplemental document describing

our implementation

• User-settable function keysCBASIC2®3 (Mod I or II) $110.00

The following software for Mod-ll CP/M only unless otherwise stated (*-requires CBASIC2):

RM/C0B0L"4 - Only COBOL for CP/M with alternate keys (multi-key ISAM), CRT screen handling, interactive debug, Z80 code, andthe most useful Level 2 features. Compatible with Tandy's

COBOL-but runs faster! $495.00

PMS (Property Management System) - Interactive, menu-drivensystem includes full G/L, budgeting, cash journal, delinquencylist, tenant activity/rent roll, complete audit trail and reports

on vacancies, lost rent, and vendors $650.00*

demo disk & manual 75.00*

APH (Automated Patient History) - General-purpose question-asking, answer-printing system furnished as self-administeredreview-of-systemsgeneral patient history(Mod-l also)... $175.00*

MAGIC WAND85 - Full-feature word processing, true proportionalspacing, file merging, and use of full-screen editor for source

programs or data $400.00

RPA (Residential Property Analysis) - Analyzes income and expense,financing, taxes, inflation and depreciation on home, condo, orapartments over a user-selectable time. Shows payoff in terms ofROI, Cap rate, cash-on-cash. Amortization schedules andworksheet $300.00*

demo disk & manual 35.00*

RBC (Rent/Buy Comparison) - Sales or investment tool to comparerenting and savings account investment vs. purchasing a particularproperty $250.00*

demo disk & manual 35.00*

Osborne & Assoc. CBASIC source programs (Mod-I also):

Payroll w/Cost Accounting $250.00* General Ledger w/Cash Journal $250.00*

Accts. Payable/Accts. Receivable $250.00* O&A CBASIC Books (ea.) $ 20.00

\ferbatim®6 media: (Qty. 100 prices)

5'A" single density

8" certified double density

$2.50 ea.$4.00 ea.

8" single density

450' tape cartridges

$ 3.00 ea.$20.00 ea.

8041 Newman Ave., Suite 208 lcHuntington Beach, CA 92647(714)848-1922

Registered trademark of:

r1 Digital Research

s2Tandy Corp.

!3Compiler Systems, Inc.

l4Ryan-McFarland Corp.

s5Small Business Applications, Inc.

»6Verbatim Corp.

Distributed in U.K. by:

Microcomputer Applications Ltd.

11, Riverside Court,

Caversham, Reading, England

TEL: (0734) 470425

BYTE December 1980

317

Ask BYTE

Conducted by Steve Ciarcia

Blowing in the Wind

Dear Steve,

I wish to interface adigital anemometer to myCromemco System III, but Ihave only a vague idea ofthe steps involved. I live ona windy hilltop and want tolog wind-velocity data (tohelp me select the best typeof windmill for electricalpower generation).

The anemometer that Ihave is a Trade-Wind ModelDIG78, manufactured byTrade-Wind Instruments,1076 Loraine St, Enumclaw,WA 98022. The indoordisplay unit shows windspeeds from 00 to 99 mph(miles per hour) either in-stantaneously or by max-imum gust encountered.This display uses CD4511

Figure 1

EXISTING ANEMOMETER

(LOW ORDER DIGIT)5

CD4511A B C D

7 12 6

(HIGH ORDER DIGIT)5

L£ CD4511A B C D

7 12 6

latch/decoder drives. (Seefigure 1.)

My general idea is toemploy some three-statebuffer circuits to transferBCD (binary-coded decimal)data from the anemometerto the computer, then loadthe data into the ac-cumulator with the IN in-struction. What portion ofthe anemometer electronicsshould I tie into7 WhatS-100 bus line should I useas a device-select signal7Paul Palaske

Interfacing an anemometerto a computer sounds likesomething I'd do. Connect-ing it to an S-100 computerisn't terribly difficult. Theaccompanying circuitdiagram should work, pro-vided Trade-Wind In-

COMPUTER INTERFACE

IC5CD4069

-L|>o!

AT

Al

eici

Dl

DIS1

DIS2

QjAQlBQlCQlDMRXMR2

02AQ2BQ2CQ2D

<-[>ci

struments used the devicesyou listed in the classicaltradition. It is not enough tosimply send the BCD signalsto the S-100 bus; they mustalso be latched and gated atthe proper time.

First, so that the computerknows what port it isreading, IC1 and 1C2 arewired to decode hexadecimalport FF. (If you preferanother address, refer to my"Circuit Cellar" article onparallel ports in the ]une1980 BYTE, page 37 "I/OExpansion for the TRS-80,Part 2: Serial Ports".) This

signal is used to gate theoutput of a dual 4-bit latch(IC4) onto the bus. Thislatch is necessary becausethere is no way to tell howlong the BCD-data signals inthe anemometer are valid. Itmay be only a microsecondor two. When the outputdigits are updated, they areautomatically latched intothe IC4 as well. In this way,computer-program executionspeed is independent of theelectronics in theanemometer. This circuitshould provide what youneed.... Steve

Number

Type

+ 5V

GND

IC1

74LS30

14

7

IC2

74LS00

14

7

IC3

74LS244

20

10

IC4

CD4508

24

12

IC5

CD4069

14

7

^

INPUT PORT FF HEXADECIMAL'1

<3i

Q

<7Jh

IC274LS00

■£

jsTjy

IC374LS244

u<z

ICl74LS30

<n

p

IC274LS00

O1

16 IT

£>»

-<n\

<a

<29]

122

-LIl>

-o

S-100BUS

A0AlA2A3A4A5A6A7

DI0DllDI2DI3

SINP

PDBIN

-ta:

-E>

DI4DI5DI6DI7

-fjoo>

318 December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 260 on inquiry card.

MODEL 18

THE MOST INTELLIGENT TERMINALAVAILABLE

MICROPROCESSOR CONTROLLED

DESIGNED FOR COMMUNICATIONS,NUMERICAL CONTROL ANDTYPESETTING APPLICATIONS.

CODE CONVERSIONS/

PROTOCOL CONVERSIONS

ASCII —

EIA (RS244I

ASCII —

BAUDOT

EBCDIC —

ASCII oi BAUDOT

"Tomorrow's Ideas in Today's Products."

Tl J

DRILLICK LAMANNA CORPORATION

280 Midland Avenue Saddle Brook, N.J. 07662 (201)791-1414

MODEL 300 MECHANISM

Available for OEM applications

|r RACET

computes -q702 PalmHale. Oranae CA 12665 - RACET computes - RACET SORTS - RACET UTILITIES

FROM THE LEADER IN UTILITY SOFTWARE

FORTHETRS* COMPUTERS

** NEW ** HARD/SOFT DISK SYSTEM (MOD II) $400

The Hard Disk Software Implementation You Have Been WaitingFor!! MOD II TRSDOS compatible — using Cameo controllerinterface to popular large hard disk fixed/removable combinations(Ampex, CDC, Diablo, Pertec, Wanco, etc.). Compatible with yourexisting programs — change only 'filename'. All disk BASIC state-ments identical. Improved dynamic file allocation. A single file canbe as large as one disk — 20 megabytes or larger. Alternate modeallows 24-million byte record range. Directory expandable to handlethousands of files! Includes special XCOPY, DCS, and SZAPutilities for use with hard or soft disks. Parameterized FORMATutility includes options for specifying the number of sectors/track,platters/drive, sectors/granule, sectors/directory, etc.*• NEW •* BASIC LINK FACILITY'BLINK' $25 Mod I

(Modi Min32K 1-disk) $50 Mod II

Link from one BASIC program to another saving all variables! Thenew program can be smaller or larger than the original program inmemory. The chained program may either replace the originalprogram, or can be merged by statement number. The statementnumber where the chained program execution is to begin may bespecified!

INFINITE BASIC (Mod I Tape or Disk) $49.95

Extends Level II BASIC with complete MATRIX functions and 50more string functions. Includes RACET machine language sorts!Sort 1000 elements in 9 seconds!! Select only functions you wantto optimize memory usage.

INFINITE BUSINESS (Requires Infinite BASIC) $29.95

Complete printer pagination controls — auto headers, footers,page numbers. Packed decimal arithmetic — 127 digit accuracy+ ,-, *, /. Binary search of sorted and unsorted arrays. Hash codes.BASIC CROSS REFERENCE UTILITY (Mod II 64K) $50.00

SEEK and FIND functions for Variables, Line Numbers, Strings,Keywords. 'AM' options available for line numbers and variables.Load from BASIC — Call with 'CTRL'R. Output to screen or printer!

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

< Circle reader request for free 24-page catalog.

RACET SORTS - RACET UTILITIES - RACET computes - RACET SORTS - RACET UTILITIES -

Circle 261 on inquiry card.

- RACET computes - RACET SORTS - RACET UTILITIES - RACET computes - RACET

DSM $75.00 Mod I, $150.00 Mod II

(Mod I Min 32K 2-drive system. Mod II 64K 1-drive)Disk Sort/Merge for RANDOM files. All machine language stand-alone package for sorting speed. Establish sort specification insimple BASIC command File. Execute from DOS. Only operatoraction to sort is to change diskettes when requested! Handlesmultiple diskette files! Super fast sort times — improved disk I/Otimes make this the fastest Disk Sort/Merge available on Mod I orMod II.

UTILITY PACKAGE (Mod II 64K) $150.00

Important enhancements to the Mod II. The file recovery capabilitiesalone will pay for the package in even one application! Fullydocumented in 124 page manual! XHIT, XGAT, XCOPY andsuperzap are used to reconstruct or recover data from baddiskettes! XCOPY provides multi-file copies, 'wild-card' maskselect, absolute sector mode and other features. SUPERZAPallows examine/change any sector on diskette include track-0, andabsolute disk backup/copy with I/O recovery. DCS builds con-solidated directories from multiple diskettes into a single displayor listing sorted by disk name or file name plus more. ChangeDisk ID with DISKID. XCREATE preallocates files and sets 'LOF'to end to speed disk accesses. DEBUGII adds single step, trace,subroutine calling, program looping, dynamic disassembly and more!!

DEVELOPMENT PACKAGE (Mod II 64K) $125.00

Includes RACET machine language SUPERZAP, Apparat Dis-assembler, and Model II interface to the Microsoft 'EditorAssembler Plus' software package including uploading servicesand patches for Disk I/O. Purchase price includes complete copyof Editor Assembler + and documentation for Mod I. Assembledirectly into memory, MACRO facility, save all or portions ofsource to disk, dynamic debug facility (ZBUG), extended editorcommands.

COMPROC(Modl — Disk only) $19.95

Command Processor. Auto your disk to perform any sequence ofinstructions that you can give from the keyboard. DIR, FREE,pause, wait for user input, BASIC, NO OF FILES and MEM SIZE,RUN program, respond to input statements, BREAK, return toDOS, etc. Includes lowercase driver, debounce, screenprint!

CHECK. VISA, M/C C [I II . PURCHASE 0RDEF1TBlBphono Ordflfs Accnplod |71*| 637-5016

RACET computes — RACET SORTS

RACET UTILITIES - RACET computes -BYTE December 1980

319

Interfacing a Joystick

Dear Steve,

I would like to interfacean Atari joystick (made upof simple switches, notpotentiometers) to the inputport of my Exidy Sorcerermicrocomputer. I don'tbelieve the software will bedifficult, but do I hook upthe "common" wire fromthese switches to +5 V, andeach lead to an input bit onthe port7 Are "tie-up"resistors required?Richard Legault

Although I am notfamiliar with the Sorcerer, Iassume that the input port isTTL (transistor-transistorlogic) or LSTTL (low-powerSchottky TTL); if so, I sug-gest that you attach a pull-up resistor and switch toeach bit as shown in thediagram (see figure 2). Whenthe switch is open, a logic 1is presented to the inputport; when the switch isclosed, a logic 0 ispresented Steve

Figure 2

TO

PARALLEL

PORT

TO +5V

"FIRE" <~j-GROUND <^ \

construct should be ofreasonable cost ($50 or so),show the basic workings ofa microprocessor, and stillbe of some use to me in myhome or on my farm. Theunit could also incorporatephotoelectric or heat-sensordevices. I have failed so farto find anything that fulfillsmy requirements. Do youknow of any plans or kitsthat are close to what I amdescribing?

I would very muchappreciate it if you couldspare some time and dosome searching for me. Myscience fair is about a monthaway, so I need your adviceas soon as possible.Kevin Meysenburg

/ can think of a few waysfor you to build an under$50 computer, but not inless than a month. To keepcosts down, it would haveto be built from scratch. If itused a printed-circuit board,it would be much moreexpensive. There have beencircuits for microcomputersin BYTE and other maga-

zines many times within thepast three years. 1 suggestyou check the back issues orrequest an index from themagazines.

Once you have a circuit,you will still need the parts.You may be unaware thatsome companies, notablyIntel, practically give awaywhole computers in thename of education. Write toIntel Corporation, callingattention of the productmanager to the particularmicroprocessor you areinterested in, and ask aboutthe price and delivery of"University Kits." These arefunctional, cosmetically re-jected devices that are prac-tically given away for anominal handling charge. In1976, people were getting8080A kits includingprogrammable memory,EPROMS (erasable program-mable read-only memories),and I/O (input/output)devices, worth about $800from the distributors, for$20. I'm sure other com-panies have the same in-terest in supporting theschools Steve

Periodical Guide

Dear Steve,

I am currently building aCentral Data 2650 computersystem, which uses S-100circuit boards for memoryand I/O (input/output).Could you please send me alist of construction articlesthat have appeared in BYTEand other magazines thatmight help me7Kenneth Johnston

It sounds to me as thoughyou need a good periodicalguide. I suggest that youorder a complete set of thePeriodical Guide for Com-puterists, E Berg Publica-tions, 14751 112th Ave NE,Kirkland WA 98033.

The guides start in 1975,and cost between $5 and $6per year thru 1979. They in-

clude both subject andauthor indexes for over 9800articles from BYTE, Elec-tronics, Computer Design,Radio Electronics, andtwenty other magazines.

The guides include listingsunder such varied topics asconstruction, languages, androbotics. These guidesshould help you find whatyou want....Steve

Quick and Cheap

Dear Steve,

For my high schoolscience fair project, I aminterested in building amicrocomputer to show theadvantages and uses of amicroprocessor. I have notbeen able to find suitableplans, and I think that youcan help me.

The unit I would like to

In "Ask BYTE," Steve Ciarcia answers questions on artyarea of microcomputing. The most representative questionsreceived each month will be answered and published. Doyou have a nagging problem? Send your inquiry to:

Ask BYTE

c/o Steve Ciarcia

POB 582

Glastonbury CT 06033If you are a subscriber to The Source, send your questionsby electronic mail or chat with Steve (TCE317) directly. Dueto the high volume of inquiries, personal replies cannot begiven. Be sure to include "Ask BYTE" in the address.

Give to the college of^ ; r your choice.

i B7 Council lor Financial Aid to Education. IncAfc 680 Fifth Avenue. New York. NY. 10019

• | A Public Service of This Magazine& The Advertising Council

320 December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

INVEST IN PRODUCTIVITY

Are you responsible for introducing modernoffice systems into yourorganization?

Is your department going to be a user of suchsystems?

Do you design, plan, make, or market suchsystems?

If so, you should plan now to attend the secondannual Office Automation Conference in Houston,Texas, March 23-25.

More than a showcase for the latest office auto-mation equipment, the Conference provides aunique forum in which you can learn from expertshow to harness and integrate today's worksaving

THE 1981 OFFICE

AUTOMATION

CONFERENCE

HOUSTON, TEXAS

MARCH 23-25

devices for maximum gains in productivity

In addition to 150 informative exhibits, you'll beable to attend over 50 special learning sessions.Sessions covering topics as diverse as: FeasibilityStudies...Organizational Impact...Electronic Mail...Teleconferencing...Merger of Voice withText andData... State of the Art inWord Processing.

Don't miss this opportunity to see and hearwhat's new in office automation and turn what youlearn into greater productivity for you.

Beat the crowds. Beat the lines. Send the couponfor advance registration, housing and travel.

See you in Houston!

TO: OFFICE AUTOMATION CONFERENCEc/o AFIPS, 1815 N. Lynn St., Arlington, VA 22209

DSend me housing, travel, and registration inlNAME

:ormation

COMPANY

STREET

CITY

STATE

ZIP

Circle 262 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980

321

Circle 263 on inquiry card.

SciTronics introduces ...

REAL TIME CLOCKS

with full Clock/Calendar Functions

The Worry-free Clocks for PeopleWho Don't Have Time to Worry!!

What makes them worry-free?

• Crystal controlled for high(.002%) accuracy

• Lithium battery backup for contin-uous clock operation (6000 hrs!!!)

• Complete software in BASIC-including programs to Set andRead clock

• Clock generates interrupts(seconds, minutes, hour) forforeground/background operation

Applications:

• Logging Computer on time

• Timing of events

• Use it with the SciTronics RemoteController for Real Time controlof A.C. operated lights and ap-pliances

Versions available for:

• S-100 bus computers

• Apple II computer

• SciTronics RC-80owners

RTC-100 $159

RTC-A $129

RC-BOCK $109

send SciTronics Inc.

check or 523 s cleweU St> p o. Box 5344o"rd"ryio- Bethlehem, PA 18015

(215) 868-7220

Please list system with which you plan to usecontroller • Master Charge and Visa accepted.COD's accepted. PA residence add sales tax.

ti»-8o;pet;apple® sorcerer9

Communications Interface Systems

-I I

/M4CROTRONics,

Send & Receive RTTY / CW.Complete Hardware & Software PackageExtensive User Manuals. ■

From $129. _4* ti.li€%0

User Manuals. J**l 111

interface /*v*

|n*^" TRS-80 is a recognized trademark ot Tandy Cotpoi

TRS-80 is a recognized trademark ot Tandy Corporation.PET Is a recognized trademark ot Commodore International.APPLE Is a recognized trademark ot APPLE COMPUTER.EXIOY SORCERER is o recognized trademark ot EXIDY. Inc.

>VMCROTRONICS, inc. ®

1125 N. Golden State Blvd. / Suite GTurlock, CA 95380 (A)(209) 667-2888 / 634-8888We are experiencing telephone difficulties, please keep trying

California residents add 6% tax

CooksReceived

Beginning FORTRAN. JoeW McKinley. Portland OR:Matrix Publishers, 1980.15.5 by 23 cm (6 by 9inches), 240 pages, soft-cover, ISBN 0-916460-11-8,$9.95.

The B&OK Accessing theTRS-80 ROM. Raymond EDaly IV, Stephen C Hill,Roy Soltoff, Thomas BStibolt Jr, Richard P Wilkes.Springfield VA: InsidersSoftware Consultants Inc,1980. 22 by 27.5 cm (81/! by103/« inches), 126 pages,softcover, ISBN- none,$24.95.

Compiler Design andConstruction. Arthur BPyster, PhD. New York:Van Nostrand ReinholdElectrical/Computer Scienceand Engineering Series,1980. 15.5 by 23 cm (6 by 9inches), 384 pages, hard-cover, ISBN 0-442-24394-4,$24.50.

Computing Principles andTechniques. B Vickery.Philadelphia PA: Heyden &Son, 1979. 15.5 by 22 cm (6by 8V2 inches), 182 pages,hardcover, ISBN0-85274-505-2, $24.

The CP/M Handbookwith MP/M. Rodnay Zaks.Berkeley CA: Sybex Inc,1980. 13.1 by 22 cm (5% by8V2 inches), 324 pages, soft-cover, ISBN 0-89588-048-2,$13.95.

Design of Solid-StatePower Supplies, second edi-tion. Eugene Hnatek. NewYork: Van NostrandReinhold, 1980. 15.6 by 23.5cm (6% by 9V4 inches), 621pages, hardcover, ISBN0-442-23429-5, $27.50.

The 8086 Book. RussellRector, George Alexy.Berkeley CA: Osborne/McGraw-Hill, 1980. 16.5 by23.5 cm (6V2 by 91/) inches),249 pages, softcover, ISBN0-931988-29-2, $9.95.

Foundations of Program-ming with Pascal. LawrieMoore. Somerset NJ: JohnWiley & Sons, 1980. 16 by23.5 cm (6V4 by W* inches),238 pages, hardcover. ISBN0-470-27022-5, $47.95.

322 December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 264 on inquiry card.

How to Do Your OwnAccounting for a SmallBusiness. Robert R Milliron.Wilmington DE: EnterprisePublishing Inc, 1980. 22 by28 cm (8V2 by 11 inches),178 pages, hardcover, ISBN0-913864-34-X, $9.95. Apractice manual for thisbook is $5.95.

Introduction to theComputer. Jeffrey Frates,William Moldrup.Englewood Cliffs NJ:Prentice-Hall Inc, 1980. 18.5by 24.5 cm {7V* by 9Viinches), 449 pages, hard-cover, ISBN 0-13-480301-9,$17.95.

Journal of DigitalSystems, volume 4. WaldoG Magnuson Jr. PotomacMD: Computer SciencePress Inc, 1980. 15.5 by 23cm (6 by 9 inches), 106pages, softcover, ISBN 01954350, price individual $45,company $65.

Mathematics for Businessand Economics with Com-puting. Frank Scalzo.Princeton NJ: PetrocelliBooks, 1980. 16 by 23.5 cm(6V* by 9V, inches), 388pages, hardcover, ISBN0-89433-039-X, $27.

Microcomputer Inter-facing. Bruce A Artwick.Englewood Cliffs NJ:Prentice-Hall Inc, 1980. 18.5by 24.5 cm (7V, by 9Viinches), 341 pages, hard-cover, ISBN 0-13-580902-9,$21.95.

Microcomputer Inter-facing. G Jack Lipovski.Lexington MA: LexingtonBooks, 1980. 15.5 by 23 cm(6 by 9 inches), 426 pages,hardcover, ISBN0-669-03619-6, $24.95.

Microcomputers for Exter-nal Devices. James AGupton Jr. Portland OR:Dilithium Press, 1980. 14 by20.5 cm (5Vi by 8% inches),279 pages, softcover, ISBN0-918398-28-2, $13.95.

Microprocessor SystemsDesign and Applications.Dave Bursky. Rochelle ParkNJ: Hayden Book CompanyInc, 1980. 22 by 28 cm (8V2by 11 inches), 192 pages,softcover, ISBN0-8104-0976-3, $9.95.

Pathways Through theROM, Guide to Level IIBASIC and DOS. Robert MRichardson, Roger Fuller,

Circle 265 on inquiry card.

FINDING SOLUTIONS

AND BEING COMPETITIVE

IS OUR BUSINESS.

Having problems and looking for a

computer to help solve them?

Are you finding computer dealers

come in one of two ways? Either

Full system support with Full price

or Take it or Leave it with Low

price. At Omega we don't believe

that you should have to make a

choice. Yes, we're in business to sell

products but also, to solve your

problems. Our prices will be the

lowest possible. Our support and

product quality will be second to none. Check out our Mail Order prices in this

ad (our retail prices will be higher). See if you don't agree with our first claim.

For our second claim, call us with your data processing needs and problems.

Better yet, come in and see us. Finding solutions and being competitive is our

business. We never forget either of them.

[apple computer

Authorized Dealer

APPLE II "PLUS'

16K48K

S 929.951079.95

Apple tl Accessories:

Disk II with Controller & 3.3 DOS S535.00

Disk II 2nd drive 435.00

Graphics Tablet 665.00

Language System with PASCAL 395.00

Silentype Printer w/lnl 489.00

Integer Firmware Card 152.00

Z-80 Softcard 259.00

Videx Videoterm 80 col Card 279.00

Sanyo 12" Green Monitor 279.00

Mail Order Terms of Sale: Price based on prepaid orders. Visa or Master Charge orders may have service charge addedto purchase price. No CODs. Allow 14 working days for personal and company checks to clear All orders (unlessspecified in ad) within Continental U. S. shipped U.P.S. no charge. APO or out of Continental U S. write or call forshipping charges All prices subject to change and all offers subjeel to withdrawl without notice. CA residents add 6°o

OMEGA MIQflO BOMPUTEftt

Calculators: ($2.00 shippinc

charge)

Hewlet Packard

HP-85 CALL

HP-41C .

S269.00

HP-67 S299.00

HP-97 . . .

. . 589.00

HP-34C 127.00

HP-38C .

. . 127.00

Texas Instruments

TI-58C 109.00

TI-59 .

. 209.00

Cannon

P10-D . .80.00

P7-D

80.00

Sharp

6200 98.00

5813

... 35.00

5100 89.00

5102

80.00

The Problem Solving Company

1447 Torrance Boulevard • Torrance, California 90501 • [213) 370-9456

Introducing ...

"INDex

system—one

MINDexCHANGEsoftsources

System—one is a Pascal based informationstorage and retrieval system. Softsources areready made databases of computingresources, contract clauses, bibliographicreferences, and more.

miXDc\ is suitable for the researcher, lawyer,contractor, educator, and student, Virtuallyanyone assembling or accessing text basedinformation may benefit fiom this versatileand productive information managementtool.

mINDw* can scan volumes of data for youand extract what is most relevant to yourneeds.

mINDmx is designed to adapt to your specialvocabulary through a simple dictionary of keywords or through a more complex but effec-tive thesaurus of key concepts as defined byassociated word groups.

wj/VDkk can assist a legal practice or con-tractor's office in the generation of legaldocuments from standard clauses, and insearching case briefs for legal precedents.

'HMD,

oimFciiisajjsltfEinms

mtNBta Features:

■ Variable length text records which mayspan files and disks to accommodatelarge databases.

■ Ranked retrieval in order of closest matchto your inquiry.

■ Interactive inquiry as well as retrieval frominquiry archive files.

■ Fully automatic association of your keywords to all or a selected range of textrecords.

■ Optional indexing on all text in a record oron delimited key word groups and theability to suppress key group output.

■ Formatting and output controls withspecifiable destination.

Introductory prices:

"va'Wp* system — one. for UCSDPascal 1.5. II.0, or PASCAL/M withsample databases and manual . .$ 175

■WDn manual only $ 20

MINDexCHANGE softsources from $ 25

prices vary with database, please in-quire for specifics.

Contact; mtMD#* infosystems

81 Centennial Loop, Suite AEugene, Oregon 97401Ph: (503)485-5827

Shipped on 8" single-densitysoft sectored diskettes.

UCSD Pascal is a registered trademark of The Regents of the University of California. PASCAUM is a trademark of Sorcim.

Circle 266 On inquiry card. December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 323

John T Phillipp, GeorgeBlank, and John Hartford.Milford NH: SoftsidePublications, 1980. 22 by 28cm (8V2 by 11 inches), 116pages, softcover, ISBN-none, $19.95.

The Personal ComputerBook. Robin Bradbeer. WestYorkshire, England: MCBPublications, 1980. 15 by 21cm (53/4 by 8Vt inches), 210pages, softcover, ISBN0-905897-56-0. $15.

Theory and Design ofDigital Computer Systems.

Douglas Lewin. EnglewoodCliffs NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc,1980. 38 by 59.5 cm (15Viby 23V2 inches), 472 pages,softcover, ISBN0-470-26959-6, $21.95.

What to Do After YouHit Return. People's Com-puter Company. RochellePark NJ: Hay den BookCompany Inc, 1980. 25.5 by36 cm (10 by 14 inches), 180pages, softcover, ISBN0-8104-5476-9, $14.95.

Your First Computer: AGuide to Business and Per-

sonal Computing. RodnayZaks. Berkeley CA: SybexInc, 1980. 14 by 22 cm (5V2

by 8Vi inches), 260 pages,softcover, ISBN0-89588-045-8, $7.95.■

These lists are of books and software packages received by BYTEPublications during the past month. The list of books is not meant tobe exhaustive; its purpose is to acquaint our readers with recentlypublished titles of interest. The list of software is correct to the bestof our knowledge, but it is not meant to be a full description of theproduct. The form and version of the product as received by BYTEPublications is that listed here. The software list makes no commenton the quality or usefulness of the software. If you send us software,include the list price and note other distribution formats. We regretthat we cannot review every book and software package we receive.

Meet Fast Eddie He got hisnickname because his typing wasdocked at more than 80 words perminute Unfortunately, every fourthword or so was misspelled Whichmeant Fast Eddie's mind far out-paced his fingers Fast Eddie wasalso fond of changing his text a-round words, sentences, evenwhole paragraphs By the time he'dfinish wnting something. Fast Ed-die's masterpiece looked morelike a jigsaw puzzle

But then Eddie discoveredWORDSTAR, the word processingsystem that turned his CP'M systeminto a word processor rivaJingXerox or Wang Now he fliesthrough his text, making changesat will and producing perfect finalcopies

But there was more in store forFast Eddie' He found that he couldenter and edit computer code withgrace and ease seldom found inresident editing programs

We thought we'd lose Fast whenhe added MailMerge to WORD-STAR, creating customized letters,boilerplate text, mailing lists, andchained printing Space Invaderstost its allure. Fast Eddie began topreach the wonders of Wordstar.

To keep the guy happy, we lethim put on this sale so he couldspread the word about WORD-STAR.

WORDSTAR 2.1List, $495Microhouse Price: $349.95

EDDIE'S EXTRAS..MailMerge

List: $150

Microhouse Price: $130.00

NEC 5510 (RS232 serial mteface)or 5530 (Parallel/Centronics-typeinterface) SPINWRITERbst $3055

Microhouse Price: $2459TELEVIDEO 912 CRT List: $895Microhouse Price: $759

INDUSTRIAL MICRO SYSTEMS

Series 5000 Computer, Z80-basedCP/M, S-100 bus with 12-slotmotherboard, (2) SSDD 6V4" diskdnves for 300K storage (chassiswill hold up to three drives and canbe hooked up to IMS's Hard Disksystem for up to 96 megabytes olon-line storage,), 48K RAM (ex-pandable to 256K). two RS232serai ports and one parallel port.standardMicrohouse Price: $2821.20

PRICES AND SPECIFICATIONS

SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE

MASTER CARD OR VISA WELCOME

511 NORTH NEW STREET

BETHLEHEM PA 18018

215-86S-821S

THE S-100 PACKAGE includesWordstar 2.1. NEC 5500 Spin-writer, and MicroPro I/O Master(which makes the 5500 OEMSpinwriter outperform its higher-priced counterparts) LIST: $3790Microhouse Special: $2,769.

FAST EDDIE'S COMPLETEWORD PROCESSING SYSTEM is

a ful-btown S-100 computer systemincluding commercial-strength In-dustrial Micro Systems Series 5000(Z80. 48K RAM) Computer withtwo single-sided, double-density5'/' disk drives (list: $3050),Televideo 91 2C CRT (list $895),NEC 5500 Spinwriter with 1,0Master (list: $3295) and Wordstar2 1 (list $495)Total list value: $7735,Microhouse Special: $6235.SAVE $1500

MICROHOUSEPRESENTS:

PAST EDDIE& THE WORDPROCESSINGSALE.

CALL OR WRITE FOR FREE CATALOG

Microhouse

SoftwspeReceived

B17 Tape OperatingSystem. Cassette-basedutility for the TRS-80.Cassette, $22. ABS Sup-pliers, POB 8297, AnnArbor MI 48107.

EasyWriter (ProfessionalSystem). Word processor forApple II with 80-columnvideo board. Floppy disk,$150. Information UnlimitedSoftware, 281 ArlingtonAve, Berkeley CA 94707.

UltraMon. Assembly-language monitor for theTRS-80. Cassette, $24.95.International Association ofProgrammers, POB 4211,Manchester NH 03103.

Write-On II. Word-processing software forApple II. Floppy disk, $150.Rainbow Computing, 9719Reseda Blvd, NorthridgeCA 91324.

Zork: The GreatUnderground Empire, Part I.Adventure game for theTRS-80. Floppy disk,$39.95. Personal Software,1330 Bordeaux Dr, Sun-nyvale C A 94086. ■

Cancer isoften curable.

The fearofcancer isoften fatal.

324 December 1980 S BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 267 on inquiry card.

Circle 268 on inquiry card.

BYTE's Bits

Education

Foundation Awards

Microcomputer

Equipment

The Apple EducationFoundation has awardedtwenty-five recipients morethan $150,000 of microcom-puter equipment. Thirty-fivemicrocomputer systems wereawarded for projects at allscholastic levels, from ele-mentary school to theuniversity level, and formedical and special-educa-tion projects. A grand prizewill be awarded to the in-stitution or individual thatdemonstrates the most out-standing example of pro-gram development leadingto improved educationthrough the use of micro-computers.

These systems are beingused in university biologystudy projects for develop-ing and testing programs ingenetics and cell meta-bolism, developing softwarefor laboratory courses inpsychology and education,assisting teachers in planningphysical-education trainingfor handicapped children,translating and adaptingcomputer-assisted music pro-grams to microcomputers,and developing programs forbusiness forecasting andplanning. Besides the uses inthe universities, the systemsare being employed inspecial educational areas toteach programming;time/money managementfor mentally disabled,prevocational students; typ-ing; and to develop pro-grams for autistic children.The systems are being usedin elementary schools toteach and develop founda-tions in all academicdisciplines.

The Apple EducationFoundation, chartered in1979, is a nonprofit corpora-tion established to supportand develop new methods oflearning through the use ofmicrocomputers. Most ofthe systems provided under

ASCII encoded keyboards:as low as $69*

New lighter touch for

RCA VP-600 series ASCII keyboards are available in two formats. You canchoose either a 58-key typewriter format. Or a 74-key version which includesan additional 16-key calculator-type keypad. Both can be ordered withparallel or serial output.

These keyboards, redesigned for lighter key activation and improvedtyping capability, feature modern flexible membrane key switches withcontact life rated at greater than 5 milion operations. Plus two key rollovercircuitry. A finger positioning overlay. And an on-board tone generator thatgives aural key press feedback.

The unitized keyboard surface is spillproof and dustproof. This plus highnoise immunity CMOS circuitry makes these boards particularly suited foruse in hostile environments.

Parallel output keyboards have 7-bit buffered,TTL compatible output.Serial output keyboards have RS 232C compatible, 20mA current loop and TTLcompatible asynchronous outputs with 6 selectable baud rates. All operatefrom 5 V DC, excluding implementation of RS 232C.

For more information contact RCA CustomerService, New Holland Avenue, Lancaster, PA 17604.Or call our toll-free number: 800-233-0094.

'Optional user price for VP-601 Dealer and OEM pricing available.

RCA

ARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCE

C/PM®

For Your

or

S-100 SYSTEM

"SHIVA""' is a highly-sophisticated VIRTUALPERSONALITY™ multi-level multi-user multi-tasking executive (operating system) for S-100 based systems. It providesyour microcomputer system immediately with power comparable to that of large-frame maxi-computers for a remarkably small price, yet SHIVA7" requiressurprisingly little R.A.M. area, and is conversational!!! SHIVA's™ English-likeinput/output is interactive, dynamic, and may be reconfigured or expanded by theuser. And SHIVA7" gives you the freedom to expand indefinitely ... with tremendoushardware and software choice: SHIVA7" supports hard disks and floppies... R.A.M.addressing beyond 64 kilobytes . . . time-sharing . . . multi-level user-reconfigurablepassword protection ... and features shell-commands similar to UNIX® in structure!!SHIVA7" is compatible with C/PMR and C/DOS® for easy implementation and nearuniversal software support!!! SHIVA7" is available for 8080, 8085, MC6800, 6502, andZ80®'-based systems.

Versions are in development for ZILOG Z8000® 16-BIT, INTEL 8086® and INTELiApx-432® 32-BIT PROCESSORS . . .

And Omega Research7" is dedicated to non-obsolescence and system superiority insoftware choice .... SHIVA7" supports BASIC, FORTRAN, COBOL, a MACRO-ASSEMBLER, DATA BASE MANAGEMENT, ALGOL-60, PASCAL.... interfacesin development for UNIX®, C, LISP, PL/I, APL, and RT-11"".

And needless to say, SHIVA'" is very fast

SHIVA™ $350 - Available on 8" I.B.M. Soft-Sectored Disks and 5" C/DOS®

(Cromemco) Diskettes. Includes complete Documentation. . .

M.C. & Visa orders accepted

'■SHIVA™." "VIRTUAL-PERSONALITY™," and "OMEGA RESEARCH™" are trademarks of OMEGA RESEARCH."RT-11"" is a trademark of DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORPORATION."UNIX- " is a trademark of BELL I.ABORATORIES"CP/M-"isa trademark of DIGITAL RESEARCH OF CALIFORNIA■■C/DOS-" is a trademark of CROMEMCO, Inc."Z-80" " and "Z-8000" are trademarks of ZILOG, Inc."INTEL-" is a trademark of INTEL CORPORATION

No shipments prior to return of signed softwarelicense agreement. For detailed information on"SHIVA ," send $1.00 postage and handling to

CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS ADD 6% SALES TAX

OMEGA RESEARCH

P.O. Box 479

Linden, Ca. 95236

(209) 334-6666

9am to 5pm Mon.-Fri.

Circle 269 on inquiry card.

December 1980 15) BYTE Publications Inc 325

(212) 986-7690

MAIL ORDER ONLY

MitrO Computer Your One Stop For. . .Quality and Huge Saving*

i»ncro \_umpuier ■■ ■ •

DISCOUNT

QUALITY • DELIVERY • SERVICE

60 £. 42nd St. Suite 411 New York, NY 10017

CENTRONICS

CALL FOR PRICES

PAPER TIGER

440G - $895

d"

APF

IMl - $4951M2 - $988

XYMEC

HQ 1000 - $2395

COMMODORE

8K - $72916K - $88832K - $10882022 - $6952040-$10888050- $14358032 - $1495

NECSPINWRITER

5510 - $27955520 - $2990

APPLE

16K - $ 95948K-$1059

Disk - $529Other Products Avail

SUPERBRAIN*

*32K - $244564K - $264564KQD - $3395*32K add-in memory

only $10 with

purchase

*XEROX

1740 RO- $26191740 SR -$29951750 RO-$27951750 KSR-$31701730 -$2195

MAIL ORDER ONLY

Send Certified Check (Personal or Company Checks require 2 weeks to clear.)We pay all shipping and insurance charges except items marked with asterisk.VISA. MasterCharge add 5% N.Y.S. Residents add appropriate sales tax.

* (DENOTES ITEMSSHIPPED FOB. NYC)

PHONE (212) 986-7690

Introducing

The

BcrchmarK

WORD

PROCESSING

SYSTEM

THE BENCHMARK software system sets new standards in word processing. First, itcan be delivered to run on the CP/ M or the North Star DOS, so there may be no need tobuy a special operating system. Second, it has all the features of systems costingthousands of dollars more. Third, the price is as low as, or lower than, most wordprocessing systems.

Anyone can learn to run and use THE BENCHMARK in one day of self training.Completely self-prompting in English. THE BENCHMARK is a full capability wordprocessor, has been thoroughly tested in an office environment and proved to meet theneeds of the most sophisticated user.

• Multi-operating system • Overtype - erases, corrects

• Changes terminal drivers • Variable, electronic decimal tab

• Customized to utilize all the • Screen menus simplify operationfeatures of terminal S. printer • Block move and get

ONLY

$499

plus taxwhere applicable

THE BENCHMARK is distributed exclusively by R&B Computer Systems. Dealerinquiries are invited.

IX n Computerl6l) Systems"

1954 E. University Tempe, Arizona 85281

1-800-528-7385 AZ-602-968-7101

THE BENCHMARK is a trademark of Metasoft Corporation

the grants are Apple IImicrocomputers. Other con-tributing organizations areBell & Howell, MountainComputer Inc, HeuristicsInc, Integral Data SystemsInc, Interactive StructuresInc, ABW Inc, and Videx.For more information, con-tact Apple Education Foun-dation, 20863 Stevens CreekBlvd, Cupertino CA 95014,(408) 255-3295.

Microcomputer UserSoftware Library

The Home ComputerLibrary is a service lendinglibrary for users of TRS-80and Apple microcomputers.The Library lends books andsoftware by mail, and plansto expand its services to in-clude other microcomputersand systems, such as theAtari, PET, and Texas In-struments machines. Annualmembership in the Library is$20, with a thirty-daymoney-back guarantee.Members can borrow booksand software of their choicefor a three-week period.There is a rental charge,which is usually $1 to $5.Emphasis is on stocking theLibrary with educational,small-business and home-application software.Members also have theopportunity to communicatedirectly with softwareauthors and marketers aswell as personal-computermanufacturers through theFeedback service, whichsurveys members for sugges-tions, changes, and addi-tions they would like to seein hardware and software.For details, contact TheHome Computer Library,Department B, 1469 RosenaAve, Madison OH 44057,(216) 428-6163.■

ONE DISEASEYOU CAN'TCATCH!

HUNTINGTON'SDISEASE

NATIONAL HIWT1NCT0WS DISEASE ASSOCIATIONSuiieSOi 1441 BroadwayNew York NY 10018213-966-4320

326 December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Micrograph continued:

Listing 1: The second third of the firmware for Micrograph control, written for the Z80 microprocessor used in the prototype. Thefirst fifteen pages of this listings were given in Part 1 of this article. The remaining portion of the firmware will be included in January1981 BYTE's final installment of this series, along with a description of the software and an explanation of its use.

931 ! E (TEMPORARY)

932 f H (POINTER;'

933 ; I... (POINTER)

934 !

935 i I/O PORT D (DISPLAY CONTROL)

936 ',

93 7 ! SI RUf; 1 URES GDR ( GRftPHI C D I SPLAY RE61ST ERS )9 3 8 "t

939 L REG ; AND 0000 111 1 B i CI...EftR 0P C0DE

9 40 CP 000011.11B JTEST FOR RESET

94 1 JP Z , RE8"I ftRT ! RESE1 IF GDR1 59 42 LD LrA ?LOAD LOAD BYTE94 3 LD HrO ?CLEAR POINTER

944 LD DE»STRUCTfGDR J SET UP BASE ADDRESS

945 ADD HL.DE ? ADD BASE. ADDRESS9 46 CALL FETCH ?GET THE DATA94? LD (HI...) rft JSAVE THE DATA948 LD A, ( IX*GDR.1.4) ?GET DISPLAY CONTROL9 4 9 0 U "I ( D ) . A J SEN T T H E D ft T A

950 RET : RETURN

951 ;

953 J

954 J LSUB LOADS A SUBROUTINE INTO RAM AI THE. SPECIFIED9 55 ! ADDRESS AND WITH THE SPECIFIED LENGTH. LSUB FIRST

956 J GETS THE SUBROUTINE NUMBER. THEN SETS THE LENGTH

957 ; IN SLONG,. THE SUBROUTINE ADDRESS IS SAVED IN SLINK,,

958 ! GEIBLK IS THEN GALLED TO READ IN THE DATA.

11 >■/

L60F

0 3 3 9

FEOF

038B

CAOOOO

03 8 £

6 F

038F

2600

0 391

118010

03 94

19

0395

CDED0 1

0 3 9 8

77

0399

0 D 7 E 0 E

0 3 9 C

D 3 0 0

03 9 E

C9

7 ,.) 7 i

9 6 0 i

! CALI

.. s

LEIGH

961 ;

GETBLK

'-• ,4 '■' !

CAL 1

ED BY

PRIMA!

9 6 4 i

reg:

I.STERS

A

( J N D 1 R E. CI L Y )

(PRIM I T 3 V E: 0 f' [.: 0 D E., I E M P 0 R A R Y )

966 ; B (LENGTH)

96 7 ; D (POINTER)

968 ; E (POINTER)

969 ; H (I'0 INTER)9 70 ; L (POINTER)971 J IY (INDEX)

973 ; 170 NONE

9 7 4 y

975 i ST RUCT URES SI... INK ( SUBROUI I NE L 1 NK )

976 ' SLONG (SUBROUTINE LENGTH)

f139f L60E 978 LSIIB: AND 00001111B iCLEAH 0F' C0DE

03A1 5F 979 LD E,A J MOVE OFFSET 10 E

;. I.;. ft 2 1 6 0 0 9 8 0 L D D , 0 ', C!... E ft R P 01N T E R

03A4 FD21B010 981 LD IY > S TRUCT J-SLONG iPOINT TO SLONG

0 3AS ED 19 982 ADD 1Y,DE. 5 ADD OFFSET

03AA CDED01 983 GALL. FETCH fGET LENGTH

113 AD ■'■/ 984 LD B,A J SAVE LENGTH

ii3AE FD 77 00 98 5 LD (IY + 0),A 5SAVE LENGTH

::7L.j FD21V010 98 6 LD IY» STRUCT*SLINK !POINT TO SLINK

03BS GB23 987 SLA E l SHI FT THE OFFSET

0 3 B 7 F D 1 7 9 8 8 A D D 3 Y , D E 1 A D D 0 F f 8 E '1

0 3B9 G D E D i J1 989 C A I. L !::' E i C H "> G E T AI) DRE G G L 0 W B Y I" E

0 3BC 6F 990 LD L , A J SAVE LOW BYTE

ijA,i\- 1-07700 991 LD (IY+05-A J SAVE LOW BYTE

Listing 1 continued on page 328December 1980 © BYTE Publications lnc 327

Listing 1

continued:

03CQ

5DF. DOI

03.C3

/. 7

Q3C4

FD7701

03 C 7

CD9A0-:

0 3 C A

C 9

993

(i 3 C; B

CB4 7

03 CD

280E

03CI

:;;'.:V:I

Q3D4

1.1 !;■ 1J 4L.l 6 0 0

0 3D6

CD9AC

0 3 D 9

OD

0 30ft

2!"!;' 8

o; tc

0 9

(j J Q f)

CD EDO

0 3 E 0

E 6 7 ¥

Q3E2

&F

03E3

?i 00

03E5

031..,-

CB25

CB14

13 3E9

0 3 El:'

1 : 3 .5 S

OR 1.4

Q3ED

UB2S

03EF

■:[■ 14

03" El

g ! on i.

03F 4

0 9

0 1F 3

0 60 a

0 3F V

CD 9 At

03- A

'..- '/'

996

997

99 B

999

1 000

100:1.

1 002

100 3

1004

:l 0 0 5

1006

1007

1 0 0 8

1009

1 010

1 0 11

J 012

10 1 3

1 i- i ■: .'

J U J. *1

1 0 15

:! D16

1 0 17

1 018

1 0 1 9

1 (j 2 0

1021

1 n''.' ■"■'

.1. U tt .>■.102 3

1024

1 0 2 5

1026

102 7

1028

1029

10 3 0

1031

1032

1033

1034

103 5

1036

1 0 3 7

1038

1039

1040

1041

104 2

1 0 4 3

1045

:l [J 4 6

1 ri 4 7

10 4 (3

■i n 4 ,;:.'

1050< i' i i <

■ '.. i.. i j.10 52

1053

1054

CALL FETCH

LD H,A

LD < IY-M ) , A

CALL OETBLK

RET

GET ADDRESS HIGH BY'SAVE HIGH BYTESAVE HIGH BYTE

GET DATARETURN

LSYM

■ rO r': :'; t:: t;. t*.1 ■*: t»: r1:

LSYf'l LOADS SYMBOL DEFINITIONS INTO THE INTERNALSYMBOL GENERATOR, SYP1TAB. LSYM FIRST CHECKS TO SEEIF ALL OR JUST ONE SYMBOL IS TO BE LOADED. IF ALLALL ARE TO BE LOADED, LSYM LOAD 1024 SYMBOL ELEMENTS(FOR 128 SYMBOLS). OTHERWISE. LSYM LOADS 8 SYMBOLEI..EMENTS FOR ONE SYMB0L .

CALLS

C A I... I... EREGIS

D BYTERS

FETCH

PRINAT ( INDIRECTLY)

BC

I/O

NONE

STRUG

TORES

SYMT AB

Y M :

BI T

JRI.. D

(.J 7•>■

HI.

1 *

A

I...SYM1, SYM'l AB

Y M 0 i

L D

B,

4

0

' T 1-' 1 !-■'

!...- !i 1...!...

DECJR

p c: T

I";

N}

.11.' 1... 1 ■■

: r I..SYMO

Y M 1 !

CALL

ANDi n

F i:

0:

:tch

:l 11111B

1.. !..■

LD

SLA

Rl.

Mi

1...M

0

il

1...H!..

RL.LD

ADD

■ r

Fl

BC

HIa

•,-SYMTAB, BC

(..: A1... 1...R E T

Bi

TBLK

MOV ■■■

MOV t'IT A Y ;AND F.NOT ECOL OFBY A I.

-i. -: * -:. 7J.

(PRIMITIVE OP CODE)

(COUNTER)

(COUNTER)

(POINTER)

(POINTER)

YMBOL TABLE)

J TEST FOR LOAD TYPE

J JUMP IF SINGLE LOAD

;LOAD POINTER

M...OAD COiINT

;SET COUNT OF 256

J GET DATA

;DECREMENT COUNT

fJUMP IF NOT DONE

J RETURN

J GET SYMBOL. NUMBER

; MASK HI OF! B] I

J SAVE OFFSET

;CLEAR POINTER

?SHIFT OVER

, THREE BUS

} TO PROPERLY

; CO Ml1'int.

J fHE

, OFFSET

JPOINT TO SYMTAIJ

J ADD BASE ADDRESS

?SET COUNT

?GET DATA

fRETURN

lOVLG THE CURRENT XY POSITION. THE XY POSITIONIE UPDATED BY ABSOLUTE OR RELATIVE OFFSETS*'.Y LONG OR SHORT OFFSETS. THE POINT MAY OR ft AY,E ILLUMINATED IN EITHER THE PRIMARY OR SECOND;;. MOV FIRST DETERMINES THE NEW XY LOCATION)I.)ING OFFSETS IF THEY ARE RELATIVE, ARE H.Y

328 December 1980 © liYTE Publications In

Listing 1 continued:

03FB

4F

Q3FC

DD7EQ5

0 3 f" F

DD7743

0 '■'! f 1 '}

C P r £ 0 '

0 - 0 '■ <

[> D5 6 0 0

04 08

DD5E01

04 D B

CDEDOJ

o ■' o I :■"

CBS?

0 •'; 1 0n ■■', 1 :'

2 036C R 11

20 22

■) 4 .1. 50417

CB3F

0 41 ?

C B 3:::'

0 h 1B

CB3F

u 41D

CB3F

0 '. 1 F

C K1. ti F

0 4 21

280 4

u■'- 2 3

CB9F

0425

■■■ 1.) 4 4

o ' ;■■ /

8 2

U 4*'.'. H

F i£60 F

ii h 2 C

CB5F

042 E

230 4

iii JO

CBVf

0432

E D 4 4

04 58

0 / •.* ?'

0B3F

043B

CB3F

D 4 3 D

CB3F

043F

r,B3F

1055 ? LOADING NEW POSITIONS. 000 NEXT CHECKS TO SEE IF

1056 ? THE POINT WILL BE ILLUMINATED. IF :](). FHE PROPER

1057 ! COL Of:; IS INSERTED 0 1 THAT PIXEL.

1058 ;

1059 , CALLS CASE106 0 ? FETCH

1061 , PUT

1062 ;

1063 ; CALLED BY PRIMAT (INDIRECTLY)10 6 4 ?

1065 J REGISTERS A (PRIMITIVE OR CODE, TEMPORARY)

1066 J B (CASE)

1067 ! C (TEMPORARY)J.068 ? D (TEMPORARY X)1069 ! E (TEMPORARY Y)10 70 ? IX (INDEX)

1.071 ,

1072 , I/O NONE

1073 ;

1074 ! STRUCTURES ODRO (X)10 7 5 ? GDR1 (Y)

1076 , GDK2 (PRIMARY COLOR)

1077 5 GDR3 (SECONDARY COLOR)

1078 1 GDR5 (VECTOR MODE)1Q79 ? REF (REFERENCE)

1080 ;

1081 000: LD C.A i SAVE A COPY OF A;l. 0 8 2 !.. D A, ( I X f-GD R 5 ) » G E T U E C TOR 00 D E1003 LD (IX-iREF);A JSAVE REFERENCE108 4 CALL CASE JDETERMINE CASE

1085 LD [), ( IX-i 6DR0) ; GET X

1086 I.. 0 E -(IX {• G D R1 ) ? 0 E T Y

1087 CALL FETCH J GET DATA

1088 BIT 3xC ?TEST IF LONG

1089 JR N2rttOV3 J JUMP IF LONG

1090 BIT 2-C ;TESi" IF ABSOLUTE1 091 J R N I, M 0 0 2 , JU M F:' IF A E:' SOLU"I E

1092 PUSH AF fSAVE A COPY OF A

1093 SRL A } SHI FT OVER

I IV 4

R

POOR BIT

1095 SRL A , TO MASK ALL BUT

1.09 6 SRL A ? X OFFSET

1 097 B 1 T 3 , A J TE ST B 16N OF OF F SET

109 8 JR Z/PIOVO ?JUMP IF POSITIVE1.099 REE :.',, A ; CLEAR SIGN1100 NEC fNEGATE THE VALUE1.101 0000; ADD ArD fADD THE OFFSET TO X11.02 LD 0>A fSAVE THE NEW VALUE

1103 POP AF rRESTORE A

1104 AND 0000111IB J MASK ALL BUT Y OFFSET

110 5 B I T 3 > A ? T i. S T SI G N 0 F 0 F:' F S E T1.1.0 6 ■ JR Z r M0V1 r JUMP i: F POSITIVE1107 RfcS 3,0 ?CLEAR SIGN11.08 NEG ?NEGATE THE VALUE1.109 M0V1? ADD A,L 5 ADD 1 HE OFFSET TO Y

51 llio LD E,A f'SAVE THE NEW VALUE

1832 1.111 JR 0007 ?JUMP TO PROCESS POINT

1112 00 02: POSH AF J SAVE A COPY OF <;)

1.1.13 SRL A , SHI FT OVER

11.14 SRI.. A ? FOOR BITS

111,5 SRL A ! TO MASK ALL BUT

1116 SRL A f X OFFSET

1 .1.1 7 L D Or A ?SAVE THE NEW VALUE

1.1.18 POP AF ;RESTORE A

Listing 1 continued on page 330

December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 329

Listing 1 continued:

0 4 A;

E6QF

0 4 4 6

1822

0 4 >■ 3

cboi

ri ■•■•', '-i ,v:

2 019

U44C

CB7F

o < 4 e:

JE 0 4

0 4 5 0

RBBF

0*', 3 2

E D4 4

0434

02

04 5 [i

57

0456

CDER01

O^fiV

CB7F

04 5 B

' 1 .' " 1*1

280 4

Q45F

ED 4 4

0 4 61

8?;

0462

SF

f i',.'.:.',

1 Ztili

0 4 6 5

0 4 66

CDED01

5 F

P 4 6 A

LD 72 00

04 AD

DD7301

! i ■''• 7 U

CB41

'.' i": i ! "i

04 74

0475

DD7E02

0478

CB49

0 4 7 A

230 3

0 4 7 C

DD7L03

U47F

Or 0 1

04 8 J

CD7E0A

0 4 0'

0485 CB47

11 \ ';

11 2 u:l.l 211122112311 2 411251126112711281129113ii

I 1 3 111321133

II 3 411351136113711381 13911401. 1 4 11142

I 1 4 3

II 4 41 1 4 51146

I 1 4 71148

II 4 v1150

I 1 51

II 5 2115 31154115 5115611571158115?

I 160

II 6 111621163

I 1 6 41165

11671168

11701171117 21173

II 7 41175117611771 "! ?21 1 7 911801 1 8111821183

0 0 0 3 :

MOO 4

MO 0 5

M 0 V 6 r

MOO

M009

A NO

1 Pi

0 0 001 J 1 .1 [;/,

1... 1.,'

J ft

P T T

no 07

1..' .1. 1

Ift

p i r

U'/ - MOM6

I.' .i. iJR

■' r i'-'i

2,0004

RES

7 r A

NEB

ADD

A > D

1... D

D , A

CALL.

£' 1 T

FETCH

r.i J. 1

JR

ZrdOVS

RES

7 :> A

NEG

ADD

A , E

LD

E,A

JR

1 I"1-

MO 07

L U

CALLi n

!.), AF ETCH

i.. '..■■

L D1 |")

( JX-: GDRO) ,D( f y - (»op i ) >■ i

B1 T

0 - c

JR

i: • i i

NZ, 1*1008

LD

A,- ( IX+0DR2 )

BI T

1 „ C

JR

Z,M0V9

i... D

1 l"i

A, ( IXn GDft3)

1 ~ -1

1... 1.,'

CALL

l_. f .1.

F ■ I.l 1

REX

, mask all but y offse'ij save i'he new value•jump' to process point'test for absolutej jump if absolutejtest sign of offset'jump if positive;clear sign■negate: the valuej add i'he offset'save the new ual hej get the next datajtest sign of 01- fsetj jump if post iiue;clear sign"negate the oalue?add the off setj save the new valuej jump to process pointj save the new value?get the next data?save the new value

?UPDATE X?UPDATE Y?TESI ILLUfllNA I'E

fJUMP IF ILLUMINATE

fRETURN

fLOAD PRIMARY COLOR

J TEST COLOR TYPE

JJUMP IF PRIMARY

fLOAD SECONDARY COLOR

?ASSUME SUCCESS

;PUI I HE POINT

; RETURN

RCRAM

. -x r-. :■: :': -'. rJ:

•:": t<: * *

.; -J. _;. _}. .;.

RCRAM DUMPS THE COLOR RAMS. RCRAM FIRST DETERMINESIF A SINGLE OR ALL COLOR RAMS ARE 10 BE DUMPED,, IFA SINGLE COLOR RAM IS 10 BE DUMPED, THE ENTIRE RAMOR A SINGLE ADDRESS OF THAT RAM IS DUMPED., OTHERWISEALL. THREE COLOR RAMS ARE EITHER ENTIRELY DUMPED ORA SINGLE ADDRESS OF ALL THREE ARE DUMPED,,

CALLS

CALLED BYREGISTERS

FETCH

SENDERSENDBY

PRIMA"! ( ] NDIRECTLY)

170

STRUi TURES

RCRAM: BIT 0,A

1 Y

NONE

CROCR1

(PRIMITIVE. OP CODE)

(COUNTER)

(TEMPORARY)

(TEMPORARY)

(F'O INTER)

(POINTER)

(INDEX)

(COLOR RAM 0)(COLOR RAM 1 )(COLOR RAM 2)

JTEST SINGLE BIT

330 December 1980 © BYTE Publications In

Listing 1

continued:

0 4 8 7

2820

1 1 8 4

IJ' £ V

F E7D

200?

118511 8 6

C)< 6 D

0630

1187

Li 4 8 F

210010

11 8 8

0 4 92

CD880A

1189

0 4/5

C?

1190

04 96

0610

1191 RC

04 98

E60C

1192 RC

0 4 9 A

r:F'.2?

1193

0 4 9 C

CB27

1

1.9 4

0 4 9E.:

6F

1

1.9 5

D49F

2600

1

1.9 6

0 4 A 1

110010

1

1.97

04$ ■■

19

'!

!. ? 8

0 4 A"'

CD88QA

1 199

0 4A8

C?

1 2 0 0

0 ' i-1' '■■'

FLZC

1201 RC

0 4AB

2027

120 2

04AD

ODEDO1

1203

0 480

E60F

.■■ r

1204

i' "■' nc i

(J 4 B 3

o r

2 6 0 0

120 6

0 4 B5

11 0 01 c

1207

0 4 B 8

1 9

1 2 0 8

0 4B9

50

1209

04 3 A

121 0

04 BB

! D2 1 000(3

1 2 1 1

04BI-

F1') 19

1 2 1 2

0 '". C 1

F D 7 E 0 0

(J 4 C 4

0 D 9 1 0 A

1 2 1. 4

0■■■ C ?

FD7E10

1. 2 15

Q4CA

CD910A

1 2 1 6

0 4 CD

FD7E20

1 2 1 7

0 4 DO

CD910A

1 2 1 8

0 4 D 3

C9

1 2 1 9

0 4D4

0.40 1

12 20 RC

ii ■■'■ 01.

E 6 0 0

1221

04D304 DA

OB 2 7

12221:," 2 J.

0 41.) C

6F

122 4

0 4DD

2 6 0 0

1225

04DF

CDED01

122 6

0 4 E 2

E6QF

1 227

04E4

05

1228

0 4L5

6F

1229

0 4F.6

1100:1. c

1230

0 4 E 9

19

1231

0 4 E A

C D a 3 0 A09

1 2 3 2

0 4 E 1.)

■i

-33

JR ZrRCRAM2

OF' 01111101B

JR NZ»RCRAMO

I...D B,48

I...D HLrCRO

CALL SENDBKRET

::RAMO: LD B,16

IRANI! AND 0000 1100B

SLA A

SLA A

L D I... . A

LD H..0

LD DE,CRO

ADD HLrDE

CALL BENDBKRET

;ram2; cp ohhioob

jr nz.rcram3

call fetch

AND 0000 HUB

L [) L , A

LD HrO

LD DE,CRO

ADD HL,DE

I... D E , L

LI) D r H

I... D I Y , 0

ADD XYrDE

L f) A , ( I Y -i 0 )

CALL SENDBY

LD A, Cm16)

CALL SENDBY

LD A,(IY+32)

CALL SENDBYRET

;RAM3? LD B>-1

AND 0 000110QB

SLA A

OLA A

LD LrA

L F) H , 0

CALL FETCH

AND 0000111 IB

ADD ArL

L D L . A

LD DE/CRO

ADD HL.DE

CALL SENDBKRET

JUMP

IF *

SINGLE

TEST

REFERENCE

JUMP

IF

JOT ALL

SET COON

r OF 48

SET BASE

ADDRESS

SEND

THE

DATA

RE TUT

IN

SET i

:OUN"

1 OF 16

MASK

0 P i

;ODE

SHIF

OFF

SET

SHIFT

" OEI

"SET

SAME

OFF

JET

CLEAF

: PO

[NTER

SET F

iASE

ADDRESS

ADD 1

!.ASE

TO OFFSET

SEND

THE

DATA

RETUI

in

TEST

REFERENCE

JUMP

IF

•JOT ALL

GET OFFS

::t

MASK

THE

OFFSET

SAVE

OFF

3ET

CLEAI

<: PO

ENTER

SET BASE

ADDRESS

ADD 1

■ ASE

TO OFFSET

SAVE

THE

POINTER

SAVE

THE

POINTER

CLEAR TH

■ POINTER

SAVE

IND

• X

GET I

)ATA

SEND

THE

DATA

GET DATA

SEND

THE

D A !" A

GET DATA

SEND

THE

D ATA

RET UF

m

SET '

HE

:.()UNT

MASK

OP

::ode

SHIF

" OF

"SET

SHIF

OF

"SET

SAVE

OFF

:>ET

CLEAF

J POINTERS c v.: <::■ .:■ t

Ul.. 1 '■

MASK

}r r o

THE

. I

OFFSET

ADD OFFS

-.J

SAVE

OFF

SET

SET I

■ ASE

ADDRESS

ADD !

'.ASE

TO OFFSET

SENT

I HE

DATA

RETURN

1234

RETN

-: -i- -: -}

-'•: ;). * -3: ft

123712 3812391 2 4 0124 11 24212431.24 41245124 61247

RETN RETURNS FROM A GRAPHICS SUBROUTINE. RETN FIRST

CHECKS SPTR TO SEE IE A SUBROUTINE IS IN PROGRESS.,

IF NOT. R E "I N S I M F" L Y R E T U R N S . I F S 0 , R F. 1 N F' 0 P S30FF AND SPTR FROM GSTACK AND RETURNS..

C A L. L 8

C A I... I... F: D B Y

RE 6 1ST ERS

NONEPRIMA"

AD

(INDIRECTLY)

(PRIMITIVE OP CODE)(TEMPORARY)

Listing 1 continued on page 332

December 1980 <g BYTE Publications Inc 331

Listing 1 continued:

5.248 ! E (TEMPORARY)

124? H (POINTER)

1250 ? L (POINTER)

125:1. ? IX (INDEX)

12 5 2 ;

1253 ; I/O NONE

1254 ',

1255 ! STRUCTURE:.?; G'PC (GRAPHICS STACK POINTER)125 6 : OSTACK (GRAPHICS STACK)

1257 ! SOFF (SUBROUTINE OFFSET)

125 8 J SPTR (SUBROUTINE POINTER)

1259 5

04EE DDCB405E 1260 RETN: BIT 3, (IX-; SPTR) JTEST SPTR

04F2 C8 1261 RET Z ;RETURN IE ZERO

Q4F3 DD3542 1262 DEC (IX-iGPC) JUPDATE THE SHACK

D4F6 DD5E42 1263 LD E,(IX+GPC> ?L.OAD GPC

04F9 1600 1264 LD D»0 JCLEAR POINTER

G4FB 217E10 1265 LD ML,GSTACK ?SET INDEX TO GSTACK

04PE B7 1266 OR A ;CLEAR THE CARRY

04FF EDS 2 126 7 SBC HI...-DE ; SUBTRACT OFFSET

01.01 ?E 1268 LD A, (HI.) fPO'P SOFF

0502 DD7741 1269 LD (IX+SOFF)„A JRETURN SOFF

0 505 23 1270 INC ML 1 UPDATE THE POINTER

0 5 0 6 7 E 12 71 I... D A , ( H L 5 ? P 0 P S P T R

0 l*i 0 7 D D 7 7 4 0 1272 L D ( 1X ■'■ S P T R ) , A ; R F: 1 URN S P T R

05 0A DD35 4 2 1273 DEC (IX+BPC) ;DECREMENT OFFSET

050D C9 1274 RET ;RETURN

1275 r

| !■■' / & j K' F' 3 X ft ft: ft ft- '•■■ & ft: ft: ft- $'• ft ft ft: ft ft: ft: ft ft ft ft- ft: ft ft: ft: ft: ft: ft: ft: •'■' ft- ft: ft: ft: ft- ft ft: ft: ft: ft ft ft: ft: ft: ft: ft- ft- •'• ft:

1277 ;

1278 ; RF'IX READS PIXEL DATA ACCORDING TO THE GIVEN1.279 5 REFERENCE., RPIX CAN DUMP EITHER FULL FRAME, ONE

1280 i PIXEL AT XY, OR AN ENTIRE VIEWPORT. RPIX FIRST CHECKS

1281 ', TO SEE IF ONLY A SINGLE POINT IS TO BE DUMPED,. IF SO,-1.282 ; RPIX DUMPS THE POINT AT XY. OTHERWISE, RPIX SETS A

1283 ; FLAG IF FULL FRAME IS SET. X AND Y ARE CLEARED, AND

1284 ; RPIX PROCEDES FROM THE ORIGIN TO THE MAXIMUM X AND Y

1285 J VALUES, LEFT TO RIGHT,- BOTTOM TO TOP. IF FULL FRAME

1286 ! IS SET, ALL PIXELS ARE DUMPED. OTHERWISE, THE

1287 • CASE AND CLIPPING SUCCESS ARE CHECKED. IF THE PIXEL1.288 ; IS VISIBLE, THE PIXEL IS DUMPED. RPIX COMPLETES

12 89 J WHEN X AND Y HAVE RECYCLED TO THE ORIGIN.

1290 ?

1.291 ! CALLS SEND BY

1292 i CASE

1.293 J CLIP

129 4 PEEK1.295 J

1296 , CALLED BY PRI MAT (INDIRECTLY)

1297 ?

1298 ( REGISTERS A (PRIMITIVE OP CODE)

1299 :■ B (CASE)

1.300 ! C (CLIP SUCCESS)

1301 ' D (FULL FRAME FLAG)

1302 ; IX (INDEX)

130 3 '

1304 ! I/O NONE

1305 ?

1.306 ! STRUCTURES GDRO (X)

1307 ? GDR1 (Y)

1308 ! REE (REFERENCE)

1309 i

1310 k PI X : I... D D , 0 J C L. E A R F LI L L F R A M F. F I... A 0

1311 AND 0000111 IB JMASK OP CODE

1312 LD (IX+REF),A 5SAVE REFERENCE

332 December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

05 UE

1 6 0 0

0 510

E6 0F

0 5 1 2

DD7743

Listing 1 continued:

0515 DDCB433E 1313 SRL (IX+REF) fSHIFT REFERENCE

0519 DD0B433E 1314 SRL (IX+REF) 1 SHIFT REFERENCE

il!51 D CBSF 1315 BIT 3,A JTEST REFERENCE

051F 280F 1316 JR ZrRPIXl J JUMP IF UP REFERENCE

0521 CBS7 1317 BIT 2,A JTEST REFERENCE

0523 2807 1318 JR Z.RPIXO ? JIMP IF FULL FRAME

0525 CDA408 1319 CALL PEEK J GET DATA

0 5 2 8 CD910A i32 0 CAL L 8E N D BY 1S£ N D T HE D AT A

052B C9 1321 RET J RETURN

G52C 1.601 1.322 RPIXO! LD Drl fSET FULL FRAME FLAG

052E 1803 1323 JR RPIX2 ,JUMP

0530 CDAOO? 1.324 RF'IXl : CALL CASE ;DETERMINE CASE

0533 DD360000 1.325 RPIX2: LD (IX+GDRO),0 fCLEAR X

0 53? D D3601 0 0 1326 LD ( IX + G D R 1 ) . 0 ; C I... E A R Y

Q53B CB42 132 7 RPIX3: BIT Q,D ?TEST D

U53D 2007 1328 JR NZ»RPIX4 fJUMP IF FULL FRAME

0 53F CDEF0 7 1.329 CALL CLIP ; TEST FOR CLIP

054 2 OB4 1. 1.330 BIT 0*C rTEST SUCCESS

05 44 280 6 1331. JR Z,RPIX5 ;JUMP IF CLIPPED

0 54 6 CDA408 1.332 RPIX4! CALL. PEEK ;READ THE DATA

05 4 9 CD910A 1.33 3 CALL SENDBY J SEND THE DATA

0 54C DD34 00 1.334 RPIX5: INC (IX+GDRO) ! INCREMENT X

0 5 4F 20EA 1.335 JR NZ,RPIX3 J JUMP IF NOT ZERO

0551 DD3401 1336 INC (JX+GDR1) ;INCREMENT Y

0554 20E5 1.337 JR NZrRPIX.1 J JIMP IF NOT ZERO

0 556 CV 1338 RET ;RETURN

1.339 ?

1.3-40 ; RREG hhs

71: tX t:: 71! 7<: 7>: ^: 7': t*: t1: 7>: 7>! 7J: 7:' 7!! K ■;<! 7'! v!: 7:. 7!! t:! *:<: :J: 71; 7\ 7:: •:'■. 7>: 7J: 7!: 7*: 7>: 71.' 7*: T1: 7\ 7!: 71; 7'! 7*; :;: 7'. 7% 71: 7*:

I ■.:') ,:t i /

1.342 ! RREG RETURNS THE VALUE OF THE DESIGNATED GRAPHICS

134 3 ? DISPLAY REGISTER. RREG FIRST DETERMINES THE REGISTER

1344 ; NUMBER, THEN RETURNS THE VALUE VIA SENDBY,

1345 i

1346 ; CALLS SENDBY13 4 7 f

134 0 ; CALLED BY PRIMAT (INDIRECTLY)13 49 ?

1.350 ; REGISTERS A (PRIMITIVE OP CODE)

1.351 1 D (TEMPORARY)

1352 ; E (TEMPORARY)

1353 I H (POINTER)

1354 ; L (POINTER)

135 5 ?

1356 J 1/0 NO NE

135 7 J

1358 ! STRUCTURES GDR (GRAPHICS DISPLAY REGISTERS)

1359 ■;■

0557 F6UF 1360 RREG; AND 00001111B ! MASK OFF OF1 CODE

0559 6F 1361 LD LrA N.OAD OFFSET055A 2600 1362 I..D FUG ; CLEAR POINTER

0 5 5 C 118010 1.3 6 3 I... D D E, S T R U C T Hj D R J S E T B A S E A D D R E S S

0 5 5 F IV 136 4 A D D H L , D F. ? A D [) 0 F F S E T

0560 7£ 1.365 LD A, (HE) ;GET THE REGISTER0 561 CD910A 13 66 CALL SENDBY ?SEND THE DATA0564 09 1367 RET ?RETURN

1368 i

1 3 6 '""' r F'-1 S U E!'1 '-':- - ^-' •'• ^- - •'• - S t'I t'1 £ # £ t1: K i1: # S K v>: "& # t!; t*; t'.' ?: t>) tO r*; ■£ ■# * t*: :■: t1' # :*: ■& t*: t>: 3€ tJ; A -A A A •:>:

1.370 ;

1.371 : RSUB DUMPS A SUBROUTINE TO THE HOST. RSUB FIRST

1.3 72 i IDENTIFIES THE SUBROUTINE NUMBER AND DETERMINES THE

1.373 } START ADDRESS VIA SLINK. SLONG ENTRIES DETERMINE THE

1.374 : SUBROUTINE LENGTH,, RSUB CALLS SENDBK TO DUMP THE

1.375 ; DATA.13 7 6 ',

1377 5 CALLS SENDBK

Listing 1 continued on page 334

December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 333

Listing I continued:

13/8

1 3791 3 8 01.38113821.3831.38 413851.3861.3871.3881.3891.3901.3 91.

; CAJ RE

I... I... EG I 8

D BYTERS

"I RUC"I LIRE8

PRIMA! (INDIRECT L...Y)

A (PRIMITIVE OF' CODE)

B (COUNT)

D (POINTER)

E (POINTER)

!! (POINTER)

I... (POINTER)

IX (INDEX)

IY (INDEX)

NONE

SLINK (SUBROUTINE LINKAGE)

S I... 0 N G ( S U B R 01J T IN E L E N (3 T H )

0565

E60F

1.3

I'1 c'.

056 7

5F

1.396

0 5 6 8

1 600

1.397

056A

CB23

1398

0 5 6C

ED21 901. 0

1.39 9

0 5 70

FIVI.9

1. 4 0 0

0 5 72

rDAE00

1 4 01

05 7 5

FD6601

1402

05/8

ED21BG:

0

14 0 3

0 5 7 C

CB3B

1.40 4

0 57E

F D1 9

1.4 05

0530

FD46Q0

1.40 6

0583

CD880A

1.4 0?

0 5 8 6

C9

14081.4 09

1. 4

1.4

1.01.1.

1.41.4

1.21.3

R8UB

0 587

CB4 7

0 589

20 IE

058B

0DLD01.

05 8 E

E67F

0590

6F

0 591

260 0

0 5 93

01.0014

0596

CB2 5

0 5 98

CB14

059 A

CB25

1. 4 161 4 1 71 4 1 8

1.4 201. 4 211422

142 41.4 251.42614 2 714 281 4 291.4301. 4 31.14321.433143414 351.43614371.4381.4 3914 4 01.4411.442

ANDL.D

•j L A

LDADDL. D

I... D

!... D

SRI...

ADD

LD

CALL

RET

00 001.1 1. IBD,0

1 Y, STRUCT-* SLINK

lYrDE

I... , ( ] Y -: 0 )

I ■! y ( I Y f' 1 )

IYtBTRUCT+SLONG

E

IY,DE

Br(IY+0)

8ENDBK

;CLEAR OP CODE

?SAVE OFFSET

?CLEAR POINTER

?SHIFT THE OFFSET

JGET LINKAGE

?ADO OFFSET

JGET LOU BYTE OF S

JGET HIGH BYTE OF

JGET LENGTH

J SHIFT THE OFFSET

J ADD OFFSET

JGET LENGTH

J SEND "(FIE DATA

?RETURN

"I ARTSTART

J RSYf'1

; -!. t>; ->: :>; •?■: i: :>. :>; ■;). -s.- -'. v. ?: r1: ~;. t': A t1: :': v*; "■: t>. v>: t*. t*: ± -± ->: t': *

-■: t>: -'■: ~k r>; t*: '■. -': -'•:

RSYM DUMPS A SINGLE OR THE ENTIRE SET OF SYMBOLS.RSYM FIRST DETERMINES IF A SINGLE SYMBOL IS TO BEDUMPED. IF SO, THE 8 BYTES DEFINING THE SYMBOL. AREFOUND AND DUMPED., OTHERWISE, THE ENTIRE SET OFSYMBOLS IS DUMPED.

CALLS FETCH

SENDBK

CALLED BYREGISTERS

PR 1 MAT (INDIRECTLY)

I/OSTTRUCTURES

C

H

I...

NONESYMTAB

CPRIMI1 1 ME OF' CODE)( 0 01.1N T )(TEMPORARY)(POINTER)(POINTER)

(SYMBOL TABLE)

rsym;

, I. T

0, A

JR NZ,RSYMO

CALL FETCH

AND 0 1 1 1. 1111 B

LD L,A

LD II ,-0

LD BC.SYMTAB

SLA I...

RL H

SLA I...

J TEST FOR ALLJ JUMP IF ALLJGET ADDRESSJ MASK THE MSBJ SAVE OFFSET; CLEAR POINTER(POINT TO STAR"JSHIFT OFFSETJ THREE

J BITS TO

334 December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Listing 1 continued:

0 5 9C

r:Bl 4

OS9E

CB25

Q5AQ

CD 14

Q5A2

09

05 A3

060 6

05A5

CDBOOA

01<A 8

l;v

U5A9

2 1 0 0 l. 4

05 AC

0 :1 0 0

05 A E

CD880A

0 5 B :l.

CD880A

0584

CD880A

05B7

CD880A

05BA

C9

Cir_.CE:.

E60F

05 BE

1"' '-. I""1 1

DD7E05

I--, n 7 i /. "'■

U •...' L -I.

IJ I..-' / .-■ ' t -. 5

I DAD 07

Q5C7

0E01

05C9

1)03501

0 5 C C

DD7E0 0

05CF

D 6 0 6

D5D1

D D ? 7 0 0

Q5D4

Dliu-j |.

Q5D7

D D 7 E 0 0

05 D A

Li OK:

0 5 D C

DD7700

1.44 34 4 44454 464 4 74484 4 9450451452

456

4 57/. |;-j p

4 5 9460461462463' 6 4

4 6646 746E4 6 v4 70

4 72473/j y l»

4754764774 784794 80481

RSYMO;

186

4V0

491

*■] 7 ....

4964 97

50050115021503150 415051506

RL

H

SLA

K' 1

1...

LJ

ADD

r i

HLrBC

L D

B , 8

CALL.

SENDBK

RET

LD

HL,SYMTA

1... D

B, 0

CALL

SENDBK

CALL

SENDBK

CALL.

SENDBK

CALL

SENDBK

ADD:LOA:SEN;RETiPOI■SET'SEN:8EN■SEH■SEN

RET

BY PI

-.>. :■' t>. '■'. :': i< -f: :'. ->. -J: :'. -'■; t1; 7=: 7'.

-j- -i -:• -! -j-

PROPERLYCOMPUTE THE

OFFSET

BASE ADDRESSD COUNTD THE DATAURNNT TO START

COUNT OF 2650 256 BYTESD 256 BYTESI) 256 BYTESD 256 BYTESURN

7J; ';!■ 7>; f': ':'■'. •;'•'. 7>: ■?: 7'.: 7>.' -fl: ■'•': 7»: 7'; 71: 7': 7'.' j;

SYM DISPLAYS A STRING OF SYMBOLS STARTING AT THECURRENT XY POSITION. SYM FIRST DETERMINES THENUMBER OF SYMBOLS, THEN READS IN THE SYMBOL CODEPOINTING TO THE APPROPRIATE SYMTAB ENTRY.. XYPOINTS TO THE LOWER LEFT CORNER OF THE SYMBOL. SYMTAB

ENTRIES ARE FETCHED FOR DISPLAY OF THE 8WHICH DEFINES THE SYMBOL,.

CALLS

CALLED BYREGISTERS

MATRIX

FETCH

CASE

PUT

PRI MAT

(INDIRECTLY)

A

(PRIMITIVE OP CODE,

B

(CASE)

C

(SUCCESS)

D

( low COUN i ''

E

(COLUMN COUNT)

H

(CHARACTER COUNT)

1...

(TEMPORARY)

IX

( INDEX)

IY

(INDEX)

EMPORARY)

I/O NONE

ST ROOT ORES GDEOGDR1GDR2GDR3GDR5SYMTAB

YM: AND 0 0 00:111 IB

LD HrA

LD A,(IX+6DR5)

LD (IX + REF> ,A

CALL. CASE

DEC (IX+6DR1)

LD A, (1X + GDR0)

B U B 8

LD <IX H3DR0)?A

YM 0: INC (IX+ GDR1 )

LD A >• ( IX + GDRQ )

ADD A,8

LD ( IX s-GDRQ) t A

PRIMARY COLOR)SECONDARY COLOR)(VECTOR MODE)(SYMBOL FABLE)

JMASK THE OF' CODE

J SAVE THE COUNT

fGET THE VECTOR MODE

J SAVE THE REFERENCE

■; DETERMINE THE CASE

; ASSUME A SUCCESS

J BACK UP ONE SPACE

:GET X

fMOVE BACK 8

?SAVE X

;M0VE UP ONE SPACE

?GET X

5M0VE AHEAD 8

fSAVE X

Listing 1 continued on page 336

December 1980 © BYTE Publications lnc 335

Listing 1

continued:

03BF

?C

150 7

Q5E0

FEOQ

1500

OH 2

f' o

1509

USE 3

*■.'! '■")

15 1 0

D5E4

DD7EQ1

1 511

05E7

C607

1 5 1 2

D5E9

DD7 7

01

1 5 1 3

05EC

COED

01

15 1 4

05EF

E&7F

1 515

05F1

5F

1 c; 1 6

05F2

1600

1517

051-4

CB23

1518

D3F6

CB12

1519

0 5F8

CB23

1520

05FA

CB12

1521

05FC

CB23

1-5 22

l.i 3( i.

CB1.2

■| *-■;*:) i

0600

FD21

0014

152 4

0604

FD19

1525

0 6 0 6

1609

IS? 4

0608

DD34

00

1 S?7

06 QB

7A

152 8

0 6 0 C

F'EOO

1529

0 60E

28C4

153 0

0 6 1 0

DD35

0 0

1531

0613

15

1532

0614

FD7E

l.i 0

1533

0617

FD23

1534

0 6 1 9

IE 08

1535

0 61 R

6F

1536

06 1C

78

.;. 113 7

0 6 1 D

FEOO

15 3 8

0 61F

2 0 0 D

1539

0621

DD7E

0 0

1540

0624

D6 00

1541

0626

DD77

0 0

1542

0 6 29

DD35

01

1543

0 62C

180ft

154 4

062E

7D

154 5

136 21-

1D

15 4 6

0 6 30

CB27

154 7

0632

3906

154 8

0 6 34

6F

154 9

0 63 5

DD7E

0 3

1 5 5 0

0 6 3 6

1804

1551

063 A

6F

1552

06 3B

DD7E02

1553

063L

CD7E

OA

1554

0 641

DD34

0 0

1555

0644

. 18D6

155615571558

i ' ' • o

1561156215 631564156515661567156815691570

SYM1

;YM2

sym;

, VEC

LD A,H

C P 0

RET Z

DEC H

LD A, ( IX"! GDR1 )

ADD A?7

LD ( IX-iGDRl ) ,A

CALL FETCH

AND 01 111 11 IB

LD ErA

L [) D , 0

S I... A E

RL D

SLA E

RL. D

SLA E

RL D

LD lYrSYMTAB

ADD IY,DE

INC (IX+GDRO)

LD ArD

Cf 0

JR ZrSYMO

d f: c;. < I X -i RIJ R 0 )

DEC D

I... [) A , ( 1 Y + 0 )

inc :i:y

1... DI..DLD

E i 8L i AA, E

CP

i.J

JR -NZ,8YM3

LD A r (IX■CDFU )

SUB 8

LD iIX+GDRU)>n

DEC CIX+GDR1)

SYfll

A , I...

JRI... DDECSLA

CrSYCK*

I... DLDJR

A,- ( IX+G0R3)SYM53YM4- LD L r A

LD A,(IX+6DR2)SYM5; CALL PUT

INC (IX+GDRO)

Jf

YH,.-'

J6ET CHARACTER COUNT

?COMPARE WITH ZERO

', RETURN IF ZERO

',DECREMENT COUNT

J GET Y

J ADD 7

,RESTORE Y

?GET CHARACTER CODE

f MASK THE HIGH BIT

JSAVE CODE

;CLEAR POINTER

J SHIFT BY

! piREE

, BITS TO

', PROPERLY

; COMPUTE AN

; OFFSE'l

;LOAD THE BASE ADDRESS

,ADD THE 0\ FSET

JLOAD THE ROW COUNT

;UPDATE X

?GET THE COUNT

fCOMARE WITH ZERO

"JUMP IF ZERO

;RESTORE THE POSITION

I!OTHERWISE DECREMENT

', GET CHARACTER MASK

?POINT TO NEXT MASK

J SET COLUMN COUNT

JSAVE THE MASK

;GET THE COLUMN COUNT

; COMPARE WITH ZERO

J JUMP IF NON ZERO

5 GET X

! DECREMENT BY 8

?RESTORE X

?DECREMENT Y

JJUMP TO SYM1

5 RESTORE MASK

J DECREMENT COLUMN COUN"

} SHI FT TO CARRY

J JUMP IF CARRY

J SAVE MASK

5 LOAD SECONDARY COLOR

J JIMP AROUND

JSAVE MASK

J LOAD PRIMARY COLOR

: PUT THE POINT

;INCREMENT X

fJUMP BACK

TO A SPECIFIED ENDPOINT. VEC FIRST DETERMINES THEREFERENCE OF THE VECTOR, THEN DETERMINES THE NEWENDPOINTS. THE ENDPOINTS MAY BE COMPUTED ABSOLUTE,RELATIVE, SHORT, OR LONG. AFTER THE ENDPOINTS ARESET, THE VECTOR COLOR IS DETERMINED. PLOTTING THENBEGINS, USING A SCAN LINE CONVERSION ALGORITHM.PLOTTING STOPS WHEN THE ENDPOINTS ARE REACHED.

CALLS

FETCHCASE

336 December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Listing 1 continued:

1571

15 721573

157415/51576157715 781 579158 01581

; CALLED BY! REGISTERS

PLOT

PRIMAT <INDIRECTLY)

C

DEH

LIX

(PRIMITIVE OP CODE

( C A S E )

(COUNTER)

(ABSOLUTE DELTA X)

(ABSOLUTE DELIA Y)

(X INCREMENT)

(Y INCREMENT)

(INDEX)

EMPORARY)

15851586

158 715881539159015911592159,5

81RUCTURES

NONE

G [) R 0

BDRi

GDR2

GDR3

6DR5

M

MN

b X

8Y

(PRIMARY COLOR)(SECONDARY COLOR)(VECTOR MODE)(VECTOR VARIABLE)(VECTOR VARIABLE)(VECTOR VARIABLE)(VECTOR VARIABLE.)

U 6 A i07 '; 70 6 A A

0 6 400 6 5 0

0 6 560 6580 65 A065i:'0 65L0 65F

0 6 6 3

Ai

DD7E05DD7743I) D 5 61 j 0DD5L01CDF DO:!CB5 9

CB51

2022

F:5

CB2F

CB2F

159 6

159 715981 5 9 916 00

1 6 0 116(K-:160316061 6 0 516061 A 0 7:!. 7. o f1609

'EC:

0665

CB2F

1 6 3 0

06670 669

C B 5 F

1 6 1 11 6 12

0 6 6F

V. B'? F

1 6 1 3

0 6 6 D

ED4-4

1614

06 6F

Q /.'.'.

1 6 1 5

0 6 7 0

c:- '.•

1 61 6

06 71

i" 'I

1 A 1 7

Li 6 7 ,,>

F 6 0 [

1 6 1 e

0674

CB5F

16;! 9

0 6 7 6

7.8 0 4

1620

0 6 78

C B 9 F

16 2 1

0 6 7 A

E D 4 4

16? 2

0 6 /C

83

1623

0 6 7D

5F

1624

0 6 7E

183 2

1625

i j 6 f.- G

1- 5

162 6

0 681

C B 3 F

1627

0 6 £ j

CB3F

1628

0685

CB3F

1629

0 68 7

CB3F

1630

0 6 3 9

57

1 6 31

068 A

F" 1

1632

0 68B

E60F

1 6 3 3

068D

5E

1634

0 68E

1822

1635

VECO?

LDLD

C t A

A r ( IX *• G I)R5 )

L D

(IX-i R L F ) , A

LD

D , ( IX t-GDRO)

L D

E,(IX+6DR1)

'■■''i- ri ■ !-i

B 1 1

i i.. 1 Lit

vJR

N 7 . •■>! .1.3

B T 1

2 i C

JR

NZ,VFC2

PUSH

AF

S R A

A

fa K t (

SRA

•■"' 1-' A

AA

-...• K !■■

BI T

1 A

J R

7,VECO

X ■';-

MEG

ADDi 11

A , 1.)r,-i -\

! 1 ■'FOP

U 7 R

AF

AND

0000111 IB

B I T

3?A

JR

2 , VEC1

RES

3>-A

NEG

"; n l"\

,'\ !-'

L D

it r c.E ; A

JR

VEC7

ruse:

AF

SRL

A

SRL

G D f

A

,:> 1 '■.!...

SRL

1 f'i

IT

A

Pi /'■.

1... I .•'

POP

\J r H

AF

AND

('00 0 111 13

JR

E::.- AVEC7

J SAVE THE FT. AGS

J GET THE VECTOR MODE

J SAVE THE REFERLNuE

if GET CURRENT X! fit: UURRE NT Y? i.;;.-. i da i"A

; TEST FOR I. ONG

J JUMP IF LONG

'TEST FOR ABSOLUTE

;JUMP IF ABSOLUTE

;SAVE DATA

; SHIFT OVER

? FOUR PLACES

• TO MASK ALL BUi

! X OF rsEi

?)EST SIGN

/JUMP IF POSITIVE

?CLEAR SIGN

J NEGATE

if ADD THE OFFSET

J SAVE NEW X

?RESTORE A

;MASK ALL BUT Y OFFSET

J TEST SIGN

;JUMP IF POSITIVE

?CLEAR SIGN BIT

J NEGATE

;ADD OFFSET

rSAVE NEW VALUE

; JUMP

fSAVE A

fSHIFT OVER

i FOUR PLACES

' TO MASK ALL BUT

; X VALUE

if SET NEW VALUE

?RESTORE A

if MASK ALL BUT V VALUE

;SET NEW VALUE'

.JUMP

Listing 1 continued on page 338

December 1980 © BYTE Publications lnc 337

Listing 1

continued:

0£ 90

Of. 51

1636

YEC3:

B I T

2, C

0 692

20:1.9

1637

J R

NZ7VEC6

069A

CB7F

1638

B I T

/' 7 A

0696

2 BO 4

1639

JR

Z,YEC4

0698

CBBF

16 40

RES

7 , A

069A

£ D 4 4

1641

NEG

0 6 9 C

62

164 2

UEC4 :

ADD

A , D

06 90

57

16 43

I..D

D, A

Q69E

CDED01

164 4

CALL

FETCH

06 A 1

CB7F

.1. 6 4 5

BI T

7rA

LJ 6 A 3

2004

164 6

JR

Z,VEC5

06 A3

CBBF

16 4 7

RES

■■■}

,' T M

06A7

ED 4 4

164 8

NEG

06A9

v:> ■■>■

1649

UEC5?

ADD

A y E

06 A A

SF

1650

L..D

e:,a

06AB

1.805

1651

JR

UEC7

0 6 AD

57

1652

VEC6;

ED

D, A

06AE

CDEDOl

165 3

GAEL

FETCH

D6B1

5F

1654

LD

E, A

06B2

KB 4 9

1 6 -.J :.}

y f c 7;

B I T

l,C

U6B4

20 05

1 r,'::|/,

J R

HI,VEC8

0 6!; 6

DD7E02

165 7

ED

A,(IX+GDR2)

0 6B9

1 8 0 3

1658

JR

VEC9

0 6 3 B

DD7E0 3

1659

VECS?

LD

A, ( IX+GDR3)

0 6 be;:

DD7749

1660

VEC9?

L D

H. X-! COLOR) ,

u 6 C :l.

OEOO

1661

i D

C r 0

0 { f A

E5

166?

F'USF

HL

06C 4

C5

1663

PUS I

BC

0 i, I 5

6 A

1664

L D

L , D

0 6 C 6

2 600

1665

ED

H, 0

06CS

D D 4 E 0 0

1666

LD

C, CIX+6DRQ3

0 61 3

06 0 0

1667

LD

B, 0

06 CD

A E

1668

XOR

A

0 6 C E

ED 4 2

1669

8 B C

HI, ,BC

0 6 D 0

FADV06

16 70

JF'

M, YE CIO

06D3

DD36 4 701

1671

LD

(IX f-SX) , 1

06D7

1808

167 2

JR

OF 01 1

0 6 0 9

DD3647EF

1673

OECIO:

LD

CIX+SX)r-1

0 6DD

7D

1674

LD

A , L

Q6DE

ED 4 4

16 75

NEG

0 6 E LJ

6E

1676

L E)

L , A

06E :l.

55

16/7

0 E r. 1 1 ?

LD

D :- I...

06E2

61.'.

16 7 E •;

L D

1... , E

G6E3

2600

1.679

LD

H, 0

06CLJ

DDAE01

1680

L D

C, UX-iGDRl )

0 6E8

0 6 0 0

1681

LD

B, 0

o 6 e:: a

AF

1682

XOR

i';

06EB

ED 42

1683

SBC

HLrBC

0 6 ED

f AF 6 06

1.6 84

JF'

M, OF 01 2

0 6 F 0

0D3 6 4801

1.685

LD

(IX+SY)r1

0 i, F 4

1808

1686

JR

V EC 1.3

Q6F6

DD36 4SFF

1.68 7

V E c 12;

L D

CIX+SY),1

0 6E A

?D

1688

LD

A, 1...

06EB

ED4 4

168 9

NEG

0 6FD

6F

1 690

L D

L > A

06 FE

5D

1691

VEC13?

! !";,

E r !...

0 6FE

6B

169 2

LD

L » E

0700

2 60 0

1.693

L D

El, 0

0 7 0 2

4A

1694

L.. D

C, D

0 703

0 60 0

1695

LD

E, 0

0705

AF

169 6

XOR

A

0 706

ED42

1 6 9 7

SBC

HLrBC

0 '/OB

F A 1 3 0 7

16 98

JP

11, VEC14

0 70B

007345

1699

LD

C I X + M ft ) r !:.

0 7 0 L

DD7246

1 700

LD

( i; X■■! MN ) . D

J TEST FOR ABSOLUTE?JUMP IF SOH'EST SIGNfJUMP IF POSITIVE

?CLEAR SIGN

?NEGATE

J ADO OFFSET

fSAVE NEW VALUE

;GE"l NEW VALUE

JTEST SIGN

fJUMP IF POSITIVE

;CLEAR SIGN

; NEGATE

:ADD OFFSET

?8AVE NEW VALUE

; JUMP

J SAVE NEW VALUE

J GET NEW VALUE

JSAVE NEW VALUE

JTEST COLOR

fJUftP IF SECONDARY

fLOAD PRIMARY COLOR

J JUMP AROUND

J L 0 A D =5 F. C 0 NI) A R Y C 0!.. 0 k

J SAVE THE COLOR

?CLEAR THE COUNTER

?SAVE H AND L

?SAVE B AND C

JGE'I X END POINT

, CLEAR El

;GET X

iCLEAR B

; CLEAR CARRY

;SUBTRACT

JJUMP IF BORROW

J SET SIGN OF X 1

fJUMP AROUND

?SET SIGN OF X 1

:GET THE DIET ERENCF

J GET ABSOLUTE VALUE

;RESTORE THE DIFFERENCE

?SAVE DELTA X

;GET Y

rCLEAR H

;GET Y

?CLEAR B

?CLEAR THE CARRY

", SUBTRACT

fJUMP IE BORROW

fLOAD+1

JJUMR AROUND

J LOAD -1

?GET THE DIFFERENCE

?NEGATE THE DELTA

JRESTORE THE DIFFERENCE

?SAVE DELTA Y

;REST ORE DELIA Y

if CLEAR H

;GET DELTA X

fCLEAR B

J CLEAR CARRY

fSUBTRACT

J JUMP IF BORROW

i L 0 A D Y

H.OAD X

338 December 1980 © BYTE Publications In

Listing 1

continued:

0 7.1. :l

1006

''.'!''\ ''

DD 7 -■i *

1)07746

0719

DD7E4 5

0 71C

0B3F

0 7 11

D0774 4

0721

i:'!

0 7 2;7

El

C 0 A 01.) 7DD7E4 9

077-A

C 5D5

072B

C"5

o 7 ? r

CD3F0A

072F

El

0 7 3 0

Dl

0 / 3 3

C1

0"/32

D D 7 E 4 5

D 7 .5 "5

O Q

0 / -5 6

2 0 01

0 739

1/ 7

E 5

073A

(, '.'J

D73B

DD6E44

073E

7 400

1,1', .■'. 1 /. /

(J / ■"'. [!

0743

0 A D 0

074'.'

0 9

0 7 4 6

DD4E45

074 9

! 16 0 0

074!?.

AF

t 1 'i Z '>

074L

1... !. ■ t *■..

FA5E07

0 751

00754 4

0 ' 7 4

C1

! I ■ 17: i

f::j

0756

DD6E48

0 7 59

DD6647

0 7 5C

1 3 1 9

0 7 5L

1 'J "> ■'- t "

0 9

0762

CI

0767

£ 1

l J 7 6 4

2L0 0

0766

2 60 0

)76 P

D07E4 5

07613

BA

D 7 6 C

Olio;'.

07 6 E

006647

0 7 71

B B

0 7 7 2

200 i

0 7 74

DD6E4 8

0777

DD7E0 0

[177 A

8 4

0 7 ?B

DD7700

0 7 7 L

DD7E01

0 781

35

0782

DD7701

07 3 5

11C

0 .' 1. 6

18 9 L

J JUMP AROUND

5 L. 0 A D X

?!.. 0 A 0 Y

J GET MM

"DIVIDE BY 2

J SAVE I'l

J RESTORE 0 AND C

;RESTORE H AND L

J GET THE CURRENT CASE

J SET THE COLOR:

fSAVE BC

J SAVE OE

JSAVE hl

J PLOT THE POINT} RESTORE HL?RESTORE OE}RESTORE BC

? oip i m

;compare nn

JJUMP IF NOT SAME.?RETURNJSAVE hi AND L.5SAVE B AND CJ GET M?CLEAR HJ SET MN5 CLEAR B?AD0 M'iMN?0ET MMfCLEAR B}CLEAR CARRYJ SUBTRACTJJUMP IE MINUS?8AVE M

-,RESTORE B AND Cf RESTORE hi AND LJGET INC YJ GET INC X; JUMP

* REST ORE MfSAVE M

?RESTORE B AND 05 RESTORE H AND LI CLEAR L;CLEAR POINTER;6ET MM

;COMPARE WITH DELTA X?JUMP IF NOT EQUAL?SAVE VALUE; COMPARE WITH DELIA YIf JUMP IE NOT EQUAL;LOAD BY; G E r X

1754 ADD ArH J ADD INCREMENT

175 5 LD (IX + 6DR0)rA J RESTORE X

1756 LD A»<IX+GDR1) •GET Y

175 7 ADD A,L ?ADD INCREMENT

1758 LD (IX-!GDR1),A ; RESTORE Y

1759 INC C ?INCREMENT COUNT

1760 JR 0EC16 ?JUMP AROUND

1701

JR

VEC1S

1702

VECJ

4 >

L D

CIX-iMM) ,D

1703

LD

(IX+MN),E

1704

VEC1

l: v

L D

A , ( 1 X -■ M M )

170 5

SRI...

A

: 7 06

!.. D

( 1 X v M ) , A

17 0 7

POP

BC

1708170 91 710

VEC1

POPCALLL D

HLCASE

At ( I X H (.; 0 L 0 R)

1 711

17121 7 1 3

PUSHPUSHPUSH

BC

Dl::

HI...

1 71 4

CALL

PLOT

1 7 1 5

POP

HL

1 71 6

POP

D E

1717

POP

BC

J. 7 1 Si

1... D

A , ( 1 X •: M M )

1 7 1 9

! ''. 1-'

0

17201 7 2 1

JR

R E T

N2 ;, OECJ /

1722

V E C 1

7 ■

PUSH

HL

.l .•-■ 2 3

PUSH

BC

1724

!.. D

L . (IX-l M )u , n

1726

1... D

C . ( .1 X ' M 0 )

17271729

ADDLD

B , 0

UL,BC

C r (. 11 HYlM !

173 0

L D

B i 0

1731

XOR

;'::'t

1 732

c ft;

KL> BC

1733

jp

MrVEClG

1734

L D

( IX-iM) , L

1735

POP

BC

173 6

EOF'

HL

1737

LD

1... r { IX * 3 Y )

17 381 / 19

L D

JR

H , ( I X + S X )VEC20

174 0

VEC1

O ;

ADD

HL , BC

1 7 4 1

ED

(IXtTOO

■i 7 / ■".'j. .-■ ■ i"

EOF'

BC

J. 7 4 3

POP

HE

174 4

L D

1 Pi

L , 0

! i i""i

17 4 5174 6

1... I..'

L.. D

1 i r U

A, ( 1X-! MM)

174 8

!...■ I

JR

uN7,0EC19

17 49

1... D

H,(IX+SX)

1750

VEC1

9?

CP

E

1 7 5 1

J R

NZ.0EC20

1752

LD

L»(IX+SY)

1753

VEC2

o;

LD

A t < 1X f- (3 D k 0 )

"? /, 2 J W A I 8 ^ T:: T1." t1! T'l r1: T1! # K T1: T1: t'I t1. ¥: :■: S t>: :': iK ¥: •;'•. ¥.

L "I

1764 ! WAIT ALLOWS SYNCHRONIZATION WITH THE FRAME RATE BY17 65 f WAITING FOR A SPECIFIED NUMBER OF FRAMES. WAIT FIRST

Listing 1 continued on page 340

December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 339

Listing 1 continued:

0 788

CB5F

070*

2 SOS

0 78C

CDEDO!

0/31"

1.302

0 791

E607

0793

ED 4 4

(J 795

DO7704

07 93

DD7E04

079B

F: F. 0 0

i.J / 9 0

2 OF 9

0 7 9F

C9

1766 5 GETS THE COUNT FROM EITHER THE- PRIMITIVE ITSELF OR,

17 67 >■ IF THE EXTEND BIT IS ON. FROM THE NEXT BYTE.. GDR4

1768 ! (FRAME COUNT) IS SET TO -COUNT AND WAIT THEN LOOPS

1769 5 UNTIL THE FRAME COUNT GOES TO ZERO.,

1770 J

1771 ! CALLS FETCH

1772 i

1773 1 CALLED BY F'RIMAT (INDIRECTLY)17 74 r

1775 ; REGISTERS A (PRIMITIVE OR CODE, TEMPORARY)

7 1

IX (INDEX)

1778 5 I/O NONE

1779 ',

1780 ', STRUCTURES GDR4 (FRAME COUNT)1731 I

1782 WAIT: BIT 3, A J TEST EXTEND BIT

1733 JR Z,WAITO ;JUMP IF NOT SET

1784 CALL f ETCH J GET COUNT

1785 JR WAIT! J JUMP AROUND1 7 8 6 W AIT 0 : AN D 0 0 0 0 011 IE?. ! M A S K A I... L B U T 0 0 U N T

1787 WAITl! NEG J NEGATE COUNT

1788 LD ( I. X-: GDR4 ) , A J SET FRAME COUNT1739 WAIT2? LD A,(IX+GDR4) ,GET COUNT

1790 CP 0 J TEST FOR- ZERO

1791 JR NZ,WAIT2 ;JUMP IF NON ZERO

1792 RET ,RETURN

1793 ,

'I "") '-j /.■ j 5C -fi,' # # 71] £ £ S £ •$: £ £ ¥. ¥: :'.' 7!! $i # t1; £ # ¥: ¥. ¥. ¥. & ¥. £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £• '.

1795 ?UTILITY SERVICE ROUTINES***»***»******36K*»*96**s**k*-

1797 s

1799 ?

1800 ? CASE DETERMINES HIE CASE OF A REFERENCED VIEWPORT.

1801 ; IF A VIEWPORT IS NOT REFERENCED, CASE EXITS. OTHER

1802 '» WISE, CASE IS SET IN REGISTER B.

1803 !

1804 ; CALLS NONE1305 J

1806 5 CALLED BY

180/ ? LP IX

i 80S 5 MOO

180 9 SYM

1810 ; VEC

1311 ? RPIX

1 812 ;

1813 ; REGISTERS A (TEMPORARY)

1814 J B (CASE)

1815 ! D (TEMPORARY)

1816 i E (TEMPORARY)

1817 ! H (TEMPORARY)

1818 ? I... (TEMPORARY)

1819 5 IY (INDEX)18 20 !

1821 ; I/O NONE

.1. ■::.■ ,::. ,;.. y

1823 ' STRUCTURES GDR6-13 (VIEWPORTS)

182 4 ? REF (REFERENCE)

1825 i

0 7AO PS 1826 CASE? PUSH AF" ?SAVE AF

07A1 FD£5 182 7 PUSH IY ?SAVE IY

07A3 E5 1828 PUSH HL. JSAVE H AND L

07A4 D5 1829 PUSH DE J SAVE D AND E

07A5 0600 1830 LD B,0 !ASSUMF CASE 0

340 December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Listing 1

continued:

D7A7

DDCB434E

1831

P. T "f

1, CIX + REI

)

fTEST REFERENCE

07AB

2&06

183 2

JR

7> CASED

»JUttP IF NOT SET

07AD

D1

183 3

POP

DE

?RESTORE D AND E

o? At;

El

1834

POP

HL

;restore: h and l

07AF

FDE1

183 5

P 0 ',"■■

T y

',RESTORE STACK

07 Bi

F 1

1836

POP

AF

JRESTORE STACK

0 7 8 2

C9

183 7

RET

?RETURN

07B3

FD218A10

1 8 3 8 C A S

E 0 : 1... [)

IY, STRUT

i CDR6

;LOAD REFERENCE. START

0 7 B 7

D-DCP CUi

18 3 ?

B i t

Or ( IX f'REI

')

n"EST REFERENCE

07BB

2 D 0 ■■■';

184 0

JR

ZrCASEl

fJUNP If NOT SET

1J 7 B D

FD21.SA10

1841

1.. D

IYrSTRUCT

" + B D R10

sLOAD REFERENCE START

07 CI

FD6E02

184 2 CAR

fc. 1 i 1... D

I., ( .1 Y -; 2 )

JLOAD RTfih'T X

0 7C4

261.10

1 & 4 3

LD

H r 0

; CLEAR H

J /((■

CBce

184 4

SE1

1 ,B

?SET BIT 1

07C8

I-D5EO0

1845

!... D

E' - < 1 Y i- 0 ;

fGET LEFT X

07CB

'J. 6 0 0

184 6

1... D

D i 0

J CLEAR D

0 7 CD

AF

1 8 4 7

XOR

A

iCLEAR CARRY

07Ce:

ED 52

184 8

BBC

HL , DE

?SUBTRACT

0 7 D 0

0 71) 3

FAD50/CD 86

18 4 9:l 858

RES

PlrCASE21 , B

fJUMP IF MINUS", RES BIT 1

0 7 0 5

FD6E03

1351 CAS

E2« LD

1... r ( IY+3)

fGET RIGHT Y

07D8

;;-1, o o

1852

LD

\ ! ! 0

rCLEAR H

071) A

CBCO

1853

SET'

0, B

^SET BIT 0

0 7 DC

f D5E01

1854

1... D

E,(IY+1)

5 BET LEFT Y

U7DF

16 00

1855

L D

D y 0

fCLEAR D

07 tl

Af

1856

XOR

A

J CLEAR CARRY

07 £2

FDS2

185 7

SBC

HL -DE

fSUBTRACT

0 7 E 4

FAE907

1858

J P

fl, CASE3

J JUMP If MINUS

0 7 £ 7

171? 3 0

1 R59

RES

0» B

, RES BIT 0

0 7 e: V

Dl

1 8 6 0 f: ft B

E'3! POP

DE

fRESTORE D AND L

Listing 1 to be continued next month in Part 3

If you're serious about thestock market, you need

Tickertec

Watch 48 to 400 of your favorite stockswithout a 15 minute delay.

Tickertec'" is a computer program that displays the NYSE or AMEXtickertape on your TRS-80™ Model I or both exchanges as an option onthe Model II. You see every trade as it is reported by the exchange andtrack the last ten trades, tickertape reported volume, and high and lowlimits on the stocks you are watching. Tickertec prices start at SI.000.00with many optional features available including hard copy andportfolio management systems. Programs may be purchased for cash(i.e., hard dollars) or payment can be arranged in the form of dis-counted brokerage commissions (i.e.. Soft Dollar Software'"). Exchangefees are extra. Call for FREE brochure TOLL-FREE at (800) 223-6642;in New York call (212) 687-0705; or mail the coupon today.

Max Ule & Company Inc.

6 East 43rd Street, N.Y., N.Y.10017

Name

Address

City State Zip

Bus. Phone

Pers.Computer? □ Y D N Model

©1980. Max Ule & Company Inc

BY2

8" DISK CONTROLLER

NOW—DOUBLE SIDED OPTION!

• DOUBLES APPLE ][ STORAGE

• APPLE DOS COMPATIBLE

• SHUGART 800 OR 850 COMPATIBLE

• IBM 3740 DATA ENTRY CAPABILITY

• CP/M, UCSD PASCAL CAPABILITYAvailable at your local APPLE Dealer: $400.

£SVA>

SORRENTO VALLEY ASSOCIATES

11722 SORRENTO VALLEY RD.SAN DIEGO, CA 92121

Circle 270 on inquiry card.

Circle 271 on inquiry card.

December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 341

.u

META TECHNOLOGIES

FOR YOUR DISK SYSTEM

FILE BOX $24E,*-*ta

DISKETTE STORAGE SYSTEM

for 8" disks . . .$29.95

MTC brings you the ULTIMATE diskettestorage system, at an affordable price. Stor-ing 50 to 60 diskettes, this durable, smoke-colored acrylic unit provides easy accessthrough the use of index dividers and ad-justable tabs. Unique lid design providesdust-free protection and doubles as a carry-ing handle.

PLASTIC LIBRARY CASES

(not shown)An economical form of storage for 10 to 15diskettes, and is suitable for your bookshelf!Case opens into a vertical holder for easy ac-cess.

5'A-inch diskette case $3.25

8-inch diskette case $3.50

Single Sided, Single Density. Soft-Sectored5'/4-inch, (for TRS-80™) Mini-floppy

DISKETTES

TRS-80™ PRODUCTS

»f«/f«s«#7 itisu iniinn.it

NEWDOS/80 by Apparat $149.95

NEWDOS+ with ALL UTILITIES

35-track $69.95

40-track $79.95

TRS-80TM DISK AND OTHER MYSTERIES

. . $19.95

MICROSOFT tm BASIC DECODED & OTHERMYSTERIES for the TRS-80TM $29.95

META TECHNOLOGIES

REDEFINES

"Customer Satisfaction"

IN 1981

met-a-mor-pho-sis (met'am6rJ fa

sis), ii., />/. -ses(-sez'). I. a transforma-tion. 2. a change or successive changesin character or appearance. 3. MTC'stransition in 1981 to a bigger andbetter way of doing business,featuring new and improved pro-ducts and services.

$19

80"

box of 10

Meta Technologies strikes again ... atthe competition! These are factoryfresh, absolutely first quality (noseconds!) mini-floppies. They arecomplete with envelopes, labels andwrite-protect tabs in a shrink-wrapped box.

INTRODUCING

-TM

PLAIN JANE

DISKETTES

The Beautiful Floppy

with the Magnetic Personality™

In 1980 alone, MTC has sold nearly a thirdof a million dollars worth of brand-namediskettes. If anyone knows quality, we doAnd these are quality diskettes. Thecatch? They are in a plain white boxYou're not paying for fancy printing, fancylabels or fancy names on the packaging.We don't even put our own label on thepackage (labels cost money). At this introductory price (our regular price will be$21.95 per box of 10) we cannot offerquantity or dealer discounts.

PLAIN JANETM Diskettes $19.80*

VERBATIM brand Diskettes (box of 10)

5'/<-inch(forTRS-80TM)

MD525-01 $23.95

10 boxes of 10... (each box)... $22.95

8-inch FLOPPIES

Single-Density, FD34-1000 ... $29.95Double-Density, FD34-8000 .. $39.95

CALL FOR INFORMATION ONOTHER TRS-80™ PRODUCTS

All products

guaranteed for

replacement only.

Prices, Specifications &

Offerings subject tochange without notice.

MOST ORDERS

SHIPPED

WITHIN ONE

BUSINESS DAY

m

♦ PRICE GOOD THRUDECEMBER 31, 1980.Sorry, no dealer or quanti-ty discounts. Allow forpossible shipping delays.

WE ACCEPT

• VISA

• MASTER CHARGE

• CHECKS

• MONEY ORDERS

• COD

• Add $2.50 forstandard UPSshipping & handling

• 52.00 EXTRAfor COD.

• Ohio residents

add 5'.-% sales tax.

TO PLACE ORDER1-800-321-3552

CALL

TOLLFREE

FOR PRODUCT INFO1-800-321-3640

IN OHIO (216)289-7500 (COLLECT)

METfl TEChffiLQGIES EORPDRflTDN

26111 Brush Avenue. Euclid. Ohio 44132

801010RS-80 is a TM of Tandy Corp.PLAIN JANE is a TM of MTCL980 by Metatechnologies Corporation. Inc.

342

BYTE December 1980

Circle 356 on inquiry card.

What's New?

SOFTWARE

Commercial Mailer Has30,000 Name Capacity

Commercial Mailer, from StonehengeComputer Company, 89 Summit Ave,Summit NJ 07901, (201) 277-1020, has acapacity of up to 30,000 six-line records,with an unlimited number of lists. Thisprogram offers features includingcreating, adding, changing, deleting,sorting, utility/field code, and more. Re-quired hardware includes the Apple IIwith 48 K bytes of memory, the CorvusHAP Hard Disk, and an 80- or132-column printer. Optional hardwareare the Corvus Constellation and Cor-vus Mirror. The format is a menu type,and the system can be adapted to theuser's format. The price is $250, plus $3for shipping.Circle 404 on inquiry card.

Chemistry Programs forHigh School and College

1*

. .

8

1 3 3H5blBRIDIIIEI3IH

I'l'i'i'i'i'i'i'i'i'i'i'i'i

i " STBV BEHDIf J"

L

l

ENTER THE PH OF THE SOLUTION.? 3.1

Chemistry Lab Simulation 1 and 2 arefor use on the Apple II computer. Theprograms may be used either as an aidin lecture presentations or for individual

study. Chemistry Lab 1 uses graphics tosimulate introductory-level chemistry ex-periments, including acid-base titration;a monomolecular film experiment usedfor the determination of Avogadro'snumber; and finding an unknown weakacid by determining its equilibrium con-stant. The program provides randomlygenerated initial values, giving unlimitedtest results without repetition. ChemistryLab 2 illustrates the behavior of gas par-ticles as the user varies the gas environ-ment. Students are guided through theIdeal Gas Law, the Kinetic-MolecularTheory, and the principles of entropy.The program features low-resolutiongraphics and is written in machinelanguage. For details, contact HighTechnology Inc, Software Department,POB 14665, Oklahoma City OK 73113,(405) 840-9900.Circle 409 on inquiry card.

Traffic Program for RadioStations

The Electric Log is designed for theTRS-80 Model II personal computer.The program stores up to 500 time-spotschedules and automatically generatesdaily program logs with date checking,product code separation, accountseparation, and, optionally, randomtray location for automation. The Elec-tric Bill ties into the Electric Log to pro-vide a standard accounts receivable andstatement printer. For additional infor-mation, contact, The Management, POB111, Aledo TX, (817) 441-8045.Circle 405 on inquiry card.

Lowercase Driver Plus

Lowercase Driver Plus is an advanceddriver routine to work with the lower-case modification kit sold by E B G (Em-manuel B Garcia Jr) & Associates. Withthis routine and the lowercase modifica-tion in the TRS-80, users will be able todisplay lowercase at all times. Thekeyboard then will work as a regulartypewriter (ie: shifted characters will beuppercase, and unshifted characters willbe lowercase). Provision has also beenmade for a CAPS LOCK function. Anautomatic repeat action that can be ob-tained by holding any key down for afew seconds is included. LowercaseDriver Plus will also work with mostother lowercase modifications. The priceis $9.95, from E B G & Associates, 203N Wabash, Chicago IL 60601, (312)782-9750.Circle 406 on inquiry card.

Computer War Games

The Avalon Hill Game Company,4517 Harford Rd, Baltimore MD 21214,(301) 254-5300, presents B-l NuclearBomber, Midway Campaign, NorthAtlantic Convoy Raider, Nukewar, andPlanet Miners. These games run onTRS-80 Model II, Apple II, and PETmicrocomputers. They cost $15 each.Circle 407 on inquiry card.

MED-PAC II

The MED-PAC II (Medical PatientAccounting System) is a medicalaccounting system that features billing,recording of charges, adjustments andpayments, automatic printing of in-surance forms, instantaneous recall ofpatient records and account status, in-creased collections and reduced aging,analysis of services performed by eachproducer in the practice, and the abilityto run with the accounts payable,payroll, and general ledger programsfrom V R Data Corporation. The com-pany also has a Med Pac System that in-cludes a high-resolution monitor andASCII (American Standard Code for In-formation Interchange) keyboard, a64 K-byte memory board with a Z80microprocessor, 1 megabyte of diskstorage, a letter-quality printer,manuals, on-site training lessons, andmedical software. The cost of the systemis $14,249. Contact Small SystemsGroup, 777 Henderson Blvd N-6,Folcroft Industrial Park, Folcroft PA19032, (800) 345-8102.Circle 408 on inquiry card.

L216—Business SoftwarePackage

L216 is a business package for theTRS-80 Model II with 16 K bytes ofmemory and Level II BASIC. A cassettedata-base manager, word processor,inventory-control system, stock-manage-ment program, check-balancing pro-gram, label printer, deposit calculator,statistics program, sort utility, and akey-access utility are included. Thepackage is priced at $59. For informa-tion, contact Micro Architect Inc, 96Dothan St, Arlington MA 02174, (617)643-4713. Circle 410 on inquiry card.

Where Do New Products ItemsCome From?

The information printed in the newproducts pages of BYTE is obtained from"new product" or "press release" copysent by the promoters of new products. Ifin our judgment the information might beof interest to the personal computing ex-perimenters and homebrewers who readBYTE, we print it in some form. We open-ly solicit releases and photos from manu-facturers and suppliers to this market-place. The information is printed more orless as a first-in first-out queue, subject tooccasional priority modifications. Whilewe would not knowingly print untrue orinaccurate data, or data from unreliablecompanies, our capacity to evaluate theproducts and companies appearing in the"What's New?" feature is necessarilylimited. We therefore cannot be responsi-ble for product quality or company per-formance.

December 1980 © BYTE Publications In

343

Whal's New?

SOFTWARE

Word Processing for theApple II

A word-processing program called theDatacope Scribe is available for theApple II. On-screen editing is bycharacter, word, sentence, andparagraph, plus block insert, blockmove, and block delete. General formatscontrol the locations and justification ofmargins, tab locations, and the numberof lines per page and their spacing.Special formats may be used to center,indent, and underline text. The programcan print single or multiple copieswithout user intervention. Single-lettercommands are included. Memory canhold approximately eleven pages of text.A BASIC program allows users tocustomize the machine-language pro-gram to match the user's printer, printerinterface, and personal preferences.Minimum equipment requirements arean Apple II with 48 K bytes of memory,Applesoft in ROM (read-only memory),an Apple II Plus with 48 K bytes ofmemory, or an Apple Language System;Dan Paymar's Lower Case Adapter; aDisk II drive; and a printer and printerinterface. The suggested retail price forthe Datacope Scribe is $79.95. ContactDatacope, PO Drawer AA, HillcrestSta, Little Rock AR 72205.Circle 400 on inquiry card.

CP/NET Operating Systemfrom Digital Research

Digital Research Inc, originator of theCP/M and MP/M operating systems,has introduced CP/NET, a new operat-ing system for microcomputer networks.The CP/NET software system supportsnetwork technology by allowing in-dependent microcomputers access tocommon facilities, such as peripherals,programs, and data bases, via a net-work. CP/NET operates with CP/Mand MP/M. Applications range frommultiterminal word-processing and/ordata-base systems that share disks andprinters to industrial process-controlsystems that use single-board computers,without disk or console facilities, asslaves. CP/NET consists of one or moremasters running MP/M and one or moreslaves running CP/M or MP/M.CP/NET is network independent.Through simple modifications, a net-work may be constructed with any com-bination of shared memory, serial linksor parallel I/O (input/output) with anyprotocol. For more information, contactDigital Research Inc, POB 579, PacificGrove CA 93950, (408) 649-3896.Circle 401 on inquiry card.

Flight Simulators forTRS-80 and Apple Systems

The A2-FS1 for the Apple II, and theT80-FS1 for the TRS-80, are visual flightsimulators that offer a real-time three-

Graphics for the Apple

United Software of America has athree-dimensional high-resolutiongraphics package for the Apple II calledApple World, which is a text-editor-based color graphics package. The pro-gram comes with a manual and requiresany Apple II or Apple II Plus with 48 Kbytes of programmable memory and afloppy-disk drive. It is written inmachine code. The price is $59.95 fromUnited Software of America, 750 ThirdAve, New York NY 10017, (212)682-0347. Circle 402 on inquiry card.

dimensional out-the-window view offlight. The view updates at an averageof three times per second. The anima-tion and flight characteristics allow thenon-pilot to learn basic flight control.The FSl instrument panel contains allthe instruments required under part 91of the Federal Aviation Regulations forvisual flight. The FSl includes a stallwarning, turn indicator, radar screen,ammunition indicator, and control posi-tion indicators. Controls include throt-tle, brakes, bomb drop, machine guns,high/low world, and declare war. TheT80 features a downward map selector.The A2 includes a keyboard/paddleselector. The FSl requires 16 K bytes ofmemory. The programs cost $25. TheA2 is available on disk for $33.50. Con-tact SubLOGIC, POB V, Savoy IL61874, (217) 359-8482.

Circle 403 on inquiry card.

344

December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

Wtiaftlfew?

MISCELLANEOUS

X,Y Positioning Device Operates by Fingertip Glide

TASA (Touch Activated SwitchArrays Inc) has introduced this alter-native for trackballs and other two-dimensional controllers that providecoarse and fine position adjustment bychanging fingertip speed. The X,Y con-troller produces X,Y positioning signalswhen a finger is moved across its sur-face. It can be interfaced with plotters,video displays and other devices. Theunit uses 70% less space than trackballs,has no moving parts, and is environ-

mentally sealed. The 10.2 by 10.2 cm (4by 4 inch) surface can be traversed atup to 60 inches per second without lossof resolution. Rapid finger movementcan give coarse control; slow movementoffers fine control. The Model 4460 X,YPositioner is priced under $500 in OEM(original equipment manufacturer) quan-tities. For information, contact TASAInc, 2346 Walsh Ave, Santa Clara CA95051, (408) 727-8272.Circle 412 on inquiry card.

MC68000 DevelopmentBoards Extend EXORmacsSystems

Motorola has introduced fourMC68000 modules for use with theEXORmacs system. The User SystemEmulator (USE) provides the connectionbetween the user's nondebugged hard-ware/software system and the diagnosticpower within the EXORmacs itself. Theextension provides the debug functionsof MACSbug and the symbolic debuggerSYMbug, along with the file-management and memory-storagecapability of EXORmacs. USE consistsof the USE Control Module, Buffer Box,and interface cable. The price is $1500.The VERSAbus dynamic-memorymodules include a special addressing forplacement of memory in both the systemand the user's map throughout the16-megabyte range of the MC68000microprocessor. A parity feature is pro-vided. Prices for 32 K- to 128 K-bytememory modules range from $1400 to$3500. The VERSAbus Adapter Moduleboard plugs into EXORmacs bus slotsand provides an interface between the8-bit EXORbus modules and the 16-bitVERSAbus. The modules also provideuser-selectable interrupt levels and con-trols required by the VERSAbus inter-rupt scheme. The price is $295. Formore information on these and otherEXORmacs products, contact MotorolaSemiconductor Products Inc, POB20912, Phoenix AZ 85036, (602)962-2209.Circle 413 on inquiry card.

ASCII Encoded KeyboardKit

The JE610 ASCII (American StandardCode for Information Interchange) En-coded Keyboard kit comes with a sixty-two-key keyboard switch assembly, in-tegrated circuits, sockets, connector,electronic components, and a double-sided printed-circuit board. Wiring in-structions and circuit diagrams are in-cluded. The full 128-character ASCII setcan be generated. Two user-defined keysare provided, as is a caps lock for up-percase. The keyboard assembly requires+5 VDC at 150 mA and -12 VDC at10 mA for operation. Interfacing is ac-complished by an integrated circuit oran eighteen-pin edge card connector.The suggested retail price is $79.95. TheDTE-AK enclosure is available for$49.95. Contact Jameco Electronics,1355 Shoreway Rd, Belmont CA 94002,(415) 592-8097.Circle 414 on inquiry card.

December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 345

WhartsNew?

SYSTEMS

Three New Computersfrom Radio Shack

The TRS-80 Model III is available inseveral configurations, and it ranges inprice from $699 for the 4 K-byte version(expandable to 32 K bytes) to $2495 forunits with 313 K bytes of disk storage. Itis compatible with Model I TRS-80s andfeatures Model III BASIC. Features in-cluded are: uppercase and lowercase onthe video display, a printer interface, thecapability to add two double-densityfloppy-disk drives, and more. TheTRS-80 Pocket Computer weighs 6ounces and is less than 7 inches long. Itis able to do most of the smaller jobs theTRS-80 Model 1 computer can do. ThePocket Computer features power-offretention of programs and data. Theresident BASIC includes multiple state-ments, mathematics functions, editing,strings, arrays, and more. The price is$249. The TRS-80 Color Computer pro-vides color graphics and features Pro-gram Pak software that enables the userto set up the computer for a varietyof educational and recreational pur-poses. It features a television modulator,provides high-resolution modes, and canbe expanded to 16 K bytes of memory.The price is $399. For more information,contact Radio Shack, 1800 One TandyCenter, Ft Worth TX 76102, (817)390-3272, or visit your local par-ticipating Radio Shack dealer.Circle 415 on inquiry card.

6500 Development System

The heart of the FLAIM/65 develop-ment system is the AIM-65 single-boardmicrocomputer manufactured byRockwell International. The AIM-65provides a 20-character alphanumericdisplay, thermal printer, and a key-board. An expansion motherboard pro-vides five card slots compatible with theMotorola EXORcisor bus. Dual 5-inchfloppy-disk drives provide 160 K bytesof programmable-memory storage. Thedisk operating system is contained inEPROM (erasable programmable read-

only memory). A power supply and aCentronics 730 printer are provided.Software includes an assembler andcompiler. PL/65, built in to ROM (read-only memory), is a systems languagedesigned specifically for the 6500 family.A complete FLAIM/65 system is pricedat $3705 from Compas Microsystems,224 SE 16th St, Ames IA 50010, (515)232-8187.

Circle 416 on inquiry card.

The Decision 1Microcomputer

Morrow Designs, 5221 Central Ave,Richmond CA 94804, (415) 524-2101,has announced the Decision 1, a multi-tasking, IEEE (Institute of Electrical andElectronics Engineers) standard S-100bus microcomputer that costs under$5000 in a four-user configuration. Themachine is designed for the word-pro-cessing and the business data-processingindustries. The computer features a Z80microprocessor, a UNIX-compatibleoperating system that runs CP/M as asubsystem, and business-applicationsand word-processing packages. Thememory-management hardware includesa memory map that supports up to six-teen tasks without swapping. The sys-tem can support dual 800 K-byte 5-inchfloppy-disk drives, dual 1.2-megabyte8-inch drives, and a 26-megabyte Win-chester hard disk.

Circle 417 on inquiry card.

346

December 1980 © BYTE Publications In

Whsft New?

SYSTEMS

The CompuStar Multi-User systemconsists of a network of video-displayterminals which employ individualmicroprocessors and dynamic program-mable memory. The terminals are tiedtogether in a network fashion to sharethe resources of a single Winchester orother hard-disk device. The systemshares disk drives while allowing in-dividual users the capability to maintainrestricted data bases. The system archi-tecture is based around one of three disk

Multi-User Microcomputer System

storage systems. A 10-megabyteShugart-type Winchester 8-inch drive isoffered for $3995. Also offered as diskstorage options are a 32- or 96-megabytecartridge module drive. The 32-mega-byte model is $11,995; the 96-megabytemodel is $14,995. The multi-user sys-tems can accept up to 255 video ter-minals in a single network. Each ter-minal, manufactured by Intertec, hastwin RS-232 serial ports for printers andother peripherals. Video terminals range

in price from $2495 for a 12-inch,64 K-byte unit, to a dual double-sided,double-density floppy-disk drive,12-inch unit that can store 1.5 mega-bytes of data. This terminal costs $4995.One of the basic units, allowing printerinterfacing, costs $1995. For more infor-mation on the CompuStar System, con-tact Intertec Data Systems, 2300 BroadRiver Rd, Columbia SC 29210, (803)798-9100.Circle 418 on inquiry card.

Mercator Microcomputer

The MBS 4000 uses a 16-bit micro-processor, and the system bus is com-patible with the Intel Multibus. Thebasic configuration includes an 8-inchWinchester disk drive and tape cartridgebackup. The minimum memory configu-ration provides 128 K bytes of program-mable memory (expandable to 256 K),with error checking and correcting logic,and 4 K bytes of PROM (programmableread-only memory). The system includesa 400 W switching power supply. Eightserial RS-232 ports and a parallel printerport are included. A disk-expansion portand a Multibus expansion port are op-tional. Contact Mercator BusinessSystems, 2378A Walsh Ave, Santa ClaraCA 95051, (408) 496-0424.Circle 419 on inquiry card.

Business Systems fromCMC

CMC Marketing Corporation, 10611Harwin, Suite 406, Houston TX 77036,(713) 995-4960, has introduced a line ofcomputer systems for small and largebusinesses and for word-processing ap-plications. These systems are builtaround the Z80A microprocessor andfeature the S-100 bus. Systems can beconfigured with floppy-disk storage ofup to 4 megabytes and hard-disk storage

of up to 28 megabytes. All systems canutilize the CP/M operating system. Theword-processing systems, as well as theother systems, use the Magic Wandword-processing program, with an NECSpinwriter printer. The System 100series for small businesses offers RS-232and parallel ports for use with a variety

of printers and peripherals. MicrosoftBASIC is built in. The System 200 seriescan support up to eight work stations. Ituses the Shugart SA4000 Winchesterhard disk with 14 to 28 megabytes ofstorage. For additional details, contactthe company.Circle 420 on inquiry card.

December 1980 © BYTE Publications lnc

347

Whsft New?

PUBLICATIONS

Computer Hot Line

This publication is devoted to com-puter users who want to buy systems,peripherals and other related com-ponents. Advertisements from majormanufacturers are included, along witha help wanted section. Subscription ratesare $45.90 for one year of first classdelivery and $28.60 for regular maildelivery. Contact Hot Line Inc, POB1373, Fort Dodge IA 50501, (800)247-2244, ext 27, from Iowa or Canadacall (515) 573-8133.Circle 421 on inquiry card.

Matrix Printer Brochure

A brochure describing microprocessor-controlled dot-matrix printers forgeneral and special applications isavailable from Dataroyal Inc, 235 MainDunstable Rd, Nashua NH 03061, (603)883-4157. The brochure details theDataroyal IPS 5000 series of matrixprinters for use with small-businesssystems and the 7000 series capable ofprinting bar code and variable sizelabels.Circle 422 on inquiry card.

IEE Conference Volume

Communications Equipment andSystems contains information on publictelecommunications: switching and net-works; transmission and data; data- andbusiness-communications systems: in-telligent terminals and emergency com-munications: systems; and equipment.The price is $41.50 from The MarketingDepartment , The Institution of Elec-trical Engineers (IEE), Station House,Nightingale Rd, Hitchin, Hertford, SG51RJ England.Circle 423 on inquiry card.

Apple II Accessories andSoftware

The Buyers Guide of Apple II Soft-ware, Accessories, and Supplies contains500 Apple II programs, a wide range ofaccessories, supplies, and books. TheBuyers Guide sells for $3 and a cer-tificate worth $3 off the first purchase issupplied. Contact Wallace Computers,Accessories and Supplies Inc, 1024 WWillcox, Peoria IL 61604, (309)685-7876.Circle 424 on inquiry card.

Catalog of DataCommunication Products

International Data Sciences Inc, 7Wellington Rd, Lincoln RI 02865, (401)333-6200, the manufacturer of RangeRider Modem/TDM Test Sets, Hawk4000 Datatraps, MiniTech EIA (Elec-tronic Industries Association) patch,monitor, switching modules, and Mini-Test interface monitor and breakoutpanels, is offering free copies of its 1980Catalog of Data Communication Prod-ucts. The catalog features the company'sdata test sets for synchronous and asyn-chronous modems, EIA and telephoneline patch, monitor, and switchingmodules for technical control centers;data cables; error detection devices, andmore. Also featured is the Model 65/60,the company's battery-operated modemtest set and breakout panel combined.Circle 425 on inquiry card.

OSI Releases Challenger IIIService Manual

OSI (Ohio Scientific), 1333 ChillicotheRd, Aurora OH 44202, (216) 562-3101,in conjunction with Howard W SamsInc, has released the Challenger III Ser-vice Manual. This manual includesschematic diagrams, pictorial diagrams,block diagrams, parts lists, and compo-nent pinouts for the thirteen circuitboards used in the Challenger systems.Memory maps and board placement dia-grams are also included. One importantfeature of the manual is the fold-outswhich spread up to eight pages in width.This and other OSI manuals are avail-able from Ohio Scientific dealers. Forthe name of your local dealer, call (800)321-6850.Circle 426 on inquiry card.

Book on Ada

Programming with Ada: An Intro-duction by Means of Graduated Ex-amples, by Peter Wegner, is availablefrom the Computer Bookstore, POB556, Shalimar FL 32579, (904) 242-6439.Developed for the Defense AdvancedResearch Projects Agency, Ada is amultipurpose high-level language de-signed to meet the needs of numerical,system programming, and real-time ap-plications, and which supports modu-larity and top-down program design.This book contains a history of Adaand explains its features. The price is$13.95.Circle 427 on inquiry card.

Brochure DescribesTABOL III a BusinessLanguage

TABOL III, a publication describing anew business language for buildingbusiness analysis and reporting systems,is available from the General ElectricNews Bureau, 8150 Leesburg Pike, Suite510, Vienna VA 22180, (202) 637-4557.This brochure discusses TABOL III andits applications involving the develop-ment, manipulation, and presentation ofdata in a tabular format. Applicationsconcerning finance, manufacturing andsales, and marketing are also covered.Circle 428 on inquiry card.

Books from Hayden

Hayden Book Company Inc, 50 EssexSt, Rochelle Park NJ 07662, has in-troduced two books and two softwareprograms. Programmable Pocket Cal-culators covers many of the Hewlett-Packard calculators and costs $8.95.Microprocessor Software Design is acompilation of articles from ElectronicDesign and is priced at $11.95.

The first program is an Appleassembly-language development systemwith an assembler, editor, and formatterfor the Apple II disk system with 24 Kbytes of memory. It costs $39.95. Thesecond program is Blackjack Master: ASimulator/Tutor/Game for the TRS-80computer. The 16 K version is $19.95and the 32 K disk version is $24.95.

Circle 429 on inquiry card.

348

December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

HOT WINTER PRICES OIM PERSONALCOMPUTERS AND COMPONENTS.

Look at this!

Stills. *

it*

Ohio ScientificSuperboard II

$299

• It's the first complete computersystem on a board.

• Superboard II uses the ultrapowerful 6502 Microprocessor

• BK Microsoft BASIC-in-ROM

• 4K static RAM on board,expandable to 8K

• Full 53-key keyboard, with upperand lower case. Plus userexpandability.

• Video interface and audiocassette interface.

The Ohio Scientific Superboard II at$299 — in today's economy — hasgot to be the best buy by far. It willentertain you with spectaculargraphics made possible by its ultrahigh resolution graphics and superfast BASIC. It will help you in schoolor industry, as an ultra powerfulscientific calculator. Advancedscientific functions and a built-in"immediate" mode allow you tosolve complex problems withoutprogramming.

The Superboard II can beexpanded economically, for businessuses, or to remotely control yourhome appliances and security. Evencommunicate with other computers.

Read what's been writtenabout Superboard II:

"We heartily recommend Super-board II for the beginner who wantsto get into microcomputers with aminimum cost. A real computerwith full expandability."-POPULAR ELECTRONICS, MARCH 1979

"The Superboard II is an excellentchoice for the personal computerenthusiast on a budget."

—BYTE, MAY 1 979

Look at these easy hardware prices:

610 Board For use with Superboard II and Challenger 1P.

8K static RAM. Expandable to 24K or 32K system total.

Accepts up to two mini-floppy disk drives. Requires +5V

@4.5 amps. $ 298

Mini-Floppy Disk Drive Includes Ohio Scientific's PICO DOSsoftware and connector cable. Compatible with 610expander board. Requires + 12V @1.5 amps and + 5V @

0.7 amps. [Power supply S. cabinet not included.] 299

630 Board Contact us for important details. 229

AC-3P 12" combination black and white TV/video monitor. 159

4KP 4K RAM chip set. 79

P5-005 5V 4.5 amp power supply for Superboard II. 35

PS-003 12V power supply for mini-floppies. 29

C5-600 Metal case for Superboard II, 610 and 630 board

and two power supplies. [While stock lasts.] 49

C8-900B Metal case for single floppy disk drive and power

supply. [While stock lasts.] 49

AC-12P Wireless remote control system. Includes controlconsole, two lamp modules and two appliance modules, foruse with 630 board. 175

AC-17P Home security system. Includes console, fire

detector, window protection devices and door unit for use

with 630 board. 249

C1P Sams C1P Service manual 8

C4P Sams C4P Service manual 16

C3 Sams Challenger III manual 40

Ohio Scientific and independent suppliers offer hundreds of programs for theSuperboard II, in cassette and mini-floppy form.

Freight Policies All orders of £100 or more areshipped freight prepaid. Orders of less than 55100 please add$4.00 to cover shipping costs. Ohio residents add 5.5% Sales Tex.

VtSA

Wm

Hours: Call Monday thru Friday.8:00 AM to 5:00 PM E.D.T.TOLL FREE: 1 -800-321-5805

Guaranteed Shipment

Cleveland Consumer Computers 5. Componentsguarantees shipment of computer systemswithin 48 hours upon receipt of your order.Our failure to ship within 48 hoursentitles you to 835 of software, FREE.

i

ll

III

I

TO Order: Or to get our free catalog CALL 1-800-321-5805 TOLL FREE. Charge yourorder to your VISA or MASTER CHARGE account. Ohio residents call: [216] 464-8047.Or write, including your check or money order, to the address listed below.

CLEVELAND CONSUMERCOMPUTERS & COMPONENTS

P.O. Box 46627Cleveland, Ohio 44146iBiBHBiBiBiBeaeBeBeBenaiBiBiBeBii

Hitrlait Cnnmi Cleveland consumer P.O.Box 46627

Wl UCl rUI Ilia COMPUTERS & COMPONENTS Cleveland, Ohio 44146

□ Superboard II £299. □ 630 Board $299.

□ 610 Board $298. □ AC-3P 12" B/W Monitor $159.D Mini-Floppy Disk Drive $299. □ C1P Sams Manual SB.[Attach separate sheet for other items.]NAME

ADDRESS:

CITY:PHDNF-

RTATF:

ZIP:

Payment by: VISA

MASTER CHARGE

MONEY ORDER

Credit Card Account #

Expires.

. Interbank #[Master Charge]

TOTAL CHARGED OR ENCLOSED $_

. [Ohio Residents add 5.5% Sales Tax]

Orders of less than $1 00. please add $4.00 to cover shipping costs.

All orders shipped insured UPS unless otherwise requested. FOB Cleveland. Ohio.

Circle 272 on inguiry card.

BYTE December 1980

349

WhsftNew?

PUBLICATIONS

Queue Catalog

Queue's Catalog §3 is a directory ofeducational software available for theApple II, TRS-80, PET, and Atari com-puters. Programs from over forty educa-tional software publishers are describedand grouped together by computer, sub-ject matter, and grade level. All the pro-grams can be ordered through Queue.The catalog is $8.95 from Queue, 5Chapel Hill Dr, Fairfield CT 06432.Circle 430 on inquiry card.

Tool Kits, Cases, and TestEquipment

A catalog from Specialized ProductsCompany, 2324 Shorecrest Dr, DallasTX 75235, (214) 358-4663, features tools,test equipment, and cases from Fluke,Beckman, and other manufacturers.Contact the company for a copy.

Circle 431 on inquiry card.

CP/M Software SummaryGuide

Rainbow Associates, POB 35,Glastonbury CT 06025, has publishedthe CP/M Software Summary Guide, aguide to the major software systemsused on most CP/M systems. Includedare summaries of the CP/M operatingsystem, Microsoft BASIC, CBASIC, andthe CP/M utilities DESPOOL, MAC,and TEX. The CP/M summary coverssystem commands and utilities with ex-planations and examples. Error codes forCBASIC-1, CBASIC-2, and BASIC-E aresummarized. Examples and definitionsexplain the utilities offered by DigitalResearch. The price is $3.75.

Circle 432 on inquiry card.

Math Guidebook

Calculator Calculus, by ProfessorGeorge McCarty, details a system forlearning and teaching mathematicsthrough computation. Algorithms pro-duce numerical examples for limit pro-cesses, differentiation, integration, andsums of series. Programs are suitable forhand-held calculators and larger sys-tems. Numerical techniques such asNewton's method, Pade approximation,and Fourier series are included. Theprice is $14.95, from EduCALC Publica-tions, Department BY, POB 974, LagunaBeach CA 92652, (714) 497-3600.

Circle 433 on inquiry card.

Systems and InstrumentsCatalog

A free catalog describing educationalprograms and test instruments forschools, industry, government, and self-instruction, has been published by theHeath Company, Benton Harbor MI49022, (616) 982-3210. This edition hasinformation on self- and group-instruc-tion college-level programs in elec-tronics, microprocessors, and computerprogramming. The catalog featuresproduct descriptions and specificationson test instruments. Programs listed inthis catalog are offered by Heath/ZenithEducational Systems.

Circle 434 on inquiry card.

The Fifth Edition of theTRS-80 Software Directory

The fifth edition of the TRS-80 Soft-ware Directory is available from Com-puterMat, POB 1644A, Lake Havasu AZ86403, (602) 855-3357. This edition hasover 7000 listings of Model I and II soft-ware, and includes the names and ad-dresses of over 600 software suppliers.One section is devoted to Model II soft-ware for businesses, another to mathe-matics and utility programs. The cataloggives information on program titles,short descriptions, BASIC needed,memory required, class, cost, and theprogram medium. The price is $7 perissue in the US, which includes postage.Canadian and foreign orders are $9.Distributors and suppliers of TRS-80software can be listed in the directory atno charge by sending ComputerMattheir latest catalog.

Circle 435 on inquiry card.

Alpha Micro BusinessSystems

A brochure introducing Alpha Micro'sbusiness-computer systems is available.The systems are multitasking, multi-user, and time-sharing. Software in-cludes languages such as AlphaBASICand AlphaPascal, word-processing andtext-formatting applications, and over150 separate utility programs and sub-routines, including utilities for sorting,spooling, and file handling. ContactAlpha Micro, 17881 Sky Park N, IrvineCA 92713, (714) 641-0386, for a copy ofthe brochure.

Circle 436 on inquiry card.

Universal SemiconductorCross-Reference Guide

This cross-reference guide includesZenith semiconductor devices thatreplace more than 158,000 currentlyused devices. The guide allows servicetechnicians to use Zenith semiconductorsin color and black and white televisions,stereo systems, radios, and personal andbusiness computers. Contact ZenithRadio Corporation, 1000 MilwaukeeAve, Glenview IL 60025, (312) 391-8181.Circle 437 on inquiry card.

CompuMart Catalog

CompuMart Corporation, POB 568,Department 333, Cambridge MA 02139,(617) 491-2700, has published a thirty-six-page catalog of microcomputers andperipherals. The catalog features DigitalEquipment Corporation's LSI-11 hard-ware, Apple, Atari, Commodore,Heath, Exidy, and Texas Instrumentssystems and peripherals. Books on dif-ferent aspects of microcomputers arealso included in this catalog. The catalogcan be obtained free of charge from theCompuMart Corporation.

Circle 438 on inquiry card.

BASIC Self-TeachingGuide from Radio Shack

TRS-80 Level II BASIC is a beginner'sguide designed for users who have nothad previous experience with computers.Short games, application programs, andthe elements of developing simulationroutines are presented. The book isavailable from participating Radio Shackstores, dealers, and Radio Shack Com-puter Centers for $9.95.

Circle 439 on inquiry card.

350 December 1980 © BYTE Publicalions Inc

The Supermarket for TRS-80*

/\CIQ "Orl \^OrnpOn©nTS (and other computers, too)

In stock now. Immediate delivery.

The Vista V-80/800/8000Family Disk Drive System

• Fully compatible withTRS-80, Heath/Zenith

• 120 Day Warranty

• 40 Track Patch atNO CHARGE

V-80 Single drive system (102K) $395.00

V-80 Two drive system (204K) $ 770.00

V-800 Single drive. B52 Drive (204K) $595.00

V-800-2 Double drive. B52 Drives (40BK) $1175.00

V-8000 Single drive, B92 Drive (408K) ... $ 775.00

V-8000-2 Double drive B92 Drives (816K) $1450.00

Vista's Add on Drives for Apple'"

Speed . Capacity . PriceMore (or Less

• 30 to 60% cheaper per byte

• From 20 to 400% more capacity

• Twice as fast

• Compatible with Pascal

• Warranty 120 days

40-Track80-Track160-TrackController

$365.00$595.00$825.00$100.00

II -!;

The VistaMUSICMACHINE 9

WITH 9 VOICES!

• NEW! Uses latest State of the Art LSI Technology.

• Requires only one slot for 9 voices!

• Uses three Ay3-8910's to produce nine voices(Other competitive models have only 3 voices).

• Simulates three ALF Boards.

• Plays music generated by the ALF Board.

• APPLE*" II compatible.

• ALF'" software required.

3 TimesMore PowerfulThan ALF'"!

$129.95

The VISTA Model II

• Provides one, two orthree drives.

• Adds up to 1.5 million

bytes of on-line storage.

• 120 day warranty

• Does everything RadioShack's expansionsystem will do. . . for less!

$ 900.00 Single drive (non-expandable)51000.00 Single drive

Expansion System$1550.00 Two drive Expansion System$2100.00 Three drive Expansion System$ 525.00 Additional drives alone

Printers

Vista V300

Daisy wheelLetter quality

Base 2 Printer

Variable line spacing control0 to 64 dots in half dot increments100 cps — six densitiesStandard 96 character ASCIIUp to 10 character fonts

Anadex DP8000 $895.00

9x7 dot matrix

80 column {112 cps)

Vista Printer $745.00

5x7 dot matrix80 column (125cps)

Add On Drives

$1695.00

$575.00 (includes: 2-K Buffer,graphics, high speed tractor feed)

MPI B51MPI B52SiemensSiemens

Shugart

40 Track, DoubleDensity-204K

Dual Head, Double

Density-408K

FDD100-5 40 Track Double

Density 204K

FDD100-8 8" Single

Sided Drive

801R Single Sided Drive ...

$275.00$375.00

$275.00

$448.00$448.00

Other Products

1. VISTA Verbatim diskettes (hard or soft sector) Certified40 track

2. 16K RPM upgrade kits, guaranteed for 120 days.PRIME PRODUCT

3. NEW! DOS +

4. LNW expansion bare board

5. H.C. Pennington book. TRS-80 Disk and OtherMysteries

6. DDT Disco-Tech disk drive timer

$ 38.95

$ 59.95$110.00$ 66.95

$ 18.95$ 19.95

The VISTA V-200 for Exidy^

• Completely packaged system, tested and ready to plug in, includes: Ipower supply, two 40 track drives, case, controller, all caPling andtotal CPM documentation.

• Storage capacity from 400K to 1.2 meg.

• System software-VISTA CP/M Disk Operating System and BASIC-E Compilerrecorded on 5-1/4" diskettes.

Price: Starting as low as $1199.00

CALL TOLL-FREE 800-854-8017

The Vista Computer Company 1401 Borchard Street* Santa Ana. California 92705 •

'TRS-80 <s a registered trademark of Radio Shack

Circle 273 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980

351

Whaf'sNew?

PERIPHERALS

A Graphic Tablet

Graphics Board for VT-100 and VT-103 Terminals

This graphic tablet, designed for smallcomputers, is compatible with standard7 by 9 inch display screens. For hardcopy, a standard 8V2- by 11-inch pad ofpaper fits onto the tablet surface. Theoutput of the tablet matches the capabil-ities of the computer, thereby mini-mizing interface and software require-ments. The resolution is 100 to 200points per inch. Conversion rate is 100coordinate pairs per second; standardoutput is bisequential with an optionalfull parallel output. The tablet is avail-able from Kurta Corporation, 206 SRiver Dr, Tempe AZ 85281, (602)968-8709. Circle 440 on inquiry card.

IEEE-488-to-ParallelInterface for the PET

The P.I.E.-C is an IEEE-488-to-parallelinterface for the Commodore PET com-puter. The device has parallel outputwith two handshaking lines and is com-patible with Centronics printers, NECSpinwriter, Anderson-Jacobson AJ841,Integral Data System's Paper Tiger,Anadex 8000 and 9000 printers, and anyother parallel-input ASCII (AmericanStandard Code for Information Inter-change) printer. The conversion ofnonstandard PET codes to ASCII codesis switch-selectable. The P.I.E.-C withcase, code converter, and printer cable is$119.95. Contact LemData Products,POB 1080, Columbia MD 21044, (301)730-3257. Circle 441 on inquiry card.

The Graphics-100 board fits in DEC(Digital Equipment Corporation) VT-100and 103 video terminals to give themX,Y graphics display capability. Theboard provides a 1220 by 240 dotresolution on the screen. The textcapability includes four character sets,three text rotations for labeling, andthree type fonts. Graphics 100 memoryand VT-100 memory may be displayed

simultaneously. The unit includes a vec-tor generator. Hard copy is availablefrom the DECwriter II printer. Optionsinclude a light pen capability and soft-ware support under Selanar's PL II FOR-TRAN Plotting Subroutines. TheGraphics-100 board is $1195; fromSelanar, 2403 De La Cruz Blvd. SantaClara CA 95050, (408) 727-2811.Circle 442 on inquiry card.

PascaI-100 from DigicompResearch

Pascal-100 consists of two matedboards with a Z80 microprocessor sub-system and the Pascal Microengineintegrated-circuit set. Pascal-100upgrades S-100 systems to a bilingualbus and runs the complete UCSD Pascalin native code, plus all Z80, 8080, andCP/M software. Both microprocesorsubsystems can address 128 K bytes of

memory or, optionally, up to 1megabyte of memory. The system re-quires 48 K bytes of storage. The systemis a 16-bit, plug-in module for all S-100systems. The price is $1485. UCSDPascal for the unit is $250, and a1-megabyte memory addressability op-tion is $95. Contact Digicomp Research,Terrace Hill, Ithaca NY 14850, (607)273-5900.

Circle 443 on inquiry card.

Streaming CartridgeTape Drives

The Sidewinder family of streaming1/4-inch cartridge tape drives feature arecording density of 8000 bits per inchand operating speeds of 30 and 90 ips(inches per second). The drives aredesigned for Winchester disk drive

backup. They are offered in a Basic orIntelligent configuration with 10- or20-megabyte capacities. Sidewinder'serase-write-read recording head operatesin a two- or four-track format; thetracks are recorded serially. A micropro-cessor-based controller is supplied withthe Intelligent Sidewinder. In OEM(original equipment manufacturer)

quantities, the Basic Sidewinder is $469for 10 megabytes and $600 for 20 mega-bytes. The Intelligent models are pricedat $823 for 10 megabytes and $954 for20 megabytes. Contact Archive Cor-poration, 3540 Cadillac Ave, CostaMesa CA 92626, (714) 641-0279.

Circle 444 on inquiry card.

352 December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

DEALS □ DEALS □ 0£v4Z.S

OUR BUYERS ARE IN

CONTACT WITH EVERY MAJOR

SUPPLIER AND O.E.M.

BUY HERE AT 1000 PIECE

WW 8^ MICRO

I UP. til. SEIZES

QUANTITY PRICES 664 N- michiganave. * SUITE 1°i° * Chicago, Illinois 6O611

CALL TOLL FREE: 1-800-435-9357 • MONDAY thru SATURDAY

ALL MERCHANDISE 100% (Illinois residents call-. 815-485-4002) * 8:00a.m. to 6:30p.m.

GUARANTEED! 1 5 DAY FULL TERMS: Prepayment - COD. up to $100.00 - M/C, Visa

PA9H RFFIINHI Please allow personal check to clear before shipment.

WRITE FOR FULL CATALOG!

JUST HOT STUFF

POWER SUPPLIES

If you can beat Theseprices we will be trulyamazed. OEM's at 500lot pay more than this.Call or write for fullspec, sheets.

DISK POWER SUPPLIES

PRIAM-SHUGART-CENTURY-MICROPOLIS

+5V<s>9A |-5V@.8A |+24V@7A | US-384 189.00

SHUGART-SIEMANS-MPI 5%"

+5V@.5A

+ 12V@.9A

US- 340

33.50

+5V@2A

+ 12V@4A

US-323

56.25

SHUGART -SIEMANS- CDC 8"

+5V@1A

-5V@.5A

+24V@ 1.5A

US-205

52.50

+5V <9> 2A

-5V@.5A

+24V@3A

US-206

69.00

+5V@3A

-5V@.6A

+24V @ 5A

US-1B2

89.00

*5V@1.7A

-5V@ I.5A

+24V(s>2A

US-272

69.00

+5V(9>2A

<12V(9>.4A

-12V@.4A

US-HTAA

37.50

TELEVIDEO 912C

SOROCIQ120- $675.00Televideo912C- 665.00ADDSR-25 - 710.00

Also have 920C, SOROC,HAZELTINE, etc. Whatwe don't have is room on1this page. Call Toll Free800 number for prices.

C-ITOH PRINTER$499.00

Look closely at the

photo and see other

adds in this rag at

$995.00. Perfect units,

warranteed. Only 500 pes. Same story,

manufacturerer had too many.

ATARI

800 - $899.00400 - $499.00

As long as there is aprice war, we will fightyour battle. Compareat your local Dept.store and buy US MICRO.

MEM0REX - VERBATUM - WABASH

BASF FLOPPIES

BOX OF 10 ONLY:

5%"

5'/u"

8"

8"

SOFTHARD 10HARD 16SOFT 1DSOFT 2DSOFT2DDS

$2.65 ea.2.65 ea.2.65 ea.3.25 ea.3.85 ea.5.00 ea.

SPECIAL OF THE QUARTER SPECIALS OF THE MONTH

DUAL DRIVE SUBSYSTEM

$995.00

If this looks like a LoboDrive System, don't be 2 SHUGART 801 Rfooled. Just because it POWER SUPPLY

looks like one, works like one, smells like one,and tastes like one (?) doesn't mean it has tocost like one!

S1-MOD (KIT)

$239.00

&»

Complete S-100 12 Slot Computer. Amplesystem power with regulated power for drives.Excellent for Subsystem or Hobby use.4 hours to build. (6 conn, incl., less fans)

EXPANDABLE RAM

*SPECIAL*SPECIAL*SPECIAL*

This is the best all

around 64K board

you can buy. If after

you see it, you don't

agree return (unassem- J

bled) for full refund.

Bank Select by extended * $389.00 A& T*

address lines or I.O. 40H

32K STATIC (KIT)

You have seen thiswell known boardaround for years. Webought 500 of themand plan on corneringthe market! BankSelect on extendedaddress lines.

$388.00

Z-80 CPU (KIT)

The first time thisworld popular CPUoffered in Kit. 2 serial,3 parallel, CTC, EPromZ-80 at 4 mhz. Softwarebuad rate, etc.(less Prom)

$212.00

DMA DISK CONTROLLER (KIT)

How many DMA DiskControllers are thereon the market? Can'tmention the name atthis LOW, LOW, LOW,price.

$265.00

FANS $14.95

m

These are brand new,

in the box fans. Not 3-1/8"

noisey bearing pullouts.

Never again at these low prices!

R5

4-5/8"

4116s

Expansion 16K DynamicRAMs for Apple, TRS-80S-100 systems. T.I., MostekIntel, Call for manufacturer.

$4.25

200 NS

DIP-80 $399.00

Don't be mislead by this _

LOW price. This is a rug- «^ 1L

ged 100% Duty Cycle W" *P> .

7 by 7 Dot Matrix Printer, m^^^^^—

Brand new, factory warr. ^^^^^^■■■■a

• RS-232 ADD $65.00• TRACTOR FEED ADD $70.00

2114s

I One of the world's twomost popular STATICRAMs. Factory primetested units. Sold in lots of 8 only.FUJITSU, HITACHI, etc.

$3.45

200 NS

TMS-4044MM-5257INTEL 2147

$4.25

250 NS

The other of the world's most popular STATICRAMs. This one is 4K by 1 organization. Don'tbuy Gold, buy these, the price won't lastl

2716s2708s

$13.50 (450 NS)$6.95 (450 NS)

Remember when 2716s were $50.00 and hardto get? These units are so beautiful it's hard topart with them. But we will, for a small price.Guaranteed!

SHUGART DRIVE

8" 851R $585.00

8" 801R

Manufacturer had . ^^ -^ _ -^ -^

too many, buys at yJOOaPv

1000 piece rate,

sales dropped, so we got'em. Fantastic buy, getthem while they last! Full warranty.

51/4" MINI

Now is the time to vZ03>UU

expand that Trash-80

or Rotton Apple (no offense!) These go so fast.Quantities limited to those on hand. Hurry !No Junkers! Factory warranty.

SHUGART / SIEMANS / MPI

Circle 274 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980 353

Circle 275 on inquiry card.

CONCORD

COmPUTER

componcnn

1971 SOUTH STATE COLLEGE ANAHEIM, CA. 92806

\IIS» M1SIERCHARCE >„.,„, jtf«, MIHIMUMORDERS1000

CHECK OR MO \llH)9SlmW&l ADO SI 50 FOR FR1

NO COO K« stock and SfllOKi 12.000 t.pesof semi conductors CAl RES ADO fc,r

MSM5832

MICROPROCESSORREAL-TIME $7^5CLOCK/CALENDARGENERAL DESCRIPTION

The MSMSB3? is a monolithic. metal-gale CMOS integrated

6uI-o«erited microprocessor applications The on-chip 3? 768

provide addressable 4-bit 1 O data ol SECONDS MINUTESI HOURS. DAY-OF-WEEK DATE. MONTH, and YEAR Data ac-

I SlOO MEMORY BUAKU

STATICRfiM

ASSEMBLED&TESTED

FULLY STATIC OPERATION4K BANK ADDRESSABLEEXTENDED MEMORY MGMTMEETS IEEE PROPOSEDS-lOO SIGNAL STANDARDSWHZ OPERATION

California Computer Systems

IMPACT PRINTER

• Dot ftoiutlon grtphlca In ah dens/t/es

• 1920 character buffer

• Fully adjuttable tracton to 9-1/2"

~iOo

$649

bo/e_ inc.

W

CPU CRYSTALS

Freq Application price

1.8432

2.00

2.01

2.4576

4.00

4.194304

5.00

5.0688

10.0

13.0

14.31818

18.0

22.1184

27.0

32.0

32.768

MC14411

QBITVgms

TVgms

34702baud

4004/4040

8038

mlscCPU's

Com5016

misc MRU's

8O80I80O8BOSOA

4.504.502.905.604.505.604.504.504.504.504.505.605.605.605.60S2.8S

SN7400NSN7402NSN7404NSN7408NSN7410NSN7412NSN7413NSN7414NSN7416NSN7417NSN7423NSN7425NSN7430NSN7437NSN7438NSN7440NSN7442NSN7443NSN7445NSN7451NSN7454NSN7474NSN7475N

.20.22.22

.24.22.28.35.49.29.29.28.25.23.29.2422.57.78.78.20.20.32.32

SN74B2N

SN7492N

SN7493N

SN7495N

SN7496N

SN74122N

SN74136N

SN74141N

SN74151N

SN74153N

SN74154N

SN74155N

SN74157N

SN74160N

SN74161N

SN74163N

SN74164N

SN74165N

SN74174N

SN74175N

SN74180N

SN74181N

SN74393N

i/fcfeo

WO

LMdtx Corp.

12" BLACKS, WHITELOW COST VIDEOMONI TOR

000000

*

8750

No"Glitches*\Surges Or Interference

The MPD 1 I 7 if the low-cosl solution In *'«"power distribution problems. j^ M|-n

I IT has g Wgh-pprfoniUBcf EMI Wlrr, buA-w 'irn.it

hn-akr-r. Ktmhrr.1 .iml m» >- it. hwl .mllr-tv illiim.iiJlftl-..n-.iff - vtili-h I... wuli-hMl ..ullrti. Jn.l » lu.il' »ilh

ruggrdl L-appiwd immpittMi

rrl Cfaw

.ting ".di.gr

TRS-80

IE K Memory AddOtt

*46

66

KIT

Kith jumpers andinstructions

apple II plu/

With 48Kof J

memory! s

$1089°° /

With thepurchase ofthe APPLE li 48Kselect trom the belowSPECIAL PRICING!

£fas<^ printer..^599°"OisklMcont....535°'Diskll 475"

FirmwareCard. 149'

UHFtoRCACable.5

PASCALCard...399°°<

Ser.PrinterCd... 179°°

SupRMod. 23'

3way 1/OSelectVideo 100 12".... 119

>124

«kppk dock/cakndaf

• Seconds, rninutps,hours,clay-of-weekmonthdate, Sy€"

• On board batterfes with one year life.

• Uses MSM5832-crystal controlled.

California Computer Systems

555TIMER27«

TheBrains of Mervand Machines

Ernest W. Kent |

AVAILABLE NOW

Call TOLL FREE: 800-258-5420or Mail To:

BYTE/McGraw-HillBook Division70 Main StPeterborough NH 03458

THEBRAINS OF MEN AND MACHINES

As researchers begin to unravel the mysteries of the brain's chemical, elec-trical, and synaptic circuitry, their findings are becoming immediately ap-plicable to advances in robotic behavior and computer design. The Brains ofMen and Machines "dissects" the brain to provide new insights intorobotics, computer design and artificial intelligence. It is one of the rarebooks that trancends disciplinary boundaries. In it the ever increasing rela-tionship between man and machine is freshly examined—a relationship,Professor Kent concludes, that is today being reexamined in the light ofman's own neurological self-image. '-„

70 Main St.

Peterborough NH 03458

Please send

ISBN #0-07-034123-0 BMj

Price $15.95 "Please remit in U.S. funds or draw on a U.S. Bank

copies of The Brains of Men and Machines

Name

Title

Company

Street City

D Check enclosed in the amount of $

State/Province CodeL 1 Bill Visa □ Bill Master Charee

Card No.

F.xp Date

IWI

Add 75' per book to cover postage and handling.

BY12 BUM

Add-On

Disk Drive

Subsystems

FOr Apple, TRS-80, S-100Based Computers

Expansion and enhanced capabilities are key words in achieving full utilization of your computer system. Our complete line of LOBO diskdrive subsystems are the ideal, cost-effective way to provide the expansion capabilities you need to meet your system growth requirements.All of our subsystems are complete, thoroughly-tested, 100% burned in, and feature a 1 year 100% parts/labor warranty.

APPLE

3101 Minifloppy. 31011 Minifloppy w/interlace card

8101CA One SA800 in cabinet w/power, DDC* Controller, cable and manual8202CA Two SA800 in cabinet w/power, DDC* Controller, cable and manual5101CA One SA850 in cabinet w/power, DDC* Controller, cable and manual5202CA Two SA850 in cabinet w/power. DDC* Controller, cable and manual"Double Density Controller

S-100 BASEDCOMPUTERS

MODEL NO DESCRIPTION

4101C SA400 in cabinet w/power

8212C Two SA801 in cabinet w/power

5212C Two SA851 in cabinet w/power

GENERAL

MODEL NO. DESCRIPTION

8212 Two SA801 in cabinet

821ZC Two SA801 in cabinet w/power

5212 Two SA851 in cabinet

5212C Two SA851 in cabinet w/power

TRS80

MODEL NO. DESCRIPTION MODEL NO

4101C SA400 in cabinet w/power C808

8101C II One SA800 in cabinet w/power lor Mod. II LX80

8202C II Two SA800 in cabinet w/power lor Mod. II RS232

C802 CablelorMod.il 16K

C805 Cable lor TRS80 Minifloppy VTOS

DESCRIPTION

Cable for TRS80 Eight-inch Floppy

Double-density expansion interface

Dual Serial Port Option

16K Byte RAM for LX80 (32KB max.)

4.0 Disk Operating System

INVENTORY CO.,

P.O. Box 185, Santa Ynez.Ca., 93640(805) 688-8781

Circle 276 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980

355

Circle 277 on inquiry card.

^PRECISION

S

Microcomputer-ControlledAutoranging DMM Model 2845

Computer stabilized accuracy to 0.1%Auto-perfection

Selects range for maximum resolutionAudible continuity indicatorBuilt-in audible tone generatori G-MOV overload protection

Provides AC and DC voltage range protection to1000 VDC or AC peakShielded in RF fieldsAccuracy maintained in RF fields

Long life, high reliability

Four hermetically sealed reed relays performrange switching with virtually no contact wear.Microcomputer intelligence

Designed around 4-bit microcomputer. Analyzesstored data and range that provides greatestdisplay resolution. Program memory capacity1024 x 8 bits of ROM supported by 48 x 4 bits ofdata memory RAM

in stock and available for immediate delivery.

Dual Trace 5"

30 MHz Triggered Scope

Model 1479A

Sweep'FunctionGeneratorModel 3020

SemiconductorTransistor TesterModel 520B

Portable DigitalCapacitance MeterModel 820

a

Order with Confidence and get the Fordham Advantage!

our_prices TOLL FREE

(800)645-9518

I * * in M V ^tati} nail IR1RI 7^9.nn^n

n NY. Slate call (516) 752-0050

855 Conklin St. Farmingdale, N.Y. 11735

■ Master Charge

■ BankAmericard

■ VISA ■ COD

■ Money Order

■ CheckCOD's extra

5

64K BYTE EXPANDABLE RAM

DYNAMIC RAM WITH ON BOARDTRANSPARENTREFRESH GUARANTEED TO OPERATE INNORTHSTAR. CR0MEMC0. VECTOR GRAPHICS.SOL. AND OTHER 8080 OR Z-80 BASED S100SYSTEMS *4MHZ Z-80WITHN0WAITSTATES.

* SELECTABLE AND DESELECTABLE IN 4KINCREMENTS 0N4K ADDRESS BOUNDARIES.

* LOW P0WER-8 WATTS MAXIMUM.

* 200NSEC4116RAMS.

* FULL DOCUMENTATION

* ASSEMBLED AND TESTED BOARDS AREGUARANTEED FOR ONE YEAR AN0PURCHASE PRICE IS FULLY REFUNDABLE IFBOARD IS RETURNED UNDAMAGED WITHIN14 DAYS.

ASSEMBLED/TESTED

64KRAM $595.00

48KRAM S529.00

32K HAM S459.00

16KRAM S389.00

SIDO MAINFRAMEANBCARD CAGE _ Q

* W/ SOLID FRONT PANEL . . S239.0o""

* W/ CUTOUTS FOR 2 MINI-FLOPPIES . . . S239.00

* 30 AMP POWER SUPPLY $119.00

* 8 SLOT MOTHERBOARD S149.00

* 19 SLOT MOTHERBOARD $199.00

16K MEMORY EXPANSION KIT

0NLYS58FOR APPLE. TRS-80 KEYBOARD, EXIOY.AND ALL OTHER 16K DYNAMIC SYS-TEMS USING MK4116-3 OR EQUIVALENTDEVICES.

• 200 NSEC ACCESS, 375 NSEC CYCLE

* BURNED-IN AND FULLY TESTED

• 1 YR. PARTS REPLACEMENTGUARANTEE

* QTY. DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE

VISTA V-200 MINIFLOPPY SYSTEM

• S100 DOUBLE DENSITY CONTROLLER

• 204 KBYTE CAPACITY FLOPPY DISKDRIVE WITH CASE & POWER SUPPLY

• MODIFIED CPM OPERATING SYSTEMWITH EXTENDED BASIC

$695.00

• COmPUTER DEVICES

1230 W.COUIflS OU£.

ORRflGE, Cfl 98668

(714)633-7280

sales tax. Mastercharge14 days for checks to

32K BYTE MEMORY

RELIABLE/COST EFFECTIVE EXPANDABLE RAM FOR

65B2 AND 68B0 SYSTEM-AIM 65-'KIM-SYM-PErS44-BUS

* PLUG COMPATIBLE WITH THE AIM-65/SYM EXPANSIONCONNECTOR BY USING A RIGHT ANGLE CONNECTOR(SUPPLIED) MOUNTED ON THE BACK OF THE MEMORYBOARD.

* MEMORY BOARD EDGE CONNECTOR PLUGS INTO THE6800 S 44 BUS.

* CONNECTS TO PET OR KIM USING AN ADAPTOR CABLE.

* RELIABLE-DYNAMIC RAM WITH ON BOARD INVISIBLEREFRESH-LOOKS LIKE STATIC MEMORY BUT ATLOWER COST AND A FRACTION OF THE POWERREQUIRED FOR STATIC BOARDS.

* USES +5V ONLY, SUPPLIED FROM HOST COMPUTER

. FULL DOCUMENTATION. ASSEMBLED AND TESTEDBOARDS ARE GUARANTEED FOR ONE YEAR ANDPURCHASE PRICE IS FULLY REFUNDABLE IF BOARD ISRETURNED UNDAMAGED WITHIN 14 DAYS.

ASSEMBLED WITH 32K RAM

4 WITH 16K RAM

TESTED WITHOUT RAM CHIPS

HARD TO GET PARTS (NO RAM CHIPS)

WITH BOARD AND MANUAL

BARE BOARD & MANUAL

$395.00$339.00S27900

$10900$49.00

PET INTERFACE KIT-CONNECTS THE 32K RAM BOARD TOA 4K OR 8K PET. CONTAINS: INTERFACE CABLE, BOARDSTANDOFFS, POWER SUPPLY MODIFICATION KIT ANDCOMPLETE INSTRUCTIONS J49.00

U.S. PRICES ONLY

356 BYTE December 1980

products, inc.

NEW LOCATION

1198 E. Willow Street

Signal Hill, CA 90806

(CALL COLLECT)

(213)595-6431,6432,6433

ORDERING INFO

NAME, ADDRESS, PHONE

SHIP BY: UPS OR MAIL

SHIPPING CHRG. ADD

$2.00 UP TO (5) LBS.

$25.00 Minimum Order

ATARI MODEL #800(NEW 16K VERSION)

•COMPUTER CONSOLE•ATARI BASIC 8K ROM•57 FULL STROKE ALPHANUMERIC

KEYS PLUS 4 FUNCTION KEYS•INVITATION TO PROGRAMMING

CASSETTE^OPERATORS MANUAL•EDUCATION SYSTEMS MASTER

•JOYSTICKS•RF MODULATOR•POWER SUPPLY

CALL FOR PRICE

(IN STOCK)

10% OFF SOFTWAREWITH PURCHASE

ANACOM GENERALMODEL-150 PRINTER

9x9 MatrixImpact Dot• 150 CPS.10CPI

136 Columns94 ASCII Character

6 or 8 Lines per InchPin Feed & DualTractor DriveRS-232 orParallel Interface

CALL FOR PRICE

WE ACCEPT CASH,

CHECK MONEY ORDERS,

VISA & MASTER CHRG.

(U.S. FUNDS ONLY)

TAX: 6% CALIF: RES.

STATIC & DYNAMICRAM CHIPS

2104's

(4K) DYNAMICS

$200ea.5257-3L

(4K) STATIC$525ea.

ATARI OPTIONAL ACCESSORIESMODEL #810 DISK DRIVE SYSTEMMODEL #820 40-COL DOT MATRIX PRINTERMODEL #822 40-COL. THERMAL PRINTERMODEL #825 80-COL DOT MATRIX PRINTERMODEL #830 ACOUSTIC MODEMMODEL #850 INTERFACE MODULEMODEL #CX853 16K RAM MODULE

CALL FOR PRICE & AVAILABILITY

2114L-3

LO PWR./300NS

1-1617-4950-99100 Up

IN STOCK

.4.00.3.85.3.65.3.40

ADD-ON

4116'S MEMORY

APPLE, TRS-80, HEATH, ETC.

(200NS)/ 8 for $39.0016 for $75.00CHRISTMASSPECIAL

2708'S

(450 ns.)

$6.75 ea.

OR

8/S50.00

ATAni SOFTWARES

nlMnl accessories

BASKETBALL ROM $30.00

SUPER-BREAKOUT ROM $30.00

STAR RAIDERS ROM $45.00

CHESS ROM $30.00

VIDEO EASEL ROM $30.00

MUSIC COMPOSER ROM $45.00

3D TIC TAC TOE ROM $30.00

JOYSTICKS $18.00

PADDLE CONTROLS $18.00

#410 CASSETTE RECORDER $60.00

MICROBYTE

(NEW PRODUCTS)

•Z-80 CPU/IO BOARD•DBL DENSITY DISKCONTROLLER

• 64K DYNAMIC RAM BD.

• 4 PORT I/O BD.

• D2 DISK SYSTEM

ALL ASSEMBLED & TESTEDCALL FOR PRICE & DELIVERY

S.D. SYSTEMS

NOW AVAILABLE•EXPANDORAM I & II•VERSAFLOPPY•SBC100/SBC200•VDB 8024 VIDEO BOARD•PROM-100 PROGRAMMER

KITS&A&T CALL FOR PRICE

MICROBYTE 32K

STATIC RAM BOARD

•IEEE/S-100 COMPATIBLE

•4K BANK ADDRESSABLE TO ANY

4K SLOT WITHIN 64K BOUNDARY•ON BOARD 8-BIT OUTPUT PORT•NO DMA RESTRICTIONS•4 MHZ OPERATION

ASSEMBLED & TESTED $475,

00

2716s

5 VOLT ONLY450 ns.

$11.00

(PRIME)

CENTRONICS

MODEL #737-1

• 80 CPS Proportional Spaced

• Dot Matrix (7x9) or (7x8)•96 Character ASCII

8080A

(CERAMIC)

s2.50 ea.

Parallel Interface

(IN STOCK) $795,

CAPACITORS

.1 @ 12 VOLTS

CERAMIC

11*ea.

100/S10.00

oo

ANADEX PRINTERS

MODEL #DP8000 CALL FORMODEL #DP8000 (APPLE) PRICE

MODEL #DP9500 &

MODEL #DP9501 DELIVERY

FEATURES ON DP8000:

•80 COLUMNS, 112 CPS, BI-DIRECTIONAL,SPROCKET FEED, 9x7 CHARACTER FONT,VARIABLE FORM WIDTH ETC.

LO-PRO SOCKETS

1-99

100 UP

14 PIN

.10

.09

16 PIN

.12

.11

18 PIN

.15

.13

20 PIN

.23

.21

24 PIN

.26

.24

28 PIN

.30

.28

40 PIN

.42

.40

Z-80A

CPU CHIPNEC #D780C-1

$10.00 ea

COMPONENTS

74LS240 $1.50

74LS241 $1.40

74LS244 $1.50

74LS373 $1.60

74LS374 $1.60

QUME DT-8

DOUBLE-SIDED/

SGL/DBL DENSITY

8" DISK DRIVES

CALL FOR PRICE

SHUGART

SA801R

Bare Drives

Single Sided/

Sgl/Dbl Density

CALL FOR PRICE

AND DELIVERY

VERBATIAM

gy4"

SOFT-SECTORDISKETTSBOX OF (10)

$29.95

NEW PRODUCTSAVAILABLE

•COMMODORE•GODBOUT•LEEDEX•PERSONALSOFTWARE•SANYO•SOROC•TEXAS INST.CALL FOR PRICES

RS232C0NNECT0RS

1-9 10-24 25 UpDB25P 2.99 2.75 2.45DB25S 3.80 3.70 3.60

IMSAI CONNECTORS

100 PIN GOLD-SOLDERTAIL

$2.50 ea.

OR10/$2.30 ea.

320T-5 90

320T-12 80

340T-5 75

340T-12 65

78H05 5.25

SA 800/801 DISK DRIVE

1 OR 2 DRIVES INSTALLED, SGL ORDBL. DENSITY/SGL-SIDED, METAL

CABINET, & POWER SUPPLY(1) SA800/$775.00 (2) SA800/$1250.00(1) SA801/$795.00 (2) SA801/$1295.00

1 YR. WARRANTY PARTS & LABOR

Circle 278 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980

357

Circle 279 on inquiry card.

«i

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS

16K RAM BOARD. Fully buffered addressable in 4Kblocks. IEEE standard for bank addressing 2114's.

PCBD $28.95 Kit 450 NSEC .. .S249.95

PT-1 PROTO BOARD. Over 2,600 holes 4" regula-tors. All S-100 buss functions labeled, gold fingers.

PCBD $28.95

PT-2 PROTO BOARD. Similar to PT-1 except set-up to handle solder tail sockets. PCBD ..$28.95

CCS MAIN FRAME. Kit (S-100) $339.95

APPLE EXTENDER. Kit $22.95

APPLE IEEE INSTRUMENTATION INTERFACEKIT 7490. Kit $275.00

ARITHMETIC PROCESSOR FOR APPLE 7811A.Kit $350.00

APPLE ASYNCHRONOUS SERIAL INTERFACE7710A. Kit $89.95

APPLE SYNCHRONOUS SERIAL INTERFACE

7712A. Kit $89.95

ALL OTHER CCS PRODUCTS AVAILABLE

ssm

PB-1 2708 & 2716 Programming Board with pro-visions for 4K or 8K EPROM. No external suppliesrequired. Textool sockets. Kit $143.00

CB-1A 8080 Processor Board. 2K of PROM 256BYTE RAM power on/rest Vector Jump Parallelport with status. Kit ....$146.00 PCBD $31.95

VB-3 80x24 VIDEO BOARD. Graphics included.4MHZ $379.95

10-4 Two serial WO ports with full handshaking20/60 ma current loop: Two parallel I/O ports.Kit $168.00 PCBD $31.95

VB-IC 64 x 16 video board, upper lower case Greekcomposite and parallel video with software, S-100.Kit $143.00

CB-2 Z80 CPU BOARD. Kit $199.95

AlO APPLE SERIAL/PARALLEL $144.95

ALL OTHER SSM PRODUCTS AVAILABLE

/"WWC/jnc. WAMECO INC.

FDC-1 FLOPPY CONTROLLER BOARD will driveshugart, pertek, remic 5" & 8" drives up to 8 drives,on board PROM with power boot up, will operate

with CPM™ (not included). PCBD $43.95

FPB-1 Front Panel. IMSAI size, hex displays. Byte,

or instruction single step. PCBD $48.50

MEM-1A 8Kx8 fully buffered, S-100, uses 2102

type rams. PCBD $28.95

QM-12 MOTHER BOARD, 13 slot, terminated, S-100

board only $39.95

CPU-1 B080A Processor board S-100 with 8 level

vector interrupt. PCBD $28.95

RTC-1 Realtime clock board. Two independent in-terrupts. Software programmable. PCBD $25.95

EPM-1 1702A 4K Eprom card. PCBD $25.95

EPM-2 2708/2716 16K/32K EPROM CARD.

PCBD $28.95

QM-9 MOTHER BOARD. Short Version of QM-12.

9 Slots. PCBD $33.95

MEM-2 16Kx8 Fully Buffered 2114 Board.

PCBD $28.95

PTB-1 POWER SUPPLY AND TERMINATOR BOARD.

PCBD $28.95

IOB-1 SERIAL AND PARALLEL INTERFACE.2 parallel, one serial and cassette.

PCBD $28.95

2708 $7.50 2114L 450 NSEC $4.99

2716 $25.95 2114L 200 NSEC $5.99

M

(415) 726-7593P.O. Box 955 • El Granada, CA 94018

Please send for IC, Xistor and Computer parts list

DEC. SPECIAL SALEON PREPAID ORDERS

(Charge cards nol included on this olleO

WAMECO MEM-3 WITH MIKOS PARTS.PCBD . . . $31.00. Kit less RAM . . . $85.95

Kit with 2114L-4 $375.95

Kit with 2114L-2 $399.95

Order now for special ship mid Jan.MIKOS PARTS ASSORTMENTWITH WAMECO AND CYBERCOM PCBDSMEM-2 with MIKOS =7 16K ram

with L2114 450 NSEC - $229.95

MEM-2 with MIKOS =13 16K ram

with L2114 200 NSEC $249.95

CPU-1 with MIKOS -2 8080A CPU $99.95

QM-12 with MIKOS =4 13 slot mother

board $110.95

RTC-1 with MIKOS =5 real time clock $65.95

EMP-1 with MIKOS =10 4K 1702 less

EPROMS $ 49.95

EPM-2 with MIKOS =11 16-32K EPROMS

less EPROMS $65.95

QM-9 with MIKOS =12 9 slot mother

board $99.95

FPB-1 with MIKOS =14 all parts

for front panel $144.95

MlkOS PARTS ASSORTMENTS ARE ALL FACTORY MARKEDPARTS. KITS INCLUDE ALL PARTS LISTED AS REQUIREDFOR THE COMPLETE KIT LESS PARTS LISTED ALL SOCK-ETS INCLUDED.

LARGE SELECTION OF LS TTL AVAILABLE

PURCHASE S50.00 WORTH OF LS TTL AND GET10% CREDIT TOWARD ADDITIONAL PURCHASES.PREPAID ORDERS ONLY.

VISA or MASTERCHARGE. Send account number, interbank num-ber, expiration dale and sign your order. Approx. postage willbe added. Check or money order will be sent post paid in U.S.If you are not a regular customer, please use charge, cashier'scheck or postal money order. Otherwise there will be a two-week delay for checks to clear. Calif, residents add 6% tax.Money back 30 day guarantee. We cannot accept returned IC'sthat have been soldered to. Prices subject to change withoutnotice. $10 minimum order. $1.50 service charge on ordersless than $10.00.

C/MOS IPIODE CLAMPEOI

7.C83 -7«C8S -7JC8374C8S -74C86 -71C93 -74C1S1 -74C157 -7aC160 -

74CI63 -74CI65 -MCI 73

MK*W - I M

INTERFACE fa DRIVERS

DATEL'S DAC 08BC - 8 bit DAC - $9.95

8" DISKETTES - HARD SECTOR 51.75.1O.'S16.O0

RIBBON CABLE

6.144 MHz

FLAT (COLOR CODEDI

8.OQ0MH;

#30 WIRE

3.000 MHi

lO.OOUMHz

16 COnd. 40/per loot

3.57 MHi

18.000 MM*

40crj(,il. .75/pcrfao!

5000 MHz

20 000MH/

50con.|. .M/perfDOl

6 000 MHz

OB25Pmale $3.25

rnMMCrTnnc DB25Sfemale ... $4,25CONNECTORS hoods $1.50

RS232

PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD

4" x6" DOUBLE SIDED EPOXY BOARD 1/16" thick

EPOXY glass vecto. board

1/16" thick with t/10" spacing 4'//' x Q%" S1.95

74S00 -74S02 -74S05 -74 SOS -74S11 -74S15 -

.30 74S2Q - .40 7"S153 - U030 74S30 - .40 74S15' " 125.45 74S32 - .40 7"S157 ~ ^40 74S89 - 1 90 74S158 - ' 25.35 74S112- .85 7,)5174 " 140,40 74S140- ,00 ™257- J-g

7 WATT LD-65 LASER DIODE IR $8.95

25 wan Infra Red Pulse (SG 2006 equiv.)

Laser Diode IS pec sheet included) S24.95

MINIATURE MULTI TURN TRIM POTS100. 5K, 10K. 20K, 250K, .., $.75 each ... 3/2.00

2N3820 P FET $

2N 5457 N FET $ .45

2N2646 UJT $ "

ER 900 TRIGGER DIODES 4/S1.00

2N 6028 PROG. UJT S .65

FP 100 PHOTO TRANS $ .50

RED, YELLOW OR C.F.FN LARGE LED's. 2" 6/S1.00

RED'GREEN BIPOLAR LED's $.55

MLED92RLED 5 .75

MRDI4B PHOTO DARL. XTOR S .75

TIL 118OPTOISOLATOR S .75

IL-50PTOISOLATOR S ,B0

1 WATT ZENERS: 3.3,4.7. 5 1. 5.6.6.8. 8.?. 9 1. 10.

12,15, 18, or 22V 6/S1.00

SFC 3301 - 50 PRV 30A

FAST RECOVERY DIODE I35nsl S2.25

Silicon Power Rectifiers

200PRV 1ALASCR .95

FCS8024-'CC8" displayFND503C.C.JFND510C.A..OL704-.3" C.C.

LED READOUTS

S5.95 DL-707C.A..3"

$ .85 DL747C.A. .6"

$ .85 HP340O.8" CA

S .85 HP3405.8-CC

~630~ 9.602.00" 8.50 12.50

TRANSISTOR SPECIALS

:";i:i03.'NF'(-,ETOS 3,'M C

L'.--iUU7PNF'GET05 S A

2N404A PNPGE TO 5 3 SI C

HEPG60I4 PNPGE TO 3 Si

TIP 12! - NPfJS'SWITCHING S3

ZN6233-NPNS MTTCHINC POWEfl S1.S

MUF 8004 fiCl!'if TRANSISTOR NPN i .'.

JN3772NPNS T03 . ... Sl.t

ZN490BPNPS 103 81.1

2N6086PNPS ros? 4,si.(

:'Nj!37NPNSiRF S !

2N39!9NPNS.T03Ff Sl.t

l!Ni42i):;PNS. 10 5 3SK

::jj;r37:;pr;s toc6 s .;

7!J???.?NPNS T018 - 5,-Sl.t

2N3055NPNS to 3 S .(

ZN3904NPNS T093 . ertl.t

.'N^'SMNF'S T092 6S1.(

?N5?%NPNS. 10220 . 8 .!

2N6T09 PIMPS TO2?0 .... * .!

1iP318NPNS.TO?20 S (

1 IP 32BPNPS. 10 220 S C

1.00 2 50 10.50 16.50

.45 1.25 3 00 12.60 20.00

IN4148UN914I

.1 or .01 uf 25V ceramic

. .. 15/S1.Q01.00, 100-S5.0O

REGULATORS

LM317T $2.50

323K5V3A S5.75

79HGKC-5Val5A . .6.95

340K-12.15or24V $1.50340T-5. 6. 8. 12. 15

18or24V SI.10

320M5 S .75

LAS1412 I 12V3A $3.95

TTL IC SERIES mis? f

7-1101- .17 7450- 17 ,.16j 120

7403- 17 7472- 35 „,M _ 95

7403 - 17 7473 - .35 £j£ . B6

7ft~ \\ U7A~ A1 ""55 85

7405- 24 7475- 49 Mm , 05

7406 - 33 7476- .45 ».» , 3S

7407 - 35 7480 - 45 JgJ _ \ *

7408- 27 7483- 60 74173- 130

7409- 24 7485- 75 7Am K

7410- 17 7486- 42 „175 . ;757411 - .22 7489 1.60 74m 75

7412- .22 7490- .60 74177_ [7b

7413- 42 7491 - 55 „180 . 757414 - 90 7492 - 50 „lgl , X

7416- 33 7493- 50 MIM _ , a

7417- 37 7494- 60 „,91 _ 1M7420 - 17 7495 - 60 74)92 _ ra7425 - 35 7496 - .60 74|93 79

7426- 33 74507 - .35 nm _ «s

7427- 35 74121 - ,35 74195 . ^7430- 17 74122 39 74,g5 _ a57432- 27 74123- 4? „,„ _ „7

7437 - 27 74125 - .45 74279 95

7438 - 27 74126 - 45 74325 - 2 2b7440- .17 74145- 75 74365 80

7441 - 85 74A50 - 1 ID 74367 - 80

7442 - .50 74151 - .65 74368 657445- .70 74153- .55 '«» j-60

»:; - » a"ns '^ s

'*" 7S ?'"55 " 75 8193 1 10

TTL REED RELAY - SPST5V20ma S1.00

MM5387AA CLOCK CHIPS $5.95

MM5314 .... $4.75

MM5316 $4.95

NO. 30 WIRE WRAP WIRE SINGLE STRAND

100' $1.40

ALCO MINIATURE TOGGLE SWITCHES

MTA 106 SPOT

MTA206DPOT

206 P DPDT CENTR OFF .

MSD 206 P DPDT CENTER OFF LEVEH SWITCH

mmsm ^.^,^

25A

I L^°_

80 1 30 " 2^1.00 1.65 I 3301.30 1.90 4.40

8 PIN .17 2? PIN 30

14 PIN .20 24 PIN .35

16 PIN .22 28 PIN .40

18 PIN .25 40 PIN .60

SANKEN AUDIO POWER AMPS

Si 1010 G 10 WATTS $ 7.50

Si 1020 G 20 WATTS $13.75

Si 1050 G 50 WATTS $26.90

TANTULUM CAPAC TORS

22UF35V.47UF 35 V

68UF35V1UF35V2.2UF20V3.3UF20V

5/$ 1.005/$1.005'$1.005/S1.005 W $1.004,'Sl.OO

4.7UF 15V

6.8UF 35V

15UF16V

30UF 6V

33UF20V

100UF15V

150UF15V

asi.oo

4/$ 1.003 $1 00

5.'$ 1.00S .60$ .70

>i[ s J?

.Ml ■',!!.■!MLSW.'J I.C..-5

.■ji=r:

'■1LS26741.52 7

741S9274LS93

HLSIS3

MLS155

r*tsisg

74LS191

1JLSI92■Ml SI3.1

Jt J4LSJS9 -

30 741S773

90 "IS379 -

«S 7*ISI90 -

LINEAR CIRCUIT

LMSS3lM66iI '.'WO

358

BYTE December 1980

Circle 280 on inquiry card.

THE STAR MODEM

From Livermore Data Systems

SALE $135

IEEE 488 MODEMSALE $265

STAR Modem is the price performance leader with a full2 YEAR FACTORY WARRANTY.

KM MM Pascal for PET $75

A subset of standard Pascal with extensions

• Machine Language Pascal Source Editor

• Machine Language P-Code Compiler

• P-Code Interpreter (for debugging and learning)

• P-Code to machine language translator foroptimized object code

• Run-time package

• User Manual and sample programs

Requires 16K minimum. Specify ROM versionand disk or tape.

FULL FORTH + $65.00

for APPLE or PET/CBM

A full-featured FORTH with enhancements. Fastand easy to use.

• conforms to FORTH Interest Group Standards

• cross compilier to produce either standardobject modules or self contained ROMablemodules

• built in macro conditional assembler

• complete string processing capabilities (includ-ing variable length strings)

• disk virtual memory for large programs (orsmall systems!)

• arrays (single or multiple dimensioned)

• full screen cursor controlled editor

• floating point and integer processing

• User's Guide and documentation

A product of IDPC Company

Requires 16K RAM and one disk drive.

Z80A System SPECIAL $3500

• 64K memory

• 2.4 megabytes disk storage (2 8" 2D drives)

• 2 parallel and 2 serial ports

• CP/M 2.x included

EARL for PET (diskfile based) $65

Editor, Assembler, Relocater, Linker

Generates relocatable object, code using MOSTechnology mnemonics.

Disk file input (can edit files larger than memory).Links multiple object programs as one memoryload. Listing output to screen or printer.

MIPLOT Intelligent Plotterby Watanabe Instruments (Digiplot)

SPECIAL$1045

• Incorporates all intelligent functions required for pro-ducing graphs and drawings including 8 vector and 4character commands.

• Distance accuracy within 1%, repetition accuracywithin .01 inches, programmable step size .004 inches,internal interpolation in .002 steps.

• Solid and broken line types can be specified.

• Character generator for letters, numerals and symbols.Characters can be enlarged and rotated in four orienta-tions.

• Coordinate axes can be drawn by simply specifying thegraduation interval and number of repetitions.

• Self test mode automatically draws complete test pattern.

• Printer mode outputs character data in 16 sizes with 4orientations.

• Connection to any microcomputer using parallel 7-bitASCII code.

• Can use simple cable to parallel port, or special inter-face to IEEE or other.

• Modular control circuit and mechanical construction.

• Uses any hard fiber-tip pen.

• Uses 11x17 paper.

Includes power supply, I/O connector, 2 pens, 50 sheets ofpaper, and complete manual.

6502

7.45 10/6.95 50/6.55 100/6.15

6502A

8.40 10/7.95 50/7.35 100/6.90

6520 PIA

5.15 10/4.90 50/4.45 100/4.15

6522 VIA

6.90 10/6.50 50/6.10 100/5.70

6532

7.90 10/7.40 50/7.00 100/6.60

2114-L450

4.45 20/4.25 100/3.95

2114-L300

5.65 20/5.35 100/4.95

2716 EPROM

13.45 5/12.75 10/11.85

2732 EPROM

39

4116-200 HI RAM (NEC) 8 for 39.00

6562 Video Interface Controller 10.90

S-10Q Wire Wrap $2.65 Solder Tail 2.15

Commodore

CBM-PET SPECIALS

,<<, Up to $235 free.^J' merchandise wit

V one of following CBM-PET items!

X^ merchandise with purchase of

Dust Cover for PET

IEEE-Parallel Printer Interface for PET

IEEE-RS232 Printer Interface for PET

A

CASSETTES - AGFA PE-611 PREMIUM

High output, low noise, 5 screw housing, labels.

C-10 10/5.65 50/25.00 100/48.00

C-30 10/7.30 50/34.00 100/66.00

All other lengths available. Write lor price list.

ATARI 800 $777

All Atari Modules 25% OFFSPECIAL-purchase ATARI 800, receiveextra 8K memory FREE.EDUCATIONAL PLAN - buy 2 ATARIComputers, receive 1 ATARI 400 FREE!

DISKS

(write for quantity prices)

SCOTCH (3M) 8" 10/3.00

SCOTCH (3M) 5" 10/2.95

Maxell 5" 10/3.65

Maxell 8" Double Dens. 10/4.10

Verbatim 5" 10/2.40(add 1.00 for plastic storage box,

BASF 5" 10/2.40

BASF 8" 10/2.40Diskette Storage PagesDisk Library Cases 8"

FREE

8032 32K - 80 column CRT $1795 235

8016 16K - 80 column CRT $1495 205

8050 Dual Disk Drive—1,000,000 bytes $1695 220CBM Modem - IEEE Interface $395 50

CBM Voice Synthesizer $395 50

8N full size graphics keyboard $795 100

16K Full Size Keyboard $995 150

32K Full Size Keyboard $1295 205

2040 Dual Disk Drive - 343,000 bytes $1295 2052022 Tractor Feed Printer $795 100

C2N External Cassette Deck $ 95 12

Used PETs(8, 16, and 32K) CALL

WRITE FOR SYSTEM PRICES

'EDUCATIONAL DISCOUNTS*Buy 2 PET Computers, get 1 FREEFLEXFILE Database—Report Writer by Michael RileyFlexible file handler for PET/CBM $60.00

Centronics 737 Proportional Spacing Printer

NEC Spinwriter

XYMEC Hl-Q 1000 Intelligent Daisy Wheel

Leedex Video 100 12" Monitor

Zenith Z19 Terminal (factory asm.)

Zenith Z89 with 48K

Strobe Model 100 Plotter

$ 7.90$ 65.00$149.00

$800$2450$1975$ 129$ 739$2150$ 600

SYM-1 $209

SYM BAS-1 BASIC or RAE-'/i Assembler $ 85

KTM-2/80 Synertek Video Board $349

KIM-1 (add $34 for power supply) $159

Seawell Motherboard - 4K RAM $195

Seawell 16K Static RAM - KIM, SYM, AIM $320

KL-4M Four Voice Music Board

and Visible Music Monitor (4 voice) for PET $59.90

50/2.85 100/2.7550/2.80 100/2.7050/3.40 100/3.1550/3.95 100/3.8050/2.35 100/2.30

1 25 for hub rings)20/2.35 100/2.3020/2.35 100/2.3010 for 3.95

-2.85 5"-2.15

$ 74$ 25$ 85$170

$255

CBM Full Size Graphics KeyboardWordPro I - for 8K PETWordPro II - 16K CBM, disk, printerWordPro III - 32K CBM, disk, printerWordPro IV - 8032, disk, printer

VISICALC tor PET (Personal Software)BPI General Ledger, A/P, A/R for PET

Programmers Toolkit - PET ROM Utilities $ 36.90PET Spacemaker Switch $ 22.90

$170$270

MICR-REVERSI for PET by Michael Riley $ 9.95machine language version - you can't win at Leyel_5.

PAPER-MATE 60 Command PET Word Processor $29.95full-featured version by Michael Riley

A P Products 15% OFF W>APHobby-Blox 15% OFF

ALL BOOK and SOFTWARE PRICES DISCOUNTED

The 8086 Book (Osborne)

Z8000 Assembly Language Programming

(Osborne)

PET Personal Computer Guide (Osborne)

PET and the IEEE-488 Bus (Osborne)

6502 Assembly Language (Osborne)

Programming the 6502 (Zaks)

6502 Applications Book (Zaks)

6502 Software Cookbook (Scelbi)

$12.75

$10.60$12.75$12.75$ 9.90$10.45$10.45$ 9.45

115 E. Stump RoadMontgomeryville, PA 18936

215-699-5826

A B Computers

WRITE FOR CATALOG.

Add Si 25 per order for shipping We pay balance of UPS surface chargeson all prepaid orders Prices listed are on cash discount basis Regularprices slightly higher

Circle 281 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980

359

Circle 282 on inquiry card.

WAMECO

THE COMPLETE PC BOARD HOUSEEVERYTHING FOR THE S-100 BUSS

MEM-3, 32K STATIC RAM BOARD

*32K of 2114's

•Jfr Full 24 line address decoding.(Or bank select like the MEM-2)

■fc Expandable in 1K increments.(Board disabled for unloaded RAM)

■£ Bi-directional capability on data lines.(Board may be used as upper or lower 8 bitson a 16 bit bi-directional buss.)

* Addressable in 8K boundary within the 64Kboundary selected.

■X-Kits less RAM $112.95.

With 2114L-4 $475.95.

With 2114L-2 $549.95.

Bare board $ 35.95.

Available mid January.

FUTURE PRODUCTS: 80 CHARACTER VIDEO BOARD.Z-80 CPU BOARD WITH ROM, 8 PARALLEL PORT I/O BOARD.

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED, UNIVERSITY DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE

AT YOUR LOCAL DEALER

MOST PRODUCTS FOR IMMEDIATE SHIPMENT. NO 4-8 WEEK DELAYS REQUIRED FOR OTHERS.

wmc

inc.

WAMECO, INC., P.O. BOX 877 • 455 PLAZA ALHAMBRA • EL GRANADA, CA 94018 • (415) 726-6378

Dual Trace Oscilloscope

HITACHI 30 MHz

• TV sync-separater circuit

• High-sensitivity ImV/div(6 MHz)

• Sweep-time magnifier(10 times)

• Z axis input (Intensitymodulation)

• Signal delay line

• X-Y operation

• Trace Rotation

$945.00

More sensitive to your input

SD SYSTEMS

Z-80

STARTERSYSTEM

The ZSO Starter Kit by SD Systemsuses the powerful ZSO microproces-sor as the heart of the complete micro-computer on a single board. Lsarn afl&fijWWH| .'.XT I? stup-by-step introduction to micro-computers with a keyboard and display, audio cassette inter-face, PROM programmer, wire-wrap expansion area, 4-channel Counter Timer and on Board RAM and PROM.Complete Opperation and Instruction Manual included. ZBUGMonitor in ROM.

27004 kit $340 38007 assem/T. . $450

SINGLE

SBC-100 B0AnDCOMPUTER KIT

27003 kit $295

VERSAFLOPPY IFLEXIBLE DISKDRIVE Controller

27002 assem/T .. . $25038005 assem/T... $335

BOARD

PROM-100 KITPROM Programmer

27014 kit $200

VDB-8024

VIDEO

DISPLAY BOARD

38013 assem/T . . . $470

8080A

MICRO-PROCESSOR

$E95

2114L

(450 nS)

4116 *3»9

(200 nS)

CRTCONTROLLER

5037P $3500

25 UP $25.00 100 up $1900

Low Cost EPROM Erasing Lamps

i SIMPLE TO USEi SAFETY INTERLOCK< ERASES 4 CHIPS IN LESSTHAN 20 MINUTES

%#

l HIGH INTENSITY BW LAMPi TUBE RATED AT 50Q0 HOURS

i ERASES 8 CHIPS IN LESSTHAN 14 MINUTES

S15&00 S-52T

■ UNMATCHED INTENSITY AT254 nm

TUBE RATED IN EXCESS Of10.0QD HOURSERASES 16 CHIPS IN LESSTHAN 7 MINUTES

S355.0I

O PLESSEY

PolyesterCapacitor;

SAMPLERS26.00

SD SystemsEXPANDO RAM

"^i^H^: >ht'"' ft

27001 kit $220

38001 assem/T ... $480

Add-On RAM Kit

27010 (1GK.B devices) $165

AP PRODUCTS

923101 . $ 79 95

923102 124.95

923103 124.95

_^ 32K

L'JJ-'.!-)!!.!-1 ■;!•!•% ^« Part No. dpi

!-____£] S129,

000-2

295

SORCERER COMPUTER

SYM-t NE™

$239.00

KTM-2 CRT/TV Kybd Term S349

2708

EPROM $990

2716

EPROM

(5 Vol!)

II5

POWER SUPPLY

5 Volt 3 Amp^ APS 5-3

S42.50S40.65S38.85

* 16% *

DISCOUNT

COUPON

Bring This I'OI l*0\ intooneofour stores or

mailtoourMail Order address shown below and

receive a 10% IMSTOI\T

on purchases from this Ad of $1 00.00 or more

Offer EXPIRES on December 31, 1981

NAMEADDRESS

Zip PHONE WO

Coupons accepted only wtlh lull r

/ y/ Send check or Monev Orrte- 10 P 0 Boi 220BY Buhiu City CA 90230

California residents add 6'. sales la* Minimum O-dei S10 00

Add $2.00 10 cover postage ,iri(l handling Master Charge and Visa welcomed

nge

PHONE ORDERS: (213) 541-4064

MAIL ORDER

P 0 Bq> 2208V

DiIvit Citv.CA 90230

1213} G41-4064

PORTLAND

(603) 3S4-SM1

CULVER CITY

SUNNYVALE

360 I3YTH December 1980

Circle 283 on inquiry card

DISK HEADCLEANERS

5-1/4" $14.95

8" 3M CLEANER

$24.95

VR DATA'S

DISK DRIVE

HEADQUARTERS

77™ck S545

0

IS

NEW LOW PRICE

TRS-80 Model I compatible

40 track 3340

DRIVES **^**

IvniVLW NEWLOWPRICE

TRS-80 Model I compatible

• ORDER NOW TOLL FREE 1 (800) 345-8102 • IN PENNSYLVANIA (215) 461-5300

MODEL II

OVERSTOCK SALE

64K$3400.

6.3 MEG

HARD DISK

WINCHESTER

Superbrain, Apple. TRS-80

$2445.

SUPERBRAIN"

(5Y iNTf HTEC

64K $2995.5-°

complete with

5-1/4" disk drives • in stock

• TRS-80 Disk & Other Mysteries $22.95 •

MINI DISK DRIVEEXTENDER BOARD

$14i95

EXTENDED 1 YEARWARRANTY

SS • $45.00

DRIVES Ca|| For Detai|s

SOFTWARE

Word Processing (Magic Wand)General LedgerPayrollData Base

Upper/Lower Case Modification

Comprehensive Diagnostics

CP/M

New DOS + 40 TK

New DOS/80

MOD.

$149.9599.95149.95Tape$19.9534.95

300249

199299

Disk$24.9534.95$175.00100.00145.00

4K L II TRS-80

16K Lll

RS-232

OK Expansion Interface

16K Expansion Interface

32K Expansion Interface

Telephone Modem

Emulator CRT by Intertec

CRT Stands from

Anti-static Mats

Software Documentation Available • CALL FOR PRICES

• VISIT OUR NEW WAREHOUSE SHOWROOM AND REPAIR CENTER*

WE SERVICE MANY BRANDS OF COMPUTER EQUIPMENT.

CALL FOR CONSULATION AND ESTIMATE.

DEALER INQUIRES INVITED • BIDS ACCEPTED • ABOVE PRICES777 HENDERSON BLVD. ARE CASH DISCOUNTED, CALL FOR OTHER TERMS.

FOLCROFT, PA 19032 ORDER NOW • TOLL FREE 1 (800) 345-8102 • IN PENNSYLVANIA (215) 461 5300

Circle 284 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980

361

Circle 285 on inquiry card.

BECKIAN ENTERPRISES

ALL PRIME QUALITY - NEW PARTS ONLYSATISFACTION GUARANTEED.

EDGE CARD CONNECTORS: GOLD PLATED:

Abbreviations: S/E Solder Eye . S/T Sold Tail: W/W Wire Wrap.

PART # DESCRIPTION.

Row Sp.

1-9pc.

10 24pcs.

25pcs. Up.

.156" CONTACT CENTER CONNECTORS.

D' TYPE SUBMINIATURE CONNECTORS.

BRAND:

TEXAS INST.

PART H DESCRIPTION.

Row Sp.

19pc.

10-24pcs.

25pcs. Up.

QUANTITYDESCRIPTION. 1-9pcs. 10-24pci.

40704090

50/100 ImsoilCrom.601100 Imisi WIW

.250.250

I3.95ea.4.30aa.

*3.55oa.3.85aa.

13.1588.

3.45ea.

1510515110

6112 SIE PETINSC6/12 S/T PET/NSC

.140.140

41.801.95

11.651.65

• 1.451.50

PART NUMBER

26-99pu.

BRAND:

SULLINS: U.L Rig.

15137

6112 S/T PETINSC

.200

1.80

1.54

1.45

DE

9P

Male 11.6068. <1.40ee.

11.3088.

129865

501100 Solder Eye

.140

6.80ea.

6.1 Oea.

5.458B.

16175

61 SIE Sgle Row

1.70

1.50

1.30

l)E

11

Femole 2.25ee. 2.0068.

1.9088.

129070

501100 SIT Imiai

.250

4.50eo.

4.10ee.

3.70

1S270

10120 SIE

.140

2.15

1.95

1.70

DE

1109631

2 pc. Grey Hood. 1.50aa. 1.356a.

1.2 Oea.

t29171

501100 WIW Imiai

.250

5.25

4.75

4.20

15275

10120 SIT

.140

2.00

1.85

1.60

12109!

501100 SlT Allair

.140

4.95

4.45

3.95

15435

12124 SIE PET

.140

2.60

2.35

2.10

DA

15P

Male 2.35Q8. 2.15ea.

2.000B.

120990

501100 SIT Cromem

.250

4.75

4.25

3.90

15440

12124 S/T PET

.140

2.65

2.40

2.15

DA

15S

Female 3.25ea. 3.1 Dea.

2.90ea.

15445

12124 srr PET

.200

2.75

2.50

2.20

DA

51211 1

1. pc. Gray Hood 1.40aa. 1.20aa.

1.150B.

OTHER

125" CONTACT CTR CONN

1S505

15130 SIE GRI Key

.140

2.50

2.25

2.00

DA

612261

2 pc. Black Hood 2.50ea. 2.25aa.

2.00ea.

12305

22144 SIE No Earl

.140

' 4.15

3.75

3.35

15510

15130 S/T GRI Key

.140

2.40

2.15

2.95

DA

110963 2

2 pc. Grey Haod 1.60ea. 1.35ea.

1.30ea.

12769

36172 SIT

.140

5.40

4.85

4.35

19515

15130 WIW GRI Key .200

2.60

2.35

2.10

DBDBDBDB

25P25S

51212151226 1

Male 2.90eo. 2.B0ea.Female 3.60aa. 3.40ae.

1 pc. Grey Hood 1.50ea. 1.30ea.

2 pc. Black Hood 1.90ea. 1.6560.

2.40BO.3.20ea.I.IOea.

1.45BB.

12790 40IBO WIW .250

.100'' CONTACT CTR CONNECTORS:10040 13126 SIE No Eart .140

6.303.40

5.653.05

5.002.15

15600156101561515700

18136 SIE .14018136 S/T .14018136 WIW .20022144 SIE KIMIVEC .140

3.353.003.602.98

3.052.703.202.90

2.702.402.902.75

10280

25150 SIE TRS 80

.140

4.50

4.05

3.60

15705

22144 S/T KIMIVEC .140

3.96

3.30

3.00

OB

110963-3

2 pc. Grey Hood 1.75ea. 1.50aa.

1.35ea.

10175

20140 SIE TRS 80

.140

5.85

5.35

4.75

15710

22144 WIW KIMIVEC .200

3.49

3.20

2.85

DC

37P

Male 4.20aa. 4.00ea.

3.70ea.

10180

20140 WIW TRS 80

.200

3.30

3.00

2.15

15875

25150 SIE

.140

4.65

4.20

3.75

DC

37S

Female 6.00oe. 5.756a.

5.508B.

10190

20140 SIT TRS 80

.140

3.20

2.90

2.55

158B0

25150 srr

.140

4.56

4.10

3.65

DC

1109634

2 pc. Gray Hood 2.25ea. 2.00ea.

U5ee.

10485

36172 SIE Vactor

.140

5.60

4.90

4.40

11111

25150 WIW

.200

4.65

4.35

3.9B

10490

36172 WIE Vector

.200

5.90

5.25

4.65

16115

36172 SIE

.140

6.50

5.85

5.26

DD

50P

Male 5.50aa. 5.10aa.

4.75ee.

10500

36172 StT Vector

.140

5.70

4.20

4.60

16120

36172 srr

.140

6.55

5.90

5.25

DD

50S

Femole 9.40eo. 8.60ea.

O.OOea.

10535

40JB0 SIE PET

.140

5.85

5.35

4.75

16125

36172 W|W

.200

6.75

6.10

5.4B

DD

51216-1

1 pc. Gray Hood 2.40ae. 2.20ea.

2. 00bb.

10540

40/80 W/W PET

.200

6.00

5.40

4.8B

16145

36172 srr

.200

6.50

5.85

5.2B

DD

1109635

2 pc. Gray Hood 2.6O00. 2.40ee.

2.10m.

10560

40/80 S/T PET

.140

5.80

5.25

4.65

16235

43186 SfT Mot 6800 .140

6.60

5.95

5.30

10585

43/86 SIE COS/ELF

.140

6.95

6.25

5.55

16240

43186 W|W Mot 6800 .200

7.80

7.05

6.25

D

20416-2

Hardware Sat .90aa. .BOea.

.708B.

10S05

43186 S/T C0SIELF

.140

6.60

5.95

5.30

16260

43186 SIT Mot 6800 .200

6.50

5.95

5.20

11 Hood Set)

10595

43186 WW COS/ELF

.200

6.90

6.20

5.95

16725

43166 SIE Mot 6800 .140

7.20

6.50

5.75

10615

43186 SIT COS/ELF

.200

6.80

8.10

5.40

K-1

Pol-Keys

.15

.12

.10

.C. SOCKETS GOLD.

CODLING FANS.

TERMS:

MINIMUM ORDER: $15.00 ADD $1

35 For

WIWRAP 3 TURN

I.I

. SOCKETS lira.

Extra Quiat.

Handling

& Shipping. Orders over $30.00 in the U.S.A.

14 pin

10.40 ea

14 pin

10.15 ee.

1 to 4

»18.00

aa.

We Pay

the Shipping. CALIF. RESIDENTS: Please Add

16 pin

0.44 ee

IB pin

0.17 ea.

5 to 9

17.00

aa.

6% Sales Tax.

NOTE: NO C.O.D. OR CREDIT CARD ORDERS WILL BEACCEPTED.

8000A PfllMI

ta.uu ea.

CON

NECTORS F

)R CENTRONICS 700 SERIES,thenol 5730360

Sfl.llO na.

PHONE: 213-988-6196

BECKIAN ENTERPRISES

EIA 8 CONDUCTOR CABLES 8ft. Long.

CLASS #1 Type Cables.

1 to 4 pes.

MAIL ORDERS TO:

P.O. BOX #3089

1. to 4 pes.5 to 9 pes.

S22.0019.00

5 to 9 pes.

6.00 ea.

SIMI VALLEY, CA 93063

jcipplc computer16 K

'975

$429

535

339

159

. 659

32K M050

DISK ll-DRIVE ONLYNEW DOS 3.3MODEM MB w. INTERFACEMODEM ItB ONLY {ftovation Cat]GRAPHICS IA61EI

SILENTYPE PRINTER

W/Apple Inloface 519

APPLE C0MP0TER

INTERFACE CARDS

PROTOTYPING/HOBBY CARD $22

PARALLEL PRINTER INTERFACE CARD 145

COMMUNICATION CARD & DB25

Connectoi Cable 185

HI-SPEED SERIAL INTERFACE CARD 155LANGUAGE SYSTEM WITH PASCAL 429CENTRONICS PRINTER

INTERFACE CARD 185

APPLESOFT II FIRMWARE CARD

W/Auto-Starl ROM 149

1125

APPLE II OR APPLE II PLUS

The APPLE II is a completely assembled and tested computersystem The syslem includes a rugged molded case, typewriter-style keyboard with N-key rollover, high-efliciency switchingpower supply, two nana controllers, demonstration programs ontape cassettes. AC power cord, cassette cable, relerencemanuals

APPLE II has ROM-resident Integer BASIC interpreter, monitor,miniassembler and disassembler & BASIC Programming Manual

October Special! Additional $10.00 off on most Items.

149

$69

INTEGER BASIC FIRMWARE CARD

W/Mon & Prog Aid ROMSADD-ONSI6K MEMORY UPGRADE

ITRS-80. Apple Sorcerer)ABI NUMERIC INPUT KEYPAD

(Old 01 New Kybid) 119

ALT MUSIC SYN1HISIZER 239

ALF TIMING MODI INPUT BOARD 19

BRIGHTPENLIGHIPENfromSOFTAPE 32

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS1ZK R0M/PROM ASSEMBLED

BOARD NO.71I4A ...569

Hi

PROGRAMMABLE TIMER MODULE

MSRSUP-R-IERMINAL 80 COLUMN

No 7440A , .

145

BOARD

339

3'i DIGIT BCD ANALOG TO

MICR0S0F1 2-80 S0FTCARD SYSIEM

DITIGAL CONVERTER

135

W.'CP/M

299

GPIB IEEE 488(1978) INTERFACE

MICR0W0RKS DS 65 DICISECIOR

339

No 7490A

259

MOUNTAIN HARDWARE

ASYNCHRONOUS SERIAL INTERFACE

APPLE CLOCK'CALENDER CARD

229

No I710A

145

SUPERTALKER SPEECH SYNTHISI7ER

SYNCHRONOUS SERIAL INTERFACL

SYSTEM

249

NO 77I2A

145

ROMPLUS-w-'KEYBOARD FILTER

169

PARALLEL INIERFACE No 7720A

109

R0MPLUS wo, KEYBOARD FILTER

155

ARITHMETIC PROCESSOR CARD

INTROL'X-10 REMOTE CON1R0L

NO 781 IB

339

SYSTEM

249

20

INIR01 X 10 CONTROLLER ONLY

169

SOLDER TAIL BOARD

20

R0MWRIIER SYSTEM

159

EXTENDER BOARD

24

PROGRAMMA APPLE I0YSIICK

39

PCB ETCH BOARD

20

SEE THRU CLEAR PLASTIC 10P

C0R1IUS

TOR APPLE II

23

C0RVUS 10 MEGABYTE HARD DISK

SSMA10 SERIAL/PARALLEL 1/0

DRIVE SYSTEM

J4495

CARD (Kill

129

C0RVUS MIRROR] (VTR Requimd)

695

SSMA10ASSEMBLED6IESTED

169

CORVUS MIRR0R2 (VTR Requued)

795

SYMIEC

C0RVUSC0NSIELLATI0N

595

APPLE LIGH1 PEN SYSIEM

719

DAN PAYMAR LOWER CASE ADAPIER CALL

SUPER SOUND CENLRA10R (MON01

119

HAYES MICROMODEM II*

319

S0PER SOUND GENERAI0R (STEREO)

229

SVA 8 INCH DISK DRIVE C0NIROLLEF

SPEECHUNK 2000164 Word

CARD

319

Vocabulary)

219

VERSA WRITER DIGITIZER DRAWING

SPEECHLAB 20A (Cassette)

169

SYSIEM

719

SPEECHLAB20A (Diskette

189

VIDIXVIDLOIERM 80 COLUMN CARD

319

MODEL 70 CONTROLLER..

75

VIDEXVIDEOIERMW.'GRAPHICS

M&R SUP-R-MOD TV M0DULA10R

EPR0M

339

APPLE 111 APPLE II PLUS

FORTH II by PROGRAMMA SOFTWARE

.45

SOFTWARE

SINGLE DISK COPY ROUTINES

17

PASCAL «ilh LANGUAGE SYSIEM

S429

APPLE BOG ASSEMBLER

FORERAN loi use will! LANGUAGE

DISASSEMBLER

79

SYSTEM

169

APPLEBOG DEBUGGER

77

CP/M for use with MICROSOFT 2-80

APPLESOFT UTILITY PROGRAMS

SOFTCARD

299

By HAYDEN

77

THE CONTROLLER General Business

SyslemTHE CASHIER Retail Management &

519

PRINTERS, TERMINALS8 MONITORS

Inventory

PRINTERS. TERMINALS S MONITOR!

65

ANAOEXDP8OOO01OP8OOOAP

S79S

APPLEPOST Mailing Lis! SyslemAPPLEPOST Graph & Plol SystemDOW IONES PORTFOLIO EVALUATOR

458545

ANAOEXDP9500OIDP9501BASE 2 w TRACTOR « BUFFERCENTRONICS 7009CENTRONICS (37

1195599

1099849

CONTRIBUTED VOLUMES 1 IHRU 5

MPI88I

699

35

PAPER TIGER IDS 440

im

VISI-CALC by PERSONAL SOFTWARE

125

W GRAPHICS OPTION

996

DESKTOP/PLAN by DESKTOP

NEC SPINWRI1ER 5510 01 5510

2596

COMPUTERS

85

TRENDCOM 100

179

CCA DATA MANAGEMENT

TRENDCOM 200

679

By PERSONAL SOFTWARE

85

LEEOEX VIDEO lOO

139

PIMS Peisonal Inlormalion

SANYO 9 INCH BSW MONITOR

169

Management System

23

SANYO 15 INCH MONITOR

749

ADVENIURE by MICROSOFT -

27

II 11 INCH COLOR MONITOR

479

SUB-LOGIC FS-1 Flight SimulatorSARGON 11 Chess by HAYOEN (Cass)

23

27

SOR0CIQI20SOROC IQ 140

7791199

Bill Budges TRILOGY ol GAMFS

27

HAZEL1INE IE00

979

Bill Budges SPACE GAME ALBUM

32

18

SPACE INVADER on Diskette .

21

HA2ELIINE 1410

749

SYBEX APPLE-80 8080 SIMULATOR

17

HA2ELIINE 1420

829

362

BYTE December loao

Ciicle 286 on inquiry card.

7*I4N

■■won

7422H

T4MN

7J«N

7J45N

7WH

7448.N

74S0N

7474N

7475N

7485N

M89N

7490N

M92N

M93N

7495N74I00N74107N7412 INT4123S74U5N74145N

74150N74151N7J154N74157N74161N74162N74163N74I74N74175N741 SON74192N74193N74221N

7429BN7436SN74366N74367N

74LS0O TTl

74LS00N

MLSOJN

74LSOJN

74LS05N

741.S08N

74LS10N

74LS13N

7J1514N

7JLS20N

7JIS22N

74LS28N

74LS30N

74LS33N

74LS36N

74LS74N

74LS75N

74LS90N

74LS93N

74LS95NMLS1D7N74LSH2N74LSH3N74LS132N7JLSI36N74LS1S1N74LS155N74LS1S7N741SI62N

74tSi63N

74LS174N74LS190N74LS221NMLS25HN74LS367N

MHI: Ml

CA304S

CA3046

CA3QB1

CA30B2

CA30B9

IMJ01AN.A1

LM30SH

IM307N

LM30SN

LM309K

LM323KS 5 95

19 LM320K-I2 1 50?0 LM320K15 1 5025 LM320T-5 I 3523 LM320T-8 1 35

20 LM320I-I2 1 3670 LM320T-15 I 3520 LM324N 1 4039 LM339N 1 0020 LM340K-5 1 3558 LM340K-8 1 3574 LM340K-12 1 35

58 LM340K-I5 1 3577 LM34QX-24 1 3520 LM340T-5 1 2535 LM34QT-8 1 2549 LM34QT-I2 t 2588 LM340T-15 1 2585 LM340T-1S I 2543 LM340T-24 I 2543 LM350 7 5043 LM377 3 5069 LM379 5 00"_ M360H 1 0035 LM381 t 6034 LM3B2 ' 60

59 LM703H 6545 LH709H 2877 LM723H-N 5020 LM733K 6569 LM741CH 35

I 20

LM741N

69 LM747H.N 75

87 LM748N 35

1 25 LM1303H 1 7567 LM1304 1 1096 LMI305 1 2795 LM1307 2 00

t 15 LMI310 2 75

87 LM1458 47

85 LM1B'2 7 50

2 75 LM1889 3 00i 65 LM2111 I7S

89 LM2902 2 25

89 LM3900N 60

89 IM3905 I 75LM3909N 95MC1458V 50

35 HE550N 1 00

55 %:555V 39

:::: Jlf.556A 65

10 NE565A 1 00

45 NE566V 1 M

45 NESflTV i 00

SS NE570B 4 75

' 2b 78L05 60

45 78L08 60

45 75M05 65

45 75108 l 75

45 75491CN 50

75 75492CN 55

75 75494CN 69

125

100

I 00 A Id 0 CONVERTER

I 00 8038B 4 50

' 10 B7O0CJ 13 95

65 8701CN 22 00

t;l. fi7;ocj 13 95

.15 LD130 9 95

B9 MQOUV.f 7 40

65 ICL7103 950

r 10 ICL71D7 14 25

1 10

i 10 CMOS

' 6: CD4000 25

I 65 CD4001

; 00 CD40O2

I 25 CO4006

7 50 CD4007

I 60 C0400B

I 65 CD4009CO4O10CO4011

90 CD4012I 10 CD4013i BO CD4014I 90 CD40151 95 CD4016

35 CO4017

87 CD401B

35 CD40J9

i DO C04020

1 50 CO4021

90 CD4022

= 75 CD4023

1 35 CD4024

1 50 CD4025

CO4026

CD4027

CD4028

CO4029

CD4030

CDJ035

CD4040

CD4042

CD1043

CD4044

CO4046

CO4049

CD4050

C04051

CD4060

CD4066

CD406S

CO4069

CD 4070

CO4071

CD4D7?

CD4073

CO4075

CD4076

CDJ078

CD40S1

C04082

CD4116

CD4490

CD4507

CD4S08

CD45I0

CD45H

CD4515

C04516

CD4518

C[)J520

CD4S27

CD4528

CD4553

CD4566

CD45B3

CD4585

CO40192

74C00

74C04

74C10

74C14

74C20

74C30

74C48

71C74

74C76

74C90

74C93

74C154

74C160

74C175

74C192

74C221

74C905

74C906

7JC914

74C922

74C923

7JC925

74C926

74C927

8713812087238724ST25BT26B72B8197

4116 200ns 7 95a.MI16 200ns49.00

2513B 6 30

MV52S2 40

MM5280 3 00

MM5320 9 95

MM5330 5 94

PDH1D-3 4 00

PD411D-4 5 00

P5101L 0 95

42O0A 9 95

82S25 2 90

91L02A 1 50

MO0165-5 6 95

MM57100 4 50

GIAV3B500-1 9 95

MCM66751A 9 959368

WIRE WRAP LEVEL 3

350

10 00"6 00

CLOCKS

MM5311 5 50

MM5312 3 90

UM5314 3 90

MM5369 2 10MM5S41 14 45

MM5865 7 95

CI7010 8 95

CT7015 B95

MM5375AA.-N 3 90

MM5375AG N 4 90

72057207

DSC026CN 3 75

DS0056CN 3 75

MM53104 2 50

MICROPROCESSOR

6502 10 95

6501

6522

6800

6802

6820

6B50

ft) MHz

32 MH*32768 Hi

1 8432 MM;3 5795 MHi

2 0I00MH;2 097152 MM;

2 4576 MHi

3 276B MHi5 06B8 MHi5 185 MH2

5 7143 MHi

6 5536 MHi14 31818 MHiIB 432 MHi22 1184 MHj

KEYBOARD ENCOOERS

LED!

ReiJIOIB

G'tcn. Yellow 1018

Jumbo Red

Greev Orange. Yellow Ji

Cliplil* LED Maui " '

ispecity ltd. amtw

CONTINENTAL SPECIALTIES In Hack

Compete line al breadDoarc] lesl equipMAX-IOOB digil Fiffl Clr 1128.95

ComDleie line ol AP Producls m slock

SPECIAL PHOOUCTSMM5865 Siopwaicn T>mer

mil 10 pg spec 9 00

PC DoaidSwitch it Mom PosnMlQi

3 no', slideEncoder HD0165-5Parilronlci 100A Logic

AnilmrModel 10 Ttifljei

25

6 95

1425.00

S229 0OS369 00J23.95S37.50S47.75

AY5-2376

AY5-3600

AY59IOO

AY5-9200

74C922

74C923 i

HD0165-5 f

AYS-9400 H

0 Connedon RS232

DB25P :

DB25S !

Cover

DE9S

DA15P ;

DA15S

Complete Set

S12 5017 9510 5016 50

E.oanu

Clock Ciltndir Kll

2.5 MHi Fiequtncy

Counlar Kll

30 MHi F'r«q.,ency

Counier Kll

TRANSFOFIMERS

6V 300 ma

12 Voll 300 ma transtomer 1 25

12 6VCT600ma 3 75

12V 2S0 ma v

12V CT 250 n

24V CT 400 rr

10V i 2 amp wall

12V 6 amp

12V 500 ma wall |

12V 1 amn wall pi

10 15 VAC 8 16 Vi

325

a wail plug 3 50

DISPLAY LEOSMAN1

CDPI802C0 28 95

COPI802O 3500

CDPIB6I 1595

UARKFIFO

AY510I3 5 50

AY5-1014 7 50

334- 6 95

950

Klciok3V) Digit LED mill-llmtlir 74.95

Slagailch KM 28.95

Auto Clack Ul 17.95iiigii.ii Clack KM 14.95

oKHBK Epram Kit

(less PROMS) SB9 00Molherbaird 539 00

EUtnSn Board SIS 00

CACC I

CCCACCCACCCA

2716TI2716 Iniel

B/27T6 Intel

MOSMEMORY RAfY2101-1 2-95

2102-1 .95

2I02AL-4 1.342102AN-2L 1 602104A-4 4 952I07B-4 3 752111-1 3 75

2112-2 3.95

2U4L 300ns 6 752114L 450ns 5 95

874IA

B74E

B74E-B

B7S5A

N82S23

NB2S123

NB2S126

NB2S129

N82S13I

N82SI36

N82S137

DM8577

8223

RESISTDflS '• wan5-I 95 10 per type 03j. a 75 ?5 pet type 025r 75 100 per type 015100 1000 per type 0129.00 350 piece pack) 00 5 per type 6 75

!$ Ik Mtt 9* Per type 05)0O

• 00 Talavldao Terminal100 Model 912 S845 OD>00 Model 920 S945 00

a n BSH Conlroller S39.95

B 75 Connect you! Compgfcr lo tntBS Ft

2 90 System Compulei conwollrt u>t

2 9D milter for your BSFt Sotr*jre Iw

MAN3

MAN7274

CL704

GL707.'DL707R

DL72772B CACC

0L747-7S0

DL750

FND359

FNDSOuVSO?

F1D503 5I0

FND800.'807

3 iii.-, i BubDIe

4 diga Bubble

DG8 Fluorescent

QGiO Fiuoresctm10 digit d'Spiay7520 Claire- jr-eisce:::TIL311 Hbk

IUN3640 CC

MAN4610 CA

MAN4640 CC

MAN4710 CA

MAij.ir.irt cc

MAN6640 CC

uAiir>rio ca

MAN6740 CC

MA1002A

MA1002E

MA1012A

102P3 itanilormar

MA1012A Tnnttormer

357 70

50Q l 35500 90BOO 2 20

PROM Eraser

assembled. 25 PROM capacity $37.50(with timer $69.50). 6 PROM capacity OSHA'UL version $69.50 (with timer $94.50).

Z80 Microcomputer

16 bit I/O. 2 MHz clock, 2K RAM. ROM Bread-board space. Excellent tor control. Bare Board$28.50. Pull Kit $99.00. Monitor $20.00. PowerSupply Kit $35.00. Tiny Basic $30.00

S-100 Computer Boards

8K Static Godbout Econo IIA Kit 145.00

16K Static Godbout Econo XIV Kit 285.0024K Static Godbout Econo VIIA-24 Kit 435.00

32K Static Godbout Econo X-32 Kit 575.00

16K Dynamic RAM Kit 199.00

32K Dynamic RAM Kit 310.00

64K Dynamic RAM Kit 470.00Video mterlace Kit $135.00

80IC Update Master Manual $55.00

Comp. IC data selector, 2700 pg. master referenceguide. Over 51.000 cross references. Free updateservice through 1980. Domestic postage S3.50.

Modem Kit $60.00

State of the art. orig., answer. No tuning neces-sary. 103 compatible 300 baud. Inexpensiveacoustic coupler plans included.LRC 7000 i Printer $389.0040/20 column dot matrix impact, std. paper.Interlace all personal computers.

64/40/32/20 version $405.00. Optional cablesavailable.

LRC 7000 printer interlace cable for Super Elfwith software $26.00

NiCad Battery Fixer/Charger Kit

Opens shorted cells that won't hold a chargeand then charges them up, all in one kit w/fullparts and instructions. $7.25

Rockwell AIM 65 Computer

6502 based single board with full ASCII keyboardand 20 column thermal printer. 20 char, alphanu-meric display. ROM monitor, fully expandable.$375.00. 4K version $450.00. 4K Assembler$65.00. 8K Basic Interpreter $100.00.

Special small power supply for AIM65 assem. inframe $54.00. Complete AIM65 in thin briefcasewith power supply $499.00. Molded plasticenclosure to fit both AIM65 and power supply$47.50. Special Package Price: 4K AIM. 8K Basic,power supply, cabinet $599.00

AIM65/KIM/VIM/Super Elf 44 pin expansionboard; 3 female and 1 male bus. Board plus 3connectors $22.95.

60 Hz Crystal Time Base Kit $4.40

Converts digital clocks from AC line frequencyto crystal time base. Outstanding accuracy.

Video Modulator Kit $8.95

Convert TV set into a high quality monitor w/oaffecting usage. Comp. kit w/full instruc.

Multi-volt Computer Power Supply

8v 5 amp, ±1Bv .5 amp, 5v 1.5 amp. -5v.5 amp. 12v .5 amp. -12v option. ~5v, ±12vare regulated. Basic Kit $29.95. Kit with chassisand all hardware $43.95. Add $4.00 shipping. Kitof hardware $14.00. Woodgrain case $10.00.$1.50 shipping.

RCA Cosmac 1802 Super Elf Computer $106.95

Compare features before you decide to buy anyother computer. There is no other computer onthe market today that has all the desirable bene-fits of the Super Elf for so little money. The SuperElf is a small single board computer that doesmany big things. It is an excellent computer fortraining and for learning programming with itsmachine language and yet it is easily expandedwith additional memory, Full Basic, ASCIIKeyboards, video character generation, etc.Before you buy another small computer, see if itincludes the following features: ROM monitor;State and Mode displays; Single step; Optionaladdress displays; Power Supply; Audio Amplifierand Speaker; Fully socketed for all IC's; Real costof in warranty repairs; Full documentation.The Super Elf includes a ROM monitor for pro-gram loading, editing and execution with SINGLESTEP for program debugging which is not in-cluded in others at the same price. With SINGLESTEP you can see the microprocessor chip opera-ting with the unique Quest address and data busdisplays before, during and after executing in-structions. Also. CPU mode and instruction cycleare decoded and displayed on 8 LED indicators.An RCA 1861 video graphics chip allows you toconnect to your own TV with an inexpensive videomodulator to do graphics and games. There is aspeaker system included for writing your ownmusic or using many music programs alreadywritten. The speaker amplifier may also be usedto drive relays for control purposes.A 24 key HEX keyboard includes 16 HEX keys

Super Expansion Board with Cassette Interface $89.95

plus load, reset, run, wait, input, memory pro-tect, monitor select and single step. Large, onboard displays provide output and optional highand low address. There is a 44 pin standardconnector slot for PC cards and a 50 pin connec-tor slot for the Quest Super Expansion Board.Power supply and sockets for all IC's are in-cluded in the price plus a detailed 127 pg. instruc-tion manual which now includes over 40 pgs. ofsoftware info, including a series of lessons tohelp get you started and a music program andgraphics target game. Many schools and univer-sities are using the Super Elf as a course of study.OEM's use it for training and R&D.Remember, other computers only offer Super Elffeatures at additional cost or not at all. Comparebefore you buy. Super Elf Kit $106.95, Highaddress option SB.95, Low address option$9.95. Custom Cabinet with drilled and labelledplexiglass front panel $24.95. All metal Expan-sion Cabinet, painted and silk screened, withroom for 5 S-100 boards and power supply$57.00. NiCad Battery Memory Saver Kit $6.95.All kits and options also completely assembledand tested.

Questdata, a software publication for 1802 com-puter users is available by subscription for$12.00 per 12 issues. Single issues $1.50. Is-sues 1-12 bound $16.50,Tiny Basic Cassette $10.00, on ROM $38.00,original Elf kit board $14.95. 1802 software;Moews Video Graphics $3.50. Games and Music$3.00, Chip 8 Interpreter $5.50.

This is truly an astounding value! This board hasbeen designed to allow you to decide how youwant it optioned. The Super Expansion Boardcomes with 4K of low power RAM fully address-able anywhere in 64K with built-in memory pro-tect and a cassette interlace. Provisions havebeen made for all other options on the sameboard and it fits neatly into the hardwood cabinetalongside the Super Elf. The board includes slotsfor up to 6K of EPROM (2708, 2758. 2716 or Tl2716) and is fully socketed. EPROM can be usedfor the monitor and Tiny Basic or other purposes.A IK Super ROM Monitor $19.95 is available asan on board option in 2708 EPROM which hasbeen preprogrammed with a program loader/editor and error checking multi file cassetteread/write software, (relocatable cassette file)another exclusive from Quest. It includes registersave and readout, block move capability andvideo graphics driver with blinking cursor. Break

points can be used with the register save featureto isolate program bugs quickly, then follow withsingle step. If you have the Super ExpansionBoard and Super Monitor the monitor is up andrunning at the push of a button.Other on board options include Parallel Inputand Output Ports with full handshake. Theyallow easy connection of an ASCII keyboard to theinput port. RS 232 and 20 ma Current Loop forteletype or other device are on board and if youneed more memory there are two S-100 slots forstatic RAM or video boards. Also a 1K SuperMonitor version 2 with video driver for full capa-bility display with Tiny Basic and a video interfaceboard. Parallel I/O Ports $9.85, RS 232 $4.50,TTY 20 ma l/F $1.95, S-100 $4.50. A 50 pinconnector set with ribbon cable is available at$15.25 for easy connection between the SuperElf and the Super Expansion Board.Power Supply Kit for the complete system (see

Multi-volt Power Supply ]

Announcing Quest Super Basic— SECOND GENERATION

A new enhanced version of Super Basic now Enhancements include increased speed, fjuill-

available. Quest was the first company worldwideto ship a full size Basic for 1802 Systems. Acomplete function Super Basic by Ron Cenkerincluding floating point capability with scientificnotation (number range ±. 17E38). 32 bit integer±2 billion; multi dim arrays, string arrays; stringmanipulation; cassette I/O; save and load, basic.data and machine language programs; and over75 statements, functions and operations.

in provisions for Stringy Floppy, Floppy Disc,Printer Driver, I/O, user definable commandlibrary and statement renumbering.Easily adaptable to most 1802 systems. Re-quires 16K RAM minimum tor Basic and userprograms. Source listing for both Serial andParallel I/O included.Super Basic on Cassette $40.00.

Gremlin Color Video Kit $69.95

32 x 16 alpha/numerics and graphics; up to 8colors with 6847 chip; 1K RAM at E000. Plugsinto Super Elf 44 pin bus. No high res. graphics.On board RF Modulator Kit $4.95

1802 16K Dynamic RAM Kit $149.00

Expandable to 32K. Hidden refresh w/clocks up to 4MHz w/no wait states. Addl. 16K RAM $63.00Super Elf 44 pin expansion board; 3 female and 1male bus. Board plus 3 connectors $22.95Tiny Basic Extended on Cassette $15.00

(added commands include Stringy, Array, Cas-sette I/O etc.)

S-100 4-Slot Expansion $ 9.95

Super Monitor VI.I Source Listing $15.00

Elf II Adapter Kit $24.95

Plugs into Elf II providing Super Elf 44 and 50 pinplus S-100 bus expansion. (With Super Ex-pansion). High and low address displays, stateand mode LED's optional $18.00.

Super Color S-100 Video Kit $129.95

Expandable to 256 x 192 high resolution colorgraphics. 6847 with all display modes compilercontrolled. Memory mapped. 1K RAM expanda-ble to 6K. S-100 bus 1802,8080,8085, Z80 etc.Editor Assembler $25.00

(Requires minimum of 4K for E/A plus usersource)

1802 Tiny Basic Source listing $19.00

Super Monitor V2.Q/2.1 Source Listing $20.00

TERMS: S5.00 min. order U.S. Funds Calif residents add 6% tax

$10.00 min. order BankAmericard and Master Charge and COD. S1.00 insurance optional.Shipping charges will be added on charge cards.

FREE: Send for your copy of our NEW 1980QUEST CATALOG. Include 48v stamp.

Circle 287 on inquiry card.

BITE December 1980 363

Circle 288 on inquiry card.

BUILD YOUR OWN LOW COSTMICRO-COMPUTER

POWER SUPPLIES

FOR S-100 BUS, FLOPPY DISCS, ETC.

POWER TRANSFORMERS (with mounting brackets)

PRI. WINDINGTAPS

SECONDARY WINDING OUTPUTS2x8 Vac 2x14 Vac 2x24 Vac

SIZEW x D x H

UNITPRICE

T1

T4

OV, 110V, 120V0V, 110V, 120V0V, 110V, 120V0V, 110V, 120V

2x7.5A

2x12.5A

2x9A

2x4A

2x2.5A2x3.5A2x2.5A(28V, CT)

2x2.5A48V, CT,

•)3A

3%"x35/8"x3Vs"33/4"x4%"x31/a"3%"x43/8"x3Ve"3%"x35/s"x3Vb"

21.9527.9529.9522.95

POWER SUPPLY KITS (open frame with base plate, 3 hrs. assy, time)

ITEM

used for

@+8Vdc @-8Vdc (3+16 Vdc @-16Vdc @+28Vdc SIZEWxDxH UNIT PRICE

KIT1 15 CARDS SOURCE 15A

KIT 2 SYSTEM SOURCE 25A

KIT 3 DISC SYSTEM 15A

1A

2.5A3A2A

2.5A3A2A

4A

12"12"14"

x5"x4'/8"X 5"X 4%"X6"x4%"

51.9558.9566.95

EACH KIT INCLUDES: TRANSFORMER, CAPACITORS, RESIS., BRIDGE RECTIFIERS, FUSE & HOLDER, TERMINAL BLOCK, BASEPLATE, MOUNTING PARTS AND INSTRUCTIONS.

DISC DRIVE POWER SUPPLY "R3" ASSY. & TESTED, OPEN FRAME, SIZE: 9"(W)x61/i"(D)x4%"(H) 66-95

SPECS: +5V @ 5A REGUL, OVP, - 5V @ 1A REG., +24V @ 5A REG., SHORTS PROTECT.OPTIONS: 1. REPLACE +24V BY +12V

IDEAL FOR 2 SHUGART 801/851 OR SIEMANS FDD 100-8/200-8 DISK DRIVES & ROCKWELL AIM-65.

2. ADD ± 12V @ 1A, $10.00 MORE.

SHIPPING FOR EACH TRANSFORMER: $4.75. FOR EACH POWER SUPPLY: $5.00 IN CALIF. S7.00 IN OTHER STATES. CALIF. RESIDENTS ADD 6% SALES TAX. OEM WELCOME.

MAILING ADDRESS:P.O. BOX 4296TORRANCE, CA 90510

SUNNY INTERNATIONAL

(TRANSFORMERS MANUFACTURER)(213) 328-2425 MON-SAT 9-6

SHIPPING ADDRESS: ,

22129V2 S. VERMONT AVE ITORRANCE, CA 90502

3 ALTERNATIVE INTERFACESFORTHETRS-80

Save by purchasing only those unitsthat meet your needs. Want a ParallelPrinter or RS-232-C Serial Port, choosethe Comm-80. Plan to turn yourTRS-80

into a full timesharing terminal,choose the Chatterbox. Interested in aDisk Controller plus additionalmemory, choose the Disk-80.

CHATTERBOX

«uu]

•300 baud originate modem•Centronics printer port 8-bit•RS-232-C port (50-19.2K baud)•connects to keyboard or I.E.•received data automatically

routed to printer ports•includes terminal software•only $279.95 complete

ALL INTERFACES ARE RADIO SHACK-HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE COM-PATIBLE AND CARRY A 60 DAYWARRANTEE INCLUDING PARTS ANDLABOR. ALL UNITS INCLUDE USER'SMANUAL, POWER SUPPLY & AUXILIARYTRS-BUS CONNECTOR FOR FUTUREEXPANSION.

DISK-80

• disk controller (4 drives)

• hardware data separator•includes 16K of RAM

provision for additional 16K•buffered TRS-BUS expansion

connector'real-time clock'only $329.95 complete

#

COMM-80

•RS-232-C port (50-19.2K baud)software/hardware selectable•Centronics printer port 8-bit

• connects to keyboard or I.E.•chain up to 16 units

• use with I.E. for 2nd printer

• includes terminal software•only $179.95 complete

To order call (516) 374-6793or write: The MicroMint Inc.917 MidwayWoodtnere, NY 11598Dealer inquiries invited.

TRS-80 is trademark ol Tandy Corp

364

BYTE December W80

WE WILL NOT BE UNDERSOLD

DISK DRIVES

$314

40 track. 102K Bytes. Includes power sup-ply and TRS-80* compatible silverenclosure. Ready to plug-in and run themoment you receive it. Can be intermixedwith each other and Radio Shack drive onsame cable. 90 day warranty. One year onpower supply. Available for 220 Vac(50 Hz) operation. External card edgeincluded.

FOR TRS-80*CCI-100

CCI-280CCI-800For Zenith Z89

CCI-189Z-87

DISKETTES —Maxell

5'a". 40 Track (102K Bytes) for Model I5' ,i". 80 Track (204K Bytes) for Model I8" Drive for Model II (V? Meg Bytes)

5 '/>", 40 Track (102K Bytes) add-on driveDual 5 V4" add-on drive systemox of 10 (5'/,,")- with plastic library case$30 BASF or Verbatim

8" double density for Model II (box of 10)CLEAR PLASTIC CASE - Holds 50 diskettes

DISK OPERATING SYSTEMS

$314

S449$795

$394$995

$24S36$19

PATCHPAK #4 by Percom DataCP/M for Model I. Zenith $145NEWDOSPIusNEWDOS80

$ 8.95

for Model II. Altos S169.00

40track $ 95.00

$135.00

COMPLETE SYSTEMS

ALTOS 64K, DD, SS, 2-Drive, 1MB

APPLE 16K

TRS-80' Model II-64K

TRS-80* LEVEL II-16K with keypad

TRS-80* Expansion Interface

HEWLETT PACKARD HP-85

ZENITH Z89. 48K all-in-one computer

ZENITH Z19

TELEVIDEO 912B$698 912C $698

ATARI 400 S489

APF Game Only $99

MATTEL INTELLIVISION

MONITORS

LEEDEX 12" B&W Video 100

ZENITH 13" Color

SANYO 9"BSWVM4509

SANYO 12" B&W DM5012

SANYO 12 "Green Screen DM5112

SANYO 13" Color DMC6013

APF 9"B8WTVM-10

ACS 8000-2 $3395

$988

$3499

$689

$249

$2790

$2440

$735

920B$748 920C$748

ATARI 800 $747

Complete System $499

$229

$129$379$155$210$215$375$139

TELECOMMUNICATIONS

CAT MODEM Works same as Radio Shack Telephone Interface II S148D-CATHARD WIRED DIRECT MODEM $199

COMMUNICATIONS SOFTWARE

CCI-TELNET VERSION 5: A communication package whichenables microcomputer users to communicate both with largemainframes and other microcomputers. Completely CP/M compati-ble. Multiple communication protocols supported. $149

INTELLIGENTTERMINAL SYSTEM ST-80 III: Enables a TRS-80- toact as a dial-up terminal on any time sharing network. $139

16K MEMORY UPGRADE KITS 2for$82.5o $43

200 ns for TRS-80*. Apple II, (specify): Jumpers $2.50

PRINTERS NEC Spinwriter

Letter Quality High Speed Printer

Includes TRS-80' interface software, guickchange print fonts. 55 cps. bidirectional,high resolution plotting, graphing, propor-tional spacing: R.O. $2395R.O. with Tractor Feed $2575 KSR with Tractor Feed $2950C.ITOH Starwriter, 25 CPS. daisy wheel printer $1895C.ITOH Starwriter II, 45 CPS. daisy wheel printer $2195Letter guality printers. Use up to 15" paper, 1 year warranty onparts. 3 months on labor. Proportional spacing and bidirectionalprinting. Same as VISTA V300.

779CENTRONICSTRACTOR FEED PRINTER $969

Same as Radio Shack line printer I

737 CENTRONICS FRICTION & PIN FEED PRINTER $795

n x 9 proportional and 7x8 mono spacing.

Same as Radio Shack line printer IV

730 CENTRONICS FRICTION & PIN FEED PRINTER $595

7x7 matrix Same as Radio Shack line printer II

P1 CENTRONICS PRINTER Same as Radio Shack quick printer $269PAPER TIGER (IP440) Includes 2K buffer and graphics option $879

(IP460) Bidirectional. 160 cps. graphics and 2K buffer $1075TI-810 Faster than Radio Shack line printer III. Parallel and

serial w/TRS-80" interface software w/u + I case & paper trav $1589

Compressed print, vertical form control $1865

OKIDATA Microline 80 Friction and pin feed $545

Tractor Feed, friction, and pin feed $645

Microline 83 Bidirectional, 120 cps. uses up to 15" paper $1050

EATON LRC 7000 + 64 columns, plain paper S289

ANADEX DP-9500/01 $1350 DP-8000 $795

ACCESSORIES

HEAD CLEANING DISKETTE: Cleans drive Read/Write head in 30seconds. Specify 5'«" or 8". $20ea/$45 for 3

FLOPPY SAVER: Protection for center holes of 5'/<" floppy disks.Installation tools and rings for 25 diskettes. $ 11.95

Re-orders of rings only $ 6.95EXTERNAL DATA SEPARATOR: Eliminates data separation prob-lems (crc). Improves reliability. This plug in unit comes fullyassembled and tested. $29.95

Z-80 SOFTCARD: Your key to software expansion The plug-in Z-80Softcard transforms your Apple into a Z-80 while keeping all thebenefits of the 6502. Comes with CP/M in two disk format, M BASICand GBASIC. full documentation and utility programs. $339

RF MODULATOR: Adapts video to TV $ 35.00

TRS-80 & OTHER MYSTERIES $ 18.95

NECSPINWRITERTHIMBLE $11.95 RIBBON $ 6.00

CCS CARDS: Parallel or serial printer interface cards $115.00

RS232: For Radio Shack Interface. $ 84.00

TRS232: Teletype current loop output from cassette port $ 49.00DISK-DRIVE EXTENDER CABLES: Fits all mini-disk drives.

SIX (6) PRONG ISOLATOR: ISO-2

AC FILTER/6 PRONG POWER STRIP

DISK DRIVE CABLES: 2 drive $29.00 4 drive

DUST COVERS: TRS-80/Apple

PLASTIC DISKETTE HOLDER: For ring binder, holds 20

16.9554.0039.0035.007.958.00

For fast delivery, send certified checks, money orders oi direct bank wire transfers. Personal or company checks require two to threeweeks to clear.

dealer (national/international) inquiries invited Send for FREE Catalogue

The CPU SHOP

TO ORDER CALL TOLL FREE 1-800-343-6522

TWX: 710-348-1796 Massachusetts Residents call 617'242-3361

5 Dexter Row. Dept. B12MCharlestown. Massachusetts 02129Hours 10AM-6PM (EST) Mon.-Fn. (Sat.

till 5)

Massachusetts Residents add 5% Sales Tax'TRS-80 is a Tandy Corporation Trademark® Digital Research

Circle 290 on inquiry card.

BYTE Decembe

365

WE HAVE

8039

MICROCOMPUTERSNEW PRIME PARTS

• TIMER APPLICATIONS

• CLOCKS

• SYSTEM CONTROLLERS

• KEYBOARD ENCODING

• 5 VOLT SUPPLY 6MHz

• ETC.

SEND CHECK FORIMMEDIATE DELIVERY

1-5 $19 6-25 $15

OVER 25 $10

MARSHALL PHILLIPS

U.S.I., DEPT 37

10324 S. DOLFIELD ROAD

OWINGS MILLS, MD 21117

(301) 363-3000 TELEX: 8-7675

EVERY MONTH

BUY, SELL OR TRADE ALL TYPES OFCOMPUTER EQUIPMENT AND SOFT-WARE (pre-owned and new) among20,000 readers nationwide in BIG(11x14") pages. Classified ads areonly 10' per word and are indexed foreasy and fast location. Subscription:$10 a year/12 issues. Money backguarantee.

COmPL'THR SHOHPSR

P.O. Box F-14

Titusville, FL 32780

(305)269-3211

MasterCharge or VISA orders only,

Call TOLL FHEE 800-327-9920

Acoustic Modems fromMetaresearch

MA-50

• Answer/originate

• Bell 103-113compatible

• Originate only

■Crystal-conlrolled

• 119" assembled ■ !119™ assembled |W killBOTH UNITS FEATURE:

• Rales lo 300 baud, RS232 interface, hall-lull duplex

• Rugged wood S metal construction, safely AC wall Iransloimet

• 1-year warranty on assembled units

METARESEARCH

1100 SE Woodward St., Portland, OR 97202

(5031232-1712

Add '2" shipping & handling. Visa, MC accepted.

Circle 291 on inquiry card.

Circle 292 on inquiry card.

Circle 293 on inquiry card.

MEMOREX

Floppy Discs

Lowest prices. WE WILL NOTBE UNDERSOLD!! Buy any

quantity 1-1000. Visa. Masterchargeaccepted. Call free (800)235-4137for prices and information. Allorders sent postage paid.

PACIFICEXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd.San Luis Obispo, CA93401. (InCal. call(805)543-1037.)

SURPLUS ELECTRONICS

ASCII

ASCII

TRS-80* COMPATIBLE, IBMSELECTRIC® BASED I/O TERMINAL

with ASCII conversion installed: $645.00

Many Other Items Available: Tape Drives;Cable; Cassette Drives; Wire; Power Supplies(5 volt 35 amp, others); Displays; Cabinets;Transformers; Heat Sinks; Printers; Com-ponents.

Send for Free Catalog

WORLDWIDE ELECTRONICS, INC.

130 Northeastern Blvd.

Nashua, N.H. 03062

Phone orders accepted using VISA or MC

Toll Free 1-800-258-1036

In NH 603-889-7661

"TRS-80 is a trademark of the Radio Shack

Division of Tandy Corporation.

80X24 VIDEOTERM"

7X9 MATRIX DISPLAY FOR

APPLE II®

LOWER CASE W/ DESCENDERS I

30 columns by 24 lines with easy !o read 7x9 dot matrix,upper and lower case wilh descenders using shiM lockfeature • 1K firmware incorporates PASCAL and BASICprotocalls so user is not required to enter machinelanguage programs or change PASCALS. Misc. info, orSotoxy tiles • Compatible with all APPLE II peripheralsso user won't need new software patches tor futuresoftware producls • Crystal controlled dot clock (orexcellent character stability • VIDEOTERM is the samesize as the Apple language card and power consump-tion is held to a minimum through the use of CMOS andlower power devices • Character set can be user de-finable up lo a maximum ot 128 symbols of 8x16 dolmatrix font • Display control character mode and fourstandard display formats controlled by escape sequen-ces • Built in light pen capability • Inverse displaymode • 50/60 HZ operation • Sockets on all IC's.PRICEiWIIhout graphic EPROU $345OPTIONS: Graphics EPROU lino dwg J2S

VIDEO SWITCH PLATE. Inserts

In case slot lo choose between

APPLE II' and VIDEOTERM $12 Atm. •>■■■■

MANUAL SIS WW. *^m

VIDEX SBTN. W. Qrant Ave., Corvilllt, OR 97330 Prion* (503) 758-0521

Circle 294 on inquiry card.

Circle 295 on inquiry card.

Circle 296 on inquiry card.

64DACS-100Card!

only

$529

Assm. &

Tested

Features:

• 64 output channels from a single multiplexed8-bit digilal-to-analog converter (DAC)

• High density/Low cost: $8.30 per channel

• Compatible with any S-100 Bus system

• On board refresh saves the system's processorfrom the need to continually update eachchannel

• ±A°fo absolute accuracy

• Options include: fast non-multiplexed 12-bitDAC and/or 10-bit digital output port

• Perfect for home, laboratory, or electronicmusic applications

Operations Manual — $5.00Check or Money Order

@

Digital Multi-Media Contr2338 Patterson #12Eugene, OR 97405

J

FIFTY BUS SYSTEMS

32K 6800s from $1694.59

32K 6809s from $1844.69

Include: Chassis, CPU, 32K Static Ram, l/OsFully Expandable

2114L 300ns STATIC RAM CHIPS . $5.90

E A PTfl P V PRIMP Ffom tne Stime shipment we use in ourTHbluni rnimc profossmnal quality boards.

Add $5.00 Handling on Orders Under $200.00

32K STATIC RAM BOARD

FOR THE SS50 AND SS50C BUS (SWTP etc.)

• SS50C Extended Addressing (can be disabled).

• 4 separate 8K blocks • Low power 2114L RAMS

• Socketed tor 32K • Write Protect

• Gold Bus Connectors

16K $328.12

24K $438.14

32K $548.15

Phone, write, or see your dealer (or details and prices on ourbroad range of Boards and Systems for the SS50/SS50CBUS including our UNIQUE BO x 24 VIDEO BOARD, and ourAC Power Control Products for all computers.

GimiX (51

1337 W. 37th Place • Chicago, IL 60609(312)927-5510 • TWX 910-221-4055

The Company that delivers.

Quality Electronic products since 1975.

GIMIX® and GHOST® are Registered Trademarks ol GIMIX INC.

The best choicein mainframes !

• S10OCARD FRAME • AXIAL BLOWER

• 22 MHi 12" CRT MONITOR • ASSEMBLED & TESTED

• 18 AMP POWER SUPPLY • READY FOR VOUR CARDS

• UPPER & LOWER CASE • NEW LOW PRICE

$855.00

ASCII KEY BOARDS

>D

OOU I IM F I N I T

819 E. STRAW8RIDGE, MELBOURNE, FL 32901 - (3051 7231SBE

Circle 297 on inquiry card.

Circle 298 on inquiry card.

Circle 299 on inquiry card.

All you do ispick up the

Are you forced to drive from store to store hopingto find the computer products that you want? Doyou have to wait week after week on a back-orderwith other mail order suppliers?

Instead, why not relax and shop at HobbyWorld.

We've become the nation's largest mail orderelectronics supplier for two reasons. We carrythousands of high quality, competitively pricedelectronics products in stock and we ship 95% ofour customer's orders complete, the same day wereceive them.

(800) 423-5387 (in United States)(800) 382-3651 (in California)(213) 886-9200 (Local/Outside USA)

HobbyWorld

Electronics, Inc.

19511 Business Center Drive,Dept. B12Northridge, CA 91324

Circle 300 on inquiry card.

So stop wasting your time and send for our FREEforty-four page catalogue containing I.C.'s, semicon-ductors, computer boards & kits, software, books,toys & games, disks, printers and much, muchmore. . .To get your catalogue either circle ourreader service number, call us toll-free, or fill out theinformation below and send it to HobbyWorld today!If you live in the Los Angeles area stop by one of ourHWComputer retail stores:

In Redondo Beach C1 In Northridge

&!':

2301 ArLesia Blvd. <w7 19511 Business Ctr. Dr.

NOTICE OUR DIFFERENCE.

FREE HobbyWorld Catalog

Name

Company.Address .

City

Zip

State.

BYTE December 1980 367

I-IIGM-TIECM

jewelry

THE

COMPUTER PENDANT

A great Christmas gilt idea

and great way of Letting your interests be known

Ten years ago such a jewel was unimaginable.

Today this technology is translorming our lives

and the society we live in.

The white ceramic and quartz package

attracts attention, while a closer look reveals

Ihe inlracacy and precision of the silicon circuit

This high-tech symbol ol the seventies

i a genuine product of the microelectronic revolution

Pendant available on

gold plated chain $12.50, gold filled chain $19.;

14K gold chain $85.00, or as a stick pin $9.95.

Send check or money order

plus $1.50 postage and handling to:

HIGH-TECH JEWELRY, 3 CANTERBURY RD.

ISLINGTON. ONTARIO, CANADA M94 5B2

CALL 416-233-2860

,95

Circle 301 on inquiry card.

clbis

YOUR HEADQUARTERS FOR

SALES - SERVICE - SUPPORT

THE BEST NEW YORK AREA PRICESON ALL OHIO SCIENTIFIC COMPUTERS- LOCAL USERS GROUP -BUSINESS AND PERSONAL SYSTEMS

PROFESSIONAL BUSINESS SOFTWARE:Systems now available:Encumbered Budget AccountingInventory/lnvoicing Export ManagementMai ling List PayrolIAccounts Rece i vabIe Accounts PayabIeManuals available separately $35

ALSO AVAILABLE:

"Eaton LRC 7000+ Plain Paper Printer...$356.

*Gkidata Microline 80 Printer-upper/lower case, graphics, any paper,software selectable print size 695.

MASTERCHARGE £ VISA WELCOME

Designers £ Builders of Information Systems, Inc.

One Mayfair Road - Eastchester. New York 10707

(914)779- 5292 (212) 933-4170

6800 Micro Modules

FOR INTERFACING TO: sensors,transducers, analog signals, sole-noids, relays, lamps, pumps, ACmotors, DC motors, stepper motors,keyboards, displays,488 GPIB.

ADDITIONAL FEATURES: 6800 MPU,counter/timer,(ail safe battery back up

Lafayette. IN 47904317-742-8428

Circle 302 on inquiry card.

TERMINAL

DATA

CORPORATION

MODEL 120(1 RS 232 DATA SPLITTER

available in kit form

Model 1200K gives the terminal or micro-processor user a second intertace for a printer,plotter, cassette or tape drive. It operates at anyspeed & isolates the two output devices fromeach other, while providing 2 RS-232 interfacesfrom the terminal or microprocessor.

The kit consists of 3 RS-232 connectors,printed circuit board, all necessary components,enclosure, mounting hardware & assembly in-structions $67.00

write or call

TERMINAL DATA CORP.

11878 Coakley Cir.

Rockville, MD 20852

13011 881-7655

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

SOFTWARE

For TRS-80 and North Star

Computers

SPACE FRAME (Finite Elemant - Stiffness Method)includes Space Frame, Plane Frame, Speca Truss & Floor GridsDisk Version $300.00 Cassette Version $100.00

TRS-80 Model II $400.00

plus postage

TRUSS FORCE (Method of joints solution of Common Trusses!

Disk Version $ 50.00 Cassette Version $ 50.00

plus postage

LINEAR PROGRAMMING (Simplex MBthodlDisk Version $60.00 Cossette Version $60.00

plus postege

ENGINEERING ANALYSISSOFTWARE

E23 Avon Drive WestHightstown, NJ 08520Phone (609) 448-3445In California Contact:

MICOPS INC.

421 Royale Park Dr.

San Jose, Ca. 95136

Phone (408) 629-5716

Circle 303 on inquiry card.

BIRD

Versatile Interface Peripheral BoardSerial/Parallel I/O For The Apple II

SERIAL FEATURES: Software Baud Rate Select ■50-19.2 K Baud • Crystal Controlled • Partial 2d

Pin Connector Strapping • RS232C

PARALLEL FEATURES: Centronics Compatible •Full 34 Pin I/O Connector Strapping • 16 I O Lines+ 4 Handshakes

ALSO: 256 Bytes On Board Ram • ALL GOLDConnectors/Sockets • b Foot 34 Conductor RibbonCable With Centronics Compatible Connector • 3Foot Serial Ribbon Cable With Male DB25 Connec-tor • 90 Day Limited Warranty • Documentationwith Driver Software

SMS * VIP S169.95 ea A St T

Shipping Add 2.0% • Texas Residents Add 5%Sales Tax • Payment By Check or Money Order

BIRD * BOARDSSouthwestern Management ServicesBox 7277 Austin Texas 78712Phone 512-327-1834

Ltd.

Circle 304 on inquiry card.

Circle 305 on inquiry card.

Circle 306 on inquiry card.

CONVERT ANY TV

TO A HIGH QUALITY MONITOR

- HE* -

*t

HIGH QUAi-lTV

TTTTTTT V VT V VT V ¥T V

j

'/>

MOO — KITS

• Hot Chassis or Transformer sets*

• 64-80 characters per line

• By-passes tuner & I.F.

• Normal viewing unaffected

• Safe—Easy kit installation

ACVM Hi-resolution $34.95 ppd.

• Referenced to neutral

V.A.M.P. INC.

Box 29315, Los Angeles, CA 90029

Calif. Residents add 6% Sales Tax

ATARI OWNERS

SCREEN PRINT INTERFACE

Obtain hordcooy of any screen Image(graphics and / or text) on either aTKENDCOM 200 or IDS 440 PaperTiger printer, Simply attach the sup-plied parallel printer cable and loadthe software from cassette (may betransferred to Disk). Obtain a "picture"of the screen on your printer underdirect (CTRL?) or program (XI0)control. Works in all graphics/ textmodes as well as LPRINT and UST "P:"

Only

$139

California residents add 6 % taxATARI l» a recognized trademark of ATARI. Inc.

M4CROTRONICS, inc. ®

1125 N. Golden State Blvd. I Suite GTurlock, CA 95380 (A)(209) 667-2888 / 634-8888

W* ere experiencing fe/ephonedifficulties, pfeese keep trying.

J and 5 Computers

2247 Shetland RoadLivermore, Ca. 94550

SCOTCH brand diskettes

740-0 Single sided 8" box ot 10 S32.50

741-0 Double density 8" box ol 10 48.50

743-0 Double density/ds 8" box ot 10 ... 65.00

HEAD CLEANING DISKETTE

8" box of 5 S25.00

ATARI

400 Computer S441.00

800 Computer 807.50

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS

99/4 Console S754.00

and more .. .send for our catalogue

California residents add 6% sales tax

All orders, add 3% shipping and handling

Circle 307 on inquiry card.

Circle 308 on inquiry card.

Circle 309 on inquiry card.

on B? TRS'oO's

Model I

from

Pan AmericanElectronics, Inc.

A

Radio

AUTHORIZED SALES CENTER

We Have ^**fc

DISCOUNTS

FREE SHIPPING

and a

TOLL FREE ORDER

800/531-7466

Texas and Principle Number 512/581-2765Telex Number 767339Department B1117 ConwayMission, Texas 78572

NUMBER

Most#fOora

Model II

Model III

J

,*■"■ Color Computer

Circle 310 on Inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980 369

TRS-SO SOFTWARE

FORSTOCK INVESTORS

1. Technical Analysis*Price Cycle Forecasting*Moving Averages*Momentum Analysis

($89.95)

2. Portfolio Bookkeeping

($39.95)Call or write for furtherinformation.

AMPERO SOFTWAREPRODUCTS, SUITE 12A5230 CLARK AVENUELAKE WOOD, CA 90712(213) 866-3783

PRINTERS

MICROTEK MT-80Smuu OWR PRICES 775-fimms OUR PRICE $685

OKIDATA MT-80mtsw OUR PRICE $650

BASE2 MODEL 800Bustsw OUR PRICE $575

•PlliSl ADD 3 % F0RS1MT0 0DDHT

TECHNICAL INNOVATIONS

P.O. SOX 803 DEPT. B

HILISBORO, OR 97123

503-648-6423

S-100 VOICE

The ARTICULATOR board allowsyou to record, store, andplayback any vocabulary on yourS-100 computer. Input speech isdigitized by the ARTICULATORand sent to the computer via anon-board port for storage at 1Kto 2K bytes/sec. This data is thensent back from the computer tothe ARTICULATOR for very highquality playback. On-board VOXswitching minimizes memorystorage requirements.

PRICE — $319 A&TAVAILABLE NOW

Quintrex, Inc., 9185 BondShawnee Mission, Ks. 66215(913)888-3353

Circle 311 on inquiry card.

Circle 312 on inquiry card.

Circle 313 on inquiry card.

OHIO SCIENTIFICSOFTWARE

| Pharmacy |Complete backend system: New & Refillprescriptions. Welfare, 3rd party billing,Welfare reports. Daily script reports, in-ventory, customer logs and much more.

I Oil' Production

A program designed to keep track of allphases of the producers activity in a Oil orGas well. Keeps totals on barrels, MCF's,expenses, deductions, and taxes in-cluding Windfall. Prints checks for in-vestors and landowners.

CALL FOR PRICE AGREEMENT

TURN-KEY COMPUTER

424 E.Cotton Longview, TX 75601

214-753-8719

XREF • XREF • XREF

XREF is a high-speed cross referenceutility for Microsoft BASIC programsunder CP/W

■ Extracts all program branches,

variables, and line numbers.

■ Prints sorted report to CON:, LST:,

TTY:, or DISK.

■ High performance—@ 2MHz. 8K pro-

gram XREFed in less than 1 minute.

This sorted cross reference is anextremely valuable tool for debug and/ordocumentation of MBASIC programs.Takes programs apart so you can seehow they tick. Great for making fool-proof additions or changes to undocu-mented programs. Supplied on 8" singledensity disk.

Send $30 in check or money order to:

MICRO TIMEBox 23033 / Richfield, MN 55423

•CP/M—Reg.TM, Digital Research

Circle 314 on inquiry card.

INTERFACES FOR APPLE

by

TEXCOMENGINEERING ASSOCIATES

•RS 232 Serial Interface - $99.95

/ 15 Software selcctahle baud rates from

50 to 19,200 baud./ Programmable interrupt control, word

length, number of stop bits and parity

select.

•Dual Parallel Interface - S89.95/ Two 8 bit parallel ports/Two 16 bit programmable interval

timers/ One serial port■' Programmable interrupt control

• 16 Ch AD Converter - $ 149.95

•Interfaces arc fully documented

•Add $5.00 for software drivers/demos ondisk or cassette (specify whenordering).

•Custom interfaces and software available.

These are professional quality boards with gold-plated connectors and are fully assembled and tested.

To order, send check or MO to:

P.O. Box 24472, Houston, TX. 77013Phone: |713) 45H-3720

Close-Out!!

Desk Top Computer

This unit is a computerized Electronic Secre-tary It keeps time, date, calendar, message, andmeeting files Originally sold thru a major mailorder house for over $450 00

Technically, it's a 6507 MICRO, ROM, Ram,Planaplex Alpha Display, Ni-cad Battery, PowerSupply. Keyboard. Wood and Aluminum Casewith Schematic and Instructions

Most of these Computers are warranty returnsWe are offering refurbished like new units for$99.95 and as is (most have minor problems)units for $44.95 Add $4.95 per unit for shippingand handling per unit ordered All units arecomplete as described All sales are finalCalifornia Residents add 6 5% Sales Tax

Send Payment and Order to:

Solid State Surplus

P.O. Box 32418/San Jose, CA 95152

Circle 315 on inquiry card.

OSI&TRSDOSSOFTWARE

CIVIL ENGINEERSSURVEYORS

• Water Distribution

Network Analysis

• Pressure Sewers

• Coordinate Geometry

• Matrix Algebra

• Roadway Alignment

SYSTEK, INC.

P. O. Drawer J J

Miss. State, MS 39762

Circle 316 on inquiry card.

Circle 317 on inquiry card.

MICRO MISCELLANY FROM JBE

A to D D to A CONVERTER

ASSM.

KIT

BOARD

$79.95$59.95$29.95

The JBE A-D and D-A Converter can beused with any system having parallelports, and interlaces with JBE ParallelI/O Card (see below). A-D conversiontime is 20uS, D-A conversion time is5uS. Uses include speech, music syn-thesizing, slow scan TV, and joystick orpaddle control inputs. Uses singlepower supply (5V), see JBE 5V powersupply below. Parallel inputs andoutputs include 8 data bits, strobe linesand latches. Analog inputs and outputsare medium impedance zero to five voltrange.

APPLE II PARALLEL INTERFACE

JBE Apple II Parallel I/O Card interfacesprinters, synthesizers, keyboards, and JBEA-D and D-A converter and solid stateswitches. This interface has handshakinglogic, two 6522 VIAs and a 74LS74 for timing.Inputs and outputs are TTL compatible.79-295 ASSM. $69.95

KIT $59.95

BARE BOARD $22.95

SOLID STATE SWITCH

Control the world! Your computer can control power to your printer, lights, stereo and120VAC appliances up to 720 watts (6 amps at 120VAC). Input 3 to 15VDC, 2 -13 MATTL compatible, isolation - 1500V, non zero crossing, the switch comes in a 1 or 4channel version and includes documentation for interfacing with JBE Dimmer Control(see below). The 1 channel version is also available professionally packaged.

79-282 1 CHANNEL ASSM. $13.95 KIT $10.95 BARE BOARD $ 6.95

1 CHANNEL PKGD. $39.9579-282 4 CHANNEL ASSM. $49.95 KIT $39.95 BARE BOARD $24.95

POWER SUPPLIES

12 VOLT POWER SUPPLY

This 2x2Vi" power supply uses a wall transformer forsafety and is protected against short circuit and ther-mal breakdown. It is rated at ± 12 V 120MA and canbe used as a single 24V power supply at 120 MA. It isideally suited to operational amplifier experiments.

80-161 ASSM.

KIT

BARE BOARD

$22.95$18.95$ 8.95

5 VOLT POWER SUPPLY

This 2V4x2Vz" 5V 500MA power supply is protectedagainst short circuit and thermal breakdown anduses a wall transformer for safety. It operates JBEA-D and D-A converter, 8085 computer, 8088 com-puter & 6502 micro-microcomputer. Documentationis included.

80-160 ASSM. $20.95

KIT $16.95

BARE BOARD $ 8.95

DIMMER CONTROL

HP

The JBE Dimmer Control has 4 chan-nels, 256 brightness levels, on-boardpower supply and four8-btt parallel in-put ports (not latched). This board inter-faces with the JBE Solid State Switchand Apple II Parallel Interface Card(documentation included).80-146 ASSM. $89.95

KIT $79.95

BARE BOARD $25.95

6502 MICRO-MICROCOMPUTER

80-153 ASSM.

KIT

BARE BOARD

This JBE 316x5" Micro-Microcomputer has the following:

• 1024 Bytes of RAM (two 2114s)

• 2048 Bytes of EPROM (2716)

• Uses one 6522 via (documentation inc.)

• 2 8-bit bidirectional I/O ports

• 2 16-bit programmable timer/counters

• Serial Data Port

• Latched output and input with handshaking logic.

• TTL and CMOS compatible

The 6502 Microprocessor is particularly suited for controlfunctions such as temperature control, burglar alarm,electric wheelchair, lights, etc. This Micro-Micro inter-faces with the JBE Solid State Switch and A-D and D-AConverter and uses the JBE 5V power supply (see$110.95 below). 2716 EPROM is available separately (not$ 89.95 included in kit or assm. board). A 50 pin connector$ 24.95 is included.

APPLE II DISPLAY BOARD

80-144 ASSM.

KIT

BARE BOARD

$49.95$42.95$25.95

This handy little (3x7") boardis ideal for teaching andtroubleshooting. It lias a run— stop, single step switchwhich makes identificationof shorted lines betweenaddress or data-bits easyand shows single steps forteaching computer logic.The display board has 16Address LEDS, 8 Data LEDS& 1 RDY LED. All lines arebuffered.

BARE BOARDS

APPLE II EXTENDER BOARD

This is what you've been waiting for! The 31/2x21/2" Apple II ExtenderBoard makes troubleshooting much faster and easier! Great for use withthe JBE Apple II Display Board. 50 pin Apple connector is included.

80-143 $12.95

CRT CONTROLLER

This intelligent CRT Controller is completely contained on a 6x61/2M printed circuitboard. The design is based on an 8085A Microprocessor and an 8275 IntegratedCRT Controller. It features the following:

25 Lines, 80 characters/line

5x7 Dot Matrix

8085 CPU

Two 8185s

Two 2716s (1 for software, 1 for user

programmable character generator)

Serial Interface RS232 and TTL

Baud rates of 110, 150,300,600,1200,

2400, 4800 & 9600.

Keyboard Scanning SystemUses +5V power supply and ±12Vpower supply (both available fromJBE — see above)

$39.95

8085 3-CHIP SYSTEM

State-of-the-art system using 3 IC's, an 8085, an 8156 and either an 8355 or8755. The system has the following:

• 3 MHz 8085 CPU

• 256 bytes static RAM

• 2048 bytes ROM

• 38 parallel input/output lines

2 serial input/output linesInstruction set 100%upward compatible with 8080A14-bit counter/timer *^%^| *%E

8088 5-CHIP SYSTEM

An 8086 Family microcomputer system using 5 IC's, an 8088 CPU, and 8284clock generator, an 8155 RAM/iO/Timer, an 8755A EPROM/IO and an 8185 (1Kx 8) Static RAM. This system has the following:

• 16-bit internal architecture

• Up to 1280 bytes of static RAM

• 2048 bytes of EPROM

• 38 parallel input/output lines

• 14-bit counter/timer fcOft ftC

• Instruction set 100% compatible with the8086 $Z9i95

SPARE PARTS

INTEGRATED CIRCUITS6502 $ 9.95

6522 $ 9.95

2716 5 Volt $29.95

CABLE

Standard Dip Jumpers

16 Pin, 1 Ft. Length $4.95

CONNECTORS

50 Pin Connector $5.95

JOHN BELL ENGINEERING

VISA

-i ALL PRODUCTS ARE AVAILABLE FROM: JOHN BELL ENGINEERING

-1 P.O. BOX 338 • REDWOOD CITY, CA 94064 • (415)367-1137

ADD 6% SALES TAX IN CALIFORNIA. FOR ORDERS OUTSIDE THE U.S.A., ADD 5% FOR SHIPPING AND HANDLING

MASTER CHARGE i

Circle 320 on inquiry card.

BYTE December W80

371

Take Your OS I to the

with ourFfl/fi

.SOFTWARE.

$$

Proven Programs that will make money for YouIf you have a C2-8PDF with Printer. We willprovide programs on disk, with Starter Kit andTips. Can be used anywhere there are people*

Also we have User Programs for C2-8P, andCl-P, Available on cassetts, these includeExciting Video Games. Printed instructions.Programs are available as listings, for use onany OS1, or modified for other com puters

Send 5.00 for Complete Catalog and SampleRuns. Deductable on your first order.

ALL PROGRAMS ARE ORIGINAL! NO COPIES.

|erceptionsUnlimited

Box 3-186ECB Anchorage, Ak. 99501

SHORTCASSETTES

10 lor

$7.50

1

•-•

50

.. ..

Premium tape and cassettes acclaimed by

thousands of repeat order microcomputerusers. Price includes labels, cassette boxand shipping in continental U.S.A. VISAand M C orders accepted. California resi-dents add sales tax. Phone (415) 968160424 hours.

MICROSETTE CO.

475 Ellis StreetMt. View, CA 94043

6502 USERS!

Upgrade your present 6502 system to 6B09capability with a 65-09 module.

Simple installation. No modification toexisting hardware required. Software alsoavailable for most major systems.

65-09 Module Kit $110.00

65-09 Module Assembled/Tested 135.002K Eprom Monitor 59.95

Michigan residents add 4% sales tax.Send check, money order or COD to:

MICRO PROCESSOR SYSTEMS, INC.

37060 Garfield, Suite C4

Mt. Clemens, Ml 48043

(313) 263-9440

Circle 321 on inquiry card.

Circle 322 on inquiry card.

Circle 323 on inquiry card.

YEAR END SPECIALS

Shugnt SA - *00

JA-801

Tclevidco 914 C 73»

Epion MX-80 6J9

TEI Rf-11 59?

Eipandoram II 16k kit 439

64k kil 3S9

add $100 lor factory AST

Moilek *116-3 MOm 8 lor SO

Integrated Business Systems

Z80, dilk baled systems w/ 64k Ramterminal, printer & software

Dental Office Management *995

Apartment Management 4495 .

Word Processing — 5995 I

COMPUTER RESEARCH CONSULTANTS

Circle 324 on inquiry card.

H Dysan

•/corporation

Solve your dtec problem*, buy 100% aurfacetested Dyman dtokette*. All order* strippedfrom stock, within 24 hours. Call toll FREE(800) 235-4137 for prices and information.Vtea and Master Card accepted. All orderssent postage paid.

PACIFICEXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd.San Luis Obispo. CA93401 (InCal. call(805)543-1037.)

SANDERS/HARRIS 81016 Bit Disk Systems

3 systems - each includes:

5 Meg Pi sk w/1 fixed and1 removable platter

1 Centronics Printer, dotmatrix, i"6~5 chars/sec.

3 Termina1s (can run k)

Software-DOS/Inventory/Diagnost ic

Multi Termina1/Tasking

Systems factory rebuilt.Excellent Condit!on-$5,5003 for $15,000. Dealerswelcomed. FOB Ct. O678ITC!, INC. (203) 583-5000

Circle 325 on inquiry card.

Circle 326 on inquiry card.

SOFTWARE FOR APPLE II ON CASSETTE

FLAGBALL $12.50

1-4 Player Paddle Skill Game

TEN THOUSAND $15.00

Lively Dice Game For 1-8 Players

BLACKJACK

$ 9.00

1-4 Players

STAR GATE EXPLORER $15.00

Solve The Star Gate Riddle

SPACE CONFLICT $25.00

2-Player Computerized Warfare Game

HOME INVENTORY $15.00

Use For Food Stuffs, Small Parts, Etc.

Base 2 Printer Opt. For Above $ 3.50J.PANIAGUAS

416PLYM0UTH ROADVALPARAISO, IN 46383

IEEE-488 To TRS-80*INTERFACE

■ 1 yi:Sv! 'V1:>-i. .:■■: I

MODEL 488-80B $225.00

(plus snipping, ins. & tax)

EVERYTHING NEEDED TO ADDPOWERFUL GPIB-488 CONTROLLERCAPABILITY TO TRS-80 MODEL 1,LEVEL 2 OR DOS

SCIENTIFIC ENGINEERINGLABORATORIES

11 Neil Drive • Old Bethpage, NY 11804Telephone: (516) 694-3205

'Trade Mark of Tandy Corporation. There is no affilia-tion between Scientific Engineering Laboratories andTandy Corporation or Radio Shack

f— QUARTZ CRYSTALS ~J

1 , .32)8 B

5.2428 B

0 93360

20.000 8 36.2B86B

42.85188

46 8128 8 1

1 .5390-B

5.6108

9.984088

2049888 36.3636 B

428768B

47.37688 ' ,

. ' 1.000 A

57)43-8

9.989608

2? I IB-IB 37JB28B

4292586

478838 B i

I 1.8432 A

5.9558

I0M0B

22.6258 8 383768 B

42962BB

48 0008 , '

1 . I.6437B

5.9828

lOMH

263556B 384448-8

43D0O6B

4830068 }

| ' 2.000-A

6.000-B

10.4968-8

265006B 3B.6258B

4303788

4666686 < .

, 1 2 0971 A

6)44 8

10 7755-8

26.6706-8 38-S268 8

4307486

46 7006 8 (

1 , 2.4576 A

6150306

1082558

27O00B 393I28B

4318586

4B876B8 . 1

1 25O0A

6.29780-B

108386B

270006B 395038B

4325388

49 7006 8 \

■ ' 2.6657 8

MOM

1) 1360 B

276506B 3966688

43333BB

49 7338 8 1

1 Z995B B

G.5536-B

I1.I55B

284006 8 39.7538 B

43.37088

496128 B .'

1 . 3.000A

6.72530B

1121B6B

28.62768 39B76S B

434078B

50 25058 ^

I 3.0678

6.75B40B

1128008

2B.753BB 398628 B

43 4378 8

5105568 <.

. 1 3 200 B

6.9003 B

)) 4776 B

2987588 40.4448-B

4344488

5I3I26B 1

' | 32768 A

7 0063 a

11 65666

29.9378-8 40592B-B

435558B

51 777BB .*

< 3.500-B

7.0336-B

11 6816-8

30.0648-8 408I28B

43.62988

618506 B '>

< ' 3.57BB

7.0916-8

12 440B

303606 8 408336 8

43.68688

52BI2BB 1

< 4.000B

7.IB36B

I431B2-B

306258 B 40B7SB-B

43 777BB

56 7506 B , '

* . 4 1943 B

725868

14.4308-8

308768B 4088888

4381268

6060068 1

| 4 3426 B

B.000-B

15000 B

31.4378 B 40.92588

4361486

607506 8 ',

1 4 4803 8

8.0556-8

15.4408-6

317638 B 4100088

4385188

66 7506 8 i

1 , 461038

8.1416-8

15 5066 8

3I80O8B 41 1666 6

4386888

7040068 ,'

1 465038

8.1818-8

16000B

32.0008 41.37688

43.92588

750005 B |

1 ' 483038

B3303B

16.3848-8

332006 8 415378 8

44.0008 8

9083388 ' .

1 49152 B

B.499S-B

172246-8

336258-B 120008 B

44.03788

999668 8 { '

1 , 5.000B

8.5766 8

172422 B

3455588 4258368

44 3758 B

100 6668-B >

1 506B8B

B.6056-B

1B.0O08

34.7538-8 42.62688

44.7778B

101 4868 B ',

, > M2IU H

B.9608 8

IB 43208

34.9776B 42.7006 B

451256 B

103 066B-B <

1 5.18508

8.99068

194690 B

35.9256 B 42.7538 B

46 3006 B

103 4668-B , '

1 . 5.IB56 6

9.47Z08B

197508 B

36000 B 42.8148 B

467006 B

104 9918 B 1

1 ALL A -

1259

ALL B -II 99

OOHMDRI IE0UCIS ',

ftDD $1.00 SHIPPING

CAL.

RES. ADD 6% SALES TAX

FREE OSCILLATOR SCHEMATICS

WITH ANY ORDER

l! QUALITY COMPUTER PARTS |l

l| P.O

BOX 743 / CHATSWORTH, CA 91311 I

Circle 327 on inquiry card.

Circle 328 on inquiry card.

Circle 329 on inquiry card.

Immediate response to your orders (verbal or written).

Call toll-freeou deca1(800) 421-0347

apple II &II plus

16K-Call32K-Call| 48K-Calltoll free

is here

Call today and be the \ ,MlAfirst to have the most 1 ,„„«#»'

AATARI 400

Personal computer. Come with computerconsole, basic language cartridge, powersupply, TV modulator, books, and manuals.Only $498 —-"—uMiwumuuun—\„

t to have the mostpowerful professionalcomputer in its class!

(^commodore

Call for latest price on:

CBM Modem

(300 Band)CBM VoiceSynthesizer

CBM 8000

Business computerCBM 2001Business computerCBM 2001PET

CBM 2022PrinterCBM 2023PrinterCBM2040Dual DriveFloppy DiskCBM 8050Dual DriveFloppy Disk

Everything that 400 has plus BasicLanguage Cartridge. 16K memory (ex-pandable to 48K). Only $798.

4/

{ff Bonus 8K Memory Module good till^3* 12/31/80.

Atari Program Recorder. Only $68.95

Atari Expansion Memory. 8K $89.95 16K $159.

cromemco system three

Cromemco

A professional microcomputer withtremendous expandable memory.Call Now

Also Z-2H Hard Disk and Z2 Com-puter System. We carry all acces-sories, hardware and software.

monitors

9" Black and white. Only $185.Also available in Sanyo

12" Black and white.15" Black and white.

apple IIinventory control system

The first truly professional systemthat can tackle up to 8,100 items,transaction register/audit trail, in-ventory status report, re-orderreport, keeps track of purchaseorders automatically, will handlemultiple departments or divisions,fast data retrieval. Minimum hard-ware requirements: Apple II Pluswith 48K, one disk drive and 80column printer. Available also forthe new DOS 3.3.

dysan diskettes

8" (Box of 10)

374 0/1 sgl side/sgl density$4.50 ea.

3740/1D sgl side/dbl den$6.95 ea.

5" (Box of 5)

104/1 soft sector,

107/1 10 sectors,

105/1 16 sectors $4.50 ea.

Micromodem 100 Call.Micromodem II Only $329.

CALL US TOLL FREEFOR NEW CATALOGOF ACCESSORIES 4SOFTWARE 800-421-0347

VISA

QA

'TRS-80 is a trademark of the Tandy Corporation.

Prices subject to change without noticePlease allow 2 weeks for cashierschecks and 4 weeks (or personalto clear Add 2% lor shipping andhandling Cal residents please add6% sales tax Sorry, no CODU.S. and international dealerInquiries Invited.Copyright 1980 MiCRO Business World

TRS-80'

All TRS-80 Compatible Hardwareand Software. Call us and tell us whatyou need!

print wheels and thimbles

Huge selection for Qume. Diablo,NEC. Plastic or metal.Call 1-800-421-0347.

apple cards

Hi-Speed Serial Interface Call

Communications Interface Call

Parallel Printer Interface Call

Centronics Printer Interface Call

Hobby/Prototype Call

Integer Basic Firmware Call

Applesoft Firmware Call

printers

NECSpinwriter

Letter quality high speed printer, bi-directional, high resolution plot-ting, graphics.

RO with Tractor Feed $2865.KSR with Tractor Feed $2995.

Paper Tiger (1P440) $949.With GraphicsAnadex DP9500 11449.DP8000 $849.Epson MX 80 $645.

Smart Video Terminal

FREE CATALOG Circle 330 on inquiry card

Get our free computer hardware, soft-ware, supply and accessory catalog. Wecarry most everything for Apple. TRS80.Vector. Atari. m^^^^^^^

Commodore.Cromemco andmuch more.

16K RAM

Set of 8 $39.95

In California Call (213) 371-1660

/MICRO

BUSINESS WORLD

15818 Hawthorne Blvd.,Lawndale, CA 90260

TM

Now you can afford quality!

Scotch'

DISKETTES

SAVE 30% TO 45%!

Possibly the LOWEST prices you'll findon quality SCOTCH Brand Diskettes insizes to fit all Mini/Micro Computers.One box or by the case, all orders areprocessed quickly and shipped peryour instructions.

Call COLLECT to Order!(805)484-8146

QUALITY DATA SUPPLY

P.O. Box 236, Camarillo, CA93010

Authorized DistributorInformation Processing Products

TWX-LINK

TWX-LINK is a complete soft-ware package which interfacesyour Cromemco or MP/M basedmulti-user computer to a WesternUnion TWX line.

Using an FCC approved directconnect modem, TWX-LINKallows your computer to act as aTWX terminal for both incomingand outgoing messages.

TWX-LINK constantly monitorsyour TWX line. Incoming mes-sages are automatically received,acknowledged, and written todisk storage.

TWX, TELEX, MAILGRAMS.AND TELEGRAMS can all becreated, edited, and sent fromyour computer by using TWX-LINK.

Call, write, or TWX for more info:

CAWTHON SCIENTIFIC GROUP

24224 Michigan Avenue

Dearborn, Michigan 48124

PH: (313) 565-4000

TWX: 810-221-1265

L?

PERTECFD-200

Floppy Disk Drives

35% OFF LIST

Rebuilt, tested, like-new, with90-day Warranty

$235

,00

ea.

3

Any quantity, while supply lasts

Also available:

New and like-new Pertec 24MB, 10MB.Cartridge Hard Disk Drives. MagneticTape Drives and Controllers.

Call, write or TWX for more info.IBEX COMPUTER CORPORATION

18730 Oxnard St.. Tarzana. CA 91356

(213)705-2517VISA and Mastercharge accepted

Circle 331 on inquiry card.

Circle 332 on inquiry card.

Circle 333 on inquiry card.

OmniFORTH

FOR NORTH STAR DOS

• Based on fig-FORTH

• 8080 Compatible (SOLS, IMSAI, etc.)

• Excellent users manual and installationdocumentation

• Includes the interactive OmniFORTHcompiler, Text EDITOR, File systemutilities, and 8080 + 280 ASSEMBLER

• Requires North Star DOS and 24K memory

• Specify disk density (SD or DD/QD)

• Price $64.95 plus $2.00 S&H

(Florida residents add 4°/D sales tax. U.S. Funds only.Additional shipping charges outside USA)

• INTERACTIVE

B COMPUTER SYSTEMS, INC.

Fw 6403 DIMarco Rd.•Tampa, FL 33614

SPECIAL INTRODUCTORY

Limited Quaniih OFFER Order Non

WORDSTAR'MAGIC WAND

Word Processing lor (TM Sysiemf

VISA and MaslerCltarge accepted

S52SS27S

DWP

Data & Word Processing Inc.

123 Rowell Court

Old Brick Mouse Square

Falls Church, Virginia 22046

(703)241-2911)

WorciStiir is .1 lr;i{k'mark nf Micro Pro Interna I tonal. Inc

Majjit Wand is j muVmarKol Small Business Applications, Inc

t'p. M is a ri'HisU'ri'd trademark of Digital Research Corp

29 MEGABYTES $4495

the Wll 533 Hard Ot&e SufesyUe* Inc tod" ii"f- funforisat tedcapacity] 01 I S.AfiESf K -■,-■:• l!cr. col l*s awl CBI0S

toi ZP* 2.-1 . ..i"-' iiL....-r lUBph and ■*<■ In ., handSom

F trttwr iflfonoW lor .• the AtiF<, '.)3or In*? Hard '

ADAPTIVE DATA A ENERGY SYSTEMS2627 Pomona Boulevard. Pomona. California 91768

0i ..ill: (714) S94-5BSB ■<-'..•■■ IO:00 II >• ''i1,!,',

PS 100 S 100 Bus Hotd Disc Controller J695S33 33MB Disc Controller Subsystem S4495SIO 10MB Disc Subsystem S349S

DEALER INQUIRIES WELCOMEI

Circle 334 on inquiry card.

Circle 335 on inquiry card.

Circle 336 on inquiry card.

16K DYNAMIC RAM

T1 4116 16Kx1 RAMS8 FOR $32.00 32 FOR $120.00

THIS IS A SPECIAL PURCHASEOF NEW T.I. 300 N.S. DYNAMICRAMS.

These are factory spec, parts,not surplus. These parts will workwith most memory boards as wellas memory expansion for TRS-80,APPLE. EXIDY etc.

HANLEY ENGINEERINGP.O. BOX 21432

SEATTLE, WASH. 98111(206) 633-3404

USR-330D Modem

Auto-Dial/Auto Answer $399

Connect your TRS-80, Apple, or any othercomputer to the phone lines.

• 0-300 Baud-Bell 103/113 compatible

• Serial-RS232

• Half/Full Duplex

• 1 year warranty

FCC CertifiedDirect connection tophone lines via RJ11Cstandard extensionphone jack

USR-330A Modem $339

Same as 330D

but Manual-Originate/Auto-Answer.

Radio Shack Model II Users -

We have software to connect you directlyto the phone lines.

U.S. ROBOTICS

ED3N.WABASHSUITE I7I8CHICAGO. ILL 6060I

SflJE QlD SOLS

Address up to 60Kcontiguous user RAM

SOS Personality ReplacementModule moves SOLOS and VDMto F000

Replacement Module boardcomes complete with new SOLOSROMs, assembled and tested.Your old Personality module stillworks at C000. Plugging in SOSModule moves SOLOS to F000.

Price: $129.

Check. VISA or MC

Add S3, lor shipping.

NY residenls add 8% lax.

METRON COMPUTERWARE INC.

552 West 114 Street

New York, N.Y. 10025

(212) 666-2400

Dept. B

Circle 337 on inquiry card.

Circle 338 on inquiry card.

Circle 339 on inquiry card.

1858 Evergreen Street. Duarte, California 91010

INSERTION/EXTRACTION TOOLS

WW1 WIRE WRAPPING KIT

ORDERING INFORMATION:

• Orders under $25 include $2 handling

• All prepaid orders shipped UPS Ppd.

• Visa, MC & COD's charged shipping.

• All prices good through cover date.

• Most orders shipped same day.

• Byte must be mentioned to get sale price.

Phone 213-357-5005

page

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS

PRB1 LOGIC PROBE PLS1 LOGIC PULSER

PRB1 LOGIC PROBE $36.95

• Compatible with all logic families

• Visual indication of low, high and bad logic levels

• Pulse stretching to 50 Msec

PLS1 LOGIC PULSER $48.95

• Superimposes 20pps pulse train onto circuit

• No need to cut circuit trace

• Automatic pulse polarity

WK7 INSERTION/EXTRACTION KIT $29.95

• MOS safe

• Includes EX1 & EX2 Extraction tools

• MOS 1416, MOS 2428, MOS 40 Extraction tools

$

21.85

83.43

160.45

MDD1 1 channel dispenserMDD5 5 channel dispenserMDD10 10 channel dispenser■ Dispenses 8-42 pin IC's

• Compatible with all IC carrying tubes

• Use with WK7 for MOS-safe IC insertion

WW1 WIRE WRAPPING KIT

• BW2630 Power wrapping tool $19.85

• BT30 #30 Bit 3.95

• BC1 Batteries and charger 14.95

• KIT#3 Precut wire kit 32.95

• 10 ea. 14 pin, 16 pin gold wrap sockets 11.00

• EZO7302 4.25" x 8.5" Glass epoxy board 3.95

• 14 ID, 16 ID 20 IC wrap identifiers 3.96

TOTAL $90.01SALE PRICE $69.95

Write or call for 1980 catalog

• IC Sockets

• Vector Board & Pins8 Bishop Drafting Aids

• OK Tools

■ RN IDC Crimp Connectors

Circle 340 on inquiry card.

TOLL FREE ORDERING NUMBER 1-(800)-423-7144

ATARI OWNERS

Parallel Printer Interfacefor the ATARI 400 / 800

Connects to controller jacks 3&4works with BASIC / DOS / ASSEMBLERThree printer connectors available:ATARI 400 / 800

TRENDCOM 100 / 200 A4P-1 A8P-1CENTRONICS 730 / 737 A4P-2 A8P-2CENTRONICS 36 PIN* A4P-3 A8P-3

'Fits all other parallel Centronics plus Anadex,Base 2, Epson, Comprint and Microtek.Order by part number, MC / VISA acceptedATARI It a tMogntnO nwtomark « ATARI. Inc.

A A ^%*4CfiOTRONICS. inc. ®

^A^^^T 1H5N. Golden State^^■^ Turlock, CA 951*0 (A)

[JM| M7-SM* / 63 \MMWt tit txptrltnclng ultphont

dlftlcultltt. pltttt tHP trying.

c

V

O

ro a>

■J;

*

£S

SalesInstallServic

O

a

1 ,Y

CO 8

i Q

0

H

coo

*

4

a.

a

*-*2

3L 0)

UJ

x:

M

1-

OD O

,_ tr

5°

0 s

i

z

cs

**■*

2 ec. o

01"

0)

H

0

o

Q

UJN

M

c

z> 1-1« _l

_l<cu

CO

a

H

z

o,,, S

hi

M

u

£

(0 *

0)

1 K

CD .

£ CO

f

t"

«

III

CO ;o

n

III 1

*- CO

3 ec

IL

111

1

"O

, *

O C

'

J

m- a

CROSS-ASSEMBLERS

WRITTEN IN ANSI FORTRAN IVPACKAGE HO. MACWNE1S)

XASMB800 MC6B0D02.0B

XASMB801 MCB801

XASMB8D6 MC8805

XASMB809 MC6809

XASM80B5 WUffi

XASM1B02 CDP1B02

XASM6502 6508 FAMILY

Full instruction set, all addressing modes. Free formal input,relocatable lilting and object module, many user-selectableassembly options. 6-character labels, arithmetic expressions inoperands, long error messages, high execution speed.

Full-capability assemblers run on almost any system suppor-ting ANSI standard FORTRAN IV, 1966 or later, at a traction otthe cost of a separate development system.

FORTRAN SOURCE MEDIA PRICE

MAGNETIC TAPE PACKAGE * 75.00

PUNCHED CARD PACKAGE 850.00

MANUAULISTING ALONE $20.00

Packages include manual/listing, shipping in U.S.A. For cards,specify punch code. For tape, specify code, BPI, block size.

in ItJI P.O. Box 14538

lllfl Minneapolis, MN 55414

■ »*»▼■■■ IB12F722-1702

Circle 341 on inquiry card.

Circle 342 on inquiry card.

Circle 343 on inquiry card.

J^ ATARI*

Atari 800 with 24 K $810

Atari 810 Disk Drive $525

PLUS

Bit Bucket software lor the Atari includingdisassembler, renumberer, charactergenerator FREE with purchase of Atari 800or 810.

Atari 820 40-Column Impact Printer....$480Atari 822 40-Column Thermal Printer..$360Atari 825 80-Column Impact Printer....$800

Atari 830 Modem $156

Atari 850 Interface Module $176

ALL ATARI SOFTWARE 20% OFF

The Bit Bucket

168 Norm Beacon Slree!P 0 Box 365

Newton Highlands. MA 02161Phone (617| 783 3144

JOY6

THE ULTIMATE JOYSTICK INTERFACEFOR YOUR TRS-80*

JOY-6 Is a Complete 6 Channel, 9 Bit A to D Featuring:

■ 4 channels with variable gain—for Joysticks

■ 2 unbuffered channels—for game paddles, sensors

■ 3 digital inputs—for pushbuttons, TTL signals

■ Sound effects capability—(user supplies speaker)

■ Comprehensive users manual—write your own games!

■ Joypak-1 cassette—6 exciting Joystick games withthrilling sound effects, including:

InllUT A unique new game ol stralegy and skill. Time shots andjudge angles correctly to defeat the opponent. Use the pushbutton tospin your shots. Practice mode sharpens your offensive anddefensive tactics. Variable levels of difficulty.

SPECIAL INTRODUCTORY 0FFERI joy* complete with . joy-sticks WITH PUSHBUTTONS. JOYPAK-1, POWER SUPPL Y. USERS MANUALASSEMBLEO. TESTED, READY TO PLAY ohl|_Y $99.95

ITlEGfl

systems inc.

PHONE ORDERS WELCOME

215-337-3876COD CHECK H O . M C . VISA

MAGIC WAND$325

This powerful word processor is in stock formost CP/M compatible systems, includingRadio Shack, North Star, Vector Graphics.Oomemco and APPLE [with Z-BO card @$295 and Videx 80 column board @ $295].We will custom configure your diskette if youwill specify: CPU. terminal, printer.

Our fully interactive

MAIL MAGIC™

mail management software, with 14 user de-fined fields and full merge and sort capability isavailable for $149.

We will also quote on all specific hardware andsoftware for APPLE, PET and Vector Graphics.

Computer City TST

P.O. Box 60284 B mmm

Houston TX 77205{713)821-2702

Magic Wand is a registered trademark of

Small Business ApplicationsMail Magic is a registered trademark of

Computer City

Circle 344 on inquiry card.

Circle 345 on inquiry card.

Circle 346 on inquiry card.

HC£D A PRINUR ?

SURPLUS

1062

Teller Terminal

RECENTLY REMOVED FROM SERVICE

EACH TERMINAL INCLUDES

IBM Soleclric Printer ONLY

IBM Type Bat]Program Tape Reader

ARNDT DIST.

1202 HANSON LANERAMONA. CA 92065

$128

YOU PAY SHIPPINGON DELIVERY

PHONE ORDERSACCEPTED

m&mmm

PREDICTS CASH CRUNCH

DETERMINES OPTIMUM CASHFLOWUSING PAYMENT PRIORITIES ANDRECEIVABLE PROBABLITIES

MEASURES IMPACT OF POSSIBLEPURCHASES ON CASHFLOW

DOCUMENTS FINANCIAL ABILITY

CP/inn Ready to run* l^:C3 on CP/M system.

ALPHA-OMEGA SYSTEMS, INC.

15D4 3RD AVE. SUITE 700SEATTLE, WA 98101

(206) 622-2719

DISKETTES

For record reliability and quali-ty buy 3M Scotch Diskettes. AllDiskettes are in stock for im-mediate shipment Call TOLLFREE (800) 235-4137 for pricesand information. Visa and Mas-ter Card accepted. All orderssent postage paid.

PACIFICEXCHANGES

100 Footh.ll BlvdSan Luis Obispo. CA93401 (In Cal cal543-1037 1

Circle 347 on inquiry card.

Circle 348 on inquiry card.

Circle 349 on inquiry card.

Contact us for new prices

Qume Datatrak 8

Double sided floppy with NO HEADACHES.Although many think this an impossibility,seeing is believing, and this drive is reallysomething! Shugart compatible, fully option-ed, reliable, and rapidly becoming the stand-ard in double-sided diskdom.

$599. Two/$549.

Siemens FDD 100-8D

Single sided 8" floppy drive, the latest

& greatest revision. Features double density

plus much more. An extremely reliable

drive $439 2/$409

Hard sector option kit... $9.95

Data separator option kit... $9.95

The following 554" mini-floppies share mostfeatures with their 8" cousins, so withoutfurther ado...

Siemens FDD 100-5D $279.

Qume Datatrak 5 (double sided) 399.

BASF Mini mini. 279.

SA 400 ., ......... 299.

All the above mini-floppies are fully SA400

compatible.

Manuals for all drives are $10, refundable aga

drives. Also, all 8" drives can be ordered with

wide use.

MKMOM

Disk controllers

Delta Products double density $349

Micromation doubler 439

Tarbell single density, A & T 225

Tarbell single density, kit 184

Tarbell double density, DMA 425Sorrento Valley 8" single density

for Apple 375

inst future purchase of

220v/50hz for world-

Electrolabs'Monthly Special!!!

TELEVIDE0912C $745

TELEVIDEO920C 812

Features typewriter keyboard, microprocessorcontrols, Upper/lower case, adjustable baud rates(75-9600 baud), special function keys, muchmuch more.

Second page memory option $29.00

Accessories

HardDisk

CM HB 10 MBY fully REMOVEABLE cartridgedrive. Complete with controller, personality card,media, power supply, cabling, connectors anddocumentation. Highlighted by stylish & moderncabinetry. $6995.

Shugart SA4008 20MBY fixed disk system. S-100,includes controller, power supply, and all that isnecessary to run S6995.

Data Display Monitors

used 12" Sylvania monitors. Compositevideo, 12 MHz, 120 VAC. with new P-39 orP-4 tube, $79, used tube $59, OEM style(without case), subtract $12. U-fix model,10/$300.

4116 dynamic ram, 16K Bonanza!!

Set of 8, 16K, for Apple, TRS-80, Exidy, Heath & more. 200 Ns.,prime parts, at the unheard of $49/8.

Large discounts available for quantity & dealers (500 & up). Offerlimited while supply lasts, as these will vanish quickly.'//

Media

Cable kits for 8" drives with 10' 50 cond. flat cable,power cable, and all connectors. Assembled if de-sired. One drive 27.50, two 33.95, three 38.95for mini floppies (34 cond): one 24,95, two, 29.95CP-206 Power-one power supply. Powers two drivesmore than adequately, top quality. 2.8A/24V,2.5A/5V,.5A/-5V $99.

mini-floppy power supply $79

Electrolabs

POB 4436, Stanford, CA 94305

415-321-5601 800-227-8266

Telex: 345567 (Electrolab Pla)Visa MC Am. Exp.

PRAGMATIX 1

Incredible!! — Two 8" Shugart compatible single sided floppydisk drives (double density), CP-206 power supply, in hand-some color coordinated cabinet, with full cabling, connectors,and documentation, plus one box diskettes!! I All for an un-precedented $1865. Up to one MBY of storage.

with Qume Datatrak 8" double-sided drive $2495

8" ...$39.99 SS/SD8" ...$49.00 SS/DD8" ...$55.00 DS/SD8" ...$59.00 DS/DD5'A" $34.95 SS5%" $59.00 DSVerbatim, Memorex, Scotch, orequivalent name brandSpecial Introductory Offer!!!Wabash 8" diskettes $29.00 SS$39.00 DSPrice is cheap, but they runlike champs!!!!

Diskette head cleaning kit for 554" or 8$28.75 includes everything for 1 drivefor 1 year. Alignment Diskette forFloppy Drives $39.00

ENCLOSURES

Rackmount Mainframe MT-200. This gorgeousbeast is so appealing that it can easily functionalso as stand-alone mainframe. Very modernstyling with fully actively terminated S-100 bus.

With two 8" single-sided disk drives.. . $1899.With two 8" double sided disk drives in placeof single-sided variety. . $2499.

Desktop Mainframe MT-100. Contemporary styling, a handsome cabinet

coated with durable epoxy finish colors (blue, beige, off-white & silver).

Easy to fit into an office environment. The proper way to start your

system.

Above plus two 8" single sided disk drives $1599.

Above with two 8" double sided disk drives in place of single-sidedvariety $2199.

$25 min. order. Calif, residents add 6% sales tax. Orders under $75, add 5% shippingand handling, over $75 add 2.5%. All pricing subject to change without notice.

Circle 350 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1960

377

.<r*v

-Threaded Interpretive

Languages

Loeliger

Threaded languages (such as FORTH] are an exciting new class of languages. They are compactand fast, giving the speed of assembly language with the programming ease of BASIC, and com-bine features found in no other programming languages. An increasing number of people areusing them, but few know much about how they work. Is a threaded language interpreted orcompiled? How much memory overhead does it require? Just what is an "inner interpreter?"Threaded Interpretive Languages, by R. G. Loeliger, concentrates on the development of aninteractive, extensible language with specific routines for the ZILOG Z80 microprocessor. Withthe core interpreter, assembler, and data type defining words covered in the text, it is possible todesign and implement programs for almost any application imaginable. Since the language itselfis highly segmented into very short routines, it is easy to design equivalent routines for differentprocessors and produce an equivalent threaded interpretive language for other development sys-tems. If you are interested in learning how to write better FORTH programs or you want to designyour own powerful, but low-cost, threaded language specific to your needs, this book is for you.

timt

This and other BYTE/McGraw-Hillbooks are available from BYTEBooks or your local compuler store.

Please send

B12

ISBN 0-07038360-XPrice S 18.95

copies of Threaded Interpretive Languages

Nan

Title

Company

Street

City

Slate/Province

Code

Call TOLL FREE: 800-258-5420or Mail To:

eiifi

wnriPLC 70 ,v,uin S1-

■jIJIImIlI Peterborough, Ml 03458

Check enclosed in the amount of $

Bill Visa ! Bill Master Charge

Card No.

Exp. Date

Add 75c per book to cover postage and handling.Please remit in U.S. funds or draw on a U.S. Bank.

PRICES SLASHED FOR DECEMBER!!!

2114-3L

4096 BIT (1024x4) 300nsLOW POWER STATIC RAM

8/$3400100 + s350

5257-3L

(TMS 4044)

4096x1 300ns

LOW POWER STATIC RAM

8/s5000100 pes. + $475

2708

450ns 8KEPROM

s850 eachor 8/s5400

2716

450ns 5 Volt only16 K EPROM

s1295 eachor 10/s100°°

MODEM SALE

X-MASSALE

THE STAR

MODEM

from LIVERMOR

FEATURE

FITS GTE HANDSETS!

2 YEAR WARRANTY

$139.00

EXCLUSIVE ACOUSTIC CHAMBERS

The exclusive triple seal of Uvermore's new flat mountedcups locks the handset into the acoustic chamber yieldingsuperior acoustic isolation and mechanical cushioning.Designed to adapt to most common handsets usedthroughout the world, the STAR offers the utrqost in flex-ibility and transmission reliability.

the utmost in fie:

Specifications:

• Data Rate: 0 to 300 baud

■ Compatibility: Bell 103 and 113; CCITT

• Frequency Stability: ±0.3 percent. Crystal controlled

• Receiver Sensitivity: -50 dBm ON. —53 dBm OFF

• Modulation: Frequency shift keyed (FSK)

• Carrier Detect Delay: 1.2 seconds ON; 120 msec OFF

• EIA Terminal Interface: Compatible with RS 232specifications

• Teletype Interface: 20 milliampere current loop

• Optional Interfaces: IEEE 488; TTL; TTY 43

• International (CCITT) frequencies available

• Switches: Originate/Off/Answer: Full Duplex/Test/HalfDuplex

• Indicators: Transmit Data. Receive Data, CarrierReady, Test

• Power: Supplied by 24 VAC/150 MA UL/CSA listed wall-mount transformer. Inpul 115 VAC, 2.5 watts. (A 220VAC, 50 Hz adaptor is available upon request.)

• Dimensions: 10" x 4" x 2"

• Weight: 1.74 lbs. (3 lbs. shipping weight including ACadaptor.)

■ Warranty: Two years on parts and labor, excluding theAC adaptor which carries the manufacturer's warranty

List SALE

Price PRICE$199.00 $139.00$199.00 $139.00$229.00 $209.00$395.00 $288.00$465.00 $388.00

Part No. Description

LIV-STAR RS232. TTL Modem

LIV-STAR20M RS232, 20MACurrent Loop

LIV-STAR-V21 CCITT European Standard

LIV-IEEE IEEE 488 Standard

LIV-IEEE-V21 IEEE 488, CCITT Standard

CABLES

Part No. Description

CND-RS2328F RS232 8 ConrJ 8 ft

LIV-I2I IEEE lo IEEE 2 Meter ¥ $59.95

LIV-I2PET IEEE to Pet 2 Meter ' $59.95

d V $465.00

Price$19.95

erbatim

Pari No.

Sectoring

Application

Box ol 10

VRB-MO 52501

Soil Sector

TRS-80 Apple

$29.95

VRB-MD 525 10

Hard 10 Sector

North Star

S29.95

VRB-MD 525-IB

Hard 16 Sector

Micropolis

$29.95

VRB-F032 1000

Hard Sector

Shugart801R

$37.00

VRB FD34-I000

Soil Sector

IBM 3740

$37.00

^.Shugart

SA801RSALE

SHU-SA801R2 OR

MORE

Capacity

Unformatted

Per Disk

Per TrackIBM Format

Per Disk

Per TrackTransfer RateLatency (average)Access Time

Track to Track

Average

Setting TimeHead Load Time

395

$410"

00

Single Density

ea.

Double Density

3.2 megabits 6.4 megabits

41.7 kilobits 83.4 kilobits

2.0 megabits26.6 kilobits250 kilobits/sec.83 ms

8 ms

260 ms

8 ms

35 ms

n/an/a500 kilobits/sec.83 ms

8 ms

260 ms

8 ms

35 ms

Shugarfs SA801 standard floppy disk drive is the estab-lished industry leader with over 85,000 units installedaround the world. This floppy disk drive application leader-ship is backed by 17 patents and a technical staff withhundreds of man-years ol disk drive engineeringexperience.

THINKER TOYS8" DISK DRIVE CABINET

• Internal data cable and power cables

• Data signals are terminated at the back of the cabinetwith a socket/header connector

• Regulated power supply with protection circuitry

• Clean, attractive appearance

• Stackable

• Accommodates Shugart SA801R, SA800R, SA581R,SA850R, Siemans FDD120/200 Series, Demex 2000,Remex 4000

• Vented chassis for cool, reliable operation

• Color Beige

• Shipping weight: 20 lbs. (single drive cabinet)

30 lbs. (dual drive cabinet)

THT-0C1THT-DC2

Single Drive Cabinet

Dual Drive Cabinet

$ 250.00$ 375.00

SHIPPING WEIGHT 1 LB.

ORDER TOLL FREE

1-800-423-5633

except CA., AK., HI., CALL

(213)894-8171

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

16723 B ROSCOE BLVD. • SEPULVEDA, CA. 91343*'Terms: Visa, MC, BAC, Check, Money Order, U.S. Funds Only. CA residents add 6% sales tax,Minimum order $15.00 Prepaid U.S. orders less than S75.00 Include 5% shipping and handling.MINIMUM $2.50. Excess refunded. Just in case ... please include your phone no. Prices subject tochange without notice. We will do our best to maintain prices thru December, 1980.'SOCKET and CONNECTOR prices based on GOLD, not exceeding $500 per oz.

'Sale Prices are for prepaid orders only credit card orders will be charged appropriate freight

TRS-80/APPLE

MEMORY EXPANSION KITS4116'sRAMS

Q> from Leading Manufacturers ,j> ^_

//(16Kx1 200/250ns)%% >

/ 8 for $36°° % ?

ADO S3.00 FOR PROGRAMMING JUMPERSFOR TRSDOgKEYBOARD

4116's 100 pes & UP $4.20 each1000 pes & UP $3.80 each

IFLUKEI

LOW COSTDMM'S

MODEL D804

Tough, niggednitrd,;|S<'l,l,l,,s mwk* ami

K^or-s!i;tr|) :t^-tlwi LCI)isbrtKhl ■»

jjjjj --!?

"i

a and t arrow* indicate continuity and

j

i^*

Autlihie gjgno] used wuh mtinuiiyftogic

Penk bold captures acordc voltageand

> urii'Dl ir.insierts.

Bisk tic voltage wmracy ft 14

Direct temperature reading! In *Cwtthany K-type thtmwtfoupte.

Gmriumnif fuiuliim mra-furrs [i-mis la mi- in10.000 niftinhnH.

Pushbutton controls' for true otw-handoperation; dear color-coded front panel

•nme overload protectioneased input jacks,ly-designedtest teads standard

..•-yj-vAj

FOR DETAILED INFORMATION

SEE THE 2 PAGE COLOR AD

ON PAGES 30, 31 IN DEC. BYTE

FLU-D800 s12500

FLU-D802 s17900

FLU-D804 s22900

FLU-D810 s25900

FLU-D811 s29900

FOR ACCESSORIES, SEE OUR 60 PAGEDETACHABLE CATALOG IN THE NOV. BYTE

SAVE$239'

■ ■

ECONORAM XA 32K RAM

Order No.GBT129A32

• 4 MHz with Z80

• 5 MHz with 8085

• Assembled and Tested

• S-100 Compatible

• Fully Static

Reg. $689.00Sate Priced

$450.00

Circle 351 on inquiry card.

ORDER TOLL FREE (800) 423 5633

except

, CALL

(213) 894-8171

FOR MOREIN FORM ATISEE OUR

DETACH ALI ENGINEERING

tfCP

-\0»v'

^'SELECTION GUIDIN THE NOVEMBER BITE MAGAZ

Terms: Visa, MC, BAC, Check, Money Order, U.S. Funds Only. CA residentsadd 6% sales tax. Minimum order $15.00 Prepaid U.S. orders less than $75,00include 5% shipping and handling. MINIMUM $2.50. Excess refunded. Just incase...please include your phone number. Prices subject to change withoutnotice. We will do our best to maintain prices thru December 1980

.YOU P°p QUOTED ■■■■ p*/rv.

P

CN

V"

^

<*

SSSSSflj

.*«

^

\ SAID BU/LD 300DRWES /V07-30OO!

U\c^°

niORITY L2M3 ELECTRONICS

Circle 351 on inquiry card.

7400

74LSOO

.29

74 L

74LS192

.29

74LS193

74L502

.29

74L592

.75

74LS194

.29

74LS93

.75

74LS195

74LSQ4

.35

74LS95

.99

74LS0S

.35

74LS96

1.15

74LS221

1.19

.29

741.5107

.45

74LS09

.35

74LS109

.45

74LS241

.29

74LS112

.45

74LSU

.75

74LSU3

.49

74LS243

74LS12

.35

74L5114

.49

74LS244

.59

74LS122

.89

74LS14

.99

74 LSI 23

1.25

74LS247

74LS15

.35

74LS12S

.89

74L5248

1.19

.29

74L5126

.55

74LS21

.35

74LS132

.99

74LS22

.35

74LS133

.89

74LS26

.35

74LS136

.49

74LS2S7

74LS27

.35

74LS138

.89

74LS258

.35

74L5139

.89

74LS30

.29

74LS151

74LS32

.35

74L5153

74L5273

1.95

.59

74LS154

1.75

74LS37

.45

74LS155

1.19

74LS283

1.09

.49

74L5156

1.19

74 L 540

.35

74LS1S7

■89

74L5293

74LS42

.89

74LS1S8

.99

74 L 5298

.89

74LS160

1.15

1.15

74LS161

1.15

74LS353

74LSI62

1.15

74LS51

.29

74LS163

1.15

74L5366

.29

74LS164

1.25

74LS367

.29

74LS165

1.25

74L5368

.75

.45

74LS168

1.19

74L5373

1.95

.45

74L5169

1.19

74LS374

74LS75

.59

74 LSI 70

2.49

74L5375

.89

74 L 576

.45

74LS173

1.39

74LS78

.49

74LS174

.99

74LS83

.89

74LS175

.99

74LS399

74LS85

1.25

74LSiai

2.95

74LS670

74L586

.45

74LSI90

1.25

81LS95

.59

74LS19I

1.25

81LS97

1.95

74500

.50

74S

74S244

3.25

74502

.50

745251

1.45

74503

.50

74S133

.55

74S253

1.45

74S04

.55

74S134

.69

74S2S7

1.35

74505

.55

745135

1.19

74S25B

1.35

74508

.50

745136

1.75

745260

.79

74S09

.50

745138

1.35

745280

2.95

74S10

.50

74 S139

1.35

74S287*

4.95

74S11

.50

745140

1.15

745288*

4.95

74515

.50

74S151

1.35

745373

3.49

74520

.50

74S153

1.35

745374

3.49

74S22

.50

74S157

1.35

745387 *

5.95

74530

.50

74S158

1.35

745471*

19.95

74S32

.55

745174

1.59

74S472*

19.95

74S40

.55

745175

1.59

74S473*

19.95

74551

.50

74 S188

4.95

74S474*

21.95

74S64

.50

74S194

1.95

74S475*

21.95

74S6S

.50

745195

1.95

74S570*

7.95

74S74

.79

74S196

3.95

74S571*

7.95

74586

.79

745240

2.95

745572*

19.95

745112

.79

74S241

2.95

74S573*

19.95

74S113

.79

74S242

3.25

7459-10

3.15

745114

.79

745243

3.25

74S941

3.15

* LIMITED AV

=U LABILITY

ON T

HESE PROMS

CA3013HCM023HCA3039HCA3046NCA30S9NCA3060NCA3GBQH

CA-LIIMEAR

CA3081NCA3082NCA3083NCA3086N

CA3089NCA3096NCA3130HCA3140HCA3160HCA3401NCA3600N

CD4000CD4001CD4002CD4006CD4O07CD40O9CO4010CD40UCD4012CD4013CD4014CD4015CD4016CD4017CD4018CD4019CD4020CD4021CD4022CD4023CD4024CD402SCD4026CD4027CD4028CD4029CDS030CD4035CD4O40

CD4082

.39

CD-CMO

CD4093

.99

C D4098

2.49

CD4506

.75

CD4041

1.49

CD4507

.99

CD4042

.99

CD4508

3.95

CD4043

.89

CD4510

1.39

CD4044

.89

CD45U

1.29

CD4046

1.79

CD4514

3.95

CD4047

2.50

CD4515

2.95

CD4048

1.35

CD4516

1.49

CD4049

.49

CD4518

1.79

CD4050

.69

CD4519

.89

CD4051

1.19

CD4520

1.29

CD4052

1.19

CD4526

1.79

CO4053

1.19

CD4S28

1.79

CD4056

2.95

CD4529

1.95

CD4059

9.95

CD4543

2.79

CD4060

1.49

CD4562

11.95

CD4066

.79

CD4566

2.79

CD4068

.39

CD4583

2.49

CD4069

.45

CD4723

1.95

CO4070

.55

CD4724

1.95

CD4071

.49

MC14409

14.95

CD4072

.49

MC1441Q

14.95

CD4073

.39

MC14411

14.95

CD4075

.39

MC14412

11.95

CO4076

1.39

MC14419

4.95

CD4081

.39

MC1W33

13.95

JE6O8 PROGRAMMER

2708 EPROM PROGRAMMER

lAMi limn Iht EPROM Chip.

. EPIU1M "tk.l nil Ida iiiieiDoi

ud ikM [PI10M Pmgiiniinii uubtl

19 kty llttidecimil Ktybojid immblv

ptWti wnplici uid i LEO/T.H Socki

lEkttiueiu hiici> in-.,<(ii<iiiiV|ii- FV.w

• Cnnip.fi Ui WB nielsiurr Gobi cooid

(Until Inrl nmldid tnj p«[* 1 in math) 111

WmM5ll.

uiKingnli' 1ISVftC.6lllli.bVJ.n $„. 3'."H. 1rw«('/D

JE608K KIT $399.95

JE608A Assembled and tested $499.95

DISCRETE LEDS

XC556R .200" red

XC556G .200" green

XC556V .200" yellow

XC556C ,2O0" clear

XC22R .200" red

XC22G .200" green

XC22Y .200" yellow

MV10B .170" red

5/$l4/S14/514/$l5/$l4/$l4/$l4/J1

MV50 .085" redXC209R .125" redXC209G .125" greenXC209Y .125" yellowXC52CR .185" redXC526G .185" greenXC526Y .1B5" yellowXC526C .185" clear

6/tt5/S14/$l4/S15/$l4/$l4/S14/$l

XC111R .190" red 5/S1

XC111G .190" green 4/S1

XCtllY .190" yellow 4/$l

XC111C .190" clear 4/$l

INFRA-RED LED

',VxV*"xl/16" flat

IRL-S/S1

C.A. —Type

MAN 1MAN 2MAN 3MAN 52MAN 54MAN 71MAN 72MAN 74MAN 82MAN 84MAN 3620MAN 3630MAN 3640MAN 4610MAN 6610MAN 6630MAN 6640MAN 6650MAN 6660MAN 6710MAN 6750MAN 6780DL704DL707DL728

Common Anode DISPLAY LEDS C.C. - Common Cathode

PolarityC.A.-red5x7 D.M.-redC.C.—redC.A.—greenC.C.—greenC.A.-redC-A.—redC.C.-redC.A.—yellowC.C.-yellowC.A.—orangeC.A.—orange ± 1C.C—orangeC.A.—orangeC.A.—orange—DDC.A.—orange i 1C.C—orange—DDC.C—orange f ]C.A.—orangeC.A.-red-DDC.C—red 1 1C.C.-redC.C—redC.A.—redC.C—red

Price2.95

4.95

500

1.49

Type

DL741

DL746

DL747

DL750

DL33B

FND70

FND35S

FND359

FND503

FND507

HDSP-3401

HOSP-3403

5082-7613

5082-7620

5082-7623

5082-7730

5082-7731

5082-7750

5082-7751

5082-7760

5082-7300

5082-7302

5082-7304

LIT-1

MOC3010

.600

.357

.500

Polarity

C.A.-red

C.A.-red £ 1

C.A.—red

C.C.-red

C.C.-red

C.C.

C.C. i 1

C.C.

C.C. (FND500)

C.A. (FND510)

C.A.—red .600

C.C.-red .800

CC.R.H.D.—red .300

CA..L.H.D.-yel. .300

C.C.,R.H.D.-yel. .300

C.A.,L.H.D.-red .300

C.A..R.H.D.— red .300

CA..L.H.D.—red .430

CA.,R.H.D.—red .430

CC.R.H.D.-red .430

4x7 sgl.dig. RHD .600

4x7sg1.dlg. LHD .600

Overnge.char.(il) .600

Photo Xslstor Opto-lsol.

Optically Isol.TrlacDrlvei

22.0022.0019.95.691.25

RADIO CONTROL CIRCUITS

Ideal for remote control systems which use pulse amplitude modu-lation (toy cars, boats, tanks, etc.) Features: five function control,adjustable steering angle, suitable for 27 and 47MHz bands and lowpower consumption.

KB-4428 TRANSMITTER $4.25

ADs. max. rating (TAMS'CJ. Supply volt.: Vccl 12VOC.Power Disslp.: PD: 300mW; Temp, range: Oper. Q-+50"C —Storage -30- +125° C. Rec. oper. volt.: 7-11V. Crystal orCR Oscillation circuits acceptable.

KB-4429 RECEIVER $5.95

Abs. max. rating (TA«5°C). Supply volt.: Vccl: 11V. Vcc2:7.5V. Power Dissip.: 600mW. Temp, range: Oper. 0 ± 50°C.Rcc. oper. volt.: VOP1 7-11V - VOP2 3-6V.

LOW PROFILE(TIN) SOCKETS

SOLDERTAIL (GOLD)STANDARD

8 pin SG

14 pin SG16 pin SG

15 pin SG24 pin SG28 pin SG

SOLDERTAILSTANDARD (TIN)

14 pin 5T16 pin ST18 pin ST24 pin ST28 Pin ST36 pin ST40 Pin ST

WIRE WRAP SOCKETS(GOLD) LEVEL #3

a pin ww10 pin WW14 pin WW16 pin WW18 pin WW20 pin WW22 pin WW24 pin WW28 pin WW36 pin WW40 pin WW

1/4 WATT RESISTOR ASSORTMENTS -5%

ASST

1

5ea.

10 Ohn

27 Ohn

12 Ohm33 Ohm

15 Ohrr39 Ohrr

18 Ohn47 Ohn

1 22 Ohmi 56 Ohm

50 pes.

$1.95

ASST

2

5ea.

68 Ohn180 Ohn

82 Ohm220 Ohn

100 Ohrr270 Ohrr

120 Ohn330 Ohn

i 150 Ohmi390 Ohm

50pcs.

$1.95

ASST

3

5ea.

470 Ohn1.2K

560 Ohm1.5K

680 Ohn

1.8K

e:.:o onr

2.2 K

l IK2.7K

50 pes.

$1.95

ASST

4

5ea.

3.3K8.2K

3.9 K10K

4.7K

12K

5.6K15K

6.8 K18K

50pC5.

$1.95

ASST

5

5ea.

22K

56K

27K68K

33K

82 K

39K100K

47K120K

50pcs.

$1.95

ASST

6

5ea.

150K390 K

180 K470K

220 K560 K

270K680 K

330K820 K

50pcs.

$1.95

ASST

7

5ea.

1M2.7M

1.2M3.3M

1.5M3.9M

1.8M4.7M

2.2M5.6 M

50 pes.

$1.95

ASST. 8R

Includes Resistor Assts. 1-7 (350 pes.)

$10.95 ea.

$10.00 Min. Order - U.S. Funds OnlyCatif. Residents Add 6% Sales TaxPostage —Add 5%plusS1 Insurance

Spec Sheets - 25ii

1981 Catalog Available - Send AM stamp

J a

PHONE

ORDERS

WELCOME

(415)592-8097

MAIL ORDER ELECTRONICS - WORLDWIDE

1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 94002

PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE

Part No. Function Price

7045IPI CMOS Precision Timer 14.95

7045EV/KIt* Stopwatch Chip, XTL

7106CPL 3V: Digit A/D (LCD Drive)

7106EV/KU* IC, Circuit Board, Display

7107CPL 3V? Digit A/D {LED Drive)

7107EV/KU' IC, Circuit Board, Display

7U6CPL Vh Digit A/D LCD Dis. HLD.

7117CPL 3Vz Digit A/D LED Dls. HLD.

7201IDR Low Battery Volt Indicator

7205IPG CMOS LED Stopwatch/Timer

7205EV/KH* 5tOPwatch Chip, XTL

7206CJPE Tone Generator

720SCEV/KU* Tone Generator Chip, XTL

7207AIPD Oscillator Controller

7207AEV/KII* Freq. Counter Chip, XTL

7208IPI Seven Decade Counter

7209IPA Clock Generator

7215IPG 4 Func. CMOS Stopwatch CKT

7215EV/KU' 4 Func. Stopwatch Chip, XTL

7216AUI 8-Dlglt Univ. Counter C.A.

7216CIJI 8-Digit Freq. Counter C.A.

7216DIPI 8-Dlglt Freq. Counter C.C.

7217IJI 4-Dlglt LED Up/Down Counter

7218CIJI 8-Dlglt Univ. LED Drive

7224IPL LCD 4<A Digit Up Counter ORI

7226AIJL 8-Digit Univ. Counter

7226AEV/KII* 5 Function Counter Chip, XTL

7240IJE CMOS Bin Prog. Timer/Counter

7242IJA CMOS Dlvide-by-256 RC Timer

7250IJE CMOS BCD Prog. Timer/Counter

7260IJE CMOS BCD Prog. Timer/Counter

7555IPA CMOS 555 Timer (8 pin)

7556IPD CMOS 556 Timer (14 pin)

7611BCPA CMOS Op Amp Comparator

7612BCPA CMOS Op Amp Ext. Cmvr.

7621BCPA CMOS Dual Op Amp Comp.

7631CCPE CMOS Trl Op Amp Comp.

7641CCPD CMOS Quad Op Amp Comp.

7642CCPD CMOS Quad Op Amp Comp. 10MV 7.50

7660CPA Voltage Converter 2.95

8069CCQ 50ppm Band—GAP Volt Ret. Diode 2.50

8211CPA Volt Ref/lndicator 2.50

8212CPA Volt Ref/lndlcator 2.50

* INTERSIL'S EVALUATION KITS

22.9516.9534.9515.9528.9518.9517.952.2512.9519.955.159.956.5011.1017.953.9513.9519.9532.0026.9521.9512.9510.9511.2531.9574.954.952.056.00S.2S

2.205MV 2.255MV 2.955MV 3.95

10MV 5.351QMV 7.50

74 COO74C0274C0474C0874 C1074C1474C2074C3074C4274C4874C7374C7474C6574C6674C8974C9074C9374C95

.39

74C

74C19574C221

74C240

74 C106

.75

74 C 244

74 C107

1.69

74C373

74C151

2.95

74C374

74C154

3.95

74C901

74C157

2.25

74C903

74 C160

1.69

74C911

74 C161

1.60

74C912

74 C162

1.49

74C915

74C163

1.69

74C917

74C164

1.59

74C922

74C173

1.39

74C923

74 C174

1.39

74C925

74 C175

1.39

74C926

74C192

1.69

80C95

74C193

1.69

B0C97

1.59

1.15

10.9510.951.6910.955.495.757.50

LH0002CN

LM10CLH

LM11CLH

LH0070-OH

TL071CP

TL072CP

TL074CN

LH0OB2CD

TL082CP

TL084CN

LH0094CD

LM300H

LM301CN

LM302H

LM304H

LM305H

LM307CN

LM308CN

LM309H

LM309K

LM310CN

LM311H

LM312H

LM317MP

LM317T

LM317K

LM318CN

LM319N

LM320K-S

LM320K-12

LM320K-19

LM320T-5

LM320T-12

LM320T-15

LM323K-S

LM324N

LM329D2

LM331N

LM334Z

LM3352

LM336Z

LM337T

LM337MP

LM338K

LM339N

LM340K-S

LM340K-12

LM340K-1S

35.801.192.19

36.80

LINEAR

NE570NLM702H

4.95.79

LM703CN

.89

LM340T-5

1.25

LM709N

.29

LM340T-12

1.25

LM710N

.79

LM340T-15

1.25

LM711N

.79

LM341P-S

.75

LM723N

.69

LM341P-12

.75

LM733N

1.00

LM341P-1S

.75

LM739N

1.19

LM342P-S

.69

LM741CN

.35

LM342P-12

.69

MC1741SCG

3.00

LM342P-15

.69

LM747N

.79

LM34BN

1.25

LM748N

.59

LM350K

5.75

LM1014N

2.75

LF351N

.60

LM1310N

1.9b

LF353N

1.00

LM1458CN

.$9

LF355N

1.10

LM148SN

1.25

LF356N

1.10

LM1469N

I.M

LM358N

1.00

LM1496N

1.95

LM3S9N

1.79

LM1556V

1.75

LM370N

4.49

LM1S00N

2.95

LM373N

3.25

LM1877N-9

3.25

LM377N

2.95

LM1889N

3.20

LM3B0N

1.25

LM1896N

1.75

LM381N

1.95

LM20O2T

1.49

LM382N

1.79

LM2877P

2.05

LM3B4N

1.95

LM2878P

?.?5

LM386N-3

1.29

LM2896P-1

LM387N

1.45

LM3189N

2.95

LM389N

1.35

LM39O0N

LM392N

.69

LM3905CN

LF398N

4.00

LM3909N

115

LM399H

5.00

LM3914N

3.95

TL494CN

4.49

LM3915N

3.95

TL496CP

1.75

LM3916N

3.95

NE510A

6.00

RC4136N

NE529A

4.95

RC4151NB

3.95

NE531H

3.95

RC4194TK

NE536H

6.00

RC4195TK

NE540H

6.00

KB4428

4.75

NE544N

4.95

KB4429

5,95

NE550A

1.30

LM45O0A

3.26

NE555V

.39

ICLS03SB

4.95

LM556N

.99

LM13OB0N

1.79

NE564N

3.95

LM13600N

1.49

LM565N

1.25

75138N

1.95

LM566CN

1.95

75450N

.89

LM567V

1.25

75451CN

.39

CAPACITOR CORNER

50 VOLT CERAMIC DISC CAPACITORS

1-9 10-99 100+

.09 .07 .06

Value

10 pf .08 .06 .05 -OOImF

22 pf .08 .06 .05 .0047MF

47 pf .08 .06 .05 .OluF

100 pf .08 .05 .05 ,022yF

220 pf ,08 .06 .05 -047uF

470 pf .OB .06 .05 .lfiF .15 .12 .10

100 VOLT MYLAR FILM CAPACITORS.OOlmf .12 .10 .07 I .022mf .13 .11 .0B

.Q022mf .12 .10 .07 ,047mf .21 .17 .13

.0O47mf .12 .10 .07 .lmt .27 .23 .17

.Olrnf .12 .10 .07 I .22mf .33 .27 .22

+20% DIPPED TANTALUMS (Solid) CAPACITORS

1/35V.15/35 V. 22/35V.33/35V.47/35V.68/35V1.0/35V

1.5/3SV2.2/35V3.3/25V4.7/25V6.8/25V15/2SV22/6V

MINI. ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS

-47/50V

1.0/50V

3.3/50 V

4.7/25V

10/25V

10/50V

22/25 V

22/50V

47/25V

47/50V

100/25V

100/50V

220/25V

220/50V

470/2SV

1000/16 V

2200/16V

.16 .14 .10

.18 .15 .11

.39 .34 .33

.47/25V.47/50V1.0/16V1.0/25V1.0/SOV4.7/16V4.7/25V4.7/50V10/16V10/25V10/50V47/50V1M/16V100/25V100 /50V220/16V470/25V

Radial Lead

.15 .13 .12

.16 .14 .13

.17 .15 .14

.25 .21 .19

.35 .31 .27

382 BYTE December 1980

Circle 352 on inquiry card.

Conductor Clock Modules

12VDC

AUTOMOTIVE/

INSTRUMENT

CLOCK

APPLICATIONS:• Indash autoclocks

irkot a

a/

RV clocks» Aircraft-marine elks.» 12VDC opor. Insiru.• Portable/batterypowered Instrumnts.Features:Bright 0.3" green display- Internal crystal time-base. 10,5 sec./day accur. Auto.display brightness controllogic. Display color filterable to blue, blue-green, green &yellow. Complete-jList add switches and lens,

MA1003 Module $16.95

MA1023 .7" Low Cost Digital LED Clock Module 8.95

MA1026 .7" Dig. LED Alarm Clock/Thermometer 18.95

MA5036 .3" Low Cost Digital LED Clock/Timer 6.95

MA1002 .5" LED Display Dig. Clock & Xformer 9.95

a National Semiconductor

RAM SALE

MM5290J-2 (MK4116/UPD416I. . . $6.95 each

t6K DYNAMIC RAM I150NS)

(8 EACH S49.95) (100 EACH S550.00/IO1]

MM5298J-3A $3.25 each

8K DYNAMIC RAM (LOW HALF OF MM5290JI 200NS18 EACH S23.95) 1100 EACH S250.00/loil

MM2114-3 $5.95 each

4K STATIC RAM (300NS)

18 EACH S43.95) 1100 EACH S450.00/loll

MM2114L-3 $6.25 each

4K STATIC RAM ILOW POWER 300NS)18 EACH S44.95I 1100 EACH S475.00/lol)

EPROM Erasing Lamp

• Erases 2708, 2716, 1702A, 5203Q, 5204Q, etc.

• Erases up to 4 chips within 20 minutes.

• Maintains constant exposure distance of one inch.

• Special conductive foam liner eliminates static build-up.

• Built-in safety lock to prevent UV exposure.

• Compact - only 7-5/8" x 2-7/8" x 2"

• Complete with holding tray for 4 chips.

UVS-11E $79.50

Jumbo 6-Digit Clock Kit

• Four ,630"ht. and two .300"ht.common anode displays

• Uses MM5314 clock chip

• Switches for hours, minutes and hold functions

• Hours easily viewable to 30 feet

• Simulated walnut case

• 115VAC operation

• 12 or 24 hour operation

• Includes all components, case and wall transformer

• Size: 6%" x 3-1/8" x 1%"

JE747 $29.95

6-Digit Clock Kit

• Bright .300 ht. comm. catlOde display

• Uses MM5314 clock chip

• Switches for hours, mfnutiand hold modes

• Hrs. easily viewable to 20 f

• Simulated walnut case

• 1 15 VAC operation

wall transiori

JE701 $19.95

Regulated Power Supply

Uses LM309K. Heat sink •*

provided. PC board con- —suuetion. Provides a solid ~~1 amp @ 5 volts. Can supply upto r5V, i9V and ±12V withJE205 Adapter. Includes compo-nents, hardware and instructions.Size: 354" x 5" x 2"H

JE200 $14.95

«'«*

ADAPTER BOARD-Adapts to JE200-±5V, ±9Vand ±12V

DC/DC converter with +5V input. Toriodal hi-speed switching XMFR. Short circuit protection.PC board construction. Piggyback to JE 200board. Size: 3'/=" x 2" x 9/16"H

JE205 $12.95

MICROPROCESSOR COMPONENTS

- B080A/8080A SUPPORT DEVICES -

B-BIt Input/OutputPriority IntenuDI ControlBI-DKecilonit But Driver

DP822*DP8M6DPB22BDPB238INSS243INSB250OPB2S1DPB253OP82S5OPSJ57DPB259

DPaiQODPB303OPBSMDHB07DPB308

Ocul Bui Hccoiv.

BBII Bl-OlrcclionS-BIt Bl-DlrectlonB-BII Bl-blreclloti

- 6800/6BO0 SUPPORT DEVICES -

^C6B0!CPrICfiSlQAPIAC6121.1C683

MC6S80A

Quae

MM

MICROPROCESSOR CHIPS-

ZBO (760C) CPU (MK3SMN) IJMHi]

ZBOA (7B0-1) CPU (MK38K1N~1) HMKi)CDP1B0! CPU

IOMM01ADC CPU—*-BtI SMce (Com. Temo. GrMPU w/Cloc* [65K Bytei Memo

MCS650J

INSSOBN-t

INSBOBN-6

INS&W0N-6

INSS070N

II ((MM.CPU—Sgl.Cn loS-SIt 112BO]CPU {2S6 Bytei RAM)CPU-W Dytei RAM

-SHIFT REGISTERS-

MMtOJH

MMS06HMMS10H

M5016HIM5034NMMS0JSN

Duel S-B

Dyni

1150-Bit Dyn*rDuel UO-BIt BtathDualM-B't Accun?56-Blt Dynamic10J4-B11 Dynamic/SQtySH-BH DynamOctal 60-EllOctal BO-Bit

2504V(1*»A) 10J4-BH Dynar

25IBN Hex 32-Bit Sta

3J2V Dual 132-Bit SI

25!JV SIJ-B1I Dynam

Quad 89-811 Sta

-DATA ACQUISITION-

LM334ZLM335ZLFJS6NLF39SNLM399H

Simple & MolO AmplifiersTemp. Corno. Proc, Rot. t.Sppm/CT[1 LSB)

□ ACOBObLCNB-BIt D/A Coin

DATA ACQUISITION (CONTINUEDI —

ADCOB09CCN B-BII A/D Converter (t-Cn. Multl.)

ADCQB17CCN B-BII A/O Converter (16-Ch. Multl.) 1

DAC10COLCN 10-Blt D/A Con v. Micro. Comp. (0.0511).]

DAC1038LCN 10-BIID/AConv. Micro. Comp. (0.2J%)

DAC1020LCN 10-Blt D/A Converter (O.OSV, Lin.)

DAC102JLCN 10-BHD/A Convenor (C.2Q% Lin.)

OAC1222LCN 12-BltD/A Convortor (O.JO% Lin.)

C04Cr51M B-Cnannf.AY-S-IOU

UD UART

RAM'S-

2S6xl Static1024x1 Dynamic

H6x* Static MOS1024x4 Static 4S0ni1024x4 Static 4i0m I

MM2NJ.

5101

MMS261

MM526!

MMS3S0/2107

MMS2«J-2(4116)

MM529BJ-3A

1*93

TMS4044-4SNLTMS4045

1024x4 Static 300m Low Powo16,3«x) Dynamic SSOcij [house4096x1 Fait Will

TMS2716

2716lntel(2516|TI

2722lntel[25321TI

S2S23(74513£)62S11S

B2S123(74S2EB)B2S1BS

— PROMS/EPROMS—

2K UV Erasable PROMBK EPROM

16K EPROM [-5V, >SV, «12V)I 16K EPROM [Single +SV)12K EPROMBK EPROM (4S0ni) (Single -5V)20*8 PROM32x1 PROM [Open Collector)

2512(2140)2513(3021)2S16NMM5230N

-NMOS READ ONLY MEMORIES-

MCM66710P

MCM6S74QP 128x9x7 Math Symuol t Pictures

MCM6675GP 12Bx9x7 Aloha. Control Cliar. Gen.

MICROPROCESSOR MANUALS-

- SPECIAL FUNCTION

Dual MOS Clock Driver (5MZ)Dual MOS Clock Driver [5MZ]Floppy Disc Controller

DS0025CMD5C026CNINS1771N1

COP402MNCOP470N

Microprocosior Compulule ClockMicrocontroller with 64-Olglt RAMana Direct LED DriveMicrocontroller with 64-Digil RAMS, Direct LED Drive w/N Buss Int.32-Seg.VAC Fluor. Driver (20-pin pkg.)

AV-S-91M

AV-5-9500

AV-S-2376

HD016S-S

74C9ZZ

J4C923

-TELEPHONE/KEYBOARD CHIPS"

I1M5M99N

ider (16 keys)jOor (16 keys))Uor (20 keys)jiiu Dialeril KoyUOara EncorJt

DESIGNERS'SERIESBlank Desk-Top Electronic Enclosures

* High strength euoxy moldedena pieces in mocha brownfinish.

* Sliding rear/bottom panel forservice and component ac-cessibility.

* Top /bottom panels. 080 thkalum. Alodine type 1200finish (gold tint color) forbest paint adhesion aftermodification.

* Vented top and bottompanels for cooling efficiency.

* Rigid construction providesunlimited applications.

CONSTRUCTION:

The "DTE" Blank Desk Top Electronic Enclosuresare designed to blend and complementtoday's modern computer equipment and can be used in botii industrial and home. Theend pieces are precision molded with an internal slot (all around} to accept both top andbottom panels. The panels are then fastened to %" thick tabs inside the end pieces toprovide maximum rigidity to the enclosure. For ease of equipment servicing, the rear/bottom panel slides back on slotted tracks while the rest of the enclosure remains in-tact. Different panel widths may be used while maintaining a common profile outline.The molded end pieces can also be painted to match any pane! color scheme.

Enclosure

Model No.

PanelWidth

PRICE

DTE-8

8.00"

$29.95

DTE-11

10.65"

$32.95

DTE-14

14.00"

$34.95

S10.00 Min. Order - U.S. Funds OnlyCalif. Residents Add 6% Sales TaxPostage —Add 5%plusS1 Insurance

Spec Sheets - 25*J

1981 Catalog Available - Send 4M stamp

PHONE

ORDERS

WELCOME

(415) 592-8097

MAIL ORDER ELECTRONICS - WORLDWIDE

1355SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 94002

PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE

COMPUTER CUBE™"N

COMPUTER CRT MONITOR & ACCESSORY CASE

• One piece heavy duty molded construction

• Painted to match Apple II & III (Lt. beige, textured finish)

• Smoke colored acrylic front cover (removable)

• Built-in shelf holds CRT and allows room for 2 Apple

• disk drives below shelf

• Three 2'/j" holes provided in bottom of case for addition

• of fan if needed.

• Fan hole positioned above Apple motherboard location.

• Hookup cables can be run through other 2 holes.

• Case accommodates most B&W and Color uncased CRT

• monitors made by Motorola. Ball Bros., Zenith, Sanyo,

• Panasonic, Hitachi, etc. or any monitor that will fit Into

• 10-3/8"H x 14'/,"W x 13'//'D space.

• Size: 15" x 15" x 15" O.D., 14'/3"Hx 14H"W* 13=/." I. D.

• Weight; approximately 12 lbs.

• CRT monitor fan and disk drives not included.

CUBE-1 $99.95

TRS-8016K Conversion Kit

Expand your 4K TRS-80 System to 16K.

Kit comes complete with:

*8eachMM5290-2 (UPD416) (16K Dynamic Rams)

(250NS or less)* Documentation for conversion

TRS-16K $49.95

JE610 ASCIIEncoded Keyboard Kit

The JE610 ASCII Keyboard Kit can be interfaced intomost any computer system. The kit comes completewith an Industrial grade keyboard switch assembly(62-keys), IC's, sockets, connector, electronic compo-nents and a double-sided printed wiring board. Thekeyboard assembly requires +5V <§> 150mA and -12V<§> 10 mA for operation. Features: 60 keys generate the126 characters, upper and lower case ASCII set. Fullybuffered. Two user-dofine keys provided for customapplications. Caps lock for upper-case-only alpha charac-ters. Utilizes a 2376 |40-pin) encoder read-only memorychip. Outputs directly compatible with TTL/DTL orMOS logic arrays. Easy interfacing with a 16-pin dip or18-pin edge connector.

JE610 {Case not included) $79.95K62 (Keyboard only) $34.95

Desk-Top Enclosure forJE610 ASCII Encoded Keyboard Kit

Compact desk-top enclosure: Color-coordinated de-signer's case with light tan aluminum panels and moldedend pieces in mocha brown. Includes mounting hardware.Size: 3J6"H x 14K"W x 8%"D.

DTE-AK . . $49.95

SPECIAL: JE610/DTE-AK PURCHASED TOGETHER(Value $129.90) $124.95

JE600Hexadecimal Encoder Kit

FULL 8-BITLATCHED OUTPUT19-KEY KEYBOARD

The JE500 Encoder Keyboard Kit provides two separate

hexadecimal digits produced from sequential key entriesto allow direct programming for 8-bit microprocessoror 8-bit memory circuits. Three additional keys are pro-vided for user operations with one having a bistableoutput available. The outputs are latched and monitoredwith S LEO readouts. Also included is a key entry strobe.Features: Full 8-bit latched output for microprocessoruse. Three usor-deline keys with one being bistableoperation. Debounce circuit provided for all 19 keys.9 LED readouts to verify entries. Easy interfacing withstandard 16-pin IC connector. Only +5VDC requiredfor operation.

JE600 (Case not included) $59.95K19 (Keyboard only) $14.95

Desk-Top Enclosure forJE600 Hexadecimal Keyboard Kit

Compact desk-top exclosure: Color-coordinated de-signer's case with light tan aluminum panels and moldedend pieces in mocha brown. Includes mounting hardware.Size: 3'A"H x 8%"W x 8%"D.

DTE-HK $44.95

SPECIAL: JE600/DTE-HK PURCHASED TOGETHI(Value $104.90) $99.95

V

Circle 352 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980

383

7400

SN7AQ0NSN7401N

5N7402N

SN7dO^N

SN7404N

SN7405N

SN7406N

SNTOQTN

SN7408N

SN7409N

SN74I0N

SN7411N

SN7412N

SN7413N

SN74MN

SN741GN

SN7417N

SN7420N

SN7421N

SN7422N

SN7423N

SN7425N

SN7426N

SN7427N

5N7429N

SN7430N

SN7432N

SN/437N

SNM38N

SNM39N

SN/440N

SN7441N

SN7442N

SN7443N

SNM44N

SN7445N

SNM46N

SN7447N

SM744BN

SN7450N

SN745IN

SN7453N

SN7454N

SN7459N

SN7460N

SN7470N

SN7472N

SN7473N

SN7474N

SN7475N

SN74 76N

SN7479N

SN7480N

SN7481N

SN7482N

SN7483N

SN7485N

SN74B6N

SN7489N

SN7490N

SN7491N

SN7492N

SN7493N

SN7494N

SN/495N

SN749GN

SN7497N

5N741O0N

SN74107N

SN74I09N

SN74II6N

SN74121N

SN74122N

SN74123NSN74125NSN74I26NSM74128NSN74132NSN74I36NSN74139NSN7414tNSN74142NSN74143NSN74144NSN74145NSN74147NSN74148NSN74150NSN74151NSN74152NSN74T53NSN74154NSN74155NSN74156NSN74157NSN74158NSN74IRONSN74161NSN74162NSN74163NSN74164NSN74165NSN74106NSN74167NSN74170NSN74172NSN7-1173NSN74174N

SN74175NSN74176NSN74177NSN74179NSN74180NSN74101NSN74182NSN74184NSN74185NSN74I86NSN74188NSN74190NSN74191NSN74192NSN74193NSN74194NSN74I95NSN74196NSN74197NSN7419BNSN74199NSN7422INSN742S1NSN74273NSN74279NSNT4283NSN74284NSN74285NSN74290NSN/4298NSN74365NSN74366NSN74367NSN7436SNSN74390NSN74393NSN74490N

CD40D0C04001CD4002C04006CD4007CD4008CD4009CD4010CD4011CD4012CD40I3

CD4Q14

CD4015C04016CD40I7CD4018CD4019CD4020C0402lCD4022CD4023CD4024CD4025CD4027CD4028CD4029CD4030CD403ICD4032CCM034CD4035CD4037C04D40CD404 1CD4042CD4043CD4044CD4046CD4047CD4040CD4049CD4050C04051CO4052CD4053CD4055CD4056CD4059CD4060CD4066CD40S9CD4070CD4071CD4072CD4073CD4075CD4076CD4077CD4078CD4081CD4082CD4085CD4089

CD4093CD4094CD4098CD4099MC M408

MC14409MCI 4410

MCV

112

3 952 95995

MCI44 15

MC14419

CD450I

CD4502

CD4503

CD4505

CD4506

CD4507

CD4508

CD4510

CD4511

CD45I2

C04515

CD4516

CD451S

CD4520

C04555

CD4556

C04566

74C00

74C02

74C04

74C08

74C10

74C14

74C20

74C30

74C32

74C42

74C48

74C73

74C74

74CB5

74C89

7.4C90

74C93

74C95

74C107

74C151

74C154

74CI57

74CI60

74C161

74CI63

74C164

74C173

74C174

74C175

74C192

74C193

74CI95

74C922

74C923

MM80C95

MM80C97

2 153.903-901.25

CMOS

992.952.49225

12 951295129512 958.954.95391.65

1 192.493.502-102.39

2 302 392392 592.752.752.391392 397.956.951.501 25

74LS00

74LS00N

74LS01N

74LS02N

74LS03N

74LS04N

74LS05N

74LS08N

74LS09N

74LS10N

74LS11N

74LS12N

74LS13N

74LS14N

74LS15N

74LS20N

74LS21N

74LS22N

74LS26N

74LS27N

74LS28N

74i_S:.L)N

74LS32N

'4LS37N

74LS38N

74LS40N

74LS42N

74LS47N

74LS48N

74LS51N

74LS54N

74LS55N

74LS73N

74LS74N

74LS75N

74LS76N

74LS78N

74LS83AN

74LS85N

74LS86N

74LS90N

74LS92N

74LS93N

74LS95N

74LS96N

74LS107N

74LS109N

74LSH2N

74LS113N

74LSI14N

74LS122N

74LS123N

74LS124N

74LS125N

74LS126N

74LS132N

74LS136N

74LSI38N

74LSI39N

74LSI45N

74LS148N

74LS151N

74LS153N

74LS154N

74LS155N

74LS156N

74LS157N

74LS158N

74LS160N

74LS161N

74LS162N

74LS163N

74LS164N74LS165N74LS166N74LS168N74LS169N74LSI 7ON74LS173N74LS174N74LS175N74LS181N74LS190N74LS191N74LSI92N74LS193N74LSI94N74LS195N74LS196N74LSI97N74LS22IN74LS240N74LS241N74LS242N74LS243N74LS244N74LS245N74LS247N74LS248N74LS249N74LS251N74LS253N74LS257N74LS258N74LS259N74LS260N74LS26IN74LS266N74LS273N74LS275N74LS279N74LS283N74LS290N74LS293N74LS295N74LS298N74LS324N74LS347N74LS348N74LS352N74LS353N74LS363N74LS365N74LS366N74LS367N74LS368N74LS373N74LS374N74LS375N74LS377N74LS385N74LS386N74LS390N74LS393N74LS395N74LS399N

74LS424N74LS668N74LS670N81LS95N81LS96N81LS97N81LS98N

1.951.901.951.95

LINEAR

5.95

2.95

3 25

78H0578M0678M.G.LM105HLMI08AHLM300HLM301CN/HLM304HLM305HLM306H

LM307CN/H .29

LM30BCN/H .9fl

LM309K 1 49

LM310CN 1 25LM311D/CN/H .98

LM312H 1 75

LM317T 275

LM318CN/H 1 49

LM319N/H 1.25

LM320K-XX* 1 49

LM320T-XX' 1.25

LM320H-XX' 1.25

LM323K 4.95

LM324N 1.25

LM339N .95

LM340K-XX" 1.49

LM340T-XX- 125

LM340H-XX- 1.25

LM344H 1 95

LM348N 1.85

LM358CN 98

LM360N 1.49

LM372N 1.95

LM376N 3.75

LM377N 3.75

LM380CM/N 1.25

LM3B1N 1.79

LM383T 1,95

LM386N 149

LM387N 1.49

LM390N 1.95

NE531V/T 3.75

NE555V .39

NE556N 98

NE561T 19.95

NE562B 7.95

NE565N/H 1.25

NE566HA/ 1.75

NE567WH 1.50

NE592N 2 75

LM702H 2.99

LM709N/H 29

LM710N/H .98

LM711N/H .39

LM715N 1.95

LM723N/H 75

LM733WH .98

LM739N 1 15

LM741CN/H .33

LM741CN-14 .19

LM747N/H 79

LM748N/H 39

LM760CN 2.95LM1310N

LM1'

14N

LM1458CN/f

MC1488N

MCI489N

LM1496N

LM1556N

LM1800N

LM1820N

LM1850N

LM1889N

LM21 1 IN

LM2900N

LM2901N

LM2917N

CA3013T

CA3018T

CA3021T

CA3023T

CA3035T

CA3039T

CA3046T

LM3053N

CA3059N

CA3060N

CA3062N

LM3065N

CA3080N

CA3081 N

CA3082N

CA3083N

CA3086N

CA3089N

CA3096N

CA3097N

CA3130T

CA3140T

CA3146N

CA3160T

CA3190N

CA3401N

MC3423N

MC3460N

SG3524N

CA3600N

LM3900N

LM3905N

LM3909N

RC4131N

RC4136N

RC4151N

RC4194

RC4195

ULN2001

ULN2003

SN75450N

SN7545IN

SN754G2N

SN75453N

SN75454N

SN75491N

SN75492N

SN75493N

SN75494N

1.90

AEMVNCED

COMPUTERPRODUCTS

With Apple Intelligent Interface

Card. Reg. $595.00

Interface Card Hob

All Software For NOW ONLY

Hl-Reg. Graphics -^ M mm*. m*.m±

& Pascal Use. $549.00

BECKMANDigital Multimeters

TL-2rt2 Spate To:

♦*

&

■PP" MUSIC MACHINE 9-

MB WITH 9 VOICES!

• HElVlK'-.ijScsiSl.ilnHlii'.ArtlSi >rcv,i.,h ■ I■<::■„..r,only art skit lor 9 races • Usm IN» AVJ'B910sm prasuce(vnenxes • Ptiys n-,u;. tfmraUfA*, !!k AlFScarO • Alf

soTii(aieifft>wJ • ttPPiE"'iiconicaK)ie

j.-n-Mj.f'-: >*:-. n:i!-j $1 29.95

FLOPPY DISK DRIVES

MPI B51-5'.". 40liacks

Shuyarl SA400-5"*" 35 tracks „....SliugartaoO/801H8"

Siemens Shugafl Con^fltibte Model

FDD-120-8D

PERSCI Model 277 Dual

WANGO/S1EMENS 5'«" Drive . .

MPI B52 5V Dual

WANGO/SIEMENS 262 Dual 5W*WANGO/SIEMENS 82.

27900295 00475 00

429.00195.00290.00348 0039500

290 00

CSCCONTINEHTAL SPECIALTIESModel LM-3 40-chanrrei Logic Monitor 585.00Model IM-1 Logic Monitor 60 00

Modtl LM-Z Logic Monitor 147 00

MAX-100 100 MH) Porlable Frequency Counier

14900Model LP-1 Digilai Logic ProbeModel LP-2 Economy Logic ProtWModel IP-3 High Speed Logic PiobeModel LPK-1 Logic Piooe Kil 21 95

Model LTC-1. LTC-2 Logical Analysis Kits 220/250

&;'*' Proto Clips

• ' .'•> 14-PmClip PC-14 S 4.25

* 16-PmCl.p PC-16 S 4.50

*%. 24-P.n Clip PC-24 S 9 50

■V 40-P.nCl.p PC-40 S14 95

50 0028007? 00

Proto Boards

1695 PB-104 5400

18 00 PB-203 97 00

21 00 PB-203A 149 00

2500 PB-203A-KK 1290043 00

,«rt| « Apple II. 16K

or Apple II. Plus

$990

DISK SYSTEM SPECIAL

Apple II Plus w/48K Supermod Video Modulator

Disk II w/Controller Integer Based ROM Card.

Reg. $2,220.00, ACP Price $1819.00 SAVE $401.00

Hi-Speed Serial i.'OCenlronics Prinler LOApplesoft ll FirmwareApple ClockInlrol X-10 SystemInlrcJ X-10 ConlrollciAll Music Synihesi;er16 Ch Analog Input2 Ch Analog Output13-Key KeypadVisi-Caic

S1890Q DS6L- Uiqi Sector

180 00 Apple Graphics Tablet

19900 DC Hayes Modem II

269.00 Disk ll wrCMnM n fte 33

179.95 Disk II

26995 Pascal Lang System

259 95 Parallel Printer Caid

24995 Communications Card

16495 BusmessSotlwarePkg

11995 Corvus 10 Megabyte Ciive

S349M

mtegei bom i:,im

:■■■ ,

67500

Pioto Cud

2195

3J995

M S B McdnLitor

jy 95

S9SO0

Sanyo Cassette

54 95

-15900

U'K UpiJ'iifie Kit

54.95

450 00

Desktop Plan

98 M

165 00

8' Floppy Controller

350 00

18900

Heuristics SpeecniHb

17900

625 00

HompNis +

16900

/e

SupBHatkot

27900

4SZSO0

Cashier

25000

NEW.'Califomia Computer Systems APPLE Clock. Only $124.95

NEW! Z80 Softcard for APPLE CPM 2.2 & M BASIC 5.0 $325.00

AATARI 800 & 400

Personal Computer System

ATARI 800 $825.00- ATARI 400 $449.00

ATARI SOO Includes: Computer Console. BASIC Lang Cartridge. EducationSystem Master Cartridge, BASIC Language Programming Manual. 800 Operator'sManual w/Notebook, 16K RAM Module, Power Supply, TV Switch Box.

D'X On-.*

Prnjiam RetwoerStftiin - RDM Cirtri4|nE&fi!!i"ii5ysiiri Mas I* C^naieAUri BASICAsstmrMr DeaugBaskeflal

Super Breakout™Music Compose*Supff 8ug,uComou'er Chess

Elirjtn i,itin Cllltat ^IfrxntUS Hator,US Gowrmesit

Suoervisorv Skills

Base Sec icrioov

Ccufl«l.flcj Prx«dures

r^iKicws or Accounting

Pnyses

Grcil C!j:,:;ii;S lErujIisril

[iiiSLrwsa CamnmiicaiKHis

Bast Fiv'CiiWoQv

:!':■.:■■■ .'.'Mi

Auio Meciunti

Prir-eijiw ni Economics

35 00

;, -.,

3500

IS DO

350035 DO

CI!.-

35003500

Inlc Gin ill rrjjnn Clturtll

Gudv in HASiC WtgraniTBigHAS'C L..I-.- Prnjrjmv

DM RAM Mencr, Wjduf16K RAM Mcnw MnAn1

Texas Instruments

99/4 PERSONAL COMPUTER

Superior Color. Music, Sound and Graphics-and aPowerful Extended Basic - All Built In.Tl 99/4 Console only f**l /><%*% f\f\available (or $659.00 S| J U99iUU

Cs. commodorePET L0WAS $775.00

DISCOUNT PRICES

200t-16Kfltrer;i

20D1-32KN

2O01-32KB ireo>

2022 eO-Cof ftj[ ujf.. PrrniB

7750D 2023 SO-Cry P-Jm Pajet ft

97500 2040 Dial Mirs 0:sV D'-.t

97500 Pel lo IEEE CaW

I25Q00 IEEE id IEEE CaNf

635 CC

125000

3995

4995

SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER SELECTION GUIDE

PROCESSOR ACP PRICE6502 16900

650? 23900

EKMSURf.Add 2995Add 39 95

IDAHOSC-SBCIOOAIM 65Cos mac Vip

PROCESSOR ACP PRICE ENCLOSURE

ZflO 23900 NA

6502 37500 Add 4995

ISO? 19900 Inc

ACP'S INTELLIGENT COMPUTER PRODUCTS & GADGETS

Order now in timefor Christmas

THEBONE FONE

mm $6595

• SKIERS

• JOGGERS

• SKATERS

• CYCLERSYou must hearit and feel itto believe it

AM/FM stereo

surrounds and

fills your body

with sound.

No earplugs.

You wear it)

SPEAK &READ

$59.95 $75.95 $82.95

games and xlruiiies

FIRE FOX nADI° C0N™llED

OFF-ROAD VEHICLE

QUARTZ LCD WATCH

WITH SNOOZE ALARM

The looks and (unctions of theexpensive models at anaffordable price.

NEW!

6 FUNCTIONS

• HOURS • MONTH

• MINUTES • DATE

• SECONDS • DAY

An Outstanding ACP Value

$21.95

For rough roads, smooth roads, high speedchases, it handles 'em all.

lojrjn ana reaay tor any ctuiienje. in,s r_roLScainiry. tf-wramH.-C acton-»ra(j3"i ccmes itvaxp j't .1 cr-jir.p Rough rrads,JaraJbB em all DrjiUI tirarjcnionii sleerrq rtukts easy narWAi■n lor*3rQ fEk«Ee noni. art e'! Bjms - and hw SfSOS lakMcrK 9-vcrt tanery lor lie nansmKE' 6 V ruttdct: am air9-imn oarrory tor ire car

SPECIFY RED OR SILVER

i -

P.O. Box 17329 Irvine, Calif. 92713

Direct Order Lines: (714) 558-8813

(800) 854-8230 or (800) 854-8241

$49.95

INTRODUCING THE

CALCULIGHTER

The only lighter In the world that adds,lubtracts. multiplies, divides and lights!

• LUXURIOUSBUTANELIGHTER» B DIGIT FOURFUNCTIONCALCULATORAn exqgisilo gilt item lor any occasion. Different,unique A bnautilulJy deslgnod .ind luncltonnlaccessory. Three designer metal finishus1

GOLDSILVERBLACK

r black

SUGG.HET.

95.0085.0085.00

ACP PRICES69.96S59.95S59.95

FOR INTERNATIONAL ORDERS:1310 E. Edlngar (714) 953-0604Santa Ana. CA92705 TWX: 910-595-1565

384

BYTE December 1980

Circle 353 on inquiry card.

lADmNCED1

COMPUTER

[PRODUCTS

.<£>

lEBamm

ATTENTION VIDEO HOBBYISTS!!!

* BOX BUILDERS

* USE AS REMOTE TUNER/TIMER

* FULL SCHEMATICS AVAILABLE

* FOR ONLY S5.90! - FREE W/PURCHASE

A Roceni Special Purcno-.e Allows Ur. To Praunl Tne Following

NEW, UNUSED COMPONENTS

From The RCA V0T-2Q1 Vldeocaswlte Recorder

1 UHF/VW Turret SuM'.se^*i»»»-«sos

3 Oxj.Tji dot" Module AM/PI

Readout lOem) ICdtirmielbOfim Waltr

S5O.05S3S.BS

vo«, S74.95

Please Call For Volume Discounts

RAM BOARDS SPECIAL

i. & Tasted S119.95

I6K

LOW COST FLOPPYDISK SUBSYSTEM

Siemens FDD 120-B (31 VISTA Floppy Cuntrol-lei IS-100). Case, Power Su[>i)ly&C;iblii CI7M

Dr.k Operating Sy-:l'-'ii A' moled & Tested

Walnut Wood Sides 51499.00

. check oun floppy disk pricing dn this mge .

SAVE S300.Q0 (SI799OP VALUE)

WATANABE MIPLOT

S1

m

195.00^ .f

IMS STATIC RAM BOARDS

250 ns. 450 ns.

8K Static S209.00 S189.00

16K Static S449.00 S399.00

32K Static $729.00 S629.00

CENTRONICS PRINTER

Model 737

Cenitonics complete printer

The 737 faseverythmg Check

and compare ihe features

New low price $835.00

„*i# SD SYSTEMS BOARDS

S-*w TAKE 7 0% OFF! kit assem

SBC 100 Single Board Computer (2MH/J S265 00 S 3*900

SBC 200 Single Board Computer |4MHj) 299 00 399 00

ZBOStlrtOf System 31900 4*900

VOEf Hu;>-1 Video D=:.[jlay Board 335.00 -159.00

Vnrsa-FlonoY II 325.00 429.00

EipaneloPROM 115.00 225.00

SD100 Compute' System w/64K - 6955 00

SD200 CompuWi System w/64K - 7955 00

(JQOO MICROMODULE " PRICE LIST

MOOEL.NO DESCRIPTION price

9600A

9609

9601

9602

9603

9604

9605

9612

9616

9617

9620

9622

9627

9629

9629A

9630

9640

9650

9655

96103

96702

16 Slot Moln

Card Cage

S Slot Wotrier Board

Power Supply

DC Input Power Supply

Utility Proto Board

Antn Proc/Memory Module

Bu»ered Utility Proto Boaro

32K EPROM/P.AM Module

EPROM Programming Head

16 Channel Parallel I/O Module

Senal-Parallel I/O Module

I6K SUtlC RAM Module 470ns

32K Sialic RAM 450ns

32K Static RAM 200ns

Card E« tender

Multiple Programmable Timer

8 Channel Dupie» Serial I/O Mod

Intelligent Tape Controller

32/32 I/O Module

Contact Closure Module

17500

75 0010000275 0032500

3900495 00

4300253 00253.002950032500395 00695.00895.00

66.00395.0039500550.0027500350 00

$49.95 TRS-80/APPLE $49.95

MEMORY EXPANSION KITS.

4116's, 16K (200/250 ns.)

8 pes for S49.95

w/instruclions & jumpers

Call For Volume Pricing

* Special: TRS80 Schematic S 4.95

* Expansion Interface Schemaltc .. S 4.95

* Expansion Interface Connector... 7.95

EXPANDORAM II MEMORY KITS

* Bank Selectable * Uses 4116 200 ns.

* Write Protect nvl * Power 8VDC. ±16VDC

* Phantom »fJ5cfts * Up to 4 MHz

Expando 64 Kit (4116) Assem. S Tested Add S5016K S269.00 48K S435.00

32K S349.00 64K S505.00

T 1 "*l

PERSCI MODEL 299B

DISKETTE DRIVE

3.2 Mbytes capacity

(unformatted), max. seek

time 100MS.

ACP Price $2,199.00

UV "EpronV1 Eraser

Model UVS-11E S69.95

Holds 4 Eprom's al a lime

Backed by 45 years

experience

Model S-5ZT... S265.00

rial Model

EMAKO-20. . Reg S777.00 $599.00

UNBELIEVABLE!!125 Caps. SOIpm-VorticalFoimal Unii - 96 Chnrric-lers-Upper/Lower Case-4.5" to 9.5" Adjustable■ 80 col/40 col doublewidlh-FuM96chai ASCII

EMAKO-22

Pnnts .1 13? mblne Av.ni.tMe with

.S799.00

VISTA PRINTER ZZ

25 CPS. Full Character

DaisyWheel. 136 Column

Model

No. FP1500 S199S.OO

BASE II PRINTER

• 11 5/230 VAC. 50or 60 Hi

• 72.80,96. 120132 Char/Line

• Sell-Test Switch

WITH ALL OPTIONS ACP "RICE $599.00

Option "M" Terminal Screen Butte- 11920 Cnar > S5000

Oolion -S' Higf. Sp-xl Paper Ad.ance i Graphics 5000

Option T Tractor Feed 5000

Z-80/Z-80A/8080 CPU BOARD

t On board 2706

• Z-80 Kit

• Z-SO Bare PC Board

• For4MHz Spwrl Add S15 03

8080A Kit

8080A A?;st.mhhTl

£185 00SI 29 95

S 34 95

S 99.955149.95

S-100 MOTHERBOARD SPECIAL

8 slol expandable w/9 conn.

reg S69.95 NOW S52 95

SIEMENS FLOPPY

SALE

SIEMENS5429.00SHUGART

ACOUSTIC MODEM £~7^*=>0\

NOVATION CAT'" 0-300 Banc ■W'*?9 '

Bell 103 Answer, Ordinate

■D' CAT MODEM

NOW AVAILABLES199.O0

MONITORS

Sanyo I?" H.iLi Display

DM5H2CX S32fi00

Moioroti 17 High IWaiialM"

V MM; OEM Model

bM300D-^0 21900

Motorola 5"

Model « 101)0-155 lOtMi 11'J 95

MGA 13' Color TVVAMP 19' COW Monitor

■..-.•.■; ■Sanyo 9'

.14900575 004J90016995

DATA BOOKS • COMPUTER BOOKS

I960 IC Master S5995

INTEL 0.1W Book 7 50

INTEL MCS 85 Manual 7 50

SALE • OSBORNE BOOKS • SALE Sal*

Intro to Micros Vol 0 . 12 50

Intro to Micros Vol I 12,50

B080A Programming. 12 50

6800 Programming ....... 12.50

Z60 Programming . . |600

SALE • SYBEX COMPUTER BOOKS • SALE

(i Personal s BuBthhb Computing

not;H;,sor-i From Cl'K*. In SystemsNOC-easo* Interlacing Techniques

12 9512 95

12 95

CPMI

FIRST TQ OFFER PRIME PRODUCTS TO THE HOBBYIST AT FAIR PRICES!

1. Proven Quality Factory tested products only.

2. Guaranteed Satisfaction

3. Over $1,000,000.00 Inventory

1980 CATALOG NOW AVAILABLE.

Send S2.00 for your copy of the most complete catalog of computer products.A must for the serious computer user.

MICROPROCESSORS

Z8O01 16bHto8Mb 518900

Z8002 16 bit to 64K 149 00

Z80 10.75

Z80A .. 14,50

F-8 (38501 ... . 16 95

2650 18.95

CD 1802 13 95

B080A 8 50

8GaOA-4Mm 19 95

SALE 8085 1495

4 95

9.90

2901

2901A 14 95

2903 4-bH S-jporBhoe 29 95

TMS B900JL ... 49.95

CP1600 .39 95

6502 11 50

6502A 1895

IMC 100

11 75

19 95

ADVANCED SUPPORT

AM95H Atttn, Processor . .175.00

9512 Artth Processor . . 175.00

9513 Umu Timing 7995

AM9517 DMA Controller .. 1895AM9519Universallnlerrupt. 18-95

Z-80 SUPPORT CHIPS

ZflQ-PIO 2.5 MHz 6.75

ZBOA-PIO 40 MHz 12,96

ZOO-CTC 2.5 MHz 8.75

ZBOA-CTC -V0 MHz 12.95

MO-DMA 2 5MHz... . .29 95

280A-DMA 4.0 MHz . ...36.95

ZaO-StO.'O 2.5 MHz .35 95

ZaOASIO.'O 40 MHZ .. 39.40

Z80-S1O/1 2 5 MHz ..... 35 95

ZSOA-SIO/1 4.0MHz. . . 3940

Z30-SIQ/2 2 5 MHz 35.95

Z80-S1Q/2 4 0 MHz. .. 39 40

8060/8085 SUPPORT

BI55/B156I/0 24 95

STATIC RAMS

1-24 25-99

100

21L02'

Song /cf-V-C-

, 1 30 1 25

99

2IL02 2

159 1553 75 3 65

1 153 55

21 12-1

2 95 2.85

2.65

2101-1

2.90 2.7C

2.55

2114L-250HS. (4045)

6.50 5.9!

2114L-450ns. (4045}

550 5.25

4.75

4044 250 ns.

8.95 7 5C

6 90

4044 450ns.

595 595

4.75

EUM4200A

9.75 8.75

7.95

EMM4402

7 95 7.25

625

AMDB140741

10.95 10.25

9.25

AMDS 130/31

12.95 11.95

10.25

1101

1.95 1.75

1.25

P2I2r./9.!425(45ns.J

9.95 6.35

8.25

6518 11

x 1 CMOS

7.95 7.95

7 25

2147LowPower4KSfatiC 19.95 18.95 16.95

93415

995 695

850

TMS4046

1195 10.95

10.50

DYNAMIC RAMS

4" 6/41

6 16KII6 Pml

8 75

4995

(16Pin) .. ..

405O4K

x 1 (18 Pm| . .

4.95

4060 4K

. 1 (22Pin|.. .

4006 41

2104 4t

4027 41

x 1 |I6 Pin) ...

.; ■•,

52615262

1 95 CAU 1'03

5270

7.95

5200 ..

1345? 159.95 6002

. 4 95

. 1 50

SOCKETS

n Pin-.

Lo-Pro SoIOq

| Wire Wrap 3 Level

ail

Tin

Gold

B

1519

3236

59

16

20

38

62

•fl

24

84

29

24

1 10

38

85

1 20

:s

43

1 10

t 49

^6

58

1 25

40

SO

1 40

i ti'.i

ZERO INSERTION FORCE

18 PH S6

50 24 Pin S7

50 40 Pin

S102B

FLOPPY DISK I/O

771-01 8"$. Minifloppy 2495

P;!372 Ni?c Floppy 49 95

761 Dual Floppy 2995

791-01 Dual Floppy- 36 95

' ■""" Floppy 49 95

uPd

A/D CONVERTERS

13 5022 00

13 50

,2.95

9 50

395

.3 956.95

H.VCr B

8T26 Bus Driver .8228 Sy5. ConlfOl.8238 Sys. Cont .8251 Prog. I/O .8253 Int. Timer8255 Prog. I/O .

6257 Prog DMA8259 Prog Ini ...

8275 CRT Controller 49 95

6279 Prog Keyooord 1595

6800 SUPPORT CHIPS

6810 128 > 8 Ram . 4 75

6820 PIA. .5 95

6821 PIA ........... 650

6828 Priority Int

6834-1 512 . 8 Eprom ....tiMrvHDiGSOSCRTConl.6847 Color CRT

6850 ACIA

6852 Serial Adapter6860 Modem

08C2 Modulator

6FJ71A 10MH7 0SC

6880 Buy Driver

MC68488 .

68047

.. 5,506 9512.95650

1 ■

9 9516.95

. 39 95

49 as. 5.95. 5.95

1095

SHIFT REGISTER SALE

2503V 1 49 2525 1 49

2504V 1 49 2527 1 49

2507V 1 49 2528 1 49

2S17V . 1.49 2529... 1,49

2524V 1.49 2533 .. I 49

6502 SUPPORT CHIPS

6520 PIA 7 50

6522 Mull 11.95

(J530-Ci02.003.004.005... . 21.95

B532 19.95

6551 19.95

riitHn

[11704

DL707

FN035/

FN0501

FND50J1500I

l!JOs!)?iS10l

FND5D3

FN0530

FND550

F fiGrHVJ ililV.'i■ ■<:- ■ fi!. ■i,r- ■-. ,-u>..-- -.: ,'■

m*u.ir 7,-11TILMS

IIL30S

TIL309

111311

MAN2A

MAN 101

XAN30G1

XAN30D2

>AN:n;t,:i

XAN.W.U

XAM30S1

:w.3ii'.i

mtnsA

XAN30S2

XANJiiS]

KAH3084

LED READOUTS

rm Color D lit dp Hon

301) fl«1 Cornrit Caltimte

301) Red Comm Anoic

35/ Rco Comm Cawofle

500 Rra Comm Cjtncoe i+ip

500 Rai Cttnrn CaOtcde

500 RM Comm AnoOe

500 Bed Comm Antdei+n

500 Green Comm CalWrie

501) OranLj: Com.11 CatnoM

800 Red Comm Catfode

800 Red Comm Anode

600 Red 4-7 Heidtcnui

GOO Red 4 . 7 Sgl Dsol HMD

300 Red Comm Anolc

Red Array S * 7

270 Red Numerical "splay

?70 Rid Numerical Display

8/OaaM Binary

8701 lObil Binary .

B703BbilTS. . .

9400V0IHoFl0Q Conv

B750 3'i Digit BCD . 13,95

1-108L66P.I .... 395

I408LS n htl .. . 5.95

DAOOlOloA 5.95

DAC08 9.95

DAC 100 15.95

TV CHIPS/SOUND

AY38500-I 6 Games B/WAY38515 Color Convener

AY38603-1 Roadrace Game

AY3B606-1 Wipeoul Game■\YjS6o;--t Snoormg GallonAY38910 So,ynO Generator 1295SN76477 Tl Sound Generaior 3 95MM5320/2I TVSyncrtGen 9.95MM53E9 Prescater ..LM1889 RF Modulator.MM57100 NSC Color TVMM57104 Clock Gen. . 3.75

RF Modurato w/Audio. 8.95

MSR Modulator . ,29.95

WAVEFORM GEN.

8038 Function Gen 3 95

MC4024VCO 2.95

LM!if}|-> VCO 1.95

KH220G Function Generator. 5 25

SHIFT REGISTERS

MM500H Dual25 . . 50

MM5056N Dual 256 2 95

MM5060N Dual 128 2.95

2510AOual1O0 195

28*7 Quad 80 .. . 4.95

3341 Dual SO 4 95

3351 40 > 9 FIFO . 17 95

3357 Cad 80 695

9403 16 .4 FIFO 24 95

9408 10 Bit Sequence' 9 95

3347 ... 5 95

CTS DIPSWITCHES

CTS206-2 1 75 CTS206-7 1 75

CTS206-4 1 75 CTS206-8 1 95

CTS206-5 1 75 CTS206-9 1 95

CTS206-6 I 75 CTS206-1O 1 95

CONNECTORS (GOLD)

DB2SP(RS232| 3 25

DD25S Fomalej.. .. .. 3 75

Hood 1.25

Set w/Hood. Sale .......

22/44 W/W. S7T. KIM ..43/86 WAV. S/T. MOT ..50/100 S-100 Connector v50/100 S-100 Connector 5

S/502.95650

330 (led May270 R '

100 fled

1,11! ii«].SUM l<"i

Comm Anode Rqhr DPComm Arinrle Lett (IPOveriliw CK W1 DP

Comm Criirnw Hi-5'ii UF'300 Giivn Comm Ancde linjm OP300 Gran Comm Aran*.' Lett [IP300 Green Ortilirw CA Url DP300 Green Comm Catncde Higni DP300 Yello* Comm Anode ajn- DP300 Yellow Comm Anode Lett DP300 Yellow Dwriliiw CA Led OP300 Yellow Camm Ciimo*. Rigrt] DP

4 9574 9514 95299519.9513.95

2732 . .

2716-5V

2716-5V, 12V.2756-5V

5203AO

5204AO . .

IM 5610

SALE 8223 32x8 2.95

B2SH5 512 nBfTSl .. . 169582S12332 .8 4 90

82S126256*4 4.90

82S129 256 * 4 ITS) 4 90

H2Sl30512*4lOCJ. 6 50

82S23 ... .. .. 6.95

82S131 1495

82S137 14,95

NOTE: WE PROGRAM PROMS

CHARACTER GEN.

2513-001 (5V| Upper 9.50

■Jh 13-005 (5V) Lower 10,95

?M3-ADM3(5VUMCMfi571MCM6571A .MCM6574MCM6S75

IC SPECIAL PURCHASE

LF lJiOS .irtTT Analog Mulh 8 bitICM /0-I5 Precision Stopwatch

o.' /:>o'jcr.iosledsiop*.m.n t

li !.• ;.■■!,' I ■ Haioi Controller'i ■.' , , ",' .I .. 1. Decailo Cinnin.-

U I .' ■.■-■ - • [jlH- -VD 1LCO1MCM-IJill'.'I'i Digit AyD ConvL'it.'

ICL8211 Voltage Releiencei.m tSSONGfOund Fauii IC ...

LM 29O0N Quad Amplifier

LM 2917N Fret] IO Veil Coriv. . .

AY-lKi'i'itM1. diyil DMM

AY-i-3507 40MHz DVM

MEM -Vlb:i M v.l01 Smoke Oeleclc

27S08 32 . 6 Prom (IM 56001

Gl 15M 6 channel Mostet

ULt, 2O03A 1 cnannel Driver

2101AL-4 . ..

MCM I 4505 64 OH Static RamMOC 1003 (.lN28lOpto CouplerSPX33 Opto Coupler

,-520/25

148811489 2/t 99

MKW14C.HC 3/1 99

74S39 3/1 99

LM223K 4 95

MC1372 8,95

MM(,;"iii-lA/a 2.9S

LM 377 1 25

LM 387LM 3302LM455B

com soar

COM 5037DAC100 ....

Z-80 CPU ilinacaisoboa cpu

6K Sialic RAM (Logos)

16K Static RAM (21141.32KStallC RAM |2U4)HK E[)iorn(2708l

1702 Cprrjin Hoard...L'/08.'27tr, Crirom ilinacai270872716 Eprom (WMClRiMilmi.- ClockACPProlOBd CtMConn)ViTloi BHOO Proto.Vi.o-lor HdO'J 11 slol MB.ACP E-t-nrler w/Conn

Video Interlace tSSMi

Piirjilo' inii/ttace iSSM) 31 951 3 Slot .M,ilh,..>Boarfl (WMCl 32 95t$::-;M. ■"..,&-;.-,ru.V.'MCi 2--:-'.:-■5r:M:,-i.-n-.!;jr-::alje: 34 9;>Proc-Tceh Bare Boards . CALL

wr.ir: ri-;;)|)V PCB 34.95

S.i4 •_",34 952495

29 9529.9524.95

30 OC34 9530 0034 9527 9522 20

31 95

COMPUTER SPECIALS

jisco

iotas'

Apple II Piusw/16KPET2001-16NEmdy Sorcerer w/t6KCromemco Sys IIIHorizon I w/32KPnscal MicoengineIPSI 1620 Diablo ROAnadei DP 8000

Cenln

isMic

So-oc IO 120Teletype Model 43HiPlot PlotterH1PI0I Digitizer

Alan 400Tl 99/4

Leede* 12' MonitorCenlron.CS 737TrencomT-100Trenconi T-200Sanyo 9" MonitorSanyo 15" MonitorMol 22 MHz Monitor

6990 6290CALL1995.159532952695995. 875.595 525995 7951349.11501085 B99795 735695 784999 750549 4491150 1025149 139.995 899.375 349595 525220. 169

295 249

296 219

4 9i

UARTS/BAUD RATE

TR16029(5V '2Vi 39!

AY51013I5V 12VI 49!

VERBATIMDISKETTES

100% CERTIFIED ERROR-FREE!

■ U MICKS OOUSti DtNSIlY SIKCIE-SIOEO S".

fvpi uiSCRiPtiort nuCEfBOXlO

SH-tii Soli SecturM ins 80 etc

'•:".< in to H ■ ■■-.■:. :z ■■:.- ■- ■"''•

SOCKET SPECIALS

i4PinwM-2L S 35

IM6402

1M6403

2350 USRT

9 95

16710 Auras

24 95

SALETR1472B

a.s:

MC14411

11.05

.1702

WO 1941

COM 5016

16.95

KEYBOARD ENCODERS

AY5-2376. . ...

.. . 13.75

.V.T-3CCK)

1375

TERMSr Ut.i- cneck. M/C, VISA.AMEX. CB. or COO COD require*25°o deposit Cnarge Orders pleaseinclude enpiration dale Foreign payU.S. Funds Order by pnone. mail orTWX MINIMUM 510.00. Please in-clude magazine issueandphione no.SHIPPING USA add S2.00 lor first2 lbs. For surface add 30e for addi-tional lbs For air add 70c lor arldi-lional lbs FOREIGN: Add I0°n ship-ping andhjifwlimj.COD'sSI 85emraNor responsible lor typos Someitems subjecl to prior sale We re-

right I

VOLUME DEALER PRICING AVAILABLEWE ALSO STOCK DYSAN-CALL

IS iiiulill ,'lllrli'l

RETAIL STORES OPEN MON-SATSTORE 1310 "B" E. Edinger STORE 674 El Camino Real

#1 Santa Ana, CA 92705* #2 Tustln, CA 92680

Showrooms, Retail, Warehouse Specializing In Systems o

P.O. Box 17329 Irvine, Calif. 92713Direct Order Lines: (714) 558-8813(800) 854-8230 or (800) 854-8241 '

FOR INTERNATIONAL ORDERS:1310 E. Edinger (714) 953-0604Santa Ana, CA92705 TWX: 910-5951565

Circle 353 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980

385

The Sale Ends

Prices to increase as

S-100 Boards

THE BIG Z* - Jade

2 or 4 MHz switchable Z-80* CPU with aerial I/O

CPU-30201K Kit $145.00

CPU-30201A A&T $199.00

CPU-30200B Bare board $35.00

SBC-100 - SD Systems

2.5 MHz Z-80* CPU with serial & parallel I/O ports

CPC-30100K Kit $269.95

CPC-30100A Jade A&T $339.95

SBC-200 - SD Systems

4 MHz Z-80' CPU with serial & parallel I/O ports

CPC-30200K Kit $299.95

CPC-30200A Jade A&T $375.00

CB2 - S.S.M.

2 or 4 MHz switchable Z-80* CPU with RAM, ROM, &I/0

CPU-30300K Kit $239.95

CPC-30300A A&T $299.95

2810 Z-80* CPU - Cal Comp Sys

2/4 MHz Z-80 A * CPU w/serial I/O portCPU-30400A A&T $275.00

(UK RAM HOARD $359.95

ExpandoRAM II - SD Systems

4 MHz RAM board expandable from 16K to 256K

MEM-16630A 16K kit $249.95

MEM-16630A 16K Jade A&T $299.95

MEM-32631K 32K kit $289.95

MEM-32631A 32K Jade A&T $339.95

MEM-48632K 48K kit $324.95

MEM-48631A 48K Jade A&T $374.95

MEM-64633K 64K kit $359.95

MEM-64633A 64K Jade A&T $409.95

ExpandoRAM I - SD Systems

2.5 MHz RAM board expandable from 16K to 64K

MEM-16130K 16Kkit $245.00

MEM-16130A 16K Jade A&T $295.00

MEM-32131K 32K kit $275.00

MEM-32131A 32K Jade A&T $325.00

MEM-48132K 48K kit $305.00

MEM-48132A 48K Jade A&T $355.00

MEM-64133K 64K kit $335.00

MEM-64133A 64K Jade A&T $385.00

32K STA TIC RAM BOARD $299.9516K STA TIC RAM BOARD $169.95

32K STATIC RAM - Jade

2 or 4 MHz expandable static RAM board uses 2114L's

MEM-16151K 16K4MHzkit $169.95

MEM-16151A 16K 4 MHz A&T ... $224.95

MEM-32151K 32K 4 MHz kit $299.95

MEM-32151A 32K 4 MHz A&T... $349.95

16K STATIC RAM - Cal Comp Sys

2 or 4 MHz 16K static RAM - a real memory bargainMEM-16160A 16K 2 MHz A&T ... $279.00MEM-16162A 16K 4 MHz A&T ... $309.00MEM-161 BOB Bare board $29.95

PB-1 - S.S.M.

2708, 2716 EPROM board with built-in programmer

MEM-99510K Kit $159.95

MEM-99510A A&T $239.95

PROM-100 - SD Systems

2708. 2716, 2732, 2758, & 2516 EPROM programmer

MEM-99520K Kit $175.00

MEM-99520A Jade A&T $225.00

S.P.I.C. - Jade

Our new I 0 curd uiih 2 SIO'n. I CTCs, and I I'KIIOI-1045K 2 CTCs. I SIO, I PIO .. $199.00

IOI-1045A A&T $259.00

IOI-1046K -4 CTCs, 2 SIO's. I PIO $259.00

IOI-1046A A&T $319.00

IOI-1045B Bare board w manual . .. $59.95IOI-1045D Manual only $20.00

1/0-4 - S.S.M.

2 serial I/O ports plus 2 parallel I/O ports

IOI-1010K Kit $179.95

IOI-1010A A&T $259.95

IOI-1010B Bare board $35.00

100K DAY CLOCK - Mtn Hardware

Crystal controlled S-WO clock with NiCad backupIOK-1400A A&T $329.95

SB1 - S.S.M.

15 Hz to 25K Hz music synthesizer for S-100

IOS-1005K Kit $239.95

IOS-1005A A&T $299.95

TB-4 - Mullen

Extremely versatile extender board with logic probe

TSX-180K Kit $55.00

TSX-180A A&T $75.00

TERMINATOR & EXTENDER - CCS.

Can be used as both an S-100 extender and terminatorTSX-150K Kit $39.95

S-100 EXTENDER - Cal Comp Sys

Puts problem boards within easy reachTSX-160A A&T $24.95

DOUBLE-D - Jade

Double density controller with the inside track

IOD-1200K Kit $299.95

IOD-1200A 8" A&T $389.95

IOD-1205A 5'A" A&T $389.95

IOD-1200B Bare board $65.00

VERSAFLOPPY I - SD Systems

Versatile floppy disk controller for 8" or 5'A"

IOD-1150K Kit $219.95

IOD-1150A Jade A & T $269.95

VERSAFLOPPY II - SD Systems

New double density controller for both 8" & 5'A"

IOD-1160K Kit $309.95

IOD-1160A Jade A & T $369.95

VDB-8024 - SD Systems

80 x 24 I/O mapped video board with keyboard I/O

IOV-1020K Kit $339.95

IOV-1020A Jade A&T $399.95

VB3 - S.S.M.

80 x 24 or 80 x 48 memory mapped with graphics

IOV-1095K Kit, 4 MHz $399.95

IOV-1095A A&T, 4 MHz $464.95

IOV-1096K 80 x 48 upgrade, 4 MHz . $89.00

VIDEO BOARD - Jade

64 x 16 assembled & tested S-100 video board

IOV-1050B Bare board $29.95

IOV-1050A A&T sale price $99.95

S-100 PROTO BOARD - Jade

Universal design, plated thru holes, gold fingersTSX-140B Bare board $24.95

*CP/M is a registered trademark of DigitalResearch Corp.

* Z-80, Z-80 A, and the letter Z are recognized trademarksof Zilog, Inc.

Single Board Computers

Z-80* STARTER KIT - SD Systems

Z-80* computer with RAM, ROM, I/O, & keyboard

CPS-30010K Kit $319.95

CPS-30010A Jade A&T $399.95

AIM-65 - Rockwell

6502 computer with printer, display. & keyboard

CPK-50165 IK AIM $374.95

CPK-50465 4K AIM $449.95

SFK-74600008E 8K BASIC ROM ... $99.95SFK-64600004E 4K assembler ROM $84.95

PSX-030A Power supply $64.95

ENX-000002 Enclosure $49.95

4K AIM, 8K BASICKpower supply, & enclosureSpecial package price $625.00

Motherboards

ISO-BUS - Jade

Silent, simple, and on sale - a better motherboard6 Slot (5'A" x 8W)

MBS-061B Bare board $19.95

MBS-061K Kit $39.95

MBS-061A A&T $49.95

12 Slot (9%" x 8W")

MBS-121B Bare board $29.95

MBS-121K Kit $69.95

MBS-121A A&T $89.95

18 Slot (14'/;" X 8%")

MBS-181B Bare board $49.95

MBS-181K Kit $99.95

MBS-181A A&T $139.95

Mainframes

MAINFRAME - Cal Comp Sys

12 slot S-100 mainframe with 20 amp power supply

ENC-112105 Kit $309.95

ENC-112106 A& T $349.95

DISK MAINFRAME - NNC

Dual 8" drive cutouts with 8 slot motherboardENS-112320 with 30 amp p.s $699.95

Video Monitors

9" B & W MONITOR - A.P.F.

High quality, high resolution video monitorVDM-750900 9" monitor $149.95

13" COLOR MONITOR - Zenith

The hi res color you've been promising yourselfVDC-201301 $449.00

12" GREEN SCREEN - NEC

20 MHz, P3I phosphor video monitor with audioVDM-651200 12" monitor $249.95

Software

CP/M 2.2 - Digital Research

Latest & most powerful release of CP/M

SFC-52506000D Manual set $24.95

SFC-52506000M 5'A" disk & manual $149.95SFC-52506000F 8" disk & manual $149.95

SDOS - SD Systems

DOS, CBASIC-2, Z80* assembler/editor/linker

SFX-55001000D Manual set $24.95

SFX-55001002M 5'A" disks & man $199.95SFX-55001006F 8" disk & manual $199.95

December 31

of January 1,1981

Accessories for Apple

16K MEMORY UPGRADE

Add 16K of RAM to your TRS-80, Apple, or Exidy

MEX-16100K TRS-80 kit $39.95

MEX-16101K Apple kit $39.95

MEX-16102K Exidy kit $39.95

PRINTER INTERFACE - Cal Comp

Centronics type 1 O card u)t firmwareIOI-2041A A&T $99.95

8" DRIVES for APPLE

Controller, DOS, two 8" drives, cabinet, & cableSpecial package price $1475.00

AIO - S.S.M.

Parallel & serial interface for your Apple

IOI-2050K Kit $159.00

IOI-2050A A&T $199.00

APPLE CLOCK - Cal Comp Sys

Real time clock ir battery bach-upIOK-2100A A&T $125.00

SUPERTALKER - Mtn Hardware

Speech recognition synthesizer ic speaker & mike

IOS-2015A A&T $275.00

Z-80* CARD for APPLE

Z-80" CPU card with CP/Mfor your AppleCPX-30800A A&T $289.00

MICROMODEM - D.C. Hayes

Amu answer dial modem card for Apple or .swim

IOM-2010A Apple modem $349.95

1OM-1100A S-100 modem $375.00

Printers ^^_

BASE 2 - Impact Printer

132 cps, bi-directional, tractor feed, & graphicsPRM-13100 $675.00

DP-9501 - Anadex

9x11 dot matrix, 220 column, 200 cps, & graphicsPRM-10501 Standard DP-9501 .... $1495.00PRM-10611 with graphics & 2K .. $1595.00

SPINWRITER - NEC

65 cps, bi-directional, letter quality with tractorPRD-55510 with 16K buffer $2695.00

CENTRONICS 737-1

9 x N dot matrix, letter quality, proportional spacing

PRM-15737 Parallel $796.00

With interface for Apple $805.00

NOVATION CAT

300 baud, auto answer/originate acoustic modemIOM-5200A Special sale price $139.00

D-CAT 300 baud, direct connect modemIOM-5201A Special sale price $189.00

EPROM ERASERS

L.S. Engineering UV eraser for up to 48 EPROMs

XME-3200 A&T $39.95

Spectronics hi intensity industrial eraser

XME-3100 Without timer $69.95

XME-3101 With timer $94.50

TV-1 - Best Buy

The inexpensive alternative to video monitorsIOR-5040K Kit $8.95

Call for your free 1980 catalog

8" Disk Drive Sale

DUAL DISK SUB-SYSTEM - Jade

JADE's new dual disk sub-assemblies include:Handsome metal cabinet with proportionallybalanced air flow system, rugged dual drive powersupply, cooling fan, cable kit, lighted powerswitch, approved fuse assembly, line cord, Never-Mar rubber feet, and all necessary hardware tomount 2-8" disk drives - it's all American made,guaranteed for six monthes, and it's in stock!Dual 8" Sub-A86embly Cabinet

END-000421 Cabinet kit $225.00

END-000420 Bare cabinet $59.95

Single sided, double density diBk drive sub-systemEND-000423 Kit w/2 8" drives .... $995.00END-000424 A & T w/2 8" drives $1195.00

Double sided, double density disk drive sub-systemEND-000426 kit w/2 8" drives .... $1495.00END-000427 A&T w/2 8" drives $1695.00

8" DISK DRIVES

Highly reliable double density floppy disk driuesShugart 801R single sided, double density

MSF-10801R SA-801R $425.00

Special Sale Price 2 for $800.00

Siemens FDD100-8D2 Bingle sided, double density

MSF-201120 6 mo warranty $395.00

Special sale price 2 for $750.00

Qume Datatrak 8 double sided, double densityMSF-750080 SA-851R compatible .. $625.00Special sale price 2 for $1198.00

JADE DISK PACKAGE

Double-D controller kit, two 8" double density drives

CP/M 2.2, cabinet, power supply, & cables

Special package price $1395.00

DISKETTES - Jade

Bargain prices on magnificent magnetic media

5'4" single sided, single density, box of 10

MMD-5110103 Soft sector $27.95

MMD-5111003 10 sector $27.95

MMD-5111603 16 sector $27.95

5'4" double sided, double density, box of 10MMD-5220103 Soft sector $39.95

8" single sided, single density, box of 10MMD-8110103 Soft sector $33.95

8" single sided, double density, box of 10MMD-8120103 Soft sector $39.95

8" double sided, double density, box of 10MMD-8220103 Soft sector $57.95

FLOPPY SAVERS - Tri-Star

Protect your valuable software from spindle damage

MMA-205 5'A" kit $13.95

MMA-208 8" kit $15.95

Mainframes

MAINFRAME - Cal Comp Sys

12 slot Slot! mainframe with 20 amp poieer supply

ENC-112105 Kit $309.95

ENC-112106 .4*7' $349.95

DISK MAINFRAME - NNC

Dual s" drive cutouts with H slot motherboard

ENS-112320 with 30 amp p.s $699.95

TRS-80 APPLE

16K MEMORY UPGRADE KIT

$39.95

Z-80 SUPPORT

3881 Pit) 9.50

3881-1 I'Khl Mil: 1-1.50

3882 ("/'(' 9.50

3882-1 CTClMlh 14.95

3883 STO 29.50

3884 SIO 19.50

BAUD RATE

GF.NKRATOHS

MC14411 .... H).(K)

1.843 MHz xuil 4.95

(180(1

SUPPORT

^

xW

6821P6828P

6834 P6840P6850P68521 •6875L684881'

5.9511.9522.5018.75. 4.80

5.79. 7.1025.00

PROMS

2708 450ns H.952716 I2A- 14.952716 .ir .. 14.952732 :',e .. 59.952758 Bv .. 19.95

UARTS

AY5-1013A 5.25

AY3-1014A 8.25

TR1602B ... 5.25

1M6402 .... 9.00

RAMS21UI2 2MH: . 1.25 I21UI2A I MHz 1.5021141. 2 MH: . 3.752II4LA 4Mb 3.952147 70ns ... 39.95

4116 4.95

4164 lilK.xl 175.005257 2 MHz .. 6.755257A 4 MHz 7.25MK41I8 ... 18.95

PLACE ORDERSTOLL FREE

Inside California Continental U.S.800-262-1710 800-421-5500

For customer serviceor technical inquiries call 213-973-7707

Write for our FREE 1980 catalog

COMPUTER PRODUCTS

4901 W.Rosecrans. Hawthorne. CA 90250

TERMS OF SALE: Cash, checks, credn cardsmoney orders or from recognized institutionsPurchase orders accepted. Minimum order SIO 00?*<California residents add 6^f sales tax. Minim:,n"shipping and handling charge $2.50. Prices ar' for ■,U.S. and Canadian delivery only and are tubjtf.tto change without notice. For export prices and .information send lor a JADE INTERNATIONAL 'CATALOG. |=

L

if-

Circle 354 on inquiry card.

COMPUTERSYSTEMSINC.

15620 South Inglewood AvenueLawndale, California 90260(213) 970-0952

WE ACCEPT MASTER CHARGEVISA & AMERICAN EXPRESS

Place Orders Toll Free 1-800-421-5150

(Continental U.S. Only — Except Calif.)

Retail Store Open 10:00 A.M. to 6:00 P.M.

Daily Except Sunday

QT CATALOG NOW AVAILABLE

r

THE GREAT Q.T.

BOARD SET SALE

1

6 SLOT MOTHER BOARD KIT FREE WITH EACH BOARD SET PURCHASED

Q.T. BD SET #1 (KIT)

FOR

S.D. BD SET #1 (KIT)

FOR SERIOUS

Z+80CPU (Rev I)

STARTERS

SBC-100

HOBBYISTS

Expandable + with 32K

Our

Expandoram I with 32K RAM

Our

Monitor For Serial Terminal

■XE? $525.00

Versafloppy I

Monitor For Serial Terminal

NormalRetail

$950.00

Price $425.00

BIOS for 8" or 5V*" Drives

Q.T.

Price

$850.00

Q.T. BD SET #2 (KIT)

FOR

S.D. BD SET #2 (KIT) FOR SMALL BUSINESSES

Z+CPU (Rev I)

HOBBYISTS

SBC-200 & SOFTWARE DEVELOPERS

Expandable + with 64K

Our

Expandoram II with 32K RAM

Our

FDCII Dbl Den Controller A&T

Normal $1050.00

Versafloppy II

Normal

$1150.00

Monitor For Serial Terminal

Retail

Monitor For Serial Terminal

Retail

Q.T.

BIOS for Disk Drives

Q.T.

Price $850.00

Price

$1000.00

>

QT MEMORY EXPANSION KITS A

for

TRS-80* APPLE • EXIDY

4116 200 ns 8 for $35.00

2716 (5V-450 ns) $13.50

2716 (5&12V-450 ns) ... $13.50

2732 (5V) $55.00

2114L 300 ns 8 for $40.00

100 - $4.25 ea.

>

KASETTE LIBRARY

Part No.CAS-10-8

Blue/Grey/Beiga Black8" Diskette Holder . . . $4.50 or 3/S10.00CAS-10-5

Blue/Grey/Beige. Black

5" Diskette Holder ... $4.25 or 3/$10.00

<

<

PRINTERS

DP-9501 - Anadex

9x11 dot matrix. 220 column. 200 cps &graphics

ADX-9501 Standard DP-9501 ..$1475.00

ADX-9501Gwith graphics & 2K $1525.00

Centronics

CEN-730-1 730-1A $695.00

CEN-737-1 737-1 $899.00

LP-80 - Matchless

9x7 matrix, 132 column. 125 cps. bi-directional

MAT-MS204 $695.00

PAPER TIGER - Integral Data

132 column, parallel & serial, 150 cps, graphics

IDS-440 IDS-440 $950.00

IDS-440GIDS-440w/graphics. $1050.00SPINWRITER - NEC

65 cps. bi-directional, letter quality with tractor/

serial or par.

NEC-5510 with 2K buffer $2600.00

NOVATION CAT

300 baud, auto answer/originate acousticmodem. NOV-CAT $149.00

SPECIAL

SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER

4 MHz Z80A CPU, dbl den Controller(5%" or 8" simultaneously), CP/M®compatible, on-bd EPROM/RAM/ROM, two serial & two parallel ports,real time elk, std 2K monitor & diskroutine on ROM, one year warranty.SPECIAL PRICE THIS MONTH

TLT-FDC-1 (A&T only) $795.00

DOUBLE DENSITY CONTROLLERControls up to 4 mini or 4 maxi drivessimultaneously, IBM diskette format,works with sgl or dbl sided drives, 1KRAM data buffer, works with any CPUregardless of clock speed, CP/M* 2.2furnished for 5'/«" or 8". Oasis compat-ible.

TLT-FDC II (A&T only)

$325.00

>

V

r

QT MINI-SYSTEMS

• (4 MHz) 280A C PU • Dbl Den Controller

• Two serial & two parallel ports • Realtime clock • 2K Monitor on ROM • 48KMemory board • Mainframe with 6 slotmother board • DOS on 5V<" diskw/manuals.

QT Mini-System l( -.■ Megabyte) $2195.00Two B-51 sgl sided/sgl den drives

QT Mini-System II (1 Megabyte) $2495.00Includes two B-52 dbl sided/dbl den

drives

(Just add terminal & compute)

CONNECTORS

RS232 Set $7.50

1 Male DB-25, 1 Female DB-25, 1 Cover

DB25P $3.25

DB25S $4.25

Cover $1.50

S-100 (IMSAI STYLE) $2.50 ea.

Gold Solder Tall 10 lor $2.25

<

PARTS

MICROPROCESSORS

Z80 (2MHz) . . . $10.95Z80A (4MHz) . . $12.95

6502 $11.25

6800 $12.50

6802 $18.00

8035 $20.00

8080A $ 3.50

8085A $20.00

8086-4 $60.00

8088 $60.00

8748 $60.00

TMS 9900 JL . . $29.95

8080A SUPPORT

8212 $ 3.50

8214 $ 4.50

....$ 2.95

4.006.006.005.007.00

>

8216 ....8224 ....8228 ....8238 .8243 ....8251 ....

8253 $19.00

8253-5 $20.25

8255 $ 6.25

8257 $17.95

8257-5 $19.00

8259 $19.95

8275 $69.95

8279 $17.50

8279-5 $18.00

8295 $16.50

KEYBOARD CHIPS

AY5-2376 $13.75

AY5-3600 $13.75

BAUD RATEGENERATORS

MC14411 ... $11.001.8432 XTAL ...$ 4.95DISK CONTROLLER

1771B01 $24.95

1791A0KCER) $37.95

EPROMS ^

1702A $ 4.95

2708 $ 6.25

2516 (5V) $18.00

2716 (5V) $13.50

2716 (5 & 12V) $13.50

2758 $19.95

2532 $55.00

2732 $55.00

USRTS2350 $ 7.95

MISCELLANEOUSOTHER COMPONENTS

N8T20 $ 3.25

N8T26 $ 2.50

N8T97 $ 2.00

N8T98 $ 2.00

1488 $ 1.25

1489 $ 1.25

D3205 $ 3.00

D3242 $10.15

D3245 $ 5.60

P3404 $ 6.75

TMS5501 $19.00

DM8131 $ 3.00

UARTS

TR1602B $ 4.50

AY5-1013A $ 4.50

CHARACTERGENERATORS

2513 $10.95

UP CASE (5&12V)2513 $10.95

LWR CASE (5&12V)2513 $ 9.75

UP CASE (5V)2513 $10.95

LWR CASE (5V)

6800 PRODUCTS

6802P $18.00

6821P $ 5.25

6840P $18.25

6845P $22.00

6850P $ 4.80

6860P $11.55

6875P $ 7.40

<

388

BYTE December 1980

TELEVIDEO

912C $699.00

920C $799.00

• Typewriter keyboard • Microprocessorcontrols • Upper/lower case • Adjust-able baud rates (75-9600 baud) • Specialfunction keysSecond page memory option... $25.00

Circle 355 on inquiry card.

T DISKETTES 1

5'.' sgl sided, sgi Qen. box o! 10

. . S27.95

.. $27.95

.. $27.95

5"." dbl sided, dbl den, bo* of 10

. . $39.95

8" sgl sided, sgl den. bo* at 10

. . $33.95

B" sgi sided dbl den. box of 10

... $55.95

8" dbl sided, dbl den box of 10

. .. $57.95

HARD HOLES

Proieci your valuable soltware Irom spindle damage

FSI-HHD Pkg of 50 lor 8" $15.00

FSI-HDA 8" Applicator $ 5.25

FSI-HHM Pkg of 50 lor 5V $10.75

FSI-HMA 5V.'1 Applicator $ 5.00

QT MAINFRAMES

Mainframe - Cal Comp Sys

12 siol S-100 mainframe «nn 20 amp power supply

CCS-2200AT A&T $349.95

QT 8" Disk Mainframe

QTC-MF-DD6 with 30 amp p.s $625.00

QTC-MF*MD12 (12 slot M/B) $500.00

QTC-MF-MD6 (6 slot M/B) $450.00

QTC-MF'MD w/0 M/B $400.00

Mainframe - T.E.I.

TEI-MCS-112 (12 slot M/B) $575.00

TEI-MCS-122 (22 slot M/B) $695.00

DISK DRIVES

QT DISK PACKAGE

Dbl Den Conlroller. A&T. iwo 8 dbl den drives. CP/M 2 2. cabinet powersupply & cables $1395.00

DUAL 8" DRIVES

Dbl Den Drives in Cabinei Only

2 sgl sided (801R) $ 989.00

2 dbl sided (QUME) $1409.00

8" DISK DRIVES

Highly reliable 'loppy disk drives sgl sided dbl den

SHU-801R $ 425.00

Special Sale Price 2 for $800.00

Qume Oarairak 6' dbl sided ddi densiiy

QME-8DS (851R compatible) $ 599.00

Pkg of two $ 549.00 ea.

5V," DRIVESMPI-B51 MPI B-51 $ 275.00

Sgl Sided Sgi/Dbi Den

Eiaci Repiacemani lor SA-400MPI-B52 MPI B-52 $ 395.00

Dbl Sided Dbl Den

MPI-B91 MPI B-91 $ 395.00

Sgl Sided Dbl Den 77 Tracks

PER-FD200 PERTEC FD-200 $ 250.00

Sgl Sided SglDbl Den

V

/

rQT MOTHERBOARDS ^

QT Silence Plus

6 Slot [5 i' x 8'' )

QTC-6 Slot BB Bare board

QTC-6 Slot K kit

$19.95

QTC-6 Slot AT A&T

12 Slot (9 ■ " x 8'. 1

QTC-12 Slot BB Bare board

QTC-12 Slot K kit

QTC-12 Slot AT A&T

18SI01 IN: XBV]

QTC-18 Slot BB Bare board

QTC-18 Slot K kit

QTC-18 Slot AT A&T

S 99.95 $139.95

QT APPLE CORNER

MEX-16A2 Apple Expansion Kit $37.00

Buy 4 5«li lor S35 00

DISK DRIVE for APPLE

5"." disk drive with conlroller lor your Apple

APL-5DC with controller $535.00

APL-5D w/out controller $450.00

8" DRIVES for APPLE

Controller, two 8" drives, cabinet & cable $1450.00

QT APPLE DISK IIDbl sided, dbl den, two 8" QUME drives with controller,pwr supply, cabinet, cabling, documentation & one box

diskettes $2195.00

QT APPLE DISK III

Same as Above - no controller $1695.00

Al/O - S.S.M.

Parallel & serial interlace lor your Apple

SSM-AIO K Kit $159.00

SSM-AIO AT A&T $199.00

APPLE CLOCK - QT System

Real lime clock w/battery back-up

QTC-CCA-AT A&T $125.00

SUPERTALKER - Mtn Hardware

Speecb recognition/synibesiier w/speaker & mike

MHW-STLK A&T $275.00

Z-80 CARD for APPLE

Z-80 CPU card with CP/M lor your Apple

MST-Z80 A&T $289.00

MICROMODEM - DC. Hayes

Auto answer dial modem card lor Apple or S- I00

DCH-MM2 Apple modem $349.95

DCH-MM100 S-100 modem $375.00

V

TEXTOOL

ZIP* DIP II SOCKETS

16 PIN ZIP* DIP II $ 5.50

24 PIN ZIP* DIP II $ 7.50

40 PIN ZIP* DIP II $10.25

•ZERO INSERTION PRESSURE

/;

BARE BOARDS AVAILABLEON MANY PRODUCTS

Double Density - Cal Comp Sys

5V<" or 8" disk controller with free CP/M 2.2

CCS-2422A A&T $374.95

SBC-100-SD Systems

2.5 MHz Z80 CPU with serial & parallel I/O ports

SDS-SBC100K Kit $269.95

SDS-SBC100AT A&T $339.95

SBC-200 - SD Systems

4 MHz Z80 CPU with serial & parallel I/O ports

SDS-SBC200K Kit $299.95

SDS-SBC200AT A&T $375.00

CB2 - S.S.M.

2 or 4 MHz switchable Z80 CPU with RAM, ROM & I/O

SSM-CB2K Kit $239.95

SSM-CB2AT A&T $299.95

2810 Z-80 CPU - Cal Comp Sys

2 or 4 MHz Z80A CPU w/serial I/O port

CCS-2810 A&T $275.00

ExpandoRAM I - SD Systems

2.5 MHz RAM board expandable from 16K fo 64K

SDS-RAM16K 16K kit $245.00

SDS-RAM16AT 16K A&T $295.00

SDS-RAM32K 32K kit $275.00

SDS-RAM32AT 32K A&T $325.00

SDS-RAM48K 48K kit $305.00

SDS-RAM48AT 48K A&T $355.00

SDS-RAM64K 64K kit $335.00

SDS-RAM64AT 64K A&T $385.00

ExpandoRAM II - SD Systems

4 MHz RAM board expandable from 16K fo 256K

SDS-RAM216K 16K kit $249.95

.SDS-RAM216AT 16K A&T $299.95

S-100 PRODUCTS

WE ACCEPT M/CVISA & AM EXP

N

SDS-RAM232K 32K kit $289.95

SDS-RAM232AT 32K A&T $339.95

SDS-RAM248K 48K kit $324.95

SDS-RAM248AT 48K A&T $374.95

SDS-RAM264K 64K kit $359.95

SDS-RAM264AT 64K A&T $409.95

16K Static RAM - Cal Comp Sys

2 or 4 MHz 16K static RAM - a real memory bargain

CCS-2016B 16K 2 MHz A&T $279.00

CCS-2016BCK 16K 4 MHz A&T $309.00

PB-1 - S.S.M.

2708, 2716 EPROM board with built-in programmer

SSM-PB1K kit $159.95

SSM-PB1AT A&T $239.95

PROM-100 - SD Systems

2708, 2716, 2732, 2758 & 2516 EPROM programmer

SDS-PROM-100K kit $175.00

SDS-PROM-100AT A&T $225.00

I/0-4 - S.S.M.

2 serial I/O ports plus 2 parallel I/O ports

SSM-I04K kit $179.95

SSM-I04AT A&T $259.95

SSM-I04BB Bare board $ 35.00

SB1-S.S.M.

15 Hz to 25K Hz music synthesizer for S-100

SSM-SB1K kit $239.95

SSM-SB1AT A&T $299.95

S-100 Extender - Cal Comp Sys

Puts problem boards within easy reach

CCS-2520A A&T $ 24.95

Versafloppy I - SD Systems

Versatile floppy disk controller for 8" or 5V."

SDS-VFIK kit $219.95

SDS-VFIAT A&T $269.95

Versafloppy II - SD Systems

New double density controller for both 8" & 5V."

SDS-VF2K kit $309.95

SDS-VF2AT A&T $369.95

VDB-8024 - SD Systems

80 x 24 I/O mapped video board with keyboard I/O

SDS-VDBK kit $339.95

SDS-VDBAT A&T $399.95

VB3 - S.S.M.

80 x 24 x 48 memory mapped with graphics

SSM-VB3-4mhzK kit, 4 MHz $399.95

SSM-VB3-4mhzAT A&T, 4 MHz $464.95

SSM-VB3-4mhzUPG 80 x 48 upgrade, 4 MHz

$ 89.00

VIDEO BOARD -Ithaca Audio

64 x 16 assembled & tested S-100 video board

IIS-VBDAT A&T $99.95

T1 Active Terminator

SSM-T1K kit $ 34.00

SSM-T1AT A&T $ 64.00

VB2 I/O Mapped Video Interlace

SSM-VB2K kit $160.00

SSM-VB2AT A&T $210.00

XB1 Extender Board

SSM-XBTK kit (with Connector) $ 22.00

SSM-XB1AT A&T $ 30.00

Z-80 STARTER KIT - SD Systems

Z-80 computer with RAM, ROM. I/O & keyboard

SDS-Z80K kit $319.95

SDS-Z80AT A&T $399.95

<T

COMPUTERSYSTEMS

J ~

15620 South Inglewood AvenueLawndale. California 90260(213) 970-0952

PLACE ORDERS TOLL FREE

1-800-421-5150

(CONTINENTAL U.S. ONLY)

(EXCEPT CALIFORNIA)

Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.CP/M and MP/M are trademarks of Digital Research.TRS-80 is a trademark of Radio Shack.

TERMS OF SALE: Cash, checks, money orders,credit cards accepted. Also COD. orders under$100.00. Minimum order $10.00. California resi-dents add 6% sales tax. Minimum shipping andhandling charge $2.50. Prices subject to changewithout notice. International sales in Americandollars only.

Circle 355 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1980

389

CaIiFornIa DiqiTAl

Post Office Box 3097 B • Torrance, California 90503

ta^Lshu

TtEE PLASTIC LIBRARY CASE INCLUDED WITH THEPURCHASE OF EVERY BOX OF DISKETTES

I Private labeled (or California Digital by one of

I i!i.- ;,i respected producer* of magnetic modi

| Each diskette la eertlflod double density at -10;ks. To Insure uaaadod madia life each dis-

Ten boxes $22.75

igart Associates

&r&mz^

801/2R Disk Drive 15 lbs.

CP20B power nipply.

Uh all Mi

M pounds. MSlt-lHOiwoShugart hot it disk drt

ffiii exhausi fan. com- »___Ing cables. >/95

MINIDISKETTES

BIGHT INCH Scotch box 10 bxSingle aide/single den. 7-io-o }3S. $33.

Single Side/.Jiuhli- den. 7-11-0 45. 43.Sinulwaidi.'/32 Hector 740-32 35. 33.Double silt.-/ double u. 7-13-0 65. an.

Dysan box 10 bx. MRX box 10 bx3740/1 $4b. $47. 3000 $45. $-13.3740/ld 75. 73. 3030 37. 35.

na! 311ft' 49. 45.

SCOTCH brand head cleaning kit. $24.95

MMA-CKI5H8) please specify 51/4 B"

Prices available on reunesi for; tape, carl

ridges, disk-packs, volutnn diskettes.

MEMO

TRS-80 sAPPLE II

16 k memory (8) 4116's

Installation is simple. Anyone who hasever changed a spark plug should be able <Lslo up-grade his microcomputer.

How can California Digital offer thesememory up-grade sets at 25% below our competition?.Simple, we buy in volume, wholesale to dealers andsell the balance directly to owners of personal micro-systems. These 1GK dynamic memory circuits arefactory prime and unconditionally guaranteed for onefull year. NOW, before you change your mind, pickup the telephone and order your up-grade memoryfrom California Digital. Add $3 for TRS80 jumpers.STATIC 1-31 32-09 100-5C -099 1K+

211.02 450nS. 1. 19 .99 -95 .00 .8521L02 2S0nS. 1.49 1.39 1.25 * *

211-1 lKx-J -150 5.95 5.50 5.25 4.75 4.5021 M IKx'l 300 8.05 8.50 8.00 * *

4044 4Kcl 450 5.05 5.50 5.25 * *■10-M -IKxl 250 0.95 0.50 0.00 * *

4045 1Kc4 450 8.95 8.50 8.00 * *1045 IKx-l 250 9.05 9.50 9.00 * *5257 low now. 5. 95 5. 50 5. 00 4. 80 4. 60

2716 EPRCDiVl

e have slashed price in an effort to reduce our overstocked inventory. These are single five volt EFROMsmanufactured by one of the Worlds largest producers| of semiconductors. A-ll are first quality prime devices.Ceramic 450 nS.

Appliance Module 500 V

Lamp Module 300 Watts

NEW full control watt a

BMC

VIMONITOR

$259

SURPLUS

IBM 2980

SELECTRIC

BANKTERMINAL

*250

The IBM 2980 terminal was designed to be located at each tellers station In ■brancli bank. Information entered into tlie terminal would instantaneously adjustthe customers account at the computer. A record of the transaction WCUld beposted Into the customers passbook and sin.ul.ineously recorded «ito .. contin-uous 10 column paper roll located within the terminal. USI-Ll)Bach unit is supplied with print ball, ribbon and documentation. 77 lbs. SPC-I9S

rrWr

KEY-BOARDS

$24?5

> -mmy.

rrTTT

rtxna

lial

$139.50

PORTABIE OMA ENTRYSKSTEM

PRIIMTROIMIXH500

P-300

eads shuttle ton. This unique fua-I .-. nl 'ill kns |.. r ineli

I ■ verUi J.

p-300 h ■ ■■ ■)..■ capability of>os, bar eod.s and large la-not provided with band or

I'Ht'-lOO S00 lbs.

nnadex

>1395

PRX9500

DP-9500

UlTR/vVioltT ProcIucts LVS11E

UV EPR0M ERASER

With purchase ofFORTY

2716 EPROM's

^/V value

■Waliffhj

;iG/72 Digital Group W/W G.«>

43/BG Motorola GU00 S/l' ll.U043/Ufi Moto. 6800 WW 7.00

It pin $-10 $.03 S.46

US pin

24 pin

2.40 2.10

RIBBON CAitl.h CONNECTORS17/114 5"disk 4.8S -1.15 J.'Jb2U/-I0 TRS-SD 5.a:, S.Ofi 4.70

These used data terminals were originally designed fe

systems. The operator enters the Inventory control n

hand and the unit price. After :dl pertinent data has been entered, the main

house is telephoned, the handsel Is placed in the acoustic coupler an all the

t-d information is transmitted back the roaster computer.

i system includes: Cassette drive unit: Removable hex keyboard with LSDdisplay; Five Gould "D" NiCads with charcer; Acoustical coupler and DB25 cable.

mlts removed from service in working condition. Original cost over (2.BOO.

^mP

Lear Seigler Inc.In Plant

POCKET

INTERCOM

$14.95

Another one of our mystery products. Manufactured by the LearSeigler Company. The pocket intercom is supplied in a deep drawnblue aitodlzed aluminium enclosure. Excellent for those Specialprojects which require a touch of elegance. LSI list price $145.Supplied with chrome pocket clip. !)V transistor batters required.Model HOD. New surplus, measures 3.5x2.75x1.125" SI'C-LSI

ProjectionModule

$995 ?hre°ef

*25

USED

Voltage applied to one of the twelve discrete miniature incandescent »j2alamps causes the module to display the selected character. (+- St bruit).Users may substitute the character film and display pictures and sym-bols of their own choosing. Manufactured bv Industrial Electronic engi-neers Inc. SPC-L 12 Used excellent cond. 24 lamp modules also avail.

□ATA INPUTTERMINAL

■rvstatlon terminal was recently ae-froni the CMC division of the 1' eiteeI. The unit was originally destsned

directly onto magnetic tape.

□11 prist 1 ol 1i with a Honeywell / Mlcte the operator of the systciptance of data and alurts tin

if pending problem

it of all this "D6ED"

1 Rockwell AIM-ar.njppiy iD available I

i over JTUl). Tl ll.H

WESTERN UNION

ENCLOSURE

Tin

encloc

tufac-

tured for Western L'nton by Uni'versal Tecluiolofiy. Tim exactpurpose of the product Is still amvsiery but the enclosure is

Ideally suited for an S-100 mother-board with shielded power supply.Removable hood and plexlylasfront make this enclosure an at-tractive home for jny hobby product.New surplus in factory boxes supplied with ill!22.'4J edge connectors; Ml 25S o

10 1/2" x 6 V&'J Snipping Weight A

ntJ^T \

V H53

"*■ $24.95^

VISA

All merchandise sold by California Digital is premium grade.Shipping: First five pounds $2.00; each additional add $.40"^% shipping. Excess will be refunded.,ts add 6% sales tax. COD's discouraged.Open accounts extended to state supported educational institu-tions and companies with a "Strong Dun' & Bradstreet. "'arehouse: 15608 Inglewood Blvd. Visitors by appointment.

lJ<n,V..fiiijMfl»

TOLL FREE ORDER LINE

(800)421-5041

TECHNICAL & CALIFORNIA

213)679-9001

CaMFornIa DiqiTAl

Post Office Box 3097 B • Torrance. California 90503

Full 136 Charactersfor the price of 80

Introducing the

ANACQM

DOT MATRIX PRINTER

Mfg. suggested list S1350California Digital Introductory Price

$1

'GOO baud. PR A

=== = 3101

DISPLAYTERMINAL

-■ IBM entry imo

modules swivels and tilts to provide I he operator va comfortable viewing posture.

Twelve [neb P-39 green phosphor screen boastscrlap 7 bv 14 character matrix.

Standard ISO bv 24 line screen formal with a BSth IIIiu display machine status and aid in the diagnosticto Hi.' eveni of a system malfunction.

lint mus! of all. built into every 3101 lerminal is (he CH

quoltty thai vou have [earned to expect from the IBM fej©

Corporation. VDT-3NH

IBM direct price «1295CALIFORNIA DIGITAL

discount priceSHOE immediate1179 deliver

Qf:yar:Y7\f;y;Y.VVl[ ifjj -

NEW

fromINTEGRAL DATA

Paper Tfeer

with $1150

NTfCSpinwriter551(3 P/

$249

ill.- word processln

ici era per second.

and RS-232 serial tnierl ■■■■■■■-■

oBtant. aloni with print iMi ible

I., fboard IKSR) Model B520PS «

.TEC V-300

»Word Processing

Daisy Wheel Printer

*1595

tably priced letter quality prf

SE second. Full 13G print po;

" ''«" vertical.

j brand hit erchan liable daisy print v•oprocessor controlled. Interfaces5a lbs. PRV-300.

TELETYPE MODEL 43

4320 KEYBOARD MODELS

TTL serial output AAA $ 995

RS232 serial AAK 1050

Friction 80 column AAE 1100

Friction 80 RS232 AAL 1195

Boll 103 Modem AAB 1495

TEC

TI-BIO

$1495

List $1895

Save $400

CEnTRDRIC!

730 *595737 $795

AMPEX

DIALOGUE 80CRT TERMINAL

5995

nipex Corporation. riie Di:ilo(\ii' till features removable keyboard,dispiav able [wo p;iLjes (four cpiicmJ) dual program keys. h;df intensity protectedBeldB and status line. Transmits data either block, line or Character mode.Excellent value. VDT-D80 shipping 47 lbs.

Applied Digital Data Systems Inc

pmn

HAZELTIIME

VDT-H

1400 -$6951410—7251420—895 ^^^^1500—9501510—1025

HEWLETT PACKARD

2650

THPS5

APPLE II

$988

ATARI

I 800 *747^•400 *495

VISA

§^^v^Y^iWi9'4r7^\m<i\li-»'i'ii\'ii\VVMn*im-i=wtm--\'

S-100 BOARDS

Assembled • Tested • Burned-in

y DMB-3200

70D

OODHOUT/COMPUPRO

Du:d HOtlH/llOHa 1G bit CPU 375

Z-110 CPU 24 bit address 4 MHz 23UStatic RAM 32K (Alpha Micro) 57S

Spectrum color graphics hoard 323

Interfacer n i/o board 1S9

SEATTLE COMPUTER PRODUCTS8086 IB bit CPU 2 card set/86 dos 533CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMSS-100 Mainframe 2200A 323

Disk controller/2,2 CPM 2422 323

Z-!J0 CPU 4 MI)?. DMA 2810A 250

DIGITAL RESEARCH32K 271G EPROM board S3

EPROMS tor above 2716 16 req. 13

MORROW / THINK ER TOYSMuliiboard "NEW" Daisy wheel porreal lime clock, power on jump,program Interrupt eo.il'1 3P/3SSwitchboard Interface 4P/2SDisk Jockey 1 disk controllerDisk Jockey II double densitySD SALES

prom-ioo programmesVideo dispiav board H024Vcrsafloppy 3740 controllerMULLEN PRODUCTSExtender board/LoRic probe (kit)Relay Quo/control boardD. C. HAYES PRODUCTSMicromodem S-100 FCC register

ARTEC ELECTRONICS

Wire Wrap proto board WW/100General Purpose proto GP/100CALIFORNIA DIGITAL80BEi CPU 4K on board static RAJ

S-100 Mother Board $35

QuietBuss

COMPUTER

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS

ichronoos

>rface 7710 123

s Interface card 772i

12K PROM Module 7114Calender/Clock, Hat. back-up 74Parallel Interface 7720AProfiramable Timer 7740AAnalog/Digital converter 7470AMICROSOFT PRODUCTSApple lo Z-8G CPU cardI). C. HAYES PRODUCTSMicromodem for AppleCOMPUTER STOP PRODUCTSDouble Vision / 00 Column VideoSTRUCTURES

A/D

I .MO12

MOUNTAIN COMPUTER PRODUCTS

Intro X-10 system for BSR $23'jIntro X-10 card only 186

IS channel ad/da a bit 318

Apple Clock batter? back-up 225

Supertalker SD200 245

ROM Plus witli filter 165

ROM Writer/Programmer 116

APPLE BRAND PRODUCTSApple Language card 450

i'loppy disk with controller 5G0

Floppy disk without controller 405

Apple parallel Interface '75

SSM MICROCOMPUTER

Dual serial parallel interface AIO 14U

SORRENTO VALLEY ASSOCIATES

direct connect

MODEM

UnjversaI Data 105

rY

then

iulai

jack. I'ully powered fromtelephone line. No need to localeAC power. Crystal control preveiquency drift. Direct connect feature eliinIn at OS loss of Information duo to carboncompression that is associated with aeons

al

*169.

TOLL FREE ORDER LINE

(800)421-5041

TECHNICAL & CALIFORNIA

(213)679-9001

\V

$&

"THE BIG BOARD"OEM - INDUSTRIAL - BUSINESS - SCIENTIFIC

SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER KIT!

Z-80 CPU! 64K RAM!

*•%,

THE FERGUSON PROJECT: Three years in the works, and maybe too good to be true. A tribute to hard headed,no compromise, high performance, American engineering! The Big Board gives you all the most neededcomputing features on one board at a very reasonable cost. The Big Board was designed from scratch to run thelatest version of CP/M*. Just imagine all th° off-the-shelf software that can be run on the Big Board without anymodifications needed! Take a Big Board, add a couple of 8 inch disc drives, power supply, an enclosure, C.R.T.,and you have a total Business System for about 1/3 the cost you might expect to pay.

$649°*9 s

FULLY SOCKETED!

FEATURES: (Remember, all this on one board!)

SIZE: 8V: x

13V. IN.

SAME AS AN 8 IN.

DRIVE.

REQUIRES

: +5V@ 3 AMPS

* - 12V @

5 AMPS

64K RAM

24 x 80 CHARACTER VIDEO

Uses Industry standard 4116 RAM'S. All 64K Is available to Ihe user, our VIDEOand EPROM sections do not make holes in system RAM. Also, very special carewas taken in the RAM array PC layout to eliminate potential noise and glitches.

Z-80 CPU

With a crisp, flicker-free display that looks extremely sharp even on smallmonitors. Hardware scroll and full cursor control. Composite video or split videoand sync. Character set is supplied on a 2716 style ROM, making customizedlonts easy. Sync pulses can be any desired length or polarity. Video may beinverted or true. 5x7 Matrix - Upper & Lower Case

Running at 2.5 MHZ. Handles all 4116 RAM relresh and supports Mode 2INTERUPTS. Fully buttered and runs 8060 soltware.

FLOPPY DISC CONTROLLER

SERIAL I/O (OPTIONAL)

Full 2 channels using the Z80 SIO and the SMC 8116 Baud Rate Generator. FULLRS232! For synchronous or asynchronous communication. In synchronousmode, the clocks can be transmitted or received by a modem. Both channels canbe set up for either data-communication or data-terminals. Supports mode 21 nt.Price tor all parts and connectors: $85.

Uses WD1771 controller chip with a TTL Data Separator tor enhancedreliability. IBM 3740 compatible. Supports up to four 8 inch disc drives. Directlycompatible with standard Shugart drives such as the S A800 or SA801. Drives canbe contlgured for remote AC olf-on. Runs CP/M' 2.2.

TWO PORT PARALLEL I/O (OPTIONAL)

Uses Z-80 PIO. Full 16 bits, fully buffered, bi-dlrectlonal. User selectable handshake polarity. Set of all parts and connectors for parallel I/O: $29.95

BASIC I/O

Consists of a separate parallel port (Z80 PIO) for use with an ASCII encodedkeyboard for Input. Output would be on the 80 x 24 Video Display.

REAL TIME CLOCK (OPTIONAL)

Uses Z-80 CTC. Can be configured as a Counter on Real Time Clock. Set of allparts: $14.95

SYSTEM COMPARISON

64K RAM KIT $370.00 Talk about bangs per buck! The prices shown for

80 x 24 Video Kit 365.00 S100 kits were taken from the July 1980 BYTE.

5OTDn,£iiCOn,r0"eF K" ?oc'S2 Tnl' wl" •*• ,ome "••'• ,or comparison between

SER * PAR I/O 129 95 ,he B'9 Board *nd " *lmllar sy>tem Implemenla-

S-100 Mother Board ".'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.. 45!oo "on on the S100 Buss.SUB TOTAL $1330.90

CP/M* 2.2 FOR BIG BOARD

The popular CP/M' D.O.S. modified by MICRONIXSYSTEMS to run on Big Board Is available lor $150.00.

PC BOARD

Blank PC Board with Rom Set and Full Documentation.$195.00

PFM 3.0 2K SYSTEM MONITOR

The real power of the Big Board lies in its PFM 3.0 on board monitor. PFM commands include: Dump Memory, Boot CP/M*, Copy, Examine, Fill Memory, Test Memory, Go To,Read and Write I/O Ports, Disc Read (Drive, Track, Sector), and Search. PFM occupies one ol the lour 2716 EPROM locations provided.Z-80 Is a Trademark of Zilog.

Digital Research Computers

•* (OF TEXAS) '

P.O. BOX 401565 • GARLAND, TEXAS 75040 • (214) 271-3538

TERMS: Initial shipments will be made approximately 3 to 5 weeks after wereceive your order. VISA, MC, cash accepted. We will accept COD's (for theBig Board only) with a $75 deposit. Balance UPS COD. The $75 depositassures your place in line for the initial production run of Big Board.

•TRADEMARK OF DIGITAL RESEARCH. NOT ASSOCIATED WITH DIGITAL RESEARCH OF CALIFORNIA, THE ORIGINATORS OF CPM SOFTWARE

"1 TO 4 PIECE DOMESTIC USA PRICE.

392 BYTE December 1980

Circle 357 on inquiry card.

DIGITAL RESEARCH COMPUTERS

(214) 271-3538

32K S-100EPROM CARDNEW!

USES 2716s

Blank PC Board - $34

ASSEMBLED & TESTEDADD $30SPECIAL: 2716 EPROM's (450 NS) Are $14.95 EA. With Above Kit.

KIT FEATURES:

1. Uses +5V only 2716 (2Kx8) EPROM's.

2. Allows up to 32K of software on line!

3. IEEE S-100 Compatible.

4. Addressable as two independent 16Kblocks.

5. Cromemco extended or Northstarbankselect.

6. On board wait state circuitry if needed.

7. Any or all EPROM locations can bedisabled.

8. Double sided PC board, solder-masked,silk-screened.

9. Gold plated contact fingers.

10. Unselected EPROM's automaticallypowered down for low power.

11. Fully buffered and bypassed.

12. Easy and quick to assemble.

v-

o*v

16K DYNAMIC RAM PARTIALSINTEL 2108 8K X 1 RAMS £O u 8 FOR $9.95 32 FOR $35 °0%

FACTORY PRIME!

Huge special purchase of INTEL Dynamic RAM's. Theseare 2108-4, 300NS, 8K, Ceramic DIP. The 2108 is theINTEL 2116 (16K) tested for either upper or lower 8K only.These are factory prime. Full Spec. See INTEL 1978 Cat.for details or Memory Design Handbook for applicationdata. Both IMSAI and EXTENSYS did mfg. S-100 RAMboards using these devices. — P.S. These devices will notwork in the SD EPANDORAM'". Please specify upper orlower 8K. (S1626 or S1627). A super easy RAM to interfaceto aZ80, 16 PIN DIP.

FOR4MHZ

pWcE LOW POWER - 300NS 8 FOR

ctff' 2114 RAM SALE! $37.50

4K STATIC RAM'S. MAJOR BRAND, NEW PARTS.

These are the most sought after 2114's, LOW POWER and 300NS FAST.

8 FOR $37.50

16K STATIC RAM KIT-S 100 BUSS

PRICE CUT!

rw:-saar^3L-

$19995

KIT

III II II 111 II I I ■[■

%%l

16K STATIC RAM SS-50 BUSS

PRICE CUT!

KIT FEATURES:

1. Addressable as (our separate 4K Blocks.

2. ON BOARD BANK SELECT circuitry. (Cro-memco Standard') Allows up to 512K on line!

3. Uses 2114 (450NS) 4K Static Rams.

4. ON BOARD SELECTABLE WAIT STATES.

5. Double sided PC Board, with solder mask andsilk screened layout. Gold plated contact fingers

6. All address and data lines fully buffered.

7. Kit includes ALL parts and sockets.

8. PHANTOM is jumpered to PIN 67.

9. LOW POWER: under 1.5 amps TYPICAL fromthe +8 Volt Buss

10. Blank PC Board can be populated as anymultiple of 4K.

BLANK PC BOARD W/DATA-$33LOW PROFILE SOCKET SET-S12

SUPPORT IC'S & CAPS-$19.95ASSEMBLED & TESTED-ADD $35

FOR SWTPC6800 BUSS!

OUR #1 SELLINGRAM BOARD!

ASSEMBLED ANDTESTED - $35

KIT FEATURES:

1 Addressable on 16K Boundaries

2 Uses 2114 Static Ram

3. Fully Bypassed

4, Double sided PC Board. Solder maskand silk screened layout.

5 All Parts and Sockets included

6 Low Power: Under 15 Amps Typical

BLANK PC BOARD—$30 COMPLETE SOCKET SET-

SUPPORT IC'S AND CAPS—$19.95

$12

#e& STEREO! a^,

S-100 SOUND COMPUTER BOARD

COMPLETE KIT!$3495

(WITH DATA MANUAL)

At last, an S-100 Board that unleashes the lull power ot twounbelievable General Instruments A Y3-8910NMOS computersound IC's. Allows you under total computer control togenerate an infinite number of special sound effects forgames or any other program. Sounds can be called in BASIC,ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE, etc.KIT FEATURES:

* TWO Gl SOUND COMPUTER IC'S« FOUR PARALLEL I/O PORTS ON BOARD.» USES ON BOARD AUDIO AMPS OR YOUR STEREO.

* ON BOARD PROTO TYPING AREA.

* ALL SOCKETS, PARTS AND HARDWARE ARE INCLUDED.« PC BOARD IS SOLDERMASKED, SILK SCREENED. WITH GOLD CONTACTS.

* EASY. QUICK, AND FUN TO BUILD. WITH FULL INSTRUCTIONS.

* USES PROGRAMMED I/O FOR MAXIMUM SYSTEM FLEXIBILITY.Both Basic and Assembly Language Programming examples are included

SOFTWARE:SCL'" is now available! Our Sound Command Language makes writing Sound Effects programsa SNAP! SCL™ also includes routines for Register-Examine-Modify, Memory-Examine-Modify,and Play-Memory. SCL™ is available on CP/M* compatible diskette or 2708 or 2716. Diskette ■$24.95 2708 - $19.95 2716 - $29.95. Diskette includes the source. EPROM'S are ORG atE000H.

BLANK PC

BOARD W/DATA

$31

4K DYNAMIC RAM BLOWOUT!

SAME AS INTEL 2107B!

4K RAMS AT AN UNBELIEVABLE 50$ EACH!!!

Prime, new, National Semi., 1979 date coded, full spec, parts. N.S.#MM5280-5N. Same as INTEL 2107B-4, T.I. TMS4060, NEC UPD411, etc.We bought a HUGE QTY. from a West Coast Distributor at trulyDISTRESS PRICES! One of the most popular and reliable RAM's evermade. These parts have been used by almost all Major Computer MainFrame Mfg. the world over! Arranged as 4K x 1, 270 NS Access Time, 22Pin Dip. These units DO NOT use multiplexed addressing, thus makingREFRESH and other timing very simple. See INTEL MEMORY DESIGNHANDBOOK for full application notes. The NAT. SEMI. MEMORY DATABOOK is available at most Radio Shack Stores. Prime units in originalfactory tubes!

o\0

#5280-5N 4096 BITS X 1 270 NS ACCESS

8 FOR $4.95 32 FOR $16

0 FACTORY CASE (450 PCS) — $180

Sockets Special: 22 Pin Low Profile (With Purchase of 5280's) 8 FOR $1.

74LS17574LS24074LS241•74LS24474LS373

COMPUTER PARTS SPECIALS

.991.791.791.791.99

8035 Intel Single Chip CPU - 5.95Signetics 2901 4 Bit Slice - 6.95AMD 2903 4 Bit Super Slice - 12.50AMD 29705 Dual Port RAM - 8.95

NEW! G.I. COMPUTER SOUND CHIP

AY3-8910. As featured in July, 1979 BYTEI A fantastically powerful Sound & MusicGenerator Perfect for use wifh any 8 Bit Microprocessor. Contains: 3 Tone Channels.Noise Generator, 3 Channels of Amplitude Control. 16 bit Envelope Period Control, 2-8Bit Parallel I/O. 3D to A Converters, plus much more! All in one 40 Pin DIP. Super easyinterface to the S-100 or other busses. $11.95 "RICE CUTI

SPECIAL OFFER: »*4^S each Add $3 for 60 page Data Manual.

Digital Research Computers

** (OF TEXAS) "

P.O. BOX 401565 • GARLAND, TEXAS 75040 » (214) 271-3538

TERMS: Add $1.50 postage. We pay balance. Orders under $15 add 75Chandling. No C.O.D. We accept Visa and MasterCharge. Tex. Res. add 5%Tax. Foreign orders (except Canada) add 20% P & H. Orders over $50, add85* for insurance.

■TRADEMARK OF DIGITAL RESEARCH.

Circle 357 on inquiry card.

NOT ASSOCIATED WITH DIGITAL RESEARCH OF CALIFORNIA, THE SUPPLIERS OF CPM SOFTWARE.

BYTE December 1980 393

ompuMart

let's youput'em on trial

CompuMart has been selling computers bymail since 1971. Our thousands of satisfiedcustomers rely on CompuMart for servicesnot generally available from the others.Namely:

• Product Selection/Each product advertisedby CompuMart has been evaluated by our in-house staff for best price, performance, andsupplier reliability.

• Return Privilege/After receipt of our prod-ucts, you are protected by CompuMart'sexclusive, 10-day return priviledge good for allproducts except software.

• Support/Our Customer Service Dept. andexpert technicians are always there to assistyou by phone or at CompuMart's outlets. Ourknowledgeable phone sales force can provideyou with detailed information and completeproduct specifications.

• Phone Ordering/For added convenience,CompuMart maintains a toll-free orderingnumber. 1-800-343-5504.

• Phones open M T W Th F 8:30 a.m. - 7:00p.m. Sat. 11:00 a.m.-4:00 p.m.

with 10 day free return

Printers

NEW From Integral DataThe IDS 445 Printer

So new all we can tell you is that it's fantastic. Pricedlower than the 440 and equipped with a better printhead. Advanced technology strikes!IDS 445 w/Graphics CapabilitiesIDS 445 w/o Graphics Capabilities

FREE Cable with

your Paper Tiger.

The IDS 460

Since its introduction 5 months ago this printer hasalready proved itself. Features include: Correspon-dence quality printing, High-resolution graphicscapability, programmable print justification—a greatprinter. $1,295

CENTRONICS PRINTERS

New! The incredible Model 737- Correspondenceand Draft Quality Printing for Under $1,000. This isthe first printer in its class to offer print qualitysuitable for text processing, plus the performanceand application flexibility required for data pro-cessing.

737-1 (Parallel Interface)— S899

737-3 (Serial Interface) $1,045

Tractor Feed Printer- Centronics' Most PopularModel. Perfect for the needs of a small businesssytesm. Recommended by Apple and Radio Shack.

$1,079FREE Cable with purchase of any Centronics printer.

NEC The First Name in LetterQuality Printers.

CompuMart offers beautiful print quality with NECSpinwriter terminals. The Sptnwriters, both KSRand RO versions, give unsurpassed hard copyoutput. CompuMart offers a complete range of

NEC Spin-writers — Call our_ expert salesforce.

The Omni 810 Printer fromTexas Instruments

Tl Omni 820 Receive-Only (RO) Package. Includesmachine-mounted paper tray and cable. A com-pressed print option and device forms control are.standard features. $2,155

Tl Omni 820 Keyboard Send Receive(KSR) Package Comes with fu ASCIIKeyboard with numeric Key-pad andan EIA cable with autospeed select.$2,395

Compumart will throw in

a FREE fabric ribbon and

Currier 72 element when

you buy a NEC from us.

Terminals

We've got the following Lear Sieg-ler Terminals In Stock at pricestoo low to print—Call for quotes.

ADM-3A Industries favorite dumb terminal for.some very smart reasons.ADM-3A.+ New from Lear Siegler. CALLADM-31. The terminal that's too smartto be considered dumb.ADM-42. Available with keyboard semi-intelligent terminal ottering tremendoususer flexibility. The optional t

configurations are amazing.

NEW from Lear Siegler!

IT'S here—IT is the difference between too smart andtoo dumb. IT is the new Intermediate Terminal fromLear Siegler.

Call for details.

Limited Time Offer

We've slashed our Hazeltine prices

again!

Hazeltine 1410 List $850 CompuMart $749

Hazeltine 1420 List $995 CompuMart $825

Hazeltine 1500 List $1095 CompuMart $965

Hazeltine 1510 List $1395 CompuMart $1135

Hazeltine 1520 List $1585 CompuMart $1199

Hazeltine 1552 List $1395 CompuMart $1235

Calculators1

A CALCULATOR, A SYSTEM, AWHOLE NEW STANDARD.

HEWLETT-PACKARD'S HP-41C

HP-41C Calculator $288.00

The System

Memory Modules. For storing programs or up to

2,000 lines of program memory $45.00

"Extra Smart" Card Reader. Records programs and

data back onto blank mag-cards $199.00

The Printer. Upper and Lower case, High resolution

plotting, Portable Thermal operation $355.00

Application Modules $45.00 EACH

Standard pac:Statistics, ,

Math,

Financial &Surveying

1/2 off Financial Decisions PACwith purchase of

NOVATION CAT™

ACCOUSTIC MODEM

• Answer Originate

• 300 BaudLooks good, works great!

NEW! DC AT

Direct Coupler from NOVATION

• Bell 10

• Low Profile Design$179.00

$195

Texas Instruments TI-99/4 Home

Computer

Save $300 on this 16-Bit computer with

monitor

TI-99/4 w/Monitor $825

TI-99/4 w/o Monitor $725

Monitors

NEW FROM SANYO —Four Great Moni-tors at Low CompuMart Prices.Sanyo's new line of CRT data display monitors arespecifically designed for the display of alpha-numeric or graphic data.9" Sanyo Monitor $159

12" Sanyo Monitor $289

12" Sanyo Monitor with green screen $29913" Sanyo Color Display Monitor $495

Free 6' Cablewith purchase of any Sanyo

EXCLUSIVE from CompuMart!

Special Offer. Zenith Color Video

Monitor for $379!

The perfect monitor for Apple. Atariand Texas Instruments owners.

Computers

_Jcippkz computer

We carry the most complete inventoryof Apple computers, peripherals, andsoftware. CALL!Our Christmas Apple Special: Save over

$250 on our most popular Apple System. System

includes a 48K Apple II, Apple Disk & Controller, and

a Sup R Mod RF Modulator.

List: $2,020

Compumart Sale Price: $1,769

New from Apple for the Apple II:

DOS 3-3 Convert disks to 16 sector format for 23%

more storage and faster access $60

Apple Plot. The perfect graphic complement for

Visicalc. $70

Dow Jones News & Quotes $95

Adventure (Uses 48K) $35

DOS Tool Kit $75

Apple Fortran $200

Silentype Printer w/Xface $595

Visicalc $149

Tax Planner $120

From Symtech & Info Unlimited

Supersound Generator (mono) $159 (stereo)$259

Light Pen $249

X-10 Controller (plugs into paddle port) $49

Apple Sync Controller $49

From Personal Software

Visicalc $149

Desk lop plan $99

New from Vtdex! — Video Term

80 Col. x 24 line

7x9 matrix, plug in compatible board for the Apple

II. Price $325 without graphics EPROM. With

graphics EPROM $350.

New from MUSE

The Voice $39.95

Super Text $99.00

Address Book $49.95

Mountain Hardware — Expansion accessories for

your Apple

lntrol/X-10 System

$289 ^

Super Talker

$299

The Music System

$545

ROM plus board w/keyboard filter

$199

Clock Calendar

$280

16 Channel A to D Converter

$350

Apple Expansion Chassis

$650

ROM Writer

$175

Miscellaneous Apple II Accessories:

Easy Writer (80 col. need Videx)

$249

Easy Mover

$ 49

Easy Mailer

$ 69

Dysan Diskettes

ea. $ 5

S.S.M. Serial & Parallel Apple Interface

$225

ABT's Numeric Key Pad

pniiiinnnrjc

$110

Buy direct from the biggest — Compumart has deliv-ered more Commodore computers in the U.S. thanany other dealer. We were Commodore's first dealerand carry everything Commodore manufactures. Instock for immediate delivery! Call us now for lowprices and special deals.NEW FOR PET:

Visicalc (Need 32K and a disk drive) $199

Word Pro 1, S29.95 • Word Pro 2, $99.95 •Word Pro 3, $199.95 • Word Pro 4, $299.95 •

The PMC-80is here!

NEW! The PMC-80 Level II16K at $645The new 12K computerthat's SOFTWARECOMPATIBLE withthe TRS-80.*

We carry H.P. Peripherals (Disk Drives to GraphicsPlotters) Enhancements: (BASIC Training, GeneralStatistics, Financial Decision, Math, Linear Program-ming $95 ea.); HP-85 Accessories: (EnhancementROMs, ROM drawer, Overhead Transparency Kit);Supplies: (Plotter Pens, Tape Cartridges); InterfaceModules (HP-IB Interface, HP-IB InterconnectCables, Serial (RS-232C) Interface Module).

We can get your every HP peripheral made for theHP-85. CALL FOR COMPLETE DETAILS & SPECS.

Just think, now you can choose from the thousandsof software packages already developed for the TRS-80 and run them on a computer costing only $645.But the PMC-80 is more than just a computer thataccepts TRS-80 software. Its features include: Readsall Level II BASIC tapes. Reads all SYSTEM tapes.Full range of peripherals. Video output for monitorand TV. Optional FASTLOAD at 8000 baud. OptionalUpper/Lower case.Call for complete specs.

PMC-80 $645

*TRS-80 is a registered trademark of Tandy RadioShack

EXIDY SUPER SALE!

We want to clean out our inventory of Exidy com-puters and peripherals. To do this we've priced ourExidy equipment so low you'll have to call us forprices.

CHRISTMAS SPECIAL— Buy $1,000 worth of mer-chandise from this ad and CompuMart will ship you aFREE Tl Speak & Spell ($69.95 value) with your order.

ROCKWELL AIM 65

The single board development systemthat's perfect in the classroom or lab.

Our AIM System includes: 4K AIM with BASICinterpreter assembler, Power Supply, Cassetterecorder & Enclosure $799.

4KAIM -65

PL65 High Level Language

Paper for the AIM (roll)

Rockwell's 4-slot Motherboard (SALE)

CompuMart's Microflex 65 System for your AIMIncludes: Adapter Buffer Module w/ 4-slot modulestack, 8K RAM module, 16K PROM/ROM module,Asynchronous communications Interface, & Power

Supply , $1,299

/ Y

Call or write forour completeMicroflex 65brochure

COMPUMART'S EXCLUSIVEATARI SPECIALS.

3 Ways to save when you buy the Atari 800 from us.Choose from one of the following offers.

1) Free 8K of memory with purchase. (So your Atariwill come to you with 24K.)

2) Free 410 program recorder with purchase ($89.95value).

3) $100 off Atari Disk Drive purchase.

ATARI 800 Personal ComputerSystem —

Comes with 800 Operators Manual, 16K RAMMemory module, 10 K ROM Operating System,power supply, TV Switch Box. $1080.00

PERIPHERALS

Atari 410 Program Recorder (FREE w/purchase ofAtari 800) $ 89.95

Atari 810 Disk Drive ($100 off with purchase) 699.95New Dual Disk double density 1499.95

825 Printer (Centronics 737) - 995.00

RS232 Interface w/Cable ; "*• * 249.95

NEW! Lighl Pens jSlSStota^. ,- 74.95

Phonesopen fromJ:30a.m. to7:00 p.m., Mon.-Fri,; 11:00 a.m. - 4:00p.m. Sat. P.O.'s acceptedfrom Dun & Bradstreetrated companies - shipmentcontingent upon receipt of signedpurchase order. Sale prices valid formonth of magazine date only - all pricessubject to change without notice. Our AnnArbor retail store is open 11:00 a.m. to 7:00p.m. Tues.-Fri., 10:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Saturdays.Stop by and visit.

COMPUMART

Circle 358 on inquiry card.

270 THIRD ST., DEPT. 112, P.O. BOX 568, CAMBRIDGE, MA. 02139

%

Member Computer Dealers Assoc.

We've had a reputation for dependability since 1971

Best Price and Delivery

SUPERBRAIN by Intertec

Self contained computer with final disks andtwo RS232C ports Complete with CP M 2 2

$2685

32K Double Density, Lisl $299564K Double Density. List $334564K MinilVitcroMart upgraded

to Quad Density . ,

$2883

special $3395

VIDEO TERMINALS

NEW EMULATOR (Intertec), List $895 $749NEW INTERTUBE lllList $895 ONLY $749SOROC 120, List $995 SPECIAL $ 729

IQ140, List $1495 SPECIAL $1149

PERKIN-ELMER 550, List $997 . $ 799

with ami glare screen, $1027 $ 829

HAZELTINE 1410, List $900 $ 749

1420 $ 849

1500, List $1225 $ 879

1510, List $1395 $1089

1520, List $1650 $1389

ADDS R 20, List $995 $ 945

LEAR SIEGLER ADM3A, Assembled $ 849

TELEVIDEO 912C, List $950 Call for

920C, List $1030 prices

PRINTERS

ANADEX DP-8000 $ 849

DP 9500, List $1650 $1399

DP-9501. List $1650 $1399

PAPER TIGER IDS-440, List $995 ... $695w graphics op., incl. buffer, $1195 . . . $879

NEW IDS PAPERTIGER 460 List 1295 $1149

NEW IDS PAPERTIGER 460G List $1394 $1199

NEC Spinwriters Call for Price

TELETYPE 43 KSR $1087

CENTRONICS730 1 parallel interface . NEW LOW $649737 parallel interface SUPER VALUE $829779 w Tractor, List $1350 NFW

702 w Tractor, VFU, List $2480

703 w Tractor, VFU, List $2975 LOW

704 w Tractor, VFU, List $2350 PRICES

T; 810 Basic, List $1895 $1695

810. serial & Centronics style

parallel interface, List $1940 $1735

810 w full ASCII (U LC), Vertical

Forms Control, Compressed Print $1895

Tl 820 KSR, List $2165 $1895

Tl 745 w full ASCII, List $1695 $1399

COMPRINT 912 w parallel interface ,., $ 559

912 w serial interface, List $699 $ 589

AXIOM IMP I $ 699

MICROTEK, List $750 $ 675

OKIDATA Microline 80, List $949 649

Tractor Feed Option $ 99

RS232 Serial Interface $ 89

SHIPPING AND INSURANCE Add $2 50 tor boards. $6 loi Select!and T I printers Contac us for shipping information on other termirAbove prices reflect a 2% cash discount (order prepaid prior to ship

NORTH STAR HORIZON

HORIZON 1 ASSEMBLED & TESTED

32K, Double Density, List $2695 .... $227932K, Quad Density, List $2995 $2539

HORIZON 2 ASSEMBLED £t TESTED

32K, Double Density, List $3095 $2619

32K, Quad Density, List $3595 $3049

48K, Double Density, List $3590 $3039

48K, Quad Density, List $4090 $3469

64K, Double Density, List $3830 $3239

64K, Quad Density, List $4330 $3669

FLOPPY DISK SYSTEMS

NORTH STAR MDS-AAssembled, List $899 SPECIAL $ 719

Kit Version, List $799 $ 669

MORROWTHINKERTOYS Discus2D,

List $1199 OUR PRICE $1019*

Discus 2D, dual-drive, List $1994 $1694*

Discus 2 t 2, A&T, List $1549 $1319*

Dual Discus 2 i 2, A&T, List $2748 . . $2335*•Now includes CP M- 2.2MICROMATION Megabox, DD w

8" drives, 1-megabyte. List $2295 $1949

2 megabyte, List $3095 $2629

MICROPOLIS 1041 MacroFloppy"

w enclosure (no P.S.), List $695 $ 625

1042 MacroFloppy w case & ^C P.S . $ 7091053 Dual MetaFloppy' , List $1895 . . . $1695

VIDEO BOARDS

I/O MappedSD COMPUTER VDB-8024,kit,List $370 $3191

Assembled, List $470 $ 399 t

XITEX SCT-100K, Kit ONLY $154.95

SCT 100A Assembled $174 95

SSM VB2 I/O. Kit, List S199 Call

Assembled & Tested. List $269 Call

Memory MappedSSM VB1C, 16x64, Kit, List $179

Assembled & Tested, List $242SSM VB3, 80 Char ,4MHz,Kit List $48! Call

4 MH?, A&T, List $565 Call

INTERSYSTEMS, 16x64, A&T, List $165 $149

ESCON CONVERSIONFOR IBM SELECTRIC

Complete w microprocessor controller andpower supply. Factory built. User installssolenoid assembly or it can be done at Esconfactory at nominal cost.

Parallel (TRS-80. Sorcerer, etc.), $575 $514RS232 Standard Serial, List $599 .... 534

IEEh-<*88 (for PET), List $660 584

TRS 80 Cable 25

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS

280 CPU BOARDS List $299 $269

DISK CONTROLLER 2422 List S399 . . $359

32 CASE STATIC List $710 $599

64K DYNAMIC BOARD List $699 $589

: Converlis and pr

CPU BOARDS

(assembler/ unless noted)NORTH STAR Z80A (ZPB A A), $299CROMEMCO 4 MHz (ZPU Wi, List $395

4 MH? (SCC vV). List $450 .INTERSYSTEMS (formerly Ithaca Audio

new Series II Z 80, 4 MHz List $395SSM CB1 8080 A&T List $252

CB1A Ku, List $183 ....

CB2Z 80 A&T List $344

CB2KH, List $260

DELTA Z 80, with I Q

SD SBC 100, List $350

SBC 100 Kit, List $295

SBC 200, List $400

SBC 200 Kit, List $320

MEMORY BOARDS

$254$335$382

$349

$289$298$250$332$272

32K SD ExpandoRAM Kit

ONLY $289t

ONLY $189 without RAM chips

NORTH STAR 16K Dynamic RAM Board,A&T (RAM 16-A A), List $499 $420

16K Kit Version, List $449 . . SPECIAL $29932K A&T (RAM 32 A). L.st $739 $620

32K Kit, List $669 SPECIAL $499

CROMEMCO 16KZ-W, List $495 $419

64KZ W, List $1795 1485

MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS & CONTROLS

(Guaranteed performance, incl. labor parts 1 ynDM6400 64K Board w all 64K, $795 $659

DM4800 with 48K. List $695 $589

DM3200 with 32K, List $595 $509

DMB6400 64K Board w all 64K $859

DMB4800 with 48K $789

MORROW SupetRAM all static, all A&T

16K. 4 MHz or 2 MHz. List $349 $299

32K, 4 MHz List $699 $629

16K Memory Master. List $399 $339

24K Memory Master. List $549 $465

INTERSYSTEMS (formerly Ithaca Audio)

8K Static 2 MHz, A&T, List $165 $149

8K Static 4 MHz, A&T, List $195 ... $176

16K Static 2 MHz, A&T. List $475 .... $42716K Static 4 MHz, A&T, List $495 $445

64K Dynamic, List $995 $895

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER16K Static, A&T, List $349 95 $259

FLOPPY DISKCONTROLLER BOARDS

NORTH STAR, DD.

Assembled, List $499 $399

MORROW Disk Jockey 1, A&T ($213) . $189

Disk Jockey 2D, A&T, List $479 $429

SD Versafloppy 1, Kit, List $250 $212

Versafloppy II, DD Kit, List $350 $297

Versafloppy II, DD, A&T, List $430 .... $365

DELTA double density A&T ($385) $345

CONDUCTOR, double density A&T . . $269

INTERSYSTEMS FDC-2, A&T, $495 . . . $439

MICROMATION Doubler, DD, A&T , . . $399

TARBELL Floppy Disk Interface Kit $199

double density, A&T, List $495 $444

NEW CROMEMCO

DOUBLE DENSITY

DISK CONTROLLER

List $595 OUR PRICE $505

lei or Floppy Disk Dnves. $7 SO for Floppy Disk Systems, $15 tor Hortzorinters

Id 2% to prices for credit card orders C O D s. etc Prices are sub|ecl ti- WRITE FOR FREE CATALOG -

SHIPPED FREIGHT COLLECT

change and offers subject to wi

SuperBrain, Ce

Circle 359 on inquiry card.

Mini Micro Mart f Inc.

1618 James Street, Syracuse NY 13203 (315) 422 4467 TWX 710-541-0431

Terminals and Printers!

TELEVIDEO TVI-912C

SOROC

TI-810

Upper and lower case, 15 baud rates: 75 to19,000 baud, dual intensity, 24 x 80 characterdisplay, 12 x 10 resolution. Numeric pad. Pro-grammable reversfble video, auxiliary port,self-test mode, protect mode, block mode,tabbing, addressable cursor. Microprocessorcontrolled, programmable underline, line andcharacter insert/delete. "C" version featurestypewriter-style keyboard. List $950

OURPRICErCALL

920C (with 11 function keys, 6 edit keys and2 transmission mode keys, List $1030

CALLIntertec

EMULATOR

Software compatible with a Soroc IQ-120,Hazeltine 1500, ADM-3A or DEC VT-52. Fea-tures block mode transmission and printer port;12" anti-glare screen; 18-key numeric keypad;full cursor control. List $895

OUR PRICE S749

t!

!

NEW INTERTUBE III

List $995 ONLY $749

12" display, 24 x 80 format, 18-key numerickeypad, 128 upper/lower case ASCII charac-ters. Reverse video, blinking, complete cursoraddressing and control. Special user-definedcontrol function keys, protected and unpro-tected fields. Line insert/delete and characterinsert/delete editing, eleven special line draw-ing symbols.

IQ-120

List $995

SPECIAL

$729

IQ-140 List $1495SPECIAL $1149

HAZELTINE

1500ONLY

$879

1410 w/numeric keypad, List $900 $749

1420 w/lower case and numeric pad 849

1510, List $1395 1089

1520, List $1650 1389

NEC SPINWRITER™

%^^

TI-810 Basic Unit, $1895 . ONLY $1695TI-810 w/full ASCII (Lower case), vertical

forms control, and compressed print . $1895TI-745 Complete printing terminalwith acoustic coupler, List $1695 .... $1399

PAPER TIGER

i I

IDS-440 Paper Tiger, List $995 $695

w/graphics option, incl. buffer, $1194 . . $789TRS-80 cable 45

NEW IDS PAPERTIGER 460List $1295 . $1149NEW IDS PAPERTIGER 460G List $1394 $1199

NEW IDS 460

QUALITY PRINTING AT MATRIX

SPEED-LOGIC SEEKING

PROPORTIONAL SPACING

w/aulo text justification

RNRDGC

DP9500/DP9501 PRINTERS

DP-9500. List $1650DP-9501. List $1650

$1399$1399

Terminal/Keyboard as well as

RO Printer Only models available.

CALL FOR PRICES!

CENTRONICS

PRINTERS

MEW 730, parallel, friction, tractor . . . $649

NEW 737 parallel, friction, tractor $829

779-2 w/tractor (same as TRS-80 LinePrinter I), List $1350

702 120 cps, bi-direct., tractor, VFU .... NEW

703 185 cps, bi-direct., tractor, VFU .... LOW

704 RS232 serial version of 703, $2350 . . PRICES

Above prices reflect a 2% cash discount (order prepaid prior to shipment). Add 2% to prices for creditcard orders, C.O.D.'s, etc. Prices are f.o.b. shipping point. Prices are subject to change and offerssubject to withdrawal without notice. WRITE FOR FREE CATALOG.

OKIDATA ^Mn

Microline80 ONLY $649

Tractor Feed Option $99

Serial interface $89

AXIOM IMP I $699

COMPRINT 912 w/parallel interf. $559912 w/serial interface, List $699 $589

MICROTEK, List $750 $675

ANADEX 80-Col. Dot Matrix $849

MiniMicroMart, Inc.

1618 James Street, Syracuse NY 13203 (315) 422-4467 TWX 710-541 0431

Circle 360 on inquiry card.

Unclassified Ads

UNCLASSIFIED POLICY: Readers who are soliciting or giving advice, or who have equipment to buy, sellor swap should send in a clearly typed notice to that effect. To be considered for publication, an advertisementmust be clearly noncommercial, typed double spaced on plain white paper, contain 75 words or less, and includecomplete name and address information.

These notices are free of charge and will be printed one time only on a space available basis. Notices can beaccepted from individuals or bona fide computer users clubs only. We can engage in no correspondence on theseand your confirmation of placement is appearance in an issue of BYTE.

Please note that it may take three or four months for an ad to appear in the magazine.

FOR SALE: HP-41C alphanumeric programmablecalculator. Includes 2 K memory (double density—takesonly two ports), printer, card reader with blank cards,rechargeable nicad battery pack, financial-decisions ap-plication module, all HP manuals, and accessories.Operates perfectly. Total retail price over $1200. Willship prepaid and insured to first cashier's check ormoney order for $995. R D Rutter, 1600 Broadway, Suite1200, Denver CO 80202.

WANTED: F8 and 6800 software for private use. Have F8evaluation kit and SwTPC 6800. Would like almost anytype of programs. Also, interested in low-cost hardware.Luke Shepherd, 4519-J Lawndale Dr, Greensboro NC27405.

WANTED: Apple II Plus, Apple II, and/or any Apple com-puter accessory including tapes. Bruce Helsel, Box1141, Munising Ml 49862, (906)387-2576 nights.

FOR SALE: A 32 K, large-keyboard Commodore PETcomputer. Will sell to best offer. I also want to buy anApple II computer with or without one disk drive. Scott,(401)728-4678.

FOR SALE: Two Shugart SA-800 disk drives mounted inIntegrand cabinet with power supply and cable; $1200.Xitex terminal board; $130. SwTPC AC-30 cassette inter-face; $75. Mike Moore, 33 Whippletree Rd, Fairport NY14450,(716)377-0207.

FOR SALE: IMSAI VDP-80, 64 K, two 500 K disk drives.Priced to sell. Mat Bockh, 388 E Main St, Branford CT06405, (203) 481-5588 work hours.

FOR SALE: Must quit hobby, so I am selling all my newsurplus parts including P8085 and SC/MPII micro-processors and AY5-1013A UARTs. Please send SASEfor complete list and prices. T E Papsin, 711 Black RockTpke, Fairfield CT 06430.

AIM-65 BASIC: Looking for a simple way to write andread data cassettes with AIM-65 BASIC? I have amethod that uses only a few BASIC statements. It maysuit your needs. For a listing, send SASE and $1 forhandling. Jerry K Radke, 15 N Ct, Morris MN 56267.

FOR SALE: Digital Group Z80 microcomputer with 42 Kprogrammable memory, keyboard, monitor, two digital-tape decks, and much software. Complete $1300. StevenFornell, 7536 Evergreen, Goleta CA 93017, (805)968-5893.

FOR SALE: Heath H-9 video terminal assembled; $200.SYM-1 single-board microcomputer with case and powersupply. Updated monitor installed. Includes all docu-mentation plus 6502 applications book and five issuesof Micro. Gary Zimmerman, 113 8th St, Downers Grove IL60515,(312)969-1595.

WANTED: APL/S cartridge and instruction booklet forVideo Brain computer. S A Giovanazzi, 4252 Culver StNE, Cedar Rapids IA 52402.

FOR SALE: BYTE magazine issue #1 (September 1975)thru issue #15 (November 1976) except issue #4,December 1975. All original publications in excellentcondition. (No marks, etc.) Best offer. Walter C Dowd,POB 136, Van Brunt Sta, Brooklyn NY 11215.

FOR SALE: Digital Group system Z80 processor, 26 Kmemory, 16-by-64 video display, two Phi-Decks, Expan-dor printer, extensive software, all documentation, andloads of extras. $2000 negotiable. Paul A Teseny, 17DeKalb PI, Morristown NJ 07960, (201)539-6876 eve-nings.

FOR SALE: New P4 CRT; $30. Purchased from Elec-trolabs, never used. Will ship UPS COD. Frank Sneade,Rt 1 Box 60A, Rawlings VA 23876, (804) 949-7835.

FOR SALE: Anderson Jacobson 841 I/O serial terminal(15 cps ASCII Selectric). Perfect condition. $1230 list.Asking $900 or best offer. D C Crane, POB 79286,Houston TX 77024, (713) 461-4319.

The Sightof Music

Digital Harmony

by John Whitney

BYTE BOOKS is pleased to offer DIGITAL HARMONY a

major new work by John Whitney, a pioneer of the special effectstechnology used in STAR WARS and 2001: A SPACE

ODYSSEY. His book explores the special union of music andcomputer graphics, and expands the frontier between sight andsound, synthesizing the two to create a new art form. Whitney tellshow it's done, provides a thorough theoretical background, and in-cludes listings and programs for those interested in joining in thediscovery of this new art form. DIGITAL HARMONY lays thefoundation for audio-visual art made possible by microcomputers. Itis must reading for all art, music and home computer enthusiasts.

Illustrated in Color.

398 December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

B 12

ISBN 07-07001 5-XPrice J2I.95

Please remit in U.S. funds or draw on a U.S. BankPlease send D

. copies of

Digital Harmony

Company

Street

City

State/Province

□ Check enclosed in the amount of $_

□ Bill Visa n Bill Master Charge

Card No. .

Exp. Date .

Add 75t per book to coverpostage and handling.

Available in January

Call TOLL FREE: 800-258-5420wi ■ nir r or Mail T°:

■JtT 1 m. 70 Mafn Street.KfMllnfS Peterborough. N H. 03458

FOR SALE: Texas Instruments 16-bit university-modulecomputer complete with power supply, expanded usermemory, wired for RS-232, and all manuals; $250. (Seepage 69, July BYTE.) A Schwartz, 6454 Camino Teatro,La JollaCA 92037.

FOR SALE: Wameco FPB-1 assembled and tested; $135.Wameco QMB-12 assembled and tested; $100. Both for$225. Will accept HP-65 as partial payment. Dan Snyder,561 5th St, Butler PA 16001, (412) 287-1625.

WANTED: AIM-65 users to participate in program ex-change. Send cassette tape with your programs andreceive a matching number in return. Format re-quirements: BASIC programs should be clearlydocumented with remark statements; machine-language programs should include well-documentedsource file along with object. Special hardware re-quirements should be documented. Minimum tape gaps:$30 for BASIC, $80 for source, $20 for object. Directoryavailable. Include SASE. Jim Dantin, 1522 Springdale Dr,Owensboro KY 42301.

FOR SALE: Cromemco ZPU with CP/M 1.4, SSG GeneralLedger (menu), and Selector III-C2; $1000. Two 16 Kstatic-memory boards and one SIO board; $300. Manualsincluded with original disks. John Mayer, 4153 GardeniaAve, Lake Worth FL 33461, (305) 968-4620 after 7 PM ET.

WANTED: Anyone interested in donating, for tax-deduction purposes, new or used computer equipmentand/or systems, such as TRS-80, PET, etc. RobertHudgins, Math Dept, Brinkley High School, Brinkley AR72021, (501) 734-3571 or (501) 734-1318 after 4 PM.

FOR SALE: Heath H-9 video terminal, serial and parallelI/O with RS-232C cable included; $275. Heath H-8-5serial I/O and cassette interface. Can be used for an ad-ditional serial port at minimum cost; $50. Both assem-bled by professional engineer. G Hammond, POB 54,Weirs Beach NH 03246, (603) 366-4012.

FOR SALE: Selectric terminal (AJ841). Excellent condi-tion. Best offer. B Fabry, 6362 S 139th Cir, Omaha NE68137, (402)895-2156.

FOR SALE: Netronics ELF II with cabinet, RF modulator,light pen, Giant board, two 4 K programmable-memoryboards, power supply, ASCII keyboard with cabinet, andTiny BASIC. $670 worth for $335. Royal Dossett, 2795Pheasant Rd, Excelsior MN 55331, (612) 471-9252.

FOR SALE: MEK6800D2 Evaluation Kit II. Assembledand tested. Includes standard power supply (5 V, 3 A)and ten pounds of documentation. Get started on 6800machine language with this turn-key system. $150. RoyGilbert, 1330 Birchnell, San Dimas CA 91773, (213)963-6201.

WANTED: TRS-80 Level II programs to swap. Games,home, or business programs. Send tape or listing withyour address. January Smith, Treehouse Apt #205-A, SanMarcos TX 78666.

FOR SALE: The following issues of BYTE: July 1976 thruJuly 1978. Excellent condition. Best offer. LawrenceAnderson, 3453 Balsam NE, Grand Rapids Ml 49505.

WANTED: High-resolution color monitor such as RGB orequivalent. Ron Hymes, 7327 Murietta Ave, Van Nuys CA91405, (213) 786-9614.

FOR SALE: Two used Calcomp 8-inch floppy-disk drives.Shugart interface; $250 each. 15-inch Ball Brothers CRTmonitor, new; $200. Bob Athan, 1849 N Helm, Suite 110,Fresno CA 93727, (209) 252-6146.

FOR SALE: Heath-89, 48 K programmable memory,H-88-3 2 PSIO, H-88-5 cassette interface, H-89-17 diskoperating system (HDOS), H-88-18 cassette system.Software, all manuals, operates perfectly. Firstcashier's check for $1990. I'll ship. R Van Cleave, 256 STucson Cir, Aurora CO 80012, (303) 340-2955.

FOR SALE: Complete Heath (Zenith) H-89 system in-cluding H-89 computer, 48 K programmable memory,H-88-3 (serial I/O), cassette interface, HDOS andMicrosoft BASIC, H-14 printer, all manuals, and lotsmore (software and over thirty disks). All in brand-newcondition. $2899 for all, $2199 without printer. David Hor-witz, 1909 Siefkin, Wichita KS 67208, (316) 681-3456 be-tween 6 and 9 PM CT.

FOR SALE: 36 K Apple II with case and modulator; $800.SwTPC PR-40 printer with parallel card; $200. Comprint912s printer with Apple serial card; $400. Pascal-language system; $225. Applesoft read-only memory;$90. Heuristics 20A Speechlab; $90. Frank Jaubert, 823Euclid St, Houston TX 77009, (713) 868-0034.

FOR SALE: Rockwell AIM-65, 4 K programmablememory, read-only memory monitor, Enclosures Grouplarge enclosure, all manuals, all new. $430. E Velez, 19Middleton Ln, Willingboro NJ 08046.

BOMB

BYTEs Ongoing Monitor Box

Article #1

234

Page24

44

96

120

142

158172

186

9

192

10

244

11

268

12

74

13

78

14

84

15

90

16

114

17

264

18

282

19

222

ArticleMultimachine Games

Computerized Testing

Graphic Color Slides, Part 2

Micrograph, Part 2: Video-Display

Processor

A Simplified Theory of Video Graphics,

Part 2

On the Road to Adventure

Zork and the Future of

Computerized Fantasy

Simulations

Character Variation in Role-Playing

Games

Pirate's Adventure

A Pocket Computer? Sizing Up the

HP-41C

Lost Dutchman's Gold

Dungeon Campaign

A Stellar Trek

Morloc's Tower

Odyssey: The Compleat

Apventure

Sargon II

Microsoft Adventure

Computer Bismarck

User's Column

Authors)Wasserman andStrykerCiarciaGrogono

Booch

WatsonLiddil

Lebling

FreemanAdams

CarbreyLiddil and LiWilliamsNelsonWilliams

Nelson

Martellaro

Liddil

Ansoff

Pournelle

FOR SALE: Assembled and tested Vector Graphic pro-grammable read-only memory/programmable memoryboard with Vector Graphic Extended Monitor (version2.0) on four 1702AS. All documentation included. Willsell for $125 or best offer. Dick Baloh, 632 Chestnut St,Irwin PA 15642, (412) 864-2283.

WANTED: February 1980 issue of BYTE. Name yourprice. My extra July and August 1977 issues available.Robert C Blanchard, 406 Prather PI, Spring Valley CA92077.

FOR SALE: Apple parallel-printer interface card withCentronics jumper block and manual; $125. Also, two8086 16-bit microprocessor integrated circuits—4 MHzclock—1 M addressable memory. Chip and Intel user'smanual; $180. David Dorsett, Jr, 6739 Jet Ave, Fair OaksCA 95628.

FOR SALE: MITS: two 16 MCD programmable memoriesat $200; four 4 MCD programmable memories at $50;ACR; $75. Clare-Pender ASCII keyboard; $25. ASR33teletypewriter, stand, long-roll paper, RS-232; $300 plusshipping. DEC LA36, tray, table, RS-232; $750 plus ship-ping. Moduperf 30cps paper-tape punch, interfaceplans included; $100. All working when last used.Documentation. Offers considered, but first check forstated price accepted. John Neville, Box 400, OnamiaMN 56359, (612) 532-3103.

FOR SALE: Two PDP-8 systems. One is discrete-elementPDP-8, one is PDP-8/I. Both negative bus. Each has 4 Kcore memory, DF32 hard disk, DM01 multiplexer,PA60/61 high-speed paper-tape punch/reader con-trollers. PDP-8 has four TU55 tape drives, PDP-8/I hastwo TU56 dual-tape drives. Also, several high-speed tapepunches, several high-speed tape readers, all documen-tation, much software. Will consider offers for entiresystem or for individual units. Laurence A Marschall,Department of Physics, Gettysburg College, GettysburgPA 17325, (717) 334-3131.

FOR SALE: Sorcerer 8 K computer with BASIC ROM-PAK, Micro Verter, various tapes, all connecting cords,manuals, and club newsletters. Like new. $800 or bestoffer. Mike Nowak, 4825 Gallagher, Rochester Ml 48063,(313) 652-6116 after 4 PM.

FOR SALE: Heath H-19 video terminal, expertlyassembled, like new; $540 postpaid. Quest Super ELFwith Hi and Lo options; $70 postpaid. Ken Gledhill, Rt#1Box 146, Tremonton UT 84337, (801) 257-7349.

FOR SALE: Exidy Sorcerer Model I with 32 K, StandardBASIC, Development, word-processing read-onlymemory Pacs, Sony TV/Monitor, Sony TCM-757 cassetterecorder, all manuals, and cabling. $895. John HPalevich, 472 Memorial Dr, Cambridge MA 02139, (617)494-0096 weekdays between 8 and 10 PM.

FOR SALE: Altair 8800A, North Star floppy disk, 24 Kstatic-programmable memory, 8 K eprom, RS-232 inter-face, video-display module, CRT, keyboard, and 16 Asupply. Software: North Star Disk BASIC, word pro-cessor, data base, assembler-editor, financial andhousehold programs plus many games. Completemanuals and documentation. All working. First $1750 orbest offer. Glen Brickey, 12663 98th St N, Largo FL33543, (813) 585-7078 evenings.

LINEARPROGRAMMING BOMB

"Khachiyan's Algorithm,Part 2" was voted the bestarticle in the September 1980BYTE; G C Berresford, A MRockett, and J C Stevensonwill receive the first-placeBOMB prize for their efforts.Steve Ciarcia will receive thesecond-place prize for his ar-ticle "Build a Low-Cost,Remote Data-Entry Ter-minal."■

December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 399

ReaderService

To get further information on the products advertising in BYTE, fill out the reader service card with yourname and address. Then circle the appropriate numbers for the advertisers you select from the list. Add a15-cent stamp to the card, then drop it in the mail. Not only do you gain information, but our advertisers areencouraged to use the marketplace provided by BYTE. This helps us bring you a bigger BYTE. The index isprovided as an additional service by the publisher, who assumes no liability for errors or omissions. 'Corres-pond directly with company.

Inquiry No.

Page No.

Inquiry No.

Page No.

Inquiry No.

Page No.

Inquiry No.

Page No.

182 Aardvark Software Inc 267

2B1 AB Computers 359

196 ABM Products 276

171 Ackerman Digital 100, 250

336 Adaptive Data & Energy Sys 374

353 Advanced Comp Prod 384, 385

213 AEON 295

35 Altos Computer 55

32 Alpha Byte Storage 69

348 Alpha Omega Comp Sys 376

84 Am Comp & Telecom Corp 131

72 American Square Comp 62

311 Ampero Software 370

77 Anacom 115

102 Anadex 161

283 Ancrona 360

259 Anderson Jacobson 317

8 Apple Computer 13

• Applewest Software Inc 35127 Apparat Inc 191

193 Arizona Comp Systems 275

347 Arndt Distr 376

36 Artec Electronics 60278 ASAP 357

17 Atari Personal Computers 25

53 Atlantis Computized Serv 82

• ATV Research 370

214 Automated Equip Inc 296

9 Automated Simulations 14100 base 2 inc 159

129 BASF 195

285 Beckian 362

320 John Bell Engineering 371

236 Beta Comp Devices 305

• Beta Comp Devices 356344 The Bit Bucket 376

41 BMC International 65

210 Bower-Stewart & Assoc 292

• BYTE Books 189, 354, 378, 398

• BYTE Back Issues 295187 C & S Electronics 272

15 Calif Comp Systems 20, 21

• Calif Digital 390, 391

332 Cawthon Scientific Grp 374

131 Central Data 199206 CFR Assoc Inc 286121 Chrislin Industries 183272 CI Con Comp & Comp 349257 CLOAD Magazine 315189 Colonial Data Serv 273159 Color Software 236

358 CompuMart 394, 395

91 CompuServe 140, 141177 Computer Age Inc 262173 Computer Case Co 252346 Computer City 376

• The Computer Factory 253241 Comp Furniture & Access 308231 Computer Instant Ads 303203 Computer Marketing Corp 283324 Computer Research Cons 372216 Computer Service 297

292 Computer Shopper 366

243 Computer Specialties 309

286 Computer Specialties 362

130 Computers R Us 196, 197212 The Computer Stop 295

223 Computers Wholesale 300245 Comp Technology Assoc 312

37 Computer Warehouse 59

108 Computex 170

139 Computique 211255 Computime 314

48 Compuview Products Inc 75

140 Condor Computer Corp 212

275 Concord Comp Compnt 354, 355

251 Conn mlcroCOMPUTER 313

252 Conn microCOMPUTER 313

132 Coosol Inc 200

224 The Cornsoft Group 300202 Cover Craft 280, 281123 CPU International 188290 The CPU Shop 365

1 Cromemco 1, 2

56 Crystal Computer 86

• Cybernetics Inc 317

" Data Discount Center 166

92 Data Soft Inc 145

31 Datasouth Computer Corp 49

304 DBIS 368

107 Decision Master 169

109 DG Electronics 171

74 Digicomp Research Corp 112

142 Digital Marketing 215

297 Digital Multi Media Ctrl 366

149 Digital Research 223

357 Digital Research Comp 392, 393

185 DMA 271

260 Drillick Lamanna 319

42 Dual Systems Control Corp 66

335 DWP 374

201 Dynabyte 279

117 Dynacomp Inc 139

• Dysan Corp 56, 57240 Eaton Corp 307

162 Ecosoft 238350 Electrolabs 377

20 Electronic Control Tech 28184 Electronic Control Tech 270220 Electronic Specialists 299

40 Electronic Sys Furniture Co 64

303 Eng Analysis Software 368

94 Epson America 147237 Escon 306

45 Essex Publishers 70

80 Exatron Inc 119

163 Executive Business Sys 23918 Factory Direct 26

54 Fair Com 84

168 Faragher & Assoc 246

219 Farnsworth Comp Center 298

12 Fidelity Eiectr Ltd 17115 Fidelity Eiectr Ltd 177

21 John Fluke Mfg Co 30, 31277 Fordham 356

• Frederick Computer Prod 2957 General Business Comp 12

298 Gimix 366

137 Godbout Electronics 206, 207

26 Mark Gordon Computers 40

• Graham-Dorian Software Sys 45

253 GW Computers 313

95 H & E Computronics 242, 243104 H & E Computronics 163337 Hanley Engineering 374

87 Hardhat Software 134165 Hardside 148

229 Hayden Book Co Inc 302

52 Hayes Microcomp Prod Inc 81

13 HEI Inc 18

157 Hemenway Assoc 235

301 High Tech Jewerly 368

300 Hobbyworld Electronics Inc 367

24 Houston Instruments 39

25 Houston Instruments 39

333 Ibex Comp Corp 374343 I DM 376

299 Infinite Inc 366

183 Info Unltd Software 269

38 Insoft Corp 61

73 Integral Data Sys 111

78 Integrand 116

160 Intel 237

254 Intelligent Control Sys 314

• Intelligent Systems 128, 129

334 Interactive Comp Sys Inc 374114 International Data Sciences 176

50 International Micro Machines 79

39 Intertec Data Systems 63

4 Ithaca Intersystems 8

5 Ithaca Intersystems 9309 J & S Computing 368133 Jade Computer Prod 291

354 Jade Computer Prod 386, 387

352 Jameco Electronics 382, 383

90 JDR MICRODEVICESINC 138

342 Jepsan Group K Inc 376

164 Jim-Pak 240, 241

276 JR Inventory Control 355

• Kemco LTD 83

58 Konan Corp 88, 89

195 Leapac Services 276

• Lifeboat 164, 165, 23449 LNW Research 78

30 Lobo Drives Int'l 47

199 Lomas Data Prod 278

264 Macrotronics Inc 322

308 Macrotronics Inc 368

341 Macrotronics Inc 376

144 Marot Software Sys Inc 219

141 Mark of the Unicorn 213

135 Marymac Industries 204

93 Mauro Engineering 146

• McGraw-Hill Magazines 184 185

• Meas Sys & Controls 29, 143293 METARESEARCH 366

345 Mega Sys Inc 376

356 Meta Technologies Corp 342

339 Metron Computerware Inc 374

303 MICOPS INC 368

122 MicroAce 187

148 MicroAmerica Distributing 221

88 Micro Age Computer Store 135188 Micro Ap 272

71 Micro Appl Group (MAG) 109

330 Micro Business World 373

' Micro Computer Discount 326

126 Microcomputer Tech Inc 191

113 MicroDaSys 175

85 Micro Data Base Sys 132

86 Micro Data Base Sys 133180 Micro Designs 266

267 Micro House 324

118 Micromail 180

176 Micro Management Sys 261

• Micro Mint 364

323 Micro Processor Sys Inc 372

98 MICRO-SCI 153

322 Mlcrosette 372

62 Micro Shopper 95

61 Microsoft 93

46 Microsoft (Cons Prod Div) 71

208 Microtech Exports 28883 Microtek Inc 127

314 Micro Time 370

209 Microware 289

60 The Micro Works 92

79 Micro World 117

279 Mikos 358

242 Miller Microcomputer Ser 308

266 Mindex Infosystems 323

116 Mini Computer Suppliers 178

106 Mini Micro Mart 168

359 Mini Micro Mart 396

360 Mini Micro Mart 397230 Miro Computer Inc 303

23 Morrow Designs 37

14 Mountain Computer Inc 19

96 Mountain Computer Inc 150

175 mpi 259

101 MTI Inc 160

119 MT Microsystems 181

233 Multl Business Comp Sys 304

105 Natl Microsft Prod Inc 167

247 NCE Supply Corp 311

218 NEBS 297

145 NEECO 220147 NEECO 221

82 Nestar Systems Inc 123

• Netronics 102, 106, 108, 110

151 Netronics 227

34 Noesls Computing Co 54

• Northern Tech Books 26375 North Star 113

112 Northwest Comp Serv Inc 174

• NRI Schools 209262 OAC 321

363 Ohio Scientific InstrC IV16 Ohio Scientific Instr 22, 23

27 Okidata Corp 41

51 OK Machine & Tool 80

152 Olympic Sales Co 229

265 Omega Micro Computers 323

269 Omega Research 325

134 Omega Sales Co 203

256 Omikron 315

' onComputing 257

59 Orange Micro 91

227 Organic Software 301

179 Osborne/McGraw-Hill 265

1 Owens Associates 154, 155

294 Pacific Exchanges 366

325 Pacific Exchanges 372

349 Pacific Exchanges 376

340 Page Digital 375

310 Pan American Elec 369

327 J Paniaguas 372

3 PCD Systems Inc 6

103 PDF Corp 162

321 Perceptions Unlimited 372

10 Percom Data 15

43 Percom Data 51

44 Percom Data 51

169 Personal Computer Sys 247250 Personal Computer Sys 310172 Personal Microcomputing 251

22 Personal Software 33

143 PGI Wholesale 217

• Phase One Systems 179190 Pickles & Trout 273

146 pk systems inc 25829 Power One Inc 46

351 Priority One 379, 380, 381

128 Professional Business Sftw 193

33 Professional Software Inc 53

161 Provar Inc 238

28 QT Computer Sys 42, 43

364 QT Computer Sys 245355 QT Computer Sys 388, 389329 Quality Computer Parts 372331 Quality Data Supply 374205 Quality Software 285

19 Quasar 27

170 Quay 249

287 Quest 363

235 Quiet Designs 305

313 Quintrex Inc 370

• R & B Computer Systems 326261 Racet Computes 319

81 Radio Shack 121

• Rainbow Computing 28899 RCA Solid State 157

153 RCA Solid State 231268 RCA Solid State 325211 RNB Enterprises 294204 Rochester Data 284

64 Rockwell International 98248 S & M Systems 311

156 S-100 Inc 234

197 SC Digital 277

328 Scientific Eng Labs 372

2 Scion Corp 5

125 SciTronics Inc 190

263 SciTronics Inc 322

228 Scottsdale Systems 302

111 Seattle Computer 173

120 Service Technologies 182

234 Shepardson Microsystems 304

167 Michael Shrayer Software 245

* Shugarl 7

150 Sirius Systems 225

67 Smoke Signal Broadcasting 103

68 Smoke Sig Broad (Dealers) 103246 Snapp Inc 310

166 The Software Exchange 149

65 The Software Federation 99280 Solid State Sales 358

315 Solid State Surplus 370136 Sorcim 205

271 Sorrento Valley Assoc 341

181 Sound Concepts 266

306 Southwestern Mngmnt Serv 368

361 Southwest Tech Prod Corp C II

191 Specialty Video Systems 274222 Spectrum Software 299

6 SSM11

55 Standard & Poors 85

244 SubLOGIC 309

288 Sunny Int'l 36470 SuperSoft 10776 SuperSoft 114

207 SuperSoft 287

232 SuperSoft 303

124 Sybex 201

• Synchro Sound 90, 118

192 Synergetic Comp Prod 274

* Systek Inc 370

174 Tarbell Electronics 255

89 Tech Sys Consultants (TSC) 137

312 Technical Innovations 370

326 TCI Inc 372

155 Tec Mar Inc 233

63 Televideo 97

69 Terak Corp 104, 105305 Terminal Data 368110 Terrapin Inc 176

238 Texas Comp Sys 306258 Texas Instruments 316317 Texcom Eng Assoc 370

11 Thunderware 16

217 Mitchell ETimin Eng Co 297

* Robert Tinney Graphics 293200 TNW Corp 278

225 TransNET301

316 Turn-Key Comp Sys 370270 Max Ule & Co 341

362 United Business Products Oil I

* United Software of Am 76, 77291 Universal Security Inst 366274 US Micro Sales 353

194 US Robotics 275

198 US Robotics 277338 US Robotics 374138 VAMP INC 210

307 VAMP INC 368

154 VAN DATA 232158 VANDATA 236

239 Vector Eiectr 30757 Vector Graphics 8747 Verbatim 72, 73

296 Videx 366

97 Vista Computer Co 151

273 Vista Computer Co 351

221 Voicetek 299

284 VR Data 361

282 Wameco 360

• Whitesmith's Ltd 101

226 Wild Hare Comp Sys 301302 Wintek Corp 368

186 Winterhalter & Assoc 258

295 Worldwide Electronics 366

215 Zs Systems 296

400

December 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc

A

A COMPANY TO RELY ON. . .iA UNITED BUSINESS PRODUCTS

Custqj^^grmsWiJLb&e&arantee

&*

®fH>:

UNITED BUSINESS PRODUCTS

20268 E. Carrey Rd.WALNUT, CA. 91789

A1

NITED

BusinessProducts

(213) 448-4850(714) 594-5966

NAME OF COMPANY.

ADDRESS

CITY, STATE, ZIP

ATTENTION OR DEPT.

A D The swingline table top burster will separate single-ply continuous

forms into individual sheets up to 15". Length 2W to 12". Paper weight 10 to110 lb. bond. Speed is constant at 125 ft. per minute.

Wt. 95 lbs.

Price $ 899.00

B □ Our custom forms have a guarantee that speaks for itself. Our time onforms range from two to five weeks for custom work and before we start a jobwe now give a guaranteed shipping date and price, depending on art work,from two to five weeks and for every day we're late we give you a 10% discount.To get a quote just mail the detached portion of this ad with sample of form orlayout and we will call you the day we get the information with a price andguaranteed day of shipment.

C D The swingline table top decollator is a portable unit which separatesboth carbon and carbonless continuous computer forms into stacks. Theseparated carbon is easily and neatly removed from carbon pick-up spool.Form size is up to 15" wide. Wt. is 10 to 110 lb. bond paper, and the speed isvariable from 75 to 200 feet per minute and takes only 120 volts AC 60 hertz tooperate.

Wt. 40 lbs. Price $ 419.00

D D The Datatech Intimus 007 shredder works for Scotland Yard, forgovernment authorities, for important corporations, banks and embassies.The cutting capacity is 12 to 14 sheets at one pass. Crosscut is 1/35x3/8. It has

a 2 H.P. motor and runs off of 220/380 V 3 phase.

E D The Intimus 306 is designed for trouble free operation and has a switchfor forward and reverse rotation. It has 2 motors with terminal overload.Housing consists of coated steel, mounted on rubber cushions for noiselessshredding. The 306 can sit on a table or a stand. Cutting width is Va" or 'A" andhas two 150 watt 110 V 60 cycle, 1 phase motors.

Wt. 66 Lbs.

Price $1199.00

F D The Intimus Simplex is designed for security without problems in theoffice. One push of the button renders confidential information into fiveillegible paper strips W thin. The simplex has a wide opening in the middle forthrow away of cans, etc. Even a paper clip is simply cut into pieces. The cuttingcapacity is 8 to 10 sheets at one time. It has a 1/5 H.P. motor and runs off of 110volts.

Wt. 27 Lbs. Price $ 599.00

G D Our catalog consists of more information on equipment in this ad.Other models are available plus a complete line of calculators and typewritersby Adler, Lathem time recorders, several varieties of safes, and ourdisintegrator that destroys paper, aluminum, film and carbon to a completeloss of identity.

Price $2.00

□ Free Brochures and more information:

1. □ Business Forms

2. Q Calculators

3. □ Forms Handling Equipment

4. □ Time Recorders

Wt. 320 Lbs.

Price $6799.00 5. □ Typewriters

Terms: Check or money order U.S. funds only. Prepaid orders add 3% S/H, COD's add 5% S/H (U.S.only). California

residents add fa's, sales tax. mmbiPrices subject to change without notice. IhhH'

Circle 362 on inquiry card.

Educator, Entertainer, Accountant

Your ChallengerPersonal Computer.

Through the miracle of moderntechnology, a complete computer aspowerful as the multimillion dollarroom-sized computers of a few yearsago can be put in a package the size ofa typewriter and sells for as little as acolor television set!

Through its years of microcomputerexperience, Ohio Scientific has-effec-tively channeled this tremendouscomputer power into a "friendly"computer with hundreds of personaluses, via a huge software libraryof programs for a broad range ofpersonal, home, educational andbusiness use.

This available software allows you touse and enjoy your computer withoutbecoming an expert. The Challenger,however, is a powerful, generalpurpose computer which can be pro-grammed in several languages bythose who choose to.

Here are just a few of the popular uses

of an Ohio Scientific

Challenger

Computer:

Education

The personalcomputer isthe ultimate

educational aid because it can enter-tain while it educates. Softwareavailable ranges from enhancing yourchildren's basic math, reading andspelling ability, through tutoring highschool and college subjects, toteaching the fundamentals of com-puters and computer programming.

Entertainment

Many of the Challenger's gameseducate while they entertain, fromcartoons for preschoolers to gameswhich sharpen mathematical andlogical abilities. But, entertainmentdoesn't stop here. The Challenger'sgraphics capabilities and fast opera-tion allow it to display action gameswith much more detail than the bestvideo games, providing spectacularaction in games such as Invaders,Space Wars, Tiger Tank and more! Allpopular sports such as golf, baseballand bowling are available as simulatedcomputer games as well as manyconventional games such as chesswhere the computer plays the role of aformidable opponent.

Accounting

Your Challenger computer can keeptrack of your checkbook, savingsaccount, loans, expenses, monitor yourcalorie intake and your biorythms.

If you are involved in a business, youcan use it to do word processing; ac-counting, inventory control, order pro-cessing, customer lists, client records,mailing labels and planning.

And more:

This may seem like a lot of uses, but it'sonly the tip of the iceberg for a generalpurpose computer. For example, yourChallenger can be expanded to controllights and appliances, manage yourenergy usage and monitor for fire andbreak-ins. Furthermore, it can commu-nicate with you, with other computersand the new personal computer infor-mation services over the telephone.

In fact, the uses of general purpose,personalized computers are expand-ing daily as more and more peoplediscover the tremendous capabilitiesof these newtechnologicalwonders.

Ohio Scientificoffers you fourpersonalizedcomputer sys-tems startingat just $479.

For a freecatalog andthe name of thedealer nearest you, call1-800-321-6850 toll free.

I

Hi- : SI

7

.1333.SOUTH EHlLUCOTHE ROADAURORA, OH 44202 • [216) 831 5600'