Byte Magazine Volume 07 Number 03 - Printers

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A new small computer that won't limit you tomorrow

New Cromemco System One shown with our high-capability terminal and printer.

Expandability

Here's a low-priced computer that won't run out of memory capacity or expandability halfway through your project.

Typically, computer usage tends to grow, requiring more capability, more memory, more storage. Without a lot of capability and expandability, your computer can be obsolete from the start.

The new System One is a real building-block machine. It has capability and expandability by the carload.

Look at these features:

■ Z80-A processor

■ 64K of RAM

■ 780K of disk storage

■ CRT and printer interfaces

■ Eight S-100 card slots, allowing expansion with

— color graphics

— additional memory

— additional interfaces for telecommunications, data acquisition, etc.

■ Small size

GENEROUS DISK STORAGE

The 780K of disk storage in the System One Model CS-1 is much greater than what is typically available in small computers. But here, too, you have a choice since a second version, Model CS-1H, has a 5" Winchester drive that gives you 5 megabytes of disk storage.

MULTI-USER, MULTI-TASKING CAPABILITY

Believe it or not, this new computer even offers multi-user capability when used with our advanced CROMix* operating system option. Not only does this outstanding O/S support multiple users on this computer but does so with powerful features like multi

ple directories, file protection and record level lock. cromix lets you run multiple jobs as well.

In addition to our highly-acclaimed cromix, there is our CDOS*. This is an enhanced CP/M+type system designed for single-user applications. CP/M and a wealth of CP/M-compatible software are also available for the new System One through thirdparty vendors.

COLOR GRAPHICS/WORD PROCESSING

This small computer even gives you the option of outstanding high-resolution color graphics with our Model SDI interface and two-port RAM cards.

Then there's our tremendously wide range of Cromemco software including packages for word processing, business, and much more, all usable with the new System One.

ANTI-OBSOLESCENCE/LOW-PRICED

As you can see, the new One offers you a lot of performance. It's obviously designed with antiobsolescence in mind.

What's more, it's priced at only $3,995. That's considerably less than many machines with much less capability. And it's not that much more than many machines that have little or nothing in the way of expandability.

Physically, the One is small — 7" high. And it's allmetal in construction. It's only 14Vb" wide, ideal for desk top use. A rack mount-option is also available.

CONTACT YOUR REP NOW

Get all the details on this important building-block computer. Get in touch with your Cromemco rep now. He'll show you how the new System One can grow with your task.

•CROMIX and CDOS are trademarks of Cromemco Inc. tCP/M is a trademark of Digital Research

Q

Cromemco™

incorporated

280 BERNARDO AVE., MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040 • (415)964-7400

Tomorrow's computers today

Circle 113 on Inquiry card.

CROMIX*—Cromemco's outstanding UNIX— like operating system

cromix is just the kind of major development you've come to expect from Cromemco. After all, we're already well-known for the most respected software in the microcomputer field.

And now we've come up with the industry's first UNix-lookalike for microcomputers. It's a tried and proven operating system. It's available on both 5" and 8" diskettes for Cromemco systems with 128K or more of memory.

Here are just some of the features you get in this powerful Cromemco system:

• Multi-user and multi-tasking capability

• Hierarchical directories

• Completely compatible file, device, and interprocess I/O

• Extensive subsystem support

FILE SYSTEM

One of the important features of our cromix is its file system comprised of hierarchical directories. It's a tree structure of three types of files: data files,

*CROMIX is a trademark of Cromemco, Inc. -rUNIX is a trademark of Bell Telephone Laboratories

directories, and device files. File, device, and interprocess I/O are compatible among these file types (input and output may be redirected interchangeably from and to any source or destination).

The tree structure allows different directories to be maintained for different users or functions with no chance of conflict.

PROTECTED FILES

Because of the hierarchical structure of the file system, cromix maintains separate ownership of every file and directory. All files can thus be protected from access by other users of the system. In fact, each file is protected by four separate access privileges in each of the three user categories.

TREMENDOUS ADDRESS SPACE, FAST ACCESS

The flexible file system and generalized disk structure of cromix give a disk address space in excess of one gigabyte per volume — file size is limited only by available disk capacity.

Speed of access to disk files has also been optimized. Average access speeds far surpass any yet implemented on microcomputers.

C COMPILER AVAILABLE, TOO

Cromemco offers a wide range of languages that operate under cromix. These include a high-level command process language and extensive subsystem support such as cobol, Fortran iv, ratfor, lisp, and 32K and 16K BASICS.

There is even our highly-acclaimed 'C compiler which allows a programmer fingertip access to cromix system calls.

THE STANDARD O-S FOR THE FUTURE

The power and breadth of its features make cromix the standard for the next generation of microcomputer operating systems.

And yet it is available for a surprisingly low $595.

The thing to do is to get all this capability working for you now. Get in touch with your Cromemco rep today.

Q

Cromemco™

incorporated

280 BERNARDO AVE., MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040 • (415)964-7400

Tomorrow's computers today

Circle 114 on Inquiry card.

In The Queue

Volume 8, Number 3

March 1982

Features

"w Four New Products from Radio Shack by Chris

Morgan / New developments from Radio Shack include some surprises.

9 W Use Volceprlnts to Analyze Speech by Steve

Ciarcia / The first step in designing a speech-recognition system is analyzing the spectral content of speech.

WW The Atari Tutorial, Part 7: Sound by Bob

Fraser / The Atari 400 and 800 computers can generate a variety of noises.

100

Build a Half-year Clock for the Color Computer by

William Barden Jr. / The inexpensive and accurate half-year clock can be easily interfaced to a Radio Shack Color Computer.

■ " 9 The Input/Output Primer, Part 2: Interrupts and

Direct Memory Access by Steve Leibson / Second in a series that explains the way in which computers talk with the world.

m^WA a BASIC Plotting Subroutine, Sophisticated Plotting with Your MX-80 by Lawrence J. Bregoli / Simple software routines let the Epson MX-80 emulate sophisticated plotters.

i 99 Modify Your Paper Tiger for Different Paper Thicknesses by R. P. Sarna / A simple modification increases the versatility of your printer.

I 99 Custom and Standardized Forms for the Microcomputer User by Philip Lemmons / A number of companies stand ready to help you with various stock, custom, or standardized forms.

■ l»* The Fill Forms System, CP/M Programs to Cut

Down on Paperwork by Bill Roch / Use your computer to fill in standardized forms.

248

Lowercase Descenders for the Epson MX-70 by

Bruce Piggott / Get true lowercase descenders and program your own special characters.

278

BYTE Printer Directory by Curtis P. Feigel / A listing of printer manufacturers and their products.

^99 The Computer Toolbox by Mark Bernstein /

The modularity of FORTH gives laboratory computers portability and flexibility.

466

Skip Sequential: A New File Structure for Microcomputers by Jack Purdum / An interesting technique for North Star and Microsoft BASICS combines the speed of random-access disk files with the space-saving advantages of sequential-access files.

Reviews

2C> Commodore 4022 Printer by Joseph Holmes

44 Integral Data Systems' Prism Printer by Ed Urn lor

Oo BYTE's Arcade: Apple Panic by Gregg Williams; Missile Command by Stanley J. Wszola; Dino Wars by George Stewart

1/2 Graphics II by Selanar, High Resolution Hard Copy from a DECwriter by Daniel Macero. Daniel Holmes, Thomas Banks, and Lloyd Burgess

206 Base 2 Printer by Walter Jeffries

26Z Text Editing with Compuview's VEDIT by H. Bradford Thompson

jlO Four Implementations of Pascal by Thomas H. Woteki and Paul A. Sand

358 Microsoft's BASIC Compiler for the TRS-80 by Mahlon G. Kelly

372 LDOS—Disk Operating System for the TRS-80 by Tim

Daneliuk

384 COBOL for the TRS-80 Models l/lll by Rowland Archer Jr.

414 John Bell Engineering's Apple II Parallel Interface Board by Ned W. Rhodes

Nucleus

6

14

162,

166,

240

432 434, 436 440 441 442 448 454 475 526 526 527

Editorial: The Microprocessor's Tenth Birthday

Letters

300, 310, 473 Programming Quickies: BASIC

Formatted Printing; An Underline Filter for Matrix Printers;

A Shape-Drawing Program for Diablo Printers; Finding

Words That Sound Alike, The Soundex Algorithm

256, 272 System Notes: Epson MX-80 Print-Control

Program for the Apple II; Add a Full-sized Keyboard to

Sinclair's ZX80; Add a Cassette Interface to Your VIC-20

Product Description: Tele-VIC, Commodore Breaks the $100

Price Barrier for Modems

Books Received

441 BYTE's Bugs

BYTELINES

Clubs and Newsletters

Software Received

Ask BYTE

Event Queue

BYTE's Bits

What's New?

Unclassified Ads

BOMB, BOMB Results

Reader Service

BITE

Page 40

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March 1982 © BYTE PublicaSora Ire 3

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Editor in Chief Christopher Morgan

Managing Editor

Mark Haas

Technical Editors

Gregg Williams. Senior Editor;

Richard S. Shuford; Curtis P. Feigel;

George Stewart," Arthur Little;

Stanley Wszola; Steve Ciarcia; Mark Dahmke;

Philip Lemmons. Allan Lundell, Consulting

Editors; Jon Swanson. Drafting Editor

Copy Editors

Beverly Cronin. Chief; Faith Hanson; Warren Williamson; Anthony J. Lockwood; Ann Graves." Linda M. Evers; Hilary Selby Polk; Elizabeth Kempner

Assistants

Faith Ferry; Debe Wheeler; Karen A. Cilley; Susan Ferber; Marie Hennessy

Production

Nancy Estle. Director; David R. Anderson. Assoc. Director; Jonathan M. Graves. Creative Consultant; Patrice Scribner; Damian Henriques; Jan Muller; Linda J. Sweeney; Sherry McCarthy, Chief Typographer; Debi Fredericks. Donna Sweeney; Valerie Horn

Advertising

Thomas Harvey. Director; Marion Carlson; Rob Hannings; Deborah Porter; Vicki Reynolds; Cathy A. R. Drew; Jacqueline Earnshaw, Reader Service Coordinator." Wai Chiu Li. Advertising/ Production Coordinator

Circulation

Gregory Spitzfaden, Manager; Andrew Jackson. Asst. Manager; Agnes E. Perry; Barbara Varnum. Louise Menegus; Pinky Krulis; James Bingham, Dealer Sales; Deborah J. Cadwell, Asst. Kathleen Reckhart

Controller's Office

Daniel Rodrigues, Controller; Mary E. Fluhr. Acct. & D/P Mgr.; Karen Burgess; Jeanne Cilley; Linda Fluhr; Vicki Bennett

Traffic

N. Scott Gagnon; Scott Jackson. Mary McRae

Publishers

Virginia Londoner; Gordon R. Williamson;

John E. Hayes. Associate Publisher:

Cheryl A. Hurd; Michele P. Verville, Publisher's

Assistants;

Officers of McGraw-Hill Publications Company: Paul F. McPherson, President; Executive Vice Presidents: Daniel A. McMillan. III. Gene W. Simpson; Senior Vice President-Editorial: Ralph R. Schulz: Vice Presidents: Kemp Anderson, Business Systems Development; Harry L. Brown, Special Markets; Robert B. Doll, Circulation." James E. Hackett. Controller; Eric B Herr. Planning and Development; H. John Sweger, Jr.. Marketing.

Officers of the Corporation: Harold W. McGraw Jr., Chairman and Chief Executive Officer; Joseph L. Dionne. President and Chief Operating Officer: Robert N. Landes. Senior Vice President and Secretary; Ralph J. Webb. Treasurer.

In This Issue

Hard copy was once considered a luxury by computer hobbyists, but now the ability to record program listings and text on paper is seen as almost a necessity. And though you're not likely to find a printer like the one Robert Tinney pictured on this month's cover, you're sure to find one from the many available that will fit your needs. For a rundown on what's around, see Curtis Feigel's printer directory. For a look at a new approach to printers, see Ed Umlor's review of the Prism Printer. We've also included a report on custom and standardized forms: where to get them and how to use them. And we have an article on programming your computer to fill in forms.

The Atari Tutorial continues with Part 7: Sound; William Barden Jr. discusses building a half-year clock for the Color Computer in the fourth article in his series on Radio Shack computers; in Part 2 of the "Input/Output Primer" Steve Leibson discusses interrupts and direct memory access; and Steve Ciarcia writes about using voiceprints to analyze speech. Don't miss our quarterly games feature, "BYTE's Arcade," plus our regular items and reviews.

BYTE is published monthly by BYTE Publications Inc. 70 Main St, Peterborough NH 03458. phone |603) 924-9281. a wholly-owned subsidiary of McGraw-Hill. Inc. Address subscriptions, change of address. USPS Form 3579. and fulfillment questions to BYTE Subscriptions. POB 590. Martinsville NJ 08836. Second class postage paid at Waseca. Minnesota 56093 - USPS Publication No. 528890 (ISSN 0360-5280). Canadian second class registration number 9321. Subscriptions are S19 for one year. S34 for two years, and S49 for three years in the USA and its possessions. In Canada and Mexico. S2I for one year, S38 for two years. S55 for three years. S43 for one year air delivery to Europe. S35 surface delivery elsewhere. Air delivery to selected areas at additional rates upon request. Single copy price is S2.95 in the USA and its possessions. S3.50 in Canada and Mexico. S4.50 in Europe, and $5.00 elsewhere. Foreign subscriptions and sales should be remitted in United States funds drawn on a US bank. Printed in United States of America.

Address all editorial correspondence to the editor at BYTE. POB 372. Hancock NH 03449. Unacceptable manuscripts will be returned if accompanied by sufficient first class postage. Not responsible for lost manuscripts or photos. Opinions expressed by the authors are not necessarily those of BYTE. Entire contents copyright © 1982 by BYTE Publications Inc. All rights reserved. Where necessary, permission is granted by the copyright owner for libraries and others registered with the Copyright Clearance Center |CCC| to photocopy any article herein for the base fee of S1.00 per copy of the article or item plus 25 cents per page. Payment should be sent directly to the CCC. 21 Congress St. Salem MA 01970. Copying done for other than personal or internal reference use without the permission of McGraw-Hill is prohibited. Requests for special permission or bulk orders should be addressed to the publisher.

BYTE® is available in microform from University Microfilms International. 300 N Zeeb Rd. Dept PR. Ann^ Arbor Ml 48106 USA or 18 Bedford Row, Dept PR. London WCIR 4EJ England.

Subscription WATS Line: (800) 258-5485 Office hours: Mon-Thur 8:30 AM - 4:30 PM, Friday 8:30 AM - Noon, Eastern Time

March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

". . .stands well above other S-100 graphics displays in its price and performance range."

BYTE, Product Review

"... better monochromatic . . .display.

ELECTRONIC DESIGN, 1981 Technology Forecast

M1CROANGELO

HIGH RESOLUTION GRAPHICS SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER

512 x 480 resolution black and white and vivid color displays

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RS-170 composite or direct drive output

Local or external sync generation

4MhzZ80 microprocessor

60 hertz realtime clock

8 level interrupt tie-in

IEEE S100 bus compatible

Screenware™ Pak I

A 4K byte operating system resident in PROM on MicroAngelo™. Pak I emulates an 85 character by 40 line graphics terminal and provides over 40 graphics commands. Provisions exist for user defined character sets and directly callable user extensions to Screenware™ Pak I.

Screenware™ Pak II

An optional software superset of Pak I which adds circle generation, polygon flood, programmable split screen for separate graphics and terminal I/O, relative coordinates, faster vector and character plotting, a macro facility, full UCSD Pascal compatibility, and more.

Light pen interface

Time multiplexed refresh

4K resident

Screenware™

Pak I operating

system

32KRAM

isolated from

host address

space

High speed

communications

over parallel

bus ports

And now... COLOR!!

The new MicroAngelo™ Palette board treats from 2 to 8 MicroAngelos as "bit planes" at a full 512 x 480 resolution. Up to 256 colors may be chosen from 16.8 million through the programmable color lookup table. Overlays, bit plane precedence, fade-in, fade-out, gray levels, blinking bit plane, and a highly visual color editor are standard.

Ask about our multibus and RS-232 versions.

Circle 347 on Inquiry card.

12310 Pinecrest Road • Reston, VA 22091 • (703)476-6100 • TWX: 710-833-0684

Circle 131 on inquiry card.

THINK AHEAD

THINK CP/M -86

MILESTONE-86™—$395. Manual alone - $30. "Critical path" network analysis program for scheduling manpower, dollars and time to maximize productivity. Interactive project management program that runs under CP/M-86. MILESTONE can be used to track paper flow, build a computer, check a department's performance, or build a bridge. MILESTONE can be used by executives, engineers, managers, and small businessmen.

• Produce PERT chart in minutes.

• Find critical tasks that can't be delayed.

• Investigate tradeoffs between manpower, dollars and time.

• Give plans to others using a printed project schedule.

• Change details and immediately see results on the screen.

• Balance time, manpower and costs. Formats: 8. IDW. IPC.

PLAN80" for 8086 — $495. Manual alone - $30.

A financial modeling system that's easy to use yet powerful enough to replace your timesharing applications. Lets you calculate IRR and depreciation as well as trig functions effortlessly. You write a PLAN80 model just the way you would write a letter using any editor or word processing program.

PLAN80 results can be incorporated into any report that requires a financial model. It can tackle any numeric problem that can be defined on a worksheet. You'll remember how you created the model because calculations are defined using real English — not matric coordinates. At any oint in the PLAN80 model you may display or print the results on your screen, printer or disk. Save all or part of the results for use by other models, or play "what if?" by inputting new values interactively. Formats: 8, IDW. IPC

DATEBOOK-86T"-$295. Manual alone-$30.

Schedule appointments for up to 27 different doctors, lawyers, rooms etc. Three appointment schedules are displayed on the screen at a time. File structure allows for appointments for up to one year in advance. Searches for openings that fit time of day. day of week and/or day of year constraints. Appointments made, modified or cancelled easily. Copies of day's appointments can be printed easily. Formats: 8. IDW. IPC

MORE SOFTWARE

CBASIC/86 PASCAL/M-86 Pascal:S0RT-86 TEXTWRITER-86 FIELD C0MPANI0N-86 PERSONAL DATEBOOK

PRODUCT/MANUAL ALONE

$325. $25.

$495. $25.

$195. $20

$125. $30

$295. $30

$150. $30

FORMAT CODES: B [B'singledensily IBM solt-seclored) IDW (IBM Display Wfiler with CP/M-86) IPC (I6M Personal Computer with CP/M-86)

TRADEMARKS: CP/M-86. CBASIC/86 • Digital Research. Milestone. Datebook. Personal Datebook, Textwtiler - Organic Software. Pascal/M - Sorcim. Pascal SORT Field Companion - Technical Software

SOFTWARE SOFTWARE DIGITA/MARKETING

DIGML/1/MRKETING"

2670 Cherry Lane.Walnut Creek.CA 94596 (415) 938-2880.Telex 17-1852 (DIGMKTG WNCK) Dealer Inquiries Invited

Editorial

The Microprocessor's Tenth Birthday

by Chris Morgan, Editor in Chief

". . . Intel introduces an integrated CPU complete with a 4-bit parallel adder, sixteen 4-bit registers, an accumulator, and a push-down stack on one chip. It's one of a family of four new ICs which comprise the MCS-4 microcomputer system—the first system to bring you the power and flexibility of a dedicated general-purpose computer at low cost in as few as two dual in-line packages ..."

—from the first microprocessor advertisement in the November 15, 1971 issue of Electronic News

It's hard to believe, but the microprocessor celebrated its tenth birthday this past November. The event slipped by with little comment from the technical press. We nearly missed it ourselves in the rush to keep up to date in an industry that refuses to slow down and wait for anyone. Nevertheless, it's staggering to realize that ten years have gone by since the calculating powers of the computer were first squeezed onto a small square of silicon. The first microcomputer was actually a family of four integrated circuits known collectively as the "MCS-4 system." It consisted of the 4004 CPU (central processing unit) that featured a set of 45 instructions, the 4001 ROM, the 4002 RAM, and the 4003 shift register.

Ironically, it was a Japanese calculator company called Busicom (now out of business) that spurred the creation of the microprocessor. As Ted Hoff Jr., inventor of the 4004, put it, "The development came as all good ideas do. I looked at a customer's proposed design and said, There ought to be a better way.' "

The "better way" came about in 1971 when Busicom contracted the newly formed Intel company to develop a family of integrated circuits that Busicom could use in a proposed line of programmable calculators. The Japanese company had already designed the calculator with about a dozen proposed MOS chips, and it wanted Intel to complete the design. Intel had only two designers at the time, though, and probably would have been hard pressed to design the chips quickly enough if it had not been for Hoff's inspiration. It was all related to Hoff's admiration for the architecture of DEC's PDP-8, a mini- Ted Hoff Jr., inventor of the 4004.

March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

You Get More Out of Percom Disk Systems.

Expect

At Percom, our business is making disk storage systems for microcomputers — something we've been doing right, since 1977,

From the design of rock-solid drive controller circuitry to quality controls that include 100% life testing of every drive shipped, you can expect to get more out of Percom Disk Systems.

And Percom provides you with comprehensive after-sales service from our wholly owned, fully independent customer service center.

WINCHESTER 10-MEGABYTE DISK STORAGE SYSTEMS

Enormous storage capacity plus high speed. Percom 5V<\ inch hard disk systems are 40 times faster than single-density floppy mini-disks, 20 times faster than doubledensity units. Systems include a smart, four-drive controller featuring state-of-the-art data encoding and separation, adaptable industry-standard disk interfacing. Plug-in-compatible version for

PERCOM

TRS-80* Model III computer, available now. Watch for IBM PC, Apple II, Atari, and H/Z-89 versions. Prices start at under $3000, including software. Also available with 5 or 15-Mbyte drives.

Coming soon! Ten megabyte removabledisk cartridge drive.

FLOPPY MINI-DISK STORAGE SYSTEMS

40 or 80-track drives, single or dual-head, flippy or nonflippy—all double-density rated. Available in 1, 2 and 3drive add-on units, 1 and 2-drive internal units, with full documentation and software support. Add-on drives from $599, complete systems from $459.95.

To learn more about quality Percom disk storage systems, mail the coupon today. Or, call toll-free 1-800-527-1222. Ask for booklet "D".

YES... I'd like to know more about Percom disk systems. Please rush me booklet "D".

Send to: PERCOM DATA COMPANY, INC. Dept BD1 11220 Pagemill Road, Dallas TX 75243

street

city

state

zip

THE DRIVE PEOPLE

11220 Pagemill Road • Dallas TX • 75243 • (214) 340-7081

phone number

I'm interested in floppy disk storage for my... TRS-80 nMdl IIIDMdl I □ IBM PC

□ H/Z-89 DH-8 DAIM/KIM/SYM DSystem-50

I'm interested in hard disk storage for my...

□ IBM PC nTRS-80 Mdl III DApple II □Atari □H/Z-89

Other computer?

(□floppy disk or Dhard disk?)

PRICES AND SPECIFICATIONS SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE.

•TRS-80 is a trademark of Tandy Radio Shack Corporation which has no relationship'to Percom Data Company. Inc S> 1981 Percom Data Company. Inc

PROFESSIONAL PASCAL

IWal/Z

4.0

SYMBOLIC DEBUGGER

This fourth generation version of our reliable, Z-80 native code compiler adds the two features professionals ask for:

♦ SWAT™—an interactive symbolic Pascal debugger that allows easy error detection.

♦ Overlays—that allow larger programs to run in limited memory.

A compiler for Professional programmers

Pascal/Z is a true Pascal. It closely follows the Jensen and Wirth standard with a minimum of extensions designed to aid the serious program developer in producing extremely compact, bug-free code that runs FAST.

Pascal/Z generates Z-80 native code that is ROMable and Re-entrant. Permits separate compilation, direct file access, external routines and includes a relocating macro assembler and Microsoft compatible linker. And code written for Pascal/Z is fully compatible with I'PAS 8000, our new native code Pascal compiler for Z-8000, to guarantee graceful migration to 16 bit operation.

Get "The FACTS about Pascal"

Confused about which Pascal to buy? Pseudo-code... Native code... M, MT or Z? Compare the unbiased benchmarks in our new booklet. Don't buy a Pascal compiler until you've read it.

Call us for a free copy:

800-847-2088

outside NYS)

or 607-257-0190

And ask your local full-service computer dealer about our Pascal/Z demo package.

v^ Ithaca Intersystems Inc.

Micros for bigger ideas.

Ithaca Intersystems Inc.

1650 Hanshaw Rd • Ithaca, NY 14850 • TWX 510 255-4346 U.K. Distributor: Ithaca Intersystems (U.K.)Ltd.

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Editorial.

computer he had been using for some time. "The PDP-8 was a nice machine: simple, yet it could do a lot. I looked at the PDP-8, I looked at the proposed Busicom, and I wondered why the calculator should be so much more complex." Busicom was initially uninterested in the proposed microprocessor. Nevertheless, Hoff's supervisors encouraged him to continue with the design, and Busicom finally relented.

As it turned out, the final configuration of the 4004 in the Busicom calculator was "pretty exotic," as 4004 design team member Stan Mazor describes it. "Shima Masutashi [another member of the 4004 design team who was later to design the 8080] and I worked on the design of the calculator. He wrote a 19-byte interpreter in MCS-4 machine code for the calculator. It performed the relatively trivial task of fetching the next pseudo-byte and jumping to a subroutine. I laughed when I realized that what we had inside the desk calculator was a computer programmed as an interpreter emulating a pseudolanguage."

Intel didn't realize at first what it had. An article in a recent issue of Intel's house magazine, Solutions, points out that "Intel's own board of directors could not agree on whether to proceed with the sale of the 4004. Their resistance was underscored by the company's marketing department which, based on the belief that microprocessors would only be sold as minicomputer replacements, initially estimated the entire worldwide market at only a few thousand units per year." Today, as we all know, Intel's initial sales estimate was off by several orders of magnitude.

Situations like this are not uncommon in the technical world. A similar situation occurred at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition of 1876. In a small pavilion at the fair, Alexander Graham Bell exhibited his newly invented telephone to a moderate number of politely interested people. Down the midway, though, thousands lined up to view the real technological hit of the show: the Corliss Steam Engine. I'll refrain from saying which of these two gadgets ultimately became a household item. But I will say that I don't have a princess model Corliss Steam Engine in my den.

Of course the microprocessor ultimately "made it" too, and it continues to affect our lives every day. The personal computer simply would not exist today without the microprocessor. In fact, it created a revolution. In his book Promise of Power, Carl Stokes said, "When you start dealing with change you are talking about interfering with those who are in possession of something." This concept doesn't apply to the microprocessor revolution, though, because microprocessors do not deny anything to anyone. Instead, they offer everyone a new tabula rasa. Not even the mainframe computer companies really suffered when the microprocessor appeared: they simply regrouped and continued marching (although it took some of them a long time to do it, and some of them haven't started yet).

Circle 198 on inquiry card.

Clogged memory? Sluggish program execution? Constricted throughput?

Introducing

the fastest Micro-relief for

these common business maladies—

ITHACA

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Editorial.

Smith-Corona's new letter-quality printer, the TP-1.

We congratulate Intel on the tenth anniversary of the fortuitous invention that made personal computing possible, and we look forward to the day in 1992 when we can examine the second decade of the microprocessor.

An $895 Daisy-Wheel Printer

This month's theme is printers, and the most exciting news in the fast-changing printer market is undoubtedly Smith-Corona's new $895 (suggested retail) letter-quality printer, the TP-1. It features a plastic daisy wheel plus either an RS-232C serial interface or a Centronics-style parallel interface. Maximum speed of the TP-1 is between 14 and 15 characters per second, but the average speed is closer to 12 characters per second.

Smith-Corona makes no apologies for the fact that the TP-1 is a bare-bones system, and even though it lacks such niceties as proportional spacing, double-striking capability, and bidirectional printing, it's still a bargain. Price-wise, its closest competitor is in the $1500 range. The American-made unit accepts letter or legal-sized paper, and, in a new version, will soon be able to handle fanfold paper. The TP-1 has some competition in the form of add-on boards that convert the Olivetti Praxis typewriter into a letter-quality printer. They're manufactured by Vertical Data Systems Inc., Mississauga, Ontario, Canada (Converter TP35); Williams Laboratories, Ithaca, New York (Bytewriter); and Systemed Corporation, Mountain City, Tennessee (Typrinter). We plan to review these units as soon as possible, for they herald the beginning of a new age of affordable word-processing computer systems. ■

Acknowledgments

Thanks to Donna Shuster and Intel for permission to reprint quotes and comments from the article "Tenth Anniversary of the Microprocessor" in the November/December 1981 issue of Solutions.

S-100 Fast-Aid.

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Letters

Apple's Decision Questioned

We use Apple computers for commercial machine-language program development and buy Apple lis at frequent intervals, either as a service to our customers or in order to expand our office.

I have recently spoken to a mail-order distributor of Apples who told me that as of December 4,1981, Apple was no longer wholesaling to mail-order houses. I could not believe this, so I called CALLA.P.P.L.E. It's true, I was told.

I am outraged. How can Apple, with new, large, clever, powerful competitors just beginning to breathe down its neck, remove the only way for small, intelligent users to buy Apples inexpensively?

Apple is, in effect, forcing us to buy from retail stores, which are usually overpriced. Their personnel are insulting in their inexperience and knowledgeable only about the latest space games. We can not afford their arbitrary $700 markup on the Apple II. Our software systems, while cost-effective with mail-order firms' prices, are not with the retail stores' prices.

Apple will have to decide just who its friends are—the retailer who sits on his duff selling other people's ideas or the software innovator who takes a piece of hardware and makes it usable by the masses. While Apple may be trying to help out its dealers, it seems to have decided to do this at the expense of its serious customers—the people on whose success its own utlimate success depends.

Apple has succeeded so far because it provides a product which we (and others) can program without too much trouble and which our customers can afford. This new attitude of demanding that we submit to retailers' ridiculous prices will compel many to reconsider which personal computer we will use to develop our systems. I hope Apple discovers its error before its competitors profit too much from it.

Dennis Gerald Pratt

666 North Dearborn, Apt 3F

Chicago, IL 60610

Yes, it is true. Apple Computer Inc. has given its dealers an ultimatum: either cease all mail and phone order sales, or your authorized dealership will be terminated effective December 4, 1981. This

was delivered in a "Notice of Dealer Agreement Modification" dated November 2, 1981, and dealers had until November 20, 1981, to sign and return the "modification." Otherwise, Apple threatened to pull the plug, so to speak.

Apple is attempting to justify this move by stating: "We believe that our ability to maintain a leadership position in competition with the corporate giants now entering the personal computer field depends in large measure on the willingness of our dealers to satisfy the end user with their familiarity with Apple products and their commitment to passing on this knowledge and support." Accordingly, Apple has added subparagraph 3 (g)(iv) to its Authorized Dealer Sales Agreement: "Dealer and Apple recognize that because of the special, technical nature of Apple Products, customers purchasing them can be properly served only if they have the benefit of pre- and post-sale education, orientation and support, specifically including in-person contact with the selling dealer, in order that each customer's needs may be properly served and the features, benefits, operation and applications of the Apple Products being purchased may be demonstrated and fully explained by knowledgeable sales personnel." It then goes on to specifically prohibit mail and telephone order sales of Apple products under penalty of losing the dealership.

Apple concluded its modification notice with the following paragraph:

"Apple personal computer products demand innovative and creative marketing. We are willing to work with all who are willing to meet that challenge. Those who are unwilling to expend the effort have no place in our future plans." . . . MH

Is Microfiche the Answer?

This letter is in response to the letter of Lew Merrick (October 1981 BYTE, page 10) regarding the storage bulk of advertising material in BYTE back issues.

The separation of advertising material into a separate removable section is undesirable because it would reduce the exposure of the advertising, reduce the value of the advertising, and ultimately degrade the quality of BYTE by reducing revenues.

An alternative is to convert to microfiche files at some loss of convenience but

great savings in space. BYTE is now available from University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan, but you must be very patient with them because (1) back issues are available only in one-year blocks, (2) back issues are not produced until well into the following year, and (3) orders are not filled promptly.

My suggestion is that BYTE offer a microfiche subscription option, just as is now done with the IEEE journals. The microfiche might actually be cheaper to produce and ship than the paper edition.

A microfiche viewer can be used for many purposes and occupies about as much space as three years of BYTE. The space needed to store the fiche is negligible.

Back issues of BYTE are well worth preserving, as they enable me, after a session on my modest micro, to ponder what little was available only five years ago and to speculate what the future holds. The advertisements in a five-year-old BYTE issue contain some very interesting material.

Richard Schwartz Electrical Engineer Star Fleet Engineering 1328 North Santa Anita Ave Arcadia, CA 91006

More on the WAI

Regarding Dr. S. S. Reddi's "Where Am I?" instruction (Technical Forum, November 1981 BYTE, page 413), I would like to point out that Motorola's 6809 has such an instruction. The simplest form is:

TFR

PCX

The instruction transfers the value in PC (program counter) to register X. (The value transferred is the location of the next instruction.) The 6809 also allows:

LEAX

n.PC

which adds "n" (8 or 16 bits) to PC and puts the result in register X. (LEA = Load Effective Address) This instruction, which may also be written:

LEAX

label,PCR

can compute the address of any label (location) within the program without using an absolute address (PCR means use

14 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Your computer,

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Letters i—^——■—_

PC-relative addressing). In these examples, the destination register could be Y, U, or S, instead of X, if desired. The destination for the TFR instruction could also be register D, which is accumulators A and B treated as one 16-bit register.

I question the usefulness of a WAI (Where Am I) instruction by itself, however. Apparently, Dr. Reddi would like to get the value of the 6502's program counter and then use this value to set up a table of addresses in page zero of memory, to be used with page zero indirect addressing (or, I shudder, to modify addresses within his program, such as jump and subroutine addresses). Adding a WAI instruction to the 6502 would help, slightly, with this rather clumsy method of making programs relocatable.

Much more is needed to make programs easily relocatable. The ideal situation would be to have code that runs at any address with no changes required. This is called position-independent code. The 6809 has the necessary instructions for such code. In addition to the LEAX (and LEAY, etc.) mentioned above, its instruction set includes branches (jumps), both conditional and unconditional, and subroutine calls with relative addressing. The relative address can be either 8 or 16 bits long, the latter allowing relative addressing anywhere within the 6809's address space. (Subroutine calls and unconditional jumps are also available with absolute addressing.) The presence of these instructions allows writing programs that can be run at any address with no changes (and with no need to set up a table of addresses or to modify the code at run time).

The WAI instruction by itself solves only a small part of the problem of being able to have position-independent code, code that will run unchanged at any address. Perhaps this is one reason it is not present in most computers. Most (or all) computers that have a WAI instruction, such as the 6809, PDP-11, 68000, and IBM 370, are also capable of position-independent code. I suspect that the 8086, Z-8000, and VAX 11/780 are also in this category.

Another reason for the absence of WAI in most microcomputers is that most 8-bit microprocessors were intended for use in dedicated controllers where there is no need for position independence or a WAI instruction.

One may note that the 6800 has a WAI instruction, namely:

NEXT

BSR EQU

NEXT

This use of BSR (branch to subroutine), which uses relative addressing, pushes the address of the next instruction onto the stack, where it can be easily retrieved. (This is not to be confused with the 6800 instruction whose mnemonic is WAI. This WAI means "wait for interrupt.")

Jim Howell

5472 Playa Del Rey

San Jose, CA 95123

The "Where Am I?" instruction is indeed useful. That is probably why it was included in the design of the Motorola 6809 as the Load Effective Address, or LEA, instruction, and its use is not restricted to finding the current PC contents.

The LEA instruction loads the effective address of its operand into the specified 16-bit register, which may be either stack, either index, or the double accumulator. The operand must use the indexed addressing mode, which includes PC-relative. "Where am 1?" could be coded:

HERE LEAX HERE.PCR

Assuming that you want HERE to be in the X register.

Other uses for the LEA instruction are addressing position-independent tables and adding constants to the indexable registers.

I recently read an article comparing the 6502 and the 6809 in which the author complained that he wasn't able to find much use for the LEA instruction. This caused some amusement among my friends. A close examination of some of my own code reveals that the LEA instruction is one of the most heavily used. I would venture the opinion that positionindependent code would be much more difficult to write without it.

Howard Lee Harkness Word's Worth POB 28954 Dallas, TX 75228

Architecture Controversy

It was nice to see your article on higherlevel machine-language constructs, "Should the DO Loop Become an Assembly-Language Construct?" by Glenn L. Williams (October 1981 BYTE, page 413). I would like to add a couple of comments to Mr. Williams's remarks.

Since Mr. Williams was including minicomputers in his article (he references the

PDP-11 and VAX 11/780) he might also have included a reference to the HP3000 instructions MTBA, MTBX, TBA, and TBX. These four instructions each perform a variation of Mr. Williams's NXT function. All the instructions use a loop variable, a limit value, and a step value. TBA and MTBA use a variable address on the stack while TBX and MTBX use the index register for the loop variable. In all cases, the limit and step values are on the stack. MTBA and MTBX modify the variable by the step value, which may be any integer, positive or negative, and compare the result to the limit value. Positive step values cause a check to see if the limit has been exceeded, and negative step values cause the check to see if the result is less than the limit. TBA and TBX do not modify the variable but check only for the limit being exceeded. These allow compilers to implement more complex counting-loop structures than can be accomplished by adding or subtracting a step size. Also, functions similar to Mr. Williams's SRCH function are performed by SCU (SCan Until memory byte matches test byte or terminal byte) and SCW (SCan While memory byte matches test byte or until terminal byte is found) on character strings.

With the growing acceptance of modular, structured programming it has long been my feeling that high-level constructs should be imposed at the machineinstruction level. The only real need for assembly language these days is to utilize the machine architecture not available at the high-level-language level to produce quick, short code. Implementing highlevel functions in machine language and providing optimizing compilers should just about eliminate any need for assembly language. Code produced would be very short and quick, because a single complex machine instruction should run faster than the many simpler instructions put together needed to accomplish the same function. I would like to see both micro- and minicomputer processors developed with instructions to implement WHILE, IF . . . THEN . . . ELSE, CASE, DO . . . UNTIL, and other high-level constructs at the machine-instruction level.

Let's all keep pushing for advances in architecture to keep up with advances in software. And thanks, BYTE, for being among the leaders in this respect.

David B. Mears 757 Cornell Dr. Santa Clara, CA 95051

16 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Letters.

Glenn Williams is undoubtedly correct when he says that the instruction sets of microprocessors can be improved. For various reasons, however, I do not agree with his specific proposals.

It will always be necessary to write programs in assembly language, but if the "software crisis" can be solved at all it will only be by the efficient implementation of high-level languages. Processor designers have clearly realized this, but unfortunately their attempts at providing "features" that are supposed to help the compiler writer are often misguided. Consider, for example, two of the features mentioned by Mr. Williams: stack and condition registers.

There are two principal reasons for using stacks in the implementation of a highlevel language. One is to save and restore environments when procedures are called, and the other is to provide fast temporary storage during expression evaluation. Typical PUSH and POP instructions do not help in either case: to save and restore an environment we need an appropriate addressing mechanism, and expressions can be evaluated faster using registers than stacks in memory.

If we were interested only in simple testand-jump coding, condition registers would be fine, but in high-level language programming this is not always the case. The Pascal statements

finished := eof OR (lines > maximum)

and

total

total + width * length

have the same structure. On a processor with condition registers, however, the first is coded by means of an elaborate sequence of jumps, while the second is a simple sequence of arithmetic operations. There is no reason why tests should not leave their results in ordinary registers, like other instructions.

The DO statement that Mr. Williams proposes would not be used by any but the most sophisticated optimizing compiler. First, it is inappropriate for loops in which a termination test is made on entry to, rather than on exit from, the loop body. This is not required for FORTRAN, but it is for Pascal. Second, the DO stack must be adjusted if an exit occurs before the loop is completed, and that is often, whatever the structured-programming zealots say. Third, a special addressing mode is required so that the code within the loop can access the DO index, because

the DO index lives in the DO stack.

The real requirements have been accurately summarized by Professor William Wulf ("Compilers and Computer Architecture," Computer, July 1981): the compiler writer wants well-designed primitive instructions, not solutions to problems. A small set of efficient, useful instructions is better than a vast number of "clever" instructions that do the right thing in special circumstances but require elaborate analysis in the general case.

Peter Grogono Metonomy Productions 4125 Beaconsfield Ave. Montreal, Quebec H4A 2H4 Canada

SR51A vs. HP-41C Calculations Continued

I thank Mr. Kitchen (Letters, October 1981 BYTE, page 20) for another opportunity to discuss accuracy in HewlettPackard calculators. I fear he missed the point; please note my earlier statement regarding predicability (Letters, April 1981 BYTE, page 16). Then try this with an SR51A or a similar calculator:

l.Take the square root of 2. On both your SR51A calculator and my HP-41C, the display shows 1.414213562. Square this result. You get 2; I get 1.999999999. Subtract 2. Neither machine yields zero, but yours looks like it will, unless you "chisel out" the hidden digits first.

2.Enter 1.414213562 through the keyboard, then square it. If your display reads 2, feel free to be outraged: your machine does funny arithmetic. Indeed, the SR51A does not yield 2 as a result, but, considering what happened in (1), it looks like it will. How much work are you willing to do to discover how your calculator is going to behave? If it is really a 13-digit machine, why must you trick it to reap the benefits?

I could go on. At great length. And not just about SR51s and square roots.

In some cases, the SR51A yields better results than an HP-41C. But which cases? In chain calculations, digits 11, 12, and 13 can become numerical noise that creeps into the visible mantissa, causing mysterious results whose origins are very hard to isolate.

Hewlett-Packard calculators exhibit more deterministric behavior. Accurate internal software that discards guard

18 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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digits is one reason. When unavoidable numerical errors occur, they are predictable, repeatable, and immediately apparent. Serious numerical analysis demands this; braggadocio does not.

Once again: a calculator is a tool, an extension of the mind. It must be understandable and understood by the user. Consider what can happen if this is not the case for a variety of tools you may use (e.g., power saws, guns, automobiles). Then consider who uses calculators seriously-: scientists, engineers, bankers, and doctors.

The designers at Hewlett-Packard keep such things firmly in mind.

Steve Abell

Research & Development Engineer

Hewlett-Packard Company

Corvallis Division

1000 NE Circle Blvd.

Corvallis, OR 97330

The Big Spelling Sweepstakes

The spelling-correction software review by Phil Lemmons ("Five Spelling-Cor

rection Programs for CP/M-Based Systems," November 1981 BYTE, page 434) gives me new faith in the free-enterprise economic system of business. He has correctly pointed to the best value in a computer dictionary program: The Word from Oasis Systems.

When this program was released I compared it to the "high-priced spreads" and came to the conclusion that a big-budget ad campaign would always get results for the less-valued product. The way that various magazine editors and writers were talking up certain overpriced spellers I thought that the big dollars would win over the underfinanced little organizations. I concluded I was wrong after reading your comprehensive review.

I'm sure there's a lot of egg on many a face this day—and rightly so. There are always some individuals willing to lend their names to products they don't fully understand. Furthermore, they let their names to used without understanding the competitive positions they are taking. That seems to be a characteristic of our culture—if action is required, act even if you don't have the facts.

The time is rapidly approaching when the fast-buck artist can no longer get away

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Microsoft Z-80 Softcard S269.00

Microsoft 16K Ramcard ... Limited stock 129.00

Videx Videoterm CALL

Epson MX-100 & MX-80/ft CALL

Zenith 12" Green Monitor 125.00

Novation Apple-Cat Modem 319.00

SOFTWARE:

Wordstar 3.0 (Apple) 229.00

Peachtree/40 (Apple) 195.00

Peachtree/5 (8" CP/M) 350 00

NEC CALL

Xerox 820 CALL

Vector Graphics CALL

Alios 8000 series CALL

SUPPLIES: Scotch Diskettes

744-0, 10. 16 RH 5" $27.00

745-0 RH DS/DO 5" 39.00

741-0 RH SS/DD 8" 37.00

743-0 RH DS/DD 8" 44.00

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MICROSOFT MITSUSISHI (VCRI A1 DESIGNS

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Mail Order to: P.O. Box 4380 Torrance, CA 90510-4380

Retail: 20695 S. Western Ave.

Suite 124, Torrance, CA 90501

(213) 328-1760

TERMS: Shipping add 3% lor product shipped within ax*rantal USA via UPS surface (nrnmum S6.00) It tha order la placed prepaid with U.S. fund* In tha lorn, of chat* or money order, a Total Charge of $6.00 for ahlpplng Is a> you pay wNNn Ins BDBfcwM USA via UPS surface. Alow 14 wortring days lor personal and company dtecks to dsar CVed* card chivgas limited to 11000. HO COD's. FPO, APO or orders outside conbrnnUI USA cal or write tor shipping charges or add 20% to purchase price (any drfteronce will be retorted) CaHorraa residents add 6% sales tax. Al others. AN otters subject to change or witfrirciwal wtfumi nc/aca.

with his "get-rich-quick" schemes, thanks in no small part to magazines like yours.

Frank Joseph

10925 Stonebrook Dr.

Los Altos Hills, CA 94022

We wish to inform BYTE and its readers that there is a sixth spelling-correction program on the market that, according to Mr. Lemmons's benchmarks, outperforms the others. This program is called the Disc-tionary.

We ran the Disc-tionary on Mr. Lemmons's 400-word benchmark text and it found all seven misspellings, yet failed to recognize only eight additional correctly spelled words. The total time to proofread and mark the file was only 47 seconds on a typical computer when the word review feature was skipped (1:12 with word review). A 3100-word file can be proofread in 1:12 without review. While it is impossible to make direct timing comparisons due to the use of two different computers, the Disc-tionary obviously combines a high level of accuracy with a large vocabulary. This gives the user a higher level of safety and convenience than the other programs.

We believe that the Disc-tionary presently provides the best combination of speed and accuracy. It is also very easy to use because of its menu-driven operation.

The Disc-tionary requires a Z80 and is available on an 8-inch CP/M disk for $79. This price includes a 54-page user's manual (available separately for $15) and two free "bug fix" updates.

David G. Hicks, Vice-President Stellarsoft Corporation 841 Blanchette Dr. East Lansing, MI 48823

Editor's Note: This program has not been tested by Mr. Lemmons. The times above have been provided by the manufacturer, and we cannot vouch for their accuracy.

An Avalanche of Answers

I have received some pretty strange and fascinating responses to a question I put to Steve Ciarcia that was printed in "Ask BYTE" (July 1981 BYTE, page 218).

Apparently, Steve didn't provide what the readers thought was the best answer and they quickly let us both know. The

20 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 165 on inquiry card.

Circle 402 on Inquiry card.

897 N. W. Grant Ave. • Corvallis, Oregon 97330 • 503/758-0521

Introducing the Enhancer It: a new

Standard which is improving the

relationship between Humans and

Apples. The Enhancer ][ can help

your Apple H's keyboard become

more sociable by remembering

words or phrases which can be

entered into the Apple by the mere

touch of a key. Life can become

even easier because the Enhancer ][

can remember what you typed

while your Apple was busy talking

to your disc (or doing other things].

Naturally, it knows the difference

between upper and lower case

letters and what shift keys are

supposed to do. It even knows to

auto repeat any key held down. The

Enhancer ][ replaces the encoder

board making installation simple.

Suggested retail price: $149.00.

THE DAWN OF A NEW ERA FOR APPLE ]L'

ENHANCER It

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■

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The time tested Videoterm BO column card:

• 80 characters x 24 lines

• True decenders

• 7 x 9 character resolution

• Low power consumption

• Compatible with most word processors

• Softcard and CP/M compatible

• Modem compatible

• Most popular character set of any 80 column card

• Alternate character fonts available Suggested retail price $345.00

■ SOFT VIDEO SWITCH

rmwn

The Soft Video Switch is an automatic version of the popular Switchplate. It knows

whether it should display 40 or 80 columns or Apple graphics. It does the tedious work of switching videoout signals so you don't have to. The Soft Video Switch can be controlled by software. Any Videoterm with Firmware 2.0 or greater may be used with the Soft Video Switch. The single wire shift mod is also supported. Package price is $35.00.

■ KEYBOARD AND DISPLAY ENHANCER

The original Keyboard and Display Enhancer is still available for Revision 0-6 Apples (an which the new Enhancer ][ will not fit). These Apples have memory select sockets at chip locations D1, E1 & F1. The Keyboard and Display Enhancer allows entry and display of upper & lower case letters with fully functional shift keys. It does NOT have user definable keys nor a type ahead buffer. The price is $ 129.00.

■ ACCESSORIES:

Videoterm Utilities Disc $37.00 (includes)

• Font Editor

• Pascal Mid-Res Graphics

• Applesoft Read Screen Utility

• Top S. Bottom Scrolling

• Pascal Vidpatch

• Graphics Template Character Set EPROMs $29.00 ea

• Half Intensity

• Inverse

• German

• Katakana(Japanese)

• Line Drawing Graphics (Expanded)

• Spanish

• French

• Math S Greek Symbols

• Super & Subscript Dvorak EPROM

(Enhancer) $29.00

Lower Case Chip $29.00

Apple and Apple II are registered trademarks of Appli; Cornpu

Letters.

day I got my magazine I also got a longdistance call asking if I was Dave Bower and if I owned a TRS-80 and if I had written to BYTE magazine. The caller then answered my question. The next day I got a letter answering the question. There's nothing strange about getting a letter, except that you didn't print my address, and neither did the person sending the letter! And it continued like that for the next couple of months—letters and phone calls from all over the United States. And just when I thought it was over I got a package from Steve Ciarcia containing the letters he had received!

So, needless to say, I got my question answered. And I got a lot more too. I think every person that contacted me also shared more hints and/or information or whatever. So even though they all called or wrote me about the same thing, not one exchange was a waste of time.

I just wanted to let you know what kind of readers you have and that I think Steve has a pretty good column, and a well-read one too.

Dave Bower

741 Lake Edward Dr., Apt.

Virginia Beach, VA 23462

104

HE S^W,'

ORD

'ill'

\ ,\x >

W \

WHY DOES OUR SPELLING CHECKER COST LESS THAN THEIRS?

Maybe we goofed by not charging more for The WORD. Our customers tell us we must be crazy, giving away this much software for only $75.

What's wrong with it?

Frankly, we're a little hurt when people ask us this question. We guess everyone must be getting used to paying $200 to $300 for decent software. Anything that costs less must be junk. Right?... WRONG!!!

The WORD is not only cheaper, it's better!

Available NOW for:

8" single CP/M',CDOS™ XEROX 820 (8" only) Intertec Superbrain™

Apple™ with CP/M Softcard

(35.000 word dictionary)

North Star™ Double/Quad with CP/M

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research

The WORD gives you more!

The WORD gives you a 45,000 word dictionary that fits into less than 140K of disk space.

The WORD works with your favorite text editor and marks mistakes in your document for easy, in-context, correction.

The WORD'S one-touch word review lets you add new words to the dictionary with a single keypress. You can build your own custom dictionaries too!

The WORD will look up the correct spelling of misspelled words.

The WORD analyzes your writing, counting words and showing you how often each word was used.

The WORD has a special homonym helper feature to deal with these pesky words.

The WORD will find rhyming words, solve crossword puzzles, and much more!

OASIS SYSTEMS

2765 REYNARD WAY, SAN DIEGO, CA 92103

CALL TODAY!

(714) 291-9489

Closing the Net

Harry Saal's article on local networks ("Local-Area Networks, Possibilities for Personal Computers," October 1981 BYTE, page 92) did injustice to your readers with its narrow scope and omissions. Specifically:

1. Datapoint's local coaxial networkbased ARC system was introduced and installed in 1977.

2. About 2000 ARCs are installed and in commerical service worldwide—more than all other networks, prototype or otherwise, combined. (I have heard no argument to estimates that Datapoint has a 95 percent market share of installed local networks.)

3. Tandy uses the local network portion of ARC, ARCNET, for its TRS-80 Model II personal computer network, announced in September—a step of major significance.

4. Three companies now use ARCNET— Datapoint, Inforex, and Tandy.

5. The only deliverable chip-based local network interface is manufactured by Datapoint.

Considering these omissions, I'm skeptical that the article was well researched.

Gerard Cullen Vice-President Marketing International Operations Datapoint Corporation 9725 Datapoint Dr. San Antonio, TX 78284

Harry J. Saal replies:

My article was not intended as a complete survey of local-area network products. Datapoint's offerings in the highspeed, serial, coax network were indeed quite early; it is unfortunate that Datapoint has not provided any in-depth technical information in the published literature by which its system can be evaluated for comparative study. In September 1981, several months after my article was completed, Datapoint announced its relationship with Tandy, a very exciting recent development.

Let me assure Mr. Cullen that there are substantially more than 100 installed, non-ARC local networks worldwide; hence the 95 percent market share claim is false. ■

22 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

The Context Connector" Converts

Any Data Directly Into VisiCalc

Without Re-typing.

If you're one of the thousands of VisiCalc users who enter data from another computer into your VisiCalc models, the Context Connector can save you hours of work.

The Connector automatically converts text files from any computer into VisiCalc format. So you can easily move numbers from any file directly into selected VisiCalc cells.

Load Data From Your Company Computer.

The Connector lets you convert data from your company computer directly into VisiCalc models. So you can compare actual results to VisiCalc projections. The Connector will also consolidate different VisiCalc models, an invaluable tool for 3.2 version owners.

Analyze Stock and Commodities Prices.

The Connector converts data from timesharing services like Dow Jones into VisiCalc cells. So you can manipulate error free numbers instead of spending valuable time on typing.

Convert Data From Any Timesharing System.

The Connector will convert data from any timesharing system into your VisiCalc models. Information from DRI, Dow Jones, The Source, Chase Econometrics, Dialog and other leading data bases can be processed by the Connector. The Connector has its own editor to let you review and edit figures prior to converting into VisiCalc.

The Connector Also Transmits and Receives Electronic Mail.

The Context Connector also serves as a basic communications program. The Connector has an auto-dial feature to automatically call other

computers. Once on-line, the Connector can transmit standard DOS text files to any computer. The Connector can transmit and receive complete VisiCalc models. Another useful function is "save to disk" which allows you to save your electronic mail on disk for future reference.

Specifications.

The Connector is designed to work with the Apple II, 48K of RAM and at least one disk drive. The Connector supports both 13 and 16 sector disk versions of VisiCalc. It also works with the Apple III in emulation mode.

For data transmission, the Connector supports the D.C. Hayes Micromodem, Apple communications card or the SSM/AIO card.

Available at Your Local Computer Store.

The Connector is available at most personal computer stores. For the name of your nearest dealer, please call or write Context Management Systems. Retailers, the Connector is available from Softsel Distributors or from Context Management Systems.

Free Demo Disk

Send us a blank 51/4" disk and a self addressed stamped mailer and we'll return your disk with a copy of the Connector demonstration program which explains how you can use the Connector. Or if you prefer, send a check for $4.00 made out to Context and we'll send you a new Maxell MD-1 51/4" disk containing our demo program. Once you've seen our demo, you can delete the program and use the demo disk as you would any new blank diskette. It's a risk free way of seeing the Connector demonstrated on your Apple.

CONTEXT MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

Management Software For Personal Computers

23864 Hawthorne Blvd., Suite 101

Torrance, California 90505

(213)378-8277

©1982 Context Management Systems

VisiCalc™ is a trademark of Personal Software, Inc. • Apple™ is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. Circle 110 on Inquiry card.

CP/M-86: The Standard

in the

16-Bit World

\C

WAR?.

The Growth Market

& Proven Tools

The 16-bit world answers universal demands for greater performance, more address space and increased resources. This market's unprecedented growth fuels a profit-driven supply curve for software and hardware, where compatibility reigns. Our upward compatible CP/M® based family of 16-bit products, plus our commitment to our customers' success eases and speeds your entry, your conversion, to the 16bit world of opportunities —the Digital" Research world.

Single user solution: CP/M-86 features efficiency and power. For over a year, its dramatic user acceptance has generated impressive quantities of code. While others are just entering the market, Digital Research's CP/M-86 is already offering a broad array of languages and applications. This simplifies your conversion to 16-bit systems.

For concurrent single user applications, MP/M-86™ performs simultaneous, multiple operations such as communications, printing, computation, etc. It features compact, timetested modular code. And it's available today.

In multiple computer environments, MP/M-86 lets you sell your same programs into this market segment. You solve multi-user needs with a field proven product, not a "newcomer!1 Increased sales of multi-user products mean more profit potential for you.

Expand to network: CP/NET86™ interconnects multiple 16 or 8-bit systems. It allows you to expand your product's capabilities.

High level languages [over 20 languages) under CP/M-86, handily support your 16-bit applications. OurXLT86™ utility speeds conversion to 16-bit code by reducing R&D time. It makes program development and maintenance easier.

Documentation in a comprehensive set of manuals clarify your use of CP/M-86, MP/M-86 and XLT86.

FTWAltf

Over 2 Million CP/M-86 Units

Software Writer Benefits The Standard Is

2,800,000 CP/M-86 based systems by 1986. This market projection identifies the type and scope of you r futu re sales.

Independent Software Vendor (ISV] benefits from Digital Research can make you more profitable. Here's a glimpse. Call forthe complete repertoire of sales and development aids.

16-bit laboratory for your use features many different 16-bit machines. This one stop development reduces the conversion time of your application or language. First to call means first to enjoy this resource, and first to start sales rolling.

ISV selling aid: Descriptive listings of your products in our ISV Compatible Software Catalog have worldwide exposure.

IBM Display Writers and Personal Computers running CP/M-86 guarantee a large installed base for your 16-bit products.

Digital Research

We are the most experienced microcomputer software company in the industry. Over 300,000 microcomputers use our operating systems. Over 400 OEMs and 500 independent software vendors use our products. Hundreds of 8-bit applications now run under our 16-bit products. Across the board, we set the standard. And these people help us set it, with languages under CP/M-86 or MP/M-86: The Code Works Computer Innovations Compuview Products, Inc. Digital Research Microfocus, Inc. Micropro Int'l Corp. Microsoft

Midwest Micro-Tek, Inc. Ryan-McFarland Corp. The Soft Warehouse Sorcim Corp. Stackworks Supersoft Associates Thomas W. Yonkman Vanguard Systems Corp.

OEM Strategy

New sales. New markets. New applications become realities when you convert to 16-bits. New demand curves. New and larger profit centers are yours with our 16-bit products. To immediately capture increased market share, make a priority call to our marketing group for our 16-bit product briefs, OEM price list and contract information.

C compiler

C compiler

VEDIT, screen editor

CBASIC-86, PASCAL MT

CIS COBOL

WORDMASTER, WORDSTAR

BASIC, FORTRAN, COBOL, PASCAL

BASIC-compiler

RM/COBOL

LISP compiler, MuMATH

PASCAL/M.TRANS-86

FORTH

C compiler

LISP/86

APL/V86

Turn Opportunity

into Success.

Stop following the competition. Help lead the field. Today. We provide the capability, and we have the desire, to accelerate your profitability. There's no other software product on the market today that can help make you more successful than Digital Research's CP/M-86. And there's no other company. We stand ready. It's your move. Call (408) 649-3896, or write: Digital Research, RO. Box 579, Pacific Grove, CA 93950. Europe: Vector; Int'l., Leuven, Belgium, 32(16]202496. Far East: Microsoftware Assoc, Tokyo, Japan, 03-403-2120.

Circle 132 on Inquiry card.

Apple/Tandy software writers:

Personal and professional computer applications increasingly require 16-bit resources. Our established "how-to" aids simplify and speed your conversion to 16bit applications. Just let us help.

.ffiA

^5

I

I DIGITAL RESEARCH

CP/M is a registered trademark ot Digital Research. CP/M-86, MP/M-86. CP/NET-86, XLT86and PASCAL MT ate trademarks of Digital Research. (0Copyright1981 Digital Re-">=>"-h

Hardware Review

Commodore 4022 Printer

Joseph Holmes

13049 Broadway Terrace

Oakland, CA 94611

Some marriages are made in heaven—others are made in Japan. Commodore Business Machines has joined Epson to produce a fine, low

cost printer that combines the hardware features of the Epson MX-80 with the upgraded operating system of the Commodore CBM 2022

At a Glance

Name

Commodore Business Machines Dot-Matrix Printer Model CBM 4022

Use

General [listings, reports, business forms, graphics, draft-quality word processing, etc.

Manufacturer

Commodore Business Machines and Epson 3330 Scott Blvd. Santa Clara, CA 95051

Dimensions

0.7 by 37.3 by 33 cm (414 by 14% by 13 inches); the weight is 6.6 kg (14.6 pounds)

Price

S795

Additional Hardware Needed

Cable (CBM to IEEE-488 or IEEE-488 to IEEE-488)

Features

Disposable heavy-duty 8-wire jeweled print head, cartridge ribbon, 80-column width capabili ty, 5 by 8 dot-matrix characters (6 by 8 for graphics), true lowercase descenders, maximum print speed of 80 lines/minute for 20 columns (40 lines/minute for 40 columns), programmable line spacing, user-designed characters, paging with variable lines/page, enhanced (widened) characters, two character sets, and built-in error messages

Documentation

Commodore User's Manual, 45-page paperback (supplied with printer); Osborne/McGraw-Hill PET/CBM Personal Computer Guide, 2nd edition, 501-page paperback (supplied with computer)

Audience

Programmers, businesspeople, engineers, educators, students, writers, hobbyists, or others with Commodore 2000, 4000, or 8000 series microcomputers.

printer. Latest in a series of new products from Commodore, the CBM 4022 will handle most printing jobs where the 8V2- by 11-inch paper size and dot-matrix output are acceptable.

The 4022 is totally compatible with all Commodore 2000, 4000, and 8000 series computers. The printer requires no special interface other than a cable. The 4022 prints the entire CBM/PET character set (256 characters), which means that listings and graphics programs come out just as they were entered (see figure 1). It is controlled by an internal microprocessor, which gives the 4022 versatile line-spacing and formatting capabilities. You can design your own business forms; you can even design and print special characters. The 4022 has both a replaceable line cord and an external, easily replaceable fuse.

In order to detail the other features of the CBM 4022, I will compare it to its cousin, the MX-80, and to its father, the CBM 2022.

CBM 4022 Versus Epson MX-80

Many of the 4022's features overlap those of the MX-80. Both have a selfdiagnostic print test and lowercase descenders (one-dot descenders with the 4022 and two-dot descenders with the MX-80). Line spacing defaults to 1/6 inch (six lines per inch) in the 4022 and to either 1/8, 1/6, or 7/72

26 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

1001

META TECHNOLOGIES

26111 Brush Avenue. Euclid Ohio 44132 CALL TOLL FREE 1-800-321-3552 TO ORDER

IN OHIO, call (216) 289-7500 (COLLECT)

THINGS TO DO WITH YOOR PERSONAL COMPUTER

BY MARK SAWIISCH

333 pages $10.95

333 pages, written in simple terms, of "what-to-do" and "how-to-do-it". Suitable not only for microcomputers, but for programmable calculators as well. Includes program listings, formulas, a glossary of computer terms and more! Definitely a MUST BUY!

"TRS-80™ DISK AND OTHER MYSTERIES"

by Harvard C. Pennington

132 pages written in PLAIN ENGLISH packed with HOW TO information with details, examples and in-depth explanations. Recover lost files and directories, remove file protection, make BASIC programs unlistable. How to use SUPERZAP, recover from DOS errors and MORE!

TRS-80TM DISK $19.95

"OTHER MYSTERIES" VOLUME II

by James Farvour

Call now and place your order tor tnis new book, •'MICROSOFT™ BASIC DECODED & OTHER MYSTERIES for the TRS-80TM", from IJG, Inc. A primer for cassette and disk BASIC on the TRS-80TM, the information provided applies to similar MICROSOFTTM BASIC interpreters.

MICROSOFTTM BASIC DECODED . $24.95

"OTHER MYSTERIES" VOLUME III

by Dennis Kitsz

THE CUSTOM TRS-8(r™ $28.95

CALL FOR AVAILABILITY

"OTHER MYSTERIES" VOLUME IV

"BASIC FASTER AND BETTER"

If you program in BASIC, you want this book! Time-tested and proven, the techniques and routines can be used in thousands of ways to make your programs smaller, faster, and look truly professional. BASIC FASTER & BETTER $24.95

EPSON

MX-80, MX-80FT, MX-100

PRINTERS

NEW LOWER PRICES!

EXTRA-LONG 10 ft. RIBBON

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CONNECTS EPSON PRINTER & TRS-80 MICROCOMPUTER

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DISK DRIVES

$289 complete

FOR MODEL I and MODEL III

Includes Case, Power Supply and External Drive Connector

DISK DRIVE

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Single Sided, Soft-Sectored S'/i-inch,

PARAGON MAGNETICS™

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box of 10

These are factory fresh, absolutely first quality (no seconds!) mini-floppies. They are complete with envelopes, labels and writeprotect tabs in a shrink-wrapped box.

Box of 10 Diskettes $19.95

PARAGON

magnetics™

Introducing MTC's premium generic diskette. Single-Sided, Soft-Sectored, DOUBLE-DENSITY, S'A-inch diskettes with reinforcing HUB-RINGS. Individually 100% ERROR-FREE certified. Invest in GOLD! PARAGON MAGNETICS GOLD $23.95

VERBATIM'S PREMIUM DISKETTES

DATALIFE™

Seven data-shielding improvements mean greater durability and longer data life. These individually, 100% error-free certified diskettes feature thicker oxide coating, longer-lasting lubricant, improved liner, superior polishing and more! Meets or exceeds IBM, Shugart, ANSI, ECMA and ISO standards.

VERBATIM DATALIFETM DISKETTES 5!/4-inch(boxof 10)

MD525-01 $26.95

8-inch FLOPPIES

Double-Density, FD34-8000 . $43.95

'RINGS' & THINGS

HUB RING KIT for 51/." disks $10.95

HUB RING KIT for 8" disks $12.95

REFILLS (50 Hub Rings) $ 5.95

CLEANING KIT for 5'/I" drives . . $24.95

5!/4-inch diskette case $3.50

8-inch diskette case $3.95

5Vi -inch File Box for

50 diskettes $24.95

8-inch File Box for

50 diskettes $29.95

TRS-80 is a trademark of the

Radio Shack Division ot Tandy

Corporation. DATALIFE is a

trademark ol VERBATIM. PLAIN

JANE, PARAGON MAGNETICS.

are trademarks of MTC © 1981 by Meta Technologies Corporation

MOST ORDERS

SHIPPED WITHIN

ONE BUSINESS DAY

Products damaged in transit will be exchanged.

PRICES IN EFFECT

March 1,1982 THRU

March 31,1982

Prices, Specifications, and Offerings subject to change without notice.

8203

WE ACCEPT

• VISA

• MASTER CHARGE

• CHECKS

• MONEY ORDERS

• COD.

• Add $3.00 for shipping & handling •$3.00 EXTRA for COD.

•Ohio residents add 6.5% sales tax.

Circle 234 on Inquiry card.

BYTE March 1982

************<

CBM 4Q22 PRINT SAMPLE

PET KEYBOARD: STANDARD CHARACTER. SET CUNSHIFTED)

e! "#*;■;'&:■-.>::>«-c iqwertvuiop-t-ohsdfgh jkl :zxcvbnm,;??S9/456* 123+0.-=

PET KEYBOARDS STANDARD CHARACTER SET <SHIFTED>

-i -~_i m #?"*+1 »o~_i 1,-, nn "* *#--i 1'-' l_>*--x 1 .•-•■,. % -j 1 1 h-h y n u

PET KEYBOARD: ALTERNATE CHARACTER SET <UNSHIFTED>

& ! " #$Xr .fc!;: < ) £*+1 owier-feyu i opKOasd-Pcjhj k I:zxcvfonm ,• .? ?789/456* 123+0. -=

PET KEYBOARD: ALTERNATE CHARACTER SET >■.SHIFTED;'

~i »~J ~lf\«&«-C D QWERTVU I OPt - ASDFGHJKLi-'ZHCVBNM „ \"~m'm^J I I H~tH h n LJ

REVERSE FIELD:

ENHANCED:

ONCE'

H--J X ill:

~~r~ :n 1—1

USER DESIGNED CHARACTER: @ IJi

Ijg

Figure 1: Prinf sample of the Commodore CBM 4022 printer showing the entire character set, reversed and enhanced print, and userdefined characters.

inch in the MX-80. The line spacing can be altered (under software control) from between 1/216 and 127/216 (0.0046 to 0.5880) inch increments on the 4022 and between 1/72 and 85/72 (0.0139 to 1.180) inch increments on the MX-80.

Characters printed by the 4022 can be enhanced (widened). This can be done several times, if desired. Print enhancement with the MX-80 means emphasized print and/or double striking; both processes make the characters closer to correspondence quality. The 4022 is a tractor-feed printer that accepts paper in 4- to 10-inch widths. The print head is disposable, has a useful life of from 50 to 100 million characters, and costs less than $30. (Another disposable print head, which is longer

lasting and 3 decibels quieter, sells for around $40.) The ribbon is housed in an easily changed cartridge, which needs replacing after about 3 million characters, that sells for around $14. Otherwise, the basic internal hardware of the two machines is virtually identical.

In printers, as in marriage, compromises often must be made. In order to accommodate the versatile CBM operating system, the 4022 has missed some of the juicier features of the MX-80:

• The MX-80 prints 10 characters per inch (cpi) at 46, 73, and 105 lines per minute for 80, 40, and 20 columns, respectively. The corresponding print speeds for 10 cpi with the 4022 are 30, 50, and 80 lines per minute.

• The MX-80 has its own set of 64 block-graphic characters. (I believe, however, that these graphics are far less interesting than the Commodore graphics.)

• The MX-80 has 12 printing modes that combine four character-width sizes: normal, 10 cpi; normal double width, 5 cpi; compressed, 16.5 cpi; and compressed double width, 8.25 cpi with four print densities: standard, emphasized, double strike, and emphasized plus double strike. Epson's MX-80 prints all these combinations of print sizes and print densities—except enhanced and enhanced plus double strike for the two compressed sizes.

• The four type sizes used by the MX-80 give a range of 40 to 132 characters per 8-inch line. The CBM

28 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Systems Group System 2800 computers. They're making people stand up and take notice.

But then Systems Group products have always appealed to those who appreciate sensible value, high performance, unmatched reliability and prompt, courteous service.

Through the years, Systems Group product acceptance in Z80 CPU, disk controller, I/O and memory boards have been the result of some very purposeful and carefully thought out engineering. Not to mention strict industrial quality production standards.

That same effort has made System Group's new family of expandable System 2800 computers what they are today.

Fast, reliable and powerful.

System 2800 computer systems are designed for a single user with 64K of memory or for up to as many as six separate users with additional add-in memory. They can easily expand as your organization's needs grow.

You can handle up to 8000 customers and 24,000 inventory items in our lowest cost dual floppy model and much, much more in our 40M byte hard disk models. And you can connect up to 12 terminals or printers and other add-on Systems Group floppy, tape and hard disk single or dual drive subsystems.

Select CP/Mf, MP/Mfor OASISttoperating systems to run all your word processing and

accounting programs. No matter what size organization you control, controlling will be easier from

now on.

See the System 2800 from Systems Group, they're what computers should have been in the first place.

t registered Trademark of Digital Research tt registered trademark of Phase One Systems

Dealer Inquiries Invited

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ra n

1981

1983

1985

Today's Requirements

Dual floppy single or multi-user system

Tomorrow's Requirements

10M byte hard disk and floppy drive, single or multi-user system

Your Future Requirements

40M byte hard disk and 20M byte tape back-up, single or multi-user system

4022 has one print mode and one type size giving 10 cpi or 80 characters per 8-inch line. Characters can be widened, however, for special effects.

• The character matrix of the MX-80 is 9 by 9 dots, whereas that of the CBM 4022 is 6 by 8 dots (5 by 8 for nongraphic characters). This allows two-dot lowercase descenders for the MX-80 versus one-dot descenders for the CBM 4022.

• The MX-80 has four indicator lights: Power On, Printer Ready, Paper Out, and On Line. The four switches on the MX-80 are Power On/Off, On Line, Form Feed, and Line Feed. In addition, a warning buzzer responds to paper-out and error conditions. The CBM 4022 has one indicator light (Power On), which also flashes for paper out, and two switches: an On/Off switch and a Paper Advance button that takes you to top-of-form or feeds continuously if held down.

• The MX-80 lists for $645; the CBM 4022 lists for $795. Since no addi

tional interface board is needed to connect to PET/CBM computers, you could come out ahead with the 4022.

CBM 4022 Versus CBM 2022

How does the CBM 4022 stack up against its predecessor, the CBM 2022? Physically, they are quite different. The 4022 is lighter and far more compact. It is also much quieter—a plus for the families of nighttime programmers! The 4022 has true lowercase descenders; the 2022 does not.

Both printers share a slightly annoying bug. When in the lowercase mode, the backslash, the left arrow and up arrow, and the left and right brackets must be shifted to achieve their normally unshifted appearance. For their shifted versions, or graphics, you must type them unshifted. I have learned to live with this. The earlier model's paper advance couldn't find the top-of-form, but it was useful for advancing the

paper short distances without turning the knob. The new model makes it more difficult to back up the paper without crinkling precious hard copy. Both CBM printers have formatting and other features that are controlled by a system of secondary addresses (sa). These features are activated by opening files (channels) to one or more of the secondary addresses and then printing to the appropriate file. The earlier model 2022 had these seven secondary addresses:

sa 0: Print exactly as received

sa 1: Print according to an established format

sa 2: Establish format field

sa 3: Set number of lines per page

sa 4: Activate error messages

sa 5: Design custom character

sa 6: Set spacing between lines

The later model 2022 added an eighth secondary address (sa 7) that switched the entire PET/CBM character set from uppercase/shifted

Photo 1: Manufactured in Japan by Epson, the new CBM 4022 combines the hardware features of the MX-80 with the upgraded operating system of the CBM 2022 printer.

30 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

A simple fact:

The considerable benefits of a personal computer like the Osborne 1® are often intangible, often exciting, and always expanding.

The value of the Osborne 1 is clear and simple: $1795. Complete.

$1795 includes this hardware:

Z80A™ CPU with 64K RAM □ Dual floppy disk drives with 100K bytes storage each □ 5" CRT □ Business keyboard with numeric keypad and cursor keys□ RS-232C Interface □ IEEE 488 Interface □ Weather-resistant, portable housing □ Operates on European and American voltages □

$1795 includes this software:

□ CP/M® Operating System

□ WORDSTAR® word processing with MAILMERGE

□ SUPERCALC™ electronic spreadsheet

□ CBASIC®

□ MBASIC®

Call (415) 887-8080 for the name of your nearest authorized OSBORNE 1 computer retailer.

Trademarks: ZBOA: Zilog Corporation

SUPERCALC: Sorcim Corporation

Registered Trademarks:

OSBOflNE 1: Osborne Computer Corporalion

CP/M: Digilal Research MBASIC: Microsoll

CBASIC: Compiler Syslems. Inc.

WORDSTAR, MAILMERGE: MicroPro International

Circle 292 on Inquiry card.

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DUAL System 83 by UNISOFT "UNISOFT is a trademark of UNISOFT Corporation of Berkeley, CA.

DUAL SYSTEMS

system reliability/system integrity

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graphics to lowercase/shifted uppercase. However, this upgrade had one nasty bug. Often, when another secondary address was accessed, the character set would switch inexplicably to lowercase. The only remedy for this was to reset the printer by turning it off and then on again. The CBM 4022 has overcome this problem with the addition of three more secondary addresses: numbers 8, 9, and 10—for a total of 11. Secondary address 8 switches the printer back to uppercase mode. Secondary address 9 closes the channel to sa 4, the error channel, and sa 10 resets the printer so that only sa 0 (the default channel) is left open. These new addresses allow much better and more reliable direct keyboard and software control of printer functions. The last four secondary addresses for the CBM 4022 are:

sa 7: Switch to lowercase sa 8: Reset to uppercase sa 9: Turn off error channel sa 10: Reset everything

Let's look at some of the 4022's features in more detail. If a file (channel) has been opened to sal, all printing will be in a format that was previously established. This format was set up by opening file sa 2 and then assigning a format field (or image string) to a string variable, then printing that string variable to the file open to sa 2. The format field that governs output layout is similar to the image fields used in the PRINT USING command found in some versions of BASIC.

Here are a sample PRINT statement, a format field, and the formatted printout. (The values of the variables used are A$ = "OK", A = 37, B = 86, C = 8.27, D = 1.28, E = 1.25, F = 26.51, G = -3, H = -3.) The PRINT statement is:

PRINT#1,'A$CHR$(29)CHR$(160) CHR$(29),A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H"

The format field for this PRINT statement is:

AAAA AAA ZZZZ R| 9999R| 99.99 ZZ.99 $99.99 $$$.99 S99 99

32 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 137 on inquiry card.

Tired of writing (and rewriting] customized and friendly error free code?

Programmer

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CRTForm™ is a programmer productivity tool that saves time.

CRTForm produces a friendly bug free interface between end users and the applications programmer.

CRTForm makes sure that end users enter information correctly, and gives error messages (in plain English) if they don't. It guarantees that programmers will receive correct information without having to write hundreds of lines of error checking code.

CRTForm allows you to modify program input specifications without requiring expensive and time consuming changes in applications code. It even generates a source code skeleton (Pascal, BASIC, COBOL. FORTRAN, PL/I, and Ada) to interface the programmers' application code to the CRTForm runtime module,

The CRTForm package consists of:

• A forms manager that manipulates random acces files of input specification forms.

• An editor that creates and modifies the specifications forms.

• A print utility that produces hard copy of forms and their specifications.

• A code generator that writes source code skeletons for ease of program interfacing.

• A terminal-independent runtime module in the machine language of your host processor.

CRTForm is available under the CP/M, UCSD, and Apple Pascal operating systems. Please call or write for further information on OEM licensing arrangements, or for the name of your nearest CRTForm dealer.

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Circle 444 on inquiry card.

TWO TO REMEMBER

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Static

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OEM and Dealer pricing is available.

Sales representatives in most metropolitan areas.

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720 Channing Way, Berkeley, CA 94710 (415) 549-3854/3890 • Telex: 172029 SPX

LOOSER 44+I I 1**1

LI ME 444 MM;: m* SPRCING 444 I I I8WI

3 LINES PER INCH

TIGHTER +44 I I \%#** LINE 444 I I \%*»* SPRCING 44+I I Mm* •3 LINES PER INCH

NORMAL 444 I I II***

LINE +++| I | H as"!

SPRCING 444 I I I3»1

6 LINES PER INCH

Figure 2: Three examples of the line spacing available with the CBM 4022.

The formatted printout is:

OK 0037 | 861 8.27 01.28 $ 1.25 $26.51 -3 3

The CHR$(29) in the PRINT statement is a string delimiter that assigns spaces to the right of a string equal to the number of spaces in the format field to the right of the alpha (string) field. The As represent characters in a left-justified alpha field and are right padded with blanks, if necessary. The CHR$(160) prints the first character of the next alpha field as a blank and then right pads the rest of the alpha field with blanks. Otherwise, CHR$(160) will add an extra space, as well as convert unshifted leading spaces in a string to shifted spaces. A shifted space in a string will be accepted as a space for formatting.

The other symbols are numeric. The 9s are digits in a right-justified field and are left padded, if necessary, with blanks. Zs act like 9s, except blanks are left padded with zeros. A single $ next to a 9 or Z gives a fixed dollar sign, whereas using all $s up to the decimal gives a floating dollar sign. S prints the sign of a number to its left ( — 12, +15); the — sign prints the sign of the number to its right: a blank if positive, and a — if negative. Literals such as vertical bars

can be embedded in the format field. These embedded literals are useful in creating special forms as a part of the printout.

When paging is turned on by printing CHR$(147) to a file open to sa 0, the paper is advanced six spaces after 60 lines have been printed. The number of lines per page can be changed from the default number 66 by first turning on the paging feature, opening a file to sa 3, and then printing the number of lines to that file (e.g., PRINT#3,33—which would be correct for 8V2- by 5Vz-inch paper). After 27 lines have been printed (six less than the 33 set by sa 3 in this example), the paper automatically advances six spaces: three spaces before and three spaces after the perforations—if you have planned correctly. When paging is turned off by printing CHR$(19) to a file open to sa 0, a topof-form function is performed. It is a good idea to do this if you are not certain that all set lines have been printed.

Additional Features

Six diagnostic error messages can be accessed by opening a file to sa 4:

*PE:L* Lines per page out of range

*PE:C* Bad command (invalid secondary address)

*PE:M* Data-format mismatch

*PE:E* Exponent error

*PE:F* Bad format

*PE:T* Terminator error (change of sa before carriage return or other terminator detected)

This error channel can be turned off by opening a file to sa 9, printing to that file, and then closing the file.

The User's Manual gives a method for designing custom characters that should be changed to the following: Fill in a 6 by 8 matrix with dots where you like. Each row in this matrix is assigned a value that is a power of two from 1 (bottom row) to 128 (top row). The dot values are added for each of the six columns, assigned a CHR$ value, and then printed to a file open to sa 5. This character can be printed as CHR$(254).

Opening a file to sa 6 allows you to change the normal spacing of 6 lines

34 March 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

EN PRINTER INTERFACE

Free Your Computer from the Mundane Task of Printing

Imagine being able to use your computer seconds after beginning an extensive printout.

Visualize your printout with page breaks, page numbering and titles, margins of your choice, indented carryover lines, on any size paper!

Appreciate the time and money you will save by not waiting on your printer.

SooperSpooler, a buffered printer interface, maintains control over your printer while you go on using your computer for more productive activities. Eliminate waiting while your printer pecks through a long document. SooperSpooler accepts information from your computer at up to 2500 characters per second and feeds it to your printer as fast as it can handle it—without using any of your computers memory or time! As soon as SooperSpooler has stored your document in its buffer, control of your computer is returned to you.

SooperSpooler features include:

16K Memory—Will handle most of

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Buffer Status Readout—Lets you

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Space Compression—Makes the

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Pagination—Eliminates printout on

page perforations

Page Stops—For single sheet

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Headers and Page Numbering—

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Indentation on Carryover Lines—

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All Features Software Controllable

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$349.00!—16K parallel I/O unit

Options:

• Serial Board—$95.00—Gives you the option of any combination of serial or parallel input or output. Can also be used for modem transmission.

• Memory Expansion—$159.00— Additional 46K for a total of 62K

• Cables—Available per your application.

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IEEE696/S-100 AIM-12 industrial standard module designed for industrial analog-to-digital use.

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D/A CONVERTER

AOM-12 IEEE696/S-100 industrial level digital-to-analog (D/A) converter.

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D Outputs 0-10, ± 5, or ± 10 volts. D Short circuit protection, all outputs.

□ Switch-programmable for multiple boards.

□ AOM-12, 5575

VIC 4-20

Standard output for industrial control 4-20 mA D/A converter. Used in conjunction with the D/A board. VIC4-20, S445.

DUAL 77 Data Acquisition and Control System

A Z-80 based system built to industrial standards; designed for severe environments. BASIC language makes programming easy. Access to hundreds of sensors. Expandability to meet your increased needs. Nonvolatile memory. Power interruption recovery with automatic restart. DUAL 77 includes AOM-12, AIM-12, CLK-24, 64Kb (2-CMEM/32K), 2-SI/O ports (SIO-2) and twin 8" 1 Mb drives with cp/m, BASIC and choice of video or printer terminal: 512,495. DUAL 77A basic controller only without drives, software and terminal: 56,310.

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Function

CHR$ Value Keystrokes

Enhance On

CHR$(1) none

Enhance Off

CHR$(129) none

Paging On

CHR$(147) CLR/HOME (shifted)

Paging Off (Reset)

CHR$(19) CLR/HOME

Reverse Field On

CHR$(18) OFF/RVS

Reverse Field Off

CHR$(146) OFF/RVS (shifted)

Carriage Return

CHR$(13) RETURN

Carriage Return (no feed)

CHR$(141) none

Line Feed

CHR$(10) none

Uppercase

CHR$(145) CURSOR UP *

Lowercase

CHR$(17) CURSOR DOWN *

Skip Space

CHR$(29) CURSOR RIGHT

Insert Leading Blanks

CHR$(160) SPACE (shifted)

Quote

CHR$(34) Quote (")**

* These functions are reversed if sa

7 is in effect.

** This can be a forced quote

within a

PRINT statement. Also, an odd number of quotes

allows control characters to be

printed

in their graphics form.

Table 1: Control characters sent through secondary addresses 0 and 1.

per inch (see figure 2). To do so, you must choose a divisor for 216 that will give a quotient that is the number of lines per inch that you want (default = 36 for 6 lines per inch): 18 yields 12 lines per inch and is nice for graphics that normally get too stretched out vertically when printed; 24 yields 9 lines per inch, but some graphics with this spacing are still too stretched out. If you want normally spaced text and somewhat compressed graphics, you can leave an extra space between text lines in your program and then change your spacing to 12 lines per inch. The User's Manual needs a revision on line spacing. The values given on page 31 are incorrect; they are left over from the model 2022. To correct them, change the 144 to 216, and change the divisors accordingly. You can use any divisor from 1 to 127. Dividing 216 by 1 will, of course, give a quotient of 216—the number of lines per inch (1/216, or 0.0046, inch spacing). Dividing 216 by 127 will give a quotient of 216/127, or approximately 1.7 lines per inch (127/216, or 0.5880, inch spacing).

The CBM 4022 and 2022 both have a set of special control characters. Their functions and equivalent keystrokes are listed in table 1.

To get more information on the use of these controls plus the other features of the CBM 4022, consult either the Commodore User's Manual or the appropriate sections of the Per

sonal Computer Guide, 2nd edition, published by Osborne/McGraw-Hill.

Conclusions

The CBM 4022, manufactured by Epson for Commodore, is the dotmatrix printer of choice for users of PET/CBM computers because of the Commodore specificity of its operating system. It compares well with its cousin, the Epson MX-80.

This printer is an improvement over the earlier CBM 2022 because it has true lowercase descenders; is quieter; has an inexpensive, disposable print head; uses a cartridge ribbon; and has overcome some serious bugs with the addition of three new control channels (secondary addresses).

The CBM 4022 features control characters, secondary address channels, the full CBM 256-character set with graphics, and user-designed characters. Although the CBM 4022 still has a minor bug or two, its weakest point is the inaccurate user's manual.

The $795 list price is reasonable, considering that a simple cable is the only extra expense.

I have used both the CBM 2022 and the new CBM 4022 printers during the last year. Although most of my time has been spent with the earlier model, I am very pleased with the upgraded version as it has worked well for me. I enthusiastically endorse the Commodore CBM 4022 printer. ■

36 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

GRAPHICS

FOR

CP/M COMPUTERS

I GRAFTALK® The first graphics software for CP/M systems, GRAFTALK reduces data to pictures, giving you the ability to look at information that would otherwise be a boring text file.

GRAFTALK is friendly and easy to use. Great for first-time users. But that doesn't mean GRAFTALK lacks capability.

Bar charts. Pie charts. Line plots. Symbol plots. Composite plots. Text. Color. Advanced graphics, over 100 powerful commands, and sophisticated "tuning" features.

You name it, you can picture it.

Available from:

Lifeboat Associates

(212)860 0300

Trademarks: CP/M: Digital Research GRAFTALK: Redding Group. Inc.

Circle 120 on inquiry card.

2 AUTOGRAPH Terminals and printers for graphics and alphanumerics, from DATATYPE.

The AUTOGRAPH terminal is based on the popular Tele Video series. So you get all the terminal you need for your CP/M system's alphanumeric requirements.

We've added the logic necessary to make the terminal fully compatible with GRAFTALK. (With ISSCO's Tell-A-Graf and Tektronix graphics software, too.) And you can combine a graphic display with alphanumeric information. (We can even supply retrofits for your Tele Video terminals.)

The AUTOGRAPH dot matrix printer is quiet, reliable, and fast. (You get up to 200 characters per second at only 54dbA.)

The 7x9 dot print head will also produce draft-quality and correspon

dence-quality letter characters. In the graphics mode you get a true hard copy of the graphics you create on your AUTOGRAPH terminal using GRAFTALK.

3 RESULTS You can now put graphics to work to communicate your business information. Quickly, easily, and affordably. Your local AUTOGRAPH distributor can provide a demonstration of GRAFTALK and the AUTOGRAPH series.

Call or write DATA TYPE for more information and the name of your local AUTOGRAPH distributor.

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EPSON GRAFTRAX 90 00

IDS-445G PAPER TIGER 779.00

IDS-460G PAPER TIGER 945 00

IDS-560G PAPER TIGER 1195 00

NECSPINWRITER3510SRO 2095 00

NECSPINWRITER3530P.R0 2095 00

NECSPINWRITER7710S.R0 2545 00

NECSPINWRITER7730P.RO 2545.00

NEC SPINWRITER 7700 DSELLUM 2795.00

NEC SPINWRITER 3500 SELLUM 2295 00

OKIDATAMICROLINE80 389 00

0KIDATAMICR0LINE82A 569.00

0KIDATAMICR0LINE83A 799.00

0KIDATAMICR0LINE84

0UME9/45

MALIBU 200 DUAL MODE

1199 00 2149 00 2695 00

38

BYTE March 1982

CORVUS

FOR S-100, APPLE OR TRS-80 MOD I, III

Conlroller. Case'P.S.. Operating System, A&T 5 MEGABYTES 3245.00

10 MEGABYTES 4645 00

20 MEGABYTES 5545 00

MIRROR BACK-UP 725.00

APPLE HARDWARE

VERSA WRITER DIGITIZER 259 00

ABT APPLE KEYPAD 119 00

MICROSOFT Z-80 S0FTWARD 299 00

MICROSOFT RAMCARD 159 00

VIDEX 80x24 VIDEO CARD 299 00

VIDEX KEYBOARD ENHANCER II 129 00

VIDEX ENHANCER REV 0-6 99 00

VIDEX SOFT SWITCH 29.00

M&RSUPERTERM80X24VIDE0BD 31500

NEC 12" GREEN MONITOR 199.00

NEC 13" COLOR MONITOR 399 00

SANYO 12" MONITOR (B&W) 249 00

SANYO 12" MONITOR (GREENI 269 00

SANYO 13" COLOR MONITOR 469 00

SSMAI0 BOARD (INTERFACE) A&T 165 00

SSMAIO BOARD (INTERFACE) KIT 135 00

ZENITH 13" HI RES GREEN MON 139 00

APPLE FAN 44 95

T'G JOYSTICK 54 95

T'G PADDLE 34 95

VERSA E-Z PORT 21.95

MICRO SCI A40 W/C0NTR0LLER 479 00

MICRO SCI A40 W/0 CONTROLLER 409 00

MICRO SCI A70 W/C0NTR0LLER 629 00

MICRO SCI A70 W/0 CONTROLLER 549 00

THE MILL-PASCAL SPEED UP 329.00

PROMETHEUS VERSACARD 229.00

SUPERCLOCK II 129.00

Circle 13 on Inquiry card.

MOUNTAIN HARDWARE

CPS MULTIFUNCTION BOARD 199.00

SUPERTALKER SD200 259.00

ROMPLUS W/ KEYBOARD FILTER 179 00

ROMPLUS WO KEYBOARD FILTER 130 00

KEYBOARD FILTER ROM 49 00

COPYROM 49,00

MUSIC SYSTEM 369.00

ROMWRITER 149.00

APPLE CLOCK 252.00

A'D + D/A 299 00

EXPANSION CHASSIS 625 00

CALIF. COMPUTER SYSTEMS

S-100 BOARDS

2200A MAINFRAME 459.00

2065C64K DYNAMIC RAM 539.00

2422 FLOPPY DISK CONT & CP/M' 359 00

2710 FOUR SERIAL I'0 279 00 2718 TWO SERIAL'TWO PARALLEL I'O 269 00

2720 FOUR PARALLEL I/O 199 00

2810 2-80 CPU 259.00

APPLE BOARDS

7710A ASYNCHRONOUS S INTERFACE 149 00

7712A SYNCHRONOUS S INTERFACE 159 00

7424A CALENDAR CLOCK 99.00

7728A CENTRONICS INTERFACE 105.00

VISTA COMPUTER CO.

APPLE 80 COLUMN CARD 329.00

APPLE 8" DISK DRIVE CONTROLLER 549.00

MODEMS

NOVATION CAT ACOUSTIC MODEM 145.00

NOVATION D-CAT DIRECT CONNECT 165.00

NOVATION AUTO-CAT AUTO ANS 219.00

NOVATION APPLE-CAT 349.00

UDS 103 LP DIRECT CONNECT 175.00

UDS 103 JLP AUTO ANS 209 00

HAYES MICROMODEM II (APPLE) 299.00

HAYES 100 MODEM (S-100) 325.00

HAYESSMART MODEM (RS-2321 249.00

HAYES CHRONOGRAPH 225 00

LEXICON LX-11 MODEM 109 00

TERMINALS

TELEVIDE0 910 639 00

TELEVIDEO 912C 745 00

TELEVIDEO 920C 830.00

TELEVIDEO 950C 995.00

ZENITH Z-19 799 00

TRS-80 MOD I HARDWARE

PERCOM DATA SEPARATOR 27.00

TANDON THINLINE 8 INCH

848-1 SINGLE SIDE 459.00

848-2 DUAL SIDE 549 00

MICRO PRO

APPLE CP/M

WORDSTAR"

MISSILE ATTACK STAR FIGHTER

1895 24 95

SUPERSORT"

MAILMERGE"

DATASTAR"

SPELLSTAR"

CALCSTAR"

CP/M"

WORDSTAR

SUPERSORT

MAILMERGE

DATASTAR

SPELLSTAR

CALCSTAR

MICROSOFT

APPLE

FORTRAN" BASIC COMPILERCOBOL"

Z-80 SOFTCARO RAMCARD TYPING TUTOR OLYMPIC DECATHLON TASC APPLESOFT COMPILER

CP/M"

BASIC 80 BASIC COMPILER FORTRAN 80 COBOL 80

APPLE SOFTWARE

MAGIC WINDOW

APPLE PIE

DB MASTER(NEW)

PFS PERSONAL FILING SYSTEM

PFS REPORT

Z-TERM"

ASCII EXPRESS

HAYDEN APPLESOFT COMPILER

EASY WRITER-PRO

EXPEOITER II APPLESOFT COMPILER

A-STATCOMP STATISTICS PKG

SUPER TEXT II

249 00 145 00 90 00 21500 169 00 239 00

310 00 19500 110 00 245 00 195 00 169 00

165 00 31500 595 00 299 00 159 00 17 95 24.95 159 00

299 00 31900 369 00 595 00

79 00 99 00 179 00 79 00 79 00 89 95 63 95 149 00 199 00 73.95 119.00 129 00

CONTINENTAL SOFTWARE

G/L 199 00

A/R 199.00

A/P 199.00

PAYROLL 19900

PROPERTY MGMT 199 00

THE HOME ACCOUNTANT 59.95

PERSONAL SOFTWARE

PERCOM DOUBLER II

159.00

DESKTOP PLAN II

159 00

TANDON 80 TRACK DISK DRIVE

429.00

VISIPLOT

159.00

TANDON 40 TRACK DISK DRIVE

289.00

VISITREND/VISIPLOT

199.00

LNW DOUBLER W/ DOSPLUS 3 3D

159.00

VISIDEX

159 00

MOD 111 DRIVE KIT

649.00

VISITERM

129 00

VISICALC 3 3

15900

MORROW DESIGNS

VISIFILES

199.00

FLOPPY DISK SYSTEMS

CP/M* SOFTWARE

Controller. PS. Microsoft Basic.

CP/Mr

THE WORD-SPELL CHECK

75 00

A & T

d BASE II

59900

DISCUS 2D (Single Drive - 500K)

869.00

SUPER CALC

229 00

DISCUS 2D (Dual Drive- 1 MEG)

1499.00

SPELLGUARD

239 00

DISCUS 2 + 2 (Single Drive - 1 MEG

1099.00

P&TCP/M' MOD II TRS-80

175 00

DISCUS 2 + 2 (Dual Drive- 2 MEG)

1999 00

COMMX TERMINAL PROG

82.50

HARD DISK SYSTEMS

C BASIC 2

115.00

PASCAL Z

349.00

Controller. P S . Microsoft Basic.

CP/M"

PASCAL MT +

439 00

A & T

PASCAL/M

205.00

DISCUS M10 (10 Megabytes)

3099 00

SYSTEMS PLUS

DISCUS M26 (26 Megabytes)

3749.00

G/L. A/R, A/P. P/R

1799.00

CONDOR I

579.00

ISOLATORS

CONDOR II

849.00

IS0-1 3-S0CKET IS0-2 6-S0CKET

53.95 53.95

TRS-80 GAMES

TEMPLE OF APSHAI

34 95

BARE DRIVES

HELLFIRE WARRIOR STAR WARRIOR RESCUE AT RIGEL

34.95 34.95 24.95

TANDON 5V4 INCH

100-1 SINGLE HEAD 40 TRK

219.00

CRUSH, CRUMBLE ANDCHOMP

24.95

100-2 DUAL HEAD 40 TRK

299 00

INVADERS FROM SPACE

17 95

100-3 SINGLE HEAD 80 TRK

299.00

PINBALL

17 95

100-4 DUAL HEAD 80 TRK

429.00

STAR TREK 3.5

17 95

TRS-80 SOFTWARE

NEWDOS/80 2 0 MOD I

LAZY WRITER MOD I

PROSOFT NEWSCRIPT MOD I. Ill

SPECIAL DELIVERY MOD I. Ill

X-TRA SPECIAL DELIVERY MODI. Ill

TRACKCESS MOD I

OMNITERM SMART TERM MODI. Ill

MICROSOFT BASIC COMP FOR MOD I

LDOS 5.1

APPLE GAMES

PERSONAL SOFTWARE

CHECKER KING

GAMMON GAMBLER

BRIDGE PARTNER

MONTY PLAYS MONOPOLY

ZORKI

ZORK II

MONTY PLAYS SCRABBLE

BRODERBUND

GALAXY WARS

ALIEN RAIN(AKAGALAXIAN)

ALIEN TYPHOON

APPLE PANIC

MIDNIGHT MAGIC

SPACE OUARKS

139 00 165 00 99 00 119.00 199 00 24.95 89 95 165 00 159 00

21 95 21.95 21 95 29 95 32 95 32.95 34 95

20 95 20.95 20 95 24 95 29.95 24 95

AUTOMATED SIMULATIONS

INVASION ORION 20 95

STAR WARRIOR 32.95

TUES MORNING OUARTERBACK 25 95

CRUSH. CRUMBLE AND CHOMP 24 95

THE DRAGON'S EYE 20,95

MUSE SOFTWARE

ROBOT WARS '32 95

THREE MILE ISLAND 32 95

ABM. 20.95

GLOBAL WAR 20 95

CASTLE WOLFENSTEIN 24.95

ON-LINE SYSTEMS

WIZARD AND PRINCES 29.95

MISSILE DEFENSE 25.95

SABOTAGE 20.95

SOFT PORN ADVENTURE 24,95

THRESHOLD. 31.95

JAW BREAKER 24 95

CROSSFIRE 16.45

TIME ZONE 69.95

LISA 2.5 59.95

SUPERSCRIBE II 99 95

SIRIUS SOFTWARE

SPACE EGGS 24 95

GORGON 32 95

SNEAKERS 24 95

EPOCK 29 95

BEER RUN 24 95

HADRON 29,95

EDU-WARE

PERCEPTION PKG 19.95

COMPU-READ 24 95

STORYTELLER 18 95

COMPU-MATH ARITHMETIC 39.95

COMPU-MATH FRACTIONS 34 95

COMPU-MATH DECIMALS 34.95

COMPU-SPELL (REO DATA DISK) 24.95 COMPU SPELL DATA DISKS 1-4. ea 17.95

MORE GREAT APPLE GAMES

COMPUTER OUARTERBACK 32 95

TORPEDO FIRE 49.95

THE SHATTERED ALLIANCE 49 95

POOL 1.5 29 95

ULTIMA 33 95

RASTER BLASTER 24 95

FLIGHT SIMULATOR 27 95

INTERNATIONAL GRAND PRIX 25 95

SARGONII 28 95

SHUFFLE BOARD 29 95

FIREBIRD 24 95

SNACK ATTACK 24.95

THIEF 2495

ROACH HOTEL 29 95

JABBERTALKY 24 95

SUPPLIES

AVERYTABULABLES

1.000 3'ft x 15/16 8 49

3.000 3'A x 15/16 14 95

5.000 3'A x 15/16 19 95

FAN FOLD PAPER

(Prices F.O.B. S.P.)

9V; x 11 18ldWHITE3.000ct 29 00

147/8X 11 18ID WHITE 3,000 CI 39 00

CP/M is a reg trademark of Digital Research

"Requires Z-80 Sollcard

To order or for information, call:

(213)706-0333

To use our 24-hour modem order line, call: (213) 883-8976. We built a reputation on our prices and your satisfaction.

We guarantee everything lor 30 days. If anything is wrong, return the item and we'll make it right. And, of course, we'll pay the shipping charges.

We accept Visa and Master Card on all orders; COD up to $300.00.

Add $2.00 for standard UPS shipping and handling on orders under 50 lbs, delivered in continental U.S. Call for shipping charges over 50 lbs. Foreign, FPO and APO orders, add 15% for shipping. Californians add 6% sales tax.

Prices quoted are tor stock on hand and subject to change without notice.

Send for our hot new catalog.

This catalog is a "must". Its unique 3-ring binder format lets you keep it up-to-the-minute current. We will provide you with additions or changes, as necessary, on a regular basis.

IPUTER PRODUCTS

31245 LA BAYA DRIVE, WESTLAKE VILLAGE, CALIFORNIA 91362

Circle 13 on Inquiry card.

BYTE March 1982

39

Four New Products from Radio Shack

by Chris Morgan

It was Christmas all over again on January 19 at Radio Shack in Fort Worth, Texas, where a quartet of major new products was unveiled during a day-long session. Some of the announcements were expected. Others were surprises.

The TRS-80 Model 16: Two Computers In One

The most significant announcement was for the new TRS-80 Model 16 computer, which contains a Motorola M68000 processor (see photo 1). Externally, the unit looks like

the TRS-80 Model II (in fact, the case is virtually identical to the Model ll's), but the front bezel has been redesigned to accommodate either one or two slim-line 8-inch drives. Two of these drives fit into the same amount of space as a single, standard-width drive. The big surprise is that Model II owners will be able to convert their machines to Model 16s by adding two printed-circuit boards that together cost $1499. But there's one limitation: the maximum RAM (random-access read/write memory) on the upgraded Model II system is

Photo I: Radio Shack enters the 16-bit market with the Model 16. While cosmetically very similar to the Model II, the Model 16 contains a Motorola 68000 processor and can address up to 512K bytes of memory. Two slim-line 8-Inch floppy-disk drives can be Installed In the same space occupied by one standard-width drive. When used in conjunction with Radio Shack's 8-megabyte Winchester hard-disk drive, one drive Is sufficient. The Model 16 also contains a Z80 processor. Though normally used for disk I/O, the Z80 Is employed In a Model II emulation mode and addresses Its own 64K-byte memory. Upon booting up, the Model 16 automatically enters the 16-blt mode. A few simple commands place the machine In Model II emulation mode.

256K bytes, whereas the Model 16 allows the user up to 512K bytes of RAM on board.

The Model 16's most important feature is its built-in Z80 coprocessor with 64K bytes of its own memory that allows the user to run all existing Model II software. Radio Shack's simple but clever idea is to free up the 68000 processor by using the Z80 for disk and I/O routines. This has to be one of the most elegant answers to the question of 8- and 16-bit compatibility. The operating system (Radio Shack's own design) boots up like the Model II, but automatically enters the 16-bit mode. A simple keyboard message from the user switches the system to the Z80 mode.

Floppy Disks and Hard Disks

The slim-line floppy-disk drives are double sided and double density, with slightly more than one megabyte capacity each (formatted). Normally, a user would get only one floppy-disk drive for operating the Model 16 with a Radio Shack 8-megabyte hard-disk unit. Such a configuration (with the maximum 512K bytes of RAM) costs $11,191—a bargain. By comparison, the least-expensive configuration, featuring 128K bytes of RAM and one disk drive (no hard disk), Costs $4999. This certainly gives the IBM Personal Computer some competition. (It should be kept in mind that the Model 16 lacks some of the IBM's features, such as color graphics.)

The announcement of the TRS-80 Model 16 gives the 68000 processor a firm footing in the 16-bit sweepstakes. (Can Apple be far behind with its 68000 design?) It's safe to say that the 16-bit era is underway.

40 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

An Updated Pocket Computer

The PC-2 Pocket Computer is an improved version of the current TRS-80 Pocket Computer, now known as the PC-1. Like the PC-1, the PC-2, shown in photo 2, is manufactured for Radio Shack by Sharp, in Japan, and features a built-in real-time quartz clock; a 7-by-156 dot-matrix liquid-crystal display; an 8-bit processor operating at 1.3 MHz; a new extended BASIC package with twodimensional arrays, built-in arithmetic functions, and variable-length character strings; a four-color printerplotter/dual-cassette interface (more about this later); and a 60-pin I/O con

Photo 3: Though cosmetically similar to the Model III, the DT-1 video terminal uses the same monitor section as the Model II. Communication Is through an RS-232C port, and both serial and parallel printer ports are provided. Transmission rates of from 75 to 19,200 bps are supported, all through keyboard commands.

Photo 4: The DT-1 video terminal achieves new heights In configurable systems. Not only does the DT-1 have built-in provisions for emulating four popular terminals, It can also be programmed from the keyboard to emulate most other terminals with similar capabilities. Emulation and transmission parameters are stored In an EEPROM, which means. In effect, that the DT-1 programs Itself. Parameters can be changed on a more temporary basis as well, without being programmed Into the EEPROM.

T;

Photo 2: The PC-2 Pocket Computer from Radio Shack features an optional four-color PC-2 Printer/Plotter. The PC-2 contains 2.6K bytes of RAM and 16K bytes of ROM. Provision for a plug-In module allows an additional 16K bytes of RAM, ROM, or both. A 4K-byte RAM module Is available for $69.95. PC-2 peripherals are Intelligent and contain additional RAM and ROM. The Printer/Plotter can produce nine sizes of characters and plot graphs and charts with a resolution of 0.2 millimeter.

ti|F;it!if«H7tsaiXJ 1 II 1 I.I 1 1

id t i W ft W H Hi VI 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

.

unnamm iiiii

■•» o - • « « * •' • « - •■ : •hf ac( im^ im'y «^ s*\ *.-*«n m^ oaf *m, ji^ **>\j

nector that brings address data, interrupts, timing, and control signals to the outside world.

The basic PC-2, which retails for $279.95, contains I6K bytes of ROM (read-only memory) and 2.6K bytes of RAM. There is provision for one additional plug-in module which may be RAM, ROM, or a combination of both. A 4K-byte RAM module is available for $69.95, and an 8K-byte RAM will be introduced in the near future. The 8K-byte RAM is expected to cost almost as much as two 4K-byte modules. A 16K-byte RAM module is planned, but its introduction will depend on how quickly the price of 16K-byte CMOS RAMs drops.

Peripherals for the PC-2 will be intelligent and will contain their own RAM and ROM which will further extend the unit's memory capacity. An RS-232C interface plus software will also be introduced.

A Miniature Four-Color Printer/Plotter

The PC-2 Printer/Plotter is impressive. Packed into the unit's

minuscule chassis is a four-color plotter that "draws" letter-quality characters in nine different sizes on standard 2'/2-inch adding-machine tape and creates four-color graphs and charts (see figures 1 and 2). A small circular barrel holds the four miniature solenoid-selectable pens.

The PC-2 Printer/Plotter is not a toy; it is capable of plotting with a resolution of 0.2 millimeterl It features a simple, yet sophisticated paper-drive system that anchors one side of the paper tape with a small nubbed wheel. This arrangment allows the plotter to move the paper tape back and forth repeatedly by as much as 10 centimeters as it creates an image. In the character mode, the printer's average speed is 12 characters per second (see photo 2).

The DT-1 Video Terminal

Radio Shack has done some unique things with its new terminal entry, the DT-1, shown in photos 3 and 4. For a suggested retail price of $699, you not only get an 80-by-24 character

TRS-80

QDUANCED

POCKET COMPUTER

Figure 1: The Printer/Plotter for the PC-2 Pocket Computer Is capable of 0.2 millimeter resolution In four colors. Characters may be presented in nine different sizes. Charts and graphs are no problem for this machine.

display, serial-communication port, and both serial- and parallel-printer ports—you also get the built-in capability of emulating a number of other terminals, including the Televideo 910, Lear Siegler ADM-5, ADDS 25, and Hazeltine 1410. This is accomplished by simple commands from the keyboard; no DIP switches to set. All emulation parameters as well as transmission protocols such as word length and data rate are then stored in an EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory). Thus, the DT-1 actually reprograms itself. Even when power is turned off, the DT-1 retains its emulation and transmission parameters.

As if that weren't enough, you have the ability to change any or all of the emulation and transmission parameters, which allows you to emulate a number of other terminals in addition to those that are built in. The cursor is programmable from the keyboard and may be either a steady or blinking block or underline. The video attributes include normal, reverse, invisible, blink, underline, and half intensity. Data rates from 75 to 19,200 bps are available. The blackand-white monitor section of the DT-1 is identical to that of the Model II computer.

High-Resolution BASIC Graphics Package for the Model II

A $499 high-resolution BASIC graphics package that allows the user to create black-and-white graphics with a resolution of 640 by 240 pixels is now available for the TRS-80 Model II (see photos 5 and 6). The price includes a plug-in printed-circuit board with 32K bytes of on-board memory. Because the high-resolution graphics are generated from a separate memory, both text and graphics can be overlaid on the screen and each can be cleared separately.

The accompanying BASIC package features the same commands as the high-resolution BASIC for the TRS-80 Color Computer, except that only black and white can be chosen. Radio

42 March 1982 © BYTE Publications tac

Shack is including a library of commands that allow you to pass parameters from COBOL. FORTRAN, or assembly-language programs—a nice touch.

Yet to come is a printer dump routine that lets the user dump the screen to the Radio Shack Lineprinter VIII. Note: In order to use the high-resolution BASIC graphics package, your Model II must have the latest CPU (central processor unit) board, because the original Model II CPU board has a different set of wait states than the graphics board requires.

Radio Shack will retrofit any Model II with the latest CPU board if you bring your computer to a Radio Shack computer center. The upgrade, if needed, is included in the cost of installing the graphics package.

Final Thoughts

These four new products from Radio Shack indicate both a continuing commitment from the company to the furthering of the state of the art, and reaffirmation of the company's refreshing entrepreneurial approach to new computer products. ■

Photo 5: A bar graph produced with the Model II high-resolution graphics package. Both text and graphics can be mixed on the screen and selectively erased.

Photo 6: Another example of what Is possible using the Model II highresolution graphics package.

RANDOM ■CLEAR ;DIM A$(J >*56. DEGREE .ulAlT 0

10;<=0:RESTORE 50 • FOR 1 1---IT0 ]0 .READ A$<1>■ PRINT A*CJ)

J5.P0R J=ITO 60.A *=]NKEY* •lr A $<•>•"."LEt J-'60

20-NEXT J

22- IF A*-"1'"HEN 3 5

25-^OR JslTQ 10IF MJDS C'1234 ABCDEF", J, 1 >=A $LE'T K=J- J--J2

30.NEXT J

31 •-!■£• KCLS :QN K GOSUB 100,2000 , 600, 800, 300, 4 00, 500, 700, 900 ,1000.GOTO 5

35. NEXT 1 .! - IF RND C25)>2fHEN 10

40. K---RND C10>. IF K08THEN 31

45.GOTO 10

50.DATA "1 - LCD display & gro.p h i cs ", 2 - Fea tures Banner'1, 3 ■- C!ock.;:, ':4 •■ Be epe r"

55,DATA KA - 3-D Bar Chart ", ' B •- Pie Ch art '', C - 2-D User B

Figure 2: Mixing text and graphics Is easy with Radio Shack's new Printer/Plotter. Also shown is a partial BASIC listing.

March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 43

Hardware Review

Integral Data Systems' Prism Printer

Ed Umlor

E & G Umlor Enterprises

4 South Street

Milford, NH 03055

Integral Data Systems (IDS) has introduced an innovative printer called the Prism, whose modular design uses add-on options which let you upgrade the machine as needed.

The basic 80-column Prism is available for $899 and yields correspondence-quality print using an overlapping 24 by 9 dot matrix. Printing bidirectionally at 110 characters per second (cps) (up to 150 cps for proportionally spaced characters) the Prism printer is capable of 10, 12, or 16.8 character-per-inch densities, plus doublewidth characters.

Selectable standard features on the basic printer include automatic text justification, programmable horizontal and vertical tabbing, reverse paper feed, and "fine positioning" of characters to 1/120 inch. Up to four different 96-character sets can reside within the printer at the same time, although the basic unit is provided with only one 96-character set.

The Prism is microprocessor controlled, with true logic-seeking capability. It comes with a standard RS232C serial interface as well as a Centronics-compatible parallel interface. Serial transmission rates from 110 to 9600 bits per second (bps) are switch selectable.

Six upgrade kits can be added to the printer at any time making it one of the faster printers in its price category. (As a comparison, an 80-cps printer drops to about 60 cps in enhanced mode and 40 cps in double-strike mode.) The Prism does not have a double-strike mode, although it is capable of providing it with the proper software. You can do reverse linefeeds.

External Controls

A slot on the top left side of the printer exposes the selftest switch and the power-up configuration switches—a

At a Glance

Name

Prism Printer

Use

Dot-matrix printer

Manufacturer

Integral Data Systems Milford, NH 03055 [603) 673-9100

Dimensions

80-column; 9.1 by 15.75 by 12.4 inches (23.1 by 40 by 3 1.5 cm) 132-column: 9.1 by 21.6 by 12.4 inches [23.1 by 54.9 by 3 1.5 cm)

Features

80 and 132-column models. 24 x 9 dot matrix, bidirectional printing at 110 to 150 cps, true logic seeking, automatic text justification, programmable horizontal and vertical tabbing, 96-character ASCII set, up to four character sets coresident, microprocessor controlled, RS-232C and Centronics-compatible interfaces.

Options

Cut Sheet Feeder. Dot Plot, Prism Color. Sprint Module, additional character sets, cassette for fully automatic sheet feed.

Price

80-column, basic unit, $899; 132-column, basic unit, S1299; Options available now; Cut Sheet Feeder, S149; Dot Plot, S99; Prism Color, S399; Sprint Mode, S99. To come: Additional fonts, S99; cassette for automatic sheet feed, S399. Note: Until April 1. 1982 only—Special Option Package: Cut Sheet Feeder, Dot Plot, and Sprint Mode, S297.

Warranty

90-day limited

44

March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

very nice touch in the design of the printer. Unlike most printers, you do not have to remove the cover or fumble with the unit to change the power-up parameters. Three switches located under this slot provide self-test on/off (a

A Closer Look

The Prism printer gave me several pleasant surprises. The early IDS Paper Tigers were some of the loudest printers I had encountered. When IDS engineers designed the 560—and now the Prism—they acoustically insulated the case and lowered the noise level to less than 63 dBa, a level suitable for most office environments. (By the way, the case for the Prism is identical to the one used on the 560.)

The print quality in the normal mode is excellent. Most other printers require an enhanced mode (move over Vz dot and strike again) or double-strike mode (reprint entire line) to achieve the same character quality. Furthermore, the Prism produces this type at 110 to 150 cps, and may be used in any combination. Cut Sheet Feeder, Dot Plot graphics, Prism Color, and Sprint Module upgrades are available now; special character sets and a cassette for fully automatic sheet feed will be available in the near future.

Cont

rol Line

Form Length

S3-1

S3-2

S3-2

Length (inches)

Off

Off

Off

3

Off

Off

On

4

Off

On

Off

3.5

Off

On

On

7

On

Off

Off

12

On

Off

On

11

On

On

Off

8.5

On

On

On

14

Control Line Seria

Data Rate

S3-4

S3-5

bits per second

Off

Off

2400

Off

On

300

On

Off

9600

On

On

1200

Selecting Parity

S3-6

S3-7

Parity

Off

Off

No parity, transmit space

Off

On

No parity, transmit mark

On

Off

Even parity

On

On

Odd parity

Table 1

:DIP

switch 3,

locatec

on the top left-hand side of the

printer

and accessible through a s

ot located there, controls

form length,

data rate for the RS-232C interface, and the

parity.

Alt In

ough the

switch

sets

the default values upon

power

up, they can b

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dden

by software commands.

toggle switch), print-parameter controls (DIP switch S4), and form-length and serial-interface-parameter controls (DIP switch S3). The self-test switch is nonactive with the lever to the left and active (only in the off-line mode) when the lever is to the right. S4-1 and S4-2 set the character density and characters per inch (cpi), OFF-OFF sets the 5-cpi mode (double-width mode), OFF-ON sets the 16.8-cpi mode (condensed mode on most other printers). S4-3 selects 6 lpi (lines per inch) when OFF or 8 lpi when ON. S4-4 controls the automatic boundary skip (so the printer skips over the perforations on fan-fold paper) of one inch. When OFF, S4-4 disables the skip; when S4-4 is ON the skip is enabled. S4-5 is the switch TRS-80 users will be interested in. ON enables the auto linefeed on carriage return and OFF disables the auto linefeed. S4-6 controls the default setting of the Sprint Mode and is not used in the basic Prism. S4-7 controls the expanded functions (IDS's name for software control). Once again, ON enables and OFF disables software control. The functions of DIP switch 3 are shown in table 1.

On the right side of the top of the printer are two switches and a marker plate with several indicator lights. The left switch is a three-position switch labeled FS/OFL/ONL (Forms Set/Off line/On Line). The right switch is a spring-loaded, center return (off position), two-position switch labeled FF/LF (Form Feed/Line Feed). The indicators are for fault, on line, and power on.

Software Control

Many software commands are available with the basic unit. Here is a complete rundown. A line feed, Ctrl-J or CHR$(10), causes the paper/form to advance one line vertically. A form feed, Ctrl-L or CHR$(12), feeds the paper/form vertically to the next top of form. A carriage return, Ctrl-M or CHR$(13), causes the carriage to return without a linefeed (unless S4-5 is set to auto linefeed) after printing data in the buffer. These three controls will operate regardless of S4-7's position.

Now let's take the rest by the numbers:

Ctrl-A or CHR$(1): set expanded mode (double wide).

Ctrl-B or CHR$(2): reset expanded mode.

Ctrl-D or CHR$(4): set justify mode on (left and right

margins are even). Ctrl-E or CHR$(5): reset justify mode. Ctrl-F or CHR$(6): set printer to fixed character space. Ctrl-I or CHR$(9): tab to next set horizontal tab. Ctrl-K or CHR$(11): tab to next set vertical tab. Ctrl-N or CHR$(14): do two line feeds (double space

vertical). Ctrl-P or CHR$(16): print characters proportionally

spaced. Ctrl-Q or CHR$(17): reset the deselect mode. Ctrl-R or CHR$(18): line feed without carriage return

(S4-5's position makes no difference).

March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 45

Fig. 1A

Ctrl-S or CHR$(19): deselect printer (causes it to ignore data from computer).

Ctrl-T or CHR$(20): do two line feeds without carriage return.

Ctrl-Y or CHR$(25): do three line feeds without carriage return.

Ctrl-Left bracket or CHR$(27): cause the printer to enter/exit the programming mode (This is called the escape code ESC).

Ctrl-Right bracket or CHR$(29): set printer to 10 cpi.

Ctrl-Uparrow or CHR$(30): set printer to 12 cpi.

Ctrl-Underscore or CHR$(31): set printer to 16.8 cpi.

ESC F or CHR$(27) + "F": program horizontal tabs in increments of 1/120 inch (1 inch = 120, 2 inches = 240,. . . etc). CHR$(27); "F,120,240,600,$" will set tabs at 1 inch, 2 inch, 5 inch points. You can set up to 8 tab points.

ESC B or CHR$(27) + "B": set vertical tab 1 in increments of 1/48 inch. CHR$(27); "B,24" will set a Vz-inch vertical tab with only one point allowed. This is ADV-1 and defaults to 8 or 6 as S4-3 is positioned.

ESC C or CHR$(27) + "C": same as ESC B but with a default value of 8, which is a 6-lpi subscript value.

ESC D or CHR$(27) + "D": same as ESC B but with a default value of —8, which is a 6-lpi superscript value.

ESC E or CHR$(27) + "E": same as ESC F but for vertical tabs (1/48-inch increments) and up to 8 values can be set.

ESC G or CHR$(27) + "G": set the absolute head position from the home position in 1/120-inch increments.

ESC H or CHR$(27) + "H": set absolute head position from top of form.

ESC J or CHR$(27) + "J": set margins—two values are required, left margin first, then the right margin (1/120 inch).

ESC L or CHR$(27) + "L": set vertical form length—two values are required, form length first and then the printable space within that length. This instruction works within the form-length switch settings (1/48 inch).

ESC P or CHR$(27) + "P": sets the intercharacter spacing in increments of 1/24 character width.

In all the above instructions, a "$" is required as the last character to terminate the instruction. Tabs may be cleared by setting a single tab to 0: CHR$(27);"E,0,$" clears the vertical tabs and CHR$(27);F,0,$" clears the horizontal tabs. (I have deliberately not put the PRINT statement in these examples due to the variety of forms it can take. With the Apple computer you open the printer port and then use PRINT statements. With the TRS-80 you have to use LPRINT statements.)

Options

The $149 Cut-Sheet option (what I call letterhead) adds friction feed to the Prism printer. Most printers that have a friction option force you to feed the paper from the top and manually advance it to the position where you want

Integral Data Systems and Lotus Development Company

Fig. IB

Fig. 1C

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46 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Figure 1: Four examples of color graphics. These were produced on a 132-column Prism printer loith the Dot Plot and Prism Color options and the process-color ribbon. Graphics are dot addressable.

to start printing. If you are good at it, you won't have to square up your sheet. It is also very difficult trying to print to the bottom of the page with other friction-feed printers. The Prism's Cut Sheet option shows the same care in design as the rest of the unit. You can feed the paper from either the back or front of the printer. A photo sensor detects the paper being inserted. After a one-half- to one-second delay, the pinch rollers start to revolve, and if you have inserted the paper correctly it will feed and position the sheet to the first printable line on the paper. You might have to manually line feed past your letterhead, or you can handle that with your wordprocessing software. You will have to adjust the tractors on the printer to allow the paper to feed through them with the pins just to the outside of the paper. IDS has placed a set of pinch rollers into the tractors that are driven by the normal tractor-feed mechanism and continue to feed the paper after the bottom pinch rollers have been passed. With the out-of-paper sensor located at the print head level, this allows the printer to print clearly and evenly right to the last line on the page. A simple form feed will eject the letter completely from the printer. Very nice indeed for the office that does a lot of letters on standard letterhead bond.

Dot Plot is a $99 dot-addressable graphics option package. The density is 84 by 84 dots per inch (dpi) for single-pass raster and 168 by 168 dpi for a four-pass raster. This option adds more control codes for you to play with. To enter the graphics mode you set switch S4-5 to ON and send a Ctrl-C (CHR$(3)). You can also select unidirectional (default) or bidirectional graphics by sending Ctrl-Dor Ctrl-V, respectively. To exit you use a Ctrl-C + Ctrl-B (CHR$(3);CHR$(2);). In the graphics mode you have to be careful to always end your BASIC instruction line with a semicolon to prevent the automatic generation of carriage returns and linefeeds, as these would be printed as graphic characters and mess up your picture. Seven wires of the print head are used in the graphics mode and are bit controlled. Bit 0 controls the top wire and bit 6 controls the bottom wire. Bit 7 is ignored. You also have vertical and horizontal control if you use the previously given codes prefixed by CHR$(3).

Prism Color is a $399 color-capability option that adds color designator control codes to your instruction set. The printer that I reviewed did not have this option, so my assumptions are based on the color ribbons that I saw. You will have a choice of three ribbons: black plus process colors for mixing, black plus primary colors, and

March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 47

INTRODUCING AFFORDABLE COLOR.

Th» I NT E G R A L DATA F R I S MW F r i n t. e r

The PRISM COLOR PRINTER prints four basic colors :

COLOR #4=BLACK COLOR §3«CYArsI

COLOR *2«MAG ENTA COLOR lis

AND CAN MIX COLORS : MIX 4* 1 -«- 4fr 2 , ORANGE MIX ** 1 -+- 4* 3 , GREEIM

MIX * 2 -*- ** 3 , VIOLET MIX 4* 2 -I-*» 4 , BROWIM

Versatile Printing Capabilties

- Correspondence quality print in a 24x9 matrix cell

- Sis software selectable character sixes

- Auto sheet feed mechanism

- Adjustable tractor feed, S.O to 14.75 inches

- Programmable horixontal and vertical tabbing

- 6 or 6 lines/inch spacing

- 110-ISO cps in correspondence quality

- 200 cps Sprint Node in draft matrix quality

Microprocessor Driven Controller

- State-of-the-art technology

- Versatile features with programmable capabilities

- User defineable function codes

Ease of Operation

- Switch selectable baud rates

- Auto line feed capability

- Hardware/software selectable forms length

- Fault/Paper-out indicator light

Rea«Sy Serviceability

- Simple mechanisms for easy service

- Modular design provides for low MTTR

- Built-in diagnostics and Self-test mode

Interfaces for All Configurations

- Parallel (Centronics compatible)

- RS-232c (up to 9600 bd> with Xon/Xoff protocol

- 115/230 volts, 50/60 Hx power, switch selectable

DotFlot Gra.pln.ics Capability

- High resolution raster graphics

- 84x84 dots/inch

- Includes 1500 byte character buffer

- Long-life cartridge ribbon system

■*— J———-.... -■ — ■■....■— — ■■■-■■■. Mf

Hi

on

If 1*»v

INTEGRAL DATA SYSTEMS Milford, N.H. 03055 (603) 673-9100

Figure 2: Combining color with text. Color adds a new dimension to reports, manuscripts, and other documents. Combined with Dot Plot graphics, the possibilities are endless.

48 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

(3a)

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■ . / 012345678*? : ; < = > ?@ABCDEFGHI JK I.. MNOPQRSTUUUXYZ C \ ]A " ab c d © \: ,;f h :i. j l< 1 m n a ■}~m ! "«%& ' ( >* + , ■•■• . /01Z3456789: ; <=•==> ?@ABCDEFGHX ..TKI..MNOPqRSTUyUXYZi:s,::i-'\ i»ni:ipi:|rsti.iuwxyz <: 1 !>~M !"#»%&'()*+, - . / 0:1. 2 3456789 : ; <=-->?@ABGDEFGHI JKLMNO 3A_*abcdefghi jklmnapqrstuwwxyzC I :>"KI ! *♦*%&' ( >*+,■-. /0123456789: ;<>»>'? MNOPQR5TUVWXYZ C\3A.... ' ;;i.l:>edo fcfhi. j klmnopqrstuvwxysi <: ! :>"I5I ! "#*%& ' ( ) *+ , - . / -■-■■■■■ > -{C8ABC DEFGHIJ K I.. MNOPQ R 5 TUVWXY2X \ :i">....v ab c d e F .;f h :i. j k :i. m n ci p q r s» t. uuw x y z C ! :> '" 151 -, /0123456789 : ; <==> ?(»ABCDEFGHI JK LMNOPQRSTUVWXYZLVJ^...."abc-de -Fcfh:i. J klmna >"H ! "#*•/.& '<)*+,-. /0123456789 : ; < ■■■■■■> ?@ABCBEFGI-IIJK I..MNOPQRSTUUWXYZi:\:i '\ mnopqrsti.ivwxijz C 1 }"HI ! ■**%£ ' ( )*->• ,- . / 0 123456789 : , <«>?@ABCBEFGHIJKLMNO ::iA....%abcdefi:[hijk:i.»inapqrsi,i.u/wxgz{: .) "ISI ! **»%&' ( )*+,--. /0123456789: ;<«•>'? mnoi;'QRSTUUUXyz.i::\::|a ^abode fflhi J klii«napc|rs"i;uvwxyz <: I :>"ffl ! ' #*%s ' t ) #+ , ■■■■ . / »«>?eABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUyWXY2C\3's_xa.bcdefQl«iakltBnapc|rM!it,uvwxy2£ I :>'•'151

Figure 3: A comparison of normal and draft print. Figure 3a shows the normal, correspondence-quality print, monospaced, at 10 cpi. Figure 3b shows the print produced by the Sprint Mode option. In this mode, the printer zooms along at 200 cps.

all black for standard printing. The printer I am using has the ribbon set at an angle, allowing the head to start at the top and finish at the bottom of the ribbon. This has the effect of using the entire surface of the ribbon for the expected 10-million-character life. The character life expectancy of the color ribbons should be less, due to the fact the ribbon will be set horizontally. This is necessary for the head to encounter the same color strip on the ribbon during its full travel. The colors are stacked in stripes over the black, which means the ribbon must be positioned to place the proper color in front of the head for each pass. There can be up to four passes of the head for each line feed: top color, next color down, next color down, and black, which is the last color stripe on the ribbon.

The Sprint Mode option is available for another $99. This option is controlled by S4-6 and is enabled with the switch ON. It gives what IDS calls rough-draft printing. The print quality is that of most other dot-matrix printers in single-pass, unemphasized mode. The difference here is that the Prism does it at 200 cps (see figure 3). This mode can be entered via software and is also switch selectable. To change the default setting, turn off the printer, change the position of S4-6, and turn the printer back on.

Optional character sets should become available in the summer of 1982. For $99 each, you will be able to have Helvetica, scientific notation, and others. All the special symbols necessary to print in the six major European character sets are standard in the basic printer.

The last option (to be available soon) is a $399 cutpaper-feed cassette. Here the machine will really outdistance the field of friction/tractor printers in the $2000-and-under class, as it is the very first one to offer this option. By combining this printer, a word processor, and a mailing list that works with the word-processor files, you will be able to do individualized form letters to your mailing list on your letterhead. Now that is real class compared to most of the form letters that I get in the mail.

Examples of what can be done with the Dot Plot and Prism Color options are shown in figure 1. Figure 2 shows how text, color, and graphics can be combined.

Conclusions

Integral Data Systems has developed a new breed of printer. Its designers are to be congratulated for the quality of their product, the workmanship, and their innovative spirit.

• I like the design philosophy, execution, and price. For the money, it's hard to beat.

• You don't have to buy more printer than you need. Options can be added later.

• The documentation is excellent, providing complete setup, test, troubleshooting, and maintenance procedures, as well as complete schematics.

• IDS provides a 90-day limited warranty on all its products. It is presently expanding its service organization. ■

March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 49

Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar

Use Voiceprints to Analyze Speech

Do you ever talk to your computer? I do. But it doesn't understand a word I say. That's just as well right now, because I talk to it mostly in moments of hardware-induced frustration.

Of course, the computer talks to me. If you've read my June and September 1981 Circuit Cellar articles, you know that my computers can talk using two different methods of voice synthesis. At present, a computer can synthesize speech much more easily than it can recognize speech.

Professional speech-recognition systems currently on the market can cost up to $100,000. Budget-priced systems for personal computers are available for about $500, but of course, they don't perform as well.

My mail has been full of requests from readers for a speech-recognition circuit. Most correspondents point out that such a project is a natural follow-up to the two articles on voice synthesis. Unfortunately, designing a cost-effective voice-input speech-rec

Copyright © 1982 by Steven A. Garcia. All rights reserved.

Steve Ciarcia

POB 582

Glastonbury, CT 06033

ognition system is a major project; it not only requires a complete understanding of the techniques involved but also necessitates skills in the design of filter networks and intricate data-comparison algorithms.

The basic concept of speech recognition is rather simple: have a computer digitize the analog voice waveform of each spoken word and compare it to a stored reference vocabulary. A basic block diagram is shown in figure 1.

Photo 1: The sample and scanning circuit of figure 5b, constructed on a breadboard.

First, the analog voice input is amplified, then it is digitized to form a word template. This template formatting can be done by various techniques that include bandpass filters, A/D (analog-to-digital) converters, zero-crossing detectors, or fast Fourier analyzers. The result, whatever the technique, is a digital representation of the word spoken into the microphone. In an inexpensive speech-recognition system, this word template might be 10 bytes long, whereas in a $100,000 system the template may have 10K bytes of data per word.

The input word template is then processed by a computer and compared to a series of templates stored in memory. The stored templates constitute the machine's vocabulary. A spoken word is deemed to be recognized when there is an exact or reasonably close match with one of the stored templates.

In practical speech-recognition systems, the size of the word template must be traded off against the amount of available memory or storage and the computing power of the processor. With a small template, the

50 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

words are not very well defined, and there is a considerable possibility that the computer will confuse two different words. On the other hand, large templates, which more precisely define the words, take considerably more time for comparison as well as more storage space.

To achieve reasonably fast recognition with large templates, the computer must digest information at prodigious speed. In professional speechrecognition systems, a typical processor might perform 1 million 16-bit by 16-bit multiplications per second. Creating such a number cruncher is expensive.

To build a speech-recognition system on a low budget, using a microprocessor, we must make some compromise either in the time allotted for the computer to recognize a word or in the precision with which words are defined in the templates. There must be some amount of storage between 10K and 10 bytes that defines a word sufficiently well for our low-cost speech-recognition system to recognize it within a tolerable duration.

Preliminary Research

This article doesn't tell you how to build a speech-recognition system.

We aren't ready for that yet. Instead, it describes a scheme to analyze the audible content of speech so that we can more accurately define a suitable template size.

A definition of just how much data is required can be determined only by carefully examining the spectral content of speech and analyzing the differences between the words we want to have the computer recognize. Just what is the audible difference between the numbers "six" and "eight"? Is there a unique set of data points that allows them to be easily differentiated?

In essence, the information we are looking for is a kind of fingerprint for speech, a voiceprint. (It may also be called a spectrogram.) By visually comparing the spectral voiceprints of words, we can perhaps come to understand details of definitive templates and the workings of comparison algorithms.

We may find that in a limitedvocabulary speech-recognition system the spectral differences between the words in the selected recognizable set may be so distinct that the template resolution can be reduced to perhaps less than 100 bytes. It is also possible that such an examination will demonstrate that a monumental effort must be exerted to distinguish between two words such as "seem" and "seen."

I hope to eventually write about a voice-response speech-recognition system. Such a project seems to lie

within the scope of a Circuit Cellar article. For the present, however, I am still researching certain information about the significant differences between words, seeking to answer such questions as: Must data on amplitude as well as frequency be recorded? Must the input word be digitized in real time? Can the stored template data be compressed in some way? What frequencies are important and which can be ignored? Is there much variation between different utterances of the same word?

This month's hardware project, a spectral voiceprint display, should help answer some of these questions.

What Are Voiceprints?

When you speak, the sound that comes out of your mouth is composed of various frequencies blended together to create the tonal quality that is unique to your voice. If you attach a microphone to the input of an oscilloscope and speak into it, you can watch the frequency and amplitude changes. The bandwidth of meaningful sounds for most voices is about 4 kHz. (Not coincidentally, this is the passband of a voice-grade telephone line.)

Another method of looking at the various frequencies present in voices is to produce a graph of speech waveforms showing frequency as a function of time. An example of this is shown in figure 2 on page 52. As the word'eight" is spoken, the majority of the energy is between 1 and 4 kHz

"^ AUDIO INPUT

COMPARISON ALGORITHM

MICROPHONE

TEMPLATE FORMATTING:

BANDPASS FILTERS, A/D CONVERTERS, ZERO CROSSING DETECTORS, ETC.

i

1

AMPLIFIER

PROCESSOR

DECISION LOGIC

)

/

i

.

STORED WORD TEMPLATES

RECOG WORD

NIZED

Figure 1: Block diagram of a computer speech-recognition system using word templates.

March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 51

for the first 0.15 seconds, then a silent period is interrupted after another 0.15 seconds by a quick burst of energy at about 4 kHz. The first waveform group is the "eigh", and the final burst is the "t". A plot of the amplitude also provides significant information.

This sort of voiceprint or spectrogram shows a record of frequency and amplitude versus time.

Producing the graph shown in figure 2 requires an x,y plotter and a real-time spectrum analyzer. This equipment is costly and not generally available to the average experimenter, but with a little ingenuity we can obtain similar results with some simple bandpass filters and an oscilloscope.

Economy Voiceprint Display

The laboratory spectrum analyzer typically used to produce voiceprints often contains either a scanning filter or FFT (fast-Fourier-transform) processor. Such equipment has extremely high resolution (as well as cost) and allows the operator to resolve frequencies separated by only a few hertz (Hz). This is much more resolution than is required for our applica

tion, and a more cost-effective realtime spectrum analyzer can be substituted.

Figure 3 is a block diagram of the hardware I used to record voiceprints. It consists of an eight-octave bandpass filter connected to a microphone and some timing circuitry. The outputs of the circuit are connected to the jc-axis, y-axis, and blanking (z-axis) inputs of an oscilloscope. The result is a three-dimensional view of the spoken word. The x axis represents time, the y axis represents frequency, and the z axis (brightness) represents amplitude.

The plot thus produced looks somewhat different from the spectrogram in figure 2, but it is equally representative of spectral content. The eight filter sections cover eight octaves from 31 Hz to 4 kHz. Concentrations of energy in the eight octaves appear as eight bands across the display.

For example, if there are any frequencies present around 1 kHz, the 1-kHz band on the display is illuminated, appearing as a stripe across the oscilloscope screen. The amplitude of these frequencies governs the intensity of the stripe. If

this approximately 1-kHz signal is weak, the pattern will be dim; if it is strong, the pattern will be bright.

Figure 4 is an example of the kind of display produced by my interface circuit. This is approximately how the word "eight" appears when spoken. You'll note the grouping of energies corresponding to "eigh" and "t" as before. (There is also a shift in frequencies due to the fact that this display was produced by a different

4

3

FREQUENCY kHz 2

RELATIVE AMPLITUDE

\

4h-+

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 TIME ►

Figure 2: A conventional voiceprint, or spectrogram, of a man saying the word "eight." Frequency is plotted as a function of time.

OSCILLOSCOPE CONNECTIONS

Z-AXIS »• (BLANKING) INPUT

NPUT

Figure 3: Block diagram of the Circuit Cellar voiceprint-recording system.

52 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Uic

person speaking.) While unlike the ink-drawn spectrogram, it is equally detailed and unique.

On an 8- by 10-cm (centimeter) oscilloscope display, each frequency band occupies 1 cm on the vertical (y) axis. Time is recorded on the horizontal (x) axis where 1 cm corresponds to 0.05 seconds (all screen photos accompanying this article have these values). A complete word sample therefore represents sounds occurring during a one-half-second interval, consisting of 128 samples at each frequency. Changing the clock rate of the circuit can increase or decrease the scan time.

The scans appear as vertical lines on the screen. A full half-second sample consists of 128 vertical filter scans. Each vertical scan is divided evenly into eight sections corresponding to the eight filters. The bottom is 31 Hz, and the top is 4 kHz. The intensity of each segment of the scan line is determined by the output voltage of the particular filter: the more positive the output, the brighter the segment. If there is no output from a filter section during a segment interval, that portion of the segment will not be illuminated (it will be blanked). As configured, a half-second sample period scans the filters every 3.9 ms (milliseconds).

How the Display Circuit Works

Figure 5 is a schematic diagram of the voiceprint-display system. It is basically divided into two sections: amplifier and filters (figure 5a on page 56) and the sample and scanning logic (figure 5b on page 58). A prototype of the sample and scanning logic is shown in photo 1 on page 50. The ribbon cable leads off to the amplifier and filter board.

Integrated circuit ICl is a two-stage microphone preamplifier (you could substitute a much simpler circuit; this just happens to be the one I used) feeding output into IC2b, which has a sensitivity adjustment potentiometer and an additional stage of amplification. IC2a is an average level indicator. While each filter responds only to its preset frequency passband, this portion of the circuit passes all

frequencies and produces a DC voltage output proportional to the average volume level. This output is fed to the voltage comparator IC9, which switches when the average input level is above a certain amplitude, thus triggering the sample period when pronunciation of the word begins.

Integrated circuits IC3 through IC6 are configured as eight separate bandpass amplifiers with center frequencies at 31 Hz, 62 Hz, 125 Hz, 250 Hz, 500 Hz, 1 kHz, 2 kHz, and 4 kHz. The filters are not particularly sharp, possessing a frequency rolloff of about 8 dB (decibels) per octave. The output stage of each filter contains an integrator that converts the pass frequencies into an average DC level.

The timing network appears more complicated than it is. For a halfsecond word sample the clock rate is set for 4096 Hz and is divided down through an 11-bit counter configured from IC14 and IC15. The reset lines of the counters are controlled by the trigger-level comparator IC9 and an RS (set-reset) flip-flop formed from IC7, sections c and d. When the circuit triggers, the reset line on the counters is raised to a logic 1, and they begin to count. After 2048 clock cycles, the flip-flop is reset and the scanning is stopped. A timing

4 kHz

FREQUENCY

250Hz

125Hz

diagram is shown in figure 6 on page 60.

The 3 least significant bits of the counter control the address lines of an 8-channel analog multiplexer, IC16. The eight inputs of the multiplexer are the eight outputs from the filters, and the output of the multiplexer goes to the oscilloscope. When the multiplexer address is binary 000, the 31-Hz filter output is channeled through it to the scope blanking input, where it controls the oscilloscopebeam intensity. Similarly, binary 111 addresses the 4-kHz filter. (While this eight-cycle scan occurs every eight clock periods, it is displayed only at alternating scans.) The other 8 bits of the 11-bit counter set the 256 positions of the x axis (128 displayed and 128 blanked positions).

(The output level of the multiplexer should be set for the blanking range of your particular oscilloscope. This can be either a positive or negative voltage. My oscilloscope, a Tektronix model 2215, requires a negative blanking voltage, so I added IC10 as an inverting amplifier.)

Since an oscilloscope is an analog device, the digital counter outputs must be converted to analog voltages. Two different methods are employed in this circuit. The 8 most significant bits of the 11-bit counter drive an

0.2 SECONDS

0.3

Figure 4: Typical display produced by the Circuit Cellar voiceprint system, of the word "eight." Although dissimilar in appearance to the conventionally plotted spectrogram of figure 2, it contains the same kind of information, along with indications of amplitude through modulation of the intensity of the scanning beam.

March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 53

a. on

b. off

Photo 2:

Voiceprints, or spectrograms, of various words being pronounced by a Micromouth voice synthesizer, as recorded by the circuit of figures 5a and 5b attached to a Tektronix model 2215 oscilloscope. Eight frequency bands are defined in the vertical y axis, while the horizontal x axis gauges time elapsed during the sounding of the word. The amplitude of energy in the various frequency bands is indicated by the brightness of the oscilloscope trace.

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54 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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R-2R-ladder D/A (digital-to-analog) converter, which I discussed in my January Circuit Cellar article. With a count of 0, the output is 0 V (volts); with a count of 255, the output is +5 V. Therefore, each step is 19.5 mV (millivolts).

With a clock rate of 4096 Hz, the D/A converter increases its output voltage by an increment of 19.5 mV every 2 ms. With the scope set for jc, y-vector display mode, the x-axis scope trace proceeds from the bottom left corner (0 V) to the bottom right corner ( + 5 V), taking half a second.

Initially I used a 3-bit D/A converter to increment the position of the y-axis beam. However, the 60-MHz bandwidth of the Tektronix scope was sufficient to cause each vertical scan to appear as eight dots rather than eight line segments. The scope was too fast. This was remedied by using a ramp-function generator configured from IC11 and IC17. ICll is a positive-going integrator, and IC17 is a shorting switch connected across the integrating capacitor.

When the switch is closed, the output of ICll is 0 V. This is the case during the odd-numbered scans, when the Q4 output of IC14 is high. On even scans the switch is open, and the capacitor is allowed to charge. As configured it charges linearly at a rate determined by the slope-adjustment potentiometer. This potentiometer should be set so that the output of ICll (pin 6) goes from 0 V to 12 V during the 2-ms half period of the Q4 output. The clock rate affects this time period, so the slope will have to be readjusted if the clock frequency is changed.

Recording Voiceprints

After connecting the voiceprintgenerating system to the scope, you can begin to experiment. Speak a word into the microphone. The beam will be triggered, and the trace will move from left to right across the screen. Slowly increase the inputsensitivity potentiometer until the background noise saturates the display. All filters will have some output, and the screen will be completely unblanked. Slowly back off

March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 55

"> 6

to to

Figure 5a: Section of the schematic diagram of the spectral voiceprint circuit, showing the amplifier and bandpass-filter components. Eight passbands are selected by the filter stages, with the output sent to the scanning and display section of figure 5b.

56

March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Figure 5b: The scanning and display section of the voiceprint circuit, shown in schematic form. Input comes from the bandpass filters, and output is sent to an oscilloscope. Discrete resistors may be used in place of the Allen-Bradley 316L08503 resistor package.

58 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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the gain until the display appears to respond as you speak a word. Continue this adjustment until the display looks like the sample photos.

In bright ambient light the display will appear as a single vertical line moving across the screen. If you darken the room, the persistence of the phosphor screen will allow you to see the entire voiceprint.

To record the voiceprint for posterity you will need a camera. In a darkened room, simply set the camera on a tripod, open the shutter manually, allow one sample to scan on the screen, and then close the shutter. This is essentially the technique I used to produce the sample voiceprint photos that accompany this article. Unfortunately, since the Tektronix 2215 has no reticule illumination, no scale is reproduced in the photos. Keep in mind that there are eight vertical filter bands and that the x axis is half a second.

Examples of my own voiceprints wouldn't be especially helpful to you in trying to align your voiceprint system, so I have provided examples that can potentially be duplicated and compared. All the voiceprint photos here were produced using the output of a Micromouth voice synthesizer. The Micromouth, which I described in my June 1981 article, uses a National Semiconductor Digitalker speech-synthesis chip set. It has a limited vocabulary which is extremely intelligible and eminently reproducible. If you have a Micromouth, simply connect it up

and compare your results to the various prints of words and numbers shown here.

Experimental Results

What can we learn from studying the results of our simple testing? First of all, the voiceprints of speech synthesizers and people are very different. While the words sound much the same to the ear, the frequency content is rather different. This difference should not bother a computer speech-recognition system so long as the word templates are set to recognize either synthesized or natural voices. But because of its repeatable speech, the synthesizer might provide a good way to initially test a speech-recognition system.

In general, there seem to be considerable spectral differences between the words in the minimum useful vocabulary I chose as examples. Because of the great differences, a speech-recognition system could use minimally precise template data to differentiate between these words.

Consider how a computer could store these voiceprints as word templates. An A/D converter could be used to read the filter values. Storing the output values from 128 scans of eight filters requires 1024 (IK) bytes for each word, assuming the use of an 8-bit A/D converter. The amount of memory required can be reduced by eliminating the dead air time at the beginning of words and between the sounds contained within a word.

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60 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Figure 6: Timing diagram of the voiceprint-recording system.

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Perhaps storing the output amplitude of the filters is unnecessary, and a simple threshold detector would be sufficient. A logic 1 could indicate that there is some spectral content in that frequency range while a logic 0 indicates none. The eight instantaneous filter outputs could then be stored in a single byte rather than eight. This translates into a memory requirement of 128 bytes per sample period. This presumes that information about the frequency content of speech with respect to time is more important than information about the amplitude of the energy in the different frequency bands. I think it will depend a lot upon the vocabulary chosen.

Finally, I saw little activity in either the 31-Hz or the 4-kHz band in speech both from my own voice and from the Micromouth. This may be a limitation of the hardware, but I think it would be safe to eliminate these passbands from any voiceresponse system. In my experience, the three frequency ranges that seem to always contain the most energy are about 60 Hz to 200 Hz, 200 Hz to 500 Hz, and 1 kHz to 2 kHz. I am at present unwilling to design a speechrecognition system with only three sampling passbands, but I'm still gathering data.

In Conclusion

I haven't yet decided how I will configure my speech-recognition system. I have only one major design criterion so far: because writing comprehensive software algorithms isn't among my greatest pleasures in life, I will attempt to do as much in hardware as I can.

Perhaps if I stall long enough a few inexpensive integrated circuits that can do it all will emerge from Silicon Valley. I have heard promising reports on a few such products. I know of the intense interest many of my readers have in the subject, and I intend to build a speech-recognition system as soon as I can make it costeffective.

I hope that this article has at least helped you understand some of the first steps in speech recognition. If

you are talented in software, you may have been inspired with an idea that will make the process easy. But at any rate, I hope to have helped allay any suspicions that computerized voice response is a black art.

Next Month:

New technological developments have made infrared light a convenient medium for remote-control or data transmission. We'll explore how to use it. ■

References

1. Analog-to-Digital Conversion Handbook. Norwood, MA: Analog Devices Inc., 1976.

2. Ciarcia, Steve. "Analog Interfacing in the Real World," BYTE, January 1982, page 72.

3. Ciarcia, Steve. "Build a Low-Cost SpeechSynthesizer Interface," BYTE, June 1981, page 46.

4. Ciarcia, Steve. "Build an UnlimitedVocabulary Speech Synthesizer," BYTE, September 1981, page 38.

5. Digital-to-Analog Converter Handbook. Billerica, MA: Hybrid Systems Corporation, 1970.

6. Doddington, George R. and Thomas B. Schalk. "Speech Recognition: Turning Theory to Practice," IEEE Spectrum, September 1981, page 26.

7. Levinson, Stephen E. and Mark Y. Liberman. "Speech Recognition by Computer," Scientific American, April 1981, page 64.

8. Wiggins, Richard H. and George R. Doddington. "Speech Recognition Spurred by Speech-Synthesis Success," Electronic Design, July 9, 1981, page 107.

Editor's Note: Steve often refers to previous Circuit Cellar articles as reference material for each month's current article. Most of these past articles are available in reprint books from BYTE Books, 70 Main St., Peterborough, NH 03458. Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, Volume I, covers articles that appeared in BYTE from September 1977 through November 1978. Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, Volume II, contains articles from December 1978 through June 1980. Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, Volume III, contains the articles that were published from July 1980 through December 1981.

To receive a complete list of Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar project kits available from the Micromint, circle 100 on the reader-service inquiry card at the back of the magazine.

64

March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Apple Panic

Gregg Williams Senior Editor

Personality—it's a major factor in distinguishing arcade best-sellers from the ones that lie around gathering dust in a corner. In coinoperated arcade games, it is not the only factor in determining success—anything with enough color, sound, and action will attract an adequate following. However, personality is a greater factor in microcomputer-based arcade games because they have fewer distracting frills. Of the many games I've seen in the past six months, Apple Panic has far more personality than any of several equally well-done games for the Apple II or II Plus microcomputers. Additionally, Apple Panic is an original game. It is not just a simplified copy of a coin-operated game. As a game that's available only for microcomputers, you can show it off to coin-op game snobs.

Like many successful arcade games, Apple Panic has a simple but eccentric premise. Your player is trapped in a world of walkways and ladders. The objective is to keep your player alive as long as possible. Of course, no arcade game is complete without a merci

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Photo 1: An "apple" is knocked through a hole by the human player.

less enemy, and Apple Panic is no exception. Your enemies are a number of flattened "apples" (similar to Terrapin Turtle robots) that roam the walkways and ladders. They aren't terribly bright, but what they lack in intelligence they make up for in number. How do you fight back? By digging a hole in the walkway, waiting until an apple drops into it, and then knocking it through the hole to smash on the walkway below.

You control your player's movement by using the "I," "J," "K," and "M" keys. To dig a hole, hit the "A" key while your player is moving. (For some reason, your player does not always dig a hole when you want it to. Although this is probably the result of simplifying the game's algorithm to a manageable size, I look on it as a chance to develop my expertise in the game.)

Once an apple falls into the hole and sticks there, you have several seconds to return to that hole and knock the apple through by hitting the "S" key; if you line up two or more holes well enough for the apple to drop through all of them,

68 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

you get bonus points that increase with each extra hole used. When an apple falls through a hole, the walkway is mysteriously repaired; see photos la and lb. (You didn't expect this to be easy, did you?) In addition, if you don't get to a stuck apple in time, the dumb but industrious critter pulls itself out of the hole and repairs the walkway.

Although the apples are slow, they don't waste any opportunities. If they get close enough, they pounce on and eat your player. The screen is then redrawn with a different arrangement of ladders and apples, and you start over. On successive screens, you usually get more apples on the screen. If you get good enough, two new predators, the Green Butterfly and the Mask of Death, appear; the latter appears only if you are very good. You get more points for killing them, but they are more difficult to kill. The Butterfly must drop through two holes

At a Glance

Name

Apple Panic

Type

Arcade-style game

Manufacturer

Broderbund Software 2 Vista Wood Way San Rafael. CA 94901

Price

S29.95

Author

Ben Serki

Format

5 'A -inch floppy disk

Language

6502 machine code

Computer

Apple II or II Plus with one disk drive [ 13 or 16 sectors) and 48K bytes of memory

Documentation

One-page instruction leaflet

Audience

Arcade enthusiasts of all ages

before it is eliminated; if it drops from one hole to the walkway immediately below, it continues walking as if nothing had happened. (You get an extra player life when you kill a Butterfly.) The Mask of Death is even more difficult to kill; it must fall through three holes before it is destroyed.

One final note on the mechanics of the game: your player can fall through a hole without injury. This is sometimes useful as an escape route because the apples can't follow.

Strategy

Timing is very important in this game. It takes a certain amount of time to dig a hole or knock an apple through a hole. If you underestimate the amount of time needed when an apple is nearby, it may get you before you get it.

Another element of your strategy is the placement of holes with respect to ladders. On one hand, you like to have a hole between you and every apple. On the other hand, if an apple falls into a hole on the other side of the screen, those same holes may prevent you from getting to the trapped apple in time. After hastily digging a hole, you may find that it is now impossible to get to an entire section of the screen. Also, the strategy of going to the end of a walkway, digging a hole between you and the center of the screen, and waiting for an apple to come after you usually doesn't work— the apples aren't smart enough to sense you unless you are nearby.

Conclusions

Apple Panic is an interesting, playful game. It is interesting to note that, like Pac-Man (a game similar in spirit), it uses engulfment as the main form of destruction. This is very different from the majority of games, which have objects shooting projectiles at each other.

Apple Panic makes good use of both graphics and sound. When walking, the player does not flicker (as it would with less skillful animation). Nearly constant sound effects keep the ear entertained without assaulting it.

Even when played by a novice, this game usually lasts longer than most other arcade-style games. Although the apples will eventually overwhelm you, split-second reflexes are not as important here as they are in other games. A normal game of Apple Panic lasts from five to fifteen minutes; it lasts longer as you get better. Therefore, while still being entertaining and engaging, Apple Panic will not leave you a nervous wreck when the game is over. (Well, less of one, anyway.)

I do have a criticism, however. This game does not have the features that allow you to indefinitely pause while you turn the sound effects off. Granted, one game can't have everything, but these easily implemented features are becoming more common on Apple games. Game designers should take note.

Apple Panic is a copy-protected disk that boots directly on either 13- or 16-sector Apple computers. Broderbund Software pledges to replace the disk free of charge if it fails to boot and to replace it for a minimal charge if the disk is ever physically damaged. This is another policy that should be encouraged. It takes away many of the objections about copy-protected disks for programs of this nature.

It should be reemphasized that Apple Panic is an original game, not a copy of an arcade game. If the current trend away from microcomputer games adapted from coin-operated arcade games continues, the work of authors and companies that produce high-quality original games will become more important. ■

March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 69

Missile Command

Stanley J. Wszola Technical Editor

As your left thumb stabs at the firing button, your right hand spasmodically tries to control the cursor. You see flashes of light, hear bursts of sound, and finally it's over. You've done it, racked up your best score ever playing Missile Command. Have you ever wondered why Missile Command is such a popular game? Despite the claims of Atari that its

development was a long process, there are other reasons for its success. In this review, I'd like to touch lightly upon some of these reasons.

If you have never pumped a quarter into a video arcade game, or don't own an Atari 400 or 800 microcomputer, I'll briefly describe the game. The Missile Command game for the Atari 400 and 800 is an

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adaptation of the commercial arcade game. You become the commander of a missile base with armaments consisting of ABMs (antiballistic missiles). You must preserve your six cities and missile base from nuclear attack by destroying the incoming enemy missiles and bombs.

The enemy is armed with ICBMs (intercontinental ballistic missiles), MIRVs (multiple independently targeted reentry vehicle ICBMs), killer

At a Glance

Name

Missile Command

Type

Arcade-type game

Manufacturer

Atari Inc.

1265 Borregas Ave. Sunnyvale, CA 94086 (408) 745-2213

Price

S39.95

Format

Plug-in ROM cartridge

Language

6502 machine language

Computer

Atari 400 or 800 with 8K bytes of RAM and joysticks

Documentation

18-page booklet

Audience

Any Atari computer owner who enjoys a good game

70

March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 140 on inquiry card.

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satellites that drop missiles, bombers, and smart missiles that can evade your ABMs and home in on their targets.

The enemy attacks come in waves. Each wave lasts from 30 to 45 seconds. The waves become increasingly more difficult as the game progresses, with the sixth wave introducing you to the smart missiles.

You are provided with 30 ABMs per wave. These are launched against targets by using the joystick to control a cursor on the screen. When a missile, bomber, or satellite appears, you position the cursor over or near the target and press the fire control button. Your missile base launches an ABM toward a detonation mark left by the cursor on the screen. The resulting atomic fireball, complete with the simulated sound of a nuclear explosion, will destroy the incoming missile or other target. That is, if your aim was true, if you allowed for a moving target, if you hadn't already used all your ABMs, and if the target wasn't smart enough to get out of your way (smart missiles).

The game allows you to select one or two players. The computer automatically keeps score and remembers the highest score while the game is continuing. You have the option of skipping the easier waves of

Photo 1: Missile Command, one of the most popular coin-operated arcade games, is now available in a cartridge for the Atari 400 and 800 microcomputers. The trackball of the coin-operated version has been replaced by an Atari joystick. Also, you have only one missile base (not three), but the sights, sounds, and action of the original game are still there.

enemy attacks. For example, you can practice shooting down nothing but smart missiles.

The object of all this nuclear mayhem is to accumulate points. Points are scored for every enemy weapon destroyed and for every city and ABM left at the end of each wave.

Every two waves, a wave point multiplier increases the value of each point by as much as six times. Every time you earn 10,000 points, you get another city to replace one that was previously vaporized.

Why Is It Successful?

Though none of the editors on the BYTE staff advocate nuclear war, we all agree that Missile Command is a good game. Yet we agree for different reasons, and therein lies the reason for the game's success.

Some people enjoy the competitiveness of trying to better another person's score. Others enjoy the interaction between human and computer. And some enjoy the lights, noise, and the satisfaction of symbolically blowing things up. My enjoyment stems mostly from not having to pump quarters into the computer.

The Critics

There are those who object to the overt violence implicit in the game. After all, the destruction of cities is a very violent activity. A friend of mine once said that games of this type only encourage the acceptance of warfare as a viable solution to problems that could be settled peaceably. I asked if he ever played chess.

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72 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 53 on inquiry card.

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When he said yes, I then asked if he thought his aggressive activities on the chessboard affected his actions in real life. A very spirited discussion then ensued, with neither of us convincing the other to change his views. Whether the designers of Missile Command intended to or not, they have presented a game that reflects contemporary society. The game takes the threat of nuclear warfare and, simplifying the concept to the extreme, reduces that threat to a man

ageable human level. Whether this familiarity with nuclear warfare is good or not, I don't know. However, it doesn't seem to have affected the popularity of the game.

Conclusion

Missile Command is a great success, and Atari should be congratulated on producing such a highquality product. However, it is only a temporary success. Programmers are constantly working on newer, better

games. My advice to them is to carefully examine the current successes and determine why they work. Then, taking their own original games, incorporate those ideas in their own programs.

With the advent of new microcomputers and with the foundations for software development already well established, the potential for creative programming is greater than ever. I am excitedly awaiting what's coming next.B

Dino Wars

George Stewart Technical Editor

If any computer game deserves the title "action game," -this one does. Dino Wars is a two-player game in which each player controls a ferocious dinosaur that attempts to bite the other player's dinosaur until it cries uncle. Although there is no gore and the losing dinosaur always survives, the combat between the two creatures seems vicious at times.

The battle takes place on a desert plain decorated with several clumps of cactus. However, this is not your ordinary cactus. If a dinosaur mistakenly runs into one, the creature falls over and loses five units of fighting energy. Perhaps it's fossilized.

Although the terrain is much larger than the field of view displayed on the screen, it is not infinite. If a dinosaur exits to either the left or the right, it eventually reemerges on the opposite side of the screen. Even if not visible on the screen, battles can rage in full force and dinosaurs can trip over unseen cacti.

The dinosaurs are chunky creatures (low-resolution is the term used outside of the prehistoric epoch) modeled after Tyrannosaurus rex. One is purple, the other blue. (An alternate color set is available for variety.) Although not the most graceful of animals, they can swing their tails menacingly, open their jaws to bite, and swagger around the screen in any direction.

The game is three-dimensional. As a dinosaur recedes into the background, it becomes smaller, eventually shrinking to the size of a dot. As it advances, its size increases to a stage where it consumes much of the screen.

Joysticks are used to control the combatants. Although these joysticks permit 360 degrees of apparent control, the dinosaurs can actually move in only six directions. As a result, they appear to hop from one stance to another.

The object of the game is to bite the

At a Glance

Name

Dino Wars

Type

Animated dinosaur combat game

Manufacturer

Radio Shack

1800 One Tandy Center

Fort Worth, TX 76102

Price

S39.95

Author

Robert Kilgus

Format

Plug-in ROM cartridge

Computer

TRS-80 Color Computer with two joystick controllers; I6K bytes of RAM recommended for best results

Audience

Game fans age 6 and up

74

March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 48 on Inquiry card.

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other dinosaur while it is vulnerable, i.e., while it has its back turned or is recovering from a nasty fall over a cactus (the Marquis of Queensberry rules don't apply in this primitive world). After sustaining an effective bite, a dinosaur falls to the ground with a resounding crash.

When two experienced players control the dinosaurs, the battle resembles an awkward ballet, with the dinosaurs constantly circling each other while vying for a shot at each other's weak point. When beginners play, the action is more likely to resemble a pastoral scene in which the two dinosaurs wander around aimlessly, occasionally engaging one another with little effect and separating again.

To make a dinosaur bite, you press the joystick button. The ' dinosaur issues an awesome roar as it closes its jaws on air, cactus, or the opposing dinosaur. Generating this sound is one of the more satisfying aspects of the game.

Both dinosaurs start out with 100 units of energy. Each time a dinosaur is successfully bitten in a clinch, it

loses 20 points; if bitten while recovering from a cactus fall, 10 points; falling over a cactus costs five points. The game ends when one of the dinosaurs loses all its points.

A prerequisite to enjoying this game at length is a sense of the ridiculous. Without that, you are apt to become frustrated by some of its limitations. For example, while either dinosaur is roaring, all action on the screen halts because the Color Computer's microprocessor is totally preoccupied with the task of generating the sound (a hardware limitation).

Here are bite-by-bite reports from two noteworthy dino wars.

In the first battle, one player was an expert, the other a beginner. This quite typical case corresponds to computer owner and friend. The expert player used a sneak-attack strategy: his dinosaur stayed just offscreen until the beginner's dinosaur presented a vulnerable back. Then the expert's dinosaur lunged into view, bit effectively, and retreated again. Five such attacks were enough to send the beginner's dinosaur into squeaking submission (a defeated

dinosaur always runs off yelping toward the horizon).

In the second battle, two jaded players searched for a nonviolent use of the game. The cactus provided an answer. A dinosaur can become hopelessly entangled in a cactus; each time it gets up, it immediately falls down again, losing five points each time. Accordingly, the object of this absurd battle was to be the first to expend all one's energy in mortal combat with a cactus.

Dino Wars is primarily a novelty, but a good one. It allows two players to work off all sorts of aggressions toward each other and plant life. However, it is not a game you can grow with; it doesn't take long to "peak out." It is not an intellectual game like Adventure, nor does it get your adrenaline going as does a fastpaced game of Star Raiders. Compared to one of these, you might say Dino Wars is prehistoric. ■

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76 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 194 on inquiry card.

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The Atari Tutorial

Part 7: Sound

Bob Fraser

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The Atari 400 and 800 home computers have extensive hardware sound capabilities. Four independently controllable sound channels are able to play simultaneously. Each channel has a frequency register determining the note and a control register regulating the volume and the noise content. Several options allow you to insert high-pass filters, choose clock bases, set alternate modes of operation, and modify polynomial counters. This article will explain these options; next month, part 8 will show how to call these options from both BASIC and 6502 machine language.

Definitions

For the purposes of this discussion,

a few terms

and conventions need to

be clarified:

1 Hz

is 1 pulse per

(hertz)

second

1kHz

is 1000 pulses

(kilohertz)

per second

1MHz

is 1,000,000 pulses

(megahertz)

per second

A pulse is a sudden voltage rise followed somewhat later by a sudden voltage drop. If a pulse is sent to a

television speaker, it will be heard as a single pop.

A wave, as used here, is a continuous series of pulses. Different types of waves exist, each of which is distinguished by the shape of the in

The smaller poly counters repeat often

enough to create droning sounds that rise and fall quickly.

dividual pulses. Waves created by the Atari computer are square. Brass instruments typically produce triangular waves, and a human voice produces sine waves.

A shift register is like a memory location (in that it holds binary data) that, when so instructed, shifts all its bits to the right by one position (i.e., bit 5 will get whatever was in bit 4, bit 4 will get whatever was in bit 3, and so on). Thus, the rightmost bit is pushed out, and the leftmost bit assumes the value on its input wire (see figure 1).

"AUDFn" is read "any of the audio frequency registers, AUDFl through AUDF4." Their addresses are, respectively, hexadecimal D200, D202,

D204, and D206 (decimal 53760, 53762, 53764, and 53766).

"AUDCh" is read "any of the audio control registers, AUDCl through AUDC4." Their addresses are, respectively, hexadecimal D201, D203, D205, and D207 (decimal 53761, 53763, 53765, and 53767).

For the purposes of this discussion, frequency is a measure of the number of pulses in a given amount of time; that is, a note with a frequency of 100 Hz means that in one second exactly 100 pulses will occur. The more frequent (hence, "frequency") the pulses of a note, the higher the note. For example, a singer vocalizes at a high frequency (5 kHz), and a cow moos at a low frequency (100 Hz). The words "frequency," "note," "tone," and "pitch" are used interchangeably.

Noise and distortion are also used interchangeably, although their meanings are not the same. Noise is a more accurate description of the function performed by the Atari computer.

All examples are in BASIC unless

This article appears in slightly different form in De Re Atari, published by Atari Inc., and is reproduced with its express permission.

80 March 1982 © BYTE Publicaeions lnc

Circle 19 on inquiry card.

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BEFORE SHIFT

INPUT PULSES

ji^mRmmum

AFTER SHIFT

Figure 1: Operation of a shift register. Here, all bits are shifted one bit to the right. As the rightmost bit is lost, some external value fills the leftmost bit.

otherwise stated. Type the examples exactly as they appear. If there are no line numbers, don't use any; if several statements are on the same line, type them as such.

Sound Hardware

Sound is generated in the Atari computer by the POKEY chip, a custom integrated circuit designed especially for the Atari 400 and 800; POKEY also handles the serial I/O bus and the keyboard. The POKEY chip must be initialized before it will work properly. Initialization is required after any serial bus operation (cassette, disk drive, printer, or RS232C read/write). To initialize POKEY in BASIC, execute a null sound statement; that is, SOUND 0,0,0,0. In machine language, store a 0 at AUDCTL (hexadecimal D208 = decimal 53768) and a 3 at hexadecimal 232 (decimal 562); this is the shadow location for the SKCTL register at hexadecimal D20F (decimal 53775).

The Audio Frequency Registers

Each of the four audio channels has a corresponding frequency register that controls the note played by the computer. The frequency register contains the number N used in a divide-by-N circuit. This is not a division in the mathematical sense, but something much simpler: for every N

OUTPUT PULSES

Figure 2: An example of a divide-by-4 process. The circuitry for this process allows only every fourth pulse to pass through.

pulses coming in, one pulse goes out. For example, figure 2 shows a divideby-4 function.

As N gets larger, output pulses become less frequent, making a lower frequency note.

The Audio Control Registers

Each channel also has a corresponding control register. These registers allow the volume and distortion content of each channel to be set. The bit assignment for AUDCn is given in table 1.

Volume

The volume control for each audio channel is straightforward. The lower 4 bits of the audio-control register (AUDCn) contain a 4-bit number that specifies the volume of the sound. A zero in these bits means zero volume; a fifteen means as loud as possible. The sum of the volumes of the four channels should not exceed thirtytwo because this forces overmodulation of the audio output. The sound produced tends to actually lose volume and assume a buzzing quality.

Distortion

Table 1 also shows that each channel has three distortion-control bits in its audio-control register. Distortion is used to create special sound effects any time a pure tone is undesirable.

AUDCn Bit Number

7 6 5

4 3

2 1

0

Use

Table 1: Bit

V J

V

;

distortion volumeonly bit

usage in the AUDCn registers (AUDCl thi

volume ■oughAUDC4).

The computer's use of distortion offers great versatility and control. It is easy to synthesize an almost endless variety of sounds, from rumbles, rattles, and squawks to clicks, whispers, and mood-setting background tempos.

Distortion, as used here, is not equivalent to the standard interpretation. For example, intermodulation distortion and harmonic distortion are quality criteria specified for highfidelity stereo systems. These types of distortion refer to waveform degeneration, where the shape of the wave is slightly changed due to error in the electronic circuitry. The computer's distortion does not alter waves (they are always square), but rather deletes selected pulses from the waveform. This technique is not adequately characterized by the word "distortion." A more descriptive and appropriate term for these distortion methods is "noise."

Before you can fully grasp what we

-INPUT WIRE

RANDOM PULSES

BIT PROCESSOR

Figure 3: An example of a poly counter. By letting the new leftmost bit be determined by some algorithm (here, an exclusive NOR of bits 3 and 5), a poly counter can produce a semirandom stream of bits. The pattern of the bits will eventually repeat, but the length of the pattern depends on the width in bits of the poly counter.

82

March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 377 on Inquiry card.

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Circle 29 on inquiry card.

mean by distortion, you must understand polynomial counters (also called poly counters). Poly counters are employed in the Atari computer as a source of random pulses used in noise generation. The Atari computer's poly counters utilize a shift register working at 1.79 MHz. The shift register's contents are shuffled and fed back into the input; this produces a semirandom sequence of bits at the output of the shift register.

For example, in figure 3, the old value of bit 5 will be pushed out of the shift register to become the next output pulse, and bit 1 will become a function of bits 3 and 5.

The bit processor gets values from certain bits in the shift register (in figure 3, bits 3 and 5) and processes them in a way irrelevant to this discussion. It yields a value that becomes bit 1 of the poly counter's shift register.

POLY COUNTER'S RANDOM PULSES

TONE PULSES FROM FREQUENCY DIVIDED BY N

JiUlfUUlOILillJlLL

• • • * •••••

jihiiMhiililuiJ^

PULSES THAT MAKE IT THROUG

■juui rmjuiM

Figure 4: Using the output of a poly counter to create a noisy tone. The resulting sound of the output pulse train is considerably modified by using the poly counter output to select pulses from a pure square-wave input.

These poly counters are not truly random because they repeat their bit sequence after a certain span of time. As you might suspect, their repetition rate depends upon the number of bits in the poly counter; in other words, the longer ones require many cycles before they repeat, while the shorter ones repeat more often.

On the Atari computer, distortion is achieved by using random pulses from these poly counters in a selection circuit. This circuit is actually a digital comparator, but the term "selection circuit" is more descriptive. The only pulses making it through the selection circuit to the output are those coinciding with a random pulse. Various pulses from the input are thereby eliminated in a random fashion. Figure 4 illustrates this selection method. A dotted line connects pulses that coincide.

The net effect is this: some pulses from the frequency-divider circuit are deleted. Obviously, if some of the pulses are deleted, the note will sound different. This is how distortion is in

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86 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 104 on inquiry card.

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Circle 315 on Inquiry card.

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troduced into a sound channel.

Because poly counters repeat their bit sequences, their output pattern of pulses is cyclic. And since the selection circuit uses this output pattern to delete pulses from the original note, the distorted note will contain the same repetitious pattern. This allows the hardware to create noises such as drones, motors, and other sounds having repetitive patterns.

The Atari computer is equipped with three poly counters of different lengths, which can be combined in many ways to produce interesting sound effects. The smaller poly counters (4 and 5 bits long) repeat often enough to create droning sounds that rise and fall quickly; the larger poly counter (17 bits long) takes so long to repeat that no pattern to the distortion can be readily discerned. This 17-bit poly counter can be used to generate explosions, steam, and any sound where random crackling and popping is desired. It is even irregular enough to generate white noise (an audio term meaning a hissing sound).

Each audio channel offers six distinct combinations of the three poly counters, which are listed in table 2. These upper AUDCw bits control three switches in the audio circuit as shown in figure 5. This diagram will help you understand why table 2 is structured as it is.

Each combination of the poly counters offers a unique sound. Furthermore, the distorted sounds can sound quite different at different frequencies. For this reason, some trial and error is necessary to find a combination of distortion and frequency that produces the desired sound effect. Table 3 gives you some rough guidelines with which you can begin your experimentation.

Volume-only Sound

Bit 4 of AUDCn specifies the volume-only mode. When this bit is set, the volume value in AUDCn bits 0 through 3 is sent directly to the television speaker; it is not modulated with the frequency specified in the AUDFn registers.

To fully understand the use of this

mode of operation, you must understand how a speaker works and what happens to the television speaker when it receives a pulse. Any speaker has a cone that moves in and out. The cone's position at any time is directly proportional to the voltage it is receiving from the computer at that

time. If the voltage sent is zero, the speaker is in the resting position. Whenever the cone changes position, it moves air that is detected by your ear as sound.

From our definition of a pulse, you know that it consists of a rising voltage followed by a falling voltage.

AUDCn Bit 7 6 5

Type of Distortion Carried Out

0 0

0 X

0 1

1 0

0

1 0

0

Divide clock by frequency, select using 5-bit then 17-bit poly counter, then

divide by 2 Divide clock by frequency, select using 5-bit poly counter, then divide by 2 Divide clock by frequency, select using 5-bit then 4-bit poly counter, then

divide by 2 Divide clock by frequency, select using 17-bit poly counter, then divide by

2 Divide clock by frequency, then divide by 2 (no poly counters used) Divide clock by frequency, select using 4-bit poly counter, then divide by 2

1 X

1 1

1

0

Table 2:

Types of distortion available from the Atari 400/800. See table 1 for the

usage of

other bits in each AUDCn register. An "X" in the second column of the table

repre.se.rx

ts a

bit that can be either 0 or 1.

AUDCn Bit

7

6

5

0

0

0

0

X

1

0

1

0

1

0

0

1 1

X

1

1

0

Examples of Resulting Sound Low frequencies Middle frequencies High frequencies

Geiger counter

machine gun auto at idle

calm fire laboring auto

building crashing in pure musical tones airplane lawn mower

raging fire electric motor

rushing air steam power transformer auto with a "miss"

radio interference

waterfall

electric razor

Table 3: Types of sounds available from the six types of distortion available from each AUDCn register. An "X" in the second column of the table represents a bit that can be either 0 or 1.

AUDCTL BIT NO

TO

TELEVISION

SPEAKER

DIVIDE-BY-N CIRCUIT

Figure 5: A schematic representation of the effects of bits 5 through 7 of the AUDCTL register on the sound sent to the television speaker.

88 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

it

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If you sent the speaker a pulse, it would push out with the rising voltage and pull back with the falling voltage, resulting in a wave of air that can be detected by your ear as a pop. The following statements produce such a pop on the television speaker by sending a single pulse:

POKE 53761,31:POKE 53761,16

A stream of pulses (or wave) would set the speaker into constant motion, and a continuous buzz or note would be heard. The faster the pulses are

sent, the higher the note. This is how the computer generates sound on the television speaker.

It is essential to note that in the volume-only mode the volume sent does not drop back to zero automatically, but remains constant until the program changes it. The program should modulate the volume often enough to create a noise. Now try the following two statements, listening carefully after each:

POKE 53761,31 POKE 53761,31

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The first time you heard a pop, as expected. The speaker pushed out and moved air. But the second time you didn't because the speaker cone was already in the extended position; an identical extension command did nothing to the speaker. Since it moved no air, you heard nothing. Now try this:

POKE 53761,16 POKE 53761,16

As before, you heard a pop the first time as the speaker moved back to its resting position, and you heard nothing the second time because the speaker was already in the resting position.

Thus, the volume-only bit gives the program complete control over the position of the speaker at any time. Although the examples given above are only binary examples (either on or off), you are by no means limited to this type of speaker modulation. You can set the speaker to any of 16 distinct positions.

For example, a simple triangle wave (similar to the waveform produced by brass instruments) could be generated by sending a volume of 8 followed by 9, 10,11,10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 6, 7, and back to 8, then repeating this sequence over and over very rapidly. By changing the volume quickly enough, virtually any waveform can be created. It is feasible, for example, to perform voice synthesis using this technique. However, this requires the use of assembly language. There is more discussion of this bit in part 8 of this series.

AUDCTL

In addition to the independent channel-control bytes (AUDCn), an option byte (AUDCTL) affects all four channels. Each bit in AUDCTL is assigned a specific function, as shown in table 4. AUDCTL is at location D208 hexadecimal, 53768 decimal.

Clocking

Before proceeding with the explanations of the AUDCTL options, a

90

March 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

Circle 214 on Inquiry card.

Mindful Machines

Brains of Mftf and Machno

BRAINS

ROBOTICS

Kent Will

Ernest

W.Kent

On the leading edge of the current technological revolution, these two books are written by

modern thinkers who, like the Renaissance sages of an earlier time, venture across the boundaries of traditional disciplines to create vivid, detailed studies of humanity's quest for

self-contained thinking machines.

In Brains, Behavior, and Robotics, Dr. James Albus demonstrates through an analysis of the

processing hierarchies of the human brain that in our own heads we find the best model for

an artificial intelligence computer. He goes on to survey the state of the art of robotics and

concludes by portraying the social and economic impact of the coming "robot revolution."

Dr. Ernest W. Kent writes in The Brains of Men and Machines of the complex relationship

between humans and machines. Drawing on the latest research in physiological psychology,

he predicts that the more intelligent our machines become, the more they will resemble

their creators in methods of processing information, storing data, solving problems, and

even in their very circuitry. Complete with extensive bibliographies, both The Brains of Men and Machines and Brains, Behavior, and Robotics will fascinate the layman and challenge the professional. Circle 56 on inquiry card.

m

Please send Brains, Behavior, and Robotics $16.95

Brains of Men and Machines $15.95

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eiiTi

B3

Introducing the Sinclair ZX81

If you're ever going to buy a personal computer, now is the time to do it.

The new Sinclair ZX81 is the most powerful, yet easy-to-use computer ever offered for anywhere near.the price: only $149.95* completely assembled.

Don't let the price fool you. The ZX81 has just about everything you could ask for in a personal computer. A breakthrough in personal computers

The ZX81 is a major advance over the original Sinclair ZX80-the world's largest selling personal computer and the first for under $200.

In fact, the ZX81's new 8K Extended BASIC offers features found only on computers costing two or three times as much.

Just look at what you get:

■ Continuous display, including moving graphics

■ Multi-dimensional string and numerical arrays

•Plus shipping and handling. Price includes connectors for TV and cassette, AC adaptor, and FREE manual.

■ Mathematical and scientific functions accurate to 8 decimal places

■ Unique one-touch entry of key words like PRINT, RUN and LIST

■ Automatic syntax error detection and easy editing

■ Randomize function useful for both games and serious applications

■ Built-in interface for ZX Printer

■ 1K of memory expandable to 16K

The ZX81 is also very convenient to use. It hooks up to any television set to produce a clear 32-column by 24-line display. And you can use a regular cassette recorder to store and recall programs by name.

If you already own a ZX80

The 8K Extended BASIC chip used in the ZX81 is available as a plug-in replacement for your ZX80 for only $39.95, plus shipping and handling—complete with new keyboard overlay and the ZX81 manual. So in just a few minutes, with no special skills or tools required, you can upgrade your ZX80 to have all the powerful features of the ZX81. (You'll have everything except continuous display, but you can still use the PAUSE and SCROLL commands to get moving graphics.)

With the 8K BASIC chip, your ZX80 will also be equipped to use the ZX Printer and Sinclair software.

Order at no risk**

We'll give you 10 days to try out the ZX81. If you're not completely satisfied, just return it to Sinclair Research and we'll give you a full refund.

And if you have a problem with your ZX81, send it to Sinclair Research within 90 days and we'll repair or replace it at no charge.

"Does not apply to ZX81 kits.

NEW SOFTWARE:Sinclair has

published pre-recorded programs on cassettes for your ZX81, or ZX80 with 8K BASIC. We're constantly coming out with new programs, so we'll send you our latest software catalog with your computer.

ZX PRINTER: The Sinclair ZX Printer will work with your ZX81, or ZX80 with 8K BASIC. It will be available in the near future and will cost less than $100.

16K MEMORY MODULE:

Like any powerful, full fledged computer, the ZX8l is expandable. Sinclair's 16K memory module plugs right onto the back of your ZX81 (or ZX80, with or without 8K BASIC). Cost is $99.95, plus shipping and handling.

ZX81 MANUAL: The ZX81 comes with a comprehensive 164-page programming guide and operating manual designed for both beginners and experienced computer users. A $10.95 value, it's yours free with the ZX81.

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If you really want to save money, and you enjoy building electronic kits, you can order the ZX81 in kit form for the incredible price of just $99.95? It's the same, full-featured computer, only you put it together yourself. We'll send complete, easy to-follow instructions on how you can assemble your ZX81 in just a few hours. All you have to supply is the soldering iro

How to order

Sinclair Research is the world's largest manufacturer of personal computers.

The ZX81 represents the latest technology in microelectronics, and it picks up right where the ZX80 left off. Thousands are selling every week.

We urge you to place your order for the new ZX81 today. The sooner you order, the sooner you can start enjoying your own computer.

To order, simply call our toll free number, and use your MasterCard or VISA

To order by mail, please use the pupon. And send your check or money order. We regret that we cannot accept purchase orders or C.O.DIs.

CALL 800-543-3000. Ask for operator #509. In Ohio call 800-582-1364. In Canada call 513-729-4300. Ask for operator #509. Phones open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Have your MasterCard or VISA ready.

These numbers are for orders only. For information, you must write to Sinclair Research Ltd., 2 Sinclair Plaza, Nashua, NH 03061.

inczlam

Memory Module (for ZX81 or ZX80)

PRICEt QTY. AMOUNT

ZX81

ZX81 Kit

8K BASIC chip (for ZX80)

Shipping and Handling

$149.95

99.95

39.95

99.95

4.95

TOTAL

$4.95

MAIL TO: Sinclair Research Ltd., One Sinclair Plaza, Nashua, NH 03061.

NAME

ADDRESS

*CITY/STATE/ZIP_

tU.S. Dollars

AUDCTL Bit Function Performed If Bit Set

Switches the main clock base from 64 kHz to 15 kHz

Inserts high-pass filter into channel 2, clocked by channel 4 (only frequencies higher than that of channel 4 are passed by the filter)

Inserts high-pass filter into channel 1, clocked by channel 3 (only frequencies higher than that of channel 3 are passed by the filter)

Joins channel 4 to channel 3 to give 16-bit resolution

Joins channel 2 to channel 1 to give 16-bit resolution

Clocks channel 3 with 1.79 MHz

Clocks channel 1 with 1.79 MHz

Makes the 17-bit poly counter into a 9-bit poly counter

Table 4: Modifications to the sound-generation registers available by manipulation of the bits in register AUDCTL (location D208 hexadecimal, 53768 decimal). Bit 7 is the most significant bit in the register.

new concept must be explained: clocking. In general, a clock is a train of pulses used to synchronize the millions of internal operations occurring every second in any computer. The central clock pulses continuously, each pulse telling the circuitry to perform another step in its operations. You may remember that a divide-by-N frequency divider outputs one pulse for every Nth input

pulse. You also may have wondered where the input pulses come from. One main input clock runs at 1.79 MHz; it can provide the input pulses. Also, several secondary clocks can be used as input clocks. The AUDCTL register allows you to select the clock used as the input to the divide-by-N circuit. If you select a different input clock, the output from the frequency divider will change drastically.

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For example, imagine that you are using the 15-kHz clock, with the frequency register set to divide by 8. The rate of output pulses from the divideby-N circuit would be about 2 kHz. But if you changed the selection of clocks to get the 64-kHz clock and did not change the frequency register, what would happen? The divide-byN would still be putting out one pulse for every eighth input pulse, but the input rate would be 64 kHz. The result is an output frequency (from the divide-by-N) of 8 kHz. Thus, you can see that reclocking changes the frequency independent of the frequency register and on a larger scale.

The formula for the output frequency (from the divide-by-N) is quite simple:

Output frequency =

Clock

N

Setting bit 0 of the AUDCTL register switches from the 64-kHz clock to the 15-kHz clock. Note that if this bit is set, every sound channel clocked with the 64-kHz clock will instead use the 15-kHz clock. Similarly, by setting bits 5 or 6, you can clock channels 3 or 1, respectively, with 1.79 MHz. This will produce a much higher note, as demonstrated by the following example:

SOUND 0,255,10,8 POKE 53768,64

The SOUND statement causes channel 1 to give a low tone, and the POKE sets AUDCTL bit 6 to 1, causing the pitch generated by channel 1 to jump to a much higher note.

16-Bit Frequency Options

The 8 bits of resolution in the frequency-control registers normally provide more than adequate resolution for the task of selecting any desired frequency. There are, however, situations in which 8 bits are inadequate. Consider what happens when you execute the following statements:

FOR 1 = 255 TO 0 STEP -1: SOUND 0,I,10,8:NEXT I

Initially, the sound rises smoothly,

94 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 98 on inquiry card.

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Circle 345 on Inquiry card.

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Listing 1: A program that uses a 16-bit divide-by-N register. When used with game paddles in port 1, this program produces a sound with a frequency that can be varied by paddles 1 and 2. Paddle 1 changes the sound in large steps; paddle 2 changes the sound between two adjacent large steps.

10 SOUND 0,0,0,0,: REM 20 POKE 53768,80: REM

Initialize sound

Clock channel 1 with 1.79 MHz, clock

channel 2 with channel 1

Turn oft channel 1, turn on channel 2

(pure tones)

POKE 53760,PADDLE(0):POKE 53762,PADDLE(1)

GOTO 40: REM Set paddles to put frequencies in

frequency registers

30 POKE 53761,160:POKE 53763, 168: REM

40 50

but as it approaches the end of its range the frequency takes larger and larger steps that are noticeably clumsy. This happens because you are dividing the clock by smaller and smaller numbers: 15 kHz divided by 255 is almost the same as 15 kHz divided by 254; however, 15 kHz divided by 2 differs greatly from 15 kHz divided by 1. The only way to solve this problem is to use a larger number that allows you to specify frequency with greater precision. The means to do this are built into POKEY.

AUDCTL bits 3 and 4 allow two channels to be joined, creating a single channel with an extended dynamic-frequency range. Normally, each channel's frequency-divider number can range from 0 to 255 (which results from 8 bits of divideby-N capability). Joining two channels allows a frequency range of 0 to 65535 (16 bits of divide-by-N capability). In this mode, it is possible to reduce the output frequency to less than 1 Hz. The program in listing 1 uses two channels in the 16-bit mode and two paddles as the frequency inputs. Insert a set of paddles into port 1, then type in and run listing 1. The right paddle tunes the sound coarsely; the left paddle finely tunes the sound between the coarse increments.

This program first sets bits 4 and 6 of AUDCTL; this tells the Atari computer to clock channel 1 with 1.79 MHz and join channel 2 to channel 1. Once this happens, the 8-bit frequency registers of both channels are assumed to represent a single 16-bit number N that is used to divide the input clock. Next, the volume of

96

March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

channel 1 is set to 0. Since channel 1 no longer has its own direct output, its volume setting is meaningless to us and we zero it. The channel 1 frequency register is used as the finetuning or low byte in the sound generation; the channel 2 frequency register is the coarse-tuning or high byte. For example, poking a 1 into the channel 1 frequency register makes the pair of registers divide by 1. Poking a 1 into the channel 2 frequency register makes the pair divide by 256. Poking a 1 into both frequency registers makes the pair divide by 257.

Bit 3 of AUDCTL can be used to join channel 4 to channel 3 in the same way.

The following instructions demonstrate some interesting aspects of 16-bit sound (try poking other numbers into the last four locations):

SOUND 0,0,0,0 POKE 53768,24 POKE 53761,168 POKE 53763,168 POKE 53765,168 POKE 53767,168 POKE 53760,240 POKE 53764,252 POKE 53762,28 POKE 53766,49

High-Pass Filters

AUDCTL bits 1 and 2 control highpass filters in channels 2 and 1, respectively. A high-pass filter allows only higher frequencies to pass through. In the case of these highpass filters, high frequencies are defined as anything higher than the output of another channel selected by

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the AUDCTL bit combination. For example, if channel 3 is playing a cow's moo and AUDCTL bit 2 is set, only sounds with frequencies higher than the moo will be heard on channel 1 (anything lower than the "moooo" will be filtered out). See figure 6.

The filter is programmable in real time because the filtering channel can be changed on the fly. This opens a large field of possibilities to the pro

grammer. The filters are generally used to create special effects. Try the following statements:

SOUND 0,0,0,0

POKE 53768,4

POKE 53761,168:POKE 53765,168

POKE 53760,254:POKE 53764,127

9-Bit Polynomial Conversion

Bit 7 of AUDCTL, when set, turns the 17-bit poly counter into a 9-bit

COW'S MOO (PLAYED BY CHANNEL #3)

CHANNEL #1 WILL ONLY PLAY FREQUENCIES IN THIS SHADED AREA

Figure 6: High-pass filtering in the Atari 400/800. At any given instant, the only frequencies in channel 1 that are passed by the filter are those greater than the frequency being played in channel 3.

poly counter. The shorter the poly counter, the more often its distortion pattern repeats, or the more discernible is the pattern in the distortion. Therefore, changing the 17-bit poly counter into a 9-bit poly counter makes the noise pattern more repetitious and more discernible. Try the following demonstration of the 9-bit poly-counter option, listening carefully when the POKE is executed:

SOUND 0,80,8,8 POKE 53768,128

The first statement activates the 17-bit poly counter; the second changes the counter to a 9-bit poly counter.

Next Month

Now that we know about the various registers that control the sound-generating capabilities of the Atari 400/800, we will look at several BASIC and machine-language techniques to use sound within a program. ■

DATAFACE GRQ SERIES INTERFACE

TURNS YOUR ELECTRONIC TYPEWRITER INTO A PRINTER/TYPEWRITER

TheDatafaceGRQ-11 Interface expands your Olympia ES Series electronic typewriter

into a letter press quality printer for your personal or business computer. And, you still have a fully featured electronic typewriter—two machines in one.

The GRQ Series Interface features:

1. Standard El A RS-232-C Serial Interface and Parallel (Centronics compatible).

2. Standard asynchronous ASC11 code, 7 bit data; 1 start bit; accommodates 1 or 2 stop bits automatically; accommodates odd, even or absence of parity bit.

3. Fifty thru 9600 Baud data rate options.

4. Two K buffer; supports X-on, X-off protocol as well as RTS signals.

98 March 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

5. Circuit board is installed inside typewriter back panel along side logic board. The

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Circle 365 on Inquiry card.

Circle 365 on Inquiry card.

Build a Half-year Clock for the Color Computer

Fourth in a Series

William Barden Jr.

28122 Orsola

Mission Viejo, CA 92692

The ideal clock for a computer system, to my mind, would be an inexpensive, compact, accurate unit with a self-contained power supply that could be easily interfaced to the computer system. This article describes a clock for the Radio Shack Color Computer; it meets all of my goals at the expense of some software complexity.

The half-year clock (HYC) described here can provide the time with a resolution of ± 10 seconds or better over a six-month period. Powered by a self-contained 9-volt (V) battery, it can be disconnected from the Color Computer at any time, set aside, plugged in later, and will continue reporting the time. It is a compact unit measuring 14 by 9 by 3.8 cm (5Vi by 3Vz by lVz inches).

The HYC uses seven integrated circuits (ICs) plus some discrete components. The project is built using wire-wrapping techniques. If you've never tried wire-wrapping, fear not: I'll provide detailed tips for easy construction.

Since the HYC communicates with the Color Computer via the serial interface of the computer, I'll start with a description of that interface.

Color Computer Serial Interface

The complete serial interface of the Color Computer is shown in figure 1. The four lines of the serial interface go to a 4-pin DIN plug on the rear of the system. These four lines are a subset of the 25 lines normally used in other computer systems, such as the Radio Shack Models I and III. The Color Computer uses asynchronous

4-PIN DIN

/connector

Figure 1: The Color Computer RS-232C interface consists of two comparators and one op amp used as a comparator. The TD signal is generated from software by output to PIA (peripheral interface adapter) address FF20 hexadecimal. The RD is read into PIA address FF22 hexadecimal. The CD signal is not normally used and is an "edge trigger" signal generating a PIA interrupt.

100 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Data sent in asynchronous RS-232C format typically consist of a start bit, 8 bits of data, and one or two stop bits. The bits are evenly spaced with no inherent clock.

BIT INTERVALS

SPACING*

START -J

BIT

(SPACE)

-LEAST SIGNIFICANT DATA BIT

PARITY OR MOSTSIGNIFICANT DATA BIT

-STOP BIT (MARK)

8 DATA BITS • 010001012 ■

69io-"»"

*ON RS-232C LINES REVERSE LOGIC (MARKING IS -12 SPACING IS +12V)

Asynchronous Communication

The EIA standard RS-232C defines the format for data communication. Therefore, serial communication is often called "RS-232C" or "RS-232" communication. A system channel designed for data communication is known as a serial or RS-232 port.

The standard format for asynchronous communication is shown above. In this example, 8 bits make up the actual data word. The data are asynchronous, that is, they are sent at unpredictable times, rather than at regularly spaced intervals. A good example of an asynchronous datum is a character transmitted from a keyboard to a communications system such as The Source or CompuServe. The host system does not know when to expect the next character—if may occur within 1/10 second or 10 seconds. Each character must be detected and handled as an independent "event."

The computer system or device receiving an asynchronous character can read either a logic 1 or logic 0 on the receive data (RD) line. Initially, the RD line is at logical 1, called "mark." The receiving system or device expects this high condition to exist initially. To signal the start of a data word, the transmitting system sends a start bit by bringing the RD line to a logical 0,

called a "space," for a duration known as a "bit time." The length of the bit time depends on the data-transmission rate and may vary from about 9 milliseconds to 0.1 millisecond.

The receiving system or device detects the start bit, delays Vi bit time, and gets set to receive the rest of the data word at evenly spaced intervals of one bit time. The start bit is followed by eight data bits (one of which may be a parity bit) and one or two stop bits that are always at logic 1 (mark). The stop bits ensure that the RD line will be marking prior to transmission of the next data word.

The bit rate is the data-transmission rate of all data measured in bits per second (bps). Three hundred bps is typical for the Color Computer. Each character at this bit rate typically is made up of one start bit, eight data bits, and one stop bit, for a total of 10 bits. Thus, 300 bps yields 30 characters per second. The bit time is 1/300 second, or 3.33 milliseconds.

The standard logic levels for RS232C communication are voltages above 3 V (logic 0) and below —3 V (logic 1). In the Color Computer, the voltages used are 12 V for logic 0 and -12 V for logic 1.

Oc

STATE

OUTPUT

A >B

a 0 VOLTS (LOGIC 0 )

A • B

INDETERMINATE

A <B

<* +5 VOLTS (LOGIC 1)

Figure 2: A comparator contrasts two input signals in relation to each other. If the "+" (plus) input is greater than the "—" (minus) input, a logical 1 is generated at the output; if the "+" input is less than the "—" input, a logical 0 is produced.

serial communication, which requires only three lines; the fourth line is available for special purposes. See the text box for background information on serial communication.

Interface operation. The Color Computer's serial interface is made up of one comparator (actually an operational amplifier) for controlling the transmit data (TD) line and two comparators for checking the receive data (RD) and carrier detect (CD) lines.

A comparator accepts two input voltages. If the "+" (plus) input voltage is higher than the " —" (minus) input, the comparator outputs a logic 1; if the "+" input voltage is lower than the " —" input, the comparator outputs a logic 0 (see figure 2).

In the following descriptions, I'll be referring to a few "memory" addresses in the Color Computer that function as I/O lines—part of the peripheral interface adapter (PIA).

TD line. The 741C operational amplifier compares the "—" input from bit 1 of port address FF20 hexadecimal with the "+" input from the voltage divider R23/R24. The " + " input is a constant +1.38 V. A logic 1 on port FF20 hexadecimal bit 1 will generate —12 V on the TD line; a logic 0 will generate +12 V on the TD line.

RD and CD lines. The two LM339 comparators have serial data as their input. Both have the same configuration. One is connected to the RS232IN line of port FF22 hexadecimal bit 0. The second is con

102 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

"Dad, can I use

the IBM computer

tonight?*

It's not an unusual phenomenon. It starts when your O son asks to borrow a tie. Or , when your J daughter wants to

use your metal racquet. Sometimes you let them. Often you don't. But when they start asking to use your IBM Personal Computer, it's better to say yes.

Because learning about computers is a subject your kids can study and enjoy at home.

V It's also a fact that the IBM Personal Computer can be as useful in your home as it is in your office. To help plan the family budget, for instance. Or to compute anything from interest paid to calories consumed. "Vbu can even tap directly into the Dow Jones data bank with your telephone and an inexpensive adapter.

But as surely as an IBM Personal Computer can help you, it can also help your children. Because just by playing games or drawing

The IBM Personal Computer

colorful graphics, your son or daughter will discover what makes a computer tick—and what it can do. They can take the same word processing program you use to create business reports to write and edit book reports (and learn how to type in the process).\bur kids might even get so "computer smart," they'll start writing their own programs in BASIC or Pascal.

Ultimately, an IBM Personal Computer can be one of the best investments you make in your family's future. And one of the least expensive. Starting at less than $1,600+ there's a system that, with the addition of one simple device, hooks up to your home TV and uses your audio cassette recorder.

To introduce your family to the IBM Personal Computer, visit any ComputerLand® store or Sears Business Systems Center. Or see it all at one of our IBM Product Centers. (The IBM National Accounts Division will serve business customers who want to purchase in quantity.)

And remember. When your kids ask to use your *St IBM Personal Computer, let them. But just make ^ sure you can get it back. After all, your son's still wearing that tie. ==^= j=»

^

For the IBM Personal Computer deal

tThis price applies to IBM Product Cenn

Prices may vary at other stores.

st you, call (800)447-4700. In Illinois, (800)322-4400. In Alaska or Hawaii, (800)447-0890.

Circle 182 on Inquiry card.

ALL MATTER

Introducing the Prism Printer™ from Integral Data Systems.

The Prism Printer is the first truly modular, field-upgradable dot matrix printer. Now your printer can be as flexible as the rest of your system.

No other printer offers you as much (or as little) as you need. Start with the basic printer which features text-quality printing; then add the performance

modules you need—when you need them. Getting into word processing? Add the automatic cut sheet feeder. Handling lots of data? Install the high speed Sprint Mode™. Want to get the big picture? Add the Dot Plot™ graphic option. And for communicating information and ideas faster, nothing is more effective than Prism Color™ for high quality, multicolor output.

And that's just the beginning. Additional Prism option modules will soon be available to help your evolving system meet its true potential. You'll never pay too much or get too little again.

If you're an Apple, IBM, or other professional micro-computer user, Prism Printer is the key to your total system solution. At last, the chemistry is right between you and your printer. The Prism Printer from Integral Data Systems.

For more information, and the name of your nearest Integral Data Systems Dealer, call toll free (800) 258-1386. In New Hampshire, Alaska and Hawaii, call (603) 673-9100.

Circle 190 on inquiry card.

Integral Data Systems, Inc.

A Whole New Spr< Imm r>t ImrigirHj Mi' Milford, Nil OWi

9-DIGIT 60Hz COUNT 123,4 56,789

\

r

CRYTAL OSCILLATOR 3.58 MHz

3.58MHz

OSCILLATOR/

DIVIDER

MM5369

6OH2

3-DIGIT BCD

COUNTER MC14553B

3-DIGIT BCD

COUNTER MC14553B

3-DIGIT BCD

COUNTER MC14553B

3LS BCD COUNT DIGITS

60 Hz

SCAN NUMBER

1 11

3 NEXT BCD COUNT DIGITS

3mS

BCD COUNT

DIGITS

u

.

BUS

REGISTER 18 BITS) MC14034B

BUS

REGISTER 18 BITS) MC14034B

rLTLTL

• LM339^>

* COMPUTER

CLOCK

1

1

h

./"1/4

_l 1

TD FROM COLOR

SAMPLE SHIFT SIGNAL (P/S)

OR JUT

* COMPUTER

Figure 3: The half-year clock consists of a crystal oscillator, a divider producing 60-Hz pulses, a 9-digit BCD counter, a parallel/serial register, and comparator output to the Color Computer.

nected to the CD line of port FF21 hexadecimal. The CD line generates an interrupt and is not used in this project.

The "+" input of the RS232IN comparator is biased at +2 V by the R54/R52 voltage divider. The "-" input is connected via a diode to the RD line. If the RD line is at 2.6 V (+2-V bias plus about 0.6 V for the diode), the output of the comparator is a logic 0, or about 0 V. If the RD line is less than 2.6 V, the diode will not conduct, and the output of the comparator is a logic 1, or about + 5 V. In short, the RS232IN signal follows the serial data on the RD line and can be tested by reading FF22 hexadecimal bit 0.

The third line used in serial communication is ground, which is connected to pin 3 of the DIN connector.

HYC Design

A block diagram of the HYC is shown in figure 3. It interfaces to the Color Computer via the RD, TD, and ground lines of the serial port. The clock count is sent via the RD line after a prompt by the Color Computer from the TD line.

At the heart of the HYC are three BCD (binary-coded decimal) counter

chips. Each chip accumulates a threedecimal digit count of 0 to 999. Together, the three chips accumulate a count of up to 999,999,999.

The input to the three counters is a 60-hertz (Hz) signal from the oscillator/divider chip. This chip takes a 3.58-megahertz (MHz) signal from a "color burst" crystal and divides it down to 60-Hz signals.

At any given time, the count in the counter chips represents the number of 60-Hz pulses received. The maximum count of 999,999,999 represents 16,666,666 seconds—about 192 days.

The two "universal bus register" chips load 16 bits from the counters upon command from the Color Computer. The bits are then shifted out to the RD line at a rate of one every y60 second. It requires three transfers (48 bits total) to transmit the current time to the Color Computer. (Of course, the Color Computer has to decode it into a usable form.) The detailed logic diagram of the HYC is shown in figure 4.

Counters. The counters are Motorola MC14553B ICs. Each chip increments its count by one each time a 60-Hz pulse is received from the CLK input. To output its count, each

chip presents one digit at a time over the Q3 through Q0 outputs. Q3 through Q0 represent a BCD digit of 0000 through 1001. For example, if the count in one of the MC14553B chips was "678," the outputs on Q3 through Q0 would be, in sequence, 0110, 0111, and 1000.

The chips are outputting their counts continually. The scan rate, the rate at which the three digits appear, is controlled by an external capacitor connected to CIA and ClB. A 1.0-microfarad (jiF) capacitor generates a scan rate of about 3 Hz, or a new BCD digit every 333 milliseconds (ms). The scan frequency has no relation to the 60-Hz clock frequency. This scan frequency is applied to all three counters simultaneously so that the BCD digits of all sets of Q3 through Q0 change at the same time.

The DS3 to DSl outputs indicate which BCD digit is being displayed on the Q3 through Q0 outputs. If DS3 = 0, the most significant digit is being output; if DS2 = 0, the next digit is being output; and if DS1 = 0, the least significant digit is being output.

To read the current count requires three reads of Q3 through Q0: at DSl time, DS2 time, and DS3 time. When

106 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

COfTlPUTER DEVICES

AVAILABLE NOW ... SYSTEM 2800 FROM SYSTEMS GROUP

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• IEEE S-100 Bus Compatible Systems, Z80A • Table Top or Rack Mountable

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• 20MB Winchester and Tape Backup 2814 CP/M, 2 Double Sided Floppies..... 4,395.00 „„,„,.,., . „ . . „. . 2819 CP/M, 1 10 MB Winchester & __

BS • 8-Slot Shielded and Terminated Motherboard 1 Double Sided Floppy 6,995.00 j^*?

3D ■""'^™ • System Software Selection includes CP/M*, 2824 MP/M, 2 Double Sided Floppies.... 5,195.00 _

MP/M* or OASIS** 2829 MP/M, 1 10 MB Winchester &

MnH»i w>iMm c- , ,, „,,-,, r ' Doubled Sided Floppy.... 7,695.00 Model 2819/29

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S-100 PRODUCTS

QUALITY RAM FROM SYSTEMS CROUP

• Z-80 4MHZ operation with no wait states

• IEEE compatible timing - 200 NS 4116's

• Factorv assembled, tested & burned in

DMB0400'64K(Bank Select, shown) $599.00

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DM3200 32K 459.00

CONFIGURE A COMPLETE S-100 SYSTEM WITH 2nd GENERATION' PRODUCTS FROM SYSTEMS GROUP.

• CPC 2810 (shown) Z-80A processor board (4MHZ) with 4 serial & 2 parallel

ports $379.00

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• FDC2801/8 - 8" floppy disk controller board, up to 4 single/double sided drives, single or double density $379.00

• INO-2804-4 channel serial I/O 329.00

• CRA-100 - Cromix' adaptor board.. $57.00

CALL US FOR OUR MOST CURRENT PRICES!

•2nd Generation is a trademark of Measurement Systems and Controls, Inc. Cromix is a trademark of Cromemco, Inc. CP/M and MP/M are trademarks of Digital Research. OASIS is a trademark of Phase One Systems.

PAPER TIGER PRINTERS

IDS 460G 9x9 Dot Matrix Printer $899.00

IDS 560G Wide Carriage Printer 1,149.00

TERMINALS

ADDS Viewpoint $599.00

TeleVideo 910C 599.00

TeleVideo 9I2C 699.00

TeleVideo 920C 749.00

TeleVideo 950C 979.00

8" DISK DRIVES

Shugart801R $425.00

NEC FD1160 (double sided) 525.00

DYNAMIC RAMS

4116 (200ns) set of 8 $24.00

4164 (64K X 1) 18.00

wabash

8" or 5Vi" flexible diskettes certified 100% error free with manufacturer's 5-year limited warranty on all 8" media. Soft-sectored in boxes of 10. 5'/<" available in 10-sector.

(Add $3.00 for plastic library cases)

8" single sided, single density $28.00

8" single sided, double density 36.00

8" double sided, double density 46.00

5Vi" single sided, single density 28.00

5'/4" single sided, double density 29.00

6502 PRODUCTS

6502 DM

BETA 32K BYTE EXPANDABLE RAM FOR

6502 AND 6800 SYSTEMS AIM 65 KIM SYM PET S44-BUS

• Plug compatible with the AIM-65/SYM expansion connector by using a right angle connector (supplied).

• Memory board edge connector plugs into the 6800 S44 bus.

• Connects to PET using an adaptor cable.

• Uses + 5V only, supplied from the host computer.

• Full documentation. Assembled and tested boards are guaranteed for one full year. Purchase price is fully refundable if board is returned undamaged within 14 davs.

Assembled with 32K RAM '...$349.00

&Tested with 16K RAM 319.00

KIT with all parts except RAM 179.00

Bare board, manual & 6 hard-to-get parts. 119.00 PET interface kit. Connects the 32K RAM board

toa4Kor8KPET $ 59.00

AIM Professional Enclosure...* 189.00

TERMS: Minimum order $15.00. Minimum shipping and handling $3.00. Calif, residents add 6% sales tax. Cash, checks, Mastercard, Visa and purchase orders from qualified firms are accepted. (Please allow two weeks for personal checks to clear before shipment.) Product availability and pricing subject to change without notice.

INTERNATIONAL ORDERS: Add 15 % to purchase price for all orders. Minimum shipping charge is $20.00. Orders with insufficient funds will he delayed. Excess funds will he returned with your order. All prices are U.S. only.

1 corrpirreR Deuces

1230 W.COUinS RV6.

ORftflGE, Cfi 92668

(714)633*7980

Figure 4: The half-year clock uses seven integrated circuits, most of which are CMOS devices. The counter information is multiplexed and the count data are brought into the Color Computer in three segments of 2 bytes each.

108 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Complete

CONFUSED?

Are You confused from the many new software products becoming available?

Are you searching for the answer to your software problems?

Now your search has ended! You've discovered CONQUEST- A fully relational database system which allows for the generation of complete multifile turn-key applications.

This one easy-to-use tool will enable you to solve a myriad of business, professional, and personal information management problems at a fraction of the cost of custom programming. Ask for a demonstration of CONQUEST at your local computer store.

Available now for Apple II Corvus Compatible

= ss^ss* — UNITED = ===T= SOFTWARE OF

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750 3RD Avenue, New York NY 10017

AMERICA (212) 682-0347 Telex 640055

the outputs are shuffled around in the proper order, the nine digits represent the current count.

The OF signal is the "carry" output to the next counter. This appears on the thousandth count when the counter recycles to 000. The disable (DIS) and latch enable (LE) lines are not used in this application configuration. MR, "master reset," is used to zero the counters when a momentary switch is pulsed.

Bus registers. The bus-register chips are Motorola MC14034B ICs. They contain two 8-bit registers and can operate in a number of different modes, depending upon the configuration of the A/E, P/S, A/B, and A/S inputs. The two modes being used here are "synchronous parallel data input" and "synchronous serial data input."

In the first mode, parallel data are strobed in by the clock input. In our circuit, 14 bits of data from the counter chips are strobed in. Twelve of these bits are the current BCD

digits from each counter chip. Two of the bits are the DS3 and DS2 scan signals. (The third scan signal, DSl, is not needed, since we can infer that it is active when DS3 and DS2 are inactive.)

Setting the P/S signal to logic 1 selects the parallel data input mode. The 14 lines are continuously strobed in on the rising edge of every C (CLK) input. Since the clock runs at 60 Hz, the 14 lines are recorded 60 times per second.

When signal P/S is a logic 0, the bus registers are in the serial data input mode. This is something of a misnomer because this mode not only shifts in new data, but also shifts out previously recorded data; in this case, the 14 bits recorded earlier. The 14 "old" bits are shifted out at a 60-Hz rate. To allow synchronization of the serial bit stream, a leading 0 and 1 are prefixed to every 14-bit group.

RS-232 interface. The Color Computer's RD line is driven by the least significant bit of the HYC's lower

order bus register. The output is about 0 V if the data bit is a 1, or about +5 V if the data bit is a 0. The "bit time" of this output is y60 second, or about 16.66 ms. This RD output goes into the RS232IN bit of port FF22 hexadecimal.

The Color Computer's TD line drives the HYC's mode-select signal P/S. The level at the P/S pin changes from 0 V to close to +9 V for a positive or negative input, respectively. The P/S signal is logically equivalent to the status of the RS2320UT bit in port FF20 hexadecimal.

CMOS circuitry. All chips except the LM339s are CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor). CMOS is characterized by low power consumption. The HYC requires less than 4 milliamperes (mA) of current. The optional power switch shown in figure 4 lets you extend battery life when the HYC is not connected to the system or when the Color Computer is not in use. It shuts off power to all

DUAL

THERMOMETER

ForAgple II*

COMPLEK^^OFTWARE

*o&

asSKp

Display temperature, maximum, minimum and difference.

Sound alarm for over/ under temperature.

• Store data on disk or printer automatically.

• Display time with on

board timer.

• Up to 7 boards with 14 probes In one Apple*.

• - S5°C to 125°C range, 0.4° accuracy over most of range.

• Requires 48K Apple* with Applesoft* and disk.

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Strawberry Tree Computers „ your dealer doesnt 949 cascade Drive /GT\ have it, call or write us at

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©Mini Computer Suppliers, Inc. 1979

110 March 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

Circle 361 on inquiry card.

Circle 262 on inquiry card.

f

t

i

„V**

CHANGING THE LAMPS IN THEIR OFFICES SJWED $2,000 AYEAR.

While lighting energy costs kept going up, Carroll County Bank's costs started going down when they changed to General Electric Watt-Miser® II fluorescent lamps in the office and customer areas of their six banks. In fact, they not only realized a slight increase in light levels, they also enjoyed a 27-month payback period.

Isn't it about time you realized how much you can save by changing to GE

energy-saving lamps? Call your \\rc DDTIN

GE lamp distributor or sales representative to find out. Or call 800-321-7170. (In Ohio: 800-362-2750.)

« (Ntftt

GOOD THINGS TO LIFE.

This lamp saves 7 watts and $8.40? Replace standard fluorescent

lamps in existing fixtures with Watt-Miser II lamps, and save enough energy costs to pay for them in no time at all.

Savings for lamps and ballast at 6T/KWH.

GENERAL

ELECTRIC

Circle 166 on Inquiry card.

C-147

Integrated Circuits

IC1 Motorola MM5369 oscillator/divider

IC2-IC3 Motorola BCD counter

IC5 LM339 comparator

IC6-IC7 Motorola MC14034B universal bus register*

Resistors

1 1 KD, Vt W, 10% 4 10 K£), Vt W, 10%

2 15 KB, Vt W, 10%

1 100 KG, Vt W, 10%

1 20 Mfi (use two 10 MO), V* W, 10%

Capacitors

1 4.7-pF disk

1 47-pF disk

2 1.0-/xF electrolytic, 25 V

Miscellaneous

1 3.58-MHz crystal

1 SPDT momentary switch, miniature

1 SPST or SPDT switch, miniature (optional)

1 1N4000 series diode (not critical)

1 4-pin male DIN connector*

1 9-V battery, alkaline

1 8-pin wire-wrap socket

1 14-pin wire-wrap socket

3 16-pin wire-wrap sockets

2 24-pin wire-wrap sockets* 1 prototype board

1 case

1 ribbon cable, 3- or 4-conductor wire-wrap wire, solder, #14 wire, battery connectors

Table 1: Parts list for the half-year clock. All parts, except those starred, are available from Radio Shack.

GROUND B

vDd bus

I |-!»rh

cryst»l| I r-4j

I 1

? r rVni?~si

I il l IC1 I

LiLJI*_ij

IC2

IC3

.LL_«J_lI_*J_._l?_«J_

) 25 ROWS

30 COLUMNS

(BOTTOM VIEW)

C\> CONNECTING WIRE

Figure 5: A 7- by 9.5-cm (2Vt- by 3Vt-inch) grid board holds seven wire-wrap sockets, eighteen discrete components, and two bus lines to facilitate wiring.

components not involved in maintaining the half-year count.

A typical alkaline battery has a capacity of about 0.5 ampere-hours, making the HYC functional for about 250 hours of continuous use in the low-power mode, or about 125 hours of continuous use without the optional power switch. This 5/10-day life can be extended by paralleling a number of 9-V batteries or by using a larger battery, such as the NEDA 1603 size, which will not fit in the case used here, but which will last a good deal longer—over 1000 hours in the low-power mode.

CMOS operates on a power supply of from 3 to 18 V. The voltage of the supply can be degraded quite far before the HYC will stop operating. The limiting factor is the RD output, which must swing from 0 to at least + 2.6 V for proper comparator operation in the Color Computer.

Construction of the HYC

All the parts in the HYC are easy to obtain. The 3.58-MHz crystal, oscillator/divider, counter chips, and LM339 are stocked by Radio Shack. The bus-register chips are available from any well-stocked parts supplier (see the ads in any issue of BYTE). The cost of all parts should be under $20. See the parts list in table 1.

The HYC is housed in a project case (Radio Shack 270-219 or equivalent). This plastic case has a built-in compartment large enough to hold a 9-V battery.

A 7- by 9.5-cm (2%- by 33/4-inch) grid board is used to hold the components. Two #14 bus wires run down the center of the board. One is used for the VDD bus ( + 9 V); the other is ground (see figure 5).

The board has printed-circuit pads on one side. Mount the IC sockets, resistors, capacitors, and crystal on the side of the board without the foil. Solder two diagonally opposing pins of the IC sockets. Leave the resistor, capacitor, and crystal leads uncut for wire-wrapping.

Wire-wrap the IC pins according to table 2. All detailed connections are shown, but obvious power-supply connections are not indicated. I

112 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 237 on Inquiry card.

CASH FLOW PROBLEMS?

IfS NICE TO KNOW SOMEONE WHO HAS THE SOLUTION.

MicroAge is your Solution Store . . . that means at

7 MicroAge Computer Stores we have a wide selection of time-saving computerized business systems

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Computerized business systems from the MicroAge Computer Store are available in the $5,000 to $15,000 range, to suit the individual budget of your small business or professional practice. MicroAge backs up every system with personalized service, warranty service and repair, installation, systems consulting, even customer training. Visit the MicroAge Computer Store in your area soon with your business problems, and let us help you with the solution.

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FOR FRANCHISE OPPORTUNITY INFORMATION CALL (602) 968-3168

recommend buying precut wire in lengths of 1, 2, and 3 inches. It is inexpensive and will cut the wire-wrap time in half.

The VDD and ground leads can be connected directly to the two buses. No power switch is used. The three leads to the serial port can be made from three-conductor ribbon cable routed into the battery compartment of the case and between the compartment cover (see figure 6). The opposite end of the ribbon cable con

nects to the 4-pin male DIN plug (see figure 7).

Testing the Hardware

After you've assembled the board, test the interconnections, referring to table 2 and figure 4. Invariably, there will be one or two miswires. (I once wired 10 chips in mirror-image fashion—pin 1 to 24, 2 to 23, etc.; you should be in better shape than this!)

Use two common straight pins, clip

leads, and an ohmmeter or continuity tester to check all connections before installing the ICs in their sockets. When you're confident that all the connections are proper, plug in the ICs. CMOS is not as intolerant of static electricity as it once was, but avoid handling the chips more than necessary.

Plug in the 9-V battery, and you should be in operation. If you have an oscilloscope, check between pin 3 of IC4 and ground. The scan clock

MM5369 (IC1)

IC4-13 to IC3-13

IC1-1 to IC2-12

IC4-16 to VDD

IC1-2 to GND

IC1-5 to 20 Mfl/XTAL

LM339 (IC5)

IC1-6 to 20 MO/1 kfl

1C5-1 to 100 m

IC1-8 to \lDn

IC5-1 to IC6-13

IC5-2 to GND

Oscillator

IC5-3 to Vuu

20 MQ/IC1-6 to 1 kfl

IC5-4 to IC5-2

20 Mfl/IC1-5toXTAL

IC5-5 to IC5-2

IC5-6 to 10 kO/diode (-)

MC14553B (IC2)

IC5-7 to 10 kO/15 kfl

IC2-1 to IC6-3

IC5-8 to IC7-23

IC2-3 to 0.47 ,ttF

IC5-9 to 10 kfl/15 kfl

IC2-4 to 0.47 ^F

IC5-10 to IC5-13

IC2-5 to IC6-8

IC5-11 to IC5-13

IC2-6 to IC6-7

IC5-12 to GND

IC2-7 to IC6-6

IC5-13toGND

IC2-8to GND

IC5-14 to 10 kfl/TD

IC2-9 to IC6-5

IC2-10to IC2-11

RS-232 Cable

IC2-11 to IC2-8

Diode ( + ) to RD

IC2-12 to IC6-15

TD to 10 kfl/IC5-14

IC2-13 to SPDT center

GND to GND

or to IC2-11

IC2-14 to IC3-12

MC14034B (IC6)

IC2-15 to IC6-4

IC6-9 to IC6-24

IC2-16 to V„„

IC6-10 to IC6-11

IC6-11 to IC6-12

MC14553B (IC3)

IC6-12 to GND

IC3-4 to IC2-3

IC6-13 to IC7-13

IC3-5 to IC6-2

IC6-14 to IC6-24

IC3-6 to IC6-1

IC6-23 to IC7-10

IC3-7 to IC7-8

IC6-24 to Vuc

IC3-8 to GND

IC3-9 to IC7-7

MC14034B(IC7)

IC3-10 to IC2-10

IC7-1 to IC7-11

IC3-11 to IC3-8

IC7-2 to IC7-9

IC3-13 to IC2-13

IC7-9 to IC7-24

IC3-14 to IC4-12

IC7-11 to IC7-12

IC3-16 to IC2-16

IC7-12 to GND

IC7-14 to IC7-24

MC14553B(IC4)

IC7-15 to IC6-15

IC4-4 to IC3-4

IC7-24 to V„D

IC4-5 to IC7-6

IC4-6 to IC7-5

Miscellaneous

IC4-7 to IC7-4

SPDT-NCtoGND

IC4-8 to GND

SPDT-NO to VDD

IC4-9 to IC7-3

GND bus to GND

IC4-10 to IC3-10

VDD bus to + 9 V

IC4-11 to IC4-8

Table 2: Major compo

nent pin connections.

BATTERY

COMPARTMENT

COVER

-3- OR 4-CONDUCTOR RIBBON CABLE

Figure 6: The ribbon cable can be brought out between the cover of the battery compartment and the project case.

4-PIN MALE

PLUG VIEWED FROM REAR

I*—CD (OPTIONAL)

3- OR 4-WIRE RIBBON CABLE

HVC

"PROJECT CASE"

Figure 7: A 4-pin male DIN connector is used to link the halfyear clock to the Color Computer's RS-232C jack on the rear of the computer.

114 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc.

From CMC International, world's largest Intertec distributor...

m.

SUPERBRAIN and COMPUSTAR - YOUR CUSTOMERS WILL NEVER NEED ANOTHER SYSTEM!

CMC International is the largest distributor in the world ot Intertec Data Systems products -the SuperBrain and CompuStar - Intertec's incredibly expandable microcomputers. No matter how small or large your customers are or become, we doubt that they'll ever outgrow these computers. Both SuperBrain and CompuStar offer the industry-standard CP/M disk operating system and 64K of dynamic RAM. Both are expandable to 10 megabytes of storage with the CompuStar disk storage system. CompuStars can be linked together to form a 255-user network.

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CMC

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TELEX 152556 SEAT AC

SuperBrain and CompuStar are registered trademarks

ot Intertec Data Systems Corporation

CP/M Is a registered trademark ot Digital Research

Circle 76 on Inquiry card.

Circle 293 on inquiry card.

PET Fun and Games

Sei&dmi £§SsK«? Program;, /Son Jeffries and Glen FJsiier

Sj^H&tfffi

By*

H^

Challenge friends or outwit the PET™ in games of action, risk, and chance. Practice your cunning. Sharpen your strategy. 31 ;ames and puzzles which run on Commodore PET™ and CBM™ computers are presented along with complete game instructions and the BASIC programs needed to play. No knowledge of programming required. Includes games which make use of Commodore special graphics and CB2 sound capability. Perfect bound paperback, illustrated, 192 pages, $10.00.

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PET AND CBM are trademarks of Commodore

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CURSOR is a trademark of The Code Works

should be operating at about 3 Hz. If it's slower than 3 Hz, try lower values than the l-/xF capacitor connected between pins 3 and 4 of IC2. Also, check the oscillator/divider output. You should see a clean 60-Hz square wave.

HYC Software

The HYC, in keeping with the traditions of the Color Computer system, is largely software dependent. Listing 1 shows a 6809

assembly-language program that reads data from the HYC. It resides in the upper 256 bytes of RAM (in a 16K Color Computer system). Protect this area by a CLEAR 200,&H3EFF when running the program with BASIC. Key in the 97 bytes of the program or use POKEs and DATA statements in your BASIC program.

With the exception of 2 bytes, the program is relocatable. Change the second and third bytes of the second instruction (locations 3F05 to 3F06 hexadecimal in listing 1) if you

How the HYC

The Clock I/O Handler (listing 1) is divided into three parts: the DELAY subroutine, the INPUT subroutine, and the main loop CLOCK.

The DELAY subroutine delays in multiples of 0.8333 second. One 60-Hz pulse has a duration of 16.666 milliseconds. This subroutine can be conveniently used for delaying in multiples or submultiples of one 60-Hz bit time.

The INPUT subroutine makes a single read of 16 bits of data from the counters. The BSR instruction at INPUT calls INPUA, resulting in the code from INPUA through the RTS instruction being executed twice. Eight bits of data are read on each pass through the section of code.

The loop at INP010 reads in eight data bits from port FF22 hexadecimal. Bit 0 is shifted right into the carry condition code and then rotated into the byte pointed to ■ by the user stack pointer. The byte is initially cleared to 0. At the end of the second pass through INPUA, 2 bytes of data have been stored in the user stack, representing one complete read of three digits.

The main loop at CLOCK performs consecutive calls of the INPUT subroutine until three samplings of DSl, DS2, and DS3 have been compiled in the 6 bytes of the buffer. First, a 1 is output to bit 1 of port FF20 hexadecimal, bringing the HYC's P/S signal to a 1 (parallel data input mode). A delay of 1.9 cycles is provided so that

Program Works

the data can be clocked into the bus registers.

After the delay, the serial output is started by outputting a 0 to bit 1 of port FF20 hexadecimal, bringing P/S to a 0 (serial data input mode). Immediately after the output, the serial datum is checked by reading port FF22 hexadecimal bit 0. If the datum is a 1, the first clock occurred too close to the initialization of the process, and the process is repeated from CLK010. If the datum is a 0, a delay of 1/10 cycle is done and a test for 0 is done again; if the datum is not 0, the clock occurred within 1/10 cycle (close to the edge of a bit time), so the process is repeated.

If the first bit is a 0, the loop at CLK020 delays until the appearance of a 1. At this point, the second clock has just occurred. A delay of lVi cycles is then done to position the next read in the middle of the third data bit time. The INPUT subroutine is then called to read in the next 16 bits. The last two of these are always zeros.

Now, the scan number of the first 16 bits is tested. If not equal to binary 11, or DSl, the process is repeated from CLK010. If equal to DSl, the user stack pointer is adjusted, the scan number is adjusted to 2, and another read from CLK010 is done to read the DS2 cycle. A third iteration reads the last cycle, DS3.

The short subroutine at GETSER gets the serial bit and tests it, changing the Z condition code to zero or nonzero.

116 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 294 on inquiry card.

relocate the program. These 2 bytes should hold the address of a 6-byte buffer.

A simple BASIC test program is shown in listing 2. This program defines the location of the program by the DEFUSRO statement. (Change this statement if you have relocated the machine-language code.) The assembly-language program is entered by the USRO call and returns with 6 bytes of the current clock count in locations 3FF0 through 3FF5 hexadecimal. These six locations rep

resent the BCD digits and scan numbers as shown in figure 8. Sample outputs are shown in figure 9.

Text continued on page 122

Listing 2: This short BASIC program calls the clock I/O handler and displays the 6 bytes of data that were read.

106 DEFUSR0-&H3F00

110 R»USR0<0)

120 FOR I=8cH3FF0 TO &H3FF3

130 PRINT PEEK<I>,

140 NEXT I

150 PRINT'PRINT'GOTO 118

Listing 1: The clock I/O handler is a three-section, assembly-language program that reads in 6 bytes of the count into a buffer at location 3FF0 hexadecimal.

3F08

00100

ORG

S3F00

3FF0

00110

BUFFER

EQU

*3FF6

00120

J:***********************************************.******

00130

* CLOCK

I.'0 HANDLER. RERDS IN 3 CLOCK COUNTS *

00148

*****#.*****^^***^***»***«**********************»**

3F00

188E

0693

00150

CLOCK

LDY

#3

SCAN #

3F04

CE

3FF3

00166

LDU

•BUFFER

3F07

es

02

00170

CLK010

LDR

#2

2 TO fl

3F89

B7

FF20

00180

STR

*FF20

STROBE IN NEXT COUNT

3F0C

06

26

00190

LDR

#38

1.9 CYCLE COUNT

3F0E

3D

47

80280

BSR

DELAY

DELAY 1.3 6.0HZ CYCLES

3F10

B7

FF20

00216

STR

»FF20

START SERIAL

3F13

8D

23

08228

BSR

GETSER

GET SERIAL IN

3F15

26

F0

00230

BHE

CLK016

GO IF INVALID

3F17

66

02

00240

LDR

#2

DELAY COUNT

3F19

SD

3C

00250

BSR

DELAY

DELAY 1.-10 CYCLE

3F1B

8D

ID

00260

BSR

GETSER

GET SERIAL IN BIT

3F1D

26

E3

80270

BNE

CLK010

GO IF INVALID

3F1F

8D

19

00280

CLK820

BSR

GETSER

GET SERIAL IN BIT

3F21

27

FC

00290

BEQ

CLK028

GO IF 8

3F23

8£

IE

00380

LDR

»30

1 + 1..-2 CYCLE COUNT

3F25

8D

39

80310

BSR

DELAY

DELAY 1 + 1'2 CYCLE

3F27

8D

17

80328

BSR

INPUT

READ CLOCK COUNT

3F29

33

5E

00338

LERU

-2,U

RESET PHTR

3F2B

IF

20

0034 0

TFR

Y, D

SCH # HOW IN B

3F2D

E8

41

00330

EORB

1,U

TEST SCN #

3F2F

C4

03

08360

RNDB

#3

MASK OUT DIGIT

3F31

2S

D4

80370

BNE

CLK016

GO IF NOT PROPER SCH #

3F33

33

42

00380

LERU

2,U

POINT TO NEXT 2 BYTES

3F35

31

3F

00390

LERY

-1,Y

DECREMENT SCN #

3F37

26

CE

88480

BNE

CLK018

GO IF NOT DOHE

3F39

39

00413

RTS

RETURN

3F3B

B6

FF22

80428

GETSER

LDA

*FF22

GET SERIAL BIT

3F3D

84

01

80430

ANDR

#1

TEST

3F3F

33

00440

RTS

RETURN

00430

**#*****#**>

80460

* INPUT

. INPUTS

14 BITS

RHD STORES IN TWO BYTES *

08470

* EHTR

(■ BUFFER RDDRE

5S IN U *

00480

* EXIT

2 BYTES STORED IN BUFFER.. U UPDATED *

00490

****^#*^#*)Mt**^*****#*!|:*****^*#^^***************

3F40

SD

00

00300

INPUT

BSR

INPUR

GO TWICE

3F42

4F

00318

INPUR

CLRR

0 TO A

3F43

R7

C4

00320

STR

,U

CLEAR BYTE

3F45

CS

08

60530

LDB

#8

FOR. S BITS

3F47

86

FF22

00540

IHP018

LDA

*FF22

GET BIT

3F4fl

44

06550

LSRA

OUT TO C

3F4B

66

C4

00560

ROR

,u

MERGE IN USER STACK.

3F4D

66

14

08370

LDR

»20

1 CYCLE COUNT

3F4F

80

06

085S0

BSR

DELAY

DELAY 1 CYCLE

3F51

5R

00598

DECS

DECREMEHT ITERATION COUNT

3F32

26

F3

00600

BNE

IHP010

GO IF NOT 8

3F54

33

41

00618

LERU

1..U

POINT TO NEXT STACK BYTE

3F56

39

00620

RTS

RETURN <AGAIN OR CLOCK)

00630

^*#**!M^*****i(*^***^******!(****#************#*****

80640

* DELRY

. DELAYS

IN MULTIPLES OF .83333 MS *

00650

* ENTRY

COUNT

IN A

*

00660

* EXIT'

AFTER

DELRY

*

00670

***#**#****************************^

3F57

8E

003C

00680

DELRY

LDX

#92

FINAGLE FACTOR

3F3A

30

IF

00690

DEL010

LEAX

-\,:<

DECREMEHT X

3F5C

26

FC

88708

BNE

DEL310

GO IF NOT 0

3F5E

4R

00710

DECA

DECREMENT MAJOR COUNT

3F5F

26

F6

80720

BNE

DELRY

GO IF HOT 0

3F61

39

0000

00738 00740

RTS END

RETURN

Chumbed

_i>2_^ lie ^oc^:

In 14 accelerated steps, WordStar™ Made Easy lets you build word processing skills which are applicable to any business office. Legal documents, sales reports, business letters, manuscripts—all can be generated quickly and easily without reference to complicated manuals. Applies to any version of WordStar™ including version 3.0.

An appendix listing CP/M® commands and a detachable WordStar™ Command Sheet are featured for handy reference. Spiral bound paper, 125 pages, $7.95.

Osborne/McGraw-Hill 630 Bancroft Way, Berkeley, CA 94710

hi

Call Toll Free: 800-227-2895

Dept.4 I■ rill

□ WordStar Made Easy $7.95

Name

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Plus: □ . 75/item 4th class □ $1.50/ item UPS □ $2.50/item Air Mail

□ $10.00/item Overseas

(California residents add applicable tax.

Total amount enclosed $

in California (415) 548-2805 £j.«

or charge my □ Visa □ Mastercharge

Card #

Expiration Date

Authorized Signature

WordStar is a trademark of MicroPro Internationa]

Corporation.

CH/M is a trademark of Digital Research Corp.

March 1982 S BYTE Publications Inc 117

Circle 295 on inquiry card.

Here Comes the Revolution

'With the price of the UNIX'8' system license cut by 90%, a whole new era in multi-user systems operation comes to programming.

Now, as the feasibility of incorporating UNIX'81 into your data management or buying UNIX* based productsincreases, THE book on the subject has been published by Osborne/McGraw-Hill.

Included are hands-on tutorials on the basic UNIX181 system commands, chapters on related resources, definitions of basic system concepts... everything needed for immediate practical fluency, or evaluation of the system by potential users. $15.99, paperback, 496 pages.

Osborne/McGraw-Hill

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Call Toll Free: 800-227-2895 g^J in California (415) 548-2805 Jiil'ij Dept.4 lid

□ A User Guide to the UNIXl8J

System $15.99

Name

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Plus: □ .75/item 4th class □ $1.50/ item UPS □ $2.50/item Air Mail □ $10.00/item Overseas (California residents add applicable tax.)

Total amount enclosed $

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HEXADECIMAL LOCATION

3F F 0

3FF 1

3 F F 2

3 F F 3

3 F F4

3 F F 5

DIGIT D

DIGIT G

0 0

DIGIT A

1 1

■« SCAN IN

DIGIT E

DIGIT H

0 0

DIGIT B

1 0

DIGIT F

DIGIT J

0 0

DIGIT C

0 1

io3 io4 io5

10*

107

UP TO 999.999.999 COUNTS IN UNITS OF 1/60 SECOND (16,666,666 SECONDS OR 192 DAYS )

Figure 8: The 6 bytes of count data from the half-year clock contain nine BCD digits and three scan numbers. The order is based on the functional layout of the hardware and the data must be rearranged by the interface software.

COUNT ■ 000289457 « 4824+ SECONDS

DECIMAL

144

31

128

22

32 17

144 23

128 10 32 21

9,0

7

8, 0

5

2, 0

4

9, 0

5 8, 0

2 2, 0

5

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

1

*

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

l

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

l

0

*

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

i

0

1

DS1

DS2

DS3

DS1

SAMPLE 1

COUNT ■ 000289525= 4825+ SECONDS

Figure 9: These are typical data samples. Sample 1 represents a count of 000289457, or 4824.XX seconds. Sample 2 occurred after sample 1 and represents the next count of 000289525, or 4825.XX seconds.

UNIX is a trademark of Hell Laboratories

118 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Most small system users think all microcomputers are created equal. And they're right. If you want performance, convenience, styling, high technology and reliability (and who doesn't?) your micro usually has a price tag that looks more like a mini. It seems big performance always means.big bucks. But not so with the SuperBrain!

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Better yet, the SuperBrain boasts modular design to make servicing a snap. A common screwdriver is about the only service tool you'll ever need. And with the money you'll save on purchasing and maintaining the SuperBrain, you could almost buy another one. For under $3,500, it is truly one of the most remarkable microcomputers available anywhere.

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Listing 3: This BASIC program interfaces to the assembly-language clock driver. It converts the 6 bytes of clock data into a count of days, hours, minutes, and seconds, and checks for error conditions.

190 INPUT "TIME IN 60THS"iT2

110 C-LS

120 DEFUSR0-&H3F0B

130 T0--1

140 FKISR0C83

150 R«I HT< PEEK/. 8.H3FF1 V4 3

160 B-IKTC PEEK/ 6.H3FF3 V4 3

170 C=INTf. PEEK<: 8.H3FF3V4 3

190 0=1 UK PEEK 8.H3FFB V 16 3

150 E«INTtPEEK<8.H3FF2>-'l$3

203 F=INK PEEK'. &H3FF4 V163

210 C"<PEEKC1H3FF03 RHD 15>

220 H»< PEEK': 8.H3FF2 3 RND 13 3

238 J»<PEEKC&H3FF43 RHD 15 3

243 Tl=<. J* 100000000+H*13000000+G*1000000+F*100000+E* 10000+0*1000+C*100+B*10+fl'.>

£45 IF T0=-1 THEN T0=T1

£50 IF TKT9 THEN GOTO 140 ELSE IF Tl-T0>999 THEN GOTO 140 ELSETB=T1

260 T3=T1+T2< IF T3>999999999 THEN T3»T3-999S99999

270 T3=INT<T3'60 3

280 O=INT<:T3^3S400 3'H=INTC!; T3-D*36400 3/36083>M»IHTC< T3~D*8S400-H*36003/60>;S=T3

D*eS400-H*3G00-TO:G9

230 PRINT e 256. "ORY" ; Di Hi "HOURS" 111; "M1MS" I Si "SECS"

300 GOTO 140

Text continued from page 117:

A general-purpose BASIC driver is shown in listing 3. This program displays the actual number of days, hours, minutes, and seconds represented by the count in the HYC. This count can be held in a Color Computer BASIC variable, which allows nine decimal digits of precision.

A "bias" count can be input to the program before sampling the HYC. This bias may be positive or negative to adjust the current count to a previous starting point or to "trim" the time. The unit of bias is V60 second. Thus, use a value of 60 for every second, 3600 for every minute, 216,000 for every hour, or 518,400 for every day. The momentary-contact RESET switch resets the entire count to 0.

The tests of the current count (Tl) with the previous count (TO) require some explanation. In most cases, the sampling process reads count data in a "nonchanging" state. However, because the scan clock occurs at unpredictable times, the count may be sampled in the middle of a scan clock "edge," yielding invalid data. Because of this, Tl (current) is compared to TO (old). If Tl is less than TO, Tl is invalid and another sample is made. If Tl is greater than TO by 999 counts (16.65 seconds), Tl is considered invalid and another sample is made. The typical display generated by the program shows the time changing

every 2 seconds, with occasional lapses of up to 4 seconds.

Tests run over several days showed less than one (detected) invalid read per minute with a maximum delay of 5.5 seconds. No invalid times appeared.

If the HYC is to be called at random times, make three calls and test for ascending counts with a difference of less than 10 seconds or so. Using this method, the resulting time will be accurate to within 10 seconds of the counter time.

The crystal used should provide an excellent time base. It can be finetuned, however, by substituting a 5 to 50-picofarad (pF) "trimmer" capacitor in place of the 4.7-pF capacitor connected to the crystal.

In operation, the HYC can be disconnected from the system at any time (without turning off the Color Computer) and left running. It can be reconnected at any later time. (Stop the BASIC program above if this is done to prevent a hang-up caused by T1-T0 being greater than 999.)

If Rip van Winkle had owned a Color Computer, he would have loved the half-year clock. If you have nothing to do for the next 192 days, why not check this project out with your Color Computer to test its accuracy? Or count clock pulses instead of sheep: 999,998,767; 999,998,768; 999,998,769 (yawn) . . .■

122 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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The Input/ Output Primer

Part 2: Interrupts and Direct Memory Access

Last month we left the computer waiting patiently for the printer to signal its readiness to receive another character. If you think it's wasteful to make a machine as expensive as a computer spend most of its time waiting on slower equipment, you are definitely thinking ahead. Later in this month's article, I'll explore a communication mechanism that lets the computer work on another task after transmitting a piece of information. This mechanism, known as the inter

This article is the second in Steve Leibson's six-part series, "The Input/ Output Primer." The series will explain the way in which computers talk with the world. Upcoming articles will discuss parallel and HPIB (GPIB) interfaces; BCD and serial interfaces; character codes; and interrupts, buffers, grounds, and signal degradation. An I/O Glossary, which defines many terms used in these articles, appeared with the first installment (February 1982 BYTE, page 122). Figure and table numbers are continued from Part 1.

Steve Leibson

Auto-Trol Technological Corporation

12500 North Washington St.

POB 33815

Denver, CO 80233

rupt, enables the computer to go about its business until the printer is ready for more data. First, though, you need to know how a computer selects a peripheral device to communicate with; you also need to know about interfaces—the hardware that connects computers and

peripherals.

Creating subaddresses ensures that information of different kinds can be directed to the proper section of the device.

Picking and Choosing

In the first article of this series, I briefly discussed peripheral address lines. Computers, which generally have several peripheral devices attached, select a particular device in one of two ways. One method is to have a separate I/O connection for

every device connected. Selecting a particular device is merely a matter-of sending information on the proper,, bus. This technique, however, rapidly creates a rat's nest of wires, something that's impractical to manufacture.

An I/O bus has a set of peripheraladdress lines that the processor uses to specify a device. This greatly simplifies wiring the system and results in major cost savings, although it does limit the computer to communicating with one peripheral at a time. For most computer processors, though, one is the limit anyway.

Multiplexing Peripherals

Peripheral-address lines allow the I/O bus to be shared or multiplexed by many devices. Each device must have a unique address on the bus. Otherwise, conflicts will arise when two devices try to use information on the bus simultaneously. For instance, plotters are useful for graphing data but are terrible for listing programs.

126 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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When the computer is accessing the disk storage device, everything will run more smoothly if the plotter ignores transactions on the I/O bus.

Clearly, each peripheral device must have its own unique address. It's more advantageous, however, for each device to have several unique addresses. Think of the peripheral device as an apartment building having a single, unique street address. Apartment One gets the local daily newspaper, which covers general information, while Apartment Two gets The Wall Street Journal, which reports on economic events. Each apartment gets information but of a different kind.

A peripheral device also requires information of different kinds. Not only do printers receive characters to print, but they also get control information such as line spacing, number of characters to print per line, type font, and other functions. Creating subaddresses within the peripheral device ensures that information of different kinds can be directed to the proper section of the device.

Peripheral address lines are split into a select code that specifies a particular peripheral and a register code that specifies the subaddress. (A register is a hardware device that holds the information until the peripheral can use it.)

Setting up Subaddresses

To illustrate, I'll create four subaddresses within each select code. Being obstinate, as computer designers often are, I'll call these subaddresses 4, 5, 6, and 7 (nobody starts at zero any more). These four subaddresses are registers that serve as portals to the peripheral.

Four subaddresses require two wires for selection because two wires can assume four binary states. These states are:

State of line #1

0

1

0

1

State of

line #2 0 0

1

1

Register addressed 4 5 6 7

(Remember, digital signals may only

128 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 167 on inquiry card.

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assume one of two states: on or off, "1" or "0.")

Although four registers could do the job, there's a complication: the data lines are bidirectional, and bidirectional registers are complex to construct. It's easier to use eight registers—four for input and four for output. The I/O line will specify from which group of four the register address lines will select. Remember that the I/O line specifies the direction of data flow on the data lines and so is ideal for selecting between the input and output registers.

I've now constructed a simple I/O bus that can convey information between the computer and external devices. This I/O bus isn't the most advanced, but it will satisfy present needs. I'll upgrade this "bunch of wires" later, but first let's confront a more pressing problem.

Introduction to Interfaces

The I/O bus discussed above is a subset of the bus used in the HewlettPackard desktop computers, model 9825 and Systems 35 and 45. It would be convenient if all peripherals came with circuitry that directly interfaced to the I/O bus.

Unfortunately, present interfacing methods are far from ideal. The bus constructed above is paralleloriented, which means that every binary digit (bit) of a piece of information (such as a character) is available simultaneously on the 16 data lines.

Not all peripherals use 16 data lines; some peripherals don't have any parallel interfaces but instead send information one bit at a time in a time-serial fashion. No peripherals use the eight-register scheme discussed above, while several use incompatible voltage levels to represent "1" and "0." This appears to be quite a problem. In fact, there isn't a single peripheral that can talk to our I/O bus in its present state.

Interfaces as Translators

It's necessary to interpose some specialized circuitry between the I/O bus and the peripheral device to adapt the signals from the computer to those used by the peripheral. This

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specialized circuitry is called an interface. The interface, which actually plugs into the I/O bus, acts as an intermediary, translating voltages, signal formats, and whatever else is required to establish communications between the computer and the peripheral.

If every peripheral manufactured in the last decade required a different interface, it would be impossible for the computer to communicate with even a small fraction of them. Computer manufacturers simply cannot make products for that many different interfaces. Fortunately, several devices require only one of four basic types of interface: parallel I/O, serial I/O, HPIB (GPIB), and BCD (binarycoded decimal).

To connect with a peripheral, the parallel interface uses a set of wires much like those of the I/O bus. This interface is the most common among current peripherals because it's the simplest to build and usually transfers data the fastest. Major variations involve (1) the connector used between the peripheral and the interface circuitry and (2) the sense of the data and control lines. Does zero volts mean logic zero (positive true logic) or logic one (negative true logic)?

A flexible parallel interface should be available with several connectors and an unterminated cable so that a custom connector can be installed. The logic sense of the data and control lines and even the logic levels used can all be adjusted to suit the needs of a particular device.

A serial interface takes data from

the I/O bus and serializes it into a stream of bits. Incoming serial data is converted into parallel data and sent to the computer. Only two wires are required for serial communications—transmit data and receive data—however, control lines exist in serial interfaces because serial I/O dominates the special environment of long-distance data communications.

Interrupts force the

processor to leave the

part of the program it's

executing and start executing the code in a

different location in memory.

HPIB, a relatively new interface, is standardized. HPIB stands for Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus. Due to standardization, it's also known as the General Purpose Interface Bus (GPIB). Formally known as IEEE-488-1978, HPIB has well-defined signals, connector, logic sense, and logic levels. This interface allows simple connection to multiple devices over a bus structure. Since the connector and signals are standardized, you just bolt the connecting cable to the peripheral for the computer to begin communicating. You then can concentrate on the software needed to run the peripheral. A single HPIB interface can connect a computer to 14 peripheral devices.

Older instruments use a different type of interface known as binarycoded decimal (BCD). Data is transferred in 4-bit chunks, and each group of 4 bits represents a numeral (0 through 9). BCD interfaces are generally used for transmitting numeric information.

In the third and fourth installments of this primer, I'll examine these types of interfaces in depth. For now, though, let's turn to this month's main topic, interrupts and direct memory access (DMA).

Getting the Processor's Attention

What do you think is the most important part of a telephone? The dial? The receiver? The cord? I submit that it's the bell. If the telephone had no way to summon you when a call came in, you'd have to check it periodically to see if there was someone on the line. Having to lift the receiver every few minutes would make the instrument a maddening inconvenience. Fortunately, telephones do have bells that interrupt you when someone calls.

Earlier I discussed the relative speeds of computer processors and peripheral devices. The mismatch in speeds forced the creation of handshaking lines the processor could check to determine the peripheral's availability. Without these lines, the speedy processor would inundate the poor peripheral with data. Using these handshake lines is the simplest form of I/O. The computer spends much of its time patiently waiting for the peripheral to signal readiness for

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MEMORY

f

MEMORY BUS

0

PROCESSOR

INTERRUPT REQUEST

t

I/O BUS

1

INTERFACES

Figure 4: A computer system with memory bus, I/O bus, and added interrupt line. Interrupts allow the processor to start I/O processes, then go on to other tasks. The peripheral uses the interrupt line to indicate readiness for another transaction.

the next transaction.

Interrupting

Waiting for peripherals is tolerable if the computer has nothing else to do. Often, however, there are many other things the computer could be doing, making the handshaking I/O highly inefficient. Fortunately, most computers now offer an alternative called interrupt I/O.

Let's first make clear exactly what will be interrupted. The computer is continuously executing a program in its memory. If there's no user program running, then at least the operating system will be. Thus there are at least two program levels in the computer, with the higher level being the user program, usually written in a language such as BASIC.

Because microprocessors can't run a BASIC program directly (although that day isn't far off), they use a lower-level program called an interpreter, which is written in a machine language the processor can run directly. The interpreter takes the BASIC program and interprets it by deciding which machine-language routines to call to perform the tasks requested in the BASIC program. Another type of lower-level program, a compiler, can translate a high-level language program into machine code. I'll consider only interpreters here.

Interrupts are hardware mechanisms that force the processor to leave the part of the program it's executing and start executing the code in a different location in memory. Figure 4 shows the I/O bus with an interrupt request line added. That's the only change the bus needs in order to add interrupt capability.

Interruption takes place at the machine-code level. It's helpful in synchronizing external events with the computer program but must be used carefully. Let's take an example.

Suppose a user program asks the computer to calculate the value of

2.5 + 2.5, produce the resulting value on a printer, then calculate the value of 3 + 3. The computer will first execute the BASIC interpreter's routine for floating-point addition and produce the first sum: 5.00. Then there will be six characters to print: 5, ., 0, 0, < CR>, and < LF> . < CR> and <LF> are carriage return and linefeed characters usually sent to advance the printer to the next line on the paper.

Assume the addition takes around two milliseconds. If the printer produces ten characters per second, it will take 0.6 seconds to print the first answer (actually, a little more time will be needed because carriage return and linefeed take extra time on most printers).

Handshake I/O requires the computer to wait the full 0.6 seconds before calculating the second sum because the computer is waiting to send the printer another character during that time.

Interrupt I/O's alternative is to place characters to be printed in a buffer somewhere in memory. Interrupt routines can then withdraw characters from this buffer whenever the printer can accept them, and the computer can push on through the program.

Interrupting Machine Code

When the first character to be printed is removed from the buffer and sent to the printer, the printer interface "goes busy," transferring the character to the printer and waiting for a signal that indicates completion of the printing. Meanwhile, the computer can proceed to the next BASIC statement. When that first character has finally been printed, the printer will "go ready" for the next one. At that time, the printer interface will interrupt the processor and request another character.

Note that the machine code interpreter is interrupted, not the BASIC

program. The flow of execution of the BASIC statements is not changed but merely halted while the interruption is serviced. The interpreter, however, does branch to a different routine. This special routine, also in machine code, is called an interrupt service routine. The author of the BASIC program doesn't have to write interrupt service routines for HewlettPackard desktop computers, as needed routines are provided in the interpreter. This is convenient because interrupt service routines must handle many factors.

An interrupt forces a branch to the location in memory where the interrupt service routine is stored. If the processor doesn't remember where it was before the interruption, the processor will be unable to return to that location. In fact, the processor will be "lost" and unable to continue processing. Most microprocessors automatically save the address of the location being executed before the interrupt, and a return from the interrupt is sufficient to store that address.

If the interrupt routine uses any of the internal registers in the processor, the routine must carefully save the contents of these registers before using them. This procedure is called context switching because the registers will be used for a different purpose in the interrupt service routine than in the main program. Upon completion of the interrupt service routine, the routine must restore the saved values of the registers.

Interrupting BASIC

Occasionally, the buffered I/O routines for servicing interrupts are not sufficient for handling a problem. Some interrupts are more complex than those needed for data transfer. Maybe the computer is monitoring a water system and the dam bursts. Such crises require the processor's immediate attention; a simple data transfer will not suffice. A branch is needed in the high-level program to a special high-level routine written to handle the interrupt. You did write the "Dam Burst" routine, didn't you?

Interrupting a program in BASIC or another high-level language is considerably more complex than inter

134 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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rupting a machine-language routine for data transfer. High-level statements can affect large portions of memory through the use of variables, arrays, and strings. If a variablejs in the process of being changed when the interrupt comes in and the BASIC interrupt routine uses that same variable, the interrupt routine may use the wrong value or a garbled value. If the dam has burst and you need to close some locks downstream immediately to save a town, you and the townspeople have a strong interest in seeing that the interrupt routine uses the right value.

End of the Line

To prevent such problems, Hewlett-Packard desktop computers allow the BASIC program to be interrupted only at the completion of program line execution. This feature is called end-of-line branching because the branch to a BASIC interrupt service routine is allowed only when the end of a line is reached. The interrupt may occur at any time and will be

logged in, but it will not be serviced until the end of the current program line.

Machine-code or low-level interrupts are generally called hardware interrupts because the processor hardware grants the interrupt request and performs the subsequent branching. Interrupts to the BASIC or highlevel program are called software interrupts because several instructions in the operating system are required to log in the interrupt, request an endof-line branch, then take control of program flow at the end of the line.

A Misunderstanding

A classic example of misunderstanding interrupt operations occurs whenever a first-time writer of interrupt service routines tries to use an interrupt for input. The typical programmer will enable the interface to interrupt and expect that when the interrupt comes, the interface will have the desired data. Unfortunately, the interface interrupts when it isn't busy. This may happen when the interface

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wasn't told to do anything or when an operation has completed. Since the interrupt routine didn't originally make the interface busy by requesting a data input operation before the interrupt was enabled, the interface interrupts immediately but has nothing to offer. Such a miswritten interrupt routine always produces incorrect information on the first data transfer. Remember, to use interrupts properly, you must see that data transfer is started before interrupts are enabled. That way, the first interrupt will occur when the first data transfer is complete.

DMA: The I/O Superhighway

Thus far, I've covered the hardware within a computer and the interfacing circuitry necessary to interface peripheral devices with computers. All the discussions have assumed that the computer processor is in control of the data-transfer process, which is true for many peripheral devices. The processor is usually fast enough so that the peripheral determines the data-transfer rate.

Some devices, however, are too fast for processor-controlled I/O. These devices can handle data at rates approaching the speed of the computer memory and therefore require a different I/O technique. One technique for interfacing these fast peripherals is called direct memory access.

If the peripheral device is slightly slower than the computer processor, the processor may be able to execute only the few machine instructions needed for the I/O transfer before the peripheral is ready for another transfer. In that case, there's a good match between the I/O software and the peripheral speeds, and programmed I/O will suffice for the task.

Some peripherals, however, are too fast for the processor to execute even the few instructions needed to perform programmed I/O. As long as these peripherals are not faster than the computer's basic memory cycle, direct memory access can perform the required I/O.

In order to discuss DMA and how it works, we must return to the model of the processor/memory/I/O sys

138 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Ire

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MEMORY

Cm

EMORY BUS

D

PROCESSOR

BUS REQUEST

INTERRUPT REQUEST

BUS GRANT

\ DMA f

J MACHINE V

I/O BUS

0

INTERFACES

DMA REQUEST

Figure 5: A computer system with an added DMA (direct memory access) machine. The DMA machine, which parallels the processor, can generate the signals necessary for controlling both the memory bus and the I/O bus.

tern. Recall that the processor is linked to the memory via a set of lines called a memory bus and to the I/O interfaces via an I/O bus. Both buses require the processor to generate address signals and control signals to synchronize the flow of data over these buses.

Generally, I/O consists of taking information from the interfaces through the I/O bus and transmitting this information to the memory using the memory bus—or vice versa. During this transfer, the processor is also using the memory and memory bus to supply machine instructions so that it knows how to effect the data transactions. If you assume that the processor takes only nine machine instructions to perform one data transaction, you can see that the effective I/O throughput is only ten percent of the rate that the memory could support. That is, of every ten memory cycles, nine instruct the processor and only one places data for I/O. Only the simplest data transactions can be performed with nine machine instructions. Formatting and code conversions require many more instructions.

The only way to speed up the I/O process is to eliminate the slowest link in the data path. For high-speed peripherals, the slowest link is clearly the processor itself! How can you eliminate the processor when it's the component that links the I/O and memory buses and is required for generation of the signals that actually make these buses work? The answer is to build a specialized circuit designed to transfer data at the full speed of memory. Since this transfer is the only function this circuitry must perform, the capability can be wired into the circuit. Instructions from memory, which would reduce

the effective memory bandwidth, are not needed.

By placing this special circuitry so that it bridges the I/O and memory buses and also by giving it the capability of generating the address and control signals required by these buses, you then have a machine that can perform I/O at the full speed of memory. Such special circuitry is called a direct memory access machine. Figure 5 shows how one might add a DMA machine to the I/O bus.

All that remains is to decide which device will have control of the buses: the processor or the DMA machine. Normally, the processor will have control of the buses, since the DMA I/O must be infrequent enough to allow some processing to get done. The DMA machine must therefore have a way to acquire bus control from the processor whenever necessary. The processor can enable the DMA machine to request bus control, but the interface must actually request service through the DMA machine because only the interface knows when an attached peripheral requires DMA service. Thus some connecting signals must exist between the interface and the DMA machine and between the DMA machine and the processor. To give the interface a means of requesting service from the DMA machine, let's add a signal called DMA Request (DMAR) to the collection of signal lines on the I/O bus.

Upon receipt of a DMA Request, the DMA machine must request bus control from the processor. If the processor decides that the request comes at an inopportune time, it can temporarily withhold transfer of control. This is a job for the ever-present handshake! Let's create two handshake

lines, Bus Request and Bus Grant. The DMA machine will ask for bus control with Bus Request and will take control after receiving a signal on Bus Grant. As a result, the processor can maintain control of the memory and address buses as long as required.

The kind of DMA I've been discussing is called burst DMA because the data transfer is done in a burst during which the DMA machine totally controls the memory and I/O buses. This provides the I/O with the full speed of the memory bus at the expense of completely halting processor activity. If half the memory bus bandwidth were sufficient to solve the high-speed I/O problem, we could use another type of DMA called cycle-steal DMA. In the cyclesteal arrangement, the DMA machine alternates control of the buses with the processor, each using every other memory cycle. Cycle-steal DMA allows the processor to operate at 50 percent efficiency while still providing relatively high-speed I/O.

Summary

It would simplify matters greatly if all devices could agree on data representation, format, signal levels, timing, or even the number of wires used for interconnection. Attempts at standardization have been made, but the swift pace of computer technology renders some standards obsolete before they're published. In addition, the need for compromises seems to arise with every new system. Older equipment also needs to be interconnected; otherwise, replacement of a computer would dictate replacement of the entire system.

Fortunately, present technology can reach backward as well as forward. The computer itself can make adaptations, since computers excel at changing one value into another. Furthermore, interface circuitry that links the computer's memory or I/O bus to the I/O of the peripheral device can overcome hardware incompatibility. Next month I'll discuss two basic types of hardware interface presently used in computer systems: the parallel and HPIB (GPIB) interfaces. ■

140 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Ire

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A BASIC Plotting Subroutine

Sophisticated Plotting with Your MX-80

Since the introduction of the MX-80 printer, several articles have described most of its outstanding features, including the remarkable print quality for the price. I'd like to showcase another great feature of this printer: its ability to plot data curves. By combining its features with simple software routines, the MX-80 can emulate sophisticated plotters.

Plotter Criteria

Several features constitute a good plotting routine. First, it should be a subroutine that, when called, plots data generated in the main program and, if needed, returns to the main program with the data unmodified for further processing. Second, the plot routine should be automatically scaling so that the operator of the main program doesn't have to worry about keeping tabs on all the maximum and minimum values sent to the plotting routine. Last but not least, the hard-copy output should have enough resolution to allow in

About the Author

Lawrence ]. Bregoli has a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering and is currently employed as a research engineer working on electrochemical aspects of fuel cell research at UTC in South Windsor, CT.

Lawrence J. Bregoli

106 South Longyard Rd.

Southwick, MA 01077

terpretation of the data. After all, that's why a plot was deemed necessary in the first place.

Once a linefeed is

generated, there's no

turning back.

The MX-80 printer easily meets these criteria, as evidenced by figure 1. The plot is a straight line of the form y = mx + b. Note that the plotting routine provides its own graph paper by inserting horizontal and vertical grid lines; legends for both axes are included. Ah, you say, any print routine could handle a straight line with ease. Figure 2 is a better test of the printer and plotting routine. Here, concentric circles are plotted with radii of 1 and 0.5. Note that the auto-scaling routines in this case must handle both positive and negative values, and that, although the circles are not perfect, they have enough resolution for most plotting applications.

Resolution of these plots is set by the maximum number of data points allowed by the plotting routine. In the plots shown, the number of points

was limited to 101 X,Y pairs. The number of points chosen was based on several criteria. First, the maximum number of print positions that can be set in the horizontal direction is 132. Using 101 of these positions for data plotting leaves 31 positions for printing the Y-axis scale values and the Y-axis title. In the vertical direction, the MX-80 can be set so that every linefeed increment moves the paper up by as little as V72 inch. Therefore, resolution to a single printed dot can be obtained. I chose only 101 points in the vertical direction for several practical reasons. In most cases, this is all the resolution needed to obtain a smooth fit of the data. Most important, though, each data point plotted takes time to print, and the increased printing time is not warranted in most cases.

About the Program

The program for generating the plots, shown in listing 1, was written in Microsoft MBASIC 5. The size of the program can be cut down considerably by removing the REM statements and by combining several program lines into one multiple-statement line. As written, the program doesn't need a main program to gen

142 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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STRAIGHT LINE

Y=mX+b,b=0

100.00 ■

90.00

BO.00

70.00

T 50.00

0

30.00

0°°!

r :

-t t

o.oo \p 1

0.00 10.

Figure 1: Sample plot of a straight line using auto-scaling (y = mx + b, b — O)

•i

i t t

0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50,00 40.00 70.00 BO.00 90.00 100.00

K AXIS -- AUTO SCALED

CONCENTRIC CIRCLES->Radii = i and 0. !

O.B0

0.40

-0.20

-0.B0

-1.00

t—-«— -t~

o :

-t—o—et—o—t

h o

o1

o ! o;

o o -«—t

—-t

-1.00 -O.B>

-i +— +--«- i «--1 1 r t 1

0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 O.B0 1.00

COSINE AXIS

Figure 2: Sample plot of concentric circles using auto-scaling (radii = l and 0.5).

erate X, Y data sets. It was written this way so that it could be tested immediately for errors using data generated in lines 5120 through 5200. In normal operation, the DIM statement in line 5160 would be in the calling program, and the entry point to the plotting routine would be at line 5250. Line 5670 would also be changed from END to RETURN.

Lines 5250 through 5310 allow the user to enter the graph's title and legends for the X and Y axes. These strings are then centered in 50-character strings so they are printed at the center of the X and Y axes, independent of the title or legend length. Manual or automatic scaling can then be selected by answering the prompt in line 5320.

The main body (lines 5460 to 5670) and its subroutines are where the real plotting action occurs. Most dotmatrix printers print from the top of the page down and do not allow this top-down mode to be reversed. The MX-80 also fits into this category. The resulting limitation forces special handling of the data to be printed so that all the data of a given Y value is printed on a line before the next linefeed occurs. Once a linefeed is generated, there's no turning back to print another data point on the line above it.

In the main body, the first few lines set up the printer for 132 characters per line and V36 inch per linefeed. With these settings, a plot size of somewhat over 5V2 inches in both directions is obtained when two linefeeds are performed for each of 101 data positions in the Y direction. Line 5520 performs a very important function in that it converts the line number position presently being pointed to on the plot to a numeric value proportionate to the total span of the data, which is set by the maximum and minimum scale values. (I didn't even understand that!) In other words, consider line number 100 to be at the top of the plot and line number 0 at the bottom; also suppose that yMAX = l and YM/n=-1 as shown in figure 2. Then, if the present line number were 20 lines down from the top, the value of YN would be:

144 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Systems IK €x

a total business system.

JOB COSTING MENU

1. TRANSACTION ENTRY/DATE

2. JOB/TASK TABLE MAINTENANCE

3. JOB COST FILE MAINTENANCE

4. JOB COST REPORTING

5. EMPLOYEE TABLE MAINTENANCE

6. RETURN TO MASTER MENU

SELECT |1-6|?

SYSTEMS II EX MASTER MENU

1. INVENTORY 7. CHART OF ACCTS.

2. PAYABLES B. VENDOR MAINT.

3. RECEIVABLES 9. CUST. MAINT.

4. PAYROLL 10. CHANGE BATE

5. LEDGER 11. SYS/BACKUP

6. JOURNAL 12. STOP PROCSS'G. ' 13. OPTIONAL PROCSS'G. L SELECT 11-13)7

DATABASE MENU

1. FILE MAINTENANCE

2. REPORTS/REPORT MAINT.

3. UTILITIES

4. RETURN TO SYSTEM MENU

SELECT (14)?

skLg

ACCOUNTS PAYABLES MENU

1. FILE MAINTENANCE

2. PAYMENT SELECTION

3. PRINT CHECKS AND REGISTER

4. MONTH END

5. RETURN TO MASTER MENU

SELECT |1-5|?

RECEIVABLES SYSTEM MENU

1. FILE MAINTENANCE

2. RECEIPT OF PAYMENTS

3. GENERATE BILLING

4. MONTH END

5. PAST DUE REPORT

7. RETURN TO MASTER MENU . SELECT |1-7|?

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1. FILE MAINTENANCE

2. BAL SHEET/INCOME STATEMENT

3. YEAR END PROCESS

4. RETURN TO MASTER MENU

SELECT |1-4|?

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1. FILE MAINTENANCE

2. POINT OF SALES

, 3. REORDER REPORT 4. RETURN TO MASTER MENU I SELECT (1-4)?

STATE PAYROLL MENU

1. MISC/TAX TABLE MAINT.

2. TRANSACTION FILE

3. MISC. PAY/DEDUCTION FILE

4. EMPLOYEE MASTER FILE

5. CALCULATE/PRINT CHECKS

6. PRINT W2s

7. RETURN TO MASTER MENU SELECT |1-7|?

SYSTEMS II EX — EX for EXTENDED PERFORMANCE. Westware brings you the most completely integrated and simplest to use business software for your Apple Computer. The SYSTEMS II EX is complete with an integrated Database. Yes! The DBII Database can move your system's files into Database format for customized reports or labels.

Although the SYSTEMS II EX is a fully integrated system, you may purchase

individual modules and later add additional modules, such as Job Costing for contractors. The power of our system is in the KSAM Firmware card that plugs into the Apple. This card permits high speed searches and eliminates running sort routines to get your files in order.

SYSTEMS II is available on 5%" drives, and also on the Corvus hard disk. A Corvus based system will give you the power and capacity that challenges larger computers.

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All Checks, statements and invoices use NEBS forms.

Dealer and OEM inquiries invited.

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2455 S.W. 4th Ave. Suite 2

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Name. Title _

Company Name. Address

City

State.

Zip.

Listing 1: Program listing of MX-80 plotting routine, written in Microsoft MBASIC 5.

5000 5010 5020 5030 5040 5050 5O60 5070 50B0 5090 5100 5110 5120 5130 5140 5150 5160 5170 5175 5180 5185 5186 5187 5190 5200 5210 5220 5230 5240 5250 5260 5270 5280 5290 5300 5310 5320 5330 5340 5350 5360 5370 5380 5390 5400 5410 5420 5430 5440 5450 5460 5470 5480 5490 5500 5510 5520 5530 5540 5550 5560 5570 5580 5590 5600 5610 5620 5630 5640 5650 5660 5670 5680 5690 5700 5710 5720 5730 5740 5750 5760 5770 57B0 5790 5B00 5810 5820 5830 5840 5850 5B60 5870 5880 5890 5900 5910 5920 5930

REM

REM »tnt*nt*i»mi*«tn»ist««t«nmitH«m**»iiiit*»tuttti*

REM * PLOT PROGRAM FOR MX-80 *

REM * BY *

REM * LAWRENCE J. BREBOLI *

REM **************************************************************

REM

REM **************************************************************

REM * USE THE FOLLOWING SPACE TO CALCULATE A 101 BY 101 *

REM * DATA ARRAY IN X(I> AND Y(I). *

REM * ENTER PROGRAM BELOW THIS SECTION IF ARRAY EXISTS *

REM **************************************************************

REM

REM

REM SAMPLE ARRAY->CONCENTRIC CIRCLES

REM

DIM Y(101),X(101):REM MOVE DIM TO MAIN PROGRAM

FOR 1=0 TO 50

X(I>=SIN(I*6.282/50):Y(I)=COS(I*6.282/50)

NEXT I

FOR 1=51 TO 100

J=I-50

X(I)=.5*SIN(J*6.282/50):Y(I)=.5*C0S(J*6.282/50)

NEXT I

REM

REM **************************************************************

REM * ENTER TITLE OF PLOT AND AXIS LEGENDS *

REM •t*«t*»«tit»i»m»ti»tim*i;H»i*m*»ut»t»t»i*»ttmiiti*u

REM

XTITLE*=SPACE* <50):YTITLE*=SPACE*(50):PTITLE*=SPACE*(50)

LINE INPUT "ENTER TITLE OF PLOT (SO CHARACTERS OR LESS) ";T*

LINE INPUT "ENTER Y AXIS TITLE (50 CHARACTERS OR LESS) "jY*

LINE INPUT "ENTER X AXIS TITLE (50 CHARACTERS OR LESS) ";X»

MID*(YTITLE»,(LEN(YTITLE*)-LEN(Y*>)/2)=Y*

MID*(XTITLE»,(LEN(XTITLE*>-LEN(X*))/2)~X»

MID*(PTITLE«,(LEN(PTITLE*)-LEN(T*>)/2>=T*

INPUT "DO YOU WANT (A)UTO OR (M)ANUAL SCALING ";Y»

IF Y*="M" THEN 5360

IF Y*="A" THEN GOSUB 6550 ELSE 5320

GOTO 5460

INPUT "ENTER MAXIMUM VALUE OF Y AXIS";YMAX

INPUT "ENTER MINIMUM VALUE OF Y AXIS";YMIN

INPUT "ENTER MAXIMUM VALUE OF X AXIS";XMAX

INPUT "ENTER MINIMUM VALUE OF X AXIS";XMIN

REM

REM **************************************************************

REM * MAIN BODY OF PROGRAM STARTS HERE *

REM ********************i*****************************************

REM

REM

LPRINT:LPRINT:LPRINT TAB(15):PTITLE»:REM

LPRINT:LPRINT

GOSUB 5810:REM

LSPACE=2:GOSUB 5780:REM

RST0P=20:CHAR*="!":GOSUB 5850:REM

FOR LNN0=100 TO O STEP -1

YN=YMAX-(((YMAX-YMIN)/100)*(100-LNNO)>:REM

YD=ABS((YMAX-YMIN)/100):REM

GOSUB 6250:REM

IF LNN0/2-FIX(LNN0/2)=0 THEN GOSUB 5910:REM

GOSUB 6020:REM

GOSUB 6140:REM

LPRINT

RST0P=20:CHAR*="!":GOSUB 5850:REM

LPRINT

NEXT LNNO

GOSUB 6350:REM

GOSUB 6460:REM

LSPACE=12:GOSUB 5780:REM

GOSUB 5830:REM

FOR 1-1 TO 23:LPRINT:NEXT I:REM

END

REM

REM ***************************************************

REM * END OF MAIN BODY-SUBROUTINES START HERE »

REM ***************************************************

REM

REM

REM ***************************************************

REM * PRINTER CONTROL SUBROUTINES «

REM ***************************************************

REM

LPRINT CHR*(27)"A"CHR*(LSPACE)CHR*(27)"2":REM EDIT WITH GRAFTRAX OPTION

RETURN:REM SET LINE SPACING

REM

LPRINT CHR*(15):RETURN:REM SET COMPRESSED MODE

REM

LPRINT CHR*(IB):RETURN:REM SET NORMAL MODE

REM

LPRINT SPC(RSTOP);CHAR*;:RETURN:REM PRINT CHAR AT RSTOP

REM

REM ***************************************************

REM * PLOT VERTICLE LINE SUBROUTINE *

REM ***************************************************

REM

CHAR*="i":RST0P=20:LPRINT CHR*(13)::GOSUB 5B50

RST0P=9

FOR 1=1 TO 10

Listing 1 continued on page 148

PRINT TITLE OF PLOT

SET COMPRESSED CHAR MODE SET LINE SPACING FORCE CARRIAGE LEFT

NORMALIZED Y VALUE VALUE OF EACH LINE PRINT VERTICAL TITLE PLOT VERTICAL LINES PLOT DATA PRINT HORIZONTAL LINE

FORCE CARRIAGE LEFT

PRINT X SCALE PRINT X AXIS TITLE SET NORMAL LINE SPACING SET NORMAL CHAR WIDTH TOP OF NEXT FORM

YN = i-(((l-(-l))/100) X (100 - 80)) = 0.6 This value is subsequently tested against the data in the PLOT DATA subroutine. If a match with any data in the Y array occurs, a point is plotted at the proper X position as determined by the value in the corresponding X array.

The overall action performed on any given line can be summed up as follows:

1. The value of YN is calculated.

2. A character in the Y-axis title is printed.

3. The vertical grid line segments are printed.

4. The data is plotted for that line, if any.

5. If a horizontal line is called for, it's printed along with the scale.

6. The cycle is repeated for the next line down.

A special precaution must be taken to ensure exact horizontal indexing on printers like the MX-80, as they use bidirectional printing. Because the print head doesn't physically return to the left-hand stop each time a new line is printed, a slight but distracting misalignment occurs in the vertical grid lines. To overcome this, lines 5500 and 5590 were inserted to force the print head to the left prior to each new line printed. If you take a close look at the left-hand vertical grid lines in figures 1 and 2, you can see this slight misalignment. If your particular printer is perfectly aligned or if you can put up with a slight misalignment error, then remove these line numbers. Removal of these lines will save a lot of time in actually plotting the data.

While I'm on the subject of time, it takes about eight minutes to complete a plot using the program shown in listing 1. This may seem a bit long to some users, but consider plotting 101 X,Y points by hand from a table of data. I'd rather sip my coffee and watch the MX-80 go about that agony. Later, I'll discuss a way to take about two minutes off this time.

Another program statement which

146 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

APPLE • ALTOS • ATARI • MAXELL • DYSAN • EPSON • CCS • SHARP • CASIO • HP • VERBATIM • MEMOREX • SOROC • CORVUS • ADDS

MICRO

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BYTE March 1982

147

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Listing 1 continued:

5940 5950 5960 5970 5980 5990 6000 6010 6020 6030 6040 6050 6060 6070 6080 6090 6100 6110 6120 6130 6140 6150 6160 6170 6180 6190 6200 6210 6220 6230 6240 6250 6260 6270 6280 6290 6300 6310 6320 6330 6340 6350 6360 6370 6380 6390 6400 6410 6420 6430 6440 6450 6460 6470 6480 6490 6500 6510 6520 6530 6540 6550 6560 6570 6580 6590 6600 6610 6620 6630 6640 6650 6660 6670 6680 6690 6700 6710 6720 6730 6740 6750 6760 6770 6780 6790 6800 6810 6820 6830 6840 6850 6860 6870 6880 6890 6900 6910 6920

GOSUB 5850

NEXT I

RETURN

REM

REM ***************************************************

REM * PLOT DATA SUBROUTINE *

REM ***************************************************

REM

CHAR*="0"

FOR 1=0 TO 100

IF (Yd) ) >YN+. 50001* YD OR (Y (I) XYN-. 50001 *YD THEN 6080

XP=FIX((X(I)-XMIN)*100/(XMAX-XMIN))

IF XP<0 OR XP>100 THEN 6080

LPRINT CHR*<13);:RSTOP=XP+20:80SUB 5850

NEXT I: RETURN

REM

REM ***************************************************

REM * PLOT Y SCALE AND HORIZONTAL LINE SUBROUTINE *

REM ***************************************************

REM

IF LNN0/10-FIX(LNN0/10)<>0 THEN RETURN

LPRINT CHR*<13);:RST0P=10:CHAR*="":GOSUB 5850

LPRINT USING "#*###*.##";(YMAX-YMIN)*LNN0V100+YMIN:

LPRINT CHR*<13);:RST0P=20:CHAR*="-":GOSUB 5850

LPRINT STRINGtdOO, "-") ;

RETURN

REM

REM ***************************************************

REM * PRINT YAXIS TITLE *

REM ***************************************************

REM

IF LNN0/2-FIX(LNN0/2)O0 THEN RETURN

LPRINT CHR»C13>s:RSTQP-7

CHAR«=MID*(YTITLE*,FIX(((100-LNNO)/2)+1) , 1)

BOSUB 5850

RETURN

REM

REM ***************************************************

REM * PRINT X SCALE SUBROUTINE *

REM ***************************************************

REM

LPRINT:LPRINT

RST0P=13:CHAR»="":GOSUB 5850

FOR 1=0 TO 10

LPRINT USING "###*«##.*#";(XMAX-XMIN)*I/10+XMIN;

NEXT I

RETURN

REM

REM ***************************************************

REM * PRINT X AXIS TITLE *

REM ***************************************************

REM

LPRINT:LPRINT:LPRINT

LPRINT:LPRINT:LPRINT

RST0P=45:CHAR*=XTITLE*:GOSUB 5B50

RETURN

REM

REM ***************************************************

REM * AUTO SCALING SUBROUTINES *

REM ***************************************************

REM

YMAX=Y(0):XMAX=X(0):YMIN=Y(0):XMIN=X(0)

FOR 1 = 1 TO 100.-REM

IF Y(I)>YMAX THEN YMAX=Y(I)

IF YdXYMIN THEN YMIN=Yd)

IF X(I)>XMAX THEN XMAX=X(I)

IF XdXXMIN THEN XMIN=Xd>

NEXT I

RESTORE 6830:REM

MSD=(YMAX-YMIN)/10:REM SCALE THE Y AXIS

FOR I=-2 TO 4

FOR K=l TO 3: READ J

IF MSD<=J*10"(I) THEN MSD=J*10A(I):GOTO 6680

NEXT K:RESTORE 6830:NEXT I

FOR 1=10 TO -10 STEP -1

IF <YMAX<=I*MSD)*(YMAX>I*MSD-.99999*MSD) THEN YMAX=I*MSD

NEXT I

YMIN=YMAX-10*MSD

RESTORE 6830:REM

MSD=(XMAX-XMIN)/10:REM SCALE THE X AXIS

FOR I=-2 TO 4

FOR K=l TO 3:READ J

IF MSD<=J*10'-(I) THEN MSD=J*10"(I):GOTO 6780

NEXT K:RESTORE 6830:NEXT I

FOR 1=10 TO -10 STEP-1

IF (XMAX<=I*MSD)*(XMAX>I*MSD-.99999*MSD) THEN XMAX=I*MSD

NEXT I

XMIN=XMAX-10*MSD

RETURN

DATA 1,2,5

REM

REM ***************************************************

REM * LIST OF VARIABLE NAMES USED IN PR08RAM *

REM ***************************************************

REM

Yd) Y AXIS DATA ARRAY

Xd) X AXIS DATA ARRAY

YMAX MAXIMUM VALUE OF Y AXIS

YMIN MINIMUM "

Listing 1 continued on page 150

FIND XMAX !< YMAX

REM REM REM REM

148 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

MHMMMMMMHM|

COMPUTERS

INTERSYSTEMS

DPS1, DPS1A, DPS2A CALL FOR PRICES

DYNABYTE List Less 30%

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TERMINALS

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OKIDATA

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Circle 101 on Inquiry card.

Listing 1 continued:

6930

REM

XMAX

6940

REM

XM1N

6950

REM

LNNO

6960

REM

RSTOP

6970

REM

LSPACE

6980

REM

YN

6990

REM

YD

7000

REM

XP

7010

REM

MSD

7020

REM

J

7030

REM

K

7040

REM

I

7050

REM

T*

7060

REM

PTITLE*

7070

REM

Y*

7080

REM

YTITLE*

7090

REM

X*

7100

REM

XTITLE*

7110

REM

CHAR*

7120

REM

MAXIMUM VALUE DF X AXIS MININUM " " »

Y AXIS LINE NUMBER CHARACTER TAB STOP

SIZE DF LINEFEED AT PRINTER

NORMALIZED Y AXIS VALUE

DELTA VALUE FOR EACH Y AXIS LINE

CHARACTER POSITION ON X AXIS

MINIMUM SCALE DELTA

SCALE DELTA

INDEX COUNTER

INDEX COUNTER

PLOT TITLE

PLOT TITLE CENTERED IN 50 SPACES

Y AXIS TITLE

Y AXIS TITLE CENTERED IN 50 SPACES X AXIS TITLE

X AXIS TITLE CENTERED IN 50 SPACES STRINB PRINTED AT RSTOP

may be difficult to interpret occurs in the PLOT DATA subroutine. Line 6040 compares a data value in the Y array with the value of YN discussed above. If the value in the Y array equals YN plus or minus 51 percent of the value between lines, it's printed on the plot at an X position determined by the corresponding value in the X array. This value (XP) is calculated in line 6050. The PLOT DATA subroutine checks every data value in the Y array each time the subroutine is called to make sure that

all data corresponding to YN is plotted before a new value of YN is calculated and a new linefeed occurs.

Automatic Scaling

The type of automatic scaling used in a plot program can be one of the most critical factors in determining usefulness of the resulting plot. I've run programs containing auto-scaling features that actually make the resulting plot worthless. These programs seem to be written so that the highest data point falls on the top line and the

lowest falls on the bottom line—without any consideration of the intermediate scale values. This type of scaling is the easiest to implement but makes data interpretation extremely difficult. One of the problems in developing auto-scaling routines involves individual perference regarding the scales selected. Some people may prefer the type of scaling mentioned above, some may choose scale deltas that vary in the 1-2-5 sequence which many analog plotters have adopted, and others may accept any sequence as long as it has integer values. Because of this, I've written auto-scaling routines in which you can tailor the scaling sequence simply by inserting a new DATA statement with user-selected values.

The auto-scaling subroutines start at line 6550. The extreme values in both the X and Y arrays are determined in lines 6550 through 6610; then the X and Y scales are determined. Determination of the scales starts by restoring the DATA statement in 6830. Then the minimum scale delta

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150 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE March 1982 151

The New Idea

I

I

I

TeleVideo

Two great single-user computers that can grow for multi-user applications when you need it.

We're bursting with new ideas when it comes to small business computers and peripherals designed to give you much more value for your money. That's why we've zoomed to our No. 1 position among independent suppliers of CRT terminals. We make it our business to get new ideas to market first. So, meet our latest new idea. The Model TS 802.

The new TS 802 has been designed with upgradeability and growth in mind. You can start out with a Model TS 802, using it as a powerful, single-user work station with a full data processing and word processing capability. Then, as your computer needs expand, you can add our TS 806 or TS 816 multi-user hard disk system to build a versatile multistation mass storage computer for up to 16 users and 70 Mbytes of on-line storage.

The TeleVideo TS 802 computer. It can grow as your needs grow. That's computer power with no restrictions or hassles. Now, that's a real new idea!

New Technology Galore Looking at the hardware, our new idea TS 802 Series comes in two different versions. The TS 802 features two oVi-inch floppy disks for 1 Mbyte of on-line storage, a Z80A microprocessor, 64K or RAM memory, and a 4K EPROM for diagnostics. The TS 802H computer has one 534-inch Winchester disk drive with 10 Mbytes of on-line storage, and a single 500 Kbyte minifloppy disk unit. Both versions come in an attractive, low-profile desktop enclosure that can enhance any modem office decor.

Nationwide Service:

All computers are backed and serviced by General Electrics Instrumentation and Communication Equipment Service Centers.

Circle 381 on inquiry card.

Worth Looking Into

Both versions of the TS 802 computer offer an easy-to-read green phosphor CRT display with an exclusive patented character resolution that spells goodbye to eyestrain. The telescreen gives you advanced editing with wraparound, smooth scrolling, special graphics characters, and versatile screen attributes. And the detachable keyboard can be placed conveniendy anywhere you want it.

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©TekMdeo

TeleVideo Systems, Inc. 1170 Morse Ave.

Sunnyvale, CA 94086 408/745-7760; 800/538-8725 (toll-free outside California) Georgia: .\orcross(404) 447-1231 Illinois: Lombard (312) 069-0112 Xew York: New York (212) 308-0705 Europe: Netherlands i311 075-287-461 TIA: 844-19122 (TLVDO NL)

'ci' M l is a registered trademark of Digital Research, inc. ^MmmOST™(Multi-User, multi-task, multi-processor

Operating System Technology) is a trademark of

TeleVideo Systems, Inc.

Listing 2: Additional software to presort data prior to plotting.

5450 REM

5452 REM ***************************************************

5454 REM * SPEED UP MODIFICATIONS USING SDRT ROUTINE * 5456 REM ***************************************************

5455 REM

5465 TOP=100:TEMPTOP-100

5468 BOSUB 6B90:REM SORT DATA

5970 REM

5980 REM ***************************************************

5990 REM * PLOT SORTED DATA SUBROUTINE *

6000 REM ***************************************************

6010 REM

6020 CHAR*="0"

6030 FOR I=TOP TO 0 STEP -1

6033 IF Y<I)>YN+.50001*YD THEN 6080

6035 IF Y(IXYN-.5*YD THEN I=0:QOTO 6080

6040 TEMPTOP=I

6050 XP=FIX<(X(I)-XMIN)*100/(XMAX-XMIN))

6060 IF XP<0 OR XPMOO THEN 60S0

6070 LPRINT CHR*(13);:RST0P=XP+20:QOSUB 5850

6080 NEXT I:TOP=TEMPT0P:RETURN

6840 REM

6850 REM ***************************************************

6860 REM * SHELL SORT OF DATA *

6870 REM ***************************************************

6880 REM

6890 M=100

6910 M=INT(M/2):IF M=0 THEN RETURN

6920 J=0:K=100-M

6930 I=J

6940 L=I+M:IF VdXV(L) THEN 6970

6950 T=Y(I):T1-X(I):Y<I)=Y(L):X(I)=X(L):Y(L)=T:X<L)=T1:I=I-M

6960 IF KO THEN 6970 ELSE 6940

6970 J=J+1:IF J<=K THEN 6930 ELSE 6910

6980 REM

(MSD) is determined, based on the data extremes. This value is the smallest that can be used between major scale divisions yet still fit all the data on a plot with ten major divisions. Line 6640 starts a

FOR. . .NEXT loop which selects the multiplier for the scale divisions; the nested FOR. . .NEXT loop beginning at line 6650 selects the value of the major scale divisions using the DATA statement in line 6830. Lines 6660

through 6710 then use this information to determine new maximum and minimum scale values which in turn are used in the data plotting routines. Scaling of both the X and Y axes is handled in the same manner.

Although the logic of these routines would become quite clear with some study, you don't have to understand these routines at all to select your own personalized auto-scaling factors. Simply change the DATA statement in line 6830 and the limit of the FOR. . .NEXT loops in lines 6650 and 6750. For example, suppose you like any even integer scaling. Change the DATA statement from 1, 2, 5 to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and change the upper limits in the READ loops from 3 to 9. I don't like scales with increments of 3, 6, 7, 8, or 9 and typically use a scaling of 1, 2, 2.5, 4, 5. As I've stated, though, this depends strictly on your esthetic values. The program uses 1, 2, 5 scaling as an example.

Figure 3 is a plot of EXP(X) versus X using 1, 2, 2.5, 4, 5 auto-scaling values. Exponential curves such as

JANUS

the language that is based on the past but looks to the uses of the future.

Now You Can Have JANUS On Your System.

JANUS is a subset of the famous ADA language developed by the U. S. Department of Defense. This new language was designed to ease maintenance of programs, yet be easy to program in. ADA combines the best features of ALGOL and Pascal to produce a powerful programming language. ADA puts an emphasis on Modular programming and program portability.

The JANUS implementation of an ADA subset includes features found in no other microprocessor programming language. It features true modular programming, where the computer, rather than the programmer, remembers which modules are being used. JANUS also features full error walk-backs and line number error messages. And there is much, much more.

The JANUS system comes complete — no other programs to buy — It includes:

• Compiler • Screen Editor

• Assembler • Linker

• Disassembler • Full Documentation

The JANUS package produces ROMable, Re-entrant 8080, optimized Z80, or 8086 machine code. You too can take a step forward into the future.

8080 or Z80, CP/M (requires 56K memory) — $300.00

8086, CP/M-86 or 86-DOS (requires 64K memory) - $400.00

JANUS is supplied on IBM formatted, single density 8" floppy disks. Other formats are available.

OFTWARE

CP'M and CP-'M 86 arc trademarks of Digital Research. Inc 86 DOS is a fademark □< Seattle Computer. Inc * ADA is a tfaOomarV ol the U S Department ot Dolense

specialists in state of the art programming

P.O. BOX 1512 MADISON, WISCONSIN 53701

(608) 244-6436

154

March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 333 on inquiry card.

I

Ha

■

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*3JKK

HP

SEATTLE COMPUTER S NEW RAM+ GIVES YOU THE MEMORY YOU NEED AT A PRICE YOU CAN T FORGET.

A great new machine, the IBM personal computer, just got better. With RAM+, the new expansion memory from Seattle Computer.™

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To make your IBM work even better, each RAM 4card has a RS-232 serial port which uses IBM supplied software. And RAM+ comes fully assembled, tested and with a 90 day guarantee* The RAM+ is available in 64 K, 128 K, 192 K or 256 K, with affordable prices ranging from $475. to $1,075. Expansion kits are also available.

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Circle 350 on inquiry card.

EXPONENTIAL CURVE

22500.00

20000.00

17500.00

15000.00

12500.00

V 10000.00

A

L

U

E

7500.00 K

5000.00

2500.00

-2500.00

I I 1 H

H 1 1 h

0 0

0

—i

4.00 5.00

VALUE OF II

6.00

-4—

7.00

B.00

-t— 9.00

0 00 1.00 2.00 3.

Figure 3: Sample plot of exponential curve using auto-scaling (Y=EXP(X))

EXPONENTIAL CURVE (LOW VALUES)

200.00

1B0.00

160.00

HO.00

120.00

B0.00

40.00

|00Q,0t>000 Of «»»?f »

1.00 1.50

0 0 0

-4-6

i

0.00 0.50

-t—

2.00

—t— 2.50

—i

3.00

3.50

-t—■

4.00

—t—■ 4.50

—k 10.00

—i

5.00

Figure 4: Sample plot figure 3).

value DF I of exponential curve using manual scaling (expanded section of

the one shown are particularly difficult for any linear plot routine to handle because of the wide range of values usually involved. It's obvious from figure 3 that much of the data falls below the Y value of 200 and below the X value of 5. With this type of data, it's sometimes desirable to have a higher-resolution plot of this section of the data. You can accomplish that by now replotting this section of data using the MANUAL feature of the program. Figure 4 shows a plot of the same data with the Y scale manually set from 0 to 200 and with the X scale manually set from 0 to 5. Use of auto-scaling to present all of the data and manual scaling to expand features of the overall plot can provide a very powerful tool for those who have to handle data regularly.

Speeding It Up

As I mentioned before, this plotting routine isn't very fast and has never been optimized to make it faster. One obvious method to decrease the overall time is to presort the data prior to plotting it so that the PLOT DATA routine doesn't have to scan every bit of data each time through. Listing 2 shows the lines that have to be added or modified to sort and plot the data with the sort routine given. Inserting these lines will cut almost two minutes off each plot, but there's no free lunch here either. What price is paid for this speed-up feature? The data isn't the same as when it entered the routine, since the array numbers have been altered. You could save the arrays in other arrays to maintain the integrity of your data, but this will cost you variable space. Again, use of these options is strictly up to the user and the particular application.

I've written the software for a standard MX-80 without the Graftrax-80 option. Those of you having this option should delete the last part of line 5780, since the CHR$(27)"2" is no longer needed.

Please feel free to write and let me know of any features of the MX-80 or of the program I've missed that would reduce the plot time—my mailman will love it!B

156 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

p.

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Why Pay More?

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Terminals are our only product ,and we put more into them.

Circle 248 on Inquiry card.

BYTE March 1982

157

Modify Your Paper Tiger for Different Paper Thicknesses

R. P. Sarna

39 Cushnoc Dr.

Augusta, ME 04330

Are you tired of removing the printer cover of your Paper Tiger to adjust for different paper thicknesses? A simple modification can change all that.

The various Paper Tiger models produced by Integral Data Systems (IDS) are popular with microcomputer owners because they're rugged, reliable, extremely flexible in operation, and well supported by the manufacturer. That tremendous flexibility, however, is marred by one "bug" in the IDS 460. I use my highspeed printer to generate business

reports (using both single- and multiple-part copy paper), form letters, and address labels. This necessitates a change from thick address labels to thin fanfold paper to single sheets in holders to carbonless multiple-part copy-forms, and back again.

The paper-thickness control knob is located inside the cover. In order to adjust it, you must remove the cover, adjust the control, replace the cover (try not to snag the ribbon or damage the circuit board), and then run the printer to see if it's adjusted correctly.

Photo 1: Use a square or a drafting triangle to mark the table directly beneath the center of the knob. Measure the height of the shaft above the table and mark the triangle.

If it isn't, you have to start all over again.

A simple modification solves this problem, making it easy to adjust to the proper paper thickness from outside the printer. All you have to do is drill a hole in the cover and cut a slot in the adjusting rod for a screwdriver.

(Editor's Note: IDS says that this modification isn't necessary for the newest version of the model 460, as there is a lever attached to the paperthickness control knob which allows it to be adjusted from outside the printer. You can purchase this lever and knob by contacting Customer Support Group, Integral Data Systems Inc., Milford, NH 03055. If you choose to make the modifications described in this article, IDS says it will still repair its printers no longer under warranty, as long as the printer mechanism itself has not been modified.... SJW)

The first step is to locate the position for the hole. Put the printer on a light-colored table or piece of paper and remove the cover. Set a drafting triangle or a small carpenter's square on the table (see photo 1) and make a mark on the table or paper directly below the center of the paper-thickness control knob. Then mark on the triangle the height of the center of the control knob from the table. Without moving the printer, carefully replace the cover. Using the marks on the table and on the triangle, find the spot on the cover where the two marks intersect (see photo 2). Mark

158 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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The Microcomputer People. Microhouse

Photo 2: After replacing the cover, use the square to mark the hole location on the cover.

Photo 3: Slotting the end of the thicknessadjusting knob allows it to be adjusted with a screwdriver.

Photo 4: The hole in the cover opposite the paper-thickness adjusting knob allows easy access with a screwdriver.

this spot on the cover. This is the location for the hole you will drill.

Next, remove the cover from the printer. As you begin to drill the hole, let the drill bit turn slowly (I used a sharp %-inch drill and a drill press for an accurate hole). Make the hole large enough to allow a screwdriver to be inserted easily.

Use a fine-tooth hacksaw to cut a slot in the shaft (see photo 3), and watch out for the circuit board and

the wires attached to it. I chose to make a slot that is horizontal when the print head is at its closest setting so that I could use it as a reference point. Once the shaft was marked, however, I turned it 45 degrees clockwise to cut it, making it less awkward to work on. Saw through the knob and the shaft until you have a screwdriver slot about V16-inch deep. Then clean out all the shavings from the printer.

Replace the cover, erase any pencil marks, and adjust your printer from the outside (see photo 4). I find that the screwdriver blade on my jackknife fits perfectly. It's easy to set the proper adjustment while the Paper Tiger is printing its test pattern on the type of paper you will be using. I also marked the positions of the slot for various paper thicknesses on the cover of the printer, so that I can quickly set the different adjustments.■

S 100 USERS

INTERFACE 9 TRACK TAPE DRIVES

With the DTI - DMA Tape-Unit Interface

• Transfers data via DMA up to 200K bytes

per second

• Allows full control over all tape-drive functions

SPEED

NUMBER-CRUNCHING SOFTWARE 5 10 X's AND MORE

With the FMP Fast Math Processor

• Kit or assembled

• 32-bit floating point operations

for arith., trig., exponential, etc. functions

• Or 64-bit floating point operations for arithmetic functions

Both the DTI and FMP meet the IEEE S-100 standard. Software is available.

For further information contact:

A MEMBER OF THE SPC GROUP

jt\ SPC TECHNOLOGIES, inc.

P.O. Box 248, Arlington, VA 22210 (703) 841-3632

160 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 340 on Inquiry card.

Circle 342 on inquiry card.

AND a microcomputer.

Through multiprocessor technology, each user has a dedicated Z-80A-based single-board microcomputer module, housed in the system mainframe.

But users enjoy minicomputer performance and capacity. Including modular hard disk storage of 34 to 600 megabytes. Tape backup. Shared printers with spooling and queuing. Disk caching. Access to a common database.

Unequalled flexibility and reliability. The completely modular, stackable system can expand to 64 users. To add a user, add only a dumb terminal and an inexpensive user microcomputer module.

ZE/xS sounds powerful. Now prove it.

Name

Company

Address

City/State/Zip

Phone

Trademarks

ZEjuS, MUSE: OSM Computer Corporation

Registered trademark:

CP/M: Digital Research

And ZE^tS isn't fazed by lightning, voltage variations, or power failures. Power for the entire system is "buffered" through a battery/recharger system that provides up to 20 minutes of operating power.

Unequalled value. MUSE™ multiprocessor operating system is compatible with CP/M®. Minicomputer performance and capacity. New levels of reliability and flexibility. All at a per-user price that is shockingly competitive. If the coupon isn't fast enough, call.

OSM Computer Corporation

2364 Walsh Avenue

Santa Clara, CA 95051

(408) 496-6910 TWX 910-338-2099

Circle 297 on Inquiry card.

BYTE March 1982

161

Programming Quickies

BASIC Formatted Printing

Dr. Malladi Subbaiah

301-46 Caltech Pasadena, CA 91125

How often would you like to have the results of a computation printed in a selected format? Unlike FORTRAN or Extended BASIC, a minimal BASIC such as TI BASIC does not usually have FORMAT statements. Listing 1 shows a routine that I developed to obtain printer output in any desired format with my BASIC programs. The routine, written in TI BASIC (although it can easily be adapted to other BASICs), is simple to use because the PRINT statement can directly access the user-defined format functions without any conditional transfers.

To use the format routine in a program, you must include the statements in lines 230 through 320 in your program before the first PRINT statement. Line 510 is a typical example of such a PRINT statement. Titles and string variables are printed using a PRINT statement like that shown in line 490.

An example of the formatted output is shown in figure lb. The results would have been printed as in figure la if a regular PRINT statement with semicolon print separators (line 470) was used. (Figures la and lb are on page 164.)

The formatting routine takes advantage of the string variables used in TI BASIC. To print a real variable, say X, print the formatted string RF$(X). Similarly, use IF$(I) to print an integer, I. To obtain print titles, use RFT$(X$) to print X$ as the title associated with the real numbers. IFT$(I$) is a similar function for titles of integer fields. RFT$(X$) and IFT$(I$) can, of course, be used like RF$ and IF$ to print any string variables.

The format field is controlled by the variables FL, FD, and IL (see the DATA statement on line 250). FL and IL represent the total length of the field for real and integer variables, and FD is the number of decimal places chosen for the real numbers. The real numbers are rounded off to the desired digits. (The effect of the two format descriptions is similar to using the FORTRAN statements FORMAT^ FL.FD) for real numbers and FORMAT (I IL) for the integer numbers.)

The program prints right-justified entries in the userselected field in both real and integer formats. When the value of the variable is larger than can be accommodated in the allocated field, a starred output is printed as shown in figure lb.H

Listing 1: The format routine embedded in this program (lines 230 through 320) allows control of printer output without the use of FORMAT statements.

FORMAT PRINTING IB TI BASIC

PROGRAM BY

MALLADI SUBBAIAH

FL- PRINT LENGTH FOR REAL N0S.

FD- DECIMAL DIGITS

IL- PRINT LENGTH FOR INTEGER N0S.

*****************

100 REM

110 REM

120 REM

130 REM

140 REM

150 REM

160 REM

170 REM

180 REM

190 REM

200 REM

210 REM

220 REM

23 0 RESTORE 250

240 READ FL,FD,IL

250 DATA 10,3,6

255 FLD-FL-FD-1

260 BLNKS-" "

262 STAR$=" ***********'»

264 DEF CUX)-INT(((ABS(X)>10-FLD)t(ABS(X)>lE10)-l)/-2)

266 DEF C2(I)=INT(((ABS(I)>10"IL)+(ABS(I»lE10)-l)/-2)

270 DEF RXS(X)=STRS(X+SGN(X+lE-40)*0.5/10"FD)

295 DEF RFS(X)-SEGS(STARSSBLNK$&RX$(X),l+(24-FL+P0S(RXS(X),".",I)+FD)*(l-Cl(X)),

FL)

305 DEF IF$(I)=SEGS(STARSSBLNKSSSTRS(I),H-(24-IL+LEN(STRS(I)))*(l-C2(I)),IL)

310 DEF RFT$(XS)=SEGS(BLNKS&x$&BLNK$,LEN(BLNKS)-(FL-FD-1-LEN(XS)/2),FL)

320 DEF IFT$(I$)=SEGS(BLNK$6I$,LEN(BLNK$)-IL+LEN(I$)-U,IL)

330 REM

340 REM *****************

350 REM END FORMAT ROUTINE

360 REM

370 DIM M(10),X(10),Y(10),XY(10)

380 READ M(1),M(2),M(3),M(4),M(5),M(6),M(7),M(8),M(9),M(10)

390 READ XU),X(2),X(3),X(4),X(5),X(6),X(7),X(8),X(9),X(10>

400 READ Y(I),Y(2),Y(3),Y(4),Y(5),Y(6),Y(7),Y(8),Y(9;,Y(10)

410 DATA 12,-25,1E12,167,-5,432,29,7618219,14,9527

420 DATA -1.7962,23.95,4741.111111,1E21.1E-14.-0.

92135,216.9821

430 DATA -2.1,0.97,1.86372,0.01754,7.8924,6.9159,

434 N-10

435 U-l

440 OPEN i>l:"RS232"

450 FOR 1=1 TO N

460 XY(I)-X(I)*Y(I)

470 PRINT #U::I;M(I);X(I);Y(I)|XY(1)

480 NEXT I

490 PRINT *U: :::IFTS("I");IFTS("M(I)") ;RFTS<"X(I)");RFT$("YU)");RFT$("X(I)*Y(I)

")::

500 FOR 1=1 TO N

510 PRINT *U:IF$(I);IF$(M(I));RF$(X(1));RF$(Y(I));RF$(XY(I))

520 NEXT I

530 CLOSE #1

54U STOP

.0265,79830.90145,134.91672,245. .15,3.000145,176.36241,213.56 7

162 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Esprit

has a timely announcement on buyer protection for oniy

Any terminal can claim to be They're warranties that are

reliable. Esprit™ backs it up! unavailable with any other low

Each Esprit is backed by two cost terminal. Unavailable with

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a 3

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( ) RETURN TO FACTORY FOR REPAIR AT NO COST FOR MATERIALS AND LABOR. OR

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THESE SERVICE OPTIONS ARE AVAILABLE ON ESPRIT TERMINALS PURCHASED AFTER FEBRUARY |j 1982. FOR SERVICE RENDERED THROUGH DECEMBER 31, 1982.

TO QUALIFY, CHECK THE OPTION DESIRED AND MAIL THIS COUPON ALONG WITH THE COMPLETED WARRANTY REGISTRATION CARD TO:

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a

COMPANY

ADDRESS OF TERMINAL LOCATION

- ZIP

PHONE AT TERMINAL LOCATION ■

NUMBER OF TERMINALS AT LOCATIONTERMINALS PURCHASED FROM

AUTHORIZED SIGNATURE

•EXT

These warranty options are also available through your Hazeltine Esprit distributor.

*Zone 1 coverage is within an approximate 25-mile radius of any one of 65 Western Union Authorized Service Centers located throughout the U.S. Call toll free to check your location (800) 645-5300 or in New York (516) 549-4627.

Circle 177 on inquiry card.

Programming Quickies

1 12 -1.7962 -2.1 3.77202

2 -25 23.95 .97 23.2315

3 l.E*12 4741.111111 1.86372 8836.1036

4 167 l.E+21 .01754 1.754E+19 5-5 I.E-14 7.8924 7.8924E-14

6 432 -.0265 6.9159 -.18327135

7 29 79830.90145 1.15 91805.53667

8 7618219 134.91672 3.000145 404.7697229

9 14 245.92135 176.36241 43371.28196

10 9527 216.9821 213.567 46340.21615

Figure la: Sample of printer output from the program in listing 1 without the format routine.

I

M(I)

X(I)

Y(I)

X(I)*Y(I

1

12

-1.796

-2.100

3.772

2

-25

23.950

.970

23.232

3

*****

4741.111

1.864

8836.104

4

167

*********

.018

*********

5

-5

.000

7.892

.000

6

43 2

-.027

6.916

-.183

7

29

79830.901

1.150

91805.537

8

*****

134.917

3.000

404.770

9

14

245.921

176.362

43371.282

10 9527 216.982 213.567 46340.216

Figure lb: Using the format routine, the printer output can be formatted to suit your needs. If a number exceeds the length available for a variable, the program in listing 1 will print a string of stars, as shown in lines 3, 4, and 8.

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164 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 382 on inquiry card.

WESTICO—The Software Express Service that really delivers:

IILANGUAGE //PROCESSORS

When it comes to providing quality programs for serious microcomputer users —come to Westico. And you'll find more than quality software. You'll find instant response. In most cases, your order will be shipped within 24 hours. You'll also find the technical expertise on staff when you need help. For language processors and lots more, it's Westico. Here's just a sample of the more than 150 quality programs currently in stock:

./I-80"' —Powerful application programming language for microcomputers. Implements on a micro the ANS Subset G language for minicomputers. Includes native code compiler, LINK-80 linkage editor, LIB-80 subroutine library manager. PLILIB run-time library and RMAC relocatable macro assembler. $475/$35. LINK-80 and RMAC also available separately. BT-80 — Efficient B-tree key indexed access method for PL/l-80. Features key length to 63 bytes, unique or duplicate keys, and data records to 4096 bytes. Datasets can be spread over 8 files for a total of 64 megabytes. $200/$30.

BASIC-8C — Extremelyfast interpreter features double precision floating point math, 40 character variable names, CHAIN/COMMON, random and sequential files, EDIT, CALL with parameters and an overlay technique. $350/—.

R —Compatible with BASIC-80. Produces extremely efficient, optimized 8080/Z80 machine code. Includes macro assembler, linkage editor and subroutine library manager. Compiled programs can be linked with FORTRAN-80, COBOL-80, and assembly language programs. $395/—.

— BASIC language compiler/interpreter for development of financial and businessapplication programs. System $120/$20.

IC-86 — Implementation of CBASIC for CP/M-86. INT files compatible with CBASIC and supports 128K main memory. Requires CP/M-86 or MP/M-86. $325/$30.

;B-80'm — Native code 8080 compiler of CBASIC language. Offers all of the features of CBASIC plus the speed and versatility of a compiler. Includes linkage editor which can create overlay modules, Supports CP/M and MP/M II. $500/$30.

IN-8C — Includes full ANSI standard X3.9 except COMPLEX data type. $500/—. LYNX™ — Friendly overlay linkage editor for creating COM files from Microsoft compatible REL files. Constructs programs that use all available memory including that used by LYNX itself. Program size can be increased at least 9K without using the overlay feature. The overlay option is vital to programs larger than available memory. Easy to use with BATCH and HELP commands. $250/$25.

— Compiler produces 8080/Z80 code. Standard REL file can be linked with other languages. Includes linker, debugger disassembler and special Speed Programming Package with editor and Pascal syntax checker. $475/$30.

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i — Family of microprocessor cross-assemblers. Designed to run on 8080/Z80 based microcomputers under a CP/M-like operating system. Support for Motorola 6800, 6801, 6803, 6805, 6809; RCA 1802; COP400; Intel 8048,8051; MOS 6502. $200/$25.

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The Westico 24-Hour Computer Hotline (203) 853-0816 (300 baud) for detailed information and quick access ordering.

• Westico has more than 150 programs for professionals and businesses that use a wide variety of microcomputers including: TRS-80 Model II, Apple, Vector Graphic, Cromemco. North Star, Micropolis, Ohio Scientific, Altos, Dynabyte, IBM, Intertec, Xerox, Zenith, Northern Telecom, AVL Eagle and more. We're working hard to be your software

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WES-43

Copyright © 1982 Westico. Inc.

WESTICO

The Software Express Service

25 Van Zant Street • Norwalk, Connecticut 06855 (203) 853-6880 • Telex 643-788

System Notes

Epson MX-80 Print-Control Program for the Apple II

BUI Starbuck

2100 East Edgewood Ave.

Shorewood, WI 53211

How many times have you, after buying a new "toy" for your computer, installed the hardware, read the manual carefully, and played with the equipment until its functions become familiar, only to go back to your regular activities and forget much of what you've learned?

This is what happened after I bought my Epson MX-80 printer. I studied the manual conscientiously and learned all the printer-control codes. For weeks thereafter, I did nothing with the printer except turn it on and off. By the time my Epson Graftrax-80 bit-plot graphics option arrived, I had forgotten how the printer worked.

This time I entrusted the information to the Apple's memory instead of my own. I wrote a print-control program in Applesoft BASIC, called MX-80 (see listing 1), that I keep on disk with my Applewriter text editor.

When the program is run, the screen displays a menu of available printer options (see figure 1). The on-screen display has some of the instruction codes highlighted as black on white. The highlighted options are the choices transmitted to the printer when one of the three termination codes (EDITOR, PRINTER, or QUIT) is entered. To review the inventory of (nongraphics) printer signals, I can choose the INVENT option.

There is no way to query the printer about its current status, so the program records a status file, called MX.STATUS, that recalls the last instructions sent to the printer. This status file is used to initialize the program the next time it is run. The status file is especially conven

ient when a given typeface is used repeatedly. So that there will be a file for the print-control program to read

Text continued on page 170

STANDARD ITALIC

STRIKE1 STRIKE2V STRIKE2H STRIKE4

SMALL NORMAL

SPACEN SPACET BPACEO

INVENT

EDITOR

PRINTER

QUIT

» STANDARD FONT

■ ITALIC FONT

= SINGLE STRIKE

■ TWO VERTICAL STRIKES

= TWO HORIZONTAL STRIKES* ■= QUADRUPLE STRIKES*

* ONLY WITH NORMAL LETTERS

SMALL LETTERS, UP TO 132/LINE NORMAL LETTERS, UP TO SO/LINE

NORMAL SPACING BETWEEN LINES TIGHT SPACING BETWEEN LINES NO SPACE BETWEEN LINES

INVENTORY OF MX-80 SIGNALS

SHIFT TO APPLEWRITER'S EDITOR SHIFT TO APPLEWRITER'S PRINTER QUIT

ENTER INSTRUCTION CODEi

Figure 1: Menu from the MX-80 print-control program. The menu offers 36 combinations: 24 with normal letters (two fonts by four strikes by three spacings); 12 with small letters (two fonts by two strikes by three spacings). You can also choose INVENT, an inventory of the control signals for the Graftrax-80 function codes, and one of three program-termination options-EDITOR, PRINTER, and QUIT.

166 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

TRS*80* COMPUTING EDITION

©1981 Percom Data Co., Inc.

W$t percom peripteral

35 cents

Percom's DOUBLERII tolerates wide variations in media, drives

GARLAND, TEXAS — May 22, 1981 — Harold Mauch, president of Percom Data Company, announced here today that an improved version of the Company's innovative DOUBLER0 adapter, a double-density plug-in module for TRS-80' Model I computers, is now available.

Reflecting design refinements based on both theoretical analyses and field testing, the DOUBLER II , so named, permits even greater tolerance in variations among media and drives than the previous design.

Like the original DOUBLER, the DOUBLER II plugs into the drive controller IC socket of a TRS-80 Model I Expansion Interface and permits a user to run either single- or double-density diskettes on a Model I.

With a DOUBLER II installed, over four times more formatted data — as much as 364 Kbytes — can be stored on one side of a fiveinch diskette than can be stored using a standard Tandy Model I drive system.

Moreover, a DOUBLER II equips a Model I with the hardware required to run Model III diskettes.

(Ed. Note: See "OS-80S: Bridging the TRS80' software compatibility gap" elsewhere on this page.)

The critical clock-data separation circuitry of the DOUBLER II is a proprietary design called a ROM-programmed digital phase-lock loop data separator.

According to Mauch, this design is more tolerant of differences from diskette to diskette and drive to drive, and also provides immunity to performance degradation caused by circuit component aging.

Percom DOUBLER II

Mauch said "A DOUBLER II will operate just as reliably two years after it is installed as it will two days after installation."

The digital phase-lock loop also eliminates the need for trimmer adjustments typical of analog phase-lock loop circuits.

"You plug in a Percom DOUBLER II and then forget it," he said.

The DOUBLER II also features a refined Write Precompensation circuit that more effectively minimizes the phenomena of bitand peak-shifting, a reliability-impairing characteristic of magnetic data recording.

The DOUBLER II, which is fully software compatible with the previous DOUBLER, is supplied with DBLDOS13, a TRSDOS"compatible disk operating system.

The DOUBLER II sells for $?TC5, including the DBLDOS diskette.._y/*|L<l/o!

JH**H*

Circuit misapplication causes diskette read, format problems.

High resolution key to reliable data separation

GARLAND, TEXAS — The Percom SEPARATOR15 does very well for the Radio Shack TRS-80* Model I computer what the Tandy disk controller does poorly at best: relU ably separates clock and data signals during disk-read operations.

Unreliable data-clock separation causes format verification failures and repeated read retries.

CRC ERROR-TRACK LOCKED OUT

The problem is most severe on high-number (high-density) inner file tracks.

As reported earlier, the clock-data separation problem was traced by Percom to misapplication of the internal separator of the 1771 drive controller IC used in the Model I.

The Percom Separator substitutes a highresolution digital data separator circuit, one which operates at 16 megahertz, for the lowresolution one-megahertz circuit of the Tandy design.

Separator circuits that operate at lower frequencies — for example, two- or four

megahertz — were found by Percom to provide only marginally improved performance over the original Tandy circuit.

The Percom solution is a simple adapter that plugs into the drive controller of the Expansion Interface (EI).

Not a kit — some vendors supply an untested separator kit of resistors, iCs and other paraphernalia that may be installed by modifying the computer — the Percom SEPARATOR is a fully assembled, fully tested plug-in module.

Installation involves merely plugging the SEPARATOR into the Model I EI disk controller chip socket, and plugging the controller chip into a socket on the SEPARATOR.

The SEPARATOR, which sells for only $29.95, may be purchased from authorized Percom retailers or ordered directly from the factory. The factory toll-free order number is 1-800-527-1222.

Ed. note: Opening the TRS-80 Expansion Interface may void the Tandy limited 90-day warranty. Circle 308 on Inquiry card.

The Percom DOUBLER II is available from authorized Percom retailers, or may be ordered direct from the factory. The factory toll-free order number is 1-800-527-1222.

Ed. note: Opening the TRS-80 Expansion Interface may void the Tandy limited 90-day warranty. 'circle 309 on inquiry card.

All that glitters is not gold

OS-80® Bridging the TRS-80* software compatibility gap

Compatibility between TRS-80* Model I diskettes and the new Model III is about as genuine as a goldplated lead Krugerrand.

True, Model I TRSDOS* diskettes can be read on a Model III. But first they must be converted and re-. recorded for Model III operation.

And you cannot write to a Model I TRSDOS* diskette. Not with a Model III. You cannot add a file. Delete a file. Or in any way modify a Model I TRSDOS diskette with a Model III computer.

Furthermore, your converted TRSDOS diskettes cannot be converted back for Model I operation.

TRSDOS is a one-way street. And there's no retreating. A point to consider before switching the company's payroll to your new Model III.

Real software compatibility should allow the direct, immediate interchangeability of Model I and Model III diskettes. No read-only limitations, no conversion/re-recording steps and no chance to be left high and dry with Model III diskettes that can't be run on a Model I.

What's the answer? The answer is Percom's OS80^3 family of TRS-80 disk operating systems.

OS-80 programs allow direct, immediate interchangeability of Model I and Model III diskettes.

You can run Model I single-density diskettes on a Model III; install Percom's plug-in DOUBLER® adapter in your Model I, and you can run doubledensity Model III diskettes on a Model I.

There's no conversion, no re-recording.

Slip an OS-80 diskette out of your Model I and insert it directly in a Model III.

And vice-versa.

Just have the correct OS-80 disk operating system — OS-80, OS-80D or OS-80/III — in each computer.

Moreover, with OS-80 systems, you can add, delete, and update files. You can read and write diskettes regardless of the system of origin.

OS-80 is the original Percom TRS-80 DOS for BASIC programmers.

Even OS-80 utilities are written in BASIC.

OS-80 is the Percom system about which a user wrote, in Creative Computing magazine, ".. .the best $30.00 you will ever spend."t

Requiring only seven Kbytes of memory, OS-80 disk operating systems reside completely in RAM. There's no need to dedicate a drive exclusively for a system diskette.

And, unlike TRSDOS, you can work at the track sector level, defining and controlling data formats — in BASIC — to create simple or complex data structures that execute more quickly than TRSDOS files.

The Percom OS-80 DOS supports single-density operation of the Model I computer — price is $29.95; the OS-80D supports double-density operation of Model I computers equipped with a DOUBLER or DOUBLER II; and, OS-80/III — for the Model III of course — supports both single- and double-density operation. OS-80D and OS-80/III each sell for $49.95. Circle 310 on Inquiry card.

PRICES AND SPECIFICATIONS SUBJECTTO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. PRICES DO NOT INCLUDE HANDLING AND SHIPPING.

PERCOM DATA COMPANY, INC. 11220 Pagemill Road Dallas, Texas 75243 (214) 340-7081

^'Trademark of Percom Data Company, Inc. *TRS-80 and TRSDOS are trademarks of Tandy Corporation which has no relationship to Percom Data Company. 1 Creative Computing Magazine, June, 1980, page 26.

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The miracle of the 80's... everything you want in an 80-column card.

STOP STARING AT 40 COLUMNS

WIZARD-80 lets you see exactly what you will get when typing 80-column format. It gives you a full 80-column by 24-line display with all these features.

■ Fully compatible with Apple II and Apple II Plus'*

■ Fully compatible with most word processors, micro-modems and prom programmers, plus all current Apple II expansion boards

■ Lists BASIC programs, integer and Applesoft

■ Fully compatible with Pascal

■ Uses software to switch between 40 and 80 column formats

Displays 7x9 matrix characters Provides upper/ lower case characters with full descenders Fully edits...uses ESCape key for cursor movement Scrolling stop/start uses standard Control-S entry Retains text on screen while it is being printed Contains crystal clock for flicker-free character display Has low power consumption for cool reliable operation Leads soldered directly to board for maximum reliability 2Kon-boardRAM,50or60Hz operation

Inverse video selection standard

Available at all fine Computer Stores $295.00

■O lllESIT-H llliMIII tfi|sti:ms

SUBSIDIARY OF WESPERCORP

"Registered trademarks ol Apple Computer Inc.

System Notes

Listing 1: MX-80, an Applesoft program that controls the print of an Epson MX-80 printer equipped with the Graftrax-80 option.

1 REM LISTIN8 li 10 REM MX-80

BY BILL STARBUCK 20 REM THIS PROGRAM SETS THE TYPEFACES OF THE EPSON MX-80 PRINTER EQUIPPED WITH GRAFTRAX-80. 30 TEXT iA* - CHR* (4)iD» - CHR* (27)1 PRINT A»"NOMON C,I,0"i PRINT A*"OPEN MX.STATUS"i PRINT AVREAD MX. STATUS" i INPUT Ai

INPUT B) INPUT Ci INPUT Di PRINT A*"CLOSE MX.STATUS" 40 PRINT A*"PR# 0"i HOME I IF A ■

1 THEN INVERSE

50 PRINT "STANDARD"|i NORMAL I PRINT " ■ STANDARD FONT"« IF A - 2 THEN INVERSE 60 PRINT "ITALIC"ji NORMAL I PRINT

- ITALIC FONT"i PRINT I IF B ■ 1 THEN INVERSE

70 PRINT "STRIKE1"ji NORMAL I PRINT " - SINGLE STRIKE"! IF B

2 THEN INVERSE

80 PRINT "BTRIKE2V"ji NORMAL I PRINT

" - TWO VERTICAL STRIKES"! IF

B - 3 THEN INVERSE 90 PRINT "STRIKE2H"|I NORMAL I PRINT

" - TWO HORIZONTAL STRIKES*"

» IF B - 4 THEN INVERSE 100 PRINT "STRIKE4"ji NORMAL i PRINT

" ■ QUADRUPLE STRIKES*"i PRINT TAB( IS)"* ONLY WITH NORMAL LETTERS"! IF C - 1 THEN INVERSE

110 PRINT "SMALL"|i NORMAL I PRINT

- SMALL LETTERS, UP TO 1 32/LINE"! IF C - 2 THEN INVERSE

120 PRINT "NORMAL"|i NORMAL I PRINT " - NORMAL LETTERS, UP TO 8 O/LINE"! PRINT i IF D - 1 THEN INVERSE

130 PRINT "SPACEN"|i NORMAL I PRINT " « NORMAL SPACING BETWEEN LINES"! IF D - 2 THEN INVERSE

140 PRINT "SPACET"|» NORMAL I PRINT " - TIBHT SPACING BETWEEN L INES"! IF D - 3 THEN INVERSE

150 PRINT "SPACEO"|i NORMAL i PRINT " - NO SPACE BETWEEN LINES" i PRINT i PRINT "INVENT - I NVENTORY OF MX-80 SI8NAL8"! PRINT i PRINT "EDITOR - SHIFT TO APPLEWRITER'S EDITOR"

160 PRINT "PRINTER - SHIFT TO AP PLEWRITER'S PRINTER"|i PRINT "QUIT - QUIT"! PRINT I INPUT

Circle 408 on inquiry card.

Listing

1 continued

170

IF B*

- "INVENT" GOTO 440

180

IF B*

- "STANDARD" THEN A

li GOTO 40

190

IF B*

- "ITALIC" THEN A - 2i

GOTO

40

200

IF B*

- "BTRIKE1" THEN B - 1

i GOTO 40

210

IF B*

- "BTRIKE2V" THEN B

2i GOTO 40

220

IF B*

- "STRIKE2H" AND C - 2

THEN

B - 3i GOTO 40

230

IF B*

- "STRIKE2H" GOTO 330

240

IF B*

- "STRIKE4" AND C - 2 THEN

B - 4i

GOTO 40

250

IF B*

- "STRIKE4" GOTO 330

260

IF B*

- "SPACEN" THEN D - 1l

GOTO

40

270

IF B*

- "SPACET" THEN D - 2i

GOTO

40

280

IF B«

- "SPACEO" THEN D - 3i

GOTO

40

290

IF B* 330

- "SMALL" AND B > 2 GOTO

300

IF B* 40

- "SMALL" THEN C - la GOTO

310

IF B»

■ "NORMAL" THEN C - 2

320

GOTO 40

330

HOME i

VTAB 12! PRINT "SMALL

340

350 360 370

380 390

400 410

420

430 440

LETTERS CANNOT BE"i PRINT "

COMBINED WITH TWO HORIZONTAL

STRIKES."! PRINT ! GOTO 490

PRINT A*"PR# 1"! IF D < 3 THEN PRINT D*j(4 - 2 * D)|i GOTO

360

PRINT D*i"l"| E « 80i IF C» 2 THEN E - 81

PRINT D*| CHR* <84)|D«| CHR*

(E)i PRINT D*|i IF B < 3 THEN PRINT CHR* <70)|I GOTO 390

PRINT CHR* (69);

PRINT D*ii IF B - 1 OR B - 3

THEN PRINT CHR* (72)Il GOTO 410

PRINT CHR* (71)| PRINT D*|(6 - A)I PRINT A*"P R# 0"i PRINT A*"OPEN MX.8TAT US"i PRINT A*"WRITE MX.STATU S"i PRINT Ai PRINT Bi PRINT Ci PRINT Di PRINT A*"CL08E M X.STATUS"i IF B* - "PRINTER"

THEN PRINT A*"BRUN PRINTER

II

IF B* - "EDITOR" THEN PRINT A*"BRUN TEDITOR" END

HOME i PRINT TAB( 9)"* DENO TES CHR*(27)-ESC" i PRINT "ST ANDARD FONT"J SPC( 24)i"*5"i PRINT "ITALIC FONT"| SPC( 2 6)|"*4"i PRINT "SINGLE STRIK "ENTER INSTRUCTION CODEi "i B*i IF B* - "QUIT" OR B* - " PRINTER" OR B* - "EDITOR" GOTO 340

Listing 1 continued on page 170

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■ Adds 16K bytes of Random Access Memory (RAM)

■ Fully compatible with Z80 microprocessor cards for CP/M

■ Used with Z80 card, it turns your Apple II into a twomicroprocessor system with 56K of usable memory

■ With a Z80 card, it lets you run BASIC-80*"*

COBOL-80*"* FORTRAN-80****, BASIC Compiler**** and Assembly Language Development System**** plus Applesoft BASIC*, Integer BASIC*, Apple Pascal System* Apple FORTRAN* and Apple Pilot* Utilizes Apple DOS 3.3* 16-sector system to permit loading both Applesoft* and Integer BASIC* Compatible with VisiCalc***** Offers all features of Apple Language Card* (except Autostart ROM)

Available at all fine Computer Stores $149.00

'Registered trademarks

ot Apple Computer Inc.

"Registered trademark

ot Zilng "•Registered trademark

ot Digital Research ""Registered trademarks ol Microsoft

Registered trademark

ol Personal Soltware

■O'lllESI™ nl'UHI Si|sti:ms

is SUBSIDIARY OF WESPERCORP

mm 01

i

Circle 409 on inquiry card.

System Notes,

Listing 1 continued:

E"| 8PC( 22)|"*F«H" 430 PRINT "TWO VERTICAL STRIKES" | 8PC< 15>|"«F*B"i PRINT "TW 0 HORIZONTAL STRIKES"| SPC( 13)|"*H*E"i PRINT "QUADRUPLE

8TRIKESn| SPC( 18)|"*E*G"i PRINT "SMALL LETTERS <16.5/INCH,13 2/LINE) *T*P" 460 PRINT "NORMAL LETTERS (10/ INCH,SO/LINE) *T*Q"i PRINT " * WIDE LETTERS <8.25/INCH,66 /LINE) *S*P"i PRINT "* DOUBL E LETTERS (5/INCH,40/LINE) *Q»8"i PRINT "* RETURN PRINT HEAD LEFT W/0 LINEFEED «<"i PRINT

TAB( 6)"* THESE TERMINATE A T END OF LINE"i PRINT "SPACE

6 LINES/INCH"| SPC( 19)|"*2

II

470 PRINT "SPACE 8 LINES/INCH"! SPC( 19)j"«0"i PRINT "SPACE #/72 /INCH (0<tt<86)"| SPC( 10)|"* A #"i PRINT "SPACE #/216/INC H <0<#<2S5)"| SPC( 9)|"«3 #" i PRINT "FORMFEED"! SPC< 23) l"CHR*(12)"i PRINT "FORM LEN 8TH - # LINES (0<#<256) * C #"i PRINT "SET HORIZONTAL TABS"| SPC( 6)|"*D #1 #2 ... 0"

480 PRINT "HORIZONTAL TAB MOVE")

8PC< 8)|"POKE 49296,9"! PRINT "SET VERTICAL TABS") SPC( 8) |"*B #1 #2 ... 0"i PRINT "VE RTICAL TAB MOVE"| 8PC( 14)J" CHR*(11)"

490 INPUT "PRESS 'RETURN' TO CON TINUE. "|C*i 80T0 40

Text continued from page 166:

the first time it is run, I've included a brief program, shown in listing 2, that creates a status file. (Listing 2 also

Listing 2: This program creates a disk file, called MX.STATUS, that is accessed by the program in listing 1. You must run this short program prior to running the MX-80 printer program for the first time.

10 REM THIS PROGRAM CREATES A FILE, MX.STATUS, OF PARAMETERS THAT ARE USED BY THE MX-80 PROGRAM. 20 A ' It A* " CHR* <4>* PRINT A* "OPEN MX.STATUS"t PRINT A*"M RITE MX.STATUS"* PRINT At PRINT At PRINT flf PRINT At PRINT A *"CL0SE MX.STATUS"

shows the italic font that is available with the Graftrax-80.)

The print-control program is designed for the Applewriter word processor, but can be adapted to other text editors by modifying lines 150, 160, 410, and 420. To use the program with Applewriter:

1. Enter S to save the text file.

2. Enter Q to quit Applewriter.

3. Enter RUN MX-80.

4. Turn on the printer.

5. Enter choices from the menu.

6. Enter Printer to quit the MX-80 program.

7. Enter L to load the text file.

8. Enter P to print.

Do not turn the printer off between running the printcontrol program and the actual printing because your choices will be lost as the printer resets to its default options (STANDARD, STRIKE1, NORMAL, SPACEN). You may switch the printer offline and manually advance the paper by pressing the formfeed or linefeed buttons without affecting the typeface settings. ■

IEEE 488 TO S-100 INTERFACE

Handles all IEEE-488 1975/78 functions IEEE 696 (S-100) compatible MBASIC subroutines supplied; no BIOS mods required

■3 parallel ports (8255A-5) ■Industri

$375

rial quality; burned in and tested

(Dealer inquiries invited!

D&W DIGITAL

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LOS ALTOS, CA 94022 14151 966-1460

170 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Call or write for the dealers nearest you. Call Toil-Free 1-800-426-2963

Circle 77 on inquiry card. Distributed by:

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Hardware Review

Graphics II by Selanar

High-Resolution Hard Copy from a DECwriter

A picture, a thousand words, or both—that's what you can print out on a DECwriter II terminal outfitted with the Selanar Graphics II attachment. This versatile modification provides a host of features for the DECwriter (by Digital Equipment Corporation): high-resolution graphics, bidirectional linefeed, multiple character sets, the ability to print standard, boldface, and doublewidth characters that can be rotated in any one of four directions, and' several other useful options that cost extra if purchased from DEC.

Our interest in this unit began when we saw it featured in the newproducts section of a digital-electronics trade magazine. We were es

DEC and DECwriter are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation, Maynard, Massachusetts.

Graphics II is a registered trademark of Selanar Corporation, Santa Clara, California.

Daniel Macero, Daniel Holmes

Thomas Banks and Lloyd Burgess

Department of Chemistry

Syracuse University

Syracuse, NY 13210

pecially interested in the claim that, with this attachment, a dot could be printed anywhere on a standard DECwriter page and that up to 1,045,440 points could be addressed. For $850 (less a 5 percent educational discount), this seemed like a low-cost way to high-resolution graphics, so we ordered a Graphics II modification from Selanar Corporation.

In less than three weeks the unit arrived. The box contained the Graphics II circuit board, a power cable consisting of three wires: blue, black, and orange (the same colorcoding used by DEC), six #8 nylon screws and nylon washers (already attached to the circuit board), and a user's manual.

Installation and Testing

With the help of the user's manual, installing the Graphics II board was simple and straightforward. First, we examined the board for any damaged or loose components. (The manual

provides a list of likely sources of trouble.) In our case, we found the ground connection of the TTL (transistor-transistor logic) interface socket (J4) to be loose and had to touch it up with a bit of solder; otherwise, everything was in order.

Next, the board was prepared for installation by selecting from the several available jumper options (i.e., parity, bell, serial interface, and datatransfer rate). Step-by-step instructions are accompanied by two fullpage photographs that show the inside of the DECwriter before and after installation of the Graphics II board. The photos are invaluable for locating and identifying the various components important to the installation.

Following the instructions given in the user's manual, the original DECwriter board was removed. (A screwdriver is all that is necessary for this and the following operations.) The Graphics II board was attached to the

172 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Circle 328 on inquiry card.

*CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research.

Circle 271 on inquiry card.

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DISKETTES

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six mounting points on the DECwriter back panel using the attached nylon hardware. The cables provided with the DECwriter were then connected to the new circuit board and the three-wire cable was connected to

At a Glance

Name

Graphics II

Use

Enhancement to the DECwriter II printer

Manufacturer

Selanar Corporation

3054 Lawrence Expressway

Santa Clara, CA 95051

Dimensions

48.3 x 26.7 cm |I9 x 10.5 inches)

Price

S895

Hardware Needed

DECwriter LA35 or DECwriter LA36

Software Needed

None

Hardware Options

Precision tractors, S50 extra

Documentation

50-page manual, includes schematics

Audience

DECwriter owners desiring high-resolution hard-copy graphics

Features

Print speed:character mode, average 36 cps—graphics mode, average I ips: transmission rates: selectable to 1200 bps, with X-on and X-off; interfaces: 20 mA current loop, EIA RS232. TTL (for modem): line length: character mode, 132 characters—graphics mode, 1320 dots: spacing: character mode, horizontal. lOcpi—vertical. 6 Ipi; graphics mode: horizontal, 100 dots per inch—vertical, 72 dots per inch: four complete character sets including uppercase and lowercase: ASCII character set, APL character set, Math/Greek character set, user-defined character set |load from keyboard or computer into memory): boldface: all characters: four rotations: all characters: double width: all characters

Paper

Variable width 7.6 cm (3 inches) to 37.8 cm (14% inches): up to 6-part forms 0.020 in maximum thickness: tractor-drive line feed

Power Requirements

1 20 V AC 50/60 Hz

the terminal's power supply. This completed the assembly of the unit.

Sufficient warnings are included at each step to insure a virtually foolproof installation. Total installation time was about 30 minutes. After verifying that all connectors to the Graphics II board and all components on the board were secure, and that there were no loose parts, tools, or other items left on the circuit board or in the internal cabinet area of the terminal, the unit was ready for testing.

The testing procedure is straightforward and can be done without sophisticated test equipment. By switching the DECwriter to local operation, the user can run through the various features, including graphics, and verify that everything is working properly. Once everything is operational, the I/O (input/output) interface is checked and the printer is ready to use.

Printer Adjustment

Our unit worked immediately and we were soon printing out the different character sets in boldface and double-width; however, some characters did not seem well formed. In addition, the tractor drive had a tendency to slip. The character problem, we were told, was caused by minor variations in parts such as the drive and stepper motors used in different DECwriters; this can result in different levels of performance depending on the user's specific terminal. To compensate for these variations, the Graphics II unit has built-in adjustments that can be set to obtain optimum performance. An oscilloscope, preferably one with dual-trace capability, is necessary for making these adjustments. The procedure outlined in the user's manual gives two types of adjustments: print columns and print-speed control. In our case, we simply adjusted the forward and reverse print-speed controls and the characters printed out perfectly.

In operation, the enhanced DECwriter can function as an unmodified terminal, as a terminal featuring many of the options offered by DEC at extra cost, and in the graphics mode (a completely new feature). System commands are selected by

174 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Control

Code

Name

cL

Form feed

cN

APL character set

cO

Normal character set

ESC 5

Print entire

character set

ESC 7

Upside-down

print mode

ESC 8

Sideways 1

print mode

ESC 9

Sideways II

print mode

ESCO

Double-width

characters

ESC A

Boldface characters

ESCC

Special reset

ESCF

Power-up reset

ESCG

Up 1/4 line

ESCH

Down 1/4 line

ESCN

Third character set

ESC P

Fourth character set

ESCQ

Load-memory

character set

ESCB

Enter graphics mode

ESC J

Set bar mode

ESCC

Exit graphics mode

Description

Advance paper to beginning of next form (top of

page).

Selects second character set (factory set with APL

characters). Once selected, all characters printed

are as defined from this PROM.

Selects normal character set.

Test mode.

Rotates characters 180°.

Rotates characters 90°.

Rotates characters 270°.

Prints double-width characters.

Prints each character in boldface. Returns DECwriter to normal configuration. Resets all modes, character styles, tabs, and top of form (also occurs at power-up). Moves paper up 1/4 line at a time. Moves paper down 1/4 line at a time. Selects third character set (factory set for mathematics symbols and selected Greek letters). Selects fourth character set as defined in programmable memory.

Defines fourth character set to be loaded into programmable memory.

Enters graphics mode. All characters ignored except "(" "," "■" "]". and digits 0 through 9 In graphics mode, prints all seven dots instead of one at a time.

Table 1: Command codes used by the LA36 DECwriter II with the Selanar Graphics II modification. Codes in the table preceded by a lowercase "c" are entered by holding down the Control key while entering the indicated code (similar to the standard procedure for typing any uppercase letter by using the shift key). Other codes are entered by typing ESC (escape) followed by the indicated letter.

either a Control code or an ESC (escape) code. The Control code is obtained by simultaneously pressing the Control key and another key to select a given function. The ESC code is a two-step operation: first the ESC key is pressed, then the key that selects the desired function. Pressing ESC a second time cancels this command sequence. Table 1 is a list of some of the more important ESC and Control commands that function in the normal (nongraphics) and graphics modes.

Other system commands that can be implemented with Graphics II are horizontal tab control (advances the print head to the next column position with a set tab); vertical tab (advances the paper vertically to the next line with a vertical tab); set horizontal tab (sets a tab where the head is positioned, up to 16 tabs may be set); reset horizontal tab (resets the individual horizontal tabs at each desired head position); set vertical tab (sets a tab to any one or all of 16 vertical tab positions); and reset vertical tab (resets an individual vertical tab at the present position of the print head).

In addition, you can activate the bell, reset the top-of-form position, enable the automatic linefeed with carriage return, backspace, and issue a special Here-is message where up to

Also available:

(A) 2-Port, RS 232; Capable ASYNC, BISYNC, SDLC & HDLC Model: CC-232 $240

(B) Wire-wrap Development Kit (w/w board & Extender) Model: WW-070 $95

Available Soon: 64K-256K Error Correcting Memory

R€S€flRCH INC.

Capacity Unit Price

64K +parity $ 495 128K +parity $ 995 192K +parity $1295 256K +parity $1595

All memories are 250 ns Access Time

and 410 ns Cycle Time.

Fully assembled and tested.

17925 Sky Park Circle, Suite B Irvine, CA 92714 (714) 540-1333

Dealer inquiries welcome.

176 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 2 on inquiry card.

Vista

Invisible or Invincible?

It all depends on your perspective.

The Vision 80® is a video display card that gives your Apple™ terminal an industrystandard 80 column by 24 line display screen with a full 128 character set including upper and lower case letters with three dot descenders. It is compatible with all existing Apple™ BASIC software and allows the use of 80 column lower case text with programs written in BASIC, FORTRAN Pascal, Microsoft CP/M™ and ASSEMBLER. Full communications driver support allows the Apple II™ to operate as an intelligent terminal

Definitely invincible. Ask Softalk magazine editors, who rated Vision 80© the Best Applevideo display card on the market.

But the Vision 80© card has an "Apple" command vocabulary including H-tab, V-tab, HOME, TEXT, PR# GRAPHICS).

No changes in operating or programming procedures are necessary to produce whatever sophisticated displays you require. And it doesn't interfere with the operation of popular Apple™ compatible peripherals. Except for the enhanced display,

it's as if you

had never installed the Vision 80©

in your Apple II computer.

Definitely invisible.

Ask your local computer dealer for

a demonstration of the invincible,

invisible Vision 80© video

display card by Vista Computer

Company. Or correspond with

us directly: Vista Computer

Company, Inc. 1317 East

Edinger, Santa Ana CA

92705, (714) 953-0523.

Toll free order line:

(800) 854-8017.

Be sure to inquire about our new Vision 40, a softscreen programmable character generator for Apple II™ computers. It's great for graphics and perfect for foreign language applications.

Perceptive Perspective

Circle 404 on Inquiry card.

COMPUTER COMPANY. INC.

1317 East Edinger • Santa Ana, CA 92705

714-953-0523 800-854-8017

©1981 Vista Computer Co., Inc. Apple and Apple II are trademarks of Apple Computer Inc.

CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research Inc

32 characters encoded in PROM (programmable read-only memory) are transmitted as if from the keyboard (e.g., for an automatic password sign-on to a remote computer).

"Normal" Printing Operations

In the printing mode the Selanar Graphics II acts as a normal DECwriter printer with enhanced capabilities. We can select any one of four character sets: standard, APL, mathematical, and user-defined. The first three sets are encoded in PROM, the fourth is stored in programmable memory. The fourth character set may be loaded from the host computer or entered manually from the keyboard; once loaded, it remains in memory until the DECwriter is turned off.

The programmable character set can contain up to 94 printable characters. Each of these is represented as a 7-by-7 dot matrix with the top dot corresponding to the most significant bit and the bottom dot to the least.

Seven bytes are required to define each character: one for each column of the matrix. For convenience in entering characters from the keyboard, each byte can be entered as an ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) character.

Using the boldface character option, we are able to emphasize words and headings, or even print out an entire document in this type style for a more pleasing appearance. Figure 1 shows the first three character sets and the various type styles available with the Graphics II enhanced DECwriter. The one-quarter-up and onequarter-down linefeed option is invaluable for printing the superscripts or subscripts that are often necessary when writing chemical or mathematical equations (see figure 1), as well as printing chemistry manuscripts, examinations, and writing computer-assisted instruction units.

Data Buffer

The Graphics II unit also has a

1000-character buffer for serial I/O. In this mode, the printer will automatically print characters as fast as it can. Data not ready for printing will be temporarily stored in the buffer; however, the programmer must be careful not to overflow the buffer. To prevent this, an X-off character is sent to the host computer when the buffer is filled to within 100 bytes of overflow; an X-off character is then sent for every additional character received. When the buffer is emptied to fewer than 100 characters, an X-on character is transmitted. Thus, the programmer does not have to worry about overflowing the buffer or other timing considerations, and data transfer rates of up to 1200 bps (bits per second) are possible. The X-on/ X-off option need not be used if the programmer is careful to take into account the time needed to execute a carriage return and line feed, horizontal tab, vertical tab, graphic vectors, and Here Is, to avoid overflowing the buffer.

TXL

Telecommunications package to interface your Microcomputer to the Western Union Telex II (TWX) Network. Your outgoing messages are edited to perfection using your text editor,

and are then formatted and sent

by TXL.

Incoming messages are received, displayed on your CRT, stamped with the current date & time, and written to disk storage.

Order TXL today and put the power of your Micro-computer to work on your most important communications!

(Currently requires Z-BO CPU and CP/M)

TXL: Telex Link is available now for Telex II (TWX) from: Our Dealer: John D. Owens Assoc. (See their ad elsewhere) or direct from:

Cawthon Scientific Group

24224 Michigan Ave.

Dearborn, Michigan 48124

Phone: 313-565-4000 Telex II: 810-221

1265

GRAPHICS I! CHARACTER SETS

STANDARD

! *:»'£&'<)*-)-r-./01234567B9:; <■■=>? BABCLTEFBHIJKLMNQPaRSTUyWXYZEN.S*''™

v^bcdef=lhi.Jk:Lmnui"Hr!sli.uvwi:a::>\-C'v

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tf)AB(;;DEFGH :i: jkumnopqrstuvwxyz cn ::i

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MATHEMATICS

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APL

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5.^ BCDRfQHXvIK l-MMOPOR B TIJ V M i: V Z.-Q H> t

CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

Figure 1: The character sets and type styles preprogrammed into the Graphics II modification. Under the Normal printing mode, subscripts and superscripts can be printed easily with the 1/4 linefeed capability, and characters may be printed as boldface, large, or double width.

178 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

How to maximize your

You don't have to settle for standard equipment. Let MTI and Alpha Byte help you build the Model III you want.

MTI FLOPPY DISK ADD-ON KITS

Now you can upgrade your I6K level II Model III to a full 48K Disk System the easy way with MTI's Double Density Disk Controller and your choice of Disk Drives. You can choose 40 track, DoubleSided 40 track or Double-Sided 80 track Drives to supply your disk storage needs. Forty Track Drives store I75K, Double-sided 40 Track drives store 350K. Four Double-Sided 80 Track Drives provide up to 3 MEGABYTES of On-Line storage.

INTERNAL DISK DRIVE KITS

The first drive kit includs one Tandon Disk Drive, MTI Double Density Controller, Switching power supply. 32K of RAM. all mounting hardware, cables and Detailed Installation Instructions. The second internal drive kit includes a second drive and the necessary installation hardware.

40 TRACK DRIVE SYSTEM

DRIVE NO 1 KIT

695 00

DRIVE NO. 2 KIT

279 00

40 TRACK DUAL HEAD SYSTEM

DRIVE NO 1

779 00

DRIVE NO. 2

389 00

80 TRACK DUAL HEAD SYSTEM

DRIVE NO 1

929 00

DRIVE NO 2

569 00

Circle 14 on Inquiry card.

EXTERNAL DRIVE KITS

Two external drives can be attached to any dual drive Model III Computer.

40 TRACK EXTERNAL DRIVES

DRIVE NO 3 379.00

DRIVE NO 4 359.00

DUAL HEAD 40 TRACK EXTERNAL DRIVES

DRIVE NO. 3 499.00

DRIVE NO. 4 479.00

DUAL HEAD 80 TRACK EXTERNAL DRIVES DRIVE NO 3 679.00

DRIVE NO. 4 659.00

FIVE MEGABYTE EXTERNAL

WINCHESTER HARD DRIVE 2795.00

Add the Ultimate in Fast High Capacity Disk Storage to any Model III Floppy Disk system. Reliable Winchester technology provides enough storage for the largest business files. Winchester disk drives have greatly increased data transfer rates and that means faster program and file loading. This is a complete self contained system that connects to a standard Model III Disk System in minutes without any modification to the computer.

MODEL III DIAGNOSTIC PROGRAM 49.95

A complete diagnostic program for the Model III. Tests RAM and ROM. video display and all disk drives. Catch problems while they're small and be sure that your Model III is in perfect running condition.

MODEL CP/M*

II CP/M-80 NOW AVAILABLE!. & 80 Column Kit.

849.00

PUTER

• i

Now you can run proven CP/M based software on your Model III, with standard 80-column display. A simple internal modification will transform your Model III into a NEW computer and allow you to run CP/M the industry-standard operating system and assure you of a large supply of fine software. Includes CP/M 2.2.

MODEL III SPEED-UP MOD 149.00

Now you can run your Model III at 4 MEGAHERTZ, that's almost double the standard speed. This simple-to-install kit does require some soldering.

MODEL III COOLING KIT 44.95

Heat build up is a major cause of system failures and 'flakey' operation. This kit provides excellent cooling.

DOSPLUS OPERATING SYSTEMS FOR THE MODEL III

Solid BUG-FREE operating systems for the Model III. Supports different size drives on the same system and Basic Program Chaining with variables saved in memory.

40 TRACK 99.00

80 TRACK 119.00

EXPANDED DOSPLUS 3.3.8 .... 149.00

Read and Write 40 Track Diskettes on an 80 Track System

HARD DISK DOSPLUS 299 00

Supports the MTI 5 MEG HARD DISK. CP/M is a reg trademark ot Digital Research,

We guarantee everything for 30 days. If anything is wrong, return the item and we'll make it right. And, of course, we'll pay the shipping charges.

We accept Visa and Master Card on all orders; COD orders, up to $300.00.

Add $2.00 for standard UPS shipping and handling on orders under 50 lbs, delivered in continental U.S. Call for shipping charges over 50 lbs. Foreign, FPO and APO orders add 15% for shipping. Californians add 6% sales tax.

Prices quoted are for stock on hand and are subject to change without notice.

31245 LA BAYA DR, WESTLAKE VILLAGE, CALIFORNIA 91362

To order, or for information-call:

(213)706-0333

To use our 24-hour modem order line, call: (213) 883-8976.

BYTE March 1982

179

(2a)

HE GRAPHICS MODE

ACCUMULATOR

X2

r~Y2

|

f\ i

i Y1

GRAPHICS COMMANDS

n TO XI, Y2 TO Y1, ( CLEAR ACCUMULATOR

) ACCUMULATOR TO X2, AND CLEAR

. ACCUMULATOR TO Y2, AND CLEAR

) DRAW LINE FROM X1,Y1 TO X2,Y2

POSITION PRINT HEAD TO XI,YV

(2b)

F

XAMPLFS USING GRAPHICS .COMMANDS

LOCAL - (800,200X900,)(10G0,150.)

BASIC - LPRINT.YjS

T i

» V

I00):\':STR$(200);\(':STR$(900):

)(';STR$(1000);Y;STR$(150); T

-OCAL - (900,500.(1000,450.)800,450.)800,550.)1000,550.)

s

Figure 2: Graphics-mode sample output. Figure 2a gives a summary of the graphics command procedures, as printed in the graphics mode. Figure 2b shows how straight lines are drawn.

Graphics Operation

The graphics mode is entered at any time with an ESC B and exited with a ESC C command. Graphics are done a page at a time, with each page consisting of 792 lines with 1320 dots per line. The origin (0,0) is located at the upper left-hand corner of the page; the bottommost right-hand corner corresponds to the point (1319,791).

In the graphics mode, the system responds only to the digits 0 through 9, parentheses, the right bracket, the comma, and the period; all other characters are ignored.

The comma transfers the previously entered number from the accumulator to the X2 register and then clears the accumulator. A left parenthesis copies X2 into XI and Y2 into Yl and also clears the accumulator; a right parenthesis is the command for drawing a line between XI,Yl and X2,Y2. This sequence of operations is summarized in figure 2a. Examples of lines drawn using these commands are shown in figure 2b. Also illustrated is a BASIC print statement that shows the method of drawing lines under program control. Note that a comma indicates that the number preceding it is an ordinate value and a period indicates that the preceding number represents an abscissa.

Thus, (A,B.(C,D.) will draw a line between A,B and C,D; (A,B.(C,) draws a horizontal line between A,B

ACT-85

*CPM is a registered trademark of Digital Research

180 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

THE CP/M* TERMINAL WITH BUILT IN LOCAL NETWORK

NETWORK

access to all printers

and disks from any

terminal

CP/M* runs in each

terminal

single twisted

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880,000 baud SDLC

protocol

32 terminals per line

MONITOR

12 " monitor 24 lines of 80 characters reverse video highlighting blinking underlining separate keyboard 38,400 baud effective speed

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• 0 to 8 drives in each terminal:

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Circle 40 on inquiry card.

THE ANN ARBOR AMBASSADOR

IT ALL ADDS UP...

to Full Capability in a Full Page Display

The Ann Arbor Ambassador offers you a combination of features unmatched in its price range. Its 60-Hne display lets you see more of your program or report; and it's selectable from the keyboarder host. There are other user-friendly features, too—48 programmable function keys, 22 operator convenience modes, 5 graphic renditions, protected and guarded areas, erase and edit controls, local and remote printer output, block and character transmission.

Call Ann Arbor Terminals for more information at (313) 663-8000

nnn rrbor

6175 JACKSON ROAD • ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN 48103 • TEL: 313-663-8000 • TWX 810-223-6033

Circle 26 on Inquiry card.

BYTE March 1982 181

Circle 277 on inquiry card.

Buy with Confidence

from the best

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:i: Ni

r r u r-i i;=: N r a i.

m i;;: r i-i a n

c:; i-i ,:•: f

*i 3

:i. t :i: T l::* u P

i-i

I.J M l-i

r :i: r \

i n "T" a :o x:i i;:: x:i

Figure 3: Typical acid/base titration curve. Data points are drawn as short bars, the curve is enclosed by a border, and the heading and labels are printed double width.

and C,B; (A,B.() prints a single dot; and the right bracket, as in A,B.(], positions the print head at location A,B without printing. Two examples are illustrated in figure 2b where, in the top example, a horizontal line is drawn between the points 800,200 and 900,200 and then a line from 900,200 to 1000,150. The intersecting lines in the bottom example are drawn in the same manner. First, a line is drawn between the points 900,500 and 1000,450; then a line between 900,500 and 800,450; a line between 900,500 and 800,550; and finally, a line between 900,500 and 1000,550.

The Use of Precision Tractors

Another modification of the DECwriter, which is particularly useful in graphics mode, is the installation of a set of precision paper-feed tractors in place of the standard tractors supplied with a conventional DECwriter. (These can be obtained from the Selanar Corporation for $50.) Their purpose is to insure that lines originating from the same point (such as in a radial pattern) begin at that point every time a new line is drawn— otherwise the pattern shows a distinct discontinuity. The improvement in the printed results due to the use of the precision tractors can be seen in

182 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 228 on Inquiry card.

In an age when new standards are constantly emerging, one disk consistently meets or exceeds them all.

Maxell.The Gold Standard.

Not all disks are created equal. Some are better than others. To find out what's best for you, look for Maxell disks. They now carry the Gold Standard symbol of quality. It's your assurance Maxell disks meet or exceed every definition of quality. No matter who establishes it. We've earned this universal superiority by never relaxing our uniquely demanding quality control. Every aspect of manufacturing is checked, then checked again.

Your benefits are many. Take the perpetual problem of drop-outs. A drop-out is a tiny defect that wastes time and degrades computer accuracy and performance. Now that you understand what a drop-out is, forget it. Maxell disks don't have any. Each disk comes to you certified

maxel

**■

■ <t 1 ■ I

<■""% M i

}

Tno'i ~

R<WV Disk

FH2

1 ] 1

_

0

c

I 1

9

H

drop-out free at the time of manufacture. You can depend on this quality protecting your valuable programs and programming time, indefinitely. We've run disks over ten million passes under conditions designed to find weak points and wear. We couldn't. And you won't.

There is a Maxell disk for the floppy system you use, or plan to use. Check your computer's instructions. Or write for our complete, highly informative brochure.

When you set the Gold Standard as your level of quality, you'll benefit from improved disk performance, immediately. Bank on it.

maxell

Maxell Computer Products Division, 60 Oxford Drive, Moonachie, N.J. 07074, 201-440-8020

ACCE

Why this operating system?

Ask the leading independent software vendors. They know Intel's iRMX 86 well enough to know it's an industry standard; that it allows them to plug into VLSI technology, and to design in a heap of high-performance features.

Ask OEM's. They'll point out how it lets them tap a vast reservoir of massmarket application software. And how major software houses have already packed it with popular languages.

And both will tell you that iRMX 86's performance and cost advantages are flat out impressive. Which makes it a marvelous match for the industry's most widely used VLSI microcomputers—the iAPX 86 and iAPX 88.

How marvelous? iRMX 86 has two to five times the multitasking

talents of any other microcomputer operating system. So users can perform various chores simultaneously—with blazing, realtime system response. Thanks to ultrafast context switching, task synchronization and memory-based message passing.

And iRMX 86 even supports multiprocessing. Not only overseeing our 8087 numeric processor and 8089 I/O processor, but going even further. Often helping a whole team of 8086, 8088 microprocessors and 8087, 8089 processor extensions work together. While you're reaping the rewards of multiprocessing performance—without

PTED WHERE

Company Microsoft

having to wrestle with multiprocessing software.

Most importantly, iRMX 86 is the only operating system taking full advantage of VLSI—already putting its advanced architectural virtues into silicon.

A prime example being our iAPX 80130 operating system processor. It squeezes timing tasks, interrupt processing and key functions of the iRMX 86 nucleus all onto a chip. Marking the first major chapter in our commitment to bring operating software into silicon—so performance goes up as the cost goes down..

And when it's time to tie into a communications network, you won't have to get tangled up writing complicated software: built-in software drivers are already in place In fact, iRMX 86 is the only microcomputer operating system to support Ethernet* the de facto standard for local area networks

The leading software vendors have added the most popular languages to iRMX 86.

Language Available

BASIC Interpreter BASIC Compiler COBOL

Microfocus CIS COBOL

Digital Research CBASIC

Intel FORTRAN

Pascal PL/M Macroassembler

Incidentally, all these features are

available for $130/unit in OEM quantities.

Plus all are backed by extensive documentation, development tools, workshops, field support, software maintenance, and a company name that's liable to turn up anywhere.

Who knows, maybe everywhere.

For a free copy of our article "Choosing a Microcomputer Operating System," contact your local distributor. Or write our Literature Department,

3065 Bowers Avenue, Santa Clara, CA 95051,

(408) 987-8080.

delivers solutions

iny

Europe: Intel International, Brussels, Belgium. Japan: Intel Japan, Tokyo. United States and Canadian distributors: Alliance, Almac/Stroum, Arrow Electronics, Avnet Electronics, Component Specialties, Hamilton/Avnet, Hamilton/Electro Sales, Harvey, Industrial Components, Pioneer, LA. Varah, Wyle Distribution Group, Zentronics.

Circle 192 on Inquiry card.

'Ethernet is a trademark of Xerox Corporation.

(4a)

EXAMPLES C': HERSHEY CMARACTER ALPHABETS

A ppnrrr

I \ \_J V_- i_> i i O

U

AfBCMmm ABCDEFCHIJ

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(4b)

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USE A. 2-0 ROTATIONAL ALGORITHM

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x1 Y1 t

COS(Q) -SIN(Q) 0

*1 r1

X2 Y2 1

*

SIN(O) COS(Q) 0

—

X2 Y2

*H YH 1

0 0 0

XH YH

EXAMPLES

X

< 1 >

,4

0

4V

Figure 4: Various type fonts produced by the program of listing 1 from data stored on disk. The rotation feature is shown in figure 4b.

figure 2b, where the lines all originate from the point 900,500. The precision tractors are no trouble to install and otherwise perform exactly like the original tractors.

Figure 3 shows a typical acid/base titration curve. Note the use of the double-width characters to label the graph, the box enclosing the curve, and the use of the bar-print mode to emphasize the individual data points. This graph was generated with a FORTRAN program and is a good example of the combined use of printing characters and graphics. The four character sets, double-width, boldface, and character rotation options all make the Selanar Graphics II board a powerful addition to any DECwriter.

Generating Character Sets

The excellent resolution available with the Graphics II and the fact that it prints vector-generated graphics prompted us to explore the use of graphics to draw characters as well as plot curves. Normally, we would have to do this by developing tables of coordinates for each alphanumeric character. But fortunately, there is an invaluable reference work that provides all the information needed: A Contribution to Computer Typesetting Techniques: Tables of Coordinates from Hershey's Repertory of Occidental Type Fonts and Graphic Symbols. (Published by the U.S. Department of Commerce, the book is now out of print, although many libraries have a copy.)

This document lists the coordinates used to generate 1377 different alphabetic and graphic characters on either a video terminal or a hard-copy digital plotter. The tables were originally developed by Dr. A. V. Hershey of the Naval Weapons Laboratory in Dahlgren, Virginia. Dr. Hershey's assiduous digitization of these many character sets and symbols is as much a work of art as it is a scientific achievement, and it includes symbols from mathematics, engineering, music, and other disciplines. The typeset quality of the characters and symbols is certain to enhance any graphics display.

Figure 4a presents several examples

Text continued on page 196

186 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

ItAl/COKOL™ MAKES IT ACROSS!

... FROM ONE OPERATING SYSTEM TO ANOTHER! A VITAL WAY TO PROTECT YOUR SOFTWARE INVESTMENT FOR THE FUTURE!!

TheKJi/GMML language runs on more different Operating Systems and more

different-sized computers than any other similar language. For starters, it runs on NCR and TI minicomputers and, in the micro field, on the CP/M2, MP/M2, CP/M862, MP/M-862, TRSDOS^, OASIS4. MOASIS-. and UNIX5, (ONYX version) Operating Systems ... to mention only a few.

IMt/<:OltOLand <RT?™ from CYBERNETICS ARE GOING STEADY...

.AND YOU'RE GONNA LOVE 'EM TOO!!

Use your computer to program itself. <RT! (Cobol Reprogramming ToolJJ from Cybernetics is a program generator for HAl/COBOI. that produces error-free i:AV COItOI. source programs for data input, file maintenance, and report printing programs.

A full feature interactive program generator, not a subset! Call Now! 714/848-1922.

Until now, serious business software of the scope and flexibility seen in the minicomputer world has not been available on micros. IM\ MIKOI, now allows transfer of such software with a minimum of fuss.

We have participated in such a mini-tomicro transfer of a major set of general business software ... using I'.At INKIM as the transfer mechanism, of course. Running on literally thousands of minicomputers, these refined, enhanced, and proven software packages cover A/R, A/P, G/L, P/R, Order Entry (with Invoicing and Inventory Control) as well as Sales Analysis. The Packages define a new level of achievement for features and flexibility in micro applications software and offer top quality at a reasonable price.

For immediate information, call 714/848-1922 for your complete product descriptions.

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(5a)

Km

mi

K\ '"ll

^P/^\\\\v\ •■■

■=^=Z%ffl///s~~~-. \\\\\Y\V

(/)

X <

N

-T

^ >>

X-AX!

D

LOT OF EXP(-(X2+Y2))

(5b)

X-AXIS

PLOT OF EXP(-(X2-fY2) USING CROSS-HATCHING

Figure 5: Tliree-dimetisional plotting in the graphics mode. Figures 5a and 5b show the same function but with differing detail; figure 5c (on page 190) is a "two-dimensional particle in a box. "

188 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

I learned that I could get specific advantages when purchasing from A.E.I.

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Based on its vast experience, A.E.I, sells only reliable equipment.

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*A.E.I. does not wish to imply that any of these fine organizations endorse A.E.I., merely that A.E.I, is proud to have them as customers.

A PARTIAL LIST OF PRODUCTS AVAILABLE AT A.EI.

TELEVIDEO COMPUTER

List Sell

TS-800 User Station 1795 1450

TS-801 Computer 3295 2650

TS8Q2 ComputfTermlnal 3495 2796

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TELEVIDEO TERMINALS

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912 Terminal 920 Terminal 925 Terminal 950 Terminal

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35101 30CPS Serial 7710 1 55CPS Serial 7720 1 KSR Serial Forms Tractors

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o

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TEXAS INSTRUMENTS PRINTERS

List

TI-810 BASIC

1645

TI-310 Full ASCII

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Cat Modem 189

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Apple-Cat 389

DC Hayes Micro-100 379

DC Hayes Smart Modem 279

EPSON PRINTERS

List Sell MX-80 645 CALL

MX-BO FT 745 CALL

MX-100 995 CALL

Call for pricing on interfaces and cables

MORROW DECISION COMPUTER

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Decision 1 BASIC 1725 1350

Decision 2 CALL CALL

65 K Static Ram 1000 780

Switchboard I/O 259 210 Select drives from Monow disc systems tor desired configuration.

MORROW DISC SYSTEMS

Discus 2D 1 Drive Discus 2D 2 Drive Discus 2 + 21 Drive Discus 2 + 2 2 Drive M26 Hard Disc

List

1095 1875 1395 2495 4495

CP/M & Microsoft Basic Included

Okidata 82A Okidala 83A Anadex 9500 Anadex 9501

LINE PRINTERS List

—SEE THESE PRODUCTS AND MORE IN OUR SHOWROOMPRICES CHANGE DAILY—CALL OR VISIT FOR CURRENT PRICING

AUTOMATED EQUIPMENT, INC.

18430 WARD STREET. FOUNTAIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA 92708

SYSTEMS GROUP

2600 Computer DM-64O0 Memory DMB-6400 Memory CPC-2813CPU + I/0 FDC-2801 Controller

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MICROPRO SOFTWARE

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Wordstar Apple Wordstar Spellstar

Mailmerge

Datastar

Supersort

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DISCCABLES

Meniere* 5" ID Memorex 5" 2D Verbatim 5" 1D Verbatim 5" 2D R5-235 5' Cable RS-232 10' Cable

Calif and International

(714) 963-1414 Out ol Stale

(800) 854-7635

Circle 41 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1982

189

(5c)

TWO-DIMENSIONAL

PARTICLE IN A BOX

Listing 1: Program used to print characters in the various type fonts from data stored on disk. The program (written in Microsoft BASIC-80, Version 5.0) produces output, such as that shown in the figures, on the modified DECwriter.

10 REM *************#«**#********#*#*****#**************

15 REM * *

16 REM * DANIEL S. HOLMES *

17 REM * CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT *

18 REM * SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY *

21 REM * *

22 REM A************************************************ 30 REM THIS PROGRAM OUTPUTS ANY OF A NUMBER OF HERSHEY 32 REM CHARACTERS AS TEXT. THE TEXT AND NUMBER OF LINES 34 REM ARE USER SELECTED, ALONG WITH THE MAGNIFICATION 36 REM FACTORr AND THE ANGLE OF ROTATION (0-360 DEGREES). 38 REM

40 REM

42 REM ENTER GRAPHICS MODE

44 LPRINT CHR*(27)f"B"

46 REM

47 REM THIS PART OF THE PROGRAM IS TO INPUT ALL USER SELECTED DATA

48 REM

50 DIM X*(10t100),A*(250),A(250>» S(3r120)rQ(3r120) 70 PRINT ■ CHARACTER SETS tREC/CHARACTER"

1"

bo print "croman 90 print "simscript 100 print "comitprn 110 print 'tr0man3 120 print "g0thiceng4 130 print "lcg0th3 140 print:print:input

150 OPEN "R"»1»C*

160 PRINT : INPUT ■# RECORDS / CHARACTER "fREC

170 PRINT

200 PRINT ■ ENTER TEXT'tPRINT

210 INPUT "# OF LINES (UP TO TEN) -rQ2

'WHICH CHARACTER SET DO YDU

2"

2"

3"

4

3" WANT

;c*

Listing 1 continued on page 192

Anadex Printer Distributors

NORTHWEST (Oregon, Washington, W. Idaho) Sigma Distributing

Bellevue , WA (206) 454-6307

NORTHERN CALIFORNIA Basic Electronic Distributors

Santa Clara, CA (408) 727-1800

Terminal Rentals

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Byte Industries

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Computerland

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SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA Basic Electronic Distributors

Inglewood, CA (213) 673-4300; San Diego, CA (714) 268-8000

Terminal Rentals

Tustin.CA (714)832-2414

SOUTHWEST

(Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, W. Louisiana) Barnhill Associates, Inc.

Richardson, TX (214) 231-2573;

Houston, TX (713) 688-9971; Austin, TX (512) 451-0217

ROCKY MOUNTAIN STATES (Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, Utah, E. Idaho, Arizona, New Mexico) Barnhill Associates, Inc.

Englewood, CO (303) 779-3600; Soottsdale, AZ (602) 947-7841; Albuquerque, NM (505) 299-7658; Murray, UT(801) 262-3000

MIDWEST (Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska,

N. Dakota, S. Dakota, Minnesota, Indiana, W. Kentucky,

Iowa, Wisconsin)

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Pat Jenks Associates

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Microamerica Distributors

Needham, MA (617) 449-4310

NEW YORK METROPOLITAN AREA Logon, Inc.

Fort Lee, N J (201) 224-6911 I (212) 594-8202

MID-ATLANTIC STATES (Maryland. Washington, DC, Virginia, W. Virginia, E. Pennsylvania, S. New Jersey) Micro Distributors, Inc. Rockville.MD (301) 468-6450 Plymouth Meeting, PA (215) 265-1600

SOUTHEAST STATES (Louisiana, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, N. Carolina, S. Carolina) Currie, Peak & Frazier, Inc. Huntsville, AL (205) 536-1506; Orlando, FLA (305) 855-0843; Greensboro. NC (919) 273-3040

CANADA

Nelma Electronics Ltd.

Mississauga, Ont. (416) 624-0334

A

.the plus in printers

Circle 21 on Inquiry card.

190 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

The important plus in matrix printers:

Since their introduction in mid-1980, the Anadex highresolution DP-9500 Series matrix printers have set new standards for printer quality and performance. All models feature the rugged Anadex 9-wire print head that combines long life with resolutions of 72 dots/inch vertical and up to 75 dots/inch horizontal. With this kind of resolution, fineline graphics (under data source control) and razor sharp characters are pluses built into every printer.

Performance Plus

The full standard ASCII 96 character set, with descenders and underlining of all upper and lower case letters, is printed bi-directionally, with up to 5 crisp copies, at speeds up to 200 CPS. Models DP-9500 and DP-9501 offer 132/158/176 and 132/165/198/220 columns respectively. Print densities are switch- or data-source selectable from 10 to 16.7 characters/inch. All characters can be printed double-width under communications command.

Interface Plus

Standard in all models are the three ASCII compatible interfaces (Parallel. RS-232-C. and Current Loop). Also standard is a sophisticated communications interface to control Vertical Spacing, Form Length and Width. Skip-Over Perforation, Auto Line Feed, X-On/Off, and full point-to-point communications.

Features Plus

As standard, each model features forms width adjustment from 1.75 to 15.6 inches, shortest-distance sensing, full self-test, 700 character FIFO buffer (with an additional 2048 characters, optional), and a quickchange, 6 million character life ribbon.

Quality Plus

Beyond the built-in performance of the grafixPLUS series printers, the engineered-in quality and support are equally important. The result? Approval of both UL and FCC, Class A: operating noise levels under 65dbA; and a nationwide service organization second to none.

To see for yourself why the grafixPLUS printers offer more pluses for your printing dollar, contact us today.

the plus in printers

Circle 22 on inquiry card.

Made in

U.S.A.

for the World

ANADEX, INC. • 9825 DeSoto Avenue • Chatsworth. California 91311, U.S.A. • Telephone: (213) 998-8010 • TWX 910-494-2761 U.S. SALES OFFICES, San Jose, CA (408) 247-3933 • Irvine. CA (714) 557-0457 • Wakefield, MA (617) 245-9160 • Austin, TX (512) 327-5250 ANADEX, LTD. • Weaver House Station Road • Hook Basingstoke Hants RG27 9JY. Fngland • Tet Hook (025672) 3401 • Telex: 858762 ANADEX G

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I

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Write or Call

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192 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

GOTD 310

Listing 1 continued:

220 PRINT : PRINT "USE CONTROL-H TO BACKSPACE"

230 FOR J=l TO Q2

240 PRINT ■ LINE "}J5"

250 X=l

260 X*<JrX)=INPUT*(l>

270 IF ASC<X*(J»X))=B THEN X=X-1 : PRINT CHR$(B>.

280 IF X*<J.X)=CHR*<13> THEN 320

290 PRINT X*<J»X)»

300 X=X+1

310 GOTO 260

320 PRINT

330 D(J)=X-1

340 NEXT J

350 PRINT :PRINT

360 INPUT -IS THIS THE STRING YOU WANTED ".Y$

370 IF Y*="YES" THEN 390 ELSE 170

390 INPUT " UHAT MAGNIFICATION POWER ".MAG

400 PRINT

410 INPUT "UHAT ROTATION ANGLE (0-360) "iTl

420 T2=Tl/57.2958

430 PRINT

440 INPUT "UHAT IS THE STARTING POINT ON THE PAGE ".AtB

450 A1=A : B1=B

490 REM

495 REM

500 REM THE COORDINATE PAIRS ARE STORED IN A RANDOM ACCESS FILE

505 REM THE RECORD NUMBER IS DETERMINED BY THE ASCII VALUE OF

510 REM THE LETTER TO BE WRITTEN. NOTE: THE CHARACTERS ARE

515 REM NOT STORED IN SEQUENTIAL ASCII FORMAT.

516 REM

517 REM

520 FOR J=l TO Q2

530 FOR Q=l TO D<J)

540 IF ASC<X*<JrQ>)>96 THEN 600

550 IF ASC(X*<JrQ))>64 THEN 610

560 IF X*(J,Q)=- - THEN C=27*REC-REC+1IGOTO 620

570 IF X*CJ.Q>="=" THEN C=2B*REC-REC+1JGOTO 620

5B0 IF X*(J»Q)='?" THEN C=29*REC-REC+1:G0T0 620

590 C=(ASC(X*(JfQ))-10)*REC-REC+1 : GOTO 620

600 C=(ASC<X*<J.Q>)-47)*REC-REC+1 : GOTO 620

610 C=(ASC<X*(J.Q>)-64)*REC-REC+1

620 PRINT "THE RECORD t IS "5C

630 REM

635 REM

640 REM HERE UE GET THE COORDINATE PAIRS.

645 REM SOME OF THE CHARACTER SETS TAKE UP MORE

650 REM THAN ONE RECORD/CHARACTER.

660 REM

665 REM

670 FIELD #1.1 AS M$f2 AS L*.2 AS R*,2 AS H*

680 Z=0

690 FOR G=l TO 59 STEP 2

700 FIELD #l.Z#4+7 AS D*,2 AS A*(G).2 AS A*(G+1)

710 Z=Z+1

720 NEXT G

730 GET *1.C

740 L=CVKL*>

750 R=CVI(R»)

760 H=CUI(H$)

770 1=1

7B0 A<I)=CUI(A*(I))

790 A<I+1)=CVKA*(I + 1>>

BOO IF A(I+l)=-64 THEN 1100

810 IF 1=59 THEN B50 ELSE 1=1+2 I GOTO 7B0

840 GOTO 1100

B50 Hl=60

B60 FOR Y=l TO REC-1

B70 1=0

BBO FOR X=Hi+1 TO Hl+59 STEP 2

B90 FIELD #1.1*4 AS D*,2 AS A*(X>.2 AS A$(X+1>

900 1=1+1

910 NEXT X

920 C=C+1

930 GET #1.C

940 FOR X=H1+1 TO Hl+59 STEP 2

950 A<X)=CVKA*(X>>

960 A(X+1)=CUKA*(X+1>)

970 IF A(X+l)=-64 THEN 1100

9B0 NEXT X

990 Hl=Hl+60

1000 NEXT Y

1050 REM

1055 REM

1060 REM THIS IS THE PART OF THE PROGRAM THAT OUTPUTS

1065 REM THE LETTER TO THE DECURITER. THE DECURITER

1070 REM ACCEPTS THE STRING REPRESENTATION DF EACH CHARACTER.

1075 REM A (-64.0) IS A LIFT PEN INSTRUCTION.

Listing 1 continued on page 195

bfl

a m.

d-Buy Pi

«^**

wut

I<

4lte

Z-80A™ CPU, Floppy Disk Controller, r 64K of Memory, Serial & Parallel

I/O Ports ... all on a SINGLE S-100 BOARD!

Your business computer market has problems—expensive, powerhungry machines that are hard to expand and even harder to service. Advanced Micro Digital Corporation has the solution— SUPER/NET®, a TRULY single S-100 board computer that will seem like a dream to skeptical technicians and salesmen—not to mention your customers. SUPER/NET® is less expensive, less difficult to service and expand and requires less power than traditional four board S-100 systems; yet It contains all their popular features:

. IEEE S-100 Standard . Z-80A™ CPU

• 64K Bank Select Memory

. Both 8" or 51/4" Floppy Disk Controller (WD 1793 chip)

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• Real Time Clock Interrupts . 2K Monitor EPROM

• Extended Addressing

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• One Year Warranty

Advanced Micro Digital Corporation is dedicated to the research and development of S100 computer technology. The maintenance of superb quality in our product line is our priority.

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™ Reentered Trademark of Digital Research Corp. « Copyright 1981 Advanced Micro Digital Corp

Circle 9 on inquiry card.

Fill this space with a GRAFTRAX graphic and win a trip to Japan.

The Epson "Softwear" Sweepstakes.

We're looking for the Picasso of programming. So we drew up an art contest for people who don't know a painting pallet from a PROM.

If you've got an Epson printer, a computer and a little imagination, you could win a week-long trip for two to Japan. Or our top-of-the-line 136-column MX-100 printer. Or his and hers Seiko Quartz Watches. Or a whole lot of honorable mention prizes. And you'll get a T-shirt with the winning graphic just for entering.

All you have to do is program a GRAFTRAX graphic — abstract, landscape, still life, whatever — using an Epson MX-70, MX-80, MX-80 F/T or MX-100 printer. We'll not only put it on our T-shirts, we'll be displaying the winning entries for all to see in June at the National Computer Conference in Houston.

Why, you may ask, are we being so generous? It's simply because GRAFTRAX is the most incredible graphics capability made for micros. And we want to see it used to its full potential.

All entries will be judged on originality, creativity and best use of computer equipment. They must be postmarked no later than May 1,1982, and be accompanied by the software program, so we can recreate the winning entries for verification. Make sure the graphic is no larger than 8" x 10" and no smaller than 4" x 6". And remember, if you digitize art or a photograph, it must have been originally created by you.

So get busy and enter. You might be a winner. And your software could be your "softwear."

EPSON

EPSON AMERICA, INC.

3415 Kashiwa Street • Torrance, California 90505

EPSON

"SOFTWEAR"

SWEEPSTAKES

RULES

1) Any computer equipment may be used to format the entry, but the graphics output must have been printed on an Epson MX-70, MX-80, MX-80 F/T or MX-100 printer with either built-in or optional GRAFTRAX. Winning entries will be recreated by Epson for verification.

2) Each entry must be accompanied by the software program used to create it. All entries and software and the rights to use them become the property of Epson America, Inc.

3) All entries must be at least 6"x 4" and no larger than 8"x 10" in size.

4) Art or photographs, if used, must have been created by the entrant.

5) All entries will be judged by an independent panel of judges on their creative merit, originality and best use of computer equipment. Decision of the judges is final.

6) This contest is valid from January 1,1982 until May 1,1982. Entries must be postmarked no later than May 1, 1982.

7) Participation in the Epson "Softwear" Sweepstakes is open to any except the following: employees of Epson America, Inc., its service agencies, or their families.

8) Winners will be notified by mail no later than June 1,1982. A list of winners will be made available by sending a stamped, self-addressed envelope to Epson America, Inc., 3415 Kasniwa Street, Torrance, CA 90505.

9) Entries will be maintained on file at Epson America, Inc.

until January 1, 1983.

10) Prizes are as follows: First prize includes round-trip economy air transportation for two to Tokyo, from the airport nearest the winner's place of residence, and six nights standard hotel accommodations, double occupancy. Trip does not include airport departure taxes, hotel service charges, cost of transportation or other expenses incurred before leaving the airport of initial departure, returning to Tokyo airport and returning home from the airport of initial departure; nor does it include meals or gratuities. Second prize consists of one Epson MX-100 Printer. Third prize consists of his and hers Seiko Quartz Watches. Additional prizes include 25 MicroNine Printheads, 50 Epson Digital Watches, and 100 Epson Ribbon Cartridges.

11) You may enter more than once, but each entry must be accompanied by the official entry coupon below.

12) Void where prohibited by law.

Attach this NAME

form fi

rmly to

the back of

each

graphic

you er

te-r.

STREET

CITY

STATE PHONE

)

7TP

COMPUTER EQUIPMENT USED

PRINTER MODEL AND SERIAL NUMBER

_M.

T-SHIRT SIZE S

Mail entries to:

"SOFTWEAR" SWEEPSTAKES Epson America, Inc. 3415 Kashiwa Street Torrance, California 90505

_X!

EPSON

EPSON AMERICA, INC.

Listing 1 continued:

1080 REM A <-64.-64) IB AN END DF CHARACTER INSTRUCTION,

1090 REM

1095 REM

1100 A=A-L*MAG*C0S(T2)

1110 B=B-L*MAG*-SIM(T2)

1120 G0SUB 2000

1130 IF H=l THEN 1300

1140 LPRINT ■C;STRS<INT<A(1)*MAG+A))r■r'iSTRt(INKA(2)*MAGtB))i•.(]

1150 FOR G=l TO H*2-l STEP 2

1160 IF A(G+l)=-64 THEN 1300

1170 IF A<G)=-64 THEN 1270

1180 ACG)=A<G)*ttAG

1190 A(G+1)=A(G+1)*MAG

1200 A(G)=A<G)+A

1210 A(G+1)=A<G+1)+B

1220 LPRINT ■<"5STR*(INT(A<B))>f'»•JSTR*(INT(A(G+1)))»■."f

1230 IF U = l THEN 1250

1240 LPRINT ")■;

1250 Y=0

1260 GOTO 1290

1270 LPRINT

1280 y=i

1290 NEXT G

1300 A=A+R*MAG*C0S<T2)

1310 B=B+R*MAG*-SIN(T2>

1320 NEXT 0

1360 REM

1365 REM

1370 REM NDU WE GO BACK TO THE START OF THE NEXT LINE

13B0 REM

1390 REM

1400 IF REOl THEN 1440

1410 A1=A1H5*MAG*SIN<T2)

1420 B1 = B1H5*MAG*C0S(T2)

1430 GOTO 1465

1440 A1=A1+30*MAG*SIN(T2)

1450 B1=B1+30*MAG*COS(T2)

1465 ft:=Ai J B=B1

1470 NEXT J

1472 REM

1475 REM

14B0 REM CHECK FOR ANYTHING ELSE TO PRINT OUT

1490 REM

1495 REM

1500 INPUT "DO YOU HAVE MORE TEXT "JYt

1510 IF Y*='N0* THEN 1550

1520 PRINT

1530 INPUT "DO YOU UANT TO CHANGE CHARACTER SETS "5Y$

1540 IF Y*="YES' THEN CLOSE : GDTO 70

1542 REM

1543 REM 1545 GOTO 190

1547 REM

1548 REM

1550 LPRINT CHR*<27);-C

1560 END

2000 REM

2010 REM

2020 REM THIS IS THE ROTATIONAL ALGORITHM USED TO ROTATE THE

2030 REM CHARATERS ANY ANGLE FROM 0-360 DEGREES.

2033 REM THE COORDINATE PAIRS ARE STORED IN A 3*3 MATRIX,AND

2035 REM MULTIPLIED BY THE ROTATION MATRIX (ROTATION ABOUT

2038 REM THE POINT OtO).

2040 REM

2045 REM

2050 IF T1=0 THEN RETURN

2060 FOR 1=1 TO H

2070 S(1,I>=A(I*2-1)

2080 S(2rI)=A<I*2)

2090 S(3»I)=1

2100 NEXT I

2110 T(l»l)= C0S(T2)

2120 T(2f2)=C0S(T2)

2130 T<1»2)=SIN<T2>

2140 T(2rl)=-SIN(T2)

2150 T<3,.1)=0

2160 T(3r2)=0

2170 T(3>3>=1

2180 FOR Y5=l TD H

2190 IF A(Y5*2-l>=-64 THEN 2250

2200 FOR X5=l TO 3

2210 Q(X5fY5)=S(lrY5>*T(X5,l)tS(2,Y5)*T(X5r2)+S(3rY5)*T(X5»3)

2220 NEXT X5

2230 A(Y5*2-l)=INT(Q(lfY5)+.5)

2240 A(Y5*2)=INT(Q(2r Y5M-.5)

2250 NEXT Y5

2260 RETURN

March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 195

Text continued from page 186:

of Hershey-character alphabets. Starting from the top of the figure, these are: simplex Roman, simplex script, complex italic, triplex Roman, and Gothic English. At our laboratory, we now have the coordinates of these various character-printer sets stored on disk and can send them to the DECwriter under program control in any size desired. The coordinates for the simplex Roman characters occupy approximately 7K bytes of disk storage space, while the Gothic English files require more than four times that amount.

In addition to being able to vary the size of the displayed Hershey character sets, we also included in our program the ability to rotate characters to any angle. The effects of this routine, adapted from Mathematical Elements for Computer Graphics, by D. F. Rogers and J. A. Adams (see references), are shown in figure 4b, which displays several examples of character rotation; also shown is the

rotational algorithm that does the calculations necessary for the individual rotations. The BASIC program that outputs the Hershey coordinates as letters, starting at any location on the page, with any magnification and any degree of rotation, is given in listing 1.

Figure 5a is a three-dimensional plot of an exponential function showing the use of the graphics mode to display the lettering as well as the mathematical function itself. Figure 5b is a three-dimensional plot of the same function with certain lines hidden, with cross hatching, and labeled with graphically generated Hershey characters. Finally, shown in figure 5c is the three-dimensional representation of the quantum-mechanical wave function for a two-dimensional particle in a box.

Conclusion

The Selanar unit has been in operation in our laboratory for over a year and has performed flawlessly during

that time. The illustrations of the various graphs shown, especially the three-dimensional plots, with or without hidden lines, coupled with the development of programs to encode and output the different Hershey character sets, has made our DECwriter a truly versatile and low-cost generator of high-quality, highresolution hard copy.B

References

1. GRAPHICS II Installation and User Manual. Selanar Corporation, Santa Clara, CA 1979.

2. Rogers, D.F. and J.A. Adams. Mathematical Elements for Computer Graphics. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1976, page 202.

3. Wolcott, N.M. and J. Hilsenrath. A Contribution to Computer Typesetting Techniques: Tables of Coordinates from Hershey's Repertory of Occidental Type Fonts and Graphic Symbols. Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards Special Publication No. 424, U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1976. Ou1 of print.

68000

XAVAXTwo includes:

• 68000 processor at 8MHz

• 32 bit registers, operations

• 7 vectored interrupt levels

• 256KB parity checking RAM

• 10MB Winchester hard disk

• 960KB floppy disk

• Graphics display monitor

• Multibus™/IEEE architecture

XAVAXsystems

XVX multiuser operating system Option: UNIX™, CP/M Screen editor, filer, linker Language: (Pascal, C, COBOL, FORTRAN, BASIC, or Assembler) Option: add 10MB Winchester with 10MB tape backup

Option: on site service Software: A«Counts™accounting and inventory control

Bizgraf™ business color

Tektext™ scientific word

TeleSoft-Ada™ to DOD s

Representatives worldwide.

graphics.

processor.

pecifications.

• UNIX™ of Bell Laboratories

• CP/MTMof Digital Research

• MulttbusTMof Intel Corp

• Ada™ Dept of Defense

IMMEDIATE ATTENTION! B382

Please send specifications on the system checked below:

□ XAVAXOne (board only, 1 28KB RAM) ($2,000) □ XAVAXThree ($14,000)

□ XAVAXTwo (with 10MB Winchester) ($8,500) □ XAVAXFour ($40,000)

Name Title

Company MS

City State Zip Phone

Phone: XAVAX Corporation Cable:

(319) 344-0550 300 Northwest Tower. Bettendorf, Iowa 52722 XAVAXCORP

196 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 419 on inquiry card.

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WHILE OUR COMPETITORS TALK ABOUT PRINTER RELIABILITY,

DATAROYAL PROVES IT.

F *-."

Many printer companies talk about how reliable their products are. But very few can publish hard evidence supporting those claims.

Dataroyal knows that every printer breakdown, service call, or extra maintenance procedure increases the cost of owning and operating your system. So we don't make claims we can't prove.

Dataroyal tests our IPS-5000 printers non-stop at 100% duty cycle and page density. These printers have now surpassed an MTBF (mean time between failure) figure of 2000 hours-without failure, maintenance, or any special treatment. Under normal conditions, this performance rating means years of reliable operation between service calls.

■ i i r >••»

r 11

■

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■

DATAROYAL

INCORPORATED

And our printhead life now exceeds 500 million characters. All of this reliability spares you the time and expense you might now be spending on your existing printers.

This superior performance has made Dataroyal the intelligent choice for major domestic and international OEM systems manufacturers. Want to see our proof? Contact us, and we will send you our latest test results. And that's not just talk.

235 MAIN DUNSTABLE ROAD, NASHUA, NH (USA) 03061 (603) 883-4157

2801 FAR HILLS AVENUE, SUITE 200, DAYTON, OHIO 45419 (513) 204-6426

3150 EAST LAPALMA AVENUE, SUITE D, ANAHEIM, CA. 92806 (714) 632-9310

Circle 117 on inquiry card.

Custom and Standardized Forms for the Microcomputer User

To help you find forms for your software, we are offering this brief account of the current marketplace of forms for microcomputer users.

Some microcomputer users have written their own software; others have bought one or more commercial programs. Many microcomputer users run both software of their own and commercial programs.

A number of companies stand ready to help you with various stock, custom, or standardized forms. Table 1 (page 200) lists companies active in this market. Table 2 (page 202) summarizes the product offerings of these companies and the minimum orders required for custom and standardized forms. I have also included brief information about these companies' offerings, if any, of continuous custom letterheads.

While stock forms are of several common types, they are not written

Philip Lemmons

c/o BYTE Publications Inc.

POB 372

Hancock, NH 03449

specifically for one company's computer or software. Nevertheless, stock forms do, in fact, work with many commercial programs. Companies offering stock forms are too numerous to list. If stock forms will work with your commercial programs, or if you can write software that uses stock forms, you will be able to get the forms you need at an economical price. Some companies make the use of stock forms easier by providing programmer's guides for use of the form, e.g., a grid with rows and columns numbered and data fields highlighted.

But the focus of this article is on custom and standardized forms. Custom forms, of course, are designed to go with unique, userwritten software. What I am calling standardized forms are designed to go with specific pieces of commercial software. If you buy an accounting

program from the fictitious Ersatz Software, for example, and you know someone who sells forms for the Ersatz programs, you won't need to spend any time adapting the software to your forms or spend any legwork looking for stock forms that happen to be compatible with the software.

Custom Forms

If you absolutely must do things your own way down to the last detail, custom-designed and printed forms are for you. Many companies produce custom forms. These companies are found under "Business Forms" in the Yellow Pages. Minimum order quantities vary greatly. The companies listed in table 2 that do custom forms accept orders for minimums ranging from 1000 to 5000. Pricing varies with the com

198 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Ire

THE CENTRONICS 739. IT'S A LOT MORE THAN YOU'D EXPECT TO SELL FOR THE PRICE.

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Inexpensive doesn't have to mean incomplete, and the quiet, dependable Centronics 739 is the classic example. It's complete in capability and because it's from Centronics you can expect it to perform just like the workhorse printers that have made Centronics a leader in the business for more than a dozen years. So when you shop for a desk-top printer and compare features, here's what you can expect from a 739:

CORRESPONDENCE QUALITY-Clear, high density characters plus right justification and proportional spacing that produce correspondence, direct mail, and other important documents that demand a "custom" quality appearance.

BUSINESS GRAPHICS What good is a printer that can't print your technical business/ management information? The 739 produces a range of graphics — from bar charts and curves to illustrative material —almost anything your computer can produce.

3-WAY PAPER HANDLING - Cut sheets for correspondence; roll paper for day-to-day operations; fan-folded forms for normal data printout.

DEPENDABILITY- You depend on your printer for hard copy of timely information and that means it must operate dependably. With Centronics reputation behind the 739, reliability is a foregone conclusion. More than 350,000 Centronics printers sold worldwide is the proof.

SERVICE - Someday you may need it. Where do you find it? With Centronics worldwide network of service locations it's not very far. And now, there are authorized Centronics sales and service dealers, and "walk-in" service centers in an expanding number of key cities throughout the U.S.

When it comes to printers, Centronics is the leading independent printer manufacturer — chosen by computer professionals in major industry brand preference studies. So when you look for an inexpensive printer don't settle for incomplete. Choose the Centronics 739. It comes complete with a commitment —to performance, dependability and service. See it at your Centronics dealer. Or write for information.

cenTRonics

PRINTERS

Circle 70 on Inquiry card.

Centronics Data Computer Corp.

One Wall Street, Hudson, New Hampshire 03051

plexity of the form. Many companies stress that it makes little sense to buy only 1000 custom forms because 5000 cost relatively little more—much of the cost lies in the unique design of the form.

Standardized Forms

A few companies are now offering forms to go with standard, commercial software packages for microcomputers. NEBS, Checks-to-Go, DFS, Moore, and Trinity are all active in this market. Your choice of a company might depend on whether you want to buy forms by telephone or mail, from your local computer or software dealer, or (with Moore, at least) from the company's own local office.

More likely, however, your choice will depend on which company has the forms for your commercial programs. Table 3 (page 204) lists the kinds of software for which the companies shown sold forms. Note that not all these companies identify forms

the same way. Some companies list their standardized forms primarily by reference to software houses. Others refer primarily to computer companies: you tell them what kind of computer you use, and they tell you what forms they have for it. Some companies list standardized forms by a combination of software house and computer company. Since many computer companies sell software as well as hardware, you can't always be sure which forms company has exactly what you need.

Perhaps the wisest course is to contact all the companies or their local dealers and ask about your specific needs. Although table 3 lists the kinds of microcomputers and software for which various companies offer standardized forms, some of the companies have only recently entered the field. By the time you read this, the new entrants in the microcomputer forms market are likely to have added many new forms to their product lines. ■

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Graham Dorian • MCBA • Durango • Dynabyte

Call NOW for FREE sample forms packet. Your customer service representative is waiting to assist you with your continuous forms needs!

I Checks 8384 Hercules St. I To-Go La Mesa, CA 92041

Check-Mate

POB 103

Randolph, MA 02368

(617)963^7694

Comments: Check-Mate sells only by

direct mail and telephone. Its custom

forms are limited to checks; its standard

computer forms are for Radio Shack and

Libra software only.

Checks-to-Go 8384 Hercules St. La Mesa, CA 92041 (800) 854-2750

(800) 552-8817 (California residents only) Comments: Checks-to-Go sells only by direct mail and telephone. Tell Checks-toGo what kind of computer you have and you will receive a sample kit of its forms for your computer.

DFS Computer Forms POB 643

Townsend, MA 01469 Comments: DFS has an extensive line of forms for existing microcomputer software and sells only through local dealers.

Moore Business Forms inc. 1205 North Milwaukee Ave. Glenview, IL 60025 (800) 447-4700

(800) 322-4400 (Illinois residents only) Comments: Moore sells forms through more than 600 of its own local sales offices around the United States. Check the Yellow Pages or call Moore's toll-free numbers to find out the name of your local dealer.

NEBS Computer Forms

78 Mollis St.

Groton, MA 01471

(800) 225-9550

(800) 922-8560 (Massachusetts residents

only)

Comments: NEBS sells only by direct mail

and telephone. On request, NEBS sends a

helpful, cross-indexed Forms Selector

Guide and a catalog with programmer's

guides for each form.

Trinity Forms Company

Micro Computer Forms Program

Carrcllton, TX 75006

(800) 527-0625

(800) 492-5232 (Texas residents only)

Comments: Trinity sells through local

dealers only. Contact Trinity on a toll-free

number for the name of your local dealer.

Trinity plans to introduce a large line of

standard forms for many different

microcomputer software packages.

Table 1: Some companies selling standardized or custom forms for microcomputers.

CALL TOLL FREE: (800) 854-2750; (800) 552-8817 in CA

200 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 73 on inquiry card.

HEGR4PHIC DIFFKBMQ

BETWEEN ATARI COMPUTERS AND ALL OTHERS.

3.7 million reasons why the ATARI Home Computer is something to see.

The display screen used with our computers is composed of 192 horizontal lines, each containing 320 dots. Delivering color and luminosity instructions to each dot for a second requires3.7 million cycles...a lot of work for the normal 6502 processor

That's why the ATARI computer has equipped its 6502 with its own electronic assistant. It's called ANTIC, and it handles all the display work, leaving the 6502 free to handle the rest. What this means to you is uncompromisingly spectacular display capabilities without loss of computer power needed to carry out the demands of your program.

That's a quality you just don't find in ordinary personal computers. And it's one of the reasons some computer experts say that ATARI computers are so far ahead of their time. There's more.. .which is what you'd expect from ATARI. Language. The ATARI Personal Computer uses several programming languages to give the user maximum control of its extraordinary capabilities. PILOT, Microsoft BASIC* and ATARI BASIC are understood and spoken by the ATARI computer You'll also find our Assembler Editor cartridge indispensable for machine language programming.

WWiJHiiWiiWmwiWIiiii

mm " """ ' \'A\\\

—■■■■ 1

a ATARI

ATARI

Sound. An ATARI computer has four sound generators, or voices, activated by a separate microchip. This leaves the principal microprocessor chips free to perform other tasks. And you can take full advantage of this capability which is designed for easy programming.

Change. ATARI Home Computers have

been designed to make change and

expansion easy. The ATARI computer has a

modular operating system* that can be easily

replaced as new technology develops. If you

need it, memory expansion requires no more

than inserting additional RAM modules*

And the ATARI ROM cartridge system also

makes it easy to change languages. In short,

your ATARI computer won't be obsoleted by

future developments... beause it already

incorporates the future.

Sharing. To learn more about the amazing capabilities of ATARI computers, visit your local computer store for a demonstration. Or send for our Technical User's Notes, intended for the serious programmer They are only $27 and contain a lot more information about our computers' special capabilities than most companies could tell. See your ATARI dealer, or send $30 ($27 plus $3 postage and handling), payable to ATARI, to Technical User's Notes, c/o ATARI Customer Service, 1340 Bordeaux Avenue, Sunnyvale, CA 94086.

•ATARI 800'" computer only.

31981 Atari, Inc.

Circle 39 on Inquiry card.

o

A Warner Communications Company

Check-Mate

Checks-to-Go

DFS

Moore

NEBS

Trinity

How Sold

Mail and telephone

Mail and telephone

Local dealers

Local offices

Mail and telephone

Local dealers

CUSTOM FORMS Minimum quantity

Checks only

5000

Y 5000

Y 1000-2500

N

Y

1000

CUSTOM CONTINUOUS LETTERHEAD

Minimum quantity

Y

1000

Y 5000

Y 1000-2500

Y 500

Y 1000

STANDARDIZED FORMS Minimum quantity

Y 1000

Y 500

Y

Y 1000

Y 500

Y 500

Table 2: Information about how six companies sell custom and standardized forms for microcomputers. Important considerations include minimum order quantities and sales methods—whether through a company's own local offices, through local dealers, or by mail and telephone.

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Financial Planning...

from SuperSoft

SCRATCHPAD: SUPERSOFT'S ELECTRONIC WORKSHEET

Scratchpad is a user-interactive data modeling program suitable for financial planning or any general purpose modeling. Whether you are an executive, a researcher, or planning the family budget; you will find Scratchpad an invaluable tool in giving you the numeric correlations you need for sound decision making.

Scratchpad provides for labels and corresponding numeric data entries cross-referenced by row and column. Data entries are then defined as dependent variables in a user-created algebraic formula. You can now quickly see how changes in one or more variables affects all others.

Scratchpad includes the following

• Multiple screen splitting which allows two or more sections of the worksheet to be viewed simultaneously.

• Both immediate and deferred calculation modes allowing calculations to be either made as data is entered or deferred until later.

• Flexibility in entry and editing functions so that data can be entered or changed easily.

• Column widths are variable.

• Portions of the worksheet not currently being viewed can be quickly brought to the screen for either single or split screen viewing.

• Any portion of the worksheet can be printed as hardcopy at the user's discretion.

STATS-GRAPH: SUPERSOFT'S STATISTICAL

DISPLAY PACKAGE

Stats-graph performs statistical analyses on user data and displays the results in graphic form. Graphic formats include:

Pie Graph

Bar Graph

Scatter Graph Statistical Analyses include:

Mean

Median

Minimum and Maximum values

Standard Deviation

Regression Analysis

DATA-VIEW: THE EXECUTIVE ORGANIZER

Data-view is an easy:to-use, free formatted system for organizing information. It can be used as an electronic filing cabinet, an automated date book, or a computerized listing device. Insertion and retrieval of information is both simple and quick. Data may be retrieved by file, string, or key word, and any type of information can be stored.

Stats-graph is an easy-to-run, userinteractive program that presents valuable and often complex information in a concise and easily understood form.

Scratchpad:

$200.00

Stats-graph:

$200.00

Data-view:

$200.00

Total Package:

$500.00

Manuals only:

$ 15.00

UK and Europe:

DIGITAL DEVICES

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Tel.: Tunbridge Wells (0892)37977/9

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JAPAN

Tel: 03-437-53,71

Telex: 0242-2723

Software available for virtually all CP/M systems. Specify your system.

Available from fine dealers everywhere, or directly from: SUPERSOFT, INC. P.O. BOX 1628 CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 217-359-2112 Telex: 270365 Technical Hot Line: 217-359-2691

First in Software Technology

Circle 366 on Inquiry card.

Check-Mate

Checks-to-Go

Moore

NEBS

Trinity

DFS

Accounting Plus

Allison Crain

Agency Computer Systems

Agency Computer Systems

Alpha Micro

Anchor Systems

Antech

Antech

Apple Computer

Apple Computer

Apple Computer

Apple Computer

Applied Business Software

Applied Business Software

Atlanta Business Computer

Atlanta Business Computer

Balcones Computer Corp.

Balcones Computer Corp.

Biss

Biss

BPI Systems

BPI Systems

BPI Systems

Briareus

Broderbund Software

Broderbund Software

Business Enhancement

Business Enhancement

Compuservice

Compuservice

Cado

Cado Canon U.S.A.

Cape Cod Computer

Cape Cod Computer

Centurion-War rex-Eds

Cimarron

CMS Software Systems

CMS Software Systems

Coelco Software Systems

Coelco Software Systems

COM Business Computer

COM Business Computer

Systems

Systems

Compumax Associates

Compumax Associates

Computax

Computerease Inc.

Computerease Inc.

Computer Products

Computer Products

International

International

Computer Research

Computer Research

Computerware Inc.

Computerware Inc.

Computhink

Computhink

Continental Software

Cromemco

Continental Software

Continental Software

CTI

CTI

Custom Accounting

Custom Accounting

Customation

Customation

Custom Computing

Custom Computing

D.B. Software

D.B. Software

Dakin-5

Dakin-5

Data General

Data Solutions

Data Solutions

Data Train

Data Train

Data Train

Data Universal

Data Universal

Datavision

Datavision

Davis-Lane

Davis-Lane

DEC

Delphic Systems

Delphic Systems

Delta Software

Delta Software

Denver Software Company

Denver Software Company

Designer Software

DIBS

Digilog

Digital Systems

Digital Tech

Digital Tech

Duchess Enterprises

Duchess Enterprises

Durango

Durango

Durango

Durango

Dynabyte

Ecosoft

Ecosoft

EDP Business Systems

EDP Business Systems

Electronic Information

Electronic Information

Systems

Systems

Fox Computer Systems

Fox Computer Systems

Functional Solutions

Functional Solutions

Glenn/Cliff Associates

Glenn/Cliff Associates

Haland Data Systems

Haland Data Systems

H & E Computronics

H & E Computronics

Hewlett-Packarc

IBM 5120

IBM Systems 32/34

Table 3: Hardware and software sources for which these companies produce standardized forms

. Keep in mind that a company

that produces forms for one program from a particular

software house may not produce forms for all programs from that house.

Furthermore, a company that produces

forms for one

computer from a certain manufacturer may not produce forms for every

computer from that manufacturer. In addition, since

some of these forms companies entered this market shortly before the

research was done for this article, they

may by now o

ffer forms for more computers and more software.

204 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Check-Mate Checksto-Go

Moore

NEBS

Trinity

DFS

IMS Insoft

Libra

Libra

MCBA MCS

Libra

Radio Shack

NEC North Star

Osborne Peachtree

R & B Systems Radio Shack

Moore

NEC

ICM Computer Systems Idea Micro Design

Info Designs

Interactive Operations

Associates International Computer

Service International Data Tech Key Systems Legler Systems Lenz, Masterson &

Associates

Mark/Donn Associates George Matyjewica & Company

Medfield Computer

Software Microcomputer Consultants Micro-Management Midwest Data Services Mitex Montour Computer Systems

Murray Jones Murray Engineers

Open Systems Peachtree

Radio Shack

P.G. & J. P K Systems

Radio Shack

Peachtree

ICM Computer Systems Idea Micro Design

Info Designs

Interactive Operations

Associates International Computer

Service International Data Tech Key Systems Legler Systems Lenz, Masterson &

Associates

Mark/Donn Associates George Matyjewica & Company

Medfield Computer

Software Microcomputer Consultants Micro-Management Midwest Data Services Mitex Montour Computer Systems

Murray Jones Murray Engineers

P.G. & J. P K Systems

Realistic Computing

Realistic Computing

of Georgia

of Georgia

G.A. Rook Systems

G.A. Rock Systems

Group

Group

Rocky Mountain

Rocky Mountain

Software

Software

RTG Data Systems

RTG Data Systems

S & M Systems

S & M Systems

Score

Score

Serendipity Software

Shasta

Small Business

Small Business

Systems Group

Systems Group

Small Systems Software

Small Systems Software

Software Services

Software Services

Software Technology

Software Technology

for Computers

for Computers

Structured Systems

Structured Systems

Synergetic Computer

Synergetic Computer

Systems

Systems

Systems Plus

Systems Plus

Tailored Data

Tailored Data

Taranto & Associates

Taranto & Associates

Targhee Software

Targhee Software

Engineering

Engineering

TBSB

TBSB

TCS Software

TCS Software Texas Instruments

TCS Software

The Bottom Shelf

The Bottom Shelf

The Software Exchange

The Software Exchange

The Software Shoppe

The Systems Shop

The Systems Shop

Timberline

Utility Computing

Utility Computing

Service

Service

Vandata

Vandata

Vandata

Vector Graphic

Wang

Westware

Westware

Woodbury Computer

Woodbury Computer

Associates

Associates

Xtra Soft

Xtra Soft

March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 205

Hardware Review

Base 2 Printer

Walter Jeffries

RFD1

Readfield, ME 04355

Recently, after considering it for quite awhile, I added a printer to my system. My choice was the Base 2 printer, which I use with an Exidy Sorcerer with 32K bytes of RAM (random-access read/write memory). I bought the printer used for $470, complete with most of its options (tractor feed, graphics option, and expanded character buffer). Parts of this article may not apply to Base 2 printers that lack these options.

Construction

This compact printer measures 7.5 by 24.5 by 35.6 cm (3 by 11 by 15 inches) and is constructed of aluminum, which makes the printer surprisingly heavy for its size. The aluminum chassis acts as a heat sink for the large-scale integrated (LSI) circuits, making a fan unnecessary if the printer has an unimpeded airflow. Designed around the 8085 microprocessor and other LSI chips, the printer has few components but great flexibility. Behind the tractor mechanism is a removable panel that provides access to two erasable programmable read-only memories (EPROMs).

One EPROM contains the printer's program and the standard character set, consisting of 96 ASCII characters. The other EPROM can contain auxiliary character sets; it does not come standard with the printer. The paper inlet is located in the bottom of the printer, and the friction

feed mechanism is located inside. In the upper left-hand corner of the printer's back panel is the power switch. Also on the back panel are the three interface connectors, power inlet, mode switches, and the reset/selftest switch. On the front panel are the formfeed (FF) and unit-select switches.

Interfaces

The Base 2 printer has three interface connectors that support four popular interfaces: RS-232, 20-milliampere (mA) current loop, Centronics parallel, and IEEE-488. You select the interface mode by using two switches of an eight-position miniature DIP (dual-inline package) switch located under the power switch. The next four switches set the default line length from any of five of the six line densities. The remaining two switches determine the "pinout" (lines assigned to the socket pins) for the serial interfaces. Also on the back panel is the data rate/unit-number switch, which consists of a 16-position thumb-wheel switch. In the serial mode this switch determines one of 15 data rates ranging from 75 to 9600 bits per second. In the IEEE-488 interface mode this switch acts as the unit-number switch. In the parallel mode this switch is not used.

An additional mode recommended for the TRS-80 uses the parallel interface and a line length of 80

At a Glance

Name

Base 2 printer

Use

Medium-quality printer

Manufacturer

Base 2 Inc. POB 3548 Fullerton, CA 92634 |7I4) 533-0111

Dimensions

7.5 by 24.5 by 35.6 cm (3 by 11 by 15 inches)

Price

S699

Hardware Needed

Host computer with one of four interfaces: RS-232, 20-mA current loop, Centronics parallel, IEEE-488

Software Needed

Appropriate driver for interface

Hardware Options

Tractor feed, paper holder, graphics option, expanded buffer

Features

Print speed: 100 cps bidirectional. Formfeed speed: 1.5 inches per second. Six character densities with elongated printing. Standard 96 ASCII characters in 5 by 7 dot-matrix font. Nine additional userdefined character fonts.

Documentation

74-page paperback

Audience

Computer hobbyist desiring a flexible, inexpensive printer

206 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

into a handheld computer.

ir uitw ■•••■.

...

WK^^mbM

C=S

OB S3

Introducing the Hewlett-Packard Interface Loop.

Starting today, your HP-41C or HP41CV can be more than just a great little calculator. It's a great little computer, capable of controlling a quicklyexpanding family of peripherals.

The new Hewlett-Packard Interface Loop (HP-IL) makes it all possible. HP-11 is an easy-to-use, low-cost interfacing system, specifically designed for batteryoperable devices. The Interface Module and Peripherals.

At the heart of the system is the Interface Module, which plugs into any one of four HP-41 ports. You can control up to 30 peripherals, using only one port in your HP-41 calculator.

One of the key HP-IL peripherals is the new Digital Cassette 9 Drive. This batteryoperable device provides an

Circle 178 on Inquiry card.

incredible 131,000 bytes of mass memory:

Another work-saving HP-IL peripheral is the new, batteryoperable Thermal Printer/ Plotter with enhanced formating options and graphics. This is just the beginning. There are many more HP-IL products on the way. And they're all designed to provide the versatility and adaptability you expect from HP. You see, Hewlett-Packard is committed to a very big idea: small devices talking to each other, giving you big system capabilities - at small system prices! For details and the address of your nearest dealer, CALL TOLL FREE: 800 547-3400, Dept. 276J, except Hawaii/ Alaska. In Oregon, call 758-1010, or write Hewlett-Packard, Corvallis, OR 97330, Dept. 276J.TTYusers(503) 758-5566.

611/18. When performance must be measured by results.

¥

HEWLETT PACKARD

ASCII

Hexadecimal

Decimal

Code

Operation

CTLI

09

09

HT

Horizontal Tab

CTLJ

0A

10

LF

Linefeed

CTLK

OB

11

VT

Vertical Tab

CTLL

OC

12

FF

Formfeed

CTLM

OD

13

CR

Carriage Return

CTLN

OE

14

SO

Elongated Characters

CTLQ

11

17

X-ON

Selects unit online

CTLS

13

19

X-OFF

Deselects unit offline

Table 1:

The control codes

of the Base

2 printer.

characters, with automatic linefeed (LF) on receipt of a carriage return (CR).

Power Supply

My printer came wired for 110 volts of alternating current, but it can easily be rewired for 210 volts. Written directions and diagrams are in the operator's manual. Since the stepping motors are direct current (DC) and independent of the line frequency, the printer does not need to compensate for frequencies of 50 or 60 hertz (Hz).

Chart your financial future with MicroFinesse

In this fast-paced business world, the best way to stay competitive is to chart your financial alternatives clearly and make decisions fast.

MicroFinesse is a complete planning package providing professional forecasting PLUS full highresolution color graphics support, including pie charts, histograms and graphs, for the financial projections you create.

With this evolutionary resource planning tool you can consolidate or expand your financial models,

generate up to 15 user-defined reports per model, with visuals, all without bothersome reprogramming.

Previously available only for mainframe applications, MicroFinesse can now be purchased for the 48K Apple II* with the Apple Language Card.

So when your variables are many and your time is limited, take a good look at the financial artistry of MicroFinesse.

MicroFinesse

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Apple II is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. MicroFinesse is a trademark of P-E Consulting Group Limited.

208 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Lie

Circle 296 on inquiry card.

Circle 153 on inquiry card.

THE FUTURE TERMINAL * WILL COST $465:°° *

i ..i.

M* ||>^

1 I *■<#..I

WELCOME TO THE FUTURE.

For $465.°° this full feature terminal is a lot smarter than you think! Call the "800" number today to order or for more information.

• 800-277-1258 • In California call 800-972-5286

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48881 Kato Road Fremont, CA 94538 (415)490-1290

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Manufactured by Emulog Inc.

Sold exclusively through Phasar Marketing

■I

III ■

I ■ ■ ■

H'

Manual Control

The Base 2 printer's front panel consists of a unit-select switch and a formfeed switch. When the unit-select switch is on, the formfeed switch causes the printer to eject paper to the top of the next form (default form length is 66 lines per page). When the switch is off, the formfeed switch causes the paper to advance at a rate of 1.5 inches per second.

In the upper right-hand corner of the printer's back panel is the reset/self-test switch. When toggled to the left, this switch resets the printer to its default mode. When the reset/self-test switch is toggled to the right, the printer prints a line of characters using the present mode. The self-test switch allows testing the printer independently of the host computer.

Software Control

Two sets of software controls have functions that overlap to a slight degree. One set consists of "control codes" (table 1); the other set consists of "function codes" (table 2). To take effect, the function codes must be prefixed by an ESC (ASCII 27). Some of the function codes must be followed by data, as when setting tabs.

The Base 2 printer supports six character densities (64, 72, 80, 96, 120, and 132 characters per line), as well as elongated characters (10 dots wide rather than 5) in all character densities.

The standard character set contains 96 ASCII characters in a 5 by 7 dot

ASCI

Hexadecimal

Decimal

Function

J

4A

74

General printer reset

H

48

72

Unit select

1

49

73

Unit deselect

j

6A

106

Enable unidirectional printing

k

6B

107

Enable bidirectional printing

R

52

82

Enable 1920 character buffer

S

53

83

Disable 1920 character buffer

5

35

53

Disable print on buffer full

6

36

54

Enable print on buffer full

7

37

55

Enable auto LF following CR

8

38

56

Disable auto LF following CR

B

42

66

Enable CR recognition

C

43

67

Disable CR recognition

D

44

68

Enable LF recognition

E

45

69

Disable LF recognition

V

56

86, M...M6

Set horizontal tabs

X

58

88

Reset horizontal tabs

Y

59

89, n1...n10

Set vertical tabs

a

61

97

Reset vertical tabs

@

40

64

Enable elongated characters

A

41

65

Disable elongated characters

T

54

84, n

Set form length to n lines

9

39

57, n

Set auto FF count

3A

58

Enable auto FF

3B

59

Disable auto FF count

F

46

70, n

Set eject to n lines

G

47

71

Eject

d

64

100

Set line length to 64 chars.

0

30

48

Set line length to 72 chars.

1

31

49

Set line length to 80 chars.

2

32

50

Set line length to 96 chars.

3

33

51

Set line length to 120 chars.

4

34

52

Set line length to 132 chars.

b

62

98, n

Set vertical line density

c

63

99, data

Enable and send graphics

K

4B

75, data

Load user-defined characters

L

4C

76

Enable user-defined chars.

M

4D

77

Enable Standard ASCII chars.

0

4F

79

Enable optional chars. 1

P

50

80

Enable optional chars. 2

Q

51

81

Enable optional chars. 3

e

65

101

Enable optional chars. 4

f

66

102

Enable optional chars. 5

9

67

103

Enable optional chars. 6

h

68

104

Enable optional chars. 7

i

69

105

Enable optional chars. 8

Table 2:

The function codes

of the Base 2 printer

. All function codes must be preced

ed by an

ASCII <ESC> (escape, hexadecimal IB, decimal 27) in order to take ef

feet.

$32.50

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Are programmers available? Are they needed? APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT WITHOUT PROGRAMMERS

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210 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 111 on inquiry card.

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Circle 189 on Inquiry card.

BYTE March 1982

211

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CX4102 Kingdom $13.00

CX4103 Statistics $1700

CX4104 Mialing List $17 00

CX4105 Blackiack $13 00

CX4106 Invitation to Programing 2 $20 00

CX4107 Biorythm $13 00

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CX4H2 Stales & Capitals $1300

CX411<- European Countries & Capitals $13.00

CX4115 Mortgage & Loan Analysis . $13 00

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CX4117 Invitation To Programing 3 $20 00

CX4118 20 Conversational Languages lea I $45 00

CX4121 Energy Czar $1300

CXL4001 Educational Masler $21 00

CX6001 -17 Talk & Teach Series lea I $23 00

CX8106 Bond Analysis $20 00

CX8107 Slock Analysis $20.00

CX8101 Slock Charting $20 00

CXL4002 Basic Computing Language $46 00

CXL4003 Assembler Editor $46 00

CXL4004 Basketball $24.00

CXL4005 Video Easel $24.00

CXL4006 Super Breakout $30 00

CXL4007 Music Composer $45.00

CXL4008 SPACE INVADERS $32.00

CXL4009 Chess $30.00

CXL4010 3DTIC Tac-Toe $24 00

CLS4011 STAR RAIDERS $39.00

CXL4012 MISSLE COMMAND $32 00

CXL4013 ASTEROIDS S32.00

CXL4015 TeleLink $20.00

Visicalc S149-00

Letter Perfect (Word Processor: $109.00

Source J8900

CX481 The Entertainer $75.00

CX482 The Educator $130.00

CX483 The Programmer $54.00

CX 484 The Communicator $329.00

Texas Instruments

TI-99/4A $359

PHP 1600 Telephone Coupler $169 00

PHP 1700 RS-232 Accessories Interlace $169 00

PHP 1BO0 Disk Drive Controller . $239 00

PHP 1850 Disk Memory Drive .. . $389 00

PHP 2200 Memory Expansion (32K RAMI $319.00

PHA2100RF Modulator . .. $43 00

PHP 1100 Wired Remote ControllerstPairl $31 00

32K Expansion '. $329.00

PHP Printer Solid State $319.00

CALL FOR SOFTWARE SELECTION AND PRICES

XEROX 820

Xerox 820

System I 5%," $2450.00

System II 8" $2950.00

CPM 5V< " $169.00

Word Processing $429.00

Super Calc $269.00

CALL FOR MORE INFORMATION

PRINTERS

Terminals

Centronics 739-1 $649.00

Diablo 630 Special $1799.00

Epson

MX70 S359.00

MX80 $469.00

MX80FT Call

MX100 Call

NEC

8023 $639.00

7730 Call

7720 Call

7710 Call

Okidata

82A $499.00

83A $769.00

84 $1129.00

Citoh Starwriter

25 CPS-P $1329.00

45 CPS-P $1699.00

Paper Tiger

445G $699.00

460G $899.00

560G $1129.00

Talley

8024-7 $1399.00

8024.L $1629.00

Televideo

910

.. . $579.00

. . . $699.00

920C

.. . $749.00

950

.. . $939.00

Call for computers

... $749.00

Adds

. . . $549.00

Modems

Novation Auto

$239.00 $169.00

.... $159.00

Hayes

$239.00

HOW TO ORDER: Phone orders invited or send check or money order and receive free shipping in the continental United States. PA and NEV. add sales tax.

computer mail order west 800- 648-3351

IN NEVADA, CALL (702) 588-5654

P.O. BOX 6689, STATE LINE, NEVADA 89449

212 BYTE March 1982

Circle 93 on Inquiry card.

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The new HP41CV Calculator $259

*1C $189.00

11 C $119.00

12 C $129.00

34 C $117.00

38 C $119.00

HP«41 Printer $340.00

Card Reader $164.00

Optical Wand $99.00

HPIL CALCULATOR PERIPHERALS

IL Modual $104.00

Digital Cassette $449.00

Printer/Plotter $419.00

CALL FOR SOFTWARE INFORMATION

Monitors

Amdex 12" B&W $149.00

12" Green $169.00

13" Color $349.00

Sanyo 12" B&W $259.00

12" Green $269.00

13" Color $449.00

Tl 10" Color $349.00

Electronics

Pioneer Lazer Disk $599.00

BSRX-10 Systems

PK 500 $84.00

LM 501 $16.00

AM611 $17.00

AM286 $17.00

(^ commodore

CBM 8032

1039

4032 $969.00

4016 $769.00

8096 $1569.00

Super Pet $1599.00

2031 $529.00

8050 $1299.00

4022 $599.00

4040 $949.00

8300 (Letter Quality) $1799.00

8023 $769.00

Pet to IEEE Cable $37.00

IEEE to IEEE Cable $46.00

Tractor Feed lor 8300 $240.00

8010 Modem $229.00

SOFTWARE

WoidPro3 Plus $199.00

WordPio4 Plus $299.00

Commodore Tax Package $399 00

Visicalc $149 00

BPI General Ledger $329 00

02Z Information System $289.00

Dow Jones PorMolio $129 00

Pascal $239 00

Legal Time Accounting $449 00

Word Cralt 80 $289 00

Power $79.00

Socket-2-Me $20 00

Jmsam SCall

MAGIS $ Call

The Manager $209.00

Softrom $129.00

Real Estate Package $799.00

BPI Inventory Control $319.00

BPI Job Costing $319.00

BPI Payroll $319.00

VIC 20 $259

COMPLETE

i I ti | | | ixiXIXlii D

Vic 6 Pack Program VIC1530 Commodore Dalassette VIC'1540 Disk Drive VIC1515 VIC Graphic Primer VIC12I0 3K Memory Expander VIC1 1 10 8K Memory Expander VIC1011 RS232C Terminal Interlace VIC1112 VIC IEEE-488 Interface VIC12U VIC 20 Super Expander

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VT106A Recreation Pack A

VT107A Home Calculation Pack A

VT164 Programmable Character/Gramegraphics

VT232 VICTerm I Terminal Emulator

New VIC Software

Household Finance $27,00

VIC Games $19.00

VIC Home Inventory $13.00

VIC Rec/Ed II $13.00

I SAM $79.00

General Ledger $229.00

Accounts Receivable $229.00

Inventory $229.00

Terminal

Un Word

Grafix Menagerie.

VIC PICS

Ticker Tape

Banner Headliner , RS 232

$45 00 $45 00 $23 00 $23 00 $19 00 $23 00 $23 00 $23 00 $44 00 $44 00 $12.00 $9 00

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Above are cash prices, add 3% for Master Card and Visa purchases.

computer mail order 800-233-8950

IN PA. CALL (717) 327-9575

501 E. THIRD ST., WILLIAMSPORT, PA 17701

Circle 93 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1982 213

matrix font. With software, you can define 96 other characters as an alternate character set. Up to eight other character sets can be contained in a 2732 EPROM, or four in a 2716 EPROM. A function code selects each of the 10 character sets. These extra character sets, especially the userdefined set, allow for special character sets, for example, APL characters, math symbols, and foreign alphabets.

The expanded buffer allows storage within the printer of a full screen (1920 characters). The buffer contents are printed either when the buffer is full or the print-buffer function code is received. The print on buffer full can be optionally disabled with a function code.

The graphics feature provides six horizontal densities up to 99 dots per inch and a constant vertical density of 72 dots per inch. Table 3 shows the character set in different densities. To use the graphics mode, you send the graphics-mode-enable function code

followed by a full line of graphics data. The graphics data consist of bytes in which the lower 7 bits control the seven wires in the print head. The printer automatically prints the line of graphics upon receiving a full line of data. Since the printer does not linefeed automatically in the graphics mode, you must send an LF after each line of data. Figure 1 shows a printout of my name in script, produced by using the graphics mode.

Documentation

The documentation for the Base 2 printer is well done. It consists of a single 74-page Operator's Reference Manual that is divided into five sections plus appendixes. The sections cover installation, operation, internal specifications, and software control. Each control code and function code has a complete written description followed by a demonstration program in BASIC. The appendixes cover the hardware, providing full

schematic diagrams and component layouts for the logic boards, as well as the parts lists.

Disaster and Recovery

After I wrote the first draft of this article, disaster struck at a most inconvenient time (couldn't Murphy have waited?). I had used my computer to write my term papers in school and had saved the papers on tape. When the time came to print the papers and pass them in, the printer blew a fuse. Okay, I thought, no problem. Just a fuse. Having noticed that the lights had flickered earlier, I thought it was probably just a power surge. I made sure that none of the mechanical parts had stuck, and then I inserted a new fuse. That blew immediately. My printer was not under warranty. Besides, I needed the printer now, I could not afford to wait six weeks for the company to fix it. Well, everything was not against me. With the help of the Operator's

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Table 3: Printouts

of the Base

2 printer

character set. The densities range from 64 characters per line to 132

characters

per line.

214 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

.pap

-\ 1.1

i

i53SJ7

KKT|

• I

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With a reliable TRAXX 100/200/300 series add-on drive system.

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PRINTERS

COMET 8300 c.itoh COMET II C.itoh parallel EPSON MX80 parallel

EPSON MX80 RS232

EPSON GRAFTRAX UPGRADE

STARWRITER 25cps parallel STARWRITER 25cps RS232 STARWRITER II 45cps parallel STARWRITER III 40cps RS232

NEC 7710 RS232 NEC 3510 RS232

MPI 88G List $749

MPI 99 G

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'90

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5%" DISK DRIVES

Power lupply, controller and cablet not Included.

Tandon,CDC S. »1„ $225 TandoaCDC SSSU $350 Tandon, 100-4 sotr.ck.. $600

Seagate 5mb Hard Disc ST-506 $1350

DISKETTES

Verbatim 525-01 b« 0110 '29

Dysan 5%, ss, do Soft...b«oi 10*34"

DISK DRIVES

Superbrain Add-on Drives Includes case, software, power supply.

Single side, one 5VV drive List $595 PCB *495

Single side, two 5'/«" drives List $995 PCB $795

Double side, one 5Vi" drive List $745 PCB *595

Double side, two 5'/<" drive List $1295 PCB *995

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LIST C,

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lOmb LIS! $5350 $4295 20mb LIST $6450 !5300 Minor Backup 650

Multiplexer '775

TELEVIDEO

910C $595

912C $665

920C $720

950 $950

SUPERBRAIH

S-100 Bus Adapter LIST $595

SUPERBRAIN Parallel Port

SBE Prom

*475

LIST $90

$75

LIST $205

'155

SOFTWARE

C Basic II '98

M Basic 80 '275

NIT Pascal »430

Fortran 80 '450

Cobol 80 '650

M Basic Compiler.'329 Word Star. '310

GRAPHICS

For SUPERBRAIN

Graphics Board '896

Symbol Generator '176

Graphics Plotter '176

3-D Graphics. . '346

Surface Plotter 395

Graphics Terminal Emulator '396

To Order Call (206) 453-8159

Mail and telephone orders only. Mastercharge, VISA add 3%. No COD. All prices FOB origin. Send for catalog. Mail all correspondence to P.O. Box 3952, Bellevue. Wa. 98009

PACIFIC COMPUTER BROKERS

P.O. Box 3952, Bellevue, WA 98009

h

<%*" L.-3

n

•v«

■^w-"-'•

Figure 1: A printout produced using the Base 2 printer's graphics mode. The printer renders the author's name in script.

Reference Manual and a multimeter, I was able to determine that the diodes in one of the bridge rectifiers of the power supply had blown, creating a short circuit. The parts were standard; the night before my papers were due, I got the parts and fixed the printer.

This experience put quite a strain on my nerves, but it did teach me that the printer is quite simple to dismantle and repair.

Conclusions

The following conclusions can be made about the Base 2 printer. It is rugged and is backed up with a good manual listing all the parts and containing schematics and layouts.

The printer's format is very flexible and can be changed under software control or, to a lesser degree, by hand. It requires a driving program in the host computer to do the handshaking.

The printer can support as many as 10 character fonts: standard 96-character ASCII, user-defined, and eight more fonts, all in EPROM.

It accommodates four major interfaces: RS-232, 20-mA current loop, Centronics parallel, and IEEE-488. The printer provides high-resolution graphics.

The print rate is 100 characters per second, with bidirectional printing. Both hardware and software are well documented with many diagrams and examples. ■

A Public Service ol This Magazine 4 The Advertising Council

Need help? Callus. ■!

Red Cross counting on you.

216 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 298 on inquiry card.

Circle 17 on inquiry card.

&ACI-2

o*

£± Alspa Computer, Inc

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NOW! All ALSPA computers come standard with a CORVUS** hard disk interface. In less than S minutes you'll be up and running. In the space of a standard 8 inch drive, ALSPA computers have three RS-232, one parallel, and one hard disk port; 8 inch drives; and run CP/M software. Optional clock/calendar. ALSPA performance starts at S1995, list. DEALER/DISTRIBUTOR INQUIRIES

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ANTA CRUZ, CA 95060 • (408) 429-6000

The Fill Forms System

CP/M Programs to Cut Down on Paperwork

Bill Roch

24000 Bessemer St.

Woodland Hills, CA 91367

We live in a paper-mill world with a form for just about everything. And someone has to fill out all those forms. A computer can make form handling easier because it can be programmed to do the complete job, but if there are many forms then you'll need many programs to fill out these forms—right? Wrong. You can do it with three programs.

The Fill Forms System is composed of three CP/M-based programs. The first, FFGRID-1, is used to determine the line and column position for each data field. The next, FFTABL-1, is used to build a control table that is used by the third program, FFORM-1, for data entry and forms

Editor's Note: Copies of these programs, on either 8-inch single-density CP/M disks or 5'A-inch single-density disks for North Star CP/M users complete with instruction manual can be obtained for $20 from Elliam Associates, 24000 Bessemer St., Woodland Hills, CA 91367. Programs with the enhancements mentioned in the article are also available.

printing. These programs are relatively simple and, best of all, easy to use.

Form designers have

been known to ignore

the fact that

typewriters and

printers are generally

unable to handle forms

with unusual line

spacing.

Each of these programs is written in Microsoft BASIC and is designed for use on a CP/M-based system (CP/M versions 1.4 through 2.2).

Determining Field Positions

The idea behind the system is to establish the line and column position for each data field to be printed on the form, then enter the data and print it in the proper position.

Field positions may be determined by measuring the number of lines in the form and finding the width by counting the spaces from the left side

of the form (see figure 1). Once line position 1 and column position 1 are established as reference points, all other field locations can easily be determined—if you count correctly.

This method works fine for a form with a few fields, but when there are a number of fields, it is better to draw a grid on the'form and then determine the field positions from the intersections of the horizontal and vertical lines of the grid.

Gridding the Form

The FFGRID-1 program is used to produce a grid on a form (see listing 1). The program prints a row of col

LEFT SIDE

TOP OF FORM

12345678901234567890

Figure 1: Each field position is determined by its particular reference points. The form is divided into numbered rows and columns. In this example, the data for the NAME field should be placed on line position 4 and start in column position 14.

218 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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NOVA ■ ECLIPSE ■ And INFOS ' are registered trademarks of Data General Corporation

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go

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HARE

Circle 414 on Inquiry card.

BYTE March 1982

219

Unbeatable prices

Oran

NEC 8023 DOT MATRIX

High resolution graphics: 144x160 dots/inch • Proportional spacing ■ Lower case descenders • 9 x N dot matrix • 8 character sizes • 5 unique alphabets • Greek character set • Graphic symbols • 100 cps print speed • Bidirectional, logic seeking printing • Adjustable tractors • Single sheet friction feed • Paper empty sensor • Vertical & horizontal tabbing • Bidirectional paper feed • Bold & underlined print NEC 8023 DOT MATRIX (List $795) $ Call

EPSON MX 80/MX 80 FT

9 x 9 dot matrix ■ Lower case descenders • 80 CPS • Bi-directional, logic seeking • 40, 66, 80,132 columns per line • 64 special graphic characters ■ TRS-80 Com

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C. ITOH STARWRITER

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• right margin justification • serif typeface • 80/100 CPS • 9/j" Pin Feed/Friction feed • Reverse Platen

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technical expertise.

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List $1650) $1350

Dot Resolution Graphics, quality print, speed 9 wire staggered printhead with lower case descenders • Over 150 CPS ■ Bi-directional, logic seeking • 8 character sizes; 80-132 columns • Adjustable tractors • High-resolution dot graphics • Proportional spacing & text justification

(List $1094)$ Call (List $1394) $ Call

PRISM COLOR PRINTER (List $1995) $ Call

INTERFACE EQUIPMENT

CCS APPLE SERIAL Interface & Cable, . $150 ORANGE INTERFACE for Apple II parallel

interface board & cable $110

TRS-80 CABLES to keyboard or Exp. Interface $ Call

NOVATION D-CAT direct connect modem $ Call

ATARI, NORTHSTAR printer cables $ Call

ALL EPSON ACCESSORIES. $ Call

THEGRAPPLER™

APPLE INTERFACE AND CABLE by Orange Micro

The Grappler™ interface card is the first to provide on-board firmware for Apple high resolution dot graphics. No longer does the user need to load clumsy software routines to dump screen graphics —its all in a chip. Actually, it's our E-PROM, and it is replaceable to accommodate the Anadex, Epson MX-70, 80* and 100 IDS Paper Tigers, Centronics 739, NEC 8023, C. ITOH Prowriter, and future graphic printers. The Grappler™ accepts 18 software commands including Hi-Res inverse, 90° rotation, double size, and much more. Invented by, and available from Orange Micro and Orange Micro dealers only. $ Call for price.

Ircle 288 on Inquiry card.

•Requires GRAFT RAX 80

VISIT OUR RETAIL STORES

If you live in California, or are visiting don't miss our two Printer Stores. Expert consultation and know-how is available to assist you in getting the best printer for the application.We provide live demonstrations for a wide selection of Printers.

SANTA CLARA, 3216 Scott Blvd., (408) 980-1213 SHERMAN OAKS, 13604 Ventura Blvd., (213) 501-3486 ANAHEIM, 3150 E. La Palma, Suitel, (714) 630-3622 Store Hours: M-F 10-6, Sat. 10-4

At Orange Micro our printer specialists fit the right printer to your application. Call us today for free consul tation (and don't forget to ask for your free catalog).

Phone orders are WELCOME; same day shipment Free use ol VISA and MASTERCARD CODs accepted Personal checks require 2 weeks to clear Manufacturers warranty included on all equipment Prices subject to revision.

CALL FOR FREE CATALOG TOLL FREE (800) 854-8275

CA, AK, HI (714)630-3322.

Orange micro

^ Inc.

3150 E. La Palma, Suite G, Anaheim, CA 92806

Copyrighl 1= 1981 by Orange Ml

Circle 206 on inquiry card.

Sell

Your

Software

How to Sell Your Micro Software: Profit from your software. This new book will show you how to sell your own micro software or have others sell it for you. Written specifically for owners of personal computers it shows -how to package software products - how to sell via mailorder - exhibit at computer shows - design ads and brochures - sell through computer stores, software distributors, brokers, publishers, manufacturers, clubs and user groups. Also contains latest ideas on pricing strategy and software protection including patents, copyrights, disk protection and trade secret agreements. Contains many valuable names of distributors, buyers for major chains, and much more. A complete guide to the business of micro software entrepreneurship. Written by B.J. Korites PhD, author of the popular "Free-Lance Software Marketing". -$18.50

The 1982 Software Writer's Market: This is the where to sell your software directory for independent software writers and small software businesses. It's filled with more than 2000 names and addresses of people and companies who will buy your software or market it for you - software publishers manufacturers - book publishers - software brokers - distributors - service bureaus consulting companies -1500 retail computer stores - 850 Apple computer dealers. Also computer shows, mail list vendors, software catalogs and much more. Indepth writeups on individual companies tell what kinds of software they want, how much they pay, and who to contact with names, addresses and phone numbers. Companies interviewed include Apple, Atari, Hewlett-Packard, Tandy, AddisonWesley, Hayden, Lifeboat Associates and hundreds more. This is the only directory of its kind. It is your best source of contacts, guaranteed to help you win your share of the exploding market for packaged software. - $28.50

VISA/MASTERCHARGE

KERN PUBLICATIONS

190 Duck Hill Rd-Box 1029M-Duxbury,MA 02332

Add $2 per book for 4th cl mail in US and Canada, $3 lor

1st cl 'ftUPS in US, $4.50 1s! cl Canada, $12 air Europe

and Central America, $18 air elsewhere

umn positions across the top of the form and on every tenth line. It also prints each line position on both edges of the form as well as horizontal and vertical grid lines. Since plus and minus characters are used, the grid intersections are at the center of a character rather than to the left and under it.

The program requires that you enter only the form size: the number of lines per page and the width in columns. After you position the form, the program prints an asterisk (*) in line position 1 and column position 1. You can then reposition the form if necessary. Any number of attempts at repositioning may be tried, since Text continued on page 228

Listing 1: The FGRID-1 program prints a grid on your form. Each plus or minus character denotes the center of a character.

10

'****************************************

20

'** **

30

PRINT: PRINT '**

40

PRINT " FGRID-1.BAS" '**

50

PRINT " Form Grid Program" '**

60

PRINT "Copyright 1981 by Elliam Assoc."'*

70

'** **

80

"** This program prints a grid on a **

90

"** form. **

100

' ** **

110

-****************************************

120

'

500

PRINT: INPUT "Form length: ",L%

510

INPUT " Form Width: ",W%

520

PRINT: INPUT "Position Form c/r ",X?

530

LPRINT "*";

'Print alignment mark

540

PRINT

550

INPUT "OK (Y or N): ",X$

'OK ?

560

IF X$="Y" GOTO 1020

'Its ok

570

LPRINT CHRS(13);

'Print c/r only

580

GOTO 520

'Try again

590

'

1000

'BUILD COLUMN NUMBER LINE

1010

'

1020

HORZS="": FOR K%=1 TO W%

'Build a column

1030

AS=MIDS(STRS(K%),2)

'number print line

1040

HORZ$=HORZ$+RIGHTS(A$,l)

1050

NEXT

1060

'

1200

'BUILD GRID LINE

1210

'

1220

DP$="": DASHPLUSS=" +"

'Build grid line

1230

FOR K%=1 TO W%/5+l

1240

DPS=DPS+DASHPLUS$

1250

NEXT

1260

DP$=LEFTS(DP$,W»)

1270

'

1300

'PRINT TOP COL NUM LINE

1310

'

1320

LPRINT MIDS(H0RZS,2)

1330

J% = 1

1340

'

1400

'PRINT GIRD LINES

1410

'

1420

FOR K%=2 TO L%-1

1430

A$=MIDS (STRS (K%) ,2)

1440

LPRINT A$;

'Print line number

1450

IF J%=0 GOTO 1500

1460

DPLUS$=MID$(DP$,LEN(A$)+1)

'Set up '-+' line

1470

DPLUS$=LEFTS(DPLUSS,LEN(DPLUSS)-LEN(A$)

1480

LPRINT DPLUSS;AS

'Print grid line &

1490

GOTO 1520

'line number on rt.

1500

GOSUB 3020

'Go build col num line

1510

LPRINT HZ$;A?

'and print it

1520

J%=J%+1: IF J*=10 THEN J%=0

'Reset for every 10th

1530

NEXT

'line

1540

'

2000

'PRINT BOTTOM COL NUM LINE

2010

'

2020

A?=MIDS(STRS(K»),2)

2030

GOSUB 3020

2040

LPRINT AS;HZS;A$

2050

END

2060

'

3000

'SETUP COL NUM LINE

3010

'

3020

HZS=MIDS(HORZS,LEN(AS)+l)

3030

HZS=LEFTS(HZS,LEN(HZS)-LEN(AS))

3040

RETURN

Call (617)934-0445 lor (aster delivery

THE 256K BOARD YOU NEED AND:

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No Compromise in Performance

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Up to 10 MHZ with automatic wait state assertion

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MACROTECH International Corp., 22133 Cohasset St. Canoga Park, California 91303

M

'In accordance with IEEE 696 S-100 Standard

MACROTECH International Corp., 22133 Cohasset St. Canoga Park, California 91303 (213) 887-5737

Circle 223 on inquiry card.

Circle 332 on inquiry card.

APPLESCOPE

DIGITAL STORAGE OSCILLOSCOPE

Interface for the Apple II Computer

The APPLESCOPE system combines two high speed analog to digital converters and a digital control board with the high resolution graphics capabilities of the Apple II computer to create a digital storage oscillosocpe. Signal trace parameters are entered through the keyboard to operational software provided in PROM on the Dl control board.

• DC to 3.5 Mhz sample rate with 1024 byte buffer memory

■ Prelrigger Viewing

• Programmable Scale Select

• Continuous and Single Sweep Modes

• Single or Dual Channel Trace

Price for the two board Applescope system is $595 EXTERNAL TRIGGER ADDAPTER $29

APPLESCOPE ACCESSORIES

APPLESCOPE-HR12 High resolution 12 bit analog to digital converter with sample rates to 100 Khz. Requires 48K Apple II with disk drive. Software provide on floppy disk includes basic SCOPE DRIVER package.

Price per channel $695 APPLESCOPE-HRHS High Resolution AND High Speed. Circuit combines two 6 bit flash analog to digital converters to give a 10 bit dynamic range. The 10 bit converter resolution is maintained at sampling rates up to the 7 Mhz. maximum for signal slew rates less than .5 volts per microsecond. Larger inputs slew rates will reduce the converter resolution to 6 bits until the signal stabilizes within the .5 Volt per microsecond limit. Requires 48 K Apple II with disk drive. Software provided on disk includes the basic SCOPE DRIVER package. Price per channel $695

APPLESCOPE-EXT External trigger adapter has a switch selectable external trigger input to a BNC connector mounted in a rear slot ot the Apple II computer.

Price $29.00 APPLESCOPE-BNC BNC adapter connects the Berg stick connectors on the Al circuit card to male BNC plugs mounted in a rear slot ol the Apple II compter.

Price $14.95 BUS EXTENDERS Allow easy access to Apple II peripheral circuit cards. Price $19.95

SCOPE PROBES Oscilloscope probes for use with the APPLESCOPE - BNC adapter. Pnce$29.95

SCOPE DRIVER Advanced software lor the Applescope system provided on 5'/>" floppy disk. Available options include:

• Signal Averaging - Acquires 1 to 255 signal sweeps and displays the averaged result.

• Digital Volt Meter - Allows use as a real time DVM or use to measure points on an acquired sweep.

• Hard Copy - Uses graphics printer to produce hardcopy output ot displayed traces.

• Disk Storage - Allows automatic storage and recover ol acquired data on tloppy disks

• Spectrum Analyzer-Calculates and displays frequency spectrum ol acquired data.

BUS RIDER LOGIC ANALYZER for the APPLE II

The BUS RIDER circuit card silently rides the Apple II peripheral bus and allows real time tracking ol program How. Soltware provided on EPROM allows set up of trace parameters irom the keyboard and read back ol disassembled code after a program has been tracked.

■ 32 bit by 1024 sample memory bulfer

• Monitors Data and Address bus plus 8 external inputs

• Trigger on any 32 bit word or external trigger

• Pretngger viewing

The BUS RIDER is an invaluable development tool lor anyone working with Apple II or Apple II f computers.

Price $295

RC ELECTRONICS INC.

7265 Tuolumne St., Goleta, CA 931 1 7 Visa (805)968-6614 M/C

Listing 2: Using the positions determined from the gridded form, the FFTABL-1 program can develop a control table that displays the field name for each piece of data, sets the maximum field length, and enters the exact line and column position for each data field.

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

500 '

510

520

530

540

550

560

570

580

590

600

610

6 20

630

640

650

660

670

680

690

700

710

720

730

740

750

1000

1010

1020

1030

1040

1050

1060

1070

1080

1090

1100

1110

1120

1130

1140

1150

1160

1170

1180

1500

1510

1520

1530

1540

1550

1560

1570

1580

1590

1600

1610

1620

1630

1640

1650

1660

1670

1680

1690

1700

1710

1720

1730

1740

1750

1760

1770

2000

2010

2020

' ** **

PRINT: PRINT '**

PRINT " FFTABL-1.BAS" ***

PRINT " FillForm Table Program" '** PRINT "Copyright 1981 by Elliam Assoc."'*

* * * **

*** This program Builds or Updates a **

'** Control table file that is used **

'** with FFORM-l.BAS **

* * * **

'** MICROSOFT BASIC **

'A***************************************

'Set for 100 records

INITIALIZATION

'** Dimension arrays, Set flags and Initialize** '** variables. **

************************************************

DIM LCL FALSE% NOREC%= CTFLG% RFL% UDT% ERFLG%: DEF FNL CHD1?=" CHD2S=" INV$ =" LCL$(1) CMDS$(1 CMDS$(3 CMDSS(4 CMDSS(5 CMDS$(6 CMDS$(7 CMDS$(8

$(3) ,LNE$(100) ,COL$(100) ,LN$(100) ,FLDNA$(100)

0: TRUE%=-1

0:

FALSE%

FALSE*

FALSE%

FALSE%

$(Q$)=LEFT$(A$,l)

Item Ln Col Fid"

No No No Len Field Name" Invalid ": FIL$="" ="Line No.": LCLS(2)="Column No. )="VALID COMMANDS": CMDSS(2)="

'Max Number of Records 'Record counter flag 'Re-enter flag 'File read flag 'Error flag

LCL$(3)="Length"

)="D# - Deletes item no. ft"

)="Iif - Allows record to be inserted at

)="R# - Allows new item to replace item

)="L - Lists all items"

)="L# - Lists item no. #"

)="L#-# - Lists Range of Items"

item no. no. #"

COMMAND MODE

************************************************

'** This section directs the control of the ** '** program. **

************************************************

PRINT

INPUT "Build Table, Update Table, List Table or

IF FNL$(Q$)="B" GOTO 1130

GOTO 1140

GOTO 1160

GOTO 7050

END (B, U, L or E): ",A$

IF FNL$(Q$)="U" IF FNLS(Q$)="L" IF FNL$(QS)="E" GOTO 1060 GOSUB 2190 GOSUB 1560 GOSUB 4090 GOSUB 1560 GOSUB 5860

GOTO 1050 IF AS="<" GOTO 1050 IF A$="<" GOTO 1050

GOTO 1050

GOTO 1050

'B'uild Mode 'Read table file 'Update Mode 'Read table file 'List file

READ CONTROL TABLE FILE

'** This routine reads the sequential control **

'** table file and places each field in the **

'** appropriate array for updating. **

IF UDT% THEN RETURN

INPUT "Drive (A or B): ",DRV$

IF DRV5-"<" THEN RETURN

IF DRV$o"A" AND DRV$o"B" GOTO 1580

INPUT "Enter Table Name: ",FIL$

IF FIL$»"<" GOTO 1580

OPEN "I",1,DRVS+":"+FIL$+".TBL"

PRINT "Reading {";FILS;"1 Table"

FOR I%-1 TO 1000

IF EOF(l) GOTO 1710

INPUT #1,LNES(IS),COL$(I«),LN$(I»)

LINE INPUT #1,A$

A$-MID$(AS,2): FLDNAS(I»)=LEFT$(AS,LEN(A$)-1)

'If file has been read ret 'Get drive for file

'NOTE: <filename> 'extension set to 'TBL'

'Open sequential file 'Displav message 'Read Table File

NEXT

N0REC»«I%-1

PRINT: PRINT NOREC*

PRINT

UDT»-TRUE%

CLOSE #1

RETURN

'Table Entries Read"

Strip quotes 'from string Number of records

'Set file read flag 'Close file

BUILD CONTROL TABLE

'** This routine builds and also is used to **

Listing 2 continued on page 226

224 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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::::: :::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: tx:::: :::

*• ••• ■•• **f ••• •••••• iii ••• *i« *ii*i*i *ii ii* •*• iii iiffii• ••••*• ••*•

•* ••• ••• ••• •••••••••••• ••• ••• ***i* ••• •••••• ••• •••••• •••••• i*i*i

•f • ii* -- •••

• ••••

•**f* *f ••• ••«••• •••

!•• ••• ii* ••• i*« •••

•• ♦♦♦ ••* ••• ••• «••

••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••*

••• ••• ••• ••• •#•••• •••

••• ••• ••• ••• •••••• •••

ii* ff* i*« •*• •••

••• ••• *•• ••• ••• •••

••••••• ••• ••• •••••• •••

••••• ••• ••• •••••• •••

16K STATIC RAM $169 64K STATIC RAM $795

32K PARTIALLY POPULATED $479 48K PARTIALLY POPULATED $659

Finally, you can buy state-of-the-art S-100 static memory for your computer at unprecedented savings.

Memory Merchant's memory boards provide the advanced features, quality and reliability you need for the kind of operational performance demanded by new high-speed processors.

COMPLETELY ASSEMBLED These memory boards are not kits, nor skeletons—but top quality, high performance memories that are shipped to you completely assembled, bumed-in, socketed, tested and insured with one of the industry's best warranties.

SUPERIOR DESIGN & QUALITY Memory Merchant's boards are created by a designer, well-known for his proven ability in advanced, cost-efficient memory design. Innovative circuitry provides you with highly desired features and incredible versatility.

Only first quality components are used throughout, and each board is rigorously tested to assure perfect and dependable performance.

SHIPPED DIRECT FROM STOCK

All Memory Merchant's boards are shipped direct from stock, normally within 48 hours of receipt of your order.

Prices,

NO RISK TRIAL

We are so convinced that you will be absolutely delighted with our boards that we extend a no risk trial offer. After purchasing one of our boards, you may return it (intact) for any reason within 15 days after shipment and we will refund the purchase price.

NEW 18 MONTH LIMITED WARRANTY!

The reliability of our boards, through quality controlled production and proven performance, has enabled us to extend our warranty to a full 18 months. This includes a 6 month exchange program for defective units.

HOW TO ORDER

Please send check, money order, VISA or MASTERCHARGE (add ICA#) with your order. Sorry, no C.O.DIs. Specify model number, and quantity desired. Shipping and handling charge is $5.00 per board. California residents add 6% Sales Tax. Credit card purchases may be telephoned to (415) 483-1008. OEM and DEALER inquiries invited.

mcmofv ImUuI merchant

14666 Doollttle Drive

San Leandro, CA 94577

(415) 483-1008

terms, specifications subject to change without Circle 233 on Inquiry card.

64K RAM, Model MM65K16S

Cool running operation to 10 MHz

Ultra low-power consumption Fully loaded 64K board draws: Typ. 350 Ma. (Max. current 550 Ma.)

Bank Select Capability

Extended Addressing Capability

One 16K submodule equipped with a 2K window which may be located in any of the 2K segments

2716 (5V) EPROM Compatibility: Programmed 2716 EPROM's may replace any or all of the RAM

Four independently addressable 16K submodules on one board organized as two pair of independent 32K banks or as one 64K Extended Address Page. Each 32K bank responds independently to phantom. Bank Select logic is compatible with either Cromemco Cromix* or standard Bank Select software.

*Cromix is a trademark of Cromemco.

New 16K (2K X 8) 150ns Static RAM Runs on any S-100,8-bit system MPM Conversion Option: Write for details. 16K RAM, Model MM16K14

Bank Select Capability Extended Addressing Capability One 4K segment equipped with IK

windows Four independent 4K X 8 byte

segments Uses field proven 2114 (IK X 4) Low-power consumption (Typ. 1.3 Amps) Runs on any S-100 8080, 4 MHz

Z-80 or 5 MHz 8085 system.

notice.

Circle 341 on inquiry card.

S-100 Boards from S. C. Digital

64K DYNAMIC RAM 'Uniselect: 2'

features: Model G4KUS

• 16 or 24 bit addressing. • 8 bit data. • Bank Select by SW settable Port, Bits in Two blocks. • Two 32KB (or 128KB) addressing. * Transparent refresh with delay lines, giving unlimited DMA, immune to Wait States, halts, resets.

• Fast access time - 220nsec from Smemr or Psync high, will run with Z80, Z8000 to 4mhz, 8080, 8085, 8088, 8086 to 5mhz without wait states. • Provision to expand to 256KB using 64K by 1 chips.

32K Static Ram 'Uniselect: 3' features: Model 32KUS

• Fully Static using 2k by 8 NM0S chips. • 16 or 24 bit address. * 8/16 bit wide data. * Bank Select by port and bit in 32K block. • Two 16K block addressing with window capability in 2k increments. • EPROM can be mixed with RAM. • Fast access - 250nsec from address valid-will run with Z80, Z8000 to 4mhz, 8080, 8085, 8088, 8086 or 68000 to 8mhz without Wait States. • Provision for Battery Backup using NM0S or CMOS.

TstSiW.

I/O, Memory Interface 'Interface: 1'

features: Model 3SPC

• 3 serials using UART, RS-232C or 20ma current loop. • 1 Parallel I/O with hand shakes. • 4k Ram, 4k EPROM (not supplied). • Built in Kansas City Audio Cassette interface. • Baud rate generator from 19.2kbaud to 110 baud.

2K Z80 Monitor Program available for M:3SPC

features: many routines including breaker points, cassette record and play back . . . etc. Comes in 2 EPROMs and IK RAM.

Z80 CPU Board Model CPUI-Z80

features: • 2 or4mhz clock. • Jump on Reset • 2K of EPROM (not supplied). • 8 levels of prioritized vectored interrupts.

16K Static Ram 'Uniselect: V

features: Model 16KUS

• Fully static using 2114L-2, 200nsec chips. • Bank Select by port and bit. • 8 bit data, 16 bit address.

All boards conform to IEEE696/S100 specifications, fully socketed, screened legends, masks, Gold contacts. Guaranteed One Full year.

Model

List

Our Price

64KUS

with 64KB

AST

S520

$479

64KUS-16

with 16KB

AST

$309

$264

32KUS

with 32KB

AST

$435

$399

32KUS-16

with 16KB

AST

$295

$269

32KUS-N

no mem chips

AST

$165

$149

3SPC

with cassette

AST

$249

$229

3SPC-KC

with cassette

Kit

$159

CPUI-Z80

with interrupt

AST

$239

$219

CPUI-Z80-K

. no interrupt

Kit

$149

16KUS

200 nsec chips

AST

$210

$195

16KUS-K

200 nsec chips

Kit

$175

2K Monitor

with IK Ram

$ 55

Delivery is within 3 working days. MC, Visa or COD orders accepted. Illinois residents add 5'/a% sales tax.

OEM. & DEALER PRICING AVAILABLE

S.C. DIGITAL

P.O. Box 906, Aurora, Illinois 60507 Phone: (312) 897-7749

Listing 2 continued:

2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100 2110 2120 2130 2140 2150 2160 2170 2180 2190 2200 2210 2220 2230 2240 2250 2260 2270 2280 2290 2300 2310 2320 2330 2340 2350 2360 2370 2380 2390 2400 2410 2420 2430 2440 2450 2460 2470 2480 2490 2500 2510 2520 2530 2540 2550 2560 2570 2560 2590 2600 2610 2620 3000 3010 3020 3030 3040 3050 3060 3070 3080 3090 3100 3110 3120 3130 3140 3150 3200 3210 3220 3230 3240 3250 3260 3270 3280 3290 3300 3310 3320 3330 3340 3350 3360 3370 3380 3390 3400 4000 4010 4020 4030 4040

'** update the control table. The user may

'** go back and re-enter a previous field by

*** entering *<* or to any item no. by enter

'** ing *<N' where 'N' is the item number.

'** Data is entered as a string with a ','

'** as a required delimiter between fields.

'** An "END entry terminates the building of

'** a table. If entering the Build Mode from

*** the Update Mode entries will be added to

'** the end of the file. Entries are edited

"** for delimiters as well as sequential line

'** and column positions - also for overlapp

*** ing fields.

'** A 'CHD' entry will cause a column heading

'** to be displayed. '•♦A******************************************

PRINT "<< BUILD MODE >>"' : PRINT

PRINT CHD1$: PRINT CHD2$

IF UDT% THEN C%=NOREC%: GOTO 2 240

C%=0

C%=C%+1: C1%=C%

RFL%=FALSE%: CTFLG%=TRUE%

PRINT RIGHTS(" "+STR$(C%),4)+". ";

LINE INPUT "",A$

IF LEFTS(A$,l)<>"<" GOTO 2370

CTFLG%=FALSE%

IF LEN(A$)<>1 THEN GOTO 2330

C%=C%-1: IF C%<1 THEN C%=1

GOTO 2260

C%=VAL(MID$(AS,2)): IF C%<1 THEN C%=1

IF UDT%=TRUE% AND C%>NOREC% THEN C%=NOREC%

IF UDT%=FALSE» AND C%>C1% THEN C%-C1%

RFL»=TRUE%: GOTO 2260

IF AS="CHD" THEN PRINT CHD1S: PRINT CHD2S:

IF AS-"END" THEN RETURN

FOR K*=l TO 3: J%=INSTR(AS,",")

IF J»ofl GOTO 2420

PRINT INVS;"delimiter": GOTO 2260

B$(K»)=LEFT$(A$,J%-1)

A$=MID$(AS,J»+1) NEXT B$(4)-A$ FOR KS-1 TO 3

FOR J4-1 TO LEN(B$(K%))

IF MIDS(BS(K%),J%,1)=>"0" AND MIDS(B$(K%

PRINT INVSf

PRINT LCLS(K%)i

NEXT NEXT

IF EDFLG% THEN GOSUB 3260: IF C*-l GOTO 2560

GOSUB 3060: IF ERFLG4 GOTO 2260 LNE$(Ct)-B$(l)t COLS(C»)-BS(2) LNS(CI)-B$(3): FLDNAS(C»)-B$(4) UDTt-TRUE%

IF CTFLG* THEN NOREC%-NOREC»+l IF RFLt THEN CI-CU-1: RFL*-FALSE% IF EDFLG* THEN RETURN ELSE GOTO 2 240

GOTO 2260

IF ERFLG* GOTO

"Display Column Heading 'If file read set counter

'Increment counter 'Set/Reset flags 'Display Record No. 'Get record from Kbrd 'Ck for re-enter 'Reset counter flag 'Test for record number 'Decrement counter 'Go re-enter Prev record 'Get record number 'Range test record no.

'Set reenter flag GOTO 2260 'End of entries 'Test for Field

delimiters 'Error message 'Break up entry string

'Field name 'Test for numeric

),J%,1)<="9" GOTO 2510 'Display Error msg 'Field not Numeric

2260 'Go Edit 'Skip if first record 'Go Edit against Prev 'Store fields

'Set no-read flag 'Increment Max rec ctr 'Reset Counter s flag

CHECK AGAINST PREV RECORD

'***********************************************

'** Teat line numbers and column positions to ** '** prevent backward movement and overlapping** '** fields. **

'***************, ********************************

ERFLG«"FALSE! 'Reset Error flag

IF VAL(B$(1))->VAL(LNE$(C%-1)) GOTO 3110 'Test line number

PRINT "Line no.(";B$(1)•") Less then Previous Line No.("jLNES(C%-1)j")" GOTO 3390 'Display error message

IF VAL(B$(1))>VAL(LNES(C«-1)) GOTO 3360 'Test for overlapping IF VAL(COL$(C%-l))+VAL(LN$(C%-l))<VAL(B$(2)) GOTO 3140 'fields PRINT "Overlapping fields": GOTO 3390 'Display error message GOTO 3360 'Go finish test

'CHECK AGAINST NEXT RECORD

*************************************************

'** Test line numbers and column positions to ** '** prevent backward movement and overlapping ** '** fields. **

'**************,v ********************************

IF C%-NOREC*+l THEN RETURN 'No test if appending

IF C»-NOREC» AND EDFLGt THEN RETURN 'No test if repl last

ERFLG%-FALSE% 'Reset Error flag

IF VAL(BS(1))<-VAL(LNE$(C»+D) GOTO 3330 'Test line number PRINT "Line no.(";BS(1)•") Greater then Next Line No.("iLNES(C*+l)i"1"

GOTO 3390 'Display error message

IF VAL(BS(1))<VAL(LNES(C%+1)) GOTO 3360 'Test for overlapping IF VAL(BS(2))+VAL(B$(3))<VAL(COL$(C%+1)) GOTO 3360 'fields

PRINT "Overlapping fields": GOTO 3390 'Display error message

FOR K%=1 TO 3: IF BS(K%)="0" GOTO 3380 'Test for zero NEXT: RETURN

PRINT LCLS(K%);" can not be Zero" . 'Display error message

ERFLG%=TRUE%: RETURN 'Set Error flag

'UPDATE

-***********************************************

'** In the Update Mode records may be Insert- ** '** ed, Replaced, Deleted and Listed. Enter ** '** the code letter for the function and the **

226 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

The Grappler™ is the most intelligent Apple interface available. Simple commands from the keyboard or user program, are all you need to dump screen graphics to your printer. The Grappler's exclusive EPROM chip makes high resolution graphics that easy. There are Grappler versions to accommodate the Anadex, Epson Series* IDS Paper Tigers, Centronics 739, NEC 8023, C. Itoh Pro-writer, Okidata 82A,* Malibu 200, and future graphic printers.

'Requires Graphics Upgrade,

• ■ ■ I •

ACTUAL APPLE II PRINTOUT USING GRAPPLER" AND EPSON MX100.

With -»The ,

Grappler

Printer! ■interface

r?V~~ miiiiiiiiii. I

r*"'1\,..» 'llllillJJJJJl-■

er s features include:

• Graphics Screen Dump

• Inverse Graphics

• Emphasized Graphics

• Double Size Picture ■ 90° Rotation

• Center Graphics

• Chart Recorder

• Mode Block Graphics

• Bell Control

• Skip-over-Perf

• Left and Right Margins

• Variable Line Length

• Text Screen Dump.

The Grappler™ works with Pasca and CPM.

For information contact;

CompuCable Corporation (714)635 7330 High Technology (314)838 6502 Kal Tronics (312)2911220 Micro Distributors (800) 638 6621

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiii

•Orange Micro

J inc.

3150 E. La Palma, Suite G, Anaheim, CA 92806 (800) 854 8275 TOLL FREE (714) 630 3322 CA; AK; HI.

Microamerica Distributing (800) 343 4411 Waybern Corporation (800) 854 8348 In England:

Pete & Pam Computers Rawtenstall, Lancashire (070)622 7011

Circle 289 on inquiry card.

o 1982, Orange Micro, Inc.

Circle 260 on inquiry card.

MMSFORTH VERSION 2.0: MORE FOR YOUR RADIO SHACK TRS-80 MODEL I OR MODEL III !

• MORE SPEED

10-20 times taster than Level II BASIC.

• MORE ROOM

Very compact compiled code plus VIRTUAL MEMORY makes your RAM act larger. Variable number ol block buffers. 31-char.-unique wordnames use only 4 bytes in header!

• MORE INSTRUCTIONS

Add YOUR commands to its 79-STANDARD-plus

instruction set!

Far more complete than most Forths: single &

double precision, arrays, string-handling, clock,

more.

• MORE EASE

Excellent full-screen Editor, structured &

modular programming

Word search utility

THE NOTEPAD letter writer

Optimized tor your TRS-80 with keyboard

repeats, upper/lower case display driver, full

ASCII, single- & double-width graphics, etc.

• MORE POWER

Forth operating system

Interpreter AND compiler

8080 Assembler

(Z80 Assembler also available)

Intermix 35- to 80-track disk drives

Model III System can read, write & run Model I

diskettes!

VIRTUAL I/O for video and printer, disk and tape

(10-Megabyte hard disk available)

FORTH

THE PROFESSIONAL FORTH FOR TRS-80

(Over 2,000 systems in use)

MMSFORTH Disk System V2.0 (requires 1 disk drive & 32K RAM, speclty Model I or III) 129.95

AND MMS GIVES IT PROFESSIONAL SUPPORT

Source code provided

MMSFORTH Newsletter

Many demo programs aboard

MMSFORTH User Groups

Inexpensive upgrades to latest version

Programming staff can provide advice, modifications

and custom programs, to fit YOUR needs.

MMSFORTH UTILITIES DISKETTE: includes FLOATING POINT MATH (L.2 BASIC ROM routines plus Complex numbers, Rectangular-Polar coordinate conversions, Degrees mode, more), plus a full Forth-style Z80 ASSEMBLER: plus a powerful CROSS-REFERENCER to list Forth words by block and line. All on one diskette {requires MMSFORTH V2.0. 1 drive 4 32K RAM) , $39.95'

FORTHCOM: communications package provides RS-232 driver, dumb terminal mode, transfer of FORTH blocks, and host mode to operate a remote TRS-80 (requires MMSFORTH V2.0, 1 drive & 32K RAM) $39.95'

THE DATAHANDLER V1.2: a very sophisticated data, base management system operable by non-programmers (requires MMSFORTH V2.0, 1 drive & 32K RAM) $59.95*

MMSFORTH GAMES DISKETTE: real-lime graphics 4 board games w/source code. Includes BREAKFORTH, CRASHFORTH, CRYPTOQUOTE. FREEWAY. OTHELLO 4 TICTACFORTH (requires MMSFORTH V2.0, 1 drive & 32K RAM) $39.95*

Other MMSFORTH product! under development

FORTH BOOKS AVAILABLE

MMSFORTH USERS MANUAL - without Appendices, for non-owners $17.50*

STARTING FORTH - best companion to our manual $15.95'

THREADED INTERPRETIVE LANGUAGES - advanced, excellent analysis of MMSFORTH-like language $16.95'

PROGRAM DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION ■ intro. to structured programming, good for Forth $13.95'

FORTH -79 STANDARD MANUAL - official reference to 79-STANDARD word set. etc $13.95*

FORTH SPECIAL ISSUE, BYTE Magazine (Aug. 1980) we stock this collector's item for Forth users and beginners $4.00*

ORDERING INFORMATION: Software prices Include manuals and require signing of a single system, singleuser license. SPECIFY for Model I or Model III! Add $2.00 S/H plus $3.00 per MMSFORTH and $1.00 per additional book; Mass. orders add 5% tax. Foreign orders add 20%. UPS COD, VISA 4 M/C accepted; no unpaid purchase orders, pioaso.

Send SASE lor tree MMSFORTH information Good dealers sought

Get MMSFORTH products from your computer dealer or

MILLER MICROCOMPUTER SERVICES (B3)

61 Lake Shore Road, Natlck, MA 01760 (617)653-6136

Listing

4050

4060

4070

4080

4090

4100

4110

4120

4130

4140

4150

4160

4170

4180

4190

4200

4210

4220

4230

4240

4250

4260

4270

4400

4410

4420

4430

4440

4450

4460

4470

4480

4490

4500

4510

4520

4530

4540

4550

4560

4570

4580

4590

4600

4700

4710

4720

4730

4740

4750

4760

4770

4780

4790

4800

4810

4820

5000

5010

5020

5030

5040

5050

5060

5070

5080

5090

5100

5110

5120

5130

5140

5150

5160

5170

5400

5410

5420

5430

5440

5450

5460

5470

5480

5490

5500

5510

5520

5530

5540

5550

5560

5570

5580

5590

5600

5800

5810

5820

5830

5840

5850

2 continued:

'** Item No. The "L" (list) by itself will **

'** list the whole Control Table. 'L#' lists **

'** Item #. 'L#-#* lists a range of item Nos.**

********

r***************************************

<< UPDATE MODE >>": PRINT

Replace, Delete, List, END or ?(I#,R# ,D#,L#-#,E PRINT

PRINT: PRINT INPUT "Insert, EDFLG%=FALSE%: IP FNL$(Q$)="E EDFLG%=TRUE%: CMD?=FNL$(QS): FOR K»=l TO 5

IF CMDS=MIDS("IRDL?",K*,1) GOTO 4190 NEXT: GOTO 4110

INSR REPL DELT LIST ? ON K% GOSUB 4470,4740,5060,5450,4240 PRINT: GOTO 4110

,AS

THEN RETURN DPB$="D" A$=MID$(A$,2)

Reset Edit flag 'Done updating 'Set Edit flag 'Strip cmd char

'Valid entry? 'Go redo

LIST COMMANDS

FOR K%=1 TO 8: RETURN

PRINT CMDS$(K%):

INSERT ITEM

'A**********************************************

'** Records are always inserted ahead of the ** '** item number used. Records are moved up to** '** room to insert the new record. The Max ** '** record counter is incremented. **

-***********************************************

LNENO%=VAL(AS): IF LNENO%>0 GOTO 4500 GOTO 5570

IF LNENO%>NOREC* THEN LNENO%=NOREC*+l: FOR K%=NOREC% TO LNENO% STEP-1

LNES (K%+1)-=LNE$ (K%)

COL$(K%+l)=COL$(K%)

LN?(K%+1)=LN$(K%)

FLDNAS(K%+1)=FLDNA$(K%) NEXT

C%=LNENO% GOSUB 2260 NOREC%=NOREC%+1:RETURN

'Test for valid Rec #

GOTO 4570 'Append

'Open up space for rec

'Move line number

'Move column position

'Move Field length

'Move Field Name

'Set Counter 'Go get entry 'Increment Max rec ctr

REPLACE ITEM

"****************************V: ******************

'** The new record replaces the old data **

************************************************

LNENO%=VAL(A$)

IF LNENO»<l OR LNENO%>NOREC% GOTO 5570

BOT%=LNENO»: TOP»=LNENO«: GOSUB 5940

CTFLG%=FALSE%

C%=LNENO%

GOSUB 2260

RETURN

'Get record number 'Test for valid Rec # 'Set rec I & display 'Reset Counter flag 'Set Counter 'Go Replace record

DELETE ITEM

************************************************

'** Records are moved down to overlay the item** '** being deleted. The Max record counter is ** '** decremented. **

************************************************

IF LNENO«<l OR LNENO%>NOREC« GOTO 5570

LNENO%=VAL(A$)

BOT%=LNENO«: TOP%=LNENO«: GOSUB 5940

INPUT "SURE (Y or N): ",A$

IF FNLS(Q$)o"Y" THEN RETURN

FOR K*=LNENO% TO NOREC*

LNE$ (K%)=LNE$(K*+1)

COLS(K%)=COL$(K4+1)

LN$(K»)=LNS(K*+1)

FLDNAS (K«)-*FLDNAS (K%+1) NEXT: NOREC»=NOREC%-l:

RETURN

LIST ITEMS IN UPDATE MODE

************************************************

'** Lists All items, Single item or a range of** '** Items depending on the parameters entered ** 'ft**********************************************

'Test for valid Rec ♦ 'Get record number 'Set rec # & display 'Second chance

'Move all records down 'Line number 'Column Position 'Field length 'Field name 'Decrement Max rec ctr

PRINT: DPB$="D"

IF AS-"" THEN B0T»-l:TOP%=NOREC»:

J»-INSTR(A$,"-")

IF J%=0 THEN LNENO%-VAL(AS): GOTO 5560

BOTS-VAL(LEFTS(AS,J%-1))

IF B0T%<1 THEN BOT%=l

TOP«=VAL(MID$(AS,J*+1))

IF TOP*>NOREC» THEN TOP4-NOREC*

IF BOT»<TOP» THEN GOSUB 5940: RETURN

GOTO 5570

IF LNENO%>0 AND LNENO%<-NOREC% GOTO 5580

PRINT "Line No. out of Range": RETURN

BOT»-LNENO%: TOPS»LNENO%

GOSUB 5940: RETURN

GOTO 5540

'Test for

'Set Low rec number

'Set Hi rec number

'Go list

'Invalid rec numbers

'Test Rec number

'Display error message

'Set list range

'Go list

LISTS or PRINTS RECORDS IN COMMAND MODE

*************„**************************+******A

'** Lists or Prints the complete Control Table** '** This routine is also used by the Update ** '** Mode. **

'***********************************************

228 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Listing 2 continued:

5860 5870 5880 5890 5900 5910 5920 5930 5940 5950 5960 5970 5980 5990 6000 6010 6020 6030 6040 6050 6060 6070 6080 6090 6100 6110 6120 6130 6140 7000 7010 7020 7030 7040 7050 7060 7070 7080 7090 7100 7110 7120 7130 7140 7150 7160 7170 7180 7190 7200 7210 7220 7230 7240 7250 7260 7270 8000 8010 8020 8030 8040 8050 8060 8070 8080 8090 8100

sun

8120 8130

'Set list range for all

PRINT: B0T%-1: TOPS-NOREC%:SCNT%-0:LCNT«-0

INPUT "Display, Print or Both (D, P OR B): ",A$

DPB$»AS: IF AS»"<" THEN RETURN

IP A$="D" THEN PRINT CHD1$: PRINT CHD2$: GOTO 5940

IP A$o"P" AND A$o"B" GOTO 5880

INPUT "Position Paper: o/r ",A$

GOSUB 6090 'Heading

FOR I%=BOT% TO TOPS

A?=RIGHT$(" "+STRS(1%),4)+". " 'Record number

IF DPB$="P" GOTO 5990

PRINT ASiLNE?(1%);TAB(13-LEN(COL$(1%)));COL$(1%);

PRINT TAB(18-LEN(LN$(I%) ) ) ;LNS(I%) ;TAB (22) ;FLDNAS (I*)

IF DPB$="D" GOTO 6050

LPRINT A$;LNE$(I»);TAB(13-LEN(COL?(1%)));COLS(1%)!

LPRINT TAB(18-LEN(LN$(1%)))}LN$(1%);TAB(22)}FLDNAS(I*)

LCNT%=-LCNT%+1: IF LCNT%<=>62 GOTO 6050 'Test for end of page FOR K%=LCNT% TO 66: LPRINT 'End of page spacing NEXT: LCNT*-0: GOSUB 6090'Page heading

IF DPB$="P" GOTO 6070

SCNT%-SCNTI+1: IF SCNT%=18 THEN SCNT«-0: INPUT "c/r ",A$ NEXT: RETURN

HEADING

LPRINT: LPRINT

LPRINT "Control Table { ";FIL$;")":LPRINT LPRINT CHD1$: LPRINT CHD2$: LPRINT LCNT»=7: RETURN

'WRITE CONTROL TABLE FILE

************************************************

'** This routine writes the Control Table data** '** to a sequential file. **

************************************************

IF A$="<" GOTO 1060

INPUT "Write File (Y or N): ",A$

IF A$="Y" GOTO 7100

IF A$o"N" GOTO 7070 ELSE GOTO 8060

INPUT "Write to Drive (A or B): ",DRV$

IF DRV$-"<" GOTO 7070

IF FIL$-"" GOTO 7170

IF DRV$o"A" AND DRV$o"B" GOTO 7100

INPUT "Same File Name (Y or N): ",A$

IF A$="<" GOTO 7100

IF A$-"Y" GOTO 7190

INPUT "Enter Table Name:

IF FIL$-"<" GOTO 7100

OPEN "0",1,DRV$+":"+FIL$+"

PRINT "Writing {";NOREC%i"

FOR I*-l TO NOREC%

PRINT #1,LNE$(1%);

PRINT #1,LN$ (I*) ;" ,'

WRITE tl,FLDNA$(1%)

'Column Headings 'Set line counter

',FIL$

.TBL"

} Records"

,"(COM <!%)>'

'ODen output file

'Line No & Col Posn

'Length

'Field name

NEXT CLOSE #1

AGAIN

************************************************

'** This routine allows the user to Build or ** '** Update another Control Table without ** *** leaving the program. **

************************************************

INPUT "Aqain (Y or N): ",AS

IF A$="N" THEN END

IF AS<>"Y" GOTO 8070

INPUT "Same Control Table (Y or N): ",A$

IF AS="<" GOTO 8070

IF A$="N" THEN NOREC%=0:UDT%=FALSE%:GOTO 1060

IF A$o"Y" GOTO 8100 ELSE GOTO lOfiO

'Close file

'Reset Max ctr & flag

Listing 3: A sample control table developed using the purchase order form shown in figure 1.

Control Table (PO)

tern

Ln

Col

Fid

No

No

No

Len

Field Name

1.

4

10

30

Company Name

2.

4

44

8

'Contact:'

3.

4

57

25

Contact name

4.

5

10

30

Company Address

5.

5

57

14

Contact Phone

6.

6

10

30

City, State, zip

7.

9

10

30

PO to Company

8.

9

58

25

Ship to Name

9.

11

10

30

PO to Address 1

10.

11

58

25

Ship to Address

11.

12

10

30

PO to Address 2

12.

13

10

30

PO to City, State, Zip

13.

13

58

25

Ship to City, State, Zip

14.

17

2

12

For

15.

17

20

14

Req.No.

16.

17

37

12

How Ship

17.

17

51

8

Date Required

18.

17

60

8

Terms

19.

17

70

11

Date

20.

20

5

5

Ordered 1

21.

20

12

5

Received 1

22.

20

20

42

Item Desc 1

23.

20

64

7

Price 1

24.

20

74

7

Unit 1

25.

22

5

5

Ordered 2

26.

22

12

5

Received 2

27.

22

20

42

Item Desc 2

28.

22

64

7

Price 2

29.

22

74

7

Unit 2

30.

24

5

5

Ordered 3

31.

24

12

5

Received 3

32.

24

20

42

Item Desc 3

33.

24

64

7

Price 3

34.

24

74

7

Unit 3

35.

26

5

5

Ordered 4

36.

26

12

5

Received 4

37.

26

20

42

Item Desc 4

38.

26

64

7

Price 4

39.

26

74

7

Unit 4

40.

28

5

5

Ordered 5

41.

28

12

5

Received 5

42.

28

20

42

Item Desc 5

43.

28

64

7

Price 5

44.

28

74

7

Unit 5

45.

30

5

5

Ordered 6

46.

30

12

5

Received 6

47.

30

20

42

Item Desc 6

48.

30

64

7

Price 6

49.

30

74

7

Unit 6

50.

32

5

5

Ordered 7

51.

32

12

5

Received 7

52.

32

20

42

Item nesc 7

53.

32

04

7

Price 7

54.

32

74

7

Unit 7

Text continued from page 222:

the program issues only a carriage return and waits for a response. If your printer includes a line feed, you will have to crank the form back one line before repositioning. When the form is aligned satisfactorily, the program prints the grid on the form. Figure 2 shows a sample standard purchase-order form that has been gridded with the FFGRID-1 program.

Building a Forms-Control Table

Using the gridded form, you can determine the line and column posi

tions to be used in building a control table (see listing 2). At the same time, the maximum length for each field can be specified.

Listing 3 shows the control table created with the FFTABL-1 program for the purchase-order form. This control-table file will also be used by the FFORM-1 program to display the field names for data entry, determine the maximum field length, and provide the line and column position for each data field.

FFTABL-1, like the other programs, scrolls up from the bottom of

the screen, so no cursor positioning is required.

When the FFTABL-1 program comes up in the command mode, you are given the choice of building a new control table, updating or changing an existing control table, listing an existing control table to the screen or printer, or ending the program and writing out the control table to disk. The program always returns to the command mode after each mode is finished.

Build Mode: When the Build mode is entered, a column heading is dis

March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 229

played with item number 1 on the next line. After each entry is made, the item number is incremented by one. An entry consists of the line number, the column position, the maximum field length, and a field name (see figure 3). The field name is displayed by the FFORM-1 program for data entry. Commas are required as delimiters between fields.

While in the Build mode you may reenter the previous field by entering a < or go back to any previously entered item by entering <N, where N is the item number. The program issues an error message if N is less than 1 or greater than the largest item

number. The Build Mode is terminated by entering the word END.

List Mode: After the Build mode is ended, you may list the control table on the screen or print the table. The program lists 18 lines on the screen and then requests a carriage return before listing the next 18 lines. If printed, the program takes care of column headings for a 66-line page. A previously prepared control table can also be read and listed.

Update Mode: In the Update mode you can:

• Insert: Enter the code IN, with N being the item number of the record

* 2345678901234567890123456789012343OTSg«¥2?S«B 7 8 9 012 3 456789012345678901; 2 + + + + + + + + + + + + H

WS

-+-4 -+-5

9 ,._

10"©-+

_.SU£.JQ_

-9 -HO

113456789012345678901234 5678901234 5678901234 5678901234567890123456789 01234 56789011

12VOW&8S—+ J- + + k_—I | | H-iDDtjESS | ., | , y +12

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + 13

14+K+15 — +

3ft?d1f^.8Wi^'.r.C7S'01

':'7<6«Iginal

+ 37 4567S1 C I 2345G7890M

Figure 2: The FFGR1D-1 program prints a grid over your form that allows you to determine the coordinates for the various data fields.

14,

20,

NAME

ITEM #

PROGRAM

DISPLAY

FIELD NAME

MAXIMUM FIELD LENGTH COLUMN POSITION LINE POSITION

Figure 3: In the Build mode, the FFTABL-1 program prompts you to enter the data for each field.

to be inserted. If 19 is used, item 9 will be renumbered to 10, 10 will be moved to 11, etc. The inserted record becomes item 9. All previous records are moved up to make room for the insertion. Item numbers greater than N will be incremented. To append records to the end of the file use I to insert an item number greater than the highest item number in the file or return to the Command mode and use the Build mode.

• Replace: The entry of RN will allow a new entry for item N. This entry replaces the existing record with the new record.

• Delete: DN causes item N to be deleted. All records will be moved down. Item numbers greater than the N used will be decremented.

• List: The list commands allow you to L all items, L# a single item, or L#-# a range of items (# is the number of an item).

• End: END terminates the Update mode and returns the program to the Command mode.

Valid Entries

The fields that make up a record are entered as a string, then broken up into individual fields. This allows use of < and END, which would never work in BASIC if the linenumber field was a numeric field. The program edits each record to make sure it is valid by

• Checking for commas as delimiters between fields

• Checking for line or column positions less than 1

• Checking to make sure that line numbers increment (for example, you cannot insert line number 20 ahead of line number 15)

• Checking to make sure that fields on a line do not overlap (a field starting in column position 20 that is 20 characters long cannot be followed by a field starting in column 30)

• Issuing error messages when the record is not valid and displaying the same item number again for a correct entry

Once a control table is built, it can be changed by running the control

230 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Ire

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table file through the FFTBAL-1 program. Use the Update mode to insert, delete, or replace the line and column positions that need adjusting so that the data fields will fit properly on the form.

Filling in a Form

After building a control table, the FFORM-1 program is used to enter the data to be printed on the form (see listing 4). When the program is loaded it goes into the Command mode and gives you the following options:

• Build: Build new data arrays; these may be printed or written to disk.

• Change: Change the data in the data array or data file (fix errors).

• List: List the data-array file, showing the line and column position and data for each field. The listing may be displayed or sent to the printer. You can specify that the whole file, a single field, or a range of fields be listed.

• Print: Print out the form on the printer or display the data on the screen as it would look on the form.

While in the Command mode, the FFORM-1 program functions the same as the other two programs. User options include:

Build: The control table that provides the line and column positions and field names is first read into an array. The program then displays the first field number and field name, together with underscores corresponding to the maximum field length. You enter the data for that field and hit the carriage return. The program will display the field number and field name for the second field. For blank fields, a carriage return is entered. The use of the < and <N for reentering data is the same as in the FFTBL-1 program. If you want to stop before reaching the end of the table, enter < END to go back to the Command mode.

Form designers have been known to ignore the fact that typewriters and printers are generally unable to han

Text continued on page 236

Listing 4: The FFORM-1 program prints out the form or allows you to enter or change data in the data file.

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 500 ' 510 520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720 730 740 750 760 1000 1010 1020 1030 1040 1050 1060 1070 1080 1090 1100 1110 1120 1130 1140 1150 1160 1170 1180 1190 1200 1500 1510 1520 1530 1540 . 1550 1560 1570 1580 1590 1600 1610 1620 1630 1640 1650 1660 1670 1680 1690 1700 1710 1720 1730 1740 1750 1760 1770 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

********************************************* '** **

PRINT: PRINT '**

PRINT " FFORM-1.BAS" '**

PRINT "FillForm File and Print Program" '** PRINT "Copyright 1981 by Elliam Assocates"'** ' ** **

"** This Program Builds a Form File **

'** and/or Fills Out a Form - uses ** '** a control table built with **

-** FFTBL-1 **

* ** **

*********************************************

'Program set for 100 fields

INITIALIZATION

************************************************

**** Dimension arrays, Set flags and Initialize** *** variables **

************************************************

DIM LCL$(3),LNE$(100),COL$(100),LN$(100),FLDNA$(100)

DIM FLNE$(100),FCOL$(100),FDTA$(100)

FALSE%=0: TRUE%=-1

NOREC%=0

NODTA*=0

CTFLG%=FALSE%

RFL% =FALSE%

UDT% =FALSE%

FUDT% =FALSE%

EDFLG%=FALSE%

CNTR% =0

OKS

Cl%

C2%

LNO%

SCNT%

LCNT%

DEF FNLS(OS)=LEFT$(AS,1)

CHD1$=" Item Lne Col"

CHD2S=" No No No Field Data"

'COMMAND MODE

************************************************

'** This section directs the control of the **

'Max No of Ctl Tbl Records

'Max No of Data Records

'Record counter flag

'Re-enter flag

'Control tbl read flag

'Data file read flag

'Edit flag

'Record ctr in print routine

'Alignment flag

'Line number

'Column position

'Print line counter

'Screen line counter

'List print line ctr

PRINT

PRINT "Build File, Change File,

INPUT "(B,CrL,P or E):",AS

CMD$=AS

List File, Print File or END

IF FNLS(QS)="B" IF FNLS(QS)= "C" IF FNLS(Q$)="L" IF FNLS(QS)="P" IF FNLS(QS)="E" GOTO 1060 FUDT%=FALSE%: GOSUB 4100: GOSUB 4 570: GOSUB 8490:

GOTO 1160 GOTO 1170 GOTO 1180 GOTO 1190 GOTO 7050

GOSUB 2170: GOTO 1050 GOTO 1050 GOTO 10 50

GOTO 1060

'Reset Read data flag

READ CONTROL TABLE

************************************************

'** This routine reads the sequential control ** '** table file and places each field in the ** '** appropriate array for use in building a ** '** data file. **

************************************************

'If file has been 'Get drive for fil

'NOTE: <filename> extension set t

'Open file 'Display message 'Read Table file

IF UDT% THEN RETURN

INPUT "Control Table Drive (A or B): ",AS

DRVS=AS: IF DRV$="<" THEN RETURN

IF DRVS<>"A" AND DRVS<>"B" GOTO 1590

INPUT "Enter Table Name: ",FIL$

IF FIL$="<" GOTO 1590

OPEN "I",1,DRVS+":"+FILS+".TBL"

PRINT: PRINT "Reading j";FILS;") Table"

FOR I%=1 TO 1000

IF EOF(l) GOTO 1720

INPUT #1,LNES(1%),COLS(1%),LNS(1%)

LINE INPUT #1,AS

A$=HIDS(AS,2) : FLDNAS (I%)=LEFTS(AS,LEN(AS)- 1) 'Strip quotes NEXT 'from string

N0REC%=I%-1 'Number of table recs

PRINT: PRINT NOREC% "Table Entries Read"

PRINT: UDT%=TRUE% 'Set update flag

CLOSE #1 'Close file

RETURN

-BUILD DATA FILE ***************

******************

:*************

'** This routine builds a data file. It is

'** also used to change a data field. The

'** user may go back and re-enter a previous

'** field by entering '<' or to any field

Listing 4 continued on page 234

232 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Listing 4 continued:

2060 2070 2080 2090 2100 2110 2120 2130 2140 2150 2160 2170 2180 2190 2200 2210 2220 2230 2240 2250 2260 2270 2280 2290 2300 2310 2320 2330 2340 2350 2360 2370 2380 2390 2400 2410 2420 2430 2440 2450 4000 4010 4020 4030 4040 4050 4060 4070 4080 4090 4100 4110 4120 4130 4140 4150 4160 4170 4180 4190 4200 4210 4220 4230 4500 4510 4520 4530 4540 4550 4560 4570 4580 4590 4600 4610 4620 4630 4640 4650 4660 4670 4680 4690 4700 4710 4720 4730 4740 4750 4760 4770 4780 4790 4800 4810 4820 4830 4840 4850 4860 4870

number by entering '<N' where 'N' is the field number. Each field name is displayed followed by a number of underscores. The number of underscores corresponds to maximum length of the field. If the entry is to long an error message is displayed and the field name is redisplayed. If no data is to be entered in a field then enter a c/r. To escape before alI fields are filled enter *<END". *******************************************

pri?:t

GOTO 2220

'Head control tM file 'If data file in rcnon

GOSUB 1570

PRINT "<< EUILD MODE >>":

IF FUDT% THEM C%=NODTA%:

C%=0

C%=C%+1: C1%=C%

RFL%=FALSE%: CTFLG%=FALSE4

PRINT TAB(LFN(FLDNAS(C%)1+9);

PRINT STRINGS(VAL(LNS(C%))," ");CHRS(13);

PRINT RIGHTS (" "+STRS (C%) , 4 ) +" . " J FLDNAS (CD i

LINE INPUT "",AS

IF A$="<END" THEN NODTA%=C%-l: RETURN

IF AS="<STOP" GOTO 2400

IF LEFTS(A$,l)<>"<" THEN CTFLG%=TRUE%: GOTO 23

ir LEN(A$)<>1 THEM GOTO 2340

C%=C%-1: IF C%<1 "ITV CS=1

GOTO 2240

C%=VAL(MID$(AS,2)): IF C%<1 THEN C%=1

IF UDT%=TRUE% AND C%>NOREC% THEN C%=NOREC%

IF UDT%=FALSE% AND C%>C1% THEN C%=C1%

RFL%=TRUE%: GOTO 2240

IF LEN(AS)<=VAL(LNS(C%)) GOTO 2400

PRINT "<<<T o o L o n g>>>": GOTO 2240

FLNES (C%) =LNES (C%) : FCOLS (C%) =COLS (C%)

FDTAS(C%)=AS

FUDT%=TRUE%: IF C%=NOREC% THEN RETURN

IF RFL% THEN C%=C1%-1: RFL%=FALSE%

IF EDFLG% THEN RETURN ELSE GOTO 2220

CHANGE

'***********************************************

'** This routine allows a user to change the ** '** in an existing file by field number. If ** *** no field number is supplied from the ** '** Command mode the program requests a field ** '** number. The old data is displayed so the ** '** user can see what was in the field. Also ** '** the line and column position are displayed** -***********************************************

GOSUB 9050: IF AS="<" THEN RETURN 'Read Data file

GOSUB 1570: IF AS="<" THEN RETURN 'Read Ctl tbl

EDFLG%=FALSE% 'Reset edit flag

AS=MID$(CMDS.2) 'Get field no.

IF VAL(AS)<1 OR VAL(AS)>NOREC% THEN INPUT "Record t: ",A$

IF AS="<" THEN RETURN 'No change - return

IF VAL(AS)>0 AND VAL(AS)<=NOREC* GOTO 4190 'Range test field no.

PRINT "Line No. out of Range": GOTO 4150 'Display error msg.

EDFLG%=TRUE% 'Set edit flag

C%=VAL(AS): DPB$="D" 'Set Rec# S Dsplay

BOT%=C%: TOP%=C% 'set Rec #

GOSUB 4B50: GOSUB 2240: RETURN 'List/Enter Chg

'Increment counter I fs'

'Peset flags

'Tab & Display underrco

then c/r to 'eft : " ; ' f. i el C n^r.0 'enter (Tatfl 'Check for escape

0 'Ck for re-c- r; 'Test for record nc. 'Decrement field ctr

'Get field number 'Range test field no.

'Set re-enter flag

'Test length

'Error message

'Store line & col posn

'Store data

'Set no read data flag

'Reset counter & flag

LIST CONTROL '*********

i*********************** ***********

'** This section sets up the parameters for a ** '** listing. All fields, single field or a ** '** range of fields depending on the **

'** entered . **

'***********************************************

GOSUB 9050: IF AS="<" THEN RETURN

DPBS="D": AS=MIDS(CMDS,2)

IF AS="" THEN BOT%=1:TOPS=NODTA%: GOTO 4640 'No prams - All

J%=INSTR(AS,"-"):IF Jl=0 THEN LNEN0%=VAL(AS): GOTO 4660

BOT%=VAL(LEFTS(AS,JS-1)): IF B0T%<1 THEN B0T»=1 'Test range

TOP%=VAL(MIDS(AS,J%+l)): IF TOP%>N0DTA% THEN TOP*=NODTA%

'Read Data file

IF BOT«<TOP% THEN GOSUB 4770: RETURN

GOTO 4670

IF LNENO%>0 AND LNENO%<=NODTA% GOTO 4680

PRINT: PRINT "Line No. out of Range": RETURN

BOT%=LNEMO%: TOP4=LNENOl: COSUE 4770:

LIST DATA FILE

** Displays or prints the selected part of ' ** the data file. Field numbers, line nos, * ** column numbers and data are output. A * '* Column heading is available when printing.* *********************************** **********

'Go list

'Test range of fields 'Error message PETURN

' *

PRINT

INPUT "Display, Print or Both (D, P OP, B) : ",AS

PRINT: DPBS=A$: IF A$="<" THEN RETURN

IF AS = "D" THEN PRIKT CIID1S: PRINT CHD2S : GOTO 4C50

IF AS<>"P" AND AS<>"B" GOTO 4790

INPUT "Position Paper: c/r ",AS

GOSUB 8910 'Headir.c

SCNTt=0

FOR I%=BOT% TO TOP%

AS=RIGHTS(" "+STRS(1%),4)+". " 'Field numbe

234 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 6 on inquiry card.

Listi

4880 4850 4900 4910 4920 4930 4940 4550 4960 4970 4980 4990 5000 5010 7000 7010 7020 7030 7040 7050 7060 7070 7080 7090 7100 7110 7120 7130 7140 7150 7160 7170 7180 7190 7200 7210 7220 7230 7240 8000 8010 8020 8030 8040 8050 8060 8070 8080 8090 8100 8110 8120 8130 8140 8150 8160 8170 8180 8190 8200 8400 8410 8420 8430 8440 8450 8460 8470 8480 8490 8500 8510 8520 8530 8540 8550 85C0 8570 8580 8590 8600 8610 8620 8630 8640 8650 8660 8670 8680 8690 8700 8710 8720 8730 8740 8750 8760 8770 8780 8790

ng 4 continued:

IF DPBS="P" GOTO 4940

PRINT AS;FLNES(1%);TAB(16-LEN(FCOLS(14))); PRINT FCOLS(1%);TAB(20),-FDTAS(1%) IF DPBS<>"D" GOTO 4950

3CNT%=SCNT%+1: IF SCNT%<18 GOTO 5000 INPUT "c/r ",A$: SCNT%=0: IF DPE$="D" GOTO 5000

LPRINT AS;FLNE$(1%);TAB(16-LEH(FCOLS(1% LPRINT FCOLS(1%);TAB(20);FDTAS(1%) LCNT%=LCNT%+1: IF LCNT%<62 GOTO 5000 FOR K%=LCNT% TO 66: LPRINT

Screen line count GOTO 5000

))) ;

NEXT: LCNT%=0:

GOSUB 8910

Test for end of page End of paqe spacinq

NEXT:

RETURN

'Heading

WRITE DATA FILE

'***********************************************

'** This routine writes the data in the arrays** '** to a sequential file. **

'***********************************************

GOSUB 1560

INPUT "Write File (Y or N): ",AS

IF AS="Y" GOTO 7100

IF AS<>"N" GOTO 7070 ELSE GOTO 8080

INPUT "Write to Drive (A or B): ",AS

DRVS=A$: IF AS = "<" GOTO 7070

IF DRVS<>"A" AND DRVS<>"B" GOTO 7100

INPUT "Enter File Name: ",FILS

IF FILS="<" GOTO 7100

IF FILS""" THEN FIL?=FFIL$

OPEN "O",1,DRVS+":"+FILS+".FLE"

PRINT "Writing (";NODTA%;") Records"

FOR I%=1 TO HODTA1

PRINT #1,LNES(1%);",";COLS(1%);",";

WRITE S1,FDTAS(I%) NEXT

CLOSE #1

'***********************************

'** This section allows the user to:

'** 1. Build another data file.

'** 2. Print another data file.

*** 3. Change another data file.

'** without leaving the program.

INPUT "Again (Y or N): ",AS

IF AS="N" THEN END

IF A$«"Y" GOTO 8090

INPUT "Same Control Table (Y or N):

IF AS="<" GOTO 8090

IF AS="H" GOTO 1060

IF A$«"Y" GOTO 8120

INPUT "Same Data File (Y or N): ",AS

IF AS="<" GOTO 8120

IF AS="N" THEN FUDT%=FALSE%:

'Get control table

'Line & col Posn 'Data field

",AS

GOTO 1060

IF AS<>"Y" GOTO 8160 ELSE GOTO 1070

'PRINT CONTROL

**********************************************

'** This routine uses a line counter LNO%, '** when the line number Cl% in the record '** matches LNO% the data is printed at TAB '** position C2%. After the first data field '** is printed the program allows the user to '** realign the form if necessary. '*********************************************

IF AS="

THEN RETURN

'Read data file

GOSUB 9050:

PRINT

INPUT "Display, Print or Both (D, P OR B): ",AS

FDPBS=AS: IF A$="<" THEN RETURN

IF FDPBS<>"D" THEN LPRINT

IF FDPB$o"D" THEN INPUT "Position Form: ",AS

'C1%=LINE, C2%=SPOSN, CNTR%=PRINT LINE COUNTER

CNTR%=0: :OK%=0: LNO%=0

C1%=VAL(FLNES(CNTR%)): C2%=VAL(FCOLS(CNTR%))

IF LEN(FDTAS(CNTR%))=0 GOTO 8750

IF Cl%-LNO%=l GOTO 8640

LM0%=LN0%+1

IF FDPB$="D" OR FDPBS="B

IF FDPBS = "P" OP. FDPBS = "B

GOSUB 8840

ON OK% GOTO 8750

PRINT

IF FDPBS="D" THEN AS="Y": GOTO 8730

INPUT "Alignment OK, Ck Next Field or Quit (Y, C or 0): ",AS

THEN PRINT: THEN LPRINT:

'Clear Printer Buffer

'Clear counters & flag 'Line it/Col posn 'No data for field ? 'Check for matching lines 'Increment line counter GOTO 8600 'Blank 1ine GOTO 8600 'Blank line 'Print Field 'Continue or align

GOTO 87 30 "P" THEN PRINT IF FDPB$o"D" THEN LPPINT RETURN

IF AS«"Y" AND AS<>"C" GOTO 8670 OK%=0: IF AS="Y" THEN 0K%=1

CNTR%=CNTR%+1: IF CNTR*<=NODTA% GOTO 8580 PRINT: IF FDPBS<>"D" THEN LPRINT: RETURN

IF AS<>"Q" IF FDPBSo"

'Test valid entry 'Set continue flag 'Inc Ctr s Test EOF

'PRINT FIELD

*************

********************************

Listing 4 continued on page 236

r

^^

You say your eprom programming needs are varied, but your engineering budget doesn't permit the purchase of that $5,000-57,000 standalone programmer?

a.d.s. has the solution!

Hardware

The ads Prom Blaster eprom programming card sits on the I.E.E.E. 696/S-100 bus as an I/O device.

I I I I I Ill MM

Does not require memory locations!

Handles the following devices: 2708's thru 2764's, single and three supply parts, and the Hitachi 48016 eeprom! Device plugs into on-board LIF socket.

Software

Runs under CP/m* or adsmon MC6809 monitor. Price: $299.00 A & T +shipping. Includes board & software.

For complete details contact:

ackerman

digital systems, inc. 110 n. york rd. elmhurst, II. 60126 (312) 530-8992 *CP/m

trademark Digital Research. Inc.

)

Listing 4 continued:

8800 8810 8820 8830 8840 8850 8860 8870 8880 8890 8900 8910 8920 8930 8940 8950 8960 9000 9010 9020 9030 9040 9050 9060 9070 9080 9090 9100 9110 9120 9130 9140 9150 9160 9170 9180 9190 9200 9210 9220 9230 9240

'** Check for <ST0P to allow for repositioning** '** the form. Print date field at line number** '** and column Position. **

************************************************

IF PDTA$(CNTR%)<>"<STOP" GOTO 8870 'Test for reposn

INPUT "Reposition Form c/r ",z$: RETURN

IF FDPB$<>"P" THEN PRINT TAB(C2%);FDTAS(CNTRS); 'Display field

IF FDPB$<>"D" THEM LPRINT TAB (C2%) ; FDTA$ (C^ITR%) ;'Print field

RETURN

HEADING

LPRINT: LPRINT

LPRINT "Data File j";FFIL$;")": LPRINT LPRINT CHD1S: LPRINT CHD2$: LPRINT LCNT%=7: RETURN

'READ DATA FILE

**********************************************

'** This routine reads a data file and places '** the data in appropriate arrays.

'Print column heading 'Set line counter

***************

**********

********

IF FUDT% THEN RETURN

INPUT "Form File Drive (A or B): ",A$: DRV$=A$

IF DRV$="<" THEN RETURN

IF DRV$o"A" AND DRV$o"B" GOTO 9070

INPUT "Enter Form File Name: ",FFIL$

IF FFILS="<" GOTO 9070

OPEN "I",1,DRVS+":"+FFIL$+".FLE"

PRINT: PRINT "Reading {";FFIL$;") Form File"

FOR I%=1 TO 1000

IF EOF(l) GOTO 9200

INPUT #1,FLNE$(1%),FCOL$(1%)

LINE INPUT #1,A$

A$=MID$(A$,2) : FDTAS(I*)=LEFT$(A$,LEN(AS)- 1) NEXT

N0DTA%=I%-1

PRINT: PRINT NODTA% "Form File Entries Read": PRINT FUDT%=TRUE% CLOSE #1 RETURN

'Strip quotes 'from string

Text continued from page 232:

die forms with unusual line spacing. If the form has unusual line spacing, the print program can be stopped so the form can be realigned: just enter <STOP for the field name and the program will stop on the selected line at the selected column. Reposition Form will be displayed on the screen.

Once back in the Command mode the data can be changed, listed, written to disk, displayed on the screen, or sent to the printer.

Change: If the change command is used when the program starts up, you will be requested to enter the file name for a previously saved data file and control table. If you enter C while using the FFORM-1 program, it will request the field number to change. If you enter CN, the program will display the current data for field N. You can then change the data for that field and the program will be ready for the next command.

List: The list command, like the change command, can be used with a

View and edit many files simultaneously.

Draw diagrams as easily as typing text.

Cut text from one window and paste it into another.

BREAKTHROUGH!

Automatic Horizontal and Vertical scrolling.

Create your own commands for your applications.

Automatic memory management of large files.

Compare, contrast, review or analyze.

A MULTI-WINDOW TEXT EDITOR FOR UNDER $200.

Imagine this kind of productivity: Your 4 favorite files right before your eyes on the screen of your CRT.

Divide the screen of your CRT into any combination of horizontal and vertical windows, each with its own workspace. Or, windows can share a workspace—so you can edit different parts of the same file.

You get true on-screen editing, plus the ability to add or delete any of 10 windows, at any time, anywhere on the screen.

Using CP/M compatible files and simple, easy to remember commands, THE ELECTRIC BLACKBOARD" has functions to satisfy the needs of the most demanding professional computer scientist. Yet THE ELECTRIC BLACKBOARD'" can be used just as productivly by the novice within minutes. A step-by-step Learning Guide,

designed for the novice, will guide you gently through the learning process.

Unleash the extraordinary power and flexibility of THE ELECTRIC BLACKBOARD'" on your Z80-based microcomputer today.

Requires 48k CP/M or CDOS, Z80 processor, and CRT with cursor addressing. Distributed on SSSD 8" diskette. Includes reference manual, learning guide, and quick reference card. Price: $198, manuals only: $30.

Call or write for more information:

SANTA CRUZ SOFTWARE SERVICES

1711 Quail Hollow Road, Ben Lomond, CA 95005 (408) 336-2170

CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research CDOS is a trademark of Cromemco Z80 is a trademark of Zilog

236 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 344 on inquiry card.

Introducing The

Filled II orcl!

Word processing that goes beyond the stars.

H

'*B*«r«te«*BW,

ow could anyone call their word processor The FinalWord? Take the best features of the most popular word processors, combine them and add a few more in one text editor/ formatter and you'd be off to a good start. Then, write the program in C to allow user customization and make it capable of supporting any printer on the market and you'd be ahead of everybody else. If you went one step further and made your word processor transportable from one terminal to another you'd have—The FinalWord.

Supports multiple printers: The FinalWord allows you to produce high-speed draft copies on one printer, and letter-quality on another. It also means you'll never need another version just because you bought a new printer.

User-installable on different hardware:

With The FinalWord you can upgrade your system and still have a familiar screen display. And since we've written The FinalWord in C, new versions are available almost as soon as new computers.

Features that go beyond the stars: Look at what you get with The FinalWord: automatic generation of Table of Contents, Index, footnoting and chapter/section numbering; enhanced command sets (delete/move a letter, word, sentence, paragraph, page); multiple buffers and windows, deletion recovery, true proportional spacing and more. And because we wrote The FinalWord to be easily reconfigured for different systems, our price can be lower.

Features

The FinalWord WordStar

Magic Wand

Full-Screen Editing Yes Yes Yes

Directory Access while Editing Yes Yes Yes

Simultaneous Printing while Editing Yes Yes Yes

External Commands while Editing Yes Yes No

Video Highlighting Yes Yes No

Automatic Footnotes Yes No No

User-Defined Commands Yes No No

Multiple File Editing Yes No No

Deletion Recovery Yes No No

Supports Multiple Printers Yes No No

Crash Recovery Yes No No

Dynamic Include Files Yes No Yes

Suggested Retail Price $300 $495 $395

The FinalWord requires a 56K CP/M system and video terminal with cursor positioning character sequences. It is presently available in 8" standard format for the TRS-80 Model II, Vector Graphics and Altos Systems. There are compatible versions for the HP-125, Xerox 820, Cromemco, Micropolis, Ohio Scientific and Dynabyte Systems, and there are 5W versions for the Heath/Zenith Z-89, Northstar, Apple and Superbrain. Coming Soon: The FinalWord for the IBM Personal Computer.

The FinalWord is available through leading retailers, Westico, and Discount Software, or directly from:

Mark of the Unicorn

PO BOX 423

Arlington, Massachusetts 02174

(617) 489-1387

Dealer and OEM inquiries invited. Call for delivery schedule. Reserve yours now!

Circle 226 on Inquiry card.

Mark of the Unicorn

BYTE March 1982 237

Listing 5: A sample data file developed with the FFORM-1 program. The data is also shown in the completed form in figure 4. Data File {ride)

PURCHASE ORDER

I tern

Lne

Col

No

No

No

Field Data

1.

4

10

Easyoff Riding Stables

2.

4

44

Contact:

3.

4

57

Fred Horseman

4.

5

10

123 Pony Lane

5.

5

57

(555) 123-4567

6.

6

10

Mustang, AZ 10001

7.

9

10

Mavrick Supply Company

8.

9

58

Easyoff Riding Stables

9.

11

10

456 Whitehorse Blvd.

10.

11

58

Back Gate

11.

12

10

Quarterhoss, AZ 10002

12.

13

10

13.

13

58

Mustang, AZ 10001

14.

17

2

Stock

15.

17

20

S78-9

16.

17

37

Livery Wagon

17.

17

51

y'terday

18.

17

60

net 10

19.

17

70

Mo/Da/Yr

20.

20

5

12

21.

20

12

22.

20

20

Soft Pillows

23.

20

64

3.75

24.

20

74

each

25.

22

5

1

26.

22

12

27.

22

20

Saddle Glue

28.

22

64

37.50

29.

22

74

case

30.

24

5

1

31.

24

12

32.

24

20

Saddle sore liniment

33.

24

64

27.80

34.

24

74

box

6731

Easyoff Riding Stables 123 Pony Lane Mustang, AZ 10001

Mavrick Supply Company

Contact:

Fred Horseman (555) 123-4567

456 Whitehorse Blvd.

SH|(J Tn Easyoff Riding Stables .Back Gate

ADDRESSJ

Quaterhoss, AZ 10001

CITY—

Must ang, AZ 10001

FOR

Stock

BfO NO 1 HOW SHIP

S78-9 | Livery Wagon

DATE REQUIRED

y'terday

TERMS

net 10

DATE

Mo/Da/Yr

o»D(«D°U*'i",M hciivid PLEASE SUPPtY ITEMS LISTED BEIOW PRIC

I \ UNIT 1

i

12

Soft Pillows

3

75

each

i

1

Saddle Glue

37

.50

case

3

1

Saddle sore liniment

27

.80

box

«

S

6

1

1ME2Z

iW.^'iaMBBHHHMB

OUR ORDER NUMBER MUSI APPEAR ON All INVOICES. PACKAGES. ETC.

PIEASE NOTIFY US IMMEDIATELY IF YOU ARE UNABtE TO SHIP COM PLETE ORDER BY DATE SPECIFIED.

PUAM StNl) COPIES 0' YOUR INVOK I wiIm ORIdiNAl Bill O' IADINC".

-y^/ / PURCHASING AGtNl

/ ' /

Rtditprm* IS 144

Figure 4: The result of the FFORM-1 program. The information on this form is the same as that in the data file in listing 5.

data file or used to list the fields just completed. All the fields may be listed by entering L; a single field can be listed using LN; a range of fields can be listed using LN-N, where N is the field number (see listing 5 for a sample data file).

The listing of the sample data file created with the FFORM-1 program contains the item number, line position, column position, and data to be printed at that location.

Print: The print command allows you to display either the array data (created by FFORM-1) or field data, formatted as it would look on the form, or the field data can be used to fill in the form on the printer.

When a printout of a form is requested, the program first asks you to position the form, then prints the first field and allows you to reposition the form. It can then print the next field and stop for forms alignment check, print the rest of the form, or quit. If a data field contains < STOP, the program will stop to allow you to reposition the form. Figure 4 shows the completed purchase order that was printed using sample data fields.

Saving the Data-. In the Command

mode, the program can be ended by entering E. You then have the option of writing the data arrays to a disk file for future use or rerunning the program.

Depending upon your needs, you can add a number of enhancements to

These programs work

best when there is

constant use of a

standard form, such as

insurance forms, applications, or government paperwork.

these programs that will make them easier to use, for example:

• Multiple page forms with more than 100 data fields

• Command letters in either uppercase or lowercase

• Left- or right-justified data fields

• String or numeric fields

• An alert to any entry-required fields

• Print constants from the control table

• Special editing and range checking of data

• Use of the INP statement instead of INPUT to eliminate the need of the carriage return for completely filled fields

• Making a mask that looks similar to the form to be filled in and placing it over the screen—then filling in the data in the mask fields (this enhancement requires the use of a display that has an addressable cursor)

Most of these enhancements could be implemented by expanding the number of fields in the control table, then adding more code to support them.

Summary

The Fill Forms System is a relatively simple set of programs that can be used in a wide variety of situations. They work particularly well in situations where a standard form is required—for insurance agencies, application forms, or government documents. The more complex the form and the more frequently it is used, the more time you'll save by using this system. ■

238 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 54 on inquiry card.

Don't gamble with your m • m

business! •

#

Invest in an

"Okay, which entry-level, singleuser microcomputer should I own?" The BOS M System. "Which multi-user system should I own?"

The BOS M System. "If I want a larger system with the ultimate in performance and capacity, what should I own?" The BOS M System Multiprocessor. "How much more does it cost to own a single-user set-up and upgrade it, than to start with a larger system?" Not a penny more. "Can I have diskette, tape, and large rigid disk storage?" Yes.

Dealer and OEM Inquiries Welcome

"How about really good accounting

software?"

The MBSI* package (GL, AR, AP,

PR, OE/INV, Sales Analysis — all

in Cobol) is probably the best

available on any system.. .this is

one you have to see to believe.

"How about Word Processing?"

WordStar™, and others.

"Can I run all the other software

I've seen?"

Yes, if it's CP/M* * * compatible,

almost certainly!

"Will I have to change the

operating system when I expand?"

No, with BOS/TURBODOS

just upgrade it.

"Well, this is important.. .wil

service be available when I need

it?"

Yes, with a large dealer network,

strategically placed maintenance

depots, and fast factory repair

turn-around.

"Sounds great! But isn't it too good

to be true?"

No.. .and it's not even expensive!

So, why take a chance with

somebody else?

"Okay, how can I get one?" Contact your dealer, systems house, or consultant — or call us toll-free!

BOS

Business Operating Systems, Inc. 2835 East Platte Avenue Colorado Springs, Colorado 80909 In Colorado Call: (303) 634-1541 Toll Free Number: 1-800-525-3898

APPLICABLE INDUSTRY STANDARDS: S-100 IEEE 696 • RS 232, HDLC, SDLC, Async, Sync • CP/M*," TURBODOS"" • 8" soft sectored diskettes • ANSI X3/B5/15 Tape Cartridge "Micro Buiineas Software, Inc. • * "Trademark ol Micropro Int. Corp., San Raiael, CA • '"Registered Trademark of Digital Research * ** "Software 2000, Inc.

Product Description

Tele-VIC

Commodore Breaks the $100 Price Barrier for Modems

A really good modem takes a telephone number stored in your computer's memory, dials it, selects the appropriate originate/answer frequencies, and starts communicating at 9600 bits per second (bps). Unfortunately, a really good modem can also cost as much as a good used car.

If you are willing to dial your own telephone, set a manual switch to select originate/answer frequencies, and settle for 300 bps, Commodore's new modem may be an inexpensive solution. In fact, for the price of a moderately good 1200-bps modem, Commodore will sell you its modem and a VIC-20 home computer to go with it.

The modem is the VICMODEM. It is contained in a slim plastic case with an edge connector at one end and a modular telephone jack (for the handset cord) at the other. The edge connector attaches directly to the VIC-20, which has a special telecommunications slot to accept this modem or Commodore's RS-232 interface (see photo 1). (The VIC-20 is named for the Video Interface Chip, which provides the necessary interface between the computer and a television set. The VIC-20 has built-in connectors for a television (RF) and a video monitor. It also has a type

Max Lebow

2121 Locust St.

Philadelphia, PA 19103

writer-style keyboard, which is unusual for a computer in this price range.)

The modem is compactly designed on a single circuit board and conforms to the Bell 103 modem frequencies. It uses Motorola modem integrated-circuit chips and has a crystal to ensure frequency stability. Selection of originate or answer frequencies is accomplished manually

by setting a small slide switch on the side of the unit. A carrier-detection LED (light-emitting diode) is also provided.

A cassette contains the object code for the interface program VICTERM I. The features included in this software are impressive. They include:

Word wrap: If the word at the end of a line is too long to fit on that line, it

Photo 1: This low-cost modem for Commodore's VIC-20 home computer takes a modular plug from a telephone handset and plugs directly into VIC-20's telecomputing slot. The modem shown here is a prototype with a provisional model number.

240 March 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

Aiiwmindn^ A Medii Event from IMS

++

('nnfigiiralinii shown includes livn slimline double sided, double (tensity drives, 40 M hyte Winchester subsystem wjih tape hack ii[).

The New 8000 SX Micro Computer System With Winchester And Floppy And Tape

Winchester technology brought a tremendous increase in capacity but it also dumped a big problem in your lap.

How to dump all that data?

TVying to transfer 10 to 40M bytes of data between Winchester and floppies takes an armload of diskettes and a lot of time.

Cartridge tape is fast, but not efficient for random file handling.

Answer?

The new 8000 SX Micro Computer System with Winchester plus Floppy and Tape. It lets you back up and restore a single file or a complete drive with maximum efficiency.

Choose from 10, 20 and 40M byte Winchester subsystems, with eiTor detection and correction, capable of loading a 20K byte system program in less than a second.

The floppy subsystem offers up to 1.2M byte per 8" drive.

The bulk memory subsystem, an incremental cartridge tape drive, stores up to 17M byte on a single cartridge.

And, of course, the computer itself offers proven IMS top performance and reliability. Compare its full 2-year warranty.

Operating systems include CP/M, MP/M, and the incredibly

powerful TurboDOS.

For all the facts and the location of your nearest IMS International dealer, call us today at (714) 978-6966. Or write:

INTERNATIONAL

We Build Computers As If Your Business Depended On Them.

2800 Lockheed Way, Carson City, NV 89701 Telex: 910-395-6051

CP/M 4 MP/M.TM of Digital Research •TurhoDOS, TM of Software 2(11X1 ■ FMS-80.TM of DJR Associates • WORDSTAR, TM of MICROPRO -ACCOUNTING PLUS, TM of SOFTWARE DIMENSIONS

Circle 186 on Inquiry card.

Circle 150 on inquiry card.

CHOOSE...

Choose an Apple Desk

A compact Bi-Level desk ideal for the Apple computer system. This 42" x 29Vi" desk comes with a shelf to hold two Apple disk drives. The top shelf for your TV or monitor and manuals can also have an optional paper slot to accomodate a printer. It is shown here with the optional Corvis shelf which will hold one Corvis disk drive. The Corvis shelf is available on the 52" x 29 V4" version of the Apple desk.

Choose a Micro Desk

f'Pf

The Universal Micro desk accommodates the S-100 type microcomputers. The desk is available in four sizes: 17.75 inch, 19.06 inch, and 20.75 inch wide openings with 24 inch front-to-rear mounting space. The fourth size is a 20.75 inch wide opening with a 26.50 inch front-to-rear mounting space.

Choose a Mini Rack

Mini racks and mini micro racks have standard venting, cable cut outs and adjustable RETMA rails. Choose a stand alone bay or a 48", 60", or 72" desk model in a variety of colors and wood tones. A custom rack is available for the Cromemco.

Choose a Printer Stand

The Universal printer stand fits the:

Centronics 700's Dec LA 34 NEC Spinwriter Lear Siegler 300's

Diablo 1600's&2300's T.I. 810 & 820 Okidata Slimline Anadex 9500's

Delivery in days on over 200 styles and colors in stock. Dealer inquiries invited.

ELECTRONIC 5<d5TEMS FURNITURE

CQMPXN4

17129 S. Kingsview Avenue Carson, California 90746 Telephone: (213)538-9601

Product Description _^_

is whisked to the beginning of the next line. This feature is particularly useful for the VIC-20 with its maximum line length of 22 characters. Without this word-wrap feature, the screen would quickly become cluttered with many word fragments at the beginnings and ends of lines. (A 40-character-line software option for the VIC-20 is under consideration. However, it would use a 3 by 5 dot matrix to form the characters and might be difficult to read.) Half or full duplex: Half duplex means that the "echoplex" used by some data networks is not utilized. Communication still takes place in two directions on two frequencymultiplexed "channels," but the host computer no longer echoes what the user types. Instead, the VIC-20 displays what the user types directly on its own screen. This feature is also menu -selec table.

Color separation: In the half-duplex mode, the software can display what the user types in one color, while displaying the host computer's output in another color. This feature makes user-computer dialogues easier to read.

Data rate: This selection on the menu goes from 0 to 300 bps. Some datacommunications aficionados may turn up their noses at a data rate of 300, but most economy modems do not exceed it. Three hundred bps translates into 300 five-letter words per minute. This is faster than most of us type and faster than a radio announcer can read.

Five parity settings: These are also menu-selectable. They are: even parity, odd parity, parity set to one (mark), parity set to zero (space), and no parity (eighth bit treated as data). This feature goes a long way toward assuring that the modem will make the VIC-20 compatible with most 8-bit-byte transmission schemes. More on this feature later.

By now, a cartridge with even more features should be available, priced around $50.

If you decide not to buy the VICTERM I software, Commodore provides a free printed copy of a

short BASIC program with the modem (see listing 1). You key this program in before dialing and eventually record it on your own cassette. It has none of the features listed above for the VICTERM I software. What do engineers at large data networks recommend when using an inexpensive modem to connect to their expensive computers? Mike Marburger, Tymnet's Eastern Region Technical Manager, recommends setting parity to zero (space) on the modem and typing control-H immediately after the Terminal Identifier (TID) to disable Tymnet's

At a Glance

Name

VICMODEM

Use

Telecommunications for the VIC-20

Manufacturer

Commodore Business Machines Inc.

681 Moore Rd.

King of Prussia, PA 19406

Dimensions

Approximately 15 by 10 by 3.75 cm (6 by

4 by 1 Vi inches)

Price

5 109.95 (includes S9.95 VICTERM I cassette software)

Hardware Needed

VIC-20, modular telephone, television set or video monitor, cassette recorder

Software Needed

VICTERM I cassette software or cartridge equivalent

Hardware Options

If you already own an acoustic coupler, it can be used with Commodore's RS-232 interface

Features

Direct connection to VIC-20 and telephone, crystal control, carrier-detect LED, originate/answer switch. With VICTERM I: word wrap, color separation (see text), menu-selectable data rate, parity options, cursor (on/off)

Documentation

User-friendly, step-by-step, illustrated manual

Audience

Anyone desiring an inexpensive telecommunication device

242 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

PtHcal Computer lesfgn

volume No. 4

PEIMIM YAIM, NEW YORK

25 CENTS Cheap

IMP Debuts

A Generation Beyond MuMath and FORTRAN

Penn Yan

Programmer/Engineer John Clarke has released his IMP (Instant Mathematical Programming) for use with all UCSD p-System machines, as well as for CP/M users with Pascal/M. The program, which was introduced at $225, permits anyone (yes, a nonprogrammer) to generate sophisticated Pascal programs to solve complex linear and non-linear equations. IMP Writes It The IMP software first simplifies an algebraic problem statement (entered in simple text form), then writes a Pascal source program which, when compiled, gives the user a solution. The compiled program then permits the user to Interactively redefine constants or variables, or to maximize given parameters. Reviewers claim this system may replace FORTRAN as the engineer's computer standard.

TURNKEY CHEAPER THAN CP/M

Eliminate Need for Operating System Boot to Run Applications Approach (End Users Relieved)

P-System Turnkey Packages are now available for applications developers to distribute with their programs. The software allows the enduser to "Boot and Run" without needing to learn about operating system commands. Full backup, editing and file handling capabilities also available at a fraction of the full system cost. This should prove to be a boon to systems houses.. .and it's cheaper than CP/M!

LOGICALC (TM) moves "Calc" Software to UCSD Environs

LOGICALC (TM) gives spreadsheet capability to all those other micros. Does

■Does Regression Analysis -Accepts Database In-Out

Penn Yan- Logicalc (TM) has swept the Pascal world by storm. Only $295 a complete package.

RADIO SHACK II, III GET p-SYSTEM Now Can Share Programs with Apple, DEC and IBM

Penn Yan- PCD Systems, who originally installed the pSystem on the TRS-80 Model II have announced release of the complete system for the TRS80 Model III. The p-System requires a 48K Model III with 2 disk drives. Now Radio Shack users can write programs compatible with Apple, Commodore, IBM (Personal Computer) and DEC machines (and vice versa).

A spokesman from the company noted that p-System software for DEC, Altos, Terak and Apple are already available from PCD Systems, Inc.

Chapin Refuses to Reveal True Meaning ofCPR

Penn Yan- Chip Chapin, who recently released his CPR "text formatter" refuses to reveal the true meaning of his new program's title.

CPR, which was designed for use with the UCSD p-System operating system software, takes raw text files produced from the Editor and formats them for printing. At $195, CPR provides sophisticated word processing capabilities for a fraction of the cost.

So, when someone mentions CPR, don't think "first aid", think "text aid".

Now available at PCD Systems, Inc.

§CP/M is a tm of Digital Research (DEC. PDP-11, LSI-11 4RT-11 are tm

of Digital Equipment Corp. •MuMath is a tm ot Microsoft

* p-System is a tm of the Regents of California

tTRS Model II, III & TRSDOS are tm of the Tandy Corp.

* Z-80 is a tm of Zilog Corp.

UCSD p-System To Burst CP/M's Balloon

Experts predict 8-Bit to 16-Bit Portability Crucial

Support from IBM, Texas Instruments, Philips, Hewlett Packard, Commodore Announced

San Diego- Sources close to the battle predict that recent Version IV.O release and the master design that allows programs compiled on an 8-bit machine to run unchanged on the new 16-bit micros will give the p-System the "industry standard" status presently enjoyed by CP/M. They say that SofTech and PCD Systems have come up with the most viable system for the 80's.

Cross assemblers and "Pseudo-Code" allow programs developed on an 8-bit 6502 (such as Apple or Commodore) to be transported to a 16-bit 8088 (IBM) or LSI-11 (DEC) in OBJECT CODE FORM. A program can be executed without change on dozens of different machines with any common terminal. Structured Programming lowers Maintainence Costs

P-System structured languages give developers powerful tools. A complete implementation of Pascal (plus many useful extensions) is available, as is FORTRAN-77, which supports the ANSI-77 subset for that language. A new BASIC compiler and a full range LISP interpreter round out the high level languages available. The structured approach to programming eliminates maintenance headaches which plague present users of standard BASIC and FORTRAN systems. Speed No Longer an Issue

Linkage of Code segments in assembly language and/or use of the NATIVE CODE generators give compact code without the sacrifice of speed expected from p-Code interpretation. One can have one's cake and eat it too! Dynamic Memory Management

Virtual operating system characteristics with nearly unlimited overlaying of program segments allows the user to run larger programs than other microcomputer operating systems. Program chaining, print spooling, 128K addressing capability and efficient use of systehn library units, universal screen control coding, and many peripherals configurations are fully supported. Command files, asynchronous I/O processing, pCode debugger, procedural cross referencer and many more capabilities are being hailed by thousands of users.

Cross Assemblers, File Conversion Transfer

A complete set of native code generating cross assemblers generate absolute or relocatable code for the Z-80, Z-8, 8080, PDP-11, LSI-11, 6502, 6800, 6809 and 9900 microprocessors and are available through PCD Systems. File conversion programs for transferring data between TRSDOS, CP/M, RT11, Microengine and IBM 3741 formats and p-System format add depth to system capabilities. Complete Portable Environment

The standard p-System still includes that amazing screen editor (with its programming and word processing modes), file handler, interpreter, formatter, backup and configuration programs, and your choice of compiler. PCD Systems together with UCSD and SofTech have advanced the state of the art!

20% Off List

Penn Yan- PCD Systems is giving purchasers 20% off SofTech Microsystems suggested list price for those who buy a complete UCSD Development System by July 1st. Operating System, File Handler, Screen Editor (with word processing capabilities) system Library, Assembly Code Linker, Pascal Compiler and full documentation over 1000 pages is being sold for only $600 complete. Compare other systems of this power and capability at three times the price!

For a Catalog of UCSD p-System and Applications Software

write to PCD Systems, Inc.

P O Box 143

Penn Yan, NY 14527 (315)536-7428

(or stop in, Penn Yan is no stranger than Armonk)

Circle 307 on Inquiry card.

r offers you an

mn i)i mm ma ms m$

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M^H^H an^

81

-^ #&ft ■*■ ^ k* 'in •* ^ -— m •* --'*

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'

incredible Advantage over IBM and Apple.

The ADVANTAGE™ desktop computer from North Star is better in every category than either the IBM Personal Computer or the Apple III. Compare for yourself!

Incredible Data Storage:

The ADVANTAGE has twice the diskette capacity of either the IBM PC or the Apple III. This means you have twice as much information at hand.

Incredible Graphics:

The ADVANTAGE gives you a higher precision display. A revolutionary software package called BUSIGRAPH™ is provided at no extra charge for preparing graphs, bar charts, and pie charts.

Incredible Software:

The ADVANTAGE is fully CP/M* compatible. Neither IBM nor Apple provides this ability to run the broadest range of industry-standard applications, In addition, only North Star offers 10 application packages for word processing, financial analysis, accounting and data base management.

Incredible Convenience:

ADVANTAGE is the only one of the Three thaf s fullyintegrated. It fits attractively on your desk without the clumsiness of the multipleenclosure, multiple-cable approach taken by IBM and Apple.

Incredible Price:

The ADVANTAGE from North Star offers you the best in price/performance. You get more data storage per dollar invested, more applications programs, more available languages, and more graphics capabilities. At an incredible list price of $3999.

To find out more about our incredible family of desktop computers with graphics, call TOLL FREE 800-447-4700. (Illinois 800-322-4400.) North Star Computers, Inc. 14440 Catalina St., San Leandro, CA 94577 USA (415) 357-8500. TWX/Telex (910) 366-7001.

North Star. ADVANTAGE and BUSIGRAPH are trademarks of North Star Computers. Inc. CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research. Inc.

THE INCREDIBLE ADVANTAGE COMPUTER COMPARISON CHART'

NORTH STAR ADVANTAGE

IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER

APPLE III

MICROPROCESSOR(S)

Z-80A Central processor 8035 Auxiliary processor

8088 processor

6502A processor

jjk GRAPHICS DISPLAY RESOLUTION

640x240 pixels

640x200 pixels

560x192 pixels

Up DUAL FLOPPY DISC CAPACITY

720K bytes

320K bytes

2B0K bytes

P? CONVENIENT DESKTOP PACKAGE'

Yes, all in one enclosure

No, 3 enclosures

No, 3 enclosures

BUSINESS GRAPHICS / SOFTWARE INCLUDED?

Yes

No

No

CP/M COMPATIBLE?

Yes

Partial

No

LANGUAGES SUPPLIED BY MANUFACTURER

Graphics BASIC, PASCAL, COBOL FORTRAN. C

BASIC. PASCAL

BASIC, PASCAL

APPLICATIONS S/W PACKAGES SUPPLIED BY MANUFACTURER

10 packages

5 packages

5 packages

SELFTEST DIAGNOSTIC

Yes

Yes

No

NATIONAL ON SITE SERVICE

Yes

No

No

MANUFACTURER SUPPLIED PRINTERS

Letter quality/matrix (136 columns)

Matrix (80 columns)

Letter quality/matrix (80 columns)

! RETAIL PRICE PER KILOBYTE OF DISK STORAGE

S5.55

ST1.17

S15.57

'Professional configuration: Duol Floppy Disks, Monochrome Display. Keyboard, CPU, 64K byres (or minimum) RAM Memory, and Printer Interface. Source: Dataquest and Manufacturer's Literature, November 1981.

FOLLOW THE STAR J^t

NorltiSlarl

Circle 281 on inquiry card.

Product Description

Listing 1: A simple BASIC program that allows the Commodore VIC-20 to communicate using the modem. VICTERM 1, a more sophisticated program, is available at extra cost.

3.CHR$(<>) ?DT(1F(2SS) ,T(255)

064 JT(J)=J?NEXT:T <13) = 13!T(20)=8iRV=1 f):CT = 0 O9O5K=J+32 5T<J)=KsNEXT!F0RJs9tT0?55T(J)=.|!NEXT T02i8:K=J-128!T(J)=K!MEXT!T(146) = i65T(i33) = 1.6

255: K = T (J ) : IFKO0THENF ( K ) ==J : F ( K+128 > -=,l

NT"!)

:SR=ST: IFA*=""0RSRO0THFN310

"CHR*<F(ASC(A*>)>!sIFF(ASC<A*))=34THENPRINTCHR*<34);

too

0PEN5.2,

210

F0RJ=32T

220

F0RJ=A5T

240

F0RJ=1?3

2A0

F0RJ=0T0

270

NEXTiF'RI

7,00

GETtt5,A*

7,05

PRINT" II

30 A

B0T0300

310

F'RINTCHR

315

CT=CT+t:

320

IF<PEEKC

330

GOT0300

t(RU)" II?"; S6ETA*SIFA*<>' IFCT=8THENCT=0:Ry=164-RU 37151. )AND64>=1THEN320

'THENPRINTHfi,CHR*(T(ASC(A*) ) )

Here's 256K

Performance

'At an Economy Price!

InterSystems has done it again! The new Series HI operates at 6 MHz and includes software to fully utilize the 256K high speed memory. You can buy it from BRIDGE for $5545—check out these features. . .

• Operating system software that effectively utilizes the 256K RAM

• CP/M 2.2 and Cache BIOS ™ that speeds operation up to 4 times

• 6 MHz CPU with powerful 1 MByte memory management system

• 256K memory—6 MHz with parity and 8/16 bit transfers

• S-100 Bus follows IEEE 696 Standards

• Two serial ports and four parallel ports with two interrupt controllers

• Dual double-density soft-sectored 5V4" drives (0.8 MByte total)

• Easily upgraded to 6-user MP/M system.

But we are sure that you want turnkey operation, so we have packaged a system that includes . . .

• InterSystems Series HI Computer P/N CB-256/525

• BMATE ™ screen oriented text editor/word processor

• Zenith Z-19 or Televideo 950 Terminal.

INTRODUCTORY OFFER

ORDERING INFORMATION

Special List Offer

InterSystem CB-256/525 Computer with software $6545. $5545.

As above with BMATE ™ and Zenith Z-19 Terminal 7590. 6495.

As above with BMATE ™ and Televideo 950 Terminal 7935. 6725.

For something still more powerful, ask about the BRIDGE enhanced systems, including the FORTRAN Development and the Compiler systems, based on InterSystems computers.

Call to order, or send for complete information. Dealer inquiries invited. DDDteD^gjteOQDf'"

Authorized Distributor

Cache BIOS is a trademark of Ithaca InterSystems, Inc. BMATE is a trademark of BRIDGE Computer Company, Division of Sea Data Corporation.

Computer Company

DIVISION OF SEA DATA CORPORATION

ONE BRIDGE STREET

NEWTON, MASS. 02158 U.S.A.

PHONE: (617) 244-3203

default (automatic) echo state. Tymnet can, at the interface to a host computer (not a terminal or home computer), routinely strip parity coming in from terminals and microcomputers and put on whatever type of parity the host computer requires.

General Electric Information Services Company operates a network similar to Tymnet, although GE's is much larger. In fact, it is the largest international data-communications network in the world. Robert McCalley, manager of the communications and distribution system, recommends setting the modem to half duplex and no parity (treating the eighth bit as data) before logging on.

Keith Boyer, a spokesman for CompuServe's technical services, noted that although any parity setting will put ASCII characters on the screen, the eighth bit must be sendable and receivable as data in order for CompuServe's A and B filetransmission protocols to work properly. These protocols are used for important functions such as downloading programs to user memory. Also, transmission of some graphics characters requires the eighth bit. The "no parity" selection on the VICTERM I menu should be selected when using the A and B protocols or graphics programs.

As this article was being completed, The Source had some information for VIC users in its Commodore Business Machines database.

The VICMODEM was developed under the watchful eyes of Michael Tomczyk. The development process took four months from start to finish, he said in a recent interview. The toughest part was bringing it in at the right price. Tomczyk, who has an astute sense of the marketplace for home computers, assessed the future of the modem this way: "We think this modem may sell as many VICs as the game cartridges."

With a growing number of giant publishing firms gearing up to supply electronic newspapers, videotex, and other home data products, he may well be right. ■

246 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 51 on inquiry card.

NEW HIGHER PRINTING SPEED, NEW LOWER PRINTER PRICE

High-speed printer

The Heath/Zenith 25 Printer is a heavy-duty, high-speed dot matrix printer that gives you sharp, clear printouts. It prints crisp, clear copy at speeds over 150 characters per second with quiet smoothness. Baud rates from 110 to 9600 are user-selectable.

Versatile printer

The 25 prints the entire 95-character ASCII set in upper case and lower case with descenders, in a 9x9 matrix. Also, 33 block graphic characters - which are compatible with the Heath/Zenith 89 All-ln-One Computer and the 19 Smart Video Terminal - let you create graphs and charts. All functions and timing are microprocessor-controlled. Plug-in ribbon cartridges make ribbon replacement a no-mess snap.

The 25 works with most computers and terminals using an RS-232C Serial Interface or a 20 mA current loop with handshaking control signals.

Low-priced printer

The 25 has all the features you've been looking for in a highquality, high-speed dot matrix printer - for only $1095 in kit form, or for only $1595 assembled and tested.

Free demonstration awaits you at your Heathkit Electronic Center t

Pick the store nearest you from the list below. And stop in today for a demonstration of the new Heath/Zenith 25 Printer. If you can't get to a store, send $1.00 for the latest Zenith Data Systems Catalog of assembled commercial computers. We'll also send you a free copy of the latest Heathkit® catalog. Write to Heath Company, Dept. 334-874, Benton Harbor, Ml 49022.

HEATH/ZENITH

Your strong partner

H'lWIlii lllllMIIIIII ^HWUm- ^Mk. ,^awu_

"<=COND

10ND

D

D

D

R SECOND.

*150 characters per second

Visit your Heathkit Electronic Center!

Where Heath/Zenith Products are displayed, sold and serviced.

PHOENIX.AZ

2727 W. Indian School Rd. 602-279-6247

ANAHEIM, CA

330 E. Ball Rd

714-776-9420

CAMPBELL. CA

2350 S.Bascom Ave.

408-377-8920

ELCERRIT0.CA

6000 Potrero Aire.

415-236-8870

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8363 Center Dr.

714-461-0110

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2309 S. Flower St.

213-749-0261

POMONA. CA

1555 N. OrangeGrove Ave

714-623-3543

REDWOOD CITY. CA

2001MiddletieldRd.

415-365-8155

SACRAMENTO. CA

1860 Fulton Ave.

916-486-1575

WOODLAND HILLS, CA

22504 Ventura Blvd.

213-883-0531

DENVER, CO

5940 W. 38th Ave.

303-422-3408

AVON,CT

395 W. Main St. (Rt. 44)

203-678-0323

HIALEAH,FL

4705 W. 16th Ave.

305-823-2280

PLANTATION, FL

7173 W Broward Blvd

305-791-7300

TAMPA. FL

4019 W.Hillsborough Ave.

813-886-2541

ATLANTA, GA

5285 Raswell Rd.

404-252-4341

CHICAGO.IL

3462-66 W.Devon Ave.

312-583-3920

DOWNERSGROVE.IL

224 0gdenAve.

312-852-1304

INDIANAPOLIS, IN

2112 E. 62nd St.

317-257-4321

MISSION. KS

5960 Lamar Ave.

913-362-4486

LOUISVILLE. K¥

12401 ShelbyvilleRd.

502-245-7811

KENNER.LA

1900 Veterans Mem Hwy.

504-467-6321

BALTIMORE. MD 1713 E. Jappa Rd. 301-861-4446 R0CKVILLE.MD

5542 Nicholson Lane 301-881-5420

ST. PAUL, MN

1645 While Bear Ave. 612-778-1211 BRIDGETON.MO 3794 McKelvey Rd. 314-291-1850

PEAB0OY.MA OMAHA, NE

242AndoverSt.(Rt.114) 9207 Maple St

617-531-9330 402-391-2071

WELLESLEY. MA ASBURY PARK. NJ

165 Worcester Ave. (Rt. 9) 1013 State Hwy. 35

617-237-1510 201-775-1231

DETROIT, Ml

18645 W Eight Mile Rd 313-535-6480 EAST DETROIT, Ml 18149 E Eight Mile Rd 313-772-0416 HOPKINS, MN 101 Shady Oak Rd. 612-938-6371

FAIR LAWN. NJ

35-07 Broadway (Rt. 201-791-6935 AMHERST. NY 3476 Sheridan Dr. 716-835-3090 JERICHO. LI. NY 15 Jericho Turnpike 516-334-8181

ROCHESTER, NY

937 Jefferson Rd. 716-424-2560 N.WHITE PLAINS, NY 7 Reservoir Rd 914-761-7690 CLEVELAND. OH 28100 Chagrin Blvd. 216-292-7553 COLUMBUS. OH 2500 Morse Rd. 614-475-7200 TOLEDO. OH 48 S. Byrne Rd 419-537-1887 W00DLAWN.0H 10133 Springfield Pike 513-771-8850 OKLAHOMA CITY. OK 2727 NW, Expressway 405-848-7593

FRAZER, PA

630 Lancaster Pk. (Rt. 30) 215-647-5555 PHILADELPHIA. PA 6318 Roosevelt Blvd 215-288-0180 PITTSBURGH, PA 3482 Wm.Penn Hwy. 412-824-3564

WARWICK. Rl

558 Greenwich Ave 401-738-5150 DALLAS, TX 2715 Ross Ave. 214-826-4053 FORT WORTH, TX 6825-A Green Oaks Rd. 817-737-8822 HOUSTON, TX 1704 W. Loop N. 713-869-5263

tHeathkil is a registered trademark of Heath Company. Heath Company and Veritechnology Electronics Corporation are wholly-owned subsidiaries of Zenith Radio Corporation Heathkit Electronic Centers are operated by Veritechnology Electronics Corporation.

SAN ANTONIO, TX

7111 Blanco Rd.

512-341-8876

MIDVALE.UT

58 East 7200 South

801-566-4626

ALEXANDRIA, VA

6201 Richmond Hwy.

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VIRGINIA BEACH, VA

1055 Independence Blvd

804-460-0997

SEATTLE, WA

505 8th Ave. N.

206-682-2172

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15439 53rd Ave. S

206-246-5358

VANCOUVER, WA

516S. E.ChaklovDr. #1

206-254-4441

MILWAUKEE, Wl

5215 W. Fond du Lac

414-873-8250

CP-208

Lowercase Descenders for the Epson MX-70

Bruce Piggott

35 Beverley Rd.

Stevenage, Hertfordshire

SGI 4PR, England

Like most home-computer owners, I wanted a printer and, like most, couldn't afford one. But as prices began to fall, I gradually realized I could afford the Epson MX-70.

The MX-70 uses ordinary paper and has a graphics mode, but unfortunately it does not do lowercase descenders. This didn't worry me too much because most of the printing I wanted to do was program listings.

However, after working with the printer, I realized that although the MX-70 has eight print wires, it uses only seven in text mode. That meant lowercase descenders would be possible by switching to the graphics mode at the right time and using all eight print wires to create the lowercase letters.

Strangely enough, the MX-70 can print true descenders mechanically, but electronically the option was not available. I decided to write a machine-language program to modify the output.

The technique is to have a small program that examines the output of a printing routine. It looks at the ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) character in the microprocessor's A register to see if it is a lowercase letter with descender (e.g., g, j, p, q, or y). If one of those letters is not in that register, then the program jumps to

the standard output routine and prints the character in the normal way.

If, however, the letter requires a lowercase descender, the program switches the printer into the graphics mode and outputs a string of data that drives the printing pins to construct the improvised character (see listing 1).

The program assumes that the printer controller card is in slot 1. The equates (EQU) in lines 19, 20, and 21 must be changed for other slots: for slot 2, add hexadecimal 100 to the numbers, for slot 3, add hexadecimal 200, and so on.

If the character style is not to your liking, it can be changed by modifying the appropriate data string. The format is 5 dots wide and 8 dots deep, with the first byte defining the left side of the character and with the most significant bit at the top. The data string must end in a zero, as this is the delimiter for the program.

The program can also be extended to modify other characters or create some that are not in the standard ASCII set, for example:

• to change the number sign (#) to the English pound sign (£)

• to intercept normally unprintable codes (0 through 7) and print graphics

• to print Chinese characters

Plan the character you wish to design on graph paper. Convert the vertical columns into hexadecimal values using the tables in the MX-70 operation manual (remember the top bit is most significant). Then insert the resulting string into the source code in the DATAl file (line 93), and insert the representative ASCII code into the "match" string (line 87). If you add a string at the end of the DATAl file, you must also place the matching ASCII code at the end of the match string.

The program resides at hexadecimal 300 (decimal 768) and this address will have to be entered into the printer driver program.

Anyone planning to use this technique should expect that the operation of the MX-70 will seem a little strange at first. Whenever the MX-70 enters the graphics mode, it completes printing whatever is in the buffer up to that point, then backsteps to print the graphics. Consequently, the speed of the printer will slow down proportional to the number of lowercase letters with descenders. For this reason, I use the routine only for the final copy.

But the combination of the MX-70 and this program has saved me over $150 compared to the price of the MX-80. And now I also have the use of the graphics mode.H

248 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Listing 1: The Lowercase Descender program for the MX-70 and Apple II. Not only can you get true lowercase descenders, but you can program your own characters.

SOURCE FILE: MX-70

0000: 1 ******#**#+***+*******##*++*^

0000= 2 * LOWER CASE DESCENDERS FOR MX-70

8080: 3 *

0000= 4 * PROGRAM INTERCEPTS LOWER CASE !~ S, J, P„Q,Y AND

0000= 5 * USING BIT MODE GRAPHICS, CONSTRUCTS TRUE

0000: 6 * DESCENDING CHARACTERS.

0O88s 7 *

0000: 8 * PROGRAM ASSUMES THAT PRINTER INTERFACE

0000: 9 * IS IN SLOT ONE. FOR OTHER SLOTS CHANGE

0000: 10 * PRINTER,POUT AND PSENSE EQUATES.

0000: 11 * EG. FOR SLOT TWO ADD HEX. 100 TO ALL THREE EQUATES,,

OO00S 12 #

0000 s 13 * BRUCE PIGGOTT. 6.-'20■••"81

0000s 14 #

0000: 15 ********* + + #**********+^^

O0O0 S 16 *

FF4As 17 SAUE EQU *FF4A :SAUE ALL REGISTERS

FF3F: IS RESTORE EQU *FF3F :RESTORE ALL REGISTERS

CI02s 19 PRINTER EQU *C102

CO90S 28 POUT EQU $C090

C1C1: 21 PSENSE EQU SC1C1 :SWITCHED ROM LOCATION

O000S 22 *

0000: 23 * MAIN PROGRAM ENTRY POINT

0000s 24 *

NEXT OBJECT FILE NAME IS MX-70.OBJO

O3O0: 25 ORG $300

0300:20 4A FF 26 ENTER JSR SAUE : THIS ROUTINE SAUES ALL

0303: 27 * REGISTERS BUT DESTROYS THE

0303: 28 * CHARACTER IN THE 'A:' REG.

0303:A5 45 29 LDA *4S : REPLACE CHAR. FROM IT'S STORE.

0305sA2 04 38 LDX #4 s SET UP X AS COUNTER FOR CHAR. SCAN

0387: DD 6E 03 31 L.00P1 CMP MATCH, X s COMPARE CHAR WITH MATCH LIST + X

030A:FO 09 32 BEQ MODIFY :IF IN LIST.X REG TELLS WHICH

030CSCA 33 DEX

O3OD:10 F8 34 BPL L00P1 : IF X NOT < 8

O3OFS20 3F FF 35 JSR RESTORE s IT WAS NOT IN LIST SO RESTORE

0312:40 02 CI 36 JMP PRINTER s— AND GO TO STANDARD ROUTINE

0315: 37 *

13315: 33 #*##**#**##**##*********#******

0315s 39 *

0315s 40 * THE CHARACTER HAS BEEN IDENTIFIED AS G,J,P,Q OR V

0315s 41 * THE X REGISTER IDENTIFIES WHICH.

0315s 42 * FIRST STEP IS TO MULTIPLY X BY 6 SO THAT IT CAN BE USED

0315s 43 * AS AN IDEXED OFFSET TO THE DATA LIST.

0315s 44 *

0315s8A 45 MODIFY TXA sPUT X IN A TO ALLOW MANIPULATION

0316sOA 46 ASL A s DOUBLE A

0317=8D 6D 03 47 STA SUM :STORE RESULT

O31AS0A 48 ASL A s QUADRUPLE A

031B5 18 49 CLC s CLEAR CARRY FOR NEXT ADD

031CS6D 6D 03 58 ADC SUM s 4XA + 2XA = 6XA

031Fs48 51 PHA s SAUE RESULT FOR LATER

8320s 52 *

0320s 53 * HOW PUT PRINTER IN BIT MODE FOR 6 BYTES

0320sA2 03 54 LDX #3 s COUNTER

0322!BD 4B 03 55 L00P2 LDA DATA8,X : GET NEXT DATAO

8325s8D 98 CO 56 STA POUT s SEND TO PRINTER

0328:20 43 03 57 JSR SENSE s WAIT TILL PRINTER DONE

832B:CA 58 DEX

032C:10 F4 59 BPL. L00P2 : IF NOT DONE

Listing 1 continued on page 254

March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 249

INTERESTED?

LETS TALK

CONCEPT: PRIVATE COMPUTERS

Our marketplace is maturing. Those of you that were around in 1977 will remember what it took then to make a sale...(anything that worked!)

The two beautiful faces at the left are evidence that changes have occured in the industry!!!

Besides an excellent, well proven S-100, CP/M, Z-80 4MHZ computer system, we have a few extra things to offer. (Not the model!)

Delta specializes in something called a Private Computer . It's for those of you systems integrationists that have matured with the market. You stopped assembling systems in your garage a long time ago, but still need a totally flexible computer line that your customers won't find at Wards or Sears.

1

A Private Computer means you will never see one of our computer systems on the shelf of your local department store or computer shop. We only sell to systems integrationists who add value to our product.

^-^ A Complete Range of Products is available. No other micro company in *M, the world offers a more complete line of equipment to satisfy your needs.

'wf • We have everything from low end single user systems to the top of the line 64

user distributed processing networks.

^-^ The DP Software Library is growing every month. We supply £^ Accounting, Business Management, Code Writing, Medical, Dental, ^^ * Chiropractic, Word Processing, Property Management and other programs. We have the source code in most cases and can negotiate customization if needed. Video taped training cassetts to aid you and your customers in learning how to use the programs and run the hardware are available.

— Factory Support and Service is available in most large cities. There are 66

/W fully stocked factory maintainance centers in the U.S. and 12 outside the

-"-* U.S. In more remote areas, our 24 hour fast turnaround component pool

can be used to insure reasonable response times to satisfy customers. We have a

customer service Hotline independant of sales or service. We have a 24 Hour

Modem Engineering Advisory Billboard.

^ Our Engineering Assistance and Software Development Program

^L can make headaches turn into profits. We maintain a staff of Engineers and ^^ * Programmers whose services can be leased to expand your range of services. Problems from something as simple as hooking up a new printer or modifying an existing software program to customize a screen display can be resolved with this service.

-^ Financial Assistance is available through a flexible credit program that §| can not only get the product to you quickly but keep your cash busy where it ^-F • will do the most good. 30 - 60 - 90 day flooring plans can be arranged to allow you to collect your money before you have to pay us.

Sherry Starkey is on line right now at Delta to direct you to your area representative. If you have a half inch Beta or VHS video machine, ask Sherry for a sales demonstration in your own home or office. See the Plant, the People and the Program.

DELTA PRODUCTS INC. • 15392 ASSEMBLY LANE, HUNTINGTON BEACH, CA 92649 (714)898-1492 • MON to FRI - 8 AM to 5 PM • TELEX: 681-367 DELTMAR HTBH

Circle 128 on Inquiry card.

NEW FROM NETRONICS

AUTO-PATCH HARD DISK

With plug-in multi-user ports

Automatically Installs Itself Into

Your Present CP/M& 2.2 Operating

system & Floppy Disk Hardware.

It's Exclusive!

6 megabytes . . . $2995.00 12 megabytes . . . $3495.00

What's the big concern of S100 owners when they consider adding Hard Disks? They worry that it will be difficult (o install, that it won't be compatable with their present software and hardware, and that it may cause down-time on their S100 system.

Worry no more — Netronics new AUTOPATCH Hard Disks Systems are here. AUTOPATCH installs in just one-two-three: (1) plug in the hard disk S100 card; (2) run three short programs supplied on disk; (3) disable the'boot on your floppy controller and enable the boot on your hard disk controller (this step not required if you wish to continue to boot to your floppy drives).

And thats it: The AUTOPATCH feature automatically finds the end of your existing BIOS and then self relocates and patches itself into the existing BIOS. A virgin copy of CCP and BIOS are loaded into memory, a customized SBOOT is added to the front of CCP and the whole memory image is written to the reserved tracks on your hard disk. You can add up to 4 hard disks to the controller supplied. The new BIOS will automatically rename any old devices as B: and C: and define Ihe hard disk as drive A:. All with the lift of one finger!!! If your BIOS is large you may have to resysgen your system down 1 or 2 k. If this is necessary the AUTOPATCH program will prompt you to do so.

AUTOPATCH Hard Disk Systems are available in 6 and 12 megabyte models. Included in the system: 6 or 12 megabyte Hard Disk Drive . . . Controller for up to 4 Hard Disk drives . . . S100 Hard Disk card with provisions for adding 8 additional I/O ports to be used when adding a multi-user operating system . . . Power Supply . . . Deluxe Steel Cabinet ... All necessary cables . . . AUTOPATCH Programs supplied on either 8" or S'V IBM formatted single density diskettes (specify style reguired) . . . Complete installation instructions . . . Fully wired and tested, ready to go.

SPECIFICATIONS

Unformatted Recording Capacity: 6.4 or 11.6 MB . .. No. of tracks: 612 or 1380 . . . Data Transfer Rate: 3 ms . . . Bytes/sector format: 512 . . . Communication Port:

DO (other ports available on special order) . . . Programs supplied on BVi" or 8" single density IBM formatted diskettes (North Star CP/M" version available on special order)

10 DAY MONEY BACK OFFER

Continental U.S.A. Credit Card Buyers Outside Conn.

CALL TOLL FREE 800-243-7428

To Order From Connecticut Or For Tech. Assist. Call (203) 354-9375

NETRONICS R&D LTD. Dept.

333 Litchfield Road, New Milford, CT 06776

Please send the items checked below: Q AUTOPATCH/6 Hard Disk System . .. $2995.00 Q AUTOPATCH/12 Hard Disk System ... $3495.00 D Additional 6-megabyte drive with power supply, cabinet, cables and necessary software . . . $1995.00 Q Additional 12-megabyte drive with power supply, cabinet, cables and necessary software . . . $2495.00 All plus $15.00 P&.I (postage & insurance). For Canadian orders, double the postage ($30.00). Conn. res. add sales tax.

Total Enclosed $

D Personal Check Q Cashier's Check/M.O.

□ VISA D MasterCard (Bank No. )

Acct. No. Exp. Date

Signature

Print Name

Address

City State Zip

Big sale onK'si

16K...S 149.95 32K... $199.95 48K... $249.95 64K... $299.95

New JAWS-IB

The Ultrabyle Memory Board

Due to the tremendous success of our JAWS I, we were able to make a special purchase of first-quality components at below-cost prices for JAWS-IB. And we are sharing our cost saving with you. But don't be surprised if the next time you see this ad the prices have gone up substantially. Better yet, order now, and get the best memory on the market at the best price on the market. ONE CHIP DOES IT ALL

Jaws-IB is the Rolls-Royce of all the S100 dynamic boards. Its heart is Intel's single chip 64K dynamic RAM controller. Eliminates high-current logic parts .. delay lines .. . massive heat sinks .. . unreliable trick circuits. JAWS-IB solves all these problems. LOOK WHAT JAWS-IB OFFERS YOU Hidden refresh ... fast performance ... low power consumption . . . latched data outputs . .. 200 NS 4116 RAM's . . . on-board crystal . . . RAM Jumper selectable on 8K boundaries .,. fully socketed ... solder mask on both sides of board. . . phantom line .. . designed for 8080, 8085, and Z80 bus signals ... works in Explorer, Sol, Horizon, as well as all other well-designed S100 computers.

► 10-DAY MONEY-BACK TRIAL: Try a lully wired ^M

and lesled board lot todays — Irion nllhei keep ^^k

II, return II lor kit, or simply return II In working ^H

condition. ^

Continental U.S.A. Credit Cord Buyers Outside Connecticut:

TO ORDER CALL TOLL FREE 800-243-7428

From Connecticut Or For Assistance: (203) 354-9375

Please send (ho items checked below: JAWS-IB kit:

□ 16K $149.95*

D 32K $199.95*

□ 48K $249.95*

□ 64K $299.95*

JAWS-IB Fully Assembled, Wired & Tested:

D 16K $179.95*

D 32K $239.95*

D 48K $299.95*

D 64K $359.95*

D EXPANSION KIT, 16K RAM Module, to expand

JAWS-IB in 16K blocks up to 64K. $59.95 "All prices pins £2 positive unci Insurance ($4.00 Canada). Connecticut residents odd safes tcix.

Total enclosed: S

O Personal Check D Money Order or Cashier's Check

D VISA □ Master Card (Bank No. )

Accl. No. Exp. Date

Signature

Print

Name

Address ,

City

State __^ Zip

1^ NETRONICS R&D Ltd.

■ fill :t33 Litchfield Hoad, New Milfortl, CT 06776!

Now with added words! %

ELECTRIC MOUTH

m

for SI00, Elf II, Apple TRS-80, Level II

WW, Level IP ^om $99.95 kit

Now— teach your computer to talk, increasing interaction between you and your machine.

Thai's right: Ihe ELECTRIC MOUTH actually Ids your computer talk) Installed and on-line in just minutes, it's ready for spoken-language use in office, business, industrial and commercial applications, and in games, special projects. RAD. education, security devices— there's no end to the ELECTRIC MOUTH's usefulness. Ixmk at these features:

• Supplied with 143 letters/words/phonemes/numbers. capable of producing hundreds of words and phrases.

• Expandable on-board up to thousands of words and phrases with additional speech ROMs (see new speech ROM described below),

• Four models, that plug directly into S100. Apple, EH il and TRS-80 Level II computers.

• Get ELECTRIC MOUTH to talk with either Basic or machine language (very easy to use. complete instructions with examples included).

• Uses National Semiconductor's "Digitalker.

• Includes on-board audio amplifier and speaker, with provisions for external speakers.

• Installs in jusl minutes.

Principle of Operation: The ELECTRIC MOUTH slores the digital equivalents of words in ROMs. When words, phrases and phonemes are desired, they simply are called for by your program and then synthesized into speech. The ELECTRIC MOUTH system requires none of your valuable memory space except for a few addresses if used in memory mapped mode. In most cases, output ports (user selectable) are used.

SPOKEN MATERIAL INCLUDED (Vnx I)

eight nine

ten

eleven

twelve

thirteen

fourteen

fifteen

sixteen

seventeen

eighteen

nineteen

twenty

thirty

forty

fifty

sixty

seventy

eighty

ninety

hundred

thousand

million

again

cancel

cent

400herlz lone BOhertz tone 20ma silence 40ms silence BOms silence 160ms silence 320ms silence centi check comma control danger degree

dollar down equal

gallon

80

gram

great

greater

nave

high

higher

in

lesser parenthe

limit percent

lower plus mark point meter pound mile pulses milli rale minus re minute readynear right

sel

space speed star s start stop than the

ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY NOW AVAILABLE (VOX U)

complete continue copy

ask

assistance

attention

blue

brake

button

buy

call

called

caution

celsius

centigrade

change

fifth

first floor

fourth forward

get

east

going

emergency

heat

entry

hello

er

help

"eth"

hurts

evacuate

hold

exit

hoi

fail

in

failure

fahrenheit

inlrud

load lock longer

notice open

operator

per

power

press.

pressure

process

pull

push

quarter

range

reached

red

repeat replace room

second secure select

station switch system lemperatui

thank third this

"Registered Trademarks

Continental U.S.A. Credit Card Buyers Outside Connecticut i

TO ORDER :

Call Toll Free: 800-243-7428

To Order From Connecticut, or For Technical \ Assistance, call (203) 354-9375 ■

NETRONICS R&D LTD. j

333 Lhchficid Road,New Milford. CT06776 ",

I3N

Please send the items checked below: ;

P SlOO "Electric Mouth" kit w/Vox I S 99.95 ■

D Elf It "Electric Mouth" kit w/Vox I $ 99.95 J

□ Apple "Electric Mouth" kit w/Vox I $119.95 ■

D TRS^BO Level II "Electric Mouth" kitw/Voxt $119.95 ■

D VOX II (Second Word Sel) $ 39.95 I

Add $20.00 for wir<:d li!slf„l units Instead of kits. VOX If postage A Insurance »

51.00. all nthors S3.00 pos1;,|>,! and it

Total Enclosed $ ■

■

□ Personal Check D Cashier's Check/Money Order,

□ Visa □ Master Charge (Bank No. )■

Acct. No.

-Exp. Date _

Signature _ Print Name

Address

City

State

__Zip_

FOR ONLY $129.95 Learn Computing \ From The Ground Up

Build a Computer kit that grows with you, and can expand to 64k RAM, Microsoft BASIC, Text Editor/Assembler, Word Processor, Floppy Disks and more.

EXPLORER/85

Here's the low cost way to learn the fundamentals of computing, ihe all-imporlanl basics you'll need more and more as you advance in compoter skills. For just S129.95 you get the advanced-design Explorer/85 motherboard, with all the features you need to learn how lo write and use programs. And it can grow into a system that is a match for any personal compuler on the market. Look at these features: ROHS Central Processing Unit, ihe microprocessor "heart" of the Explorer/85, (loin the millions who will buy and use the 8080/8085 this year alone!). . . Four 8-hil plus one 6-hit input/ootpul ports from which you can input and output your programs, as well as control exterior switches, relays, lights, etc. . a cassette interface that lets yoo store and reload programs you've learned to write . . . deluxe 2,000 byte opemli'ng system/mnnilor makes it easy lo learn computing in several important ways: • It allows simpler, faster writing and entering of programs • It permits access by you lo all parts ot the system so you can check on the status of any point in the program • It allows tracing each program step by step, with provision for displaying all Ihe contents of the CPU (registers, flags, etc.) «... and it does much more!

You get ail this in the starting level (Level A) of the Explorer/85 for only $129.93. Incredible! To use. just plug in your 8VDC power supply and terminal or keyboard/display — if you don't have ihem. see our special offers below.

D Level A computer kit (Terminal Version) .. . $129.95 plus S3 PM."

D Level A kit (Hex Keypad/Display Version). .. $129.95 plus $3 P&I.*

LEVEL B — This "building block" converts Ihe motherboard into a two-slot Si00 bus (industry standard) computer. Now you can plug in any of the hundreds of SlOO cards available, n Level Bkil .. .$19.95 plus $2P*I.*

□ SlOO bus connectors (two required) ... $4.85 each, postpaid.

LEVEL C — Add still more computing power this "building block" mounts directly on Ihe motherboard and expands the SlOO bus lo six slots.

□ Level C kit.. . $39.95 plus $2 PS I*

□ SlOO bus connectors (five required) . . . $4.85 each, postpaid.

LEVEL D — When you reach the point in learning that requires more memory, we offer Iwo choices: either add 4k of a memory directly on the motherboard, or add 16k |o 64k of memory by means of a single SlOO card, our famous "IAWS."

Level D kit: (CHECK ONE).. .□ 4k on-board . . . M&95

plus S2 P&P: D 16k SlOO "|AWS": .. . $149.95 plus $2

P&I':D 32k SlOO "|AWS". .. $199.95 plus S2 P&I*:D 48k

SlOO "JAWS" . . . $249.95 plus $2 P&I"; D 64k SlOO

"JAWS" . ..$299.95 plus $2 P&l'.

LEVEL E— An important "buiiding block:" it activates

Ihe 8k ROM/EPROM Space on Ihe motherboard. Now just

plug in one flk Microsoft BASIC or your own custom

programs.

D Level E kil.. . $5.95 plus 50C P&I.*

Microsoft BASIC — It's the language that ailows you to

talk English loyour compoter! It is available three ways:

D 8k cassclte version of Microsoft BASIC: (requires Level

B and 12k of RAM minimum: we suggest a 16k SlOO

"IAWS" — see above). .. $64.95 postpaid.

□ 8k ROM version of Microsoft BASIC: (requires Level B &I.evelEand4kRAM: just plug inlo your Level E sockets. We suggest either Ihe 4k Level D RAM expansion ur a 16k SlOO "JAWS.")... $99.95 plus $2 P&I.'

D Disk version of Microsoft BASIC: (requires Level B. 32k of RAM. floppy disk controller. 8" floppy disk drive) .. . $325 postpaid.

TEXT EDITOR/ASSEMBLER — The editor/assembler is a software lool (a program) designed to simplify the task of writing programs. As your programs become longer and more complex, the assembler can save you many hours of programming lime. This software includes an editor program thai enters the programs you wrile, makes changes, and saves the programs on cassettes. The assembler performs the clerical task of translating symbolic code inlo Ihe compuler-readable object code. The editor/ assembler program is available either in cassette or a ROM version.

D Bditor/Assembler (Cassette version: requires Level "B" and 8k (min.) of RAM — we suggest 16k "JAWS" — see above). . . $59.95 plus $2 P&I.*

□ Editor/Assembler (ROM version, supplied on an SlOO card; requires Level B and 4k RAM (min.)— we suggest either Level D or 16k "IAWS")... $99.95 plus $2 P&P 8" FLOPPY DISK — A remarkable "building block." Add our 8" floppy disk when you need faster operation, more convenient program storage, perhaps a bosiness application, and access to the literally thousands of programs and program languages available today. You simply plug them into your Expltirer/85 disk system — it accepts all IBM-formatted CP/M programs.

□ 8" Floppy Disk Drive ., . $499.95 plus $12 P&I.* D Floppy Controller Card .. . $199.95 plus $2 P&I.'

□ Disk Drive Cabinel & Power Sopply .. . S6&..95 plus $3 P&I."

D Drive Cables (set up for Iwo drives) . .. $25.00 plus $1.50 Pal*

D CP/M 2.2 Disk Operating System; includes Text Editor/Assembler, dynamic deougger, and other features that give your Explorer/85 access to thousands of existing CP/M-based programs .. . 5150.00 postpaid. NEED A POWER SUPPLY? Consider our AP-1. It can supply all Ihe power you need for a fully expanded Explorer/85 (note: disk drives have their own power supply). Pius Ihe AP-1 fits neatly into the attractive Explorer steel cabinel (see below).

D AP-1 Power Supplv kit (BV @ 5 amps) in deluxe steel cabinel.. .$39.95 plus $2 P&I.* NEED A TERMINAL? We offer you choices: the least expensive one is our Hex Keypad/Display kit lhal displays the information on a calculator-type screen. The other choice is our ASCI! Keyboard/Computer Terminal kit. lhal can be used with either

4. Plug |

1. Plus ta Nelro Ki;yp(j(l/Dis|)lfiv

2. Add Level B lo SlOO

3. Add 4% RAM

hivvl E here; rjf> ■ t\t BASIC or J

as Hex Editor/Assembler in ROM 5. Add Iwo Sioo boards

invert In 6. Add you own custom i: curls (prototyping area)

7. Conned terminal

a CRT monitor or a TV sel (if y a Hex Keypad/Display kit .

j have an RF modolator). . .$69.95 plus 52 P&I.' I

D ASCII Keyboard/Computer Terminal kil featuring it

full 128 character set. u&l case, full cursor control, 75 ohm

video output, convertible lo

bnudot output, selectable baud

rate. RS 232-C or 20 ma.l/O. 32 |

or 64 character by 16 line for

mats.. .$149.95 plus S3 P&I.* :

^-1

D Steel Cabinel for ASCII Keyboard /Terminal.. . $19.95 plus S2.50 P&I.*

D RF Modulator kit (allows you to ose your TV set as a monilor). . . $8.95 postpaid.

□ 12" Video Monitor (10MHz bandwidth) . . $139.95 plus $5 P&I.'

□ Deluxe Sleel Cabinet for the, Explorer/85 . . . $49.95 plui P&I.*

D Fan for cabinet . . . $15.00 J plus $1,50 P&I.*

0 ^B ■■ ^ m

ORDER A SPECIAL-PRICE

EXPLORER/85 PAK—THERE'S

ONE FOR EVERY NEED.

□ Beginner Pak (Save $26.00) — You gel Level A (Terminal Version) with Monilor Source Listing ($25 value) AP-l,5-amp. power supply, Intel 8085 Users Manual.. . (Reg. $199.95) SPECIAL $169.95 plus $4 P&I.'

□ Experimenter Pak (Save $53.40) — You gel Level A (Hex Keypad/Display Version) with Hex Keypad/ Display, Intel 8085 User Manual. Level A Hex Monitor Source Listing, and AP-1,5-amp. power sopply . .. (Reg. $279.95) SPECIAL$219,95 plus $6 P&I.*

□ Special Micrusoft BASIC Pak (Save $103.00)— You get Levels A (Terminal Version). B. D (4k RAM). E. 8k Microsoft in ROM. Inlel 8085 User Manual. Level A Monitor Source Listing, and AP-1. S-amp. power supply .. (Reg. $439.70) SPECIAL $329.95 plus $7 P&I.'

□ ADD A ROM-VERSION TEXT EDITOR/ASSEMBLER (Requires Levels B and D or SlOO Memory)... $99.95 plus $2 P&I.*

Starter 8" Disk System — Includes Level A. B floppy disk controller, one CDC 8" disk-drive, two-drive cable, Iwo SlOO connectors: just add your own power supplies, cabinets and hardware . . . □ (Reg. S1065.00) SPECIAL $999.95 plus S13 P&I." . . .□ 32k Starter System. $1045.95 plus $13 P&I.' □ 48k Starter System. $1095.95 plus $13 P&I.* D 64k Starter System, $1145.95 plus $13 P&l.*

□ Add to any of above Explorer steel cabinet. AP-1 five amp, power supply, Level C wilh two SlOO connectors, disk drive cabinet and power supply, two sub-D connectors for connecting your printer and terminal . . . (Reg. $225.95) SPECIAL $199.95 plus $13 P&I.'

□ Complete 64k System, Wired & Tested .. . $1650.00 plus $26 P&I.'

□ Special! Complete Business Software Pak (Save $625.00) — Includes CP/M 2.2 Microsoft BASIC. General Ledger. Accounts Receivable. Accounls Payable. Payroll Package . . . (Reg. $1325) SPECIAL $699.95 postpaid.

" For Canadian or- , i

i

i

Continental Credit Card Buyers Outside Connecticut: i

TO ORDER Call Toll Free: 800-243-7428 ;

To Order From Connecticut, or For Technical ' Assistance, call (203) 354-9375

v^k

""JJr (Clip and mail entire ai

SEND ME THE ITEMS CHECKED ABOVE

Total Enclosed (Conn. Residenls add sales tax): $

Paid by:

D Personal Check D Cashier's Check/Money Order D VISA □ MASTER CARD (Bank No. ;

■%

%

Sr/^NETRONICSResearch&DevelopmentLtd.:

iSSl333 Litchfield Road, New Milford, CT 06776 ]

ANNOUNCING TWO NEW TERMINALS

Smart* Fast • Graphics • Matching Modem and $295 Printer

Netronics announces a state of the art breakthrough in terminals. Now at prices you can afford, you can go on-line with data-bank and computer phone-line services. It's all yours: "electronic newspapers,'" educational services, Dow-Jones stock reports, games, recipes, personal computing with any level language, program exchanges, electronic bulletin boards . . . and more every day!!!

Netronics offers two new terminals, both feature a full 56 key/128 character typewriterstyle keyboard, baud rates to 19.2 kilobaud, a rugged steel cabinet and power supply. The simplest one, FASTERM-64, is a 16 line by 64 or 32 character per line unit, with a serial printer port for making hard copy of all incoming data, and optional provisions for block and special character graphics. The "smart" version, SMARTERM-80, features either 24 line by 80 characters per line or 16 by 40 characters per line, it offers on-screen editing with page-at-atime printing, 12,000 pixel graphics, line graphics, absolute cursor addressing, underlining, reverse video, one-half intensity and much more ... simply plug them into your computer or our phone modem and be on-line instantly. Use your TV set {RF modulator required) or our delux green-phosphor monitor pictured above. For hard copy just add our matched printer.

Price breakthrough!!! Own the FASTERM-64, a complete terminal kit, ready to plug in for just $199.95 or order the SMARTERM-80 kit for just $299.95, (both available wired and tested.) Be on-line with the million-dollar computers and data services today ... we even supply the necessary subscription forms.

More good news: All the components in our terminals are available separately (see coupon), so you buy only what you need!!!

FASTERM-64 . . . DISPLAY FORMAT: 64 or 32 characters/line by 16 lines ... 96 displayable ASCII characters (upper & lower case) ... 8 baud rates: 150, 300, 600, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 19, 200, (switch sel.) . . . LINE OUTPUT: RS232/C or 20 ma current loop . . . VIDEO OUTPUT: 1V P/P (EIA RS-170) . . . CURSOR MODES: home & clear screen, erase to end of line, erase cursor line, cursor up & down, auto carriage return/line feed at end of line & auto scrolling . . . REVERSE VIDEO . . . BLINKING CURSOR . . . PARITY: off, even or odd . . . STOP BITS: 1, 1.5, 2 ... DATA BITS PER CHARACTER: 5, 6, 7 or 8 . . . CHARACTER OUTPUT: 5 by 7 dot matrix in a 7 by 12 cell . . . PRINTER OUTPUT: prints all incoming data . . . 1K ON BOARD RAM . . . 2K ON BOARD ROM . . . CRYSTAL CONTROLLED . . . COMPLETE WITH POWER SUPPLY . .. OPTIONAL GRAPHICS MODE: includes 34 Greek & math characters plus 30 special graphics characters . . . ASCII ENCODED KEYBOARD: 56 key/128 characters.

SMARTERM-80 . .. DISPLAY FORMAT: 80 characters by 24 lines or 40 characters by 16 lines 128 displayable ASCII characters (upper & lowercase) 8 baud rates: 110, 300, 600, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 19, 200 .. . LINE OUTPUT: RS232/C or 20 ma current loop . . . VIDEO OUTPUT: 1V pp (EIA RS-170) . .. EDITING FEATURES: insert/delete line, insert/delete character, forward/back tab . . . LINE OR PAGE TRANSMIT . . . PAGE PRINT FUNCTION . . . CURSOR POSITIONING: up, down, right, left, plus absolute cursor positioning with read back ... VISUAL ATTRIBUTES: underline, blink, reverse video, half intensity, & blank ... GRAPHICS: 12,000 pixel resolution block plus line graphics . . . ON-SCREEN PARITY INDICATOR . . . PARITY: off, even or odd. . . STOP BITS: 110 baud 2, all others 1 ... CHAR. OUTPUT: 7 by 11 character in a 9 by 12 block . . . PRINTER OUTPUT ... 60 OR 50 Hz VERTICAL REFRESH . . . BLINKING BLOCK CURSOR . . . CRYSTAL CONTROLLED . . . 2K ON BOARD RAM . . . ASCII ENCODED KEYBOARD: 56 key/128 character . . . 4K ON BOARD ROM . . . COMPLETE WITH POWER SUPPLY.

TELEPHONE MODEM 103 O/A . . . FULL DUPLEX, FCC APPROVED . . . DATA RATE: 300 baud ... INTERFACE: RS232/C and TTY . .. CONTROLS: talk/data switch (no need to connect and disconnect phone), originate/answer switch on rear panel ... NO POWER SUPPLY REQUIRED.

ASCII KEYBOARD ASCII-3 ... 56 KEY/128 CHARACTER ASCII ENCODED . . . UPPER & LOWER CASE . . . FULLY DEBOUNCED . 2 KEY ROLLOVER . . . POS OR NEG LOGIC WITH POS STROBE . REQUIRES + 5 & -12V DC (SUPPLIED FROM VIDEO BOARDS) PRINTER COMET I . . . SERIAL I/O TO 9600 BAUD ... 80 CHARACTER COLUMN (132 COMPRESSED) . . . 10" TRACTOR FEED i

UPPER/LOWER CASE . . . INDUSTRY STANDARD RIBBONS . . . 4 CHARACTER SIZES ... 9 BY 7 DOT MATRIX . . . BI-DIRECTIONAL PRINTING

Continental U.S.A. Credit Card Buyers Outside Connecticut

CALL TOLL FREE 800-243-7428

To Order From Connecticut Or For Tech. Assist. Call (203) 354-9375

NETRONICS R&D LTD. o.pt.

333 Litchfield Road, New Milford, CT 06776

Please send the items checked below:

□ COMPLETE FASTERM-64 TERMINAL (includes FASTVID-64 video board ASCII-3 keyboard, steel cabinet and power supply) ... kit $199.95 plus $3 P&I ... wired & tested $249.95 plus $3 P&I ... graphics option: add $19.95 to each of above

D COMPLETE SMARTERM-80 TERMINAL (includes SMARTVID-80 video

board, ASCII-3 keyboard, steel cabinet and power supply)... kit $299.95 plus

$3 P&I ... wired and tested $369.95 plus $3 P&I

D FASTVID-64 VIDEO BOARD (requires + 5 & -12V DC). .. kit $99.95 plus $3

P&I ... graphics option add $19.95 ... wired & tested $129.95 plus $3 P&I ...

graphics option add $19.95

D SMARTVID-80 VIDEO BOARD (requires +5 & +/-12V DC)... kit $199.95

plus $3 P&I ... wired & tested $249.95 plus $3 P&I

□ DELUXE STEEL TERMINAL CABINET . . . $19.95 plus $3 P&I

□ ASCII-3 KEYBOARD (requires +5 & -12VDC) ... kit $69.95 plus $3 P&I ... wired and tested $89.95 plus $3 P&I

□ POWER SUPPLY (powers ASCII-3 keyboard & video boards)... kit only $19.95 plus $2 P&I

D ZENITH VIDEO MONITOR (high resolution green phosphor)... wired & tested $149.95 plus $6 P&I

□ TELEPHONE MODEM MODEL 103 O/A ... wired & tested $189.95 plus $3 P&I

□ DOT MATRIX PRINTER Comet I . .. wired & tested $299.95 plus $10 P&I

□ RF MODULATOR MOD RF-1 ... kit only $8.95 plus $1 P&I

□ 3FT-25 LEAD MODEM/TERMINAL OR PRINTER/TERMINAL CONNECTOR CABLE . . . $14.95 ea plus $2 P&I

For Canadian orders, double the postage . Conn. res. add sales tax.

Total Enclosed $

□ Personal Check □ Cashier's Check/Money Order

□ VISA D MasterCard (Bank No )

Acct. No Exp. Date

Signature .

Print Name .

Address

City

State

Zip

Listing 1 continued from page 249:

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* HOW OUTPUT CHARACTER DATA

FLA

TAX

LDA DATA1:

CMP #0

BEQ EXIT

STA POUT

INK

BPL LOOPS

GET OFFSET TO CHAR. PUT IN X AS INDEX

GET NEXT CHAR,, DATA

DELIMITER?

IF DONE

SEND TO PRINTER

WAIT TILL PRINTER DONE

IF NOT DONE

64

65 L00P3

66

67

63

69

78

71

72 *

73 * ALL. DONE SO EXIT UIA RESTORE ROUTINE

74 *

75 EXIT JMP RESTORE

76 *

7 7 * * * * * *:+: *:+: * * * *:+::+:+* * + * + * *#+ + * * * * + * * * * * * * + + * + * * * * +• + + * * * * * + + *

78 + SUB ROUT IHE TO SENSE THAT PRINTER HAS

79 + FINISHED PRINTING LAST CHARACTER.

Q 0 :+: * *+* *:+: *:+: *:+: * *:+::+:++* * * *#+* *++* * *+* +• *+* + * * * ***+* * *+* * ****+* *

81 *

82 SENSE LDA PSENSE : GET PRINTER STATUS

83 CMP tt*FE : STILL BUSY ?

84 BEQ SENSE : IF VES

85 RTS : IF PRINTER READY

86 *

87 *

88 *+**##++++***:^

89 * DATA GROUPS 98 *

91 DATAO DFB 0,6n*4B»*lB : C0NT.K»6 IN REM.ORDER

92 *

93 DATA1

94

96

99 SUM 108 *

8358» BE 20 OO

835B:3F 24 24

035E5 24 18 88

8361:18 24 24

8364:24 3F 88

0367s39 05 85

036A5 85 3E 80

036D:

036D:88

836E:

836ESE7 EA FO 101 MATCH

0371:F1 F9

8 3 7 3 s

0373:

0373:

8373:

0373:

0373:A9 54

0375:20 02 CI

0378:A9 F9

837A"20 00 83

837D5A9 8A

037'F:4C 02 CI

0382:

DFB *18,$25,*25,*25, *5A,0 :G DATA

DFB 2,1,*21t*BE,*20,0 a J DATA

DFB *3F,*24,$24,*24,*18,0 5 p DATA

DFB $ 1 8, *24, $24, $24, $3F , 8 : Q DATA

DFB *39,5,5,5,*3E,8 s Y DATA

DFB 8 !SCRATCH DATA

D F B $ E 7, * E A, $ F 8, $ F 1, $ F 9 i S, J, P, Q, V

182 183 184 185 106

* END OF SOURCE ft***************************************+*****•*+********+

* TEST ABOUE ROUT IHE

+: :H< + +:+::+ :.|.::+: * :1.::+::+: :*:+: :.(■::+::+: * * :^ * :-K:+::+: *:+::+: Mc :■!■: *:+: *:+::+: * :H(:«:+::+::+: * *:+::+::+: :* :* +::+::+: He:+::+::+::+::+: * 107 TEST LDA ##54 5 »T"

188 JSR PRINTER

189 LDA #*F9 » LOWER CASE "Y"

110 JSR ENTER

111 LDA #*A : LINEFEED

112 JMP PRINTER : EXIT 01A PRINTER 1 13 ««)|c**9Mc******>|c4c3f:»****Hc4e^***H<«>K*4c********«***^*4c*>|c4c«*****

**+ SUCCESSFUL ASSEMBLY: NO ERRORS

254 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 401 on inquiry card.

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System Notes

Add a Full-Sized Keyboard to Sinclair's ZX80

Wayne J. Cosshall

Swinburne Institute of Technology

POB 218

Hawthorne 3122

Swinburne, Australia

The Sinclair ZX80 keyboard has several obvious limitations. After only a short period of use, the user will begin to realize that the keyboard is awkward and doesn't really allow any degree of speed. Another limitation is not so obvious: the lack of a true reset button. This may not be apparent when running BASIC programs, as the break key works well, but a reset button is necessary when running machine-code programs or subroutines. Thankfully, all of these limitations can be eliminated (see photo 1).

Adding the Keyboard

The ZX80 decodes its keyboard by software. To the processor, the keyboard appears as a block of I/O (input/output) ports. The upper 8 bits of the address bus, A8 through A15, are apparently used to strobe the keyboard sequentially, and the resulting values on the data bus are decoded. Figure 1 shows this interconnection as it appears from the back (solder side) of the ZX80 printed-circuit board. If software makes address line A9 high while the A key is pressed, Dl will be high, but DO

Photo 1: The ZX80 in operation with its new keyboard.

256 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

AH-H A!

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4t^

System Notes.

A15 A14 A13 A12 All A10

/DjI)^J0j0^^Aj/^)fi}i

■V-V.

7YHHT

Figure 1: 77ie coj-mecfiorc o/ keys on ffie Sinclair ZX80 keyboard. The black lines represent actual traces on the "solder side" of the printed-circuit board. The red lines are connections made on the other side of the board. The ribbon-cable connection to the new keyboard is made to the points labeled A8 through A15 and DO through D4. When wiring the new keyboard, all connections should follow this diagram.

(2a)

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Photo 2: TTie standard-sized keyboard shown in photo 2a is made of a metal plate into which the keyswitches are pressed. Photo 2b shows the solder lugs to which connections will be made.

258 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Photos 3a and 3b: Wiring the new keyboard. Photo 3a shows the first set of installed jumpers. The wire is standard 30 AWG wrapping type, wrapped once around each post before soldering. Photo 3b shows the completed jumper system.

and D2 through D4 remain low.

Photo 2a shows the keyboard I used, consisting of a metal base with holes into which the keyswitches are pushed. Two solder lugs on the back of each keyswitch make the connections (see photo 2b). Many of the symbols that are unshifted on a normal keyboard are obtained by using the shift key on the ZX80; consequently a number of keys on the new keyboard will not be used.

The first step is to wire the keys together (use figure 1 as a guide). Keys do not have to be arranged as they are on the ZX80, as long as the connections remain the same, and two or more keys may be used for the same function by wiring them in parallel (i.e., wire one as shown, then wire the two posts of the second key to the corresponding posts on this first key—I did this with the shift key to use the second shift key on the keyboard). Photo 3 shows how to wire the keys together. I used striped Kynar (wirewrap) wire to make the connections and insulating tape to shield the wires where necessary. A connector may be added to the free end of the ribbon cable.

The second step involves the connection at the ZX80 end. The ribbon cable should be carefully soldered to the points shown in photos 4a through 4c, then extra solder added to obtain a good connection. Avoid applying too

much heat as it can damage the board or solder pads. Again, a connector can be added to the ribbon cable.

Once the final connection is made, you're ready to test the keyboard. If you have problems, recheck your wiring on the new keyboard for a short circuit or broken connection. I had no such problems—the keyboard worked perfectly from the start. One potential problem, key bounce, never arose. Apparently the touch-sensitive keys on the ZX80 aren't as prone to this phenomenon as other keyboards. A constant worry was that the technique the ZX80 used to handle key bounce would not allow sufficient time for the key bounce on the new keyboard to settle down. In practice, however, this was not a problem.

Adding the Reset Key

To reset, simply connect the reset pin of the Z80A processor, pin 26, to ground. There are two ways of doing this. The first uses the expansion bus. Pin 21A on the component side is the reset line, and pins 4B and 5B on the solder side are ground. All that is required is to connect a momentary contact switch between these two pins.

The second technique involves making these connections closer to the processor. I chose this approach because connections had already been made on the

(2a)

PROCESSOR

OF

ZX80

PIN 26

+ 5V

R21

220K

RESET

CIO

m

Photos 3c and 3d: Extra insulation is added in photo 3c, and photo 3d shows the installed ribbon cable.

(2b)

CIO

MAKE

CONNECTIONS

HERE

PROCESSOR OF < ZX80

i PIN 26

Figure 2: Diagram of the reset system used in the ZX80. Figure 2a is a schematic representation of the reset circuitry. Figure 2b is a sketch of the solder side of the circuit board where the connection to the reset key is made.

March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 259

Circle 413 on inquiry card.

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STARTING YOUR OWN MICROCOMPUTER BUSINESS

Starting your own microcomputer business is easy if you know the right steps to take. Two volumes of the new book Your Fortune In The Microcomputer Business describe the things you should know to start right and to build your business successfully.

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Please send the following book(s) by return mail. I understand if I want to return them for any reason within 90 days of receipt, I can do so and get a prompt full refund. D Your Fortune In The Microcomputer Business

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System Notes.

(4b)

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warn/—.■-■-«. 4

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HKJj^KXfl

1

Photos 4a and 4b: Ribbon-cable connections to the ZX80. Photo 4a shows the solder pads to which the data-bus connections should be made (labeled 0 through 4). Photo 4b is the completed ribbon-cable connection.

underside of the board for the keyboard, so two more didn't matter.

Pull-up resistor R21 and capacitor C10 on the ZX80 are connected to the reset pin of the processor (see figure 2a). Thus, the reset switch can be connected between pin 26 of the processor and the grounded side of the capacitor (see figure 2b). I ran two lines with the ribbon cable to the keyboard I had added and connected two spare keys in series such that both have to be pressed together for a reset. This minimizes the chance of an accidental reset.

These simple modifications greatly increased the accuracy, speed, and ease of use of the Sinclair ZX80, and neither process is beyond the ability of anyone who has used a soldering iron on printed-circuit boards. ■

260 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

C5

'A 14 A13

L ^*"* 5?-; ^ly

- /

, , :/? *

>i \*i *

\ , 1

A10 A9 A8

60 do 69 69 60 60

Photo 4c: The pads to which the address lines should be connected.

....

§f to do do do do do

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March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 261

Software Review

Text Editing with

Compuview's

VEDIT

H. Bradford Thompson

Department of Chemistry

University of Toledo

Toledo, OH 43606

VEDIT is a fast, friendly, adaptable, full-screen editor for use with CP/M and compatible operating systems. It is the first software product from Compuview, based in Ann Arbor, Michigan. If you're writing programs on the editor that came with CP/M, and particularly if you've never used a full-screen editor, then what follows will probably be of interest to you. With VEDIT, you always have a full screen of text in front of you. To add or change, you just type. If this review gives you an appetite for simplicity while editing, then VEDIT, at $130, is well worth considering.

If you already own a word processor or a full-screen editor, you might still be interested in VEDIT. It's very adaptable to your video-display terminal, to your preferences in assigning special keys, and to the task at hand. I keep three versions: one for general text writing, one for BASIC programming, and one for assembler programming. (More about this under Customization.) VEDIT performs best as a programmer's editor. You can write notes, letters, and even manuscripts on it, but VEDIT is not a word processor.

What It's Like to Use VEDIT

VEDIT has two operating modes: a command mode (which works like a conventional command editor) and a visual mode. In visual mode, the screen is filled with a portion of the text. Most work is done in visual mode, so I'll describe that first.

The portion of text on the screen is called the window. I began the final version of this article by giving CP/M the command:

VEDIT BYTVEDIT.REV

If the file BYTVEDIT.REV had not existed, the message NEW FILE would have appeared briefly, after which the screen would have been cleared, with the cursor at upper left ready for entry of text. Until you have a change or correction to make, you just type in your text. In this case, the file already existed, so the window filled with the first lines of the file, with the cursor at upper left. You can move the cursor over the window at will, adding, changing, or inserting text. If the cursor rests on

existing text, what you type normally overwrites the old text. With one key, however, you can switch to an insert

At a Glance

Name

VEDIT

Type

Full-screen text editor

Manufacturer

Compuview Products Inc. 618 Louise Ann Arbor. Ml 48103 (313) 996-1299

Price

S 130; order directly from Compuview

Format

5 'A - or 8-inch floppy disk

System needed

An 8080- or Z80-based computer with a video-display console and CP/M or CDOS operating system

Documentation

65 pages punched for 3-ring binder; approximately 15 pages of assembly-language listing also provided in two disk files

Audience

Programmers and anyone else who writes text on a video-display device

262 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

THE WORD FROM SYBEX

Introduction to WordStar m

by Arthur Naiman

Learn the wonders of WordStar. A guide through the many important features of this powerful CP/M-based word processing system—from simple cursor movements, editing, boldfacing, and right-justifying, to sophisticated commands like global editing and electronic "cut and paste." This book is for anyone who has WordStar, is considering buying it, or simply wants to know what a high-powered word processing program can do. Includes special sections on the Apple and TRS-80 versions of WordStar.

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Circle 368 on Inquiry card.

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mode, where the new text is inserted and everything to the right is shifted to make room.

Old text can be deleted by typing spaces over it (which leaves blanks), by backspacing (which moves the cursor left, deletes that character, and closes up the line), or by hitting Delete (which does the same without moving the cursor). In addition to the usual moves up, down, left, and right, VEDIT's cursor commands include single-key moves to the start or end of the current line, to the beginning of the next line, or to the next tab stop.

Once you've mastered on-screen maneuvers, how do you move the window? VEDIT has one-key instructions that page up or down a little less than one screen-height; others move the window and cursor to the beginning or end of the text. If you want to move up or down just a few lines, move the cursor up until it reaches the third line (or fourth or fifth, the value is set during customization). From that point on, additional Up Cursor keystrokes move the text

down through the window (unless, of course, you're already at the beginning). Moving the cursor close to the bottom also scrolls the text up through the window.

An editor should be able to perform functions in addition to these on-screen manipulations. VEDIT handles these via an adequate command mode, which is designed to work nicely in tandem with the visual mode. For example, to replace every occurrence of the word OLD with the word NEW, the command string is:

#<S OLDS NEW $> $$

The § means "do the contents of < > as often as necessary." S is the substitute command, and $ is echoed when the escape key is used. By adding a V command,

#<S OLDS NEW $V>$$

VEDIT enters the visual mode after each substitution, with the cursor marking the point where the change was made. If the substitution is sat

TO START OF BUFFER

PAGE UP

Switch insert mode

Cursor up

Undent

TO START OF THIS LINE

NEXT TAB

TO END OF THIS LINE

Cursor left

Cursor right

TO START OF NEXT LINE

PAGE DOWN

TO END OF BUFFER

Indent

Cursor down

COPY TO TEXT REGISTER

MOVE TO TEXT REGISTER

INSERT TEXT REGISTER

Figure 1: Suggested keypad layout for Heath H-19 terminal. Shading (shifted keys) indicates large cursor movement and accompanying window movement as required. The H-19 should be set to Heath mode, the keypad shifted using internal switches and also set to Alternate keypad mode by including the sequence ESC = in the terminal initiation routine in the BIOS section of CP/M.

isfactory, you press one key to return to command mode. Since the V command is inside the < >, you're immediately back in visual mode, with the cursor marking the next substitution. Of course, you may discover that you set up the substitute command incorrectly. VEDIT's author has provided another escape from visual to command mode, which jumps out of the < > .

Command mode has an adequate set of editing commands, considering you'll spend most of your time in visual mode. It also provides file-handling commands and a means for changing disks and escaping from write-error and full-disk situations. I made up a full disk for testing and VEDIT did indeed let me off the hook in two ways: by deleting a file to make space or by changing disks.

Customizing VEDIT

For those of us tinkering with new systems, VEDIT's strongest point may be its adaptability. The process is versatile, simple, and well documented.

VEDIT comes in versions for 8080 or Z80 processors and for serial interface or memory-mapped video displays. I've tested only the Z80, videodisplay version. You set up VEDIT by running a customization program called VEDSET, which leads you stepwise through the required choices. VEDSET first presents a list of nineteen popular terminals, including the Lear-Siegler ADM-3A, Heath H-19/Z-19, DEC VT52, Hazeltine, and Televideo, from which you identify your own. This lets VEDSET install the display-control escape sequences unique to your terminal, unleashing the speed made possible by those expensive features. If your terminal isn't included or if you've built your own, VEDSET provides special instructions and even an assembly listing of the terminaldependent routines and tables.

I've done most of my testing of VEDIT on a North Star Horizon with 51K bytes of memory, two disk drives, and a Zenith Z-19 (alias Heath H-19) terminal. I've also used a Cambridge Development Labs Graphics Display plus a homebrew character

266 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Lie

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generator and terminal emulator, which provided a pretty rigorous test of those special instructions. VEDIT makes good use of smart terminal features when they're available. However, unforeseen questions may arise. For example, H-19 users should be aware that VEDSET assumes your H-19 is in "Heath Mode." If you've set the internal switch to "ANSI Mode," you'll want to set it back. It didn't take me long to work this out, but Compuview's literature, including the special sheet on the H-19, failed to mention it. Other terminals may have similar problems.

The Compuview people urge you to contact them if you have trouble, and my experience indicates that they mean it. A phone call (on a different question) yielded technical assistance right away, and when things became complicated, I was connected with VEDIT's author, Ted Green.

The next step in customization is assignment of keys for cursor and window movements and for a dozen other special operations in visual mode. If your terminal has special function keys, you can assign them. You can also use any control character (except CTRL-M) or ESC followed

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by any letter. The assignment process is simple: VEDSET names the function, and you strike the key(s) you want to use. VEDSET will reject unsuitable choices. A sample layout for a keyboard without special keys is provided. My package included a suggested layout for the H-19, but I devised one I like better; its third revision is shown in figure 1. The instructions encourage you to try one of the sample setups and then revise it to suit yourself.

In the final segment of customization, you enter your screen size in characters, the number of lines up and down that you want the window to move when paging, and similar parameters. You can also set up two features of special convenience to programmers. First, there's a selective lowercase-to-uppercase conversion that operates on each line of text until some particular character is encountered. This lets you leave the caps lock off when entering programs, type your code in all caps, and type your comments in lowercase. VEDIT switches modes when it crosses the ; (semicolon) in 8080/Z80 code, the ' (apostrophe) in Microsoft BASIC, or the ! (exclamation point) in DEC BASIC Plus. This feature can be set up during customization and then altered during use from command level.

Second, there's Indent/Undent. You define a special key for Indent and another for Undent during setup and also specify an indent increment (say, 5 spaces). Each time you press the Indent key, it changes the position the cursor goes to when you press Return. One Indent and you return to position 6 instead of position 1; press Indent again and you now return to space 11, and so on. Each tap of the Undent key undoes one Indent. Even if the language you're writing doesn't require specific indents, this makes it easy to improve the readability of your code.

Other Special Features

A feature highly touted in VEDIT publicity is the Undo key. Whatever you've done on the line you're editing, one stroke on Undo and the whole line is restored—you're back

268 March 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

where you started. That seems like a good thing, but I don't use it much.

VEDIT also has a text register for moving or copying a block of text. Place the cursor at the beginning of the block, hit the Move key, move the cursor to the end of the block, and hit Move again. The block, now placed in the text register, disappears from the screen. You then move the cursor to wherever you want the text and hit the Insert key. Copy works the same way but doesn't delete the copied text from its original location. The Move key can also be used to delete a block of text.

One of VEDIT's best features is its speed in visual mode. VEDIT rarely rewrites the screen when it isn't necessary, and even when it does, the time required is not excessive. On the Z-19 at 9600 bps (bits per second), most operations seem instantaneous. Command mode, however, is another matter. A loop I set up to remove the first six characters from each line of a 200-line file took about 30 seconds.

VEDIT and Large Files

On my 5lK-byte system, VEDIT's text buffer holds 35,786 bytes. (For comparison, Microsoft's EDIT80 holds 32,974, and Digital Research's ED holds 28,589.) That's almost 900 40-character lines. I rarely write single program modules that long, so I have limited experience with VEDIT's disk buffering for large files. On a 32K byte system, the buffer would hold about 17K bytes or over 400 lines.

Like most simple editors, VEDIT processes long texts by reading lines from an input file into the text buffer, where editing can take place, then writing into an output file. Progress is one-way. You can move the window at will over the text in the buffer, but once lines have been written to the output file, the entire text must pass through before the beginning can be reread.

VEDIT has command mode instructions to open and close files, to read and write lines, and to switch logged-in disks. There's even a single command to process the entire text and restart at the top of the file. However, these instructions aren't

needed in the simplest cases. VEDIT does auto-buffering while in visual mode: if you page past the end of the buffer contents, the first lines are written to output and new lines are read from the input file. Normally, the buffer is no more than 80 percent full, leaving lots of room for insertions. VEDIT also writes to the output file if you fill the buffer by insertions.

My experience with other editors proved that supposedly legal operations could hopelessly scramble files on my disks. I've tried all the combinations that usually cause trouble,

but VEDIT seems to handle them flawlessly.

What VEDIT Doesn't Do

I haven't found any serious bugs in VEDIT. A minor problem arises when you use the terminal's Repeat button to move the cursor around quickly or to delete a long string of characters. This works until VEDIT is required to do more than a simple operation. For instance, a repeated Up Cursor works until the cursor reaches the line where VEDIT must scroll down and write a new top line for each incoming Up Cursor. If Up Cur

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SEE OUR AD ON FACING PAGE

March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 269

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270 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 323 on inquiry card.

sor consists of the sequence ESC A, the Escapes can get lost, and one or several As may appear in your text. VEDIT's author, Ted Green, tells me that this problem is at its worst on the Heath H-19 terminal—the Repeat just sends too fast. In the absence of an interrupt-driven input buffer routine, the only remedy is a light touch on the Repeat button.

You can't enter control characters or reverse-video text into VEDIT's text buffer while in visual mode, presumably because any control character is a potential special function key. You can, however, switch to command mode, insert, say, your CTRLL form feed, switch back to visual mode, and there it is, represented by the usual * L.

Unfortunately, VEDIT doesn't provide a means for sending text to a printer. The only way you can print current text is to exit and use some other program. I find this annoying, but it hasn't caused me to take my command editors out of retirement.

Conclusions

VEDIT is a convenient, friendly, full-screen editor available at a reasonable price. It has several features specifically designed for program preparation and, for that purpose, has distinct advantages over command editors. It's readily adaptable to a wide variety of terminals and takes advantage of smart-terminal features. Special function keys can be assigned whatever functions you wish. If you don't have special function keys, substitute control characters and escape sequences of you own choice. The well-documented customization process is easily accomplished.

In addition to its screen mode, VEDIT has an adequate command mode. The command mode is useful in setting up string searches and substitutions; it also allows iteration macro commands that include transfers into visual mode and back. You won't spend much time in command mode. As part of a word-processing system, VEDIT has several limitations. You can't underline or even insert control characters in visual mode, and you can't send text to a printer. ■

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System Notes

Add a Cassette Interface to Your VIC-20

William R. Hale

3309 June St. NE

Albuquerque, NM 87111

During the time I've owned a Commodore VIC-20, I've found it to be an excellent home computer. You really get a lot for your money. With so many excellent peripherals being introducted recently, the VIC-20 v/ill be a great addition to the home computer market. I do feel, however, that the price (almost $100) Commodore is asking for a cassette recorder is a little high. Thus, I decided to design my own interface.

Figure 1 (on page 274) is a schematic of an interface that allows use of an ordinary, portable audio-cassette recorder to store programs from a VIC-20. The cost of the few parts needed, including a plastic case, runs about $10; the parts are available at Radio Shack and other electronic parts stores. The audio tape needed to store programs need not be of high quality due to the tones the VIC-20 uses. The cassette "shell" itself should not be so cheap that it causes the tape to drag.

Most of the components I used were already in my home stock, including the 6-pin connector to the VIC-20 motherboard. (See figure 1 for part numbers.) The VIC-20 outputs 0 to +4 volts (V) and prefers as an input a signal of an amplitude between 0 and —4 V. (Later testing has shown that the VIC-20 will accept a 0- to +4 V input if the signal consists of true square waves and does indeed range from 0 to +4 V.) Capacitor Cl allows the recorder to receive a normal AC input; the combination of C2 and CRl allows DC restoration for

the VIC-20 input. R2 is merely a fuse to protect the VIC-20.

Ll is an LED used to indicate that data is coming into the interface and is of sufficient level to properly operate ICl, which is being used as a wave-shaping circuit. Ll isn't a necessary part of the interface, but since the SN7404 has extra inverters, you might as well use one for the indicator. Switch Si is also unnecessary because you can tie the line coming to it low. However, if you do this, be sure your recorder is in PLAY for the load and verify operations and in RECORD for any save operations before pressing the return key. Switch S2 is needed to rewind the tape. Always return this switch to REMOTE immediately after using it in MANUAL.

My particular recorder, Superscope Model C-76, uses + 6.7 V to drive its motor, so I was able to use the VIC-20's motor-power line directly. Figure 1 also illustrates an alternate method for controlling the recorder using the VIC-20's +6.7 V motor line as a control signal.

Notice that the shield on the AUX input of the recorder is not connected to the VIC-20 system ground. I found that if I tied this line to the VIC-20 ground, noise would appear on the external speaker output of the recorder while I was attempting to load a program from the recorder. This noise was of sufficient level to trigger the input of inverter ICl prematurely and cause an error message to be generated by the VIC-20. ■

272 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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NEC Impact Printer F/T 695

NEC Low Res Color Monitor CALL

NEC Spinwriler #5510 (Serial) 2785

WordStar configurecftor NEC 299

SuperCalc configured for NEC 279

NEC Wordprocessor & Accounting Software CALL

Many more software packages and language;

(Pascal. Fortran. Cobol. etc) are available configured for

the NEC 8001A Computer

Please call or write for a product price list.

Qcommodore

40,6 CBM 8032 $1095 799

4032 995

8096 1795

CBM4022 Printer 629

Tally 8024 1699

CBM4040 Dual Disk Drive 995

CBM8050 Dual Disk Drive 1339

CBM 2031 Single Disc Drive 525

WordPro 3 Plus SOFTWAR E 229

WordPro 4 Plus 329

Commodore Tax Package .. .'. 399

Visicalc 149

BPI General Ledger 329

OZZ Information System 299

Dow Jones Portfolio 114

Pascal 229

Legal Time Accounting 449

Word Craft 80 289

Create-A-Base 249

COMMODORE 64 CALL

HOW TO ORDER

Ordering information: Phone orders using VISA. MASTERCARD. AMERICAN EXPRESS. DINER'S CLUB, CARTE BLANCHE, bank wire transfer, cashier's or certified check. money order, or personal check (allow ten days to clear) Unless prepaid with cash, please add 5% for shipping, handling and insurance, (minimum 5 00) California residents add 6% sales tax We accept CODs. OEM's Institutions and corporators please send for a written quotation All equipment is subject to price change and availability without notice. All equipment is new and complete with manufacturer's warranty (usually 90 days) Showroom prices may differ from mail order prices

szfflsfflMm

(714) 579-0330

MAILTO:1251 BROADWAY

EL CAJON, CA. 92021

circle 97 on Inquiry card

System Notes,

mm

PLAY PB f_ SW

WRITE £ READ f-_

MTR f

+ 6.7V V_

+SV <^_

GND f_

GC#41-800

AMP#225-2-06-2-4-l-01 CINCH # 251-06-30-160 WINCHESTER #880-065

SIMULATE PUSHING 'PLAY'ON RECORDER SI-0 STBY

°G0 A?

+ j-Lnj-0+'

Jis\ry,

R2

0. 5W

1/10W

—w—

C2 47/i F

^

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DATA FEED

Rl

56

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VIC + 5V

on

^ 1

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10MF

-ne

t

AUX INPUT f".

a 100 mA

VIC+5V

I -o S2

MAN <L ! I +6.7V

' REMOTEl

SUPERSCOPE C-76

9<?

SN7404 4_^^ 3

-o<^ici

SN7404

REMOTE

<m CR1 *- 1N914

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CASSETTE RECORDER

VOLUME AT 8

8J1 EXT SPK j

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2N2222 REMOTE R4

R3 S~y^. "V 470fl

47on f y^ \ >o wv

MTRC> vw

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PMAN

m

Figure 1: Interface between the VIC-20 and a standard cassette recorder. Although the VIC-20 outputs 0 to +4 V, it seems to prefer a 0 to —4-V input. Switch Si could be eliminated (see text), but it's safer to include it. Alternate sources for the connector to the VIC-20 are listed; an alternate motor control circuit is also shown.

££3 ffJTQ QQ £2 I

CO CO CO ID I

COI

Tl ICO Pimjiinmf

New! Tl LCD Programmer.

Hexadecimal and Octal Calculator/Converter.

The brand new tilt-top Tl LCD Programmer can save you hours of work. It was designed specifically for the problems you do, and has features that make it ideally suited for applications in computer programming, debugging, repair and digital logic design.

• Performs arithmetic in any of three number bases — OCT, DEC, HEX.

• Integer, two's complement arithmetic in OCT and HEX.

• One's complement capability in OCT and HEX.

• Converts numbers between OCT, DEC and HEX.

• Fifteen sets of parentheses available at each of four processing levels.

• Logical functions AND, OR, EXCLUSIVE OR and SHIFT operate bit by bit on OCT or HEX numbers.

Unisource Electronics has committed to buy Tl's initial production of this unique product. Availability is limited! Order now.

15-Day Free Trial.

The best way to evaluate the Tl LCD Programmer is to try it yourself — on the Job — for 15 days. If you're not 100% satisfied, simply return it for a full refund. Order now by calling toll-free:

1-800-858-4580

In Texas call 1-806-745-8835 Lines open 8 am to 6 pm CST

Just give us your name, shipping address and Visa or MasterCard number and we will charge the tax deductible" $75.00 purchase price, plus $2.00 shipping and handling (Texas residents also add 5% sales tax) to your account. Or send your check or money order to:

Unisource Electronics, Inc.

P.O. Box 64240 • Lubbock, Tx. 79464 * IVrjen used lor business.

274 March 1982 © BYTE Publications toe

Circle 392 on inquiry card.

Introducing . . .

THE TEC-86 SERIES OF 16 BIT MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEMS

TEC-86 - COMPLETE 16 BIT 8086 MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEM _ $4390

FEATURES

• Two 8 Inch DD Floppy Disk Drives (1.2 MB Total)

• ROM Boot for MP/M-86™

• 64K Bytes of Memory

• Vectored Interrupts

• 16 Bit 8086 CPU

• Heavy Duty Power Supply

• IEEE 696 S-100

Two RS232 Serial Ports Baud Rates from 50 to 19200 Baud Independent Baud Rate for each Serial Port 24 Parallel 1/0 lines (Three 8 Bit Parts) Attractive Industrial Quality Enclosure

TEC-86M4 — $7595.

FOUR USER TEC-86 SYSTEM WITH V2 MEGABYTE OF MEMORY

TEC-86 W — $10990.

TEC-86 SYSTEM WITH WINCHESTER 31 MegaBYTE HARD DISK

ONE YEAR WARRANTY

TEC-86M4W — $12990.

FOUR USER TEC-86 SYSTEM WITH l/j MEGABYTE OF MEMORY AND 31 MegaBYTE WINCHESTER HARD DISK

TEC-86 OPTIONS

CP/M-86™ Single User Operating System MP/M-86tm Multi-User Operating system Concurrent File Access File Password Protection File Time and Date Stamping Print Spooling Additional Memory, 64K and 256K byte increments up to a system total of one full Megabyte Languages

BASfC-86»v FORTRAN-86™, PASCAL-86im, CBASIC/86im, PASCAL/M861* FORTH, CIS-COBOL and other High Level Languages

• Double sided double density floppy disks (2.4 MB total)

• 31 Megabyte Winchester Hard Disk

• Attractive Wood Grain Desk Top Enclosure

• Rack Mounted enclosure

• Alphanumeric terminals (80 chars x 24 lines)

• Matrix, correspondence quality, letter quality, and graphics printers

ANALOG TO DIGITAL DIGITAL TO ANALOG

DATA ACQUISITION AND CONTROL BOARDS AND SYSTEMS

APPLE A/D $695 w/Timer-Counter

ANALOG TO DIGITAL Converter with

Timer/Counter

12 Bit Accuracy, 16 Channels, 30 KHz

Conversion, Three programmable

Timer/Counters to:

Trigger Conversions

Count Conversions

Count External Signals

Count Bus Clock Options: Programmable Gain; 14, 16 Bit Accuracy; 40, 100, or 125 KHz; Expansion to 256 Channels

DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTERS

12 Bit Resolution

3 Microsecond Conversion

Jumper Selectable Outputs

+2.5V, +5V, +10V, Oto

+5V, Oto +10V Each operates independently Each DAC holds previous value until an entire new word is presented to it Fully assembled and tested

S100 A/D $765

Analog to Digital Converter

with Timer/Counter

12 Bit Accuracy, 16 Channels, 30 KHz Conversion, Five Programmable Timer/Counters for: Time of Day Triggering Conversions Counting Conversions Counting External Signals Interrupting the CPU Options: Programmable Gain; 14, 16 Bit Accuracy; 40, 100, 125 KHz Conversion; Expansion to 256 Channels

Circle 378 on Inquiry card.

OTHER FINE SI00 and APPLE PRODUCTS AVAILABLE, INCLUDING: ANALOG to DIGITAL CONVERTERS (12, 14, 16 bit accuracy, 30, 40, 100, 125 KHz Conversion rates, 16 to 256 Channels, programmable gain, timer/counters). DIGITAL to ANALOG CONVERTERS (12 bit accuracy, 3 microsecond conversion rate). 8086 CPU Board, I/O Boards 64K/256K Memory Boards, Real-time Video Digitizer and Display. Complete Systems also available for Data Acquisition, Video Digitization, and General Purpose Applications.

REQUEST OUR CATALOG FOR COMPLETE LISTING, AND SPECIFICATIONS ON THE ENTIRE TECMAR PRODUCT LINE.

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

23600 Mercantile Rd. • Cleveland, OH 44122

TECMAR, INC.

(216)464-7410

with our variety ot quality disk drives.

ASAP carries only the highest quality floppy disk drives, to provide you with years of trouble-free service and superior performance.

Data Trak™ double-sided, double-density drives from Qume® feature state-of-the-art technology. You get superior data integrity through improved disk life, data reliability and drive serviceability.

Data Trak™ 5 (ANSI 5W compatibility) Call for price

Data Trak™ 8 (IBM compatibility) Call for price

Shugart drives have been setting industry quality and reliability standards for years. Shugart's Bi-Compliant™ head assembly provides superior media compliance and high reliability.

Model 801 (standard floppy) $400.00

Model 850 8640.00

Dual Disk Drive Cabinet $225.00

ASAP also provides a full line of high reliability disk drive subsystems.

Part No. — Description* Price

HDC8/1-H0 — Cabinet with (1) Priam 10 megabyte hard disk

drive with Microbyte Controller Call for price

HDC8/1F+1HD — Cabinet with (1) Qume® DT-8 double-sided, double-density drive, and (1) Priam 10 megabyte hard disk

drive with Microbyte Controller Call for price

CAB8H — Dual cabinet for 8" floppy disk drives

(horizontal mounting) S 225.00

CAB8V — Cabinet for 8" floppy disk drives

(vertical mounting) $ 225.00

CAB8H/V+1S - Dual cabinet with (1) Shugart SA801R

installed (horizontal or vertical mounting) $ 695.00

CAB8H/V+2S — Dual cabinet with (2) Shugart SA801R's

installed (horizontal or vertical mounting) $1095.00

CAB8H/V+1Q — Dual cabinet with (1)Qume® DT-8 double-sided double-density drive installed (horizontal or vertical

mounting) $ 775.00

CAB8H/V+2Q — Dual cabinet with (2) Qume® DT-8's doublesided double-density drive installed (horizontal or vertical mounting) $1275.00

*AII cabinets come complete with power supply, tan and internal cables.

asaii

computer I

Toll free outside California:

(800)421-7701

computer S^SEmqi

products, inc. BS-SffSl

1198E. Willow St., Signal Hill, CA 90806 I'lHJOSJI CUUO

For superior quality, high reliability disk drives, contact ASAP today.

ASAP offers a 30-day buyer protection policy: full money-back guarantee if not

totally satisfied.

Ordering information: name, address, phone: ship by: UPS or truck. Please call for

shipping charges.

Terms: We accept cash, check, money orders. Visa and Master Charge (U.S.

funds only). Tax: 6% Calif, res. COD's and terms available on approval (school

PO's accepted).

276 BYTE March 1982

Circle 36 on Inquiry card.

Printers

Okidala Dot Matrix Printers

82A — 80 column printer w/tractor

Throughput @ 80 characters per line: 76 lines

per minute

Print Speed: 120 CPS

83A — 136 column printer w/tractor

Throughput @ 136 characters per line: 76 lines

per minute

Print Speed: 120 CPS

84A — 136 column printer w/tractor

Throughput @ 136 characters per line: 114 lines

per minute

Print Speed: 200 CPS

Centronics & RS-232C interfaces standard on

models 82A & 83A. 2K serial buffer board (RS-232)

optional on all models. Centronics 8-bit parallel

interface and Okigraph HI-RES Graphics standard

on Model 84A

Epson MX-80

80 Column Dot Matrix Printer

Character set: full 90-character ASCII with

descenders

Graphics characters: 64 block characters

Centronics-style 8-bit parallel interface

standard; Apple. TRS-80, RS-232 interfaces optional.

MX-80 FT/Friclion Feed

IHX-100/132 Column

CALL FOR PRICE & DELIVERY

Apple Parallel Interface:

AEI-1 W/Cable $69.95

• Standard Interface

• Compatible with Epson & Okidata Printers

• On-board Firmware (2708) Optional Cables: $25.00 AEC-2/Atari to Epson Printer TREC-2/TRS-80 to Epson/Okidata Printer RSC-1/RS-232 (male to male)

Serial Interface SEI-1 $55.00

• Asynchronous 300.1200, 2400 or 9600 BPS

• Compatible with Epson Printers

• 75 to 9600 BPS

Manulacturer/ModBl # Price

Anacom-150 S1095.00

Anadex-9501 W/2K buffer S1295.00

Diablo-630R0 S2095.00

C.ltoh Starwriter 45 S1925.00

Texas lnstruments-810 S1650.00

Modems

Manufacturer Model # Price

Novation CAT S 149.00

Novation d-CAT S 160.00

Novation Auto-Cat S 229.00

DC Hayes Smart Modem S 245.00

DC Hayes Micro Modem II S 320.00

(Apple)

DC Hayes Micro Modem 100 S 335.00

Lexicon Lex-11 S 139.00

Livermore LIV-Star 20M S 149.00

UDS UDS103 LP S 185.00

UDS UDS 202 LP S 245.00

Monitors

Manufacturer Model # Price

Amdek 100/12" 8&W S 125.00

Amdek 100-80 S 169.00

Amdek 100G/12" Grn. S 149.00

Amdek Color-113" S 375.00

Sanyo DM 5109CX/9" Grn. S 175.00

Sanyo DM 5012/12" B&W S 270.00

Sanyo DM5112ex/12"Grn. S 290.00

Sanyo DM C6013/13" Color S 450.00

Zenith ZVM-121/12"Grn. $ 115.00

Terminals

Manufacturer Model # Price

Ampex Dialogue 80 S 899.00

Lear Siegler ADM-5 Call tor price

Lear Siegler ADM-3A Call for price

Lear Siegler ADM-3A* Call for price

Lear Siegler ADM-31 Call for price

Lear Siegler ADM-32 Call for price

Lear Siegler ADM-42 Call for price

Televideo TVI910 S 625.00

Televideo TVI 912C S 725.00

Televideo TVI 950C S 925.00

Televideo TVI 925 S 825.00

Components

411B's(200nS)/5290-3

Apple. TRS-80. Heath

1-15 S1.85 each 50-99 S1.60 each

16-49 SUOeach 100 up S1.40each

2114L-2/200 nS

Low-Power 1K x 4 Static RAM

1-16 S2.80 each 50-99 $2.60 each

17-49 S2.70 each 100 up .... S2.45 each

2708/450 nS

1K x 8 EPROM S3.00 each or 8/S22.00

2716/5 Volt

2Kx8EPR0M

S4.95 each

74LS240 ... S1.25 each 74LS373... S1.25 each 74LS241 ... S1.10 each 74LS374 ... S1.25 each 74LS244 ... S1.25 each 8T245 ... S1.50 each

Support Chips

8080A-CPU S 2.50

Z80A-SI0 ..

... S22.00

Z80A-CPU S 8.95

8255AC5 ..

... S 6.95

Z80A-CTC S 8.95

8257AC5 ..

... S15.00

Z80A-DART .... S13.95

Regulators

320T5 S.80 320T12 S.80

340T5 S.70 340T12 S.75

> 1-9 10-24

25 up

DB25P

S2.25 S2.15

S2.00

DB25S

S325 S3.10

S2.90

DB25C

S .95 S .85

S 75

100 Pin IMSAI

Gold/S-100 Soldertail Connectors

S2.60 each or

10/S2.40 each

Capacitors

1 <§> 12 Volt Ceramic 8c each or

100/S7.00

DIP SOCketS —Low Profile Tin Soldertail

Description

1-9 10-49 50-9!

100 up

14 pin tin st

S .15 S .1? S .12

' S .11

16 pin tin st

S .16 S .14 S .13

■ S .12

18 pin tin st

S .19 S .18 S .16

S .14

20 pin tin st

S .25 S .23 S .21

S .20

24 pin tin st

S .26 S .24 S .22

S .20

28 pin tin st

S .32 S .30 S .28

S .27

40 pin tin st

S .42 S .40 S .38

S .34

DISKETTES from ASAP

Verbatim

5'A" Diskettes

Part*

Sector

Price

MD525-01

Soft

10/S27.50

MD525-10

Hard 10

10/S27.50

MD525-16

Hard 16 8" Diskettes

10/S27.50

FD32-1000

Hard

10/S3500

FD34-1000

Soft Memorex

5'A" Diskettes

10/S3500

Part#

Side/Dens Sector

Price

MEM 3403

1/Sgl Hard 10

10/S25.00

MEM 3405

1/Sgl Hard 16 8" Diskettes

10/S25.00

MEM 3060

1/Sgl Soil

10/S35.00

MEM 3101

2/Sgl Soft

10/S45.00

MEM 3090

1/Dbl Soft

10/S45.00

MEM 3102

2/Dbl Soil

Scotch 3M

57<" Diskettes

10/S55.00

Part*

Side/Dens Sector

Price

744-0

1/Sgl Soft

10/S33.00

744-10

1/Sgl Hard 10

10/S33.00

744-16

1/Sgl Hard 16

10/S33.00

745-0

2/Dbl Soft

10/S59.00

745-10

2/Dbl Hard 10

10/S59.00

745-16

2/Dbl Hard 16

Maxell

5V." Diskettes

10/S59.00

Part*

Side/Dens Sector

Price

MD1

1/Sgl Soft

10/S35.00

MD2D

2/Dbl Soft

10/S4900

MH1

1/Sgl Hard 16

10/S39.00

■MH2D

2/Dbl Hard 16 8" Diskettes

10/S55.00

FD1-128

1/Sgl Soft

10/S45.00

FH1-32

1/Sgl Soft 32

10/S45.00

FD2-XD

2/0bl Soft

10/S55.00

Elephant Memory Systems

Part*

Side/Dens Sector

Price

EMS-1

1/Sgl Soft

SRW

Media Storage Cases

S2500

Part*

Size

Price

SRW-5

5V,"

S2.50 ea.

SRW-8

8"

S3.25 ea.

SYSTEMS WITH SPICE from CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS FOR APPLE II7" USERS

Synchronous Serial Interlace

Part Number 7712A Price: S149.00

Programmable Timer

Part Number 7440A Price: S 95.00

Asynchronous Serial Interlace

Part Number 7710A Price: S139.00

Calendar/Clock Module

Part Number 7424 Price: S 99.00

3V< Digit BCD A-to-0 Converter

Part Number 7470A Price: $ 95.00

12K ROM/PROM Module

Pari Number 7114A Price: S 85.00

Parallel Interlace

Part Number 7720A Price: $125.00

Arithmetic Processor

Part Number 7811A Price: S349.00

Centronics Printer Interface

Part Number 7728A Price: S125.00

FOR S-100 USERS

32K Static RAM Board

Part Number 2032C Price: S610.00

16K Static RAM Board

Part Number 2116C Price: $290 00

64K Dynamic RAM Board

Part Number 2065C Price: $550.00

Z8DA CPU Board

Part Number 2810A Price: S265.00

Floppy Disk Controller

Part Number 2422A Price: $365.00

CP/M'- Version 2.2 Free' With Purchase S-100 Mainframe

Part Number 2200A Price: S475.00

2201A (220VAC) £47500

S-100 Motherboard

Part Number 2501A Price: S150.00

4-Port Serial I/O Interlace

Pari Number 2710A Price: $245.00

2-Serial. 2-Parallel I/O Board

Part Number 2719A Price: S275.00

4-Port Parallel I/O Board

Part Number 2720A Price: $195.00

Microbyte Boards Z80A/I-0 CPU Board

• A complete single board Z80A CPU with serial/parallel interface (2) Ser. (3) Parallel

• Fully compatible with proposed IEEE S-100 Bus Standard

• Z80A CPU (4MHz version of the Z80) $329.00 Assembled & Tested Optional Monitor Program $40.00

Floppy Disk Controller

• DMA to within 16 Mbyte of memory

• State-of-the-art NEC765 LSI Controller

• IEEE S-100 compatible

• DMA arbitration allows use of multiple boards within a system

$329.00 Assembled & Tested •CP/M S150.00 Available (Optional)

4-Port I/O Board

• Quad RS-232-C serial ports. One 20 mA current loop port

• Fully IEEE S-100 bus compatible

• Asynchronous communications with Z80A-DART" or synchronous communications with Z80A-SICW"

• Full set of modem control signals, including Rl (Ring Indicator)

• Easily configurable to any type of terminal interface

$265.00 Assembled & Tested Cables Available (Optional)

64K Dynamic RAM Board

• Fully S-100 bus compatible (4 MHz)

• 64K x 8 bit dynamic RAM

• Low power: *8VDC @ 700 mA +16VDC @ 100 mA -16VDC @ 25 mA

• Built-in capacity with LED indicator and vector interrupt

$475.00 Assembled 8, Tested •CP/M* Trade Mark ol Digital Research

ATARI COMPUTER PRODUCTS ATARI 800

(16K) Personal Business Computer Features:

• Computer console

• Atari 8K basic

• 57 full stroke alpha-numeric keyboard with four function keys

• Operator's manual

• RF modulator

• Power supply Call for price

Special Offer: Additional 16K RAM FREE with purchase of system

ATARI 400 $349.00

Atari Optional Accessories

Model ll Description Price

810 820

822

825

.$ 455.00

.$ 279.00

Disk Drive System . 40 Column Dot Matrix Printer ... 40 Column Thermal

Printer $ 299.00

80 Column Dot

Matrix Printer $ 625.00

Acoustic Modem 5 159.00

Interface Module S 169.00

Cassette Recorder S 80.00

830 850 410

CX30-04 Paddle Controls S 17.95

CX40-04 Joysticks (pair) $ 17.95

INTRODUCING ASAP's

Atari 80016K RAM Module: $55.00

1 year warranty parts & labor

Atari Software (Many more available)

Basketball S 30.00

Super Breakout $ 30.00

Chess S 32.00

Video Easel S 25.00

3-D Tic Tac Toe 3 25.00

Star Raiders S 36.00

Asteroids $ 32.00

Music Composer S 42.00

Educational ROM S 19.95

Assembler/Editor S 45.00

Telelink I S 24.00

Space Invaders S 30.00

Kingdom S 12.95

Missile Command S 32.00"

Biorhythm S 12.95

Graph It S 17.95

Energy Czar $ 12.95

Mailing List 5 19.95

Touch Typing S 19.95

Stock Charting $ 19.95

Stock Analysis S 19.95

Bond Analysis S 19.95

Word Processor S119.00

Personal Finance S 64.95

Microsoft BASIC S 75.00

Ghost Hunter (Cassette) S 25.00

Ghost Hunter (Disk) S 30.00

All prices subject to change without notice. Call for best price.

ASAP offers a 30-day buyer protection policy: full money-back guarantee if not

totally satisfied.

Ordering Information: name, address, phone, ship by: UPS or Mail. Shipping

charge: add $2.50 up to 1 lb. for UPS blue; add $1.50 for U.S. Mail (U.S. only) ($25.00

minimum order). Call for larger shipments.

Terms: We accept cash, check, money orders, Visa 8. Master Charge (U.S. Funds

only). Tax: 6% Calif, res. COD's and terms available on approval (school PO's

accepted).

Toll free outside California:

asait

computer ■ products, inc.

1198 E. Willow St., Signal Hill, CA 90806

(800)421-7701

Inside California:

(213)595-6431 (714)891-2663

Circle 36 on Inquiry card.

BYTE March 1982

277

BYTE Printer Directory

Curtis P. Feigel Technical Editor

To say that the printer market has blossomed is to make an apt analogy. An immense crop of printers with exciting features has flourished in the last few years. Unfortunately, a handful of thorns is waiting for those who make a hasty grab without carefully examining the field. Only an understanding of the present state of the art and knowledge of the printers available will help the personalcomputer user choose the best printer for an application.

The printer provides an important and common man-machine interface. Recent advances in printer technology allow the use of personal computers in many new ways: producing letters, checks, and even pictures. However, a printer still represents a large investment to most people—sometimes as much as the rest of the computer system. BYTE provides this list of printers and their features to help you get the necessary information.

The newest printers offer standard features that illustrate the progressive thinking of designers and manufacturers, at a low cost that would have been impossible two years ago. Through the use of dedicated microprocessors, new printers pro

vide bidirectional printing, short-line seeking, and multiple-font capability—features that are difficult to implement with mechanical printers. The presence (or absence) of these features is the key to selection of the proper printer.

Understanding Printers

Although a variety of printing technologies is available, the traditional impact printer is still the most common. The other printing concepts find favor in special applications (e.g., if copy must be produced at high speed, an ink-jet system might be used) where special attributes are used to advantage. The following is a description of the printing technologies you will discover in the microcomputer printer market:

Impact: Uses a type element with a raised character that strikes an inked ribbon against the paper, thus transferring the outline of the character to the paper. This is the same concept used in the common typewriter, but manufacturers have added several twists to the idea. In daisy-wheel or thimble-type printers, the complete set of type elements can be removed and replaced as a single

unit. This makes it possible to change type fonts (the style of the letters) or install characters not commonly available.

The typical small-computer owner usually opts for an impact printer that uses a dot-matrix type element. This device prints characters made from dots in a closely spaced grid. It is popular because of its flexibility. In many units, the characters' form is stored in memory and can be changed easily. The presence or absence of dots can be controlled by the computer (in some fashion) so that graphs and pictures can be printed.

A rather unusual printer that might be classed with impact types uses a stylus to form the characters (an idea analogous to having a machine that draws with a pencil). The theory is that this system should provide the flexibility of a dot-matrix design with the fully formed characters of a daisywheel-type printer.

Thermal and Electrostatic: Both use a form of the dot-matrix print head, but depend on special paper to create the image, rather than ink from a ribbon. These printers are usually small, allow only 20 or 40 characters on a line, and have few extra features

278 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Surprising Symmetries in Design and Letterforms ..

llMplO.K

"Kim is the Escher-of-the alphabet. He has created a new art-form that blends beauty and ingenuity, and has made it so clear to us that we can try it Ourselves . . . . " Issac Asimov, Author

Inversions

A Catalog of Calligraphic Cartwheels by Scott Kim Foreword by Douglas Hofstadter Back word by Jef Raskin

The striking designs that grace the pages of Scott Kim's new book appeal to us as both viewers and readers, for words themselves are the subject of his calligraphic creations. With imagination and care, Kim bends, shapes, and sculpts words into novel and intriguing works of art. Inversions is more than a showpiece, though, as the author details the theories and techniques that lie behind his art and draws parallels to related perceptual exercises in music, linguistic wordplay, and even mathematics.

ISBN 0-07-034546-5 128 pages; softcover $8.95

"Scott Kim has perfected a personal art form —one with

grace, elegance, subtlety, and surprises."

Douglas Hofstadter, author

Godel, Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid

"Scott Kim's Inversions ... is one of the most astonishing and delightful books ever printed." Martin Gardner Scientific American

dear

sura to dazzle and delight anyone to whom writing is

B3

m

The New York Times Book Review

A New Frontier Between Sight and Sound.

■

"Here in this beautiful book John Whitney marries art to modern technology. Scenes that previously we would have strained to imagine, Whitney can now show us."

Jearl Walker, Scientific American

Digital Harmony by John Whitney

On the Complementarity of Music and Visual Art

Digital Harmony is the art of music made visible. Already acclaimed for pioneering the striking visual effects in 2001 and Star Wars, author John Whitney here establishes a new art form in representing the magic of music through computer-generated color graphics. The author also delves into the technicalities of his work, offering to share his methods with others who would explore this field of vast artistic promise. Digital Harmony is the vanguard of what is sure to be one of the most exciting art forms for years to come.

ISBN 0-07-070015-X 240 pages; hardcover $21.95

"Digital Harmony is a peek into the future when computerization will bridge the gap between art, science, and self-understanding. I loved it."

Seymour Papert

Author, Professor Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Call Toil-Free 800/258-5420

BYTE Books 70 Main St. Peterborough, N.H. 03458

Circle 57 on inquiry card.

"

w

When You Have To Face A Deadline...

ince lis Introduction, Pascal/MT + ' has been used to produce thousands ol professional solutions to industrial, business and systems level application problems. In addition to implementing the complete ISO STANDARD Pascal/MT + ' contains a host ol powerful leatures and facilities which make ! program construction a snap! Pascal/MT + ■ is a total programming system including our native machine code compiler, linker, PascaHevel debugger, disassembler, run-time subroutine library and the exclusive SpeedProQrammlng,m Package.

With the advent of 16-bit machines and increasing customers demands, you can no longer afford to write programs In anything bul a professionally constructed and professionally supported package like Pascal/MT + ■ MT MIcroSYSTEMS has demonstrated its commitment to keeping your programs and programmers productive with our recent introduction ol Pascal/MT + 86 and Pascal/MT + 68K for the 8086. While Pascal/MT + • provides the capability to write non-portable programs when the need arises, true portability between radically dilferenl machines is a reality while still translating

into efficient, optimized native machine code.

Our Pascal/MT + ' compilers and SpeedProgramming Package are available on a wide variety ol processors and operating systems, with more to come! We are continually working to provide innovative solutions to the ever present problem ol translating your ideas into software solutions. The Pascal/MT + • System Compiler:

Generates ROMable Native Code • Complete ISO Standard (superset ol Jensen & Wlrthl Powerful Extensions Include:

Modular Compilation, Direct production ol binary relocatable modules • Dynamic stnngs • Chaining • Powerlul Overlay system • Address and Size returning functions • Bit manipulation (test, set, clear, shifts! • Byte manipulation (high, low, swapl • Imbedded assembly language • Easy linkage lo external assembly language • Full NEW and DISPOSE procedures • Direct access lo I/O ports • Fast floating point, bolh software and AMD 9511 • Accurate 18 digit BCD (fixed point. 14,4) • Include files • Hex literal numbers • and more

... Arm Yourself With Pascal/MT+®

Linker:

Combines relocatable modules into executable files • Can generate Hex format for use with PROM programming. Interactive Symbolic Debugger:

Variable display • High-level breakpoints by procedureflunclion name • Tracing/single step by Pascal statement • Procedure/lunction entry and exit trace available Disassembler:

Combines a relocatable module with its listing file to produce interleaved Pascal and approximate assembly language code The SpeedProgremmlng Package'"1:

The SpeedProgrammtng Package is an integrated set of tools which allows you to create Pascat/MT+* programs, check them for correct syntax and undefined identifiers, format them to display flow of control, and do this all within the editing environment before you ever invoke the compiler Programmers like SpeedProgrammtng because it frees them from the time consuming chore of repeated compilations to correct simple syntactic and typing errors. Managers find that SpeedProgramming improves productivity, thereby reducing development costs SpeedProgramming combined with our field tested Pascal/MT+ ' package gives you a comfortable, powerlul. interactive programming environment in which to create your professional quality software. Your products demand production quality tools Order Pascal/MT+ " with SpeedProgramming lodayl ScnMn Editor:

User configurable • Standard random cursor movement, tile access search and replace, insert, delete, exchange, etc. • Structured language editing features such as automatic indent, line adjustment, reading from and writing to a file, block text insertion and duplication • Requires 24 x 80 CRT (or larger). ASCII Keyboard (7 bit data), random cursor addressing. Interactive Syntax Scanner:

Finds syntax errors in text being edited • Enters SPEED, puts cursor at error, prints error text Variable Checker:

Catches undefined and mis-spelled variables before the compiler is invoked.

On-Line Reformatted

Beautify programs in seconds • Clearly shows structure and program flow. Source Code Management Tools:

Automatic Modification Log and Backup utility program

PRICING: 'Read carefully, some systems do not include the SpeedProgramming Package but do include the compiler, linker, disassembler, debugger and other utilities

AVAILABLE NOW!

•8080/8085/Z80 without SpeedProgramming Price $350 00

56K or larger CP/M 8080/8085/Z80 complete including SpeedProgramming Price $475 00

56K or larger CP/M 8080/8085/ZBO for special MP/M environments . Contact Factory

•8086/8088 without SpeedProgramming Price $600.00

CP/M-86 or MP/M-86, requues 116K program area 8086/8088 complete including SpeedProgramming Price $800 00

All 808678088 packages include 9511 and 8087 support and program to convert MT ob|ect files into Intel OBJ 8086 files

Digital Research, Inc. is now the sole distributor for Pascal/MT +, and Is proud to add It to the Digital Research family of operating systems, languages and utilities.

Available on 8" (3740) Single Density Disks Contact Distributors For Other Formats Pascal/MT+ , CP/M, MP/M are trademarks of Digital Research, Inc.

FOR: 8080/8085/Z80/8086

Circle 276 on inquiry card.

M DIGITAL RESEARCH

P.O Box 579

160 Central Ave.

Pacific Grove, CA. 93950

Phone No. 408/649-3896

TWX 910-360-5001

'All prices and speciflctions subject to change without notice.

because of their low cost. They are most popular in calculator-sized computer systems where space is at a premium.

Ink-Jet: This is actually a controlled spray of ink directly onto paper. Small droplets of ink formed at a nozzle are directed by electrostatic fields to cover the proper areas on the paper. This is a fast way to print whole pages because the inertia of the droplets is far smaller than that of mechanical systems. The system is flexible because the form of each character is computer-controlled.

Laser: Uses a raster-scan system similar in idea to a video display. The laser moves across a sensitized drum, "burning" a row of dots; as each row is completed, the beam moves down to begin the next row. The image is then transferred to paper, just as in a photocopier. Obviously, laser printers contain precision optical and mechanical parts, so they cost tens of

thousands of dollars; but they are very flexible and fast.

Because many of these systems are relatively new, manufacturers have not been able to bring down their cost. Because of this money factor, we will mainly consider the impact, electrostatic, and thermal types. Even the least expensive of today's impact printers has features that set it apart from the teletypewriter that was the common hard-copy appliance 10 years ago. Here is an explanation of the concepts behind these features:

Print Quality: An obvious consideration for most people and small businesses. The quality of the characters that appear on paper is mostly determined by the printer technology used. Daisy-wheel and thimble-type printers produce fully formed characters that look similar to those produced by typewriters or typesetting equipment. Dot-matrix printers, although usually faster, are not as a

ATTENTION GOVERNMENT D P USERS AND PURCHASERS

We represent many fine micro products and manufacturers on the U.S. Government's GSA Schedule, including

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Purchasing from the Schedule will save you the time consumed by the bid process. Products shipped throughout the United States and world-wide. Visit or write any of our stores for more information or to receive our catalogue of products represented.

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rule capable of producing highquality printing (the exception is multipass types that allow their dots to overlap, giving a fully formed look). In dot-matrix printers, the number of dots in the matrix is a good guide to the visual quality of the printing (i.e., a 9-by 14-dot character will probably look far better than a 5by 7-dot one).

Character Sets: They can be an overriding factor if special characters are required. Although the type elements of daisy-wheel and thimble-type printers can be changed manually, many dot-matrix printers can be programmed with alternate character sets; some come with several preprogrammed sets. Almost all printers follow the ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) convention that assigns each standard character with a 7-bit binary number. Few printers, however, allow all 128 ASCII characters.

A related concern is the font, or style of type, used by the printer. This governs whether parts of the lowercase letters g, j, p, q, and y actually descend below the print line, whether the vertical lines of the characters are slanted, and whether or not the characters have serifs (short lines that extend at an angle from the ends of the main strokes of the letter). Many dotmatrix printers provide a feature to condense or expand the characters horizontally; some even slant or rotate the characters.

Although most printers produce characters that all take the same amount of space, an important feature on high-quality units is proportional spacing. (Perhaps you have noticed that typesetting—such as is used in magazines, newspapers, and books—produces characters that have a variety of widths.) This contributes much to the look of a printed page.

Speed: Many printers include features that allow them to print characters at a high rate. This may be as simple as a character set that is draft-quality (the printer doesn't spend much time making the character look pretty).

282 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 99 on inquiry card.

Circle 383 on inquiry card.

The Logo Language is Here

for the Apple n

I ! I <i5

■ i J (fa

I •'« ^H,

i fjji

I ,*%-' ■

TO SQUIRflL rflNGLE DISTANCE

IF .-DISTANCE > 200 THEN STOP

FORUflRD :DISTflNCE

RIGHT :ANGLE

SQUIRflL :ANGLE DISTANCE + i END

Terrapin, the Turtle Company, brings you the Terrapin Logo Language for the Apple II with Turtle graphics, now ready for immediate delivery.

The Terrapin Logo language is a sophisticated and powerful language that is easy for anyone to use. Although originally intended for children, the Logo language is one that the most advanced programmers will enjoy using too. It includes many features common to artificial intelligence research languages permitting programs of great power to be written quickly and easily. Writing comparable programs in other languages is usually much more difficult and time consuming.

The Turtle graphics is fun and easy. With simple commands such as FORWARD, RIGHT, and PENUP you can draw in six hi-res colors. In just a few short sessions you can learn to create figures more complex than the one above whether you know how to program or not.

But the Terrapin Logo language is more than just a graphics language. It supports:

■ list structure, allowing easy manipulation of words (strings) and lists

■ user defined procedures which can be used exactly as if they were part of the language.

* fully integrated screen editor for procedures and text

■ floating point and integer arithmetic

■ a total of 120 primitives (commands) including 30 graphics commands

■ recursion

■ assembly-language interface capability

SQUIRHL 123 1

The Terrapin Logo language was developed by the Artificial Intelligence lab at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Terrapin is now authorized by MIT to distribute the results of its 12 years of research t~ you. To provide quality support for the language, Terrapin has assembled a team that includes two of the three authors who developed the Logo language for the Apple II at MIT, as well as Dr. Feurzeig, the originator of the Logo language.

Every copy of the Terrapin Logo language comes with complete documentation. To run the language, a 48K Apple II with a 16K RAM card or a language card, and one disk drive is required.

Terrapin also offers the robot Turtle, and the following books: Turtle Geometry, Special Technology for Special Children, Mindstorms, Katie & the Computer, and Apple Logo from Byte Books.

Suggested retail price: $149.95

To order or for more information, call or write:

678 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02139 (617) 492-8816

■ i*M ^-j

I

However, two logical concepts are important to the speed of any printer: bidirectional printing and short-line seeking. A printer that does bidirectional printing does not waste time moving the print head from the end of one line, at the right of a page, to the beginning of the next line at the left. It simply prints the next line backward, beginning at the right. A short-line-seeking printer skips over multiple spaces at a higher than normal speed and slows when the print head is located at the first printable character.

Forms: Paper that the printer will accept is usually limited to one or two

types. A large amount of computer printouts are done on fanfold paper. However, cut sheets are preferred for correspondence and reports. Some printers accept only roll paper, as used on adding machines. Forms controls that allow the printer to automatically find the top of the next fanfold page, and feeding mechanisms that load the printer with a single sheet of paper, are also available.

(Fanfold continuous paper is separated into sheets by perforations along the top and bottom of each "page." A series of holes is provided along each margin for a tractor to move the paper vertically through the printer. Fanfold paper is available in

a variety of styles and widths, including preprinted forms such as invoices and checks.)

Following is a listing of printer manufacturers and their products. Where possible, the information has been taken directly from the maker's literature. But please remember this caveat: a manufacturer may emphasize one feature and neglect to mention other features. Although we have made every attempt to keep the specifications accurate and up-todate, errors do occur. Also, keep in mind that manufacturers reserve the right to alter specifications without notice.

A D Data Systems Inc.

200 Commerce Dr. Rochester, NY 14623 (716) 334-9649 Addmaster Corporation 416 Junipero Serra Dr. San Gabriel, CA 91776 (213) 285-1121 170: impact, 5 by 7 dot matrix; 18 or 21 char/line; 50 cps; 6 line/inch; ASCII or Baudot characters; timeof-day clock with battery backup; self test; friction feed; 2.25 inch wide roll paper; RS-232, 63 char buffer; Centronics or Apple II parallel; 8.25 by 12 by 5; 7 lbs; $299

180: impact, 5 by 7 dot matrix (9 by 7 optional); 34 or 40 char/line; 48 cps; 6 line/inch; ASCII or Baudot characters; time-of-day clock with battery backup; self test; friction or tractor feed; 4.5 inch wide roll paner or labels; RS-232, 40 char buffer; Centronics parallel; $399 Alphacom Inc. 3031 Tisch Way San Jose, CA 95128 Sprinter 20: thermal, 5 by 8 dot matrix; 20 char/line; 96 char ASCII; graphics; rotated printing; roll paper; RS-232, 110 to 9600 bps; parallel; $175

Sprinter 40: thermal, 5 by 8 dot matrix; 40 char/line; 96 char ASCII; graphics; rotated printing; roll, fanfold paper; RS-232, 110 to 9600 bps; parallel; $350 Alps Electric Inc. 100 North Center Ave. Rockville Center, NY 11570

(516) 766-3636 1200: stylus; 15, 18, 24, or 36 char/line; 6 cps; four colored ballpoint pens; graphics; all characters created under software control of the host computer; friction feed; 2.25 inch wide roll paper; 8.5 by 5.9 by 1.25; 1.1 lbs; $450 1100: same as 1200 except: one color only; $325 Amperex Electronics Corporation 230 Duffy Ave. Hicksville, NY 11802 GP300: impact, 9 by 9 dot matrix; 120 or 144 char/line; 80 or 300 cps; vertical tab; paper out indicator; graphics; self test; two character sets; friction feed and tractor feed; sheet or fanfold paper; RS-232, 300 to 9600 bps; parallel; 20.5 by 17.5 by 7.4; 44 lbs; $3165 Anacom General Corporation

Computer Products Division 1116 Vallencia Dr. Fullerton, CA 92631 (714) 992-0223 150: impact, 9 by 9 dot matrix; 136 char/line; 150 cps; 6 or 8 line/inch; 96 char ASCII; lowercase descenders; double-width characters; bidirectional printing; short-line seeking; self test; graphics optional; paper-out indicator; top-ofform control; tractor feed adjustable to 15 inches wide; fanfold paper; RS-232, buffer optional; parallel; 34 lbs; $1495 150Z: impact, dot matrix; 40

or 220 char/line; 180 cps; four selectable char sets; graphics; tractor feed; fanfold paper; RS-232; parallel; $1650

160: impact, 9 by 9 dot matrix; 80 char/line; 150 cps; 6 or 8 line/inch; 94 char ASCII; graphics; lowercase descenders; paper-out indicator; top-of-form control; tractor feed adjustable to 10 inches wide; fanfold paper; RS-232 with handshaking, 110 to 9600 bps; 256 char buffer (IK to 4K char buffer optional); parallel; 17.5 by 18.5 by 7.9; 34 lbs; $1450 160Z: same as 160 except: 96 char ASCII, 2 pass highquality mode; preprogrammed and programmable character sets; 70 by 70 dot graphics; self test; 4K char buffer

Anadex Inc. 9825 De Soto Ave. Chatsworth, CA 91311 (213) 998-8010 DP8000: impact, 9 by 7 dot matrix; 80 char/line; 112 cps; 6 line/inch; 96 char ASCII; bidirectional printing; vertical tabs; doublewidth chars; paper-out indicator; self test; tractor feed; fanfold paper; RS-232, 110 to 9600 bps, 2 K char buffer; parallel; 18.6 by 14.2 by 7.3; 27 lbs; userreplaceable print head; $1125

DP8000 AP: same as DP8000 except: 96 char/line; 134 cps; Apple parallel interface

DP9000: impact, 9 by 9 dot matrix; 80 cnar/line; 150 cps; 6 or 8 line/inch; 96 char ASCII; bidirectional printing; graphics, 72 by 60; compressed characters give 106 char/line at 200 cps; self test; tractor feed; fanfold paper; RS-232; Centronics parallel; 22 by 15.4 by 8.3; 30 lbs; $1550

DP9001: impact, 9 by 9 dot matrix; 80 cnar/line; 120 cps; 96 char ASCII; compressed characters give 132 char/line at 200 cps; tractor feed; fanfold paper; RS-232; Centronics parallel; $1550 DP9500: impact, 9 by 9 dot matrix; 80 or 132 char/line; 150 cps; 6 or 8 line/inch; 96 char ASCII; lowercase descenders; underlining; double-width characters; condensed characters; bidirectional printing; shortline seeking; graphics; topof-form control; self test; tractor feed adjustable to 15.6 inches wide; fanfold paper; RS-232, 800 char buffer; Centronics parallel; 35 lbs; $1650

DP9501: impact, 11 by 9 dot matrix; 80 or 132 char/line; 120 cps; 96 char ASCII; 6 or 8 line/inch; lowercase descenders; double-width characters; compressed characters give 176 char/line at 200 cps; underlining; graphics; bidirectional printing; short-line seeking; paper-out indicator; self test; tractor feed adjustable to 15.6 inches wide; fanfold paper; top-of-form control;

284 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

INTRODUCING CALCSTAR.

ANOTHER

INDISPENSABLE

BUSINESS

Presenting CalcStar—another standardsetting software product in the WordStar tradition.

CalcStar is MicroPro's new electronic spread sheet and financial modeling program— a sophisticated, yet easy to use, calculating and planning tool for CP/M-based computers. The ultimate electronic spread sheet. CalcStar calculates solutions to complex PPiMbIP AIUI ! Iclllwl nunierica'Pr°blems in business and finance. •^ HWUftlf I lm\#lwl Helps you make budget plans and sales foreWlMIf PADPA™ casts wim Sreater speed and accuracy. And

IwllVlm^TH Im^Tf projects figures into the future to answer the

flip mADffcfTl W%"'' "w'lar ii questions you face in business. f||[ VW^r Klrd) IJuC ^nc* CalcStar also has a unique MicroPro

■%fa4fe*%|| m ' advantage: It joins with WordStar to combine

PPlipi j spread-sheet and word-processing capabilities in

—^^B ^^* several powerful ways. CalcStar software eliminates the need to use ledger paper ever again. It turns your video screen into a "window" on a giant electronic ledger sheet, with up to 600 entries arranged the way you want. Then, by inserting formulas into CalcStar, you create financial models that simulate the future numerically. And predict the outcomes of your business decisions.

When you notice what CalcStar can do for your business, you'll wonder how you ever got along without it. (If you're now a WordStar user, you probably already know the feeling.)

The MicroPro bonus. Like WordStar, CalcStar is packed with innovative features that make it versatile and easy to use. Features like Automatic Forms Mode, which lets an inexperienced user enter data into a spread sheet quickly and with less chance of error.

CalcStar s greatest innovation is its ability to join with WordStar. Which means, for example, you can use WordStar's printing options, like boldface and underlining, to dress up financial documents. And you can insert sections of CalcStar s spread sheets into your WordStar documents. This kind of flexibility should come as no surprise if you're already familiar with the MicroPro software family — a line of programs designed to work together to multiply your problem-solving power. Visit your MicroPro dealer to find out just how big a difference all our products can make in your business. We predict you'll discover it's not just CalcStar or WordStar that's indispensable. It's MicroPro. ^

A glance at CalcStar features

Runs on CP/M version 2.0 or above, with 80column screen, addressable cursor, and at lease 48K memory. 56K or more is recommended for fullest utilization.

Highly user friendly: Call up full screen of help or use help menu. WordStar-like cursor commands. User's guide shows you the basics. Install from menu OR a WordStar file.

Stores formulas and formats along with data, for convenience and less chance of error.

Math functions include average, minimum, maximum, logarithms, exponents, and regression analysis.

SOFTWARE THAT MEANS BUSINESS

INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION

1299 Fourth Street, San Rafael, California 94901 (415) 457-8990;Telex: 340-388

lenutk of DJgto md distribute i

Research, Inc.

miries invited.

Oatastar

H**'«tt]ita,

»ill*£r*C

«***

«>crs6n

c**s*

&&**

Circle 246 on Inquiry card.

BYTE March 1982 285

RS-232, 800 char buffer; Centronics parallel; 35 lbs; $1650

Apple Computer Inc. 10260 Bandley Dr. Cupertino, CA 95014 (408) 996-1010 Silent Type: thermal, dot matrix; 40 char/line; friction feed; thermally sensitive paper

Astronautics Corporation of America POB 523

Milwaukee, WI 53201 (414) 671-5500 Autek Systems Corporation 3200 Coronado Dr. Santa Clara, CA 95051 (408) 496-0400 Axiom Corporation 5932 San Fernando Rd. Glendale, CA 91202 (213) 245-9244 GP-80M: impact, 5 by 7 dot matrix formed by single hammer; 80 char/line; 30 cps; 6 line/inch; 96 char ASCII; graphics; doublewidth characters; tractor feed adjustable to 9.5 inches wide; fanfold paper; RS-232; parallel; 13 by 6.75 by 5; 5 lbs; $399

EX-801 Micro Printer: electrostatic, 5 by 8 dot matrix; 20 or 80 char/line; 5 line/inch; 96 char ASCII; RS-232, 50 to 1200 bps, 256 char buffer; 11.75 by 12.75 by 4.4; 12 lbs; $599 EX-850 Video-Screen Printer: impact, dot matrix; 13 seconds/page; prints any screen image formed by dots; friction feed; sheet paper; $1595

IMP-1: impact, dot matrix; 80, 96, or 132 char/line; 100 cps; 96 char ASCII; graphics, 70 by 70 dots; friction feed; sheet paper; RS-232; parallel; $699 IMP-2: impact, dot matrix; 80, 96, or 132 char/line; 100 cps; 96 char ASCII; graphics; bidirectional printing; friction and tractor feed; sheet or fanfold; RS-232; Centronics parallel, Apple II, PET, and IEEE-488 interfaces

IMP-4: impact, 7 by 9 dot matrix; 80 char/line; 100 cps; 8 line/inch; 96 char ASCII; graphics, 19008 dot/inch; bidirectional printing; friction or tractor feed; sheet, fanfold, or roll paper; RS-232; Centronics parallel, Apple II, and IEEE-488 interfaces Azurdata 4102 148th Ave. NE

Redmond, WA 98052 (206) 881-5100

40-Column Desktop: impact, 7 by 5 dot matrix; 40 char/line; 80 cps; 96 char ASCII; friction feed; 2.8 inch wide roll paper; RS-232, 1200 bps, 80 char buffer; 10 by 6.5 by 12.75;

11 lbs

40-Column VehicleMounted: same as 40-Column Desktop except: 10.5 to 15 VDC; 0.1 A (standby), 4 A (printing); 6 by 12 by 13.5; 7 lbs 80-Column Desktop: impact,

9 by 9 dot matrix; 80 char/line; 57 cps; 96 char ASCII; double-width characters; bold characters; bidirectional printing; tractor feed adjustable to 10 inches wide; fanfold paper; RS-232, 9600 bps, 80 char buffer; 14.75 by 4.25 by 12;

12 lbs Base 2 POB 3548

Fullerton, CA 92634 (714) 533-0111 800MST: impact, dot matrix; 80 or 132 char/line; 100 cps; 96 char ASCII; graphics; friction or tractor feed; RS-232, buffer; Centronics parallel

850: impact, 5 by 7 dot matrix; 80 or 132 char/line; 100 cps; 6 line/inch; 96 char ASCII; short-line seeking; bidirectional printing; vertical tabs; graphics; self test; friction and tractor feed; fanfold or roll paper; RS-232, 75 to 9600 bps, 2K char buffer; Centronics parallel; 15 by 11 by 3; 15 lbs; $799

BDS Computer Corporation 1120 Crane St. Menlo Park, CA 94025 (415) 325-2115 Canon USA Inc. —Components

10 Nevada Dr.

Lake Success, NY 11040 (516) 488-6700 Cardinal Scale Manufacturing Company POB 151

Webb City, MO 64870 (417) 673-4631 2170: impact, 9 by 9 dot matrix; 132 char/line; 100 cps; 96 char ASCII; draftand high-quality fonts; double-width, tall, boldface, and combination characters; bidirectional printing; shortline seeking; self test; upside-down printing; dual friction or dual tractor drives allow printer to be

loaded with two types of forms; fanfold paper; RS-232; Centronics parallel; 20 by 20 by 7; 70 lbs Centronics Data Computer Corporation 1 Wall St. Hudson, NH 03051 (603) 883-0111 150: impact, 7 by 9 dot matrix; 80 char/line; 150 cps; 96 char ASCII; "international" character set optional; bidirectional printing; short-line seeking; top-ofform control; friction or tractor feed; sheet, fanfold, or roll paper to 10 inches wide; Centronics parallel; 14.9 by 13.8 by 5.9; 22 lbs 352: impact, 7 by 8 dot matrix; 132 char/line; 200 cps; 6 or 8 line/inch; 96 char ASCII; alternate character sets optional; bidirectional printing; shortline seeking; vertical tabs; graphics; programmable forms control; friction or tractor feed; sheet, fanfold, or roll paper; RS-232, 50 to 19200 bps, 2K char buffer; Centronics parallel; 22 by 18 by 8; 40 lbs

353: same as 352 except: also has high-quality printing mode at 50 cps 700: impact, dot matrix; 132 char/line; 69 cps; 64 char ASCII (96 char ASCII optional); friction and tractor feed; sheet or fanfold paper; Centronics parallel; $1460 701: impact, dot matrix; 132 char/line; 60 cps; 64 char ASCII (96 char ASCII optional); bidirectional printing; friction and tractor feed; sheet or fanfold paper; Centronics parallel; $1700 702: impact, 9 by 7 dot matrix; 132 char/line; 120 cps; 96 char ASCII; bidirectional printing; tractor feed; fanfold paper; Centronics parallel; $2660 703: same as 702 except: 180 cps; $2965

704: same as 702 except: 180 cps; RS-232; $1795 730: impact, 5 by 7 dot matrix; 80 char/line; 100 cps; 6 line/inch; 96 char ASCII; double-width characters; friction or tractor feed; sheet or fanfold paper to 9.5 inches wide; Centronics parallel; 11 lbs; $795

737: impact, line-wide by 9 dot matrix; 80 char/line; 100 cps; 6 line/inch; 96 char ASCII; lowercase descenders; underlining;

double-width characters; condensed characters; proportional spacing; reverse linefeed; friction or tractor feed; sheet or fanfold paper to 9.5 inches wide; Centronics parallel (RS-232 optional); 12 lbs; $995 739: impact, line-wide by 9 dot matrix; 80 or 132 char/line; 100 cps; 6 line/inch; 96 char ASCII; lowercase descenders; double-width characters; condensed characters; underlining; bidirectional printing; reverse linefeed; paper-out indicator; graphics; proportional spacing; self test; top-of-form control; friction feed; roll or fanfold paper to 9.5 inches wide; RS-232; 14.5 by 11 by 5; 12 lbs; $995 753: impact, line-wide by 9 dot matrix; 80 char/line; 150 cps; 6 or 8 line/inch; 96 char ASCII; bidirectional printing; short-line seeking; programmable forms control; paper-out indicator; tractor feed; fanfold paper; Centronics parallel; 24.5 by 19.5 by 8; 60 lbs 761: impact, dot matrix; 132 char/line; 30 cps; 64 char ASCII (96 char ASCII optional); tractor feed; fanfold paper; RS-232, 300 bps; $1865

779: impact, dot matrix; 80 char/line; 60 cps; 64 char ASCII; friction or tractor feed; sheet or fanfold paper; Centronics parallel; $1485 Mico PI: electrostatic, dot matrix; 40 char/line; 100 cps; 90 char ASCII; friction feed; aluminized roll paper; Centronics parallel Commodore Business Machines 3330 Scott Blvd. Santa Clara, CA 95051 (408) 727-1130 4022: impact, 5 by 8 dot matrix; 40 char/line; 30 cps; 6 line/inch; 96 char ASCII, preprogrammed alternate character set; lowercase descenders; double-width characters; bold characters; bidirectional printing; self test; top-of-form control; tractor feed; fanfold paper; IEEE-488 interface; 14.75 by 13 by 4.25; 14.6 lbs; $795 Computer Devices Inc. 25 North Ave. Burlington, MA 01803 Computer Printers International

340 East Middlefield Rd. Mountain View, CA 94043

286 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

8

MACRO OPERATIONS FOR MICRO SYSTEMS

[i I I ,11!

Microcomputer Operating Systems

by Mark Dahmke

Microcomputer Disk Techniques

by Paul Swanson

Rarely has so much useful information been presented as clearly and logically as it is in

Microcomputer Disk Techniques. The author shows how sophisticated methods used on larger computers may be implemented on a personal computer. Building from a basic introduction, Paul Swanson goes on to detail randomaccess, sequential, and key files, parameter-driven subroutines, and, finally, the art of programming itself. This volume will help both novices and experienced computer users squeeze every bit of use out of a disk system.

Microcomputer Operating Systems

by Mark Dahmke

A uniquely helpful volume, Microcomputer Operating Systems details the structures and capabilities of the operating systems that link the computer user to the hardware itself. The author explains small systems and their monitors, larger systems with terminals and disk storage, and the function of command languages. Data and memory management, multiprocessing, user interference, multiuser environments, and system design are among the more specific topics included in this comprehensive guide. Two particular operating systems— CP/M and Unix—are covered in appendices.

Price $15.00

ISBN 0-07-062582-4

Price SI5.95 ISBN 0-07-033356-4

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COMPUTER PROFESSIONALS' BOOK CLUB (values up to $75.00)

THE PASCAL HANDBOOK. By

Jacques Tiberghien. 471 pp. A single reference manual that tames this unruly language. Every feature of Pascal is explained in a brilliantly organized format that covers the major Pascal dialects, including Jensen and Wirth's original definition, with the CDC implementation . . . the proposed ISO Standard ... UCSD Pascal . . . Pascal 1000 (HP1000). . . OMSI Pascal-1... and Pascal/Z.

582365-9B $35.00

(Counts as 2 of your 3 books)

MICROPROCESSOR APPLICATIONS MANUAL. By Motorola Semiconductor Products, Inc. 720 pp., illus., 8y2 x 11 format. With nutsand-bolts practicality, this manual by the Motorola people (who should know) gives you detailed applications information on microprocessors. Assumes no prior knowledge on your part about MPUs.

435/278B $42.50

(Counts as 2 of your 3 books)

.—

COMPUTER CAPACITY. By Melvin J. Strauss. 288 pp., tables and charts. The key purpose of the book is to provide both senior management and DP practitioners with a methodology for identifying and quantifying issues of capacity and demand within the data center without becoming entrapped by language problems 582317-9 $24.95

"•i~-.-'"''

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF COMPUTER SCIENCE. Edited by Anthony Ralston and C. L. Meek. 1,500 pp., 60 illus., 100 charts, 7 x 10 format. This first and only in-depth coverage of the entire field of computer science in a single volume is comprehensive and completely up to date.

769/01XA $60.00

(counts as 3 of your 3 books)

BUILD YOUR OWN Z80 COMPUTER.

By Steve Ciarcia. 330 pp., diagrams, softbound. Written for people who don't need an introductory electronics handbook. Its admirably achieved objective is to present a practical, step-by-step analysis of digital computer architecture and the construction details for a complete and functional microcomputer. 109/621 $15.95

DATA STRUCTURES USING PASCAL. By Aaron M. Tenenbaum and Moshe J. Augenstein. 544 pp., illus. With its emphasis on structured design and programming techniques, this definitive work takes you on a trailblazing journey through Pascal. Separate chapters are devoted to the stack, recursion, queues and lists, Pascal list processing, trees, graphs and their applications. 582230-X $23.95

HOW TO BUILD YOUR OWN WORKING MICROCOMPUTER. By Charles K. Adams. 308 pp., 214 illus. and tables. Everything you need to know to build your own microcomputer with a handful of chips! The author takes you through the hardware . .. assembly and running of the system . . . and details the instruction set and mechanics of programming. 582267-9 $16.95

APPLE PASCAL: A Hands-On-Approach. By Arthur Luehrmann & Herbert Peckham. 426 pp., spiralbound. Finally, a how-to-usePASCAL book for Apple computer users that makes a complex language as easy as (forgive us!) applesauce. Takes you from "total ignorance" all the way up to very impressive competence in the use of that rather complex language, PASCAL. 491/712 $14.95

MICROPROCESSORS/MICROCOMPUTERS/SYSTEM DESIGN. By

Texas Instruments Learning Center and the Engineering Staff of Texas Instruments, Inc. 634 pp., illus., outsized 7V& x IOVa format. The book takes you through the development of memory-to-memory architecture, shows you the components, and details programming methods and techniques. 637/58XB $26.95

(Counts as 2 of your 3 books)

minicomputer systems: organization, Programming, and Applications. By Richard H. Eckhouse, Jr. and L. Robert Morris. 2nd Ed., 491 pp., illus. Updated, revised, and expanded, this is a book for every systems programmer, systems designer, computer scientist, and application specialist who wants to know more about microcomputer hardware, software, and design. 787/026 $21.95

AUTOMATIC DATA PROCESSING HANDBOOK. Edited by The Diebold Group. 976 pp., 269 illus. Written by a staff of internationally recognized authorities on ADP, this comprehensive handbook explains systems, programming and the languages, communications processes, and the design and installation of today's computers. 168/075B $49.95

(Counts as 2 of your 3 books)

SOFTWARE DEBUGGING FOR MICROCOMPUTERS. By Robert C. Bruce. 351 pp., illus. Takes you through the fundamental methods for finding errors, glitches, and faults in programs . . . goes on to techniques for tracking down and exterminating program bugs . . . then combines these techniques into a complete debugging plan. 582075-7 $18.95

EXPERIENCE!

THE DEVIL'S DP DICTIONARY. By

Stan Kelley-Bootle. 160 pp., softbound. This devilishly clever little book isguaranteed to fill anyone who has ever slaved over a hot terminal with savage delight. Some 500 computer words and terms are misdefined, from abacus to your program.

340/226 $7.50

MICROCOMPUTER INTERFACING.

By Bruce Artwick. 352 pp., 117 illus. In this up-to-date, complete design guide you'll find the detailed descriptions and explanations necessary to enable you to select, build, and interface microcomputer systems to virtually all applications. Advanced interface devices and methods are thoroughly examined and illustrated. 789/436 $24.95

personal computing: Hardware and Software Basics. Electronics Book Series. 224 pp., 175 ///us., 8V2 x 11 format. Gives you comprehensive guidance to the present state of trie art in personal computers —an overall survey of the technology and methods available to perform various tasks, facts about the work others are doing — and just how they are doing it. 191/514 $24.50

PROGRAMMING AND INTERFACING the 6502- with Experiments. By Marvin L De Jong. 414 pp., heavily illus., softbound. This guide not only teaches you all you must know about programming and interfacing the 6502, but it also carries you to a high level of understanding and proficiency quickly and painlessly. 582080-3 $15.95

Z80 USERS MANUAL. By Joseph Carr. 326 pp., with diagrams, charts and tables. Takes you through every opportunity the ZAP can offer. It covers Z80 pin definitions, CPU control signals, support ships, interfacing peripherals, and much more. It also includes a 177page Z80 instruction set so you can study the instructions on a oneby-one basis. 582336-5 $18.95

ELECTRONIC GAMES: Design,

Programming, and Troubleshooting. By W. H. Buchsbaum and R. Mauro. 335 pp., 338 illus. Information you need to design, program, and troubleshoot electronic games is right here in this widely popular handson guide.

087/210B $26.95

(Counts as 2 of your 3 books)

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES. By

Allen B. Tucker, Jr. 439 pp., illus. Gives you not only the principles of design but the applications of six major programming languages. Shows you their strengths and weaknesses in solving various representative "benchmark" problems.

654/158B $28.50

(Counts as 2 of your 3 Books)

BIT-SLICE MICROPROCESSOR DESIGN. By John Mick and Jim Brick. 398pp. All in one place —the crucial information you've been needing about the 2900 family of bitslice microprocessor components. This remarkable "first" designs right before your eyes not just one but two complete 16-bit machines! 417/814 $24.00

Be sure to consider these important titles as well!

6502 SOFTWARE DESIGN. By L J

Scanlon

582138-9 $10.50

THE GIANT HANDBOOK OF COMPUTER PROJECTS. By the Editors of 73 Magazine 582012-9 $15.95

SYNTAX OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES: Theory and practice. By

R. C. Backhouse

582064-1B $25.95

(Counts as 2 of your 3 books)

STRUCTURED PROGRAMMING: Theory and Practice. By R C

Linger, H.D. Mills, & B.I. Witt 788/537B $22.95

(Counts as 2 of your 3 books)

THE BYTE BOOK OF PASCAL. Edited

by B. W. Liffick

789/673B $25.00

(Counts as 2 of your 3 books)

THE Z-SO MICROCOMPUTER HANDBOOK. By W. Barden, Jr. 784/914 $8.95

COMPILER DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. By A. Pyster 582026-9 $24.50

COMPUTER PERIPHERALS FOR MINICOMPUTERS, MICROPRO CESORS AND PERSONAL COMPUTERS. By L C. Hohenstein 294/518 $19.50

16-BIT MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE. By T. Dollhoff 582003-X $24.95

PRINCIPLES OF INTERACTIVE COMPUTER GRAPHICS. By W. M.

Newman & R. Sproull

463/387B $28.95

(Counts as 2 of your 3 books)

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Name

Address/Apt.

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This order subject to acceptance by McGraw-Hill. All prices subject to change without notice. Offer good only to new members. Orders from outside the U,S. cannot be accepted.

P39549

(415) 969-6161 Continental Resources Inc.

175 Middlesex Turnpike Bedford, MA 01730 (617) 275-0850 Coosol Inc. POB 743

Anaheim, CA 92805 101B-48E: impact, 5 by 7 to 10 by 14 dot matrix; 48 char/line; 100 cps; 6 line/inch; 96 char ASCII; friction feed; 4 inch wide roll paper; RS-232, 110 to 9600 bps; parallel; 12 lbs; $355

101B-80E: impact, 5 by 7 to 10 by 14 dot matrix, multipass; 80 char/line; 160 cps; 6 line/inch; 96 char ASCII; tractor feed adjustable to 10 inches wide; RS-232, 110 to 9600 bps; parallel; 20 lbs; $545 102B-133E: impact, 5 by 7 to 10 by 14 dot matrix, multipass; 132 char/line; 160 cps; 6 line/inch; 128 char ASCII; TRS-80 graphics characters; bidirectional printing; RS-232, 110 to 9600 bps; parallel; 20 lbs; $595

Data Electronic Devices (Data ED) 18 Bridge St. Salem, NH 03079 (603) 893-2047 DE-80SG: impact, 7 by 9 dot matrix; 80 char/line; up to seven preprogrammed character sets including bar code; graphics; tractor feed; fanfold paper; RS-232 with handshaking, 50 to 9600 bps; 17 by 16 by 7; 20 lbs; $995

Data General Corporation Route 9, 15 Turnpike Rd. Westborough, MA 01581 (617) 485-9100 Dasher: impact, dot matrix; 60 cps; RS-232, to 19200 bps Dasher TP2: same as Dasher except: 180 cps Datapoint 9725 Datapoint Dr. San Antonio, TX (512) 690-7151 Dataproducts Corporation 6200 Canoga Ave. Woodland Hills, CA 91365 (213) 887-8000 M-100: impact, 9 by 9 dot matrix; 132 char/line; 130 cps; 6 or 8 line/inch; 96 char modified ASCII; bidirectional printing; shortline seeking; 70 by 84 dot graphics; tractor feed adjustable to 16 inches wide; fanfold paper; tape and direct access forms control; parallel (RS-232 or Centronics parallel optional);

26.6 by 23.4 by 8; 60 lbs; $2200

Dataq Corporation 637 Oritz Ave. Sand City, CA 93955 (408) 899-4888 Dataroyal Inc. 235 Main Dunstable Rd. Nashua, NH 03060 (603) 883-4157 IPS5000: impact, 9 by 9 dot matrix; 80 char/line; 125 cps; 6 line/inch; 96 char ASCII; bidirectional printing; vertical tabs; self test; tractor feed; fanfold paper; RS-232, 110 to 9600 bps; parallel; 14 by 18.3 by 7; 30 lbs; $1110

1PS7000: impact, dot matrix; 132 char/line; 150 cps; 96 char ASCII; tractor feed; fanfold paper; RS-232, expandable buffer; parallel; $2295 to $2860 Datasouth Computer Corporation

474 Dwight Evans Rd. Charlotte, NC 28210 (704) 523-8500 DS180: impact, 9 by 7 dot matrix; 132 char/line; 6 or 8 line/inch; 96 char ASCII; bidirectional printing; vertical tabs; graphics; double-width characters; paper-out indicator; self test; tractor feed; fanfold paper; RS-232, 110 to 9600 bps; IK char buffer; 24 by 16 by 7; 34 lbs; $1595

Di-An Controls Inc. 944 Dorchester Ave. Boston, MA 02125 (617) 288-7700 Diablo Systems Inc. 26460 Corporate Ave. Hayward, CA 94545 (415) 786-5000 KSR1640: impact, daisy wheel; 132 char/line; 45 cps; manually changeable print element; friction or tractor feed; RS-232; $3100 KSR1650: impact, daisy wheel; 132 char/line; 45 cps; manually changeable print element; friction or tractor feed; sheet or fanfold paper; RS-232; $3295

RO630: impact, daisy wheel; 132 char/line; 25 cps; manually changeable print element; friction or tractor feed; sheet or fanfold paper; $2430

Digi-Data Corporation 8580 Dorsey Run Rd. Jessup, MD 20794 2511: 200 cps; bidirectional printing; underlining; RS-232, expandable buffer, 1200 to 19,200 bps; 22 by 18.5 by 8.5; 40 lbs; $1550 Digital Equipment Corpora

tion (DEC)

1 Iron Way

Marlborough, MA 01752 (617) 493-4622 LA34: impact, 5 by 7 dot matrix; 132 char/line; 30 cps; condensed characters; self test; paper-out indicator; friction or tractor feed adjustable to 15 inches wide; sheet or fanfold paper; RS-232; $1450 LA36: impact, dot matrix; 132 char/line; 30 cps; 96 char set; tractor feed; fanfold paper; parallel (RS-232 optional); $2695 LA120: impact, dot matrix; 132 char/line; 120 cps; tractor feed; fanfold paper; parallel (RS-232 optional) Letterprint 100: impact, 9 by 9 dot matrix; 132 char/line; 240 cps; 2 to 12 line/inch; 96 char ASCII, draft- and two high-quality fonts (highquality fonts print at 30 cps and 80 cps); graphics; vertical tabs; friction or tractor feed (adjusts to 15 inches wide); sneet or fanfold paper; RS-232, 50 to 9600 bps; 22 by 15 by 7; 25 lbs Dip Inc.

745 Atlantic Ave. Boston, MA 02111 (617) 482-4214 Dip-81: impact, 7 by 7 dot matrix; 40 or 80 char/line; 100 cps; 6 or 8 line/inch; 96 char ASCII; bidirectional printing; condensed characters; self test; friction feed; sheet, fanfold, or roll paper; RS-232, 110 to 1200 bps, 80 char buffer; parallel; 17 by 9.75 by 3.5; $499 Dip-82: impact, 7 by 7 dot matrix; 80 char/line; 100 cps; 6 or 8 line/inch; 96 char ASCII; bidirectional printing; vertical tabs; graphics; condensed characters; self test; tractor and friction feed; sheet, fanfold, or roll paper; RS-232, 110 to 1200 bps, 80 char buffer; 17 by 9.75 by 3.5; $695 Dip-84: impact, dot matrix; 40 or 80 char/line; 100 cps; 96 char ASCII; tractor feed; sheet paper; RS-232, (3K character buffer optional); parallel; $795

Dip-85: impact, dot matrix; 80 or 132 char/line; 100 cps; 96 char ASCII; graphics; RS-232, with handshaking; parallel; $895 Eaton Corporation 901 South 12th St. Watertown, WI 53094 (414) 261-4070 7000 + 40: impact, dot matrix; 40 char/line; 125

cps; uppercase only; friction feed; sheet paper; parallel (120 char buffer optional); $425

7000 + 64: impact, dot matrix; 64 char/line; 125 cps; uppercase only; friction feed; sheet paper; $443 Epson America Inc. 3415 Kashiwa Torrance, CA 90505 (213) 539-9140 MX-70: impact, 5 by 7 dot matrix; 80 char/line; 80 cps; 6 to 10 line/inch; 96 char ASCII; graphics; self test; tractor feed adjustable to 10 inches wide; top-of-form control; Centronics parallel; 14.75 by 12 by 4.5; 12 lbs; $450

MX-80: impact, 9 by 9 dot matrix; 80 char/line; 80 cps; 6 or 10 line/inch; 96 char ASCII; bidirectional printing; vertical tabs; graphics; double-width characters give 40 char/line; compressed characters give 132 char/line; paper-out indicator; self test; tractor feed; fanfold paper; Centronics parallel; (RS-232, 80 char buffer optional); 14.75 by 12 by 4.5; 12 lbs; $645 MX-80F/T: same as MX-80 except: tractor and friction feed; sheet or fanfold paper; graphics, 120 by 72 dots; $745

MX-100: impact, 18 by 18 dot matrix formed by multiple passes; 132 char/line; 80 cps; 6 line/inch; 96 char ASCII; bidirectional printing; vertical tabs; graphics, 120 by 72 dots; doublewidth characters give 90 char/line; compressed characters give 233 char/line; paper-out indicator; self test; tractor and friction feed; sheet, fanfold, and roll paper to 15 inches wide; Centronics parallel (RS-232 optional); 23.3 by 12.5 by 5.2; 21 lbs; $995 Engineering Dynamics 618 South Greenwood PI. Burbank, CA 91506 (213) 843-9036 Facit Data Products 66 Field Point Rd. Greenwich, CT 06830 4525: impact, 9 by 9 dot matrix; 80 char/line; 150 cps; 6 or 8 line/inch; 96 char ASCII; bidirectional printing; vertical tabs; compressed characters; tractor feed; fanfold paper; RS-232, 512 char buffer; parallel; 18.3 by 14 by 7; 30 lbs; $1595 4526: impact, 9 by 9 dot

290 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

NO LEADING IMPORT IS HIGHER THAN SUBARU IN OWNER LOYALTY.

&fi**v ....^

Subaru owners have a lot in common. Including the habit of trading in one Subaru for another Subaru:

If that isn't the best endorsement any car can earn, we don't know what is.

One good reason people stick with Subaru is for its day in, day out reliability. The last time Road and Track surveyed Subaru owners, they reported "... one of the most trouble-free cars we ever surveyed."**

Another reason is the wide choice of models. There's the sporty 2-door hardtop. The luxurious 4-door sedan. The versatile hatchback. And the roomy station wagon.

Every Subaru has full-time front wheel drive. In addition, three of our models — Hatchback, Station Wagon, Brat — are also available with On Demand Four Wheel Drive. Which is four wheel drive at the flick of a lever. Without stopping.

(Any other 4 wheeler around requires

te a full stop before switching.

And stopping is exactly what you can't do sometimes.)

Some attractive options we offer are the Hill-Holder™ (a device on our manual transmission models' that keeps you from drifting back after stopping on steep hills), as well as power windows | and power steering, AM/FM stereo, cassette deck, cruise control. All the wonderful unnecessities of driving.

Plus one huge necessity: outstanding gas mileage. Our cars are designed to squeeze every last mile out of every last drop. Year after year.

Just remember that it's quite easy to find an inexpensive car. The trick is to find one that stays that way.

INEXPENSIVE. AND BUILT TO STAY THAT WAY.

TICKETS

I

US. MAIL POST OFFICE

TICKETS; FREIGHT

POLK AND COMPAN "OOEL OWNERS, , ...ACK - NC

5EMAY DIFFER DEPENDING ON DRIVING SPEED, DITIONS,-,. UAt HWY MILEAGE WILL PROBABLY BE LESS.

© SUBARU OF AMERICA, INC. 1981

matrix; 132 char/line; 150 cps; 6 or 8 line/inch; bidirectional printing; vertical tabs; compressed characters; tractor feed; fanfold paper; RS-232, 512 char buffer; parallel; 24 by 14 by 7; 35 lbs; $1697 Florida Data Corporation 600 D John Rodes Blvd. Melbourne, FL 32935 OSP120: impact, 36 by 16 dot matrix formed by two passes; 198 char/line; 600 cps; 6 or 8 line/inch; 96 char ASCII; bidirectional printing; vertical tabs; compressed characters; paperout indicator; self test; friction feed; sheet or fanfold paper; RS-232; 25 by 20.5 by 8.5; 60 lbs; $3900 Forte Technology Inc. 611 Neponset St. Canton, MA 02021 (617) 828-7478 Fujitsu America Inc. 2945 Oakmead Village Court

Santa Clara, CA 90505 SP830: impact, daisy wheel; 163 char/line; 80 cps; 127 char set; bidirectional printing; vertical tabs; graphics; paper-out indicator; friction feed and tractor feed; sheet or fanfold paper; RS-232; 23.5 by 17.7 by 7.3; 40 lbs; $2650

General Electric Company Data Com Products Division GE Drive

Waynesborough, VA 22980 (703) 924-8161 Terminet 2030: impact, 9 by 7 dot matrix; 80 or 132 char/line; 30 cps; 2 to 12 line/inch; 96 char ASCII; bidirectional printing; vertical tabs; paper-out indicator; self test; integral modem (optional); friction or tractor feed; fanfold or roll paper; RS-232, 110 to 1200 bps, 640 char buffer; 22 by 18.5 by 5.5; 22 lbs; $1475

Terminet 2120: impact, 9 by 7 dot matrix; 150 cps; bidirectional printing; paperout indicator; self test; friction feed; sheet or roll paper; RS-232, 110 to 1200 bps; 22 by 18.5 by 5.5; 24 lbs; $2120

Gulton Industries Inc. Gulton Industrial Park East Greenwich, RI 02818 (401) 884-6800 AP-20L: thermal, 5 by 7 dot matrix; 20 char/line; 6 line/inch; 50 cps; 64 char ASCII uppercase only; friction feed; 2.25 inch wide

sensitized roll paper; RS-232, 20 char buffer; IEEE-488; 11.5 by 13 by 4.75 Microplot-44: thermal, 1 by 256 (line wide) dot matrix produces 5 by 7 to 8 by 12 dot characters; 44 char/line;

6 line/inch; 2 lps; 96 char ASCII; dot-addressable graphics; rotated printing; compressed characters; double-height characters; boldface characters; friction feed; 5 inch wide sensitized roll paper; RS-232; IEEE-488; 9.9 by 11.5 by 4.3 Microplot-80: same as Microplot-44 except: 1 by 512 (line wide) dot matrix; 8 inch wide sensitized roll paper; 13.8 by 11.8 by 4.5 Versatmk-60: thermal, 5 by

7 dot matrix; 20 char/line; 6 line/inch; 80 cps; 64 char ASCII uppercase only; directly accepts analog signals for chart recorder applications at infinitely variable speeds; graphic plotting; rotated printing; reverse linefeed; friction feed; 2.75 max width sensitized roll paper; RS-232 with handshaking; 5.75 by 10.75 by 6.25

Heath Company Benton Harbor, MI 49022 (800) 253-0570 H-14: impact, dot matrix; 5 by 7 matrix; 80, 96, or 132 char/line; 6 or 8 line/inch; 40 cps; 96 char ASCII; double-width characters; print head temperature protection; forward and reverse linefeed, and top-of-form; tractor feed, 2.5 to 9.5 inch width; RS-232, 110 to 4800 bps; 18.33 by 14.33 by 4.80 inches; 23 lbs; kit: $495, assembled: $595 H-25: impact, 9 by 9 dot matrix; 132 char/line; 150 cps; 6 or 8 line/inch; 96 char ASCII; graphics; bidirectional printing; self test; tractor feed adjustable to 17.75 inches wide; fanfold paper; RS-232, 110 to 9600 bps; 26.5 by 18.5 by 8.25; 80 lbs; $1095 Hecom Corporation 31-45 Park Rd. Tinton Falls, NJ 07724 (201) 542-9200 Hewle tt-Packard 1501 Page Mill Rd. Palo Alto, CA 94304 Hi-G Company 580 Spring St. Windsor Locks, CT 06096 (203) 623-3363 9/50: impact, 9 by 9 dot matrix; 80 char/line; 150 cps

draft-quality, 75 cps highquality; 96 char ASCII; bidirectional printing; shortline seeking; vertical tabs; graphics; top-of-form control; tractor or friction feed; sheet or fanfold paper; RS-232, 110 to 9600 bps, 350 char buffer, expandable to 3422 char; Centronics parallel; 21.25 by 16.5 by 7.25

9/132: same as 9/80 except: 132 char/line Howard Industries 2031 East Cerritos Ave. Anaheim, CA 92806 (714) 778-3443 Typrinter 221: impact, daisy wheel; 132 char/line; 20 cps; 100 char modified; ASCII; bidirectional printing; intelligent text editing; vertical tabs; paper-out indicator; self test; friction feed; sheet paper; RS-232; $2850 Informer Inc. 8332 Osage Ave. Los Angeles, CA 90045 (213) 649-2030 Infoscribe

2720 South Croddy Way Santa Ana, CA 92704 (714) 641-8595 500: impact, dot matrix; 136 char/line; 150 cps; 96 char ASCII (draft- and highquality fonts); tractor feed; fanfold paper; RS-232; parallel; $1595 1000: impact, dot matrix; 136 char/line; 200 cps; 96 char ASCII (draft- and highquality fonts); programmable character set; tractor feed; fanfold paper; RS-232; parallel; $1825 1500: impact, 9 by 9 dot matrix; 136 char/inch; 360 cps; 96 char ASCII; bidirectional printing; tractor feed adjustable to 16 inches wide; fanfold paper; RS-232, 110 to 9600 bps; parallel; $1895 Integral Data Systems (IDS) Milford, NH 03055 (603) 673-9100 445: impact, dot matrix; 80 or 132 char/line; 198 cps; 96 char ASCII; graphics (optional); tractor feed; fanfold paper; parallel (RS-232 optional); $795

460: impact, dot matrix; 80 char/line; 150 cps; 96 char ASCII; bidirectional printing; auto justification; proportional spacing; graphics, 84 by 84 dots; $995 560: impact, dot matrix; 132 or 220 char/line; 198 cps; 96 char ASCII; bidirectional printing; single-dot graphics; tractor feed; fanfold paper;

RS-232; parallel (optional); $1695

Prism: impact, 24 by 9 overlapping dot matrix; 200 cps draft mode, 150 cps high-quality; 96 char ASCII; double-width characters; bold characters; bidirectional printing; shortline seeking; color graphics; proportional spacing; friction or tractor feed; sheet or fanfold paper; RS-232, 300 to 9600 bps; Centronics parallel; 21.75 by 12.5 by 8.5; 29 lbs Integrex Inc. 233 North Juniper Philadelphia, PA 19107 (215) 627-0966 CX80 Colour: impact, 5 by 7 dot matrix; 80 char/line; 125 cps; 6 or 8 line/inch; 96 char ASCII; preprogrammed and programmable graphics characters; dot graphics; prints in up to seven colors using special ribbon; self test; tractor feed adjustable to 10 inches wide; fanfold paper; RS-232, 75 to 9600 bps; Centronics parallel; IEEE-488; Apple II; 16.25 by 12.8 by 7.5; 21 lbs Innovative Electronics Inc. 15200 Northwest 60th Ave. Miami Lakes, FL 33014 (305) 558-1591 Interface Mechanics Inc. 4405 Russell Rd. Lynnwood, WA 98036 (206) 743-7036 C. Itoh Electronics Inc. 5301 Beethoven St. Los Angeles, CA 90066 (212) 682-0420 Comef I: impact, dot matrix; 80 char/line; 125 cps; 96 char ASCII; bidirectional printing; tractor feed; fanfold paper; RS-232, 2K char buffer; parallel; $455 Comet II: impact, dot matrix; 136 cnar/line; 125 cps; 96 char ASCII; bidirectional printing; tractor feed; fanfold paper; RS-232, 2K char buffer; parallel; $1290 Sfar Writer I: impact, daisy wheel; 132 char/line; 25 cps; friction or tractor feed; sheet or fanfold paper; RS-232; parallel; $2380 Star Writer II: impact, daisy wheel; 132 char/line; 45 cps; friction or tractor feed; sheet or fanfold paper; RS-232; parallel; $2898 Ivo Industries Inc. 1109 Green Grove Rd. Neptune, NJ 07757 (201) 922-3600 Landis and Gyr Inc. Industrial Products

292 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

EPSON

PRINTERS & ACCESSORIES

Common Features of the MX80, MX80FT & MX100 Printer*

• 80 characters per second

• Replaceable print head by user

• User programable from BASIC

' Bi-directional logic seeking printhead

• 96 ASCII characters

' Programable tabs (vert./horz.)

' Cartridge ribbons

• Self-test mode

Tractor/pin feed paper flow Extreme reliability 12 type fonts under software control 9x9 & 9x18 matrix Programable form feeds Compressed/expanded letters Parallel interface standard Double strike & emphasized modes

MX80 ...The Printer that started it all. All of the above features plusextreme ease of use CompleteTRS80 block graphics set as well as user selectable international symbols. Gives correspondence quality printing in several user selectable modes. Dip switch pins may be set for dedicated applications. Complete forms programability from BASIC software.

MX80FT All the features of the MX80 but with FRICTION feed as well for the use of single sheets of paper or roll paper. An exceptional buy for the user needing the single sheet capability. In the compressed mode 132 characters can be printed across the width of a page which means it can be used for any printouts that normally need a 15 inch wide printer. MX 100 An exceptional printer with a extra quiet printhead and extra heavy duty construction for the intense use of a business environment. Does not have the TRS80 graphic blocks but comes standard with Bit-Image graphics which allow the user control of individual dots for designing specialized graphs, symbols, etc. A best buy for business use.

MX70 For the budget minded a excellent entry level printer. It has most all of the features mentioned above including Bit-Image graphics in place of the TRS80 graphic blocks set. The Printer is unidirectional only. Expandable text can be printed but not compressed. Only single density printings is supported on the MX70. An inexpensive heavy duty printer.

$CALL for BEST prices on Epson Printers All Printers & accessories in STOCK now!!!

If you buy your EPSON somewhere else you'll probably pay too much! EPSON ACCESSORIES, INTERFACES & CABLES

GRAFTRAX 80 option (bit-image & italics)..$79

CABLE Model I interface* Model III $35'

* $25 if purchased with printer CABLE & INTERFACE to Model I Keyboard. $85

APPLE interface & cable $89

PET IEEE interface & cable (Pet) $79

SERIAL RS232 unbuffered int.card $65

SERIAL RS232 2k buffered int.card $149

Epson to Color Computer card/cable $59

All RIBBONS and CARTRIDGES in Stock

$CALL

800-433-5184

Radio Shack LINE PRINTERS Line Printer VI $988

Daisy Wheel II $1695 Line Printer VII $325

Line Printer V $1580 Line Printer VIII $699

TEXAS COMPUTER SYSTEMS

Offers Lowest Prices on

Model II 64K

The best buy for small business needs and yet completely expandable as your business grows. Easy to use for the beginning operator. We have in STOCK all accessories and disk expansions as well as printers and software. IMPORTANT: We also have CP/M for the Model II plus a large amount of support software. All of these items at our fabulous DISCOUNT Drices. We ship from DFW by air and fully insured for FAST safe delivery.

HARD DISK SUPPORT FOR THE MODEL II...NOW!

5. 10 or 20 Megabytes (up to 80 Megabytes) for the Model II. Full CP/M support. Also full support for TRSDOS and all TRSDOS software. Multiple computers (multi-user) can be connecfed to these hard disk systems and can share and access common data bases under both CP/M and TRSDOS. The same common data base can even be accessed simultaneously by several users. We use top of the line CORVUS Hard Disk Drives which have a proven track record and have outsold all of their competitors combined in the microcomputer market. Model I and III are also supported by these Hard Disk Systems. SCall for our LOW prices

COLOR COMPUTERS

Orginal mfg.warranty on these items: TCS 180 day Limited warranty on TCS items:

4K Level 1 $308 16K Level 1 $369

16K Level 1 $439 16K Extended Basic $439

16K Extended Basic $459 32K Extended Basic $499

32K Extended Basic $569 32K Upgrade Kit (TCS) $79

Color Disk 0...$499 Disk 1...S349 EPSON/COLOR lnt.& cable $59

TRS80 MODEL III COMPUTER SYSTEMS

The following with Radio Shack Warranty: _. , ,.. _„_

■ > j i mi «i ,.„r The following with quality TCS memory Sour

Model III 16k $o2o own 180 day limited warranty:

Model III 32k $979 Model III 32K $909

Model III 48k $1089 Model III 48K $969

Model III 48k 2 Drives RS232.$2069

CUSTOM SOFTWARE FROM TCS

Completely Integrated binary SEARCH TREE programs now available. This series of programs fully implements the B-TREE structures including INSERTION. DELETION. EDITING & TRAVERSAL. No more sorting or long data file searches and yet files can be larger than memory. Duplicate keys are fully supported. Files can be retrieved in sorted order via BTREE Traversal. Each of the programs come with fully commented source code so that you can use the modules in your own programming. A Screen oriented Input routine is also included in each module. The following B-TREE programs are now available and each includes all of the mentioned modules and full documentation:

B-TREE Library (organlzt your home library keyed by author) $39.95

B-TREE Video (organize your video cauarte library, prlnta labeli, ate) $39.95

B-TREE Mailing Lilt (keyed by name or rip.label printlng.etc) $49.95

EPSON PACK A Utility Software package for MX80 & 80FT.

MX80/CMD will send all printer commands from DOS. BIGLETT/BAS prints lame Graphic Letters. EPSON/SUB merges with BASIC programs allowing 2 letter mneumonic commands lo be sent to printer. JKL Patchs allow JKL in NEWDOS 80 1.0 & NEWDOS 2.1 to send graphics properly. DEMO/BAS tutorial program of use of printer.LABEL/BAScustom label making program with graphics. DEFSTATE/SUB allows one word BASIC commands for centered titles, titles with borders, etc. A great program package for EPSON fans. SPECIAL DEAL: $24.95 with printer $34.95 seperately. Specify Model 1 or III. disk only

EPSON PACK 2 - GRAFTRAX

version for MX80, 80FT & MX100. This package includes updated versions of modules in original Epson Pack. A screen oriented BIT IMAGE GRAPHICS generator utilty is provided. Create your special characters, symbols, etc. directly on your monitor and then send to printer. Printout includes code to generate graphics and will save needed code as BASIC program line to disk. Then MERGE these into your BASIC pro gram. Also demo programs showing use of Bit-Image graphics. Full documentation. INTRO SPECIAL: $24.95 with printer or GRAFTRAX. $34.95 aaparataly. $7.50 tor update of old Epaon Pack

ZAP3 - Direct read/write access lo any TRSDOS 1.2 or 1.3 sector. Disable Passwords & access levels. Self prompting. Modify any sector in HEX or ASCII. Includes many patches to TRSDOS 1.2 & 1.3. Also COPYIT to allow backups of SCRIPSIT, VISICALC. etc. Just....$24.95 SDIR - Super directory manipulation lor TRSDOS 1.2 or 1.3. Alpha 4 column directory & free space. Display a range of programs by extension. Change name and date. Generate report of location of any program on diskette. Just....$14.95 SPECIAL DEAL: Buy ZAP3 & SDIR together for .... $29.95

MODEL III DISK EXPANSION KITS

We use the highest quality fiberglass Our DISK DRIVES are made by Tandon the

controller BOARDS with double sided same company that makes the drives used by

glass epoxy board and goldplated contacts in Radio Shack These drives are 40 track,

our TCS systems The finest switching double density, 5 millisecond stepping rate

POWER SUPPLY available is also provided, and are fully burned in for 48 hours. These

The aluminum MOUNTING HARDWARE urives have the same specifications as the

has slotted holes for easy installation of the urjves used by Radio Shack. No soldering or

drives and includes all the power and data modifications to existing circuitry is

cables necessary to install the controller, necessary The following kits are available: drives and power supply.

KIT 1 Controller, Power Supply & Mounting Hardware $379

KIT 2 Controller, Power Supply, Hardware A 1 Disk Drive $595

KIT 3 Controller, Power Supply, Hardware & 2 Disk Drive* $819

KIT 4 One Tandon Disk Drive (bare drive only) $219

KIT 5 16K ol High Quality TCS Memory chips $49.95

KIT 6 32k ol High Quality TCS Memory chips $79.95

MODEL III 48K 2 DISK DRIVES KIT....$1753

Yes, you read it right. A complete 48k 2 Disk Drive Model 111 computer system for just $1753. Here's what you get: one TRS80 Model Ml 16k Computer in factory carton, one CONTROLLER. POWER SUPPLY & HARDWARE kit (kit 1). two Tandon Disk Drives and 32K of TCS Memory. You also receive several important extras that make this a complete super kit. These extras include a complete illustrated instruction and trouble shooting manual, a TRSDOS 1.3 operating system and manual and a special diagnostic Diskette for testing the unit after you have put it together. The only tool necessary « a screwdriver. EVERYTHING is included in this kit and the price is right...$1753

MODEL III 48k 2 DISK DRIVES ... $1895

Above KIT fully assembled, with 48 hour burn-in test & 180 day TCS Limited Warranty!! DEALER INQUIRIES ARE INVITED ON THE ABOVE TCS KITS

CASIO ELECTRONIC ORGANS have arrived!!!

The fantasic CASIO Electronic Organs are here in force. Fully egual to any $2000 traditional Organ with dozens of exciting NEW features not seen on other musical instruments1

CASITONE CT—403 (25 lnitrumentl,16 rythnn.chord memory.etc.) $519

CASITONE CT-701 (programable, barcode raadar,51 keyi.etc.etc.) $835

For fast, eflicient service. Heart Of we can air freight from Dallas

TEXAS COMPUTER SYSTEMS

P.O. Box 1327 Arlington, Texas 76004-1327

^VToll Free Number 800 433-5184 Texas Residents 817 274-5625

Payment: Money order, cashiers or certified check. Prices above reflect 3% cash Discount Call for Visa/MC card prices.

Prices subject to change at any time No Tax out-of-state. Texans add 5%. Many items shipped FREE. Call for guote.

Circle 384 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1982

293

4 Washington Plaza Elmsfield, NY 10523 (914) 592-4400 Lear-Siegler Inc. 714 North Brookhurst St. Anaheim, CA 92803 310 Ballistic: impact, 7 by 9 dot matrix; 136 char/line; 180 cps; 128 char ASCII; vertical tabs; compressed characters (optional); programmable forms control tractor feed; fanfold paper; RS-232, 70 to 9600 bps (2K char buffer optional); parallel; 27 by 19.8 by 8; 50 lbs; $2045 Litton Industries Westrex OEM Products 1140 Bloomfield Ave. West Caldwell, NJ 07006 (201) 227-7290 Mag Labs Inc. 1 Crown Dr. Apalachin, NY 13732 (607) 625-2161

Malibu Electronics Corporation

2301 Townsgate Rd. Westlake Village, CA 91361 (805) 496-1990 165: impact, 10 by 9 dot matrix; 165 cps; graphics; RS-232; parallel; $2295 200: impact, 9 by 18 dot matrix, double pass; 132 char/line; 250 cps; 6 or 8 line/inch; 96 char ASCII (multiple fonts); bidirectional printing; graphics, 120 by 144 pixels; self test; friction and tractor feed; sheet or fanfold paper; RS-232, 110 to 9600 bps; 23.9 by 17.1 by 7; 41 lbs; $2995 Mannesman-Talley 8024 South 180th St. Kent, WA 98031 (206) 251-5524 MT-1800: impact, 7 by 9 dot matrix, double pass; 132 or 218 char/line; 200 cps; 6 or 8 line/inch; bidirectional printing; vertical tabs; double-width characters; compressed characters; paper-out indicator; self test; tractor feed; fanfold paper; RS-232, 300 to 9600 bps; parallel; 25.5 by 19.5 by 18.5; 63 lbs; $2495 Matchless Systems 18444 Broadway Gardena, CA 90248 (213) 327-1010 MDS Trivex 3180 Redhill Ave. Costa Mesa, CA 92626 (714) 546-7781

MPI (Micro Peripherals Inc.) 4426 South Century Dr. Salt Lake City, UT 84107 (801) 263-3081 88G: impact, 11 by 7 dot

matrix; 80 or 132 char/line; 100 cps; 6 or 8 line/inch; 96 char ASCII (draft- and highquality fonts); bidirectional printing; graphics; friction or tractor feed; sheet, fanfold, or roll paper; RS-232, IK char buffer; Centronics parallel; 16.3 by 10.8 by 6.3; 15 lbs; $749 Microtek Inc. 9514 Chesapeake Dr. San Diego, CA 92123 Tekwriter-1 (formerly Bytewriter 1): impact, 7 by 7 dot matrix; 80 char/line; 80 cps; friction feed; sheet or roll paper; parallel Centronics, Apple II, or Atari; $349

Tekwriter-2: impact, 9 by 9 dot matrix; 80 or 132 char/line; graphics; Centronics parallel MT-80: impact, dot matrix; 80 char/line; 125 cps; 96 char ASCII; tractor feed; fanfold paper; RS-232, 3K char buffer; parallel; $795 Miltope Corporation 9 Fairchild Ave. Plainview, NY 11803 (516) 349-9500 Newman Computer Exchange Inc. 1250 North Main St. Ann Arbor, MI 48104 (313) 994-3200 NEC Information Systems Inc.

5 Militia Dr. Lexington, MA 02173 5510: impact, thimble; 132 char/line; 55 cps; 6 or 8 line/inch; 128 char ASCII (multiple fonts); bidirectional printing; vertical tabs; paper-out indicator; friction and tractor feed; sheet or fanfold paper; cutsheet feeder; RS-232, 110 to 1200 bps, 256 char buffer; 25 by 16.5 by 8.7; 45.5 lbs; $3055

5520: impact, thimble; 132 char/line; 55 cps; 128 char ASCII (multiple fonts); friction or tractor feed; sheet or fanfold paper; cut-sheet feeder; RS-232, 110 to 1200 bps; $3415

5530: impact, thimble; 132 char/line; 55 cps; 128 char ASCII (multiple fonts); friction or tractor feed; sheet or fanfold paper; cut-sheet feeder; parallel; $3055 Okidata Corporation 111 Gaither Dr. Mount Laurel, NJ 08054 (609) 235-2600 Microline 80: impact, dot matrix; 80 or 132 char/line; 80 cps; 96 char set; friction

and tractor feed; sheet or fanfold paper; parallel; $475 Microline 82A: impact, 9 by 9 dot matrix; 80 or 132 char/inch; 120 cps; 6 or 8 line/inch; short-line seeking; bidirectional printing; graphics; double-width characters; compressed characters; friction and tractor feed; sheet or fanfold paper; RS-232, 110 to 1200 bps; parallel; 14.2 by 12.9 by 5.2; 20 lbs; $645 Microline 83: impact, dot matrix; 132 char/line; 120 cps; 96 char ASCII; bidirectional printing; tractor feed adjustable to 15 inches wide; fanfold paper; RS-232; parallel

SL300: impact, dot matrix whole-line printer; 132 char/line; 300 1pm; 96 char ASCII; software selectable fonts, oversized chars; barcode font; graphics; tractor feed; parallel; $3995 Olivetti Peripheral Equipment

505 White Plains Rd. Tarrytown, NY 10591 (914) 631-3000 DY-211: impact, daisy wheel; 132 char/line; 20 cps; 5 or 6 line/inch; 96 char ASCII; manually changeable print element; friction feed accepts paper up to 17 inches wide; RS-232, 110 to 9600 bps; 36 lbs; $1900 DY-311: impact, daisy wheel; 150 char/line; 32 cps; 5 or 6 line/inch; 96 char ASCII; bidirectional printing; manually changeable print element; friction or tractor feed; sheet or fanfold paper; RS-232, 100 to 9600 bps; parallel; 39.5 lbs; $2850 DY-811: impact, daisy wheel; 150 char/line; 65 cps; 5 or 6 line/inch; 96 char ASCII; bidirectional printing; manually changeable print element; friction or tractor feed; sheet or fanfold paper; RS-232, 110 to 9600 bps; parallel; 79 lbs; $4280 DM80/180: impact, 8 by 7 dot matrix; 150 char/line; 80 cps; 5 or 6 line/inch; 96 char ASCII; bidirectional printing; friction or tractor feed; sheet or fanfold paper; RS-232, 110 to 9600 bps; parallel; 79 lbs; $4280 Pertec Computer Company 12910 Culver Blvd. Los Angeles, CA 90066 Stylist 360: impact, daisy wheel; 198 char/line; 17 cps; 100 char modified ASCII; bidirectional printing; fric

tion feed; sheet or fanfold paper; RS-232; parallel; 20.9 by 13 by 5.5; 29 lbs; $1500 Printek Inc. 1517 Townline Rd. Benton Harbor, MI 49022 (616) 925-3200 910: impact, 9 by 9 dot matrix; 80 char/line; 170 cps; 96 char ASCII, programmable character set; double-width characters; bidirectional printing; tractor feed; fanfold paper; RS-232, 1800 char buffer; parallel; 23 by 17 by 7; $1695 920: same as 910 except: 340 cps; $2345

Printer Terminal Communications Corporation 124 10th St. Ramona, CA 92065 879: impact, 7 by 9 dot matrix; 80 or 132 char/line; 180 cps; 6 line/inch; 96 char ASCII; bidirectional printing; vertical tabs; compressed characters; friction and tractor feed; sheet, fanfold, or roll paper; RS-232, 300 to 9600 bps, 256 char buffer; parallel; 18 by 22 by 7.5; 25 lbs; $1299 Printronix 17421 Derian Ave. Irvine, CA 92713 (714) 549-8272 Qantex 60 Plant Ave. Hauppage, NY (516) 582-6060 Qume Corporation 2350 Qume Dr. San Jose, CA 95131 (408) 942-4000 Sprint 5/45: impact, daisy wheel; 132 char/line; 45 cps; friction or tractor feed; sheet or fanfold paper; cut-sheet feeder; RS-232; parallel; $3137

Sprint 5/55: impact, daisy wheel; 132 char/line; 55 cps; 3 to 8 line/inch; manually changeable print element; bidirectional printing; vertical tabs; graphics; paper-out indicator; self test; friction feed; sheet paper; RS-232, 110 to 9600 bps; 24.3 by 16.8 by 6.5; 45 lbs; $3726 Sprint 9/35: impact, daisy wheel; 132 char/line; 35 cps; manually changeable print element; friction or tractor feed; sheet or fanfold paper; RS-232; parallel Sprint 9/45: same as 9/35 except: 45 cps Sprint 9/55: same as 9/35 except: 55 cps Sprint Wide-Track: impact, daisy wheel; 240 char/line; 55 cps; manually changeable

294 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

In Los Angeles, your great escape couldtake place in minutes.

As a Data Processing specialist at Northrop, you'll surround yourself with the benefits of a climate and location that lets you enioy it all ■• the arts, educational opportunitiesand the great outdoors. Every day All year round.

Located in Southern California, Northrop offers the professional opportunities you seek plus the flexibility of lifestyle that makes hours off the job exceptionally pleasurable. And. you'll appreciate oui location with easy access to beach, desert, and mountains

If you're up for the challenge of membership in a department that supports corporate information systems activities at every level, look into career opportunities at Northrop.

Make the Great Escape that could last a hie lime.

Low Desert-45 min.

High desert- 98 min.

Beaches - 1 0 min.

Forest- 25 min.

Mountains-30 min.

Big mountains-40 min.

Very big mountains- 240 min.

Skiing - 70 min.

Better skiing - 1 80 min.

Sailing - 1 5 min.

Golf- 17 min.

Running- change your shoes

Cricket- 23 min.

Disneyland - 45 min.

Hollywood Bowl-45 min. Universities-30 min. Surfing -10 min. Knott's Berry Farm - 45 min. Rollerskating

change your shoes again Universal Studios- 50 min.

Scientific Applications Programmer Analysts

Experience with IBM 3033, Engineering and Graphics Applications, FORTRAN.

MVS Systems Programmers

Using SMP4, TSO and SPF maintenance tools.

Computer Operations Personnel

Console Operators. Control Clerks, Tape Librarians.

Numerical Control Systems Support

Knowledge of IBM, APT-AC systems. FORTRAN. ASSEMBLY and familiarity with numerical control environment.

Data Base Analysts

Experience in IMS Data Base and Data Communications.

Business Applications Programmers

To design and maintain business, finance, and manufacturing applications on large scale IBM computers.

We will arrange a personal interview for you. We will fly you to California, travel and accommodations paid, or we will send a representative to your location. Investigate the opportunities outlined above by sending your resume to:

Barbara Nettles Dept. NDP-BYTE 1853

P.O. Box 4625 Long Beach, CA 90804

NORTHROP

Making advanced technology work

Northrop Corporate Data Processing Center

Equal Opportunity Employer M/F/H / Proof of U.S. Citizenship Required

Circle 282 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1982

295

print element; friction feed; sheet paper; RS-232; parallel; $4315 Radio Shack 1 Tandy Center Fort Worth, TX 76102 Daisywheel II: impact, daisy wheel; 136 char/line; 43 cps; manually changeable print element; proportional spacing; friction feed; sheet paper; Centronics parallel; $1860

Lineprinter IV: impact, dot matrix; 80 or 132 char/line; 50 cps; 96 char ASCII; friction or tractor feed; sheet or fanfold paper; Centronics parallel; $999 Lineprinter V: impact, dot matrix; 132 char/line; 120 cps; 96 char ASCII; tractor feed; fanfold paper; Centronics parallel; $1860 Lineprinter VI: impact, dot matrix; 132 char/line; 100 cps; 96 char ASCII plus graphics characters; bidirectional printing; self test; Centronics parallel; $1160 Lineprinter VII: impact, 5 by 7 dot matrix; 40 or 80 char/line; 30 cps; 6 line/inch; graphics; tractor feed; fanfold paper; RS-232, 100 to 600 bps; Centronics parallel; $399 Lineprinter VIII: impact, 9 by 12 dot matrix; 80 char/line; 80 cps; 8 or 12 line/inch; graphics; bidirectional printing; shortline seeking; proportional spacing; friction or tractor feed; sheet, fanfold, or roll paper; self test; RS-232, 600 or 1200 bps; Centronics parallel; 15.4 by 11 by 4.7; 16.5 lbs; $799 Quick Printer II: electrostatic, dot matrix; 16 char/line; 32 cps; uppercase only; compressed characters give 32 char/line at 64 cps; friction feed; aluminized roll paper 2.4 inches wide; $219 Sanders Technology Columbia Drive Amherst, NH 03061 (603) 882-1000 Media 12/7: impact, linewide dot matrix, overlapping passes; 80 char/line; 96 char ASCII (draft- and highquality); 220 cps draftquality, 60 cps high-quality; preprogrammed alternate fonts; proportional spacing on some fonts; high-quality compressed-character font gives 117 char/line at 120 cps (proportional spacing); friction feed; sheet paper; cut-sheet feeder; RS-232,

2400 bps with handshaking; Centronics parallel; $4395 Sci Systems Inc. 8600 South Memorial Parkway

Huntsville, AL 35802 (205) 881-1611 Sentinel Computer Corporation

9902 Carver Rd. Cincinnati, OH 45242 (513) 984-6622 Siemens Corporation OEM Data Products Division

240 East Palais Anaheim, CA 92805 (714) 991-9700 Smith-Corona 65 Locust Ave. New Canaan, CT 06840 (203) 972-1471 TP-1: impact, daisy wheel; 105 or 125 char/line; 12 cps; manually changeable print element; friction feed; sheet paper; $845 Star Micronics Inc. 200 Park Ave. New York, NY 10166 (212) 986-6770 DP-8480: impact, 7 by 9 dot matrix; 132 char/line; 80 cps; 96 char ASCII; shortline seeking; bidirectional printing; graphics; doublewidth characters; compressed characters; self test; friction and tractor feed; sheet or fanfold paper; RS-232, 256 char buffer; 15.3 by 12.2 by 4.9; 19 lbs; $495

Systemed Corporation POB 18

Mountain City, TN 37683 (615) 727-6000 Typrinter: impact, daisy wheel; 180 char/line; 12 cps; manually changeable print element; friction feed; fanfold paper; parallel; $599 Syntest Corporation 169 Milham St. Marlborough, MA 01752 (617) 481-7827 TDC

203 East Main St. Riverton, WY 82501 (307) 856-7111 TEI Inc.

5075 South Loop East Houston, TX 77033 (910) 881-3639 3431: impact, 9 by 9 dot matrix; 136 char/line; 150 cps; 6 or 8 line/inch; 94 char ASCII; bidirectional printing; double-width characters; paper-out indicator; self test; tractor feed; fanfold paper; RS-232, 110 to 9600 bps, 256 char buffer; parallel

Telecom Terminal Systems

3903 Grand View Blvd. Los Angeles, CA 90066 (213) 390-9494 Teletype Corporation 5555 Touhy Ave. Skokie, IL 60077 (312) 982-2000 43: impact, dot matrix; 80 or 132 char/line; 30 cps; 96 char ASCII; friction or tractor feed; RS-232; $1388 Texas Instruments POB 225012 M/S84

Dallas, TX 75265 (312) 982-2000 743: electrostatic, dot matrix; 80 char/line; 30 cps; 96 char ASCII; APL char set (optional); friction feed; aluminized roll paper; RS-232; $1995 765: electrostatic, dot matrix; 80 char/line; 30 cps; 96 char ASCII; bubblememory storage up to 80K char; dual communications ports; friction feed; aluminized roll paper; RS-232 (integral modem optional); $2995 810: impact, 9 by 7 dot matrix; 132 char/line; 150 cps; 6 or 8 line/inch; 64 char modified ASCII (96 char ASCII optional); double-width characters (optional); compressed characters (optional); bidirectional printing; vertical tabs; paper-out indicator; self test; tractor feed; fanfold paper; RS-232, 110 to 9600 bps, 256 char buffer; $1895

820: impact, dot matrix; 132 char/line; 150 cps; 96 char ASCII; APL char set (optional); tractor feed; fanfold paper; RS-232, 110 to 9600 bps; $2165

825: impact, 9 by 7 dot matrix; 75 cps; 6 or 8 line/inch; bidirectional printing; RS-232, 110 to 600 bps, 256 char buffer; $1565 Toshiba America Inc. 2441 Michelle Dr. Tustin, CA 92680 (714) 730-5000 Trend com

480 Oakmead Parkway Sunnyvale, CA 94086 (408) 737-0747 100: thermal, dot matrix; 40 char/line; 40 cps; 96 char ASCII; friction feed; sensitized roll paper; Centronics parallel, IEEE-488 United Systems Corporation 918 Woodley Rd. POB 458 Dayton, OH 45401

Victor Business Products

3900 North Rockwell St. Chicago, IL 60618 Vista

1317 East Edinger Ave. Santa Ana, CA 92705 (714) 953-0523 Wang Laboratories 1 Industrial Ave. Lowell, MA 01851 2231 W-l: impact, 7 by 9 dot matrix; 112 char/line; 120 cps; 96 char ASCII; vertical tabs; double-width characters; paper-out indicator; self test; Wang serial interface, 112 char buffer; 24 by 18 by 10; 60 lbs; $2900

2281W: impact, daisy wheel 157 char/line; 30 cps; 6 line/inch; 96 char ASCII; bi directional printing; vertical tabs; graphics; Wang serial interface; $4500 Wasomark Inc. (Data Printer Division) 1 Willard Rd. Norwalk, CT 06856 (203) 847-7251 Williams Laboratories 125 Northview Rd. Ithaca, NY 14850 (607) 272-1132 Bytewriter: impact, daisy wheel; 100 char/line; 12 cps. manually changeable print element; self test; underlining; friction feed; sheet paper; Centronics parallel; 21 lbs; $795 Xerox Corporation Xerox Square Rochester, NY 14644 (716) 423-3411 1730: impact, daisy wheel; 132 char/line; 40 cps; manually changeable print element; friction feed; sheet paper; RS-232; $2710 1740: impact, daisy wheel; 132 char/line; 45 cps; manually changeable print element; friction feed; sheet paper; RS-232; $3375 1750: impact, daisy wheel; 132 char/line; 45 cps; manually changeable print element; friction feed; sheet paper; RS-232; $3555 Xymec Inc.

17905 J Sky Park Circle Irvine, CA 92714 (714) 423-3411 HY-Q 1000: impact, daisy wheel; 198 char/line; 20 cps; manually changeable print element; boldface characters paper-out indicator; self test RS-232; parallel Zentec Corporation 2400 Walsh Ave. Santa Clara, CA 95050 (408) 246-7662H

296 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Computer Exchange

M P.O. Box 1380, Jacksonville, OR 97530 ^P 929

w

APPLE

SUPPLY

CENTER

Dealer inquiries invited

HARDWARE &,,.„,„♦

Direct Substitute for Apple Drives

Micro-Sci A2 is a direct substitute for Apple II drives. Save $300 on a dual disk system. The A2 does not include DOS Software Micro-Sci 5" Drives for Apple II SAVE

A2, 143K,5"Drive $395 18%

A2 Controller Card for A2 Drives $ 85 15% A70, 286K, 5" Drive $ 489 20%

A40, 160K.5" Drive $369 18%

Controller Card for A70 or A40 $ 79 21%

320K RAM substitute for Disk System AXLON,

RAMDISK320K Memory System $1145 20%

MONITORS:

NEC 12" Color

software:

SANYO:

12" Green 9" B&W 9" Green

12" B&W

12" Green

13" Color NEW 13" RGB Color

12"Green

$359 $169 $149 $159 $219 $229 $399 $899 $119

ZENITH

DISKETTES, 5", box of 10: Maxell Memorex

80 COLUMN VIDEO CARDS:

Videx Videoterm M&R Sup RTerm ALS: Smarterm

MISCELLANEOUS:

Apple:

Graphics Tablet (CLOSE OUT) CCS: Serial Interface 7710A Parallel Interface 7720A Other CCS Cards In Stock, Hayes: Micromodem II

Smartmodem Keyboard Company: Joystick II Game Paddle Numeric Keypad M&R: RF Modulator SUP R FAN X Microsoft: Z80 Softcard 16L RAM Card Mountain:

CPS Multifunction Card Clock/Calendar Orange Micro Grappler SSM AIO Serial /Para. Interface T^" ALS: Smarterm 80 Col Card * Z-Card (Z-80) •frAddram 16KCard •fcSynergizer Package NEC 16K Expansion Chips for Apple II

LETTER QUALITY PRINTERS

Qume Letter quality printer

Sprint 9 45RO

Sprint 5 45RO Olympia (Typewriter/Printer)

ES-100, 18CPS

w/full interface to Apple 11

PRINTERS:

Intergral Data

445 Tiger w/Graphics & 2K

460 Tiger w/Graphics

560 Tiger w/Graphics

Prism color printer w/Graphics $1695 Epson, See special Epson section at right

$ 39 $ 25

$249 $319 $269

$650 $139 $ 99 CALL $299 $249

$ 45 $ 25 $119 $ 25 $ 39 $279 $159

$209 $239 $129 $159 $269 $209 $119 $549

24% 22% 31% 31% 30% 30% 28% 25% 20%

33% 45%

18% 19% 30%

20%

22%

20%

CALL

26%

11%

10% 17% 21% 27% 25% 33% 20%

13% 15% 21% 20% 30% 22% 20% 27%

$ 39 35%

$2295 $2395

20% 20%

$ 1695 22%

$695 $895 $1095

23% 20% 22% 16%

Above prices for mail orders only. Ourstore showroom is 126 NE "F" St., Grants Pass, OR. Store prices, which Include software service, differ from mail order prices. No mail order sales at store. CALL ORDER DESK.

ORDERING INFORMATION:

Minimum order $100. Money Orders, Cashier Checks or Bank Wire welcomed. Visa and MC orders add 3%. Personal or company checks accepted {allow 20 days to clear). Add 3% for shipping, handling and insurance; UPS ground is standard. 6% total for UPS Blue or 10% total for foreign orders or US Parcel Post. Include your telephone number. No COD's. Prices are subject to change without notice. Order desk hours are 8 to 5 PST, 10 to 3 Saturdays. APO is sent by US Post.

for

Apple ll/l Apple Software:

Apple Fortran

Apple Pilot

Apple Plot

Dow Jones News & Quotes

Dow Jones Portfolio Eval.

Microcourier Ashton-Tate

dBase II for Apple II Broderbund Software

Payroll

General Ledger

Apple Panic

Arcade Machine

Red Alert

Space Warrior

Many Others In Stock Budgeco, Raster Blaster Calf. Pacific, Ultima jt Central Point Software:

Copy II Plus Will copy most copy protected software for your backup in 45 seconds I NEW Continental Software

Home Accountant

Home Money Minder Data Most

Snack Attack

Thief

$149 $119 $ 49 $ 69 $ 40 $189

$495

$269 $349 $ 21 $ 32 $ 21 $ 18 CALL $ 22 $ 30

$ 35

56 26

25% 27% 30% 28% 20% 24%

30%

30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% CALL 27% 25%

10%

25% 25%

$ 22 22

Epson, MX 80 Graphics Dump $ 9

Hayden, Sargon II (chess) Howard Software

Tax Preparer

Real Estate Analyzer

Creative Financing

Info Unlimited, Easywriter (PRO)

Innovative

Apple Spellguard

Insoft:

Electric Duet NEW ALD System II or III TransFORTH II or III Accounting

$ 29

$ 75 $115 $ 115

$219

$ 25 $110 $110 $355

25% 25% 30% 22%

25% 25% 25%

20%

26%

20% 10% 10% 66%

A full professional quality integrated GL, A/R, A IP. Payroll package. Hotline support available. Send lor free sample printouts. Requires Z80 and 16K RAM card.

Micro Lab

Data Factory, ver. 5.0 $249 20% y^ Micro Pro

Word Star $ 239 36%

Super Sort $129 36%

Mail Merger $ 79 36%

Data Star $189 36%

Spell Star $159 36%

Microsoft

A.L.D.S. $110 10%

BASIC Compiler $ 299 25%

Cobol80 $559 25%

Fortran 80 $149 25%

Olympic Decathlon $ 24 24%

TASC Compiler $159 22%

Typing Tutor II $ 19 30%

On-Line

Expediter II $ 75 25%

Superscribe II $ 95 27%

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Threshold $ 30 25%

Cranston Manor $ 26 25%

Mission Astroid $ 15 25%

Mystery House $ 19 25% W Osborne (Disk and Book)

Some Common Basic Programs, 75 Business, Statistics and Math

programs for the Apple II + $ 49 50%

Peachtree Software

Magic Wand $250 37%

GLor A/Ror A/Por PRor lnv.$189 38%

Personal Software:

Desktop Plan II $159 21%

Visictlc3.3 $159 25%

Visiplot $149 21%

Visitrend Visiplot $199 31%

Visidex $159 30%

Visiterm $119 21%

Visifile $199 30%

Software Publishing:

PFS Filing/Data Base $ 69 28%

PFS: Report $ 69 28%

Stoneware,

DB Master (new version) $179 22%

Sub Logic

Flight Simulator $ 28 20%

For specific software not listed, CALL (800) 547-1289

===-=: 3101-10 Terminal $1295

ra

SAVE

$1995 27%

HEWLETT PACKARD

HP-85A Microcomputer with built-in

printer and monitor HP-125New! Microcomputer

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HP-41CV New! 2.2K Memory Calculator $245 25% HP-41C Calculator $ 185 26%

Memory module for HP41C $ 25 25%

Call for other HP equipment, software and accessories!

aTEai D%llPIOt350

3COLOR PROFESSIONAL PLOTTER Plotter

11" wide. For Apple and Vlslcalc. $795

Automatic 3 color option CALL

Interface to Apple II $ 79

Visicalc/Apple II software, Insoft CALL

Serial RS 232 Interface $ 209

15%

CALL 15%

CALL 15%

A

ATARI"

800 16K 40016K

$759 $339

Atari 810 Disk Drive

Atari 16K RAM Module

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More software and accessories in stock

SAVE 30% SAVE 20%

$425 29%

$ 83 27%

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,, = INTE?TEC IU=E SYSTEMS™

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MX80/100 TRS 80 Cable

$359 $449 $555 $729 $ 95 $ 59 $ 79 $ 29 $ 29

20% 31% 25% 27% 15% 22% 20% 22% 22%

SEC

Microcomputer

32K Computer PC8001 $ 750 25%

286K Total Dual Drive PC8031 $ 750 25%

32K addon and I/O Unit PC8012S495 24%

NEC PC Software CALL CALL

Corvus

5 Meg Hard Disk 10 Meg Hard Disk 20 Meg Hard Disk Omni-Net, Constellation, Mirror, In Stock

$2995 $4345 $5245

21% 20% 20%

XEROX.

820 System II

Complete system includes monitor, keyboard, CPU and two disk drives With 5V4 inch dual drives With 8 inch dual drives

SAVE $2495 18% $3095 19%

£s commodore

VIC 20 Home Computer $249 16%

CBM 8032 Computer $1195 20%

CBM 4032 Computer $ 995 22%

CBM 4040 Disk Drives (2) 343K $1019 21%

CMB 8050 Disk Drives (2)1 Meg $1295 28%

(ALTOS)

ACS 8000-15, 208K, 4 User Other Altos Systems In Stock

COMPUTER SYSTEMS

$4,450 11%

Hardware Technical Hotline (503)772-3803 (customers onlyplease have invoice i or packing slip *)

NO SALES TAX

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REFERENCES:

We have been an Apple dealer since 1978. Our bank reference is First Interstate Bank (503) 776-5620. We belong to the

Chamber of Commerce.

(503)772-6293 Free gift with your order if you mention this ad.

TOLL FREE

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Circle 91 on Inquiry card.

MARCH

OKIDATA MICROLINE 80A MATRIX mA PRINTER

SPECIALS

ATARI 810 DISK DRIVE

$429.00

PERSONAL COMPUTERS

CALL TOLL FREE!

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We Accept CO.D.'s» Stock Shipment;, Same Day or Next* No Surcharge for Credit Cards* All Equipment Factory Fresh w/MFT Warranty • We Carry the Complete Line of Personal Software • Prices do not Reflect Shipping Charges Rhode island and California residents please add 6% Sales Tax

298 BYTE March 1962

Circle 284 on Inquiry card.

NEC PC-8023 Printer $629.00 ^^

NEC 7710 Spinwriter 2345.00 C^ ^J

NEC 7720 Spinwriter 2695.00 ^m Um JiB

NEC 7730 Spinwriter 2345.00 ™J ^f

NEC JC 1201 M(A)-Color 12" Monitor 359.00 flQ ^V

NEC JB 1201 M 12" Green Monitor 159.00 ^«* P"J ^™

Okidata Microline-80 329.00 ^V ^3

OkidataMicroline-82A 499.00 ■■■ ^^ ^^

Okidata Microline-83A 729.00 f J ^^

Diablo 630 1995.00 ^"^ ^^ UJ

M & R Sup-R-Terminal 279.00 ^^ ^^ ^^

Microsoft Soft Card (Z-80) 279.00 ■*■■ !■■ ■■■

Hazeltine 1420 799.00 | ^f

Northstar Horizon II 32K QD 2925.00 I ^V

AnadexDP-9500/9501 1249.00 Jik LJ

Televideo910 559.00 £ J ™*

Televideo912C 669.00 ^^ ^^

Televideo 920C 689.00 £j£ MM i^p

Televideo 950 929.00 # m ^^ ^

CBM 8032 Computer 1149.00 V«F V^ ^*k

CBM 8050 Disk Drive 1349.00 ' t J

CBM 4032 Computer 1029.00 ^^ *^k

CBM 4040 Disk Drive 1029.00 ^Mj |^J ^**

CBM 4022 Printer 649.00 £^(

CBMVIC-20 269.00 UJ ^ -,

Leedex/Amdek 100G 159.00 #^ *• """

Leedex/Amdek Color - 1 13" Color Monitor .. . 329.00 ^^ ^^j

Microtek 16K Ramboard for Atari 800 79.00 I J ■■ ',

Microtek 32K Ramboard for Atari 400 and 800 149.00 F% f\

Qume Sprint 9/45 (Full Panel) 2295.00 £ J V«F ^g/

Atari 400 16K 339.00 M^ UjJ

Atari 410 Recorder 60.00 C^ M^

Atari 825 Printer 599.00 ^a* ^/* U

Atari 850 Interface 139.00 5* ^? mm

Atari 830 MODEM 159.00 ^J """ ^^

Atari 810 Disk Drive 429.00 ^ ^^

Atari 800 16K 749.00 ^g^

Epson MX-70 349.00 f^

Epson MX-80 449.00 \J

Epson MX-80 FT 549.00 |J

Epson MX-100 FT 729.00 V^

PRICES ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE WE CARRY THE COMPLETE LINE OF ATARI SOFTWARE, PERIPHERALS AND ACCESSORIES

NEC GREEN 12" MONITOR

JB 1201M

$159.00

PERSONAL COMPUTERS

COMPUTER SHOPPING CENTER

EPSON MX-80

INTERFACES & CABLES

IEEE $55. RS-232 $70.

TRS-80 CABLE $35.

$449.00

i

AMDEK COLOR-1 MONITOR $329.00

EPSON MX-100 FT PRINTER $729.00

Circle 284 on Inquiry card.

BYTE March 1982 299

Programming Quickie

An Underline Filter for Matrix Printers

Adam Reed

Center for Human Information Processing

UCSD C-009

La Jolla, CA 92093

characters to minus signs (which are the same length as underline characters on most matrix printers, including the Decwriter), then moves them onto a separate line to be printed under the corresponding line of text. The result is clear, fast, legible underlining. At the end of the text file, the program restores the Decwriter to normal vertical spacing.

The program in listing 1 is written in C to act as a "filter" under the Unix operating system. Its input is a text file with standard underlining, and its output is the input to the matrix printer. It can be translated readily into other languages, such as BASIC or FORTRAN, for use with other operating systems and matrix printers.*

Although matrix printers such as Digital Equipment Corporation's Decwriter III have the advantages of relatively high speed and fairly low cost, they do have an important disadvantage when it comes to printing manuscript copy. By convention, some items in manuscripts (the names of cited journals, for example) are underlined in the text. Matrix printers, if they underline at all, do so by overprinting the bottom line of each "underlined" character. Besides being slow and aesthetically unappealing, this type of "underlining" makes the text nearly illegible.

Fortunately, many matrix printers, including the Decwriter, can achieve half-line vertical spacing. The program in listing 1 sets this option, converts the underline

Listing 1.

1 /* This pro^rsiii improves Decwriter underline handling by using 3 line buffer */

2 /* snd may also be used to change; temporarilyr the dw3's horizontal pitch . */

4 tinelude <stdio.h>

5 #include <satta.h>

6 tinclude <si3risl.h>

8 int dwreset()J 10 nisiri(3r3c? 3r2v) int 3r£Ci chsr *3rgvC]» -C

12 13

register ch3r ci h» #p» int b» nJ

Listing 1 continued on page 302

300 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Boy is this costing you.

It's really quite basic: time is money.

And BASIC takes a lot more time and costs a lot more money than it should every time you write a new business software package.

Especially when you could speed things up with dBASE II.

dBASE II is a complete applications development package.

Users tell us they've cut the amount of code they write by up to 80% with dBASE II.

Because dBASE II is the high performance relational database management system for micros.

Database and file handling operations are done automatically so you don't get involved with sets, lists, pointers, or even opening and closing of files.

Instead, you write your code in concepts.

And solve your customers' problems faster and for a lot less than with BASIC (or FORTRAN, COBOL or PL/1).

dBASE II uses English-like commands.

dBASE II uses a structured language to put you in full control of your data handling operations.

It has screen handling facilities for setting up input and output forms.

It has a built-in query facility, including multikey and sub-field searches, so you can DISPLAY some or all of the data for any conditions you want to apply.

You can UPDATE, MODIFY and REPLACE entire databases or individual characters.

CREATE new databases in minutes, or JOIN databases that already exist.

APPEND new data almost instantly, whether the file has 10 records or tens of thousands.

SORT the data on as many keys as you want. Or INDEX it instead, then FIND whatever you're looking for in seconds, even using floppies.

Organize months worth of data in minutes with the built-in REPORT. Or control every row and column on your CRT and your printer, to format input and output exactly the way you want it.

You can do automatic calculations on fields,

records and entire databases with a few keystrokes, with accuracy to 10 places.

Change your data or your entire database structure without re-entering all your data.

And after you're finished, you can protect all that elegant code with our runtime compiler.

Expand your clientbase with dBASE II.

With dBASE II, you'll write programs a lot faster and a lot more efficiently. You'll be able to write more programs for more clients. Even take on the smaller jobs that were out of the economic question before. Those nice little foot-in-the-database assignments that grow into bigger and better bottom lines.

Your competitors know of this offer.

The price of dBASE II is $700 but you can try it free for 30 days.

Call for our Dealer Plan and OEM run-time package prices, then take us up on our money-back guarantee. Send us your check and we'll send you a copy of dBASE II that you can exercise on your CP/M system any way you want for 30 days.

Then send dBASE II back and we'll return all of your money, no questions asked.

During that 30 days, you can find out exactly how much dBASE II can save you, and how much more it lets you do.

But it's only fair to warn you: business programmers don't go back to BASIC'S.

AshtonTate, 9929 Jefferson, Los Angeles, CA 90230. (213) 204-5570.

Ashton-Tate

(BAshton-Tate 1981

Circle 38 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1982

301

Programming Quickies,

Listing 1 continued:

14 chsr opstrinSC2563 5

15 char #option = opstrins1 »

16 char *poi3>:j *plast;

17 static char buf[2563 5

13 sethuf( stdout, (char *)raalloc( BUFSIZ ))»

20

/% Make sure to reset decuriter if interrupted */

22 23 24 25 26 27 28

sianaKSIGHUPr dwreset)> signal(SIGINT? dwreset)? si2n3l(SIGQUITidwreset); si3ri3l(SIGKILL»dwreset) 5 si3rial(SIGPIPE»dMreset) J signal(SIGhLRH»dwreset)J si£Ti3l(SIGTERHrd«reset) i

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

4?

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

59

60

/* Get the option from the comaand */

streat (optionrarsvCl]) J

if Uoption == NULL) c = '2"?

else -C

c = *option++ i

if (c == ' + ' lie == '-') c = *option++ i

if (c == '"1') c = *optiont+ i

if (c == 'p' lie == '?') c = '0'

if (c == 'n' lie == 'N') e = '6'

if (c == 'w' Me == 'U') c = '8' >

/* Then? initialize the Decwriter */

putchar(27)J printf (' L"3z')', putchar(27); printf(*C132f ) i putch3rC27)} printfCCl»i32r")i putchar(27)J

if <c == '0'Hprintf ("Clw") Jputchar (27) Jprintf (,Ci;84s") ;>

else if (c == '6'Kprintf(,C4w')Jputchar(27)Jprintf(,ClJ140s");>

else if (c == '8') -[printf ( 'CBh* ) ;putehar(27) fprintf ('Ci ;70s") }> el5* -Cprintf (•C2W") »putchar(27);printf ("CI J 102s") J>

/* Then process the file! */

c=3etchar()»

while ( c != EOF ) <

/% Main 1oop5 process esch line in turn! %/

62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69

h=b=0J

Pl35t = pn.3>c= XbufE255],

p=buf;

while ( p<Plast ) *p++ = 32J

Pl3st=p=bufr

while ( e!=10 It e!=E0F U c\= 13 X& p<pibsx ) -C

/* elesr under line buffer */

/* loop for processing chsrscters. */

Listing 1 continued on page 304

302 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

THE FORTH SOURCE

Specializing in the FORTH Language

TM

FORTH MANUALS. GUIDES, « DOCUMENTS price

□ "Starting FORTH" by Brodie. Prentice Hall. Best

user's manual available, (soft cover) $16.00

□ "Starting FORTH" (hard cover) 20.00

□ "Systems Guide to fig-FORTH" by Ting. Excellent

guide to inner mechanisms. 25.00

□ "Using FORTH" by FORTH, Inc. Guide to concepts 25.00

□ "A FORTH Primer" by Stevens. In-depth self-study

manual 25.00

□ "Caltech FORTH Manual" by Ewing. Overview and Structure. 12.00

I? "Threaded Interpretive Languages" by Loeliger. Byte

Books. FORTH adapted for Z80 20.00

□ "Invitation to FORTH" by Katzan. Petrocelli Books. Limited introduction. 20.00

□ "PDP-11 FORTH User's Guide" by James. 20.00

□ "AIM FORTH User's Manual" by RockwellInternational 12.00

D "APPLE FORTH-79 User's Manual" by MicroMotion 20.00

□ "TRS-80 MMSFORTH User's Manual" by Miller Microcomputer Services. 18.50

□ "FORTH-79". Latest FORTH Standard. 15.00

□ "FORTH-79 Standard Conversion" by Smith Implementation aids. 10.00

□ "METAFORTH" by Cassady. Cross compiler with

8080 code. 30.00

□ "Tiny PASCAL in fig-FORTH" by Zimmer. 10.00 Proceedings of Technical Conferences

□ "1980 FORML" (FORTH Modification Laboratory) 25.00

□ "1981 FORML" Two Volume Set 40.00

□ Volume I, Language Structure 25.00

□ Volume II, Systems and Applications. 25.00 D "1981 Rochester University" 25.00

FORTH HARDWARE

□ AIM65 Microcomp by Rockwell. 4K RAM, FORTH IC's

and manuals (plus $20.00 handling and shipping) $530.00

INSTALLATION DOCUMENTS

I ] Installation Manual for fig-FORTH, contains FORTH model, glossery, memory map, and instructions Source Listings of fig-FORTH, for specific CPU's and computers. The above installation manual is required for implementation. Each

$15.00

15.00

□ 1802

D 6502

D 6800

□ AlphaMicro

□ 8080

□ 8086/88

n 9900

□ APPLE II®

D PACE

□ 6809

D NOVA

□ PDP-11/LSI/11

FORTH DISKS WITH DOCUMENTATION

fig-FORTH Model and Source Listing, with printed Installation Manual and Source Listing.

D APPLE II® 5'/. □ 8080/Z80® 8

D 8086/8088 8 □ H89/Z89 5'/.

D APPLE 11/11 +® by MicroMotion. Version 2. FORTH-79 Standard, editor, assembler, 200 pg manual, 5'/,

□ Option 1 - floating point and HiRes Turtle Graphics

D Option 2 - DBMS, DOS/FORTH, modem utilities

□ Combo Package - All of the above

D APPLE II by Kuntze. fig-FORTH editor, assembler, source listing and screens, 5'/,

H ATARI® by Pink'Noise Studio. fig-FORTH, editor, assembler, missile graphics, sound and handle drivers, 5'/,

D CROMEMCO® by Inner Access fig-FORTH editor, assembler, 5'/, or 8

□ PET® by FSS. fig-FORTH editor and assembler, 5'/. Q PET® with floating point, strings, disk I/O

D TRS-80/1® by Nautilus Systems fig-FORTH, editor and assembler, S%

D TRS-80/1 or III by Miller Microcomputer Services. MMSFORTH, FORTH-79 subset, editor, assembler, dbl-precision. arrays, utilities & applications. 210 pg. manual, 5'/,

□ HP-85 by Lange fig-FORTH, editor and assembler, 5

□ H89/Z89 by Haydon. fig-FORTH, CP/M® source, editor,assembler, & tutorial on disk, 5 V,

□ CP/M® , Z80 by MicroMotion. Version 2.x, FORTH-79 Standard, editor, assembler, 200 pg manual 5'/,

□ Enhancement Package - floating point, DBMS & modem utilities.

□ Combo Package - all of the above

n 6800 by Talbot Microsystems fig-FORTH, editor, assembler, disk I/O, FLEX5 5V. or 8

□ 6809 by Talbot Microsystems fig-FORTH, editor, assembler, disk I/O, FLEX® 57. or 8

□ 6809 Enhanced 2nd screen editor, macroassembler.tutorial, tools and utilities, FLEX

D Z80" by Laboratory Microsystems. Editor and assembler, CP/M, 8

□ Z80 with floating point

□ Z80 with AMD 9511 support

□ Z80 by Inner Access. Editor, assembler and manual, CP/M, 8

PRICE

$65.00

$100.00

50.00

50.00

$180.00

$90.00

$90.00

$100.00

$90.00 $150.00

$90.00

assembler, and manual

n 8080 by Inner Access. Editor, CP/M, 8

□ 8086/88 by Laboratory Microsystems Editor, assembler, CP/M-86® , 8

□ 8086/88 with floating point, CP/M-86

□ 8086/88 with AMD 9511 support CP/M-86

$130.00

'/„ $90 00

$175.00

$100.00

$70.00 $150.00

$100.00

$100.00

$250.00

$50.00 $150.00 $150.00

$100.00

$100.00

$100.00 $200 00 $200.00

Cross Compilers by Nautilus (NS), Talbot Microsystems (TM), Laboratory Microsystems (LM) and Inner Access (IA).

Allows extending, modifying and compiling for speed and memory savings, can also produce ROMable code.

□ CP/M (NS) $200

D H89/Z89 (NS) $200

□ Z80 (LM) $200

□ 6809 (TM) $250 PCP/M (IA) $450

□ TRS80/I (NS) $200 D Northstar (NS) $200

□ 8086 (LM) $300

□ Cromemco (IA) $450

ORDERS ONLY (415) 961-4103

DEALER & AUTHOR INQUIRIES INVITED

Ordering Information: Check, Money Order (payable to MOUNTAIN VIEW PRESS), VISA or MasterCard accepted No COD'S or unpaid PO's. California residents add 6"V2% sales tax. Shipping costs in US included in price. Foreign orders, pay in US funds on US bank, include for handling and shipping by Air: $5.00 for each item under $25 00. $10 00 for each item between $25 00 and $99 00 and $20.00 for each item over $100.00. Minimum order $ $10.00. All prices and products subject to change or withdrawal without notice Single system and/or single user license agreement required on some products.

MOUNTAIN VIEW PRESS, INC.

PO BOX 4656

MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040

(415)961-4103

Circle 268 on inquiry card.

BYTF March 1982

303

Programming Quickies.

Listing 1 continued: 71

73

74

75

76

77

73

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

8?

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109

if ( c== 3 ) dwresetO"? /* catch interrupt signals */

if ( c=='\t' ) -C /* tab both text and ul line */ putchsr ( '\t' ) i

*p++ = '\t' ;

if (plast<p) plast=Pi > else if ( c=='" ' ) -C /% underline* backspace? %/

if ((c~- aetcharO) == '\b') ■{ b=2J

>

else -C

PTT - ~ T

if (pIssUp) plast=pf putchar<32)J

h=l? /% a character is waiting */ > >

else if ( c=='\b' ) % /* backspace» underline? %'/ if i(c = aetcharO) == '_') -C if (plast<p) Pl3st=p;

*(p-i) = '-'; > else -C

h = 1 i

putchar('\b')i

—p ? >

else ■£ /% ordinary char */

putchar(c)t ++pJ

if ( b==2 ) -C /# previously underlined char */ b = 0 5

if (plsst<p) plast=pJ *<p-l> = '-'} > > if ( h==l ) h=0r /* character read already */

Listing 1 continued on page 306

c?

'OUR STOCK ROOmTsV

Tfull but tme computer!

VN 5AY5 THAT WE HAVE A

5

fyTO RE- ORDER, yj^

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304 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

NEECO

WHY BUY FROM THE BEST?

Service... Support... Software...

MULTI-CLUSTER

For Commodore Systems, allows 3 CPU's (Expandable to 8) to access a single Commodore Disk.

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Each Additional CPU (up to 8) ... S 199

Qwi commodore

16K B (16K RAM-40 Column) - Lim. Qty $ 995

32K B (32K RAM-40 Clm.) - Lim. Qty $1295

4016 (16K RAM 4.0 Basic-40 Clm.) $ 995

4032 (32K RAM 4.0 Basic-40 Clm.) $1295

8032 (32K RAM 4.0 Basic-80 Clm.) $1495

8050 Dual Disk (1 Meg Storage) $1795

4040 Dual Disk (343K Storage) .. $1295

8010 IEEE Modem $ 280

C2N Cassette Drive $ 95

CBM - IEEE Interface Cable '.'..'.'.'...$ 40

IEEE - IEEE Interface Cable $ 50

VIC 20 Home/Personal Computer $ 295

CALL NEECO FOR

ANY OF YOUR

COMMODORE COMPUTER NEEDS

EPSON PRINTERS

MX-80 PRINTER $ 645

MX-80 FT $ 745

MX-100 S 945

MX-70 S 459

INTERFACE CARDS

8141 (RS-232) S 75

8150 (2K Buffered RS-232) $ 150

8161 (IEEE 488) S 55

8131 (Apple Card) $ 85

8230 (Apple Card) $ 25

8220 (TRS-80 Cable) $ 35

DIARLO 630 PRINTER

DIABLO 630 - Serial - RS-232 $2710

Tractor Option $ 250

NEC SPINWRITER PRINTERS

5530 (Parallel) $3055

5510 (Serial) $3055

5520 (KSR-Serial) $3415

Tractor Option $ 225

APPLE

16K APPLE II+ $1330

32K APPLE II* $1430

48K APPLE II* $1530

APPLE DISK w/3.3 DOS .$ 650

APPLE DRIVE Only $ 490

APPLE IN 128K - In Stock! w/Monitor + Info Analystpak $4740

AMDEK MONITORS INTERTEC COMPUTERS

Video 100 12" B+W $ 179

Video 300 12" Green $ 249

Color 113" Low Res $ 449

Color II 13" High Res $ 999

64K Superbrain

(360 Disk Storage). CP/M™... $3495 64K QD Superbrain

(700K Disk Storage). CP/M™.. $3995

*CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research

ATARI COMPUTERS

Atari 400 (16K RAM) $ 399

Atari 800 (32K RAM) - good thru 8/31 $1080

Atari 410 RECORDER $ 89.95

Atari 810 DISK DRIVE $ 599.95

NEECO carries all available ATARI Software and Peripherals.

PROFESSIONAL SOFTWARE

WordPro 1 8K $ 29.95

WordPro 3 (40 Clm.)16K ....$ 199.95

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WordPro 4 (80 Clm.) 32K .... $ 375 WordPro 4+ $ 450

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Telex: 951021

MON-FRI 9:00 - 5:00

MasterCharge and VISA Accepted

Circle 275 on Inquiry card.

Programming Quickies,

Listing 1 continued:

110

111

113

114

115

116

117

118

11?

120

121

122

123

124

125

126

127

128

129

131 >

else c=3eteh3r()? > putchsr (10) J /* 3o down to underline position "#/

p=buf5

while ( p<pl3st ) -C /* output and clear under line %/ putchsr(*-p) t *p++ = 325 >

pl3st=buf; putchsr(10)J if ( c!=10 %l c!-13 ) bresk? /* any c other than LF or CR */

/# at end-of line indicates error %/ c=aetchar(>f /* otherwise iet first c in new line %/

> /* or EOF */

/* after EOF the end is near; so reset decwriter to noriaal mode */

3l3rm(120)i dureset()?

/* THE END */

133 dwresetO \

/% Subroutine to reset the decwriter to norissl mode */

135 136 137 138 139 140 141

siSnal(SIGINT.SIG_IGN)»

putchar(27)J printf('Clz")I

putehar(27>» printf('C6it')J

putchar(2?)i printf("Cl,66r*)!

putchar<275J printf(*C2w")?

putchar«27)J printf< ' CIt102s * ) > e*it()j

14:

the Graphics Family.

the most versatile, easiest-to-use graphics available for your Apple II.

The A2-3D1/3D2 with A2-GE1 Graphics Editor package lets you put simultaneous multiple images on your screen ... where you want, in the size you want, in your choice of orientation, complete with upper and lower case text. Because the most important part of your computer system is you. $119.85

©oMDGIC .

Communications Corp. 713 Edgebrook Drive Champaign, IL 61820 • (217)359-8482

TaIpy.' PfifiQQ1^ "Apple is the registered trademark ol A

306 March 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

Circle 363 on inquiry card.

Now for $59^

you can own a

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It seems like everybody's selling computers these days. Personal computers. Hobby computers. Computers that play games. Computers with incredibly low prices.

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That's the price of Digital's DECmate Work Processor™ system. It includes the Work Processor itself, a BASIC operating system that lets you write your own programs, plus two of our most popular software packages. One m for financial modeling, and one for mailing lists. You also get a printer. That's everything you need to start managing your business more efficiently.

For an extra $500, you can even get the software to do word processing. And other software packages are reasonably priced, too.

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ATARI PET/CBM APPLE II Plus OSBORNE-1 ALTAIR****

TRS-80 (Level II)** NORTH STAR*** CP/M Disks/Diskettes

(see Availability box)

CARD GAMES

BACCARAT (AUri only) Price: $18.95 Caucltc/SI2.45 llukette

This il the European card game which is Che favorite of the Monte Carlo jel ML Imagine yourself 11 the gaming table with 007 lo your left and Goldfinger (o your right. Leant and play BACCARAT at your leisure on the Atari. Contains full high resolution color graphics and matching sound. Rum in 16K. Requires one joystick.

GIN RUMMY (Apple only)

This is the best micro computer implemenialion of GIN RUMMY existing HIRES graphics are superb. What cist can be said?

POKER PARTY (Available for all computers) Price: $17.95 Caw lie/SI 1.95 Dbkelfe

POKER PARTY is a draw poker simulation based on the hook. POKER, by Oswald Jacoby. This it the mosr comprehensive version available for microcomputers. The party consists of yourself and six other (computer) players. Each of these players (you will get to know them) has a different personality in (lie fnrm of a varying propensity to hluff nr fold under pressure. Practice with POKER PARTY before going to that expensive game tonight! Apple cassette and diskette versions require a 32 K [or larger) Apple II.

GO FISH (Available for all computers)

GO FISH is a classic children's card game. The opponent is small children to easily master. The Apple and Atari versinns for children!

Price: Sl4.1t Cassette/SIR.93 Dliketlr

It user inputs that are simple enough for .raphics for the display of hands. A musi

THOUGHT PROVOKERS

MANAGEMENT SIMULATOR (Atari, North Slur. OSBORNE and CP/M only)

Price: 519.95 ('twite $13.95 Diskette

This program is both an excellent teaching tool a* well as a stimulating intellectual game. Based upon similar games played at graduate business schools, each player or team controls a company which manufacturers three products. Each player attempts to outperform his competitors by setting selling prices, production volumes, marketing and design expenditures etc. The most successful firm is the one with the highest stock price when (he simulation ends.

FLIGHT SIMULATOR (Available for all computers) Price: $17.95 Ciuetie/$ll.95 Diskette

A realistic and extensive matnematical simulation of takeoff, flight and landing. The program utilizes aerodynamic equatinns and (he characieristics of a real airfoil. You can practice instrument approaches and navigation using radials and compass headings. The more advanced flyer can also perform loops, half-rolls and similar acrobatic maneuvers. Allhough this program does not employ graphics, it is exciting and very addictive. See (he software review in COMPUTRONICS. Runs in I6K Atari

VALDE7, (Available for all cumpulera) Price: $15.95 Cauei(e/SI9.95 DUketle

VALDF.Z is a computer simulation of supertanker navigaiion in (he Prince William Sound/Valdcr Narrows region nf Alaska. Included in ihis simulation is a realistic and extensive 25.6 x 236 element map, portions of which may be viewed using the ship's alphanumeric radar display. The motion of the ship itself is accurately modelled mathematically. The simulation also contains a model for (he lidai patterns in the region, as well as oilier traffic (outgoing tankers and drifting icebergs). Chan your course from the Gulf of Alaska to Valdez Harbor! Sec the software reviews in 80 Software Critique and Personal Computing.

BACKGAMMON 2.0 (Atari, North Star. OSBORNE and CP/M only) Price: 514.95 Caaseiie/S 11.95 Diskette

This program tests your backgammon skills and will also improve your game. A human can compete against a computer or against another human The computer can even play against itself. Either the human or the computer can double or generate dice rolls. Board positions can be created or saved for replay. BACKGAMMON 2.0 plays in accordance wilh (he official rules of backgammon and is sure to provide many fascinating sessions of baekgammnn play.

CHESS MASTER (Nohh Star and TRS-80 only) Price: $19.95 Cauelle/$13.95 Diskette

This complete and very powerful program provides five IcvcLs of play. It includes castling, en passant captures and [he promotion of pawns. Additionally, the board may be presel before the start of play, permitting ihe examinalion of "book" plays. To maximize execution speed, the program is written in assembly language (hy SOFTWARE SPECIALISTS of California). Full graphics are employed in (he TRS-80 version, and I»o widths of alphanumeric display are provided to accommodate North Star users. See review in onCampuiing,

SUPER SUB CHASE (Alari only) Price: S19.95 Caueite/SU.95 Dlikeite

SUPER SUB CHASE simulates a search and destroy mission. Set your course and keep an eye on ihe sonar readings as you hum for the hidden submarine. Set the depth charge explosion depth and watch them sink towards the sub. This is an addictive game which takes advantage of the Atari's graphics and sound capabilities. One nr two players. Jnystick(s) required.

FOREST FIREI (AUrl only) Price: $15.95 CaiMlle/S 19.95 Dlikeite

Using excellent graphics and sound effects, ihis simulation puis you in the middle of a forest fire. Your job is lo direct operations to put out the Tire while compensating for changes in wind, weather and terrain. Not proleciing valuable structures can result in startling penalties. Life-like variables are provided 10 make FOREST FIRL-;! very siispenscful and challenging. No two games have the same setting and there are l levels of difficulty.

BLACK HOLE (Apple nnly) Price: S14.95 Casveite/Sll.95 Diskette

This is an exciting graphical simulation of the problems involved in closely observing a black hole with a space probe. The object is to enter and maintain, for a prescribed time, an orbit close lo a small black hole. This is to he achieved withnui coming so near the anomaly lhat Ihe tidal stress destroys the probe. C'onlrol of Ihe craft is realistically simulated using side jet*, for rotation and main thrusters for acceleration. This program employs Hi-Res graphics and is educational as well as challenging.

SPACE EVACUATION! (Apple, Atari and TRS-80 only)

Can you colonize (he galaxy and evacuate (he Earth before (he sun exploi you explore Ihe universe to relocate millions of people. This simulation i exciting elements of classic space games wiili die mystery challenge of A

nation requiring you lo ;e devoted lo industrial and agricultural i Dilution control. You will find thai all del

Price: $11.95 Cawtle/$15.95 Diskette

urvive an 8-year term as your nation's leader. You deter;c. how much food lo dislribule to Ihe populace and how

CHOMPELO (Alari only)

CHOMPELO is really two challenging games in one. One is similar I ing the poisoned portion. The other game is the popular board gam and is hard to beat. This package will run on a I6K system.

SPACE LANES (Available for aU computers)

SPACE LANES is a simple but exciting space iransportntion game w The object is to form and expand space transportation companies in worth than your opponenl.

Price: S11.95 Cmetle/$ 15.95 Diskette •RSI. It fully uses the Aran's graphics capability.

Price: $10.95 CuKt(e/$l4.95 Diskette

'olves up to four players (including Ihe computer).

mpany mergers. Walch your wealth grow!

AVAILABILITY

is and examples. Unless otherwi

DYNACOMP software is supplied wilh complete documcniaiion containing clear explanalii

specified, all piograms will run within I6K program memory space (ATARI requires 24K). Except where noted, programs are as able on ATARI, PET, TRS-80 (Level 11) and Apple (Applesoft) cassette and diskette as well as North Slar single density (dot density compatible) diskette. Additionally, most programs can be obtained on siundnrd (II1M J740 single density /double den compatible formal) 8" CP/M floppy disks for sysicms running under MBASIC (for example. Alios, Xerox R20 and many olhe 5'/." CP/M diskeiies are available for ihe Nonh Star and Osborne computer systems.

ATARI. PET/CBM, NORTH STAR. CP/M, IBM, OSBORNE and XEROX art

k-baxtd systems. DYNACOMP (J. in* Microsoft BASIC.

-1 thr new North Star .

DYNACOMP OFFERS THE FOLLOWING

• Widest variety

• Guaranteed quality

• Fastest delivery

• Friendly customer service

• Free catalog

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AND MORE...

STARTREK 3.2 (Available for all computers)

This is the classic Startrek simulation, but wilh several new leal without warning while alio attacking siarbases in other quadr.inl: and move when shot all The situation is hectic when the Enlcrpri received! The Klinguns get even! Sec the software reviews in A.h

Price: SI I.WCuwlte $15.95 Diskette res. For example, the Klingons now shoot at ihe Enterprise The Klmgons also attack wuh bolh light and heavy cruisers e is besieged hy three heavy uuisers and a starbase S.O.S. is A.I.O.G., Kt) Software Ctiluiueaiid Ciamc Merchandising.

L1L'MEN FROM MARS (Alari only) Defend yourself! The liitle men from Mars

animated graphics (arcade) game which

SPACE TILT (Apple and Alari only)

Use ihe game paddles to till ihe plane of the TV

Price: $19.95 Csu«iie/$25.95 Diskette

out lo gel you if you don'l gel them first. This is a hilarious high resolution :h of Ihe Atari's power. Require one joystick.

Price: $10.95 C»Melle/$l4.9S Diskette

I to "roll" a ball into a hole in the screen. Sound simple? Not when ihe , you lo measure your skill against others in this habil-kirming action

ESCAPF FROM VOI.ANTIUM (Atari only) Price: Sl5.9SC««eire $19.95 Dbkrtte

Brim (lle Kttal ami cxcilemeni of an arcade inlo your home wilh ESCAPF FROM VOI.ANTIUM! To escape you must maneuver your space ship jmund obstacle and laser blast the dragon {without being eaten), II he is killed with a ditcct shin (mil Just a leg lopped of f). a door opens 10 Ihe outside. However, the door does ncu stay open indefinitely. If you (ail to escape in lime, ilicduor closes and a new dragon appears. Sometimes you can smash through ihedooi hy repeatedly chipping DM) ai il. Other times il is impervious. At the higher Icsels of play mine obstacles and dragons appear, adding to high resolution graphics and sound. Runs in I6K.

ALPHA FIGHTER (Atari only)

Two excellent graphics and action programs in one! ALPHA FIGHTER ieu_uircs you 1 through your sector nl the galaxy. ALPHA HASE is in the path of an alien UFO invasio ends. Both games require Ihe joystick and gel progressively mnre difficult the higher yo on IfiK systems.

Price: SUM Caurllr/Sn.W Diskette

1 to deslroy the alien \Ut\hips passing

nn- l« fiiC UFO's gel h> and the game

ALPHA FKiHTFR will run

THF RINGS OF THE EMPIRE (Atari only)

The empire has developed a new battle station protected by roiatin deslroy (he nation, ihe empire develops a new siaiinn wilh more employs extensive graphics and sound and can he played by one

Price: S15.95 Cawttle/S19,9fl Diskeiie energy. Each lime you hlasi through the rings and rings. This exciting game tuns on IftK sysicms. players.

INTRUDER ALERT (Atari only) Price: $15.95 C.uetir'$|9.95 DMtetW

This is a fas! paced graphics game which places you in ihe middle ol the "Dreadslar" having iiisi siolen iis plans The droid* have been alcricd jud are directed In deslroy yuu al all coslv You must find and enter your ship |Q escape with Ilic plans. Five levels of difficulty are provided. INTRUDER ALFRT requites a joystick and will run on Ink systems.

MIDWAY (Atari only)

MIDWAY isanesciling eslensinn of the game o( Ballleship. Il mixe can be anniher human or Ihe compuler. Color graphics and sound a

Prlcr: $14.95 Casselle/$I8.9

the challenges or strategy and chance. Your c boih included. Runs in 16K.

Diskette

TRIPLE BLOCKADE (Atari only) Price: $14.95 Caj»elie/$ 18.95 IHikeiie

TRIPI F BLOCKADE is a two-lolhrce player graphics and sound action ganic. If is based nn the classic video arcade game which millions have enjoyed. Using the Alari joysticks, the object is in direct your blockading line around ihe screen wuhoui running inlo youi opponcni(s). Although the concept is simple, the combined graphics and sound effect lead to "high

GAMES PACK I (Available for all computers) Price: $10.95 Cassette/$ 14.95 Diskette

GAMES PACK I contains the classic compuler games of BLACKJACK. LUNAR LANDER. CRAPS. HORSERACE,

SWITCH and more. These games have been combined inlo one large program for case in loading. They are indisiduallv accessed by a convenieni menu. This collection is worlh the price just lor the DYNACOMP version nl HLACKJACK.

GAMES PACK II (Available for all computers) Price: $10.95 CmtttofSHM DtUtcMt

GAMES PACK II includes ihe games CRAZY EIGHTS, JOTTO. ACEY-DUCEY. LIFE. WUMPUS and olhent, As wilh GAMES PACK I, all ihe games are loaded as one program and are called from a menu. You will particulate enjO) DYNACOMP's version of CRAZY EIGHTS.

c per program when you can buy a DYNACOMP collection tor just $10.9!?

Price: $11.95 (■t*ellr/$15.95 Diskette usi diop from orbit 111 land al a predetermined large! on rail plus direct Ihe rale ol descent and approach angle

MOON PROBE (Atari and North Star only)

This is an extremely challenging "lunar lander" program, The u

SPACE TRAP (Atari only, 16K) Price: $14.95 ( .«eite/$ia.95 Diskette

This galactic "shoni'em up" arcade game places you near a black hole. You control your spacecraft using ihe inysnck and at tempt lo bias! as nuns ol ilic alien ships .is possible hclnii- ilic black hole closes about you.

CHIRP INVADERS (PET/CBM only) CHIRP INVADERS is an addictive game u conquer (he Earth. Stationary obstacles. 1 journey. Good luck.

Price: $14.95 Cassette/ $18.95 Dhkelte \ Federation space siaiinn must be reached be lore iheChirpv ihe attacking Chirps musi all be avoided tin a successful

ADVENTURE

CRANSTON MANOR ADVENTURE (North Star and CP/M only) Price: $19.95 Dlsketti

At last! A comprehensive Advenlure game for North Slar and CP/M syslcms. CRANSTON MANOR ADVl-NTl IRI- take: you into mysterious CRANSTON MANOR where you allempi to gather fabulous treasures, lurking in Ihe manoi arc WfU animals and robots who will not give up ihe treasures without a Light. The number nf ruoms is greater and the associates descriptions are much mure elaborate than the current popular series of Adventuie programs, making this game Ihe tup in til class. I'lay can he stopped al any lime and (he stains stored on diskeiie. Not available in )'/•" CP/M formal

GUMBAI.L RALLY ADVENTURE (North Star only, 48K) Price: $21.95 Disked.

Take par! in ihis outlaw race from the GUI coast 10 Ihe west coast. The goal is to find youi way to the finish line while main taining the highest possible speed. You may choose one of five cars available al ihe garage. The choice will alteci your speci and range. Remember 10 lake spare parts and don't get caughi speeding!

UNCLE HARRY'S WILL (North Slar only, 40K) Price: $14.95 Dbkttli

Uncle Hatty has died and has lefl you everything. However, he has neglected to mention where everything is! lns.lc.ul, Ins wil consisls of a poem which contains clues. You will have io travel all over ihe I Iniled Stales bulh hy cai and on liiul to solve Itu puule, and (here ate over 300 locations 10 prohe. Be careful and waich out for red herrings!

SPEECH SYNTHESIS

DYNACOMP is nnw distributing Ihe ne conned TNT 10 your computer's serial i program speech synthesizer 011 Ihe marki

Ilic leaps! pr.ee $375. DYNACOMP'S pi

y TOWN-TALK rM (TNT) speech synthesizer (mm Voiism. Simply from (he keyboard and hear ihe words spoken. TNT is the easiest-io .mount of memory and provides the most flexible vocabulary available

r $119.95 plus $5.00 for si

TALK TO ME (TNT Atari only, 24K) This program presents a snperl

I, TALK TO ME h

n speech synthesis using Ihe >rk(CBS)TV!

Price: $14.95 Ciuctir $ 18.95 Dlskrllr and TYPE 'H TA1 K™. TALK TO ME will illation includes many helpful p

MISCELLANEOUS

CRYSTAUS (Alari only)

NORTH STAR SOFTWARE EXCHANGE (NSSE) LIBRARY DYNACOMP now distribute* Ihe 2s volume NSSE library. These disk, standing value for ihe purchase price They should be pan of every Nor for details regarding ihe contents of the NSSE collection.

Price:! 9.95Cauelle'$13.95DI(krlte

^iih tones which vary as ihe patterns are s are mesmerizing. CRYSTAI S has been

Circle 141 on inquiry card.

BUSINESS and UTILITIES

MAILMASTER (Atari diskette only) Price: S39.93 Dlikette

MAILMASTER is a very versatile software package Tar managing and manipulating mail lift] and mini data bases. Each disk can hold over 700 customer entries containing name, address, three .1-lelter key words and a phone number. The display is marked so that entries may he made and edited with ease. The status (e.g., disk space left, options, etc.) is shown ai all times. Labels may be pfititcd 1.2 nr J up, and all sorting (zip code and alphabetic) is performed by a fast machine language program.

■nly)

n different programs.

onthly bar graphs of v in. 3IK North Star) ic programs). Vo

Price: S39.95 Diskette

lesides recording your etpenses and tax aliun tin expenditures by any of 26 user ur etpenses by category! This powerful nd «tll store up to 6O0 records per disk can record checks plus cash expenses so .Iculations. Contains high speed

PERSONAL FINANCE SYSTEM (Atari and North Star

PFS is a single diskette, menu-oriented system composed of t.

deductible items, PFS will son and summarise expenses by pay:

defined codes by month or by payee. PFS *ill even produce mo

package requires only one disk drive, minimal memory <24K At

(and over 1000 records per disk by making * few simple changes

that you can finally see where your money goes and eliminaie guesswork and tedious hand

machine language sort. PFS has been demanstrated on network (CBS1 TV!

FAMILY BUDGET (Appk and Atari only) Price: S34.9S Diskette

FAMILY BUDGET is a very convenient financial record-keeping program. You will be able to keep track of cash and credit expenditures as well as income on a daily basis. You can record tax deductible items and charitable donations. FAMILY BUDGET also provides a continuous record of all credit transactions. You can make daily (ash and charge entries to any of 21 different expense accounts as well as to 5 payroll and tax accounts. Data me easily rclricvrd giving the user complete control over an otherwise complicated land unorganized!) subject.

INTELINK (Atari only) Price: S49.95 Diskette

This software package contains a menu-driven collection of programs for facilitating efficient two-way communications through a full duplex modem (required for use), In one mode of operation you may connect to a data service (e.g., The SOURCE or MicroNct) and quickly load data such as slock quotations onto your diskette for later viewing. This greatly reduces "connect time" and thus the service charge. You may also record the complete contents of a communications session. Additionally, programs written in BASIC. FORTRAN, etc. may be built 0'f-linc using the support text editor and later ■'uploaded" to another computet, making the Atari a very smarf terminal. Even Atari BASIC programs may be uploaded. Further, a command file may be built off-line and used later as controlling input for a time-share system. That is, you can set up your sequence of time-share commands and programs, and the Atari will transmit them as needed; batch processing. All this adds up to saving both connect time and your time.

TEXT EDITOR II (CP/M) Price: H9.93 Dbketle/J33.4S Dlik

This is the second release version of DYNACOMP's popular TEXT EDITOR I and contains many new features. With TEXT EDITOR II you may build Unci files in chunks and assemble them for later display. Blocks of text may be appended, inserted or deleted. Files may be saved on disk/diskette in right justified/centered format to be latet ptinted by cither TEXT EDITOR II or the CP/M ED facility. Futher. ASCII CP'M files (including BASIC and assembly language programs) may be read by the editor and processed. In fact, text files can be built using ED and later formatted using TEXT EDITOR II. All in all. TEXT EDITOR II is an inexpensive, easy to use. bui very flexible editing system.

PAYFIVE (Apple II plus dfalUlie, two drive; required) Price: $149.95

This is an enormously flexible employee payroll system with extraordinarily good human engineering features. PAYFIVE prinis checks and compiles the tequired federal, slate and local forms for up to MS employees. The pay methods may be hourly, salary, commission or any combination. There are multiple options for pay periods, and ibey also can he used in any combination. PAYFIVE includes muniothct features and comes extremely well documented with a 200 page manual. The manual may he purchased separately for $30, and Ihat payment later applied to the software purchase.

SHOPPING LIST (Atari only | Price: SI2.95 Cauelte/S16.95 Diskelle

SHOPPING I 1ST stores information on items you purchase at the supermarket. Before going shopping, it will remind you of all the things you might need, and then display (or optionally print) your shopping list and ihe total cost. Adding, deleting, changing and storing data is very guy, Runv with I6K.

TAX OPTIMIZER (North Star only) Price:559.95 Diskelle

The TAX OPTIMIZER is an easy-to-use. menu oriented software package which provides a convenient means for analyzing various income tax strategies. The ptogram n designed to provide a quick and easy data entry. Income tax is computed by all tax methods (tegular, income avetaging, matimum and alternate minimum tax). The user may immediately observe the tax effect of critical financial decisions. TAX OPTIMIZER has been thoroughly field tested in CPA offices and comes complete with the current lax tables in ils data files. TAX OPTIMIZER is tax deductible!

UTIL (Apple only. 48K) Price: S19.95 Dlikette

UTIL is a disk-oriented utility sysiem which permits examining and changing of the contents of DOS 3.2 and 3.3 diskettes at the bit (nibble ot byte) level. With UTIL you can easily examine Ihe contents of a diskette sector by sector, restructure the sector pointers, reallocate sectors (e.g. had sectors may be "hidden"), and perform many other sophisticated operations. For the experienced programmer.

TURNKEY AND MENU (Atari only) Prtee: S17.95 Diskette

TURNKEY is a utility program which allows you io create autoboot/autorun diskettes easily. Simply load and run TURNKEY, load the program diskelle to be modified, and answer the questions! The TURNKEY diskette also comes with DOS 2.0 and includes another program, MENU. MENU lists the contents ofyour diskette alphabetically, and permits the running of any BASIC program on the diskette by typing a single key. TURNKEY and MENU provide you with the ability to run any program on your diskette by simply turning on the computer and pressing a single key.

STOCKAID (Atari only) Price: S29.95 Diskette

STOCKAID provides a powerful set of tools for stock market analysis. With STOCKAID you can display poinl and figure charts, as well as bar charts with oscillators. You can also examine long term moving averages md on-balance volume features. STOCKAID allows you to input daily data with a single diskette storage capability of 239 days » 16 stocks. Included arc stock dividend and split adjustment capabilites. A very professional package!

SHAPE MAGICIAN (Apple II, 48K. diskette only)

At last! An utility for painlessly creating graphics shapes for the Apple. Create, edit and save u| used io develop arcade games or to simply enhance your programs. Add that professional It

EDUCATION

HODGE PODGE (Apple only, 4SK Applesoft or Intetjer BASIC) Prke:SM.95 Casaeite/SU.93 Diskette

Let HODGE PODGE be your child's leacher Pressing any key on your Apple will result in a different and intriguing "happening" related to the letter or number of the chosen key. The program's graphics, colot and sound are a delight for children from ages I ; I (o 7. HODGE PODGE is a non-intimidating teaching device which brings a new dimension to the use of computers in education. See the excellent reviews of this very popular program in 1NFOWORLD and SOFTALK.

TEACHER'S AIDE (Atari only) Price: 113.95 C«*»eiie/Sl7.95 Diskelle

TEACHER'S AIDE consists of three basic modules contained in one program. The first module provides addition and subtraction exercises of varying levels of difficulty. The second module consists of multiplication problems in which the student may be tested both on the final answer and/or on the subtotal answers in the longhand procedure. Several levels of complexity are provided here as well. The third module consists of division problems; one particularly nice feature of Ihe division module is that ihe Icing hand division stepv can be displayed along with Ihe remainder in order to clearly demonsttale the procedure by which the remainder is derived. Using TEACHER'S AIDE it not merely a drill, but rather a learning experience.

PHARMACOLOGY UPDATE (PET only) Price: SH9.95 Cai«tlr/S153.9S Diskette

This is DYNACOMP's fitsl educational soil ware entry for the medical ptofession (mote ate coming!), PHARMACOLOGY UPDATE was written by a R.N, as a mastets project, with the aid of a practicing pharmacologist and an electronics instructor. This package comes in two parts. The first pan is a 200 page manual which is divided into 10 sections Each of these sections provides both concise information and probing questions. The second pan consists of 10 programs that are keyed to the text and which tesi the degree of your understanding of the text material. This package has great educational value for the beginning student ai well as the professional intetested in an efficient way to review and update his or hct knowledge.

ORDERING INFORMATION

Shipping and Handling Charges

Within North America: Add $2 00 Outside North America Add IJWi 1/

I" CP/M Disks

Add S2 Jt) [O the listed diskette price for e; Microsoft MBASIC or BASIC-80.

" floppy disk (IBM sufl si

an 8" CP/M disks is alio available on 5V<" disks. Noith Star and Osbor rams al yout local software dealet. Write for detailed descriptions of thes

DYNACOMP, Inc. (Depi. B)

1427 Monroe Avenue

Rochester, New York 14618

24 hour order phone: (716)442-8731 recording

Office phone (9AM-5PM EST): (716)442-8960

New York Sl,lc t

j pltiK idd 7* NYS ,i

STATISTICS and ENGINEERING

DIGITAL FILTER (Available for ill computers) price: SJ9.9S Caucite/S43.95 Diskette

DIGITAL FILTER is a comprehensive data processing program which permits the user to design his own filter function or choose from a menu of filter forms. The filter forms arc subsequently converted into non-recursive convolution coefficients which permit rapid daia processing. In the explicit design mode the shape of the frequency transfer function is specified by directly entering points along the desired filler curve. In the menu mode, ideal low pass, high pass and bandpass Fillers may be approximated to varying degrees according io the number of points used in the calculation. These filters may optionally also be smoothed with a Hanning function. In addition, multi-stage Butterworth filters may be selected. Features of DIGITAL FILTER include plotting of the data before and after filtering, as well as display of (he chosen filtet functions. Also included are convenient data storage, retrieval and editing procedures.

DATA SMOOTHER (Not available for Atari) Price: $19.95 Ca*aerte/S23.95 Dlikette

This special data smoothing program may be used to rapidly derive useful information from noisy business and engineering data which arc equally spaced. The software features choice in degree and range of fit, as well as smoothed first and second detivative calculation. Also included is automatic plotting of the input data and smoothed results.

FOURIER ANALYZER (Available for all computers) Price: 119,95 CaAetie/513.95 Dtikeiie

Use Ihis program io examine Ihe frequency spectra of limited duration signals. The program features automatic scaling and plotting of ihe inpui data and results. Practical applications include the analysis of complicated patterns in such fields as elec

TFA (Transfer Function Analyzer) Price: S19.95Cauetie/iU.9S Dlikette

This is a special software package which may be used lo evaluate the transfer functions of systems such as hi-fi amplifiers and fillers by examining their response lo pulsed inpuis. TFA is a major modification o! FOURIER ANALYZER and contains an engineering-oriented decibel versus log-frequency plot as well as data editing features. Whereas FOURIER ANALYZER is designed for educational and scientific use, TFA is an enginecting tool. Available for all computers.

HARMONIC ANALYZER (Available for all computers) Prtc*:SM.95Cu*ite/SM.9S Dlikette

HARMONIC ANALYZER was designed for ihe spectrum analysis of repetitive waveforms. Features include data file genetation. editing and storage/retrieval as well as data and spectrum plotting. One particularly unique facility is that the input data need not be equally spaced or in order. The original data is sorted and a cubic spline interpolation is used to create the data file required by the FFT algorithm.

FOURIER ANALYZER. TFA and HARMONIC ANALYZER may be purchased logether for a combined price of 549.95 (three cassettes) and $59.95 (three diskettes)

REGRESSION I (Available for all computers) Price: SI9.95 Caa«tte/$23.93 Diskette

REGRESSION I is a unique and exceptionally versatile one-dimensional least squares "polynomial" curve filling program. Features include very high accuracy; an automatic degree determination option; an extensive internal library of fining functions; data editing; automatic data, curve and residual plotting; a statislical analysis (eg: standard deviation, correlation coefficienl, etc.) and much more. In addition, new fits may be tried without reentering the data. REGRESSION I is certainly the cornerslonc program in any data analysis software library.

REGRESSION II (P ARAFIT) (Available for all computers) Price: S19.95 Cauetle/$13.95 Dlikette

PARAF1T is designed to handle those cases in which ihe parameters are imbedded (possibly nonlinearly) in (he filling function. The user simply inserts ihe functional form, including the parameters (A| I), A(2), etc.) as one or more BASIC statement lines. Data, results and residuals may be manipulated and plotted as with REGRESSION I. Use REGRESSION 1 fot polynomial fitting, and PARAFIT fot those complicated functions.

MULTILINEAR REGRESSION (MLR) (Available for all computers) Price: SM.95 C*ueiK/5M.95 Dlikeite

MLR is a professional software package for analyzing data sets containing two or more linearly independent variables. Besides performing the basic regression calculation, ihis program also provides easy to use data entry, storage, retrieval and editing functions. In addition, the user may intetrogaie the solution by supplying values fot the independent variables, The number of variables and data size is limited only by the available memory.

REGRESSION I. II and MULTILINEAR REGRESSION may be purchased together (or $51.95 (three cassettes) or $63.95 (three diskettes).

ANOVA (Not available on Atari cassette or for PET/CBM) Price: S39.95Cauette/S43.95 Dlikette

In the past Ihe ANOVA (analysis of variance) procedure has been limited to ihe latge mainframe computcts. Now DYNACOMP has btought the power of this method to small systems. For those conversant with ANOVA, the DYNACOMP software package includes the l-way, 2-way and N-way procedures. Also provided are the Yates 2*"™ factorial designs. For ihose unfamiliar wilh ANOVA, do not worry. The accompanying documentation was written in a tutorial fashion (by a professor in the subject) and serves as an excellent introduction lo the subject. Accompanying ANOVA is a support program for building the data base. Included are several convenient feaiutcs including data editing, deleting and appending.

BASIC SCIENTIFIC SUBROUTINES, Volumes 1 and 2 (Nol available Tor Atari)

DYNACOMP is the exclusive distributor for ihe software keyed to the popular lexis BASIC SCIENTIFIC SUBROUTINES,

Volumes I and2 by F. Ruckdeschel (see advertisements in BYTE magazine). These subroutines have been assembled according to chapter. Included with each collection is a menu program which selects and demonstrates each subroutine.

Volume 1

Collection *l: Chapters 2 and 3 - Data and function plotting; complex variables and functions.

Collection *2: Chapter 4 - Extended matrix and vector operations.

Collection *3; Chapters 5 and 6 - Random number generators (Poisson. Gausiian, etc.); series approximations. Price per collection: $14.95 Cassette/118.95 Diskette All three collections are available for $19.95 (three cassettes) and $49.95 (three diskettes).

Volume 2 Collection #1: Collection 12: Colled ion «: Collection HA:

Collection *5: Collection »6: Collection IP: Collection *8:

All eight collections a' Because the lexis are a from DYNACOMP:

Chapter I - Linear, polynomial, multidimensional, parametric least squatcs.

Chapter 2 - Scrici approximation techniques (eco nomination, i

Chapter 1 - Functional approximations by iteraiio

Chapter 4 - CORD1C approximations to trigonometric, hyperbolic, i

d logarithm

Chapter 5 - Table interpolation, differentiation and integration (Newton, LaGrange, splines).

Chapter 6 - Methods for finding the real roots of functions.

Chapter 7 - Methods fot finding Ihe complex roots of functions.

Chaptet B - Optimization by steepest descent. lollectloni 114.95 Cassetie/J 18.95 Diskette

I are available for 599.95 (eight cassettes) and 5129.95 (eight diskettes), e a viral part of Ihe documenialion. BASIC SCIENTIFIC SUBROUTINES, Volumes I and2 ire available

See reviews in KILOBAUD and Dr Dobbs

SOFTNET (Apple II 48K, diskelle only)

SOFTNET may be used to create models of liquid pipelin up to 150 connecting elements may be simulated, and mod in watct distribution systems, chemical fluid flow problcn

Price SI29.95

iystems lo evaluate their flow performance. Up to 150 nodes with s may be combined to form yet larger models. If you are involved . building plumbing, or similar situations, this is an ideal analysis

ACTIVE CIRCUIT ANALYSIS (ACAP) (48K Apple only) Price: $23.95 Cane lie/$29.95 Dlikette

ACAP is ihe analog circuit designer's answer to LOGIC SIMULATOR. Wilh ACAP you may analy/e the response of an active ot passive component circuit (e.g., a transistor amplifier, band pass filter, etc.). The circuit may be probed al equal steps in frequency, and the resulting complex (i.e.. real and imaginary) voltages at each component juncture examined. By plotting the magnitude of these voltages, the frequency response of a filter or amplifier may be completely determined with respect to both amplitude and phase. In addition, ACAP ptints a statistical analysis of the range of voltage responses which result from tolerance variations in the components. ACAP is easy to learn and use. Simply describe the circuit in terms of the elements and iheit placement, and execute. Circuit descriptions may be saved onio cassette or diskette to be recalled at a later lime for execution or editing. ACAP should be pan of every circuit designer's program library.

LOGIC SIMULATOR (Apple only; 4»K RAM) Price: SM.9S Ctuetle/SM.95 Dlikette

With LOGIC SIMULATOR you may easily lest yout complicated digital logic design with respect to given set of inputs to determine how well the circuit will operate. The elements which may be simulated include multiple input AND. OR, NOR, EXOR, EXNOR and NAND gales, as well as inverters. J-K and D flip-flops, and one-shots. The response of the system is available every clock cycle. Inputs may be clocked in with varying clock cycle lengths/displacements and delays may be introduced to probe for glitches and race conditions. At the user's option, a timing diagram for any given sei of nodes may be plotted using HIRES graphics. Save your breadhoarding until the circuit is checked by LOGIC SIMULATOR.

NUMBERKRUNCHER(TRS-80onlyl Price: $69.95 Cauette/573.93 Dlikelte

This program is the most complete numerical analysis sysiem available for the TR5-B0 It can handle up to 255 data sets, each set having a six character name. It includes complete data editing facilities and convenient data input/output capability. The analyses available are multiple linear regression and correlation detctmination of rcsiduils, data transformations and extensive graphics generation, including axis naming, and more. The supporting documentation is extremely well written and well organized, and includes appendices which describe the numerical procedures used in Ihe program.

Price; S39.95 C**Hlle/$43.95 Dliktlle

: (build, edit, merge), format and prim average, variance, standard deviation) can also be employed to create a data

STATSORT (TRS-80 only)

STATSORT consists of several menu selected programs which allow the us files, (machine) sort them on any field, and numerically analyze (maximum, tabulated data. STATSORT is well documented and easy to use. The casse lype which can be tead by Ihe Radio Sliack Advanced Statislical Package.

ST ATTEST (TRS-80 only) Price: S19.95 Cai»etle/$2J.9S Dlikette

This is a slalislical inference package which helps you make wise decisions in the face ol uncertainly. In an interactive fashion you can build and edit data files and test the differences in means, variances and proportions. STATTEST will also perform data analysis as well as do linear correlation and regression. This menu-directed statistical workhorse is rounded out with a chisquarc contingency tesl and a (uniform and normal) random sample generator. The docjmentation is written by a college professor who guides you through the various tests.

ABOUT DYNACOMP

DYNACOMP is. a leading distributor of small system software with sales spanning ihe world (currently in excess of 50 countries). During the past three years we have greatly enlarged the DYNACOMP product line, but have maintained and improved our high level of quality and customer support. The achievement in quality is apparent from our many repeat customers and ihe software reviews in such publications as COMPUTRONICS, 80 Software Critique, A.N.A.L..O.G., Sofialk, Creative Compuling and Kilobaud. DYNACOMP software has also been chosen for demonstration on network television. Our customer support is as close as your phone. It is always friendly. The staff is highly trained and always willing to discuss products or give advice.

Circle 141 on inquiry card.

1 software... with lots of technical support

CALICO

(213)475-8104

TO ORDER CALL TOLL-FREE

SYSTEM!

(800| 854-2003, ext. 75

(800) 522-1500. ext. 75 in Calif.

CP/M®

Specily lormaL

Most disk formats available.

LANGUAGES

disk

with /manual

manual/ only

0ATA BASE MANAGEMENT

dBASE II Ashton-Tate S599/40

Basic Microsoll S2B9/

Series 20-1 Condor S249/50

Basic Compiler Microsoft S329/

Series 20-2 Condor S509/50

C-Basic Dig. Research $110/20

Data Star MicroPro S245/60

CB80 Dig. Research S437/37 COBOL 80 Microsoft S574/

FMS-80-1 Systems Plus Call FMS-80-2 Systems Plus Call

C Compiler Supersoft $169/

INCOME TAX

Forth Supersoft S169/45

MICRO TAX

Fortran Supersoft S209/30

Lev 1 (Indvl) S225/

Fortran 80 Microsoft S375/muLISP Microsoft S169/

Lev 2 (Prof.) Call Lev 3 (Partner) Call Lev. 2 & 3 Call

Pascal/M Sorcim $345/30

State Tax Call

Pascal Z Ith. Intersys. S349/30

ACCOUNTING

RATFOR Supersoft S85/

TCS

G/LorA/P

Fortran + RATFOR $289/35

S-Basic Micro AP $269/25

or A/R or Payroll S75/25

Tiny Pascal Supersoft S79/25

All four $250/99

ASSEMBLERS/UTILITIES

ACCOUNTING PLUS'"

ACT I Sorcim S152/25

G/L $439/67

Despool Dig. Research $50/

A/P $375/67

Diagnosticll Supersoft S84/20

A/R S375/67

Macro 80 Microsoft S162/

Payroll $375/67

MAC Dig. Research $85/15

Inventory S375/67

P/L 1-80 Dig. Research S469/40 0S0RT Struc.Sys S907

Sales Order $375/67 Point of Sale S375/67 Purch Order S375/67

SID Dig. Research S70/15

PEACHTREE-SERIES5

ZSID Dig. Research $90/15

G/L $437/40

WORD/TEXT PROCESSING

A/P S437/40

Edit 80 Microsoft S907

A/R S437/40

Letteright Struc.Sys. $1567Magic Wand Peachtree S289/45

Payroll S319/40

Inventory S437/40

Sales Invoice S437/40

Mail Merge MicroPro S108/25

CP/M®

Spellguard ISA $225/25

Spell Star MicroPro S175/40

TRS-80VMod ll(PST) -S169/Z-89 $140/Z-90 $140/—

TEX Dig. Research $100/10

Textwriter III Organic Softwr $110/WordStar MicroPro $318/60

CALICO Mar.

Word Star +Mail Merge $415/85

SYSTEMS '82

ANALYSIS/MODELING

CalcStar MicroPro $229/45

1746% Westwood Blvd.

Milestone Organic Softwr $269/

Los Angeles. CA 90024

muMATH/muSIMPMicrosoft S225/

(2131475-8104

Supercalc Sorcim $259/50

YES. WE'VE GOT HARDWARE TOO!

Worksheet Soho Group $185/

VISIT OUR NEW COMPUTER STORE.

APPLE II®

I.U.S.

PEACHTREE

Datadex $258

G/L S219

Easy Writer (40 col) $88

A/R • $219

Easy Mailer (40 col) $61

A/P $219

Forth $123 Pro. Easy Mailer $149

Payroll S219

Pro. Easy Writer $225

Inventory S219

Mail. List S219

MICROPRO

H0WAR0 SOFTWARE

Mail Merge $97

Income Tax Call

Super Sort I S159

Word Star S260

PERSONAL SOFTWARE

Word Star +Mail Merge $349

Desktop Plan II $159

MICROSOFT

VisiCalc $159

A.L.D.S. S105

VisiDex $159

Basic Compiler $320

VisiFile $199

Fortran-80 S175

VisiPlot $149

16K RAM Card S149

VisiTerm S149

Z-80 Soft Card S295

VisiTrend/VisiPlot $229

MASTER CK

ARGE/VISA

CALICO

1746'/? Westwood Blvd.

SYSTEMS

Los Angeles. CA 90024 (213)475-8104

Add $3 50/item for shipping, handling.

Overseas add $10 California residents

add 6% sales tax. Allow time for chec

ks to clear. Prices subject to change

without notice. All items subject to av

illabllity. "Registered trademark.

310 March 1982 © BYTE Publications [nc

Programming Quickies

A Shape-Drawing

Program for

Diablo Printers

Thomas D. Brock 1227 Dartmouth Rd. Madison, WI ,53705

The Diablo Model 1620 and 1640 daisy-wheel printers have a lot of nice graphics features that aren't generally used. After working with high-resolution graphics shape tables on the Apple II computer, I decided to write a shape-list generator for the Diablo in BASIC. \We call this construct a "shape list" to distinguish it from the binary-coded Apple shape tables....RSS)

The program I devised permits the definition of a variety of shapes and the printing of these shapes at any chosen size. No attempt has been made to write a complete graphics package, but the shape-list generator could easily be incorporated into a larger program Changing the position of printing on the paper and rotating the shapes could also be added.

Each shape is defined in terms of the instructions needed to print it on the paper The move and print instructions are coded into character strings that are interpreted by a series of subroutines. The program can be used on any BASIC interpreter that supports string variables and permits dissection of strings into substrings.

The details of the Diablo codes for graphics can be found in the Diablo user's manual The printer is placed into graphics mode by sending to it an Escape, "3" sequence and is taken out of graphics mode through an Escape, "4" sequence. When in graphics mode, carriage movement is not tied to character printing, but space and backspace cause carriage movements of 1/60 inch forward and backward, respectively. Also the linefeed character causes paper-feed movement of 1/48 inch, and "negative linefeed," initiated by sending an Escape, linefeed sequence, causes paper movement of 1/48 inch in the opposite direction. Other paper-movement commands such as vertical tab, formfeed, and margin control remain unchanged.

Thus, to print a horizontal line, it is necessary to send an alternating sequence of periods (decimal ASCII code 46) and spaces or backspaces; the length of the line in inches will be 1/60 times the number of periods printed. To print a vertical line, one sends an alternating sequence of periods and linefeeds, or negative linefeeds; the length

Circle 63 on inquiry card.

Hitachi Oscilloscopes ...

satisfying a wide variety of needs.

Hitachi oscilloscopes are innovative modern scopes featuring wider band width, more compact design, and light weight. Through adopting circuitry with linear IC's and logic ICs plus modern manufacturing techniques, including automatic component-insertion machines, these scopes offer increased stability, improved reliability, excellent performance, and enhanced operating ease.

Hitachi 15 MHz Single Trace

• 1 mV Sensitivity • 5" CRT

with One X10 Probe

V-151B S570.00

Hitachi 15 MHz Dual Trace

• 1 mV Sensitivity • 5" CRT with Two X10 Probes

WITH COUPON

$640

Hitachi 20 MHz Dual Trace

• 1 mV Sensitivity • 5.5" CRT with Two XII) Probes

V-202 Reg. S850

Hitachi 30 MHz Single Trace

• 1 mV Sensitivity • 5" PDA CRT

• Signal Delay with One XI0 Probe

V-301 $745

WITH COUPON $755

Hitachi 30 MHz Dual Trace

• 1 mV Sensitivity • 5" PDA CRT • Signal Delay with Two XIII Probes V-302B WITH COUPON

Reg S995 $849

Hitachi 35 MHz Dual Trace

• 1 mV .Sensitivity • Signal Delay

5.5" PDA CRT with Two XI0 Probes

WITH COUPON $988

Hitachi 50 MHz Dual Trace

• 1 mV Sensitivity • 6" PDA CRT • Cal. Delay Sweep with Two X10 Probes

V-550B CALL FOR

Reg St 745 SPECIAL PRICE

Hitachi 100 MHz Four Trace Operation

• D.S mV Sensitivity • 6" PDA CRT • Cal. Delay Sweep with Two X10 Probes v-1050 CALL FOR

Reg. $2390 SPECIAL PRICE

Waveform Monitor/ Portable Oscilloscope

• 7 MHz • 10 mV Sensitivity • 5" CRT

with Rettery Peck end One XID Probe V059B $1200

Waveform Monitor

Small Size NTSC Waveform Monitor

AC/DC Operation

V-099 $1350

P.O. BOX 2208Y. CULVER CITY, CA 90230

STORES DO NOT ACCEPT MAIL ORDERS

MAIL ORDER

PHONE ORDERS: (213) 641-4064

Minimum Order 510.00. Add S2.00 to cover postage and handling. Master Charge and VISA welcomed. Please include your charge card number, interbank number and expiration data Some items are subject to prior sale. Not responsible for typos. Store pricing may vary from Mail Order pricing. We reserve the right to substitute manufacturer.

COMMODORE

CBM-8032 Computer Regular $1495.00 EXTRA SPECIAL WITH COUPON

. $1040

80 Column Screen 32K Memory Typewriter Styled Keyboard

THANDAR TG105 PULSE GENERATOR

i Period: 200ns to 200ms (5MHz-5Hz) j • Pulse Width: 100ns to 100ms

• 50 ohm output range: 0.1V-10V 1 * TTL output • Sync, output

» Compliment and square wave

TG105 Reg. $219 ^SPECIAL WITH COUPON $195.00*

CARBON FILM RESISTORS

Only in Multiples of 100 pieces per value /ohms) '/<W5%...$1.69per100 MW596... $1.79per 100

12K 120K 13K 130K 150K

16K 160K

10 100 1.0K

11 110 1 .IK

12 120 1.2K

13 130 1.3K

15 150

16 160 1.6K 18 180 1.8K 18K 180K 20 200 2.0K 20K 200K 22 220 2.2K 22K 220K 24 240 2.4K 24K 240K 27 270 2.7K 27K 270K 30 300 3.0K 30K 30OK 33 330 3.3K 33K 330K 36 360 3.6K 36K 360K 39 390 3.9K 39K 390K 43 430 4.3K 43K 430K 47 470 4.7K 47K 470K 51 510 5.1K 51K 510K 56 560 5.6K 56K 560K 62 620 6.2K 62K 620K 68 680 6.8K 68K 680K 75 750 7.5K 75K 750K 82 820 8.2K 82K 820K 91 S10 9.1K 91K 910K

CARBON FILM RESISTOR KIT

j_ANCRONA_P.O. Box 2208Y, Culver City, CA 90230

•SPECIAL* COUPON

Bring this Coupon into one of our stores or mail to our Mail Order address shown below and receive the Special Discounts listed on this page with purchases of $50.00 or more. Offer EXPIRES on April 30, 1982

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BUILD A WORKING DPM IN 'A HOUR WITH THESE COMPLETE EVALUATION KITS

cosl proToivpmg kils. cnmolele with A/D LCD display (7106| or LED display 17107] Kns providi all materials, incl PC hoard, for a functioning panel IC1710BEV |LCD) SM.*5 IC17107EV (LEDJ.... 121.70

Universal Oscilloscope

Probe

$3500

SWITC H ABLE XI and X10 Attenuation Factor

KEV ADDITIONAL FEATURES: • 100MH? bandwidth • Heavy duly tip • Break resistant center conductor • Slender, Flexible cable

• 6ft. cable length • Wide compensation range • Fiis all scopes

• Ground reference tan be activated at tip • Includes SPRUNG HOOK. I.C TIP. BNC ADAPTOR. INSULATING TIP and TRIMMER TOOL ACCESSORIES.

6500 SERIES MICROPROCESSOR ICs

A =(2 MHz) B =(3 MHz) C = (4 MHz)

P650? S

P6502A

P650?B

P6502C

P6503

P6503A

P65CK

P65CKA

P6505

P6505A

P6506

8 82

9 66 15 0?

21 00 8 09 8 82 8 09 8 82 8 09 8 82 8 09

P6506A!

P6507

P6507A

P6512

P6512A

P6513

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P6514

P6514A

P6515

P6520

P65 20A

S3 74

P6820

3 40

P68B20

3 74

P6521

4 90

P6521A

5 34

P6821

4 90

P6SB21

5 34

P6522

8 40

P65 22A

11 24

P65 30-004

15 84

P6530-005S15 84 P6532 1082

P6532A

P6545-1

P6545A-1

P6551

P6551A

P6591

P1791-02

PI793-02

11 87 17.51 22.44

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IFLUKEI Hand Held

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BYTE March 1982

311

Programming Quickies,

Listing 1: Diablo printer shape-table program in BASIC for the Apple II computer.

1

2

3

4

5

10

11

12

19

20

22

28

30

40

45

48

50

52

54

60

62

64

70

72

74

80

82

84

198

200

998

999

100

100

110

110

120

199

200

201

202

203

204

499

500

502

503

510

520

REM DIABLO SHAPE TABLE GENERATOR

REM BY THOMAS D. BROCK, MADISON, WI.

REM FIRST DEFINE CODES FOR DIABLO. E$=ESCAPE.SP$=SPACE.

REM LF$=LINE FEED.G$=3.TX$=4.PE$=PERIOD (PRINT CHARACTER)

REM BS$=BACKSPACE.NF$=NEGATIVE LINE FEED.

E$ = CHR$ (27):SP$ = CHR$ (32):LF$ = CHR$

CHR$ (52):PE$ = CHR$ (46):BS$ = CHR$ (8)

;10):G$ = CHR$ (51)

GRAPHICS MODE

TX$ i

NF$ = CHR$ (27) + CHR$ (10)

REM SHAPE TABLE REFERENCES

INPUT "SHAPE#?";N

INPUT "SCALE?";S

REM TURN ON PRINTER.INITIALIZE

PR# 3: PRINT " ";E$;G$;

ON N GOSUB 1000,1100,1200,1300

GOTO 20 0

REM MOVE AND PRINT ROUTINES

FOR I = 1 TO M * S

PRINT SP$;PE$;

NEXT I: RETURN

FOR I = 1 TO M * S

PRINT LF$;PE$;

NEXT I: RETURN

FOR I = 1 TO M * S

PRINT BS$;PE$;

NEXT I: RETURN

FOR I = 1 TO M * S

PRINT NF$;PE$;

NEXT I: RETURN REM RETURN TO TEXT MODE PRINT E$;TX$;: PR# 0: END REM LINES 1000,1200 DEFINE SHAPES REM ANY SHAPES MAY BE INSERTED HERE

0 SH$ = "L3D3R2XL2D3R3"

1 GOSUB 5000: RETURN

0 SH$ = "XD3L2U4R4D4L2"

1 GOSUB 5000: RETURN

0 SH$ = "XD3L2XL1XU1U3XU1XR1R3XR1XD1D3XD1XL1L2" 8 REM TEST FOR PRINT DIRECTION

GOSUB 5000: RETURN

0

030

0

IF M$ = "R" THEN GOSUB 50 IF M$ = "D" THEN GOSUB 60 IF M$ = "L" THEN GOSUB 70 IF M$ = "U" THEN GOSUB 80 RETURN

REM INTERPRET STRING AS SHAPE FOR J = 1 TO LEN (SH$) IF MID$ (SH$,J,1) = "X" THEN M$ = MID$ (SH$,J,1):J = J + 1: PE$ = CHR$ (46): NEXT J RETURN

PE$ = CHR$ (0) M = VAL ( MID$

J = J + 1 (SH$,J,1);

GOSUB 2000

of the vertical line in inches will be 1/40 times the number of periods printed. To move the print head without printing a line, the print-head-movement command is sent without the corresponding periods.

The program in listing 1 is fairly self-explanatory. The shapes are stored as character strings in lines 1000 to 1200, and could, of course, also be input just before starting execution by a change in line 20.

312 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Programming Quickies,

E

□

11

Figure 1: Sample printout produced on a Diablo printer of the 1600 series with the program of listing 1.

The shape string selected is interpreted in the subroutine at line 5000. If an X is present, it means move without printing, an R means move right, an L means move left, a U means move up, and a D means move down. The number after the move instruction provides the relative amount of movement, which is stored in the variable M.

The actual amount of movement depends upon the size of the shape, selected at line 22. The whole shape is quickly printed by the program. Printing is then stopped so that another instruction can be fetched, if desired. A typical printout is shown in figure 1.

Although the Diablo printer has several different ways by which graphics can be created, the shape-list program provides a simple means to make nonnumerical drawings. By permitting the selection of any desired size (and position on the paper, with routines easily added) some useful tasks can be performed. Because of the simplicity and shortness of the program, it can be run with virtually any BASIC interpreter that supports string functions. ■

314 March 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

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1 1 TAXDEP Cash flow vs. depreciation tables

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13 CHECKBKl Checkbook maintenance program

14 MORTGAGE/A Mortgage amortization table

15 MULTMON Computes time needed for money to double, triple.

16 SALVAGE Determines salvage value of an investment

1 7 RRVARIN Rate of return on investment with variable inflows

1 8 RRCONST Rate of return on investment with constant inflows

19 EEEECT Effective interest rate of a loan

20 FVAL Future value of an investment (compound interest)

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22 LOANPAY Amount of payment on a loan

23 REGWTTH Equal withdrawals from investment to leave 0 over

24 SIMPDISK Simple discount analysis

25 DATEVAL Equivalent & nonequivalent dated values for oblig.

26 ANNUDEE Present value of deferred annuities

27 MARKUP % Markup analysis for items

28 SINKFCIND Sinking fund amortization program

29 BONDVAL Value of a bond

30 DEPLETE Depletion analysis

31 BLACKSH Black Scholes options analysis

32 STOCVAL1 Expected return on stock via discounts dividends

33 WARVAL Value of a warrant

34 BONDVAL2 Value of a bond

35 EPSEST Estimate of future earnings per share for company

36 BETAALPH Computes alpha and beta variables for stock

37 SHARPE1 Portfolio selection modeli.e. what stocks to hold

38 OPTWRITE Option writing computations

39 RTVAL Value of a right

40 EXPVAL Expected value analysis

41 BAYES Bayesian decisions

4? VALPRIMF Value of perfect information

43 VALADINF Value of additional information

44 CmUTY Derives utility function

45 SIMPLEX Linear programming solution by simplex method

46 TRANS Transportation method for linear programming

47 EOQ Economic order quantity inventory model

48 QCECIE1 Single server queueing (waiting line) model

49 CVP Cost-volume-profrt analysis

50 CONDPROF Conditional profit tables

51 OPTLOSS Opportunity loss tables

52 FQGOQ Fixed quantity economic order quantity model

NAME DESCRIPTION

53 FQEOWSH As above but with shortages permitted

54 FQFOQPB As above but with quantity price breaks

55 QUECJECB Cost-benefit waiting line analysis

56 MCFANAL Met cash-flow analysis for simple investment

57 PROFIND Profitability index of a project

38 CAP] Cap. Asset Pr. Model analysis of project

Circle 172 on inquiry card.

59 WACC Weighted average cost of capital

60 COMPBAL True rate on loan with compensating bal. required

61 DISCBAL True rate on discounted loan

62 MERGANAL Merger analysis computations

63 FIMRAT Financial ratios for a firm

64 NPV Net present value of project

65 PR1NDLAS Laspeyres price index

66 PRINDPA Paasche price index

67 SEASIND Constructs seasonal quantity indices for company

68 TIMETR Time series analysis linear trend

69 T1MEMOV Time series analysis moving average trend

70 FLIPRINF Future price estimation with inflation

71 MAILPAC Mailing list system

72 LETWRT Letter writing system-links with MAILPAC

73 SORT3 Sorts list of names

74 LABEL 1 Shipping label maker

75 LABEL2 Name label maker

76 BCISBCID DOME business bookkeeping system

77 TTMECLCK Computes weeks total hours from timeclock info.

78 ACCTPAY In memory accounts payable system-storage permitted

79 INVOICE Generate invoice on screen and print on printer

80 INVENT2 In memory inventory control system

81 TELDIR Computerized telephone directory

82 TIMCISAN Time use analysis

83 ASSIGN (Jse of assignment algorithm for optimal job assign.

84 ACCTREC In memory accounts receivable system-storage ok

85 TERMSPAY Compares 3 methods of repayment of loans

86 PAYNET Computes gross pay required for given net

87 SELLPR Computes selling price for given after tax amount

88 ARBCOMP Arbitrage computations

89 DEPRSF Sinking fund depreciation

90 (JPSZONE Finds UPS zones from zip code

91 ENVELOPE Types envelope including return address

92 AUTOEXP Automobile expense analysis

93 INSF1LE Insurance policy file

94 PAYROLL2 In memory payroll system

95 DILANAL Dilution analysis

96 LOANAFFD Loan amount a borrower can afford

97 RENTPRCH Purchase price for rental property

98 SALELEAS Saleleaseback analysis

99 RRCONVBD Investor's rate of return on convertable bond 100 PORTVAL9 Stock market portfolio storage-valuation program

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Software Review

■

Four Implementations of Pascal

Thomas H. Woteki

FEROX Microsystems Inc.

1701 North Ft. Myer Dr.

Suite 611

Arlington, VA 22209

Paul A. Sand

Sandpiper Software

10 Hemlock Forest

Dover, NH 03820

The programming language Pascal was developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s by Niklaus Wirth. According to Wirth, principal aims were to create a language suitable for teaching and facilitating disciplined and systematic programming and to develop reliable and efficient implementations of the language on computers then available. Here, we review four implementations of Pascal designed for today's microcomputers. Three of these—Pascal/M, Pascal/MT + , and Pascal/Z—are designed to operate under the CP/M operating system; the fourth, Softech's UCSD Pascal, is an entire operating system designed to run on a variety of microcomputers, including Z80-based machines.

Wirth's Pascal, or standard Pascal, is defined in the Pascal User Manual and Report (K. Jensen and N. Wirth. New York: Springer Verlag, second edition, 1974) and is the common basis for the implementations considered. Each implementation is essentially a superset of this standard and incorporates features of the proposed International Standards Organization (ISO) draft proposal for the language, ISO/DP 7185. The ISO proposal extends Wirth's Pascal.

Differences in Implementations

The four implementations of Pascal described here differ chiefly with respect to these kinds of features:

• Extensions to the ISO standards.

• Nature of code generated, whether machine code that can be directly executed in the target processor, or P-code (pseudo-machine code, also called intermediate code) that must be translated into machine code by an interpreter when the program is run.

• Types and variety of input and output primitives (intrinsic procedures for input and output).

• Support for separate compilation of modules or libraries of procedures and data structures (so that the separate modules can be called and used by other programs, eliminating the need to rewrite commonly used procedures).

• Support for memory overlays (an overlay is a section of code brought into main memory in an area previously occupied by another section of the same program). An overlay reduces the amount of main memory necessary for a program to run.

• Ease of use. The nature of the code generated and the steps required to generate it do much to determine ease of use.

We will describe each of the four implementations of Pascal and then examine the way they handle some of the Pascal features just mentioned. Some of the terms used to describe programming languages are defined separately in the text box "Programming Language Terms" on page 354.

316 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Pascal/Z

Ithaca Intersystems' Pascal/Z is a compiler for the Z80 processor and is designed to run under Digital Research's CP/M Version 2.2 operating system. Pascal/Z requires 56K bytes of RAM (random-access memory), including the space used by the operating system and at least one disk drive. According to the developer, the Pascal/Z compiler generates optimized macro-assembler code that is capable of being written into a read-only memory device (ROM-able) and capable of being interrupted and later reentered at the point of interruption (reentrant).

To execute a Pascal program with Pascal/Z, you must compile the source text, assemble the resulting Z80 assembler code, and link the resulting code file to a runtime library. The linked code is then ready for execution under CP/M.

The Pascal/Z compiler, assembler, and linker are all part of the Pascal/Z package, retailing for $395.

Pascal/M

The Pascal/M compiler, made by Sorcim of Santa Clara, California, is a one-pass compiler that produces a P-code file as output. Pascal/M was designed to run under CP/M 2.0, MP/M, Cromemco CDOS, and Oasis operating systems on Z80 or 8080/8085 machines. Pascal/M requires 56K bytes of memory and one disk drive. The Pascal/M package includes the compiler, a run-time library, and a run-time interpreter. It costs $225. (Our thanks to Digital Marketing of Walnut Creek, California, for making a copy of Pascal/M available to us.)

Pascal/M is identical to UCSD Pascal—in all its extensions to standard Pascal—with two important exceptions. The similarity includes the naming and definition of strings and the built-in procedures for handling them, along with low-level, byte-oriented procedures for moving information from one part of memory to another.

The important differences between Pascal/M and UCSD Pascal are in the operating system and library facilities. Pascal/M operates under CP/M, but UCSD Pascal is an independent operating system. Pascal/M has no apparent facility for separate compilation of libraries of procedures; UCSD Pascal is well endowed in this regard. Pascal/M allows memory overlays.

UCSD Pascal

UCSD Pascal, originally developed at the University of California, San Diego, is supplied by Softech Microsystems Inc. of San Diego. The UCSD Pascal system requires at least 48K bytes of contiguous RAM (64K bytes are recommended) and at least 175K bytes of disk storage.

UCSD Pascal comprises an entire operating system and can run on a variety of machines. The operating system includes a file handler, a character-oriented editor, a onepass compiler that generates P-code, a conditional macro assembler, a linker, and a librarian utility. The operating

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318 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE March 1982

319

system is written in Pascal and supported by a run-time interpreter written in the language of the host processor. The interpreter is part of the package, which retails for $500. A separate FORTRAN compiler is available for the system.

An important trade-off to be noted by CP/M users who are considering purchase of the UCSD system is its portability versus its incompatibility with CP/M. The UCSD system is portable because versions of the interpreter have been developed for a variety of microprocessors. Softech supports the system well, and this support will probably be extended to more processors in the future. The considerable advantage to the software developer is that UCSD Pascal programs can be transferred without modification from one hardware system to another.

Conversely, UCSD Pascal is incompatible with CP/M. Data files are not automatically transferable between CP/M and the UCSD system. This causes problems in maintaining the integrity of databases. The problems are only partially offset by the availability of programs to convert files from one system to another.

Pascal/MT +

Pascal/MT+ is a product of MT Microsystems of Cardiff-by-the-Sea, California. This Pascal includes a compiler, a linker, a disassembler, a debugger, and a runtime subroutine library. Pascal/MT+ requires an 8080 or Z80 processor running CP/M with at least 140K bytes of disk storage and 52K bytes of RAM, including space for CP/M. For developing large programs, a minimum of

300K bytes of disk storage and 60K bytes of RAM are suggested. The compiler generates relocatable, optimized Z80 code, or 8080 code (if desired) that must be linked to the run-time library. The Pascal/MT+ package costs $450.

Pascal/MT+ is an interesting and powerful tool. Alone among the four implementations, it supports passing of procedures and functions as parameters to other procedures and functions and supports "conformant" arrays—both features required by the ISO standard. In fact, PascaI/MT+ is the only implementation that claims full compatibility with the ISO standard.

The conformant-arrays scheme is important because there are no dynamic arrays in Pascal. The programmer must change the declaration of an array in the source program to change the bounds of the array at run time. This restriction imposes a burden on the programmer. The conformant-array scheme provides greater flexibility. For example, you can pass bounds derived by the source program to a library program, provided the array in the library program is of the same type as the array originally declared and the bounds passed are within those originally declared.

Pascal/MT+ provides several facilities for machinelevel programming from Pascal and also makes possible the use of interrupts. Also, several nonstandard data types are built in. For example, Pascal/MT+ provides two types of real data: fixed-point binary-coded and floating-point.

Control Statements and Data Structures

The program control statements included in standard

At a Glance

Name

supported by a run-time

Pascal/M, Version 3.3

interpreter

Type of Software

Computer Needed

Package

Any Z80- or 8080/

Implementation of Pascal

8085-based computer run

programming language

ning either CP/M Version

1.4 or later, or MP/M,

Manufacturer

Cromemco CDOS or OASIS,

Sorcim

with 56K bytes of RAM and

POB 32505

one floppy-disk drive

San Jose, CA 95152

(408) 248-5543

Documentation

A 77-page, staple-bound

Price

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S225

Audience

Format

Applications software

8-inch standard CP/M floppy

developers. Pascal users

disk

Type of Compiler

Pseudo-code compiler

At a Glance

Name

Type of Compiler

Pascal/MT + , Version 5.2

True 280 compiler

Type of Software

Computer Needed

Package

Any Z80- or 8080-based

Implementation of the Pascal

computer running CP/M

programming language

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of RAM (56K or more pre

Manufacturer

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Documentation

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Format

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320 March 1982 © BYTE Publications he

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At a Glance

Name

Pascal/Z, Version 3.3

Type of Software Package

Implementation of Pascal programming language

Manufacturer

Ithaca Intersystems Inc. 1650 Hanshaw Rd. POB 91

Ithaca. NY 14850 [607| 257-0190

Price

S395

Format

8-inch standard CP/M floppy disk

Type of Compiler

True Z80 compiler

Computer Needed

Any Z80-based computer running CP/M Version 2.2 with 54K bytes of RAM (64K preferred) and at 'east one disk drive |two drives preferred)

Documentation

A 198-page, loose-leaf bound manual

Audience

Applications software developers, Pascal users

Pascal are the WHILE...DO, REPEAT... UNTIL, IF...THEN...ELSE, the FOR...DO loop, the CASE statement, and the GOTO statement. All of these constructs are supported in the four implementations. All the implementations but UCSD Pascal have provided for an OTHERWISE clause in the CASE statement—an addition included in the ISO standard. A restricted form of GOTO (which precludes exiting the body of a procedure) is supported in all versions except Pascal/MT + , which provides unrestricted GOTOs.

The primitive data types defined in standard Pascal include integers, reals, Boolean data, user-defined scalars and subrange types, and character data. The defined, structured types include arrays, sets of scalars, pointers, record types, and files of records. Wirth's Pascal calls for text files and permits packing of structured types to conserve memory space.

All these data types and structuring techniques except packing are available in each of the four Pascals. Packing is not explicitly available in the native-code compilers Pascal/Z and Pascal/MT-f. These two allocate memory in bytes, whereas the other two allocate in words; that is,

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322 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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the native-code compilers always pack data. Generally speaking then, the native-code compilers are more conservative in terms of memory needed for data than are the other two implementations, although similar and sometimes even greater conservation can be achieved by packing data in the other two.

All the versions extend standard Pascal to include a predefined string type. Strings of length N may be defined up to a maximum length of 255, and the actual length of a string may vary from 0 to N during program execution. The next section discusses built-in procedures for manipulating strings.

Pascal/M and UCSD Pascal have provided long (32-bit) integers as a predeclared data type. The operations permitted with long integers are addition, subtraction, and comparisons. Pascal/MT-f- has provided two types of reals: floating-point reals and fixed-point, binary-coded decimal reals with 18 digits, four decimal. Pascal/Z provides floating-point reals and fixed-point reals with user-declared precision.

Built-in Procedures and Functions

Standard Pascal includes a number of intrinsic procedures and functions, including transcendental-arithmetic functions, memory-management procedures, and several

At a Glance

Name

tiguous RAM (64K recom

UCSD Pascal. Version 2.0

mended) and a floppy-disk

system with at least I75K

Type of Software

bytes of online storage, or

Package

any Digital Equipment Corp

Implementation of Pascal

LSI-I 1 or PDP-I 1 computer

programming language.

including the UCSD

Documentation

operating system

A 450-page, paper-bound

manual; includes documen

Manufacturer

tation for the UCSD operat

Softech Microsystems

ing system

9494 Black Mountain Rd.

San Diego. CA 92126

Audience

(714) 578-6105

Applications software

developers, Pascal users

Price

S500. Note: price is for

Comments

Version 4.0. We tested Ver

The UCSD system has its

sion 2.0

own file handler and operat

ing system, including com

Format

piler, linker, assembler.

8-inch IBM 3740-compatible

editor, and librarian utility.

disk

When the system is used on

machines already equipped

Type of Compiler

with CP/M, only the BIOS

Pseudo-code compiler

routines from CP/M are

supported by a run-time

used. Non-CP/M users will

interpreter

need to write their own

simplified basic input/output

Computer Needed

subsystem (SBIOS) and boot

Any Z80-, 8080/8085-,

strap module. Docu

6502-. or 6800-based com

mentation for how to write

puter with 48K bytes of con

the SBIOS is included.

324

March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE March 1982 325

input/output (I/O) procedures. We will consider the I/O procedures in a later section; for now, we will concentrate on other intrinsics and built-ins.

In standard Pascal you are permitted to dynamically allocate and deallocate memory for user-defined data types on a variable-by-variable basis. Only Pascal/MT + fully implements this standard. In the other versions, you can allocate space on a variable-by-variable basis, but you can only deallocate blocks of memory cells at a time. In these cases, memory is a heap of undifferentiated cells; the programmer can mark the top of the heap, dynamically allocate memory to variables, and then deallocate memory back to the old top of the heap.

A useful function for dynamic-memory management is one that returns the amount of memory available at the time the function is called. Such a function can inform the programmer that allocating more memory may clobber some portion of the current program. All but Pascal/Z provide this function.

All the versions have provided built-in functions for manipulating the string types just described. Pascal/Z provides functions for appending one string to another, determining the length of a string, and finding the position of a substring within a string. The other versions have these three built-in functions, and functions for inserting, deleting, and copying substrings from a string.

UCSD Pascal, PascaI/MT+ and Pascal/M have provided several high-speed, built-in procedures for moving bytes between memory locations. You can move data be. tween packed arrays of data and similar data structures, initialize packed arrays, and search arrays for specified bit patterns on a byte-by-byte basis.

Pascal/M, Pascal/MT + , and UCSD Pascal have a procedure called EXIT that permits clean exits from procedures, functions, and programs. A typical application would be to exit a program after flagging an egregious user error, such as bad input from the keyboard.

Pascal/M and UCSD Pascal support random screencursor addressing through the built-in function GOTOXY(X,Y). Pascal/M also has built-in procedures that permit homing the cursor, clearing to end of line, and so on. UCSD Pascal supplies the utility program SETUP that matches the operating system to the characteristics of the user's terminal.

Pascal/MT+ has several built-in procedures and operators for byte and bit manipulation. For example, you can perform an "OR" operation on two integers that is a logical OR on their bit representations, and you can test bits, shift bits, and swap bytes in 16- and 8-bit variables. There are also built-in primitives for handling interrupts at the Pascal level. The programmer can enable and disable interrupts and designate up to seven Pascal proce

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dures as interrupt procedures. The programmer assigns a vector number to an interrupt procedure and the compiler generates code to load the vector number with the procedure address.

Only Pascal/Z permits functions to return structured data values. In the other Pascals, functions can return only unstructured types.

Input-Output Procedures

Not surprisingly, there is significant variation in the I/O procedures that these four Pascals provide. The versions differ in adherence to standard Pascal and in their extensions to the standard.

Standard Pascal specifies four primitive file-handling procedures-GET(F), PUT(F), RESET(F), and REWRITE(F), where F is an arbitrary file type—and certain procedures for reading and writing text files. PUT(F) appends data to F, GET advances the file-position pointer and retrieves the next record, RESET resets the file-position pointer to the beginning of the file, and REWRITE initializes a file for writing. The text-file procedures are READ and READLN, which reads to the end of a line, and their counterparts WRITE and WRITELN. Left to the Pascal implementer is the way that an external disk file is associated with the internal file. Standard Pascal makes no provision for random access I/O.

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Pascal/MT + , Pascal/M, and UCSD Pascal all supply the standard procedures; Pascal/Z subsumes the operations of GET and PUT under general-purpose READ and WRITE procedures. All four Pascals have simple methods for assigning disk files and external devices to internal file variables. All versions provide some form of random access for nontext files.

All four versions have built-in facilities for purging files from disk directories. All but Pascal/Z have an added procedure for closing an open file; in Pascal/Z, files are automatically closed on exit from the procedure block in which the file is declared, but there is no way to close a file explicitly.

Pascal/M, Pascal/MT + , and UCSD Pascal all provide a built-in function IORESULT that returns an integer value to indicate the result of the last I/O operation. The function can trap fatal execution-time I/O errors, such as failure to find a required disk file.

UCSD Pascal, Pascal/M, and Pascal/MT+ all provide low-level procedures to perform I/O on untyped files. These procedures transfer memory-image bytes with no interpretation. In addition, Pascal/M and Pascal/MT + provide built-in primitives for manipulating Z80 inputoutput ports.

Modules, Overlays and Chaining

Programmers developing large application programs face several problems that can become acute on microcomputers. Among these are limitations on memory size, the time-consuming need to recompile large programs when only small changes are made, and the need to link high-level programs to low-level routines for speed or convenience in special applications. The four Pascals reviewed here are reasonably well equipped with tools to solve these problems.

Two techniques for mitigating limitations on memory size are overlays (program segmentation) and chaining (calling one program from another). For the overlay approach, the programmer declares segments within a host program, with the segments either procedures or functions. A segment is brought into memory from disk when needed and remains active in memory only as long as needed; control returns to the host program. Segment procedures can access global data and procedures in the host program, just as they do ordinary procedures. With chaining, the currently active program calls the next link in the chain, which is then loaded from disk. There need be no host program per se and no relationship between the global declarations of chained programs.

UCSD Pascal and Pascal/M support overlays. In UCSD Pascal, a program can have a maximum of 16 segments, while Pascal/M can support as many as 10 segments. Both versions count the host program as one segment. Pascal/Z and Pascal/MT+ allow chaining. Both provide mechanisms for sharing global data between chained programs, but not for sharing global procedures. Pascal/Z, UCSD Pascal, and Pascal/MT+ support the ability to divide large programs into separately compil

328 March 1982 © byte Publications he Circle 170 on inquiry card.

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able pieces and the concomitant ability to develop modules or libraries of logically related procedures.

UCSD Pascal offers UNITs, which consist of three major syntactical pieces: an INTERFACE portion, an IMPLEMENTATION portion, and initialization code. The INTERFACE portion contains the declarations (data, procedures, and functions) accessible to a host program. The IMPLEMENTATION portion contains the code for the procedures delcared in the INTERFACE and any additional data structures and code required to perform the tasks of the unit; the latter declarations are not accessible to the host program. The initialization code is used to initialize the UNIT and is unknown to the host.

UCSD UNITs come in two varieties: intrinsic UNITs and regular UNITs. An intrinsic UNIT must be stored in the system library, which must be online when a program using the unit is executed. Intrinsic UNITs are prelinked to their hosts and do not have to be relinked if either the host or the UNIT is changed. Regular UNITs must be linked to the host by the programmer. Once linked, they need not be online, since the UNIT's code is duplicated in the host's code file. Regular UNITs count against the number of segments allowed in a program; intrinsic UNITs do not.

Pascal/MT + provides what it calls modular compilation. When combined with a certain compiler option, this feature is comparable to the UCSD regular UNIT except for the initialization code. Pascal/MT + modules may be somewhat more convenient to use than UCSD UNITs because the former can be broken into as many modules as desired at any time, while the latter require more forethought for effective use.

Pascal/Z provides a somewhat more limited version of modular compilation than Pascal/MT+ . First, the number of modules is held to 10, including the host program. Also, there can be no hidden portions to a Pascal/Z module; in the language of UCSD UNITs, Pascal/Z modules consist of only an INTERFACE block. Finally, a Pascal/Z module cannot contain any global data declarations; it can only contain procedures and functions with local (private) data structures.

Like UCSD UNITs, Pascal/Z and Pascal/MT + modules must be linked explicitly to their hosts. Unlike UCSD Pascal, Pascal/Z and Pascal/MT + make the programmer responsible for insuring that data and procedures used by the host and its modules are declared consistently across modules.

Modules in Pascal/Z and Pascal/MT + can freely use procedures declared in other modules. Procedures can be similarly cross-referenced by UCSD UNITs, but this requires more planning than in the other two Pascals.

Pascal/Z, Pascal/MT + and UCSD Pascal all allow the user to link Z80 assembly-language programs to Pascal programs. Pascal/MT + features a special declaration INLINE whereby the programmer can include hexadecimal code for machine-language programs in the body of a Pascal program without using externally assembled routines.

330 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Ease of Use

Ease of use of any given language implementation lies mainly with the user. Ease of use may be defined as a measure of how quickly and reliably an implementation can help a programmer accomplish a given programming task.

The main advantage of Pascal is the ease with which the programmer can express the control and data structures that seem to arise naturally when designing a program. Beyond the standard Pascal, however, there is much that the language implementer can do to simplify the programmer's job. Since the programmer spends (or should spend) a great deal of time designing and writing programs, the relevant question is whether the language implementation helps or hinders the programming process. String functions, for example, have proved very useful in manipulating character data of arbitrary length, and all the Pascals we examined had string functions in one form or another. We feel that other additions to standard Pascal can be of great help, as long as they do not detract too much from the resulting program's portability to other systems. We previously discussed most of these useful features.

In addition to programming ease, there is debugging ease that reduces the time necessary for the programmer to sit in front of the video display. The sequence of com

mands that the user types to compile, link, and run a program can be simple (e.g., with UCSD Pascal, in the simplest case, you can execute a source program just by typing an "R") or complex (e.g., Pascal/Z, which in the simplest case requires three separate CP/M commands to transform a source file into a runnable program). Fortunately, CP/M commands can themselves be gathered into a file and executed using the SUBMIT feature.

Finally, the documentation can be a source of either help or frustration. The manuals that accompany these packages are uniformly poor; unfortunately, they were probably written by the programmers who developed the packages. Any user who expects to learn Pascal from these will be bitterly disappointed. (Although to be fair, the manuals do not claim to be tutorials.) We also found the manuals disorganized, with poor indexes and tables of contents. Finding the answer to any specific question was a challenge, and the clarity of the English in the documentation is best left without critique.

We mentioned earlier that UCSD Pascal comprises an entire operating system, but failed to express the grief we experienced in getting the system configured for our machine, compounded by the confusing and contradictory documentation. The configuration process per se is simple. The difficulty is in reaching the point at which you can start the configuration process.

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332 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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We point this out not to dissuade the reader from using UCSD Pascal, but to inform you of what to expect. If you are interested in UCSD Pascal, it may be worthwhile to seek out a configuration matched to your machine. Some preconfigured versions are available.

Benchmarks

To test each version of Pascal for speed, ease of use, and other features, we wrote and ran a series of benchmark programs. We did all testing on a Cromemco System III computer, which has 64K bytes of memory and two 8-inch floppy-disk drives capable of handling more than a million bytes of data each. The CP/M-compatible versions of Pascal were run under CP/M version 2.2 (from Intelligent Terminals Corporation). We timed the programs using Mountain Computer's 100,000 Day Clock. The results appear in table 1.

A few words of caution: the results of these (or any other) benchmarks should not be taken as absolute indicators of any Pascal's inherent quality. Our programs are necessarily simple and relatively portable between the

different implementations. We certainly do not represent these programs as the 'best" programming solutions available for the problems they solve.

Our first benchmark, PRIMES (see listing 1), is a program to calculate the first 1000 prime numbers, using a method from Donald Knuth's The Art of Computer Programming, Volume I: Fundamental Algorithms (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1968), pages 143-144. The only statements that needed change, as we moved from one version of Pascal to the next, were in the routine to read the time from the Mountain Computer clock board, which required Z80 hardware port input. Pascal/M and Pascal/MT+ had intrinsic routines to do such input; for UCSD Pascal and Pascal/Z, we wrote small assembler routines to do the job. To minimize rewriting, we isolated the version-dependent code in a function that was different for each implementation.

We also made two ease-of-use measurements while we were compiling and running the program. First, we measured the time needed to transform the Pascal source file into a running program. For the CP/M Pascals, we used a SUBMIT file containing the necessary commands

Language

Implementation

Program

Pascal/M

Pascal/MT +

Pascal/Z

UCSD Pascal

PRIMES

Execution time

94.2 sec

24.1 sec

35.1 sec

70.0 sec

"Compile time"

35 sec

93 sec

132 sec

46 sec

Keystrokes

31

56

68

16

required to run

PRECISION

Small

5.96E -08

1.19E-07

2.38E-07

5.96E-08

Big

3.36E + 07

1.68E + 07

8.39E + 06

3.36E + 07

BLOWUP

Memory available for

37.4 K

52.3 K

52.4 K

38.9 K

dynamic variables

BENCHMARK

(All numbers are

execution times in

seconds)

Random number

3.4

2.7

1.1

2.0

generation

Writing array to disk

3.5

4.3

3.9

6.9

Shell sort

332

152

93

193

Reading array from disk

1.4

2.0

1.8

2.4

Quicksort

31

14

15

18

Binary tree generation

51

21

8

25

Writing tree to disk

28

25

21

45

Displaying array on CRT

46

10

14

22

Displaying tree on CRT

48

11

14

23

Table 1: Results of benchmarking programs

for four implementations of Pascal

All testing was

done on a Cromemco System III

computer with two 8-inch disk drives. PRIMES, shown in

listing 1, is a program that calculates the first 1000 prime numbers.

PRECISION, shown in listing 2, determines the precision

of floating-point

calculations in

each implementation of Pascal.

BLOWUP, shown in listing 3, determines the

approximate amount of memory sp

ace available for dynamically allocated variables.

BENCHMARK, shown in listing 4, performs a series of tasks common in applications programs.

334 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE March 1982 335

Listing 1: PRIMES, a Pascal program that calculates the first 1000 prime numbers, based on an algorithm from Donald Knuth's The Art of Computer Programming, Volume I: Fundamental Algorithms.

P R 0 Q R A M p r i m a s ." CONST

max we c~ 14 ? '•'* used by the t imi ri3 routine *>

np = 1000" < * n uin be r o f p r i mes :+: > TVPE

tirnevec=ARRAVC0, . ma.x'•••»ec3 0F IHTEGER" MAR

J u nk ? .1 apse: REAL;

t: iimeveeS

ft:ARRAV [l..np] OF INTEGER"

J, k, n,-=i, r: INTEGER;

FUNCTION por t i n<port:INTEGER >:IHTEGER UAR

is INTEGER? BEGIN

i nport(portr i > ;

porti ri' =i ? END?

', +: Pas ca 1 — M '■>e r s i o n +; .5

FUNCTION ticka

'AR ts time1

>€i '

:> "■

REAL 5

CONST

baseport=32;

UAR

i:INTEGER;

prev;t i meye c;

BEGIN

FOR i:-0 TO maxvac DO

prevCi 3 s =tC iI

;

FOR i:=0 TO maxvac DO

tC i 3" =porU rv

basepor t+

l >;

ti ck:=0.000i*i

tC 0 3-pre'

.'t:

0 3

:i + c].+

0, 001*'

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13

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0 . 0 1 * >'■

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23

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3 3

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4 3

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10. 0:+:>:

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€.00. 0*t

tC 73-pre-.

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33

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END;

BEGIN

wri tel n< ' The f

i rst '" > hpj

' ft imes!"

■J u n k s -• t i c k < t >"

prC 1 3:»2?

prC23s=3?

100 m i c rose co nd s *

m i 11 i se co nd s *'? ■ 10 in i 1 1 i se co rid s * >

J.OO milliseconds * ,: seconds ■+•) ,: lO seconds :+:)

mi nutes *>

10 mi nutes :+:)

hours *>

10 hours :+:>

d ay s * >

10 days *)

100 days ■*'■':'

10G0 days +>

1OO0 days '*■':■>

Listing 1 continued on page 338

336 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Listing 1 continued:

n: =33

REPEAT REPEAT n! ™n+2"

k s -11 REPEAT

k:=k+l?

«i*»ri DIU FTtk]"

UNTIL (q<prCk3) OR Cr*8'.:<S

UNTIL rOBt

J: =J+-1;

p r [ J 1 : = n" UNTIL J = riP5 lapse'■tick<t>" FOR Js=l TO np DO

1...1 r i te I n <' P r i in a < '" s J r p ) = ' ■ p r IIJ II ::•" w r i te 1 n <' T he ca 1 c u 1 a ti o ri too k " t I a.pse r * se co nd s END.

to eliminate variation due to typing speed. We started timing when the compilation of the program began and

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stopped when the program's message 'The first 1000 primes:" was displayed. Then we counted the number of keystrokes that would have been necessary for compilation.

As expected, we found that the execution time of programs produced by the native-code compilers was much less than that of programs produced by the P-code compilers. On the other hand, the compilation time and the number of keystrokes necessary to run the program were much greater for the native-code compilers; there is a trade-off between calculational speed and ease of use. Perhaps the ideal situation would have P-code used for software development and native code employed for the final version.

Our second benchmark is PRECISION (see listing 2). It is an attempt to determine the precision of floatingpoint calculation for each Pascal. We calculated two numbers, BIG and SMALL. BIG was defined to be the largest number such that:

(BIG + 1.0) > BIG

given the limitations of floating-point arithmetic. Similarly, SMALL was defined to be the smallest number such that:

(1.0 + SMALL) > 1.0

Here we found that all our Pascals had approximately seven digits of precision, some slightly more and others slightly less. (Note that all four verions include some means of doing extended-precision arithmetic.)

338 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 241 on inquiry card.

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FAILURES

Using a micro in a product sounds easy... One piece of software can make the difference between success and failure.

What do you do when the software doesn't work? Over the years, we have seen many good products fail, either before or after they reached the market, because the microprocessor software did not do its job.

WHAT WENT WRONG?

Many of the failures occurred because the people programming the micro did not know how to organize a large control program. Those responsible for the product implementation were wizards at hardware design and had easily coded small micro control programs before. Bui the programming techniques that worked for less than 2K bytes of code simply fell apart as the program grew beyond 4K bytes.

Unfortunately, the loops and tests and flags that work so well for a small program get out of control very rapidly as the program grows. Pretty soon, some of the things the program must do are not being done fast enough. The code gets too complicated, difficult to modify and unreliable. The result: another software failure!

Fortunately, these problems can be avoided by using a program manager. You can divide your complex control program into a number of separate, more manageable programs, called tasks, each designed to do one job. For example, a Keyboard Task might handle user input; a Printer Task might generate reports. Each task can be written and tested separately and then combined to form a reliable, finished system.

The program manager, called a multitasking executive, supervises the orderly execution of these tasks, assuring that the most important jobs always get done first.Tasks appear to be executing simultaneously. It's almost like having a separate CPU for each task!

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Listing 2: PRECISION, a program that determines the precision of floating-point calculations for each Pascal.

PROGRAM f recision." OAR

sma 11, b i 3, f a c to r .test: REAL! BEG IN sma11:=1.05 factor:=3.05

WHILE fa ctor > <1.O+sma11> DO BEGIN tes t: =srna 11 ■•-' fa c to r"

WHI LE c; < tes t+1. 0 ■' > 1. 0 > AND C tes t< sma 11 > DO BEG IN smal 1 :=test; tes t: = tes t .-•■" fa c to r" END;

factors = < 1. S+ factor>.'"2. 6; END? '■) r i te 1 n >■.7 Sma 11= * » sma 11 > ;

b i 3: = 1. 0 ? factor:=3.0;

WHILE fact or> <1.0+sma11> D0 BEG IH tes t: = b i s:+: fa c to r"

WHILE << tes t+1.0>> tes t > AND <bis< tes t > DO BEG IH bis:=test5 tes t: = tes t* fa c to r: END? fa c tor: =< 1. £1+ fa c to r > '2. @: END? i.-j r i te 1 n •'.' B i g= ' > b i s ? 5 END.

Our third benchmark, BLOWUP (see listing 3), was designed to measure the amount of memory each implementation had available for dynamically allocated variables. The program successively allocates 100-byte blocks of memory until a run-time error occurs due to lack of additional memory. The program continuously prints out the number of blocks it has successfully allocated; the last number it prints (before the run-time error), divided by 10, is the approximate dynamicmemory space in kilobytes. All the versions of Pascal except for Pascal/MT+ generated such an error; running the program with Pascal/MT+ eventually caused the system to "hang," apparently due to overwriting the memory containing the program or the operating system. Pascal/MT+ does not check for such memory overflow; the programmer must do it with one of the built-in procedures. (For many programmers, this may be a desirable feature.)

From this program we found that the native-code compilers have more space for program code and dynamic variables than do the P-code versions. This is probably

because of the extra memory required for the P-code interpreters, which results in less memory available to user programs. This test is somewhat misleading, however, since for larger programs this situation could be reversed. P-code should be more compact than native code, and the compactness should atone for the interpreter overhead in large programs. (We did not test this hypothesis.) The final benchmark is called BENCHMARK (see listing 4), which is an attempt to measure the different Pascals' performances in the more realistic applications of sorting, disk I/O, and data-structure generation. The program first generates a pseudorandom array of 1024 integers, then writes it to disk. (Pascal allows writing the entire array as a single entity, which turns out to be infinitely faster on our system than writing each element of the array individually.) The array is sorted using the Shell-Metzner algorithm. The random array is then read back into memory from disk (again, as a single entity) and sorted using the quicksort algorithm. (Both sorting algorithms are adapted from Algorithms Plus Data Struc

Text continued on page 352

340 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

GAMES

Red Alert S29.95 now $24.29

Empire I World Builders $32.95 now $28.99

Golden Mountain $19.95 now $14.89

Space Eggs $29,95 now * 1 9.99

Apple'Panic S29.95 now $19.99

Thiel $29.95 now $23.39

Snack Attack $29.95 now $25.39

Med Fly Mania $29.95 now $34.59

The Book $19.95 now $17.99

Hi-Res Soccer $29.95 now $25.39

Apple ■ -Olds $29,95 now $25.39

Wurst of Huntington Computing $19.99

Ultima $39.95 now $33.19

Autobahn $29 95 now $25.39

Battle Cruiser Action S44.95 now $34.89

Gorgon $39.95 now $33.89

Super Stellar Trek 539.95 now $33.89

Helllire Warrior $39.95 now $33.99

Gamma Goblins $29.95 now $23.39

Mission Asteroid $19.95 now $17.99

Wizardry $49.95 now $42.49

Warp Factor S39.95 now $33.99

Microsoft Adventure $29.95 now $23.39

Wizard and the Princess $32.95 now $28.99

Flight Simulator $34.95 now $19.49

Odyssey $29.95 now $25.39

Sargon II S34 95 now $29.69

Space Eggs $29.95 now $25.39

Hi-Res Cribbage $24.95 now $21.19

Lords of Karma (cass.) 520.00 now $16.99

Oh Shoot now $19.99

ABM S24.95 now $21.19

Computer Conflict $39.95 now $35.99

Computer Air Combat $59.95 now $52.99

Temple of Apshai $39.95 now $33.89

Zork II $39.95 now $33.99

All Nibble Software 15% mH list

Robot Wars $39.95 now

Cranston Manor $34 95 now

Dragons Eye $24 95 now

Twala's Last Redoubt S29.95 now

Snoggle S24 95 now

Alien Ram S24.95 now

Alien Typhoon $24.95 now

Raster Blaster $29.95 now

Creature Venture $24.95 now

Hodge Podge $19.95 now

Solitaire $29.95 now

Arcade Machine

Time Zone $99.95 now

Mouskattack $39.95 now

Ceiling 0

The Game Show

Shadow Hawk I

Mummy s Curse

Dragon Fire $49.95 now

.$29.95 now $34 95 now $29.95 now $39 95 now $29 95 now $24 95 now $39 00 now $24 95 now 529 95 now $24 95 now $24.95 now 529 95 now

Jawbreaker Hadron ..

Dark Forest

Soulhern Command

Beer Run

Hungry Boy

Ring of Saturn

Streets of the City & Trucker Race lor Midnight Galactic Empire

Space Warrior

Pulsar II

Star Cruiser $24 95 ,

Both Barrels 524 95 .

Cyber Strike S39.95 now

Castle Wolfenstein 529 95 now

Upper Reaches of Apshai 519 95 now

Bridge Tutor $39 95 now

Crossfire $29 95 now

Epoch $29 95 now

Oulposl $29.95 now

Ulysses 534.95 now

Space Ouark 529 95 now

Birth ollhe Phoenix $14.95 now

Goblins S27 50 now

Super Stellar Trek 539 95 now

Waterloo II 549 95 now

KavesolKarkhan $49.95 now

Phantom 5 529.95 now

Meleoroids in Space . 519 95 now Dragon Fire S49 95 now

STOCK PROGRAMS

Portfolio Master S75.00 now

Market Charter S129.95 now

Dowlog lor Market Charter 599 95 now

Investment Decisions 599 95 now

Stock Tracker $19000 now

Stock Tracker (Auto. Ver ) 5300.00 now

$33.99 $29.49 $21.19 $23.39 $21.19 $21.19 $21.19 $23.39 $21.19 $17.49 $25.39 $39.49 $87.99 $33.09 $26.29 $34.29 $43.89 $26.39 $4239 $24.29 $30.49 $26.29 $33.09 $26.29 $21.19 $33.89 $21.19 $25.39 $22.99 $21.19 $25.39 $30.99 $21.89 $36.99 $25.39 $16.89 $35.19 $26.29 $23.39 $26.29 $29.69 $23.39 $12.69 $23.19 $33.89 $42.39 $42.39 $23.39 $14.99 $4239

$43.49

$110.39

$89.99

$84.99

$14139

$254.99

Softlights

By Fred Huntington

We are proud to introduce our first major piece of software, Understand Yourself. Written by Mike Taylor, this series of programs is based on the Chicago Review Press book, The Test Yourself Book by Dr. Harry E. Gunn.

The disk contains several hundred questions and consists of the programs: Assertive Test, Conscience Test, Manipulation Test, Personal Equation Test, Marital Adjustment Test, Individual Scale of Values, Preferred Activities Test, and Sexual Attitudes Test.

The price of Understand Yourself is $24.99. The book, which contains all the tests plus a lot more, is a bargain at $7.95. Dealer inquiries are welcome. VOLCANOES

Just took a look at a new program called Volcanoes. Has great graphics and tremendous teaching potential for home or school use. It lists for S49.95 and our price is $44.99

Foreign Orders

We are no longer able to accept foreign checks not drawn upon U.S. banks. We welcome charge cards. We also take wire transfers to our bank (S6.00 service charge). We had one check that by the time all the fees were taken out of it, we owed S8.00. Help! Maxell Disks

We are now authorized distributors for the best diskettes made today - Maxell. We are selling the AppleL /Atari" version of these fine disks, 10 for $36.99. Once you try these, you II never go back to the cheaper versions. The tolerances on these disks are so close that they never need hub rings. We stock the complete line of Maxell disks, including all the eight inch variety. Dealer inquiries welcome. Great Grandma Huntington

Great Grandma Huntington always said to try harder - and we do. We will soon have tee shirts for sale with Great Grandma Huntington s picture on them. Watch for Granny! ton s picture on tnem. watcn tor uranny!

HUNTINGTON COMPUTING I

rJluJ GAMES BUSINESS APPLICATIONS Wa

edAlert S29.95now $24.29 f» __ r. I; « . DataDex $230.49 TA ^rr\r\.ra I VA/nrlH QuiMflxn nine 4-_- u **jW at^% -;," i _ „ F^B

IS B IS B

B IS

B IS B U

B

0 B IS B 0 B I! B IS B IS B IS B i! B 0 B IS B 0

FOREIGN ORDERS

We regret that we can no longer accept checks (bank charges were sometimes greater than the amount of the check). We will gladly accept U.S. currency, VISA, MasterCard or American Express at no extra charge, or you may make direct wire transfers to our bank, Security Pacific, Corcoran. CA 93212, for a S6.00 charge. All overseas orders are shipped by air.

DataDex

$230.49

Invoice Factory (Special)

. .5200 00 now

$149.00

Regression Trend Analysis .

. 526 95 now

$22.89

Multiple Regression

$29 95 now

$25.39

Microsolt Fortran

5200.00 now

$143.49

Microsoft Cobol-80

5750 00 now

Business Pac 100

599.95 now

$84.99

Desktop Plan II

Visitrend/Visiplot

S259.95 now

$220.89

Visiterm

5149 95 now

$127.39

DB Master

PFS

595.00 now

$80.49

Request

S225 00 now

$191.19

Super Kram

. .S175.00 now

$148.49

ASCII Express . .

599 95 now

$84.99

BPI Accounts Receivable

S395 00 now

$333.49

BPI General Ledger

5395 00 now

$335.49

The Mail Room . .

S29 95 now

$25.39

Continental General Ledger

5250 00 now

$312.49

Com Accounts Receivable

S250 00 now

$212.49

Conl Accounts Payable

S250 00 now

$212.49

Continental Payroll

S250 00 now

$212.49

Broderbund"Payroll

S395 00 now

$335.49

Inlormer II

S49 95 now

$42.49

Creative Financing

5150 00 now

$127.49

Real Estate Analyzer

515000 now

$127.49

Spell Star

5250 00 now

$212.49

Muse Form Letter

S100 00 now

$84.99

Properly Management System

5225 00 now

$191.19

PERSONAL/HOI.st

Soft Touch Recipe Handler

539 95 now

$35.09

Interlude (disk)

$19 95 now

$14.99

Handwriting Analysis

S19 95 now

$14.89

Decision Master

S29 95 now

$25.39

The Correspondent

S44 95 now

$38.19

Diet Planning

S24 95 now

$21.19

Win at the Races

539 95 now

$33.89

Pro Football iSDLi

526 95 now

$22.89

College Football iSDLi

526 95 now

$22.89

Grocery List

519 95 now

$14.89

Financial Management Sys:em

II 539 95 now

$33.89

Home Money Minder

S34 95 now

$29.49

WORD PROCESSORS

Sensible Apple'Speller

$75 00 now

$63.99

The Dictionary

599 95 now

$87.99

Magic Window

$100 00 now

$84.99

Easy Writer Professional

$250 00 now

$219.80

$127.49

Super Text

$150.00 now

$127.49

$110.19

Executive Secretary

.5250.00 now

$212-49

Apple' Wordstar

5375.00 now

$284.00

Hebrew II

560 00 now

$50.99

Apple" Writer Extended

$34 95 now

$30.69

$323.39

Word Handler

$249.00 now

$219.99

MISCELLANEOUS

Wordstar Made Easy (Book)

57 95 now

$7.13

Kern Graphic Software

S18 95 now

$16.39

CS MX80. 100 Enhanced Graphics S44 95 now

$39.49

CS MX80/100 Graphic Writei

534 95 now

$30.69

Z-Card

5269 00 now

$239.0O

Hayes Micromodem

$375 00 now

$299.08

Hayes Smart Modem

$279 00 now

$249.00

460G Paper Tiger

S1094 00 now

$961.99

560G Paper Tiger

51394 00 now

1223.00

Tiger Trax

S16 95 now

$13.25

Z-80 Sottcard

5395 00 now

$299.00

NEC 12 Green on Black

5260 00 now

$179.00

Videx 80-col

$350 00 now

$299.00

TG Joystick

559.95 now

$50.89

TG Game Paddles

$39 95 now

$33.89

129.49

Verbatim Datahte-plain w/hubs

10 tar $27.99

Dysans

10 tar $49.99

Flipsort Box

$29.80

Scotch Disk Cleaner

S29 95 now

$26.99

E-ZPort

524.94 now

$21.19

Atan-/TRS-80-/Pef

■frlta tar lataraallM

Escape from Acturus

$29.95 now

$23.39

Basic Mailer

569.95 now

$59.49

Memory Management II

. .549 95 now

$42.89

Beneath Apple DOS (book)

519 95 now

$16.89

Painter Power

. .$39.95 now

$33.89

U S Constitution

. S29.95 now

$23.39

Merger

. $49.95 now

$42.49

LISA

.. .S79.95 now

$47.89

. S49 95 now

$42.49

. .5150.00 now

$127.49

Speedstar

. .5139.95 now

$114.69

Dos Boss

524 00 now

$20.39

HUNTINGTON COMPUTING

Post Office Box 1235 Corcoran, California 93212

Order by Phone 800-344-5109 In California 800-692-4146

Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer. Pet is a registered trademark of Commodore. TRS-80 ■ is a regisiered trademark of Tandy Corp. Atari is a registered trademark of Atari. Inc

(209)992-5411

We take MasterCard, American Express or VISA (Include card # and expiration date). California residents add 6% tax. Include S2.00 for postage. Foreign and hardware extra. Send for free catalog. Prices subject to change.

Circle 181 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1982

341

Listing 3: BLOWUP, a program that measures the amount of memory available for dynamically allocated variables. The program successively allocates 100-byte blocks of memory until a run-time error occurs.

PROGRAM b 1 cn-.i uf ' CONST

blocks -ne-l .06* T'.'PE

byte=@..255?

b1ock=PACKED ARRAV[1..blocksize] OF byte3

blockstr= "block; UAR

f:blockptrs

i,j:INTEGER; BEGIN

i = =0;

I...IHILE TRUE DO BEGIN new K f- >; FOR Js=l TO block-size DO

H-i+I■

writeln<i>" END; END.

Listing 4: BENCHMARK, a program that measures performance in tasks that occur commonly in applications programs. The program generates a random array of integers; writes the array to disk; sorts the array with the Shell-Metzner algorithm; reads the random array back into memory from disk; sorts the array with the quicksort algorithm; reads the unsorted array into memory yet again, using the integers as keys by which dummy data are stored in a binary tree; and writes the tree elements individually to disk. Along the way, the program displays the array elements on the terminal screen to insure that the disk input/output and the sorts are done correctly, as well as to see how fast each version of Pascal can output text.

P R 0 G R h M b e n c h m a r k s"

CONST max 1 e n-g t h= 1024; riiax>.,'a c~:; 14 ■■ < # pa r t o f t i rn i n9 pa c kage # ':■<

TVPE

i nd ex=8. . max 1 e rig t h 3

Mector=ARRAVC i ndex2 of INTEGER"

1 i n k"*'^ nod e 5

d u m in y d a t a ~ R E C 0 R D

key:INTEGER? frequency "• i ndexs dataf :L elds STRING i: 16 J? END? nod ©""RECORD

dd-d urn my datas left? r i g h t: 1 i n k 5 END? t i rne'•.•'e c:= ARRAV C 8. , maxwe c 1 OF INTEGER" t-■ a r t o f t i rn i n9 r*a c. ka9&

OAR v! '...'e c to r " roots 1i nk" n ode cou n 11INTEGER"

Listing 4 continued on page 344 342 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

If you want a choice

in print wheels^ here's the first choice

in printers.

h*-X=X

\^

%h,.

The Diablo 630.

It's the first printer that lets you use either metal or plastic print wheels. So you can choose the print wheel that's just right for the job.

The 630 works as well with a 96-character plastic daisy print wheel as it does with an 88-, 92-, or 96-character metal daisy print wheel. In over 100 different type styles.

Every 630 lias fewer moving parts than competitive printers, which makes it more reliable. And it offers unsurpassed print quality Compatibility with Diablo supplies. And bi-directional printing capability.

So if you want to change your print wheels, you'll just have to change your printer.

To a Diablo 630 printer.

y*&x,

'i:ff

Diablo Systems

XEROX

Diablo® and XEROX® are trademarks of" XEROX CORPORATION. Circle 129 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1982 343

Listing 4 continued:

JunkI REAL" part of t imi ns packasa t: timavee

>:'.* define 'portIn" and 'tick' as in PROGRAM primes!! +>

FUNCTION port i n C por11INTEGER>«INTEQERI

BEGIN

END;

FUNCT I ON t :i, c k < OAR t» t i m«M« c 5 s REAL;

BE Q IN

END?

P R 0 C EE D U R E r a. n d •3 e n '■'. U A R v J v e c t o r); UAR si INTEGER; i : i ndex?

FUNCT I ON r-n nd om < UAR seed : INTEGER > : INTEGER" CONST

rnul tip]. ier=3"

i ncrement—5S

mod ulus=81925 BEGIN

rand om s =seed;

seed : := (m u 11 i p 1 i e r*seed + i n c reme n t '> mod mod u 1 us END;

B E 81N < * r a n d se n *'}

F0P. i : «1 T0 maxlens t h D0 vE i 1: = random <s> " END"

PR0CEDURE writearray<UAR ms>..>ector?; UAR fiFILE OF sectors

BEGIN

rew ri t e k f > :' oe c to r« d a t' !■•;

f ••'- s =>...';

p u t < f > ;

closed f ?Iock>" END;

P R0CEDURE re ad a. r r a y £ UAR o: vector? ; UAR

f8FILE OF vector; BEGIN

rese t >■'. f ? ? ve •:: to r,, d a t:' );

3 e t '•. f y ;

END;

Listing 4 continued on page 346

344 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

WE HAVE A HARD-ONE

FOR YOU!

WHO MAKES A WINCHESTER HARD DISK for

IBM-PERSONAL COMPUTER TRS-80" MODEL III etc.? '

THE VR DATA HARD DISK III WINCHESTER SUBSYSTEM

6.5 MEG to 19 MEG per UNIT FROM $2895*

'Subsystem includes 6.5 MEG Winchester Drive Powar Supply, Controller, I / 0 Controller Adaptor, Enclosure. Cables.

Other Quality Products

Quality Products

Available

in the QUEUE

IBM - Personal Computer

IBM - Personal Computer

2nd Floppy Disk Drive

$265.00

Memory Expansion - 192K

Superbrain & QD

D-CON • Integral Direct Connect Mode

Parallel Output Port

99.00

VR-RS232C

TRS-80- Model III

TRS-80 Mod III

Disk III Floppy Subsystem

599.00

D-CON • Integral D.C. Modem

2nd Drive

265.00

Computer w/lntegral Hard Disk III

VR-RS232C

75.00

and Disk III

DEALERS & OEM'S INVITED SERVICE • 215-461-5300

800-345-8102 • 215-461-5300 - PA • TELEX 845-124

PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE W/O NOTICE TRS-80 - TRADEMARK OF TANDY CORP. DISK II HARD DISK III, D-CON - TRADEMARKS OF VR DATA CORP.

Zr

VR Data Corporation 777 Henderson Boulevard

Folcroft, PA 19032

VISA'

Listing 4 continued:

PROCEDURE s he 11 so r t < MAR ',' : ye c to r > ; MAR J uniF ? itt; n« i ndex" temp : INTEGER" done:BOOLEAN5 BEGIN J Limp: =max 1 e n-3t h" MHILE J un.F > 1 DO BEGIN J Limp: =J urriF DIU 2 ; REPEAT done:=TRUE5

FOR ms—1 TO Cmaxlensth—JuwifO D BEGIN ns =m+J uniF ; IF wCm3>wEnD THEN BEGIN temp: ='•.-« Cm J ; ml" ml : =I,IC n J ; '.'C nil : = temF•" done: =FhLSE!; END? END; < + FOR +:■ UNTIL done; END; C* WHILE *> END; ■::+ shell sort *>

PROCEDURE =i u i c kso r t < UAR '■.•': ye c to r ? "

PROCEDURE so r t < 1 ef t > r i g h t: :i. nd ex ) ; OAR i,J:index;

pivot.- temp: INTEGER; RFRTN

i: = 1 e f t !J: = r i g hi t; p i '..•>o t: ='..' r < 1 e f t + r i 3 hi t > DIU 2 ] ; REPEAT l. J NILE ',' C i ] < p i >..> o t DO i : - i +1 ; UN I LE P i MO t<'.' C J ] DO J s = J -15 IF i<=J THEN BEGIN temp: =vC i II; ',' C i 1: ~'->l~ J ] ? mCJ'J : "temp; i : = i +13 J:==J~l; END? UNTIL i>,i;

IF left<J THEN sort'Clef t? J > 5 IF i < r i aht THEN sor t.<: i , risht > ■ END;

BEGIN

sor t <1 - max1e ns1 h); END;

Listing 4 continued on page 348

United States:

\*%MWm

Arizona

Phoenix

602/258-9333

California

San Francisco

415/434-2410

— Mountain View

415/969-4910

■■ Los Angeles

213/386-5500

Van Nuys

213/781-4800

Torrance

213/540-7500

Century City

213/203-8111

Irvine

714/833-1730

San Diego

714/231-1900

Colorado

Denver

303/571-4450

Englewood

303/773-3700

Connecticut

™ Hartford

203/522-6590

— Stratford

203/375-7240

District of Columbia

Washington

202/466-5890

Florida

S Miami

305/624-3536

| Ft. Lauderdale

305/491-0145

Georgia

■h Atlanta

Northeast

404/325-8370

Downtown

404/588-9350

North

404/953-0200

Illinois

i Chicago

312/782-0857

■ Northfield

312/441-5200

Oak Brook

312/986-0422

I Rolling Meadows

312/392-0244

Indiana

Indianapolis

317/631-2900

■■ Kansas

, Overland Park

913/888-8885

Kentucky

Louisville

502/581-9900

Louisiana

New Orleans

504/561-6000

' Maryland

_ Baltimore

301/727-4050

Rockville

301/258-8800

Towson

301/321-7044

Massachusetts

■■ Boston

617/482-7613

Burlington

617/273-5160

Wellesley

617/237-3120

Michigan

Detroit

313/259-7607

Southfield

313/352-6520

H Minnesota

^m Minneapolis

West

612/544-3600

Downtown

612/332-6460

™ St. Paul

612/227-6100

■■J Missouri

St. Louis

314/231-4880

Clayton

314/862-3800

Kansas City

816/474-3393

New Hampshire

Nashua

603/880-4047

New Jersey

Cherry Hill

609/482-2600

Edison

201/494-2800

Morristown

201/267-3222

^ Paramus

201/845-3900

_ New York

New York City

Penn Station

212/736-7445

Wall Street

212/962-8000

Grand Central

212/557-8611

Syosset, L.I.

516/364-0900

White Plains

914/683-9300

Rochester

716/263-2670

Ohio

Akron

216/535-1150

H Cincinnati

513/769-5080

_ Cleveland

216/771-2070

Columbus

614/224-0660

Dayton

513/461-4660

Oklahoma

■w Tulsa

918/599-7700

Oregon

Portland

503/223-6160

Pennsylvania

Philadelphia

215/665-1717

King of Prussia

215/265-7250

■ Pittsburgh

412/261-6540

Wilkins fwnshp.

412/247-4400

1 Texas

| Dallas

™ North

214/387-1600

■■j Central

214/749-1900

Fort Worth

817/338-9300

Houston

S.W. Freeway

713/626-8705

Downtown

713/751-0100

N. Loop West

713/957-8555

i San Antonio

512/344-0217

Virginia

McLean

703/790-5610

Washington

^ Bellevue

206/454-6400

_ Wisconsin

Milwaukee

414/277-0345

Canada:

Toronto

416/865-1125

1 Don Mills

416/425-5730

H Montreal

514/849-7043

346 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Are you keeping up with computer salaries?

Career

ope

ortoM*^^ oportum'ties

1982

puter

•

■■iS:./.<-sr

rvey

and Career PtsmrAisQuide

Get the latest data in our new report.

It's

i

With compensation rising rapidly and sweeping technological changes occurring practically overnight in the computer profession, you can quickly become out-oftouch with salary and career trends. Are you — and is your salary — keeping up?

If you haven't kept in touch with computer salaries in the past six months or so, you might be surprised at the changes.

In our recent survey, which polled more than 50,000 computer professionals, new statistics about compensation differences emerged. Here is a sampling:

• While some computer professionals have increased their salaries dramatically during the past twelve months, others,

performing the same type of work and having the same general level of experience, have barely managed to keep pace.

• While length of experience in computing bears a direct relationship to compensation, type of experience is often a more critical factor.

• Some emerging technologies—microcomputer systems, for example—are having an unusual impact on compensation in the field.

Salaries for 48 positions are compared.

1982 salary data for 48 different position categories —at various levels of experience and computer installation sizes—are reviewed in the report. Included are positions in programming, software,

systems design, data communications, mini/micro systems, data base, EDP auditing, computer marketing and more.

It's free to computer professionals.

The report is available without charge. Call today,

and a copy will be mailed to you in strict confidence, with absolutely no obligation.

source

<3*

North America's largest, non-franchised recruiting firm devoted exclusively to the computer profession.

Call for your FREE report today.

1982 ~ Computer

Salary Survey

The new report is available to you without charge. Call the office nearest you that's listed to the left for your copy. Our 28-page Survey will be sent to you in strict confidence, without obligation. If you're unable to call, please write:

Source Edp, Department B-1 Two Northfield Plaza, Suite 227 Northfield, Illinois 60093

Listing 4 continued:

PP.0CEDURE t reege n'-. UAR roo t s 1 i n k" UAR '.■> • '■.■'e c to r > " UAR n o d e c o u n t i IN T E 6 E R"

i s i ndex"

P R 0 C E D U R E i n s e r t>'. U A R r e f s 1 i n k 5 U A R n o d e c o u n t s IN T E Q E R" ri e w k eys IN T E G E P. BEGIN IF ref=nil THEN BEGIN nei.o '•! ref '•'"

nod e co u n t: « nod e co u ri t+ J.; WITH ref"- DO BEGIN 1 e f 11 - n i 1; r i 3 h ts asni 1 s WITH dd DO BEGIN dataf ield s =' 0123456789ABCDEF;' ? k sy ■ :~ n e w k e y " frequency ! =:i ; END? END? END

ELSE WITH ref-'- DO IF new key < d d » key THEN i nse r t. < 1 e f t -.■ nod e co u n t ? new key !'j ELSE IF new key >d d ■ key THEH i nse r t < r i s h t ? nod e co u n t? new key ) E L S E < * d Li p I i c a. t e k e y ! u p d a t e f r e -=1 u e n c y »:+: > d d . f re^ ue n cy s ~d d .. f re-i ue n cy +1" END?

BEGIN

root: =ni 1;

nod e co u n t" -~0"

i : =©;

REPEAT i "■-■! +1 I i nse r t < roo t :■ nod e co u n t ?o C i 3 >"

UNTIL i-maxlength5

w r i te 1 n •'. nod e co u n t ? :' d i s t i n c t nod es c re a ted „ * ) 5 END?

PROCEDURE w r i te t ree < roo t.! 1 i n k ) ? UAR

d urn my f i 1 e: FI I....E OF cl urn my d a ta S

cou n te r:IHTEGER"

PROCEDURE t raverse<re f:1i nk 5UAR counte r: INTEGER >5 BEGIN IF refOnil THEN BEGIN t rave rse '■! re f'"'„ left? co u n te r -• " d umrny f i 1 e"": = re f•"". d d " F-utCd umrny f i le) ;

Listing 4 continued on page 350

348 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

More performance than you ever imagined — for $1995. If you're considering a DEC" terminal, C. Itoh now has two reliable alternatives that could easily change your mind.

Take our 132-column CIT 101, for example. Unlike DEC's VT100',"' it includes full AVO performance — as standard equipment. You also get a 96 ASCII character set, plus 128 special characters. Characters may appear single-width and doublewidth, double-height. Reverse video, blinking, half-intensity and underscore may be used in up to 16 combinations. The cursor may be underline or block, blinking or nonblinking, or invisible to the viewer — all under computer control.There's

raster graphics too. And 19.2K Baud asynchronous communications. Human engineered features include a non-glare screen and detached selectric-type keyboard. Of course, if all you need is 80-column capability, have we got a terminal for you.

The $1195 80-column terminal that performs like a 132. It's C. Itoh's CIT 80, the DEC VT521 emulator that's packed with features many bigticket terminals don't offer. Things like smooth scrolling, soft setup mode, line drawing graphics and unidirectional RS 232-C printer port. A 19 2K Baud main port features X/ON-X/OFF protocol as well as full and half-duplex in conversation mode. Video attributes include

blinking, underline, half intensity— even reverse video. You get CIT 101type human engineered features too. Plus socketed firmware for maximum OEM flexibility.

Both terminals are backed by our 90-day warranty, fully field supported and ready for immediate shipment. So if you're thinking of getting a DEC terminal, consider the alternatives: CIT 80 and CIT 101.

For full details, contact our exclusive representative, ACRO Corporation, 18003-L Skypark South, Irvine, CA 92714. (714) 557-5118.

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Listing 4 continued:

co u n te r: = co u rf te r+1" t rave rse < re f"'". ris h t > co u n te r); END; end;

BEGIN

re i.o r i te >' d urn my file? * d urftri'iy . da. t' .;i; co u n te r > =05

t rave rse'-. roo t ? co u ri te r .;i? c 1 ose < d uriiriiy file? 1 o c k') ?

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PR0CE DUR E d i s pa r r a y < U A R v s ve c to r>; UAR

i : i rid ex? BEGIN

FOR i ! -1 TO max 1 e ns t hi DO w rite 1 n < v C i D > 5

end;

PROCEDURE: d i sp t ree < P t r : 1 i n k > 3 BEGIN IF FtrOnil THEN BEGIN d i sp t ree < p t r"". I e f t ">" 1...1 r i te 1 n < p t r"'". dd . key ) " ■J isptree<"■.Ptr"'". 1 ef t> " END? END;

BEGIN J u n k s = t i c k >'■. t >;

rdfidsen(u) ;

1...1 r i te 1 n C ' Ra nd om a r ray ge ne rati o ri too k '» ti c k < t > »* sec' );

dispar ray Cv)"

1...1 ri tel n>■'.' Disp 1 ay i ns» ar ray took ' > tick< t> ? :' sec. ' > ;

writear ray Cv)5

1...1 ri te 1 n<' W r i t i ns a r ray to d :i s k too k ;' ? t i c k < t> »* se c • 7 ) ?

s hie 11 so r t,;. V >"

w r i te 1 n••!' Shie 1 1 so r t too k ' > t i c k,;. t ? ? :' se c ■ ' ':i 3

d i spar ray f.v> ;

1...1 r i te I ri < ' D i sp 1 ay i rvs a r ray too k ' ? t :i. c k < t) * ' sec." is ;

read array O-.-O ;

w r i te 1 n >'-.' Read i n-3 a r ray f rorn d i s k too k ' ? t i c k < t >» ' se c. :' ;■;

d ispar ray O-.-O ;

1...1 ri tel n (.' D i sp 1 ay i ns a r ray too k * .- t i ck < t > ? '' se c. * > S

•=iui cksort(^) ;

i.o r i te 1 ri C ' Q u i c kso r t too k ' * t i c k <! 15 > * se c. :' ? ;

Listing 4 continued on page 352 350 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Listing 4 continued:

d isp.ar.ray Cw?"

i,.i r i te 1 n C ' D i sp 1 ay i ns a r ray too k '.tic k ■:: 13 ? ' sec' )

readarray 0*0"

1...1 r i tel n< ' Read i n« a r ray f rom d i s k too k ' * ti ck < t 5 » :'

d ispar ray '■.'•..'':■> °

w r i tel n < ' D i sp 1 ay i ns a r ray

t reese n i roo t ?'...' ? ?

w r i t e1n<'Gene ra t i ns bi na ry t ree

took % ti ck(t>

ok ' , ti

t ■•,

d i SP t ree •:'. roo t) "

i.o r i te 1 n >'.' D :L sp 1 ay i ns t ret

t i c k '■■ t ■'

i.or i tetree ( roo t '.> " i.o r i te 1 n'-." Id r i t i ns t ree t END.

:k took

t i c k

Text continued from page 340:

tures Equals Programs by Niklaus Wirth, Prentice-Hall, 1975.) After this, the unsorted array is again read into memory, and the integers are used as keys by which dummy data are stored in a binary tree. The tree elements are then written individually to disk. The array elements are displayed on the monitor along the way to insure that the disk I/O and the sorting are done correctly. Displaying the array also measures how fast the Pascal can output textual information.

The incompatibilities between the Pascal implementations for this program only involved the way the disk data were accessed. Slight changes in the program were made for opening, closing, reading, and writing to the disk files. (Obviously, the changes described for reading the clock also had to be made.)

Again, native-code compilers were faster in the computation-intensive tasks such as sorting and were also noticeably faster in output to the terminal. All Pascals took about the same time to write and read from the disk.

The four Pascals reviewed here defy classification as good or bad; they seem almost to represent different philosophies of language implementation. We cannot recommend one Pascal over another or say that you would find any of them unacceptable for your purposes. We only hope that you now have enough information to decide for yourself. ■

Updates seem to be published faster than magazines are. Some information on new versions of the Pascals tested in this article is given on page 356. . . . G.W.

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BYTE March 1982

353

Programming Language Terms

Machine language, also called object code, is binary; it consists entirely of zeros and ones. Words made of zeros and ones represent both op codes, which define basic operations in the processor, and addresses of the data on which an operation is to be performed. The accurate reading and writing of machine language is difficult.

Machine-language statements that use the correct op codes for a specific processor are said to be the native code for that processor.

Intermediate between machine language and higher-level languages like Pascal is assembly language. Assembly language substitutes standard mnemonics—more easily remembered names—for machine-language instructions. Statements in assembly language are not directly executable. An assembler is a program that translates assembly-language code into machine code; a macro assembler allows the programmer to use a single name to represent a sequence of assembly-language instructions. Assembly-language mnemonics vary from one processor to the next, and an assembly-language program written for one processor will not run on another.

A compiler is a program that translates the programmer's statement in a source language or higher-level language (such as BASIC or Pascal) into machine language. The resulting machine-language code needs no support software to run (except an operating system). Compilers process an entire program at one time; the resulting machine-language code can be executed only after the whole program is compiled.

Single-pass compilers complete the translation of a program in source language into machine language in a single, continuous operation. Multiple-pass compilers divide the process of translation into different stages. The advantage of multiple-pass compilers is that they usually reduce demands on main memory, though single-pass compilers work faster.

An interpreter is a program that translates each source-language statement into machine language as the statement is read and then immediately executes the machine-language translation of the statement.

Some higher-level language implementations such as CBASIC (from Compiler Systems) and Pascal/M compromise between the compiler approach and the interpreter approach. These implementations compile source code into a nonexecutable intermediate code; a separate interpreter must then be run to execute the intermediate code. The intermediate code produced by a Pascal compiler is called P-code. Unlike assembly language, P-code is the same for different versions of Pascal that use the intermediate-code approach.

A linker is a program that combines into a single module two or more program segments that have been separately compiled.

A program library is a set of programs distributed with a program language to provide code to perform frequently used operations. Programmers save time and labor by incorporating code from the library in programs under development. A linker can incorporate library program segments into a program whose other segments were written by an applications programmer and separately compiled.

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Pascal Updates

Each Pascal has been revised and improved in the past few months. All of the vendors claim bug fixes, increased speed for low-level support routines, and better user interfaces. We were unable to test the new versions. Version numbers and prices were current as of October 1981.

Pascal/Z Version 4.0

An interactive debugger and the ability to segment programs are the major additions to Pascal/Z. The debugger is fully symbolic. Among other things, you can symbolically display and modify local and global variables (including record fields), trace program flow, and display run-time memory requirements.

Overlays, or segments, are compiled separately like modules. They are then processed by a system program that prepares the memory maps and relocation information needed by a host that uses the overlay. Finally, they are linked to the host.

Version 4.0 costs $395. The cost of updating from Version 3.3 is $50; new manuals are included in the update.

Pascal/M Version 4.02

Major enhancements to Pascal/M are an interactive symbolic debugger, the ability to perform 14-digit BCD arithmetic, and an increase from 10 to 40 in the number of program segments permitted.

Pascal/MT+ Version 5.5

Several changes have been made to Pascal/MT+ to increase its power and compatibility with other CP/M software. The compiler has been reduced in size by 7K bytes, substantially adding to the amount of symbol table space for compiling user programs. Users can- compile larger programs than were heretofore possible.

A converter program has been added to the collection of utility programs. The new program converts code files produced by the compiler to a format acceptable to Microsoft linkers. Overlays are now allowed. A program is permitted 16 overlay "areas" with up to 16 overlays per area. The programmer is burdened with supplying code address information to the linker before the overlays can be used by a host program.

The new version can be purchased with a speed programming kit that consists of a menu-driven program whose op

tions include a screen-oriented character editor, a Pascal syntax scanner for preprocessing program texts, and an identifier frequency counter. The latter can be used, for example, to spot identifiers referenced only once in a program, such as uncalled procedures or unreferenced variables.

The manuals have been rewritten with improved indexes. Version 5.5, including the speed programming kit, is $475.

UCSD Pascal Version 4.0

(Note: Version 3.0 is specially designed for Western Digital's Microengine.)

■ Major enhancements to UCSD Pascal include an increase in the number of segments and units allowed to 255 and easier compilation and cross-referencing of units, facilitating ihe development of very large application programs. Programmers can also control the residency of segments and units in memory through calls to intrinsic procedures. Overlay segments can be protected from being overwritten by other segments until the programmer permits, and potentially time-consuming, annoying disk I/O (due to repeated calls to a segment) can be defeated. Chaining is also permitted in Version 4.0.

Procedures for memory management have also been augmented. One of these permits a form of dynamic arrays and should considerably increase the ease of development for libraries of procedures operating on arrays.

Concurrent processes have been implemented in Version 4.0. Concurrent processes, or tasks, are controlled by "semaphores" (a term coined by E. W. Dijkstra), which synchronize tasks and control access to critical code sections and resources. Semaphores can be associated with hardware interrupts so that interrupt handlers can now be written in UCSD Pascal.

Intrinsic procedures for redirecting program and system I/O have been included. Redirection of system I/O means that the system can be driven from a script in a manner similar to CP/M's SUBMIT facility. Redirection of program I/O enables the programmer to collect the input to (or output from) a program from any peripheral device or disk file.

Additions to the system's utilities include an interactive debugger, a procedural cross-referencer, and a console screen control unit. The documentation has also been completely rewritten.

Version 4.0 costs $500. Preconfigured versions are available for a variety of machines.

I

Industrial

marketing

problems?

Regardless of what marketplace you are staking out, its position or size, we can help you draw a precise circle around it.

Why? Because as the leading business/technical /professional publishing company, we probably already know your market and can apply our expertise to your research needs.

Give us a call. Phone Ann GrahamHannon at 212-997-6401 or write her as Director, Marketing Research, McGrawHill Research, 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020.

Call

McGraw-Hill

Research

m

If it's a marketing research problem, we probably pioneered the solution.

356 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Now... Multi-User, Multi-Tasking Distributed Processing Systems ...at Personal Computer Prices

1

Now you can utilize the storage capacity, access speed and reliability of Winchester disk technology . . . and the economy and portability of floppy disk systems with the Columbia Data Products' single and multi-user, multi-tasking 1500/1800 microcomputer series.

The 1500/1800 product line provides a complete selection of 5 !4 and 8 inch floppy and Winchester disks, Z-80A microprocessor architecture, up to 256K RAM and DMA disk controllers. Two parallel ports allow for interface of highspeed peripherals such as printers and expansion storage, and six RS-232 ports give you up to five user stations in a true CP/M® and MP/M® operating system environment. The sixth RS-232 port is available for modems, serial printers or an additional CRT station.

With our new microcomputer series, you can configure your system solution by selecting the terminals and printers best suited for your application based on cost, appearance, performance and such features as intelligence, video attributes, graphics (both black and white and color), and ergonomic factors ... you need not compromise any longer.

Cost effectiveness, versatility, performance superiority, hardware expandability, and application flexibility are now yours from Columbia Data Products.

And prices start under $900* list per user ...

: Price excludes display terminals and printers.

CALL US FOR DEALER PROGRAM INFORMATION

COLUMBIA

DATA PRODUCTS, INC.

Home Office: Columbia Data Products

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West Coast:

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® Trademark of Digital Research

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Circle 80 on Inquiry card.

Software Review

Microsoft's BASIC Compiler

for the TRS-80

Mahlon G. Kelly

268 Turkey Ridge Rd.

Charlottesville, VA 22901

At a Glance

Name

BASIC Compiler

Type

A BASIC compiler package, including a compiler, linker, routine library file, and run-time package

Manufacturer

Microsoft Consumer Products 400 108th Ave., Suite 200 Bellevue, WA 98004

Price

Model I, SI95

Format

Model I, 5-inch floppy disk; (also available for the TRS-80 Model II)

Language

Z80 machine language

Computer needed

TRS-80 Model I, minimum of 48 K bytes of memory and one disk drive

Documentation

More than 200 pages in a three-ring binder

Audience

TRS-80 BASIC programmers who want to increase the speed of their programs

Do you have friends who tell you that BASIC is a toy language or that it's only for beginners and those too lazy to learn more "sophisticated" languages? Such snobs seem to fall into one of three categories: the machine- or assembly-language fan who wants to commune directly with the hardware and keep track of where every bit goes; the structured-program maven who feels that the machine must force a person to write well-organized programs; and the traditionalist who still thinks that the only "real" higher-level languages are FORTRAN, COBOL, and ALGOL.

Machine and assembly languages are essential when you need fast execution that can't be accomplished with a higher-level language. Structured languages like Ada and Pascal make it much easier to monitor long, convoluted programs.

But we should listen carefully to the traditionalists; they probably learned to program on an IBM 650 in 1956 and have sage minds. Most of them will tell you that FORTRAN, COBOL, and the like are superior because they are compiled languages that use a computer much more efficiently. They forget that BASIC—originally written at Dartmouth College as a simple beginner's language for easy interaction with the computer—is now at least as sophisticated and as easily compiled as older languages.

358 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

IBM'S DOS or CP/M-86?

Confused about operates system options for your IBM Personal Computer? HAVE IT BOTH WAYS WITH LIFEBOAT'S CP/EMULATOR™.

CP/EMULATOR solves the problem by permitting you to use all the software written for IBM's PC for both DOS and CP/M-86.

This high performance, low cost DOS utility allows you to fully integrate and mix programs. You can use a DOS editor to write a program, compile it under a CP/M-86 compiler and execute the finished application under DOS.

CP/EMULATOR extends the scope and capacity of all of your software. With CP/EMULATOR, CP/M-86 programs run quicker with faster file access than with CP/M-86 itself.

Additionally, your program will enjoy all the other DOS advantages, such as large file size, dated directory displays, and more. The DOS peripherals arz already installed and DOS commands are fully available. The package even contains a utility program to transfer programs and data files from a CP/M-86 diskette to a standard DOS diskette.

NO NEED TO LEARN A NEW SET OF UTILITIES AND COMMANDS;

NO NEED TO END UP WITH TWO INCOMPATIBLE SETS OF DISKETTES; NO NEED TO SPEND HUNDREDS OF DOLLARS ON CP/M-86, WHEN CP/EMULATOR COSTS $75.

NO NEED TO WONDER WHICH OPTION IS BEST FOR YOUR IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER.

PMATE: Editor-in-Chief

Perform miracles of manipulation on your keyboard with Lifeboat's PMATE.

This new generation text editor is the most sophisticated text editor available today and is bristling with features previously unavailable on microcomputers, making it ideal for virtually any program or data file editing.

PMATE's command set includes full screen single keystroke editing, horizontal scrolling, automatic disk buffering, macro command language, text formatting, expression evaluation, conditional branching, I/O with prompting, and other programming language constructs. PMATE makes use of 11 buffers for storage, and includes commands permitting work on more than one text at a time. Unique to PMATE is the facility for user customization. Keystroke functions can be redefined, and sequences can be programmed to directly execute macros. Video commands can be changed, and macro functions can be written, to emulate any other editor with which you may be familiar. PMATE provides full side-scrolling, and can be used with virtually ANY video terminal on the market. IF you use an editor, you need PMATE.

PMATE is the only text editor you'll ever need.

PMATE-86 is available for IBM's Personal Computer DOS, SB-86™ and MS-DOS™. Also available is PMATE for SB-80 and other CP/M-80-compatible operating systems.

Lifeboat Worldwide offers you the world's largest library of software from its offices in the U.S.A., U.K., Switzerland, France, West Germany and Japan.

For more information, send to:

Lifeboat Associates

1651 Third Avenue

New York, New York 10028

Tel: (212) 860-0300

TWX: 710-581-2524 (LBSOFT NYK)

Telex: 640693 (LBSOFT NYK)

SB-80 and SB-86 are trademarks of Lifeboat Associates

PMATE and PMATE-86 are trademarks of Phoenix Software Asso. Ltd

MS-DOS is a trademark of Microsoft, Inc.

CP/EMULATOR is a trademark of Lifeboat Associates

CP/M-80 and CP/M-86 are registered trademarks of Digital Research, Inc

This ad was designed by DocuSet™

Copyright € 1981, by Lifeboat Associates

LIFEBOAT HAS THE ANSWER

£

3

Circle 215 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1982 359

MODEMS

All Modems connect to any RS232 Computer or Terminal!

1200 Baud and 300 Baud-Bell 212A Style. Penril 300/1200 S799

Originate/answer/auto-answer. Full duplex, RS232 Phone line connection via standard phone jack 1 yr. warranty.

Auto-dial option $350

300 Baud Phone Link $129

Originate/answer. Sleek, low profile. 15 ozs. Half/lull duplex. Self test. RS232 Light displays (or On Carrier, Test, Send & Receive Data. 1 yr. warranty.

300 Baud. USR-330D $249

Originate/answer/auto-answer. Phone line connection via standard jack. 1 yr. warranty.

300 Baud. USR-330A $299

Same as USR-330D PLUS Auto-Dial. Call for quote and technical information on higher speed modems and multiplexors. 1200 and 300 Baud. AJ1235

Acoustic coupler $799 Printing Terminals

Vadic Compatible. Originate only The new generation

1200 Baud. AJ1234 . „ 3 , ,-. .

Acoustic Coupler $639 from General Electric.

Vadic Compatible Originate only

1200 and 300 Baud. AJ1256 $719

Direct connect to phone lines. Vadic compatible.

Originate/Auto-answer.

1200 and 300 Baud. AJ1259.

Triple Modem $819

Vadic and Bell 212A compatible. Originate/ Auto-answer. Direct connect to phone lines.

Printing Terminals (yg

30/60 CPS. GETerminet 2030 $999

110/300/60/1200 Baud. User selectable lines per inch and chars, per inch. True descenders and underlining. Up to 217 cols per line. Top of form, vert, and hor. tabs. Friction feed std., tractor feed opt. Answerback. 1 yr. warranty on parts Nationwide servicing. Extremely compact. 15 in. paper. Only 22 lbs SUPERIOR TO DEC LA34AA al lower cost. 120/150 CPS.

GETerminet 2120 $1,799

Housed in same compact package as the 2030 with all the features of the 2030 PLUS 150 char, per. sec. print rate.

Slash Your Connect Time and Printer Delay Time

Text Editor For GE2030 & 2120 ... .$799 Includes 32K buffer inside terminal for data receipt and transmission at up to 9600 baud Also Available: Receive only/Printer only versions of GE2030 & 2120.

CRTs

ADDS Viewpoint $549

Detachable keyboard Numeric keypad. Tillable screen. Cursor control keys. Function keys. Auto-repeat on all keys. 110 to 19,200 baud. Transparent mode. Printer Port, Compact, 20 lbs. Visual attributes.

TAB 132/15 $1,999

15 inch screen. 132 cols x 24 lines. 4 pages memory Green Phosphor. Soft programmable function keys Full editing. Detachable keyboard. VT52, VT100, VT132 compatible. Superior Screen quality. Smooth Scrolling. Horizontal and Vertical Scrolling.

We also stock: NEC DEC

OKIdata Televideo p^ •

Teletype Altos Computers __

Dynabyte Computers

Call for pricing and technical information. Visit our showroom lor product demonstrations.

M-F 8:30-5:00. Sat.-Call for appointment.

Listing 1: A small BASIC program used to demonstrate the compiler.

VISA/MasterCard Accepted. Corporation and Institution purchase orders accepted. Leasing rates available on request. Your satisfaction Guaranteed. All equipment may be returned for full credit We offer full service, on-site maintenance plans on all equipment. All equipment in stock. »—»—

U.S. ROBOTICS nw ^^ L

52

10 DEFSNGA-Z

20 FOR I = 1 TO 2000

30 A = I + 2

40 NEXT I

50 PRINT CHR$(7)

SUITE I7IB CHICAGO. II

ALES jEISJERAL

What It Does

A compiler is a machine-language program that translates a higher-level language, such as FORTRAN or BASIC, into machine code. This compiled program can be stored on disk and run as if originally written in machine language. On the other hand, an interpreter, used in many microcomputers with BASIC, "translates" each line of a program while the program is running. If a line is executed many times, it must be "translated" many times.

A compiled program is therefore much faster than an interpreted one and uses the computer more efficiently despite the lengthy compilation time (which need only be done once). Compilation also allows more flexibility and offers options unavailable with interpretation. Conversely, an interpreted program can be run immediately, without waiting for compilation, and thus is much easier to debug, edit, and modify. Although this may be a poor practice, it is a good way to learn programming and is usually necessary to refine a moderately long program.

Microsoft's BASIC compiler gives you the best of both worlds. It is now possible to debug and modify a program using the TRS-80's built-in interpreter. Then, when it's doing just what you want, it compiles the program to get rapid execution.

I've often wished I could do that with FORTRAN on our university's Cyber 172; in fact, I have been known to write and rewrite a program in interpreted BASIC until it did what I wanted, then translate it "by hand" into FORTRAN for fast execution.

We can evaluate the Microsoft compiler in five ways: ease of use (and quality of documentation); compatibility with TRS-80 disk BASIC; speed; added features compared to interpreted BASIC; and any special quirks, bugs, or problems that may get in the way.

This compiler has many versions; the one I review here is the latest available for the TRS-80. It is much improved over that machine's first version, and anyone with the earlier version can obtain an update from Microsoft for a nominal charge.

Procedures for Use

The compiler is very easy to use, although that's not conveyed in Microsoft's documentation. The compiler is really a package of four software modules: the actual compiler (BASCOM/CMD); a library file (BASLIB/REL); a linker (L80/CMD) that links machine code from the library file to the program as compiled by BASCOM; and a "run-time package" (BRUN/CMD)

360 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Uic

Circle 390 on inquiry card.

YOU CAN'T BUY A FASTER BUS SYSTEM

Presenting the LDP 1/2 SlOO Bus System:

Standard features:

□ Lightning One CPU

□ 2 Serial Ports

□ 2 Parallel Ports

□ 128KRAM

J 600K bytes floppy storage

□ MS-DOS** or CP/M-86* operating system

Options available:

□ 10 MHz 8086

□ 8087 - 8089 co-processor (onboard, not tacked on)

□ 128K static RAM

□ Multi-user option including MP/M-86*

□ 1.2M bytes disk storage

□ 2.4M bytes disk storage

□ 11.2M bytes disk storage

Lightning ()ne trademark of Lomas Data Products, Inc. 'CP/M-M and MP/MSG trademark ofDigital Research. •'MS-DOS trademark ojMicrosoft Inc.

Circle 219 on inquiry card.

The LDP 1/2 system incorporates the fastest SlOO bus CPU, the Lightning One''". The Lightning One, when coupled with our other fine board products offers a level of performance comparable to many large 16-bit minicomputers. Our multi-user system doesn V lose steam as with other 8-bit systems.

In addition to Lightning performance, Lomas Data Products has the widest selection of operating systems software. We offer both MS-DOS** and CP/M-86* for single user systems and MP/M-86 for multiuser systems. A wide variety of high-level languages are available including: BASIC (interpreter and compiler), FORTRAN, PASCAL, COBOL, C, and FORTH. Call or write for our benchmark comparisons with other systems.

We have saved the best for last: Our standard system, the LDP 1 with 600K bytes of disk storage is available for just $4150.

Dealer and OEM inquiries invited.

For 16 bit computing on the SlOO bus, come to the leader...

LOMAS DATA PRODUCTS, INC

729 Farm Road

Marlboro, Massachusetts 01752

Telephone: 617-481-2822

BYTE March 1982 361

Circle 261 on inquiry card.

The Landlord

Apartment

Management

Software

Keeping track of apartment availabilities, rent payments, security deposits, leases and other administrative functions consumes a great deal of time and attention for apartment owners and managers. You and your staff probably spend countless hours dealing with the paperwork necessary to manage your property.

With the Landlord™ apartment management software and an Apple II* computer, file cabinets full of paperwork and the frustrations of cumbersome bookkeeping procedures can be eliminated. The clerical work for your apartments can be accomplished with greater accuracy in a fraction of the time you presently spend. The Landlord™ will keep up-to-date files on apartments and residents as well as detailed records of property income and expenses.

You'll be able to enter, change, or delete information by following the simple English instructions that appear on the screen of the Apple II*. With the Landlord™, your resident manager can instantly determine where apartment vacancies exist and when additional units will become available for rental. The Landlord™ also keeps track of resident payments, letting you see at a glance who is behind on rent or other payments. Property and tax analysis reports are printed automatically each month and allow you to monitor the profitability of your apartments.

y\M

MIN MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE, INC

5835-A Peachtree Corners East Norcross, Ga. 30092 (404) 447-4322

The Landlord

is a trademark of MIN Microcomputer Software. Inc.

Apple II is a registered trademark of Apple Computer. Inc.

Listing 2: The compiled version of the program shown in listing 1.

BASCOM 5.23 • COPYRIGHT 1979, 80 (C) BY MICROSOFT - 08542 BYTES FREE

0014 0007 10 DEFSNG A-Z

0014' CALL $4.0

0017X00010:

0017 0007 20 FOR 1= 1 TO 2000

0017'L00020: CALL $FASA

001 A' DW II

001C DW .CONST.

OOIE'100000:

00IE 000B

30 A = I + 2

**

001E'L00030:

CALL

$FADA

**

0021'

DW

11

**

0023'

DW

.CONST

**

0025'

CALL

$FASO

**

0028'

DW

Al

002A 000F

40 NEXT I

**

002A'L00040:

CALL

$FADA

* *

002D'

DW

11

* *

002F'

DW

.CONST

**

0031'

CALL

$FASO

»*

0034'

DW

11

**

0036'

CALL

$LEJA

* *

0039'

DW

11

*»

003B'

DW

.CONST

* *

003D'

DW

100000

003F 000F

50 PRINT CHR$ (7)

* *

003F'L00050:

CALL

$PR0A

**

0042'

LD

HL.0007

**

0045'

CALL

$CHR

* *

0048'

CALL

$PV2D

004B 000F

* *

004B'

CALL

SEND

005C 0019

00000 FATAL ERROR(S)

08219 BYTES FREE

Listing 3: The same compiled version of the program, except with two errors inserted to show the response of the compiler.

BASCOM 5.23 • COPYRIGHT 1979, 80 (C) BY MICROSOFT - 13512 BYTES FREE

0014 0007

10 DEFSNG A-Z

**

0014'

CALL

$4.0

* *

0017'LOOOIO:

0017 0007

20 FOR I =

1 TO 2000

**

0017X00020:

CALL

$FASA

**

001 A'

DW

11

* #

001C

DW

.CONST.

* *

001ET00000:

00IE 000B

30 A = I + 2

**

001E'L00030:

CALL

$FADA

* *

0021'

DW

11

* *

0023'

DW

.CONST.

**

0025'

CALL

$FASO

**

0028'

DW

Al

002A 000F

40 NXT I

error pointer, syntax error SN

**

002A'L00040:

Listing 3 continued on page 364

362 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

QUALITY AND VALUE.

1982 will find more OEM's, businesses, dealers and personal computer users turning to MICROTEK than ever before.

TckWritor-1

80 Column Dot Matrix Printer (Formerly BYTEWRITER-1)

The Tekwriter-1 printer is, dollar for dollar, the finest value in the industry. And we've proved it by comparing the Tekwriter-1 to the Epson MX-80. Our print speed is 14 lines per minute faster, our life expectancy is longer, the character sets are the same, and the interface, warranty and printhead replacement cost are all identical.* But the biggest difference is the price. The Tekwriter-1 is about $300 less.

Our extensive testing has proved that the Tekwriter-1 interfaces problem-free to most parallel Centronics and serial (RS-232) computers.

The Tekwriter-1 is tough to beat for performance and quality.

"Data Source: Epson MX-80 Operation Manual

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TekWriter-2

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Tekwriter-2 is especially well suited to handle word processing applications because of its data buffer expansion capabilities to 25K. This ability makes it an efficient graphics generator.

Parallel interface (Centronics type). Interfaces all models of TRS-80, Apple, and Atari 400/800, and most computers with Centronics printer interface.

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Peripherals

Parallel/Serial Data Buffer Converter

Interfaces with most computers and printers on the market today. Switch selectable parallel or serial input/parallel or serial output. Ideal for word processing and data communications. Data buffer 2K standard — expandable to 62K. Serial I/O BAUD rates switch independently selectable.

16K Apple Memory Board

Apple Parallel Interface Card

16K-32K Atari Memory Boards

Atari Parallel or Serial Printer Cables

8K-16KVIC-20 Memory Boards

64K to 256K IBM Memory Board

Quantity and OEM discounts available.

Continuing our quest for excellence.

TRS-80 is a trademark of Radio Shack, Inc. Apple II is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. Atari 400/800 are trademarks of Atari, Inc. Microsoft is a trademark of Microsoft Consumer

Products, Inc. Z-80 is a trademark of Zilog, Inc. Visicalc is a trademark of Personal Software, Inc.

Circle 257 on inquiry card.

MICROTEK

9514 Chesapeake Drive San Diego, CA 92123 (714) 278-0633 Outside CA call Toll Free (800) 854-1081 TWX. 910-335-1269

IVHCROTEKnc

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Take advantage of our experience with microprocessor design. Enroll in our one-day seminar and learn how to choose the right 8- and 16-bit microprocessors lor your particular application.

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To enroll for the seminar in a city near you, call Tektronix collect at (503)642-8951.

City

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City

Date

Irvine. CA

February 23

Denver. CO

March 5

Woodland Hills. CA

February 24

Allanta, GA

March 8

Boston. MA

February 25

Raleigh. NC

March 9

Washington. D C

February 25

Orlando, FL

March 11

Dallas. TX

February 25

Ft Lauderdale, FL

Maich 12

Bellevue. WA

February 25

Rochester, NY

March 12

Philadelphia. PA

February 26

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March 16

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February 26

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March 17

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February 26

Detroit, Ml

March 22

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March 1

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March 23

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March 1

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March 23

Woodbury. NY

March 2

Pittsburgh. PA

April 5

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March 2

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April 6

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March 3

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March A

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April 14

Tfe

ktronix

COMMITTED TO EXCELLENCE

c 19B1 Tekl'anr* Ail RitjMs Reserved 124

Listhig 3 continued:

002A 000F

50 PRINT CHR$(7)

* *

002A'L00050:

CALL

$PR0A

* *

002D'

LD

HL.0007

* *

0030'

CALL

$CHR

* *

0033'

CALL

$PV2D

0036 000F

0041 000F

0036'

CALL SEND

error pointer, FOR-NEXT error FN

00002 FATAL ERROR(S) 13286 BYTES FREE

with additional machine code accessed by the linked program while it is running.

Compilation is best understood by following a program through the whole process. Programs are compiled in many ways, but the following procedure is used in almost all cases. (Other options, invaluable when needed, are rarely used.) First, write and debug a BASIC program (see listing 1). The program is then saved as an ASCII file, using the command:

SAVE "TEST1/BAS",A

(My most common error is forgetting to save it as an ASCII file; also, the BAS extension is needed for recognition by the compiler.) After returning to the DOS with CMD"S", the program is compiled by typing the command:

BASCOM TEST2,TEST3 = TEST1

This will produce a listing file (called TEST3/LST) of the compiled code in assembly language (see listing 2) and a partially complete and relocatable machine-language program (called TEST2/REL) that must be linked to other machine code using L80. TESTl/BAS was the BASIC source program.

Error diagnosis is excellent—any errors in the BASIC source code will be listed to the screen and shown in the listing file (see listing 3). The command:

L80 TEST2,TEST4-N-E

will link machine code from BASLIB/REL and produce the file TEST4/CHN (for chain) from TEST2/REL. The " — N" and " — E" are "switches" that in turn tell L80 to write the /CHN file to disk and exit to DOS. A variety of other switches are available for L80 and BASCOM. Again, errors will be listed to the screen. TEST4/CHN can then be run as a machine-language program with the command:

BRUN TEST4

Obviously BRUN/CMD must be available any time the program is run, but the other programs are unnecessary. Other names could have been used for any file, and disk drive numbers could have been specified. Usually, all of the names are the same (e.g., TEST/XXX). In that case, we create files called TEST/BAS, TEST/LST,

364 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

VICTOR... Number 1

in Impact Matrix Printing)

A Unique Printing Terminal

• 80 column, bi-directional printing

• Upper & lower case font

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• Top of form & horizontal tabs

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• Bi-directional friction and sprocket paper feed

Large 360 character buffer

Four interfaces — standard

parallel & RS232 & TTY &OEEE-488)

Baud rate switch selectable

Self-test

UL/CSA approved

Intelligent shortest path head return

Model 5080

A Complete Line of Impact Matrix Printers

Model 5010

The Model 5080, shown above, is a heavy-duty printing terminal offered for sale at most competitive prices. Only $995 in single quantity! This printer has been designed to conform to the most stringent computer specifications, including software on/off control, status feedback signals and a busy signal should you fill our extra large buffer. Don't delay, order now to insure early delivery!

Victor has delivered more than 700,000 industrial, quality matrix printers. These are terminals, mechanisms, and heads designed to solve your problems. Products that are backed by a strong application engineering staff, worldwide service and 50 years of Victor pride in product.

VICTOR DATA PRODUCTS

Subsidiary of Walter Kidde & Company, Inc.

KIDDE

3900 North Rockwell Street, Chicago. Illinois 60618 Telephone: 312-539-8200

GREAT BRITAIN — DATAPLUS, 0242-30030 ITALY - C.A.I.. 23.63.851

SPAIN — CETA, 254 6607 SWITZERLAND - ERNI, 01 833 33 33 CANADA — MUNRO, (416)676-1042

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SINGAPORE — OG, 917788 or 918592 HONG KONG - GILMAN, 3-427144

Model 80

Model 130

Model 129

Circle 432 on inquiry card.

TEST/REL, and TEST/CHN. If the compiled program runs correctly, the /LST and /REL files can be deleted.

Although the procedure I describe is used with three disk drives, the sequence is very similar using one or two drives, though disk swapping is necessary. Actually, the process is so cumbersome with one drive that Microsoft doesn't recommend it. (Microsoft also points out that, for almost all purposes, 48 K bytes of memory are needed.) Three double-density drives are ideal. I can use drive 0 for the operating system, drive 1 for the compiler software and Microsoft's FORTRAN and macro assembler, and drive 2 for the various programs.

At this point, the compiler may seem awkward. With practice, it's simple to use and any program needs compilation only once if interactively debugged. Also, the com

TIMES (seconds)

Integer

Single Precision Interpreted Compiled

Interpreted Compiled

PRINT(I) 45 18 A = PEEK(I) 39 2 A=LEFT$("ABC".1) 37 6 A!=SIN(3.14159) 149 50 A = I + 2 40 2 FORJ=1TO10:NEXT 169 4

55 39

44 14 38 9

150 50 44 8

188 8

Table 1: Execution speeds with substituted for line 30 in Listing 1.

the above statements

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pilation time is very short in relation to the run time if the program is to be run several times. There are some cases, however, when compilation is superfluous. For example, a program that spends most of its time with disk I/O (input/output) will gain little speed by compilation. On the other hand, a program that does a lot of iterative number crunching with little I/O will be greatly quickened. If you use short programs or those that wait a long time for I/O, a compiler won't help much.

Flexibility and Documentation

The compiler is designed to be very flexible; in fact, I can't fully describe its tremendous range of options. For example, subroutines written in Microsoft FORTRAN can be called from BASIC by using the command:

CALL SUBR (A,B,C)

where SUBR is the name of a subroutine in a compiled (but not linked) FORTRAN program and A, B, and C are variables to be passed to the subroutine as sequentially declared in the FORTRAN subroutine statement. You can write a personal subroutine library in FORTRAN that can be called from BASIC. The ability to write a user library of language-independent subroutines is usually found only on mainframe computers or very large minicomputers. Working with the compiler on a microcomputer is much less awkward than it would be on a large computer system. This means, however, that L80 must have a provision for specifying a FORTRAN program that will be searched for subroutines. In other words, flexibility means some complexity in compilation, and there are a wide variety of different procedures for compilation. For example, typing BASCOM and then after a prompt:

TEST2,*PR=TESTl

sends the listing to a line printer. Many other features are too complex and lengthy to be described here.

Unfortunately, this flexibility and complexity mean rather unclear documentation. Microsoft has tried to describe all of the options, special features, and peculiarities of the system before a user becomes acquainted with the rudiments. In some instances, the system's complexity seems to have confused even the writer of the manual.

For example, in one section a COMMON statement is described in great detail, while another section tells us that it's not implemented. In another case, it gives an excellent table comparing Level II BASIC, disk BASIC, and "standard" Microsoft BASIC (BASIC-80) with compiled BASIC, but several statements and commands that are available in compiled BASIC (and BASIC-80) are omitted.

The manual is very complete and includes an introductory section (confusing); a technical section (also confusing) detailing the features of compiled BASIC; and the BASIC-80 manual that gives the syntax of statements not found in either Level II or TRS-80 disk BASIC, but with (distractingly) almost everything in the TRS-80 lan

366 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 119 on inquiry card.

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guages described as well. I spent several days trying to decipher some simple features (like the CALL statement mentioned above), but everything I needed to know was eventually found within the several different sections. The software is easily used, but the simplicity is obscured by very confusing documentation. In fairness to Microsoft, I have seen much worse obfuscation in documentation from CDC, DEC, and IBM.

Compatibility

The package is compatible with TRS-80 disk BASIC. Disk BASIC is more forgiving in some things, like FOR . . . NEXT loops, but if you use legal disk BASIC the compiler will recognize everything (except, of course, things like EDIT and CLOAD). CLEAR is not needed by the compiler, but if it's in the source program it will be ignored and a nonfatal error message will be given (which may be ignored). Also, there's no provision for data I/O with tapes. There are a few other minor differences, but

OPTION BASE

WHILE

FRE

INP(I)

POS

CHAIN

SWAP

WEND HEXS INPUTS SPACES % INCLUDE

WAIT

WIDTH OCT$ LPOS SPC

Table 2: Some statements, commar Microsoft's compiled BASIC, but BASIC.

ds, etc., not by

supported by TRS-80 disk

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almost any program written in standard TRS-80 BASIC will compile successfully. The reverse, however, is not true. The compiler recognizes many statements and commands not used by TRS-80 BASIC.

Speed

All compiled programs are much faster, but the compilation process itself takes some time. The trivial program in listing 1 took less than two minutes to compile and link. A game using UK bytes took one minute and 46 seconds to compile and two minutes and 50 seconds to link without a listing file. With a BASIC listing file but no object code between the lines, compilation took two minutes and 11 seconds, and the listing file required about 14K bytes or 13 "grans." It was impossible to compile the program with object code; the listing file needed more than 100 grans of disk space. This is a problem with the compiler that's not mentioned in the documentation; object code listings may need more storage than is available on any blank disk. However, it's probably never necessary to get a complete listing file with object code. A "-N" switch after the BASCOM line will inhibit the object code.

Some differences in run times for various interpreted and compiled programs are given in table 1, which shows the execution times for statements placed in line 30 of listing 1. Speed increases vary from more than 40 times, with integer variables in simple functions, to less than three times faster using SIN, COS, and similar functions. Nevertheless, there's always a speed increase that varies depending on the program.

Special Features

Compiled BASIC has many features unavailable in interpreted TRS-80 BASIC. In fact, they're not all listed in the documentation. Table 2 gives the additional statements and commands, although they are too numerous to fully describe. For example, SWAP( A,B ) exchanges the value assigned to the two variables, and transcendental functions will return double precision. Perhaps the most important are WHILE and WEND statements; they allow writing structured program code. Variables may be of any length; that is, the compiler will consider J, JOS, and JOSEPH to be different variables. This may pose a problem when compiling a program that uses variable abbreviations; the compiler may recognize more variables than were originally intended.

Microsoft's original BASIC compiler had many defects, but all of the problems seem cured in this new version. I have some BASIC programs that will not compile using BASCOM, but that's always because standard TRS-80 conventions were not used. For example, Radio Shack's backgammon game will not compile because it branches to subroutines from within a loop; that is disallowed but forgiven by interpreted BASIC. Also, some things may be mistaken for bugs. For example, I thought there were problems with linking because L80 is different for Microsoft FORTRAN and BASIC. But the two act the same if a "— R" switch is used with the BASIC version.

368 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 311 on inquiry card.

If you don't know a baud from a floppy...

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i#*-w~~—

I've yet to find any "real" bugs—only things that I either misinterpreted or didn't understand.

If you have code that you want to run faster, or if you need any of the features like a FORTRAN library, this is definitely a worthwhile product. If you're not accustomed to a compiler, compilation may be annoying. But this is a professional package, just as flexible and much easier to use than some compilers on mainframe computers.

Conclusions

Microsoft's BASIC compiler allows compilation of any BASIC program written for a disk-based TRS-80. This results in a three to 30 times increase in execution speed. The system includes a compiler (BASCOM), linker (L80), routine library (BASLIB), and run-time package (BRUN). For most purposes, 48 K bytes of memory and two disk drives are needed. The package is nearly identical to the interpreter that Microsoft designed for the TRS-80.

The software is readily used by those familiar with a compiler and compilation is quick. The documentation is confusing but complete, and a novice should be operating the system within an hour. Full use of its very flexible and extensive special features will require several days' study, which would be reduced with better documentation.

There are more than 20 features in the package that are not available in disk BASIC, including structured loops

and calls to FORTRAN subroutines. Because of ambiguities in documentation, full use of the features requires long study and experimentation.

This is a very professional software package that gives the TRS-80 features found only on much larger systems. Except for the documentation, the package is superlative in all respects. ■

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BYTE March 1982

371

Software Review

LDOS—Disk Operating System for the TRS-80

Tim Daneliuk

4927 North Rockwell

Chicago, IL 60625

The TRS-80 microcomputer has evolved from a rather simple, cassette-based experimenter's delight to a complex and powerful disk-centered system. With disks came the necessity of a DOS (disk operating system) for control and communication with the computer. The first DOS came from Radio Shack, but independent vendors have since released others. The latest of these is LDOS from Logical Systems Inc.

LDOS was created out of need. Lobo Drives International wanted to market a new disk interface for the TRS-80 Model I that supported not

At a Glance

Name

LDOS |logical disk operating system]

Type

Systems software/disk operating system

Manufacturer

Logical Systems Inc.

I 1520 North Port Washington Rd.

Mequon, Wl 53092

|414) 241-3066

Price

SI69

Format

5 'A -inch floppy disk

Computer

TRS-80 Model I or III with 32K bytes of memory and a disk drive

Language

Z80 machine language

Documentation

Approximately 250 pages in a three-ring binder

Audience

All TRS-80 disk system users

only 5V4-inch floppy disks, but 8-inch and hard disks as well. Additionally, the floppy-disk interface supported both single- and double-density operation. At the time of the hardware design, no existing DOS could support this diversity of hardware. Therefore, LDOS was created. Originally, it started as a debugged and enhanced version of VTOS 4.0. However, the present version is essentially all new code. VTOS users will be quite comfortable with LDOS because the command structure and syntax of VTOS have been largely maintained. The present version of LDOS supports both the Radio Shack expansion interface and the Lobo LX-80 interface. It is compatible with TRSDOS 2.3. Also, it supports both the Percom Doubler and double-sided operation. A version of LDOS is also available for the TRS-80 Model III.

It is always difficult to review a software product of this magnitude. I hope I have successfully avoided the tendency to get lost in infinite detail. I will stress the highlights of the system based on extensive use of LDOS 5.0.2 on a Model I and limited use of LDOS 5.1 on a Model III. The features discussed reflect primarily LDOS 5.1. As this is being written, this latest version, called 5.1.1 for the Model I, has just been released. Therefore, the operating features of both Model I and Model III LDOS are identical.

The LDOS Command Library

TRSDOS 2.3 could be viewed as a subset of LDOS. Every TRSDOS command has been implemented, and

most have been significantly enhanced. LDOS also provides many new commands never previously available on any one TRS-80 DOS. Table 1 contains a brief listing and descriptions of the major enhancements and extensions found in LDOS. The major features are described below.

If you do any assembly-language programming, you will find the LDOS extended DEBUG a tremendous tool. All of the old commands are included, but many new ones have been added, too. Some of the extensions are:

• enter data directly into entire sections of memory

• fill a block of memory with a specific byte

• jump over a byte in program execution

• locate first occurrence of a specific byte or word in memory

• print a block of memory

• send or display a byte to or from any I/O (input/output) port

• type ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) characters directly into memory

• compare two blocks of memory

There is also a disk read/write utility that allows reading or writing to any sector of any disk, even the directory sectors!

The fact that LDOS supports hard disks and 8-inch floppy disks is evident in the changes to the DIR (directory) command. An unconditional call for a disk directory on a 10-megabyte hard disk would be a messy proposition. LDOS allows directories

372 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

We have ways.

*o

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Give your computer the magic of speech with an ECHO™ Speech Synthesizer!

There are four new models to choose from: the ECHO 80 (TRS-80 models I & III), ECHO 100 (S-100), the ECHO GP (generalpurpose, serial/parallel) and the ECHO SBC (single board computer). These join the popular ECHO ][ (Apple).

ECHO Speech Synthesizers use LPC synthesis pioneered by Texas Instruments, combined with a phoneme-based operating system to provide any vocabulary you desire while using a minimum of your computer's memory.

The TEXTALKER Speech Generator, standard with all ECHOs except the SBC, translates normal English text to speech automatically.

Circle 362 on inquiry card.

pie commands allow you to select from:

63 different pitch levels Words spoken monotonically or with intonation Fast or slow speech output Entire words pronounced or spelled letter by letter Different volumes Spoken punctuation if desired

Speech applications are virtually unlimited, ranging from education to games to aiding the handicapped. The flexibility and low price of ECHO Speech Synthesizers make them the logical choice when adding speech to your system.

For more information see your dealer or contact:

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fsEcj'

by class and date. For example, a directory of only files with the extension "/TXT" could be shown. Or all files created on, before, or after a specific date could be shown. This is a real time-saver when you are trying to find a specific file in a full disk. Any DIR command also shows the amount of free space in kilobytes on a specific disk, as well as the usual disk name, creation date, and drive number.

The LINK and ROUTE commands are very sophisticated and offer features normally found only on minicomputer and mainframe operating systems. LDOS is a device-independent operating system. Each peripheral is seen by the operating system as a DCB (device control block) in memory independent of the actual hardware. This means that data can be transferred between peripherals (called devices) in any manner you want. Additionally, so-called dummy-devices can be created so that data intended for one destination can be made to go elsewhere (a disk file, for example). In essence, device

independence allows you to redirect I/O any way you like without having to rewrite the machine-language I/O drivers. This may sound terribly complicated, but it is extremely easy to use and offers unbelievable versatility.

The ROUTE command allows you to change the destination of data. For example, routing the video to the line printer forces anything normally displayed on the screen to be printed on the printer. Another application for ROUTE is to send anything from the RS-232 serial port to a disk file, instead of the screen, when the computer is unattended. LINK is similar to ROUTE in function. However, instead of redirecting data to another device, it simultaneously adds a second (or third, or fourth . . .) destination device. This would allow you to send anything appearing on the screen to the printer, too, or vice versa. I have a disassembler that only goes to the screen. By linking the video display to the printer, the disassembled code appearing on the screen is simultaneously sent to the printer,

APPEND

ATTRIB

AUTO

BOOT

BUILD

COPY

CREATE

DEBUG

DEVICE

DIR

DO

DUMP

FILTER

FREE

LINK LIST

LOAD MEMORY

PURGE

RESET

ROUTE

RUN

SET

SPOOL

SYSTEM

Can ECHO to screen while appending, and can back up 1 byte in destination file to merge Scripsit files. Can make files Visible and INVisible. Can disable BREAK key. Software reset "button." Reloads LDOS. Creates ASCII or HEX files for PATCHing, JCL, etc. Simplified syntax. Can specify LRL. CLONE attributes of source file. ECHO characters to screen while copying. Single-drive copy from nonsystem disk.

Preallocate disk space for a file in either kilobytes or number of records.

Extended significantly (see text). Shows all important disk-configuration data. Extended significantly (see text). Used to execute JCL file.

Will dump in ASCII. End of text marker can be specified. Modify I/O flow.

Shows amount of space used and available, creation date, disk name, number of directory entries used and available, free space in K, and space map. Can be sent to printer. Change I/O flow (see text).

Can number lines, dump in HEX, expand tabs, begin at specific record or line number, specify LRL, and output to printer. Can load from a nonsystem disk in single-drive systems. Can show or modify top of memory. Can display, jump to, or modify specific memory locations. Multiple kill of files.

Reconnect peripherals to standard I/O drivers. Modify I/O flow (see text).

Execute file from nonsystem disk on a single-drive system. Connect device to new I/O driver routine. Data spooler (see text). Configure system parameters (see text).

Table 1: The major enhancements of LDOS as compared to TRSDOS 2.3. Not all library features are listed here.

thus providing hard copy. The LINK command takes 10 seconds to type in; writing a new I/O driver could have taken days.

The SPOOL command has many uses, but its greatest application is when long printouts are required. Rather than tying up the computer completely while printing, SPOOL sends the data to be printed to a buffer located in memory or on a disk. Then, as the computer has time (in between keystrokes, for example), the data are sent to the printer. You can choose the size of the buffer, as well as whether to spool to memory or the disk. When using SPOOL, it seems that the TRS-80 is doing two things at once. However, it's just using time much more efficiently! Small-business users will love this feature because you can print a long report or a general ledger and use the computer for other things at the same time.

A final highlight of the LDOS library is the SYSTEM command. This allows you to customize LDOS for a particular installation. The diskdrive stepping rate, blinking cursor, keyboard type-ahead, and break key disable are but a few of the many features that can be configured. The final configuration can then be saved. Each time that LDOS system disk is booted, the configuration is also loaded. SYSTEM will be a real favorite with a single-drive user because it allows you to load many of the "/SYS" files into memory. This in turn frees a great deal of disk space for data. It also has the effect of speeding up disk I/O since overlays are not being called from the disk. Potentially, you could have the full operating system at your disposal, and about 60K bytes of disk space in a single-drive, single-density, 35-track system. Finally, SYSTEM allows you to reassign which physical drive is logical drive 0. You must load LDOS the usual way, but after that anything goes. This will find application among Model III users who have a 35-track drive left from their Model I. By making this external drive the system drive, the two higher-capacity 40- or 80-track drives in the Model III

374 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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LDOS Utilities

LDOS includes the familiar BACKUP and FORMAT utilities, which have been greatly enhanced, plus several new utilities. As with the command functions, BACKUP and FORMAT provide support for larger disk drives. BACKUP by class can be invoked, for example, to back up only nonsystem files. FORMAT provides the necessary functions to format disks of various sizes, densities, and single- or double-sided usage. As with most sophisticated operating systems, LDOS requires that a disk be formatted before a backup is allowed.

CMDFILE is a utility that allows the transfer of files stored on tape to disk, or vice versa. Where necessary, the utility will offset program locations from the tape version to insure that no conflict with the operating system is encountered. Disk-to-disk transfers are also supported. The PATCH utility allows modification of disk files to make minor changes or repairs without having to rewrite the entire file. Model III LDOS comes with a CONV utility to convert Model III TRSDOS disks to LDOS.

A final utility of interest is LCOMM. It provides communications software compatible with both the Radio Shack and the Lobo LX-80 serial ports. This is not a "dumbterminal" program, but a full-blown communications package with features like file transfers and downloading.

LDOS Filters and Drivers

One of the unique features of LDOS is its ability to "filter" data. By loading an appropriate program, it is possible to modify data before they are sent to a particular device. Three such filters are provided with LDOS, but documentation is provided to help the assembly-language programmer write others. The KEYSTROKE MULTIPLY filter allows you to program any key to generate a phrase when pressed. I programmed some commonly used BASIC phrases into my keyboard. By pressing CLEAR and G together, the phrase GOTO is

generated. Another possible application for this filter would be to reduce complicated DOS commands to a single keystroke. LDOS does provide abbreviation for certain commonly used library commands such as FREE and DIR by means of the M1N1DOS filter. The third filter is the PRINTER filter. Its features include adding a linefeed after a carriage return, specifying the number of characters to be printed on a line, and setting the left margin of the printed page.

Logical Systems is also releasing an entire disk of filter routines to be used with LDOS. This disk will sell for $60. It has many extended features, such as redefining every ASCII character. This would allow, for example, translation from ASCII to another data code such as EBCDIC. Another filter on this disk allows decimal and hexadecimal arithmetic while in another program (EDTASM, for example).

LDOS has a provision for loading custom I/O drivers as well. With one command, it is possible to change peripheral control from the LDOS drivers to one you have written. An RS-232 driver is provided for applications involving the serial port.

Job Control Language

It is impossible to do justice to the Job Control Language (JCL) feature short of writing a separate review of it. This is essentially a way of writing programs using LDOS library commands. Let's say you want to load a disk, and from then on have handsoff operation while the computer updates your mailing list, realphabetizes it, and prints labels. Normally, you would have to type in four separate DOS and BASIC commands:

BASIC

RUN "NEWDATA" RUN "ALPHABETRUN "LABELS"

In LDOS, you simply create a file with these commands in it (using the LDOS BUILD command or a text editor such as Scripsit). Then tell LDOS to DO this file and sit back/ Program execution is automatic. JCL

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BYTE March 1982 377

also has the capability of prompting the user for input from the keyboard, to make decisions, to wait for a specific time on the clock before executing, and many other features. One application could be running long business programs unattended at night. This feature alone is worth the entire package price.

LBASIC

As with Disk BASIC 2.2, LBASIC is an adjunct to the BASIC interpreter in the TRS-80. It is compatible with programs written in Radio Shack BASIC, but has extended features that significantly enhance the language.

LBASIC adds many new random and sequential file controls. One of the best is the implementation of the Blocked File mode. In this mode of operation, an LRL (logical record length) between 1 and 256 bytes per record may be selected. This means that although the physical record size is still 256 bytes per record, you can deal with logical records that are less

than this. Let's say you wanted to write a random-access file that contained nothing but names up to 32 characters long. Rather than FIELDing the buffer for eight separate data fields and writing 256-byte records, LBASIC allows you to have records that are exactly 32 bytes long as far as you are concerned, while maintaining actual physical records that are 256 bytes. Another randomaccess file control, OPEN, has been modified to allow the opening of a file only if it already exists or, conversely, only if it does not already exist.

The sequential file controls have been enhanced as well. It is now possible to write to the end of (append) a sequential file directly without having to first load the file into memory, modify it, and write it back to disk. As with the random files, OPEN can be made dependent upon whether the file does or does not already exist.

LBASIC implements some features that greatly enhance writing and debugging programs. The more com

monly used BASIC commands such as AUTO, EDIT, and LIST have been reduced to a single-letter command, and it is possible to single-step through a BASIC program. To facilitate program documentation and debugging, LBASIC includes a powerful line-renumber command and a cross-reference generator.

Several totally new BASIC commands have been added. RESTORE lets you go to a specific line of a program rather than always to the first DATA statement. When chaining programs, it is possible to specify at what line of the next program execution is to begin. Variables can also be passed from program to program while chaining. Thus, it is no longer necessary to save the variables in a file and read them back in when the next program has been loaded. A final addition is the ability to reset the EOF (end-of-file) marker in a random file, effectively allowing you to make random files smaller at will.

A final enhancement in LBASIC is the extended use of the CMD com

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mand. Any legal LDOS command that does not affect protected memory can be executed from within LB ASIC. To do a directory, for example, simply type in CMD "DIR". You can also load "/CMD" files from LBASIC by typing in CMD "filespec".

Documentation

It is claimed that of the approximately $100,000 spent on the LDOS project, the manual alone cost more

than $25,000 to develop. This is not difficult to believe because LDOS has the best, most comprehensive documentation and manufacturer support I've ever seen for a microcomputer. In excess of 250 pages, the LDOS manual is plainly the work of professionals. It will bring particular joy to assembly-language programmers because all major system entry vectors are thoroughly documented and all old documented TRSDOS vectors

Listing 1: The Benchmark program used to compare the speed of TRSDOS and LDOS,

180 CLEAR 1980

110 CLS

120 DEFINT fi-Z

13@ ' ** Program to test sPeed of system **

139 ' Set display delay

140 DODELflV=2900

200 PRINTS 256,"Do you wish to make a <R>ead or <W>rtte test

??";:INPUT MODE*

210 ' Set Read or Write mode

22Q IF MODE*="R" OR M0DE$="r" THEN MQDE=0iGOTO 388

230 IF I10DE*="W" OR M0DE*="w" THEN MuDE=l:GOTO 300

240 SOSUB 9999:GOTO 260

380 CLS

310 PRIHTS256," What Is the name of the file to use ??";:INPUT

FILE*

320 IF LEFT*(.'FILE*. 1><"R" OR LENCFILE*)>12 THEN BOSUB 9999!SOTO

308

343 CLS

35S PRINT325S." Which drive shall, be used C8 to 7> ??";: INPUT

DR1UE*

368 IF LEN<DRIUE*>>1 OR UAL<DRIUE*>>7 THEN BOSUB 9999!SOTO 349

378 CLS

3S0 PRINT3256," What Logical, record length CI to 256>??";: INPUT

LRL*

390 IF URL<LRL*K1 OR UP,L<LRL$>>256 THEN SOSUB 9999: GOTO 378

480 CLS

419 PRINT3256," How roanU records shall, be Processed ??";: INPUT

REC

428 IF MODE THEN CLSsPRINT3256»" If the file exists do you want

It KILLED (VVN) ??";:INPUT KI*: ELSE GOTO 560

430 IF KI*="V" OR KI*"'*y" THEN KI = i

500 CLS

510 FILE$=F.IL£#+ +DRIUE*! PRINT3256, " Fllenane : "SPILE*

528 PRINT3384, " Record size : "SLRL*

538 PRINTS512. " # of Records: "J REC

540 PRINT3640.- " File MODE : ";:IF MODE

THEN PRINT"WRITE" ELSE PRINT"READ" 550 PRINT: PRINT" IS THIS CORRECT CSVNii ??";•: INPUT GO* 568 IF 80*="n" OR 80*="N" THEN RUN 680 IF KI THEN ON ERROR GOTO 15900!IF MODE THEN KILL FILE*

601 ON ERROR GOTO 0

602 Q*="HELLO"+"GOODBYE"

685 SI2E=UP,L<LRL*::':IF LRL*="256" THEN LRL*=""

610 OPEN"r'M!.FILE*,UflL<LRL*>iFIELD #1, SIZE-1 AS REC*

628 PRINT8288,"START :";TIME*

630 PRINT3416, "FINISH :"5

648 PRINT3544;"RECORD !"J

690 IF MODE THEN 800

700 FOR L=l TO REC:PRINT3552,L;:GET 1,L:IF REC*=Q* THEN 1000

ELSE NEXT:CLOSE:GOTO 908

800 FOR L=l TO REC:PRINTS 552.-L; : LSET REC*=STR*<L>+"Thls Is a

test, of file handling In Basic"!PUT 1,L:NEXT:CLOSE:GOTO 900

909 PRINT3424,Tir'1E$;:PRINT;ii900, ;:EHD

1080 PRINT" ERROR "8Q0T0 900

9999 CLS:PRINT3488.-" I N U fi L I D RES P 0 N S E "3

10008 FOR TIMER" 1 TO DODELflYiNEKT ' ** PAUSE LOOP

10001 CLS:RETURN

15000 RESUME NEXT

have been maintained. (I gained a great deal of insight into TRSDOS by reading the LDOS technical section.) The nontechnical user is by no means left out though. The manual is extremely readable and full of good examples.

The documentation is further supported by a toll-free telephone number, an excellent update policy, a Micronet bulletin board, and a quarterly news magazine. The phonein customer service is available for four hours daily. The magazine is free for the first year. New releases of LDOS can be obtained by sending $5 and the original master disk to the manufacturer. If you prefer, you can update LDOS by logging in to Micronet and copying the updated version at no charge. As newer versions of LDOS become available, existing owners will be able to upgrade to the new version for a nominal fee (depending on the nature of the new revision). In short, the LDOS documentation and support system have no peers. They can be expected to become the standard by which all others are measured.

Benchmarks

LDOS boots quickly and seems to operate quite efficiently. One of its nicer features is the fact that the realtime clock is kept on during disk I/O operation. While this keeps the clock much more accurate than other systems, it can lead to a rather mysterious problem. If the disk drive is turning at exactly 300 rpm (revolutions per minute), the interrupt for the clock can occur at the same time the directory track becomes available to be read. This can result in long waits during disk I/O. The problem is remedied by reducing disk-drive speed by several rpm. The first quarterly magazine includes a BASIC program that indicates drive speed allowing you to see if your drives need a slight readjustment. The 15 minutes it takes to do this minor correction is a small price to pay for the added clock accuracy, though, and the problem is intermittent and minor at most.

Listing 1 is the Benchmark program used to compare the speeds of LDOS

380 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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and TRSDOS. Table 2 is a summary of the results of that benchmark. For the Model III, TRSDOS 1.3 was used. The Model I benchmark presented a problem since TRSDOS 2.3 does not officially support variable LRLs (i.e., logical record lengths less than 256 bytes). The latest version, TRSDOS 2.3B, does support variable LRLs on the Radio Shack Compiler BASIC package, but not with the interpreter. Variable LRLs are partially implemented in TRSDOS 2.3 and 2.3B, but they cause errors to occur. In investigating this, I discovered that it was possible to write records in this file mode, but not to read them. Furthermore, the write procedure appeared to work fine, except that when the file was to be CLOSEd an error message appeared. Consequently, the timings given for TRSDOS on the Model I should not be treated as true benchmarks. They are included here only as a point of interest. It is interesting to note that, even with the errors being generated, the figures for the Model I and Model III are remarkably similar. This seems to indicate that, if Radio Shack ever implemented variable LRLs on the Model I, no significant improvement in efficiency could be expected unless the entire procedure was rewritten.

Summary and Conclusions

It is probably apparent that I really like LDOS. It is by far the most sophisticated piece of systems software available for the TRS-80 (and probably for any computer priced under $5000). It offers unprecedented features, giving the TRS-80 new applications previously impossible without a massive programming effort. I had been considering selling my Model I and upgrading. After using LDOS, it became apparent that, while I might improve the hardware, I would be hard-pressed to come up with a more usable and better supported system in an affordable price range.

Specifically, LDOS offers these unique features:

• A user-oriented DOS that doesn't require in-depth technical knowledge to use well.

• A level of documentation and technical support almost unheard of in anything but minicomputers and mainframes.

• Virtually problem-free operation. In the months I have used LDOS, the only problem encountered was the disk-speed problem mentioned earlier.

• The possibility of true portability between members of the TRS-80 family, as well as some S-100 computers. Versions of LDOS for the Model II and certain S-100 computers are planned. These will probably be CP/M-compatible to some extent and will allow transporting data disks between any machines running under LDOS (provided the media are compatible).

• An exceptional bargain! If the in

dividual features of LDOS were bought separately, the price would be near $1000. The SPOOL feature alone would cost almost as much as the complete LDOS package.

It is difficult to conceive of a TRS-80 user who would not benefit from LDOS. In fact, the overall programming efficiency should at least double. Even if you are using another advanced DOS, it would be worthwhile to look into LDOS because its advanced features are yet to be rivaled in any one competitive operating system. If you are about to purchase a disk system or a new DOS, you'll find LDOS to be a professional, debugged, and efficient tool that will free your time and talents to write better applications software.■

Model III

Model 1

TRSDOS 1.3

LDOS 5.1

TRSDOS 2.3B

LDOS 5.0.2

Real

Clock

Real Clock

Real Clock

Real Clock

Function

Time

Time

Time Time

Time Time

Time Time

Write

New

File LRL=2

13:23

2:09

1:28 1:28

13:36

1:37 1:38

2000 Records

Write To

Existing

File LRL = 2

1:21

0:13

0:09 0:09

1:23

0:11 0:11

200 Records

Read

Existing

File LRL = 2

6:37

1:54

0:49 0:49

1:05 1:06

2000 Records

Write

New

File LRL= 128

1:52

0:26

1:05 1:05

1:42

1:28 1:30

200 Records

Write

New

File

LRL = 256

0:45 0:20

0:55 0:55

100 Records

Read

Existing

File

LRL = 256

0:10 0:11

50 Records

Table 2: The results from the Benchmark program

Times given are in minutes and

seconds. Blank

spaces in

dicate tests not run on the N

lodel III, or not possible with the

Model I.

382 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Software Review

COBOL for the TRS-80 Models I and III

COBOL on a TRS-80 Model I? Yes, I was skeptical myself. Visions of COBOL's notoriously verbose source code rapidly filling memory and floppy disks led me to believe that Radio Shack had probably exceeded the limitations of the TRS-80 this time. I have been surprised in the past by some things people have converted from mainframes and minicomputers to microcomputers, but COBOL seemed like too much. Now, after substantial use of the system, I can happily report that Radio Shack's COBOL package is professionally done and well suited to the TRS-80.

COBOL is the most widely used programming language in the world. Over the years, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) CODASYL committee has overseen the evolution of COBOL into a powerful language highly suited for business applications. It is particularly strong in its file-handling capabilities. Also, Radio Shack has announced that all the businessapplication software it develops in the future for the TRS-80 Model II will be done in COBOL.

Radio Shack COBOL (RSCOBOL) is a complete COBOL program development system. It implements a substantial portion of the ANSI X3.23-1974 COBOL Standard (the most recently approved standard). The package contains two 5Vi-inch

Rowland Archer Jr. Flint Ridge Apartment 59 Hillsborough, NC 27278

floppy disks for the TRS-80 Model I and one for the Model III. My report is based on the use of the Model I system. The Model III version is supposed to be functionally identical.

The disks contain: 1. CEDIT, a line-oriented text editor for preparing COBOL source programs. This editor is similar to the one provided with the Model I EDTSAM (Editor-Assembler) package, with tab settings for COBOL and several additional commands.

2. The RSCOBOL compiler supplied in Z80 machine-language format. It produces an object file, listing file, and cross-reference list in a single pass over the source code.

3. The RUNCOBOL run-time package, including an interactive COBOL debugger. The output of the RSCOBOL compiler can be run immediately with no need to go through a linking/loading phase, such as the one required by Radio Shack's FORTRAN package.

At a Glance

Name

RSCOBOL

overlayed COBOL compiler, interactive

COBOL debugger, and run-time package.

Type

TRS-80 COBOL development system

Software Format

Model 1 version requires TRSDOS 2.3B.

Author

which is provided with the package;

Ryan-McFarland Corporation

Model III version requires TRSDOS 1.1,

Software Products Group

which is also provided.

Aptos. CA 95003

Computer

Distributor

TRS-80 Model 1 or III with 48K bytes of

Tandy Corporation

RAM and at least two disk drives

One Tandy Center

Fort Worth. TX 76102

Documentation

[817] 390-3583

Concise but complete explanation of

system operation; lengthy and thorough

Price

description of language; written in the

SI 99

style of a reference manual, not a tutorial;

368 pages.

Software

All software needed to run COBOL on

Audience

both Model 1 and Model III TRS-80s, pro

Programmers in need of a COBOL

vided on three 5%-inch floppy disks. This

development system for the TRS-80

includes a line-oriented text editor,

Model 1 or III

384 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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A New TRSDOS?

TRSDOS 2.3B is being provided with RSCOBOL, the new RSBASIC Model I BASIC Compiler, and the Series 1 Editor/Assembler. Each of these packages requires TRSDOS 2.3B and will not run under older versions of TRSDOS or other disk operating systems from alternate vendors (at least not at the time of this writing; the alternate DOS vendors will probably do something to remedy this situation).

Because of its dependence on certain features of TRSDOS 2.3B, the RSCOBOL package cannot be used without modification on systems that support double-density disk storage on the Model I, such as LDOS and NEWDOS/80, although the extra disk storage would certainly be useful for this package.

A utility, UPGRADE, is provided to convert a disk made with older versions of TRSDOS to run under 2.3B. However, once the disk is upgraded it can no longer be used with an older TRSDOS. UPGRADE also deletes any system (TRSDOS) files that happen to be on the disk being upgraded. Therefore, make sure you really want this to happen before you run the program!

The major change to TRSDOS is in the way it maintains the end-of-file (EOF) information in a disk's directory. The old systems maintained a 2-byte count of sectors in use by the file, plus a 1-byte offset of the last byte in use in the last sector. The new system maintains these 3 bytes differently. Together, the 3 bytes comprise a true total byte length of the file; if the EOF offset byte is not zero, the sector-count byte is one less than it was under the old system.

Ironically, this is the way Apparat's NEWDOS systems have always maintained the EOF internally. It was a "correction" to TRSDOS 2.1 noted in the documentation for NEWDOS 2.1, released more than two years ago. NEWDOS systems, however, convert the EOF data to be compatible with TRSDOS 2.3's "incorrect" method when they write the EOF to the disk directory. This makes NEWDOScreated disk files compatible with TRSDOS 2.3 and earlier systems, but incompatible with TRSDOS 2.3B— which uses the NEWDOS EOF method not only internally, but also in the disk directory. If you are confused, imagine the fun this creates when you have disks generated by both systems in your library!

In practice, this means that any machine-language program that does physical record disk I/O and maintains the EOF pointer itself will not function properly under TRSDOS 2.3B. For example, you cannot use Radio Shack's Scripsit to edit RSCOBOL source files without using a utility to move the files back and forth between TRSDOS 2.3 and 2.3B disks. However, Radio Shack provides only a utility for converting all the files on a 2.3 disk to 2.3B format. It is unfortunate that Radio Shack had to make these changes to TRSDOS, as they will certainly cause lots of confusion for thousands of TRS-80 users. [Editor's Note: TRSDOS 2.3B is not a replacement for TRSDOS 2.3. Radio Shack says it is only required for use with the RSCOBOL, Series 1 Editor/Assembler, and RSBASIC Compiler packages.

.. .sjwy

New TRSDOS

One of the biggest surprises of this package was the introduction of a new version of DOS (disk operating system) for the Model I, TRSDOS 2.3B. I had seen no mention of this upgrade when I purchased RSCOBOL. Although this new release is only slightly different from TRSDOS 2.3, one of its changes is significant enough to make 2.3B disks

incompatible with any other TRS-80 disk operating system, including NEWDOS, LDOS, TRSDOS 2.3, and its predecessors. This raises many "interesting" (read "painful") problems with file sharing between the various systems.

System Overview

The RSCOBOL system is heavily disk oriented. It requires two disk

386 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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_ conde the very latest

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drives. Since the compiler and the run-time module both use overlays, these disks must always be online during compilation and execution.

During compilation, the files in table 1 must be online. During execution of COBOL programs, the files in table 2 must be online. The best way to set up the disks in a two-drive system has the disk in drive 0 containing TRSDOS and either all the files needed to compile a program or all the files needed to run one. This allows the disk in drive 1 to be formatted as a "data disk," with all its space available for COBOL source code, object code, and/or the files used by applications programs. In fact, the disk containing both TRSDOS and the run-time system has enough space for a sizable COBOL object program, allowing drive 1 to be used entirely for data.

Unfortunately, Radio Shack didn't see it this way and its disks are set up differently. Only the run-time disk contains the TRSDOS system files. This disk does not contain the runtime debugger overlay, RSCBLD13/ OBJ. That file is on the disk that must go in drive 1. The second disk con

tains the COBOL compiler, all overlays, and the COBOL editor. E since this disk does not conti TRSDOS, you must have a disk cc taining TRSDOS in drive 0 while y are compiling. Where should you p your COBOL source code and obji code? Take your pick, but you mi share space on the same disk w either TRSDOS or the compiler a its overlays.

Why the fuss about file placemei After all, can't you just use COPY move the files around to achieve more logical placement? Due to an explicable move on Radio Shac part, you can't. Although the disk; a whole can be copied using BACKUP utility, all the COB' system files are password pro tec and can't be copied individual Frankly, the logic of this escapes r There is no protection against pira as both disks may be copied fre with no restrictions. But the licen; owner of the system is prevem from moving individual files arou to increase the usefulness of system. Does anyone in Fort Wo care to explain this policy? It is eit! a slip-up or Radio Shack is trying

File Function

Size, GRANS

RUNCOBOL/CMD COBOL Run-time RSCBLD13/OBJ Debugger overlay

(Only needed if debugger is used)

25 2

"One GRAN = five 256-byte sectors, or 1280 bytes. Table 1: These files must be online during program

compilation.

File

Function

Size, GRANS

RSCOBOL/CMD RSCBL213/OBJ RSCBL313/OBJ RSCBL413/OBJ

COBOL Compiler Compiler overlay Compiler overlay Compiler overlay

23 6 6 5

*One GRAN = five 256-byte sectors, or 1280 bytes. Table 2: These files must be online during program

execution.

388 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE M»rch 19B2 389

KISS BASIC

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Much Faster than BASIC

Quic-N-Easi programming is much faster than BASIC because the standard business applications (key input, file handling, and output reporting) are handled via pre-programmed parameter driven subroutines. To produce finished professional looking custom business programs, you merely:

Draw the business formats directly on the CRT in minutes.

Fill in the blanks for field attributes, validations, tables, etc.

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Optionally define file and output formats right on the screen.

Pays for Itself in a Week

By eliminating the coding drudgery of writing screen, field, file, and format programs in BASIC, programmers are free to concentrate on the unique business aspects of each custom application. No professional programmer can afford to develop one more business application without Quic-N-Easi. The savings are so significant with Quic-N-Easi, it can actually pay for itself in only one week.

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8" Single Density • VECTOR GRAPHICS • MICROPOLIS Mod 2 • TRS80 Mod II • TRS80 Mod III • APPLE

• OSBORNE • INTERTEC • ZENITH

Apple, CP/M, Intertec, Micropenis, and TRSBO are trademarks of Apple Computer, Digital Research, Intertec Data Systems, Micropolis Corp., and Tandy Corp.

Circle 358 on inquiry card.

TM

Listing 1: A sample program created using the COBOL development system. The program searches sequential disk files for records that match the key entered by the user. For a further explanation of how this COBOL program operates, see the text box on page 392.

TRS-80 Modi?]. SOURCE FILEi

I/III COBOL SAMPLE

(RM/COBOL 1.3B)

08/17/81 08S30!

OPTION LIST! <T X l...==l 0=1

DEBUG PI3/LN A ... I?

1 2 3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

1<S 17

IS

19 20

21

22 23 2') 25 2<6 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 561 59 60 61 62 63 61 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79

SO 0 0 0 J-0000

»00OA

:000C >00 0C >0014 S-001C

>0I)50 s-0 050

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION. PROGRAM-ID•

SAMPLE. AUTHOR.

ROWLAND ARCHER. DATE-WRITTEN.

29 JULY 1981.

ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.

CONFIGURATION SECTION. SOURCE-COMPUTER. RMC. OBJECT-COMPUTER. RMC.

INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION.

FILE-CONTROL.

SELECT INFILE ASSIGN TO INPUTi

DATA DIVISION.

FILE SECTION. FD INFILE

LABEL RECORDS ARE DMITTE

01 INFILE-RECORD

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

01 IN-RECORD.

05 RECORD-KEY

05 REST-OF-RECORD

01 U8ER-QUIT8-FLAG 88 USER-QUITS

01 MORE-DATA-REMAINS-FLAG

813 NO-MORE -DATA-REMAINS; 88 MORE-DATA-REMAINS

01

000100 II0 0110

000120

000130 0(10140 000150 00 0160 000.170 000180 000190 0 0 020 0 0 0 0210 0 00220 0 0 0230 0 0 0210

0 0 0250 000260 0 0 0270 000280 0 0 0290

0 0 030 0

0 0 0310

0 0 0320

0 0 0330

0 0 0340

0 0 0350

000360

0 00370

000380

0 0 0390

000100

000410

000420

0 0 0430

0 0 0440

000450

000460

0 0 0470

000480

0 0 0490

0 0 050 0

0 0 0510

0 0 0520

0 0 0530

0 0 0540

0 0 0550

0 0 0560

0 0 0570

0 0 05(30

000590/ EJECT

0 0 060 0 PROCEDURE DIVISION.

000610

0 0 0620

0 0 0630

0 0 0640

0 0 0650

0 0 0660

0 0 0670

0 0 0680

0 0 0690

000700

000710

0 0 0720

0 0 0730

000740

0 0 0750

0 0 0760

000770

0 0 0780

0 0 0790

000800

000810

0 0 0820

000830

0 0 0840

0 0 0850

0 0 0860

000870

0 0 08(30

" INFILE/D AT ::l.'

PIC X<80>.

FTC X(5> . PIG XC75).

PIC XXX VALUE "NO".

VALUE "YES'

PIC XXX VALUE "YES"

VALUE ■NO".

VALUE "YES"

REQUEST-KEY-MSG.

05 FILLER PIC X<40)

VALUE "TYPE SELECTION KEY (OR Q TO QUIT)".

WAIT-MSG.

05 FILLER

value "hit centers 05 wait-char

select-key

PIC X<40) TO CONTINUE". PIC X(2> .

FTC X(5) .

RECORD-SELECTION-AND-DISPLAY.

PERFORM GET-KEY-AND-SEARCH-FILE

UNTIL USER-QUITS. STOP RUN.

GET-KEY-AND-SEARCH-FILE.

DISPLAY REQUEST-KEY-MSG » LINE Zr ERASE. ACCEPT SELECT-KEY» POSITION ll> PROMPT* ECHO. IF SELECT-KEY ■ "Q"

MOVE: "YES" TO USER-QUITS-FLAG ELSE

OPEN INPUT INFILE

PERFORM SEARCH-FILE-AND-DI8PLAY-RECORD UNTIL NO-MORE-DATA-REMAINS

CLOSE INFILE

MOVE "YES" TO MORE-DATA-REMAINS-FLAG

DISPLAY WAIT-MSG

ACCEPT WAIT-CHARi POSITION 0v PROMPT» ECHO.

SEARCH-FTLE-AND-DISPLAY-RECORD. READ INFILE INTO IN-RECORD

AT END MOVE "NO" TO MORE-DATA-REMAINS-FLAG. IF MORE-DATA-REMAINS

AND RECORD-KEY IS EQUAL TO SELECT-KEY

DISPLAY IN-RECORD.

END PROGRAM.

sell more disk drives. [Editor's Note:

Radio Shack replied saying that they have been using this same method of protecting their application software program files on all Model II software. They stressed that this does not represent a change in Tandy policy and emphasized that there are no restrictions on backups, only on copying individual files. . . .SJW]

For those who own disk editors such as Apparat's Superzap and are familiar with the disk-directory structure, it is a simple matter to overcome this problem by zapping the passwords. However, sensible use of the system should not be restricted to those with this knowledge.

One of the biggest surprises was the introduction of a

new version of DOS for the Model I.

On the positive side, all components of the RSCOBOL system appear to honor the high memory pointer address stored at location hexadecimal 4049. This is not documented, but by using a disassembler I found code referencing hexadecimal 4049 during the start-up phase of both the compiler and the run-time package in a manner that suggested it was using hexadecimal 4049 as a pointer to the top of available memory. I have also been using a serial printer driver that protects itself by storing the last available address below itself at hexadecimal 4049. I have experienced no difficulties with the use of this driver during compilation and execution of COBOL programs. If you have an application for this, I recommend careful testing to make sure that it works.

In case you haven't seen a reference to this before, most Model I DOS systems, including TRSDOS 2.3B, store a pointer at location hexadecimal 4049 to the last byte of available memory. Anything stored after the address contained in hexadecimal 4049 is "protected"; programs that follow this protocol, as RSCOBOL appears to, are careful not

March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 391

A Sample RSCOBOL Program

The sample RSCOBOL program shown in listing 1 prompts the user to type in a selection key (a string of up to five characters); it then reads through a sequentially organized disk file and compares the first five characters of each record in that file against the string typed in at the keyboard. All records whose first 5 bytes match the specified string are listed on the screen. This process is repeated until the user types Q instead of a key value.

The IDENTIFICATION DIVISION of the program, lines 1 through 7, is treated as a comment by the compiler. It tells the program's name, its author, and the date it was written.

The ENVIRONMENT DIVISION contains a CONFIGURATION SECTION. This identifies the SOURCE COMPUTER, or the system on which the program was compiled, as RMC (Ryan-McFarland COBOL). The OBJECT COMPUTER is the system on which the program will run; this is also RMC.

The INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION serves to establish connections between real disk file names and program identifiers for files. In this instance, line 17 logically connects the program file identifier INFILE with the TRSDOS file INFILE/DAT-.l. A program variable could have been specified instead of the literal string INFILE/DAT:1, which would have allowed the file name to be specified at run-time rather than compile-time. The keyword INPUT specifies that this file is to be used for INPUT only.

The DATA DIVISION contains declarations for all program variables. Program variables in COBOL are referred to as "data items." The FILE SECTION contains a description of the disk records that will be read from the sequentially organized file INFILE. The WORKING-STORAGE SECTION contains declarations for all the program data items. IN-RECORD is the

name for the "group" data item comprising RECORD-KEY and REST-OFRECORD. The clause PIC X(5) on RECORD-KEY declares that data item to be a 5-byte long string of alphanumeric characters. (PIC stands for PICTURE; X stands for a number or an alphabetical character.)

The data item USER-QUITS-FLAG in line 32 illustrates one of COBOL's powerful tools for enhancing program readability. This flag is a 3-byte character string (PIC XXX) that initially has the value "NO". USER-QUITS in line 33 is a "Level 88" item; it gives a name to a possible value of USERQUITS-FLAG. In line 54 of the program, the statement PERFORM GETKEY-AND-SEARCH-FILE UNTIL USER-QUITS serves to repeatedly perform the code paragraph labeled GETKEY-AND-SEARCH-FILE until the USER-QUITS-FLAG assumes the value named by USER-QUITS, in this case the string "YES". MORE-DATAREMAINS-FLAG is another example of the use of "Level 88" data items.

REQUEST-KEY-MSG and WAITMSG are data items containing prompts to be printed on the screen using the DISPLAY statement. The VALUE clause gives them initial values.

The PROCEDURE DIVISION of a COBOL program is where the work gets done. It is divided into "paragraphs, " each labeled by a name starting in the second column. The first paragraph is named RECORD-SELECTION-AND-DISPLAY. It contains only two statements: one that has been explained already, and STOP RUN, which halts program execution and returns control to TRSDOS.

The next paragraph, labeled GETKEY-AND-SEARCH-FILE, is the one PERFORMed repeatedly by the first paragraph. It clears the screen (ERASE) and puts the REQUEST-KEYMSG on the second line of the screen.

It then ACCEPTS a user response from the keyboard, which goes into the data item called SELECT-KEY. POSITION 0 means leave the cursor where it is; PROMPT puts out a prompt of underscores the size of the data item SELECT-KEY; ECHO sends what is typed at the keyboard to the screen. The user is not allowed to type in more characters than will fit in the data item (one per underscore prompt character).

The IF statement in line 61 tests the value of SELECT-KEY typed by the user; if Q is typed, it puts the value "YES" in the USER-QUITS-FLAG. This causes termination of the program because the UNTIL USER-QUITS test in line 55 now evaluates as true.

If the user types anything other than Q, the ELSE part of the IF statement is executed starting at line 64. The file INFILE is opened for INPUT, and the paragraph SEARCH-FILE-ANDDISPLAY-RECORD is performed for each record in the file. When the file has been completely processed, it is closed in line 67, the flag MOREDATA-REMAINS is reset to "YES" for the next time through the loop, and a messsage is displayed telling the user to hit the ENTER key to continue (lines 69 and 70).

The SEARCH-FILE-AND-DISPLAY-RECORD paragraph reads the next record from INFILE into the data item IN-RECORD. When the end of the file is reached, the word "NO" is put into the MORE-DATAREMAINS-FLAG. This makes the test UNTIL NO-MORE-DATA-REMAINS in line 66 evaluate as true. If the end of the file is not reached, the RECORDKEY field of the record read in from the file is compared to the SELECTKEY typed in by the user. If they match, the entire record is displayed on the screen by the DISPLAY statement in line 77.

to use any memory past this point. This means that you can load any machine-language routines into high memory and set hexadecimal 4049 to point below them; the RSCOBOL system will not clobber your machine-language programs.

To give you a feeling for the

system, I will explain the procedure followed to create, compile, and run the COBOL program shown in listing 1. This is a short (by COBOL standards) program that searches a sequential disk file (very similar to a BASIC sequential file) for records whose key fields match the one typed

in at the keyboard. All matching records are displayed on the screen.

COBOL Editor

To create a COBOL source program, some type of text editor must be used. If you are accustomed to full-screen editors, you will be disap

392 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

The Newest, Easiest to Use Low-Cost Word Processor

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Because it is so simple to learn, PIE Writer can be used by anyone who can use a typewriter. The new, simplified manual and interactive tutorial will have even the inexperienced user up and running quickly. In just a matter of minutes you will learn how to enter and delete text, modify what has already been entered and format your information so that it is printed exactly the way you want it.

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Versatility and compatibility are two important features of PIE Writer. While some word processors for the Apple II computer will only work with specific accessories, such as 80-column display boards, lowercase adapters and printers. PIE Writer is versatile enough to work with almost any combination of these. For example, the standard version is available for use on standard Apple II computers with a 40-column display. However, if you have any of the commonly available 80-column display boards, such as the Videx Video Term, Sup'r Term, Smarterm or Double Vision, we have a version of PIE Writer for you. Specify the version you want when ordering.

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In addition, PIE Writer permits the user to display and print lines as long as 132 characters (for the 80-column version of PIE Writer). If you want to

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So why settle for less than the best. Get PIE Writer today. A comparison with the other leading word processor ought to convince you.

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Yes

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Yes

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Yes

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Saves text or

binary files

Yes

No

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Yes

Yes

Suppressed &

continued page

numbering

Yes

Yes

Hyphenation

No

Yes

Save text segment to

a new file

Yes

Yes

Insert text from

another file

Yes

Yes

Underlining

Yes

Yes

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& replace

Yes

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Edits page breaks

Yes

Yes

Status display

Yes

Yes

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sions for the Apple

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How to order: call 800-631-0856, or write to Hayden Book Co., Inc., 50 Essex Street, Rochelle Park, N.J. 07662. Also available from your local computer store.

WordStar is a registered trademark of MicroPro International. Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer. Inc neither is affiliated with Hayden Book Co

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pointed with RSCOBOL's editor. Until there is a version of Scripsit or another full-screen editor that works with TRSDOS 2.3B, your only option is to use the line-oriented editor included with the RSCOBOL package. This editor, CEDIT, is written in assembly language. It is very similar to the original Model I EDTASM (Editor-Assembler) package, which in turn bears a close resemblance to the Level II BASIC editor. CEDIT does have a few enhancements, most noticeably the inclusion of a global "replace text" command. All CEDIT commands can be abbreviated to a single letter.

If you are accustomed

to full-screen editors,

you will be

disappointed with

RSCOBOL's editor.

CEDIT loads all the text to be edited into memory and saves everything to disk at once. It is not a memory buffer editor, such as the one supplied with Radio Shack's FORTRAN package. Thus, you are restricted to editing files that will fit in memory all at one time. CEDIT saves COBOL source programs on disk in a plain ASCII format; blanks and line numbers are not compressed in any way.

If you look through the CEDIT portion of the RSCOBOL manual, do not be misled by the section titled "Source File Format" on page 3. It implies that each line of source code takes up its own 256-byte disk record. Fortunately, this is not true. Source code lines are packed together and terminated by carriage returns, as in most other TRS-80 editors. The entire file is terminated by a hexadecimal 1A byte.

When you are ready to use CEDIT to create a COBOL source program, you must decide which disks to put online. I have a disk that contains TRSDOS, CEDIT, and the RSCOBOL compiler. This disk goes into drive 0, and a blank disk in drive 1 holds the COBOL source code being edited. Decide in advance which disk

94 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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will hold your COBOL program; once in the editor, you cannot go back to TRSDOS to look at the disk directory without losing what is in memory.

Since the COBOL language requires much similar information at the start of every program, I recommend that you create a "skeleton" or "template" file that contains this information. Then, when you create a new program, load this file and edit it as needed, rather than having to type in all the header information every time. Referring to listing 1, my skeleton file contains the IDENTIFICATION DIVISION, the ENVIRONMENT DIVISION, and part of the DATA DIVISION seen in this listing. My DATA DIVISION skeleton includes a FILE SECTION with a couple of FDs and the WORKING-STORAGE section with some often-used identifiers. Experience will help you decide which things are frequently repeated.

Line numbers are provided by the editor during the text creation process. The INSERT command, abbreviated I, is used much like BASIC'S AUTO command; it automatically enters a line number, then you type the line. During text insertion, if the line number of a new line is the same as that of an existing line, the entire text is automatically renumbered from the current line to prevent overwriting the existing line. This gives you the advantage of never running out of room during text insertion. However, the disadvantage is that automatic renumbering causes the line numbers of existing lines to change. INSERT does not notify you that this has happened. This makes it more difficult to find and correct a line that was the cause of a compilation error, since error messages use the old line numbers. However, the offending line's contents are printed along with the error message. Therefore, you can use the editor's FIND command to locate the line.

FIND lets you search a range of source text for any string of characters. Another "new" command is CHANGE, which lets you change any string of characters to a different

396 March 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

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string in as many places as you want. This is useful if you discover that a data item name is a COBOL reserved word, e.g., KEY. KEY can be changed to RECORD-KEY in all lines of a program with the CEDIT command:

C/KEY/RECORD-KEY/ *

The "*" means change KEY to RECORD-KEY everywhere it occurs in the program. A number N, instead of "*", means change it the next N times it occurs. The "X" command behaves like CHANGE, but it asks you if the change should be made every time it finds a match for the search string.

Another useful command is MEMORY, which tells how big your program is in bytes and how much free memory is left.

CEDIT's remaining commands have counterparts in the Level II BASIC and EDTASM editors. These include commands to list a range of lines to the screen or printer, delete a range of lines, replace a range of lines, renumber the lines, and move to the top or bottom of the program file. The EDIT command provides editing of a single line; character insertion, deletion, and replacement; extension of the line, etc., in a manner nearly identical to Level II BASIC'S EDIT command.

Once a program is completely typed in, it is saved to disk with the WRITE command. A default file name extension of /CBL is automatically provided. For example, typing W SAMPLE :1 saved the sample program's source file on drive 1 with a file name of SAMPLE/CBL.

RSCOBOL Compiler

All the files in table 1 must be online before compilation begins. Several options are available at compile-time. I used the command:

RSCOBOL SAMPLE (PXL = lO = l)

to compile the sample program. The options selected are printed at the top of each listing page. The P option means send a listing to the printer; an

398 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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xample is listing 1. The X option ;enerates a cross-reference of PROZEDURE and DATA DIVISION lames. This appears at the end of isting 1. The L = l option sends a :opy of the listing to a disk file on Irive 1. 0 = 1 means put the object ile on drive 1. If 0=N had been lelected, no object file would have jeen created.

RSCOBOL provides a COPY statement that allows COBOL source files :o be included directly from disk in :he compilation of a program. For example, a common record definition rould be kept in a file called RECDEF, and the source program statement COPY RECDEF would open that file and compile its contents just as if it ,/vere part of the main source file beng compiled.

One problem with the implementa:ion of COPY is that all COPY files must be online during compilation. If Dne of them is not, the compilation aborts with an error message. It Arould have been simple to have the :ompiler pause if the file were not round and ask the user to mount the disk containing the file instead of aborting the compilation. This would

have extended the size of source files that could be compiled for users with only two disk drives.

A couple of other options are available that were not used in the sample compilation. The D option compiles all the "debug" lines. Simply stated, any program line starting with D is ignored during compilation unless the D option is specified. Therefore, you can write your program with as much extra code as you want to help during debugging, and then have it all eliminated from the final version of your program by simply compiling without the D option. Debug code is commonly used to DISPLAY the value of some data item while testing a program. However, there is no restriction on the type of source code line that can be flagged in this way.

If the compiler finds any errors in your program, they are clearly marked with a pointer to the offending word and an error message in English. More than 70 error messages are possible, and I have never had a problem figuring out what they meant. Each error message has a brief explanation in the manual.

.isting 2: A summary of all data items from the program in listing 1.

rRS-80 Mcutel I/III COBOL (RM/COBOL 1.313) 08/17/81 08!3I)»52

SOURCE file: sample OPTION LISV. <T X L=l 0=1

ADDRESS SIZE DEBUG ORDER TYPE NAME

> 1)0 01)

0 80

ANS

0

FILE ALPHANUMERIC

INFILE INFILE-RECORD

>00S1 >00'.3'1 >0059

B0 75

GRP

ANS ANS

0

[)

0

GROUP ALPHANUMERIC

ALPHANUMERIC

IN-RECORD RECORD-KEY RE8T-0P-REC0RD

>0 ()«•<)

3

ANS

0

I)

ALPHANUMERIC CONDITION-NAME

USER-QUITS-FLAG USER-QUITS

>0 0AB

3

ANS

0 0 0

ALPHANUMERIC CONDITION-NAME

CONDITION-NAME

MORE-DATA-REMAINS-FLAG NO-MORE-DATA-REMAINS MORE-DATA-REMAINS

>00AC

10

GRP

0

GROUP

REQUEST-KEY-MSG

>0tfD4

>0 0FC

'12

GRP

ANS

0 0

GROUP ALPHANUMERIC

WAIT-MSG WAIT-CHAR'

XIOEE

s

ANS

0

ALPHANUMERIC

SELECT-KEY

r<EAD ONLY 1

3YTE I

SIZE ■

"

XI122

READ/WRITE

BYTE

SIZE

>0112

3VERCAY SEGMENT

BYTE

SIZE

■■--■■ >00()0

TOTAL BYTE

SIZE

>0261

0 ERROI

*S

0 WARNINGS

The compiler does not stop until it reaches the end of the source file, no matter how many errors it finds. This helps you to find as many errors as possible with a single compilation. If you specify the E option when you compile, only error messages are sent to the listing files. This is useful when compiling for the first time; you are likely to have some errors and can save wear and tear on your printer by printing only the error lines.

The T option directs the listing output to the screen. You can specify as many listing destinations as you wish—it is possible to direct output to a disk file, the printer, and the screen all at once. The sample program in listing 1 creates a disk file and a printout at the same time.

As you can see from listing 1, the compiler provides a complete program listing. The date and time of compilation appear at the top of each page, along with the name of the source file and any options selected. The leftmost number in each line is a line number supplied by the compiler. The next column contains information needed when using the interactive debugger. Next is the editor line number, and then the source code line itself.

A summary of all program data items is provided in the order in which they were defined in the DATA DIVISION. Information provided for each data item includes from left to right:

• its address relative to the start of data storage, for use during debugging

• its size in bytes

• a three-character type code used during debugging; ANS = alphanumeric, GRP = group, etc. (there are 12 in all)

• the "Order," which is the number of subscripts a data item requires

• the data item type name in English

• the data item name

This listing is followed by the size of the read-only portion of the program (presumably the code block) in bytes, the size of the read/write portion (the data area) in bytes, and the

400 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Ire

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total size in bytes. The total size for the sample program and its data is hexadecimal 0264 (612 decimal) bytes, which is fairly compact for this COBOL program.

For the sample program, a crossreference table was requested. All PROCEDURE and DATA DIVISION names are listed in alphabetical order. For each entry, the line numbers in

which it is declared and referenced are given. The line numbers in which a data item is declared are surrounded by slashes. Lines in which the value of a data item may be altered are marked with asterisks, e.g., *0073* for the variable IN-RECORD. In line 73, IN-RECORD is the destination of a record read from INFILE.

The COBOL compiler resides from

Listing 3: A cross-reference of all PROCEDURE and DATA DIVISION names in alphabetical order. The line number where it is declared and referenced is also listed.

TR8-80 Model I/III COBOL

(RM/COBOL 1.31=

>

08/17/81

no:30:

SOURCE file: SAMPLE

OPTION

list: (T x l

-:L 0=1

CROSS REFERENCE

/DECL/

skDEST*

GET-KEY-AND-SEARCH-FILE

0051

70038/

INFILE

/(1017/

700227

0061 0 067

0 073

INFTLE-RECORD

/0 0Z1/

IN-RECORD

/002a/

X0073*

0 077

MORE-DATA-REMAINS

/0 037/

oo/a

MORE-DATA-REMAINS-FLAG

/0035/

x 1)068*

K0071*

NO-MORE-DATA-REMffiDIS

/003A/

0066

RECORD-KEY

/0029/

1)076

RECORD-S£LECTION~AND-DIS

PLAY

/0 053/

REHUEST-KEY-MBC

/0 03V/

t)0S9

REST-OF-RECQRD

/0 030/

BEARCH-FILE-AND-DI8PLAY

RECORD

0063

700727

SELECT-KEY

/0 018/

X0 060X

0061 0076

USER-QUITS

70033/

0055

USER-QUITS' -F LAG

70032/

*0 062*

WAIT-CHAR

700167

*l)<)70*

WAIT-MSG

/00137

0 069

PAGE

hexadecimal locations 5200 to AAFF in memory. This leaves hexadecimal 5500, or 21,760, bytes of memory free. The compiler is so large that it had to be split into overlays as shown in table 1. Different overlays are loaded from disk to compile different divisions of a COBOL program. It is not documented whether these overlays eat into the 21,760 bytes of free storage. A couple of internal error messages tell when the compiler's working storage has been exceeded. This could happen, for example, if a program has too many symbols to store in the compiler's symbol table. If this should happen, the subroutine CALL can be used to alleviate the problem. A program can be split into a main program and subroutines, each separately compiled. At runtime, when the main program CALLs a subroutine, it is loaded dynamically from disk. This also provides a method for controlling memory usage at run-time. But it is not the only method. A single program can be broken into overlays. A program

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segmented in this manner is compiled in one piece, but the overlays are loaded into memory dynamically at run-time when they are entered via a GOTO or PERFORM statement. These two options, CALL and overlays, combine to provide the most dynamic memory-management system that I have seen in any TRS-80 language.

A word on compiler performance. With both the input of source text and the output of object code involving disk I/O (input/output), and the compiler itself requiring several disk overlay loads during the course of a single compilation, this compiler is no speed demon. The sample program, with the options shown, took 135 seconds to compile. This works out to about 35 lines per minute. This includes printing a listing and creating a listing file on disk, both including cross-reference lists. Choosing options of T and E (create an object file on disk and print any errors on the screen), sped things up to about 50 lines per minute. It then took 95 seconds to compile the sample program.

Testing a Program

The RSCOBOL system provides a simple run-time interactive debugger. This debugger allows you to test many aspects of a COBOL program without having to program in a lot of special debugging statements. Combined with the compiler's D option described earlier, RSCOBOL provides a decent debugging environment.

To make full use of the interactive debugger requires a current printed listing of the program under test. A printer is not a prerequisite for use of RSCOBOL, but I strongly recommend having one.

The command RUNCOBOL invokes the RSCOBOL run-time module. The debugger is invoked by specifying the D option. Once in the debugger, a COBOL program can be single-stepped a sentence or group of sentences at a time. This is achieved by typing S, optionally followed by N (where N is the number of sentences to execute). To execute all

the way up to a particular sentence, type A followed by the address in the DEBUG column preceding the sentence at which execution should stop.

The final debugger command is D. It is used to DUMP the contents of different data items in a readable format. For the sample program, by typing D 54, 5, ANS, the current value of the data item RECORD-KEY is displayed on the screen. It is permissible

A printer is not a

prerequisite for use

of RSCOBOL, but I

strongly recommend

having one.

to request the display of a data item in other than the default format; a hexadecimal dump is available, for example.

Some important features that this debugger lacks include:

1. The capability to alter data item values.

2. A way of setting program breakpoints. The current system lets you specify that execution should proceed to a particular COBOL sentence; it is desirable to be able to specify a number of points in the code at which execution should halt, passing control to the debugging monitor.

3. A way to reference data symbolically rather than requiring the use of hexadecimal values representing actual data-storage locations.

4. A way to step through the statements of a COBOL sentence. In listing 1, there is only one value in the DEBUG column for the entire range of program lines from 61 to 71. This value represents the beginning of the COBOL sentence starting with "IF". You cannot step partially through this sentence; you must execute it in full.

If you are not using the debugger, the RSCBLD13/OBJ file need not be present during run-time.

Run-Time Environment

The RSCOBOL package includes a substantial run-time module that must be resident during the execution of any COBOL program. The runtime code resides from locations hexadecimal 5200 to BlFF, leaving about 20K bytes of user program space. This is respectable for a small machine.

There is a trade-off in using a standard run-time module rather than linking in only those pieces specifically required by each program. Use of a run-time module allows much faster program development; the linking phase otherwise required is usually very time-consuming. It involves a lengthy search of a large library module to find those pieces required by a particular program. A run-time module also cuts down on the size of user programs; without one, every user program must contain a lot of the code that is otherwise in the runtime module, resulting in much duplicated code on a disk holding several user programs.

The disadvantage is that, in most cases, not all of the run-time code is needed for a particular program. Therefore, some memory space is taken up unnecessarily. RSCOBOL compensates for this somewhat with its overlay and CALL statements for memory management.

Two options besides D (invoke interactive debugger) are available at run-time:

1. S=nn..n: This option allows the setting of "switches" at run-time. A COBOL program can test for the value of these switches and make decisions accordingly. The eight switches each can assume the value Oor 1.

2. T = hhhh: This sets the top memory address that will be used by RSCOBOL at run-time. It is used to protect user machinelanguage programs from the runtime system. As discussed previously, it appears that if your assembly-language program stores this value in location hexadecimal 4049 (for the Model I), the same effect is achieved.

Many English-language error

404 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BBI Mall Order

Specializing in Atari Home Computers P.O. Box 365

Newton Highlands. MA 02161 [617) 964 3080

rele 435 on inquiry card.

THIN is IN!

Srate-of-rhe-orT 8" disk drive subsysrems give you a remarkable 2.4 MB in the space of a single-drive cabiner, 4.8 MD srorage capacity in rhe space of a 2-drive cabiner. Perfecr add-ons for IBM. Apple, Radio Shack and all 8" Shugorr comparible compurers.

2-Drive - $1695.4-Drive - $2995,2-Drive Horizonral — $1750, write prorecr swirch option -$30/drive

Columbia microsystems, Inc.

905 E. Broadway, Columbia. MO 65201 (314) 875-8900

1 MEGABYTE FLOPPY $415.00

CALDISK MODEL 142M 8'" FLOPPY $385.00 Dbi Den. Sgl Sided. Reconditioned

CALDISK MODEL 143M 8" FLOPPY $415.00

DblDen, 48TPI, 1 Mbyte Capacity

50 Pin Edge Connector. Reconditioned

TANDONTM-100 5V4" FLOPPY $219.00

Dbl Den. Sgl Sided. SA400 Connector Compatible (This is the one used in IBM's personal computer)

SHUGARTSA400 5V4" FLOPPY $212.00

MOTOROLA M3970 CRT MONITORS $99.00 (P31) $89.00 (P4)

12".+12v, 15 MHZ Bandwidth. P4 orP31 Phosphor TTL Compatible. 10 Pin Circuit Card Edge Connector

CENTRONICS PRINTERS (Used)

• 701 withstand S600.00 »761 with stand £675.00

• 703 wtth stand S750.00 • 6300 with stand S 1800.00

PAPER TIGER IDS 440 (Used) $529.00

mm

CALDISK

Box 555. Provo, UT 84603 1801)375-0000 TWX9109715889 Phone orders welcome with MasterCard and VISA

Circle 436 on inquiry card.

VOICE SYNTHESIZER

WITH INTERACTIVE TELEPHONE INTERFACE

For APPLE II" compatible dial-up voice response and remote da la-base access arrangements, consider a V100 series design from VYNET CORPORATION.

• Direct connect, auto-dial/answer

• Control via Touch-Tone" detection

• Allophone (LPC) based voice synthesizer

• Includes 1,000 word vocabulary

• Editor lor custom vocabulary

• Extensive application software

• Programmable buffered port

• Upgrade available for high quality LPC vocabulary

• S395.00

Telephone interface may be purchased without synthesizer. TRS-80" and IBM versions available soon.

2405 QUME DRIVE SAN JOSE. CA 95131 (408) 942-1037

Circle 440 on Inquiry card.

TBw'^HhL intern

— FORTH-like direct threaded interpretive system with structured assembly language (8080 mnemonics).

— Application development can utilize al! CP/M (tm) capabilities (editor, tile system, etc.).

— Includes re-entrant multi-task executive with counting semaphores for TASK/MSG synchronization.

— Supports strings, single and double precision Integers.

— Capable o( generating ROM-based stand-alone systems tor dedicatee applications.

— All source code supplied. No royalties on derivative software.

— Fully documented with 200 page reference manual Including glossary and index of all standard words.

—Training seminar available on request.

— Send checK or money order for $495.00 to receive manual and system (B" single sided single density diskette). Demo system with manual $75.00. Manual only $45.00. Alabama residents add 6% sales tax.

Ue UNITED CONTROLS CORPORATION P O Box 1,620 Hunlsville, Alabama 35802 (205)837-6144

Circle 441 on inquiry card.

CP/M DATA ENTRY

"RADAR"

RADAR is a high speed data entry system that will run on any CP/M system providing a "3741" style key-to-disk environment. RADAR is ideal for replacing KEYPUNCH machines and older, slower key-;to-disk systems like the 3741's and 42's.

Features:

Verify Mode

Check Digit Processor

Auto Dup/Manual Dup

16 Accumulators

Parameter Driven (No Programming)

"Virtual" File Access

Add or Delete Records

Record Retrieval By Number Or Content

Full Editing Capability

Operator Prompts

Extremely Fast (Written In Assembly Language)

In addition to "heavy,-duty" data entry, RADAR is also the ideal "front-end" for many applications programs, providing aquisition and retrieval of keyed data with a degree of reliability simply not possible with any other technique. RADAR can cut programming time by more than 30%, simply because there is no longer any need to write the "input" portion of a program, just let RADAR handle it!

Write or call for free brochure. The RADAR manual is also available separately for $25.00.

SOUTHERN COMPUTER SYSTEMS, Inc.

P.O. Box 3373A Birmingham, AL 35255 Phone: 205-933-1659

•cle 437 on inquiry card.

Circle 439 on Inquiry card.

BYTE March 1982

405

messages can appear at run-time. They are carefully documented in the RSCOBOL manual.

My overall impression of run-time performance is favorable. Every program I have written which reads from the disk, computes something, and writes the results to the printer has managed to keep the printer moving at full speed (60 characters per second bidirectional). Interpreted BASIC programs I have written, which perform similar formatted I/O with the PRINT USING statement, pause noticeably between the output of formatted data items. By comparison, RSCOBOL is quite snappy and moves right along.

Language Implementations

RSCOBOL is based on the ANSI X3.23-1974 COBOL Standard. The ANSI Standard defines "levels" of implementation for different aspects of the language. Table 3 lists the levels of implementation provided by RSCOBOL. The more advanced the implementation, the higher the level number. The Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) lists 2 as a relatively "high" level of implementation for most language components. RSCOBOL's implementation does quite respectably.

Table 3 is somewhat misleading in that there are exceptions to the levels of implementation stated, i.e., certain features defined by ANSI as part of a level are not implemented. A complete list of these exceptions is in the

back of the RSCOBOL manual. Notable exceptions include:

• Multiple results are not supported in arithmetic statements. For example, you cannot state ADD A TO B C; you must state ADD A TO B and ADD A TO C.

• REMAINDER is not supported in the DIVIDE statement.

• INSPECT data items are restricted to a single character.

• Compound TALLYING and REPLACING clauses in the INSPECT statement are not supported.

• Exponentiation to a noninteger power is not supported.

• Abbreviated combined relation conditions are not supported. You cannot say IF A EQUALS 1 OR 2; you must say IF A EQUALS 1 OR A EQUALS 2.

• The STRING and UNSTRING statements are not supported.

Some extensions to the stated levels of implementation are available, mostly nonstandard. One that struck me as quite interesting was the inclusion of several statements having to do with the locking and unlocking of disk records. These statements allow simultaneous access to a disk file by multiple users in a controlled fashion.

It is worth mentioning that the rather powerful MOVE CORRESPONDING statement is implemented. This lets you move all like-named fields from one record to another with a single statement. MOVE CORRESPONDING is fre

Function Module

Implementation

Nucleus

Level 2

Table Handling

Level 1 +

Sequential I/O

Level 2

Relative I/O

Level 2

Indexed I/O

Level 2

Sort-Merge

Null (nothing provided)

Report Writer

Null

Segmentation

Level 1

Library

Level 1

Debug

Nonstandard

Inter-program

Communication

Level 1

Communication

Modified ACCEPT and DISPLAY for

terminal communication

Table 3: Radio Shack COBOL's level of implementation as compared to the ANSI

X3.23-1974 COBOL Standard.

quently left out of small-machine im plementations of COBOL. Also im plemented are ADD CORRESPOND ING and SUBTRACT CORRE SPONDING.

The ACCEPT and DISPLAY state ments provide good capabilities fc interacting with the display an keyboard. In listing 1, the ACCEP statement in line 60 puts out a field ( underscore characters the size of tr data item SELECT-KEY, and allow only that many characters to be ii put. DISPLAY is a programmatical simple way of printing a data iterr contents on the screen.

Assembly-language programs a be called from RSCOBOL. They a dynamically loaded from disk ar must be in standard TRSDOS lo; format. An arbitrary number parameters can be passed to ; assembly-language program via tl USING clause of the CALL stat ment. Parameters are passed I reference, i.e., the address of the da item itself is passed. This is a ve flexible system. Loading assembl language programs from disk at ru time gives the same flexibility f managing memory used by assembl language programs as for that us' by COBOL subroutines.

File I/O

COBOL probably has the mc complete set of commercial fil handling statements of any languag It is a substantial challenge to impl ment them for a 48K-byte RAM, du floppy-disk Model I. RSCOBOL pr vides three major COBOL file type sequential, relative, and indexed s quential.

Sequential files can have fixedvariable-length records. Variabl length records contain a byte at tl beginning of each record telling tl length of that record. Lengths va from 2 to 255 bytes. Fixed-leng records do not contain any bytes te ing the length. Sequential files, co taining records of either type, must I accessed in order, that is, one reco after the other in the order they we stored.

Relative or random files conta fixed-length records. Any particu)

406 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

The MICR0MINTZ8 BASIC COMPUTER/CONTROLLER board represents a milestone in microcomputer priceperformance. It is cheap enough to be programmed directly in a high level language, and efficient enough to be battery operated if required. The entire computer is 4" by 41/2" and includes a tiny BASIC interpreter, 4K bytes of program memory, one RS-232 serial port and two parallel ports, plus a variety of other features. Using a powerful Z8 microcomputer chip and Z6132 4K X 8 RAM, the Z8 BASIC COMPUTER/CONTROLLER board is completely self-contained and optimized for use as a dedicated controller. The unit is assembled and tested and comes with over 200 pages of documentation. The price, in single quantity, a tiny $195.* Optional power supply ( + 5,+ 12 and-12V) $35. Please include $4 for shipping and handling. 'Call Micromint for quantity pricing

Z8 MICROCOMPUTER

• On board tiny BASIC interpreter.

• Parallel and serial I/O ports.

• 6 interrupts. RS-232 CONNECTOR

•Just attach a CRT terminal and immediately write

control programs in BASIC.

4K BYTES OF RAM •Z6132 4K X 8 low power quasi-static

RAM. EPROM pin compatible.

SWITCH SELECTABLE BAUD RATES •110-9600 BPS. FULLY EXPANDABLE

• Data and address buses available for 124K memory and I/O expansion.

• 2 onboard parallel ports. •7.3728MHZ crystal for fast control operations.

JUMPER SELECTABLE MEMORY OPTIONS •4K RAM, 2716 or 2732 EPROM operation.

LOW POWER •Consumes only 1V2 WATTS at +5, +12

and -12V (optional power supply available).

To Order: Call Toll Free 1-800-645-3479

For Information Call 1-516-374-6793

MICROMINT INC. 917 Midway Woottmere, N.Y. 11598

Micromint will put both a

computer development system

and an OEM dedicated controller

in the palm of your hand

for only $195.

As featured in Byte Magazine, July, August, 1981.

Z8 is a trademark of Zilog Inc.

Circle 412 on inquiry card.

PFAS

The portable ISAM for the UCSD p-SystemT Pascal MT + ™, and the HP-1000 Pascal

PFAS is the professional, easy to use program development tool with advanced features such as:

* Variable length records

* Alternate and partial key access

* Unlimited number of records in a file.

* A B+ tree index.

PFAS is a set of modules which link to your PASCAL program making powerful ISAM functions part of Pascal.

Programs using PFAS are not limited to a single machine or operating system. Since PFAS is written in Pascal it is truly machine independent, from Apple to Zenith, from HP-125 to HP-1000. Only PFAS is this portable.

Mow available for the p-System is PHOSFORM. our formatted screen input sys lorn. PHOSFORM allows you to quickly create and customize fill-in-the-form type input for your programs. PHOSFORM configures itsell to run on any terminal making your software portable.

When you use PFAS and PHOSFORM to input, organize, and maintain your data, your time can be more effectively spent dealing with the creative facets of your software.

* PFAS with Manual from $200

* PHOSFORM with Manual (Introductory Price) .... $ 95

* Manual only $ 15

C*J. ft&igglesinarrh Jiofhnare / £rgphan igsfEtns

P.O. Box 755, Cardiff-by-the-Sea, CA 92007 (714) 436-1455

* (JCSD Pascal and p-System are trademarks of the Regents of ihe University of California.

* Pascal MT + is a trademark of MT MicroSYSTEMS.

Kb ne^

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record can be accessed "at random" by specifying its record number. The first record is number 1, the second number 2, etc. The maximum length of a relative record is 253 bytes.

Indexed sequential access method (ISAM) files are the most powerful ones provided by RSCOBOL. Records in an ISAM file are fixedlength, but can be up to 4096 bytes long. When creating an ISAM file, one or more "keys" must be specified. A key is simply a field of the record that is used later as a search argument over the file.

For example, an employee record may contain a Social Security number field. If this field is specified as a key when the file is created, you can later retrieve a particular employee's record by specifying the Social Security number. Such a method is usually easier to program than relative files, which require that you provide a record's number in order to directly retrieve it.

When an ISAM file is created, records are stored in sorted order on their "primary keys." The primary key must be guaranteed unique; the Social Security number is a good example of such a field. Secondary keys can also be specified for a record. A record can be retrieved by specifying the value of any secondary-key field. Secondary keys can have duplicates, that is, two or more records can have the same value in a field designated as a secondary key.

The sample program in listing 1 uses a sequential-type file, not ISAM. It does a sequential search of the file when looking for a record whose key field matches the value typed in at the keyboard. If an ISAM file had been used, the record desired could have been located directly by its key value.

In summary, the records of an ISAM file can be sequentially retrieved in the sorted order of any key field, and directly retrieved by specifying the value of a particular key field. This powerful access method reduces the amount of user programming required for many data-storage applications.

ISAM files do pay a space penalty for this generality in retrieving

408 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 336 on inquiry card.

Robotics • Fiber Optics • Lasers • Pollution Control • Pollution Monitoring •

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Each Profile is assembled in a handsome and durable portfolio. To receive your copies, at $250 each, send in Ibis coupon or write to: INDUSTRY PROFILES McGraw-Hill Research

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I understand (lie updates, available to subscriliors at the siMs-ial price of only $1115 each, are puhlished every six monlbs and will he liilled at lite time of mailing.

I < ;herk enelused. | I'lease hill me lll> company.

Company.

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Circle 230 on Inquiry card.

BYTE March 1982 409

records. An index structure is stored in the file for each field specified as a key. The manual states that the use of secondary (ALTERNATE) keys causes a geometric growth in the time required to create a file. However, the time required to access a record by its key is relatively uniform throughout the file.

The RSCOBOL manual gives the following formula for estimating the number of 256-byte sectors required for an ISAM file with the specified parameters:

NRECS = INT ((S+33)/32)XR/8 + (RX2)/INT(252/(Kn + 8)) For

each key

+ (RXD)/8 If duplicates

are allowed

where R = maximum number of records desired S = size of records in bytes Kn =size of key n in bytes D = number of keys that allow duplicates

I created an ISAM file containing one hundred 61-byte records, each containing a 5-byte primary key and no secondary keys. The input records used to create the file were read from a sequential file on disk. The ISAM file took 3 minutes and 40 seconds to create (2.2 seconds per record), and it used 37 sectors on the disk (8 grans). Since the formula predicts 35.5 sectors, it appears to be fairly accurate. A record file created by Disk BASIC would take 25 sectors (four records per sector) to hold this same amount of data. Therefore, the indexes do produce some overhead. Of course, you could not access the Disk BASIC records by key value, and this is the function you are buying with this extra disk space.

Performance wise, the disks kept spinning the whole time the ISAM file was being generated. An interpreted BASIC program creating a record file usually leaves the disks idling at intervals while it is performing computations. Two factors could further

speed up the file creation process. First, TRSDOS 2.3B steps my MPI disk-drive heads at a slow 40 milliseconds (ms) per track; they are capable of 5 ms per track. Second, I had the file of input records used to create the ISAM file on the same drive as the ISAM file itself. By placing these two files on separate drives, less disk-head movement would occur and the files would be accessed faster.

Documentation

The manual accompanying RSCOBOL is a substantial one. It comes in a 3-inch-thick loose-leaf binder containing 368 offset-printed pages in a readable dot-matrix font. This is definitely not a beginner's guide; a good COBOL textbook is a necessity if you have not used the language much. If you are already familiar with COBOL, however, you will find complete information about every aspect of RSCOBOL, written in the style of a reference manual.

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4607 -for DEC LSI-11/ PDP8-11, Heath-11.

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410 March 1982 © BYTE Publications tac

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BYTE'S Best

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Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar,

Volumes I, II, & III by Steve Ciarcia

Collections of Steve Ciarcia's perennially popular columns from BYTE Magazine, these three volumes are sure to please home computer users and electronics hobbyists. Volume I includes power conversions, programming EPROMs, remote terminal interfacing, touchinput video display, and more. Volume II, focusing on projects which interface the personal computer with the home, features useful applications such as a computer-controlled home security system, computerized appliances, input-output expansion for the TRS-80, and even a computercontrolled wood stove. Volume HI offers low-cost construction projects such as an ultrasonic rangefinder, handheld remote computer control, two speech synthesizers, and a remote-control motorized platform, to name just a few.

Build Your Own Z80 Computer

This complete guide to building a working computer offers

engineers, students, and hobbyists an exciting alternative to buying a computer. With clear

instructions, Steve Ciarcia fully explains how to build a basic single-board micro-computer

based on the Zilog Z80 microprocessor. The finished product features a 1 K-byte operating

system, serial and parallel ports, hexadecimal display, audio cassette mass storage, and easy

expansion to include a video terminal.

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Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, Vol. II $ 1 2.95

Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, Vol. Ill $ 1 2.95

Build Your Own Z80 Computer $ 1 5.95

Call Toll-Free 800/258-5420

Name

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Expiration Date

E4ME

fiflll'lS 70 Main Street Peterborough, N.H. 03458 Circle 59 on Inquiry card.

Please add .75 per book to cover shipping cost.

WHEN WAS THE LAST TIME YOU CONDUCTEDA SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA?

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The first section describes the use of the system, including discussions on how to use the compiler, the runtime module, and the interactive debugger. Compile-time and run-time error messages are listed and explained. An appendix gives sample program listings, including one that demonstrates many error messages. The source code for these sample programs is included on the disk that comes with the system.

The second section of the manual describes CEDIT. Several examples are given for each command. You should have no problems using the editor based on these instructions.

The third section is by far the largest at 297 pages. It gives a thorough definition of the RSCOBOL language, with detailed semantics for every language feature. The organization of the parts discussing file I/O is nicely divided into sections on sequential, relative, and indexed files.

There is a good table of contents, but no index is provided. Every error message the system can produce is documented with a sentence or two of descriptive text. There is an appendix listing all the COBOL reserved words. A thorough 24-page glossary describes special terms. The last appendix gives a skeleton description of the complete language syntax.

Conclusions

Radio Shack has provided a very complete, professionally done COBOL package. The memory-management options do almost everything possible to compensate for the inherent limits of the Model I and III machines—a small main memory of 48K bytes and limited floppy-disk storage. The most powerful features of this system, especially the multikeyed ISAM files, are limited by the floppy-disk system for anything but the smallest applications. Use the formula given earlier for computing disk-space requirements and make sure your application will fit before you invest in this software. However, if you just want to learn how to program in COBOL and you already have the hardware, this is an excellent package.!

412 March 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

Circle 171 on inquiry card.

1

Infinity:

First in a series of t-shirts by Scott Kim

Inversions

An "inversion" is a word that has been written so that it reads symmetrically.

For instance, words that are the same upside down and right side up are inversions. A few words exist in the English language that do this naturally, such as "SWIMS" and "NOON'.' But alas, the great majority of words, when turned upside down, don't do anything interesting at all.

Fortunately for lovers of inversions, letters are quite flexible. Look around you and you will see the letter "a" written in hundreds

of different ways. And all of them we have learned to read as the same letter.

By bending and stretching the shapes of letters, we can turn ordinary asymmetrical words into symmetrical inversions. Not all words will work, but when they do, the results are inevitably fascinating.

Scott Kim's new book Inversions: a Catalog of Calligraphic Cartwheels, published by Byte Books, is a collection of more than 60 inversions, exploring a wide range of ideas and lettering styles.

In the accompanying text, Scott explains how inversions are created, so that you may try your hand at them.

"ScottKim's Inversions... is one of the most astonishing and delightful books ever printed... Over the years Kim has developed the magical ability to take just about any word or short phrase and letter it in such a way that it exhibits some kind of striking geometrical symmetry." — Martin Gardner, Scientific American

Infinity

address

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Infinity: 100% cotton, silkscreened. Check or money order only. Sorry - no CO.D. Dealer inquiries invited.

Black on white @ $8.00 . White on black© $8.75 .

Postage [add $1 per shirt) . Calif, residents: add 6/2% sales tax Total Enclosed $_

inversions Dept B3, RO. Box 50697, Palo Alto, CA 94303-0662

Circle 60 on Inquiry card.

Infinity

In this design, Scott Kim mixes idea and image, art and technology, in a swirling evocation of infinity. This intricate design was created with the aid of a computer program, which took a basic hand-drawn design,

IXI

repeated it symmetrically,

intin

then bent it into a continuously expanding spiral. As you look at the design, you'll discover that it can be read in two different ways. Notice that the letters "fi" when turned upside down become the "y" at the end of "infinity!' And so the spiral can be read as either "infinity" going in or "infinity" coming out! Which do you see?

Infinity is the first in a series of wearable wordplays from the book Inversions: a Catalog of Calligraphic Cartwheels by Scott Kim. The book is available through your local bookstore, or by calling Byte Books toll-free at 800-258-5420.

Give the Infinity shirt as a gift, wear it while doing double back somersaults, take one on your next space flight. The possibilities are infinite.

Hardware Review

John Bell Engineering's Apple II Parallel Interface Board

One reason I bought an Apple II was the potential for expansion on its motherboard. I'd planned to add a parallel I/O (input/output) port, a real-time clock, and a couple of other items I was going to design and build. After working with the board for two years, though, I concluded that buying one that already had these features would put me ahead of the game.

Fortunately, I discovered that John Bell Engineering produces an Apple II parallel interface board—actually a multifunction module. It contains two 6522 Versatile Interface Adapters (VIAs) and can function as a parallel interface, clock, or counter. To explain the capabilities of the card, I need only elaborate on the capabilities of the 6522 chip.

About the Author

Ned Rhodes earned a BEE from the University of Minnesota and a master's in computer science from George Washington University. He presently develops minicomputer-based distributed processing systems for the MELPAR division of E-Systems Inc. in Falls Church, Virginia.

Ned W. Rhodes

2001 North Kenilworth

Arlington, VA 22205

The 6522 VIA

The 6522 is a 40-pin support chip compatible with the 6502 microprocessor family. The chip is designed for connection to the data and address bus of a 6502 microprocessor, and it provides two bidirectional, 8-bit I/O ports (where the direction of each bit is programmable). In addi

tion to the parallel ports, each 6522 has two 16-bit, fully programmable clocks that can be used as counters or interval timers. The chip also includes a shift register for use with one of the timers to clock serial data into or out of the 6522. Each 6522 fully supports the 6502 interrupt structure, finally allowing you to constructively use

At a Glance

Name

Features

Apple II Parallel Interface

Board contains two 6522 Versatile Interface Adapters with a total of four 8-bit, bidirectional I/O data ports; eight I/O con

Use

trol lines; four independent, 16-bit timers;

Board may be used for parallel

/O, timing,

and two 8-bit, serial-to-parallel/parallel-to

or serial-to-parallel/parallel-to-serial conver

serial shift registers. User can choose the

sions

IRQ or NMI interrupt lines

Manufacturer

Software Needed

John Bell Engineering

All user-written—no software provided

POB 338

Redwood City, CA 94064

Documentation

(415) 367-1 137

A 16-page booklet containing a circuit board description and a 6522 data sheet

Dimensions

3 inches by 5 (7.5 by 12.5 cm]

plugs into

Audience

any Apple slot

Assembly-language programmers and others with some hardware experience

Price

Assembled, S69.95; kit, $59.95;

board

only, $22.95

414 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 11 on Inquiry card.

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Circle 339 on Inquiry card.

BYTE March 1982

415

PORT A REGISTERS

„,-„

R/W »>

CHIP

CS1 ►

ACCESS CONTROL

CS2 »■

RSI ►

RS2 ►

COUNTER COUNTER HIGH I LOW (T2CH) I (T2C-L)

INPUT

REGISTER A (IRA)

OUTPUT REGISTER A (ORA)

DATA DIR. REGISTER A (DDRA)

PORT A

PERIPHERAL

BUFFERS

PORT A

HANDSHAKE

CONTROL

PORT B

HANDSHAKE

CONTROL

SHIFT

REGISTER

(SR)

CA1 »• CA2

CB1 CB2

PORT B REGISTERS

INPUT

REGISTER

B

(IRB)

OUTPUT

REGISTER

B

(ORB)

DATA DIR.

REGISTER

B

(DDRB)

PORT B

PERIPHERAL

BUFFERS

Figure 1: Block diagram of the internal configuration of the 6522 VIA (Versatile Interface Adapter) integrated circuit.

the Apple interrupts.

All communication with the 6522 occurs through 16 internal registers. Two of the 16, IRB/ORB and IRA/ORA, are used as I/O registers for the two 8-bit parallel ports. Two others, DDRB and DDRA, are datadirection registers that define the direction of each bit (either input or output) of the parallel ports. Four registers are set aside to control the two programmable counter/timers, and one I/O register controls the serial-shift register. Two registers select the operating mode of the timers and shift register; they also determine whether the chip will recognize positive- or negative-going control pulses.

The 6522 has a dedicated interrupt flags register that allows the chip to generate interrupts upon detection of

(1) a positive- or negative-going edge on any of the four control lines, (2) a timeout (overflow) condition on either of the timers, or (3) the completion of a shift-register shift cycle. One register selectively enables and disables interrupt generation, while the last register is reserved for special forms of I/O through port A. Figure 1 is a block diagram of the 6522 chip's internal layout.

6522 on the Apple

Due to a design limitation in the Apple II, the 6522 can't work properly if it's merely attached to the bus; the 6522 requires a phase 2 clock pulse that isn't available on the Apple. The Apple 6502 processor generates the phase 2 clock signal, but that pin is unavailable at the expansion slot connectors.

Therefore, the I/O board must gen

erate its own phase 2 clock signal. The phase 2 clock pulse is simulated by delaying the phase 0 clock signal by 80 nanoseconds. I must point out that simply delaying phase 0 may not match the duty cycle specification of the phase 2 clock, but that doesn't seem to matter. The 6522s accept the simulated phase 2 clock signal and work just fine.

The Circuit Board

The board may be purchased in three different forms. For those of you with no hardware experience, it's available as a fully assembled and tested card. It may also be bought as a complete kit or as a bare board for which you supply the parts. I chose the bare board, then ordered the sockets and 6522 chips from a mailorder supplier.

The board is very simple to build.

416 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

ircle 79 on inquiry card.

Circle 138 on Inquiry card.

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BYTE March 1982

417

All you do is mount two 40-pin sockets, four 16-pin sockets, one 14-pin socket, and two bypass capacitors. Then plug in the chips and you're ready to go. The documentation suggests that you use "standard assembly and soldering techniques." I guess that means you shouldn't lift the solder donuts by applying excessive heat and that solder bridges between pins are taboo. I managed to avoid both perils.

Connections are made through the four 16-pin DIP (dual in-line package)

sockets; each socket handles eight bits. If interrupts are used, two jumper wires must be installed to enable them. One of the 6522s can be attached to the IRQ (interruptrequest) line, while the other can be attached to the NMI (nonmaskable interrupt) line. Note that the interrupt lines cannot be shared—you can have only one 6522 attached to an interrupt line.

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Tune up your LA36

The DS120 Terminal Controller makes your LA36 perform like a DECwriter® III.

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418 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 123 on inquiry card.

comes with a two-page circui diagram and register identificatioi list, a two-page circuit description and a two-page list of all possibh board addresses (whose availability depends upon which slot is used ii the Apple). A ten-page 6522 dat sheet is also provided.

If you can read the data sheet, yo can use the 6522. If you find the dat sheet difficult to understand, chance are this product isn't for you. Th manufacturer has provided no sofl ware examples because of "th numerous uses of the board." believe that limits the board usefulness. Hold on, though; I've pre vided two software routines t demonstrate the capabilities of tf parallel interface board and tl 6522s.

Software

I was unable to write software th would test all of the 6522 function so I chose two of the more commc applications: parallel I/O and clock

Parallel Printer Routine. The fir software example, in listing 1, is parallel output routine for a print such as the Epson MX-80. Two bas sections comprise the routine. In tl first section, the output routine "hooked" through DOS, so that ai character output to the screen w also appear on the printer. T horizontal-tab counter and tl screen-echo flag are initialized at tl time. The 6522 is then set up for oi put, and a Control X is sent to t printer, clearing its internal buffer, the routine's second sectio characters are output, one at a tirr to the printer.

The 6522 initialization is uniqi First, you enable port A for output placing a hexadecimal FF in the da direction register (DDRA) for port Then set up the data-output strc and the data-ready flag, which are I handshaking signals required I parallel communications. When I printer is ready to receive data, it dicates this with a pulse. With I MX-80, a negative-going pulse dicates ready, so you tie it to the C line (one of the control lines for p A). The other signal, the data stro

Text continued on page

Circle 163 on Inquiry card.

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IS THE MOST SUCCESSFUL COMPUTER MARKET IN EUROPE, BUT IT IS ALSO THE MOST DIFFICULT ONE TO PENETRATE. WE REPRESENT A SUCCESSFUL GERMAN MICROCOMPUTER DISTRIBUTOR, WHO KNOWS THE GERMAN MARKET INTIMATELY AND HAS WORKED WITH AMERICAN COMPANIES FOR YEARS.

WE ARE LOOKING FOR A YOUNG AMERICAN COMPANY, GETTING READY TO INTRODUCE A TOP NOTCH, STATE OF THE ART MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEM, INTERESTED IN SELLING IT'S PRODUCTS IN GERMANY FROM THE START. WE WILL REQUIRE EXCLUSIVE DISTRIBUTORSHIP FOR GERMANY, SWITZERLAND AND AUSTRIA AND CAN GUARANTEE A MINIMUM OF 200 SYSTEMS FOR THE FIRST YEAR.

INTERESTED PARTIES SHOULD CONTACT THE FOLLOWING ADDRESS IMMEDIATELY:

DEPARTMENT S

P.O. BOX 4229 j STAMFORD, CT. 06907

Germany • Germany • Germany • Germany • Germany • Germany

o a

3

at

3 •<

3

21

a •

CI

n

i

3

ti

3 v

n

a

I

A REFURBISHED DAISY WHEEL TERMINAL FOR PERSONAL COMPUTER USERS AND SMALL BUSINESSES.

Now you can have letter-quality printing and professional features for just $1,495?

E5"

AJ daisy wheel printer terminals are renowned for exceptional performance, high reliability, and applications versatility. Now you can have all this for only $1,495* in our special limited offer.

• 30 cps letter-quality printing J

• Changeable type faces

• Full ASCII keyboard with numeric pad

• High resolution X-Y plotting

• Complete electronic forms control

• 128-character buffer

• Asynchronous RS-232 interface

• Printwheel, ribbon cartridge, j and cable included

• 30-day parts/labor warranty

•Price excludes options and is subject to change without notice. Model shown includes certain options. Offer available only in the contiguous U.S.

a

And you can choose from a list of options including forms tractor, pin-feed platen, paper trays, side shelves, extra printwheels, APL keyboard and 2K buffer.

Call your nearest AJ regional a office for details: San Jose, CA

(408) 946-2900; Rosemont, IL (312)671-7155; Hackensack, NJ (201) 488-2525. Or check the phone book for the number of your local AJ sales/service office.

Call Toll Free Now: 800-538-9722 In California: (408) 946-2900

ANDERSON

JACOBSON

Circle 25 on Inquiry card.

BYTE March 1982

419

Circle 31 on inquiry card.

MORE

POWER

FOR YOUR APPLE

H^ri^^^g si Fa nd][+

=3TLanguage systems

APPLESOFT: 30.3 MINI.

MICROSPEED ][: 3.9 MINI.

MICROSPEED ][+: 2.4 MIN.

FA^TF^T- up to 100

I no I l_o I . T|MES FASTER

THAN APPLESOFT

MOST POWERFUL:^™*

EXPANDABLE: ^otth based CREATIVE: gJSM?"*" USER-FRIENDLY: ™*<8™»

REQUIRES APPLE, SINGLE DISK U SPEED ][ USES 2mHz PROCESSOR U SPEED ][+ USES 4mHz PROCESSOR

SEE YOUR DEALER OR CONTACT

r

\pprie(tf;!MMv't,

T~

TmTjr,,

j'acfjrJjQraxea,

w

8910 Brookridge Di . Suite 609. Upper Marlboro, Md 20870 (301)627 6650

I'm Interested: Please Send D \J SPEED ][ M95. D 160 page Manual !35.

D jj SPEED ][» '645. D Detailed Information

Name

Address

City

State

Zip.

Listing 1: Parallel printer output routine for the John Bell Engineering parallel board. Written in 6502 assembly language, this program is designed to drive an Epson MX-80 printer.

C300C301C303C30CC30D

0024047904F9057900110098FDF0003603EA00370008000DOOftO

0300

03020305

030703CA030C

031103140317

0319031B031B031F

03220324

FF 03

OC 11 01 93 79 6? 2B 36 03 37 EA 00 79 F9

032B

r,9

37

032D

F0

36

032F

?9

7F

0331

4R

0332

r.9

0B

0334

no

0/

0336

Hli

FV

0339

1)9

on

033B

no

Oh

033D

AV

W

033F

Hli

IV

0342

AM

If

0345

Cri

24

0347

B0

0B

04

0349

A9

A0

034B

sn

79

034E

?0

6V

0351

40

4?

0354

AH

0355

Ml

79

0358

70

AV

035B

AH

F9

035E

DO

OB

1000 1010 1020 1030 1040 1050 10A0 1070 1080 1090 1100 1110 1120 1130 1140 1150 1160 1170 1130 1190 1200 1210 1220 1230 1240 1250 1260 1270 1230 1290 1300 1310 1320 1330 1340 1350 1360 1370 1330 1390 1400 1410 1420 1430 1440 1450 1460 1470 1430 1490 1500 1510 1520 1530 1540 1550 1560 1570 1530 1590 1600 1610 1620 1630 1640 1650 1660 1670 1630 1690 1700 1710 1720 1730 1740 1750 1760 1770 1780 1790 1300 1310 1320 1330 1340 1350 1360 1870 1330 1390 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

6522 REGISTER EQUATES

i

* MX-80 PRINTER DRIVER

* DJG 3/81

* MODIFIED BY NUR FOR USE WITH JOHN BELL CARD

* NORMAL MODE ECHOES ON SCREEN

* CNTL-H (BACK ARROW) ABORTS SCREEN ECHO SO

* BASIC LISTINGS WILL USE FULL 80 COLUMNS

* CNTL-G (BELL) IS ALWAYS SENT TO SCREEN ONLY

*

*

SLT1

0RA

DDRA

PCR

IFR

*

* *

CH HCNT

,EQ $C300

.EQ SLT1+1

,EQ SLT1+3

• EG SLTH$C

,EQ SLT1+1D

SLOT 3 6522 REGISTERS OUTPUT REGISTER A DATA DIRECTION REGISTER PERIPHERAL CONTROL REGISTER INTERRUPT FLAG REGISTER

PR0GRAH EQUATES

.EG $24 •EQ $0479 FLAG .EG $04F9

SCREEN H0R. CURSOR POSITION CHARACTER COUNTER IN SLOT 1 RAM FLAG FOR ECHOING ON SCREEN ACC .ED $0579 ACCUMULATOR STORAGE ENBL ,E0 $11 ENABLE PRINTER CHARACTER CNTX .EG 152 CONTROL X CHARACTER SCRN .EG $FDF0 SCREEN SUBROUTINE DHOK .EG $36 OUTPUT HOOK LOCATION HOOK .EG $3EA DOS HOOK ROUTINE BELL .EQ $37 BELL CHARACTER

EG $8 CONTROL-H ECHO ON PRINTER ONLY EG $D CARRIAGE RETURN EQ $AO SPACE CHARACTER

SLNT

CAR

SPAC

,0R $0300 START IT HERE ,TF MX30.BELL.OBJ

* *

*

MX80 LDA «FF STA DDRA LDA *$0A STA PCR LDA *ENBL STA CRA LDA tCNTX STA ACC JSR POUT LDA IPRNT STA DHOK LDA ,'PRNT STA DHOK+1 JSR HOOK LDA #00 STA HCNT STA FLAG RTS

MXSO INITIALIZATION

CALL THIS PORTION OF THE ROUTINE TO SET UP THE PRINTER DRIVER TO SEND CHARACTERS TO THE PRINTER

SET PORT A FOR

OUTPUT

CA1 ON NEGATIVE EDGE

CA2 GIVES PULSE

ENABLE PRINTER (SO IFR1 WILL

BE SET FOR FIRST CHARACTER)

CNTL X ERASES BUFFER

SAVE IT

SEND IT

ADDRESS OF NEW OUTPUT ROUTINE

SAVE IT

ADDRESS OF NEW OUTPUT ROUTINE

SAVE IT

HOOK NEW OUTPUT ROUTINE TO DOS

GET INITIAL VALUE

ZERO HORIZONTAL CHARACTER POSITION

SCREEN ECHO ON

DONE WITH INITIALIZATION

OUTPUT ROUTINE

1$7F

* * * *

*

PRHT CMP tBELL BEG TV AND PHA CMP ISLNT BNE CR STA FLAG CMP *CAR BNE TAB LBA *$FF STA HCNT LDA HCNT CMP CH BCS CHAR

CR

TAB

A BELL CHARACTER??

YES» AVOID PRINTER'S RACKET

REMOVE MSB

SAVE ACCUMULATOR

DISABLE SCREEN ECHO?'

NO

PUT NON-ZERO IN FLAG

CARRIAGE RETURN?

NO

COUNTER WILL BE ZERO AFTER CR

RELOAD HORIZONTAL CHARACTER-1

COMPARE COUNTER WITH SCREEN

HOR. POSITION

BRANCH IF IN PROPER POSITION

OUTPUT SPACES UNTIL PRINTER IS AT THE PROPER HORIZONTAL CHARACTER POSITION

LDA ISPAC STA ACC JSR POUT JMP TAB CHAR PLA

STA ACC JSR POUT LDA FLAG BNE RET

GET A SPACE

SAVE AS PRINT CHARACTER

PRINT IT

CHECK HOR. POSITION AGAIN

GET CHARACTER

SAVE AS PRINT CHARACTER

GO PRINT IT

ECHO ON SCREEN?

NO

Listing 1 continued on page 422

420 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 272 on inquiry card.

A

MITSUBISHI FLEXIBLE DISK DRIVE

Circle 314 on inquiry card.

SETTING NEW STANDARDS FOR RELIABILITY AND DURABILITY

• FULLY IBM AND SHUGART SA850R COMPATIBLE

• DOUBLE SIDED. DOUBLE-DENSITY

• 16 MBYTE/DISK

■ SOFTOUCH™ PROPRIETARY HEAD LOAD MECHANISM

• 3 MS TRACK-TO-TRACK ACCESS TIME

• HIGH QUALITY, ALL FERRITE MnZn HEADS

• PRECISION BUILT/MODULAR CONSTRUCTION

• 6 MONTH WARRANTY

LZZ]

$525.00 Available from stock. Terms: cash, check, money orders. VISA, MasterCharge. Tax: 6% if California resident. 'Price subject to change without notice.

U Z

1333 Lawrence Expressway, Suite 408

Santa Clara, California 95051

(408) 247-3450/TWX 910-338-7442

AUTHORIZED SALES AND SERVICE AGENT

FOR INFORMATION CONTACT HOLLY SAUER

OEM INQUIRIES INVITED

TRISWATCH

Keeps your TRS-80 Mod II up with the times.

The Triswatch, formally known as the CCB-II, is a clock, calendar, and audio alarm rolled into one!

■ For TRSDOS users, the CCB-II eliminates the hassle of setting the time and date when you reset your Mod II.

■ The P&T CP/TVT 2 system date and time are synchronized to the CCB-II each time the system is reset.

■ The CCB-II is directly accessible from any language that allows direct port input and output.

■ A pacemaker battery is included, which provides over 8 years of continuous timekeeping.

Keep up with the times and order the CCB-II for $175 plus shipping.

TRS-80 is a trademark of Tandy Corp.

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research Inc.

PICKLES & TROUT

P.O. BOX 1206, GOLETA. CA 93116. {805)685-4641

Warning: Installation requires opening the Model II, which may void its warranty. We suggest wailing until the warranty period has expired before installing the CCB-II.

TERMINALS

J^ADDS^ VIEWPOINT

SDPDC

IQ 120

FACTORY WARRANTY

Oft CRT hxI Jioylyi. All ohm imcunditia

HS900

DISKETTE «SALE»

Wabash:

$24.90

8inch — SS/SD: More Avail. QTY. PRICE AVAI

SPECIALS

ZENITH ZVM-121 Villi Mmlii (Green II

IZnet ,_>

I5»Hi A/*

* 118.50

8255—"5.95 B748-8 — '3L0O 3341PC -»2.00 MM5060 — 35c MC6800—'7.75 MC6802 - *1495 MC6850 —*4.50 MC6821 —'4.95

82

l.C. MASTER

S 59.95

CARDS

MICBOSOfT

Z»*

*295°° 16KRAM

*160°°

EX

VtDEOTERM

**295°°

REAL-TIME CLOCK CALENDAR (MSM5832)

D*k'«''« moo,, Matal Gat* CMOS I C

F|tWH

Time, Month, Data. Yaa< 'Day ot WMk -But Or»«ntod 'I Bit Dai* Bus '(Bit Addrou •"/wHold Sake •intar Signal XTAL

•32 768Khj Mai Control *

'5v Pow Sop ' Low Pqw#< Disupation

*745

•/snci

2.85

GLOBAL LPK-1:

Logic Probe

Kit- complete

nothing extra

to buy. Min. turns an ordinary

pulse width outlet into a com

SOOnsec.

10 Sit'iit ii liiiiiinici"

THE MPD 117

na95

rolled power source

J79.50

0UV-T8/2 "^LOGICAL DEV.

"EPR0M-Eraser"

•Eraseupto15EPROMS $69.85

in 30min.

COMPUTERS

ATARI" 800™ COMPUTER SYSTEM

4O0W16K *350 00 80Ow/16K *69900 "800 Computer w/48K 53 **$ $825.00

ATARI PERIPHERALS:

Printer-825-- 650PO

Disk Dr"810- 485°°

Record"410"- 82P°

Paddlelprt

Joystick(pr.)

32k RAM- 17995

Basic Cart - 49.°°

^> 16.95

Asteroids . Missle Com>> 32 50 Sup. Brk Out Assem Edit - 49°° Star Raiders-45PO 8asketball- 28°° Chess -32P°

♦ MONITORS*

ZENITH CD 12in. 15MHz.

j.cs. rn

12in 18MHz

amdekH]

12in,12MHz. 13in Color,—,

M

1 Green Phos a

Hi-Res. — •118.50 £

2 Green Phos. *,_„_» . Hi-Res. —-'ISS-SO £ Non glare

3 Hi^T105"**155-50 *

3.,Lo-Res. — jjg&fiQJj

1971 SO STATE COLLEGE ANAHEIM.CALIF. 92806

(714(937-0637 *■&. >nart

CHECK — M/O WMP" "

NO COO C

'10.MIN ORDER. CA RES ADO 6-v

COMPONENTS 74 S00

SN7400N SN7402N SNM04N SN MOHN SN74ION SN7412N SN7413N SN7414N SN7416N SN7417N SN7420N SN742SN SN7430N SN7437N SN7438N SN7440N SN7442N SN7443N SN744SN SN7451N SN7454N SN7474N SN74 75N

SN7482N

SN7492N

SN74Q3M

SN7495N

SN7498N

SN74122N

SN74136N

SN74141N

SN74151N

SN74153N

SN74154N

SN74155N

SN74157N

SN74160N

SN7416IN

SN74I63H

SN74164')

SN74165N

SN74174N

SN74175N

SN74180N

SN74181 N

SN74393N

74LS00

74LSOO

2B

74LS158

74LS02

28

74LS161

74LS03

28

74LS162

74LS04

28

74LS163

74LS06

22

74LS184

74LS06

29

74LS1B5

74LS09

26

74LS169

74LS10

26

74 LSI 70

74LS14

89

74 LSI 74

74LS20

22

74 LSI 75

MLS21

26

74LS190

74LS26

40

74LS191

74LS27

27

74LS196

74LS28

37

74LS197

74LS30

29

74LS221

74LS32

31

74LS240

74LS36

31

74 LS241

74LS42

63

74 LS243

MLS4S

77

74 LS244

74LS74

38

74LS245

74LS75

55

74 LS251

74LS86

45

MLS253

74LS90

Ui

74LS257

74LS03

85

74 LS259

741 SO*

SO

74LS20O

74LS107

43

74 LS273

74 LS113

45

74 LS279

74LS122

45

74 LS2BO

74LS123

89

74 LS293

MLS125

89

74 LS365

74LS126

79

74LS367

74 LSI38

84

74LS373

74 LSI 39

59

74LS3M

74LSI51

49

74LS377

74LS153

4B

74LS889

74 LSI 5 7

89

74 LS870

74SOO

39

74S138

75

74S02

45

74 S140

1 OC

74S03

38

74S168

76

74S04

39

74SI74

1 35

74S05

39

74S175

1 35

74S10

39

74S182

75

74S15

45

74 S189

4 25

74S20

55

74S201

6 75

74S22

55

74S240

2 75

74S30

75

74S244

2 95

74S37

55

74S251

2 75

74S50

65

74S287

? 96

74S51

49

74S288

2 96

74S64

56

74S299

5 75

74S74

65

74S4 70

9 25

74S86

96

74S4 71

9 50

74S112

1 95

74S4 73

960

74S132

i 45

74S4 74

960

EPHOMS

2708

3.25m

8 tor 2.96m

2716

sjso m

8 toe

5.00m

2732

12.96 m

4 tar 11.00 m

4116 200ns.

lav

s1.85ea.; *149°

2111 450MS 2.5OMl0tor 2.00m

2.96

MISC 2102

450WS 8036 HE 556

AY5 W13A 4.25

1488 96

V489 .96

8T26 1.30

BT26 1.30

8212 1.96

82W 1.96

IS4WSCR .85

IT4KJTRIAC 85

7905 .85

7908 .86

7915 .86

7918 .86

7806 .86

7806 .85

7806 86

7812 .86

MC1330A1P 1.60

MC1350P 1.15

MC1358P 1.50

LM380 1.10

LM565N .95

LM741 .25

MC1458P 56

cont'd

1103A

LtP0765 ftoppyda* control I*

ULM2001

TMS44O0

MC4O08P

MH0026

03624

D3001

D3O02

1.40 1.50 1.56 1.96 1.96 1.96

SOCKETS

10/5.3O XV5.70 XV8.70 XV9.70

8 10/120

14 W/1.30

16 MV1.40

18 10' 1.80

20 KW2.70

KV12.70 22 XW2.70

KW13.70 24 10/2.70

tt/U.70 28 KV3.00

1071770 40 10/3.90

Bare Bones APPLE I ll

CPU!

w/o Keyboard W/o Pwr. Supply

Yfm

2 80

BOACTC

BOA CPU

80 002 1664K 8086A 2901A MC68O0

7.96 10.50 10 50 129.00 13.50 7.50 9.50

Circle 106 on Inquiry card.

BYTE March 1982

421

SOFTWARE

DEVELOPMENT

TOOLS FOR

INDUSTRY

CP/M CROSS-ASSEMBLERS

Fast, comprehensive cross-assemblers to run under CP/M.* Extensive pseudoops Include full listing control, nested conditionals, mnemonic synonyms, and Inclusion of external source files. Generate object file, assembly listing, and symbol table from source code for nine popular microprocessor families.

XASM05 6805

XASM09 6809

XASM18 1802

XASM48 8048/8041

XASM51 8051

XASM65 6502

XASM68 6800/6801

XASMF8 F8/3870

XASM400 COP400

Assemblers... $200.00 each Manual only... $ 25.00

8048 DEVELOPMENT PACKAGE

Now you can use the 8048 family of single-chip microcomputers without buying expensive equipment. Develop 8048 software with the XASM48 crossassembler. Then plug our EPR-48 board into your S-100 system to program the 8748 EPROM version. 8048 Development Package ... $574.00 EPR-48 alone $449.00

EPROM SIMULATOR BOARD

Debug dedicated systems quickly. Our PSB-100 PROM Emulator is an S-100 board with up to 8K of RAM. Cable with 24-pln plug replaces 2708 or 2716 EPROM(s) in your target system for instant program testing PSB-100 EPROM Simulator ... $445.00

w/2K RAM

• Trademark ol Digital Research

804 SOUTH STATE ST DOVER. DEL. 19901 302-734-0151

Visa and Mastercharge accepted. We ship 8" singledensity and Softcard + 5.25" diskettes. Ask us about other formats. OEM AND DEALER INQUIRES INVITED.

+ Trademark of Microsoft

Listing 1 continued:

0360

AD 79

05

2030

LDA ACC GET CHARACTER AGAIN

0363

09 SO

2040

0RA «80 SET MSB FOR SCREEN

0365

4C FO

FD

2050 TV

JMP SCRN OUTPUT TO SCREEN

0368

60

2040 RET 2070 * 2080 * 2090 * 2100 * 2110 * 2120 * 2130 * 2140 *

RTS NORMAL RETURN

POUT SUBROUTINE

HANDLES OUTPUT TO PRINTER CHARACTER TO BE PRINTED IS IN ACC

0369

A9 02

2150 POUT

LDA *02 LOAD COMPARE MASK

036B

2C OB

C3

2140

BIT IFR IS PRINTER READY?'

036E

F0 F9

2170

BEQ POUT NO» WAIT

0370

AD 79

05

2130

LDA ACC GET CHARACTER TO PRINT

0373

8D 01

C3

2190

STA ORA PRINT IT

0376

EE 79

04

2200

INC HCNT BUMP CHAR, COUNTER

0379

60

2210 22*^0

RTS RETURN .EN

SYMB0L TABLE

0579

ACC

0087

BELL

OCOIi

CAR

0024

CH

0354

CHAR

0098

CNTX

0339

CR

C303

[IBRA

0036

DH0K

0011

ENBL

04F9

FLAG

047"

HCNT

03EA

HOOK

C30D

IFR

0300

KX80

C301

0RA

C30C

PCR

0369

POUT

032B

PRNT

■ ''63

SET

roFo

SCRN

0003

SLNT

£300

SLT1

:;-oa .)

SPAC

3342

TAB

0365

TV

Listing 2: This routine uses the parallel board as a real-time clock. The time will be continuously displayed on the screen.

Mt SYNTAX ERROR

:asm

1000 1010 1020 1030 1040 1050 1040 1070 1030 1090 1100 1110 1120 1130 1140 1150 1160 1170 1130 1190 1200 1210 1220 1230 1240 1250 1260 1270 1230 1290 1300 1310 1320 1330 1340 1350 1360 1370 1330 1390 1400 1410 1420 1430 1440 1450 1460 1470 1430 1490

DOSCL0CK — REAL TIME CLOCK WITH CORRECTION FOR BISK USE. THIS PROGRAM USES THE JOHN BaL ENGINEERING PARALLEL BOARD AS A REAL TIME DIGITAL

CLOCK.

NOTE — THIS ROUTINE IS ASSEMBLED TO START NEAR THE END OF THE INPUT LINE BUFFER. THIS MEANS THAT YOU WILL NOT BE ABLE TO ENTER REALLY LONG LINES

OF TEXT. THIS ROUTINE IS NOT C0MPATABLE HITH THE PROGRAM LINE EDITOR BECAUSE THAT PROGRAM USES LOCATION $45 WHICH IS WHERE THE MONITOR STUFFS THE ACCUMULATOR DURING INTERRUPT PROCESSING.

BECAUSE THE 6522 IS ATTACHED TO THE APPLE BUSS, THE PUSHING OF THE RESET BUTTON HILL RESET THE 6522 AS WELL AS THE APPLE. THAT MEANS THAT YOU WILL HAVE TO RESTART THE CLOCK EVERY TIME RESET IS PUSHED.

IN ORDER TO USE THIS ROUTINE WITH THE JBE BOARD, YOU HAVE TO ENABLE TIMER T2 TO COUNT THE NUMBER OF TICKS OF TIMER Tl. THIS IS ACCOMPLISHED BY JUMPERING PINS 7 AND 8 ON J2 TOGETHER

RAM VERSION FOR SLOT 3

DJG 4/31 (DERIVED FROM AN AIM CLOCK ROUTINE

BY DE.J0NG IN HICRO) NUR 8/81 (MODIFIED FOR SLOT 3 AND THE JBE PARALLEL BOARD)

PROGRAM ADDRESSES!

ENTRY POINT (TO START CLOCK)! *0230 (CALL 640)

TO CONTROL SCREEN TIME DISPLAY: J77F (POKE 1919.X) (NON-ZERO VALUE DISPLAYS TIME CONTINUOUSLY)

TO stop clock:

LOAD LOCATION *C30E WITH «40 (POKE -15602,64)

Listing 2 continued on page 424

ill March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

BITE

TOLL-FREE SUBSCRIPTION LINE

1-800-258-5485

New Hampshire Residents Dial 924-9281

The Quickest Way To

• Order a Subscription

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We are waiting to help you. Call us between:

8:30-4:00 Mon.-Thurs. 8:30-12:30 Fridays

(Eastern Time)

Bill

the small systems lournal

Circle 324 on inquiry card.

r*0:

*C7.

*CHA

SING

*°« tor

(4*S^%&**8

Building Blocks for Microcomputer Systems, Dedicated Controllers and Test Equipment.

R2l/0

-100 ROM,

RAM & I/O

BOARD

ECT's R2l/0 is an S-100 Bus I/O Board with 3 Serial O Ports (UART's), 1 Parallel I/O Port, 4 Status Ports, :K of ROM with the 8080 Apple Monitor Program and K of Static RAM.

$295.00

RM-10 S-100

RACK MOUNT CARD CAGE

ECT's RM-10 is a rack mount 10 slot Card Cage with Power Supply, consisting of an ECT-100 rack mount Card Cage (19"W x 12.25"H x 8"D), the MB-10 Mother Board (with ground plane and termination) all 10 connectors and guides and the PS-15A Power Supply (15A@8V, 1.5A@ ± 16V). $295 00

Specializing in Quality Microcomputer Hardware

Industrial • Educational • Small Business • Personal

Card Cages, Power Supplies, Mainframes, CPU's, Memory, IIO, OEM Variations

763 Ramsey Ave., Hillside, NJ 07205

(201) 686-8080

le 148 on Inquiry card.

BYTE March 1982

423

Circle 90 on inquiry card.

We will meet or beat any price in the U.S.A. on

MICROCOMPUTERS

In fact, no matter what price

you see advertised by Micro Management, Perry Oil, Pan American, or any authorized Radio Shack dealer for TRS80 Computers with pure factory installed memory and full warranty, we'll beat it!

ATARI

MICROCOMPUTERS

®/

Listing 2 continued:

We have consistently offered the complete TRS-80, ATARI, EPSON, APPLE, and MAXELL lines at the best prices in the U.S.A. And we offer the best delivery from the largest inventory in the Northeast. If you're looking for the best prices in the U.S.A., check the others but call Computer Discount of America.

TRS-80 and Radio Shack aie trademarks ol Tandy Co

CALL TOLL FREE: 800-526-5313

Computer

of America

COMPUTER DISCOUNT OF AMERICA. INC. 15 Marshall Hill Road.West Milford Mall West Milford. New Jersey 07480-2198 In New Jersey Call 201-728-8080

0345

0420047F047F04FF057F05FF067F06FF077F03FE

C300C300C304C305C309C309C30BC30DC30E

02300281028302860239

023B028D02900292

02950297029A029C029F02A102A402A602A902AB02AE02AF

02B002B302B502B702BA02BD02BF02C202C402C702C902CB

02CE02D102D402D602D302DA02DD02E002E302E502E702E902EC02EF02F202F402F602F9

A9 BO 8H FE A9 02 8B FF

A9 CO 8D OE A9 EO 8B OB

A9 20 8B 04 A9 F9 8D 05 A9 03 3D 09 A9 00 8D 09 A9 FO 8ti 7F 53 SO

EE 7F DO 70 A9 FO 8D 7F AD 00 10 03 EE 7F A9 20 2C OH DO 42 A9 OS 3D 09

EE FF AD FF C9 3C 90 23 A9 00 8D FF EE 7F AD 7F C9 3C 90 14 A9 00 8D 7F EE FF AD FF C9 18 90 05 A9 00 3D FF

1500 1510 1520 1530 1540 1550 1560 1570 1530 1590 1600 1610 1620 1630 1640 1650 1660 1670 1680 1690 1700 1710 1720 1730 1740 1750 1760 1770 1730 1790 1300 1310 1320 1330 1340 1850 1860 1370 1880 1890 1900 1910 03 1920 1930

03 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

!000 !010 1020 1030 1040 2050 2040 2070 2080 2090 2100 2110 2120 2130 1140 1150 !160 J170 2180 :190 2200 2210 2220 2230 2240 2250 2260

04 2270 2230 2290

04 2300

C3 2310

2320

04 2330

2340

C3 2350

2360

2370

1330

!390

2400

2410

2420

2430

04 2440

04 2450

2460

2470

2430

04 2490

05 2500 05 2510

2520

2530

2540

05 2550

05 2560

05 2570

2530

2590

2600

05 2610

2620

2630

2640

*

*

ACC

SCRN

FREE

FRAC

SEC

MIN

HOUR

TMPL

TMPH

FLAG

IRQ1.'

t

*

DS1

PB

TIL

T1H

T2L

T2H

ACR

IFR

IER

C3

C3

C3 C3

04

PROGRAM EQUATES

.EO $0045 MONITOR SAVE ACC HERE ON IRQ

.EQ $0420 RIGHT HAND TOP LINE OF SCREEN

.EO $047F SLOT 7 SCRATCH RAH — SEE APPLE REFERENCE MANUAL

.EO FREE INTERRUPT COUNTER

.EO FREEtOO SECONDS COUNTER

.EO FREE+J100 HINUTES COUNTER

• EO FREE+U30 HOURS COUNTER

.EQ FREEH200 TEHP STORAGE

.EO FREEH280 TEHP STORAGE

.EO FREEH300 DISPLAY FLAG

.EQ 103FE IRO VECTOR

6222 REGISTER EQUATES

.EQ *C3O0

.EO DS1

.EQ DS1+4

.EO DS1+5

.EQ DS1+8

EQ DS1+9

SLOT 3 65 PORT B

ADDRESSES

TIMER 1 LOW LATCH

Tl HIGH

TIMER 2 LOW LATCH

T2 HIGH .EQ DS1UB CONTROL REG ,E0 DSHHi INTERRUPT FLAGS •EQ DS1+*E INTERRUPT ENABLE

.OR $0280 START IT HERE .TF DOSCLQCK.BELL.OBJ

CLOCK ENTRY POINT

SET UP IRQ VECTOR AND START THE CLOCK

CLOK SEI DISABLE IRQ

LDA *ISR ADDRESS OF INTERRUPT SERVICE ROUTINE

STA IRQV SAVE IN IRQ

LDA /ISR LAST HALF OF ADDRESS

STA IRQV+1 SAVE IT

SET UP THE 6522

LDA «CO ENABLE Tl INTERRUPT

STA IER BY LOADING THIS LOCATION

LDA #$E0 Tl FREE RUN MODE

STA ACR AND T2 COUNTS PB6

YOU CAN PLAY WITH THE VALUE IN TIL AND T1H TO CORRECT TIME INACCURACIES.

LDA 4$20 SET Tl TO F920

STA TIL WHICH IS 1/16TH OF

LDA «F9 A SECOND

STA T1H START Tl

LDA *$08 T2 OVERFLOWS AFTER 1 SECOND IF

STA T2L DOS TURNED OFF IRO INTERRUPT

LDA *00 $800 IS ONE SECOND

STA T2H T2 COUNTS Tl

LDA «F0 COUNT 16 INTERRUPTS

STA FRAC PRELOAD THE LOCATION

CLI ENABLE IRQ

RTS RETURN

it INTERRUPT SERVICE ROUTINE

ISR

C3

INC FRAC

BNE UNDO

LDA *$F0

STA FRAC

LDA PB

BPL TOUT

INC FRAC

TOUT LDA #$20

BIT IFR

BNE CORR

LDA *$08

STA T2L

*

SECS INC SEC

LDA SEC

CMP *60

BCC SHOW

LDA 100

STA SEC

MINS INC MIN

LDA MIN

CMP *60

BCC SHOW

LDA 400

STA MIN

INC HOUR

LDA HOUR

CMP 124

BCC SHOW

LDA *00

STA HOUR

BUMP COUNTER

NOT A FULL SECOND

RESET INTERRUPT COUNTER

SAVE IT HERE

IF Tl HAS ALREADY TICKED

WE HAVE TO ADD

ONE TO THE COUNT

GET MASK

T2 TIMED OUT??

NO

RESET T2 COUNTER

WITH A $800

HRS

INCREMENT THE SOFTWARE CLOCK

BUMP SECONDS

GET CURRENT SECONDS

60 SECONDS??

NO

RESET SECONDS

TO ZERO

BUMP MINUTES

GET CURRENT MINUTES

60 MINUTES??

NO

RESET MINUTES

TO ZERO

BUMP HOURS

GET CURRENT HOUR

24 HOURS??

NO

RESET HOURS

TO ZERO

DISPLAY THE TIME IF DESIRED

Listing 2 continued on pagi

424 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 385 on Inquiry card.

CATCH THE S-100 INC. BUS!

A

Move up to an 8MHZ 8086 Super System

System Support Board

1 serial 11 parallel port, 8 MHZ 8086 CPU (16 Bit Processor) 86 DOS Disk Operating System Realtime Clock Timers

Monitor EPROM

86 DOS Disk Operating System

64K byte (32k word) Static RAM (70 NS)

Double Density DMA Disk Controller

10 Slot Mainframe w/2 Qume Data Irak 8 drives

Assembled & Tested

LIST PRICE OVER $4300

SPECIAL CASH PRICE $3499

Assembly and check out available for $200 extra

Offer Expires March 31, 1982

Subject to Available Quantities • Prices Quoted Include Cash Discounts Shipping & Insurance Extra.

S-IDD,inc.

14425 North 79th Street, Suite B

Scottsdale, Arizona 85260 Order Number 800-528-3138 Technical 602-991-7870

the POWER

Of Your HP-85 or Commodore Pet/CBM With TNW's IEEESystem Building Blocks...

Bus

TNW-2000

TNW's RS-232 SERIAL INTERFACES

Connect your PET/CBM to any RS-232 Serial Printer. Plotter, CRT

Terminal. Modem, or other device

TNW-1000 TNW-2000 TNW-232D

ONECHANNEL OUTPUTONLY

ONECHANNEL INPUT AND OUTPUT

TWO CHANNELS. INPUT & OUTPUT, 12 RS-232 CONTROL SIGNALS

$129 $229 $369

TURN YOUR PET INTO A TERMINAL

Access Timesharing Systems and Bulletin Boards with TNW's Pterm Software and full service telephone modem:

TNW-103

AUTO ANSWER/AUTO DIAL USEWITH DAA

$389

Pterm also works with acoustical couplers and other modems interfaced to the PET with the TNW-2000 or TNW-232D. Electronic mail and TWX Terminal programs also available. All units are addressable IEEE-488 devices, complete with power supply cabinet, full documentation and one year warranty.

TNW CORPORATION

3351 Hancock St. • San Diego, CA., 92110 (714) 225-1040

TWX910-335-1194

Visa/Mastercharge Welcome • Dealer inquiries invited

PRODUCTS FOR YOUR RADIO SHACK

MICROTEXT COMMUNICATIONS VIA YOUR MODEM!

Now you can use your printer with your modem! Your computer can be an

intelligent printing terminal. Talk to timeshare services or to other personal iiim ,,; jijhr: H(1 liM! O.ME

computers; print simultaneously through a second printer port; and re-display '

text stored in memory. Download text to Basic programs; dump to a cassette

tape, or printer, or both. Microtext can be used with any printer or no printer at

all. It features user-configurable duplex/parity for special applications, and can

send any ASCII character. You'll find many uses for this general purpose

module! Available in ROM PACK, ready-to-use, for $59.95.

SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM

The Micro Works Software Development System (SDS80C) is a complete 6809 editor, assembler and monitor package contained in one Color Computer program pack! Vastly superior to RAM-based assemblers/editors, the SDS80C is nonvolatile, meaning that if your application program bombs, it can't destroy your editor/assembler. Plus it leaves almost all of 16K or 32K RAM free for your program. Since all three programs, editor, assembler and monitor are co-resident, we eliminate tedious program loading when going back and forth from editing to assembly and debugging!

The powerful screen-oriented Editor features finds, changes, moves, copys and much more. All keys have convenient auto repeat (typamatic), and since no line numbers are required, the full width of the screen may be used to generate well commented code.

The Assembler features all of the following: complete 6809 instruction set; complete 6800 set supported for cross-assembly; conditional assembly; local labels; assembly to cassette tape or to memory; listing to screen or printer; and mnemonic error codes instead of numbers.

The versatile ABUG monitor is a compact version of CBUG, tailored for debugging programs generated by the Assembler and Editor. It features examine/change of memory or registers, cassette load and save, breakpoints and more. SDS80C Price: $89.95

Star Blaster — Blast your way through an asteroid field in this action-packed

Hi-Res graphics game! Available in ROMPACK; requires 16K. Price; $39.95

Pac Attack — Try your hand at this challenging game by Computerware, with

fantastic graphics, sound and action! Cassette requires 16K. Price: $24.95

Berserk — Have fun zapping robots with this Hi-Res game by Mark Data

Products. Cassette requires 16K. Price: $24.95

Adventure — Black Sanctum and Catixto Island by Mark Data Products. Each cassette requires 16K. Price: $19.95 each.

ROMLESS PAK I — is an empty program pack capable of holding two 2716 or

2732 EPROMs, allowing you up to 8K of program! The PC board inside comes

with sockets installed, ready to go with the addition of your custom EPROMs.

Price: $24.95

2-PASS DISASSEMBLER — with documentation package. 16K; cassette. 80C

Disassembler Price: $49.95

CBUG — Machine language monitor. CBUG Cassette Price: $29.95

CBUG ON 2716 EPROM: Can plug into Romless Pak I. CBUG ROM Price:

$39.95

PARALLEL PRINTER INTERFACE — serial to parallel converter allows use of all

standard parallel printers. PI80C Price: $69.95

Assembly Language Programming, by Lance Leventhal. Price: $16.95

MEMORY UPGRADE KITS: 4-16K Kit Price $39.95. 16-32K (requires soldering

experience) Price: $39.95

PARTS & SERVICES: SAMs, 6809ES, RAMs, PIAs. Call for prices.

THE

WE SHIP FROM STOCK!

A A\ 11 (C7 I °^Q) *£**Sv GOOD STUFF! Master Charge/Visa and COD Accepted

^©[^CSS3 P.O. BOX 1110 DEL MAR, CA 92014 714-942-2400

Circle 249 on Inquiry card.

BYTE March 1982

425

Circle 92 on inquiry card.

SITTING PRETTY

You can use just about any desk for a computer terminal stand. But with CF&A, you're sitting pretty. Our full range of desks, workstations, and terminal stands are designed to accommodate a variety of computer equipment. Choose from our Classic Series desks, DR Series desks and enclosures, specialty items likeour Apple II desk, or a universal printer stand. You'll be sitting pretty with attractive color selections, durable construction, versatile configurations, useful options, competitive prices, quick delivery, and personal service. It's our way of doing business.

CF*A

Computer Furniture and

Accessories, Inc.

1441 West 132nd Street

Gardena, CA 90249

(213) 327-7710

Listing 2 continued:

2650

*

2660

*

02FB

AD 7F 07

2670

SHOU

LDA FLAG

DISPLAY TIME??

02FE

F0 20

2630

BE0 DONE

HO

0300

3E 7F 06

2690

STX ThPL

SAVE X

0303

3C FF 06

2700

STY TMPH

SAVE Y

0306

A2 00

2710

LDX 100

CLEAR X

0303

AD FF 05

2720

LDA HOUR

GET THE CURRENT HOUR

030B

20 84 03

2730

JSR DSPL

PRINT IT

030E

AD 7F 05

2740

LDA BIN

GET CURRENT MINUTE

0311

20 7C 03

2750

JSR DC0L

PRINT IT

0314

AD FF 04

2760

LDA SEC

GET CURRENT SECONDS

0317

20 7C 03

2770

JSR BC0L

DISPLAY IT

031A

AE 7F 06

2780

LDX THPL

RESTORE X

031D

AC FF 06

2790 2300 2310

*

LDY TMPH

RESTORE Y

2320

*

INTERRUPT

2330

*

2840

*

0320

A9 00

2850

DONE

LDA 100

GET A ZERO

0322

3D 09 C3

2360

STA T2H

START T2

0325

AD 04 C3

2370

UNDO

LDA TIL

CLEAR INTERRUPT FLAG

0328

A5 45

2880

LDA ACC

RESTORE ACCUM.

032A

40

2890 2900 2910

* *

RTI

INTERRUPT RETURN

2920

*

CORRECTIOt

2930

*

2940

*

032B

38

2950

C0RR

SEC

SAVE 2'S COMPLEMENT OF T2

032C

A9 00

2960

LDA #00

BY SUBTRACTING

032E

ED 03 C3

2970

SBC T2L

FROM ZERO

0331

3D 7F 06

2980

STA THPL

SAVE PARTIAL RESULT

0334

A9 00

2990

LDA *00

ANOTHER ZERO

0336

ED 09 C3

3000

SBC T2H

AND THE SUBTRACT

0339

3D FF 06

3010 3020 3030

* *

STA TMPH

SAVE IT

3040

*

DO THE

CORRECTION

3050

*

3060

*

033C

AD 7F 06

3070

SETF

LDA TMPL

SET FRACTION

033F

29 07

3080

AND *t07

TO CORRECT

0341

0A

3090

ASL

1/16

0342

6D 7F 04

3100

ADC FRAC

OF A SEC

0345

8D 7F 04

3110

STA FRAC

SAVE IT BACK

0348

29 OF

3120

AND 4$0F

CORRECT T2

034A

4A

3130

LSR

TO THE PARTIAL

0348

49 FF

3140

E0R «FF

NUMBER OF

034D

IS

3150

CLC

OF TICKS

034E

69 09

3160

ADC #$09

LEFT IN ITS INTERVAL

0350

3D 03 C3

3170

STA T2L

AND SAVE BACK

0353

4E FF 06

3180

LSR TMPH

DIVIDE BY EIGHT

0356

6E 7F 06

3190

R0R TMPL

TO GET NUMBER

0359

4E FF 06

3200

LSR TMPH

OF FULL SECONDS

035C

6E 7F 06

3210

R0R TMPL

TO ADD TO THE

035F

4E FF 06

3220

LSR TMPH

TIME TO CORRECT

0362

6E 7F 06

3230

R0R TMPL

FOR DOS BEING ON

0365

18

3240

CLC

SETUP THE CARRY

0366

AD FF 04

3250

LDA SEC

ADD THE FULL

0369

69 01

3260

ADC #01

SECONDS

0368

6D 7F 06

3270

ADC TMPL

AND STORE IN

036E

8D FF 04

3280

STA SEC

SECONDS COUNTER

0371

38

3290

SEC

CHECK FOR GREATER

0372

E9 3C

3300

SBC #60

THAN 60 SECONDS

0374

90 85

3310

BCC SHOU

TO SEE IF A MINUTE

0376

3D FF 04

3320

STA SEC

UPDATE IS

0379

4C DD 02

3330

3340 3350

*

JMP MINS

REHUIRED

3360

* HI

SPLAY SUBR0U" ■

3370

*

3380

*

037C

A3

3390

DC0L

TAY

SAVE COUNT

037D

A9 BA

3400

LDA #tBA

GET A COLON

037F

9D 20 04

3410

STA SCRN.

X SHOU IT

0382

E8

3420

I NX

BUMP COUNTER

0383

98

3430

TYA

RESTORE COUNT

0334

A0 FF

3440

DSPL

LDY *$FF

DISPLAY TIME

0386

C8

3450

CNTY

INY

Y WILL CDUNT BY 10

C33T

38

3460

SEC

SET CARRY

0388

E9 0A

3470

SBC #10

MINUS 10

038A

B0 FA

3480

BCS CNTY

GET RIB OF TENS

038C

69 0A

3490

ADC #10

RESTORE REMAINDER

C38E

48

3500

PHA

AND SAVE

038F

93

3510

TYA

DISPLAY TENS DIGIT

0390

09 B0

3520

CRA #$B0

MAKE IT ASCII

0392

9D 20 04

3530

STA SCRN.

X SHOU IT

0395

E8

3540

INX

BUMP X

0396

63

3550

PLA

GET ONES DIGIT

0397

09 B0

3560

0RA #$B0

MAKE IT ASCII

0399

9D 20 04

3570

STA SCRNt

X SHOU IT

039C

E8

3530

INX

BUMP THE COUNT

039B

60

3590 3600

RTS ,EN

RETURN

SYMB0L TABLE

0045

- ACC

:30B

IFR

■.'■FF TMPH

C30B

- ACR

;)3FE

JRGV

C-A7F- THPL

0230

- CL0K

■io

1SR

02C1- TOUT

0336

- CNTY

057F

■ KIN

032^.- UNDO

032B

- C0RR

,:''BD

■ MINS

037C

- DC0L

1.300

- PB

C320

DONE

:42C

SCRN

"300

nsi

I4FF

SEC

: •■■,84

DSPL

.?cr

SECS

077F

- FLAG

33C

SETF

04 7 F

- FRAC

■?y\<

SHOU

047"

■ FREE

c:>05

T1H

:5F;

!I0UR

f 30*

- TIL

02EC

- HRS

(309

T2H

C30E

- IER

',03

T2L

426 March 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

Circle 144 on Inquiry card.

Circle 156 on Inquiry card.

I Interchange) I Interchange) is a general purpose file maintenance program for use with the CP/M™ operating system. Since it is a single program written in optimized Z-80™ code, it is much faster and easier to use than other file maintenance programs. Features include: DIR as usual plus listing all files excluding those with a specified character(s). ERA as usual plus exclusive erases. Also, a "Q" switch can be used to query each erase, a "W" allows erases of R/0 files without query (normally you are queried), and an "R" switch if system files are to be included, LIST permits listings and uses TAB, WIDTH. LINES and WRAP for control, COPY as usual plus exclusive copies and supports the "Q", "W" and "R" switches plus an "E" switch for query on existing files, STAT with ambiguous, unambiguous and exclusive listings and produces an alphabetized listing with file length, total directory entries and space used and unused, START-END allows for copying contiguous data files, and RENAME as usual plus ambiguous renames. Other commands include: QT, DATE. TIME and SETIT (for the QT clock board) plus CLEAR, RESET. HELP and TYPE. Disk copies can even be continued after a disk full condition by simply inserting a new disk. All of this in one program without ever having to leave l(nterchange) and wait until you see the speed improvement . . . The price for (Interchange) is $59.95 and the manual is available for S10.00 (credited towards purchase). I(nterchange) is recommended for 32K or larger systems using CP/M™ 2.0 or later. It will not run on an 8080 CPU and only User 0 is supported. All programs are available on 8" SD or North Star 5V<" disk. Microstat is available for North Star Basic, Microsoft's Basic-80 (Rel. 5.0 or later) or compiler Systems CBasic2. Please specify when ordering.

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research.

ECOSOFT, INC.

P.O. BOX 68602

INDIANAPOLIS, IN 46268-0602

(317) 283-8883

EPISODE

THE VERSATILE COMPUTER

JUST ADD PERIPHERALS

EPISODE is a CP/Mscomputer with 1.6 M byte of disk storage on dual 5V4 floppies. Its compact design provides a wide range of standalone or network applications including data base sharing.

EPISODE gives you total flexibility. You can add your own CRT and Printer, whatever brand and price range you choose. All the logic including the 64K RAM memory is contained on a single 6" x 8" circuit board ensuring maximum reliability.

•Supervyz is a trademark of Epic Computer Corporation, CP/M is a trademark ot Digital Research.

EPISODE includes a unique software system called SUPERVYZ™ - a menu based software control system that allows the user to integrate application programs.

Dealer inquiries invited, foreign and domestic.

Epic Computer Corporation 7542 Trade Street San Diego, CA 92121 Tel: 714-695-3560

SAVE $600.00 On TRS-80® 48K Model III

TRADEMARKS:

TRS 80 and TRSDOS/Radio Shack/Tandy Corp L.DOS/L.ogical Systems Inc. Kit Ill/Morgan Products Inc

Limited Supply Now Available For The Low-Low Price Of $1895.00

Includes all the standard basic features of the TRS-80® Model III with 48K of RAM and disk expansion Kit III™ with two 40 track double density disk drives.

Also available — TRS-80® Model III same as above with two 80 track disk drives for only •2145.00

If You Own A 16K Model III.

You can easily expand your capabilities with our low cost disk expansion Kit III™

Completely compatible with TRSDOS™ and LDOS™ the Kit III™ single drive assembly includes: One 40 track 5'/t" double density disk drive, power supply, floppy disk control card, mounting hardware, applicable

^nsTctl, ONLY $599.00

Also available — Kit III™ same as above with one 80 track disk drive for only '724.00

LDOS™ disk operating system

Printers available . . . call for more information.

Call TOLL FREE (800)851-4614

In Illinois Call (618) 233-0018

We accept: Visa. Master Charge. Certified Checks (Personal checks MoDfiAN require three weeks clearance). Money Orders, and COD.

Morgan Products Incorporated 104 Berkshire Drive Belleville. Illinois 62223

Circle 265 on Inquiry card.

BYTE March 1982

427

Circle 191 on inquiry card.

Main/Frames

• 30 Models of Enclosures

• Assembled and tested

• Quasl-Coox Motherboards

• Power Supply

• Card cage and guides

• Fan, line, cord, luse, power & reset switches

8" Floppy Main/Frame

8" Disc Enclosure

Phase/80 8" Floppy Mainframe

III i

2191

Phase/80 Desk + Mainframe

Write or call for our

brochure which includes our

application note:

"Building Computers —

A Recipe"

INrEGMMD

8620 Roosevelt Ave. • Vlsalla, CA 93291

209/733-9288

We accept BankAmericard/Visa

and MasterCharge

Text continued from page 418

clocks data into the printer's internal

buffer. Again, the MX-80 requires a

negative-going pulse for the data

strobe; use control pin CA2 for this

function.

The 6522 allows you to choose a negative- or positive-going pulse for either of two signals; inform the 6522 of the desired polarity by loading the Peripheral Control Register (PCR). With the MX-80, hexadecimal 0A is the proper code. This bit pattern is determined by consulting the coded values on the data sheet. We enable the printer by sending it a Control Q (hexadecimal 11) and then a Control X to clear the internal buffer.

The actual output routine is quite simple. First, check the horizontal character position and compare it with the current character position in the output line. If they differ, output spaces until reaching the proper character position. To print characters, check bit 2 in the Interrupt Flag Register (IFR) to see if the printer has sent its data-ready flag. This bit will

be set if the 6522 has detected a negative edge on control pin 1 (CA1), which is the ready line.

If the printer is busy or has yet to send the ready pulse, keep testing the bit until the printer is ready. When the printer is ready to receive data, store the character to be printed in the output register for port A. As you place the character in the output register, it's clocked into the printer's internal register because pin CA2 goes low and acts as the data strobe. The printer becomes busy while accepting the character. Once it's processed, the ready pulse is given and the printer will accept another character.

Time-of-Day Clock. Listing 2's routine is a time-of-day clock that continuously displays the time on the screen. The routine uses interrupts so that the clock runs while you develop and run BASIC programs. The routine is compatible with DOS 3.3; DOS disables the IRQ interrupt while it does I/O and then re-enables the interrupt when finished. (I haven't tried

Listing 3: This BASIC routine will load and initialize the clock. It will also protect the time display.

IPRtO

>LIST

10

''0

30

40

50

60

70

SO

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

140

REM

REM ROUTINE TO LOAD AND START THE D0SCL0CK

REM

REM

PRINT "BL0AD D0SCL0CK.BELL.OBJ"

POKE 34.0! CALL -936

PRINT "THE CURRENT TIME IS -- >"! POKE 34,2

VTAB 10

INPUT "ENTER HH,MM,SS ",H,M,S

POKE 1535,H! REM HOURS

POKE 1407,M! REH MINUTES

POKE 1279,S! REM SECONDS

CALL 640! REM START THE CLOCK

POKE 1919,1! REM DISPLAY TIME

END

Make America smarter. Give to the college of your choice, fillfe

CI*

mm? Council lor Financial Aid to Education. In. HE) 680 Fiflh Avenue. New York. NY. 10019

11 A Public Service of This Magazine & The Advertising Council.

428 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 52 on Inquiry card.

It

Sucksye

DESK TOP ENCLOSURES

ASK ABOUT OUR NEW BRACKET MOUNTING SYSTEM FOR DWC CASES

DWC-1-0850 T $54.70

DWC-1-1133 60.60

DWC-1-1600 68.80

BKS-2-0850 $41.50

BKS-2-1133 44.80

BKS-2-1600 48.30

Send check for case in width desired.

Call or write for detailed literature

The Buckeye Stamping Co.

555 Marion Rd„ Columbus, OH 43207 614/445-8433

Circle 193 on Inquiry card.

ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo

ADALAB is a small lab computer system with LARGE capabilities from Interactive Microware, Inc.

ADALAB HARDWARE PACKS MORE POWER.. .for collecting data and controlling your laboratory instruments. It includes a 12-blt analog voltage Input, a 12-bit analog voltage output, 8 digital sense Inputs, 8 digital control outputs, a 32-blt real-time clock and two 16-bit timers/counters. . .ALL ON A SINGLE APPLE INTERFACE CARD!

QUICKI/O SOFTWARE MAKES IT EASY.. .Simple commands in BASIC give you control of all hardware features of ADALAB. Sample programs and sasy-touse manuals will enable you to start using your ADALAB system right away. Additional software for laboratory applications Is available at extra cost. A complete self-test diagnostic program Is Included to assure you that all of the hardware Is working properly and accurately.

ft • Saves time by eliminating manual calculations.

n • Is easy to use because the manuals and software are complete and well

V written.

A • Saves money by adding convenience and utility to older instruments.

L • Has a great memory to store and organize experimental data.

A • Is versatile; It works with many different Instruments.

n • Is more accurate than a meter or chart recording.

° • Is fully supported by a dedicted team of scientists.

GREAT PRICE/PERFORMANCE. . .the ADALAB Add-on Package with Interface card, cables, self-test module, QUICKI/O™ software and manuals is available today for ONLY $405.

Put a complete, reliable computer system In your laboratory FOR ONLY S3295, Including a 48K APPLE II + * computer, disk drive, graphics/text printer, video monitor and ADALAB Add-on Package.

Send for FREE hardware and software brochures or enclose $10 for complete manuals. For fastest service, call in your VISA/Master Card order NOW. Dealer Inquiries Invited! „ . ,. , „

Trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc.

-m- INTERACTIVE MICROWARE, INC.

|lljl P.O. Box 771, Dept. B State College, PA 16801 V ■*■ CALL (814) 238-8294 for IMMEDIATE ACTION

TRS-80 DISCOUNT - BUY DIRECT

WE SELL THE FULL LINE OF TRS-80'S AT WHOLESALE PRICES

MODEL II

26-4002 64K I Drive S3279

Ask About Hard Drives

MODEL III

26-1062 16K $839

26-1066 48K with

2 Drives, RS232 S2059

COLOR COMPUTER

26-3001 4K $318

26-3002 16K Ext. Basic S469

26-3003 32K Ext. Basic $569

POCKET COMPUTER

26-3501 Pocket Computer $188

TRS-80 COLOR COMPUTER DISK DRIVES*

26-3022 Disk Drive #1 **98

26-3023 Disk Drive #2,3,4 $338

LEARN TO "DO IT YOURSELF" AND SAVE MONEY

THOUSANDS OF

SATISFIED

CUSTOMERS

WRITE FOR YOUR FREE CATALOG

ORDER TOLL FREE

1-800-841-0860

•LARGE INVENTORY •FAST DELIVERY

TM - TANDY CORPORATION FREE COPY OF WARRANTY UPON REQUEST

MICRO MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS, INC.

DEPT. NO. 1 H5C SECOND AVE. S.W. CAIRO, GA. 31728 GA. 912-377-7120

Circle 243 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1982 429

EIGHTY/

APPLE

COMPUTER

SHOW

(Formerly the Nat'! TRS-80 Show)

FOR APPLE* and

TRS-80* COMPUTER

SYSTEMS

April 2-4, 1982

New York Statler

7th. Ave. & 33rd. Street

New York, NY

The EIGHTY/APPLE COMPUTER SHOW will feature over 100 exhibitors of equipment, supplies, books, magazines, parts, software and accessories for the TRS-80 and Apple Computer systems. There will be demonstrations of new and exciting products for the TRS-80 and Apple systems, for the businessman, professional, educator and hobbyist. In addition, most exhibitors will be selling their products at the show for immediate delivery. If you own a TRS-80 or Apple Computer, or have been thinking of purchasing one of these two exciting systems, don't miss the Eighty/Apple Computer Show. SAVE $2.00 on admission by bringing in the coupon below!

SHOW HOURS Friday April 2 11AM to 7 PM Saturday April 3 11AM to 7 PM Sunday April 4 11AM to 5 PM

REGISTRATION $5.00 Day

Children under 12 ■ $1.00

FOR EXHIBITOR INFORMATION CONTACT

Kengore Corporation

3001 Route 27

Franklin Park. NJ 08823

(201) 297-2526

'TRS-HO is a Trademark of Tandy Corp. and Applets a Trademark of Apple Computer Co.

■ — — — ■• SAVE $2.00 ™ ™ ™ ■ ■

This coupon is good for Two Dollars ($2.00) off the regular daily registration fee of $5.00. Limit one coupon per person, not applicable to children's admission. Only original copies of this coupon will be accepted.

EIGHTY/APPLE SHOW April 2-4. 1982 NY Statler (NO CASH VALUE) n

the routine with earlier DOS versions. If you plan to, back up your disks in the event of failure.)

My method of implementing the clock involves both timers on one 6522 and a couple of tricks. First, set up timer Tl to interrupt (tick) every Vi6 second. Simultaneously, enable timer T2 to count the number of times that Tl ticks by simply installing a jumper wire to feed the output of Tl to the input of T2. T2 is now counting the number of times Tl ticks. If DOS turns off the IRQ interrupt (for I/O), when it is re-enabled T2 will contain the number of clock ticks you missed.

The interrupt service routine for the clock keeps the hours, minutes, and seconds in dedicated locations. Whenever the seconds count is changed, the top line of the screen is updated with the current time. The BASIC routine in listing 3 will set up the current time of day and protect the top line. From then on, time will be displayed continuously. The clock routine can determine execution times of routines or schedule other events at certain times during the day. Because no two Apples have identical time bases, some correction factors may have to be used. The listing indicates where to apply those factors.

Conclusions

• The Apple parallel board may be used for all interfacing projects where parallel I/O is needed or where timing or counting is required.

• The board contains two 6522 support chips for input or output, timing or counting, and serial-toparallel/parallel-to-serial operations.

• The board is available fully assembled, as a kit, or alone. The kit is easy to build, but you must be able to read a circuit diagram.

• Documentation is sparse, though all required information for use of the 6522 is included. The manufacturer does not hold your hand, relying instead on the user community to publish software that uses the board.

• The Apple parallel board is a good, inexpensive way to enhance the Apple with the power of the 6522 Versatile Interface Adapter. ■

430

m m — SAVE $2.00 — . March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

HELP IS COMING FOR ALL PERSONAL COMPUTER OWNERS:

Stop going broke buying software and hardware to find out it's not what you want!

The Personal Computer Owners Directory can eliminate a lot of wasted time and aggravation. Through the use of the directory, you can become aware of people in your area and nationally who have the same system or interests. Find out what is worth buying before spending your $$$$. The directory will be listed by cities and interests (e.g.) Games, business, art, robotics, education, etc.)

To have your information listed and place your order for the Directory, SEND $19.95 ppd (check or money order) plus the following:

Name, Address, Computer Type, Interests, will you help others, are you willing to trade information? Plus any other vital information.

If you want your name entered, but do not wish to receive a directory, send $1.00 and the above info.

The directory will be open for listings until May 1, 1982, at which time it will go to print.

MASS. residents add 5% sales tax.

PERSONAL COMPUTER OWNERS, INC.

P.O. BOX 426

FEEDING HILLS, MASS.

01030

(413) 789-1555

ATTENTION S-100 USERS, OEMs & ISOs!

MM-103 IS THE ONLY MODEM FOR YOUR NEEDS!

In previous issues, we listed more than 50 reasons why PMMI MM-103 modems

are superior, along with a list of satisfied users that is now too long to print.

Quality, integrity and low cost have made the MM-103 America's most popular modem.

PMMI was the first to gain FCC approval and meet IEEE-696 S-100 standards.

You won't find another modem for the S-100 bus with a wider range of Baud rates,

more extensive and controllable software and such an unbeatable warranty.

And since PMMI has eliminated the need for an acoustic coupler or an RS 232 adapter,

your connection is more reliable and you buy no unnecessary hardware.

SO DON'T DELAY!

GO WITH THE MODEM WITH EXPERIENCE!

tfrp>

COMMUNICATIONS

[POTOMAC MICRO-MAGIC, INC.)

For further information, call or write:

Three Skyline Place

5201 Leesburg Pike, Suite 604

Falls Church. VA 22041

|703|379-9660

Of dial tnio our 24 hour a-day Modem Test Center

[7031379-0303 |300 Baud)

AFTER ALL...

ALL MODEMS ARE NOT

CREATED EQUAL!

Circle 229 on inquiry card.

XCEL MICROCOMPUTER RETROFIT GRAPHICS

512 x 240 RESOLUTION

FOR COMPUSTAR® SUPERBRAIN® TRS-80® MODEL II Z-89

HARDWARE RETROFIT from $895.00

SOFTWARE SUPPORT PROGRAMS

•Symbol Generator ^|

^ $175.00

•Graph Plotter

$175.00

•3D Generator

$345.00

•Surface Plotter

$395.00

•Graphics Terminal Emulator

$395.00

•Screen Printer

$65.00

ANADEX

EPSON

ids tan

tt 421-1423

IN CALIFORNIA CALL

>v\ (213) 320-6604

Z5Z\mAXTEK,INC. 2908 Oregon Court,Torrance, CA 90503 Available in Europe from Micronex Ltd., Chew Magna, England 3042 (STD 027-589 3042)

v Corn * Supiirurai'i-l'aiK'mnih Inlrrluc Uala SySle' atom* Irtt CPM regisleretl traaem.irk Uig.lal Rpsoa

YOU'VE PROBABLY HEARD IT BEFORE! BUT NOW EVERYONE KNOWS IT!

We Definitely Have The Lowest

EPSON

Prices In The World!

Our Volume Sales Are So High That Absolutely No One Can Get Close!

7 DAYS A WEEK

CALL 1 (800) 525-7877

THE WORLD'S FIRST

EPSON

HOTLINE

COMPARE!

Drives For / With Controller $459 Apple / Add-On $389

IN COLORADO (303) 279-2727

ALSO CCS, VISTA, APPLE II, PLUS LOBO, NEC, XEROX, ZENITH, HAYES, IBM. ALL AT EQUALLY COMPETITIVE PRICES.

COMPirrenWORID INT€RNFlTIONAl., INC. (303) 279-2727

SUITE 133, P.O. BOX 81, WHEAT RIDGE, COLORADO, U.S.A. 80034-0081

TERMS: MAIL ORDER/VISIT BY APPOINTMENT, WE WILL SHIP UPS FREIGHT COLLECT OR ADD 3% FOR SHIPPING. COLORADO RESIDENTS ADD APPROPRIATE SALES TAX. MASTERCHARGE/VISA ACCEPTED.

Circle 103 on Inquiry card.

BYTE March 1982

431

Books Received

Aircraft Electricity and Electronics, 3rd edition, Ralph D. Bent and James L. McKinley. New York: Gregg/ McGraw-Hill, 1981; 359 pages, 27.5 by 20.5 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-07-004793-6, $19.95.

The Complete Problem Solver, John R. Hayes. Philadelphia, PA: The Franklin Institute Press, 1981; 255 pages, 25 by 17.5 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-89168-028-4, $19.50.

The Computers Are Coming, Irv Brechner. Livingston, NJ: Irv Brechner (POB 453), 1981; 92 pages, 22.5 by 14.5 cm, softcover, ISBN none, $4.95.

Digital Circuits and Microprocessors, Herbert Taub. New York: McGraw-Hill,

1982; 541 pages, 23.5 by 16.5 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-07062945-5, $28.95.

The Electronic Cottage, Joseph Deken. New York: William Morrow and Company, 1982; 344 pages, 23.5 by 16 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-688-00664-7, $14.95.

50 More Programs in BASIC for the Home, School & Office, 2nd edition, Jim Cole. Woodsboro, MD: Arcsoft Publishers, 1981; 96 pages, 21 by 13.5 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-86668-502-2, $9.95.

The Handbook of Artificial Intelligence, Volume 1, Avron Barr and Edward A. Feigenbaum, eds. Los Altos, CA: William Kaufmann, 1981; 409 pages, 23.5 by 15.5 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-86576

005-5, $30.

Handbook of Semiconductor and Bubble Memories, Walter A. Triebel and Alfred E. Chu. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982; 401 pages, 23 by 18.5 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-13-381251-0, $24.95.

How to Break into the Computer Field, L. Peter Carron. Easton, PA: L. P. Carron Publishers (205 Ridgewood Rd.), 1981; 138 pages, 22.5 by 14.5 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-9607242-0-6, $7.95.

Introduction to Microprocessors, Charles M. Gilmore. New York: Gregg/McGrawHill, 1981; 310 pages, 27.5 by 21 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-07023301-2, $14.96.

Learning Digital Electronics Through Experiments, Ed

ward J. Pasahow. New York: Gregg/McGraw-Hill, 1982; 215 pages, 22 by 14.5 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-07-048622-7, $8.95.

The Making of the Micro, A History of the Computer, Christopher Evans. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1981; 118 pages, 26 by 18.5 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-442-22240-S, $14.95.

Mathematics into Type, revised edition, Ellen Swanson. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society (POB 6248), 1979; 90 pages, 24.5 by 17.5 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-8218-0053-1, $12.40.

Murder in the Mansion, And Other Computer Adventures in Pocket-BASIC for the TRS-80, 2nd edition, Jim Cole. Woodsboro, MD:

(213) 891-5705

Complete product line for Apple, NEC, S-100, IBM.

Low Prices, high quality, and Just delivery.

Apple: Add-on Mini-floppy $375

Apple: 5 M Byte Hard Disk System $2250

Apple: 128K RAM Card $700

Apple: Double-density 8" Floppy Controller

. $400

IBM: Add-on Mini-floppy $275

S-100: 64K Low Power Static RAM Card $475

S-100: Sierra Data SBC, 4MHz Master $825

NEC PC-8000 System New Low Prices

Epson MX-100 $685

ADDS Viewpoint - Green $545

TandonThinlineS" -DoubleSided $510

5'A" Diskettes $22/Bo.\ of 10

All items new, guaranteed. On-site sit vice renter.

We claim to have more satisfied customers per square inch of ad space

than any other Byte advertiser.

Mail: P.O. BoxQ, Sherman Oaks, CA 91423

Store: 16709 Roscoe Blvd., Sepulveda, CA 91343

(213)891-5705

BDOS ERROR

ON B:BAD SECTOR

I©

o ° o

Before disk errors ruin your work again order BADLIM.

■ BADLIM assures the reliability of your CP/M computer.

■ You can use your disks 10 times longer without losing your data AND your time.

■ BADLIM checks thoroughly your disk marking all the blocks which have defective sectors. The operating system will know that those sectors should be skipped.

■ BADLIM is the only program that gives protection for soft and hard errors.

■ The first time BADLIM will list which files in your disk are on bad sectors, so you can take action to correct it.

■ But thereafter the bad areas in your disk will be automatically by-passed.

• For CP/M 1.4 single density and for CP/M 2.xx of any format and density. It is a must for Winchester as the media cannot be replaced.

BADLIM cost only $73. Whatever the reason you have

to use a computer you need BADLIM. Contact your

dealer or call us today:

BLAT R&D Corp., 8016 188th. St SW, Edmonds

WA 98020. Phone: [2061 771 -1408 _ _ .p^- __ -.

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED. KA I J\ ,1 M

432 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 46 on inquiry card.

Circle 47 on inquiry card.

Everybody's making money

selling microcomputers.

Somebody s going to make money

servicing them.

New NRI Home-Study Course Shows You How to Make Money Servicing, Repairing, and Programming Personal and Small Business Computers

Seems like every time you turn around, somebody comes along with a new computer for home or business use. And what's made it all possible is the amazing microprocessor, the tiny little chip that's a computer in itself.

Using this new technology, the industry is offering compact, affordable computers that handle things like payrolls, billing, inventory, and other jobs for businesses of every size.. .perform household functions including budgeting, environmental systems control, indexing recipes. And thousands of hobbyists are already owners, experimenting and developing their own programs. Growing Demand for Computer Technicians

This is only one of the growth factors influencing the increasing opportunities for qualified computer technicians. The U.S. Department of Labor projects over 100% increase in job openings for the decade through 1985. Most of them new jobs created by the expanding world of the computer. Learn at Home in Your Spare Time

NRI can train you for this exciting, rewarding field. Train you at home to service not only microcomputers, but word processors and data terminals, too. Train you at your convenience, with clearly written "bite-size" lessons that you do evenings or weekends, without going to classes or quitting your present job.

Your training is built around the latest model of the world's most popular computer. It's the amazing TRS-80™ Model III, with capabilities and features to perform a host of personal and business functions. No other small computer has so much software available for it, no other is used and relied on by so many people. And it's yours to keep for personal or business use.

(TRS-80 is a trademark of the Radio Shack division of Tandy Corp.)

You get plenty of practical experience. Using the NRI Discovery "<•

Lab® that also comes as part of your course, you build and study circuits ranging from the simplest to the most advanced. You analyze and troubleshoot using the professional Beckman LCD digital multimeter you keep to use later in your work. Then you use the lab and meter to actually access the interior of your computer... build special circuits and write-programs to control them. You "see" your computer at work and demonstrate its power.

Become the Complete Computer Person You're also trained in writing and debugging both BASIC and advanced machine language programs...gain hands-on experience in the operation and application of computers to business and personal jobs. You're trained to become the fully rounded, new breed of technician

who can interface with the operational, programming, and service facets of today's computers. You're ready to take your place in the new electronic age.

Other Opportunities

NRI has been giving ambitious people new electronic skills since 1914. Today's offerings also include TV/Audio/Video Systems servicing with training on our exclusive computer-programmable 25" diagonal color TV... Communications Electronics for servicing and installing microwave, broadcast, CB, radar, etc. ..and other state-of-theart courses.

Free Catalog... Mail Card No Salesman Will Call

Send the postage-paid card for our 100-page catalog showing all courses with equipment and complete lesson plans. There's no obligation other than to yourself. See how NRI can help you grow with the most exciting and important new field of the 80's. If card has been removed, please write to us.

NRI SCHOOLS

McGraw-Hill Continuing

Education Center 3939 Wisconsin Ave. Washington, DC 20016

m

We'll give you tomorrow.

Circle 418 on inquiry card.

REPAIR PCB'S ANYWHERE.

With the NEW Pace Micro!

Perform power desoldering and soldering

anywhere. Depot.

Service center.

Mobile van. On-site.

Anywhere!

Operates on

AC or 12 VDC.

Write or call today for a FREE brochure.

QX3S

Micro Portable

Systems for PCB Repair Anywhere "

9893 Brewers Court Laurel, Md. 20707, U.S.A. (301)490-9860. Telex 87446.

DEC

TERMINALS FROM TRANSNET

PURCHASE PLAN • 12-24 MONTH FULL OWNERSHIP PLAN • 36 MONTH LEASE PLAN

PURCHASE PER MONTH

DESCRIPTION PRICE 12 MOS II MOS 36 MOS

LA36 DECwriler II $1,095 S1DS S 58 $40

LAM DECwriler IV 995 95 53 36

LAM DECwriler IV Forms Ctrl. .. 1,095 105 58 40

LA120 DECwriler III KSR 2,295 220 122 83

LA120 DECwriter III R0 2,095 200 112 75

VT100 CRT DECscope 1,695 162 90 61

VT101 CRT DECscope 1,195 115 67 43

VT125 CRT Graphics 3,295 315 185 119

VT131 CRT DECscope 1,745 167 98 63

VT132 CRT DECscope 1,995 190 106 72

VT18XAC Personal Computer Option 2,395 230 128 86

TI745 Portable Terminal 1,595 153 85 58

TI765 Bubble Memory Terminal . 2,595 249 138 93

Tl Insight 10 Terminal 695 67 37 25

TI785 Portable KSR, 120 CPS. 2.395 230 128 86

TI787 Portable KSR, 120 CPS ... 2,845 273 152 102

TI810 R0 Printer 1,695 162 90 61

TI820 KSR Prinler 2,195 211 117 80

ADM3A CRT Terminal 595 57 34 22

ADM5 CRT Terminal 645 62 36 24

ADM32 CRT Terminal 1.165 112 65 42

ADM42 CRT Terminal 1,995 190 106 72

DT80/1 CRT Terminal 1,695 162 90 61

DT80/3 CRT Terminal 1,295 125 70 48

DT80/5L APL15" CRT 2,295 220 122 83

920 CRT Terminal 895 86 48 32

950 CRT Terminal 1,075 103 57 39

Letter Duality, 7715 R0 2,895 278 154 104

Letter Duality, 7725 KSR 3.295 316 175 119

2030 KSR Printer 30 CPS 1.195 115 67 43

2120 KSR Printer 120 CPS 2,195 211 117 60

Tr^CTTr?TTr«B lucrative 80 20 1,345 127 75 49

UiluSllU^B Executive 80/30 1,695 162 90 61

_ MX-80 F/T Printer 745 71 42 27

* MX-100 Printer 895 86 46 32

FULL OWNERSHIP AFTER 12 OR 24 MONTHS • 10% PURCHASE OPTION AFTER 36 MONTHS

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS

LEAR SIEGLER

DATAMEDIA

TELEVIDEO

NEC SPINWRITER

GENERAL ELECTRIC

MICROCOMPUTERS APPLE • COMMODORE • HP85 • DEC LS111

ACCESSORIES AND PERIPHERAL EQUIPMENT

ACOUSTIC COUPLERS • MODEMS • THERMAL PAPER • RIBBONS ■ INTERFACE MODULES ■ FLOPPY DISK UNITS

ransNeti

KAIM31 TC/ CORPORATION 1945 ROUTE 22 • UNION. N.J. 07083 • (201) 688-7800 TWX 710-985-5485 800-526-4965 OUTSIDE N.J.

Books Received.

Arcsoft Publishers, 1981; 96 pages, 21 by 13 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-86668-501-4, $6.95.

Nonlinear System Theory, The Volterra/Wiener Approach, Wilson J. Rugh. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981; 325 pages, 23 by 18.5 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-80182549-0, $32.50.

Optimization: A Simplified Approach, William Conley. Princeton, NJ: Petrocelli Books, 1981; 248 pages, 23.5 by 15.5 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-89433-121-3, $20.

Programs for Beginners on the TRS-80, Fred Blechman. Rochelle Park, NJ: Hayden Book Company, 1981; 150 pages, 17.5 by 24.5 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-8104-5182-4, $8.95.

Real Time Programming— Neglected Topics, Caxton C. Foster. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1981; 190 pages, 23 by 15.5 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-201-01937-X, $9.95.

RPG & RPG II Primer, A Modem Approach, H. Mullish and R. Kestenbaum. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1982; 189 pages, 27.5 by 20.5 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-03-056918-4, $17.95.

Standard BASIC Programming for Business and Management Applications, James S. Quasney and John Maniotes. San Francisco, CA: Boyd & Fraser Publishing Company, 1980; 408 pages, 17.5 by 25 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-87835081-0, $13.95.

VLSI Systems and Computations, H. T. Kung, Bob Sproull, and Guy Steele, eds. Rockville, MD: Computer Science Press, 1981; 415 pages, 23.5 by 16 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-914894-35-8, $29.95.

Webster's Microcomputer Buyer's Guide, Tony Webster. Rochelle Park, NJ: Hayden Book Company, 1981; 326 pages, 26.5 by 21 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-95946242-2, $25.

Without Me You're Nothing: The Essential Guide to Home Computers, Frank Herbert and Max Barnard. New York: Pocket Books, 1981; 304 pages, 20.5 by 13 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-67143964-2, $5.95. ■

This is a list of books received at BYTE Publications during this past month. Although the list is not meant to be exhaustive, its purpose is to acquaint BYTE readers with recently published titles in computer science and related fields. We regret that we cannot review or comment on all the books we receive; instead, this list is meant to be a monthly acknowledgment of these books and the publishers who sent them.

BYTE's Bugs

Inflated Bug

Joe Hadleman's inflation calculator program in the July 1981 BYTE has a bug in line 440, page 302. (See "Computing Inflation with the Consumer Price Index," page 300.) If:

STR$(P2-INT(P2))

is less than 0.01 (in other words, if the rounding error is less than a penny), the calculation is handled in scientific notation and the output is garbage. To correct this, insert:

ORIF(P2-INT(P2)X.01

before the "THEN" of line 430.

Michael D. Decker, MD 5869 North Glenwood #1 Chicago, IL 60660

434 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 386 on inquiry card.

Circle 139 on inquiry card.

LINE VOLTAGE" TRANSIENT SUPPRESSORS

Features Parallel Operation

Cfytfruf and $%*£*

5000 Hits/Second

TM

PROTECTS AGAINST:

• High Energy Voltage

Transients •On-Otl Switching •Lightning Induced Transients •Inrush of On/Ott Power

PROTECTS:

•Computers

• Micro-Computer Systems •Word Processors •Cash Registers •Power Supplies

dVm arc

INDUSTRIES, INC DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED LISTED LISTED

7133 Rutherford Rd. Baltimore, Md. 2120 (301) 298-3130 800-638-9098

Clipstrip Clipper 977E 678F

® <S>

Circle 157 on Inquiry card.

START YOUR OWN COMPUTER CO.

HOW TO START YOUR OWN SYSTEMS HOUSE g36.

7th edition, November 1981

Written by the founder ol a successful systems house, this fact-filled 220-page manual covers virtually all aspects of starting and operating a small systems company. It is abundant with useful, real-life samples contracts, proposals, agreements and a complete business plan are included in full, and may be used immediately by the reader Proven, field-tested solutions to the many problems facing small turnkey vendors are presented

HOW TO BECOME A SUCCESSFUL COMPUTER CONSULTANT $28.

by Leslie Nelson, 4th revised edition, December 1981

Independent consultants are becoming a vitally important factor in the microcomputer field, filling the gap between the computer vendors and commercial/ industrial users The rewards of the consultant can be high freedom, more satisfying work and doubled or tripled income. This manual provides comprehensive background information and step-by-step directions for those interested to explore this lucrative field

FREE-LANCE SOFTWARE MARKETING $30.

by B.J Korites, 3rd edition, June 1980

Writing and selling computer programs as an independent is a business where • you can get started quickly, with little capital investment •you can do it full time or part time • the potential profits are almost limitless. This best-seller by Dr Korites explains how to do it

SOFTWARE VENDOR DIRECTORY $59.95

5th edition. October 1981

Essential for every developer, distributor and user of microcomputer software. In this unique reference directory, software vendors and program categories are cross referenced by every major hardware brand and operating system. • Over 1400 software vendors • Over 100 hardware vendors and operating systems • • Languages • Utilities • DBMS • Accounting • Scientific • Engineering • Applications by Industry • and much more.

Send check, money order. VISA, Master Charge or American Express N and exp date. Publisher pays 4th class shipping. Add S1 00 per book for UPS shipping (USA only). NJ residents add 5% sales tax. For faster shipment on credit card orders call (201) 783-6940

ESSEX PUBLISHING CO. Dept 2

285 Bloomfield Avenue • Caldwell. N.J 07006

S-100 HIGH RESOLUTION GRAPHICS

16 colors, 640 x 512 resolution$3,175*

High speed: up to 500,000 dots per second with 8 bit processor, even faster with 16 bit processor Lightpen option

Bit plane write protect option for overlays Gray levels and monochrome systems Full user's guide, separate Service Guide Compatible printers and monitors "includes hardware, basic software package, 160 K bytes of graphics memory

CAMBRIDGE DEVELOPMENT LABORATORY

36 Pleasant St., Watertown, MA 02172 _ (617)926-0869

Graphics Software

Program in BASIC, FORTRAN, PASCAL, or

assembler Programmable characters with

80 characters per line Graphical BASIC interpreter with

PEEK and POKE Logo TURTLE graphics, relative coordinates Tektronix emulator Cartesian plotting package 3-D perspective with rotation Hidden line processing Screen dump to matrix printer or pen plotter Screen dump to disk and replay

Circle 68 on Inquiry card.

BYTE March 1982

435

News and Speculation about Personal Computing

Conducted by Sol Libes

Imandom Rumors: IBM

is rumored to be increasing production of its personal computer system, with 175,000 units expected to be sold before Christmas 1982. IBM will probably soon announce a graphics package and X.25 communications options for the personal computer. . . . Epson America is expected to introduce several video terminals, including one with a flat screen. The rumor is that they will be shown at the NCC (National Computer Conference) in June; look for Sinclair, Sony, and Hitachi to introduce similar products at NCC. Also due at NCC are 80- and 160-megabyte 8-inch Winchester hard-disk drives from Micropolis and 16- and 30-megabyte 514-inch Winchesters from Control Data Corp. . . . Reportedly, a 15-inch flat-screen monitor is due from Japan shortly. . . . DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation) is expected to introduce a PDP-8 replacement, a 16-bit version of its recently introduced personal-computer board for the VT-100 terminal, and a complete personal computer. Incidentally, DEC is budgeting $500 million for research and development, with half going to software development and its 2000-member software development team. . . . Hearsay has it that Centronics is working on a ribbonless dot-matrix printer. . . . NEC (Nippon Electric Company) is supposedly about to introduce two new systems in the U.S., both of which are already on the market in Japan: the PC6000, a consumer-oriented machine, and the PC8800, an 8086-based machine for the

business market. . . . Commodore is said to be working on a new version of the VIC computer for introduction early next year. The unit should have 256K bytes of memory and 80-column black and white or color video display. . . . Look for the upgrade of the Osborne-I to be introduced later this year. It's rumored to have an 80-character-wide display (versus the current 52-column unit), double-density floppydisk drives, a built-in modem, and a communications package. A significant jump in price will probably accompany it. . . . Toshiba is also expected to introduce into the U.S. a product it's already selling in Japan —a Z80-based system that runs CP/M, T-Basic, and UCSD Pascal.

R.

andom Bits: At the recent Comdex show held for dealers, emphasis changed from the hobbyist to a business orientation, with Apples and TRS-80s all but replaced by integrated business systems. This change should be reflected in computer stores shortly. . . . NEC, Toshiba, and Okidata Corporation are currently supplying samples of 256K-bit dynamic memory devices and expect to start volume delivery in June. These ICs should begin showing up in equipment by the middle of 1983. . .. S D Systems will introduce yet another local-network system called MARS/NET. . . . Mitsubishi is supplying samples of its 514-inch Winchester disk drives and half-wide floppydisk drives; Toshiba is also considering sale of its 514 -inch Winchester in the U.S. Shugart's half-height 514 -inch

SA210 floppy-disk drive will make its first appearance in Xerox's new Sabre line of electronic typewriters. . . . WD (Western Digital) is expected to shortly introduce a single-chip Winchester controller that replaces 25 TTL (transistor-transistor logic) parts. Also due from WD is a new floppy-disk drive controller IC that incorporates the data separator, comparator, and write-precompensation circuits missing from current controllers. . . . IBM recently opened its tenth computer store; more are in the works. . . . Seagate has introduced a 6-megabyte, 5VSinch Winchester with removable media. . . . Emulog of Freemont, California, has introduced a full-feature video terminal with a $465 list price. ... HP (Hewlett-Packard) has separated its personal-computer operation from the calculator division and created a Personal Computation Croup. HP has also increased dealer discounts on models 80, 85, and 125 systems by as much as 25 percent over previous discounts. . . . Radio Shack has beaten Apple into the 16-bit market with the introduction of its new Model 16, 68000-based microcomputer. For more details on this machine and other new products, see page 40. Radio Shack has also established an online videotex-information data-base system for subscribers in the Forth Worth area.

u.

' nix Royalty Fees Cut:

Western Electric recently introduced its Unix System III update which combines Ver

sion 7 Unix and the PWB (Programmer's Workbench) into a single system. Some enhancements have also been added. They raised the source code license fee to $43,000 but lowered the distribution deposit from $50,000 to $25,000 against royalties. The royalty fees have been reduced to $100 for a single user and $250 for systems for 2 to 16 users. (Previously, a license cost $1500 plus $250 per user.)

Royalties prepaid under the old rates will not be refunded. Licensees will, in effect, start with a clean slate. Hence, Microsoft will lose the $200,000 it had prepaid to obtain a discount advantage, an advantage it no longer has.

The reduction in royalty fees removes what has been a significant deterrent for people wishing to use Unix, namely that it was very expensive. This should increase competition among Unix and its look-alikes. More important, it puts Unix in a much better position to compete with other single- and multiuser operating systems such as CP/M-86 and MP/M-86. Microsoft's president, Bill Gates, indicated that despite his unhappiness about the lost royalty payment, the royalty change would help his company sell copies of Xenix, its version of Unix.

Jr^da Update: Ada is

finally becoming available as a working language. Telesoft Incorporated of San Diego, California, released its Ada package for 68000 systems last August, and RR Software of Madison, Wisconsin, in November released Janus, a

436 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

version for Z80 computers running CP/M. Both compile subsets of the Ada language. The Telesoft Ada compiler retails at $2400, while Janus sells for $250.

The DOD (Department of Defense) holds the trademark on the name "Ada" and stipulates that commercial companies can use the name only if they have or are developing a full-language compiler. To acquire legal access to the name "Ada," a company must submit its product to a DOD Adavalidation office for approval. Validation will ensure that programs written with the compiler will be fully portable between computers. Portability of that type doesn't exist for system-oriented languages such as Pascal, FORTH, and C.

Western Digital, based in Irvine, California, has also demonstrated its microAda and expects to be the first company to submit a complete Ada compiler to the DOD for validation. WD plans to submit it within the next 3 to 4 months. The WD Ada will run only on WD's new PAL 16-bit computer; a WD microAda license will cost $2000.

SuperSoft Associates of Champaign, Illinois, has demonstrated its Ada compiler for Z80 systems, also expected to be ready for submission to the DOD for validation sometime this year. SuperSoft intends to release Intel 8086/8088, Motorola 68000, and Zilog Z8000 versions, with the Z80 version to sell for under $300.

Telesoft is developing versions of its Ada compiler to run on the 8086, DEC VAX, and IBM 370 machines. Intel has developed an Ada compiler for its iAPX432 32-bit microcomputer currently running at beta test sites. Intel is preparing to submit the compiler for DOD validation.

^^nd Ethernet's Fate?

A report issued by Strategic Incorporated, a marketresearch firm in San Jose, California, predicts Xerox Corporation's Ethernet localarea network will be a total failure within two years. According to Strategic's president, Michael Killen, "Xerox is headed for the worst failure in the company's history." He believes that Xerox lacks technological and price advantages, sales force, and customers interested in buying large systems. Further, he contends that Ethernet's baseband approach to local networking will prove inferior over the long haul to the broadband approach taken by Xerox's competitors. He points out that broadband systems are better suited to carry video, heavy voice and data transmissions, among other applications.

In response to the report, Xerox issued the following statement: "Based on the level of customer satisfaction with our existing network installations, the backlog of orders for network products and service, and the interest in Ethernet on the part of major accounts, we are confident that Xerox will be a leading vendor in office automation."

B.

tell Set to Move Into Computer-Related Markets: AT&T (American Telephone and Telegraph) is undergoing a major management reorganization to comply with the FCC-required separation of regulated and deregulated activities. As a result, look for the Bell System to become an unbridled competitor in computer-related markets. It will probably begin marketing terminals and business computers soon, competing directly

with companies such as IBM, Wang, Xerox, and DEC in the intelligent-terminal and work station markets and with Tymnet and Telenet in the communications-processing field. It is unlikely that Bell will compete directly with IBM in the mainframe business.

The Bell System itself presents a large, captive market for computer products. Actually, the Bell System is IBM's biggest customer outside of the U.S. government. Bell is expected to sell business and personal computers through its many Phone Center stores.

AT&T has also agreed to provide CBS (Columbia Broadcasting System) with home-computer terminals, data-entry equipment, and transmission facilities for a joint teletext experiment scheduled to begin this fall in New Jersey.

^« National Amateur Computer Society: The

Japan Microcomputer Club is well organized, registers close to 4000 members, and has chapters in every major city in Japan. Hobbyists in England also work together through one central organization, providing an excellent base for the computer industry.

Computer hobbyists have long been the backbone of technological growth, but in the U.S., the hobbyist community is fragmented into several hundred independent clubs. A handful of clubs have over 1000 members, but most include fewer than 100. While some attempts have been made to found a national organization, none has succeeded.

Personal computing as a hobby is a breeding ground for computer professionals of tomorrow. Therefore, it's vital that we organize a national

amateur computer society while we are still the world's technological leader in computing.

VPfM Goes Into Firmware: Digital Research has signed an agreement with Intel which will allow the latter to sell ROMs encoded with the CP/M-86 operating system. The ROM will also contain timers and some logic; it should be available by mid-year. The ROM is intended for use in a CP/net system where systems containing CP/M in firmware don't have any disk but must communicate with a CP/M or MP/M server.

Intel will also sell CP/M-66 and MP/M-86 on disk for its single-board and 86/330 system. Intel has contracted with Microsoft for its MS-DOS (used on the IBM personal computer). Intel will sell its own RMX-86 DOS and plans to acquire Unix from Western Electric. Hence, Intel users and systems houses will be able to select among a wide variety of operating systems. Intel also expects to market applications software.

ft^lgltal Research Buys MT Microsystems: Digital Research has acquired its second software company in less than three months by purchasing MT MicroSystems Incorporated of San Diego, California, supplier of Pascal/MT. Previously, Digital Research had purchased Compiler Systems Incorporated, supplier of CBasic.

E xxon Buys Out Zllog:

Over the years, Exxon Corporation has moved from a minor investor in Zilog Incorporated, supplier of the Z80, to a major investor, owning

March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 437

BYTELINES,

90 percent of the stock. Zilog has bought the remaining 10 percent and will become a wholly owned Exxon subsidiary. One result is that Exxon will no longer be required to break out Zilog's quarterly earnings for shareholders. Zilog, incidentally, has yet to report a profit. In fact, the Exxon Enterprises operation, which includes all of Exxon's electronics subsidiaries, incurred a loss of $51 million in the first nine months of 1981.

M

Icroprocessor Trends: Did you know that there are currently 51 different general-purpose microprocessors in production, that 17 are 4-bit devices, 14 are 8-bit devices, 6 are 16-bit devices, 4 are 32-bit devices with 16-bit I/O, 4 are bipolar, and 5 are microframe or special (e.g., Intel iAPX432)? Futher, did you know that seven more have been announced but are not yet in production, and that 42 companies currently manufacture microprocessors?

The microprocessor recently celebrated its tenth birthday. Credit for creating the microprocessor goes to Intel. (See this month's Editorial on page 6.) Ten years ago, the

companies that designed micros were mostly small, freewheeling organizations employing a great deal of ingenuity. Today, it is a totally different ballgame. Most of those early pioneers were either swallowed up by large companies (e.g., Zilog and MOS Technology) or are now very large companies (e.g., Intel, AMD, and National Semiconductor). Furthermore, leadership in design and production appears to be passing to the Japanese.

The microprocessor scene has changed a lot over these ten years. The question now is: what are the current trends and directions of the new micros? First of all, suppliers are making micros easier to program. National and Zilog already have micros with software-in-silicon. They each provide single-chip computers that execute BASIC statements directly in an interpretive mode. Futhermore, Intel is developing one micro with the capability to execute MP/M and another with a sophisticated on-board operating system. Also, there are rumors of a one-chip FORTH computer. There's no doubt that both National and Zilog have been successful with BASIC-processing ICs.

Second, microcomputer ICs are getting more sophisticated, having floatingpoint capability, multiply/divide functions, enhanced interrupt handling, and the like.

The most glamorous changes will occur in the 16/32 bit micros. All of these devices are getting coprocessors to extend their capabilities into the minicomputer field. Incidentally, Zilog has disclosed that it's working on a 32-bit micro. If the 8-bit unit is a Z80, the 8/16-bit device is a Z800, and the 16-bit micro is the Z8000, what will its 32-bitter be called? You guessed it! The Z80000! Maybe Zilog would be better off calling it the Z8X104.

M

I emory Trends... or. What Is Turbo and Parity? I occasionally look back with fondness to my first micro. It had 256 bytes of memory and used an Intel 8008. That was only 8 years ago. The next year, I graduated to an Altair 8800 that had an 8080, six printed-circuit cards containing 4K bytes of RAM, an I/O channel, and a huge power supply. How times have changed!

The most significant change

has been in memory. Today the 16K-bit, single-voltage RAMs dominate the marketplace, providing cost savings (mostly by shrinking powersupply requirements), yielding faster operation, and making the 64K-byte computer memory nearly standard. The 64K-bit RAM ICs are just starting to appear, and we find that computer memory sizes of 128K bytes and 256K bytes are becoming more common and will probably become the standard microcomputer memory size by the end of 1983. The 256K-byte RAM chips are now going into production. I expect that by 1985 1 megabyte will probably be the typical microcomputer memory size. Also, as the volumetric memory space decreases, the associated access time decreases, resulting in increased system performance. Some of the most interesting changes in memory design are improving memory reliability and speed. Memory manufacturers are beginning to introduce multifunction memory systems that perform parity or error-checking and correction functions previously handled by a computer's processor, if they were done at all. In fact, National

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438 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Semiconductor has introduced an IC (the DP8400) that performs all the memory error checking and correcting so that the processor is not bothered with this task. Error checking and correction is particularly important with dynamic RAM since these devices are prone to soft (transient) errors due to noise and radio-frequency interference, alpha particles, cosmic rays, and voltage fluctuations.

Manufacturers are also introducing on-board batteries to protect RAM during power failure. With the use of CMOS RAM, an on-board battery can protect data for over a hundred hours, and lithiumiodine batteries have been shown to be able to provide as much as one year of data retention.

The demand for faster computer access to disk drives has generated new cache techniques to reduce seek time and rotational latency delays that account for about 60 percent of throughput bottlenecks. This technique is called the "turbo disk file cache" or "turbo" for short. The turbo eliminates disk seeks to frequently used data by transferring such data to a cache memory (typically 128K bytes) and accessing the data from the cache instead of the disk. The data in the cache is kept current using an algorithm such that the block of data that has gone unaccessed the longest is replaced by the next nearest-in-use block of data. The turbo algorithm considers past use and the probability for future use. Software 2000

Incorporated of Arroyo Grande, California, for example, sells TurboDOS, which it claims runs CP/M software three to five times faster. The company has adapted its software to run on most of the popular S-100 systems, the Xerox 820, TRS-fiO Model II, and others.

^^Buote of the Month:

"By the end of the century, analysts predict, computers and information processing will be the world's biggest business after petroleum." Wall Street journal, November 10, 1981.

APOLOGY DUE: I regret that in my November 1981 column I erroneously re

ported that Canon was marketing the CX-1 computer via distributors responsible for software support. Canon has informed me that it markets the CX-1 directly to dealers and provides software support.

MAIL: I receive a large number of letters each month as a result of this column. If you write to me and wish a response, please include a selfaddressed, stamped enveope.

Sol Llbes POB 1192 Mountainside, NJ 07092

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March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 439

Clubs and Newsletters

Apple Group In Little Rock

The Little Rock Apple Addicts publish a newsletter and hold meetings and program swaps. Guest speakers have shown members how to diagnose ailing Apples and have demonstrated programs and peripherals. Contact Little Rock Apple Addicts, POB 55215, Little Rock, AR 72205.

Free Newsletter

The Softwaire Newsletter is a free bimonthly publication of the Softwaire Store in Los Angeles, California. It features news about personal and business CP/M software. Also included are reviews of microcomputer books, magazines, and games. Contact the Softwaire Store, 11768 West Pico

Blvd., West Los Angeles, CA 90064, (213) 473-1136.

Llano Estacado Computer Club

Llano Estacado Computer Club would like to exchange ideas with other computer clubs. Members are interested in all microcomputers. Write to John L. Peters, Llano Estacado Computer Club, 1509 Fairway Terrace, Clovis, NM 88101.

Computer Association In Central Texas

The Central Texas Computer Association (CTCA) meets on the fourth Monday of the month at the Farm & Home Savings Building in

Maxell Floppy Disks

The Mini-Disks with maximum quality

Dealer inquiries invited. C.O.D's accepted. Call FREE (800) 235-4137.

PACIFIC EXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd., San Luis San Luis Obispo, CA 93401. In Cal. call (800) 592-5935 or (805)543-1037.

Austin, Texas. Club meetings include short demonstrations or informal talks on a variety of subjects relating to personal computers. A monthly journal, PRINT-OUT, has information on hardware and software, new equipment critiques, and a classified ad section free to members. The CTCA is active in community service, with a number of projects underway for the deaf. Membership dues are $15. Contact CTCA, POB 17303, Austin, TX 78760.

HUGs In Pittsburgh

The Pittsburgh Heath Users Group (HUG) meets the third Tuesday of every month at the Heathkit store (3482 William Penn Hwy.) from 7 to 9 p.m. For more information, call (412) 824-3564.

Computer Dealers Society

The American Society of Computer Dealers (ASCD) is a new group devoted to promoting sound business practices in the used-computer industry. ASCD intends to cooperate fully with the Computer Dealers and Lessors Association in promoting ethical conduct standards. A code of ethics for ASCD members has been adopted. Meetings will be held twice a year, in February and July. For further details, contact ASCD, 3500 Southland Center, Dallas, TX 75201, or call Jerry Roberts at (313) 689-6200.

Magazine for War Gamers

The War Machine is a bimonthly magazine dedicated to fans of computer war games. It features news,

reviews of complex games for all microcomputers, and advice for independent software writers. The latest issue can be obtained for $3 from Emjay, 17 Langbank Ave., Rise Park, Nottingham NG5 5BU, England.

Two New Groups In Munich

Two new microcomputer groups have been organized in Munich, West Germany. The European Branch of the Pascal Z Users Group has been formed in association with the American Pascal Z Users Group. And the second, the Ithaca Intersystems/S-100 Users Group plans to coordinate Ithaca users' efforts in Europe and to form a program exchange. Both groups can be contacted by writing George Brooke, Sebastian Bauerstrasse 20c, 8000 Munich 83, West Germany.

Dental Computer News

The Dental Computer Newsletter is a publication serving an international group of dentists, physicians, and office-management personnel who share a common interest in office computers. Members also have access to a software exchange and a computer bulletin board. Dues are $15 domestic, $23 overseas. Contact Dental Computer Newsletter, c/o E. J. Neiburger, 1000 North Ave., Waukegan, IL 60085.■

440 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 299 on inquiry card.

Software Received

Apple

Adventure in Time, an

adventure game for the Apple II. Floppy disk, $29.95. Phoenix Software Inc., 64 Lake Zurich Dr., Lake Zurich, IL 60047.

Birth of the Phoenix, a tutorial adventure for the Apple II. Floppy disk, $14.95. Phoenix Software Inc. (see address above).

Circuit Design System, a digital electronics design and simulation package for the Apple II. Floppy disk, $149. Smart Software Co., POB 1292, Orem, UT 84057.

Comma Usage/Semicolon and Colon Usage, a punctuation usage tutorial for the Apple II. Cassette, $20; floppy disk; $25. LARA Software, 980 Hunting Valley PL, Decatur, GA 30033.

Context Connector, a Visicalc utility program for the Apple II. Floppy disk, $180. Context Management Systems Inc., 23864 Hawthorne Blvd., Torrance, CA 90505.

Datalink, a telecommunications package in Pascal for the Apple II. Floppy disk, $100. Link Systems, 1655 26th St., Santa Monica, CA 90404.

Linkdisk, a disk-utility package in Pascal for the Apple II. Floppy disk, $70. Link Systems (see address above).

Linkindex, a rapid key data-file retrieval system in Pascal for the Apple II. Floppy disk, $150. Link Systems (see address above).

Linksampler, a tutorial package in Pascal for the Apple II. Floppy disk, $60. Link Systems (see address above).

Linkvideo, a screen utility in Pascal for the Apple II. Floppy disk, $55. Link Systems (see address above).

Red Alert, an arcade-style game for the Apple II Plus. Floppy disk, $29.95. Broderbund Software Inc., 2 Vista

Wood Way, San Rafael, CA 94901.

Shadow Hawk One, an arcade-style game for the Apple II. Floppy disk, $49.95. Horizon Simulations, 107 East Main #2, Medford, OR 97501.

Zoom Grafix, a graphics/ printer control package for the Apple II. Floppy disk, $39.95. Phoenix Software Inc. (see address above).

Atari

Easytext Word Processor,

a word-processing system for the Atari 800. Floppy disk, $50. Dataworks Inc., 97 Jackson St., Cambridge, MA 02140.

The I Ching, a program for casting and displaying hexagrams for the Atari 800. Floppy disk, $44.95. Alternate Reality Software, 2111 West Arapahoe Dr., Littleton, CO 80120.

Shadow Hawk One, an arcade-style game for the Atari 400/800. Floppy disk, $49.95. Horizon Simulations, 107 East Main #2, Medford, OR 97501.

CP/M

Office System 80, a utility system for the CP/M operating system. 8-inch floppy disk, $195. The Information People, 443 Hudson Ave., Newark, OH 43055.

Quickscreen, a screen-formatting program for the CP/M operating system. 8-inch floppy disk, $149. Fox and Geller Associates Inc., POB 1053, Teaneck, NJ 07666.

The Formula, a multifunctioned, business-oriented data-processing package for CP/M. 8-inch floppy disk, $595. Dynamic Microprocessor Associates, 545 5th Ave., New York, NY 10017.

XLT86, an assembly-lan

guage conversion utility to convert CP/M programs to CP/M-86. 8-inch floppy disk, $150. Digital Research Inc., 801 Lighthouse Ave., POB 579, Pacific Grove, CA 93950.

TRS-80

LOG, a simple database management program for the TRS-80 Models I and III. Floppy disk, $44.95 (Model I), $49.95 (Model III). KSoft, 318 Lakeside Dr., Brandon, MS 39042.

Modem 80, a telecommunications software package for the TRS-80 Models I and III. Floppy disk, $39.95. The Alternate Source, 1806 Ada St., Lansing, MI 48910.

Smart Terminal, a telecommunications software package for the TRS-80 Models I and III. Cassette, $69.95.

Howe Software, 14 Lexington Rd., New City, NY 10956.

Uniterm, a telecommunications software package for the TRS-80 Models I and III. Floppy disk, $29.95. BT Enterprises, 171 Hawkins Rd., Centereach, NY 11720.

Other Computers

Quadcube, an extended graphics simulation of the Rubik cube puzzle for the Texas Instruments TI-99/4. Cassette, $14.95. Linear Aesthetic Systems, POB 23, West Cornwall, CT 06796.

The ZX80 Business Package, a business-oriented program package for the ZX80 and Micro Ace computers. Cassette, $9.95. Lamo-Lem Laboratories, POB 2382, La Jolla, CA 92038. ■

This is a list of software packages that have been received by BYTE Publications during the past month. The list is correct to the best of our knowledge, but it is not meant to be a full description of the product or the forms in which the product is available. In particular, some packages may be sold for several machines or in both cassette and floppy-disk format; the product listed here is the version received by BYTE Publications.

This is an all-inclusive list that makes no comment on the quality or usefulness of the software listed. We regret that we cannot review every software package We receive. Instead, this list is meant to be a monthly acknowledgment of these packages and the companies that sent them. All software received is considered to be on loan to BYTE and is returned to the manufacturer after a set period of time. Companies sending software packages should be sure to include the list price of the packages and |where appropriate) the alternate forms in which they are available.

BYTE's Bugs

Closer Look Spies Bug

PC: The Independent Guide to the IBM Personal Computer is a bimonthly publication, not a monthly as stated on page 60 of Gregg Williams' article "A Closer Look at the IBM Personal Computer" (January 1982 BYTE). Subscriptions to the

magazine cost $12 for six issues.

Please note that the new address for PC: The Independent Guide to the IBM Personal Computer is 1239 21st Ave., San Francisco, CA 94122, (415) 753-8088. ■

March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 441

Ask BYTE

Conducted by Steve Ciarcia

Speech Synthesizer Application

Dear Steve,

I read with great interest your article, "Build an Unlimited-Vocabulary Speech Synthesizer" (September 1981 BYTE, page 38), and have found a possible use for it. I have a Perkin-Elmer 3220 computer and would like to use the synthesizer to answer telephone calls into the computer, mainly to respond to salesmen who have phoned orders into the computer. The synthesizer would respond with appropriate messages, telling the salesmen if transmission was successful or what problem occurred. Could the synthesizer feasibly be used in this capacity on my computer, with or without modifications, and what modifications would be necessary, if any? Derek Pitcher Highland Park, NJ

The speech synthesizer requires only a Centronicscompatible parallel output port commonly used for printers. The port comprises 9 output lines and 2 input lines. If your computer has this capability, then the synthesizer can be easily interfaced as described in the article.

Your application is an excellent one. Many companies, including Ma Bell, use speech synthesizers on the telephone. Listen carefully the next time you dial a phone number that has been changed. . . . Steve

Problems with EPROM

Dear Steve,

I was very glad to see your

article, "Build an Intelligent EPROM Programmer," in the October 1981 BYTE (see page 36). For the past several months, I have been trying to build a circuit to program EPROMs (erasable programmable read-only memory) using my homebrew 6809 computer and three output ports from 6820 Peripheral Interface Adapters. It was a bit of a surprise to see that my circuit is almost the same as yours. Mine does not work, however, and I can't figure out why.

I am using the 5-volt-only version of the 2716 EPROM, and my timing is done by a wait loop in software rather than by the one-shot TTL (transistor-transistor logic) device that you used. When I try to program a "knowngood" 2716, it comes out with about one-fourth the bytes programmed (the rest are hexadecimal FF), and those bytes that are programmed are not necessarily right.

I checked all the address lines and data lines over and over again. I even singlestepped through the program, monitoring all the voltages as I went. Every pin is what it should be, but it just doesn't work right. I was wondering if you knew of any little idiosyncrasies of the 2716 that may cause such a symptom. Did you run into any such trouble with your circuit?

Matthew G. Cimbala State College, PA

It sounds as if you have a software problem in which the addresses are not being placed on the EPROM in the right sequence. Perhaps your address-incrementing routine is resetting too soon.

The fact that you are getting data into the EPROM

(assuming that all bytes were hexadecimal FF prior to programming) indicates that the program timing loop is okay. The 2716 is a very reliable EPROM and I am not aware of any idiosyncrasies that would cause this problem. I suggest you leave it alone for a few days and then walk through the software, paying close attention to your indexing instructions. . . . Steve

Modem Interface

Dear Steve,

I acquired an acoustically coupled modem made by Multi-tech Systems from New Brighton, Minnesota. This is the model FM 30; it has a full- or half-duplex switch on the bottom and also what appears to be an RS-232C input connector. I was wondering if you could provide any information on interfacing this with my Apple II Plus. Would one of the commercial interfaces work, such as the Apple Communications board or Mountain Computer's CPS Multifunction card? Any information would be greatly appreciated. Steven M. Babick Dolton, IL

Any board that provides an RS-232C serial input will be adequate to interface your modem to the Apple II Plus. The commercial interfaces that you mentioned are fine for this purpose.

For an explanation of how modems work, and some of the terminology associated with them, refer to my article, "A Build-It-Yourself Modem for Under $50," in the August 1980 BYTE, page 22. . . . Steve

High-speed Printers

Dear Steve,

I would like to build a 16-bit microcomputer system to drive a 600-line-per-minute printer. Printers like that are advertised in BYTE, but I have my doubts that anything can actually print at that speed. What do you think?

Colin Morris New York, NY

Six-hundred-line-per-minute printers do indeed exist. Your doubts as to anything printing that fast are natural, especially if you are used to seeing a dot-matrix or daisywheel printer printing one character at a time. The higher-speed printers print a whole line at a time (like the old mechanical adding machines) and can be driven much faster.

I think the ultimate in printers is the IBM laser printer. It is capable of 1800 lines per minute. It works by having the laser, acting like the electron beam of a TV screen, scan a metal plate. The plate becomes charged, and the image is transferred to paper much like a xerographic photocopier. The problem with this type of printer is the manpower necessary to load and unload the boxes of paper that are used. . . . Steve

Level I Tape Format

Dear Steve,

I wrote a program that brought data from the tape and stored them in memory of my TRS-80 Model I so that I could examine them. But the data format did not match any listed in my refer

442 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 269 on inquiry card.

ences. Part of the problem was that I was using a Level I BASIC machine and reading programs like Eliza, Micromovie, and Pyramid 2000.

So I modified my program to read Level II tapes and sure enough, the formats were correct. Can you tell me where to find the format for Level I tapes? Bob Fabiano EI Cajon, CA

Radio Shack has machinelanguage programs for converting your Level I BASIC programs and data files into the Level II format. They are called CONV and DCONV, respectively, and are furnished free of charge when a Level I machine is upgraded to Level II. See your local Radio Shack dealer.

The Level I cassette-tape format can be found in The Custom TRS-80 and Other Mysteries by Dennis Kitsz. . . . Steve

Computer Lab Essentials

Dear Steve,

I am a sometime practitioner of simple chip and microprocessor designs. I am approaching retirement in a few years and I'd like to build more ambitious projects. To do that I'd like to set up a lab of sorts. Accordingly, I would value your recommendations about the kinds of test instruments I should be thinking about getting. I should tell you also that I have a 35-year-old degree in electrical engineering and, in the mid-fifties, I worked in hardware. The point being I'm not worried about my ability to use dual-trace scopes, voltmeters, and the like.

I'll probably try to build a computer from scratch. I was particularly intrigued by your article, "Build a Computer-Controlled Tank," in the February 1981 BYTE, page 44. Maybe I'll try to tie a specially built computer to a complex model railroad layout. I tell you this to give you an idea of what I think I'd like to do. I'm not especially worried about the price of the test instruments, but naturally I'd like to avoid buying the fanciest Tektronix scope. I'm an experienced kit builder, so if you think a particular Heath scope is a good value and desirable, that might be best.

B. H. Kramer St. Louis, MO

The two instruments that are absolute musts for a computer lab are an oscilloscope and a DVM (digital voltmeter). The 'scope should have a 15 to 25 MHz bandwidth with dual trace and a time-base range between 200 nanoseconds and 0.5 seconds (without having to use the time-base magnifier). Vertical sensitivity should be at least 10 millivolts per division. Delayed sweep and trigger view are not necessary. I just purchased a Tektronix 2215 ($1400), and it is very good for the money. As for the DVM, any 3V2 digit model should suffice.

Other useful equipment would be a function generator and variable-voltage power supply with short-circuit and overload protection.

The above recommendations should suffice for the application that you describe. In any event, this represents the foundation of a good lab system and will require only a modest investment. Enjoy your retirement. . . . Steve

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March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 443

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Programming the RS- 232C Serial Port

Dear Steve,

I have been unable to find any information on programming the RS-232C serial port on the Radio Shack Color Computer. A call to the "hot line" indicated that Radio Shack consultants were somewhat in the dark, although they tried to be helpful. Can you shed any light on this topic? Martin F. Rooney Troy, NY

The RS-232C serial port on Radio Shack's Color Computer consists of 3 bits of 3 addresses of a Motorola MC6821 Peripheral Interface Adapter (PIA). At address hexadecimal FF20, bit 1 represents the RS-232C Data Output and is brought out to pin 4 of connector P2. Address hexadecimal ¥¥21, bit 1, is the Status Input line, connected to pin 1 of P2. Address hexadecimal ¥¥22, bit 0, is the RS-232C Data Input and is connected to pin 2 of P2; pin 3 of P2 is ground.

In software, the only RS232C device supported by the 8K-byte BASIC is a serial printer, so pin 1 of P2 is not used. Pin 2 is intended to be connected to the printer status or busy line, and pin 4 is the output to the printer. To program the MC6821, a rather elaborate discussion must ensue. An article from EDN magazine, September 20, 1980, "Understanding PIA Operations Increases Your Design Options" by Randy Hutcheson, explains this rather well.

The TRS-80 Color Computer Technical Reference Manual (Cat. No. 26-3193) explains all the input/output ports and has a complete memory map. It is available through any Radio Shack store. . . . Steve

Build Your Own

Dear Steve,

I have read some of your articles and especially liked "Build the Disk-80" (see the March 1981 BYTE, page 36), but I was sorry that it was not designed to work with 8-inch disk drives. I would like to build a computer, perhaps based on Zilog's Z80, with provisions for four 8-inch disk drives and with the ability to directly address 128K bytes of nonvolatile memory. Do you have any suggestions?

W. Edward Kelsey New London, NH

I'm glad to see that there are still some people who enjoy building computers rather than buying them. Your idea of a Z80-based system sounds fine, but I don't plan anything like it in the near future. Below are a few suggestions that may help.

You don't say what your experience level is, but at the risk of sounding like a commercial I would recommend my book, Build Your Own Z80 Computer (a McGrawHill publication available from BYTE Books, Peterborough, NH 03458). It contains the necessary information to build a complete computer and configure it any way that you wish.

As for the disk controller and memory, I would suggest that you buy them either as bare boards or assembled and tested. Configure your Z80 to an S-100 bus and save yourself a lot of grief. You will have your fun building the 7.80 and you will save a lot of headaches by using prewired boards for the rest of the system.

You then can use bankselectable memory boards and can easily have your 128K bytes of memory. . . . Steve

444 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 232 on inquiry card.

Circle 210 on inquiry card.

Radio Frequency Interference

Dear Steve,

I have been reading your column in BYTE since I first picked up an issue about four months ago. I am writing this on my newly acquired Vector Graphic System B and would deeply appreciate a reply to a nagging question.

The Vector System B installed for word processing in my home is about 15 feet from our TV antenna (located on rafters in the garage—our elevation precludes an external antenna). The system kills channel 2 and distorts 5 and 7. The dealer suggested a Radio Shack filter, which did nothing. I learned from another dealer that the System B uses a crystal oscillator with a frequency near television channel 2.

Please suggest what course of action I should take or what remedies I might initiate myself, such as a radio-frequency filter a novice could install in or around the computer case. Jacob D. Pottgen New Lenox, IL

I'm glad to hear that you've been reading my column for the past four months. Had you read the January 1981 BYTE on page 48, you would have seen my article on "Electromagnetic Interference." After reading it, you should have enough information to solve your radio-frequency interference problems.

It is important to understand what causes the problem and to recognize that it is difficult to determine what may be radiating the interfering signal. . . . Steve

Plotting with the TRS-80

Dear Steve,

I would like to find a program that will allow me to make x-y plots of graphs of linear and logarithmic equations and data points. I have a TRS-80 Model III and an IDS-560 printer with graphics capability. I don't need to see the plots on the screen; I only need to be able to print them out on the IDS-560.

Any help you could give me would be most appreciated. Thanks a lot. Donald M. Lammers Wexford, PA

Programs for x-y plotting are available at your local Radio Shack store. The following two books are quite thorough in the explanation of equations and data points and are directed, naturally, toward Radio Shack BASIC: TRS-80 Programs, Cat. No. 62-2064, and TRS-80 Graphics, Cat. No. 62-2063. . . . Steve

A Matter of Environment

Dear Steve,

I've taken instructions from a page from your recent book, Build Your Own Z80 Computer, and modified them to "Build Your Own Z8000," which is the source of my problem. The S-100 system I'm designing uses a Zilog Z8001 segmented microprocessor with a 4 MHz 9511 arithmetic processor. Hardware design is a snap so far. (I plan to purchase the Disk-1 floppy-disk controller from Godbout and build all other boards that I need.) The problem will be software; specifically, I need an operating system such as Unix or Unix-compatible Coherent. But Coherent is written in unsegmented code.

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March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 445

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Where can I get an operating system?

This sort of operating system is not the type usually advertised in BYTE; and you know how much good my beautiful hardware is going to be without it. (I'd prefer Unix if available.) The computer is intended as a multiuser, multitasking system, preferably with a FORTRAN compiler, as well as an assembler/editor/debugger. Frank Barresi Woodhaven, NY

Your problem is somewhat sticky. The problem is not altogether in the operating system. Unix, like CP/M, does not contain the primitives (software subroutines) for any I/O (input/output). Like CP/M's BIOS (basic input/ output subsystem), these are totally hardware dependent.

In other words, you might be able to use Unix if you can write the subroutines for the I/O primitives. Be wary, however; Unix may use some strange hardware-dependent software, but I'm not an expert on Unix and can't be sure of this.

Two good sources of information about Unix are: The July-August 1978 issue of the Bell System Technical Journal, devoted to Unix, available for $2.98 from Bell Laboratories Circulation Group, Whippany Road, Whippany, NJ 07981; and Using the Unix System by Richard Gauthier, Reston Publishing Co., Reston, VA, 1981.

Get as much information on Unix as you can and study the various implementations of Unix. Pay special attention to system environmental requirements and I/O requirements.

What it all boils down to is this: if you can make your hardware as much like the proper environment for Unix as possible, it should work. (By the way, I'll let you know when I do anything with the

Z8000. Remember what happened to Colossus in the sequell) Good luck in any event. . . . Steve

Feasibility Study

Dear Steve,

I am presently studying electronics at a technical school. I have a technical writing course in which we are assigned to do some sort of feasibility study. I have chosen to do mine on the feasibility of purchasing a microcomputer for home use.

I am hoping that you could give me some references and, if possible, pass along some information which would help me in my study. This would be most appreciated. Douglas E. Sprague Hancock, ME

There is a wealth of information available on purchasing a computer for home use. The field of home computing is rapidly expanding and makes an excellent choice for a feasibility study.

The following are some references that should be quite helpful: Popular Computing, November 1981; Personal Computing—Home Professional and Small Business Applications by Daniel R. McGlynn, John Wiley and Sons, 1979; and Your Own Computer by Mitchell Waite and Michael Pardee, Howard W. Sams & Co. . . . Steve

VIP Expansion

Dear Steve,

I have an RCA COSMAC VIP with the 20K-byte memory upgrade so that I can use the VIP Floating Point (VIP 711). What I would like is to add a printer. Is it possible to do this with the VIP 7117 I

446 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Die

Circle 149 on inquiry card.

Circle 145 on inquiry card.

know very little about the 1802 microprocessor.

I also have a TRS-80 with 48K bytes of memory, one disk drive, and a printer, and I have a Quick Printer 2. I would like to hook up the Quick Printer 2 to the VIP, but I don't even know how to start. I have no knowledge of electronics at all. Is this project possible? If so, where would I get the driver for the printer? (I have looked for 1802-based software to drive a printer, but so far, no soap.) Can you help me? Nicholas Mulchin Meadville, PA

The RCA COSMAC VIP is a powerful single-board computer. Unfortunately, there is little support for it in the computer magazines. It does, however, have expansion capability in the form of a 44-line I/O (input/output) interface that will allow almost anything to be added, including up to 32K bytes of programmable memory. It requires a fair amount of technical skill to accomplish the interface.

I doubt if there exists a printer interface such as you are looking for that would simply "plug in" to your VIP. The two manufacturers listed below make interface boards for the 1802 processor, and they may have the necessary information to connect with the VIP: Netronics Research & Development, Ltd., 333 Litchfield Road, New Milford, CT 06776, (203) 354-9375; and RCA Solid State, Box 3200, Somerville, N] 08876.

Any software must first test the "printer busy" signal. If it is active, the computer must not send data to the printer, or it will not be seen. When the busy signal is low, the 8-bit data character may be sent from the output port

which will cause the printer to print it. When the next character is ready, the process must begin again. . . . Steve

TTL Data Books

Dear Steve,

I am looking for a TTL (transistor-transistor logic) data book that has descriptions and pinouts for the majority of the manufactured ICs (including the special and less frequently used ICs). Your suggestions are appreciated. Paul Russo Naples, FL

Every manufacturer of integrated circuits publishes a data book for its product line. One of the most readily available data books is published by National Semiconductor and is available at your local Radio Shack store or through Jameco Electronics, 1355 Shoreway Rd., Belmont, CA 94002, (415) 592-8097. Price lists for various data books can also be obtained by writing directly to the manufacturers. . . . Steve ■

In "Ask BYTE," Steve Garcia answers questions on any area of microcomputing. The most representative questions received each month will be answered and published. Do you have a nagging problem? Send your inquiry to:

Ask BYTE

c/o Steve Garcia

POB 582

Glastonbury CT 06033 If you are a subscriber to The Source, send your questions by electronic mail or chat with Steve |TCE317) directly. Due to the high volume of inquiries, personal replies cannot be given. Be sure to include "Ask BYTE" in the address.

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March 1982

March

Courses and Seminars from George Washington University, Amsterdam, Netherlands; London, England; Long Island, NY; San Diego, CA; and Washington, DC. Among the courses and seminars to be presented are "Microcomputers in Control Systems," "Comparative Database Management Systems," and "Structured Programming and Software Engineering." For further information, contact The Director, Continuing Engineering Education, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, (800) 424-9773; in Washington, DC, (202) 676-6106.

March

Courses in Structured Systems, various sites throughout the U.S. Courses in "Structured Systems Design" and "Structured Requirements Definition" are being offered by Ken Orr and Associates. For information on meeting times, places, and fees, contact Ken Orr and Associates Inc., 715 East 8th, Topeka, KS 66607, (800) 255-2459; in Kansas (913) 233-2349.

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Computer Network Design and Protocols, various sites throughout the U.S. Participants in this workshop will learn to determine networksystem requirements and to perform design trade-offs, implement network-communication and control protocols, use packet- and messageswitching techniques, evaluate network hardware and software components, interface local systems to networks, and design and build private networks. The course fee is

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Courses from Boeing Computer Services, various sites throughout the U.S. Boeing Computer Services is offering a wide variety of computerrelated courses at its regional service centers. Course topics range from "Introduction to Data Processing" to "Structured Program Development in FORTRAN." For a complete schedule of times, locations, and fees, contact Boeing Computer Services Co., Education and Training Div., POB 24346, Seattle, WA 98124, (206) 575-7700.

March-May

Seminars and Conferences

from Datapro Research, various sites throughout the U.S. Among the topics to be presented are "IBM's Systems Network Architecture," "Data Dictionary/Directory Systems," and "Data Processing: Fundamental Concepts." Enrollment fees are $640 for Datapro subscribers and $690 for nonsubscribers. For a complete catalog with descriptions, dates, and locations, contact Datapro Research Corp., 1805 Underwood Blvd., Delran, NJ 08075, (800) 257-9406; in New Jersey, (609) 764-0100.

March-June

Datamation Institute Seminars on Information Management, various sites throughout the U.S. Databases and communications, systems performance, data-processing management, word processing, office automation, computer graphics, and topics of general interest are among the areas to be covered by these two-day seminars. Fees range from $495 to $595. For schedules of times and places, contact Karen Smolens, c/o the Center for Management Research, Datamation Institute Seminar Coordination Office, 850 Boylston St., Chestnut Hill, MA 02167, (617) 738-5020.

March-]une

National Computer Graphics Association Seminar, various sites throughout the U.S. The National Computer Graphics Association's (NCGA) Winter/Spring 1982 Seminar program covers such topics as "Computer Graphics: Technology and Applications," "Successful Business Graphics," and "Applications of Computer Graphics to Transportation Problems." Seminar fees are $395 for association

members and $425 for nonmembers. For complete details, contact Eloise Wenker, NCGA Seminar, 2033 M St. NW, #300, Washington, DC 20036, (202) 466-4102.

March-June

Intensive Two-day Seminars for Professional Development, various sites throughout New England. Among the seminars to be offered by Worcester Polytechnic Institute are "Fundamentals of Data Processing," "Distributed Systems: The Architecture and Utilization of this Revolutionary Technology," and "Microprocessors: Hardware, Software, and Applications." Registration fees range from $445 for a two-day program to $990 for a 7-day executive institute. For complete details, contact Ms. Ginny Bazarian, Office of Continuing Education, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, (617) 793-5517.

March-June

One- and Two-day Professional Development Seminars,

various sites in the greater Boston area. Among the courses being offered by Boston University are "Business Writing for Results," "Improving Customer Service," and "Assertive Management." Registration fees range from $295 for a one-day program to $445 for a two-day program. These seminars can be conducted within your company. For details, contact Ms. Joan Merrick, Center for Management Research, 850 Boylston St., Chestnut Hill, MA 02167, (617) 738-5020. For information on the in-company seminars, contact Ms. Elaine Dee at the same address.

448 March 1982 © BYTE Publicaeions Inc

March-June

Courses and Seminars from Sira Institute, various sites throughout England. Sira Institute is sponsoring seminars on a wide variety of subjects ranging from microprocessor familiarization to design and development of microprocessor-based equipment. For details, contact Conferences & Courses Unit, Sira Institute Ltd., South Hill, Chislehurst, Kent BR7 5EH, England.

March-July

Technical Classes from Zilog,

Campbell, CA. Zilog is offering a series of one- to five-day technical classes at its California-based training facility. Topics range from "Microprocessors: A General Introduction" to "Zeus/System 8000 User." Contact Zilog, Training Dept., 1315 Dell Ave., Campbell, CA 95008, (408) 446-4666.

March 9-11

The 1982 International Zurich Seminar on Digital Communications, Zurich, Switzerland. The theme of this seminar is 'Man-Machine Interaction." Its aim is to present recent advances in theory and application of digital-communication systems. Services, facilities, ergonomics, and their impact on peripheral equipment, systems architecture and design, as well as I/O (input/output) concepts and principles will be covered. For details, contact Secretariat '82 IZS, Ms. M. Frey, EAE, Siemens-Albis AG, POB CH-8047, Zurich, Switzerland.

March 9-11

Understanding and Using Computer Graphics, Dallas Hilton Inn, Dallas, TX. This seminar is designed for those needing information about interactive computer graphics, including hardware, software, and applications. Headed by

Carl Machover, the seminar provides a comprehensive overview of the state of the art in graphics systems. For details, contact Bob Sanzo, c/o Frost & Sullivan Inc., 106 Fulton St., New York, NY 10038, (212) 233-1080.

March 9-12

Digital Image Processing and Analysis, San Diego, CA. Integrated Computer Systems' course in digital-image processing is designed for engineers, scientists, technical managers, and other professionals responsible for the specification, design, implementation, or application of digital-image processing systems. Among the topics to be covered are image acquisition, image-processing software and database structures, interactive two- and three-dimensional image processing and display, and real-time arrays. Some of the applications examples to be presented are quality assurance and robot vision. The course fee is $795; on-site courses can be arranged. Contact Ruth Dordick, c/o Integrated Computer Systems, 3304 Pico Blvd., POB 5339, Santa Monica, CA 90405, (800) 421-8166; in California, (800) 352-8251.

March 9-12

VIO-Voice Input/Output for Computers, Los Angeles, CA. This four-day course is designed for product development and design engineers, systems analysts, programmers, and technical managers involved in the planning, design, and implementation of voice input/output systems. The topics to be covered include voice-processing algorithms and software, evaluating VIO hardware components and systems, utilizing speech-synthesis techniques, and designing voice-recognition techniques. Participants

will have the opportunity to work with devices that permit online generation of computer-voice output, data entry by means of voice input, and voice input for system control. The course fee is $795; on-site courses can be arranged. For information, contact Ruth Dordick, c/o Integrated Computer Systems, 3304 Pico Blvd., POB 5339, Santa Monica, CA 90405, (800) 421-8166; in California (800) 352-8251.

March 10-12

Cincinnati Business Show,

Cincinnati Convention Center, Cincinnati, OH. The Cincinnati Business show features the latest in business technology, office systems, and products. Seminars will also be presented. For information, contact Ray G. Nemo, 5679 Creek Rd., Cincinnati, OH 45242, (513) 531-5959.

March 12-13

The Fifth Annual Computers in Education Conference, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, WA. Sponsored by Seattle Pacific University and the National Council for Computers in Education, this conference features concurrent talks, workshops, and discussions. Special emphasis will be placed on curricular uses of microcomputers in kindergarten through 12th grade. Contact Tony Jongejan, Everett High School, Everett, WA 98201.

March 12-14

FantasyLair '82, Ponca City, OK. The Northern Oklahoma Dungeoneers will be sponsoring tournaments and games in role-playing, war simulation, and many other card and board games. Admission is $10 per day. Contact Shelby Cooper, c/o Northern Oklahoma Dungeoneers, POB 241, Ponca City, OK 74602, (405) 762-6077.

March 15-17

Microprocessor Background for Management Personnel,

Albuquerque, NM. This course is sponsored by the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department of the University of New Mexico. The course fee is $375. For details, contact Dr. Martin Bradshaw, Engineering Continuing Education, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, (505) 277-4354.

March 15-19

Short Course from UCLA,

Boelter Hall, University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA. "Mechanical Reliability, Design by Reliability, Probabilistic Design—The Stress/ Strength Interference Approach to Reliability Prediction" is a short course being presented by UCLA. The course fee is $795, which includes comprehensive course notes. For details, contact Dr. Dimitri Kececioglu, Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering Dept., University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, (602) 626-2495 or (602) 626-3901. In California, call Robert Rector at UCLA, (213) 825-1295 or (213) 825-3334.

March 16-18

Software/expo-West, Anaheim Convention Center, Anaheim, CA. This conference and show is devoted to packaged software. Exhibitors will display a wide range of software products. For additional information, contact Software/expo-West, Suite 400, 222 West Adams St., Chicago, IL 60606, (312) 263-3131.

March 16-19

Digital Filters and Spectral

Analysis, Boston, MA. Integrated Computer Systems (ICS) is presenting this fourday course for project and design engineers, programmers, and technical managers responsible for implementing

March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 449

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Event Queue

advanced digital signal-processing systems and for others who must understand them and their potential. Fundamentals of digital signal processing, fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithms, and special- and general-purpose LSI/VLSI (large-scale and very large-scale integration) devices are among the topics to be addressed. The course fee is $795; on-site courses can be arranged. Contact Ruth Dordick, c/o ICS, 3304 Pico Blvd., POB 5339, Santa Monica, CA 90405, (800) 421-8166; in California, (800) 352-8251.

March 17

Evaluating Decision Support Software: A Managerial Perspective, Suffolk University School of Management, Boston, MA. This conference is sponsored by the local chapters of six management and computer associations. It will examine the managerial issues involved in choosing decision-support software. The focus will be on end-user characterization, problem diagnosis, needs assessment, and the implications of the evaluation and selection process. Industry experts will speak. Contact DSS Conference, 215 First St., Cambridge, MA 02142, (617) 547-5061.

March 19

The Eleventh Annual International Computer Programs Awards Ceremony and Executives' Conference, Savoy Hotel, London, England. The annual International Computer Programs (ICP) awards ceremony honors super software salespeople, advertising agencies, public relations firms, and achievements in the industry. The executive conference is one and a half days of discussion of the major issues and concerns of the industry. The fee for the executive conference is $250. For information, contact Carol

Stumpf, c/o ICP, 9000 Keystone Crossing, POB 40946, Indianapolis, IN 46240, (800) 428-6179; in Indiana, (317) 844-7461. In England, contact International Computer Programs Inc., 2 Deanery St., Park Lane, London WIY 5LH, England, Tel: 01 499 6621.

March 19-21

The Seventh West Coast Computer Faire, Civic Auditorium and Brooks Hall, San Francisco, CA. Attendance this year is expected to reach 35,000. More than 300 exhibitors and a wide assortment of seminars make this one of this largest annual computer shows. For more information, contact The Computer Faire, 333 Swett Rd., Woodside, CA 94062, (415) 851-7075.

March 22-23

Oasis Level Two Training Seminars, Phase One Systems, Oakland, CA. Using a step-by-step approach to developing applications software with the multiuser Oasis operating system, this seminar begins with program design and proceeds to a careful study of the Oasis system. Topics to be covered are the Oasis BASIC interpreter and compiler, program segments, file structures and I/O (input/output), matrices and matrix I/O, multiline branching structures, and subroutine and error handling.

The registration fee for this three-day session is $350. Some background in BASIC programming is recommended. Contact Phase One Systems, Suite 830, 7700 Edgewater Dr., Oakland, CA 94621, (415) 562-8085.

March 22-25

Interface '82 Conference and Expo, Dallas Convention Center, Dallas, TX. Cosponsored by McGraw-Hill's Business Week and Data Communications magazines, Inter

450 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

face '82 is aimed at users of data-communication equipment, distributed-data processing, and various networks. For details, contact The Interface Group, 160 Speen St., POB 927, Framingham, MA 01701, (800) 225-4620; in Massachusetts, (617) 879-4502.

March 22-26

Computers/Graphics in the Building Process, Washington, DC. This international conference is sponsored by the Advisory Board on the Built Environment (ABBE) of the National Academy of Sciences and by the World Computer Graphics Association (WCGA). The conference features tutorials, technical paper sessions, and exhibits that reflect the state of the art of computers and computergraphics technology in the building industry. Sessions on case studies, current achievements, and research and development of computer hardware, software, and database programs will be presented. Conference topics include computer aids to management, computer technology, and computer-aided analysis in design development and construction documents. For further details, contact the WCGA, Suite 250, 2033 M St. NW, Washington, DC 20036, (202) 775-9556.

March 22-26

Tutorial Week East '82, Orlando Marriott Inn, Orlando, FL. Tutorial Week East is sponsored by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and will consist of 15 tutorials arranged in three tracks: VLSI (very largescale integration) microprocessor interfacing techniques and graphics; aspects of software design, analysis, and techniques; and data communications, computer networking, and databases. Fees are $90 per tutorial, $400 all

week, for IEEE members, and $110 per tutorial, $500 all week, for nonmembers. For information, contact Tutorial Week East '82, POB 639, Silver Spring, MD 20901, (301) 589-3386.

March 23-25

Southcon '82, Sheraton Twin Towers Hotel, Orlando Hyatt Hotel, and Holiday Inn International Drive, Orlando, FL. Among the topics to be presented at Southcon '82 will be artificial intelligence and robotics, office automation, computers and microprocessors, and software. For complete details, contact Robert Myers, c/o Electronic Conventions Inc., Suite 410, 999 North Sepulveda Blvd., El Segundo, CA 90245, (213) 772-2965.

March 26-28

The 1982 Computer Showcase Expo, Atlanta, GA. The Computer Showcase is designed for small-business owners, independent professionals, and corporate managers. Admission is $7.50. For further details, contact The Interface Group, 160 Speen St., POB 927, Framingham, MA 01701, (800) 225-4620; in Massachusetts, (617) 879-4502.

March 27-28

Amateur Radio and Computer Hobbyists (ARCH) Convention, Chase ParkPlaza Hotel, St. Louis, MO. This convention features exhibitions, workshops, forums, and a flea market. For details, contact Gateway Amateur Radio Association, POB 8432, St. Louis, MO 63132, (314) 361-4965.

March 29-30

Information Utilities '82, Rye Town Hilton Hotel and Conference Center, Rye, NY. The Information Utilities conference will focus on videotex, transactional services, elec

tronic publishing, online database services, cable advertising, and regulations concerning copyright, censorship, and communications. More than 60 speakers are scheduled. For details, contact Online Inc., 11 Tannery Ln., Weston, CT 06883, (203) 227-8466.

March 29-April 1

INFOCOM '82, Las Vegas, NV. INFOCOM '82 is sponsored by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Computer and Communications Societies. The conference theme is "Data Processing—Data Communications: The Illusory Boundary." Focusing on the convergence of computer and communication technology, this conference will attempt to bridge the boundary between the two disciplines. Discussions on programming-language and operating system

design, performance evaluation and analysis of computercommunication networks and protocols, standards, and the design of distributed computing and database management systems will be held. Exhibits and tutorials are planned. Write to INFOCOM '82, POB 639, Silver Spring, MD 20901, (301) 589-3386.

March 30-April 2

Digital Image Processing and Analysis, Washington, DC. For details, see March 9-12.

April 1982

April

Courses from George Washington University, Hampton, VA; Salem, NH; Washington, DC; London, England; and Berlin, West Germany.

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March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 451

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Among the courses scheduled are "Voice Input/Output," "Microwave Systems Planning," "Writing Professional and Technical Communications," and "Computer Graphics Systems: Design and Applications." For further information, contact Continuing Engineering Education, School of Engineering and Applied Science, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, (800) 424-9773; in the District of Columbia, (202) 676-6106.

April

Courses in Structured Systems, various sites throughout the U.S. "Structured Systems Design," "Structured Requirements Definition," and "Management Overview of Data Structured Systems Development" are being offered by Ken Orr and Associates. For information on meeting times, places, and fees, contact Ken Orr and Associates Inc., 715 East 8th, Topeka, KS 66607, (800) 255-2459; in Kansas, (913) 233-2349.

April

Knowledge Engineering in the

1980s, Boston, MA. Expert Systems are computer programs that reason in tasks that require considerable human expertise, such as locating computer malfunctions, monitoring intensive-care patients, analyzing noisy signal data, and diagnosing medical problems. This one-day executive briefing provides an introduction to the potential benefits and costs of Expert Systems. For further information, contact Dina Barr, c/o Teknowledge, 151 University Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94301, (415) 326-6827.

April 1-2

The Eleventh Annual International Computer Programs Awards Ceremony and Executive Conference, Marriott

Mountain Shadows Resort, Scottsdale, AZ. The annual awards ceremony honors super software salespeople, advertising agencies, public relations firms, and microcomputer software achievements. The executive conference discusses the main issues and concerns of the industry, such as productivity through proper use of people and machines, new softwarepiracy solutions, and how to get the most out of advertising dollars. The fee for the executive conference is $250. For detailed information, contact Carol Stumpf, c/o ICP, 9000 Keystone Crossing, POB 40946, Indianapolis, IN 46240, (800) 428-6179; in Indiana, (317) 844-7461.

April 2-3

Educational Computing— The Future Is Now, Anchorage, AK. The Educational Computing Conference is sponsored by the Alaska Association for Computers in Education. Invited speakers, exhibits, and demonstrations of microcomputer products for educational purposes will be featured. Admission to the exhibition area is free of charge. For further details, contact Pat Stowers, '82 Educational Computing, Drawer 129, Healy, AK 99743, (907) 683-2278.

April 2-4

The Second Annual Eighty/ Apple Computer Show, New York Statler Hotel, New York, NY. The Eighty/Apple Computer Show features products and services for TRS-80 and Apple computer systems. More than 100 exhibitors of hardware, software, books, magazines, supplies, services, and accessories will attend. For more information, contact Kengore Corp., 3001 Rte. 27, Franklin Park, NJ 08823, (201) 297-2526.

April 4-7

The Seventh Annual Deltak International Training Conference, Access 82, Hyatt Regency, Chicago, IL. More than 1000 training and electronic data-processing professionals are expected to attend 35 workshop sessions. Former president Gerald R. Ford will deliver the keynote address. The registration fee is $525. Information is available from Gail Bohan, c/o Deltak Inc., 1220 Kensington Rd., Oak Brook, IL 60521, (312) 920-0700.

April 5-7

The Third Annual Office

Automation Conference,

George R. Moscone Convention Center, San Francisco, CA. This conference is sponsored by AFIPS (American Federation of Information Processing Societies). Exhibits and workshops will be featured. For details, contact Betty Lou Cooke, c/o AFIPS, 1815 North Lynn St., Arlington, VA 22209, (703) 558-3612.

April 6-8

The Sixth Annual Computerized Office Management Expo-Midwest '82, O'Hare Expo Center, Chicago, IL. This conference and exhibition features business-oriented equipment for word and data processing, information management, record storage and retrieval, and micrographics. A threeday high-technology symposium, "Business Automation and Communications" will highlight Midwest '82. For details, contact Cahners Exposition Group, 222 West Adams St., Chicago, IL 60606, (312) 263-4866.

April 13-16

Digital Image Processing and Analysis, Boston, MA. For details, see March 9-12.

April 14-18

Electronic Home Entertainment Show, Arlington Park Race Track Exposition Hall, Arlington Heights, IL. This show will feature audio and video equipment, video games, home computers, and citizen-band radio systems. It will run concurrently with the Fourth Annual Energy & Home Improvement Faire. Contact Expo Management Inc., Suite S2-132 Arcade, The Apparel Center, Chicago, IL 60654, (312) 329-1191.

April 15-17

The 1982 Computer Showcase Expo, St. Louis, MO. For details, see March 26-28.

April 15-18

The Second Southwest Computer Show and Office Equipment Exposition, Market Hall, Dallas Market Center, Dallas, TX. This features mini- and microcomputers for business, education, government, industry, home, and personal use. Data- and word-processing equipment, office machines, computer peripherals, and office supplies will be displayed. General admission is $5. Contact National Computer Shows, 824 Boylston St., Chestnut Hill, MA 02167, (617) 739-2000.

April 16-17

The Twelfth Annual Virginia Computer Users Conference,

Marriott Hotel, Blacksburg, VA. This conference is sponsored in cooperation with the ACM (Asssociation for Computing Machinery). Topics of interest are artificial intelligence, office automation, and database management. Contact Deidre Maskaleris or Wesley Braudaway, 562 McBryde Hall, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, (703) 961-6931.

April 19-21

Open Systems Interconnec

452 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

tion with X.25 and Other Related Protocols, Denver Marriott Hotel-City Center, Denver, CO. Sponsored by DataCommunications, a McGraw-Hill publication, this seminar will present a thorough treatment of the basic OSI (Ohio Scientific) Reference Model, describing the seven-layer structure, service definitions, and emerging protocols. Detailed presentations of the X.25 packet protocol will be included. The seminar fee is $690. For further details, contact the McGraw-Hill Conference & Exposition Center, Rm. 3677, 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020, (212) 997-4930.

April 20-22

D-COM, Hynes Auditorium, Boston, MA. D-COM will bring DEC (Digital Equipment

Corporation) vendors together with DEC users. For information, contact Ron Davies, D-COM Inc., 7312 Burdette Court, Bethesda, MD 20817, (301) 469-7650.

April 20-23

VIO—Voice Input/Output for Computers, Boston, MA. For details, see March 9-12.

April 21-28

Hanover Fair '82, Hanover, West Germany. The annual Hanover Fair is one of the world's largest industrial and trade exhibitions. More than 330 American firms are expected to exhibit products, services, and technology at the Fair. Contact M.A. Delia, Hanover Fairs Information Center, POB 338, Whitehouse, NJ 08888, (800)

526-5978; in New Jersey, (201) 534-9044.

April 22

California Computer Show,

Hyatt Hotel, Palo Alto, CA. This show is for OEMs (original equipment manufacturers), knowledgeable users, distributors, and dealers. More than 60 computer manufacturers will be exhibiting mainframes, mini- and microcomputers, and peripherals. Contact Carol Reimer, c/o Norm De Nardi Enterprises, 289 South San Antonio Rd. #204, Los Altos, CA 94022, (415) 941-8440.

April 22-25

New York Computer Show and Office Equipment Exposition, Nassau Coliseum, Uniondale, NY. For details, see April 15-18.

April 23-25

The 1982 Computer Showcase Expo, Miami, FL. For details, see March 26-28.

April 24

Computer Swap America,

Santa Clara County Fair Grounds, San Jose, CA. This high-technology flea market features everything from home satellite-receiving stations to floppy disks. Admission is $3. Contact Computer Swap America, POB 52, Palo Alto, CA 94302, (415) 494-6862.

April 27-28

The Eighth Annual National Computer Security and Privacy Symposium: Top Secret

'82, Washington, DC. Sponsored by Honeywell, approximately 22 national authorities on computer security and

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March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 453

Event Queue

privacy will speak on a variety of topics. Training workshops in security planning and risk analysis, disaster recovery and contingency planning, and computer fraud investigation will be held. The fee for the symposium is $525; discounts on multiple registrations are available. Contact the Security Symposium Registrar, Honeywell Inc., M/S T-99-4, POB 6000, Phoenix, AZ 85005; or call Jerome Lobel, (602) 249-5370.

May 1982

May-June

Sensors & Systems '82, various sites throughout the central and western regions of the U.S. This series of three-day conferences will cover all aspects of sensor technology from temperature sensors through to displacement, velocity, acceleration, magnetic field, and moisture. Other topics to be covered include signal conditioning, digital interfaces, and system interfaces. Contact Network Exhibitions, 785 Harriet Ave., Campbell, CA 95008, (408) 370-1661.

May 6-9

The Southern California Computer Show & Office Equipment Exposition, Los

Angeles Convention Center, Los Angeles, CA. This show features mini- and microcomputers for business, education, government, industry, home, and personal use. Word- and data-processing equipment, office machines, and computer peripherals will be displayed. Admission is $5. For details, contact National Computer Shows, 824 Boylston St., Chestnut Hill, MA 02167, (617) 739-2000.

May 7-9

The 1982 Computer Showcase Expo, Anaheim, CA. For details, see March 26-28.

May 10-12

Dexpo 82, Marriott Hotel, Atlanta, GA. This exposition features DEC- (Digital Equipment Corporation) compatible hardware, software, and services. Contact Expoconsul International Inc., 19 Yeger Rd., Cranbury, NJ 08512, (609) 799-1661.

May 10-14

The Twentieth Annual Convention of the Association for Educational Data Systems (AEDS), Sheraton Twin Towers, Orlando, FL. This convention includes presentations on the state of the art in educational computing. Administrative and instructional computing applications will presented, and new ways of improving educational processes will be explored. Contact Shirley Easterwood, c/o AEDS, 1201 Sixteenth St. NW, Washington, DC 20036.

May 14-15

The Second Annual Southern California Computers-in-Education Conference, University High Scool, Irvine, CA. This conference covers the application of computers in education from kindergarten through two-year college. All areas of curriculum will be touched upon, including reading, mathematics, science, language, and special education. Hands-on workshops and field trips are planned. Contact Craig Walker, Arrowview Intermediate School, 2299 North G St., San Bernardino, CA 92405, (714) 886-9118.

May 14-16

Applefest/Boston, Hynes Auditorium, Boston, MA. This show will feature more than 200 displays and booths of Apple-compatible products and accessories. Seminars and panel discussions will be held. Ticket prices are $6 per day or $15 for a three-day pass. Contact National Computer Shows, 824 Boylston St., Chestnut Hill, MA 02167, (617) 739-2000.

May 15-16

The North American Computer Othello Championship,

Learning Resources Center, Andersen Hall, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL. This two-day tournament is sponsored by the United States Othello Association. Champions will be determined in three categories: microcomputer systems (located on site), mainframe systems (telephone hookup), and specialpurpose Othello machines. For complete tournament details, write to Professor Peter W. Frey, Dept. of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60201.

May 18-20

Microcomputers—A New Tool for Foresters, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN. Sponsored by Purdue University's Department of Forestry and Natural Resources and by the Inventory and Systems Analysis Working Groups of the Society of American Foresters, this conference seeks to advance the professional forester's knowl

In order to gain optimal coverage of your organization's computer conferences, seminars, workshops, courses, etc, notice should reach our office at least four months in advance of the date of the event. Entries should be sent to: Event Queue, BYTE Publications, POB 372, Hancock, NH 03449. Each month we publish the current contents of the queue for the month of the cover date and the two following calendar months. Thus a given event may appear as many as three times in this section if it is sent to us far enough in advance.

edge of microcomputers and to introduce currently available microcomputer applications in forestry. Session themes include hardware and software considerations as well as information-processing and forest-inventory systems. Contact John W. Moser Jr., Dept. of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, (317) 494-3596.

May 19-21

Computer Hong Kong 82,

Regent Hotel, Hong Kong. This three-day program, which embraces the Fifth Hong Kong Computer Conference, will focus on the electronic data-processing market. For further details, contact Kallman Associates, 5 Maple Court, Ridgewood, NJ 07450, (201) 652-7070.

May 21-23

The 1982 Computer Showcase Expo, Boston, MA. For details, see March 26-28. ■

BYTE's Bits

Computer Camps

The 1982 National Computer Camp for boys and girls ages 10 to 18 will be held July 11 to August 6 in Simsbury, Connecticut, and Atlanta, Georgia. The kids will learn on mini- and microcomputers in small groups with ample hands-on time. The camp director, Professor Michael Zabinski of Fairfield University, is assisted by elementary and secondary school teachers. For more information, contact Michael Zabinski, POB 624, Orange, CT 06477, (203) 795-3049. ■

454 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Collector "Edition T

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The price of a Collector Edition Byte Cover is $25, plus $3 per shipment for postage and handling ($8 for overseas airmail). Collector Prints 9, 10, 11 and 12 can be purchased as a set for $80, as can Prints 13, 14, 15 and 16.

Collector Edition Byte Covers are also available in the beautiful mat and frame shown above for $60 each (if Set 9-12 or Set 13-16 is ordered framed and matted, the price per set is $200). The mat is a neutral gray which blends with most decors, and the

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The Computer Toolbox

Mark Bernstein

Department of Chemistry

Harvard University

12 Oxford St.

Cambridge, MA 02138

Scientists everywhere are learning to detest small computers. They hate the things with a special passion reserved for anything that interferes with their research. Although researchers were among the first to embrace the promise of small, inexpensive computers, many now avoid using microcomputers in their labs.

It oughtn't to be so. Scientists need computers to monitor, coordinate, and control their experiments. Communicating rapidly and reliably with many different instruments, a computer can read and record data while responding swiftly to any problems that develop. The computer cannot grow bored or tired, nor will it object to uncomfortable or dangerous working conditions.

Above all, experimenters need the flexibility and adaptability that computers promise. Labs are exciting, disorganized, chaotic places. Cables run everywhere to connect instruments piled on tables and stacked on the floor. New equipment and new procedures are commonplace; ideas and plans are in continual flux. Even when everything works perfectly, the results of a few hours' work may call for a complete redesign of the entire experiment.

The modern microcomputer is easy and inexpensive to reprogram, so it ought to be a superbly flexible lab assistant. But it is this promise that small computers have betrayed. Microcomputers, expected to help scientists manage the constantly changing laboratory environment, implacably oppose every change and trivial modification.

Each change in the experiment calls for new software. Each new instrument needs new software. Every modification of hardware or tech

nique demands new software. The computer's constant hunger for new and revised programs may be so daunting that promising experiments aren't even attempted. Laboratory computers have to be intimately involved with many aspects of the experiment, but this intimacy demands that they change and adapt constantly. Unfortunately, common programming techniques often produce programs that are obscure to read and tedious to modify.

The Computer Toolbox

Rather than design an inflexible computer for a specific job, our research group has tried to build a general-purpose laboratory assistant

that can be carried, like a toolbox, from one experiment to another. It is an integrated, consistent package of hardware and software tools for the experimenter, who should be able to patch together a working system in a few days.

Just as a regular toolbox includes many wrenches and screwdrivers of various sizes, the computer toolbox contains many different "inlets" and "outlets" for information and a collection of interfaces of various sorts. Few experiments use every part in the toolbox; we tried to provide enough interfaces of each type for any experiment we expect to do.

The toolbox includes not only many types of interfaces but also

Suggested Quantity

Device Type

Useful For

Relative Cost

and Comments

parallel input port

reading digital devices

inexpensive

many

parallel output port

controlling digital devices on/off controls

inexpensive

many

keyboard

input from people

moderate

1

video display

output to people

expensive

use extra displays for graphics

serial interface

interface printers, computers

moderate

1-5

printer

permanent records

expensive

1

plotter

permanent records

expensive

1

telephone interface

report emergencies

moderate

1 if experiment must run unattended

analog-to-digital

analog input

inexpensive

some

converter

digital-to-analog

analog output

moderate

some

converter

sound generator

alarms and warnings

inexpensive

many distinct noises can be invaluable

digitizing tablet

input from charts and graphs

expensive

if required

joystick

input from people

inexpensive

sometimes convenient

stepping motor

moving things

inexpensive

very useful

AC controller

power control

moderate

several

arithmetic

arithmetic

expensive

for demanding

processor

calculations

Table 1: Widely useful equipment for computer toolboxes.

456 March 1982 © BYTE Publications tnc

Circle 16 on inquiry card.

many interfaces of each different type (see table 1). Redundant facilities add little to the cost or complexity of the toolbox and greatly enhance its usefulness. Because several interfaces of each type are available, adding new apparatus to an experiment is easy. Scientists will not be forced to choose between one instrument and another, because they are free to connect lots of instruments at once.

If an interface circuit is accidentally damaged, redundant interfaces allow work to continue. The computer need not be repaired immediately, and the damaged interface can be fixed at the scientist's convenience. Redundancy makes the system robust, despite the hazards of the laboratory environment.

Software Design in the Lab

Most laboratory programs live only a few weeks or months. Indeed, many programs are modified so often that they are really never "finished." To make matters worse, laboratory software is written by scientists, i.e., by ingenious, amateur, and relatively unschooled programmers. The lab computer must emphatically encourage clean, comprehensible, modifiable programming.

Lab programmers face a diverse and confusing array of complicated devices, each posing distinct programming problems. Although the procedures for each instrument may be simple, the entire repertoire of communications methods for a complete experimental setup can easily baffle and dismay the programmer. Programs degenerate to an ill-structured network of procedure calls, timing loops, and code conversions, as a profusion of detail overwhelms the program's overall design.

Debugging these tangled, baroque routines is terribly frustrating. The toolbox restores clarity and explicitness to program structure by treating all devices on an equal footing. Toolbox programs never talk directly with any outside instrument. Instead, they communicate with small programs called device drivers that, in turn, communicate with the experiment's instruments and sensors.

Device drivers make programs

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458 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

easier to understand and modify. Programmers can concentrate on the experiment without undue distraction from the computer's idiosyncrasies. Device drivers clarify program structure, since irrelevant details need not be represented explicitly. Programs are easier to understand, use, and revise. Documentation is easier to write, and its completeness is less crucial.

Communications between the programmer and the various device drivers are simple and standardized; all device drivers "look" pretty much the same. The device driver, in turn, understands and accommodates the special requirements of each device or instrument. Device drivers shield and protect the toolbox programmer from his confusing and ill-behaved array of instruments (see figures 1 and 2).

For example, different printers may require different character codes, signal levels, and control signals. None

theless, all printers are logically equivalent—they all accept characters from a computer and print them on paper. A toolbox program that uses a printer need not consider the details of the printer's interface or timing. Whenever a number must be printed, the program invokes the device driver { PRINT! }. If I replace the printer with a different model, I just revise { PRINT 1 }. All my programs will still work. If, on the other hand, every program communicated directly with the printer, I would have to modify every program. Indeed, I might need to modify every printer command in every program! Device drivers help adapt the computer to the changing needs of its peripherals. To plot results on a chart recorder instead of printing them, for example, we need to make only slight changes. Chart recorders are logically equivalent to printers; they just accept numbers from the computer and

/

TOOLBOX

/ DISPLAY

LASER

/ CRT

/

i

i

DOOR SWITCH

DOOR PSHUT

IF

LASER ON

ELSE ABORT

ENDIF

Figure Is Many scientists defeat the safety interlocks on their equipment because they simply get in the way too often. Simple additions to toolbox programs can help restore protection. Here, a few words prevent the laser from firing if the door is open.

TOOLBOX

PRINTER A

METER

i

SENSOR

LASER

: POWER.

POWER® PRINT!;

Figure 2: This short program reads the laser's power and prints it. If I buy a new printer, I simply redefine { PRINT! } to work with the new machine. The old program still works with the new printer.

Circle 425 on inquiry card.

put them onto paper. So, to use the chart recorder we simply replace { PRINT } with { PLOT } and, instead of printing a list of numbers, the computer will draw a graph of the experiment's results.

Device drivers can exchange data with instruments, other toolboxes, even with other computers. In fact, the (still hypothetical) device driver { TELEPHONE! } could connect an experiment to thousands of printers and computers throughout the world.

Programmers don't need to know all the details of every device's design and operation. Of course, the author of the device driver must understand these details, but, since device drivers are all used in pretty much the same way, anyone else can use the device driver.

Tables 2 and 3 describe several device drivers. Drivers that send a single number or character to an instrument have names that end in an exclamation point (!), like { PRINT! }. Drivers that receive a single number or character have names followed by an at sign (@). Device drivers that receive data from an instrument and display it immediately have names ending in a question mark (?), while device drivers that test an instrument's status, and that abort if an error has been detected, have names that begin with a question mark.

In fact, knowing the name of the device driver is often all that a programmer needs to know to use an instrument.

The FORTH Language

Many computer languages might be suitable for use in the toolbox. The language chosen must be implemented efficiently, especially because small computers tend to be slow and their memory space is often restricted. Invocation, the ability to execute a subprogram by naming it, is required for implementing the device drivers. Other features are convenient, but efficiency and invocation are not expendable.

These considerations exclude the two methods most commonly used to program small computers. BASIC does not support invocation, except

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March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 459

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in a most primitive and unsatisfactory manner. Common BASIC interpreters, moreover, are too slow for many laboratory situations. Assembly language does not intrinsically support invocation either, although macroassemblers (which support in

vocation quite satisfactorily) are now available for many machines. Unfortunately, extensive use of macroinstructions only exacerbates the propensity of assembly language to produce very long programs. Few microcomputer assemblers can com

Device Type

Quantity

Total Channels

parallel port

6

96 data bits

12 control signals

serial port

1

1 (300 bps)

AC power control

4

4 100-W channels

ADC

1

2 bipolar inputs 2 voltage inputs 4 resistor inputs 8 unbuffered inputs

DAC

2

2

IEEE-488 control bus

15

sound generator

1

graphics display

1

scratchpad memory

128 bytes

plotter

1 (uses DACs)

motor controller

1

Table 2: The hardware complement of the

author's computer toolbox.

Driver

Device

Purpose

!

memory

stores number in specified location in memory

Data

PRINT!

printer

sends number to printer

Transmitting

EMIT!

printer

sends character to printer

Drivers

DAC!

DAC

sends number to digital-to-analog converter

VID!

TV camera

sends instruction to camera

PLOT!

plotter

moves pen to specified coordinate

@

memory

retrieves number from specified location in

memory

Data

THUMB®

thumbwhee

retrieves current thumbwheel setting

Receiving

VID®

memory

retrieves current TV camera programming in

Drivers

structions

ADC®

ADC

requests measurement from analog-to-digital converter

POINT®

digitizer

requests one coordinate-pair from the digitizer

TALK

IEEE bus

transmits "talk" to an instrument

IEEE-488

UNTALK

IEEE bus

transmits "untalk"

Bus Device

LISTEN

IEEE bus

transmits "listen" to an instrument

Drivers

UNLISTEN

IEEE bus

transmits "unlisten"

IEEE®

IEEE bus

receives data byte from bus

IEEE!

IEEE bus

transmits data byte over bus

R/W

disk

reads and writes disk files

CMOVE

memory

moves blocks of data in memory

EDIT

disk/screen

creates and modifies disk files

Special

HOME

screen

returns cursor to top of screen

Device

FORWARD motor

advances stepping motor

Drivers

ON

AC control

supplies power to outlet

OFF

AC control

disconnects outlet

TIME!

clock

sets the clock

Table 3: Sor

TIME®

clock

reads the clock

ne typical device drivers, based on the author's system.

460 March 1982 © BYTE Publications he

fortably develop programs comprising over a thousand instructions, but experiment controllers often exceed this size.

Several higher-level languages are suitable for programming the toolbox. APL's extraordinary facility for array and matrix calculation easily outweighs its handicaps. Pascal, C, or Ada might also be attractive. Even FORTRAN would be adequate, especially since many scientists already know FORTRAN; this consideration also applies to ALGOL-60 and its descendants.

Unfortunately, currently available microcomputers are rather slow, and thus they demand exceptional efficiency from the toolbox language. Compilers and interpreters for common languages do not now produce sufficiently fast programs and cannot be used. This situation will change as the power and speed of microcomputers improve.

We have used the FORTH language in our toolbox, with very satisfactory results. FORTH has been described in several articles in the August 1980 BYTE, in Ronald Loeliger's Threaded Interpretive Languages (BYTE Books, 1981), and in FORTH Inc.'s Using FORTH. More advanced but invaluable information is available from FIG (the FORTH Interest Group), which publishes assemblylanguage implementations of FORTH for many common microprocessors. The FIG implementation of FORTH is extremely efficient in both space and speed. Although some common programming tasks are difficult to express clearly in FORTH, the language adapts unusually well to laboratory programming. In fact, FORTH was originally designed for just this application. FORTH interpreters are uniquely simple to test and to modify. Several writers report successful implementations of significant subsets of FORTH in only a few weeks. While FORTH is now commercially available for many computers, its easy implementation makes it a practical choice even if a commercial version is not available. FORTH procedures communicate with each other by using a first-in, last-out stack (see figure 4). Toolbox

routines use the stack to exchange information. For example, the routine ADC@ measures the input to the analog-to-digital converter, leaving the result on the stack. DAC! sends the number on top of the stack to the digital-to-analog converter, which produces a corresponding voltage.

ADC@ can talk to DAC! by using the stack; the program

ADC@ DAC!

reads a voltage at the analog input and transmits it to the analog output. Other programs transform data on the stack, accepting information from one routine, transforming it, and leaving the results for another routine. LOG, for instance, takes a number off the stack, calculates its logarithm, and leaves the result on the stack. The sequence

ADC® LOG DAC!

sets the output voltage to the logarithm of the input signal.

In FORTH, numbers are simply procedures that put their value onto the stack. "273" is the name of a procedure that leaves the value 273 on top of the stack. FORTH can work in any common base; the procedure HEX instructs FORTH to treat numbers as hexadecimal quantities, DECIMAL tells FORTH to use base ten, and BINARY makes FORTH use base two.

Building Toolbox Commands

A scientist controls an experiment by typing commands into the toolbox. Consider, for example, the simple problem of turning equipment on and off during the course of an experiment.

In Harvard's picosecond laser facility, toolbox hardware includes four 117-V AC outlets controlled by the computer. An experimenter might plug an oscilloscope into socket number 1, a meter into outlet 2, a signal generator into outlet 3, and a laser into outlet 4. At various times during the experiment, the computer must supply and remove power to these devices.

The device drivers for the AC

power controller are named ON and OFF. ON and OFF connect and disconnect power to a specified outlet; the command

ION

supplies power to socket number one. For flexibility and convenience, we might define a new command called SCOPE:

; SCOPE 1 ;

Whenever SCOPE is invoked, it leaves the value 1 (the scope's socket number) on the stack, so the command

A Note About FORTH

FORTH uses punctuation in some of its words, which makes representing them in text a difficult problem. For example, one FORTH word is ("), which could be taken to mean one of several character combinations. (For your information, the word has three characters and is made from a left parenthesis followed by a double quote mark and a right parenthesis.)

To decrease the chance of confusion while trying not to clutter text unnecessarily, we have used pairs of braces, { }, to isolate the character string within as a FORTH word or phrase. For example, the above word would be written { (") }. Braces have been used only in the following situations:

• when the material being quoted is a phrase of FORTH words (e.g., { 26 LOAD } or{ 35 + } )

• with the FORTH words { . } (period), { , } {comma), { : } (colon), { ; } (semicolon), { ? } (question mark), { ! } (exclamation point), { ' } (single quote mark), and { " } (double quote mark)

• with any word using the above punctuation marks (e.g., { $. } or [ ." }).

All other FORTH words are set apart by a space on either side of the word. So, in this article, braces always signal a FORTH word or phrase. The braces are not part of the word or phrase, and FORTH words never use braces within the body of a figure or listing. . . . GW

March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

461

3 a

SCOPE ON

energizes the oscilloscope. If we decide to plug the oscilloscope into some other socket, we simply change the definition of SCOPE. This "informs" all our programs of the change, so we don't have to hunt through every procedure, looking for references to socket number 1.

Commands can be issued singly or in a large burst. Several commands can be put on one line, or a single command can spread over many lines. Extra spaces, carriage returns, and tabs are harmless and make program listings more attractive and easier to follow. Part of an experimental session might read:

METER ON SCOPE ON LASER ON 5 MINUTES LASER OFF

This set of commands turns on the meter, oscilloscope, and laser, waits for five minutes, and then turns off the laser.

If I need to perform this sequence often, it is simple and convenient to group these commands into a single command:

JOHN'S PROGRAM

STEVE'S PROGRAM

JEANNE'S PROGRAM

'

MARK'S SUBROUTINE

' 1

BASIC

ASSEMBLER

HARDWARE

3b

JOHN'S

STEVE'S

JEANNE'S

PROG

3AM

PROGRAM

PROGRAM

►•■«

DEVICE

DRIVER

FORTH

FORTH

HARDWARE

: TEST

METER ON SCOPE ON LASER ON 5 MINUTES LASER OFF ;

Typing TEST tells the computer to perform the entire sequence. This particular sequence might be used to check whether all the instruments are working, and procedures called ALIGN, COLLECT-DATA, and SHUT-DOWN could be used for other parts of the experiment. In fact, TEST can be included as a part of another procedure.

Toolbox commands are easy to create. New commands cost only a few bytes of memory. Powerful and subtle commands can be built up from simpler ones. The toolbox actually encourages programmers to write convenient and comprehensible programs. Toolbox programs that are easy to write and modify are in

Figure 3: In conventional environments, replacing one hardware device can require many software changes. If the plotter is replaced, many programs must be altered. In figure 3a, John and Jeanne must rewrite parts of their programs, and Mark has to rewrite the assembly-language subroutine Steve and Jeanne both use. If Mark leaves for a new job, Steve and Jeanne may be in serious trouble! As shown in figure 3b, the toolbox insulates users from software changes. If the plotter is replaced, the device driver has to be rewritten, but user programs don't need to be changed.

DUP

TOP OF STACK

3

5

8

8

3

8

Figure 4: Reverse Polish notation and the computation stack. Reverse Polish makes arithmetic look strange but can be perfectly natural for controlling machines.

462 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 33 on inquiry card.

herently easy to use; man-machine dialogue is instrinsic in the program's structure, not tacked on as an afterthought.

Amenities

Scientists work in a number-filled world. Contrary to popular myth, though, most scientists have no special facility for arithmetic. In one Cambridge poker game, the regular players include three chemists, a physicist, a stock broker, and a lawyer. To rapidly count and split pots, all defer to the seventh player—an artist.

Since scientists generally can't do arithmetic any better than other people, lab computers should be able to do it for them. When an unexpected question comes up, the lab computer ought to double as a pocket calculator. Our toolbox provides this facility within the FORTH language, because FORTH can do arithmetic very much like any reverse-Polish calculator.

For example, to add 3 to 7 and print the result, we can simply type

3 7 + .

to which FORTH responds

10 OK

{ . } is the FORTH command to display the top value from the stack. FORTH's ability to use any common base is often very useful; to translate, say, hexadecimal 4AF to base ten, we simply type

HEX 4AF DECIMAL .

Clocks and timers are often useful. The command SECONDS instructs the toolbox computer to pause for a specified period. The time-of-day clock may be used (through its device drivers) to ascertain or set the current time. For example,

5 47 TIME!

sets the clock to 5:47. The command TIME® reads the time, leaving the

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• Send Console Output lo a File instead of or in addition to the screen Example: stat *.* > status - sends "stat" output to file "status"

• Take Console Input from a File instead of the Keyboard

Example: ed filename < script - takes "ed" commands from the file "script" ■ Indispensable for: graphic debugging, saving exact Screen Output for documentation, etc.

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March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 463

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current time on the stack. CLOCK? prints the time on the TV screen, using an attractive format. Special functions are easy to add; for example, CAL-TIME might print the time in California.

Interestingly enough, our toolbox "clock" is actually a small machinelanguage program. The device drivers for the clock are "driving" a completely mythical device! In practice, the clock's device drivers manipulate a few bytes of memory in which the clock program leaves the current time, but the user is free to believe that the clock is a hardware device inside the toolbox!

Someday we might just install an integrated circuit to replace the "clock" routine. To do that, we'd simply rewrite the device drivers. If a user did not notice the new integrated circuit inside the computer, he might never know about the new clock circuit.

The Toolbox Development System

The toolbox approach lets scientists apply computers to laboratory problems that tend to resist conventional design and programming methods. Moreover, developments in computer technology will substantially augment the potential of the toolbox in the next few years. Trends in microprocessor architecture favor designs that emphasize the toolbox virtues of modularity and invocation. A microprocessor designed specifically for efficient FORTH implementation, for example, is now under development. The toolbox relies heavily on its abundant input and output devices, and these, too, are subject to constant improvement.

Computer toolboxes are also uniquely suited to incorporate new advances in integrated-circuit technology. New parts can be plugged into the toolbox, often simply by connecting their pins to the appropriate signals on the system bus. New device drivers are easy to write and can use all the existing toolbox facilities.

For example, our toolbox currently includes programs to calculate logarithms. This job could be performed more effectively by an integrated-circuit arithmetic processor. Physically

464 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 107 on inquiry card.

installing such a device would require only a few additional integrated circuits. To install the processor in the toolbox software, we would write device-driver programs to control the math processor's operations. These programs could be written on the toolbox, using the existing toolbox software, and tested by comparing the results of the new and old logarithm routines.

Once a new device has been tested, existing toolbox programs may be modified to take advantage of the toolbox's new capabilities. This unusual flexibility suggests that the toolbox, designed to apply small computers to the scientific laboratory, may be a useful tool for developing computer systems! The toolbox makes no distinction between devices that happen to be inside or outside its box; everything is handled by device drivers. The toolbox, designed specifically to control many external devices, can also configure and control its own internal structure.

The toolbox may, like a snake, shed its skin of peripheral controllers, using them in the end only to create and test a new set of more powerful devices. If a better terminal becomes available, the old terminal can be used to write the new terminal's device drivers. An instrument designed this way could design and test its own successor—in fact, the new model could retain many of the old machine's parts and programs!

The toolbox is easy to customize and simple to modify. It can revise its own language and extend its vocabulary to meet the requirements of its user. It can be connected to many devices and can help test new interfaces and new instruments. In short, the toolbox is a very personal computer. ■

Acknowledgments

I'd like to express my gratitude and appreciation to Professor Kevin S. Peters, who patiently supported this work, and to the Merck Corporation for the honor of a Merck Corporation Foundation Fellowship.

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March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 465

Skip Sequential: A New File Structure for Microcomputers

Jack Purdum

Ecosoft

POB 68602

Indianapolis, IN 46268

I still remember that fall day almost three years ago at Ecosoft, when we got our first floppy-disk drive up and running. Compared to the cassette system we had been using, it was the greatest thing since fire. It was at that point we began to think that the use of a microcomputer in serious business and research applications was a viable concept. It wasn't much longer before we were sure of it.

Like most disk systems, ours supported both random-access and sequential file structures. Depending upon the intended function, each has certain advantages and disadvantages. Sequential files use disk space very efficiently (an important consideration even with the increased storage capacity of double-density drives), but they are progressively slower on disk accesses as the file size grows. Random-access files are much faster on disk access, regardless of file size, but they require a fixed record length set to the maximum anticipated (i.e., "worst case") size. This often results in a considerable amount of wasted disk space.

The purpose of this article is to discuss a "new" file structure that we developed to help overcome some of the disadvantages associated with random-access and sequential files. The new file structure, which we have named Skip Sequential, is based on such a simple idea that many computerists will wonder why they didn't think of it. It is easy to use, adds little programming overhead, and offers significant advantages over conventional file structures. Although the

text discusses Skip Sequential and its use in terms of North Star BASIC, we have also included listings for Microsoft's BASIC-80. Those familiar with BASIC-80 should have little difficulty implementing Skip Sequential.

Sequential and Random-Access Files

Before discussing Skip Sequential, it's important to understand the differences between random-access and

We needed to overcome some of the disadvantages associated with random-access and sequential files.

sequential files. For purposes of illustration, let's assume that you need a program that will store: (1) the customer's name; (2) the amount paid for an item; (3) the date of the purchase; (4) the invoice number of the sale; and (5) a flag variable to reflect whether or not the invoice has been paid. Let's assume that the variables are:

D = Date Sold N = Invoice Number A = Amount of the Sale N$ = Customer's Name F = "Paid" flag

(F = l is "Not Paid")

This data could be easily stored using

either sequential or random-access files. Let's examine these two possibilities.

An Example Using Sequential Files

The program in listing 1 is an example of storing data with sequential files. It is assumed that the values of the variables were determined elsewhere in the program. (If these were actual subroutines, the END statements would be RETURNS.) Line 230 opens the file to be read, while line 240 looks for an end-of-file mark using the TYP command. In North Star BASIC, a unique type will be associated with the data: if it is a string variable, TYP returns a value of 1; if it is a numeric variable, TYP will equal 2; and, if it is an end-of-file mark, TYP returns with a 0. If line 240 finds that TYP is not equal to 0, it falls through to line 250 and reads the data in the file into a set of dummy variables. (Dummy variables must be used so that we don't destroy the new data that we want to add to the file.) Once the end-of-file is found, the branch in line 240 is executed and we write the new data to the file (line 270).

Note that as new transactions are entered, more and more time is spent in the loop formed by lines 240 through 260 looking for the end-offile mark. Because sequential files require that the entire data file be read before any new data can be written, the time lost looking for the end-offile is a major limitation of sequential files. On the other hand, a sequential file is a "dense" file (i.e., there are no

466 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

wasted gaps in the file). Each new piece of data is tightly packed against the previous piece of data, so disk space is used very efficiently. However, the programmer must decide between optimal use of disk space or faster operation: a choice that usually dictates use of random-access files.

An Example Using Random-Access Files

Listing 2 presents the same type of program as that shown in listing 1, but using random-access files. A major difference between the two programs is that random-access files must use a fixed record length (i.e., each transaction will use exactly the same number of bytes in all instances). The programmer must decide this length, and in making that determination needs to know the following: how many bytes are required to store a numeric variable; how many bytes should be allocated to store string data (including any "overhead" bytes associated with such string variables); and how many numeric and string variables will be used in each record. In our example, we use four numeric variables (D, N, A, and F) and one string variable (N$).

The first task is to determine how many bytes are needed for each floating-point number stored in the numeric variables. For North Star BASIC, this can be determined by the following equation:

B = (P/2) + 1

/here:

B = the number of

bytes in a

floating-point

number

P = the precision

of the BASIC

For the standard version of North Star BASIC (8-digit precision BASIC), each floating-point number requires 5 bytes.

To determine the requirements for the name field, the programmer must decide on a string length that will be long enough to hold most customer names, but not so long as to waste

Listing 1: This routine, written in North Star BASIC, adds a record to the end of c isting sequential file.

100 REM=

110 REM

120 REM

130 REM

140 REM

150 REM

160 REM

170 REM =

180 REM

190 REM

200 REM

210 REM

220 REM

230 OPEN #0,"BYTE"\REM

240 IF TYP(0)=0 THEN 270

250 READ #0,D1,N1,A1,N1S,F\REM

260 GOTO 240

270 WRITE #0,D,N,A,N$,F\REM

280 CLOSE #0

290 !"END"\END

This is an example of a sequential file for North Star DOS and Basic

10-15-80 Purdum Ecosoft

This program is treated as a subroutine where the values of the variables are determined before entering it.

Activate file

Read dummies if data present

Found E.O.F.,write new values

Listing 2: This routine adds a new record to a random-access file. The number of records in this file is stored at the beginning of the file and updated after each write operation.

100 REM= 110 REM 120 REM 130 REM 140 REM 15 0 REM 160 REM 17 0 REM 180 REM=

This is an example of a random access file for North Star DOS and Basic

10-15-80 Purdum Ecosoft

190 REM This program is also treated as a subroutine where the values

200 REM of the variables are determined before entering it

210 REM

220 REM

230 OPEN #0,"BYTE"

240 READ #0,R\REM

250 WRITE #0%(52*R+5),D,N,A,NS,F

260 R=R+1\REM

27 0 WRITE #0%0,R,NOENDMARK

280 CLOSE #0

290 END

R contains # of records on disk Update record count

riable

Type

D

Numeric

N

Numeric

A

Numeric

N$

String

F

Numeric

Bytes

Overhead

5

-0

5

-0

5

-0

30

2

5

-0

Totals:

50

Record Length: 52

Table 1: To calculate the fixed record length for a random-access file, simply sum the number of bytes required by each variable (or field) within a record.

unnecessary disk space. In our example, we selected 30 bytes for the name string (N$). It should be noted that North Star BASIC requires 2 overhead (or housekeeping) bytes for each string that is less than 255 bytes long (3 bytes are required if the string is longer than 255 bytes). We can now determine the fixed record length for the random-access file, as shown in table 1.

Having determined the fixed record length, the programmer can proceed to write the program (see the example shown in listing 2). We have assumed that the programmer ha's written a 0 (zero) to the file for R (the variable that informs the program of how many previous transactions have been written to the disk). Since R is a floating-point number, the file has 5 bytes in it before it is even used. The

March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 467

percent sign (%) in line 250 of listing 2 is interpreted to mean "jump the following number of bytes" and write the new record. If this is the first entry, the program will jump over 0 X 52 bytes, plus 5 more bytes. Since 0 X 52 is 0, the program jumps over 5 bytes (jumps over the R variable) and writes the new data. Line 260 increments the record count in R and writes the new value of R at the beginning of the file (the %0 says to jump over 0 bytes, hence rewriting R). The NOENDMARK command informs the interpreter not to write an end-of-file mark after updating R. If the end-of-file mark was written after R, the program would think that the file ended after the first 5 bytes.

The advantage of random-access files is that we don't have to read through the entire file to perform a write operation. By simply reading R and jumping the correct number of bytes (lines 240 and 250 in listings 2), we know exactly where the new data should be written. There is a price to pay for the increased speed, however. If a customer's name is "W. Oz", which is only 5 bytes long including the blank, we must still allocate 30 bytes because of the fixed record requirement of random-access files. We have wasted almost 50% of the record space, a circumstance that is of particular importance when working with the smaller capacities of 5-inch floppy disks. Even the end user might get a little cranky if he knew that half of his disk space was going to waste.

Skip Sequential: The Best of Both Worlds

The main advantage of a Skip Sequential file is that it has the same speed as a random-access file, but does not require the use of fixed record lengths. This means that it can write data to the disk with the same speed as random access, but does so without wasting disk space. If a customer's name is 5 bytes long, it will use only 5 bytes. We've been using Skip Sequential for almost three years and have virtually eliminated sequential files from our programming choices. In all but the most trivial cases, Skip Sequential beats sequential files, hands down.

Listing 3: Initializing a Skip Sequential file requires that a single number be written to the file. Since this number will serve as the file byte counter, and is itself 5 bytes long, it is set to 5 on initialization.

100 REM= 110 REM 13 0 REM 140 REM 15 0 REM 160 REM

Initialization routine for Skip Sequential prior to use

10-15-80 Purdum Ecosoft

17 0 REM

190 REM This program write a single number to a SS data file, the value

200 REM of which is equal to the number of bytes/floating point number.

210 REM

220 REM

230 OPEN #0,"BYTE"

240 X=5\REM 250 WRITE #0,X 260 CLOSE #0 270 END

We're assuming 8-digit precision

Skip Sequential is easy to use and requires little programming overhead. Essentially, it is a randomaccess file with a fixed record length of 1 byte: all we have to do is keep track of the number of bytes already written to the file. To this end we must provide a byte counter when the file is initialized (before using Skip Sequential). The program in listing 3 illustrates this process.

When preparing a file for Skip Sequential, you must first write a single number to the file. The value of that number depends upon the number of bytes required for a floating-point number. North Star BASIC, for example, uses 5 bytes for such numbers, so X in line 240 of listing 3 is set to 5. Line 250 writes the number 5 to the file, and the program ends. Why do we have to write this number? Since we must keep track of the number of bytes written to the file, and the counter is a number which is 5 bytes long, 5 bytes are written to the file when we write the byte counter in line 250. The program in listing 3 has done what it's supposed to do: keep track of the number of bytes in the file—exactly 5. Having initialized the byte counter, we are now ready to use the file.

The program in listing 4 can be used to implement the sample program discussed earlier. Line 240 reads the byte counter, while line 260 says to "skip over" B bytes and then write the new data to the disk. The first time through, B will equal 5 bytes, since only the byte counter is in the file. Note that North Star BASIC "skips" with respect to the beginning

of the data file; some operating systems may do this with respect to the disk head after reading B. If this is true, the byte counter must be initialized to 0 in listing 3. Once the skip is performed in line 260, the new data is written to the disk in the conventional manner.

Disk space is saved through line 270, which sets L equal to the length of N$. Line 280 increases the byte counter to reflect the number of bytes written to the disk. Since there are four numbers of 5 bytes each, this is added to B, plus the length of the string, L, plus the 2 overhead bytes associated with each string. If the name were "W. Oz", L would equal 5, and the total number of additional bytes would be 27. The byte counter would reflect 32, the total number of bytes in the file (27 new bytes plus 5 for the byte counter itself). Line 300 then writes the new value of the byte counter to the beginning of the file.

Note what happens in listing 4 when a second entry is made to the file. Line 240 returns with 32 in B. The program then skips over 32 bytes in line 260 and writes the new transaction in the proper place in the file. The disk-write operation is actually performed faster than the randomaccess example given earlier, since B does not have to be calculated. Fixed record lengths are not used, so we save the difference between the actual string length and the worst case string length that would have been used with random-access files. As the file grows longer, the savings can be substantial.

It is quite simple to read the file

468 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 259 on inquiry card.

Listing 4: New records may be added to a Skip Sequential file with this routine. The length of each record varies with the length of N$, the string variable containing a customer name.

100 REM====================================================================

110 REM This is an example of a Skip Sequential file for North Star

12 0 REM • DOS and Basic

130 REM

140 REM

150 REM 10-15-80

160 REM Purdum

170 REM Ecosoft

180 REM =========== = ================================ === = = ======= ========== = =

190 REM This program is also treated as a subroutine where the values

200 REM of the variables are determined before entering it

210 REM

220 REM

230 OPEN #0,"BYTE"

240 READ #0,B\REM B contains # of BYTES written to disk

250 REM

260 WRITE i0%B,D,N,A,N?,F\REM Skip over the bytes already on disk

270 L=LEN(N5)

280 B=B+(5*4)+L+2\REM Up B by number of new bytes written

290 REM

300 WRITE #0%0,B,NOENDMARK\REM Now update byte counter

310 CLOSE JO

320 END

Listing 5: Each record of a Skip Sequential file is read by calculating the individual record lengths as they are read and adding this value to the current byte count.

110 REM This program reads a Skip Sequential file using North Star DOS

and Basic

120

REM

130

REM

140

REM

150

REM

160

REM

170

REM

180

REM

190

REM

200

REM

10-15-80 Purdum Ecosoft

210 REM

220 DIM NS(30)

230 E=5\REM

240 REM

250 OPEN #0,"BYTE"

260 READ #0,B

270 READ #0,D,N,A,NS,F

280 !D,TAB(10),N,TAB(20),A,TAB(30),NS,TAB(65),F

290 L=LEN(N?)

300 E=E+(5*4)+L+2

310 IF E<B THEN 270

320 !\!"END OF LISTING"

330 CLOSE #0

340 END

Must set a variable, E, equal to the number of bytes per floating point number.

using sequential techniques. An example is given in listing 5. Note that E is equal to 5 in line 230. By using this variable in the same manner as B in listing 4, a comparison of E and B (as in line 310) is equivalent to testing for an end-of-file mark. Since E is updated in line 300, we know that we have read all of the data in the file when E is equal to B.

The program in listing 5 does point out one potential problem. In those cases where N$ might be empty, line 270 expects to see an N$ in the file. The simplest way to avoid a type error on a read operation is to set N$ equal to one blank before writing it to the disk in listing 4. While this does waste 3 bytes, the loss is trivial compared to the other savings of the Skip Sequential method.

Updating a Skip Sequential File

Another advantage of Skip Sequential over sequential files is that they can be updated almost as easily as random files. Suppose that we want to use the flag variable (F) to reflect whether or not the transaction is paid. Assuming the F equaled 1 when the transaction was originally written, we now want to update it to a paid status. We will further assume that the new value of F will reflect the date it was paid (although it could be a check number or any other numeric data). Listing 6 contains an example of updating a Skip Sequential file.

Line 250 again sets the end-of-file counter, E. Lines 270 through 310 read the data and update E. Line 330 asks if this is the proper invoice number. If it isn't, line 350 is executed: this tests

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B

Listing 6: In order to update a Skip Sequential file, each record must be searched until the proper one is located. A new value of the same length must then be written into that record.

100

110 120

130 140 150 160 17 0 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 3 40 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460

REM======================================================

REM This program updates a variable in a Skip Sequential files using

REM North Star DOS and Basic

REM

REM

REM 10-15-80

REM Purdum

REM Ecosoft

rem===================================================================

REM This program assumes we want to set the flag variable, F, to

REM equal the current date, which is held in variable Y. The trans

REM action to be updated has an invoice number that must match Nl.

REM

REM

DIM NS(30)

E=5\REM

REM

OPEN #0,"BYTE"

READ #0,B

READ #0,D,N,A,N$,F

L=LEN(N?)

E=E+(5*4)+L+2\REM

REM

IF N=N1 THEN 430\REM

REM

IF E<B THEN 290XREM Compare to B to see if we've read all bytes

!\1"CANNOT FIND A MATCH FOR INVOICE NUMBER",N

CLOSE #0

END

r£j^ ********** Update Flao ***********

REM Since F is the last variable read and E con

REM tains the number of bytes read, back up 5

REM bytes and write the date paid.

WRITE #0%(E-5),Y,NOENDMARK

CLOSE #0

!"INVOICE MARKED 'PAID' WITH TODAY'S DATE."\!

END

Must set a variable, E, equal to the number of bytes per floating point number.

Update number of bytes read, variable E Is it the one we're looking for?

Listing 7: Microsoft BASIC-80 version of the initialization routine for a Skip Sequential file.

110 REM Skip Sequential files for Digital Research's CP/M operating system and

120 REM Microsoft's Baslc-80.

130 REM

140 REM 10-15-80

150 REM Purdum, ECOSOFT

160 REM=======================================================================

17 0 REM

180 REM

190 REM

200 REM

210 REM

220 OPEN

23 0 REM

240 FIELD #1,8 AS Y5

250 M=1:REM

260 LSET Y$=MKD?(M)

270 PUT #1,1:CLOSE #1:END

The function of this program is to initialize the data file called BYTE for use as a Skip Sequential data file. It assumes double-precision numbers are used in the data file.

"R",#1,"BYTE",8:REM

A random file with length of 8 bytes.

a fixed record

One record will be in it

for an end-of-file condition. If we haven't read all of the data, we go to 290 and read some more. If the proper match is in 330, control is sent to 430 to write today's date (assumed to be in Y) in place of F. Note how this is accomplished. Upon finding a match in 330, E contains the number of bytes read thus far. Since F is a 5-byte number, we need to back up 5 bytes before writing Y in place of F. For this reason, five is subtracted from the variable E in line 430. The rest of the line writes the date, Y, with no endof-file mark, to the file. We are, of course, assuming that Y is also a number.

Skip Sequential for BASIC-80

We have also included a program similar to the above but modified for Microsoft's BASIC-80. The program listings are similar to the North Star BASIC versions, but the differences between interpreters do require some changes.

One of the major differences between North Star BASIC and BASIC80 is that BASIC-80 requires that record length be given when the file is opened. Listing 7 shows how a Skip Sequential file is initialized using BASIC-80. Since we use dollar amounts as one of the variables in the data file (i.e., A), the programmer will

470 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 270 on inquiry card.

Listing 8: BASIC-80 routine to add a record to a Skip Sequential file. Note that this routine uses an 8-byte record length instead of the 1-byte length used in North Star BASIC.

100 REM= 110 REM 120 REM 130 REM 140 REM 150 REM 160 REM=

Writing data to a Skip Sequential data file CP/M and Basic-80

Purdum, Ecosoft 10-15-80

17 0 REM

180 REM The function of this program is to write the data to the SS file

190 REM called BYTE. It assumes values are given upon enterinq the routine.

200 REM

210 REM

220 IF LEN(NS)=0 THEN NS=SPACES(8):REM If no name wanted, write 8 blanks

23 0 REM

240 REM Begin file write

250 REM

260 OPEN "R",il,"BVTE",8:FIELD #1,8 AS YS

27 0 REM

280 GET #1,1:U=CVD(Y5):U=INT(U):REM

290 U=U+1:REM

300 REM

310 LSET YS=MKDS(D):PUT fl,U:REM

320 U=U+1

330 LSET YS=MKDS(N):PUT #1,U:REM

340 U=U+1

350 LSET YS=MKDS(A):PUT #1,U:REM

360 U=U+1

370 REM *** Now find how many records needed for NS ***

380 REM

390 IF LEN(NS)/8>INT(LEN(NS)/8) THEN X=INT(LEN(NS)/8)+1 ELSE X=INT(LEN(NS)/8)

400 REM

Get # of records already in file in U Up counter

Write a new one, D

Another one, N

Yet another,A

410 LSET YS=MKDS(X):PUT #1,U:REM

420 REM

43 0 REM

440 FOR J=l TO X

450 LSET YS=MIDS(NS,8*J-7,8)

460 PUT #1,J+U

470 NEXT J

480 REM

490 U=U+X

500 F=1:REM

510 U=U+1

520 LSET Y$=MKDS(F):PUT #1,0

530 LSET YS=MKDS(U):PUT #1,1:REM

540 CLOSE *1

550 END

Save number of records, X

Now write N$ as 8-byte records

Add flag variable, F=l=active Update counter for new records added

Listing 9: BASIC-80 program to read data in a Skip Sequential file.

100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380

REM============================================================

REM This program reads the Skip Sequential file for CP/M and

REM Basic-80

REM

REM 10-15-80

REM Purdum,ECOSOFT

REM This is also treated as if it were a subroutine

REM

OPEN "R",#1,"BYTE",8:FIELD #1,8 AS YS

GET *1,1:U=CVD(YS):REM

REM

M=2:REM

GET #1,M:D=CVD(Y$):REM

M=M+1

GET #1,M:N=CVD(YS):REM

M=M+1

GET #1,M:A=CVD(Y5):REM

M=M+1

GET #1,M:X=CVD(Y5):REM

REM

FOR J=l TO X

GET *1,M+J:NS=NS+YS:REM NEXT J M=M+X:REM M=M+1

GET #1,M:F=CVD(YS):REM IF MOU THEN 200 CLOSE #1:END

probably want to use double-precision numbers. In BASIC-80, 8 bytes are required for each numeric variable. Lines 220 and 240 inform the interpreter that we will be using a fixed

Get record counter in U

We want second record Get date

Get Invoice number

Get amount

Get byte-lenght of customer name in terms of 8-byte records into X

Stuff name in NS

Bump read counter for NS length

Get flag and we're done

record length of 8 bytes instead of the 1-byte record in the North Star BASIC version of Skip Sequential (Microsoft BASIC-80 does not allow a record length of 1). Line 260 con

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March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 471

verts the value of M into a string for writing to the disk. This is essentially identical to the use of random-access files in North Star BASIC to this point.

Listing 8 illustrates how the data is written to the Skip Sequential file. The only unusual part of the program occurs betweens lines 390 and 480. Line 390 makes the name held in N$ an even multiple of 8 bytes. The value of X tells us how many multiples there are, and since we need to know this X value later to read N$, line 410 saves it in the file as part of the transaction. Lines 440 through 480 save N$ to the disk as 8-byte records. The remainder of the program is the BASIC80 equivalent of writing the flag variable and the updated record counter.

Listing 9 is the program to read the Skip Sequential file. The only unusual segment is the reconstruction of N$ in lines 310 through 330. The updating need not be discussed, since it would be identical to updating any other random file in BASIC-80.

Several improvements could be made to the BASIC-80 version. For

example, X could be "packed" with the date, given the double-precision numbers of BASIC-80 and the fact that X will never exceed four in the sample program. We also think that there may be a way to trick the interpreter into accepting a 1-byte record length instead of 8 bytes, but we haven't experimented sufficiently. Still, Skip Sequential can save disk space over conventional randomaccess files, albeit the savings aren't quite as great.

Concluding Thoughts

Skip Sequential files do offer many advantages to the programmer and, indeed, the end user. In general, Skip Sequential files may be used for the following: in almost any application where ordinary sequential files are appropriate; in any situation where data is archival in nature (e.g., data backups, transactions, or historical entries); and where only limited updating is required (e.g., setting flags). As a general rule, Skip Sequential strings cannot be updated unless the new and old string lengths are the

same. For this reason, data sets that require frequent updating, such as mail or customer lists, are better suited to random-access files.

Finally, Skip Sequential files can be used in a way that simulates ISAM (indexed-sequential access method) files. For example, if a separate file holds the byte-counter values that exist for the first entry of each month, those byte-counter values can be read first and used to jump to the first entry of the month in the Skip Sequential file. This will further enhance the speed of data retrieval.

While the documentation for the Skip Sequential method has been copyrighted, and we have applied for a trademark on the name, I encourage you to make use of the files. If you plan to make commercial use of the Skip Sequential method, I'd appreciate it if you would contact us first. ■

Acknowledgments

/ would like to thank my business associate and friend, Dr. ]. B. Orris, for his comments on an earlier draft of this article.

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Programming Quickie

Finding Words That Sound Alike

The Soundex Algorithm

Jacob R. Jacobs

1903 Fordham Way

Mountain View, CA 94040

The name I am searching for is "Johnson." But is it spelled "Johnson," "Johnsen," "Jonson," "Jonsen," or "Johanson"? The Soundex algorithm can help find words that sound alike by reducing a string to a Soundex code string consisting of a letter and up to three digits.

Alphabetic strings that sound alike generate identical Soundex code strings. The Soundex system is used in the Whatsit data-management system (from Computer Headware, POB 14694, San Francisco, CA 94114) that runs on the Apple, but the program presented here is my own. In the Whatsit program, you can ask, "WHAT SOUNDS (LIKE) JOHNSON?" Whatsit then lists every word it "knows" that sounds like the word "Johnson."

The Soundex algorithm was recently described by P.A.V. Hall and G.R. Dowling ( "Approximate String Matching," ACM Computing Surveys, 12, 4, December 1980, p. 388), and it works as follows. We will call the entry-name string E$ and the reduced output code string R$. The first character of R$ is merely the first character of E$. The remaining letters of the E$ string are replaced by their group code numbers as shown in table 1. Then all zeros are removed, and consecutive occurrences of the same digit are reduced to a single digit. Finally, the code is truncated on the left to leave one letter and up to three digits.

The Soundex program in listing 1 is written in Applesoft BASIC. To simplify conversion to other BASICs, I will give examples of the Applesoft MID$ and LEFTS functions. A$ = MID$(B$,6,4) will set the string variable A$ to a four-character substring of B$ starting at the sixth character. A$ = LEFT$(B$,2) will set A$ to the first two (i.e., leftmost) characters of B$.

The Soundex subroutine beginning at line 1000 of listing 1 will accept the input string E$ and return the reduced-code string R$, and it will throw away

nonalphabetic characters. Lines 10 through 40 dimension the arrays E$ and R$, which are used for demonstration purposes only. The array W(N) is initialized to the group number corresponding to the Nth letter of the alphabet.

Listing 1: Written in Applesoft BASIC, this program accepts a character string E$ as input, converts it to the Soundex code string R$, and prints out all words that have the same code string.

10 J = 0

20 DIM E$(99),R$(99)

30 DIM W(26)

1)0 FOR I = 1 TO 26: READ W(I): NEXT

50 PRINT : INPUT "INPUT STRING: ";E$: PRINT

60 GOSUB 1000

70 J = J + 1

80 R$(J) = R$

90 E$(J) = E$

100 FOR M = 1 TO J

110 IF R$(M) = R$ THEN PRINT E$(M)

120 NEXT

130 GOTO 50

1000 REM SOUNDEX SUBROUTINE

1010 L = LEN (E$)

1020 S$ = ""

1030 R$ = LEFT$ (E$,1)

1040 ST = 0

1050 IF L < 2 THEN RETURN

1060 FOR I = 2 TO L

1070 C = ASC ( MID$ (E$,I,1))

1080 IF C < 65 OR C > 90 GOTO 1120

1090 C = C - 64

1100 W = W(C)

1110 IF W < > 0 THEN S$ = S$ + CHR$ (W + 48)

1120 NEXT

1130 L = LEN (S$)

1140 IF L = 0 GOTO 1210

1150 FOR I = 1 TO L

1160 C = ASC ( MID$ (S$,I,1))

1170 IF C < > ST THEN R$ = R$ + MID$ (S$,I,1)

1180 ST = C

11 90 NEXT

1200 IF LEN (R$) > 4 THEN R$ : LEFT$ (R$,4)

1210 RETURN

1220 DATA 0,1,2,3,0,1,2,0,0,2,2,4,5,5,0,1,2,6,2,3,0,'

1,0,2,0,2

March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 473

Programming Quickie.

For example, W(3) contains the number 2 corresponding to the assignment of the letter C (i.e., the third letter of the alphabet) to the group 2. This initialization occurs in line 40, using the data statement in line 1220, and should be done once at the beginning of your main program.

Lines 50 through 130 form a simple demonstration program that stores each word as it is typed in together with its code word. The original word and the code word are stored in arrays E$( ) and R$( ), respectively. Each time you add a word, the program prints out all words that have the same code word, finding them by doing a linear search through the code words.

The Soundex Subroutine

The Soundex subroutine appears in lines 1000 through 1220. Lines 30 and 40 are also needed to initialize array

W. The first letter of E$ is put into R$. If the length of E$ is 0 (null string) or 1, then the subroutine terminates (line 1050). Otherwise each character of E$, starting at the second character, is scanned and its group code is put into the intermediate string S$ unless the character is not a letter or the letter falls in group 0. For example, if we type SOMMERSET, when the program gets to line 1130, S$ will contain S55623. Next, consecutive occurrences of the same group number will be reduced to a single occurrence of that number. Thus the 55 in S55623 will become a single 5. When the program gets to line 1200, the string R$ will be S5623. Line 1200 truncates the string R$ to four characters, becoming S562, which is the code word for SOMMERSET. Let's take another look at the steps, shown before the execution of each line:

Group

Letters

0

A E I 0 U H W Y

1

B F P V

2

C G J K Q S X Z

3

D T

4

L

5

M N

6

R

Table 1

line

S$

R$

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1030

null

S

1130

55623

S

1200

55623

S5623

1210

55623

S562

This algorithm has some serious limitations. Although our "Johnson" examples work fine, with the resulting code for the different spellings being J525, "phone" and "fone" do not give the same code because they start with different letters; "Rogers" and "Rodgers" do not work because the d is not in the same code group as g. And words like "tough" and "tuff" do not translate to the same code because g and / are in different code groups. But the Soundex algorithm works well for most words and proper names.

To try the Soundex algorithm, enter the program in listing 1 and run it. Type in some names. Every time you type a new name, the program will list on the screen all the words entered that have the same Soundex code. If you add the line

65 PRINT R$

the Soundex code will also be printed.

Applications

The Soundex subroutine has many applications. If you have a card-file program that searches for items by matching a "key" string, rather than returning the message

MATCH NOT FOUND

or some such, your program could jump into the "Soundex mode," look for matches that sound similar to the key, and then list them. You could then look through the list of near matches to see if the word sought is in the list. This short Soundex subroutine can add a lot of "flash" to what might otherwise be a mundane program. ■

474 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 434 on inquiry card.

What's New?

SYSTEMS

Multifunction Desktop Computers

The AWS family of multifunction work stations offer 0.5 megabyte of storage. These desktop work stations are based on the 16-bit Intel 8088 microprocessor and carry a combination of floppy- and Winchester hard-disk drives in the same enclosure as the processor and the display screen. Each AWS work station supports up to 512K bytes of RAM (random-access memory) based on 64Kbyte RAM integrated circuits, an 80-character by 28-line video-display unit, and an optional mass-storage unit. The units can function as stand-alone terminals or as members of a local network by means of a high-speed data link, sharing peripherals and databases.

In single-units, the AWS work station ranges in price from $3990 to approximately $11,500, depending on optional equip

ment. For additional details, contact Pauline Alker, Convergent Technologies, 2500 Augustine Dr., Santa Clara, CA 95051, (800) 538-7560; in California (408) 727-8830. Circle 550 on inquiry card.

Single-Board

Computer Can

Support 56K Bytes

of Memory

The Flexi Plus is a 6809-based single-board microcomputer that can accommodate up to 56K bytes of on-board RAM (random-access read/write memory), ROM (read-only memory), and EPROM (erasable programmable ROM) in any combination. Flexi Plus features extensive serial and parallel I/O (in

put/output) capabilities, a 20-milliampere currentloop TTY (teletypewriter) port, and a universal cassette interface. When used without its 6809 option, the Flexi Plus can serve as an expansion board for most 6502-, 6800-, or 6809-based systems.

Optionally, the Flexi Plus can be expanded to include an IBM-format-compatible floppy-disk controller that can support up to four 8-inch drives or three 5'/4-inch drives. Additional options include an IEEE-488 bus controller and a fully buffered RS232C communications port with programmable data formats and transfer rates from 50 to 19,500 bps (bits per second).

The Flexi Plus costs $320. The 6809 and the RS-232C options are available for $75 each. Both the floppy-disk and the IEEE-488 bus controllers cost $125. Literature is available on request. Contact Robert M. Tripp, The Computerist Inc., 34 Chelmsford St., Chelmsford, MA 01824, (617) 256-3649. Circle 551 on inquiry card.

STD Bus Controller Card

The ZT7805 controller card for the STD bus features an 8085A microprocessor, IK bytes of programmable memory, up to 8K bytes of ROM (readonly memory), IEEE-488 I/O (input/output) and two serial RS-232C ports, and a control monitor with I/O subroutines. The board

costs $650. Contact Ziatech Corp., 2410 Broad St., San Luis Obispo, CA 93401, (805) 541-0488. Circle 552 on inquiry card.

Modular Microcomputer

The Sintel-85 is a modular microcomputer training system based on the Intel 8085 microprocessor. It has 2K bytes of ROM (readonly memory) with expandable monitor, 256K bytes of RAM (random-access read/write memory), three programmable I/O (input/output) ports, a 6-digit display with both address and data fields, and a 24-key keyboard with eight command keys and 16 hexadecimal keys.

Sintel-85 can be expanded to include up to 64K bytes of memory and 256 I/O ports. A wide range of expansion and interface boards are available, including A/D (analog-to-digital) and D/A (digital-to-analog) converters, cassette interface, an immediate expansion board, and audio-visual I/O ports interface. The immediate expansion board augments the basic system with additional RAM, 4K bytes of EPROM (erasable programmable ROM), two counter/timers, and 44 programmed I/O lines. It includes two 8156 units, two 2114 static RAMs, and sockets for two 2716 ROMs. Also available is an I/O expansion board that lets you exercise and simulate I/O instructions, external systems operation, and program debugging. An oscillator lets you oper

March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 475

What's New?

ate a small speaker. For more details, contact Beth Belkin, Government of Israel Trade Center, 350 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10118, (212) 560-0661. In

Israel, contact Sintel Systems Ltd., 13 Ovadia St., POB 9209, Haifa, Israel 34564, (04) 334944; Telex: 46400 BXHAIL, ext. 8134. Circle 553 on inquiry card.

Business System Has Three Z80s

The ARCmicro is a smallbusiness microcomputer system with three separate Z80 microprocessors: the system processor, the disk processor, and the terminal processor. The system supports two 5'/4-inch Winchester disks for a total of 20 megabytes of formatted storage and four 5'A-inch double-sided, double-density floppy-disks totaling 3.2 megabytes of storage. System memory is expandable from 64K bytes to 256K bytes. The terminal processor controls all video-display units, printers, and communications links with the system processor, which frees the system processor from interrupts and increases communications throughput.

Other features of the ARCmicro include a shadow ROM (read-only memory) that contains self

diagnostics and bootstrap programs that execute during system initialization. The self-diagnostic programs perform memory and peripheral device tests to assure integrity each time the system is initialized. The ROM then "disappears" from the address space and is available for use by the program memory.

The ARCmicro is currently available as a complete microcomputer system called the ARCmicro/PAC, which includes a DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation) VT-101 video display, a DEC LA-34 printer, and either the CP/M 2.2 or the MP/M II disk operating system. Contact ARC Automation Group Inc., POB 1009, Bryan, TX 77805, (713) 693-6122. Circle 554 on inquiry card.

SOFTWARE

Step FORTH to RPL

RPL is a FORTH-like language that runs on PET and CBM (Commodore Business Machines) computers. RPL (Reverse Polish Language) uses the Commodore BASIC screen editor for program entry and editing, but does not inhibit the use of BASIC throughout a software development session. The RPL Compiler and the screen-oriented, objectlevel Symbolic Debugger reside in the top 8K bytes of memory and can be called directly from BASIC commands. Source code is saved to disk or cassette and is compiled memoryto-memory.

RPL has special keywords and symbols that let you nest multiline IF. . . THEN. . .ELSE constructs and FOR. . .NEXT loops. Other special keywords and symbols offer named subroutines and functions of arbitrary length, 16-bit integer arithmetic and logical manipulations, built-in character-string handling, stack-management directives that include n-index and n-rotate, access to machine language, predefined arrays with numeric and string contents, local and global symbols, and forward and backward symbolic references, including GOTO. Also provided are GET, INPUT, and PRINT operators.

The RPL Compiler, including a 60-page user's manual, is available on disk for $49.95 or on cassette for $44.95. The complete

Compiler and Symbolic Debugger costs $80.91 on disk or $71.91 on cassette; manuals are available for $10 and $4, respectively. For details, contact Samurai Software, POB 2902, Pompano Beach, FL 33062, (800) 327-8965, ext. 2; in Florida (305) 782-9985. Circle 555 on inquiry card.

Take Your Projects to Task

Task is a management tool to help you schedule a project. It combines the procedures of PERT (Performance, Evaluation, and Review Techniques) and the Critical Path Method, which divides a complex project into assignments and determines which are critical to the overall completion of the project.Task determines the scheduled start and completion dates for each assignment in a project, which tasks cannot be delayed if the project is to be completed on time, and the amount of time each noncritical task can be delayed without affecting the completion date of a project. Among the options included with Task are the ability to create a calendar to work with a particular work schedule, an expanded Gantt diagram, and a management report that can detail each task, including its start and finish times.

Task is a compiled program running under CP/M. It costs $329 and is available from AMSI, Suite 200, 1935 Cliff Valley Way NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, (404) 634-9535. Circle 556 on inquiry card.

476 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

What's New?

Overlay Compiler

An overlay structure is now possible with North Star BASIC under an extension to the Comstar compiler. Overlay structures differ from program chaining in that a root program segment and selected program variables remain intact when a new program segment is introduced. Overlay structures permit large programs to be executed.

The Overlay extension is suitable for menu-driven programs and includes a Comstar-CP/M capability. The Overlay extension is available to registered owners of the Comstar compiler for $75 from Allen Ashley, 395 Sierra Madre Villa, Pasadena, CA 91107, (213) 793-5748. Circle 557 on inquiry card.

Smartkey for CP/M

and Software

Applications

The Smartkey is a keyboard utility for the CP/M operating system that solves the problem of incompatibility between the console keyboard hardware and applications software. The program acts as an interface between the keyboard and CP/M by allowing the user to "redefine" the keyboard. Codes generated by individual keys can be changed at will or made to generate a sequence of characters at each keystroke. The keyboard's layout can be improved or customized for particular applications software, and sets of key definitions can be saved to

disk for later use. Definitions can be altered at any time.

Smartkey does not require hardware or software knowledge to install or use. It's available for S39 from FBN Software, 1111 Sawmill Gulch Rd., Pebble Beach, CA 93953, (408) 373-5303. Circle 558 on inquiry card.

Mail-List Manager

The One-Disk Mail-List Manager is a mailing-list management and a labelprinting utility for Radio Shack's TRS-80 Models I and III. The program disk can hold 430 records that include name, company, address, and zip code. Records can be sorted alphabetically or by zip code using machine language at a speed of 100 records every 3.5 seconds. Entries are made on a first-namefirst basis, and multiple entries are handled by singlekeystroke repetition of the address. Labels can be printed from sorted or unsorted lists and by any combination of selection fields. Other features include a label-selecting Print Key that can print labels for any geographic area (i.e., city, state, or zip code).

The One-Disk Mail-List Manager requires 32K bytes of memory; conversion to Model III DOS is necessary. It costs S 34.95 and is available from Manhattan Software, POB 1063, Woodland Hills, CA 91365. MasterCard or Visa holders can order by calling (213) 704-8495. Circle 559 on inquiry card.

Continuous Wave Interface for TRS-80

MFJ Enterprises' CW (continuous wave) Transceive Program and Hardware Interface lets you send CW on your keyboard and receive CW on your video-display screen. It features a tri-split screen for received messages, transmit buffer, and programmable message index. Its text buffer can hold 3295 characters when used with a 16K-byte machine, and it can be preloaded while receiving messages. The package has ten 199-character programmable message memories with on-screen message index. Messages can be repeated or combined, and speed is adjustable from 12 to 55 words per minute (wpm). For groupcode practice, up to 2200 characters can be stored. The package automatically receives up to 100 wpm and allows you to store up to five screens of received CW. When the transmit buffer is empty, the mode is automatically changed to receive.

MFJ's hardware interface plugs between the transceiver and the computer without modifications. The cassette-based, disk-compatible program and the hardware-interface package run on a 16K-byte

TRS-80 Model I or III. The Transceiver and Hardware Interface costs $99.95, plus a $4 shipping charge. Contact MFJ Enterprises Inc., POB 494, Mississippi State, MS 39762, (601)323-5869. MasterCard or Visa holders can order by calling (800) 647-1800. Circle 560 on inquiry card.

Let Your Modem Do the Talking

The automated sales force at Telephone Software Connection delivers its products at any time of the day or night over telephone lines. The Connection's Apple-compatible software comes with complete documentation embedded in the programs. The Connection presently offers telecommunications software, games, and educational programs, as well as utilities for the Apple II. Several free programs are offered by means of the telecommunications hookup.

For more information, contact Telephone Software Connection Inc., POB 6548, Torrance, CA 90504, (213) 516-9430. The telephone number for the modem connection is (213) 516-9432. Payment is by credit card. Circle 561 on inquiry card.

March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 477

What's New?

Educational Game Show

The Game Show is a multiplayer educational game program featuring animated color graphics. It comes with games in vocabulary, history, algebra, sailing, and computer terms. An authoring system that lets you add your own topics is provided.

The Game Show runs on the Apple computer. It costs S45, which includes documentation, a one-year warranty, and a backup disk. Available at computer dealers or directly from Computer-Advanced Ideas Inc., Suite 341, 1442A Walnut St., Berkeley, CA 94709, (415) 526-9100. Circle 562 on inquiry card.

Profile ill +

The Profile III + is a database management package for Radio Shack's TRS-80 Model III computer. It can communicate with Personal Software's Visicalc financial-modeling program and with Radio Shack's Superscripsit wordprocessing program. This combination gives the Model III owner a complete management-information tool.

Profile 111+ is menudriven with user options appearing at the bottom of the screen. Customized or special limited menus can be created. The system's screen editor lets database designers visually organize an input screen, and fields and user prompts can be moved by means of function keys. Screens can be password-protected. Up to

99 fields per record can be defined, and as many as 64,000 records are allowed. Maximum record size is 1020 characters. Up to 36 fields can be searched or sorted, and wild cards containing partial-field values are permitted.

Profile III + requires a 48K-byte TRS-80 Model III with a single disk drive. It costs S300, which includes manufacturer-supplied updates. Contact The Small Computer Company Inc., 40 West Ridgewood Ave., Ridgewood, NJ 07450, (201) 445-5643. Circle 563 on inquiry card.

Integrate Real-Time Software Tasks

The Multi-Tasking Kernel is a tool for integrating multiple real-time software tasks in 8085-, Z80-, 6502-, 6800-, and 6809-based microcomputer products. The package includes source code for a basic multitasking organization in which tasks self-schedule in a round-robin fashion. The package provides the user with guides through a series of enhancements for carrying out sophisticated, interruptinitiated, preemptive priority dynamic-task scheduling. Also included are descriptions of dedicated and shared resource scheduling, time-slice scheduling, and intertask communication schemes.

The Multi-Tasking Kernel costs $ 195, which includes assembly-language sourcecode implementations for the 8085, Z80, 6502, 6800, and 6809 micropro

cessors. Contact US Software, 5470 Northwest Innisbrook PI., Portland, OR 97229, (503) 645-5043. Circle 564 on inquiry card.

BASIC Editor for TRS-80S

EDIT is a full-screen BASIC editor for Radio Shack's TRS-80 Models I and III. It features a floatingpoint cursor with automatic repeat functions and a Scripsit-like control structure for easy handling. More than 30 commands permit professional-quality editing of BASIC text at the character, word, line, or block level.

EDIT was developed in England by Southern Software. It costs $40 and is being distributed in the U.S. by Allen Gelder Software, POB 1 1721, Main Post Office, San Francisco, CA 94101. Circle 565 on inquiry card.

Insurance Rating Programs

Orion Business Systems' Orionrater programs could make the insurance agent's rating book a piece of the past. This series of property and casualty rating programs can quickly compare and print out quotes. They are simple to operate and do not require insurance or technical backgrounds. Among the programs available are Auto insurance, Homeowners/Condo Owners and Renters insurance. Commercial Truck insurance, and Commercial Liability insurance.

Most Orionrater programs run on 48K-byte Apple II Plus computers equipped with a disk drive and controller, a monitor, and a printer. Prices range from $475 to $750. For complete specifications, contact Orion Business Systems, Suite 102, 1 1777 Bernardo Plaza Court, San Diego, CA 92128, (714) 485-8580. Circle 568 on inquiry card.

C/80 Compiler

C/80 is a compiler for the C programming language that provides random-access file I/O (input/output) and Macro-80 compatibility. It generates 8080 assembly-language code for the assembler or for Microsoft's Macro-80 relocatable assembler and linking loader. All C language control statements and arithmetic and logical operators are supported as well as character and 16-bit integer data, pointers, arrays, strings, data initialization, inline assembly language, conditional compilation, and most preprocessor functions. C/80's run-time library provides standard C I/O functions and features dynamic storage allocation, I/O redirection, and a run-time execution-profile facility for easy program optimization.

C/80 lacks structures, pointers to pointers, and long and floating data types. Available on 8-inch CP/M disks and on 5'A-inch Heath/Zenith CP/M or HDOS disks, C/80 costs $39.95. Contact The Software Toolworks,

478 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

What's New?

14478 Glorietta Dr., Sherman Oaks, CA 91423, (213) 986-4885. Circle 569 on inquiry card.

Atari Graphics Composer

The Graphics Composer is a joystick/paddle graphics software package for Atari 400/800 microcomputers. With it you can draw the outline of a picture in highresolution screen mode 8 or 7 using a joystick or paddle; then you can use color fill-in, color brushes, and text to complete your graphics scheme. The graphics can then be saved to disk or cassette.

Graphics Composer is supplied with a Geometric Figures program that allows you to define circles, triangles, polygons, parallelograms, and trigonometric curves. Graphics Composer is available in both cassette and disk versions for S39.95. It requires 32K bytes of programmable memory. Contact Versa Computing Inc., Suite 104, 3541 Old Conejo Rd„ Newbury Park, CA 91320, (805) 498-1956. Circle 570 on inquiry card.

New C Compiler

Phase One Systems has unveiled a C compiler for its Oasis operating system. Oasis C supports most Unix Version Seven C features. It produces Z80 assembler code and is provided with an optimizer that reduces compiled code between 30 and 50%. Among the attributes of Oasis C are

pointers, structures, assignment operators, a full I/O (input/output) library, and compile options. A version of Oasis C for the 16-bitcompatible Oasis-16 will be available.

Oasis C costs S250. For complete details, contact Phase One Systems Inc., Suite 830, 7700 Edgewater Dr., Oakland, CA 94621, (415) 562-8085. Circle 571 on inquiry card.

PERIPHERALS

Model III

Cash-Register

Expansion System

The CR-180 is a cash register/point-of-sale expansion system for the TRS-80 Model III microcomputer. It stores transactions for up to 100 employees, saves eight methods of payments, and provides inventory control and complete reporting. The CR-180 can produce daily sales and cash reports by employee and by type of transaction, inventory usage reports, and gross profit computation. Also, price and shelf labels can be printed.

The CR-180 expansion system is supplied with an electronic cash drawer and a receipt printer which plug directly into the TRS-80 Model III. Audio has been added for keystroke confirmation. Prices range from S900 to S1900. Contact Integrated Cash Register/Futuresoft, Southern Region, Suite 203, 2301 Park Ave.. POB 1446, Orange Park, FL 32073, (904) 269-1918. Circle 572 on inquiry card.

Draft- and LetterQuality Printer

Printer Systems' Model 1800 printer can produce both correspondence- and draft-quality printouts. It is plug-compatible with IBM Series I or System 34/38 computers as well as Univac, Burroughs, Honeywell, DEC (Digital Equipment Corp.), and Data General computers. In the draft mode, the Model 1800 prints at 200 cps (characters per second) with a 7 by 9 dot-matrix format. In the correspondence mode, it prints at 50 cps in a 40 by 18 format. The Model 1800 features a forms-length selector switch and quiet operation.

The Model 1800 printer is available for S2695 from Printer Systems Corp., Suite 104, 1 West Deer Park Rd„ Gaithersburg, MD 20760, (301) 840-1070. Circle 573 on inquiry card.

I/O Control Card

The G5191/0 card is an interface between the Multibus and Gordos industry-standard PB16/PB-24 I/O (input/output) module boards. The card

can control up to 72 AC or DC input or output modules in any combination or position on the I/O module board. It can also serve as a general-purpose TTL (transistor-transistor logic) interface card for control of up to 72 bidirectional I/O lines.

Gordos International also has interface cards for the RM-65, the Exorcisor II, and STD bus. The G519 I/O card is priced at $500. For details, contact Gordos Corp., 250 Glenwood Ave., POB 100, Bloomfield, NJ 07003, (201) 743-6800. Circle 574 on inquiry card.

Analog Peripheral

The Analog Peripheral is a self-contained 8-bit A/D (analog-to-digital) converter that can connect to any computer. It has a switch-selectable RS-232C output line with data transmission rates from 110 to 9600 bps (bits per second). Other features include a 26-pin parallel output, four input channels, conversion speeds of 100 microseconds, power supply, and plug-in sensors for temperature, light and other analog signals. For complete details on the Analog Peripheral, contact Cambridge Development Laboratory, 36 Pleasant St., Watertown, MA 02172, (617) 926-0869. Circle 575 on inquiry card.

March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 479

What's New?

Genius Display System

The Genius is an Applecompatible, full-page video-display terminal. The 15-inch Genius displays 57 lines of text by 80 characters, or optionally 66 lines by 80 characters. The Genius is compatible with the Wordstar word-processing system and many CP/M-based programs. Large sections of code can be displayed at one time, which is a plus for software

developers, and the highresolution display has an 87 MHz bandwidth and 6K bytes of high-speed buffer memory.

The Genius is supplied with an Apple interface card. It is available for S 1795 from Micro Display Systems Inc., 514 Vermillion St., Hastings, MN 55033, (612) 437-2233. Circle 576 on inquiry card.

Single-Pen

The Complot CPS-20 is a single-pen, 11 -inch drum plotter that can interface with most computers. The only alteration needed to use the CPS-20 with different computers is the switching of a single interface card. The high-effi

Drum Plotter

ciency CPS-20 operates at 3 inches per second at a resolution of 0.005 inch. It costs S3995. Contact Houston Instrument, One Houston Square, Austin, TX 78753, (512)837-2820. Circle 577 on inquiry card.

Line Controller Adds Voice Synthesis

The SLC-II is a serial line controller that combines microprocessor intelligence with a versatile voice-synthesis capability. The controller can automatically dial telephone lines and talk by means of its electronically synthesized voice. It can listen and respond to incoming messages that originate at a remote terminal or are generated by a telephone keypad. The SLC-ll's vocabulary includes more than 300 words as well as the complete alphabet and numerals, and it will spell any word it cannot say.

The SLC-II provides ASCII input/output, Touch-Tone input, printer output, external amplifier output, and synthesized voice output. A built-in power backup is provided by rechargeable batteries. In addition, the SLC-II features an autodial/auto-answer modem; 16K, 32K, or 80K bytes of programmable memory; and automatic time and date entry with day, month, and year. Applications include data collection and transmission, telephone access to large databases, alarm signaling, and security or facility monitoring. Connections to existing computer systems are made by standard RS-232C or 20 mA serial-loop interface.

In single-unit quantity, the SLC-II costs S1975. Contact Digital Pathways Inc., 1260 L'Avenida, Mountain View, CA 94043, (415) 969-7600. Circle 578 on inquiry card.

Dot-Matrix Printer

NEC Home Electronics' PC-8023A dot-matrix printer can bidirectionally print the upper- and lowercase ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) character set featured on the PC-8001A microcomputer. In addition, the printer provides many Greek, mathematical, and graphics symbols. The high-speed PC-8023A is equipped with a standard parallel interface and features the ability to print dot-graphics screens on paper. Up to three copies of fanfold, roll, or cut-sheet paper and originals are possible using either pin- or friction-feed delivery. Paper widths range from 11.5 to 25 cm (4/2 to 10 inches).

The PC-8023A's matrix options include 7 by 9 English or 8 by 8 graphic and dot graphic, ranging from 40 columns by 4 characters per inch to 136 columns by 1 7 characters per inch. Print speed is 100 cps (characters per second), and all fonts fea

480 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

What's New?

ture fixed- or proportionalspacing format options at 6 or 8 lines per inch, plus |/J44-inch incremental line feed.

The PC-8023A printer costs $795. Contact NEC Home Electronics USA, Personal Computer Division, 1401 Estes Ave., Elk Grove Village, IL 60007, (312) 228-5900. Circle 579 on inquiry card.

Apple II ROM Board

The Andromeda ROM (read-only memory) Board lets you plug utility programs into your Apple II and access them without loading from disk. The Board has space for 2K- or 4K-byte PROMs (programmable read-only memories) and it can accommodate 2K-byte programmable memory devices. (This gives you read/write capabilities for developing custom PROM programs.) Two 2732 PROMs allow a total of 8K bytes of memory on the ROM Board.

The ROM Board is supplied with a utility ROM that gives you five options with your Applesoft programs: you can perform automatic line numbering, alphabetize a disk catalog, control a program list with a page mode, restore crashed Applesoft programs in memory, and create a disk without using the disk operating system. The ROM Board with utility ROM costs S125 and is distributed by Computer Data Services, POB 696, Amherst, NH 03031, (603) 673-7375. Circle 580 on inquiry card.

Heavy-Duty Printer

The Model MPI50 matrix printer has a heavyduty print head, rated for continuous duty, with an expected life in excess of 100 million characters. Characters are formed bidirectionally in a logicseeking mode to optimize system throughput. Nine print wires provide clear characters with true descenders and underscores. The MP 150 can print 136 characters per line at 10 characters per inch, or up to 226 columns can be printed by selecting the 12or 16.7-character-per-inch density. Double-width characters are softwareselectable. A 7 by 9 matrix font is used for high-speed data printing and an 11 by 9 serif-style matrix font can be used for high-quality printouts. The MP 150 features the standard 96-character ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) set with four strap-selectable foreign fonts.

The MP 150 is capable of high-resolution dot-addressable graphics for plotting, printing of screen graphics, and drawing of illustrations. Forms handling

is carried out by a steppermotor-drive tractor paper feed that can be adjusted to accept forms from 7.5 to 38 centimeters (3 to 15 inches) in width. Eight user-selectable forms lengths, skip-over-perforation, and six userselectable character densities are featured.

The MP150's IK-byte buffer is expandable to 8K bytes, and its Centronicstype interface can accept parallel TTL (transistor-transistor logic) level data at over 1000 characters per second. Optionally, an RS232C serial interface can be added to the MP 150. The RS-232C interface can accept data at any one of seven rates up to 9600 bps (bits per second) and it supports X-ON/X-OFF and ETX/STX protocols. Another option is an EEE-toCentronics interface adapter card for connecting devices with an IEEE488-bus output port.

The Model MP150 printer costs $1095. Contact MPI, 4426 South Century Dr., Salt Lake City, UT 84107, (801) 263-3081. Circle 581 on inquiry card.

Universal Systems Interface

The Shugart Associates Systems Interface (SASI) is a universal interface that allows streaming-tape cartridge and floppy- and Winchester-disk drives to use a standard system interface. SASI eliminates having to develop new controllers, host adapters, and software drivers each time a new memory device is integrated into a system. Other SASI operating features include the ability to attach up to eight host processors and controllers per SASI bus, a search capability to assist file-management systems in locating key parameters, multiple command types, and selfarbitration for control of the SASI bus on a memorydevice-priority basis.

SASI is already available on Shugart's SA1400 Series of disk-drive controllers.

In OEM (original equipment manufacturer) quantities, the price for Shugart's SA1400 series of disk-drive controllers with an SASI interface begins at $565. For complete details, contact Shugart Associates, 475 Oakmead Parkway, Sunnyvale, CA 94086, (408) 733-0100. Circle 582 on inquiry card.

Scorpio Family

The Scorpio family of 8-inch Winchester disk drives from Ampex have an average access time of 30 milliseconds with a data-transfer rate of 1.2 megabytes and an average latency of 8.3 milliseconds. This is achieved by means

March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 481

What's New?

of a linear voice-coil actuator in a closed-loop servo system. All critical components are enclosed in a sealed module to assure long-term reliability and data integrity. Additional features ensuring data integrity include head-landing zones, module shock mounting, and self-actuating head-carriage and diskspindle locks. Mean time between failures is 10,000 hours.

The Scorpio family is available in two versions: Model 48 with 49.7 megabytes of storage and the

Model 80 with 82.9 megabytes of unformatted storage capacity and 20,160 bytes per track over 823 cylinders. The Model 80 is interface-compatible and software-transparent to any host system using industry-standard 80megabyte disk drives, such as the Ampex DM-980.

For further details on the Scorpio family, contact Ampex Corporation, Memory Products Division, 200 North Nash St., El Segundo. CA 90245, (2I3J 640-0150. Circle 583 on inquiry card.

Wireless Building Automation

The Telebrain RS-232C is a wireless computer interface that can communicate programmed, automatedswitching decisions throughout an entire facility using the existing AC wiring. It can transmit switching decisions emanating from a host computer, per software developed by the facility, to any one of 1600 independentcontrol points, or Teleswitches. The Teleswitch recieves and identifies the command and performs the necessary switching.

Telebrain incorporates National Energy's Solution 100 and Solution 1600 programs and the Telegain amplifier. The Solution 100 software includes independent programmable control of up to 83 unique points allowing for 7-day programming, daily startup, shut-down, and duty cycling. Telebrain can interface with any computer that has an RS-232C serial output port.

Applications include facility management and automation including lighting control, activation of security systems, materials

handling, and energy management encompassing load scheduling, demand limiting, duty cycling, optimum start-up, and so on, based on analog input. For complete details, contact National Energy Corp., 1795 Williston Rd.. South Burlington, VT (800) 451-3410; in Vermont (802) 658-6445. Circle 584 on inquiry card.

Color WordProcessing System

NEC Home Electronics' color word-processing system features a self-teaching program and a 12,000word dictionary. The system is menu-driven, which reduces the possibility for errors, and features allgreen text, instructions in yellow or blue, and violethighlighted potential deletions. The system provides automatic page numbering, draft printing without leaving the document, stock-paragraph and formletter appending to any document, automatic diskoverflow routine, useroriented document name listing, unlimited headers and footers, disk-supply indicator, single-key commands, and block move, copy, delete, write, print, and justification capabilities.

When combined with NEC's PC-8001A microcomputer, color monitor, printer, I/O (input/output) unit, and a disk drive, the color word-processing system adds the final touch to a complete computer system that costs less than

$6000. Contact NEC Home Electronics USA, Personal Computer Div., 1401 Estes Ave., Elk Grove Village, IL 60007, (312) 228-5900, for complete details. Circle 585 on inquiry card.

Portable Terminal

Has Modem and

Printer

Business people will find the Lex-2! portable printing and communications terminal useful in providing access to remote computing services, in field service, for inventory checks, accounting systems, electronic mail, and up-to-theminute price quotations. Lex-21 features a 59-key ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) keyboard and a 40-column thermal printer with upper- and lowercase descenders and a 5 by 7 dot-matrix character format. It has a built-in fullduplex 300 bps (bits per second) modem with originate or answer modes, Bell 103A compatibility, and an FCC-approved handset connection. Its industry-compatible asynchronous communications protocol allows transmission at 10 or 30 characters. Its battery-backed memory includes a IK-byte receive buffer and 2K bytes of compose and edit memory.

The Lex-21 costs SI 195. For details, contact Lexicon Corporation, 1541 Northwest 65th Ave., Fort Lauderdale, FL 33313, (305) 792-4400. Circle 586 on inquiry card.

482 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

What's New?

Video

The Archer Video Selector is a compact, push-button video-switching and control center designed to eliminate the need to repeatedly change cable connections. It simplifies signal routing even for complex home video systems. Two banks of push buttons provide the necessary switching and signal routing between four 75-ohm coaxial inputs and one phono jack to three 75-ohm coaxial outputs. The inputs permit the connection of any combination of five video sources, such as cable television, an

Selector

antenna, a videocassette or videodisc player, a camera, and a small computer. The three outputs allow simultaneous viewing and recording of a selected input.

The Archer Video Selector offers a signal-path bandwidth from 50 to 900 MHz. No power is reguired. The Archer Video Selector costs S 79.95 and is available at Radio Shack stores and participating dealers. Contact Radio Shack, 1800 One Tandy Center, Fort Worth, TX 76102, (8I7J 390-3300. Circle 587 on inquiry card.

ROM Simulator

Lamar Instruments' ROM (read-only memory) simulator is designed to reside in an Apple ll-based development system for use in developing software for another, "target" computer. The device can take the place of a ROM, PROM (programmable ROM), or EPROM (erasable programmable ROM) normally located in the target computer and is useful for developing software eventually destined to be placed in ROM. The ROM simulator connects to the target computer by means of a 24-pin dual-inline package

(DIP) and a ribbon cable.

The double-sided ROM simulator has platedthrough holes, silkscreened legends, goldplated contact fingers, and is solder-masked. It has 2K bytes of high-speed, lowpower, CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) static programmable memory that resides in hexadecimal C800 to CFFF in the Apple II memory map. It contains the necessary logic to automatically switch control of the address and data bus from the Apple II to Lamar Instruments' Superkim (i.e., target) ROM sockets. The

price is S295. Contact

Lamar Instruments, 2107

Artesia Blvd., Redondo

Beach, CA 90278, (213)

374-1673.

Circle 588 on inquiry card.

Options Package for DS180 Printer

Datasouth Computer's special package of options for its DS180 matrix printer includes graphics, compressed print, display mode, an expanded buffer, and a dot-addressable raster-scan feature that lets you print computer-generated charts and graphics. Under program control, six print wires can be addressed to print high-density output at a resolution of 75 by 72 dots per inch.

In the compressed print mode, the package permits manual or program selection of print sizes including 10, 12, and 16.5 characters per inch as well as expanded modes of 5, 6, and 8.25 characters per inch. This permits the DS180 to print from 132 columns on an 8!/2-inch form to 217 columns on a 147/a-inch form.

The display mode lets you print out or "display" the nonprinting ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) control codes.

The package of options costs $150. The DS180 printer, which operates at 180 characters per second, costs S595. Contact Datasouth Computer Corp., 4740-A Dwight Evans Rd., Charlotte, NC 28210, (704) 523-8500. Circle 589 on inquiry card.

MISCELLANEOUS

Wire-Wrap Tool

The Model OK-729 pneumatic wire-wrapping tools feature precision steel drive components enclosed in a Lexan-reinforced case. A positive indexing mechanism with adjustable stop location and a 6-foor (2-meter) flexible air hose are provided. The OK-729 is available in two versions: a 5000 RPM (revolutions per minute) version and a model with a higher torgue and a speed of 3000 RPMs for cut/strip/ wrap applications. Both versions are designed to operate at 80 to 100 pounds per square inch and are fully rated for heavy-duty applications on wire as large as 18 AWG (American Wire Guage) or for more delicate work on wire as small as 30-32 AWG.

The OK-729 wire-wrap tool is available for S 188.57. Contact OK Machine and Tool Corp., 3455 Conner St., Bronx, NY 10475, (212)994-6600. Circle 590 on inquiry card.

New EEPROM

The ER5716 EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory) is the newest member of General Instrument Microelectronics' line

March 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc 483

What's New?

.

of electrically alterable nonvolatile memories. It's based on N- (negative-) channel silicon-gate MNOS (metal-nitride-oxide semiconductor) technology and is designed for applications that require a large (16K-bit) memory, such as microprocessorprogram storage, where nonvolatility is essential but occasional data changes must be made. The ER5716 features improved access time and infinite read capabilities. It is bulk-erasable and can be electrically reprogrammed. The ER5716 EEPROM is available in single units at General Instrument dealers. In OEM (original equipment manufacturer) quantities, it costs $35.70. Contact General Instrument Corp., Microelectronics Div., 600 West John St., Hicksville, NY 11802, (516) 733-3107, for additional information. Circle 591 on inquiry card.

Cope with Scopes

The XYZs of Using a Scope will not only show you how an oscilloscope works, but how to make one work for you. Divided into two sections, the primer first covers the nuts and bolts and oscilloscope control functions, then expands to demonstrate waveforms, waveshapes, and measurement techniques.

The XYZs of Using a Scope is available free from Tektronix Inc., POB 4828, Portland, OR 97208, (800) 547-671 1; in Oregon (800) 452-6773. Circle 592 on inquiry card.

Robotics Arm for

Education and

Hobby

Colne Robotics of England recently introduced the Armdroid I, an educational and hobbyist manipulating arm. The arm has five axes of rotation (base, shoulder, elbow, wrist up and down, and wrist rotate), a three-finger gripper, and is completely stepper-motor-driven. The Armdroid I will operate with any microcomputer, requiring only a latched 8-bit parallel port to interface. The arm has a 17inch reach, can lift 10 ounces, has a gripping force of 5 pounds and a resolution of 0.15 inch.

Colne Robotics intends to produce a newsletter for owners of the arm, as well as introduce new products to enhance the arm, such as tactile sensors for closedloop operations. The Armdroid I can be easily modified to accept experimental devices such as alternate gripper devices, tactile sensors, micro switches, and potentiometers.

The Armdroid I is avail

able in kit form for $595 and includes Z80 machinelanguage driver software for the TRS-80 Model I and the power/interface board kit. An assembled version is also available for $695. For further information, contact Colne Robotics Inc., 207 Northeast 33rd St., Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33334 or Colne Robotics Co. Ltd., 1 Station Rd., Twickenham, Middlesex TW1 4LL, England, 1-892-7044; Telex: 8814066 GCIC. Circle 593 on inquiry card.

High-Density

Memory Requires

Less Space

Electronic Designs' EDH-4816 is a 128K-byte high-density memory that requires only one fifth the area of an equivalent DIP (dual inline package). The EDH-4816 consists of eight

industry-standard 16K by 1-bit random-access read/ write memories in carriers mounted on a 32-pin SIP (single inline package). The EDH-4816 has all standard operating modes. Access time is 200 ns (nanoseconds); cycle time is 375 ns. In single-unit quantities, the EDH-4816 costs $68. In 100-unit quantities, the price is $59. Contact Electronic Designs Inc., 230 Eliot St., Ashland, MA 01721, (617) 881-5244. Circle 594 on inquiry card.

TRS-80 Network

Radio Shack will use ARCNET to provide a lowcost, high-speed local network for the TRS-80 Model II microcomputer. ARCNET is the local network component of Datapoint's ARC (Attached Resource Computer) system. ARCNET provides an inexpensive, efficient means to link a large number of computers together. Each computer in the ARCNET can access common databases, such as accounting, word-processing information or electronic filing systems, and share peripherals (printers, for example) throughout the network. In addition to Datapoint's new LSI integrated-circuit network interface. Radio Shack will use ARCNET protocols and software for cost-effective, high-speed common-resource networking. The ARCNET will permit as many as 255 Model lis and their peripherals to be interconnected.

Datapoint processors and peripherals, such as its

484 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Why use their flexible discs:

Athana, BASF, Control Data, Dysan, IBM, Maxell, Nashua, Scotch, Shugart, Syncom, 3M, Verbatim or Wabash

when you could be using

MEMOREX

for as low as $1.94 each?

Find the flexible disc you're now using on our cross reference list... then write down the equivalent Memorex part number you should be ordering.

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Memorex Flexible Discs...The Ultimate in Memory Excellence

Quality

Memorex means quality products that you can depend on. Quality control at Memorex means starting with the best materials available. Continual surveillance throughout the entire manufacturing process. The benefit of Memorex's years of experience in magnetic media production, resulting, for instance, in proprietary coating formulations. The most sophisticated testing procedures you'll find anywhere in the business.

100 Percent Error Free

Each and every Memorex Flexible Disc is certified to be 100 percent error free. Each track of each flexible disc is tested, individually, to Memorex's stringent standards of excellence. They test signal amplitude, resolution, low-pass modulation, overwrite, missing pulse error and extra pulse error. They are torque-tested, and competitively tested on drives available from almost every major drive manufacturer in the industry including drives that Memorex manufacturers. Rigid quality audits are built into every step of the manufacturing process and stringent testing result in a standard of excellence that assures you, our customer, of a quality product designed for increased data reliability and consistent top performance.

Customer-Oriented Packaging

Memorex's commitment to excellence does not stop with a quality product. They are proud of their flexible discs and they package them with pride. Both their packaging and their labeling have been designed with your ease of identification and use in mind. The desk-top box containing ten discs is convenient for filing and storage. Both box labels and jacket labels provide full information on compatibility, density, sectoring, and record length. Envelopes with multi-language care and handling instructions and color-coded removable labels are included. A write-protect feature is available to provide data security.

Full One Year Warranty — Your Assurance of Quality

Memorex Flexible Discs will be replaced by Memorex if they are found to be defective in materials or workmanship within one year of the date of purchase. Other than replacement, Memorex will not be responsible for any damages or losses (including consequential damages) caused by the use of Memorex Flexible Discs.

Quantity Discounts Available

Memorex Flexible Discs are packed 10 discs to a carton and 10 cartons to a case. Please order only in increments of 100 units for quantity 100 pricing. We are also willing to accommodate your smaller orders. Quantities less than 100 units are available in increments of 10 units at a 10% surcharge. Quantity discounts are also available. Order 500 or more discs at the same time and deduct 1%; 1,000 or more saves you 2%; 2,000 or more saves you 3%; 5,000 or more saves you 4%; 10,000 or more saves you 5%; 25,000 or more saves you 6%; 50,000 or more saves you 7% and 100,000 or more discs earns you an 8% discount off our super low quantity 100 price. Almost all Memorex Flexible Discs are immediately available from CE. Our warehouse facilities are equipped to help us get you the quality product you need, when you need it. If you need further assistance to find the flexible disc that's right for you, call the Memorex compatibility hotline. Dial 800-538-8080 and ask for the flexible disc hotline extension 0997. In California dial 800-672-3525 extension 0997.

Buy with Confidence

To get the fastest delivery from CE of your Memorex Flexible Discs, send or phone your order directly to our Computer Products Division. Be sure tocalculate your price using theCE prices in this ad. Michigan residents please add 4% sales tax. Written purchase orders are accepted from approved government agencies and most well rated firms at a 10% surcharge for net 10 billing. All sales are subject to availability, acceptance and verification. All sales are final. Prices, terms and specifications are subject to change without notice. Out of stock items will be placed on backorder automatically unless CE is instructed differently. Minimum order S50.00. International orders are invited with a $20.00 surcharge for special handling in addition to shipping charges. All shipments are F.O.B. Ann Arbor. Michigan. No COD'S please. Noncertified and foreign checks require bank clearance.

Mail orders to: Communications Electronics, Box 1002. Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 U.S.A. Add SS.00 per case or partial-case of 100 8-inch discs or S6.00 per case of 100 5'A-inch mini-discs for U.P.S. ground shipping and handling in the continental U.S.A. If you have a Master Card or Visa card, you may call anytime and place a credit card order. Order toll-free in the United States. Call anytime 800-521-4414. If you are outside the U.S. or in Michigan, dial 313-994-4444. Dealer inquiries invited. All order lines at Communications Electronics are staffed 24 hours. Copyrlghtc1981 Communications Electronics"

-_ MEMBER

(MasterCard)

Order Toll-Free! (800) 521 -4414

In Michigan (313) 994-4444

For Data Reliability—Memorex Flexible Discs

G

COMMUNICATIONS ELECTRONICS™

Computer Products Division

854 Phoenix D Box 1002 D Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 U.S.A.

Call TOLL-FREE (800) 521-4414 or outside U.S.A. (3. 3) 994-4444

Circle 84 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1982 485

What's New?

! 37-megabyte disk memory and 900-line-per-minute printers, will be compatible with the TRS-80 ARCNET. Also, Radio Shack's bisynchronous communications software packages for the Model II will permit certain IBM and DEC (Digital Eguipment Corporation) and other mainframe equipment to link with ARCNET.

Each computer in the TRS-80 ARCNET requires an interface card that installs in an existing card slot on the TRS-80 Model II. The card will be made by Texas Peripherals and will sell for approximately $400. Other required components are a coaxial cable and a junction box. For further information, contact Tandy Corporation, 1800 One Tandy Center, Fort Worth, TX 76102, (817)390-3300. Circle 595 on inquiry card.

Formatted

Languages for the

VT180

Digital Research has made available formatted language packages for DEC'S (Digital Equipment Corporation's) CP/M-based VT180 microcomputer. Among the packages being offered are CBASIC, CB80, and PL/1-80. CBASIC is a compiler-interpreter dialect of BASIC. CB80 is a fast-executing compiler version of CBASIC that provides full support for MP/M. PL/1-80 is an implementation of subset G of the PL/I programming language. These products are available at Digital Research dealers or directly from

Digital Research, 130 Central Ave., Pacific Grove, CA 93950, (408) 649-3896. Circle 596 on inquiry card.

PUBLICATIONS

Planning Guide for Educators

A Planning Guide to Successful Computer Instruction is an aid for planning and evaluating the use of computers in the classroom. Written for teachers and administrators, the guide suggests criteria for assessing available computer and microcomputer hardware and software for instructional purposes. Among the topics covered are computer instruction site development and management and sources of hardware and software for education use.

A Planning Guide to Successful Computer Instruction costs $19.95. Contact Electronic Courseware Systems, POB 2374, Station A, Champaign, IL 61820, (217) 359-7099. Circle 597 on inquiry card.

Educational Software Catalog

Aquarius Publishers is a new company that publishes and distributes educational software oriented toward junior and senior high-school students. Most of the programs run on TRS-80 and Apple II microcomputers. For a free catalog, contact Aquarius Publishers, POB 128, Indian Rocks Beach, FL 33535, (813) 595-7890. Circle 598 on inquiry card.

Compatibility Guide

Nashua Corporation's new pocket-sized Compatibility Guide contains a complete list of all disk drives in use and the Nashua Corporation disk products developed for each. The guide provides a description of the disk pack and cartridge charac

teristics, a comparison table, and an illustration of a disk layout.

The Compatibility Guide is available from Nashua Corporation, Computer Products Division, 44 Franklin St., Nashua, NH 03061. ■ Circle 600 on inquiry card.

Trade-A-Computer

Trade-A-Computer is a monthly classified magazine dedicated to selling, buying, and trading new and used computer products. Trade-A-Computer has an online data-entry service called Ad-Line, a 300-bit-per-second software system that asks a series of questions concerning your ad, then composes the ad after completing its inquiry. There are no additional charges for this service.

Classified ads cost $ 1 per line; display ad rates are available. Ad-Line can be accessed by calling (215) 462-4415. Subscriptions cost $10 per year. Contact Trade-A-Computer, POB 15842, Philadelphia, PA 19103, (215) 462-4416. Circle 599 on inquiry card.

Where Do New

Products Items

Come From?

The information printed in the new products pages of BYTE is obtained from "new product" or "press release" copy sent by the promoters of new products. If in our judgment the information might be of interest to the personal computing experimenters and homebrewers who read BYTE, we print it in some form. We openly solicit releases and photos from manufacturers and suppliers to this marketplace. The information is printed more or less as a first-in first-out queue, subject to occasional priority '• modifications. While we would not knowingly print untrue or inaccurate data, or data from unreliable companies, our capacity to evaluate the products and companies appearing in the "What's New?" feature is necessarily limited. We therefore cannot be responsible for product quality or company performance.

486 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

SPECIALS or INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

6502

7.45

10/6.95

50/6.55

100/6.15

6502A/6512A

8.40

10/7.95

50/7.35

100/6.90

6520 PIA

5.15

10/4.90

50/4.45

100/4.15

6522 VIA

6.45

10/6.10

50/5.75

100/5.45

6532

7.90

10/7.40

50/7.00

100/6.60

2114-L200

3.75

25/3.50

100/3.25

2114-L300

3.15

25/2.90

100/2.65

2716 EPROM

7.00

5/6.45

10/5.90

2532 EPROM

14.50

61 IB Hllackl 2K

> CMOS HAW

14.50

4116

6 for 17

Zero Insertion Force 24 pin

Socket

2.00

6550 RAM (PET 8K)

12.70

S-100 Wire Wrap Socket

2.40

A P Products 15% OFF APHobby-Blox 15% OFF

MODEM SPECIAL $99

SIGNALMAN Mk1 from Anchor Automation DIRECT CONNECT Modem with RS232 Cable and Connector included Fully compatible with all Bell 103 modems. 0 to 300 bps. lull duplex. Irequency shift keyed modulation, automatic ANSW/0RIG selection, direct connect, audible tone carrier delect indicator, self-contained battery powered,

PET/CBM Version (Mk1 P) $169

For Commodore Computers, the Signalman Mk1P includes connector, cable, and machine language software (parallel port)

STAR MODEM

RS232 MODEM IEEE 48B MODEM RSZ32 CCITT IEEE 468 CCITT

Prentice/Livermore Data Systems

SALE $128

SALE $199

$170

$270

We carry Apple 11+ from Bell & Howell

CASH MANAGEMENT SYSTEM $45

Easy to use. Keeps track of cash disbursements, cash receipts, cash transfers, expenses for up to 50 categories.

FORTH lor PET by Cargile/Riley $50

Full FIG model with all 79 Standard extensions. Miticamillir lor FORTH for independent object code 30

KMMM PASCAL for PET/CBM $85

Includes translator for true machine language object code.

EARL lor PET/CBM 65

Editor, Assembler, Relocator, Linkeditor.

SuperGnphlcs - BASIC Language Extensions 30

Fast Machine Language Graphics routines for PET/CBM.

SM-KIT - Super PET/CBM ROM based Utilities 40

252 Bethlehem Pike

Colmar,

H commodore

CBM-PET SPECIALS

8023 Printer -136 col, 150 cps bi-directional 8300 (Diablo 630) Daisy Wheel - 40 cps

bi-directional 8032 80 x 25 CRT. business keyboard Super Pet

8096 Board (extra 64 K RAM for 8032) 8050 Dual Disk Drive - 1 megabyte 8250 Dual Disk Drive - 2 megabyte CBM IEEE Modem 4016 full size graphics keyboard 4032 full size graphics keyboard 4040 Dual Disk Drive - 330,000 bytes 2031 Single Disk Drive - 165,000 bytes 4022 Tractor Feed Printer C2N External Cassette Deck VIC 20 Color Computer VIC 1515 Graphic Printer Used CBM/PET Computers 8024-7 High Speed Printer

list SALE

(995) 775

(2250) 1750 (1495) 1100 (1995) 1650 400 1345 1760 199 795 999 999 550 630 65 259 335 CALL 1345

(500)

(1795)

(2195)

(395)

(995)

(1295)

(1295)

(695)

(795)

(75)

(299)

(395)

(1995)

WE WILL MATCH ANY ADVERTISED PRICE *** EDUCATIONAL DISCOUNTS ***

Buy 2 PET/CBM Computers, receive 1 FREE

WordPro 3 Plus - 32K CBM. disk, printer 215

WordPro 4 Plus - 8032, disk, printer 325

027 Data Base System for CBM 8032 335

VISICALC for PET, ATARI, or APPLE 155

SM-KIT • Super PET ROM Utilities 40

Programmers Toolkit - PET ROM Utilities 35

PET Spacemaker II ROM Switch 36

2 Meter PET to IEEE or IEEE to IEEE Cable 40

Dust Cover for PET 7

IEEE-Parallel Printer Interlace for PET 110

IEEE-RS232 Printer Interface for PET 120

The PET Revealed 17

Library of PET Subroutines 17

RAM/ROM for PET/C8M

4K or 8K bytes of soft ROM with optlinsi Cittery Bickup. Adds extra RAM which can be write protected like ROM. 4K Version - $85 8K Version - SI20 Battery Backup - S30

EPROM Programmer for CBM/PET 79

Branding Iron with software/hardware for 2716 and 2532.

Watanabe

Intelligent

Plotter

WATANABE WX4671 hotter WATANABE WX4B75 6 pee Plotter

DISK SPECIALS

SCOTCH (3M) 5" SCOTCH (3M) 8" Verbatim 8" Double Dens. Verbatim 5" Datalife (add 1.00 for Verbatim 5" BASF 5" soft Wabash 5" in Plastic Box Wabash 8" in Plastic Box

10/2.75 50/2.65 100/2.60

10/2.80 50/2.70 100/2.65

10/3.45 50/3.35 100/3.20

10/2.45 50/2.40 100/2.35 ' plastic storage box)

10/2.40 20/2.35 100/2.30

10/2.70 50/2.60 100/2.50

10/2.75 50/2.65 100/2.55

WE STOCK MAXELL DISKS

Diskette Storage Pages 10 for 3.95

Disk Library Cases 8" - 2.85 5" - 2.15

Disk Hub Rings 8" - 50 for 7.50 5" - 50 for 6.00

CASSETTES-AGFA PE-611 PREMIUM

High output, low noise, 5 screw housings. C-10 10/.56 50/.50 100/48

C-30 10/73 50/.68 100/66

All other lengths available. Write for price list.

SPECIALS

EPSON MX-80 Prletor EPSON MX-80 F/T Prioter EPSON MX-70 Prletor EPSON MX-100 Prletor

Centronics 739 Printer with dot graphics STARWRITER Daisy Wheel Prletor Zenith ZVM-121 Green Phosphor Monitor Amdek Color Monitor

675 1445

119 355

ALL BOOK and SOFTWARE PRICES DISCOONTED

OSBORNE/McGraw-Hill, HAYDEN, SYBEX,etc.

Synertek Systems

SYM-1 Microcomputer SALE 199

SYM BAS-1 BASIC or RAE 1/2 Assembler 85

KTM-2/80 Synertek Video and Keyboard 349

KTM-3/80 Synertek Tubeless Terminal 385

Ymmith I data

| systems

Z90-80 64 K

Z90-82 64 K, 1 double dens, drive

Z89-0 48K

Z89-1 48K, 1 drive

Z67 10 Megabyte + Floppy Drive

Z37 1.3 Megabyte Dual Floppy

Z25 High Speed Printer

Z19 Video Terminal (VT-52 compatible)

ZVM-121 Green Phosphor Monitor

All Zenith Software discounted

2170 2395 1950 2150 4495 1495 1195 670 119

ATARI*

SPECIALS

800 Computer 400-16K 810 Disk Drive 825 Printer 850 Interface 822 Printer Paddle Pair Joystick Pair 16K RAM Assembler/Editor TeleLink

Write for

695

339

449

629

175

359

17

17

85

46

20

410 Recorder 69

Pilot 68

Microsoft BASIC 68

Educ. Series 20% ofl

MISSILE COMMAND 32

ASTEROIOS

STAR RAIDERS

Space Invaders

Music Composer

Chess

Super Breakout

prices on other Atari items.

WRITE FOR CATALOG

Add $1.25 per order lor shipping We pay balance ol UPS surface charges on all prepaid orders. Prices listed are on cash discount basis. Regular prices slightly higher. Prices subject to change.

Circle 3 on Inquiry card.

BYTE March 1982

487

Circle 147 on Inquiry card.

FLOPPY DISK DRIVES

SPECIAL!!!!!!!! QUME DATATRAK 8

Virtually the industry standard. High quality/ reliability. Full featured, double sided, double density.

1-5 $499

6-9 $485

10 $475

TANDON DOUBLE SIDED, DOUBLE DENSITY MINIS

TM100-2 . . . . 48 TPI (500 KBYTES) $325

Compatible with Northstar, Cromemco, TRS-80

TM100-4 .... 96 TPI (1000 KBYTES) $425

Compatible with Zenith, Heath, etc.

TANDON 5%" HARD DISKS

TM 602 (5MB) $1195

TM 603 (10MB) $1295

CONTROLLERS

Tarbell single density kit $195

Tarbell single density A & T $310

Tarbell double density A & T $425

CCS 2422 w/CPM 2.2 $350

Godbout Disk 1 $450

MDA MXV-21 LSI-11 controller (RX-01, RX-02 compatible)

$1050

MISCELLANEOUS

2 Disk drive enclosure $ 95

(fits Siemens, Shugart, Qume)

CP-206 power supply $110

(powers two floppies)

Mini-Enclosure with power supply

1 drive $ 85

2 drives $120

Cable Kits 2 drives $ 35

3 drives $ 40

4 drives $ 45

Diskettes ss $39/10 - ds $59/10

CPU

CCS 2810 $ 275

Godbout Z-80A S 275

Godbout 8085A $ 295

MEMORY

CCS 2065 64K dynamic $ 595

CCS 2116 32K static $ 625

Godbout RAM 1 7 64K $ 675

I/O

CCS 2710 4 SIO $ 325

Godbout Interfacer 1 $ 225

Godbout Interfacer 2 $ 225

Elect rolabs

POB 1608, Palo Alto, CA 94302 (415) 321-5601

NEW !!!!

Qume Sprint 9 DAISY WHEEL PRINTER . . $2395

45 CPS, RO. Available in KSR version. Call for further particulars. Ribbons: $125/case Bidirectional tractor feed $225

NEW !!!!

ABM 85 Video Terminal . . $ 895

— Detachable keyboard

— Televideo 920, ADM 3A compatible

— High resolution green phosphor (23 MHZ)

— Extra multi-bus or S-100 slot for stand-alone capability

Terms of sale: cash or checks, MC/ VISA. Min. order $25. CA residents add 6% tax. Prices subject to change without notice. All goods subject to prior sale.

SUNNY LOW LOW COST

POWER SUPPLIES

FOR S-100, FLOPPY DISKS.

KIT 1, 2 & 3 For S-100

R3

For Three 8" or 5Va" Disk Drives

S-100 POWER SUPPLY KITS (open frame with base plate, 3 hrs. assy, time)

ITEM USED FOR @ + 8 Vdc @ -- 9 Vdc @f16Vdc @ - 16 Vdc @ + 28 Vdc SIZE W x D x

S3 2 in 1 Unit for S-100 and two 8" or 5V<" Disk Drives. It fits most Disk System Mainframes.

PRICE

KIT 1 15 CARDS SOURCE 15A

KIT 2 SYSTEM SOURCE 25A

KIT 3 DISK SYSTEM 15A

1A

2.5A 3A 2A

2.5A 3A 2A

4A

12" x 5" 12" x 5" 14" x 6"

AW AW AW

54.95 61.95 69.95

DISK DRIVE POWER SUPPLY "R3" regulated, open frame, assy. & tested 69.95

SPECS + 5V @ 5A OVP. -5V @ 1A + 24V@ 5A, SHORTS PROTECT 2 SIZES AVAIL ,1)9" (W) x 6Kt" (D) x AW (H), 2) 9" (W) x 4'a" (D) x 5V (H)

OPTION 1 ) REPLACE + 24V BY + 12V. 2 ) FOR SIZE 1 ONLY, ADD +. 12V @ 1A, AT AN ADDITIONAL S12 00

IDEAL FOR THREE 8" or 5V< FLOPPY DISK DRIVES, SUCH AS SHUGART 801/851 SIEMANS FDD 100-8/200-8 OR 100-5 ETC

DISK SYSTEM PWR SUPPLY "S3" open frame, assy. & tested, compact size: ioiwj * 6 (o; x 5 (H) 97.95

REGULATED OUTPUTS FOR DISK DRIVES +5V @ 4A. 5V @ 1A, +24V @ 4A (OR + 12V @ 4A) SHORTS PROTECT

UNREGULATED OUTPUTS FOR S-100 +8V @ 14A, +. 16V @ 3A (OPTION ADD OVP FOR + 5V. ADD $5.00)

A COMPLETE UNIT FOR DISK SYSTEM WITH THE MAINFRAME CONTAINING 12 SLOTS & TWO 8" or 5'.." DISK DRIVES

POWER TRANSFORMERS (with mounting brackets)

ITEM PRIMARY SECONDARY #1 SECONDARY #2 SECONDARY #3 SIZE W x D x H PRICE

Tl

T2

T5

110/120 110/120 110/120 110/120 110/120

2x8 Vac, 15A 2x8 Vac, 25A 2x8 Vac, 15A 2x8 Vac, 6A 2x8 Vac, 6A

28 Vac, CT, 2.5A 28 Vac, CT, 3.5A 28 Vac, CT, 2.5A 28 Vac, CT, 1.5A 28 Vac, CT, 2A

48 Vac, CT, 2A 48 Vac, CT, 3A

3V x 35/a"

3¥a" x AW

3%" x 4%"

3%" X 35/a"

3" x 3" x

x 3V8" x 3Vs" x 3Va" x 3Va"

21/2"

22.95 28.95 30.95 23.95 15.95

SHIPPING For each power supply $5.50 in Calif., $8.00 in other states, $18.00 in Canada. For each Transformer $5.00 in all States, $12.00 in Canada. Calif. Residents add 6% Sales Tax.

MAILING ADDRESS: P.O. BOX 4296 TORRANCE, CA 90510

TELEX: 830-5010

ANSWER BACK FOR TELEX SUNYCO TRUC

SUNNY INTERNATIONAL

(TRANSFORMERS MANUFACTURER) (213) 328-2425 MON-SAT 9-6

SHIPPING ADDRESS: 22129V2 S. VERMONT AVE TORRANCE, CA 90502

488 BYTE March 1982

Circle 364 on inquiry card.

CRT CONTROLLER

This intelligent CRT Controller uses an 8085A CPU & an 8275 Integrated CRT Controller, it features:

• 25lines(80char./line)

• 5x7 dot matrix

• Upper Slower case

• Two 2716's (controller & char, generator)

• Serial interface RS232 & TTL

• Baud rates of 110,150,300,600, 1200, 2400,4800 and 9600

• Keyboard scanning system

• Unencoded keyboard required

• Uses +5V& ± 12V Power Supplies

• Does not have graphic capabilities.

Documentation includes program listing and composite video circuit. Bare Board only

(withdocj $39.95

2716Char.Gen.A7 $19.95

2716 Program A12 $19.95

AD CONVERTER

it*

J BEs 16 channel A-D Converter plugs Into your Apple II computer. It uses an ADC0817 which lncorporatesa18£hannel multiplexer and an 8 bit A-D Converter. The 16 inputs are high Impedance and the voltage range is 0 to 5.12 volts. Conversion time is OOQ^sec. The resolution is 8 bits or 256 steps, linearity is ± 1/2 step. Two 16 pin DIP sockets are used for input, GND & reference voltage connections. There are3singlebitTTLinputs.DOC. Includes sample program,

81-132AAssm. $89.95

81-132KKit $69.95

81-132B Bare Board $29.95

EPROM PROGRAMMER

JBE'sEPROM Programmer is designed to program5V2516's,2532's&2716'8. It interfaces to trie JBE Parallel I/O card using four ribbon cables. An LED Indicates when the EPROM Is being programmed. A textool zero insertion force socket Is used for the EPROM. Comes with complete documentation for writing and reading EPROM's in the Apple II or Apple II Plus. Cables available separately.

80-244AAssm. $49.95

80-244KKI1 $39.95

80-244B Bare Board $24.95

PARTS

6502 MPU

6522 VIA

Z-80MPU

Z-80PIO

TW02114RAM

2716

50 pin conn.

DipJumper2ft.

$9.95 $9.95 $9.95 $9.95 $9.95 $14.95 $5.95 $4.95

6522 APPLE II INTERFACE

The JBE6522 Parallel Interfacefor the Apple II Computer, plugs directly into any slot 1 through 7 In the Apple. This card has 2 6522 VIA's that provide:

• Four 8 bit bi-directional I/O ports

• Four 16 bit programmable timer/counters

• Serial shift registers

• Handshaking

A 74LS05 is fortiming. Four 16 pin sockets provideeasy connections to other peripheral devices. (Dip jumpers with ribbon cables are also available from J BE) The 6522 Parallel I/O card interfaces to the JBE EPROM programmer. Understanding of machine language required to use this board. I nputs and outputs are TTL compatible.

79-295A $89.95Assembled

79-295K $59.95 Kit

79-295B $19.95 Bareboard

SPEECH SYNTHESIZERS

JBEs Speech Synthesizers use the Votrax SC-01 Phoneme Synthesizer chip. The SC-01 phonetically synthesizes continuous speech of unlimited vocabulary. The SC-01 contains64 different phonemes and 4 levels of inflection accessed by an 8 bit code. It requires 10 Bytes per second for continuous speech. Both boards have an audio amp for direct connection to an 8 ohm speaker.

Documentation includes basic user programs, a phoneme chart and listing of coded words to help you get started. Documentation for the Apple II® Speech Synthesizer includes a disk with many user programs.

81-088 Apple II Speech

Synthesizer $139.95

81-120 Parallel Input Speech

Synthesizer $149.95

Prices include the SC-01 Chip SC-01 sold separately for $ 75.95

EPROM EXPANSION CARD

JBE EPROM Expander for the Apple II holds six 5V 2716s for a total of 12K bytes of EPROM. This board takes the place of the on board ROM in the Apple. It is software switchable by the same technique used by the Apple II firmware card. Solder jumpers are for reset to the Apple ROM or EPROM Expansion Card. Use JBE EPROM Programmer and Parallel I/O to program your EPROMs. EPROMs sold separately.

81-085AAssm. 81-085KKit 81-085BBare Board

$59.95 $49.95 $39.95

81-260 "SLIM"

Single board large scale Integration Microcomputer. This 4.5 x 6.5 board uses the 6502 Microprocessor, two 6522 VIA's, four 2114 RAM's, 2516, 2716 or 2532 EPROM. The fully buffered 22/44 pin bus is similar to the KIM® , SYM® , and AIM® expansion connector. The four 8 bit I/O ports connect through 16 pin dip sockets. This board was designed for control and is ideal for Personal and OEM use.

• 6502 MPU

• Two 6522 VIA's

• Four2114 RAM's (2K bytes)

• One EPROM 2516 or 2532

• Crystal clock 1 Mhz

• Requires 5V1 AMP Power

• 4.5x6.5 card

• Power on reset

• Fully buffered-expandable

• Solder mask-both sides

Use your Apple II Computer, JBE 6522 Parallel Interface card and EPROM Programmer as a development system for SLIM.

Prices:

81-260A $199.95Assembled

81-260K $149.95 Kit

81-260B $ 39.95 Bare Board

6502 MICROCOMPUTER

6502 MPU, 8622 ViA, 2716 EPROM, 2114 RAM single board computer. Single 5 volt power supply at 400 Ma. Two independent 8 bit I/O ports with handshake lines. RCcontrolledl Mhz clock. Complete documentation. I/O lines use 50 pin edge connector. Data and address lines are not accessible. Mod. for 2532 is included. EPROM Is not Included. 1K RAM, 2K EPROM, 2 I/O ports.

80-153Assm. $110.95

80-153 Kit $ 89.95

80-153 Bare Board $ 19.95

Z-80 MICROCOMUTER

Z-80 MPU, Z-80 PIO, 2716 EPROM, 2114 RAM single board computer. Single 5 ydlt power supply at 300 Ma. Two independent 8 bit I/O ports with handshake lines. RC controlled 2Mhz clock.

Complete documentation. I/O lines use 50 pin edge connector. Data and address lines are not accessible. Mod. for 2532 is included. EPROM is not included. 1K RAM, 2K EPROM, 2 I/O ports.

80-280Assm. 80-280 Kit 80-280 Bare Board

$129.95 $119.95 $ 19.95

JBE I MICROCOMPUTER

JBE's 7.75 x 11.75 6502 base Microcomputer has the capacity for 16K of EPROM, 4K of RAM, 8 Parallel Ports and 1 Serial Port. Monitor and Tiny Basic are also available. The fully populated version includes:

• 16502 CPU

• 4 6522 VIA (8 Parallel I/O Ports)

• 1 AY5-T013 (Serial I/O Ports)

• 8 2114 RAM (4K)

• 2 2716 EPROM (Monitor & Tiny Basic)

The partially populated version includes:

• 16502 CPU

• 1 6522 VIA (2 Parallel I/O Ports)

• 1 AY5-1013 (Serial I/O Port)

• 22114 RAM (1K)

• 1 2716 EPROM (with Monitor)

Both versions include sockets for 2716s or 2532s, 8 16 pin sockets for I/O interfacing and a DB25 connector for RS232.

All address and data lines are brought off the board to the50 pin edge connector, (similar to the Apple II bus)

This board also features power on reset and cassette interface.

81-030 C Fully

Populated

$349.95

81-030M Partially

Populated

$249.95

81-030B Bare Board

$ 89.95

2716 EPROM

(with Monitor)

$ 19.95

2715 EPROM

(withTinyBasic

$ 19.95

John Bell Engineering, Inc.

MC

ALL PRODUCTS AREA VAILABLE FROM JOHN BELL ENGINEERING • P.O. BOX 338 • REDWOOD CITY, CA 94064 ADD SALES TAX IN CALIFORNIA • ADD 5% SHIPPING & HANDLING 3% FOR ORDERS OVER $100 SEND FOR CATALOG (415)367-1137 10% OUTSIDE U.S.A.

VISA

$GOLD DISKS

CP/M® Compatible

Z-80 Software

Z-80 DISASSEMBLER easy to use

An

program to create

source (.ASM) files

from executable

(.COM) files ppp

EZ-TEXT WORDPROCESSOR EZ-TEXT will format * your text file the way you want It

5-8" SD/DD PPD

Bower-Stewart & Associates

POST OFFICE BOX 1389 HAWTHORNE. CALIFORNIA 90250

•175

PPD

■SSOR

75

■213-532-1237

H Trademark Digital Research

You can pay more — But you can't get more!

Model III 16K

$839

Model Ml 48K 2 disc & RS232C

$2100

Color Computer 4K

$310

w/16KExt. Basic

$459

BUY DIRECT. These are just a few of our great offers which include Printers, Modems, Computers, Peripherals, Disc Drives, Software and more, call toll free 1-800-343-8124

computer

Write lor your plUS

We have the lowest possible fully warranteed prices

Circle 50 on inquiry card.

a"d„ ' M ""Wr1 ""SL. Road of Radio Shack Software. UnTetoni ma 01460

L^ 617 • 486 • 3193

Circle 94 on inquiry card.

PLOTTING SOFTWARE Calcomp compatible, for

EPSON and HIPLOT with CPU, FORTRAN, and BASIC

BBsd

PLOTWARE-z 8" Manuals only PLOTWARE-z samples * Refundable on order

.399 . .35 6

ENERCOUP

P.O.BOX 28014

Lakewood, Colo.

8022B

303-988-1848

PLOTWARE

opnoNa

Uapa, Chart*

DrtfUni

Sclsnuflc

Char&elora,

Tormlaal Emulation

PLOTWARE

Circle 154 on inquiry card.

HERE A" I* AT LAST1

"SUPERNET"1

THIS IS THE MOST UNIQUE S-100 COMPUTER BOARD: 64K of memory, ZflOA CPU, Double Density Floppy Disk Controller. 2 Serial & Parallel I/O, monitor (EPROM) ALL on a single S-100 Computer Board from ADVANCED Micro Digital Corp.'

SUPERNET $900.

Serial Adapter Cable $35.

PaiallelAdaplerCable $40.

ShugartSA801R $455.

Televideo 912C S 750.

Enclosure wilh 10 slots, power supply.

cutouts lor two 8 " floppies S 650.

Z-80ACPU $5.50 4164RAMChips $10.00

Z-80ACTC S5.50 2716EPROM $5,50

• MICRO SPOT ELECTRONICS

14221 Edwards, Suite 72

Westminster, CA 92683

(714)891-0382

Pre-Paymenl or C.O.D. up to $250. (Cashior's check) Allow one week lor chocks lo clear belore shipping. Add S5 shipping and handling charge lo your order. Calif. Residerils add 6% sales tax

\ferbatim9

Floppy Discs

SAVE 40% complete'list'

51/ " Specify soft. Price/10 /* 10 or 16 sector

MD525 1 side/dbldens $27.30

MD550 2 sides/dbl dens 44.20

MD577 1 side/77 track 32.50

MD557 2 sides/77 track 44.20

81 r Critically Certified Soft sector

FD34-9000 1 side/sgldens 33.80

FD34-8000 1 side/dbl dens 39.00

FD34-4001 2 side/dbl dens 46.20

CHECKS - VISA - MC - C.O.D. (313! 777-7780 ADD $2 SHIPPING

LYBEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS

27204 Harper Ave.

St. Clair Shores, Ml 48081

A

ATARI

400 168 - - -

400 YOURS TO 32K 300 16'K - - -

4 10 RECORDER - 810 DISK DRIVE 850 INTERFACE 8 30 MODEM - - 825 PRINTER - AHA COMMUNICATOR ITT Cordless phon 2EIJITI1 CRN. F1I05. EPSON PRINTERS SOFTWARE - - - SHARP CALCULATORS

specials: ------- cai

Prices subject to change without notice. Shipping extra. No tax out of state. Ca. residents add appropriate taxes.

WE ARE AN AUTHORIZED ATARI SALES AND SERVICE CENTER

^^ COMPUTERIZE. INC.

I PO BOX 216

^gpr KENTFIELD, CA 94914

CALL TOLL-FREE BOO-227 - 2520 In California 600-772-4064

Circle 250 on inquiry card.

Circle 220 on inquiry card.

Circle 102 on inquiry card.

'&,

CHlPSx

'DALE u

THE INFLATION FIGHTERSI _RAM — 4116 250ns 8/$ 11.00 4116 200ns 8/S13.00 4116 150ns 8/$ 16.00 2114L 300ns 8/S16.25 21 14L 200ns 8/S17.00 4164 200ns S9.00 6116 200ns $10.00

— EPROM —

2716 (5V)450ns8/$3.90ea.$4.15 ea. 2732 (5V)450ns 8/$9.75 ea. S10.25 ea. 2532 (5V)450ns 8/$ 10.50 ea. $ 12.00 ea.

Please allow up to 3 wks. for personal checks to

Add S2.50 Shipping & Handling

C.O.D. 53.00. Wash, residents add 5.4°!, Sales Tax

CHIPS S DALE

P.O. Box 3 1607

Seattle. Wash. Zip 98103 Master Charge 1-206-524-9126 VISA accepted.

MEMOREX

FLEXIBLE DISCS

WE WILL NOT BE UNDERSOLD!! Call Free (800)235-4137

for prices and information. Dealer inquiries invited and CO.D.'s accepted

PACIFIC EXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd. San Luis Obispo. CA 93401 In Cat. call (800)592-5935 or (805)543-1037

NEW 23K PERSONAL COMPUTER

$OQQ00 FACTORY SALE £m\Ji? PRICE

You get the NEW APF-IM-1 Full Size Powerful Computer: Includes 14K ROM with Level II BASIC built in, 9K User RAM, Color, Sound, Professional 53 keyboard, Two controllers. Two 10 key numeric pads, High speed cassette, A.C. adapter. RF modulator. T.V. switchbox. Accepts TAPE-DISKPLUG IN CARTRIDGES. It is PLUG IN EXPANDABLE al low cost. 90 day parts and labor warranty, owners guide, BASIC language manual. All this in a beautiful black and white console case for only s23900.

15 DAY FREE TRIAL Return within 15 days complete and undamaged for refund of purchase price.

PROTECTO ENTERPRIZES BOX 550, BARRINGTON, IL 60010 TO ORDER PHONE 312/382-2192

Circle 74 on inquiry card.

Circle 300 on inquiry card.

Circle 322 on inquiry card.

Qcommodore

VIC20 $259

f

I

Personal Computer

Color * Sound ' Graphics Call or write for more info. Disk drives available soon!

IBM

ACCESSORIES BY TECMAR

256 K Dynamic Ram Card

Hi-Speed Parallel I / O Card CALL

Hl-Speed Serial I/O Card FOH

ReBl-Tlme System Clock BEST

Card Expansion Chassis PRICES

And Many More Accessories!

A ATARI

ATARI 80016K

CALL FOR BEST PRICE

Atari 400 w/16K 349

410 Program Recorder 65

810 DisU Drive 449

825 80 col. 7x8 Dot matrix impact printer 699

822 40 col. Quiet Thermal Printer 349

850 Interface Module 159

Atari 16K Ram Muilulc 69

Axlon Ramcram 32K Module 189

Asteroids, Missile Command and Star Raiders . . . 35 ea. SPECIAL ATARI CATALOG AVAILABLE

Video Monitors

Amdek.'Leedex Video 100 12" B&W 129

Amdek/ Leedex Video 100G 12" Green Phospher 149

Amdek (Hitachi) 13" Color or/audio output 389

NEC 12" Green Phospher Display JB-1201M . .CALL

NEC 12" Lo-Res Color Display CALL

NEC 12" Hi-Res RGB Color Display CALL

Sanyo 9" B&W Display 185

Sanyo 9" Green Display CALL

Sanyo 12" B&W Display 269

Sanyo 12" Green Phospher Display 285

Sanyo 13" Color Display 449

Zenith 12" Green Phospher Display 139

ZENITH

12" GREEN

$139

lgS-100

California Computer Systems

Floppy Disk Controller .... 339 64 K Dynamic Ram Board,

200 ns 469

Z-80 CPU board

w/monitor ROM 269

S-100 12 Slot Mainframe . . . 399 2-Port Serial/2-Port

Parallel Interface 249

16K RAMBOARD by ConComp

for Apple II Computers

FOR ONLY

$

129

AVAILABLE NOW

Printers

Epson MX-80 or MX-80 FT

CALL

Anadex 9501 w/2K Buffer 1349

C. Itoh Starwriter 25 CPS dalsywheel 1449

C. Itoh Starwriter 45 CPS dalsywheel 1649

Epson MX-70 CALL

Epson MX-80 & MX-80 FT CALL

Epson MX-100 CALL

NEC 8023 Impact Dot Matrix 629

NEC Spinwriters (Latest models) CALL

Paper Tiger IDS-460G w graphics 899

Paper Tiger IDS-560Gw/ graphics 1099

Qume Spring Dalsywheels (Latest models) . . .CALL Dlable 630 Dalsywheel 40 CPS 1795

ORDER TOLL FREE

800-854-6654

In California and outside continental U.S.

(714) 698-8088

Telex 695-000 Beta CCMO

NEC

Microcomputer

CALL FOR BEST PRICES

If you're considering a computer, consider this:

4 Mhz Z-80A Operation

80 or 40 column modes STANDARD Built-in Centronics printer port Full ASCII keyboard with Shift lock Real Time Clock STANDARD RGB Color Output Mixed text and graphics Numerica Keyboard STANDARD CP/M Compatibility

5 programmable Function keys

24K Microsoft NBASIC In ROM with enhanced

color graphic commands

The NEC PC-8001A has all these features and much more. Expandlbility you want, expandability you get. Through the use of the PC-8012A I/O unit, total system RAM can be extended to 160K. The PC-8031 Dual Disk Drive puts 286K of floppy disk storage at your command.

The NEC PC-8001A has so many things that are options on other computers built right in that you may never have to buy another accessory! The quality that the NEC name has come to stand for has been built-in, too.

Compare the competition, and then call Consumer Computers for the NEC PC-8001.

NEC COMPATIBLE SOFTWARE

CP/M Operating system with graphics control. . .CALL SUPERCALC Financial & Scientific Modeling (requires

CP/M) CALL

WORDSTAR Word Processing System (requires CP/M)

CALL

SYSTEMS PLUS Complete Accounting System (requires

CP/M) CALL

MICROSOFT BASIC-80 (requires CP/M) CALL

MICROSOFT FORTRAN-80 (requires CP/M). CALL

MICROSOFT COBOL-80 (requires CP/M) CALL

Ordering information: Phone orders using VISA, MASTERCARD, AMERICAN EXPRESS. DINER'S CLUB. CARTE BLANCHE, bank wire transfer, cashier's or certitfied check, money order, or personal check (allow ten days to clear). Unless prepaid with cash, please add 5% for shipping, handling and insurance (minimum 5.00). California residents add 6% sales tax. Foreign customers please add 10% for shipping. OEM's, Institutions and corporations please send for a written quotation. All equipment is subject to price change and availability without notice. All equipment Is new and complete with manufacturer's warranty (usually 90 days). Showroom prices may differ from mall order prices.

Send Orders To:

G®DQ§0D[m]®[F

G®Dffl[p[]Dft©ffg Mail Order

8314 Parkway Drive La Mesa, Calif. 92041

Circle 109 on inquiry card.

QUARTZ CRYSTALS

special +f*P

HP-85'5

$254000

HP-83's

$1450.00

HP-9895 Dual 8" Drives

$5300.00

HP-8292 Dual 5" Drives

$1960.00

HP-7225B Ploller

$1720 00

LOBO Disc Drives

$ 395.00

IDS 445G Punters

X 699.00

NEC Spinwriters

with Tractors

$2560.00

IDS 460G Printers

$1099.00

IDS 560G Printers

$1330 00

C ITOH Starwriter 25's

$1300 00

CCS 300 Dual 8" Drive

computer with

64K RAM. OASIS.

CP/M 2 4MB Disc

memory, 2 serial ports.

1 parallel

port and a Televid

?o

9'0CRT .

Call for price

CDC Lark Subsystems

.Call for price

eade's

DATA SYSTEMS

"THE COMPLETE SYSTEMS AND SUPPORT TEAM"

APPLE EXTENDER CARD

$29.95

Extends Apple Cards

Above Computer for

Servicing and Debugging

APPLE EXTENDER CARD ... .$29.95

IBM EXTENDER CARD $34.95

IBM Prototyping Board $34.95

RS-232 Board for TRS-80

Model III $94.95

32K Memory Exp. Board for

TRS-80 Color Computer

(Adds16K) $79.95

(Colo. Residents Add 3% Sales Tax) DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

IMAGE TECHNOLOGY, INC.

P.O. BOX 1S456 LAKEWOOD, COLORADO 80215

Circle 326 on Inquiry card.

Circle 231 on inquiry card.

Circle 184 on inquiry card.

EPSON

DOT MATRIX PRINTERS SUPER DISCOUNTS ON

MX-80F/T L(S NOW MX-80 loTr, IN

MX-100 lo^r, STOCK

We also stock direct connect cables for TRS-80, Apple, Atari, Pet or RS 232

CALL TOLL FREE

1 -800-344-7493

In CA and for service (209) 667-2888

©

GRAPHICS ROM'S AVAILABLE

AMCROTRONICS, inc..

I?e> N GoKlwi Stole Bwd moc* CoUo>r*a953SQ

EPROM-32

The only EPR0M programmer you need!

• IEEE-696 IS-100] EPROM programmer lor single-supply ( + 5V) EPROMs.

• Programs current IK through 8K (byte) EPROMs plus future 16K and 32K EPROMs.

■ Personality Modules adapt hoard to different EPROM types:

PM-1 -2508. 2758 PM-4-2564 2516.2716 PM-5-2764 PM-2-2532 PM-6- 68764

PM-3-2732 PM-7-2528ITI-16K)

• Zero-insertion-lorce socket accommodates both 24-pin and 28-pin EPROM packages.

• DIP switch selection of programming ports and EPROM address for verification and/or use.

• On-boatd DC-to-DC converter with adjustable regulator lor programming voltage.

■ Programming voltage switched by software.

• Double-sided PC board with solder masks, silkscreen and gold-plated contact fingers.

• Documentation includes source listing of 8080/Z80 software for programming and verification.

$269.95

(assembled & tested)

Micro Dynamics

Corporation Prrce includes EPROM-32, documentation

PO Box 17577 and lwo i)e'sonali'V modules (specify). Ad

Wlpmnhic: TN *W117 flilional ™uJJles-S795. Programming/

l,V£cnc?n verification software on 8 inch single density

l9U1Kbb-(Jbiy CP/M-compaticle diskette-S9 95

MASTERCARD & VISA-TN residents add 6% sales tax.

SOFTWARE AUTHORS

DEVELOPMEN" D hardware z

20% Royalty!

We give you personalized servfee, offer a nonexclusive .marketing agreement, plus other specialized services. We seek: high level language compilers, cross-assemblers, utilities, DMBS, new OS, educ. and businfess applications, and any other marketable program. We offer full development and documentation. Don't hesitate, contact us immediately. Michael L. Dean, V.P. R&D InfoSoft Computer Systems

J1L

2699 Clayton Rd.

Concord. CA 94519 jjjjj (415)680-0202

Single Source Solution

Circle 224 on Inquiry card.

Circle 251 on inquiry card.

Circle 188 on inquiry card.

VOLTAGE SURGE & TRANSIENT SUPPRESSOR

Protects Most Electronic Equipment

The SUPPRESSOR electronically removes or reduces suciuen voltage changes. It simply plugs into a power receptical on the same circuit as the equipment being protected.

END POWER LINE SPIKES, SURGES, HASH... Only $29.95 ea. Dealer Inquiries

Invited.

a

CUESTA SYSTEMS, INC.

3440 Roberto Courr

5on Luis Obispo. California 93401

C805J 541-4160

1EMORY EXPANSE

FOR APPLE® rh.comp.nyfh.f

|-MI 1FC

1 brought you the first 32K RAM board for " Apple //® and Apple »+® now offers:

• 128K RAM ALL FOR ONLY $599

Includes 1 MOVEDOS (relocates DOS)

5 2 RAMEXPANO (for Applesoft*. Integer"

comprehensive 3 PSEUDO-DISK lor DOS 3 3 or 3.2 software 4 PSEUDO-DISK lorCRM*

packages 5 PSEUDO-DISK lor PASCAL

• 64K RAM $425

A medium range memory expansion board wnich can be upgraded lo 128K a! a faier dale (Upgrade kit sold tor $175) Includes all 5 software packages ottered with the 128K board

• 32K RAM smi. only $239

The old lavorite tor Apple users Includes our tirsi 3 software packages (above) with CP/M* and PASCAL pseudo-disks now offered as options (139 each)

• VC-EXPAND™

ONLY $100

MEMORY EXPANSION FOR VtslC»lcT

Expand memory available lo Personal Software's

16 sector VtsCalc* Add 32K. 64K, or even I28K lo

your present workspace (even it you already have a

16K card in use1) with this

program plus one or more

Saturn boards ■■■ miwun

Simple operation ».o *>■ *m Ann **», hi wo?

<?.

Smartmodem

• Auto-Answer • Auto-Dial • Repeat

• Programmable • Use Any Language

• Touch-Tone and Pulse Dialing

• Audio Monitor - Listen to Connection

• FCC-Approved Direct-Connect

• Full or Half Duplex. 0-300 Baud

• RS-232C Interface • 7 Status LED's

• Two Year Limited Warranty

$249

Send certified check or money order Allow two weeks for personal check Florida residents add 4% sales tax

flC€ COMPUT€R PRODUCTS

of Florida Inc.

1640 N.W. 3rd STREET DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA. 33441 VOICE: 305-427-1257/DATA: 305-427-6300

4

Circle 115 on inquiry card.

Circle 346 on inquiry card.

Circle 5 on inquiry card.

WE WILL NOT BE UNDERSOLD

CP/M" Software Software/Manual only

Computer Pathways

Pearl (level 1)

$ 99/S25

Pearl (level 2)

$299/$40

Pearl (level 3)

$549/$50

Digital Research

PL/l-80

$459/$35

BT-80

$179/$30

Mac

$ 85/S15

Sid

$ 65/S15

Z-Sid

$ 90/$15

Tex

$ 90/$15

DeSpool

$ 50/S10

Micropro

WordStar

$319/560

Customization Notes

$ 89/$na

Mail-Merge

$109/$25

WordStar/Mail-Merge

$419/$85

DataStar

$249/$60

WordMaster

$119/$40

SuperSort I

$199/$40

Spell Star

$175/$40

Microsoft

Basic-80

$289/$na

Basic Compiler

$329/$na

Fortran-80

$349/$na

Cobol-80

$574/$na

M-Sort

$124/$na

Macro-80

$144/$na

Edit-80

$ 84/$na

MuSimp/MuMath

$224/$na

MuLisp-80

$174/$na

Organic Software

Milestone

$269/$30

Supersoft

Diagnostic I

$ 49/$20

Diagnostic II

$ 84/S20

Disk Doctor

$ 84/S20

Forth (8080 or Z80)

$149/$30

Fortran

$219/$30

Fortran w/Ratfor

$289/$35

Other

less 10%

Unicorn

Mince

$149/$25

Scribble

$149/$25

Both

$249/$50

Data Base

FMS-80

$649/$45

dBASE II

$595/$50

Access/80

$699/$50

Pascal

Pascal/MT+

$429/$30

Pascal/M

$189/$20

Miscellaneous

SpellGuard

$299/$25

The Last One

$549/$na

SuperCalc

$259/$50

CBASIC-2

$ 98/S20

MicroStat

$224/$25

StatPak

$449/$40

Micro B +

$229/$20

Apple Software (Business)

Micropro

Wordstar

$239

MailMerge

$ 89

Wordstar/MailMerge

0 $349

SuperSort I 4

$159

Spellstar I

$175

Personal Software

Visicalc 3.3 1

$229

CCA Data Mgr ^

$ 99

Desktop/Plan II

$229

Visiterm

$139

Visidex

$229

Visiplot

$185

Personal Software (cont.)

Visitrend/Visiplot

Zork

Miscellaneous

Micro Courier

Super-Text II

ASCII Express

Apple Software (Entertainment)

Wizard & Princess

Mystery House jf

Flight Simulator

Raster Blaster

Space Eggs

Sargon II

ABM

Micropainter

Apple Panic

Pool 1.5

Apple Accessories

Z-80 Softcard

Keyboard Enhancer

Apple Joystick

Sup-r Mod

CPS Multifunction Card

Videx Board

16K Card

Sup-r Fan

ALF9 Voice Board

CCS Cards

CCS Parallel Model 7720

CCS Serial Model 7710D

CCS Centronics Model 7728

Disk Drives For TRS-80* Model 1 CCI-100 5V4", 40 Track Add-ons for Zenith Z-89 CCI-189 5V«", 40 Track Z-87 Dual 5Va" system Drives for Z-90

External card edge and power supply included. 90 day warranty/one year on power supply.

Corvus 5M Corvus 10M Corvus 20M Corvus Mirror

Shugart 8" 801R Raw Drive TANDON 5V*" Raw Drive Power Supplies Diskettes—Box of 10

Maxell 51/." $ 40

Maxell 8" $ 45

BASF/Verbatim 51/." $26.95

BASF/Verbatim 8" $ 36

Plastic File BOX —Holds 50 5'/4"dskls. $ 19

Plastic Library Case 51/T $ 3

Plastic Library Case 8" $ 4

Head Cleaning Diskette $ 25

Floppy Saver $10.95

Floppy Saver Rings $ 6.95

16K RAM Kits

One Kit $13.95

Two Kits $25.00

200ns for TRS-80*, Apple II,

(specify): Jumpers $ 2.50

Computer Systems

Altos ACS8000 Series

Atari 400

Atari 800

Call for other Atari products

Zenith Z89, 48K $ Call

Zenith Z90, 64K $ Call

Call for other Zenith products

For fast delivery, send certified checks, money orders or

call to arrange direct bank wire transfers. Personal or

company checks require one to three weeks to clear. All

prices are mail order only and are subject to change

without notice. Call for snipping charges.

1

$275 $ 34

$219 $127 $ 59

$ 28 $ 24 $ 29 $ 26 $ 18 $ 29 $ 22 $ 29 $ 28 $ 26

$299 $110 $ 49 $ 25 $199 $249 $159 $ 39 $149 $Call $Call $Call $Call

$299

$389 $995 $Call

$3089 $4489 $5429 699

399 Call Call

$

$

$

Call 359 789

m£Jp

Terminals

Adds Viewpoint

Zenith Z-19

Televideo 910

Televideo 920C

Televideo 950

S-100 California Computer Systems

Mainframe

Z80 CPU

64K RAM

Floppy Disc Cntrl

Integrated Sys. w/int. cables, tstd.

2P + 2S I/O

4 Port Serial I/O

4 Port Parallel I/O

Casio Calculators

Pocket Comp. FX702

Desk Printr/Calc. FR100

Scientific Calc. Game Watch Game Watch Calendar Watch Printers

$ Call $ Call $ 519 $ 729 $ 929

$ 349 $ 239 $ 569 $ 339 $1975 $ 269 $ 249 $ 179

$185.00 $ 79.95 $ 49.95 $ 49.95 $ 69.95 $ 59.95

FX8100 CA90 Plastic CA901 Steel AX210 NEC Spinwriter 7710 R.O. Ser $2395 7710 Ser w/tr. $2595 7720 KSR w/tr. $2795 7730 R.O. Par $2395 7730 R.O. Par w/tr. $2595 NEW 3500 Series $ Call Epson MX-70 $ Call

Epson MX-80 $ Call

Epson MX-80FT $ Call

Epson MX-100 $ Call

PaperTiger 445 Gr. & 2K $ Call

PaperTiger 460 Gr. & 2K $ Call

PaperTiger 560 Gr. $ Call

IDS Prism 80 $ Call

IDS Prism 132 $ Call

PaperTiger Access. $ Call

Anadex DP-8000 $ 849

Anadex DP-9500/01 $1389

Okidata Microline 80 Frio. & pin feed Okidata Microline 82A Fric. & pin feed Okidata Microline 83A 120 cps Okidata 84 200 cps Centronics 739

C.ltoh Starwriter I 25 cps, par. C.ltoh Starwriter I 25 cps, ser. C.ltoh Starwriter II 45 cps, par. C.ltoh Starwriter II 45 cps, ser. Axiom GP-80M Data South 180 cps Olivetti DY 211 Daisy Wheel Monitors Leedex 12" B&W Leedex 12" Green Screen Leedex 13" Color Sanyo 9" B&W Sanyo 9" Green Screen Sanyo 12" Green Screen Sanyo 12" B&W Sanyo 13" Color Zenith 13" Color Zenith 12" Green Screen Telecommunications

Prentice Star Modem 1-yr. guar. $ 125

Univ. Data System UDS103LP $ 135

Univ. Data System UDS103JP $175

Novation Cat $ 139

Novation D-Cat $ 149

Novation Auto-Cat $ 199

Novation Apple Cat II $ 299

D.C. Hayes Smart. Modem $ 249

D.C. Hayes Micro-Modem II $ 295

CCI Telnet Com. Package $ 135

Call

Call

Call

Call

739

$1525

$1620

$1950

$2075

$ 319

$ Call

$ Call

$

129

139

329

149

189

$ 249

$ 239

$ 449

$ 349

$ 129

dealer (national/international) inquiries invited Send for FREE Catalogue

The CPU SHOP

TO ORDER CALL TOLL FREE 1-800-343-6522

TWX: 710-348-1796 Massachusetts Residents call 617/242-3361

420-423 Rutherford Ave., Dept. B03M Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129 Hours 9 AM-8 PM(EST) Mon.-Fri. (Sat. til

Technical Information call 617/242-3361 Massachusetts Residents add 5% Sales Tax 5) Tandy Corporation Trademark/" Digital Research

Circle 112 on inquiry card.

master charge

VtSA

APPLE, TRS80, Tl, IBM, PET... TRY! OUR $99 SELECTOR SWITCH

Available for RS232, IEEE 488, BNC...

v\\\\\\\v\\vow^

nsww^s^s^

Our $99|- S8AB) switch will save you monoy and aggravation.Share your printer, modem elc. The selection is made Dy turning the front panel knot). Eliminate Ihe aggravation ol connecting and disconnecting cables. Our -S8AB two position unit can connect one printer ro two CPU's. It can also be used to connect one CPU to either a printer or a modem. We also have 3. A. 5, S 6 posilion units. In fact we have aboul 30 models to satisfy all ihe common applicalions. Our products are the most popular units on the market. We sold over 10.000 units. We offer a 5 YEAR WAR. RANTY. OUR UNITS HAVE AN EXCLUSIVE MONITORING OPTION. We have distributors and dealers in most cities. If your favorlle computer dealer does not carry a Glllronix Swilcti please have him call us, We offer the greatest discounts as well as evaluation samples. Call us for a FREE colorful catalog.

UNIVERSAL INTERFACE PRODUCTS

450 San Antonio Ave., Palo Alto. CA 94306

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED!

Call (415)493-1300

TRS 80 USER

OILTRONIX SOLVED YOUR SWITCHING PROBLEM

A. OUR S169.00 ■'GTRS■2AB■AP2,■ SWITCHING UNIT, WILL CONNECT THE OUTPUT OF VOUR TRS 80 TO TWO (2) DEVICES [LINE PRINTERS, DAISY WHEEL PRINTERS ETC). TO SELECT DEVICE 1 OR 2, SIMPLY TURN THE KNOB TO THE DESIRED POSITION. NO MORE MESSING WITH CABLES! EASY TO INSTALL EASY TO OPERATEI £ YEAR WARRANTY!

ALL FOUR UNITS ARE AVAILABLE FROM STOCK.

OTHER SWITCHING PRODUCTS ARE ALSO AVAILABLE. WE HAVE OVER 30 MODELS OF MANUAL, REMOTE AND AUTOMATIC UNITS SEE NEXT COLUMN FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

CONTACT GILTRONIX OR OUR LOCAL DISTRIBUTORS.

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED!

Call (415)493-1300

UNIVERSAL INTERfACE PRODUCTS

Circle 168 on inquiry card.

Circle 169 on inquiry card.

Analog and Power

Control I/O in a

Single Board Computer

EROM, 128 RAM, timer. 8 12-bit analog inputs, 8-bit analog output, 8 AC or DC inputs or outputs, serial I/O, digital I/O, watchdog timer, power supply.

wixtii;

Wlntek Corp, 1601 South Street Lafayette, IN 47904 317-742-6428

Circle 417 on inquiry card.

Screens in seconds

QUICKSCREEN

• ITEM IDi 12345 • FINANCIAL QUANTITIES

1 PRICE $8 I

I COST S< 1

I MTD $200 I I KTD $800 I

I ON HAND 193 1

! ON ORDER 50 I

I ALLOCATED 6 I

I REORDER 220 !

+■ +

1 MTD SOLD 25 I

( KTD SOLD 100 I

Microsoft BASIC,CBASIC,dBASEII,

Or FMS80 (f°"r separate versions) 56K CP/M

$ 149 (user manual: $20) plus shipping Fox A Geller Associates. Inc. I (201)837-0142: RO. Box 1053 I Credil Cards

Teaneck.N.J. 07666 I Accepted

fW80 Is a tradBflBTK <rf DJR ABmciatos dEKB II la a trademark of Aflfrtni-Tste OVSIC/3VM, are tradomrks of Digital Research

H Dysan

^CORPORATION

Solve your dbc problem*, buy 100% surface tested Dyaan rlekrftei All order* shipped from stock, wtthm 24 hour*. Call toll FREE (800) 2354137 for prices and information. Vtaa and Master Card accepted.

PACIFIC EXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd. San Luis Obispo. CA 93401 (InCal. call (805)543-1037)

HOW TO RELOAD

Multi-Strike Daisy Wheel PRINTER RIBBONS

You can profitably reload $96 Richos for S36 S90 Diablos for $24 $84 Wangs for $24 $76 NECs for $24 $36 Qumes for $12 or less This comprehensive book provides full instructions on how to make as much as S180 an hour reloading multi-strike ribbons in your home. Send S.A.S.E. to WILLIAM WALKER

Box 16-J-B

164-30 Hillside Ave.

Jamaica. NY 11432

suoqqu 3>|U)s-!i|niii pcoiaj pue ||as a/v\

Prices sent on request.

Circle 162 on inquiry card.

Circle 300 on inquiry card.

Circle 405 on Inquiry card.

NEW! for the '89 from

MAGNOLIA fl

MICROSYSTEMS

DOUBLE DENSITY DISK CONTROLLER

for both 51/4" & 8" drives

onlyvpvDyU complete

including CP/M™2.2

MAGNOLIA MICROSYSTEMS, INC.

2812 Thorndyke W., Seattle 98199

(206) 285-7266 C800) 426-2841

CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research.

LABELS

15/16"x31/i" white pressure

1 up - pin feed sensitive

PRICE INCLUDES SHIPPING

Packed 5M per box - Min. order 1 box -$14.95 Check with order - Mass Residents add 5% Sales Tax

ICHECK-MATE

P.O. Box 103, Randolph, MA 02368 Telephone: 617-963-7694

""""Heath Users

Double Your 5%" disk storage capacity without adding a drive.

Get twice as much from your H88 or H89 microcomputer. Our FDC-880H floppy disk controller, in conjunction with your 5'/J" drives, for example, expands memory capacity from 256 bytes to 512 bytes per sector.

And it handles single and doublesided, single and double-density. 8" and 5'/," drives — simultaneously.

Call 714/275-1272 today or write for details.

m

C.O.R. Systems Inc.

Controlled Data Recording Systems, Inc. 76fi7 Vickers St.. Ran Diego, CA 92111

Circle 225 on inquiry card.

Circle 71 on inquiry card.

Circle 69 on inquiry card.

f

HANLEY ENGINEERING CORP.

We Will Beat All Competitor's Prices!!!

Guaranteed to ship within 24 hours on all telephone orders or YOUR ORDER FREE!!

800-426-2668

206-643-0792

74LS00

4000CMOS

4K STATIC RAM

8/$20.00

16 K Memory 8/$16.00

74LS00

74LS01

74LS02

74LS03

74LS04

74LS05

74LS08

74LS09

74LS10

74LS11

74LS12

74LS13

74LS14

74LS15

74LS20

74LS21

74LS22

74LS26

74LS27

74LS28

74LS30

74LS32

74LS35

74LS37

74LS38

74LS40

74I.S42

74LS47

74LS48

74LS49

74LS51

74LS54

74LS55

74 LS63

74LS73

74LS74

74LS75

74LS76

74LS78

74LS83

74LS85

74LS86

74LS90

74LS91

74LS92

74LS93

74LS95

74LS96

74LS107

74LS109

74LS112

74LS113

74LS114

74LS122

.25 74LS123

.25 74LS124

-25 74LS125

.25 74LS126

.25 74LS132

.25 74LS136

.30 74LS138

.25 74LS139

.25 74LS145

30 74LS147

30 74LS148

40 74LS151

.75 74LS153

.30 74LS155

25 74LS156

.30 74LS157

.25 74LS158

.30 74LS160

.35 74LS161

.35 74LS162

.25 74LS163

.35 74LS164

.55 74LS165

.50 74LS166

,35 74LS168

.25 74LS169

.50 74LS170

.75 74LS173

.75 74LS174

75 74LS175

.25 74LS181

.35 74LS189

.35 74LS190

120 74LS191

35 74LS192

40 74LS193

.50 74LS194

.40 74LS195

.50 74LS196

75 74LS197

110 74LS221

.40 74LS240

.60 74LS241

.80 74LS242

.66 74LS243

60 74LS244

.80 74LS245

.80 74LS247

.40 74LS248

.40 74LS249

.40 74LS251

.40 74LS253

.50 74LS257

45 74LS258

.90 74LS259

2.95 74LS260

.90 74LS261

.80 74LS266

.75 74LS273

.50 74LS275

.75 74LS279

.75 74LS280

1.10 74LS283

2.25 74LS290

1.25 74LS293

75 74LS295

.75 74LS298

.90 74LS299

.90 74LS323

75 74LS324

.75 74LS347

.90 74LS348

.90 74LS352

.90 74LS353

.90 74LS363

.90 74LS365

.90 74LS366

2.00 74LS367

1.70 74LS368

1.70 74LS373

1.70 74LS374

.75 74LS375

.90 74LS377

.90 74LS3B5

2.10 74LS386

9.95 74LS390 74LS393 74LS395

.80 74LS399

.90 74LS424

95 74LS447

.90 74LS490

.80 74LS630

60 74LS640

1.15 74LS641

1.15 74LS642

1.15 74LS645

1.85 74LS668

1,85 74LS669

1.00 74LS670

1,95 74LS674

75 74LS682

1 20 74LS683

.95 74LS684

125 74LS685

.80 74LS688

.95

.80

74LS689 74LS152

74S00

74S00

.40

74S02

.46

74S03

45

74S04

75

74S05

.75

74S08

.45

74S09

.75

74S10

.66

74S11

HO

74S15

BS

74S20

.65

74S22

75

74S30

45

74S32

.95

74S37

185

74S38

1.65

74S40

.40

74S51

.75

74S64

75

74S65

1.20

74S74

65

74S85

2.35

74S86

140

74S112

156

74S113

1.95

74S114

1.45

74S124

2 75

74S132 74S133 74S134 74S135 74S138 74S139 74S140 74S151 74S153 74S157 74S158 74S161 74S162 74S163 74S168 74S168 74S174 74S175 74S181 74S182 74S186 74S189 74S194 74S195 74S196 74S197

74S201 74S225 74S240 74S241 74S251 74S253 74S257 74S258 74S260 74S274 74S275 74S280 74S287 74S288

1.15 1.15 1.15 1.40 2.80 370

3.70

4 60 74S289

540 74S301

106 74S373

105 74S374

4 45 74S381

2.90 74S387

390 74S412

14.90 74S471

290 74S472

185 74S474

485 74S482

4 20 74S570 74S572

2.60

.60 245

.50 1.60 3.30

.50 1.95

.95 1.20 1.80 1.00

.95 2.50 3.95 1.75 1.95 1.95 1.50 1.50 1.35

.65 .65

1.15 1.75

1.90 75.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 1.65

3.15 2.25 2.35 2.35 2.35 2.35 1.25

1490 8.90 395 3.70 1.85 7.40 1.35 1.45

4.70 4.40 6.95 6.90 3.40 340 7.90 5.70 2.95 9.90 16.80 17.60 15.50 7.75 7.75

4000 4001 4002 4006 4007 4006 4009 4010 4011 4012 4013 4014 4015 4016 4017 4018 4019 4020 4021 4022 4023 4024 4025

4029 4030 4031 4032 4033 4034 4035 4037

7812CT 7815CT

7805K7 7812KT 7815KT 76L05 78L12 7905CT 7912CT 7915CT

7905K 7912K 79L05 79L12 79L15

74C00 74C02 74C04 74C08 74C10 74C14 74C20 74C30 74C32 74C42 74C48 74C73 74C74 74C76 74C83 74C86 74C89 74C90 74C93 74C95 74C107 74C150 74C151 74C154 74C157 74C160

.95 4043

.35 4044

.95 4046

45 4047

.45 4048

.35 4049

35 4050

.45 4051

.95 4052

.95 4053

.45 4055

.95 4056

.95 4059

.45 4060

.95 4066

.95 4068

.95 4069

.35 4070

.75 4071

.35 4072

1.95 4073

.65 4075

.80 4076

1.50 4082

2.75 4085

2.75 4086

2.75 4093

95 4501

.95 4502

.75 4503

.85 4505

.85 4506

.95 4507

.95 4508

.75 4510

.55 4511

2.75 4518 2.75 4519 9.95 4520

.40 4527 40 4528

30 4553

.95 4555

.50 4556

.40 4558

.40 4568

.95 4581

95 4582

.95 4584

395 4585

1.75 4702

LINEAR

.85 LM301V LM308V .85 LM309K .95 LM311V LM317T 140 LM317K 1.40 LM318N 1.40 LM323K .65 L.M324N .65 LM337K .95 LM339 .95 LM377 1.15 LM380

LM386V 1.50

1.50 LM555V .75 LM556 75 LM565 .75 LM566V

.95

.65

2.25 225 1.50 125 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.75 1.25 .95 1.75 1.75 1.95 4.95 .95 .95 225 595 1.95 1.95

.75 LM567V

.75 LM723

1.50 LM733

.60 LM741V

1.90 LM747

3.75 LM748V

1.50 LM1414

3.75 LM1458V

.60 DS1488N

395 DS1489D

.75 LM1889

2.25 LM3900

1.25 LM3909

1.25 LM3914 LM3915

.40 LM3916

.70 DS75451

95 DS75452

1.50 DS75453

.30

.75 .60 150 .65 1.00 1.00 2.45

375 3.75 3.75

74C00 CMOS

.35 74C161

35 74C162

.35 74C163

.35 74C164

,35 74C165

145 74C173

35 74C174

,35 74C175

.50 74C192

1,70 74C193

2.05 80C97

65 82C19

.85 74C195

1.90 74C221

1.90 74C240

.90 74C244

4.50 74C373

1.70 74C374

170 74C901

1.70 74C902

.95 74C903

5.70 74C904

2.20 74C905

320 74C906

1.75 74C907 1.95

1.95 74C908

1.95 74C909

1.95 74C910

196 74C911

196 74C912

1.95 74C914

2.20 74C915

2.20 74C917

2.20 74C918

2.20 74C920

.90 74C922

4 95 74C923

2.20 74C925

2 20 74C926

2.20 74C927

2 20 74C928

2 70 74C929

2.70 74C930

,80 74C932

.80 74C941

,80 74C989

,80 80C95

10.90 B0C96

90 88C30

.90 B8C29

2.00 2,70 9.90 9.90 9.90 1.90 1.90 2.70 1.90 16.00 5.90 5.90 6.70 7.90 7.90 7.90 7.90 7.90 1.95 2.75 9.90 .85 .90 3.95

8200

8080A

3.95

8085A

8.95

8085A-2

11.95

8066

99.95

8036

39.95

8155

11.25

8185

29.95

8202

45.00

8205

3.95

6212

1.90

8214

3.85

8216

1.80

8224

2.50

8226

1.80

8228

4.90

8238

4.90

8243

4.50

8251A

5.45

8253

9.80

8255A-5

5.20

8257-5

8.95

8259A

6.95

8271

60.00

8272

39.95

8275

29.95

8279-5

10.00

8282

6.60

8283

6.60

8284A

5.75

8286

6.60

8287

6.60

8288

2500

8289

49.95

8755A

45.00

8748

30.00

HITACHI

2K x 8 CMOS RAM 150NS

Pin Compatible with 2716

HM6116P-3

$13.00

8 For $88.00

4118 STATIC RAM

1K x8 $15.00

6800

AUGAT LOW PHOFILE SOCKETS

4164

64K Dynamic Ram

200 NS 16 pin

$15.00

These Are High

Reliability Industry

Standard Sockets

SPIN

208-AG29D

14PIN

214-AG29D

16PIN

216-AG29D

18PIN

218-AG29D

20PIN

220-AG29D

22PIN

222-AG29D

24PIN

224-AG29D

28PIN

228-AG29D

40P1N

240-AG29D

3242

3480

6B00

6802

6809

6BB09

6809E

6810

6821

6340

6843

6845

6847

6850

6852

6875

6880

68B2

8.00

9.00

5.75

11.00

25.00

45.00

36.00

3.50

3.50

9.00

41.00

22.00

12.25

3.50

3.50

7.00

1.60

4.70

1.80

1.80

1.80

12.50

ZB

Z6132 Z80 Z80A

280A Z80B

280A

230

ZS0A

Z80

Z80A

230

Z80A

Z80

PIO PIO PIO CTC CTC CTC DMA DMA SIO/0 SIO/0 SIO/1 SIO/1 SIO/2 SIO(2

50.00 40.00 6.70 7.25 19.00 6.00 7.10 15.50 6.00 7.10 15.50 18.50 22.50 18.50 22.50 18.50 22.50 18.50 22.50

6502

6502

6502A

6504

6504A

6512

6512A

6520

6521

6521A

6522

6522A

6532

6532A

6545-1

6545A

6551

6551A

Microprocessor Crystals $3.00 Each

EPROMS

3579545MHZ

4.0MHZ

4.0MHZ

5.0MHZ

6.0MH2

6.144MHZ

80MHZ

10.0MHZ

15.0MHZ

18.0MHZ

18.431MHZ

48.0MHZ

Parallel Parallel Series Parallel Parallel Parallel Series Series Series Series Series Series

2708

2716

2716

2716

2716-1

2716

2716

2732

2732

2732

2732A

2732A ■ 2

2732A-2

2532

AMD

Hitachi

National

Intel

Intel

T.I.

Motorola

NEC

Mitsubish

Intel

Intel

Intel

Intel

Hitachi

3 Supply 3 Supply + 5 + 5 + 5 + 5

460NS 450NS 450NS 450NS 350NS 450NS 450NS 450NS 450NS 450NS 250NS 300NS 200NS 450NS

10-00 8.45

9.30 9.20 10.00 4.40 6.15 6.70 8.75 11.70 11.25 12.40 22.50 2895 1196 1295

350 700 7.00 7.00 950 750 7.50 1600 1600 1700 1700 1601 20.00 1800

We reserve the right to substitute manufacturers.

Prices subject to change without notice.

Our inventory is completely managed by computer.

HANLEY ENGINEERING CORP.

13400 Northup Way #20

Bellevue, WA 98005

800-426-2668

206-643-0792

Minimum Order 15.00

Include 4.00 for UPS Blue

Include 3.00 for UPS Ground

Include 4.00 for 1st Class Mail

Include 12.00 for Foreign Country Orders

Washington State add 5.4% Sales Tax

Circle 174 on Inquiry card.

^ScoteK

DISKETTES

SAVE 40% £%££

51/ 11 Specify soft, Price/10 /4 10 or 16 sector

#744 1 side/sgl dens $26.70

#744D 1 side/dbi dens 33.20

#745 2 sides/dbl dens 40.30

8i i Specify soft or 32 sector

#740 1 side/sgl dens 27.30

#741 1 side/dbi dens 35.80

#743 2 sides/dbl dens 43.60

CHECKS - VISA - MC - C.O.D. (313) 7 7 7-7780 ADD $2 SHIPPING

LYBEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS

27204 Harper Ave.

St. Clair Shores, Ml 48081

Authorized Distributor «■■

Information Processing Products «3flV|

Circle 221 on inquiry card.

ELIZA IS HERE!

arogra

FULL IMPLEMENTATION of the original ELIZA ow available lo run on your microcomputer'

Created at MIT in 1966, ELIZA has become the world's most celebrated artificial intelligence demonstration program ELIZA is a non-directive psychotherapist who analyzes each slatemenl as you type n in and ihen responds with her own comment or question — and her remarks are oflen starthngly appropriate!

Designed to run on a large mainframe. ELIZA has hitherto been unavailable to personal computer users except in greatly Stripped down versions lacking ihe sophistication which made the original program so fascinating

Now. our new microcomputer version possessing the FULL power and range of expression of the original is being offered at the introductory price of only $25 And it you want lo find out how she does it (or teach her to do morel we will include the complete Source Program lor only S20 additional

Order your copy of ELIZA today and you'll never agai to respond when you hear someone say "Okay, let'; computer ot yours can actually do1"

ELIZA IS AVAILABLE IN THE FOLLOWING DISK FORMATS:

■ nderhow what this

S25 1or Protectee

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE RESEARCH GROUP

921 NORTH LA JOLLA AVENUE m^^mt LOS ANGELES. CALIFORNIA 90046 WW I (213)656-7368 (213) 654-22V

MC, VISA and CHECKS ACCEPTED

C^^^^rf

SUPER E-Z80 KIT

64K-Z80A-CP/M™ Compatible

Micro-Computer

Features: Z80A CPU-CTC and PIO • 64K Dynamic Ram • 4K Monitor EProm • 54 Key Keyboard (Detachable) • 3 Fully Buffered S-100 Spaces • Intergrated Circuit Sockets • RS232-C Asynch. Modem Control (Programmable Baud' Ratel • Composite Video • CP/M'" Operating System Compatible • Epson or Centronics Printer Compatible Parallel Port • 8272 Floppy Controller Device - 3740 and 3741 Comp. - 8" &. 5'/4" Drives - up to 4 Drives • Z80 Programming Card • Assembly Instructions • Monitor Listing • Block Diagram.

PRICE: $1195.00

TERMS: Certified check or

money order

(Texas lies. Add Sales Tas)

KIT-80 INC.

I860! LBJ Fwv. • Mesquitx, Texas 75150 • 800-527-1593

A Subsidiary of Patrick Computer Systems, Inc.

Manufacturer of the ic436

integrated business computer

™Trademark of Digital Research

Circle 208 on inquiry card.

APPLE, IBM, TRS-80, CP/M

SOFTWARE

Westico is a publisher and distributor of professional software for microcomputers. If you have a new program ready for distribution or wantyourexisting programs to reach a larger market, contact:

Phillip Wbellhof, V.P. Mktg.

Westico, Inc.

25 Van Zant Street

Norwalk, CT 06855

(203) 853-6880 To increase your profits, take advantage of Westico's worldwide promotion and distribution.

WESTICO

The Software Express Service

STATISTICAL SOFTWARE

ELF — Stepwise regression, factor analysis, correlation coefficients, crosstabs, simple statistics, t-tests, ANOVA, stepwise discriminant analysis, all BASIC transformations and more. $200.00

TWG/ARIMA - Box-Jenkins for seasonal and non-seasonal models, identification, estimation and forecasting. Price: $300.00.

Each includes a database manager, numeric software keypad, and is menu-driven. Each requires an Apple II with Applesoft, 48K, and DOS 3.3.

For further information, write

3907 Lakota Road

P.O. Box 10114

Alexandria, VA 22310

"Apple II and Applesoft are trademarks of the Apple Computer Company

Circle 415 on inquiry card.

ANALOGS DIGITAL DIGITALS ANALOG

CONVERSION MODULES

SOFTWARE GAIN CONTROL

__.d tost - S-100 - 9 10 15 kh;

smon rime - mixabie high end low inputs - gain

_.n 1 to 1024 — lj?-bir - '.nrnplf. and hold omphlinr

■channel difff.rp.ntiol — 16-chonncl — onnloq to cJiqitol

nqh accuracy - programmable gain instrumentation

-""-- - custom boorrJ it-si - S-100 - 2 to 15 khz

1 time — mixabir high find low inputs - Qcnfi

Tom i to i0P'i - 12-bit - sample and hold amplifier

8-channel differential — 16-chan<v.i - analog to digital

high accuracy - programmable qain instrumentation

nmnlifiRf — custom board t("->t - S-100 - 9 to IS kh/

For additional details about the ad-ioo-4 and other fine California Data corporation ioo?o individually tested, high reliability products, circle the reader service card number below or for faster response write or call us.

CALIFORNIA DATA CORPORATION

3475 Old Conejo Road. Suite C-10 Newbury Park. CA 91320

(805) 498-3651

Circle 35 on inquiry card.

Circle 410 on inquiry card.

Circle 64 on inquiry card.

RS-232 Got ya down?

The RS-232 Monitor/Controller will help get ya up again. It simply connects in series with any RS-232 interface and allows you to Monitor and Control The RS232 control and data lines. Operates on 9 volt transistor batteries or without batteries when monitoring. Complete instructions included along with helpful interfacing tips.

Price/Terms $59.95/money order, check, C.O.D., Master Charge or Visa. Alabama Residents add 6% sales tax, shipping included in price.

IflRRV engineering

IHUDI associates

P.O. Box 509 Pelham, AL 35124 (205) 987-0997

Leaders in computer interfacing

PERSONAL

COMPUTER SOFTWARE

for

EXECUTIVES and MANAGERS

• Name/Address/Key Information

• Personal Schedule

• Corporate Schedule

• Document Tracking

• File Indexing Schema

• Tickler File

• Questionaire Tabulating

Any three for $150 - All seven for $250. Functional, well engineered software in the Pascal programming language for Apple II and TRS-80 Model II computers.

SOFTWARE CONSULTING SERVICES

901 Whiiiier Drive. Allentown. Pa. 18103

(215) 797-9690

ATT. Martha Cicholli

"C'COMPILERS FOR MC6809

• Generates re-entrant/relocatable, efficient, 'rom'able assembly language

• Supports full "C" except: long, floats, doubles, initializers, and bil fields

• Includes object code linker, library manager, and 6809 assembler

• All user program I/O easily configured to target hardware environment

• Available as flex-compatible, resident compiler or CP/M-compatible, cross-compiler

FC 6809 . CC 6809.

. FLEX VERSION $300.00

. CP/M VERSION $350.00

CP/M-68XX CROSS-ASSEMBLERS

{INCLUDING SOURCE CODE IN "C") A6800 ... MC 6800, MC 6802, MC 6808 ...$125.00

A 6801 MC 6801, MC 6803 $125.00

A 6809 MC 6809 $125 00

CP/M FORMATS: 8" SOFT SECTORED,

5" NORTHSTAR FLEX FORMATS: 8" SOFT SECTORED

*Flex Trademark of Technical Systems Consultants, Inc. *CP/M Trademark of Digital Research

inTrol

CORP.

647 W. Virginia St. Milwaukee, Wl. 53204 (414) 276-2937

Circle 207 on inquiry card.

Circle 354 on inquiry card.

Ptprtronir rnmnonpnts

Belmont, California 94002

One-Stop Component Center ®

This is a partial listing of over 600 items available from 600 authorized Jim-pak Distributors:

fflfff

TTL

7400 2/.85

1402 2/.B5

7404 2/.S5

7406 2/1.19

7407 2/1.19

7408 2A89

7410 2/.85

7414 99

7417 2/1.10

7420 2/.8S

7447 1.19

7474 69

7475 79

7476 69

7485 1.19

7486 2/1.19

7489 2.99

7490 85

7493 85

74100 2.25

74109 2/1.19

74121 69

74123 99

74150 1.95

74154 1.95

74157 99

74151 1.19

74164 1.59

74174 1.59

74175 1.49

74192 1.19

74193 1.19

74367 99

74393 1.95

POTENTIOMETERS

2 Watt © 70°C

7/8" Slotted Shaft

Linear Taper

1K, 5K. 10K, 25K, 50K.

100K, 1 Meg

CMU $2.95

3/4 Watt @ 70°C

16 Turn Pot.

Linear Taper

100 Ohm. 500 Ohm,

1K. 5K, 10K, 50K,

100K, 500K, 1Mog

830P $1.79

5-WAY DC VOLTAGE ADAPTER With Universal Plug & 9V Battery Snap

a a Selective voltage: 6,9,12VDC.

I I Pol. selection ( + /-). 6'

line — adapter to plugs. 6" line — adapter to batt. snap. 120V/60HZ. 300mA. DC6912 $9.95

WW

4000 4001 4002 4006 4009 4010 4011 4013 4016 4017 4018 4020 4023 4024 4027

CMOS

.55 4030

^^W

.55

.59

1.49

.79

.79

.55

.79

.79

1.39

1.39

1.39

.49

1.19

.79

4040 4044 4046 4047 4049 4050 4051 4066 4069 4070 4071 4081 4093 4511

.75

1.79

1.39

1.95

2.75

.79

.89

1.59

.95

.69

.75

.69

.59

1.19

1.95

CONNECTORS

DB25P D-Submlnlature Plug 3.95

DB25S D-Submlnlature Socket 4.95

DB51226 Cover for DB25P/S 2.25

22/44SE P.C. Edge 2.95

UG88/U BNC Plug 2.19

UG89/U BNC Jack 3.95

UG175/U UHF Adapter .59

S0239 UHF Panel Recp. 1.49

PL258 UHF Adapter 1.95

PL259 UHF Plug 1.95

UG260/U BNC Plug 2.39

UG1094/U BNC Bulkhead Recp. 1.49

one ■im.mm&

REPLACES THE TELEPHONE RINGER BELL WITH A SELECTION OF 30 FAMILIAR TUNES

Telephone

PT030 Wall Jack

1 ^

FEATURES

Replaces monotonous telephone ringer bell. Easily connects to any standard phone. Use alongside regular phone or replace remote ringer elsewhere in building or outside. FCC approved. Use on any phone system — worldwide. Use different tune to identify extension phones. Microprocessor controlled. Adjust. vol. control and variable tune speed control. Operates on 2-9V batteries or AC Adapter (not incl.).

PT030 Phone Tunes $49.95

AD30 AC Adapter $8.95

JE215 Adjustable Dual Power Supply

General Description: The JE215 is a Dual Power Supply with independent adjustable positive and negative output voltages. A separate adjustment for each of the supplies providesthe user unlimited applications for IC current voltage requirements. The supply can also be used as a general all-purpose variable power

SUPPiV- FEATURES:

• Adjustable regulated power supplies, pos. and neg. 1.2VDC to 15VDC.

V ■ Power Output {each supply):

5VDC S> 500mA, 10VOC®> 7 50mA, 12VDC@500mA, and 15VDC@> 1 75mA. •Two, 3-terminal adj. IC regulators with thermal overload protection.

• Heat sink regulator cooling

• LED "on" indicator

• Printed Board Construction

• 120VAC input

• Size: 3-1/2"w x 5-1/16"L x 2"H

JE215 Adj. Dual Power Supply Kit (as shown) . . $24.95

(Picture not shown but similar in construction to above) JE200Reg. Power Supply Kit (5VDC, 1 ampl . . $14.95 JE205AdapterBrd.(toJE200l±5,+ 9 & ±12V. . $12.95 JE210Var.Pwr.Sply.Kit,5-15VDC,to1.5arnp. . $19.95

DESK TOP ENCLOSURES

DTE-8 (Pictured) $31.95

DTE-11 (Pictured) 34.95

DTE-14 (Pictured) 36.95

DTE-HK (Case for JE600) 47.95

DTE-AK (Case for JE610) 52.95

WW LINEAR WW

LM301N.

LM305H.

LM307N.

LM308N.

LM309K.

LM310N.

LM311N.

LM317T.

LM318N.

LM319N.

LM320K-5

LM7905T

LM7912T

LM7915T

LM323K.

LM324N.

LM337T.

LM339N.

.59 1.39

.75 1.19 2.25 2.69 1.49 2.29 2.95 2.95 2.25 1.75 1.75 1.75 5.95 1.29 2.29 1.29

LM7805T LM7812T LM7815T LM380N. LM384N. LM555N. LM556N. LM565N. LM566N. LM567N. LM723N. LM741N. LM1310N LM1458N LM1488N LM1489N LM1800N 76477N. .

1.75 1.75 1.75 1.49 2.49

.69 1.49 1.95 1.95 1.79

.79

.65 2.95

.99 1.59 1.59 4.49 3.95

Sun Power Your Electronics! SOLAR CELL PANEL KIT

• Output: 10VDC, to 100mA in Series

SVDC, to 200mA in Parallel

• Panel may be easily connected for Series or Parallel out

• Over 11 square inches of active cell surface

• Voltage line tap @ 0.5V increments

• Provision for charging batteries

• Overall panel size: 43/4"L x 41/a"H x 1/a"D

The JE305 Solar Cell Panel Kit contains 20 ea. solar cells. On the panel board are power line taps which allow the user to select voltages (1 voltage at a time) from 0.5VDC to 10VDC. The applications of each panel can be further expanded by coupling additional panels in series for more voltage or in parallel for more current. The premium grade solar cells provide the current necessary for the operation of most portable transistor radios, small battery powered cassette tape players & unlimited experimental solar projects.

JE305 $39.95

WW LS Schottky ffi?^

74LS00 55 74LS109 . . .

74LS02 55 74LS123 . . .

74LS04 69 74LS138 . . .

74LS08 55 74LS139 . . .

74LS10 55 74LS154 . . .

74L.S14 1.09 74LS157 . . .

74LS30 55 74LS161 . . .

74LS32 69 74LS174 . . .

74LS38 69 74LS175 . . .

74LS42 1.29 74LS192 . . .

74LS47 1.29 74LS193 . . .

74LS48 1.79 74LS221 . . .

74LS73 75 74LS244 . . .

74LS74 69 74LS245 . . .

74LS75 75 74LS367 . . .

74LS85 1.49 74LS374 . . .

74LS90 89 81LS97. . . .

SOCKETS

, .75 1.49 1.29 1.29 1.95 1.19 1.29 1.19 1.19 1.49 1.49 1.49 1.89 3.49 .89 1.95 2.29

Low Profile

8 pin LP . 14 pin LP . 16 pin LP . 18 pin LP . 20 pin LP . 22 pin LP. 24 pin LP . 28 pin LP . 36 pin LP . 40 pin LP .

2/.59

2/.69

2/. 79

2/. 89

2/.99

2/1.09

.79

.82

.99

1.19

Wire Wrap

14 pin WW tin .75 14 pin WW gold 1.09 16 pin WW tin .79 16 pin WW gold 1.19 24 pin WW gold 1.69

AQ nln \AI\M haI

24 p. piuy/cover j,.so Also, The MolexLlne

DIODES & TRANSISTORS

IN751 2/.59 2N2219A. . . .2/1.19

IN757 2/.59 2N2222A. . . . 2/.B9

IN1188 2.69 2N2907A. . . . 2/.89

IN3600 5/.99 2N3055 99

IN4001 4/.59 2N3772 2.25

IN4004 4/.69 2N3904 2/.69

IN4007 4/.79 2N3906 2/.69

IN4148 10/.99 2N4401 2/.79

IN4733 2/.69 2N4403 2/. 79

IN4734 2/.69 2N5129 2/.69

IN4735 2/.69 2N5139 2/.69

IN4742 2/.69 2N5210 2/.79

IN4744. ■ . . . 2/.69 2N5951 2/1.29

CAPACITORS

Dipped Tantalum ELECTROLYTIC

lmfd@35V .47mfd@35V lmfd@35V 2.2mfd@25V 3.3mfd@25V 4.7mfd@25V 10mfd@25V 33mfd@>25V

2/. 89

2/.89

2/.89

2/1.09

2/1.19

2/1.39

1.19

3.95

100V MYLAR

.001-.01mfd .022mfd .047m fd .lmfd .22mfd

4/. 79

4/. 89

4/.99

4/1.19

4/1.29

lmfd@50V

4.7mfd@50V

10mfd@50V

22mfd@50V

47mfd@50V

100m fd@ 50V

220mfd@50V

1000mfd@25V

2200mfd@16V

50V CERAMIC 10pf-.022mfd 4/.59 .047mfd 4/.69

.lmfd 4/.79

3/.69

2/. 59

2/. 69

2/. 79

2/.89

.59

.69

1.19

1.39

MICROPROCESSORS

280A CPU (4MHz) 13.95

MC6800 8 Bit MPU 8.95

8080A CPU 6.95

8212 8 Bit I/O Port 3.95

8216 Bl-Dlrectional Bus Driver 4.49

2513/2140 Character Generator 12.95

8T97 Trl-State Hex Buffer 2.25

AY-5-1013 30K Baud UART 6.95

AY-5-2376 88-Key Keyboard Encoder 11.95

2114-2 4K Static RAM (200ns) 3.95

MK4116 16K Dynamic RAM (250ns) 3.95

2708 8K EPROM 5.95

2716 16K EPROM (+5V) 9.95

Function Generator Kit

,Mi!2os» ~ ~, Provides 3 basic

<,,-.. »„„ hgg*t*,m waveforms: sine,

I triangle and square >,- ,..j»^., | wave. Freq. range J ■.« from 1 HztolOOK

*-' ■"S~ Hz. Output ampli

- y tude from 0 volts

to over 6 volts (peak to peak). Uses a 12V supply or a ±6V split supply. Includes chip, P.C. Board, components & instructions.

JE2206B ..$19.95

Circle 204 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1982

497

KIT-80 INC.

"7| % --"BBB

E-Z-80 ENTRY KIT

A Z-80 Micro Computer with CPU: CTC: PIO: Prom Programmer: Read Outs: Key Pad: Onboard ROM & RAM: Wire Wrap: DC Regulator: Manual & Instructions.

Kit Price *390i

18601 LBJ FwyMesqulte, Texas 75150-800-527-1593 WINNIPEG (204-632-1687)-VANOOUVER (604-224*620) CALGARY (403-236-3040)'TORONTO (416-281-3454) MONTREAL (514-286-4034)

A Subsidiary of Patrick Computer Systems, Inc., manufacturer of the ic436 integrated business computer.

FOR YOUR

[apple

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

FREE CATALOG

OVER 350 PRODUCTS

SPECIAL OFFER wabash® diskettes

Unique SR-3000 Formulation - 100% Certified Error Free - Hub Rings Installed on SW

51A"SS/SD $21 .95/bx DS/DD $29.95/bx

8" SS/SD S23.75/BX DS/DD $36.75/bx ONE TIME ONLY- ONE BOX/CUSTOMER

Ask For Our S-100and Related Products Catalog

2.4MB

NEC 8" FLOPPY DISKS SUBSYSTEM $1675

FETCH COMPUTER PRODUCTS DIVISION OF:

ALMALY TRADING CORPORATION

8135 S.W. 17 STREET, MIAMI, FL 33155 TELEX: 51-9602 "ALMALY MIA"

800-327-2251

Apple is a RegisteredTrademarkof Apple Computers

\ferbatim

flexible disks

Call Free (800) 235-4137 for

prices and information. Dealer inquiries invited. C.O.D. and charge cards accepted.

VISA

PACIFIC EXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd. San Luis Obispo, CA 93401. In Cal. c (800) 592-5935 or (805) 543-1037

Circle 209 on inquiry card.

Circle 12 on Inquiry card.

Circle 300 on inquiry card.

EIA RS-232-C

• Quality Cables

• Immediate Delivery

• Low Prices

*16-25 conductor (M or F) 15.85 & .50/ft

13-15" " 13.90 & .40/ft

9-12 " " 12.90 & .30/ft.

5-8 " " 12.10 & .25/tt.

1-4 " " 11.30 & ,15/ft.

SPECIFY: Male or female connectors Length of cable Pins to be connected

*Plus Shipping -All orders pre-paid or C.O.D.

Communication

Cable

Company

(215) 964-9404 319 Louella Ave. Wayne, PA 19087

command your own

STARSHIP

with

Fleet Maneuvers

19Q2's hottest new

play by mail game.

by

Fqrrrqyric ^imuLqrnom

p. o. box 24566 dciwGr Colorado 80224

Inside the

IBM Personal Computer This collection of usefull information supplements the IBM Manuals to show how to:

• Program the system DMA and Interrupt

Controller

• Design expansion slot add-in boards

• Program add-in boards using BASIC,

assembler, and DOS

• Use DOS and BIOS functions from user

programs PLUS technical data including:

• System operation and timing diagrams

• Using the extra ROM and co-processor

sockets

• Expansion slot signals and timing dia

grams

• Expansion slot physical dimensions ILLUSTRATED with example schematics and programs for D/A converters, Parallel I/O, Clock/Calendar

Send check or money order for $10.00 (D.C. residents add 6% tax).

TENLEY DESIGN

P.O. Box 39155 Washington, D.C. 20016

Circle 83 on inquiry card.

Circle 159 on inquiry card.

TYPESETTING

from your own

COMPUTER

Type your manuscripts, catalogs, or other text into your word processing computer.

Send it to us on a diskette or via- a modem transmission and we'll send you camera ready film copy.

Computer typesetting provides high quality, easy to read copy at a fraction of the cost of conventional typesetting.

Call or write for instructional brochure that includes typestyle selections, formatting instructions, and examples.

Dream Electronics

131 N.W. 2 nd. St. 1-503-7524833 Corvallis, Oregon 97330

UCSD p-System™ IV.1

IBM Personal Computer North Star Horizon North Star Advantage ALTOS 8000, 8000-10 Operating System $300.00 Compiler $300.00 Extended memory and hard disk supported. Turnkey prices available on request.

Dealer Inquiries Welcome

"The Regents of the University of California

Network Consulting Inc.

A106 - 1093 W. Broadway

Vancouver, Canada V6H 1E2

604-738-3500

DISKETTES CASSETTES

Error-Free 5V4-inch Diskettes (MD5) single-sided, soft sector, single or double density, reinforced hub.

Item

Qty 10

Qty50

MD-5

$25.00

$110.00

C-10 C-20 C-60 C-90

$ 7.50

9.00

11.50

15.00

32.50 39.00 50.00 70.00

UPS SHIPPING INCLUDED

in Continental USA

CA Customers add taxes

MICROSETTE

475 Ellis St., Mt. View, CA 94043 (415) 968-1604

Circle 136 on inquiry card.

Circle 279 on inquiry card.

Circle 253 on inquiry card.

We Have It All I. .Now at an extra 5%off

AFTER INVENTORY CLEARANCE

#

being discounted

-fc \K

&M" :C

Included Is Most, But Not All Products In MlniMicroMart's

Current Inventory. Call Or Send

For Our Special Price List And Catalog.

Special price applies to current inventory,which is subject to prior sale. Offers on most items will terminate on April 30,1982

Mini Micro Mart, Inc.

Circle 263 on inquiry card.

I I »'iV

943 W.Genesee St. P.O. Box 2991 B Syracuse, NY. 13220 315-422-4467

BYTE Marrh 1982 499

FLOPPY DISKS

NEW Shugart. SA400 $333.00

NEW Shugart SA450 3E5.DO

NEW Shugart SAB01FI.- 333.00

NEW Shugarc SAB51H 520.00

Oual B" enclosure, wired. powBr. rack mount slides, remote AC power

control &49.00

EncloBure, B" desk top. bare, unwired 75.00 ENCLOSURE DUAL MINI WITH

POWER, DESK TOP 90.00

DIMOn

1 year warranty. 10 per plastic library case. B" ..Bingle Bide-single density S&.AO

S" ..singls side-double deneity 39.90

8" ..double sided-dcuble density 45.7D

514" REINFORCED HUB 10/PLASTIC LIBRARY CASE SOFT SECTORED. 10 OR 16 HOLES

Bingle sids-aingls denBity 2S."70

Bingle side-double density 36.10

double Bidsd-doubls dansity 43.90

TRACTOR FEED PAPER

914 x 11 blank. 3"7CO sheats. psrf 27.22

&Vm x 11 blue bar. 3700 Bhsets 24.72

OTHER TYPES OF MEDIA AVAILABLE . . . CALL FOR PRICE

□ METAVAN, INC.

J 1B05 East Dyer Road. Suite 3D7 Santa Ana. CA 92705 (-714|540-2427

PRINTER SOLUTION

Handsomely crafted ol heavy-duty '/<" Plexiglas Permits easy, convenient storage ol paper, checks, invoice forms, plus direct feed from shelf or surface below A Programs Unlimited exclusive1

Regular Size $29.95

13" x 15" (Epson MX-80. Okidata u82. u83)

Large Size $39.95

13" x 17" (Epson MX-100. Okidata u84|

X-Larqe Size $59.95

(Includes Shell) 13" x 22" (Dalaroyal. Paper Tiger) Optional Shelf $14.95

PROGRAMS UNLIMITED

COMPUTER CENTERS

800-645-6038 In NY 516-997-8668

68000

MACSBUG & OMNIBYTE users

DEBUGGING DISASSEMBLER Res, in 4 2716's

DISPLAYS:'^>

-ADDRESS -MNEMONICS -DATA -ASCII Equiv.

$165 (ca. res. add 6.5%)

SYSTEM 300

486 Thompson ave

MT. View Ca. 94042

Circle 235 on inquiry card.

Circle 321 on inquiry card.

Circle 369 on inquiry card.

RIBBONS

CARTRIDGE RIBBONS

FOR COMPUTERS, WORD PROCESSORS,e,c

PRICED FROM

S

EACH IN LOTS OF 12

PRICES INCLUDE SHIPPING

WRITE FOR PRICE LIST

CHECK-MATE

P. 0. BOX 103. RANDOLPH. MA 02368 TELEPHONE: 617-963-7694

"G

]L_l_OL=R

ompuPro"

CPU Z 6MHz CSC 308 CPU Z A&T 221 CPU 8085/88 CSC 391 CPU 8085/88 319 DISK 1 AST 371 CPM*2,2 135 INTERFACE!? 1,11 187 INTERFACER 3 467 RAM 17 64K AST 597 RAM 16 AST 671 6MHz CPU Z SYSTEM 64K DUAL 8" DRS 3595 8MHz CPU 8085/88 SYSTEM 64K (2)8" 3695

Seattle Computer

SEATTLE SYSTEM 1 64K, SER, PAR 2519

SEATTLE SYSTEM 2 128K SER, PAR 3325

8086 & SUPPORT 596 BASIC 86 235

B1K STATIC 8/16 716 RASIC 86 COM 235

PASCAL 86 349 FORTRAN 86 349

MORROW DESIGNS

MORRCW DECISION 1 1295 65K STATIC AST 581 DMA DISK JOCKEY CPM 356 MULTI I/O 269

SWITCHBOARD I/O 195 M/OS MULTI-USER 371

DBASE II & SPELLBINDER TOGETHER (LIST 1195) 749

CPM is TRADEMARK of DIGITAL RESEARCH OF CA

pd qa L-E^nMsrrR up

7IM BRErPMb

•s.

NEW.'s 795

Typrinter T35*KSR DAISYWHEEL

• Integral parallel interface KSR version

bSWd on the Olivetti PRAXIS Model 35 electronic daisy wheel

• 10 12 15 characters per inch suae>ng Now software and manually selectable

• Local and online modes

• Fine line spacing adjustment

• Beautiful case

TRS BO PRINTER PORT CABLE $20.00

TRS80KEYBOARD INTERFACE $49.95

INTELLIGENT ASCII RS 232 CONTROLLER $889.00

"HO from S649 TRS BO Af)|ile Software Driver Now Av.iildl.lt

SYSTEIVED CORP. —

P 0. BOX IB. MOUNTAIN CUV. TENNESSEE 3T6B3 PHONE IB1SI 12? E000

Circle 72 on inquiry card.

Circle 352 on inquiry card.

Circle 370 on inquiry card.

C compilers

and

Cross compilers

Available for:

PDP-11 RT-11/RSX-11

6809 SDOS/FLEX

8080 CP/M

8085 CP/M

Z80 CP/M

8086

8088

OTHERS PENDING The full C language, as described in "The C Programming Language" by Kernighan and Ritchie.

UNIX version 7 compatible.

RTlVRSXn.iemdem.rki of

SDOS is . it.demjik ol Sollw. CP/M n i ir.dem.ik ol DigiN HEX n j lildenuik of T

TELECON SYSTEMS

90 E. Gish Road. Suite 25

San Jose, California 95112

408-275-1659

CENTRONICS 739

-Color

l Underlining. Subscript

> Printer BLACK and RED & Super Script

> Proportional Spacing > Single Sheet Paper Feed

> Hi-Resolution Graphics > Suitable lor Word Processing

#B-P739 (Parallel) $59988 De|ivered #B-S739(RS-232C) $69988Delivered

HIGH TECHNOLOGY AT AFFORDABLE PRICES

TO ORDER CALL TOLL FREE l-800-2?8-3900

I—®m

, , For Technical Details

12 Johnson Street.Milford NH 03055 1-603-637-8B57

Software For

IBM

Personal Computer

• General Ledger (48K) $395

• Accounts Payable (48K) $395

• Accounts Receivable

(48K) 4/1/82

• Payroll (48K) 4/1/82

• Star Trek (32K) $24.95

• Complete with comprehensive users guide

ZETA Products

Box 147 Georgetown, TX 78626 (512)863-3079

rffl B

Circle 379 on inquiry card.

Circle 49 on inquiry card.

Circle 420 on inquiry card.

PffiitersPlus

...computers, peripherals, accessories and supplies!

APPLE ACCESSORIES

Apple II & 48K CALL

Disk II w/controller DOS 3.3 CALL

Disk II Add-On CALL

Microsoft Z80 Softcard 299.

16K Ram Card 159.

CCS Parallel Card 109.

Async Serial Card 139.

Clock/Calendar Card 99.

IEEE Card 239.

AD Card 99.

Mountain Comp. Romplus 139.

KB Filter ROM 49.

CPS Multifunction Card 199.

Supertalker 259.

Paymar L/C Adapter • New 39.

- Old 49.

M&R Super Mod 25.

Superterm 319.

Videx Video Term 309.

APPLE SOFTWARE

Personal S/W Desktop Plan II $ 159.

CCA Data Mgmt 85.

Visicalc 159.

Visiplot 159.

Visitrend/Visiplot 219.

Visidex 169.

Visiterm 129.

Micropro Wordstar 299.

Super-Sort 159.

Mail-Merge 99.

Data Star 239.

Spell Star 199.

Muse Super Text II 129.

Address Book 44.

Form Letter Module 79.

Stoneware-DB Master II 199.

Microcom-MicroCourier 239.

Infotory 199.

RIBBONS

NEC $77.00/Doz.

Qume 45.00/Doz.

Diablo 66.00/Doz.

Anadex 135.00/6 ea.

Tritel 95.00/Doz.

TI/DEC/TTY 45.00/Doz.

Epson 13.95/ea.

MPl/Axiom/Base 2 10.00 ea.

MAGNETIC MEDIA

Premium Quality At Bargain Prices

5'M" Diskettes, all Formats

100% Certified with hub rings, box of 10

Single sided, single density 26.95

Single sided, double density 29.95

Double side, double density 38.95

8" Diskettes, All Formats, 100% Certified

Single sided, single density 29.95

SSSD Error Free 32.95

Single sided, double density 39.95

Double sided, double density 49.95

ePSONS

Complete Stock of MX-80, MX-80 F/T

MX-100 Printers, Graphics Chip Sets

Cards and Cables

NEC-8023 A, 100 cps Matrix Printer

Hi-Rer. dot graphics, proportional spacing.

correspondent quality printing, bi-directional

tractor and friction feed. 80. 132 col. Greek &

Math symbols. Everything you need in a small

printer.

List $840 $599.

MODEMS

(JDS 103 LP, direct * 169.

103 JLP Auto Answer 209.

202 LP 1200 BAUD 259.

NOVATION CAT, acoustic 145.

D-CAT. direct 155.

Auto Cat 219.

Apple Cat 339.

HAYES SlOOMicromodem $349.

Apple Micromodem 299.

Smart Modem 249.

VIDEO MONITORS

Zenith 12" Green $ 119.

NEC 12" Green $185.

Amdex 12" B/W (Leedex) $139.

Amdek 13" Color Lo-Res $439.

VIDEO TERMINALS

Ampex Dialog 80 $995.

Ampex Dialog 30 795.

Televideo 920C 845.

Televideo 950 995.

SEC

PC-8000 Series Microcomputer System.

INTRO

PRICING

$ 1099.00

• Z-80A CPU 4 MHz

• 5 user programmable function keys • 82 Keys with numeric keypad • 160 x 100 resolution • 80 character screen

PC-8001A Microcomputer w/32K RAM 899.

PC 8012A I/O Unit w/32K RAM

Expansion slots 599.

PC-8031A Dual Mini-Disk Drive Unit 899.

PC-8032A Add-On Dual Mini Disk

Drive Unit 799.

MPI 88G / 99G MATRIX

High resolution dot-addressable graphics for Apple. Enhanced "correspondence quality" printing. Tractor and friction feed. Serial and Parallel Input. 100 cps Bidirectional printing. 80. 96 and 132 column widths!

88 G List $749 $589.

99 G List $849 $660.

Apple Parallel I/O Card/Cable/Disk . . $ 1 10.

with Graphics Prom (Ap-Pak) $ 145.

IEEE I/O Card $55.

Single Sheet Feeder $25.

QT Cover $35.

NEC SPINWRITERS

5510/5530 RO w/tractor $2,550.

7710/7730 RO w/tractor $2,595.

5520 KSR w/tractor $2,850.

7720 KSR w/tractor $2,895.

3510/3530 RO $1,895.

Bi-directional tractor $225.

Pusher tractor $350.

^

.^

OLYMPIA

Letter quality. Daisy wheel printer typewriter interfaces to Apple. Atari. NEC, TRS80 and RS232 Serial ports. A truly cost effective letter quality printer that functions as a typewriter. ESI00 RO Computer printer

List $1690 CALL

ESI00 Typewriter only CALL

Interface Card Only CALL

(specify serial or parallel) I/O Cable (specify serial or parallel) . CALL

Apple Serial Card CALL

Print Wheels & Ribbons CALL

TO PLACE YOCJR ORDER CALL:

TELEPHONE Tl 1 EX

(714)744-7314 697120

or write to:

PALOMAR

Computer Products

910-105 W. San Marcos Blvd., San Marcos. CA 92069 TERMS OF SALE: Cdsh check monev order bank wirp transfer

credit ' ard or purchase order-, (rom qualified firms an,: tnstjluijons Please m< lude telephone numher with order and expiration date on < redit i ard orders ( alrt'xrua residents add 69 sales tax Advertised pn< es are for prepaid orders M > B shipping point Add V foi shipping ir (J S Pn< mq and a\ailabilit\ sub|e<i'" change without notice

Circle 305 on Inquiry card.

YOU CAN SAVE $S$ ON RIBBONS FOR

Anadex DP 9500 $14.00

Centronics 700 Series

Zip Pack (Box of 3) $ 8.25

Cartridge $ 8.50

D.E.C. LA-34 $ 6.90

Diablo 630 $ 6.00

Epson MX 70-80 $12.95

NECSpinwriter(Boxof 3) $14.25

OkidataMicroline80(Boxof 3) ...$ 8.90

Radio Shack LP II ■ IV $ 8.50

Teletype 33 (Box of 3) $ 6.00

Teletype 43 $ 7.50

Tl Silent 700 Thermal

Paper (Case) $48.00

Plus Many Others ■ Call for Inlormation on Ribbons, Thermal Paper and Diskettes.

Add $3.00 for Shipping & Handling Illinois Res. Add 6% Sales Tax

ILLINOIS COMPUTER PRODUCTS CO.

P.O. Box 112

Mt. Prospect, IL 60056 (312) 228-5590

Scotch Diskettes

Rely on Scotch* diskettes to keep your valuable data safe. Dependable Scotch diskettes are tested and guaranteed error-free. The low abrasivity saves your read/write heads. They're compatible with most diskette drives.

(800)235-4137

Dealer Inquiries

invited

RS-232 PROBLEMS?

We have a large assortment of problem solvers at B & B ELECTRONICS, send for our new Catalog.

RS-232 TESTER. Seven LED'S display the status of RS-232 lines: $39.95

RS-232 DATA TAP. Lets you tap data off a RS-232 line: $34.95

RS-232 NULL MODEM. Replaces a set of modems for testing: $19.95

RS-232 GENDER REVERSERS. Convert a male connector to female or a female to male. Either one: $19.95 Set of both Reversers: $34.95

B & B ELECTRONICS

BOX 475 / MENDOTA, IL 61342

IL Residents add 5% Tax

Circle 183 on inquiry card.

Circle 300 on inquiry card.

Circle 43 on inquiry card.

UV EPROM ERASER

4T

$49.95

• ERASES ALL UV ERASABLE EPROMSI2708. 2716.2564. elC i

• QUICK FIFTEEN MINUTES ERASE TIME

■ ERASES OVER FIFTEEN EPROMS AT A TIME •LAMPLIFE, 7700HOURS

■ INDUSTRIAL MODEL $68.50

• INDUSTRIAL MODEL WITH TIMER & SAFETY INTERLOCK SWITCH 197.50

IRugqed strpl enclosure wMi boltom rSravterj

THE BEST 6809 SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER AVAILABLE

■ floflfjy Cantrtilei • SWTPC complete

• Printer FVri • RunsTSCFIct CZQQ tlf\

• RSP.VFvrt • Full Oacumcntitim PRICE: JJ0.7.UU FOR THE SS-50 AND S100 BUS

ASSFMPl FD TESTED. 4fi HOUII BUflNi-lN. 90DAY WARRANTY

STRAIGHT FROM

STEftCARO. CO.fi. CHECKS

PHONE ORDERS (305)9744)967 LOGICAL DEVICES INC.

781 W OAK! AND PARK SLVD • FT LAUDERDALE FLORIDA 33311

Circle 218 on inquiry card.

1802 fig-FORTH

high-level compiler language

10- 20X faster than BASIC

ELFII/SuperELF/VIP RCA Microboard

w editor, strings macro-assembler floating-point $90

plus tiny pascal add $35

on cassette/requires 16k+RAM

P.O. Box 8403

Austin,T»xo* 78712

512-477-2207

Circle 164 on Inquiry card.

THE MISSING LINK

^^ $249

Adapt IBM ET50, 60, or 75 to Apple tl or I with our Missing Link for word processing quality output.

• Does iwt affect normal typewriter operation

• Typewriter still qualified for IBM maintenance contract

• Interface isolates the Apple from the typewriter See our full pacje ad in Mity 1980 BYTE

Check with your local Apple dealer or to order call: 1 800-845-2712 (In S.C.. call 1-800-922-5528)

If you need word processing software, we offer ManuScnpter in two versions Beginner S95. Advanced $195

*S C residents arid 4".. sales tax

H

n

mm

Systems

?301 DEVINE STREET ■ PO BOX ft "OLUMBIA SC ?9?ft0-18031 ?M-0K0-l

Circle 88 on inquiry card.

FOR UCSD PASCAL* SYSTEMS

S650 - PDBASE an Entity Relational Data-base. Complete with English query language, formated screen, procedure language, data security, multiple users, validity checking and example relations.

$300 - Program interface for PDBASE

$ 25 - PDBASE users manual

$125 - Interactice spelling checker

$100 - Complete LISP interpreter. IOTC Inc. 910 Sully/Laramie, WY 82070

"Trademark Regents Univ. of Calif.

(307) 721-5818

YORK lO

BASF-DPS

WORLD STANDARD TAPE

DATA TRAC C-10 C-20

BUNK COMPUTER CASSETTES UNIVERSAL INDUSTRY ACCEPTANCE MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

LENGTH 1 DOZEN 2 DOZEN" C-10 8 00 14.40 k

C-20 10.00 18.00

Shipping: 1 doz $2 2 doz. $3.50 addt'l. doz.. $1. Calif residents, add 5% sales lax

For IMMEDIATE SHIPMENT on Credll Card Order*. Call: 213(710-1430

VORK lO Computerware

24573 Kittridge St., #B-1, Canoga Park. CA 91307

IEEE-696 S-100 HARDWARE

CP/M" SOFTWARE

WORDSTAR lor CP/M .

$299

SPELI.STAR (requires WORDSTAR). .

$169

MAILMERGE (requires WORDSTAR)

S99

dBASE II

$549

32K STATIC RAM

IEEE-696 S-100, 8/16 bit data.

Extended Addressing 24 bits.

Bonk Select 2716 EPROM Mix

Battery backup option.

150 ns CMOS. AST

S379

NEC 12" green phosphor monitor..

$179

TELEVIDEO 925

$799

COMPLETE S-100 CP M MICROCOMPUTER

Z80 CPU 4Mhz, 64KRAM

Floppy dbl den controller

2 parallel. 2 serial interfaces

28' floppy drives. 1 2 MB storage

CP M 2 2 and utilities

)2,899

1 - YEA& GUARANTEE on all boards

Outside California CALL TOLL FREE

800-854-6413

In Calif, call 714-497-5777

COTTON ASSOCIATES

1278 Glenneyre. suile 505

Laguna Beach. CA 92651

I -Wtranr-mrjiv , t I .,Q.'a. Sr-s.-1'rr.

Circle 196 on inquiry card.

Circle 431 on inquiry card.

FULL LINE ALL PARTS & COMPUTER PRODUCTS

P.O. Box 4430X Santa Clara, CA 95054 'Will calls: 2322 Walsh Ave. (408) 988-1640

Same day shipment. First line parts only. Factory tested. Guaranteed money back. Quality IC's and other components at factory prices.

INTEGRATED CIRCUITS Phone orders only (800) 538-8196

(ELECTRONICS

T4O0TTL

74O0N

7402!)

7404N

7409H

74 ION

74! iH

7420N

7 WON

7M2N

7445N

T4A7H

744BN

7474N

7475N

7-IB5N

74S9N 1

7J90N

7495H

74100N 1

74107N

74123N

74125N

74 MSN

74I50N I

74151N

74154N 1

7-1157N

74161N

74162N

74I63N

74174N

74175N

7419QN 1

74192N

74I93N

74221N 1

7429BN

7J365N

74366N

74367N

741S00TTL

74LS00N

74LSD2N

74LS04N

74LS05N

74LS0BS

74LS10N

74LS13K

74LS14N

MIS20N

7JLS22N

74LS28N

74LS30N

74LS33N

74LS38N

74LS74N

74LS75N

7JLS90N

74LS93N

74LS95N

74LS107H

74LS112H

741S113M

74LSI32M

74LS136N

74LS151N

74LS155N

74LS1S7N

74LS162N

74LS163N

74LS174H

741S190N 1

74LS221N 1

74LS2S8H

74LS367N

LINEAR CA3045 CA3046 1 CA30B1 1.

CA3082 1 CA3089 3. LM301ANAH LM305H LM307N IM308N LM309K 1 IMJltHN

LM31B 1 49

IM320K-S 1 35

LM320K-12 I 35

LM320K-15 1 35

LU3201-5 B5

LM320T-B 85

IM32DT-12 85

LM320T-15 85

LM323K-5 4 9S

LM324N 59

LM339N 99

LM340K-5 1 35

LM340K-8 1 35

LM340K-12 135

LM340K-15 1 35

LM340K-24 I 35

LM340T-5 75

LM340I-8 75

IM340M2 75

LM340T-1S 75

1.M340T-1B 75

IM340T-24 75

I.M350 S SO

LM377 2 29

LM3S0N 1 00

LM3S1 1 60

IM382 1 60

LM709H 59

IM723H N 49

LM733N 85

LM741CH 35

LM741N 35

LM747H N 75

LM748N SO

IM1303N 1 75

LM1304 1 10

L Ml 305 127

LM1307 1 10

IM1310 2 75

LMM58 55

LM1812 8 25

LM1BB9 2 49

LM2111 175

LM2902 2 25

LM3900N 59

LM3905 1 25

LM3909N 95

MCI 458V 55

NE550N I 30

NE555V 39

NE556A 65

NES65A 1 00

NE566V 1 50

NE567V l 00

NE570B 4 75

7BL05 60

78108 60

78M05 85

75108 t 49

75491CN 50

75492CN 55

75494CN 89

8700CJ 13 95

8701CN 22 00

B750CJ 13.95

LD130 9.95

9400CJV.T 7.40

ICL7103 9 50

ICL7107 14 25

CMOS

CD4000 25

C040O1 35

C04002 35

CD4006 95

CD4007 25

CDJ008 95

CC40D9 45

CD4010 45

CO401I 35

CD4012 25

C04013 45

CD4014 95

CD4015 95

C04016 45

CD4017 CD40I8 CD4019 CD4Q20 CD4021 CD4022 CO4023 CD4024 CD4Q25 CD4Q26 CD4027 CD4028 CD4029 CD4Q30 CD4035 CD4Q40 CD40J2 CDJ043 CDJ044 CD4I546 CD4049 CD4050 CD4051 CD4060 CO4066 CQ405B

UAHT.FIFO AY5-1D13 AV5-10I4

2101-1

2102-1

2I02AL-4

2102AN-2L

2104A-4

2107B-4

2111-1

2112-2

2114

2114L300tis 2 50

21141450ns 237

4118 200ns 2 50

B-4ME 200ns. 15 40

MM5280 3 00

MM5321 9 95

MM5330 5 94

P5101L 6 95

4200A 11 50

299 ; 2 24 |

1 2708 2 9

' 2716TI 8 5

1 2716 5 Volt 5 5

1 82716 5 VdII 39 0

1 2732 16 5

DE9S 1 i

WISP ? I

DA15S 3 i

Complete Set 9 !

Stepwatch Kit H.I

Au:o Cluck Kit 17.i

DI|Hil Clock K.i !!>' RESISTORS'i«»1l 5' 10 per type 100 per typE 1O0O pe- type 5O00 per type

39 K:;

39 95

34 95 49 95

ISO ft

015 IK

012 MASTER DOBS CLOSEOUT $59.95

CD4063

.35

1MM2016

16 95

CD4070

.35

HM6116

16 50

CD4072

30

CLOCKS

CO4073

35

MM5311

4 95

CD4075

30

MM5312

390

CD4075

95

MM5314

3 90

CD407B

30

MM5369

1 95

CD4081

30

MM5841

14 45

CD4082

30

MM5865

7 95

CD41I6

47

CT7010

8.95

CD4J90

5.50

CT7015

a.95

CD45Q7

99

MM5375AA/N 3 90

CD450B

1 95

MM5375AGiN 4 90

CD4510

95

7205

16 50

CD45H

94

7207

750

CD4515

2 25

7206

15 95

CD4516

1 10

7209

4.95

CD451B

1 25

CU4520

1 02

MICROPROCESSOF

CD4527

1 SI

6502

G.95

CD4528

1 25

6502A

S.50

CD4553

3.50

5504

6.95

CD4566

2.46

B522

875

CC45B3

2 35

B530

9 50

CD4585

95

5533

14 95

CD40192

300

5551

11 85

74C00

35

5800

5 70

74C04

35

6B02

1195

74C10

35

6820

4 95

. 75

6850

3 50

74C20

35

S080A

3 95

74C30

35

8085A

8.50

74C4B

1.95

ZBDA

6 00

74C74

85

Z80B

1895

74C76

.BO

280 P10

6.50

74C90

1 25

ZBDA P10

5 95

74C93

1 25

*80 CTC

5.95

74C154

3 25

Z80A CTC

8 65

74C160

1.69

280 DART

15.25

74C175

1 19

Z80A DART

1875

74C192

1.65

Z80 DMA

17.50

74C221

1.90

Z80A DMA

27.50

74C905

600

ZBOS10 0

23 95

74C906

75

nm Sinn

28.95

74C914

1.95

2B0S1C1

15 00

74C922

500

ZBOA S10 1

23 90

74C923

5 50

Z80 S10 2

23 95

74C925

6 75

280AE10 2

28 95

74C926

6 95

ZBOB CTC

17 95

74C927

6 95

Z80B PIO

17 95

IHTEHFACE

8212 8214

1 B5 3.75

8095

65

8216

1 80

8096

65

8224

2.50

B097 8098

65

65

8228 B251

4.95

4 75

BT09

1.25

B253

8 95

8T10

1 75

a?55

4 75

8T13

• ■•■':

8257

875

BT20 8T23 8T24 8T25

4 95

1 75 175 3 20

B259

H02CE til,' 1802E pias 1*61 P

6 90 13 95 17 95

5 95

B748-B

8755A

N82S23

N82S123

N82S126

NB2S129

N82S131

N82S136

NH2S137

DMB577

8223 CONNECTORS

30 pin edge

44 pin edge

86 pin edge 100 pin edge inn pin eiige V

IC SOCKETS Solder Tin Low Profile PIN 1UP PIN 1UP

8 13 22 30

5 per lype 'iwiti 5°. pet typt 05

DIP SWITCHES

KEYBOARDS

56 key ASCII Keyboard

Fulry assembled

Enclosure Plastic

Metal Enclosure

LEDS

Red 1018

SrWI V'ellDwTOlB

Jumbo Red

fifetn Orange ^»Mita Jumbo 25

CNpllle LED Mounting Clips 4 80 isptc red. amber, green yellow clear) COHTINENTAL SPECIALTIES In stock Complete line Ol breaflboird test equip.

S74 95 84 50 19.95 69 95

20

25

20 29 40 49 WIRE WRAP LEVEL 3

SPECIAL PRODUCTS I 5 MHt Freq Counter K 30 HHl Freq Counier KS

CRVSTAIS t MH: 2 MHl 4 MH: 5MH*

OMHl IS MHi 20 MH; 32 MH: 327DB Hi

1 B432 MH: 3 5795 MH:

2 0100 MH: 2 097152 MH:

2 4576 MH:

3 2768 MH: 5 0688 MH: 5 185 MH:

5 7143 MH:

6 5536 MHz 14 3181BMH: IB 432 MH: 22 1184 MH;

KEYBOARD ENCODERS AYS-2376 1195

AY5-3GOOPR0 17 95 74C922 5 49

74C923 5 SO

HD0165-5 7 95

D Connectors RS232 OB25P 2 95

DB25S 3 SO

Cover 1 25

WALL PLUG S4 00 IOV?imp S7 95 ". 4 60 12V 250 ma 2 95 1 95 12VC1250ma375

4 95 12V 500 ma 4 50

5 95 12V 1 amp 5 95 "30 I2V2 amp 7 95

..JOB, 9 12V0C n 24V CT 100 ma 3 95 300 ma 8 95 g 24V CT 600 ma 4 95 9 VOC 500 ma 3 75

11 Conslanl VollageTranslormon 12V. 11 amp. " 5V. 21 amp, 24V 11 amp 15 00

6V 500 m.

6 37 CT 600 rr , 12V 250 m. 12 6VCT60X 12 6VCT2 3...-.,

12 6V CI 4 amp 12 6VCT8amp

395

DISPLAY LEDS

MAN?2 74

DL704

DL707 DL707R

DL727 728

01747 750

FND359

FNII.TO507

FNDS03 51Q

FN0800 807

10 d'5'T display

7520 ClSirei photocells

TI131I Hei

MAW610

MAN4640

MAN47IO

MAN4740

MAN6G40

MANE710

MAN674D

CA CA 300 75

CC 300 1 25

CA 300 1 00

CA CC 50O 1 90

CCCA ! CCCA ! CCCA I

4116 200ns Dynamic RAM 8/S15.40

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS KITS

Apple Peripheral Kits

SERIAL I/O INTERFACE 0 to 30.000 baud. D.T.R., Input & output from monitor or basic, or use Apple as intelligent terminal, Bd only (P/N 2) $14.95, Kit (P/N 2A) $51.25, Assembled (P/N 2C) $62.95.

PROTOTYPING BOARO (P/N 7907) $21.95. PARALLEL TRIAC OUTPUT BOARO 8 triacs, each can switch 110V, 6A loads, Bd only (P/N 210) $19.20, Kit (P/N 210A) $119.55. OPTO-ISOLATEO INPUT BOARD 8 inputs, can be driven from TTL logic, Bd only (P/N 120) $15.65, Kit (P/N 120A) $69.95. Interface Kits

SERIAL/PARALLEL INTERFACE Bidirectional, Baud rates from 110 to 19.2K, sw selectable polarity of input and output strobe, 5 to 8 data bits, 1 or 2 stop bits, parity odd or even or none, all characters contain a start bit, +5 & -12V required.Bd only (P/N 101) $11.95, Kit (P/N 101 A) $42.89.

RS-232/TTL INTERFACE Bidirectional, requires ±12V. Kit (P/N 232A)$9.95. RS-232/20mA INTERFACE Bidirectional, 2 passive opto-isolated circuits, Kit (P/N 7901A) $14.95.

PROM Eraser

Will erase 25 PROMs in 15 minutes. Ultraviolet, assembled. 25 PROM capacity $37.50 (with timer $69.50). 6 PROM capacity OSHA/UL version $78.50 (with timer $108.50).

I NiCad Battery Fixer/Charger Kit

Opens shorted cells that won't hold a charge and then charges them up, all in one kit w/full parts and instructions. No PC board. $8.95

Z80 Microcomputer

16 bit I/O, 2 MHz clock, 2K RAM, ROM Breadboard space. Excellent for control. Bare Board $28.50. Full Kit $99.00. Monitor $20.00. Power Supply Kit $35.00. Tiny Basic $30.00.

Modem Kit $60.00 State of the art, orig., answer. No tuning necessary. 103 compatible 300 baud. Inexpensive acoustic coupler plans included. Bd. only S17.00. Article in June Radio Electronics.

60 Hz Crystal Time Base Kit $4.40

Converts digital clocks from AC line frequency to crystal time base. Outstanding accuracy.

Video Modulator Kit $9.95

Convert TV set into a high quality monitor w/o affecting usage. Comp. kit w/full instruc.

Multi-volt Computer Power Supply

8v 5 amp, ±18v .5 amp, 5v 1.5 amp. -5v .5 amp, 12v .5 amp, - 12voption. ±5v, ±12v are regulated. Basic Kit $35.95. Kit with chassis and all hardware $51.95. Add S5.00 shipping. Kit of hardware $16.00. Woodgrain case $10.00. $1.50 shipping.

Type-N-Talk by Votrax

Text to speech synthesizer with unlimited vocabulary, built-in text to speech algorithm. 70 to 100 bits per second speech synthesizer. RS232C interface $359.00. Speech IC $79.95.

1802 16K Dynamic RAM Kit $149.00

Expandable to &4K. Hidden refresh w/clocks up to 4 MHz w/no wait slates. Addl. 16K RAM $25.00. S-100 4-slot expansion $ 9.95

Super Monitor VI.I Source Listing $15.00

RCA Cosmac 1802 Super Elf Computer $106.95

The Super Elf is a small single board computer that does many big things. It's an excellent computer for training and for learning programming with its machine language and yet it's easily expanded with additional memory, Full Basic, ASCII Keyboards, video character generation, etc. ROM monitor; State and Mode displays; Single step; Optional address displays; Power Supply: Audio Amplifier and Speaker; Fully socketed for all IC's; Full documentation.

The Super Elf includes a ROM monitor for program loading, editing and execution with SINGLE STEP for program debugging which is not included in others at the same price. With SINGLE STEP you can see the microprocessor chip operating with the unique Quest address and data bus displays before, during and after executing instructions. Also. CPU mode and instruction cycle are decoded and displayed on 8 LEO indicators. An RCA 1861 video graphics chip allows you to connect to your own TV with an inexpensive video modulator to do graphics and games. There is a speaker system included for writing your own music or using many music programs already written. The speaker amplifier may also be used to drive relays for control purposes. A 24 key HEX keyboard includes 16 HEX keys plus load, reset, run, wait, input, memory protect, monitor select and single step. Large, on board displays provide output and optional high and low address. There is a 44 pin standard connector slot

Quest Super Basic V5.0

A new enhanced version of Super Basic now available. Quest was the first company worldwide to ship a full size Basic for 1802 Systems. A complete function Super Basic by Ron Cenker including floating point capability with scientific notation (number range +.17E38), 32 bit integer +2 billion: multi dim arrays, string arrays; string manipulation; cassette I/O; save and load, basic, data and machine language programs; and over 75 statements, functions and operations. New improved faster version including renumber and essentially unlimited variables. Also, an exclusive user expandable command library.

Serial and Parallel I/O routines included Super Basic on Cassette $55.00.

for PC cards and a 50 pin connector slot for the Quest Super Expansion Board. Power supply and sockets for all IC's are included plus a detailed 127 pg. instruction manual which now includes over 40 pgs. of software info, including a series of lessons to help get you started and a music program and graphics target game. Many schools and universities are using the Super Elf as a course of study. OEM's use it for training and R&O.

Remember, other computers only offer Super Elf features at additional cost or not at all. Compare before you buy. Super Elf Kit $106.95, High address option $8.95, Low address option $9.95. Custom Cabinet with drilled and labelled plexiglass front panel $24.95. All metal Expansion Cabinet, painted and silk screened, with room for 5S-100 boards and power supply $57.00. NiCad Battery Memory Saver Kit $6.95. All kits and options also completely assembled and tested. Questdata, a software publication for 1802 computer users is available by subscription for S12.00 per 12 issues. Single issues $1.50. Issues 1-12 bound $16.50.

Moews Video Graphics $3.50, Games and Music $3.00, Chip 8 Interpreter $5.50, Starship 4K cassette $14.95. Exciting and challenging space game. Complete manual included.

Free 14 page brochure

of complete Super Elf system.

Super Expansion Board with Cassette Interface $89.95

This is truly an astounding value! This board has been designed to allow you to decide how you want it optioned. The Super Expansion Board comes with 4K of low power RAM fully addressable anywhere in 64K with built-in memory protect and a cassette interface. Provisions have been made for all other options on the same board and it fits neatly into the hardwood cabinet alongside the Super Elf. The board includes slots for up to BK of EPROM (2708, 2758, 2716 orTI 2716) and is fully socketed. EPROM can be used for the monitor and Tiny Basic or other purposes. A1K Super ROM Monitor $19.95 is available as an on board option in 2708 EPROM which has been preprogrammed with a program loader/editor and error checking multi file cassette read/write software, (relocatable cassette file) another exclusive from Quest. It includes register save and readout, block move capability and video graphics driver with blinking cursor. Break points can be used with the register save feature to isolate pro

gram bugs quickly, then follow with single step. If you have the Super Expansion Board and Super Monitor the monitor is up and running at the push of a button.

Other on board options include Parallel Input and Output Ports with full handshake. They allow easy connection of an ASCII keyboard to the input port. RS 232 and 20 ma Current Loop for teletype or other device are on board and if you need more memory there are two S-100 slots for static RAM or video boards. Also a 1K Super Monitor version 2 with video driver for full capability display with Tiny Basic and a video interface board. Parallel I/O Ports $9.85, RS 232 S4.50, TTY 20 ma l/F S1.95, S-100 S4.50. A 50 pin connector set with ribbon cable is available at $18.95for easy connection between the Super Elf and the Super Expansion Board.

Power Supply Kit for the complete system (see Multi-volt Power Supply below).

Rockwell AIM 65 Computer

6502 based single board with full ASCII keyboard and 20 column thermal printer. 20 char alphanumeric display ROM monitor:, fully expandable $419.00. 4K version $449.00 4K Assembler $35.00, 8K Basic Interpreter $65.00.

Special small power supply 5V 2A 24V ,5A assem. in frame $59.00. Molded plastic enclosure to fit both AIM 65 and power supply $52.50. AIM 65 1K in cabinet with power supply, switch, fuse, cord assem. $559.00. 4K $579.00. A65/40-5000 AIM 65/40 W/16K RAM and monitor $1295.00. RAM Board Kit (16K, $195) (32K. $215) VD640 Video Interface Kit $119.00. A8J $149.00. Complete AIM 65 in thin briefcase with power supply $518.00. Special Package Price: 4K AIM. 8K Basic, power supply, cabinet 5629.00

AIM 65/KIM.SYMiSuper Elt 44 pin expansion board, board with 3 connectors $22.95.

Elf II Adapter Kit $24.95

Plugs into Elf II providing Super Elf 44 and 50 pin plus S-100 bus expansion. (With Super Expansion). High and low address displays, state and mode LED's oplional $18.00.

Super Color S-100 Video Kit $129.95 Expandable to 256 x 192 high resolution color graphics. 6847 with all display modes computer controlled. Memory mapped. 1K RAM expandable to 6K. S-100 bus 1802, 8080, 8085. Z80, etc Dealers: Send for excellent pricing/margin program.

TERMS: $5.00 min. order U.S. Funds. Calif, residents add 6% tax. prices

$10.00 min. VISA and MasterCard accepted. $1.00 insurance optional. subject Shipping: Add 5%; orders under $25.00—10%. <° change

FREE: Send for your copy of our NEW 1982 QUEST CATALOG. Include 88c stamp.

Circle 330 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1982 503

"BASF

DISKETTES

BASF Diskettes at competitive price. Call TOLL FREE (800) 235-4137 for prices and information. Visa and Master Card accepted.

PACIFIC EXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd San Luis Obispo. CA 93401 (InCal ca (805) 543-1037

Z-80 and 8086 FORTH

Z-BU" FORTH —a complete projjrarn developmont system. Uses standard CP/M* compatible random access disk tiles tor screen storage. Package Includes: Inleipreter/compltei with virtual memory management, line editor, screen editor. Z-80 Assembler, decompiler, utilities, demonstration programs, and 80 page user manual. System requirements; 2-80 microcomputer, 48 kbytes RAM,CP»M2.2orMP/MI 1.1. $50.00

Z-B0 FORTH WITH NAUTILUS SYSTEMS CROSS-COMPILER. Extend/modify the FORTH runtime system, recompile on a hoBt computer lor a different target computer, generale headerless code, generate ROMabie code with Initialized variables. Supports forward referencing to any word or label. Produces load map and list of unresolved symbols 107 page manual System requirements as for Z-80 FORTH above. S200.00

8086 FORTH with line editor, screen editor, assembler, and utilities. Uses standard CPIM compatible random access files for screen storage. Requires 80B6 or 80B8 microcomputer, 64 kbytes RAM, and CP'M.86 operating system. 5100.00

MACHINE TEST PROGRAM PACKAGE for Z-80 systems. Includes memory, floppy disk, printer, and terminal tests with all source code. Requires CP/M 2.2. S50.00

All software distributed on eight-inch solt sectored single density diskettes. Prices Include shipping by first class or UPS within USA or Canada. COD charges extra. Purchase orders accepted al our discretion. (CPfM and MP/M are registered trademarks of Digital Research. Inc. Z-80 Is a registered trademark ot Zllog, Inc.)

Laboratory Microsystems

4147 Beethoven Street

Los Angeles, CA 90066

(213) 390-9292

GUI CK

Guaranteed to solve any Rubik's Cube (TM> or triple your money back. Enter 54 color -faces of cube or let program set up random pattern to be solved. Program run can be interupted to allow user to enter his/her own moves. Interesting program. Send »19.95 plus 41.50 postage & handling toi

Alpha Queue Systems Dept. B

P. O. Box 20885 Dallas, TX 75220

Texas residents add 57. <*1.00> sales tax. Checks only please.

# Trademark o-f Tandy Corp.

TM Trademark o-f Ideal Toy Corp.

Circle 300 on inquiry card.

Circle 211 on inquiry card.

J RAM

New 512K RAM card for the IBM Personal Computer. Parity and paging hardware. Up to one and a half megabytes per system using 3 JRAM's. Included is floppy with software to allow any portion of memory to be used as simulated floppy drive. All RAM locations are socketed and partially stuffed cards are available on special request.

$1500

Tall Tree Systems

1036 Los Altos Avenue

Los Altos, CA 94022

(415)941-8748

Mill

'(

W We're it for your — hardware and software needs. MARCH SPECIAL

SuperCalc™ $236

THE APPLICATIONS GROU

?

1 r

214)749-5513

I I I I I I PO Box 99? Can-oWon TX 75006

ATLANTIC CABINET P.O. Box 100, Wllllamsport, Maryland 21795

Design Line Micro Work

v—m

Stations

IrEI

H

bs-jS

■ 1

^yj/M

H

• A range of work stations designed specifically to house all micro-computers.

• Delivered heavily packed, in self-assembly form needing only a Philips screwdriver and a few minutes of your time to assemble.

• Manufactured from 1" all wood particleboard surfaced with hard-wearing melamine veneer, In either Oak or Walnut.

DEALER AND DISTRIBUTOR PRICES ON REQUEST FOR MORE INFORMATION WRITE OR CALL 301-223-6900

Circle 375 on inquiry card.

Circle 30 on inquiry card.

Circle 391 on inquiry card.

RAM:64K-200ns<i2firefr«

8/$79

Color R.F. Modulator Kit:

$13.79

14AS-100 Power Supply Kit-$29.95

(for line cord and circuit breaker, add $8.95) 47-63 Hz, 95-250 VAC with HFI filter included.

Disk Power Kit—24V/5A - $19.95

New! RGB belays

• 320x525 lines ■ 15.7 KHz

• Black SlripeTube

• 90 Day Warranty

• Perfect for: IBM

CAT-100 Microangelo

13"-$329°° 19".$369°°

EBB

MM

lit'nl in1 Electronics

735 Loma Verde, Paid Alto, CA 94303 • 415-493-5930 Please send 40 ct. SASE lor our flyer.

SCR SUPER-BUYS

$10.00 MIN. ORDER HANDLING/SHIPPING.. . J5.00

UPS ANYWHERE IN CONTINENTAL U.S. © FREE DECODER PLANS plus a brochure describing our new UHF-VHF Conversion Kit are yours just by sending us your name, address and a 20c stamp. © UHF-VHF CONVERSION KIT. Complete with PC board; all required components; jumper wire; cabinet with speaker; and comprehensive brochure incl. schematic, board layout, mounting and hook-up diagrams, parts list, and assembly and set-up instructions. All parts are industrial prime quality. © 9-INCH BUCK AND WHITE CRT MONITOR. Ideal tor microcomputer or security use. 22 transistors. Designed tor excellent resolution. Frequency response — 12 MHz. Continuous DC restoration tor superior contrast.

Ult Price S225.no tun.

C^*ITI i71") «"-2554 • (213)596-7553

OLK ELECTRONICS INC.

9533 Valley View Street. Cypress, CA 90630

Pay by CHECK, M.O., VISA, MIC, C.O.D. For Free Buyers Guide Circle Number Shown Below

FREE

Our

Own

Famous

Kit

'119"

Our

Factory Direct Price

J165»°

NEW! S-lOO BUS COMPATIBLE

SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER WITH VIDEO OUTPUT

FEATURES:

»WtZZ-aDA'.upio9KiH£PROM,wit(i4KSum FMMJwmS-BTT input pom on* a Ml ampul petti, one s HIT term mptu poti mull nwnupt, comptwi udra ouipui |8*%24J,

PRICK

Bjii- htwrd w.ilh rip.iiiTH-rilJli.in W*>9i

Monilei ..rid ndeo ItfiTniiul Mitlw.it..' im EPRUMl . MS 00

SouK* Istin9s.lu.-1th Mural... puKhu*) H5.0Q

Hjrd to Imd Paris Kit (ttyttal and lte» In* PHOM'h ... Hi 00

^_— _ CALIf OMNIA Hi >l!l|M>ittJUI II.

Circle 124 on inquiry card.

Circle 349 on inquiry card.

Circle 146 on inquiry card.

INCREDIBLE? believe m

Washington Computer Services

anamnateo, («^^g^») est. 1912

CUSTOM COMPUTER ROOM WIRING SINCE 1960

97 Spring Street, New York, New York 10012 TELEX #12-5606

TO ORDER: CALL OUR TOLL-FREE NUMBER: (800) 221-5416 In N.Y. State and for technical information: (212) 226-2121

HOURS: 9 AM-5:30 PM (EST) Monday-Friday

PRINTERS

150 cps bidirectional • 9x9 dot matrix, quietized

case, 136 col, vertical form control and many

other functions $1195

We feel this printer offers <J>ii3d

the best price/performance ratio available.

RS-232 serial to 19.200 baud x-on, x-off add $40

NOVELL 800 SCALL

f y-W \ Teletype 40, 300 LPM-typewriter quality, RS- from Only

" 232 interface. This quality printer is available in many $2928

configurations including forms access, quietized case, etc.

Teletype 43

Teletype AP-200, 340 cps dot matrix (similar to Data Prod. M-200)

NEC Spinwriter-55 cps, bidirectional, letter quality R.0.7710 $2560 KSR7720

DIABLO 630-40 cps, bidirectional, daisy wheel, plot/graph

QUME Sprint 9/45 cps, daisy wheel

C. ITOH Starwriter, 25 cps, daisy wheel

C. ITOH Starwriter, 45 cps, daisy wheel

EPSON MX-80,100, 80 cps, 9x9 dot matrix

ANADEX 9500/9501, up to 200 cps, high resolution dot

OKIDATA Microline 80, 80 cps, 9x7 dot matrix

Microline82A, bidirectional, friction/pin feed Microline83A, bidirectional, 120 cps, uses 15"paper

Tl—810.150 cps, Basic

Package-Compressed print, vertical form control

MANNESMANN MT1705 200 cps, 7x9,132 col

TALLY MT 1805 200 cps, 7x9 + NLQ 40x18 matrix

CENTRONICS 704-9,180 cps, 9x9 dot matrix, 132 col

739 100 cps, nx9 dot matrix, Full Graphics

DEC LA-34

IDS 4606

S-100 SPECIALTIES

58000 16 bit multi-user UNIX V.7

from $995 $2799

$2799

$2349

$2228

$1575

$1725

$CALL

$1325

$399

$525

$799

$1449

$1630

$CALL

SCALL

$CALL

$700

$1085

$892

$CALL

8 DISK DRIVE SALE

8"SHUGARTSA801R $450 8"SHUGARTSA851R $669 2for$1289

QUMEDATATRACK8 $589 2for$1110

VISTA Industrial grade enclosure for 2 drives with PS. $420

MORROW Discus 20 + CP/ M® MICROSOFT BASIC, CONT. $950

Discus 2 + 2 + CP/ M® MICROSOFT BASIC, CONT. $1195

Enclosure, power supply for 2 8" drives A & T $350

HARD DISK SPECIALS List only

i CORVUS 10MB and controller $5358 $CALL

20MB and controller $6450 $CALL

Constellation Network Multiplexer and Mirror Video Tape Disk Backup MORROW 26MB + controller + CP/M 2.2®, M basic $4495 $3821

«liAfro controller, CDC Hawk Drive (5 fix, 5 rem) $7995 $6795

controller, Western Dynex (5 fix, 5 rem) $5995 $5099

Ik^ Winchester 51A drives complete with case, cable,

Jf software, S-100 controller. Adapter avail, for use with

XCOJVIP any 2-80 system. Cartridge drive controllers avai

Iter 808616 bit,

Group

high

$3499

quality 2nd

ll

128K RAM, Syst. #2 Call us for best prices on these generation boards and systems. California These high quality, reliable products have made CCS Computer defacto industry standard for S-100 products Assembled and tested: list

Systems

only $359 $580 $259 $345 SCALL

INTI iiNATiONA

2200 H.D. Mainframe, 20a. P.S., 12 slot MB $434

2065C 64K dynamic RAM/Bank Select $720

2810A Z-80 CPU, serial port, ROM monitor $310

2422A floppy Cont, CP/M 2.2 ROM monitor $425 18000 SX, multi-user, multi-processor, turbo DOS _ ;CPM 2.2. FULL 2 YEAR WARRANTY!

r^?^(A)L^DCI3CS300fr* We 0,,er 9enerous discounts on the Compupro line of I5J ELECTBmiciVlVMfast, quality 8 and 16 bit boards

\j ADVANTAGE SCALL

NorthStar' & horizon

Similar savings on the full lines of CCS, SSM, NNC, MORROW, DELTA, NORTHSTAR, ITHACA INTERSYSTEMS, GODBOUT, NEC, TELEVIDEO, IMS ZENITH, ADDS, DEC, DATA GEN., ATARI, DYNABYTE, TECMAR, DUAL

OEM discounts available.!

List ZS9 $2898

R.S. MOD. II

S-100

$3398

5MB AmE 10MB XER0X

ALTOS

|U^^3| PRIAM 8" and 14" Winchester/tape subsystems avail.

WORDSTAR $300 DBASE II $525

MBASIC80 $235 SUPERCALC $221

FULLY CONFIGURED BUSINESS SYSTEMS

The following are some examples of the fully assembled and tested business and scientific computer-systems which we offer. All include 64K bytes RAM, Z-80A, 4mh CPU. We offer a full line of quality, tested software.

OoofeO'^ySSfeODE fine computers $CALL

Delta S-4500 10 User, Multi-Processor, 40 MB hard 17 MB tape SCALL

CC 2210Aw/lloppy controller, 1 serial port $1849

CCS300-1Aw/1.2MBfloppydrives, 2 serial, 2 parallel ports $4849

CCS 400-1A w/10 MB hard disc, 2 serial. 2 parallel ports $6999

NNC 80W W/5MB floppy, 8.4 MB hard disc, (OASIS optional) S6693

ALTOS single and multi-user systems SCALL

MORROW Decision 1, CP/M Microsoft Basic, UNIX SCALL

VCDHV 82u Desktop computer-64K, 2 floppys. (CP/M avail.) AtKUA, List $2995 SCALL

We offer multi-user networks by DELTA PRODUCTS, DISCOVERY, TELEVIDEO, MUSYS, IMS, DIGITAL MICROSYSTEMS

TERMINALS pmmi modem $359

AMPEX DIALOGUE 30, 80 SCALL

TELEVIDEO 910 C (multi-terminal) $610

925C $795

950C S950

S0ROCIQ120 $729

HAZELTINE ESPRIT $669

DECVT-100 $1575

Similar savings for our HAZELTINE and LEAR SIEGLER lines

LOOK HERE! AMPEX

Call us for ALL your softwear needs Dialogue 80™

Systems Houses, Educational Institutions, & Government Agencies Given Special Consideration

ALL OF OUR PERIPHERALS CAN BE CONFIGURED FOR RADIO SHACK® MODEL II

DEALER and INTERNATIONAL INQUIRIES WELCOME

For fast delivery, send certified check, money order or call to arrange direct bank wire transfer. Personal or company checks require two to three

weeks to clear. All prices are mail order only. Prices subject to change without notice; call for latest prices. Prices include 3% cash discount. N.Y. _

residents add sales tax. Qantex is a trademark of North Atlantic Industries, Inc. Radio Shack™ is a trademark of the Tandy Corp. CP/M® is a HBjjtj

trademark of Digital Research. All sales subject to our standard sale conditions (available on request). ^^ppi

Circle 407 on Inquiry card. BYTE March 1982 505

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

S-100 CPU

CPU-Z - GODBOUT ^»\

2/4 MHZ Z80 CPU 24 Bit Addressing * \ IPflRT HO. DEScniFTiOH LIST FBICE WjnTOj

8CGBT 160A A & T S295.00 . .S199.00<^

BC6BT 160C CSC 3-6 MHZ $395.00 ... $375.00

DUAL PROCESSOR 8085-8088 ■ GODBOUT

6 or 8 MZ Provides true 16 Bit Power with a standard 8

bit S-100 bus.

BCGBT 1612A A & T 6 MHZ. $425.00 ... S399.O0

BC6BTI612C CSC 6/8 MHz S525.00 ... .$490.00

SOLID STATE DISK DRIVE, 3500% FASTER! Not Realty. But the Next Best Thing For Godbout 8085/88 Users. Call for Details on M-Drive. See Page 340 of November BYTE

BCGBT MO 128K $1,550.00

BCGBT MO 25BK $3,000.00

2810 Z80 CPU-CA. COMP. SYST. 2/4 MHZ Z80A CPU with RS232C Serial I/O Port complete with Monitor PROM lor 2422 Disk Controller

BCCCS 28I0A A&T $350.00. .. $280.00

CB2 Z80 CPU ■ S.S.M.

2/4 MHZ will accept 2716, or 2732, or RAM

RUN/STOP and single step switches

BCSSMCB2K Kit $280.00

BCSSMCB2A A & T. $344.00 . .. .$310.00

BCSSMZBOM SSMZ80 Monitor $89.00

CBIA 8080 CPU - S.S.M.

8080 CPU, IK RAM, Holds 1 2708,

1 Bit parallel input port.

BCSSMCBIK Kit $183.00

BCSSMCBIA A&T $252.00... .$225.00

BCSSM8080M SM 8080 Monitor. $59.00

S-lOO I/O BOARDS

SYSTEM SUPPORT 1 - GODBOUT

Serial port (software prog baud), 4K EPROM OR RAM

provision, 15 levels of interrupt, real time clock,

optional math processor

PAST NO. DESCRIPTION LIST PRICE OUR PRICE

DCGDTI82A Assembled & Tested $399.00 $300.00

BCGBTI62C CSC J495.00 $480.00

BCGBT823I Math Chip $195.00

BCGBT8232 Math Chip $195.00

BCGBT162AM1 A&T with 8231 Math Chip $555.00

BCGBT162CMI CSC with 8231 Math Chip $655.00

BCGBTI62AM2 A&T with 8232 Math Chip $555.00

BC6BT162CM2 CSC with 8232 Math Chip $655.00

MPX CHANNEL BOARD - GODBOUT

I/O Multiplexer, using 8085A-2 CPU on board

BCGBT166A A&T $495.00 $450.00

BCBBT166C CSC $595.00 $550.00

INTERFACE!) I - GODBOUT

Two Serial I/O

BC6BT133A A&T $249.00 $219.00

BCGBTI33C CSC $324.00 $298.00

INTERFACE!) II ■ GODBOUT

Three parallel, one serial I/O board

BCGBTI50A A&T $249.00 $219.00

BCGBTI50C CSC $324.00 $289.00

INTERFACE!) Ill - GODBOUT

Eight channel multi-use serial I/O board

BCGBT1748A A&T $699.00 $829.00

BCGBT1748C CSC 200 hr. Burn In $849.00 $750.00

INTERFACER 3 WITH 5 SERIAL PORTS

BCGBTI745A A&T $599.00 $559.00

BCGBTI745C CSC 200 hr. Burn In $699.00 $629.00

MULT! I/O - MORROW DESIGNS

Three Serial. Two parallel

BCMOSMB3200 A&T $359.00 $329.00

SWITCHBOARD - MORROW DESIGNS

Two serial I/O, four parallel I/O,

one status port, one strobe port

6CM0SSD241I $299.00 $209.00

1/04 ■ SSM

Two serial I/O, two parallel I/O

BCSSMI04K Kit $210.00

BCSSMI04A A&T $290.00 $260.00

I/O 5 ■ SSM

2 Serial, 3 Parallel including 1 Centronics

DCSSMI05I A&T $329.00 $309.00

I/O 8 - SSM

8 Port Serial I/O with Timer

BCSSMI08A A&T $550.00 $495.00

2710 4 PORT SERIAL - CCS 4 Full handshaking RS232 ports and optional 2K ROM BCCCS27I001 A&T $360.00 $310.00

2718 2 SERIAL & 2 PARALLEL - CCS

2 RS232 C ports, 2 8 bit parallel ports, & optional2K ROM

BCCCS271801 A&T $360.00 $325.00

2720 4 PORT PARALLEL ■ CCS

4 8 bit parallel ports and optional 2K ROM

BCCCS272001 A&T $250.00 $225.00

S-100 10 MHZ STATIC RAM

NEW LOW PRICES!

RAM 20 - 32K SALE $299.00

32K STATIC RAM - GODBOUT

RAM 20 10 MHZ. 4K byte block disable, bank select or 24 bit addressing available 8, 16, 24 or 32K

IPABTHO.

oeScrIHIoh

LIST PRICE—otmncTi

BCGBT1B4AAB UK A&T BCGBT184AC8 8K CSC BCGBTIS4AAI6 nth A&T BCGBT1B4AC16 16KCSC BCGBTI64AA24 24KA&T BCGBTI64AC24 24K CSC BCGBTI84AA32 32KA&T BCGBTIB4AC32 32K CSC

$210.00 $190.00

S280.00 $260.00

$36500 $260.00

$355.00 $325.00

$355.00 $325.00

$425.00 $305.00

$425.00 $299.00

$495.00 $450.00

CMOS STATIC RAM

For a complete analysis of the advantages of CMOS memory, see the "Product Description''on page 416 of the January Issue of BYTE.

64K CMOS STATIC RAM - GODBOUT

RAM 17, 10 MHZ, 2 Watt, DMA Compatable

24 Bit Addressing

BCBBT175A48 48K A&T $650.00 $619.00

BCBBTI75C48 48K CSC 200hr. $750.00 $710.00

BCBBT175A64 64KA&T $795.00 $755.00

BCGBT175CB4 64KCSC20Ohr. $895.00 $850.00

NEW! 32K X 14 BIT CMOS STATIC RAM ■ GODBOUT

RAM 1B 10 MHZ, 32K x 16 or 64K x 8

IEEE/696 76 BIT 2 Watt, 24 Bit Addressing

BCGBTI80A 64KA&T $895.00 $050.00

BCGBT180C 64KCSC $995.00 $945.00

NEW! 128K NMOS STATIC RAM - GODBOUT

RAM 21 10MHZ 128K X 8 OR 64K x 76

IEEE/696 8 or 16 Bit 1.2 Amps 24 Bit Addressing

DCGDTI67A 128KA&T $1695.00 $1610.00

BCGBT167C I28KCSC $1895.00 $1795.00

S-100 PROM

PBI PROM PROGRAMMER - SSM

Programs 2708 or 2776's, operates as a

4K/8K EPROM BOARD AS WELL.

BCSSMPB1K Kit $179.00

BCSSMPB1A A&T $265.00 $220.00

ECONOROM 2708 - GODBOUT

16K x 8 EPROM Board using 2708, Power on

jump to any 256 byte

BCGBTI25A A&T $135.00 $120.00

BCGBT125C CSC $195.00 $175.00

MB8A - SSM 1K/16K 2708 EPROM board, disable in 1K increments BCSSMMBBAK Kit $114.00

BCSSMMBBAA A&T $179.00 $159.00

S-100 VIDEO BOARDS

SPECTRUM - GODBOUT

Color Graphics board with Parallel I/O

BCGBTI44A A&T $399.00 $349.00

BCGBT144C CSC $449.00 $390.00

BCGBT2D Sublogic Universal $35.00

Graphics Interpreter Software

VB - 3 S.S.M.

80 x 25 or 50 character video display Memory

Mapped, Parallel Keyboard port

BCSSMVB3K24 80 X 24 Kit $425.00

BCSSMHB3A24 80 X 24 A&T $499.00 $440.00

BCSSMVB3UP 80 x 50 Line Upgrade $ 39.00

VB2-S.S.M. I/O Mapped Video Board, with Parallel Keyboard port

64 x 76

BCSSMVD2K Kit $199.00

BCSSMVB2A A&T $269.00 $229.00

VBBB ■ S.S.M

Memory Mapped Video Board 64 x 16 character

display or 64 x 16 graphics display

BCSSMVBIK Kit $179.00

BCSSMVBIA AS I $242.00 $220.00

S-100 MOTHERBOARDS - GODBOUT

Active termination, 6-12-20 slot

DCGBTI53A A&T 6 slot, 2 lbs $140.00 $126.00

BCGBT153C CSC 6 slot. 2 lbs. $190.00 $175.00

BCGBTI54A A&T 12 slot, 3 lbs. $175.00 $155.00

BCGBTI54C CSC 12 slot, 3 lbs. $240.00 $220.00

BCBBT155A A&T 20 slot, 4 lbs. $265.00 $235.00

DCGTBI55C CSC 20 slot. 4 lbs. S340.00 $310.00

S-lOO DYNAMIC RAM

'^''.,. C -., '■''... ■•>...., -\. -:.. ^.. ;•■ :

. ■ ■ :;: . ■■ ; ■ ■■

THE EXPANDABLE 1 PRIORITY 1 ELECTRONICS

THE EXPANDABLE 1" 64K Dynamic Ram board provides your S-100 system with 64K of reliable, highspeed dynamic RAM. Compatable with most of the major S-100 systems on the market, including those with front panels, it supports DMA operations and requires no Wait states with current microprocessors.

• User expandable from 16 to 64K • Supports DMA

• Designed to IEEE proposed S-100 bus standards • 2 or 4 MHz operation • Operates with either an 8080 or Z-80 based S-100 system, providing processor-transparent refreshes with both • Supports IMSAI-type front panels

• Jumper-selectable Phantom input • Uses Popular 4116 RAMS • All ICsin sockets • Any 16K block can be made bank-independent • Fully buffered address and data lines • Fail-safe refresh circuitry for extended Wait slates • Board configuration with reliable, easy-to-configure Berg jumpers

BCPRIEXP11G 16K Assembled & Tested $299.00

BCPRIEXP132 32K Assembled & Tested $339.00

BCPBIEXPM8 48K Assembled & Tested $319.00

BCPRIEXP164 64K Assembled & Tested $409.00

S-100 DISK CONTROLLERS

2422A ■ CA. COMP. SYST.

I/O Mapped, controls 8", single or double density A&T with CPM 2.2 8" S.D.

I LIST PRICE OUR PRICE |

BCCCS2422A $4 75.00 $3)5.60

DISK JOCKEY 2D - MORROW

Memory Mapped, controls 8", single or

double density, serial I/O

BCMDIDJ2208 A&T with CP/M 2.2 $399.00 $375.00

S-100 DISK SUBSYSTEMS

DJ2B DISCUS SINGLE SIDED MORROW

8" DBL Density drives with cabinet, power supply

controller, with CP/M 2.2 and Microsoft Basic

DCMDSFI210 Single Drive System $1095.00 $950.00

BCM0SF1228 Dual Drive System $1875.00 $1598.00

DJ2B DISCUS DOUBLE SIDED - MORROW

8" DSL Density/sided drives with cabinet Power

supply controller, with CP/M 2.2 and Microsoft Basic

BCM0SF22I8 Single Drive System $1395.00 $1250.00

BCMDSF2228 Dual Drive System $2495.00 $2050.00

S-lOO HARD DISK - MORROW

5.25" 5MB, 8" 70 & 20MB, 14" 26MB formatted

hard disk complete with cabinet, P.S.. Controller,

CP/M 2.2 and Microsoft MBASIC 80

LIST PRICE SALE PRICE

BCMDCMAM5 5 MB $2495.00 .$1995.00

BCM0SMI0S 10 MB $3695.00 mJZ $2950.00

BCMDSM26S 26 MB

$4495.00

$3495.00

VIDEO MONITORS

VM121 -ZENITH

;5 MHz 12" P3I Green phospher 40 or 80

characters per line

BCZVMI21 20 lbs. $159.00 $139.00

VM4509 ■ SANYO

10MHz, 9" 16 x 64 P4 B&W monitor

DCSV0VM4509 75 lbs. {235.00 $198.00

DM5012 ■ SANYO

18MHz. 72" 24 x 80 P4 B&W monitor

DCST0DM5012 24 lbs. $340.00 $310.00

DM5112- SANYO

18MHz. 12" 24 x80 P31 Green on Black display

0CSY05II2 24 lbs. $360.00 $325.00

VM6013 - SANYO

COLOR 13" 16 line x 64 character monitor

0CSYDVM6013 35 lbs $550.00 S495.00

Circle 317 on inquiry card.

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

GODBOUT DMA DISK 1

WITH FREE CP/M 2.2

SALE $450.00

SAVE $220.00

Priority 1 Electronics is pleased to oiler the GODBOUT DISK 1 High Performance Disk Controller at our regular low price with CP/M 2.2 and BIOS at no additional cost. That's a savings ot $220.00 ol the manutacturer's list price.

• Third generation INTEL 8272/NEC 765A LSI floppy disk controller.

• High speed cycle stealing DMA interlace lor processor independent data transfer between system memory and flexible disk.

• Handles up to lour 8 or 5.25 inch floppy disk drives

• Single or double density/single or double sided

capability.

• Supports IBM 3740 soft sectored formats.

• 24 bit DMA addressing with data transfer across 64K boundaries for data transfer throughout the 16Mbyte memory map.

DESCHIFTIOH

LIST PRICE Ol

ssss.oo

$175.00

$500.00 $050.00

BCPDB171ACPM A&Tw/CP/M 2.2 8. BIOS S670.00 BCGBT17IC CSC $595.00

BCEBTCPMBO* CP/M 2.2 for Z80/8085 with manuals & BIOS 8" S/D disk BCGBT0AS8S Oasis 8 bit single user 8" S/D disk BCGBT0AS8M Oasis 8 bit multiuser 8" S/D disk

S-lOO SYSTEMS

SUPERSIXTEEN - GODBOUT

HERE IS WHAT EACH PACKAGE INCLUDES:

BCGBT16I2A 6 MHz 8085/8088 Dual Processor Board

BCGHT171A High Speed DMA Disk Controller

BCGBTI62A System Support 1 Multi-Function Board

BCGBT133A Interfacer 1 Dual Serial I/O

BC128K lOHHz Low Power Static Ram

BCEBTCP/M B6 16 Bit Operating System Ready to Load & Go

Cables and Documentation Three interfacer cables one disk I/O

cable, complete documentator tor all hardware, and manuals

tor both CP/M operating systems.

Compu Pro'! famous I Year limited warranty.

Now to the best part of all. If purchased separately, these

quality components would list for $4,344.00. BUTSuperSlxteen's

low package price li an amazing S3.495.00. You save $849.00!(For

boards qualified under the Certified System Component

high-reliability program - with extended 2 year warranty,

200 hour burn-in and 8 MHz processors - add $600.00 to

the package price. Sh. Wt. 15 lbs.

BCPOBGBTSJ SuperSixteen A&T $3495.00

BCPDBGBTSK SuperSixteen CSC $4095.00

PRINTERS

BEST PRICE!

MICROLINE - OKIDATA

WITH FRICTION AND TRACTOR FEED

• BI-DIRECTIONAL - 120 CPS • Parallel and Serial I/O *9x9 Matrix (Alphanumeric)

• 6x9 or 12 Matrix lorGraphics

• 5,8.3, W,ieCharactrsp/lnch

• 6 or 8 Lines per Inch

• SOCPLiafOCP/ for82/1

• J32 CPL01O CPI lor 83A

• 100 Thru 1200 Baud

• Sell Test *Outol Paper Switch

• Friction or Tractor Feed

• 3" to 14" Top ol Form ISwilch Selectable)

• tO Dilferent Character Sets LIST PRICE SALE PRICE

910 CPI S 799.00 $539.00 HO CPI S1195.00

PART NO. DESCRIPTION

BC0KIDAT82AT[26lbs|8 HO CPI.

BC0KIDAT83AT (37 lbs) 132 CPL@10 CPI $1195.00 $750.00

BC0KISER2KBF 9600 baud with 2K Serial $159.00

Buffer upgrade with X-on Y-off BC0KI6RAPH High Resolution Graphics Prom $99.00

CALL FOR THE NEW MICROUNE 84

MX80 - EPSON NEED WE SAY MORE?

BCEPHHUM Tracloi Feed 17 lbs $645.00 $450.00

PRINTER INTERFACES - MICROBYTE

RS232 Serial Conversion lor MX80 BCMBSSEII A&T $55.00

Apple Centronics 8 bit parallel interlace

lor Centronics. Epson & OKIDATA printers

BCMBSAEII Ail $55.00

BCMBSAECI Cable lor above $14.95

Printer interlaces & cables sold only with printer purchase

S-lOO MAINFRAMES

S-lOO MICROFRAME - TEI

110V 60HZ CVT Mainframes, the best money can buy!

12 Slot ±8V I7A±16V@ 2A

22 Slot ±8V SB 30A± 16V <«> 4A

PART NO

BCTEIMCS 112 12 Slot Desk

BCTEIMCS 122 22 Slot Desk

BCTEIRH 12 12 Slot Rackmounl

BCTEIRH 22 22 Slol Rackmounl

OUR PRICE LIST PRICE 1-9 1024

S685.OOS6I5.00 $570.00

S825.00 S760.00 $705.00

S725.00S720.00 $619.00

$8 75.00 $850.00 $750.00

Shipping Weight: On 12 Slot Mainlrame 45 lbs. On 22 Slot Mainframes 55 lbs.

TEI S-lOO FRAMES 3-5" DISK CUTOUTS

±8V <S> 17±16V @ 1.2A Internal Cables

1-9 10-24

BCTEITFI2 12 Slol desk S675.OO$625.00 $580.00

BCTEIRF12 12 Slol Rackmounl S795.0OS715.00 SBB5.00

Shipping Weight: On 12 Slot Desk 40 lbs.

On 12 Slot Rackmounl 45 lbs.

DUAL 8" DISK DRIVE CHASSIS - TEI

For Shugart 800/801R or 850/851R with internal power

cables provided

+24V @> 1.5A+5V 6> 1.0A - 5V @ .25/4

1-9 10-24

BCTEBCFDO DeskTop S535.OOS485.00 $455.00

BCTEIHFDO Rack Mount $ 720.00 $870.00 $830.00

BCP0BDFD0SI DFDO with 1 Shugart 801R $$070.00

IICFODDFD0S? DFDO with 2 Shugart 801 Rs $1375.00

BCPBBBFBDSI RFDO with 1 Shugart 801R $1095.00

BCPDBRFD0S2 RFDO with 2 Shugart 801 Rs $1495.00

BCPRI50P6CE2 Internal Dala Cable .50 pin $34.95

plug connector to 2 Card Edge Due to UPS shipping regulations, disk drives will be shipped separately irom the cabinet. Don't forget to include shipping for each drive. (Shipping Weight. 16 lbs each.l

CALL FOR NEW TEIPRICES MARCH 1st

S-lOO MAINFRAME - GODBOUT

110V 60HZ CVT Mainlrame uses famous 20 slot GODBOUT Motherboard. 55 lbs.

BCGBTENC20RM 20 Slol Rack Mount S89S.00 S825.00

BCGBTENC200K 20 Slol Desk Top S825.00 $760.00

S-lOO MAINFRAME - CCS

12-slol motherboard with removable termination card BCCCS220BBI Office Cream 35 lbs S5 75 00 $535.00

BCCCS220002 Blue 35 lbs $S 75.00 $535.00

SOFTWARE - MICROPRO

All software is supplied on 8" Single Density IBM

3740 CP/M Compatable Diskettes

WORDSTAR

Screen-Oriented, integrated word processing system

specifically designed lor non-lechmcat personnel

BCMPRWRBSTAI $495 OO S300.00

MAIL MERGE WORD STAR OPTION

Powerful file merging tool

BCMPBMLMRBAI IReguires Word Star 2.1 or lalerl$250 OO SI 00.00

SPELLSTAR WORD STAR OPTION One Step "Proofreader" with cnmpressnd 20.000 word

dictionary and user-created siipplemeiii.il dictionaries 8CMPBSPLSTAI (Requires Word Star 3.0 or later) 1260.00 $150.00

SUPERSORT Sophisticated program that will select and re-anuiuie

variable length information from data liles BCMPRSPRSRAI $250.00 $150.00

CALC STAR Sophisticated, easy-to-use. electronic spin

sheet and financial planner BCMPRCLCSTAI S295.00 $200.00

DATA STAR Ollice-Oriented Data Entry, rctnval. and

updating system BCMPB0ATSTA1 S350.00 $200.00

PRIORITY

FLOPPY DISC DRIVES

Tandon TM-800 Thinline is exactly halt the size of conventional 8" floppy disk drives. „

/•«

Exactly one-half the height ot any other model. Propietary, high-resolution, read-write heads

patented by Tandon D.C. only operation - no A.C. required Industry standard interlace.

Three millisecond track-to-track access time 9 lbs. BCTHBTM8481 Single Sided $495.00 2 or more $470.00 BCTNDTM84S2 Double Sided $625.00 2 or more S600.00 BCTNDTM8M Manual ■ not included with drive $10.00

80IR - SHUGART Single sided double density most popular 8" drive BCSH080IR $425.00 ea or 2 or more (16 lbs) lor $395.00 ea. BCSHUSA60IRM Manual lor 80IR drives $ 10.00

Dala track 8 double sided, double density 8"

GCgMEDTS

BC0MEDT8M

BCTN0TM1DOI BCTNDTM1002 BCTHDTMI003 BCTNDTMI004 DCTNDTM5M

Sh. Wt. 16 lbs

$525.00 ea.

2 or more $499.00 each

Manual for DT-8 5'A" DRIVES - TANDON

Single Sided, 250KB (5 lbs)

Double Sided. 500KB

Single Sided, 500KB

Double Sided, 1000KB

Manual, not included with drive

DISK CABINETS

$ 10.00

V-IOO- VISTA

• Desk or rack mountable* Internal power and data cables

• Drives pull out lor easy service and maintenance

BCVISV100 Disk Drive Cabinet (43 lbs) $495 00 $440.00

SINGLE 8" - Q.T.

Single 8" cabinet with power supply

BCOTCODCB |22 lbs) $249.00 $22500

DUAL 8" - Q.T.

Dual 8' cabinet with power supply

BC0TCDDCB8 (24) $395.00 $349.00

5" CABINETS ■ VISTA

BCVIS980! Single 5" with P.S. $75.00

BCV1S9802 Dual 5" with P.S. $95.00

TERMINALS

VT200 - VISUAL TECHNOLOGY

THE MOST RELIABLE TERMINAL WE'VE EVER USED! Detachable keyboard, RS232C or 20MA interface, 110 to 19200 baud, 12" non glare 80 x 24 display,

RS232 Aux. port and composite video out. BCVSL200 Shipping Weight 55 lbs. $995.00

VIEWPOINT - ADDS Detachable keyboard, RS232 interlace and auxiliary

port, 80 x 24 display, tiltable screen BCAD0VWPR Shipping Weight 40 lbs SALE $599.00

ELECTRONICS

9161-B DEERING AVE • CHATSWORTH, CA 91311 ORDER TOLL FREE (800) 423-5922 CA, AK, HI CALL (213) 709-5464

TermsUS V1SA.MG BAG Check Money Ordei U.S fMndsOniy CA residents add 6% Sales Tax MINIMUM PREPAID ORDERS 15 00 Include MINIMUM SHIPPING & HANDUNCof 52.60 tor Iheltrsl 3 lbs plus .IV lor each additional pound. Orders over 50 lbs. sen! freight collect. Jusl incase, please include your phone no Pricessubjecl to change without notice. We will do our best to maintain prices through March, 1982 Credit i ard orders will tx*oharp>xi appropriate tretghl See November BYTE for 60 page Catalog or send SI 00 for your copy today Sale prices rtrf (or prepaid on terns only

Circle 317 on Inquiry card.

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

m

SAVE $1,000.00 ON

(E 2.4 MEGA-BYTE S-100 DUAL 8"

California Computer Systems DISK COAAPUXER SY5XE1VI

HERE'S WHAT YOU GET: 2210 MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEM

• 2 or 4 MHZ operation • Z-80CPU • 65,536 bytes of dynamic RAM • RS-232-C serial port

• Accepts 8" and 51A" floppy disk drives • 12-slot, cream colored mainframe • Internal cabling installed • CP/M 2.2 (on diskette) Operating System

The Model 2210 Computer System is a Z-80 based system containing 65,535 bytes of dynamic RAM memory and floppy disk controller mounted in a 12 slot mainframe. The system is ideally suited for applications where user defined peripheral devices are to be used and a high degree of system flexibility and expandability is desirable.

The system components are the Models 2810 CPU. 2065 64K Byte Memory Module. 2422 Floppy Disk Controller and 2200 Mainframe. Also included in the system are internal cables interconnecting the DPU serial channel, disk controllers" disk channel and disk controller 5'A" disk channel to the mainframe back panel. This permits connecting user peripherals directly to the system without the need of opening the mainframe.

Of the 12 slots available in the main frame, only three are used for the basic system components. 9 slots are available for user options or other CCS products such as memory (expandable up to 512K bytes (serial and parallel I/O boards).

System software is provided using the CCS version of the CP/M Operating System, Version 2.2. The system is totally linked to permit auto-boot start-up with the CP/M on diskette.

The system is completely integrated and tested prior lo shipment from CCS to assure proper configuration and system integrity.

BCCCS221001 $2350.00

We add two REMEX 4000 Double Density, Double Sided 3ms 8" drives

and a Q.TCDDC88 Dual 8" disk enclosure with power supply

data cable and documentation

SALE MOOn f\f\ This is a complete system,

PRICE V^tOU.UU just add a terminal

ORDER PART NO BCPDBCCSSA INCLUDE $30.00 FOR SHIPPING

IF THAT'S NOT A GOOD ENOUGH DEAL FOR YOU, WE WILL SELL YOU THE BCOKIDAT82AT FOR $475.00 OR THE BCOKIDAT83AT FOR $700.00 WHEN YOU BUY THIS SYSTEM

AT THE SAME TIME!

DIRECT CONNECT MODEM PRICE BREAKTHROUGH!

THE SIGNALMAN MK I

Mee! Ihedirect-connect SIGNALMAN MKl... the smallest, lightest, most compact modem available today Its long lite 9 volt sell-contained battery and exclusive audible Carrier Detect Signal allows you to install the SIGNALMAN anywhere... outoi he way. and out ot sight Now. there is no need tor messy cables, and no need to look at an LED to verify carrier. Anchor's SIGNALMAN has been designed for transmitting both voice and dala signals over all common telephone lines. And when you're in Ihe data position, your SIGNALMAN automatically changes tram ORIGINATE to ANSWER and back again as Ihe need anses — encung all that confusion. Your SIGNALMAN is tuiy compatible with all BELL 103 modems — putting your computer in instanl communications with thousands of other computers

Anchor Automation has taken the FUSS out of communications Tor business or lun. SIGNALMAN is Ihe ideal modem PRODUCT FEATURES

• Direcl Conned Modem

• Built-in RS232C Cable and Conneetoi

• Self-contained 9V flattery Wdll plug transformer available

• Audible corner detect sgntil

• Automatic mode selection

• Talk/ Data switch

• CONNECTS IN SERIrS WIIHMO»UJAHHAWDScT.JACK ON TELEPHONE

• Complete witti RS232C and Modular Handsel Cables, eliminates need lobuy cables — save $20 00 %'itt ML assures coned fit

• Uses low cost 9Vbattery. Bimi nates unsightlycords and need tor "another"

• AC outlet Optional plug-in transformer available.

• Audio Transducer eliminates need to view LED to confirm connection — can be placed anywliere (veicro tape provided).

• Advanced IC Circuitry eliminates confusion of who is originator — ends need to manually switch from Originate to Answer and Vice/Versa

• Permits you to listen/ talk on phone or switch to data communications mode.

• Permits you to communicate with most other computer networks.

• Small size, light weight permits you to install the SIGNALMAN anywhere.

• Lowest priced modem available.

mssm $129.00

Circle 318 on Inquiry card.

RS232C SPECIFICATIONS

Data Format: Serial, binary, asynchronous. Operate Mode: Manual dial. Automatic ANSW/ ORIG selection Data Rate: 0 lo 300 bps. full duplex. Modulation: Frequency shift keyed (FSK) Line Interface: Direcl Conecl Data Interface: RS232C. Cable to Computer Built-in.

Transmit Frequency: ORIG ANSW

MARK 1270 Hz 2225 Hz

SPACE 1070 Hz 2025 Hz

Transmit Frequency Accuracy: 0 1 % Transmit Level: - !2dbm Receive Frequency ORIG ANSW

MARK 2225 Hz 1270 Hz

SPACE 2025 Hz 1070 Hz

Carrier Detect Threshold: -44 dbm, plus or minus 2 dbm (ORIG). / -46 dbm, plus or minus 2 dbm (ANSW). Canter Detect indicator Audible Tone. Power Requirement: Sell-Contained - 9V Transistor Battery' / 110 VAC Through Adapter'. Mechanical: 8" x 4" x 1" 'Not Included

BCANCMKl $129.00

ORDERING INFORMATION

ARD DISK FOR LESS THAN FLOPPIES

DISCUS M5 by MORROW OE5IGN5

PRIORITY

ELECTRONICS

3RRUW UESIBNS ^-|QQ|- nn

INTRODUCTORY PRICE: * »&O,UU

PRIORITY 1 ELECTRONICS is pleased to announce Morrow Designs' DISCUS M5, the lowest cost 5 megabyte Winchester sub-system and the fastest. Now you can afford a hard disk for the price of floppies. Morrow Designs is the largest supplier of hard disk sub-systems to the S-100 market. With the new DMA Hard Disk Controller and the ST506 mini-Winchester drive, Morrow has attained speeds over 600,000 bytes per second.

As with all Morrow Designs' systems, Morrow delivers it complete. Drive, controller, cabinet, power supply, fan, transformer, cables, CP/M 2.2" operating system, Microsoft'" Basic 80 and a ninety day warranty.

The DISCUS M5 regularly sells for $2495.00. Priority 1 Electronics is proud to offerthe DISCUS M5 for a limited time at only $1995.00. Winchester speed, 5Mb capacity and reliability for only $1 995.00. Three additional drives may be daisychained to the controller for future expansion. Perfect to back up each other at the end of each day. Takes seconds, is more reliable than tape and with the outside lock can be unplugged and removed (after the locking screw has been put in place.)

A few facts about the ST506 drive which is being used in the Discus M5: Key Features

• Storage Capacity of 6.38 megabytes unformatted, 5.0 megabytes formatted as shipped

• Winchester design reliability, 9.5 gram head load force, 19 micro-inch flying height

• Same physical size and mounting as the minifloppy

• Same DC voltages as the minifloppy

• Band actuator and stepper motor head positioning

• 5.0 megabit/second transfer rate

• Same track capacity as a double density 8 inch

floppy

• 170 millisecond random average access time, reduceable to 95 ms via a simple software algorithm

This is the hard disk controller that the S-100 bus

has been waiting for. Please allow us to introduce

you!

A few interesting facts

• The only single S-100 DMA Hard disk control

ler board on the market today

CPM is a registered Trademark of Digital Research.

• Fully compatable with high speed 6MHz and 8

MHz CPUs of today and tomorrow

• DMA bus arbitration as outlined by the IEEE 696 standard

• Controls 1 to4soft sectored Winchesterdrives

• Supports both 5V>" and 8" drives

• ST506 or SA 1000 interface compatable

• Variable sector length (256, 512, 1024, or 2048 byte sectors)

• Automatic CRC generation and checking

• Addresses 1 to 16 heads

• Addresses an infinite number of tracks

• Contains its own on-board microprocessor

• 24-bit address burst DMA transfers

• Channel driven

• All disk driver routines resident on the controller

• Variable format

• No buffering required

• Maximum transfer rate 5,000,000 bits per second

Pure Speed

The speed of this Winchester controller is enhanced by Morrow's channel driven concept. This DMA hard disk controller (DMAHDC) picks up its commands from the host processor via memory on the system bus. The host processor writes commands into memory and then picks them up during DMA cycles from this memory. The channel, commands and transfers may be located anywhere in the 24-bit address range. At the completion of the command, the controller returns appropriate status and can generate an interrupt. Commands may be chained together by the CPU to allow the controller to execute many commands in succession, generating an interrupt at the end of each command and/or at the end of the completed command chain. Communications

An imbedded microprocessorenablesthe userto easily communicate with this intelligent device. All low level disk drive routines are resident on the controller itself. These include:

format

seek

read a header

read a sector Circle 318 on Inquiry card.

write a sector

return status

set DMA address

set channel address

LIST PRICE: $2495.00

Variable sector lengths are available. On Morrow Designs system products 512 byte sector lengths are standard. This is being done to maximize the capacities available on current drive units but may be varied by independent system integrators when desired.

The DMAHDC has been designed for expansion. One to four drives can be attached directly and controlled. One to sixteen drive heads may be addressed. Any number of tracks may be specified during the seek routine by specifying one to two hundred and fity-six tracks one or more times. Each of the expansion abilities prepare the user to upgrade his system as technology advances to additional platters and tracks.

The controller has no peer today in the S-100 bus market.

Systems interfaced:

1. North Star

2. Cromemco

3. Vector Graphics

4. Dynabyte

5. Micromation

6. Exidy

7. Imsai

8. Sol

9. California Computer

10. Godbout

11. Ithaca Intersystem

Look to Morrow for answers!

Look to PRIORITY 1 for the best price!

Priority 1 Electronics, as the world's largest stocking distributor of Morrow Designs' products committed to buy an entire production run of DISCUS M5 sub-systems so we can offer them at a special introductory low price. The DISCUS M5 is a good buy at the list price of $2495.00. The DISCUS M5 is an excellent value at our introductory low price of:

$1995.00

ORDER PART NO. BCMDSDMAM5

ELECTRONICS

ORDER TOLL FREE (800) 423-5922

£ OS 03

Include $10.00 tor UPS Ground Shipping "■■«« Sale prices are for prepaid orders only. Orders on open account will be accepted at $2250.00 each.

ORDERING INFORMATION

COMPARE HITACHI SCOPES TO ANY OTHER

100 MHz Scope $1595.00 50 MHz Scope $1250.00

. . . and we're not joking! —0 HITACHI

No one can match the features or performance at our

MARKET-SHATTERING PRICES!

Buy with confidence from the nation's largest Hitachi distributor. BCHITV1050 100 MHz, List $2375.00 BCHITV352 35 MHz, List $1150.00

Sale $1595.00

BCHITV550B 50 MHz, List $1745.00

Sale $1250.00

> X-Y Operation Convenient lor observation of two types of waves

> Delayed sweep permits 1,000 x magnification

> Variable Hold-off circuitry facilitates pulse measurement

> Single Sweep capability

» 10 x sweep magnification facilitates precision measurement

> Delayed sweep jitter held below 1/20,000

• 2 probes and cover included ' 2 year warranty

6" Square CRT with internal graticule (illuminated scale) High-accuracy voltage axis and time axis set at ±3% (certified at 10~ to 34^ C) High-sensitivity 1mV/div. Low drift 2 Year Warranty

Dynamic range 8 div.

TV sync-separator circuit

Built-in signal delay line (V-352)

X-Y operation

Sweep-time magnifier (10 times)

Trace rotation system

Fine-adjusting, click-positioning

function

2 probes included

• 6" square CRT with internal graticule (illuminated scale)

• High sensitivity; ImV/div. (10 MHz) VSSOB

• High sensitivity; .bmv/div. (10 MHz) V1050

• Automatic focus eliminates lag

• Trace rotation for easily adjusting brightline inclination caused by terrestial magnetism

• Third Channel Display (Trigger View) V550B

• Fourth Channel Display (Trigger View) V1050

Until now, if you wanted a50MHz or 100MHz dual trace oscilloscope of uncompromising quality, there was only one choice. Now there is a second...outstanding new delay sweep with an established name — the Hitachi V550B and the V1050.

The HITACHI V550B (50MHz) and V1050 (100MHz) offer all the J i

capabilities you might demand from a lab grade oscilloscope. Cap- r^ J

abilities such as a max. sweep rate of 2ns/div(V1050) 5ns/div V550B). 1 /

Also features you may not expect, like sensitivity of 1 mv/div (V550B) | /

.5mv/div(V1050) @ 10MHz,automaticfocuscorrection,andabuilt-in / I

TV sync separator circuit. / I

The cost? Remarkably reasonable, expecially when you ^} L considering measuring processes and operation frequency. The layout

i3ue I! '?t'he othe; ,leadincj lomzo< PRIORITY[_ONE_J ELECTRONICS

100MHz Dual trace oscilloscopes. Its a price

breakthrough made possible by using up-to- 9161 Deering Ave<>, ChatSWOrth,CA 91311

date production techniques and a design

backed up by over 20 years of flgh ORDER TOLL FREE (800) 423-5922

oscilloscope experience. l||p«K CA, AK, HI CALL (21 3) 709-5464

Sale $795.00

BCHITV202 20 MHz, List $850.00

Sale $595.00

HITACHI Oscilloscopes are innovative oscilloscopes designed and manufactured by Hitachi Denshi Ltd. The wide experience gained by HITACHI electronic specialists in producing oscilloscopes has resulted in this line of modern oscilloscopes featuring wider band width, more compact design and light weight. Through adopting circuitry with linear IC's and logic IC's plus modern manufacturing techniques, including automatic component-insertion machines. These oscilloscopes offer increased stability, improved reliability, excellent performance and enhanced operating ease.

The panel layout is designed to create maximum operating ease by es and operation frequency. The layout is divided into three blocks according to respective functions identified by different colors. This convenience-oriented design for users improves daily controllability and drastically reduces ^H operating errors.

TERMS U.S.: VISA, MC. BAC, Check. Money Order. U.S. Funds Only. CA residents add 6% Sales Tax. INCLU0E SIS.00 FOR EACH OSCILLOSCOPE lor UPS Surface Snipping and Handling. Jusl in case, include your phone number. Prices subject to change without notice. We will do our best to maintain these prices through March, 1982. For complete specifications, see our 60 page catalog in the November issue of BYTE or send St 00 for your copy today Sale Prices are lor prepaid orders only.

HITACHI — THE MEASURE OF QUALITY

Circle 319 on Inquiry c

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

GSC

PROTECT YOUR INVESTMENT PROTECT YOUR DATA WITH

•"^fcvj

a a

^"^ ISOBAR

With Built-in Noise Filters and Surge Suppressors

55)* *m

ISOLATES SENSITIVE AND VALUABLE EQUIPMENT FROM:

Equipment interaction - Damaging High Voltage Spikes -AC line noise and hash.

PROTECTS AGAINST: Voltage transients caused by lightrung, contact swilching. turn-ofl ol inductive components, noise due to electromagnetic coupling. USE THE GSC ISOBAR TO ISOLATE: Microprocessor from peripherals - Lab instruments from noisy equipment - Sensitive pre-amp or tape deck from power amplifier. THE GSC ISOBAR ELIMINATES: Equipment interaction Equipment damage from power line spikes and surges Errors - False prinlouts - Disk Skips - Audio or video hash. FEATURES: Inuctive isolated ground - Sockets individually filler isolaled - Circuil breaker protected at 15A VOLTAGE TRANSIENT SPIKE PROTECTION: 2000 A peak for up lo 6 Sec duration spikes. 1000A. 8/20 Sec protection from repealed spikes.

LOAD HANDLING: 1875 W max. total load: 15A per socket. INPUT: 125 VAC. 15 amps; standard 3-prong plug.

Three common outlets built-in circuit breaker, pilot light, hang-up bracket and a 6 foot cord.

LIST PRICE OUR PRICE BCGOFIBAR3 SH. WT. 3 lbs. S59.95 $39.95

D3AR 46 • Fcur independently isolated outlets. Built-in 15A circuit breaker, pilol light, switch, and 6 foot cord. BCGOFIBAR46 SH WT. 4 lbs. S79.95 $49.95

IBAR 86 • 8 outlets, grouped lo form 4 independently isolaled sets of two Built in 15A circuit breaker, on/oil switch, pilot light. BCGOFTBAR86 SH. WT. 5 lbs. S84.95 $54.95

IBAR 9RM - Eight rear-mounled outlets grouped to form lour independently isolated sets of two. plus one non-isolated convenience ouNet on front face. 19" rack mount cabinet. Built in 15A circuit breaker, pilol light, on/ott switch, and 6 foot cord. BCGOFTBAR9RM SH. WT 6 lbs. S99.95 $74.95

RS232 Breakout Box

. : :3 Sl-lij I

A must for every technician, repair man or systems integrator

The Breakout Box contains 24 Dua'1-In-Une Switches which allow any ot the inlerface signals (except Pin 1. which is not used) to be interrupted. The switches are located in the center

01 Ihe main control panel. A 25 way female connector for connecting the box to the DTE is fitted to the left hand side via a ribbon cable and a 25 way male connector for connection to the DCE is similarly connected to the right hand side.

DTE and DCE interface connection pins are located on both sides of the Dual-In-Line switches. Using the jumpers supplied, these pins permit monitoring ot any of the interface lines with either or both Ihe positive and negative test indicators on Ihe front panel. These pins also permit cross-patching or the connection of an external test meter or oscilloscope.

The Breakout Box contains indicators which monitor the following signals: Pin Function

2 Transmitted Data

3 Received Data

4 Request to Send

5 Ready for Sending (clear to send)

6 Data Set Ready

8 Data Channel Received Line Signal Detector

15 Transmitter Signal Element Timing

17 Receiver Signal Element Timing

20 Connect Data Set to Line/Data Terminal Ready

21 Signal Quality

22 Ring Indicator 25 Busy

Dalabox is contained in a lough plastic case and is powered by two, 1 5 volt penlight batteries. No power is consumed by Ihe lesler when not in use. Dimensions: 2.9" x 5.55" x 1.45". Weight 10 ounces, with batteries. BCDNW232BOX S 199.00 $ 159.00

GLOBAL

SPECIALTIES

LOGIC PROBES

SPECIFICATIONS

Shipping Wt. 2 lbs

Response

LP1

50 ns 80 ns -.ingle shot event. 10MHz pulse train

300 ns; 1.5MHz pulse train

LP3

6 ns typical, tested at 10 ns. 70MHz pulse train

Pulse Mode]

High Speed Train or Single Even!

Description

List Price Our Price

BC056SCIP1

standard 10MHz w/Memory

S5O.0O

$45.00

BCObeSClP?

Economy 1 £jMHz

S32.00

$30.00

KMttOH

High Spesd r/)MHz w/Memory

S77.0O

$69.00

BC6SC0PI

High speed Digital hilser 100 PPS or single-shot

S83.00

$76.00

BCBSCLTCI

l.i'l.DPI andl.MI in molded case

S240.00

$220.00

BCGSCL7C2

LP3, DPI and I.MI in molded case

S27000

$245.00

MICROCOMPUTER PRODUCTS

MEMORY

8080 SERIES

PAKTNO.

PRICE PART NO.

PRICE

BC4116AC20

BC2016P3

BC2114N3L

BC5257N3L

BC2732

BC2716

BC2708

8/$20.00

8/S72.00 8/528.00 8/S50.00 8/S120.00 8/$S0.00 8/$20.00

Z80 SERIES

BCZ80A

$14.95

BCZ80AP10

$14.95

BCZ80ACTC

$13.95

BCZ80ADMA

$45.00

BCZ80AS100

$59.95

BCZ80AS101

$59.95

BCZ80AS102

$59.95

UARTS

BCAY51013A

$5.95

BCTR1602B

$5.95

BCTR1863

$6.95

BCIM6402

$7.95

BCINS 8080A $5.50

BCINS 8085A $19.95

BCDP8212N $2.95

BCDP8214N $5.25

BCDP8216M $2.95

BCDP8224M $3.25

BCDP8224-4N $9.95

BCDP8226N $3.50

BCDP8228N $5.55

BCDP8238N $5.55

BCINS8250N $15.00

BCINS8251N $7.50

BCINS8253N $17.95

BCIN58255N $6.80

BCINS8257N $16.45

BCINS8259N $18.00

BCINS8275N $59.95

BCINS8279N $49.95

FLOPPY DISC CONTROLLER

BCFD1771B-01 $24.95

BCFD1791B-01 $44.95

KEITH LEY

Handheld DMMs For Every Application and Budget

Easy-to-use Rotary Switches

Large 0.6" LCD displays

dc Voltage

ac Voltage

dc Current

ac Currenl

Resistance

Diode Test

3l/2 or 4l/2 Digit Accuracy

Overload Protection

Externally Accessable Ballery & Fuse

Rugged 0.1" ABS Plastic Case

Shock-Mounted PC Board

BCKTH130 ±0.5% DCV accuracy. 10M ft input $124.00 impedence aulo polarity and current measurement through 10A

BCKTH131 Same as BCKTH130 excepl 0.25% ac- $139.00 curacy and enhanced band with on lop ACV ranges

BCKTH128 See/hear display includes both over/ $139.00 under threshold indicator arrows, audible lone that operales on all ranges & functions, and adjustable threshold

BCKTH135 41/; digit. 005% accuracy $235.00

BCKTH870 Thermocoup!e(TC)basedlhemomeler $199.00

BCKTH1304Soft Carrying Case & Standfhandheids) $ 10.00

BCKTH13060e!uxe Carrying Case (handhelds) $ 25.00

LCD & LED Bench DMMs

BCKTH169 3V2 Digit, LCD Display $189.00

BCKTH176 4M Digit. LCD Display $269.00

BCKTH179A 4'A Digil, LED Dispay, TRMS $359.00

BCKTH1793 1EEE-488 Interface(Model 179-20A) $325.00 See pp 42-43 ot our Engineering Selection Guide in the November BYTE for a complete list ol specifications and accessories.

SPECIAL PURCHASE

GOLD

16 PIN LOW PROFILE IC.

C95 SOCKETS

b ■- -i i r

i t

S 1

BCTIG16LP pkg ol 100 $ 16.00

BCTIG16LP pkg of 1000 $ 120.00

OEMS Stock up at this LOW PRICE!

ZERO INSERTION FORCE TEST SOCKETS

1-9 10-24

BCZIP16DIP $ 5.50 $5.35

BCZIP24 DIP $ 7.50 $7.25

BCZIP40 DIP $10.25 $9.85

PRIORITY

D-SUBIYIINIATURE CONNECTORS

.*.««""

INSULATION DISPLACEMENT TYPE

P = Plug. Male Type • S = Socket, Female Type - C = Cover Hood

war ho.

NO. OF PINS

25-99

100-249

BCI0CDE9P

BCIDC0E9S

BCI0CDE9C

BCIDCDAI5P

BCIDCDA15S

BCIDCDAI5C

BCIDCDB25P

BCIDCDB25S

BCIDCDB25C

BC1DCDC37P

BCI0CBC37S

BGI0COC37C

9

4.20

4.00

3.60

320

9

4.50

4.20

3.60

3.40

9

1.25

1.10

1.00

.95

15

4.35

4.20

3.75

3.40

15

5.00

4.65

4.35

3.90

15

1.40

1.25

1.10

.95

25

0.25

6.00

5.20

4.70

25

6.60

6.35

5.60

5.00

25

1.60

1.50

1.35

1.20

37

6.60

6.00

7.20

6.40

37

11.00

10.25

9.20

8.20

37

2.25

2.20

1.60

1.60

SOLDER TYPE

PRICE

-US 10-24 25-99

BCCN0DE9P

9 Pin Male

$2.10 $1.90

$1.70

BCCNBDE9S

9 Pin Female

$2.70 $2.40

$2.10

BCCNO0E9C

9 Pin Cover

$1.50 $1.25

$1.10

BCCNDDA15P

15 Pin Male

$2.75 $2.45

$2.15

BCCND0A15S

15 Pin Female

$3.95 $3.60

$3.20

BCCNDBA15C

15 Pin Cover

$1.50 $1.30

$1.10

BCCND0B25P

25 Pin Male

$3.00 $2.75

$2.25

+BCCNDDB25P 100 pes

at $1.95 ea *

BCCN0DB25S

25 Pin Female

$4.00 $3.75

$3.00

• BCCNDDB25S 100 pes at $2.95 ea •

BCCN0DB51226

2 Pc. Black Hood

$1.90 SI.65

$1.45

BCCNDDB512I2

1 Pc. Grey Hood

$1.60 $1.45

$1.30

BCCN0P25H

2 Pc. Grey Hood

$1.50 $1.25

$1.10

BCCNDDC37P

37 Pin Male

$5.80 $5.10

$4.45

BCCN0OC37S

37 Pin Female

$8.70 $7.70

$6.70

BCCND0C37C

37 Pin Cover

$1.60 $1.55

$1.30

BCCN0BD5OP

50 Pin Male

$8.75 $7.75

$6.70

BCCNDDD50S

50 Pin Female

$11.65 $10.25

$6.90

BCCND0D50C

50 Pin Cover

$2.00 $1.80

$1.60

BCCNDD204I8

Hardware Set 2 Pr. RS232, DB25P, EIA

$1.00 $ .60

$ .70

BCCN0RS2328F

Class 1 Cable 8 Con 8 Fi$l9.95 $17.95

$15.95

BCCNB5730360

Cenl. 700 Series/Epson Primer Conn.

$9.00 $7.50

$6.00

BCIDC5730360

IDC Version of Above

$9.95 $9.00

$6.00

IHE STAR MODEM from PRENTICE

FEATURE

FITS GTE HANDSETS

1 YEAR WARRANTY

EXCLUSIVE ACOUSTIC CHAMBERS:

The exclusive triple seal of Prentice's new flal mounted cups locks the handsel into the acoustic chamber yielding superior acoustic isolation and mechanical cushioning Designed to adapt to most common handsets used throughout the world

self test;

The self test learure on the STAR allows the user to verify total operalion of the acoustic modem by using the terminal in the lull duplex mode No need tor remote assistance in diagnosing terminal or modem problems

SPECIFICATIONS:

• Data Hate: 0 to 300 baud

• CompatabUltviBell 103 and 113: COTT

• Frequency StabUlty:±0.3 percent. Crystal controlled

• Receiver SensltlvltY: 50 dBm ON -53 dBm OFF

• Modulatlon:Frecruency shift keyed (FSK)

• Carrier Detect Delay: 1 2 seconds ON: 120 sec OFF

• EIA Terminal InterfaceiCompatable with RS232 specs

• Teletype lnterface:20 mUliampere current loop

• International (CcrTT) frequencies available.

• Swttchei:Originate/Off/Answer:FuU duplex/Test/-Hail Duplex

• Indlcators:Transmit Data. Receive Data. Carrier Ready. Test PART NO. DESCRIPTION LIST PRICE SALE PRICE BCPRNSTAB RS232. TTL 200 Ma S19900 C190nn

Currenl Loop »1^Y.UU

ELECTRONICS S '«j || ^

9161-B DEERING AVE • CHATSWORTH, CA 91311 ORDER TOLL FREE (800) 423-5922 CA, AK, HI CALL (213) 709-5464

Terms U S VISA. MC. BAC, Check. Money Order. US Funds Only CA residents add 6% Sales Tax. MINIMUM PREPAID ORDER S 15.00. Include MINIMUM SHIPPING & HANDLING of S2 50 (or the first 3 lbs. plus 25c lor each additional pound Orders over 50 lbs. sent freight collect Just in case, please include your phone no. Prices subject to change without notice We will do our best to maintain prices through March. 1982 Credit Card orders will be charged appropriate freight. See November BYTE tor 60 page Catalog or send S1 00 for your copy today Sale prices are for prepaid orders only.

wm

Circle 319 on Inquiry card.

Sunnyvale

Printers

Computer Products

Woodland Hills • Hawthorne • San Diego

Accessories for Apple | Single Board Computer

BETTER THAN EPSON ! - Okidata

Microline 82A 80/132 column, 120 CPS, 9 x 9 dot

matrix, friction feed, pin feed, adjustable tractor feed (removable), bandies 4 part forms up to 9.5" wide, rear & bottom feed, paper tear bar, 100% duty cycle/'200,000,000 character print head, bi-directional/logic seeking, both serial & parallel interfaces included, front panel switch & program control of 10 different form lengths, uses inexpensive spool type ribbons, double width & condensed characters, true lower case descenders & graphics PRM-43082 with FREE tractor .... $544.95

Microline 83A 132/232 column. 120 CPS, handles forms up to 15" wide, plus all the features of the 82A. PRM-43083 with FREE tractor .... $774.95

Microline 84 132/232 column, 200 CPS, full dot graphics built in. handles forms up to 15" wide, plus all the features of the S3A. PRM-43083 with FREE tractor ... $1249.95

PRA-27081 Apple card $39.95

PRA-27082 Apple cable $19.95

PRA-27087 TRS-80 cable $24.95

PRA-43081 Hi speed 2K serial board $169.95 PRA-43080 Extra ribbons pkg. of 2 ... $9.95

INEXPENSIVE PRINTERS - Epson

MX-70 HO column. 80 CPS, 5 x 7 dot matrix, adjustable

tractor feed, & graphics

PRM-27070 List $459 $399.95

MX-80 80 column. 80 CPS, bidirectional/Ionic seeking printing, 9 x 9 dot matrix, adjustable tractor feed, & 6<l graphics characters PRM-27080 List $645 $469.95

MX-80FT same as MX-80 with friction feed added. PRM-27082 List $745 $559.95

MX-100 132 column, correspondence quality, graphics, up to 15" paper, friction feed & adjustable tractor feed, 9x9 dot matrix. 80 CPS. PRM-27100 List $945 $759.95

PRA-27084 Serial interface $69.95

PRA-27088 Serial intf & 2K buffer . . $144.95

PRA-27081 Apple card $74.95

PRA-27082 Apple cable $22.95

PRA-27086 IEEE 488 card $52.95

PRA-27087 TRS-80 cable $32.95

PRA-27085 Graftrax II $95.00

PRA-27083 Extra ribbon $14.95

Modems

SMARTMODEM - Hayes

Sophisticated direct-connect auto-answer/auto-dial modem, touch-tone or pulse dialing, RS-232C interface, programmable

IOM-5400A Smartmodem $249.95

IOK-1500A Hayes Chronograph ... $199.95

CAT MODEMS - Novation

CAT 300 baud, acoustic, answer/orginate IOM-5200A List $189.95 $149.95

D-CAT 300 baud direct connect, answer/orginate IOM-5201A List $199.95 $169.95

AUTO-CAT Auto answer orginate. direct connect IOM-5230A List $299.95 $239.95

Apple-CAT - Novation

Software selectable 1200 or 300 baud, direct connect, autoanswer autodial, auxiliary 3-icire RS232C serial port for printer. IOM-5232A Save $50.00!!! $325.00

16K MEMORY UPGRADE

Add 16K of RAM to your TRS-80, Apple, or Exidy in just minutes. We've sold thousands of these 16K RAM upgrades which include the appropriate memory chips fas specified by the manufacturer), all necessary jumper blocks, fool-proof instructions, and our 1 year guarantee.

MEX-16100K TRS-80 kit $25.00

MEX-16101K Apple kit $25.00

MEX-16102K Exidy kit $25.00

16K RAM CARD - for Apple II

Expand your Apple to 64K, 1 year warranty MEX-16500A Save $70.00 !!! $129.95

Z-80* CARD for APPLE

Two computers in one, Z-80 & 0502, more than doubles the power & potential of your Apple, includes Z-80* CPU card, CP/M 2.2, & BASIC-80 CPX-30800A A&T $299.95

8" DISK CONTROLLER

New from Vista Computer, single or double sided, single or double density, compatible with DOS 3.2/3.3. Pascal, & CPM 2.2, Shugart & Qumc compatible IOD-2700A A&T $499.95

2 MEGABYTES for Apple II

Complete package includes: Two H" double-density disk

drives, Vista double-density 8" disk controller, cabinet, power

supply. & cables. DOS 3.2/3.3, CP/M 2.2, & Pascal

compatible.

1 MegaByte Package (Kit) $1495.00

1 MegaByte Package (A&T) $1695.00

2 MegaByte Package (Kit) $1795.00

2 MegaByte Package (A & T) .... $1995.00

DISK DRIVES - Micro Sci

Inexpensive disk drives for your Apple A2 Direct replacement for Apple Disk II, works with Apple IS controller as first or second drive. MSM-123101 Micro Sci A2 $429.95

A40 10 track drive for Apple II. Improved storage capacity and speed over Apple Brand drives - requires Micro Sci controller. IOD-2340A Micro Sci A40 $399.95

A70 70 track drive for Apple II. Twice the storage capacity and three times faster than Apple Brand drives requires Micro Sci controller 1OD-2370A Micro Sci A70 $499.95

Micro Sci Controller Disk controller for up to two Micro Sci A40 or A70 disk drives, DOS 3.2, 3,3, Pascal, and Z-80 Soft-Card compatible, includes utility disk and 40 70 track patch. IOD-2300A Micro Sci controller $95.00

VISION 80 - Vista Computer

HO column x 24 line video card for Apple II, 128 ASCII characters, upper and lower case, 9 x 10 dot matrix with 8 dot descenders, standard data media terminal control codes. CP/M Pascal & Fortran compatible, 50/60 Hz IOV-2400A Vista Vision 80 $375.00

AIO, ASIO, APIO - S.S.M.

Parallel & serial interface for your Apple (see Byte pg IIJ

IOI-2050K Par&Serkit $139.95

IOI-2050A Par&SerA&T $169.95

IOI-2052K Serial kit $89.95

IOI-2052A Serial A&T $99.95

IOI-2054K Parallel kit $69.95

IOI-2054A Parallel A&T $89.95

CPS MULTICARD - Mtn. Computer

Three cards in one! Real time clock calendar, serial interface. & parallel interface - all on one card.

IOX-2300AA&T $199.95

Circle 200 on Inquiry card.

Z-80 STARTER KIT - SD Systems

Complete Z-80 microcomputer with RAM. RUM. 1 O. keyboard, display, kludge area, manual, & workbook

CPS-30100K KIT $299.95

CPS-30100A A&T $469.95

SYM-1 - Synertek Systems

Single hoard computer with IK of RAM. 4Kof ROM. key-pad. LED display. 20ma & cassette interface on board. CPK-50020A A&T $249.95

VIC 20 - Commodore

Complete personal computer with SK RAM, full color. 61 key keyboard, 4 dual special-function keys, serial ports, cassette port, composite video output (connects to standard color TV set!, BASIC language. & expansion port. COM-VIC20 VIC-20 Under $300.00

PERSONAL COMPUTERS

Also available from Jade ■ Call for Price and Info

AIM-65, Altos, Apple II, Atari,

Commodore, California Computer Sys

Hewlett-Packard, Intersystems

Jade, NEC, Novell, SD Systems

SYM-1, Xerox, and more...

Video Monitors

HI-RES 12" GREEN - Zenith

IS MHz bandwidth, 700 lines/inch, P31 green phosphor, switchable 40 or 80 columns, small, light-weight & portable. VDM-201201 List price $150.00 .... $118.95

12" GREEN SCREEN - NEC

20 MHz, P31 phosphor video monitor with audio, exceptionally high resolution - A fantastic monitor at a very reasonable price

VDM-651200 Special Sale Price $199.95

12" COLOR MONITOR - NEC

Hi-res monitor with audio & sculptured case VDC-651212 Color Monitor $479.95

NEC-1202D RGB color monitor ... $1045.00

Leedex / Amdek

Reasonably priced video monitors

VDM-801210 Video 100 12" B&W .. $139.95

VDM-801230 Video 100-80 12" B&W $179.95

VDM-801250 12" Green Phospor .... $169.95

VDC-801310 13" Color I $379.95

VDC-801320 Color II $895.00

IOV-2300A DVM board for Apple . . $199.95

Video Terminals

TELEVIDEO 910

Full featured • inexpensive terminal VDT-901210 List 795.0(1 $695.00

TELEVIDEO 950 VUT-901250 List $1195.00 $995.00

AMBER SCREEN - Volker Craig

Detachable keyboard, amber on black display. 7 X 9 dot matrix, 10 program function keys. 1-1 key numeric pad. 12" non-glare screen, 50 to 19,200 baud, direct cursor control, auxiliary bi directional serial port VDT-351200 List $795.00 $645.00

VIEWPIONT - ADDS

Detachable keyboard, serial RS2.'i2(, interface, baud rates from I HI to 19.200. auxiliary serial output port. 21 x SO display, VDT-501210 Sale Priced $639.95

DIALOGUE 80 - Ampex

VDT-230080 List $1195.00 $895.00

y

Computer Products

FREE 1982 CATALOG

Just circle our reader service number on the information request card located near the index.

S-100 CPU Boards S-100 RAM Boards

Disk Drives

THE BIG Z* - Jade

2 or 4 MHz switchable Z-80' CPU with serial I/O, accomodates 2708, 2716, or 2732 EPROM, baud rates from 75 to 9600

CPU-30201K Kit $139.95

CPU-30201A A&T $189.95

CPU-30200B Bare board $35.00

2810 Z-80* CPU - Cal Comp Sys

3 I MHz Z-80 A * CPU with RS-232C serial I/O port andon hoard MOSS 2.2 monitor PROM, front panel compatible CPU-30400A A&T $269.95

CB-2 Z-80 CPU - S.S.M.

2 or 4 MHz Z-80 CPU board with provision for up to 8Kof ROM or 4K of RAM on hoard, extended addressing, IEEE S-100) front panel compatible.

CPU-30300K Kit $239.95

CPU-30300A A&T $299.95

S-100 PROM Boards

PROM-100 - SD Systems

2708. 2716. 2732 EPROM programmer w/software

MEM-99520K Kit $189.95

MEM-99520A A&T $249.95

PB-1 - S.S.M.

2708. 2716 EPROM board with built-in programmer

MEM-99510K Kit $154.95

MEM-99510A A&T $219.95

EPROM BOARD - Jade

16K or 32K uses 2708's or 2716's, IK boundary

MEM-16230K Kit $79.95

MEM-16230A A&T $119.95

S-100 Video Boards

VB-3 - S.S.M.

80 characters x 24 lines expanda ble to 80 x 48 for a full page of text, upper & lower case, 256 user defined symbols, 160 x 192 graphics matrix, memory mapped, has key board input.

IOV-1095K 4 MHz kit $349.95

IOV-1095A 4 MHz A&T $439.95

IOV-1096K 80 x 48 upgrade $39.95

VDB-8024 - SD Systems

80 x 24 I/O mapped video hoard with keyboard I/O. and onboard Z-80 A*.

IOV-1020A A&T $459.95

VIDEO BOARD - S.S.M.

64 characters x 16 lines. 128 x 48 matrix for graphics, full upper lower case ASCII character set. numbers, symbols, and greek letters, normal/reverse/blinking video, S-100.

1OV-1051K Kit $149.95

IOV-1051A A&T $219.95

IOV-1051B Bare board $34.95

S-100 Motherboards

ISO-BUS - Jade

Silent, simple, and on sale ■ a better motherboard 6 Slot (5W X 8W)

MBS-061B Bare board $19.95

MBS-061K Kit $39.95

MBS-061A A&T $49.95

12 Slot (9W x 8W)

MBS-121B Bare board $29.95

MBS-121K Kit $69.95

MBS-121A A&T $89.95

18 Slot (14'/j" x 8%")

MBS-181B Bare board $49.95

MBS-181K Kit $99.95

MBS-181A A&T $139.95

MEMORY BANK - Jade

4 MHz. S-100. bank selectable, expandable from 16Kto 64 K

MEM-99730B Bare Board $49.95

MEM-99730K Kit no RAM $199.95

MEM-32731K 32K Kit $239.95

MEM-64733K 64K Kit $279.95

Assembled & Tested add $50.00

64K RAM - Calif Computer Sys

4 MHz bank port / bank byte selectable, extended addressing. 16K bank selectable. PHANTOM line allows memory overlay. 8080 / Z-80 / front panel compatible. MEM-64565A A&T $575.00

64K STATIC RAM - Mem Merchant

64K static S-100 RAM card. 4-16K banks, up to 8MHz MEM-64400A A&T $789.95

32K STATIC RAM - Jade

2 or 4 MHz expandable static RAM board uses 2114L's

MEM-16151K 16K4MHzkit $169.95

MEM-32151K 32K 4 MHz kit $299.95

Assembled & tested add $50.00

16K STATIC RAM - Mem Merchant

4 MHz 16K static RAM board. IEEE S-100. bank selectable. Phantom capability, addressable in 4K blocks, "disable-able" in 1K segments, extended addressing, low power MEM-16171A A&T $164.95

S-100 Disk Controllers

DOUBLED - Jade

Double density controller with the inside track, on-board Z80A*. printer port, IEEE S-100, can function on an interrupt driven buss

IOD-1200K Kit $299.95

IOD-1200A A&T $375.00

IOD-1200B Bare board $59.95

DOUBLE DENSITY - Cal Comp Sys

5'A" and 8" disk controller, single or double density, with on-hoard boot loader ROM. and free CP/M 2.2* and manual set. IOD-1300A A&T $374.95

S-100 I/O Boards

S.P.I.C. - Jade

Our new I O card with 2 SIO's, 4 CTCs. and I PIO IOI-1045K 2 CTCs, 1 SIO, I PIO .. $179.95

IOI-1045A A&T $239.95

IOI-1046K 4 CTCs, 2 SIO's, 1 PIO $219.95

IOI-1046A A&T $299.95

IOI-1045B Bare board w/manual ...$49.95

1/0-4 - S.S.M.

2 serial I/O ports plus 2 parallel I/O parts

IOI-1010K Kit $179.95

IOI-1010A A&T $249.95

IOI-1010B Bare board $35.00

S-100 Mainframes

MAINFRAME - Cal Comp Sys

12 slot S-100 mainframe with 20 amp power supply

ENC-112105 Kit $329.95

ENC-112106 A & f $399.95

EPROM ERASER - Spectronics

Ultra-violet EPROM erasers

XME-3100A With out timer $69.50

XME-3101 With timer $94.50

XME-3200 Economy Model $39.95

Circle 200 on inquiry card.

Handsome metal cabinet with proportionally balanced air flow system • Rugged dual drive power supply • Power cable kit • Power switch, line cord, fuse holder, cooling fan • Never-Mar rubber feet • All necessary hardware to mount 28" disk drives, power supply, and fan • Does not include signal cable

Dual 8" Subassembly Cabinet

END-000420 Bare cabinet $59.95

END-000421 Cabinet kit $225.00

END-000431 A&T $359.95

8" Disk Drive Subsystems Single Sided, Double Density END-000423 Kit w/2 FD100-8Ds . $924.95 END-000424 A & T w/2 FD100-8Ds $1124.95 END-000433 Kit w/2 SA-801Rs ... $999.95 END-000434 A & T w/2 SASOlRs $1195.00

8" Disk Drive Subsystems Double Sided, Double Density

END-000426 Kit w/2 DT-8s $1224.95

END-000427 A & T w/2 DT-8s ... $1424.95 END-000436 Kit w/2 SA-851Rs .. $1295.00 END-000437 A & T w/2 SASSlRs $1495.00

5W Disk Drives

Shugart SA400L sngl-sided dbl-density 40 track MSM-104000 .. $234.95 ea 2 for $224.95 ea

Shugart SA450 dbl-sided dbl-density 70 track MSM-104500 .. $349.95 ea 2 for $329.95 ea

Qume DT-5 dbl-sided dbl-density 80 track MSM-750050 .. $359.95 ea 2 for $349.95 ea

MP1 B-Sl sngl-sided dbl-density 40 track MSM-155100 ,. $234.95 ea 2 for $224.95 ea

MPl B-S2 dbl-sided dbl-density 40 track MSM-155200 ,. $344.95 ea 2 for $334.95 ea

MPIB-91 sngl-sided dbl-density 77 track MSM-155300 .. $369.95 ea 2 for $359.95 ea

MPI B-92 dbl-sided dbl-density 77 track MSM-155400 .. $469.95 ea 2 for $459.95 ea

8" Disk Drives

Shugart SA801R single-sided double-density MSF-10801R .. $394.95 ea 2 for $389.95 ea Shugart SA851R double-sided double-density MSF-10851R.. $554.95 ea 2 for $529.95 ea

Qume DT-8 double-sided double-density MSF-750080 .. $524.95 ea 2 for $499.95 ea

Siemens FDD 100-8 sngl-sided dbl-density MSF-201120 .. $384.95 ea 2 for $349.95 ea

BUS PROBE - Jade

S-100 diagnostic analyzer board, dynamic visual display o/ all 96 IEEE S-100 signals, aids in real time analysis of faulty harduvre and software

TSX-200B Bare Board $59.95

TSX-200K Kit $119.95

TSX-200A A&T $149.95

SD Systems ExpandoRAM III

256K RAM $879.95

Single User System

SBC-200, MK ExpandoRAM II. Versafloppy II. CP/M2.2

$1095.00

4 MHz Z-80A CPU, 64K RAM, serial I/O port, parallel I/O port, double-density disk controller, CP/M 2.2 disk and manuals, system monitor, control and diagnostic software. Add $100.00 for upgrade to ExpandoRAM 11164K (expandable to 256K)

-All boards are assembled and tested

SBC-200

2 or 4 MHz single board computer

• S-100 bus compatible • Powerful 4MHzZ-80A CPU • Synchronous/asynchronous serial I/O port with RS-232 interface and software programmable baud rates up to 9600 baud • Parallel input and parallel output port • F'our channel counter/timer • Four maskable, vectored interrupt inputs and a non-maskable interrupt • 1K of on-board RAM • Up to 32K of on-board ROM • System monitor PROM included

The SBC-200 is an excellent CPU board to base a microcomputer system around. With on-board RAM, ROM, and I/O, the SBC-200 allows you to build a powerful three-board system that has the same features found in most five-board microcomputers. The SBC-200 is compatible with both single-user and multi-user systems.

CPU-30200A A & T with monitor $299.95

Versafloppy II

5'/i" & 8" double density controller

• S-100 bus compatible • IBM 3740 compatible soft isectoredformat • Controls single and doublesided drives, single or double density, o'/i" and 8" drives in any combination of four simultaneously • Drive select and side select circuitry • Analog phase-locked loop data seperator • Vectored interrupt operation optional • Standard CP/M 2.2 disk operating • Control/diagnostic software PROM included

The Versafloppy II is faster, more stable and more tolerant of bit shift and "jitter" than most controllers. All control and diagnostic software included.

IOD-1160A A&T $359.95

For CP/M 2.2 and manual set add $99.95

ExpandoRAM III

64K to 256K expandable RAM board

IT

SD Systems has duplicated the famous reliability of their ExpandoRAM I and II boards in the new ExpandoRAM III, a board capable of containing 256K of highspeed RAM. Utilizing the new 64K x 1 dymanic RAM chips, you can configure a memory of 64K, 128K, 192K, or 256K, all on one S-100 board. Memory address decoding is done by a programmed bipolar ROM so that the memory map may be dip-switch configured to work with either COSMOS/MPM-type systems or with OASIS-type systems.

Extensive application notes concerning how to operate the ExpandoRAM III with Cromemco, Intersystems, and other popular 4 MHz Z-80 systems are contained in the manual.

MKM-65064A 64K A & T $495.00

MEM-65128A 12HK A & T $639.95

MEM-65192A 192K A&T $769.95

MKM-65256A 256K A&T $879.95

ExpandoRAM II

16K to 64K expandable RAM board

,->.

• S-100 bus compatible • Up to 4M Hz operation • Expandable from 16K to 64K • Uses 16 x 1 4116 memory chips • Page mode operation allows up to 8 memory boards on the bus • Phantom output disable • Invisible on-board refresh

The ExpandoRAM II is compatible with most S100 CPUs. When other SD System' series II boards are combined with the ExpandoRAM II, they create a microcomputer system with exceptional capabilities and features.

MEM-16630A ItiK A & T $345.00

MEM-32631A 32K A&T $365.00

MEM-48632A 48K A&T $385.00

MEM-64633A 64K A&T $399.95

PROM-100

Versatile EPBOM Programmer

• S-100 bus compatible • Programs 2708, 2758, 2716,2732,2516 EPROMs • DIP switch selection of EPKOM type • 25 VDC programming pulse generated on-board • Very fast programming and verification • Zero insertion force socket • Programming software included on 8" diskette

MEM-99520K Kit if software $189.95

MKM-99520A A & T w/software .., $249.95

Multi-User System

SBC-200, 256K ExpandoRAM III. Versafloppy II. MPC-4 COSMOS Multi-User Operating System. C BASIC II

$1995.00

Two Z-80A CPUs (4 MHz), 256K RAM, oserial I/O ports with independently programmable baud rates and vectored interrupts, parallel input port, parallel output port, 8 counter/timer channels, real time clock, single and double sided single or double density disk controller for 5'/i" and 8" drives, up to 36K of on-board ROM, CP/M 2.2 compatible COSMOS interrupt, driven multi-user disk operating system, allows up to 8 users to run independent jobs concurrently, C BASIC II, control and diagnostic software in PROM included.

-All boards are assembled and tested

MPC-4

Intelligent communications interface

• Four buffered serial I/O ports • On-board Z80A processor • Four CTC channels • Independently programmable baud rates • Vectored interrupt capability • Up to 4K of onboard PROM • Up to 2K of on-board RAM • Onboard firmware

This is not just another four-port serial I/O board! The on-board processor and firmware provide sufficient intelligence to allow the MPC-4 to handle time consuming I/O tasks, rather than loading down your CPU. To increase overall efficiency, each serial channel has an 80 character input buffer and a 128 character output buffer. The on-board firmware can be modified to make the board SDLC or BISYNC compatible. In combination with SD's COSMOS operating system (which is included with the MPC-4), this board makes a perfect building block for a multiuser system. 1OI-1504A A & T with COSMOS .. $495.00

Place Orders Toll Free

Continental U.S. Inside California

800-421-5500 800-262-1710

For Technical Inquires or Customer Service call:

213-973-7707

'■■

Computer Products

4901 W. Rosecrans, Hawthorne, Ca 90250

TERMS of SALE: Cash, checks, credit cards, or Purchase Orders from qualified firms and institutions. Minimum Order SI 5.00. California residents add 6% tax. Minimum shipping &. handling charge $3.00. Pricinu & availihilitv subject to chance

Circle 201 on inquiry card.

THE WAVE MATE " TJULLCT - (SBC)" is the STATE-OF-THE-ART Single Board Computer.

Never before has there been so much technology

contained on ONLY ONE Single Board Computer.

Standard size 8x10.7 inches

COMPARE THESE FEATURES: .

• 4MHzZ-80ACPU

• 128 K byte RAM with bank select

• Single/Double density floppy disk controller for both 5V4 inch and 8 inch drives

• DMA floppy disk operation with optional high speed RAM track buffer

• General purpose external DMA I/O

• 2 serial ports with transmission rates to 38.4 K baud with optional DMA operation

• Centronics printer port with optional DMA operation

• Hard disk interface with optional DMA operation

• Vectored interrupts

• Real time clock 5 volts only

THE WAVE MATE ENHANCED C-BIOS PROVIDES SEVERAL POWERFUL ADDITIONS TO THE INDUSTRY STANDARD OPERATING SYSTEM. THESE ARE AS FOLLOWS:

• Optimized disk track interlacing

• Full disk track buffering

• Keyboard type-ahead

• Optional multi-user operation

• Disk write verification

• Real time clock

• Various soft sectored mini floppy diskette formats

a** $995.22

single quantity price includes WAVE MATE'S enhanced C-BIOS.

m fj„ i i t m jit.

■ I BB ■ I

■! „„-.. I ■;i;---r.

The Wave Mate "BULLET," fast, compact and powerful; is a completely integrated Z-80A, CP/M based microcomputer system packed in an attractive dual mini floppy drive enclosure. Connect any serial terminal and Centronics i compatible printer and you are in business with an I i ' unbeatable PRICE/PERFORMANCE ratio. A

'] is 1

I ■

- i ■ 4A,

Circle 65 on inquiry card.

WAVE MATE INTERNATIONAL

159, chee de Vleurgat

1050 Brussels, Belgium

Tel.: (02) 649 10 70 Telex: 24050

WAVE MATE INC.

DISTRIBUTED BY:

CaUFornIa DiqiTAl

4738 156th Street Lawndale, Calif. 90260

(213) 679-9001

DEALER, OEM & INTERNATIONAL INQUIRIES WELCOME

CAufoRIMIA DlGITA

Post Office Box 3097 B • Torrance, Califor

•LufJ

California Digital

STATIC* 64

Sixteen Bit Memory

SI

I»II1»I4I II1111111111111111111111 (IM11 lllTl I

RELIABILITY OF STATIC ... PRICE OF DYNAMIC

February Price $850

30% Price Reduction

UUIizing the new Hitachi 5167/2167 ran. chip, the Static 6-1 is the most current technology available is S-100 memory products. 2-1 bit extended addressing, Dor 16 bit data paths along with 16 bit request and acknowledge make tliis unique board completely computable with the IEEE' 696 S-100 buss standard.

The Static 64 !uis been engineered to allow each 16K segment of memory to be bank selectable supporting multiuser systems. Ciher selectable features allow the board to fully integrate with all current bank Selecting schemes including Cromex and Alpha-Micro. Operates with all 16 bit computers including Seattle Computers. Tecmar and Lomas. Designed for DMA operations at clock frequencies in excess of 10 MHz. Standby power consumption Less than one Amp.

To add to the total integrity of the product, each board is subjected to extensive high temperature burn-in and test procedures. CA1-.-Q40Q

EPSON MX80 NEC PC-8023A

$.

450

$

535

Epson MX80FT triction/ir $505.00 Epson MX 100 132 column

Graft rax HO option 70.00

Apple I/O f. cable (ai3i) 120,00

Serial Inlerftiee (HUD 70.00

Serial Inter. ,2Kbu£.(BlSl) 115.00

Cable for THS-B0 35.00

IEEE 4bb interface (ami) 6S.00

Replacement head 15.00

Replacement Ribbon 14.00

Paper 3500 sheets 3 1/2" 35.00

Den-matrix, bi-directional, lojjicleektngi friction or tractor feed. Impact printer. Complete uraphics, upper and lower case ASCII. Greek, mathematics idong with the ability to print dot graphic screen images

din

Uyo

i. i.;ipei

Proportional spacing and 132 column compressed print make this low coal machine the best value in todays printer market.

RINTRONIX

P-300 '4500 P-600 '6150

PRINTERS

Epson MX30

FREMX80

S475

Epson MX80.Fr

PRfcMX801

595

Epson MX100

PRE MX 10C

Anadei 9:.oo

PR<\<t.r.0Q

1295

Anadex BS01

PRAU501

1295

Anacom 150

PRA150

1075

IDS Paper Tgr.

PRG4G0G

10Q5

IDS Tiger tifJO

PRGadOG

1350

Diablo CUD

PRDG30

2150

Diablo lfi'iO

PRD1650

2850

Diablo 1640

PRD1640

2496

Datasouth 180

PRD180

1350

Prtntronix 300

PRPJ00

4500

Printronlx 600

PRP600

6150

NEC/Seliuni 1

NI-X/Sm 16K TEC/Starwrit,

Okidata 80 Okidata 82 Okidata 83 Teletype 43K Texas Ins. 810 Tex. Lis 810C Centronics 730 Centronics 737 Centronics 739 Centrnx 704-9 Centra*.704-11

PRN5510ps

PRN5516ps

PRV300

PRO80

PRO02

PR 08 3

PTT4320K

PRTH10H

PRT810C

PRC730P

PRC737P

PRC739P

PRC704-9

PRC704-11

2695 2795 1395 419 619 895 1095 1450 1795 529 695 795

SYSTEMS

m

HEWLETT mLTM PACKARD §P85 COMPUTER

BELOW OUR COST

[apple

48K Memory

*1150

===== 3101

E =—. =V= Display = ^=- = " = Terminal

IBM Direct Price '1395, California Digital

discount price

1295

AMPEX

DIALOGUE 80 REDUCED PRICE

$

795

Ampex Corporation. The Dialogue 80 features removable keyboard, dlsplayable iivo pages (tour optional) dual program keys, half Intensity protected fields and status line. Transmits data either block, line or character mode. Excellent value. VDT-DflO shipping 47 lba.

VIDEO TERMINALS

ADDS Viewpoint VDT-HVP 595

ADDS Regent 25 numeric cluster VDT-R25 850

ADDS Regent 30 25th status line VDT-R30 950

ADDS Regent 40 limited graphics VDT-R40 1195

ADDS Regent 60 Block mode VDT-R60 1495

Ampex Dialouge 80 two page.detatch VDT-D80

Digital Equipment VT-100 VDT-V100 1595

Digital Equipment VT-132 VDT-V132 1895

IBM 3101-10 character mode green VDT-3101 1195

IBM 3101-20 block mode VDT-31012 1395

Visual 200 VDT-V200 995

Televideo 910C (new) VDT-T910 595

Televideo 912C VDT-T912 665

Televideo 920C ' VDT-T920 745

Televideo 950C detachable keybd. VDT-T950 985

Zenith Z-19 VDT-Z-19

VIDEO MONITORS

BMC KG-12C 20 MHz P31 green phosphor S169

NEC gm. 1201 189

Zenith gm ZVM121 119

BMC color composit _ 339

Zenith color 13" 395

NEC RGB1202DH 695

EPROM ERASER

Ultra Vilot Products

*

65

UVP-11E

tSmhwSllikmmmSmmmmm

lerchandise sold by California Digital is premium grade.

al add $.40 _ _ efunded. arnia residents add 6% sales tax. COD's discouraged.

'-•-i supported educational Instituting I->un & Bradstreet. " house: 15608 Inglewood Blvd. Visitors by appointment.

Circle 66 on inquiry card.

GREEN PHOSPHOR MONITOR

The new Zenith ZVM-121 monitor features a P-31 green phosphor tube along with 15 MHz bandwidth.

Switch selectable for 40 and 80 character per line screen formats.

Accepts composite video and is fully cornPliable with 80 column Apple cards. VDM-121 20 lbs.

ACCESSORIES FOR THE

COMPUTER

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEM Arithmetic Processor ?8tl B/C Asynchronous serial Interface 7710 Centronics Interface card 7728 12K PROM Module 7114 Calender/Clock. Bat. back-up 7424 i'nr.-dlel Interface 7720A Proflraniable Timer 7740A Analog/Digital converter 7470A MICROSOFT PRODUCTS Apple to Z-Q0 CPU card D.C. HAYES PRODUCTS Mlcromodem for Apple COMPUTER STOP PRODUCTS Double Vision / BO Column Video INTERACTIVE STRUCTURES 1U Channel A/0 card AlO/2

MOUNTAIN COMPUTER PRODUCTS Intro X-10 system for HSR $23

Intro X-10 card oftlv 16

16 channel AH/DA B bit 31

Apple Clock battery back-up 22

Supertalker SD200 24

ROM Plus with filter 16

ROM Writer/Pracnimmer 1 1

APPLE BRAND PRODUCTS Apple LiUiguafje card 45

Floppy disk with controller 56

Floppy disk without controller 49

Apple parallel Interface 17

SSM MICROCOMPUTER Dual serial parallel Interface AIO SORRENTO VALLKY ASSOCIATES a" floppy controller (Pascal) 36

S-100 BOARDS

Assembled • Tested • Burned-in

.IDA 7.-80 4 Mil/ HDC-C2B10

7.-80 24 bit. JAW*

HDC-G7.B0 H0HV808B dual 16 bit

BDC

1 Syal

-*u

I/O ports BUC-5BC2

CPU '■ flugjpv ilibk comrollei plus I/O BUC-FDC1

VIM 1UMI.S

nptttar 2200 A 12 slot wpply ENM-C22O0 ot tabic ENM-T12 01 table ENM-TZ2 idnfrtr. ENM-OMF

KX6 4

MHSW5 M6100

BDM-IJP.T2 -100 liD.M-PIOt)

Cidif. c

2. 2 CP M

Godboul "Dl!

NEC "ISTj

arbitratk

Me

HiH-GDt M

ma 765 chip. single & doable density. Error

single density HDl-ii.il

Morrow Design Disk Jockey II

double density BDF-DJ2

INTERFACE BOARDS C:dtf. Computer 2718 I/O

2 serial/2 pur l SDT-C27ia Morrow Designs Switchboard

2 serial/4 pari BDT-MSB Morrow Designs Multiboard

3 serial/HI*.*" HIH'-MMB

Godbeui Intertoeor ' He 2 serial/2 par'l iins-t.i-i

Uodbout Inter racer rwo i aerial/3 pur I BD8-GB2

SPECIALITY BOABO

Mullen Produci

BDS-AOP n eolor

UUS-GSC in Micro

UDS-HM1 extender board R1 BDS-MTB1

BOS-MCC

Rotron Muffin Fan

1477

$12.00 <S 100 10.50 & 1000

115 VAC. 7 Watts WR2A1 Factory freah Muffin fails NOT pull-outs. EMF-4M

TOLL FREE ORDER LINE

800)421-5041

TECHNICAL & CALIFORNIA

(213)679-9001

TWX 910325-6212

CAliFORNiA DigitaI

Post Office Box 3097 B • Torrance, California 90503

FREE PLASTIC LIBRARY CASE INCLUDED WITH THE PURCHASE OF EVERY BOX OF DISKETTES

$

24?*

Private labeled for California Digital by one of the most respdctod producers of ma^ciic m«dl K.icli diskvltc is certified double density at 40 tracks. To insure extended ir,edi,-i life each dis kelte is maim fact 11 red with n reinforced hub-hol> And of course, a plastic library case is includei with evi-ry bax nf diskettes. MMD-CD5(01 ){10>

sp^-ify

requir

Ten boxes '22.75 One hundred boxes s21.50

5lA" DISKETTES

WITH LIBRARY CASE

26.50

Soft Sector

Your Choice

SCOTCH MEMOREX VERBATIM

10 Sector 16 Sector

Single Side Double Density

| DYSAN 1104/1P 1107/1D~

NA

45.00

Double Side Double Density

SCOTCH 745-0

DYSAN 104/2D

DYSAN96 204/2D NA

745-10

107/2D

745-16

NA

NA

42.50

49.50

59.50

EIGHT INCH DISKETTES

Single Side Single Density

Single Side Double Density

SCOTCH

740-0

29.50

SCOTCH

741-0

39.00

MEMOREX

3060

29.50

MEMOREX

3090

35.00

DYSAN

3740/1

39.50

DYSAN

3740/0

57.50

Thirty Two Sector

Double side Double Density

SCOTCH 1740-32 129.50

SCOTCH 743-0 147.50

ScotchHudQtiningKei S'llI" '24,95 PUilCbtfirYCjui y.lS" 2.95

MEMOREX 3114 39.50

Dili (tie Ftp Tub DiHttWtpTub

»£?'

2435 29.95

DYSAN | 3740/2D | 65.00

\PLEASE PHONE FOR VOLUME PRICING.

,enew IJSK tn ..

le your away fron istinR System X-10 devices. BSR Timer eight channel >£

Master control console 2

Ultrasonic Controller 1

Appliance Module 500 W. S13.G5 Lamp Module .100 Watts 13.95

NEW full ctintrol wall switch 14.50

WINCHESTER SUBSYSTEM

$

1250

Includes seven megabyte Winchester hand disk, dual enclosure and power supply. Floppy backup drive '199.00 additional.

VISA

SCOTCH

744-0

744-10

744-16

s26.50

MEMOREX

3401

3403

3405

26.50

VERBATIM

525-01

525-10

NA

26.50

DYSAN

104/1

107/1

NA

39.50

MEMORY

64K DYNAMIC $9>95

4164 100.

16K STATIC

$13.95

2167 70ns.

16K DYNAMIC

$2.io

4116 100.!1.85

2716EPR0M $4>95

100-M.50 1K-M.00

2732 EPROM

SALE *7.95

STATIC

32+

1K+

21L02 IK 1.19 1.09

2114 300ns. 2.95 2.75

4044-4 450ns. 4. 50 4. 13

4044-2 250ns. 4. 95 4.65

6116 16k 24 pin 7. 95 7.50

2167/6167 20 pin 11. 95 10.75

1.05 2. 50 4. 00 4.50 6. 75 9. 65

. 99 1. 99

3. 75

4. 25

5. 45 9. 25

EPROM

2708 450ns. 3.95

2716 5V. 4.95

2716 tri-volt 8.50

2732 Intel/Pitac. 7. 95

2532 Texas Inst 12. 95

2764 64K Eprom29. 95

3.50 3.25

4. 00 3. 75

7.95 7.65

7.50 7.00

11.50 10.00 9.50

27.00 25.00 23.50

3. 00

3. 30 7. 25

direct connect Your choice

MODEM $169

ie Universal Data .Systems 10 J LP is switch selectable between answer and ortqile mod"S. l-ullv I."11 10:; computable. Hii'rctly connects to the new modular ephone jack. 100";. powered from Hie teleplloneHne. Nit need to locate modem 111 oxlmitv to AX.power receptiele. MOU-133U? 3 pound,-;.

SWITCHES

CONNECTORS

El

$2.9

GOLD EDGE CONNECTOR.

S-100 .125" centers

Imsai solder .250' re

Imsai wiM wrap (TO

Sullins Hi-fiel. .250" 4.SO 4,1

Sullins lii-Hel. W/W 5.35 4.!

Sullins /Altair . 140" 4.96 4.

.156" Centers (standard)

22/44 Kirr Eyelet 2.50 2.

36/72 Digital Group S/T 5.95 5.

36/72 Digital Group WAV 6.60 G.

43/86 Motorola GHO0 SIT 6.60 6.

43/86 Moto. GtlOQ W/W 7.00 B,

INTEGRATED CIRCUIT SOCKETS Low Profile Wire Wrap each LOO H each 100+

18 pin 24 pin 40 pin

$1.40 Si. 30

2.00 1.80

1.35 1.30

2.15 2.00

3.10 2.80

i.aa i.3o

3.15 3.05

1.15 1.05

"D Type each

Dtap male Si.HO

DE9S female 2.25 DE hood 1.50

DAlfiP male 2.35

DC37P male -1.20 DC37S fem.de G.00 DC hood 2IP 2.25 1JD50P male 5.50 DDS0S female 9.40

DOS0 linod 2/1' 2.60

RIBBON CABLE CONNECTORS 17/34 5" disk 4.85 1.15 3.9

20/40 TKS-IJO 5.65 5.05 4.7

All merchandise sold by California Digital is premium grade. Shipping: First five pounds $2.00; each additional add $.40 Foreign orders 10% shipping. Excess will be refunded. California residents add 6% sales tax. COD's discouraged. Open accounts extended to state supported educational institutions and companies with a "Strong Dun & Bradstreet. " Warehouse: 15608 Ingle wood Blvd. Visitors by appointment.

NEW

OLIVETTI 801 *295

Eight Inch Disk Drive

ONE

TWO

TEN

• OLIVETTI 801

single

$319

309

295

• OLIVETTI 802/851

double

425

419

410

SHUGART 801 /Ft

single

395

385

375

SHUGART851/R

double

525

495

475

QUME DATA TRACK 8

double

525

495

475

■k The 8" Olivetti drives are aprox. W wider than the Shugarts.

Five Inch Disk Drives

OLIVETTI 501/400

single

199

185

175

OLIVETTI 502/451

double

235

225

215

Upon request, all drives are supplied with power connectors and one manual per order.

230 volt 50Hz. 8" add $50.00 per drive.

Eight Inch Subsystem

Two Olivetti 801 disk drives with power supply, 4" exhaust fan complete in dual enclosure with all necessary power cables. Documentation included. 50 Lbs. CAL-2801 Signal cable add s35.00 WCA-650D

Same as above but with: Shugart 001H MSD2801 '1195 ! Olivetti 802 CAL2801 '1250

Sliugart 85111 MSD2851 1450 I Oume DT8 MSD8DT 1450

SPECIAL

$

895

Circle 66 on Inquiry card.

Volumn Pricing Upon Request

Seagate Compatable 7.5 MEGABYTE

Winchester Hard Disk Drive

We have priced this so low that the manufacturer has asked not to use their brand name in our advertising.

Industry standard Seagate plug compatable. Drive fits into the same space as a 5'A" floppy disk drive. CAL-561/2

S-lOO MOTHER BOARD

*35

IMSAI

18 Slot

CAL-M18

TOLL FREE ORDER LINE

(800)421-5041

TECHNICAL & CALIFORNIA

(213)679-9001

TWX 910325-6212

m SB? 8^ micro

IVP.J1I. *!$f!r

7&3S7 CHEMICAL LANE • HUNTINGTON BEACH, CA 92649

* (714) 891-2677*

TERMS: Prepayment - C.O.D. up to $100.00 - M/C Visa

$5.00 Processing and Handling added to each order PLUS

Shipping Charges — 15% Restocking Fee

Please allow personal check to clear before shipment

OPEN FRAME POWER SUPPLIES

DISK POWER SUPPLIES

PRIAM-SHUGART-CENTURY-MICROPOLIS

+5V@9A |-5V@.8A |+24V(S>7A | US-384

89.00

SHUGART-SIEMANS-MPI 5V»"

+5V@.5A

+ 12V@.9A

US-340

33.50

+5V@2A

+ 12V@4A

US-323

56.25

SHUGART - SIEMANS - CDC 8"

+5V@1A

-5V@.5A

+24V@1.5A

US-205

52.50

+5V@2A

-5V@.5A

+24V@3A

US-206

69.00

+5V@3A

-5V@.6A

+24V@5A

US-162

89.00

+5V@ 1.7A

-5V@1.5A

+24V @ 2A

US-2'72

69.00

+5V@2A

+ 12V@.4A

-12V@.4A

US-HTAA

37.50

If you can beat these prices we will be truly amazed. OEM's at 500 lot pay more than this. Call or write for full spec, sheets.

BREAK THE COST BARRIER!

NO ONE ANYWHERE CAN TOUCH THIS GRAND OPENING SPECIAL!!

YOU CAN BUY A COMPLETE

S-100 12 SLOT COMPUTER SYSTEM

(less drives and terminal) FOR ONLY

$975.00

Assembled and Tested!

HERE'S WHAT YOU GET!!

• 4MHZ CPU with 2 Programmable

Serial Ports and 3 8.Bit Parallel Ports

• 64K Dynamic Ram Card with 8

Extended Address Lines and I.O. Port 40 Bank Select

• 8" and 5" Double Density Double Sided

Disk Controller

• S1-MOD 30 Amp Integrated Power

Supply with Regulated Power for Four 8" or 5" Floppy Drives

• Attractive Metal Cabinet Similar to

CCS Unit Shown at Right

TERMINAL

S-100-8

Feather Touch Capacitance Keyboard

INCLUDING CP/M 2.2® AND WORDSTAR®

• 60 Key Standard ASCII

plus + Hex Keypad WITH: 8" SS/DD Drives Only $2850.00

P,Ln^i?rial F^f°"Keys 51/4" SS/DD Drives Only $2700.00

PLUS + 20 Screen Editing Keys J

• SOROC Type Screen Attribute Set

• Half Intensity

COMPUTER

• 8 Slot S-100

• 64K Dynamic Ram

• 4MHZ Z-80

• Double Density Disk

Controller

• Programmable Baud Rate

• Programmable Keyboard Set

• Serial Printer Port (150-19.2K)

518 BYTE March 1982

CALL FOR QUOTE ON DIFFERENT DRIVE OPTIONS

WORDSTAR is a TM of Micropro Inc. - CP/M 2.2 is a TM of Digital Research Inc.

Circle 389 on inquiry card.

PRINTERS

C-ITOH

PROWRITER $625.00

C-ITOH Comet I

9x7 Dot Matrix . . .$450.00

C-ITOH Comet II. . .$810.00

132 Column Printer

9x7 Dot Matrix

MPI-88G $725.00

EPSON MX 80 CALL

EPSON MX 100 CALL

Anadex9501 $1,235.00

Graphic Printer

DISK DRIVES

Shugart 801's — $395.00

Shugart 851's — $575.00

Qume DT-8's — $540.00

Shugart 400's — $255.00

Tandom 51/t — $255.00

Qume DT5 5Va — $350.00 DSDD 48TPI

TERMINALS

• Televideo 910 — $575.00

• Televideo 912C — $665.00

• Televideo 920C — $720.00

• Televideo 950 — $950.00

• Ampex Dialog 80—$895.00

• Hazeltine Esprit — $690.00

• Zenith Z19 — $725.00

9.9

• CPU Serial Cabl

• Z80 CPU —

• DP Dsk Cont

• DP 64K —

• 32K (Kit) —

e — $30.00

$250.00

- $275.00

$400.00

$250.00

Z-80A — $6.95

Z-80A SUPPORT

CTC — $6.55

SIO — $25.50

PIO — $6.50

2716—$6.75 2708—$3.95 4116—$2.50 2114—$2.75

11 EDISON DRIVE * NEW LENOX * ILLINOIS 60451

CALL TOLL FREE: 1-800-435-9357 • MONDAY thru SATURDAY

(ILLINOIS RESIDENTS CALL: 815-485-4002) * 8:00 a.m. to 6:30 p.m.

TERMS: Prepayment — C.O.D. up to $100.00 - M/C Visa

$5.00 Processing and Handling added to each order PLUS

Shipping Charges. Please allow personal check to clear before shipment.

15% Restocking Charge

€

California Computer Systems

• 2810 CPU

Only — $250.00

• 2422 Dsk Cont

Only —$319.00

• 2065C64K

Only —$510.00

• 2200A Mainframe

Only —$349.00

• CCS Apple Boards

Call for prices

• SPECIAL # SPECIAL • SPECIAL •

• CCS 2200 System Tested and Assembled

Only —$1,600.00

MONITORS

ZENITH VIDEO MONITOR — ZVM $145.00

AMDEK MONITORS—

AMDEKColor 1 . ..$399.00 AMDEK Video 300 .$229.00 w/Green Screen

DUAL DRIVE SUBSYSTEM

FEATURES

• Power One CP-206

• 2-801R Shugart Drives

• Data, AC & DC Cables

All for only $1,045.00

• 2-851R Subsystem . .$1,395.00

• 2-DT8's Subsystem .$1,295.00

• W/no Drives $245.00

(Tested and Assembled)

* * *

• Vertical Enclosures

5V4" $595.00 . .. .8" $1,045.00

HAYES MODEMS

SMART MODEM $244.00

MICRO MODEM 100 .$349.00 MICRO MODEM II . ..$319.00 (For Apple II)

PMMI MODEMS

300-450-600-710 Baud Rates

Auto Dial Auto Answer

$349.00

Communication's Packages Available

S-100-MOD(Kit) $199.00

Complete S-100 12 Slot Main Frame. Ample system power with regulated power for drives. Excellent for Subsystem or Hobby use. Four hours to build. (6 conn., incl., less fans)

POWER RATING — 30AOF ± 8V 6A0F±16V

CCS DATA BASED SOFTWARE

AP/AR/GL/PR. Only — $450.00

Mail List Only — $ 69.95

Calendar Only — $ 44.50

Zenith

data systems

CALL FOR PRICES

*****************

+ THE MICRO BILLBOARD +

.jl. U.S. Micro Sales now open 7 days a meek — 24 hours a day. .jl.

. Now you can simply dial up your computer and get into our .

specially priced merchandise. CALL 1-815-485-4002

BILLBOARD OPEN FROM 6:30 P.M. TIL 8:00 A.M.

Novation

CAT $150.00

D-CAT $165.00

AUTOCAT $235.00

APPLECAT $350.00

SUPERMIKE $11.50

Circle 389 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1982

519

16K Memory

ALL MERCHANDISE 100% GUARANTEED!

4116-200ns

8/15.95

CALL US FOR VOLUME QUOTES

EPROMS

Each

8 pes

1702

256 X8

(1ns)

4.95

4.50

2708

1024 x8

(450ns)

2.99

2.75

2758

1024 X 8

(5V) (450ns)

9.95

8.95

TMS2516

2048 X 8

(5V) (450ns)

6.95

5.95

2716

2048 x 8

5V) (450ns)

5.50

4.95

2716-1

2048 x 8

5V) (350ns)

9.00

8.50

TMS2716

2048 X 8

(450ns)

9.95

8.95

TMS2532

4096 X 8

(5V) (450ns)

12.95

11.95

2732

4096 x 8

5V) (450ns) (200ns

CALL

2764

8192x8

5V) (450ns)

CALL

DYNAMIC RAMS

100 pes

4027

4096 x 1

(250ns)

2.50

2.00

4116-120

16,384 x 1

(120ns)

8/29.95

CALL

4116-150

16,384 x 1

(150ns)

8/18.95

1.95

4116-200

16,384 x 1

(200ns)

8/15.95

1.80

4116-300

16,384 x 1

(300ns)

8/14.95

1.75

4164

64,536 x 1

(200ns)

CALL

STATIC RAMS

100 pes

2101

256x4

(450ns)

1.95

1.85

2102-1

1024 x 1

(450ns)

.89

.85

21L02-4

1024 x 1

LP) 450ns)

1.29

1.15

21L02-2

1024 x 1

(LP)

1.69

1.55

2111

256x4

(450ns)

2.99

2.49

2112

256x4

(450ns)

2.99

2.79

2114

1024 x 4

(450ns)

8/16.95

1.95

2114L-2

1024 x 4

LP) (200ns)

8/19.95

2.35

2114L-3

1024 x 4

LP) (300ns)

8/18.95

2.25

2114L-4

1024 x4

LP) (450ns)

8/17.95

2.10

2147

4096 x 1

(55 ns)

9.95

CALL

TMS4044-4

4096 x 1

(450ns)

3.49

3.25

TMS4044-3

4096 x 1

(300ns)

3.99

3.75

TMS40L44-2

4096 x 1

LP) (200ns)

4.49

4.25

TMM2016

2048 x 8

(200ns) (150ns

CALL

HM6116

2048 x 8

(200ns) (150ns) (120n

S) CALL

LP =

LOW POWER

74LS00

SERIES

74LS166

2.40

74LS293 1.85

74LS00

.25

74LS85

1.15

74LS168

1.75

74LS295 1.05

74LS01

.25

74LS86

.40

74Li169

1.75

74LS298 1.20

74LS02

.25

74LS90

.65

74LS170

1.75

74LS324 1.75

74LS03

.25

74LS91

.89

74LS173

.80

74LS352 1.55

74LS04

.25

74LS92

.70

74LS174

.95

74LS353 1.55

74LS05

.25

74LS93

.65

74LS175

.95

74LS363 1.35

74LS08

.35

74LS95

.85

74LS181

2.15

74LS364 1.95

74LS10

.25

74LS96

.95

74LS189

9.95

74LS365 .95

74LS11

.35

74LS107

.40

74LS190

1.00

74LS366 .95

74LS12

.35

74LS109

.40

74LS191

1.00

74LS367 .70

74LS13

45

74LS112

.45

74LS192

.85

74LS368 .70

74LS14

.00

74LS113

.45

74LS193

.95

74LS373 99

74LS15

.35

74LS114

.50

74LS194

1.00

74LS374 1.75

74LS20

.25

74LS122

.45

74LS195

.95

74LS377 1.45

74LS21

.35

74LS123

.95

74LS196

.85

74LS378 1.18

74LS22

.25

74LS124

2.99

74LS197

.85

74LS379 1.35

74LS26

.35

74LS125

.95

74LS221

1.20

74LS385 1.90

74LS27

.35

74LS126

.85

74LS240

.99

74LS386 .65

74LS28

.35

74LS132

.75

74LS241

.99

74LS390 1.90

74LS30

.25

74LS136

.55

74LS242

1.85

74LS393 1.90

74LS32

.35

74LS137

99

74LS243

1.85

74LS395 1.65

74LS33

.55

74LS138

.75

74LS244

.99

74LS399 1.70

74LS37

.55

74LS139

.75

74LS245

1.90

74LS424 2.95

74LS38

.35

74LS145

1.20

74LS247

.76

74LS447 .37

74LS40

.35

74LS147

2 49

74LS248

1.25

74LS490 1.95

74LS42

.55

74LS148

1.35

74LS249

.99

74LS668 1.69

74LS47

.75

74LS151

.75

74LS251

1.30

74LS669 1.89

74LS48

.75

74LS153

.75

74LS253

.85

74LS670 2.20

74LS49

.75

74LS154

2.35

74LS257

.85

74LS674 9.65

74LS51

.25

74LS155

1.15

74LS258

.85

74LS682 3.20

74LS54

.35

74LS156

.95

74LS259

2.85

74LS683 2.30

74LS55

.35

74LS157

.75

74LS260

.65

74LS684 2.40

74LS63 1.25

74LS158

.75

74LS266

.55

74LS685 2.40

74LS73

.40

74LS160

.90

74LS273

1.65

74LS688 2.40

74LS74

.45

74LS161

.95

74LS275

3.35

74LS689 2.40

74LS75

.50

74LS162

.95

74LS279

.55

81LS95 1.69

74LS76

.40

74LS163

.95

74LS280

1.98

81LS96 1.69

74LS78

.50

74LS164

.95

74LS283

1.00

81LS97 1.69

74LS83

75

74LS165

.95

74LS290

1.25

81LS98 1.69

r CRYSTALS ^

r Ai

Dril

Sd

eei

als

' 6502

32.768 KHZ

3.95 1

mi

°H

wwl

Blw

6502

6.95

1.0 MHZ

4.95 1

Z80B

CPU 6MHZ

17.95

6502-A

12.95

1.8432 2.0

4.95 1 3.95 1

Z80A

CPU 4MHZ

6.00

6504 6505 6507

6.95 8.95 9.95

2.097152

3.95 I

Z80A

PIO 4MHZ

6.00

2.4576

3.95 1

68000

CPU 4-10MHZ

call

6520

4.35

3.2768 3.579545

3.95 1 3.95 1

6802

MPU, CLK

RAM

9.95

6522 6532

9.95 14.95

4.0 5.0

3.95 1 3.95 1

6845 6502A

CRT CONTROLLER 15.95

/"»nil nlllll n r\r

.6551

11.85.

5.0688

5.185

5.7143

3.95 1

CPU 2MHZ

B.»3

3.95 3.95 1

6502B 8086

CPU 3MHZ 16 BIT CPU

15.95 59.95

Z80

6.5536

8.0

10.0

3.95 1 3.95 1 3.95

8088

8 BIT CPU

34.95

Z80-CPU

8.95

8089

8/16 BIT PROC

89.95

Z80A-CPU

6.00

14.31818

18.0

18.432

3.95 1 3.95 1 3.95 1

14 Pin 16 Pin

Gold Wirewrap Sockets .49ea Gold Wirewrap Sockets .59ea

Z80-P10

Z80A-P10

Z80-CTC

6.50 6.00 5.95

20.0 22.1184

^L 32.0

3.95 1 3.95 1 3.95 A

SUPER SPECIAL

Hitachi HM6116LP 2048 x 8 CMOS

Z80A-CTC Z80-DART Z80A-DART

8.65 15.25 18.75

Static

2716

Ram p = PROM

in com . Super

racteris

satible

low DO

with the ver data volts at

Z80-DMA Z80A-DMA

17.50

27.50

I retention cha

tics: 2.0

Z80-S10/0

23.95

MISC

1 AY5-2376

12.50

only 50ua yes

50 microamps.

Z80A-S10/0 Z80-S10/1

28.95 23.95

1 11C90 1 XR2206

13.95 4.95

i-ji pes.

32 pes.

Z80A-S10/1

28.95

HM6116LP-2

120ns

19.95ea

18.95ea

Z80-S10/2

23.95

1 3242

7.95

HM6116LP-3

150ns

16.95ea

15.95ea

Z80A-S10/2

28.95

1 3480

9.00

HM6116LP-4

200ns

15.95ea

14.95ea

Z80-S10/09

17.95

I MC4024 1 MC4044

3.95 4.50

STANDARD POWER RAMS

Z80A-S10/9

22.95

1 7103

9.50

HM6116P-2

120ns

18.95ea

17.95ea

Z80B-CPU

18.95

1 7106

9.95

HM6116P-3

150ns

11.95ea

10.95ea

Z80B-CTC

17.95

1 7107

12.95

HM6116P-4

200ns

10.95ea

9.95ea

Z80B-P10

17.95

1 76477

1 6038

■ 95H90

3.95 3.95 7.99 1

1.50

Specials end

April 30,

19B2. Please state

Z8671

39.95

L "April Specials" when

ordering

.Z6132

34.95^

I 9602

CMOS

1 DISC CON

74C00

.35

74C374

2.75

4019

45

4098

2.49

TROLLERS

74C02

.35

74C901

.80

4020

95

4099

1.95

1771

24.95

74C04

.35

74C902

.85

4021

35

14409

12.95

1791

36.95

74C08

.35

74C903

.85

4022 1.

5

14410

12.95

1793 1797 UPD765

44.95

74C10

.35

74C905

10.95

4023

35

14411

11.95

54.95 39.95

74C14

1.50

74C906

.95

4024

75

14412

12.95

74C20

.35

74C907

1.00

4025

35

14419

4.95

74C30

.35

74C908

2.00

4026 1.65

4502

.95

UARTS

74C32

.50

74C909

2.75

4027

35

4503

.65

74C42

1.75

74C910

9.95

4028

30

4508

1.95

AY3-1014

6.95

74C48

2.10

74C911

10.00

4029

95

4510

.95

AY5-1013

3.95

74C73

.65

74C912

10.00

4030

15

4511

.95

TR1602

4.95

74C74

.85

74C914

1.95

4034 2.95

4512

.95

IM6402

7.95

74C76

.80

74C915

2.00

4035

35

4514

1.25

74C83

1.95

74C918

2.75

4040

35

4515

2.25

INTERFAC

74C85

1.95

74C920

17.95

4041 1.25

4516

1.55

74C86

.95

74C921

15.95

4042

75

4518

1.25

8T26

1.69

74C89

4.50

74C922

5.95

4043

35

4519

1.25

8T28

2.49

74C90

1.75

74C923

5.95

4044

35

4520

1.25

8T95

.99

74C93

1.75

74C925

6.75

4046

35

4522

1.25

8T96

.99

74C95

1.75

74C926

7.95

4047

35

4526

1.25

8T97

99

74C107

1.00

74C927

7.95

4049

35

4527

1.95

8T98

.99

74C150

5.75

74C928

7.95

4050

55

4528

1.25

DM8131

2.95

74C151

2.25

74C929

19.95

4051

35

4531

.95

DS8836

1.29

74C154

3.25

74C930

19.95

4053

35

4532

1.95

*"»i /**/"»

74C157

1.75

4000

35

4060 145

4538

1.95

CLOCr\

74C160

2.00

4001

.35

4066

rs

4539

1.95

CIRCUITS

74C161

2.00

4002

.25

4068

10

4543

2.70

74C162

2.00

4006

.95

4069

15

4555

.95

MM5369

3.95

76C163

2.00

4007

.29

4070

35

4556

.95

MM5375

3.95

74C164

2.00

4008

.95

4071

30

4581

1.95

MSM5832

7.45

74C165

2.00

4009

.45

4072

30

4582

1.95

7207

7.50

74C173

2.00

4010

.45

4073

30

4584

.95

7208

15.95

74C174

2.25

4011

.35

4075

30

4585

.95

74C175

2.25

4012

.25

4076

35

4702

12.95

74C192

2.25

4013

.45

4078

30

4724

1.50

CONVERlhHS

74C193

2.25

4014

.95

4081

30

80C07

.95

74C195

2.25

4015

.95

4082

30

80C95

.85

MC1408 L8

4.95

74C200

5.75

4016

.45

4085

35

80C96

.95

DAC-0800

4.95

74C221

2.25

4017

1.15

4086

35

80C97

.95

AOC-0804

4.95

74C373

2.75

4018

.95

4093

35

80C98

1.20.

HOURS: Mon. - Fit, 9 to 5; Sat., 11 to 3

^■M^LV

I I

mjatf charge]

VISA

„ ^" ^VJ»W ■ ^J

JDR MICRODEVICES, INC.

1224 So. Bascom Ave.

San Jose, CA 95128

800-538-5000 • 800-662-6279 (CA)

(408)995-5430 • Telex 171-110

VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE!

TERMS: For shipping include $2.00 for UPS ground, $3.00 for UPS Blue Label air. $10.00 minimum order. Bay Area residents add 6V4% sales tax. California residents add 6% sales tax. We reserve the right to limit quantities and substitute manufacturer. Prices subject to change without notice. Send SASE for complete list.

520 BYTE March 1982

Circle 203 on inquiry card.

2716 EPROMS 450NS (5V)

8/4.95 ea

ALL MERCHANDISE 100% GUARANTEED!

CALL US FOR VOLUME QUOTES

8000

8200

8035

8039

8080A

8085

8085A-2

8086

8088

8155

8156

8185

8185-2

8741

8748

8755

16.95 19.95 3.95 12.95 16.95 99.95 39.95 11.95 11.95 29.95 39.95 39.95 29.95 44.95

6800

6800

6802

6808

6809

6809E

6810

6820

6821

6828

6834

6840

6843

6844

6845

6847

6850

6852

6860

6862

6875

6880

68 BOO 68B21 68B50

5.70

10.95

9.95

24.95

29.95

4.60

4.95

4.95

14.95

16.95

14.95

42.95

44.95

16.95

15.95

4.75

5.75

10.95

11.95

6.95

2.95

10.95 12.95 12.95.

LEDS

Jumbo Red Jumbo Green Jumbo Yellow 5082-7760 ,43'CC MAN74 ,3'CC kMAN72 .3'CA

8202 8205 8212 8214 8216 8224 8226 8228 8237 8238 8239 8243 8250 8251 8253 8253-5 8255 8255-5 8257 8259 8272 8275 8279 8279-5 8282 8283 8284 8286 8287 8288 .8289

10/1.00

6/1.00

6/1.00

.79

45.00 3.50 1.85 3.85 1.80 2.50 1.80 4.90

19.95 4.95 4.85 4.45

14.95 4.75 9.25 9.85 4.75 5.25 8.75 6.90

39.95

29.95 9.50

10.50 6.65 6.65 5.70 6.65 6.50

25.00

49.95J

TV CIRCUITS

EPROM ERASERS

PE-14 78.50

PE-14T (with timer) 108.50

PE-24T (with timer) 154.50

ALL ARE HIGH QUALITY UNITS ENCLOSED IN A BLACK ANQDIZED ALUMINUM ENCLOSURE.

800-538-5000 800-662-6279

(CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS)

CALL JDR BEFORE YOU BUY! WE WILL BEAT ANY COMPETITORS' PRICES

VOLTAGE REG's

LINEAR

7805T 7808T 7812T 7815T 7824T

7805K 7812K 7815K 78L05 78L12 78L15

LM309K LM317T

.79 .99 .79 .99

.99

1.39 1.39 1.39 .69 .69 .69

1.49 1.95

7905T 7912T 7915T 7924T

7905K 7912K 79L05 79L12 79L15

LM317K LM323K LM337K

.89 1.19 1.19

1.49 1.49 .79 .79 .79

3.95 4.95 3.95

.T=TO-220 K=TO-3

74S00 SERIES

74S00

.44

74S74

.69

74S163

3.75

74S257

1.39

74S02

.48

74S85

2.39

74S168

4.65

74S258

1.49

74S03

.48

74S86

1.44

74S169

5.44

74S260

1.83

74S04

.79

74S112

1.59

74S174

1.09

74S274

19.95

74S05

.79

74S113

1.98

74S175

1.09

74S275

19.95

74S08

48

74S114

1.50

74S181

4.47

74S280

2.90

74S09

.98

74S124

2.77

74S182

2.95

74S287

4.75

74S10

.69

74S132

1.24

74S188

3.95

74S288

4.45

74S11

.88

74S133

.98

74S189

14.95

74S289

6.98

74S15

.70

74S134

.69

74S194

2.95

74S301

6.95

74S20

.68

74S135

1.48

74S195

1.B9

74S373

3.45

74S22

.98

74S138

1.08

74S196

4.90

74S374

3.45

74S30

.48

74S139

1.25

74S197

4.25

74S381

7.95

74S32

.98

74S140

1.45

74S201

14.95

74S387

5.75

74S37

1.87

74S151

1.19

74S225

8.95

74S412

2.98

74S38

1.68

74S153

1.19

74S240

3.98

74S471

9.95

74S40

.44

74S157

1.19

74S241

3.75

74S472

16.85

74S51

.78

74S158

1.45

74S244

3.98

74S474

17.85

74S64

.79

74S161

2.85

74S251

1.90

74S482

15.60

74S65

1.25

74S162

3.70

74S253

7.45

74S570 74S57I

7.80 7.80

LM301V LM308V LM309K LM311 LM317T LM317K LM318 LM323K LM324 LM337K LM339 LM377 LM380 LM386V LM555V LM556 LM565 LM566V LM567V LM723 LM/33 LM741V LM747 LM748V LM1310 MC1330V MC1350V MC1358 LM1414 LM1458V LM1488 LM1489 LM1800 LM1889 LM3900 LM3909V LM3914 LM3915 LM3916 75451V 75452V L.75453V

.34

.98 1.49

.64 1.95 3.95 1.49 4.95

.59 3.95

.99 2.29 1.29 1.50

.39

.69

.99 1.49 1.29

.49

.98

.29

.79

.59 2.90 1.89 1.29 1.79 1.59

.69

.99

.99 2.99 2.49

.59

.98 3.95 3.95 3.95

.39

.39

.39.

APPLE FAN $69.00

EXTRA PLUG-IN CARDS CAN

CAUSE YOUR APPLE TO

OVERHEAT

ULTRA-QUIET APPLE FAN

DRAWS COOL AIR THROUGH

YOUR COMPUTER

ELIMINATES DOWN TIME

SAVES REPAIR CHARGES

INCREASES RELIABILITY

CLIPS ON — NO HOLES OR

SCREWS

COLOR MATCHES APPLE

LONG LIFE, LOW NOISE

MOTOR

IC SOCKETS

8 pin ST 14 pin ST 16 pin ST 18 pin ST 20 pin ST 22 pin ST 24 pin ST 28 pin ST 40 pin ST

.15 .17 .20 .29 .30 .30 .40 .49

.12 .13 .18 .27 .27 .27 .32 .39

ST = SOLDERTAIL

8 pin WW 14 pin WW 16 pin WW 18 pin WW 20 pin WW 22 pin WW 24 pin WW 28 pin WW 40 pin WW

.59

.69

.69

.99

1.09

1.39

1.49

1.69

1.99

.49

.52

.58

.90

.98

1.28

1.35

1.49

1.80

'APPLE IS A TRADEMARK OF APPLE COMPUTER INC.

WW = WIREWRAP

CONNECTORS

TRANSISTORS

PN2222 2N2222 2N2907 2 N 3055 2 N 3904 2 N 3906 1N4148(1N914) 11N4004

10/1.00

.25

.25

.79

10/1.00

10/1.00

100/ 50/1 50/1 10/ 100/ 100/ 25/ 10/

7400 7401 7402 7403 7404 7405 7406 7407 7408 7409 7410 7411 7412 7413 7414 7416 7417 7420 7421 7422 7423 7425 7426 7427 7428 7430 7432 7433 7437 7438 7440 7442 7443 7444 7445 7446 7447 7448 L7450

.19 .19 .19 .19 .19 .22 .22 .22 .24 .19 .19 .25 .30 .35 .55 .25 .25 .19 .35 .29 .29 .29 .29 .29 .45 .19 .29 .45 .29 .29 .19 .49 .65 .69 .69 .59 .69 .69 .19

8.99 0.99 0.99 6.99 8.99 8.99 1.00 1.00,

RS232 MALE RS232 FEMALE RS232 HOOD S-100 ST S-100 WW

3.25 3.75 1.25 3.95 4.95

DIP SWITCHES

4 POSITION

5 POSITION

6 POSITION

7 POSITION

8 POSITION

7400 SERIES

7451

7453

7454

7460

7470

7472

7473

7474

7475

7476

7480

7481

7482

7483

7485

7486

7489

7490

7491

7492

7493

7494

7495

7496

7497

74100

74107

74109

74110

74111

74116

74120

74121

74122

74123

74125

74126

74128

74132

.23

.23 .23 .23 .35 .29 .34 .35 .49 .35 .59 1.10 .95 .50 .65 .35 4.95 .35 .40 .50 .49 .65 .55 .70 2.75 1.00 .30 .45 .45 .55 1.55 1.20 .29 .45 .55 .45 .45 .55 .45

74136 74141 74142 74143 74144 74145 74147 74148 74150 74151 74152 74153 74154 74155 74156 74157 74159 74160 74161 74162 74163 74164 74165 74166 74167 74170 74172 74173 74174 74175 74176 74177 74178 74179 74180 74181 74182 74184 74185

.50

.65

2.95

2.95

2.95

.60

1.75

1.20

1.35

.65

.65

.55

1.40

.75

.65

.55

1.65

.85

.70

.85

.85

.85

.85

1.00

2.95

1.65

5.95

.75

.89

.89

.89

.75

1.15

1.75

.75

2.25

.75

2.00

2.00

74186 74190 74191 74192 74193 74194 74195 74196 74197 74198 74199 74221 74246 74247 74248 74249 74251 74259 74265 74273 74276 74279 74283 74284 74285 74290 74293 74298 74351 74365 74366 74367 74368 74376 74390 74393 74425 74426 74490

.85 .90 .90 .95 .95

18.50

1.15

1.15

.79

.79

.85

.85

.79

.75

1.35

1.35

1.35

1.35

1.25

1.85

1.95

.75

2.25

1.35

1.95

1.25

.75

2.00

375

3.75

.95

.75

.85

2.25

.65

65

.65

.65

2.20

1.75

1.35

3.15

.85

2.55

HOURS: Mon. - FrL, 9 to 5; Sat. 11 to 3

VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE!

JDR MICRODEVICES, INC.

1224 S. Bascom Ave.

San Jose, CA 95128

800-538-5000 • 800-662-6279 (CA)

(408)995-5430 • Telex 171-110

TERMS: For shipping include $2.00 lor UPS Ground, $3.00 for UPS Blue Label Air. $10.00 minimum order. Bay Area residents add 6Vi% sales lax. California residents add 6% sales tax. We reserve the right to limit quantities and substitute manufacturer. Prices subject to change without notice. Send SASE for complete list.

Circle 203 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1982

74LSQ0 74LS01 74LS02 74LS03 74LS04 74LS05 74L50S 74LS09 74LS10 74LS11 74LS12 74LS13 74LS14 74LS15 74LS20 74L521 74LS22 74LS26 74LS27 74LS28 74LS30 74LS32 74 L 533 74LS37 74LS3S 74LS40 74LS42 74L547 74L548 74 L 549 74LS51 74LSS4 74LSS5 74LS73 74LS74 74LS7S 74LS76 74LS78 74LS83 74LSB5 74L586 74 L 590

74S00 74S02 74503 74S04 74505 74508 74509 74510 74S11 74S15 74S20 74522 74530 74532 74S38 74540 74S51 74564 74S65 74S74 74586 745112 745113 74S114

7400

74LS

74L592 74LS93 74LS95 74LS96 74LS107 74LS109 74L5112 74LS113 74LS114 74L5122 74 L 5123 74L5125 74LS126 74LS132 74LS133 74LS136 74LS138 74LS139 74LS151 74LS153 74LS1S4 74L5155 74LS156 74LS157 74LS158 74LS160 74LS161 74L5162 74LS163 74LS164 74L-S165 74LS168 74L5169 74LS170 74LS173 74 LSI 74 74LS175 74LS181 74LS190 74LS191

74LS192 74LS193

74LS194 74LS195 74LS197 74LS221

74LS240 74LS241 74LS242 74LS243 74 L5244 74LS245 74LS247 74 LS248 74LS249 74L5251 74 LS2S3 74 L 5257 74LS258 74 L 5260 74LS266 74LS273 74LS279 74LS283 74LS290 74LS293 74LS298 74LS3S2 74L5353 74LS36S 74LS366 74LS367 74L5368 74LS373 74LS374 74LS375 74 L 5386 74LS393 74LS399 74LS670 81LS95 81LS97

74S

74S124 745133 745134 745135 74S136 74S138 74SI39 745140 74S151 745153 74S157 74S15S 74S160 745174 745175 74 S188 74S194 74S195 745196 745240 74S241 745242

2.95 1.95 1.95 1.95

2.95

74S243 74S244 74S251 74S2S3 745257 745258 74S260 745280 745287 74S288 745373 74S374 74S387 745471 74S472 745473 74 54 74 74S475 745570 74S571 745572 74S573 745940 745941

CA3010H CA3013H CA3023H CA3035H CA3039H CA3046N CA3059N

2.15 3.25 2.49 1.35 1.30

CA-LINEAR

CA3060N CA3080H CA3081N CA3082N CA3083N CA3086N

CD4000

CD40O1 CD4002 CD4O06 CD4007 CD40O9 CD4010 CD4011 CD4012 CD4013 CD4014 CD4015 CO'.016 CD4017 CD4018 CD4019 CD4020 CD4021 CD4022 CD4023 CD4024 CD4025 CO4026 CD4027 CD4028 CD4029 CD4030 CD4034 . CD4035 L CD4040

CD-CMOS

CD4041 CD4042 CD4043 CD4044 CD4046 CD4047 CD4048 CD4049 CD4050 CD4051 CD4052 CD4053 CD4056 CO4059 CO4060 CD4056 CD4068 CD4069 CD4070 CD4071 C D4072 CD4073 CD4075 CD4076 CD4078 CD4081 CD4082 CD4093

CD 4098

CD4506

C D4507

CD4508

CD4S10

CD451J

CD4512

CD4514

C D4515

C D4516

CD4518

CD4S19

CD4520

CD4526

CD4528

CD4529

CD4543

CD4562

CD4566

C D4583

CD4584

CD4723

CD4724

MC144D9

MC14410

MC14411

MC14412

MC14419

MC14433

MC14538

MC14541

2.49

2.49 2.49

£95 3.2S

2.75

2.95 10.95 10.95 10.95 12.95 12.95 5.95 5.95 9.95 9.95

CA3089N CA3Q96N CA3130H CA3140H CA3160H CA34Q1IN CA3600N

1.95

2.79 11.95 2.79 2.49

17.95 18.95 15.95 15.95

7.95 15.95

2.49

Bulova Quartz Ladies WatchesfH

ONE YEAR FACTORY WARRANTY

M3SS5Y Sum »•"

YOUR CHOICE — 50%-OFF SUGG. RETAIL PRICE

CALL OR SEND ORDER IN REFERENCING TO THIS AD FOR SPECIAL PRICE

Because of Limited Supply, please provide a second and third choice EXAMPLE: 82395-5Y, SUGG. RETAIL $140.00, 50% OFF—YOUR COST $70.00

LITRONIX Stick Display Sale

SAUL

vH'

r,

—

asm,

DTI..UWI

"•SB"

""saggr*

'=S'

...

2 FOR SALE

...

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•

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21 2.BS

1.71

2 / 2.B6

1U

21 2.65

...-..,,...,,

„ [.. kh

„„ :„,,....<

a

.■:

,11

21M

in. _»„..„

213.49

NATIONAL Stick Display Sale

-SALE!

1121.

_2i=59_

Mill n [)i.,i

LED NUMEIUCDISI'LAVS

NSN1P]

I HO D«.m.(

INI

C C 3 U-itiT D»«i

HI ,. HI H

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t 99

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21 l.ti

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2 1 \.?a

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68

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2 1 1.95

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21.88

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2(5.95

tn.ts

2/3.49

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2I3.AH

2 1 4.95

WVPC PRICE

COMPUTER GRADE CAPACITORS

r.soo

3.D0D 3.600

wvoc i-nicF.

24.000 27.000 32.500 40.QQ0 0,000 50,000

B2O0 OTHEft VALUES AVAILABLE - CALL OH WRITE FOR YOUR REQUIREMENT

WVDC PRICE

LOW PROFILE (TIN) SOCKETS

Spin LP 14 pin LP 16 pin LP 18 pin LP 20 pin LP 22 pin LP 24 pin LP 28 pin LP 36 pin LP 40 pin LP

SOLDERTAIL (GOLD) STANDARD

8 pin SG 14 pin 5G 16 pin 5G 18 pin SG 24 pin 5G 28 pin SG 36 pin SG 40 pin SG

SOLDERTAIL

STANDARD (TIN)

14 pin ST 16 pin ST 18 pin ST 24 pin ST 28 pin ST 36 pin ST 40 pin ST

8 pin WW 10 pin WW 14 pin WW 16 pin WW 18 pin WW 20 pin WW 22 pin WW 24 oln WW 28 pin WW 36 pin WW 40 pin WW

WIRE WRAP SOCKETS (GOLD} LEVEL #3

1/4 WATT RESISTOR ASSORTMENTS -5%

ASST

1

Sea.

10 Ohn 2/ ohn

12 Ohrr 33 Ohrr

15 Ohr 39 Ohn

18 Ohn l 47 Ohn

22 Ohm 56 Ohm

50 pes.

$1.95

ASST

2

5ea.

68 Ohn 1B0 Ohn

82 Ohrr 220 Ohrr

100 Ohn 270 Ohn

120 Ohn 330 Ohn

ISO Ohm 390 Ohm

SOpcs,

$1.95

ASST

3

5ea.

470 Ohr 1.2K

560 Ohrr 1.5K

680 Ohn 1.8K

820 Ohn 2.2K

IK 2.7K

50 pes.

$1.95

ASST

4

5ea.

3.3K 8.2K

3.9K 10K

4.7K 12K

5.6K

15K

6.8K 1SK

50 pes.

$1.95

ASST

5

5ou.

22 K 56K

27K 68K

33K

82K

39K 100 K

47K

120K

50 pes.

$1.95

ASST

6

5ea.

15QK 390K

1B0K

470K

220K 560K

270 K 680 K

330 K 820K

50 pes.

$1.95

ASST

7

5ea.

1M

2.7M

1.2M

3.3M

1.5M

3.9M

1.8M 4.7M

2.2M

5.6M

50pcs.

$1.95

ASST. 8R

Includes Resistor Assts. 1-7 (350 pes.)

$10.95 ea.

$10.00 Minimum Order — U.S. Funds Only California Residents Add 6% Sales Tax Postage — Add 5% plus $1.50 Insurance Send S.A.s.E. for Monthly Sale Flyer!

Spec Sheets — 25c Send 68c Postage (or your FREE 1982 JAMECO CATALOG Prices Subject to Change

GEaEssna

1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 94002 PHONE ORDERS WELCOME — (415) 592-8097

Part No. Function Price

7045IPI CMOS Precision Timer 14.96

7045EV/KI1- Stopwatch Chip, XTL 24.95

7106CPL 3Vj Digit A/D (LCD Drive) 16.95

7106EV/KU* IC, Circuit Board, Display 34.95

7107CPL 3Vi Digit A/D (LED Drive) 15.95

71Q7EV/Kit» IC, Circuit Board, Display 29.95

7116CPL 3Vi Digit A/D LCD DIs. HLD. 18.95

7117CPL 3Vi Digit A/D LED DIS. HLD. 17.95

7201IDR Low Battery Volt Indicator 2.25

7205IPG CMOS LED Stopwatch/Timer 12.95

7205EV/Kit* Stopwatch Chip, XTL 19.95

7206CJPE Tone Generator 5.15

7206CEV/Kit- Tone Generator Chip, XTL 12.95

7207AIPD Oscillator Controller 6.50

7207AEV/KIC Freq. Counter Chip, XTL 13.95

7208IPI Seven Decade Counter 17.95

7209IPA Clock Generator 3.95

7215IPG 4 Func. CMOS Stopwatch CKT 13.9S

721SEV/KU* 4 Func. Stopwatch Chip, XTL 19.95

7216AIJI 8-Dlglt Univ. Counter CA. 32.00

7216CUI B-Dlglt Freq. Counter CA. 26.95

7216DIPI 8-Dlglt Freq. Counter CC. 21.95

7217IJI 4-Dlglt LED Up/Down Counter 12.95

7218CIJI 8-Dlglt Univ. LED Drive 10.95

7224IPL LCD 4Vj Digit Up Counter DRI 11.25

7226AIJL 8-Dlgit Univ. Counter 31.95

7226AEV/Klt* 5 Function Counter Chip, XTL 74.95

7240IJE CMOS Bin Prog. Timer/Counter 4.95

7242IJA CMOS Dlvide-Dy-256 RC Timer 2.05

7250IJE CMOS BCD Prog. Timer/Counter 6.00

7260IJE ■ CMOS BCD Prog. Timer/Counter 5.25

7555IPA CMOS 555 Timer (8 pin) 1.45

7556IPD CMOS 556 Timer (14 pin) 2.20

76HBCPA CMOS Op Amp Comparator 5MV 2.25

7612BCPA CMOS Op Amp Ext. Cmvr. SMV 2.95

7621BCPA CMOS Dual Op Amp Comp. SMV 3.95

7631CCPE CMOS Trl Op Amp Comp. 10MV 5.35

7641CCPD CMOS Quad Op Amp Comp. 10MV 7.SO

7642CCPD CMOS Quad Op Amp Comp. 10MV 7.50

7660CPA Voltage Converter 2.95

8038CCPD Waveform Generator 4.95

8048CCPE Monolithic Logarithmic Amp 21.60

8059CCQ 50ppm Band—GAP Volt Rel. Diode 2.50

B211CPA Volt Ref/lndlcator 2.95

8212CPA Volt Ref/lndlcator 2.9S

74CQ0 74C02 74C04 74C08 74C10 74C14 74C20 74C30 74C42 74C48 74C73 74C74 74C85 74C86 74C89 74C90 74C93

74C

1.29

LH0002CN 6.85 LM10CLH 4.50 LM11CLH 4.75 LH0070-OH 4.95 TL071CP .79

TL072CP 1.39 TL074CN 2.49 LH0OB2CD 35.80 TL082CP 1.19 TL084CN LH0094CD LM300H LM301CN LM302H LM304H LM305H LM307CN LM308CN LM309H LM309K LM310CN 1.75 LM311J/CN .90 LM312H 2.49

LM317MP LIS LM317T 1.75

LM317K 3.95

LM318CN 1.95 LM319N 1.95

LM320K-5 1.35 LM320K-12 1.35 LM320K-15 1.35 LM320T-5 1.25 LM320T-I2 1.25 LM320T-15 1.25 LM323K LM324N LM329DZ LM331N LM334Z LM335Z LM336Z LM337T LM337MP LM338K LM339N LM340K-S 1.35 LM340K-12 1.35 LM340K-15 1.35

2.19

1.95

5.95

6.95

74C95

1.59

74 C107

1.89

74C151

2.95

74C1S4

3.95

74C157

2.25

74C160

1.69

74 C161

1.60

74 C162

1.49

74 C163

1.69

74 C164

1.59

74C173

1.39

74 C174

1.39

74C17S

1.19

74 C192

1.69

74C193

1.69

74 C195

1.59

LINEAR

LM340T-5

1.25

LM340T-12

1.25

LM340T-15

1.25

LM341P-5

.75

LM34IP-12

.75

LM341P-15

.75

LM342P-5

.69

LM342P-12

.69

LM342P-15

.69

LM34BN

1.25

74C221

74 C 240

74C244

74 C 373

74C374

74C901

74C903

74C9U

74C912

74C915

74C917

74 C 922

74C923

74C925

74C926

80C95

80C97

1.95 2.25 2.25 2.49 Z.59

10.95 5.49 5.75 7.50

LM350K

LF351N

LF353N

LF355N

LF356N

LM358N

LM359N

LM370N

LM373N

LM377N

LM380N

LM3B1N

LM382N

LM384N

LM386N-3

LM387N

LM389N

LM392N

LF398N

LM399H

TL494CN

TL496CP

NE510A

NE529A

NE531H

NE536H

NE540H

NE544N

NE550A

NE555V

LM556N

NE564N

LM565N

LM566CN

LM567V

NE570N

LM702H

LM703CN

LM709N

LM710N

LM711N

LM723N

LMJ33N

LM739N

LM741CN

MC1741SCG

LM747N

LM748N

LM1014N

LM1310N

LM1458CN

LM1488N

LM1489N

LM1496N

LM1S56V

LM1800N

LM1871N

LM1872N

LM1B77N-9

LM1889N

LM1B96N

LM2002T

LM2877P

LM2878P

LM2896P-1

LM3189N

LM3900N

LM390SCN

LM3909N

LM3914N

LM3915N

LM3916N

RC4136N

RC4151NB

RC4194TK

RC419STK

LM4500A

ICL8038B

LM13O80N

LM13600N

75138N

754 50N

75451CN

7S492

CAPACITOR CORNER

50 VOLT CERAMIC DISC CAPACITORS

10 pf 22 pf 47 pi 100 pf 220 Pf 470 pf

1-9 10-99 100+

1-9 10-99 100+

Value -OOluF

.0047/jF .08 .06 .05

.QljiF .08 .06 .05

.022*1 F .09 .07 .06

,047uF .09 .07 .06

AfiF .15 .12 .10 100 VOLT MYLAR FILM CAPACITORS

.OOlmf .12 .10 .07 I .022m! .13 .11 .08

,0022mf .12 ,10 .07 .047ml .21 .17 .13

,0O47mf .12 .10 .07 .lmf .27 .23 .17

,01mf .12 .10 .07 | .22mf .33 .27 .22 +20% DIPPED TANTALUMS (Solid) CAPACITORS

J/35V . 15/35V .22/35V -33/35V .47/35V .68/35V 1.0/35V

.39 .34

.29

1.5/3SV 2.2/35V 3.3/2SV 4.7/25V 6.8/2SV 15/25V 22/6V

1.39 1.25 .95

MINI. ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS 1-99 100-499 500+ Radial 1-99 100-499 500+

.47/50V

1.0/50V

3.3/50V

4.7/25V

10/25V

10/50V

22 /25V

22/50V

47/25V

47/50V

100/25V

I00/50V

220/2SV

220/5OV

470/2SV

1000/16V

2200/16V

.25 .21 .19

.49 .45 .41

.89 .79 .69

.4J/25V .47/SOV 1.0/16 V 1.0/25V 1.0/50 V 4.7/16V 4.7/25 V 4.7/50V 10/16 V 10/25V 10/50V 47/50V 100/16V 100/2SV 100/50V 220/16V 4 70/26 V

.15 .13 .12 .16 .14 .13

.21 .17 .14

522 BYTE March 1982

Circle 202 on inquiry card.

Semiconductor

Clock Modules

12V DC

AUTOMOTIVE/

INSTRUMENT

CLOCK

APPLICATIONS:

• In-dash autoclocks ■ After-market auto/

RV clocks

• Aircraft-marine elks.

• 12VDC oper. Instru.

• Portable/battery

Features:Bright 0.3" green display. Internal crystal timebase. ±0.5 sec./day accur. Auto, display brightness control logic. Display color filterable to blue, blue-green, green fit yellow. Complete—just add switches and lens.

MA1003 Module (3.05"Lxus'Hx.9B"D). $16.95

CLOCK MODULES

MA1Q23 .7" Red Digital LED Clock Modulo 8.95

MA1026 .7" Dig. LEDAIorm Clock/Thermometer 18.95

MA5036 .3" Red Digital LED Clock/Timer 6.95

MA1002 .5" Red Digital LED Clock & Xformer 9.95

MA1010 .8" Red Digital LED Clock 7.95

MA1032 CBA ,5" Digital LCD Clock 1 7.95

MA1043 .7" Green Digital LED Clock 8.95

TRANSFORMERS

102-P20 XformerforMAI 023,1043 & b036 Mods. 3.49

102-P22 Xformer for MA1026 Clock Modules 3.49

102-P24 Xformer for MA1010 Clock Modules 3.49

2 National Semiconductor

; RAM SALE

STATIC RAMS MM2114N-24K(200NS) $2.49 each

[8 EACH $16.95'lot) (100 EACH $195.95Mot)

MM2114N-2L 4KI200NS) Low Power $2.95each

(8 EACH $19.95/lo!> (100 EACH $225.00/lot|

MM2147N 4K (70NSJ $4.95 each

(B EACH $3-f.95'lot| (100 EACH $419.95/101)

MM6116P-4 16KI200NS) $14.95 each

|8 EACH S99.95/lot) (J00 EACH $1195.00/lol}

DYNAMIC RAMS MM4164N-20 64KI200NS) $14.95each

(8 EACH S99.9S)Ol) (100 EACH $1195.00/lQl)

MM5290N-2 16K (150NS) 4116 $2.95 each

(8 EACH S19.95Alo1) (100 EACH S225.00/IO1)

MM5290N-4 16K (250NS)4116 $1.95 each

(8 EACH S14.95(tot) (100 each S175.00/IQ1)

EPROM Erasing Lamp

• Erases 2708, 2716, 1702A, 5203Q, 5204Q, etc.

• Erasas up to 4 chips within 20 minutes.

• Maintains constant exposure distance of one inch.

• Special conductive foam liner eliminates static build-up.

• Built-in safety lock to prevent UV exposure.

• Compact - only 7-5/8" x 2-7/8" x 2"

• Compteta with holding tray for 4 chips. UVS-11EL Replacement Bulb S16.95

UVS-11E $79.95

JOYSTICKS

JS-5K 5K Linear Taper Pots $5.25

JS-100K 100K Linear Taper Pots S4.95

JVC-40 40K (21 Video Controller in case . . . $4.95

MUFFIN® FAN

Uu dependable, low cost, largest selling Ian lor commercial cooling applications.

■ 105cfm free air delivery

• 4.6a" sq. x 1.50" depth. Weight ■ 17 oz.

■ acoustical rating as low as NC-38

• more than 10 yrs. cont. duly at 10°C

• impedance protected

■ lor arnDienls to 70X

■ UL yellow card recognized & CSA approved

Model No. MU2A1, Part No. 02821, Boaring—Sleeve. 115V. 50760Hz, 14 Watts. 105cfm

MU2A1 . . . ,$9.95ea.

JE215 Adjustable Dual Power Supply

General Description: The JE215 is a Dual Power Supply with independent adjustable positive and negative output voltages. A separate adjustment for each of the supplies provides the user unlimited applications for IC current voltage requirements. The supply can also be used as a general all-purpose variable power

Supply. FEATURES:

• Adjustable regulated power supplies, pos. and neg. 1.2VDC to 15VDC. - • Power Output (each supply):

—> . ._-' 5VDC @ 500mA, 1 OVDC @ 750m A,

12VDC@500mA, and 15VDC@ 175mA. Two, 3-terminal adj. IC regulators with thermal overload protection. Heat sink regulator cooling LED "on" indicator Printed Board Construction 120VAC input Size: 3-1/2"w x B-1/16"L x 2"H

JE215 Adj. DualPowerSupply Kit(asshown) . . $24.95

(Picture not shown but similar in construction to above)

JE200Reg. Power Supply Kit (5VDC.1 amp) . . $14.95

JE205 Adapter Brd.(to JE200) ±5,^9 & ^12V. $12.95

WJE210Var.Pwr.Sply. Kit, 5-15VDC, to 1.5amp. SI 9.95

MICROPROCESSOR COMPONENTS

DPBJ12 DPB214 DPB216 DPB22* DP8226 DP8ZZS DPS228 IN 58243 INS825Q PPS251 DPB253 DP825S DPB257 □ PB39 OPB27S

DP8303 DPB304 DPB307 DP8308 DP8310 DP63I1

System Contn Syilem Conln I/O Exoanaer Asynchionaui

Octa

I Drive

6800/6B00 SUPPORT DEVICES

MC6800 MPU

MC6802CP MPU wiin Ciock ind RAM

MC6810API 1;8kB Static HAM

MC6821 Peripheral Inter. Adapt (MCtiSZOJ

MC682S

MC6830U

MC6B50

MC6BS2

MC6360

MCS8S2

1Q2J*(

2400tJPi

Interrupt Cont

t ROM (MC6SA30-8)

DEM

Trans. (MCBT26)

MICROPROCESSOR CHIPS

Z80 (JB0C) CPU (MK3SS0N) (2MHi)

Z80A (7B0-1) CPU tMK358JN.4] |«MHI) CDP1602 CPU

2650

NS8035N-6 NS8039N-6 N5S04QN-6

"(CO!

MM506H MM51QH MM1WN MMS013N

Dual M-S Dual

Oynar 0-Blt Stal

2M-BU Dynamic IMJ-BIt Dynamic/* 500/512-Bit Oynaml Octal 80-Bit Octal 10-Bit 2iWV(14WA) irjJ4-B.lt Dynamic

-DATA ACQUISITION

LM1MZ LM135Z LF3S6N

-DATA ACQUISITION (CONTINUED)

AUC0B1JCCN

DAC1M0LCN

DAC10O8LCN

DAC1020LCN

DAC1022LCN

OACI222LCN

CD405IN

A V-5-1013

B-BltA/D Converter (l&Cri. h 10-Blt O/A Conv. Micro. Com 10-BUD/AConv. Micro. Com: 10-BHD/A Converter {0.05% L 10-Blt D/A Converter (0.20% L 12-Blt D/A Converter (0.2OV. L 8-Channal Multiplexor 30K BAUD UART

RAM'S

256x1 Stalk 1024 k! Dym

21I4L-2 74S200 4116N-1!1

1024x4 Static 450ns 1024x4 Static 450ns Low Power 1024x4 Static 200ns 1024x4 Static 20Qns Low Power 256x1 Static H16) 16K Dynamic 250ns (MM5M0N-4 ■; Dynamic 200ns

4096x1

5101 256x4 Static

MM5261 1024x1 Dynamic Fully Decoded

MM52S2 SKxl Dynamic

MM52B0/2101 4096x1 Dynamic

MM5230N-2 (4116) 16K Dynamic lions (UPD416C-31 IM5298J-3A BKDyn. 203ns (lower ^olMM52MJ)

-I MSI 16

•;(2Kx8) Sta

:200m

1 [16x«0C) 4K Dynamic 16-pln 4K Static 1024x4 Static

-PROMS/EPROMS

TMS2716 2716lntol(2516)TI 2J32lntel Tl 2756

2764 Q

2K L

BK EPROM

PROM

5203

82523(745188)

82S115

B2S123(74S2Bi|

S251B5

— Over 33 M

2048 PROM 32x8 PROM [ODen 4036 Bipolar PROJv 32x8 Tribute Blpi 8K PROM ire PROMS Listed ll

■ROM'S

2513(2)40) Cnaracter Ger

2513(3021) Character Generator (Lower Cass

NMOS READ ONLY MEMORIES

MCM66710P 128x9x7 ASCII Shifted w/Greex

MCM6674QP 12Bx9x7 Math SymDol L Pictures

MCM6S750P 128x9x7 Alpna. Control Char. Gen.

MICROPROCESSOR MANUALS

D50025CN DS0026CN INS1771N

- SPECIAL FUNCTION

AY-5-9100 AY- 5-9200 AY-5-9500 AY-5-2376 HD0165-5 74C922 74C923 MM53190N MM57493N

i Direct LED Drive w/N Buis Int. 12-Seg.VAC Fluor. Driver (20-pln pie

-TELEPHONE/KEYBOARD CHIPS"

1.95

24D0-1D

Part No. Pas. Canliguration

EECO Rocker DIP Switch — "Mlni-DipTM" 2400 Series

THE MOST UNIQUE DIP SWITCH AVAILABLE!

MINI-DIP is designed to retrofit all maioi Lrartds of Dip switches Unique Icalures include locking

[oa design Id prevent accidental actuation and gold sell-wiping contact. Ono-plccc housing and pren-in terminals proven! contamination 2-10 station Form "A" and 1-5 station Form "C." • Tormtnali on .100 > J(lo (2.54 x 1.62) canters • PCB or dip socket mounlahle • Positive cleaning/wiping action with gold contact • Total seal and bottom seal Socket Price Part Ho. Pos. ConllQuraltan Socket Price

2.-100-2 2400-3

2400-4

2400-AIltn

2400-5C

B pin

TB

10/ 6.95

2400 G

6 123456

14 pin

B pin

DA

10/ 7.95

2400-7

7 1234567

14 pin

B pin

m

10/ S.95

2400-B

6 1234567B

16 pin

B pin

.99

10/ 8.95

2400-9

9 123455789

18 pin

4 pin

1.U9

10/ 9.95

2400-10

0 0123456789

20 pin

- 10/ 9.95

- 10/10.95

- 10/11.95

- 10/12.95

- 10/13.95

JE608 PROGRAMMER

2704/2708 EPROM PROGRAMMER

GENERAL APPLICATIONS:

• To program EPROMS 2704 and 2708.

• Developmental system lor microcomputer circuits

• To read the contents at a pro-prog ram marl EPROM

• To compare EPROM(e) lor contain differences

• To smulato a programmed EPROM

• To slore program In RAMS lor alterations

• Three separate Display Registers: 8 LEO's lor Hex Key entrlee, 10 LED's (2,-2'( for Address Register and 8 LED's for Data Memory Reglstar. The Data Memory Register displays the content ol Ihe RAMa from the EPROM Chip. Development of microprocessor systems by moans ol a ribbon cable from Ihe programmer panel test socket lo the EPROM socket on Ihe microprocessor board. Rapid checking verification ol programmed data changes. User may move dele from a master to RAM'a or write Into RAM's with keyboard entries. Allows manual stepping manipulation (up end down) at any address location. Slend-alone EPROM Programmer consisting of: A 1B-key Hexadecimal Keyboard assembly, Programmer Board assembly wllh 4 power supplies and a LED/Test Socket Panel Board assembly. The Test Socket Is zero lores Insertion type. Power requirements: 11SVAC, 60Hz. BW. Compact desk-lop enclosure: Colorcoordinated designer's esse with light tan penele end molded ond pieces In mocha brown. Size: 3V<"H x 11"W xB'/TD. Weight: 5 lb*.

The JE608 EPROM Programmer is a completely sell-contained unit wrjich Is independent ol computer control and requires no additional systems lot iis operations. The EPROM can be programmed from the Hexadecimal Keyboard or from a preprogrammed EPROM. The JE608 Programmer can emulate a programmed EPROM by the use ol its internal RAM circuits. This will allow the user to test or pretest a program for a system, prior toprogiamming a chip. Any changes in the program cen be enteied directly into ihe memory circuits with the Hexadecimal Keyboard so that rewriting the entire program will not be necessary. The JE608 Programmer contains a Programmer/Board w/25 IC's Ef includes power supplies of: -5V, + 5V. + 12V and + 26V. The Hexadecimal Keyboard and LED/Test Socket Penel bosrd are separate assemblies within the system.

JE608K Kit $399.95

JE608A Assembled and Tested $499.95

JE608-16K ADAPTER BOARD

FOR 2716/2758 EPROMS

ie JE808 Programmer to be mc-dilleo for the eddi

programming of tho 2716 and for ihu 2" bit and also for selecting the proper power and laiing tha 2716 116K) EPROM is done separately to each iscity in the JE808 Programmer.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

The JE60B-18K Adapter Boar

2758 EPROMS, The adapter provides for adding an aooressswi

timing pulses to ba applied to the EPROM. Programming and t

half (1024x81 ol the EPROM because of the existinrj BK RAM

JE608-16K Adapter Board Kit $29.95

JE608-Upgrade (Send assembled JE608 to factory for adapter installation $99.95

of the JE608-16K Adapter Board Kit) JE608A-16K Mod. Assembled JE608 w/AdaptBr (JE608-16K) Installed $599.95

$10.00 Minimum Order — U.S. Funds Only California Residents Add 6% Sales Tax Postage — Add 5% plus $1.50 Insurance Send S.A.S.E. for Monthly Sale Flyer!

Spec Sheets — 25c Send 88c Postage for your FREE 1982 JAMECO CATALOG Prices Subject to Change

M

JBSEBHllffiiiHl

■ 0,

ameco

ELECTRONICS

1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 94002 PHONE ORDERS WELCOME — (415) 592-8097

BOOKS >

National Semiconductor — Intersil — Intel

30001 National CMOS Data Book 16.96

1640 pages) 74C, CD4000, and A/D Converters

30002 National Interface Data Book K.96

1704 pages) DP, DS8000, DS3600, DS75000, etc.

30003 National Linear Data Book $8.96

(1376 pages) LM, LF, ADC, DAC, LH Series

30004 National Sorias 80- BoardLevol Computer (224pagnsl ,.,$4.96

30005 National TTL Logic Data Book $8.96

1624 pages) 740Q,LS,L,H,S, and DMB0Q0 Series

30006 Buy above 13) 30001,3,6 es a set $19.96/lot

30009 Intersil Data Book (1074 pages) $6.96

010400 Intel Component Data Catalog $10.00

Full data sheets for Intel's products incl. memory devices, microproc, peripherals & Indust./mil. products (1328 pages)

205610 Intel Peripheral Design Handbook $7.50

Full data sheets, appl. notes for Intel peripheral device components (644 pages)

AC and DC Wall Transformers

10 lol With Universal Plug and

■*^^^^^^^^^^ 9V Batlery Snap

VtB MLV Selective voltages: 6,9,12VDC.

IkM SB Polarity selection { + !■). six-loot

a'^Bv S9 lino from adaptor 10 plugs — six

v!l HJ HH Inch line from adapter to battery

v ■MLV snap. 120W60H2. 300mA.

Part No. Input Output Price

AC 250 117W60HZ 12VAC 250mA EJUS

AC 500 I17V/60HZ 12VAC 500mA $4.95

AC1000 117W60HZ 12VAC 1 amp S5.95

AC1700 117V/60HZ 9VAC 1.7 amp $3.95

DC6912 (above) 120W60Hz 6,9,12VDC 300mA $9.95

DV9200 117V/60HZ 9VDC 200mA $3.25

DC900 120V/60HZ 9VDC 500mA $3.95

DC12Q0 120V/60HZ 12V0C 300mA $3.95

CONNECTORS

DB25P D-Subminiature Plug S2.95

DB25S D-Subminiature Socket $3.50

D20418-2 Scram Lock Hdwr. (2) DB25S/P 2/S.99

DB51226 Cover for DB25P/S $1.75

22/44SE P.C. Edge 122/44 Pin) $2.95

UG88/U BNCPlug $1.79

UG89/U BNC Jack $3.79

UG175/U UHF Adapter $ .49

S0239 UHF Panel Beep $1.29

PL258 UHF Adapter $1.60

PL259 UHF Plug $1.60

UG260/U BNC Plug $1.79

UG1094AJ BNC Bulkhead Recp $1.29

TRS-8Q 16K Conversion Kit

Expand your 4K TRS-BO System to 16K Kit comes complete with:

• 8ea. MM5290(UPD416/4116)16KDyn. Ram(-ns)

• Documentation for conversion

TRS-16K2 *150ns 19.95

TRS-18K3 *200ns '5.95

TRS-16K4 '250ns 14.95

JE610 ASCII Encoded Keyboard Kit

The JE6T0 ASCII Keyboard Kit can be interfaced into most any computer system. The kit comes complete with an industrial grade keyboard switch assembly (62-keys), IC's, sockets, connector, electronic components and a double-sided printed wiring board. The keyboard assembly requires +5V @ 150mA and -12V @ 10 mA for operation. Features: 60 keys generate the 126 characters, upper and lower case ASCII set. Fully buffered. Two user-define keys provided for custom applications. Caps lock for upper-case-only alpha characters, Utilizes a 2376 (40-pln) encoder read-only memory chip. Outputs directly compatible with TTL/DTL or MOS logic arrays. Easy interfacing with a 16-pin dip or 18-pin edge connector. Size: 3)4"H * 14JV'W x 8%"D

JE610/DTE-AK £pKgg^ . ..$124.95

irC1n |/-t 62-Key Keyboard, PC Board, * -7Q qc

JE610 Kit & Components (no case} $ 79.95

K62 62-Key Keyboard (Keyboard only) . . .$ 34.95

DTE-AK (case only— 3V*"Hxll"Wx8¥«"D)$ 49.95

JE212 - Negative 12VDC Adapter Board Kit for JE610 ASCII KEYBOARD KIT

Provldes-12VDC from lncoming5VDC . .$9.95

JE600 Hexadecimal Encoder Kit

FULL 8-BIT LATCHED OUTPUT 19-KEY KEYBOARD

The JE600 Encoder Keyboard Kit provid hexadecimal digits produced from sequen to allow direct programming for 8-bit or 8-bit memory circuits. Three addition vided for user operations with one ha> output available. The outputs are latched ar with 9 LED readouts. Also included Is a key Features: Full 8-bit latched output for mi use. Three user-define keys with one b operation. Debounce circuit provided for 9 LED readouts to verify entries. Easy inti standard 16-pln IC connector. Only +5V for operation. Size: 3'/i"H x 8%"W x 8%"D (After assembled

JE600/DTE-HK SS5

two separate

icroprocassor keys are prolg a bistable id monitored

entry strobB.

coprocessor elng bistable

all 19 keys, srfaclng with DC required

. $99.95

$59.95

K19 19-Key Keyboard (Keyboard only) .... $14.95 DTE-HK (case only — 3Vj,,Hx8V.,'wx8¥."D) $44.95j

Circle 202 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1982

523

TOLL FREE ORDER LINE

800-854-8230

EPSON/VISTA MX-80

SAVE S300

ELPAC FD206 8"

1

LIST

ACP

Apple Board Sei

LIST

ACP

Floppy Disk Power Supply

si Best seller S645 00

$42900

Z80 Sodcard (Microsoft)

S3 95 00

S289 00

Drives 2 Drives LIST

ACP

LOWEST PUBLISHED PRICE

16K Ramcard (Microsoft]

195 00

169 00

■24V (a 3A -5V (S 2 5A SV w 0 5A S159 00

S99 00

Note: Supply Limned

Vision 80 display card (Vislai ALL THREE ONLY $679 save S306

395 00

299 00

524 BYTE March 1982

Circle 8 on inquiry card.

BECKMAN DIGITAL MULTIMETERS IC SPECIAL PURCHASE

tech 300Digital Mutli

TECH 3lOOrgi1al Mullt tech 330Oigital Muin VC-201 Vinyl Carrying i DC-202 Delu.eCarrym

RP-221 RP Probe

CT-23! AC Current Clamp

OL-24) Deluxe"

B2S09 64*9 RAM

DPB304 Ocial Dnva

DAC86EX O/A Con,

10 00

MCI650 Mi Speed A

24 00

SN75136

35 00

MC10210

35 00

LM339

42 00

LM7I0CN

2 or 4 MM; Eipindible

uiei 21I4LI

16K 4 MHz Kil

16K 4MHz Ail

32K MH; K,l

T^-T2K 4 MHz Ail

Bare Board

Bare Bd * all Paris

f«i«a

81S5/0156 I/O

8755 I/O w/EI'llOM

B202 Dyn RAM Corn

B205/74S 138 Decoder

8212 8 bit O

8214 Priority Inl

8216 Bus Driver

8224 Cioc* Gen

ISSfl 4 MH;

8226 Bus Driver

8T26 Bus Driver

8225 Sys Con

8238 Sys Con

8243l<OE>p

8250 Asyn Com

8251 Proq I/O

8253 fnl Tm.iT

8255 Prog I/O

8257 Prog DMA

8259 Prog Inl

8275 CRT Con

8279 Prog Keyboard

280-PtO

2 5 MHz

Z8GA-PIO

4 0 MHz

Z80-CTC

2 5 MHz

Z80A-CTC

4 0 MHz

Z80-DMA

2 5 MHZ

28QA-OMA

4 0 M H;

ZBu-SIO/0

2 5 MHz

ZBOA-SlO/0

4 0 MH(

Z80-SIO<1

2 5 MHz

280A-SIO 1

4 0 MM;

ZB0SIO 2

2 5 MHz

ZBUA-SIO 2

4 0 MHZ

■fl.TWUM^VMa : .

TOLL FREE ORDER LINE

800-854-8230

TWX: 910-595-1565

Mail Order: P.O. Box 17329 Irvine, CA 92713 (800) 854-8230

Retail: 1310 B E. Edinger, Santa Ana. CA 92705 (714) 558-8813 542 W. Trimble. San Jose. CA 95131 (408) 946-7010

KffirMNCEDi . COMPUXE^

Circle 8 on inquiry card.

BYTE March 1982

525

Unclassified Ads

FOR SALE: BYTE. May 1978 Through May 1981 (37 issues). Kilobaud Microcomputing, #11 through #29 and #37 through #54 (37 issues). Creative Computing, January 1978 through July 1981 [34 issues). onComputmq, Summer 1979 through Spring 1981 (8 issues). Each issue for S1.75 or all of them for S 150. I will pay postage. Joe. 3503 Berkeley PI. NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106. |505| 266-2344

FOR SALE: 16-coiumn calculator printer. Works, but little documentation. S25 plus shipping (5 pounds). Hex keypad and display, obviously homemade; S20. Fifty Tn-state bipolar ROMS that decode and drive eight S-100 signals directly from 280. No external buffering necessary. Derives sMEMR, MWRT. sINP. sOUT. pSYNC. INTA. sWO, and pWR. S6 each. Mark Derthick. 7 Fraternity Row. St. Louis. MO 63130. |314J 721-9093.

FOR SALE: Heath H-89 all-in-one microcomputer. Built in July 1981. Floppy-disk drive. 48 K programmable memory, cassette interface, HDOS 2.0 DOS. Microsoft a nd BH BASIC. 15

disks of club programs, and ail documentation S3000 value for S 1700. Also have Heath ET-3400 trainer. EE-3401 microprocessor self-instruction course, and final exam; SI95. Will pay shipping in U.S. Gary Bagby, 2520 Childs Rd., Omaha, NE 68147. [402] 731-1871.

FOR SALE: Ohio Scientific Challenger III (Model C3-SI) with three processors (6502A. 68B00, Z80A) and 56 K memory. Double-sided 8-mch floppies for 1.2 megabytes storage. CP/M operating system with FORTRAN and COBOL compilers. Manuals and documentation included. S4800. Ron Hopson, POB 7929 |NI73), Philadelphia, PA 19101

FOR SALE: Interac computer—not used, still in the package. With 16 K RAM. 2 K ROM. cassette. 1500 bps. eight colors. and sound; S284. Write for more details. Steve Buhk. 109 East Kentucky Ave.. Deland. FL 32720.

FOR SALE: Centronics 730 printer, same as Radio Shack Lineprmter II, New, only tested. Full documentation. Extra ribbons. S600 UPS COD. D. Dingley. 417 Liberty St.. Pamesviile. OH 44077. |2I6) 354-5759.

FOR SALE: SSM CB1A 8080 S-100 processor board with I K RAM, 2 K video monitor in ROM, and parallel I/O port. Assembled and tested. Virtually unused. S 125. Craig One. 40 Creighton St., Cambridge. MA 02140. (617) 661-3966.

UNCLASSIFIED POLICY: Readers who are soliciting or giving advice, or who have equipment to buy, sell or swap should send in a clearly typed notice to that effect. To be considered for publication, an advertisement must be clearly noncommercial, typed double spaced on plain white paper, contain 75 words or less, and include complete name and address information.

These notices are free of charge and will be printed one time only on a space available basis. Notices can be accepted from individuals or bona fide computer users clubs only. We can engage in no correspondence on these and your confirmation of placement is appearance in an issue of BYTE.

Please note that it may take three or four months for an ad to appear in the magazine.

BOMB

Dnqoina Monitc

>r Box

Author|s)

BYTE

S<

Article #

Page

Article

1

26

Commodore 4022 Printer

Holmes

2

44

Integral Data Systems' Prism Printer

Umlor

3

50

Use Voiceprints to Analyze Speech

Garcia

4

68

Apple Panic

Williams

5

70

Missile Command

Wszola

6

74

Dino Wars

Stewart

7

80

The Atari Tutorial, Part 7. Sound

Eraser

8

100

Build a Half-year Clock for the Color

Computer

Barden

9

126

The Input/Output Primer, Part 2: Intertupts

and Direct Memory Access

Leibson

10

142

A BASIC Plotting Subroutine, Sophisticated

Plotting with Your MX-80

Bregoli

1 1

158

Modify Your Paper Tiger for Different

Paper Thicknesses

Sarna

12

172

Graphics II by Selanar, High-Resolution Hard

Copy from a DECwriter

Macero, Holmes, Banks, Burgess

13

198

Custom and Standardized Forms for the

Microcomputer User

Lemmons

14

218

The Fill Forms System, CP/M Programs to Cut

Down on Paperwork

Roch

15

206

Base 2 Printer

Jeffries

16

248

Lowercase Descenders for the Epson MX-70

Piggott

17

262

Text Editing with Compuview's VEDIT

Thompson

18

278

BYTE Printer Directory

Feigel

19

316

Four Implementations of Pascal

Woteki, Sand

20

358

Microsoft's BASIC Compiler for the TRS-80

Kelly

21

372

LDOS—Disk Operating System for the TRS-80

Daneliuk

22

384

COBOL for the TRS-80 Models l/lll

Archer

23

414

John Bell Engineering's Apple II Parallel

Interface Board

Rhodes

24

456

The Computer Toolbox

Bernstein

25

466

Skip Sequential: A New File Structure for

Microcomputers

Purdum

FOR SALE: Linear programming package for HewlettPackard 9825 computer. Complete package consisting of manual and three cartridges in binder. Originally cost S450 and used only a couple of times. Will sell fof S125 or exchange for HP-85 software Pacs I don't have. Will also consider HP-85 ROMs. CJ. Kanak. POB 28206. Tempe. AZ 85282. [602| 968-6542.

FOR SALE: Apple II with 64 K Pascal language system, two disk drives, software, and other accessories: S 2000 Zenith Z19 terminal: S600. Heath H-!4 printer, assembled: S500. All items in good working order, Thomas McDonnell, 1738 Orchard Dr. Canton, Ml 48188, |3I3J 326-3047 weekends or after 6 p.m. weekdays.

FOR SALE: Texas Instruments TI-745. Like new. Under constant maintenance by Tl. Must sell. Asking S1000 or best offer. OP. Apt, 25102 Friar Lane. Southfield. Ml 48034.

FOR SALE: TEC V-300 daisy-wheel printer. Brand new. Bidirectional printing at 25 cps/136 print positions wide. Proportional spacing: l/20-inch horizontal and 1/48-inch vertical. Centronics parallel interface. Listed at S 1595; will sell for S 1000 FOB. R.G. Lathrop, 810 Rush Court, Chico. CA 95926. |9I6] 343-7098.

FOR SALE OR SWAP: TRS-80 4 K Color Computer, pair of joysticks, and three cartridges of games. Will send in original carton via U.P.S. $325 or will swap for a Model I mini-disk drive Jack Liskey, 360 Mae Rd„ Glen Burnie, MD 21061.

Garcia Wins BOMB by Remote Control

Steve Ciarcia's project on using your computer for remote control earned him first place in the December BOMB contest. Now if we could only send him the S100 cash prize by remote control. Senior editor Gregg Williams took second place with his photo essay, "The Coinless Arcade." Though Gregg is a gamesman, he's not a gambler and when playing video games he can't afford to lose because as a staff member he is ineligible for the second-place S50 prize. Third place went to William Barden Jr.'s "Color Computer from A to D, Make Your Color Computer 'See' and 'Feel' Better," the first installment in a series devoted to Radio Shack's TRS-80 Model I, Model III, and Color Computer.

526 March 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

Reader Service

Inquiry No. Page No.

Inquiry No. Page No.

Inc

uiryNo. Page No.

1

47th STREET PHOTO 351

86

COMPULINK CORP. 35

166

GENERAL ELECTRIC CO. 111

2

A.S.T. RESEARCH 176

COMPUMART 120, 121

167

GENSTAR RENTAL ELECTR 128

3

AB COMPUTERS 487

COMPUPRO/GODBOUT 78, 79

168

GILTRONIX.INC. 494

4

ABM PRODUCTS 386

87

COMPUSERVE 464

169

GILTRONIX.INC. 494

5

ACE COMP. PROD. 492

88

COMPUSYSTEMS 502

170

GNOSIS 328

6

ACKERMAN DIGITAL SYS. 235

443

COMPUTER COMPONENTS453

171

GNT AUTOMATIC INC 412

7

ACTION COMPUTER 73

90

COMPUTER DISC.OF AM. 424

172

H&E COMPUTRONICS 315

8

ADV.COMP.PROD. 524. 525

91

COMPUTER EXCHANGE 297

173

H&E COMPUTRONICS 317

9

ADV.MICRO DIGITAL CORP. 193

92

COMPUTER FURN.& ACCSS. 426

174

HANLEY ENGNRING 495

10

ADVENT PRODUCTS 132

93

COMPUTER MAIL ORDER 212, 213

175

HAYDEN BOOK CO INC 393

ALF PRODUCTS, INC. 412

94

COMPUTER PLUS 490

176

HAYES MICROCOMP.PROD. 127

11

ALL ELECTRONICS CORP 415

COMPUTER PROFESSNAL 288. 289

177

HAZELTINE CORP 163

12

ALMALY TRADING CORP. 498

96

COMPUTER RESOURCES 447

HEATH COMPANY 247

13

ALPHA BYTE COMP.PROD. 38, 39

284

COMP SHOPPING CNTR 298. 299

32

HEWLETT-PACKARD 57

14

ALPHA BYTE COMP.PROD. 179

97

COMPUTER SPCLTIES. 273

178

HEWLETT-PACKARD 207

ALPHA QUEUE SYS 504

438

COMPUTER TOOLBOX 405

179

HOUSTON INSTRUMENTS 59

16

ALPS 457

COMPUTER WRHSE. 131

180

HOUSTON INSTRUMENTS 59

17

ALSPA COMP.SYS. 217

98

COMPUTERS ETC. 94

181

HUNTINGTON COMPUTING 341

18

ALTOS COMP.SYS. 136, 137

99

COMPUTERS ETC. 282

53

HYPERTEK, INC 72

19

AMDEK CORP. 81

425

COMPUTERS ETC. 459

182

IBM 103

20

AMER.SQUARE COMP. 124, 125

101

COMPUTERS WHOLESALE 149

183

ILLINOIS COMP.PROD. 502

21

ANADEX 190

102

COMPUTERTIME INC. 490

184

IMAGE TECH. INC 492

22

ANADEX 191

79

COMPUTERWARE 417

185

IMPRINT SOFTWARE 388

23

ANCRONA 311

103

COMPUTERWORLD INTL. 431

186

IMS INTERNATIONAL 241

24

ANDERSON JACOBSON 322

104

COMPUTEX CORP 86

187

INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES 445

25

ANDERSON JACOBSON 419

105

COMPUVIEW PROD.INC. 66

188

INFOSOFT COMP.SYS. 492

26

ANN ARBOR TERMINALS 181

COMPUVIEW PROD.INC. 67

189

INTL.MICRO SYS. 211

27

ANSWER CORP. 96

106

CONCORD COMP.PROD. 421

190

INTEGRAL DATA SYS. 104, 105

28

APPARAT INC 233

107

CONCURRENT CORP. 464

191

INTEGRAND 428

29

APPLE COMPUTER INC 84, 85

108

CONSUMER COMP. 387

192

INTEL CORP 184, 185

30

APPLICATIONS GROUP.THE 504

109

CONSUMER COMP. 491

193

INTERACTIVE MICROWRE. 429

31

APPLIED ANALYTICS 420

110

CONTEXT MANGMNT.SYS. 23

194

INTERMEDIA SYSTEMS 76

33

ARBA 463

COTTON ASSOC. 502

195

INTERTEC DATA SYS. 119

35

ARTIFICIAL INTL.RESRCH 496

112

CPU SHOP, THE 493

*

INTROL CORP 496

36

ASAP COMP.PROD.INC 276, 277

CROMEMCO CV II

196

IOTC 502

37

ASAP COMP.PROD.INC. 353

113

CROMEMCO 1

197

IPEX INT'L. 352

38

ASHTON-TATE 301

114

CROMEMCO 2

198

ITHACA INTERSYSTEMS 8

ASPEN SFTW.CO. 60

115

CUESTA SYSTEMS 492

199

ITHACA INTERSYSTEMS 9

39

ATARI 201

CYBERNETICS INC 187

200

JADE COMP.PROD. 512, 513

391

ATLANTIC CABINET CORP 504

116

D & W DIGITAL 170

201

JADE COMP.PROD. 514

40

AUTOCONTROL INC 180

117

DATA ROYAL INC. 197

202

JAMECO ELECTR. 522, 523

41

AUTOMATED EQUPMNT. 189

118

DATA-ED 18

203

JDR MICRODEVICES 520, 521

AVOCET422

119

DATA-RX INC. 366

204

JIM-PAK 497

42

AXIOM CORP 313

120

DATA-TYPE INC. 37

205

KADAK PRODUCTS 339

43

B&B ELECTR. 502

121

DATAFACE 98

KENGORE CORP. 430

435

BBI MAIL ORDER 405

122

DATASOUTH COMP.CORP. 77

206

KERN PUBLISHING 222

44

BASF SYSTEMS 355

123

DATASOUTH COMP.CORP. 418

207

KIRBY ENG. ASSOC. 496

45

BAY TECHNICAL ASSOC. 415

124

DEALIN' ELECTR. 504

208

KIT-80 INC. 496

BELL.JOHN ENGR. 489

125

DELMART-DELUX CHK.PRNTRS.

209

KIT-80 INC. 498

BETA COMP.DEVICES 107

138

210

KRAMER SYS INTL. 445

46

BISON PRODUCTS 432

126

DELPHIC SYSTEMS 234

211

LABORATORY MICROSYS. 504

47

BLAT RESRCH & DEVELP. 432

128

DELTA PRODUCTS 250, 251

212

LEADING EDGE PROD Clll

48

BMC INTERNATIONAL 75

129

DIABLO SYS INC 343

214

LEXICON CORP. 90

49

BOTTOM LINE.THE 500

DIGITAL EQUIPMNT.CORP. 307

215

LIFEBOAT ASSOC. 359

50

BOWER-STEWART 490

130

DIGITAL GRAPHIC SYS 150

216

LJK ENTERPRISES INC. 331

51

BRIDGE COMPUTER 246

131

DIGITAL MARKETING 6

217

LNW RESEARCH 231

52

BUCKEYE STAMPING CO. 429

132

DIGITAL RESEARCH 24, 25

218

LOGICAL DEVICES 502

54

BUSINESS OPERATING SYS 239

276

DIGITAL RESEARCH 280, 281

219

LOMAS DATA PRODUCTS 361

55

BWJ TECHNOLOGY INC. 32

134

DISCOUNT SOFTWARE 398

220

LYBEN COMP.SYS. 490

56

BYTE BOOKS 91

135

DMA 333

221

LYBEN COMP.SYS. 496

57

BYTE BOOKS 279

136

DREAM ELECTRONICS 498

223

MACROTECH INTL. 223

58

BYTE BOOKS 287

137

DUAL SYS.CONTROL CORP. 32

224

MACROTRONICS 492

59

BYTE BOOKS 411

444

DUAL SYS.CONTROL CORP. 34

225

MAGNOLIA MICROSYS. 494

60

BYTE BOOKS 413

445

DUAL SYS.CONTROL CORP. 36

226

MARK OF THE UNICORN 237

BYTE BACK ISSUE 453

138

DUPRE ENTERPR. 417

227

MARYMAC INDUSTRIES 261

BYTE SUBSCRIBER 472

139

DYMARC IND. 435

228

MAXELL DATA PRODUCTS 183

BYTE WATS 66, 423

140

DYNABYTE BUSN.COMP. 70

229

MAXTEK 431

61

BYTEKCOMP. SYS. 457

141

DYNACOMP 308, 309

111

MCGRAW-HILL BOOKSTORE 210

62

C. ITOH ELECTR.INC. 349

142

DYSAN CORP. 264, 265

*

MCGRAW-HILL MAG. 123

63

CALICO SYSTEMS 310

143

ECLECTIC SYSTEMS 324

230

MCGRAW-HILL RESEARCH 409

436

CALDISK 405

144

ECOSOFT 427

MCMILLAN BOOK CLUBS 337

64

CALIF DATA CORP 496

145

EDMUND SCIENTIFIC CO 447

231

MEADE'S DATA SYS. 492

65

CALIF. DIGITAL 515

146

EDUCATIONAL MICROCOMP. 504

232

MEDIA DISTRIBUTING 444

66

CALIF. DIGITAL 516. 517

147

ELECTROLABS 488

MEDIAMIX 192

CALIF.MICRO COMP. 451

148

ELECTRONIC CONTROL 423

233

MEMORY MERCHANT 225

68

CAMBRIDGE DEVEL LABS 435

149

ELECTRONIC SPCLISTS 446

234

META COMPANIES.THE 27

CAWTHON SCIENTF.GRP. 178

150

ELECTRONIC SYS.FURN 242

235

METAVAN INC. 500

69

CDR SYSTEMS 494

151

ELLIS COMPUTING 10

236

MFJ ENTERPRISES INC 148

70

CENTRONICS 199

152

EMPIRICAL RESRCH GRP. 465

237

MICRO AGE COMP.STORE 113

71

CHECK-MATE 494

153

EMULOG 209

334

MICRO BUSINESS WORLD 147

72

CHECK-MATE 500

154

ENERCOMP490

238

MICRO BUSN.ASSOC 352

73

CHECKS-TO-GO 200

155

EPIC COMPUTER CORP. 139

239

MICRO DATA BASE SYS 325

74

CHIPS & DALE 490

156

EPIC COMPUTER CORP. 427

240

MICRO DATA-TEK 450

75

CHRISLIN INDUSTRIES 327

EPSON AMERICA 194, 195

241

MICRO EXCHANGE.THE 338

76

CMC,INTL. 115

157

ESSEX PUBLISHING 435

242

MICRO FOCUS 133

77

CMC.INT'L 171

158

EXPOTEK 64

"

MICRO MAGAZINE 395

78

CMC.INT'L. 381

159

FANTASTIC SIMULATIONS 498

243

MICRO MANAGEMENT SYS. 429

80

COLUMBIA DATA PROD. 357

160

FORD MOTOR CO. 389

MICRO MFG SYS. 444

437

COLUMBIA MICRO SYS. 405

161

FORETHOUGHT PRODUCTS 446

244

MICRO MINT 407

81

COMMODORE BUSN.MACH. 97

162

FOX & GELLER ASSOC 494

245

MICRO PRINTER MRKTG 101

83

COMMUNICATION CABLE 498

163

FSS 419

246

MICRO PRO INT'L. 285

84

COMMUNICATIONS ELECTR. 485

164

FSS 502

247

MICRO SCI 61

85

COMP TRANSCEIVER 378

165

FUTRA CO. 20

248

MICRO TERM 157

To get further information on

the products advertising in BYTE, fill

outt

he reader service card with;

y

our name and address. Then ci

rcle the appropriate numbers for th«

■ adv

ertisers you select from the

li

;t. Add an 18-cent stamp to the

card, then drop it in the mail. Not oi

ily d(

5 you gain information, but

0

ur advertisers are encouraged t<

3 use the marketplace provided by BY

TE.T

his helps us bring you a big

g

;r BYTE. The index is provided ;

is an additional service by the publis

*ier, who assumes no liability for

errors or omissions. *Correspon<

i directly with company.

Inquiry No.

Page No.

249 MICRO WORKS, THE 425

250 MICRO-SPOT ELECTR. 490

251 MICRODYNAMICS 492

• MICROHOUSE 159

252 MICROMAIL396

253 MICROSETTE INC. 498

254 MICROSOFT (CPD) 323

255 MICROTAX 460

256 MICROTECH EXPORTS 443

257 MICROTEK INC. 363

259 MIKOS 469

260 MILLER MICROCOMP.SERV. 228

313 MILWAUKEE COMP.INC 329

261 MIN MICROCOMP SFTW 362

262 MINI COMP.SUPPLIERS 110

263 MINI MICRO MART 184, 499

264 MOORE BUSN. FORMS 459

265 MORGAN PRODUCTS 427

266 MORROW DESIGNS 143

267 MOUNTAIN COMPUTER 19

268 MOUNTAIN VIEW PRESS 303

269 MSD 443

270 MTI.INC. 471

271 MULTI BUSN.COMP.INC. 174

433 NASHUA CORP 472 " NCC/AFIPS 397

272 NCL DATA INC. 421

273 NEBS 318

274 NEC HOME ELECTR.USA 135

275 NEECO305

277 NET PROFIT COMP. 182

278 NETRONICS 252, 253

279 NETWORK CONSULTING CORP 498

280 NEW GENERATION SYS. 463

281 NORTH STAR COMP. 244, 245

282 NORTHROP 295

• NRI SCHOOLS ELECTR.DIV. 433

• OASIS SYSTEMS 22

283 OLYMPIC SALES 417

285 OMIKRON 321

286 OMNI RESOURCES 383

288 ORANGE MICRO 220, 221

289 ORANGE MICRO 227

290 ORYX SOFTWARE 376

291 ORYX SOFTWARE 470

292 OSBORNE COMPUTERS 31

293 OSBORNE/MCGRAW-HILL 116

294 OSBORNE/MCGRAW-HILL 117

295 OSBORNE/MCGRAW-HILL 118

296 OSBORNE/MCGRAW-HILL 208

297 OSM COMPUTER 161

• OWENS ASSOC. 268, 269 418 PACE 434

298 PACIFIC COMP BRK. 216

299 PACIFIC EXCHANGES 440

300 PACIFIC EXCHANGES 490 300 PACIFIC EXCHANGES 494 300 PACIFIC EXCHANGES 498 300 PACIFIC EXCHANGES 502 300 PACIFIC EXCHANGES 504

305 PALOMAR COMP.EQUIP. 501

306 PAN AMERICAN ELEC INC. 326

307 PCD SYSTEMS INC. 243 ' PERCOM DATA 7

308 PERCOM DATA 167

309 PERCOM DATA 167

310 PERCOM DATA 167

311 PERISOFT INC. 368

• PERSONAL COMP.OWNERS 430

312 PERSONAL COMP.SYS. 458

• PERSONAL S/W—VISICORP 89

427 PHASE ONE SYS.INC. 367

314 PICKLES & TROUT 421

315 P.M.K. ASSOCIATES 87

• POPULAR COMPUTING 257

' POTOMAC MICRO-MAGIC 431

316 PRACTICAL PERIPH. 15

317 PRIORITY ONE 506, 507

318 PRIORITY ONE 508, 509

319 PRIORITY ONE 510, 511

321 PROGRAMS UNLTD. 500

322 PROTECTO ENTERPR. 490

323 PURCHASING AGENT.THE 270

324 PURCHASING AGENT.THE 423

325 QUADRAM CORP. 267

326 QUALITY COMP.PARTS 492

327 QUALITY COMPUTER 399

328 QUALITY SOFTWARE 173

329 QUASAR DATA PROD.INC. 369

330 QUEST ELECTR. 503

331 QUME CORP. 17

332 R.C.ELECTRONICS 224

333 R.R.SOFTWARE 154

428 RACET COMPUTERS 370

429 RACET COMPUTERS 370

434 RADGO SALES 474

335 RADIO SHACK CIV 222 RANA SYSTEMS 12, 13

336 RANDOM HOUSE 408

337 RCA 130

338 RCA SOLID STATE 62, 63

339 RCE415

341 SC DIGITAL 226

• S-100INC425

342 S.P.C.TECH.INC. 160

343 SANDHU MACHINE DESN. 319

March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 527

Reader Service,

Inquiry No.

Page No.

344 SANTA CRUZ SFTW.SERV. 236

345 SANYO COMMUNICATIONS 95

346 SATURN SYSTEMS INC. 492

347 SCION CORP 5

348 SCITRONICS 332

• SCOTTSDALE SYSTEMS 202

349 SCR ELECTR. 504

350 SEATTLE COMP PRODS 155 430 SIERRA DATA SCIENCES 335

351 SILICON VALLEY SYS.INC. 465

■ SINCLAIR 92, 93

352 SLUDER 500

353 SOFTECH MICROSYS 401

354 SOFTWARE CONSLTG.SERV. 496

355 SOFTWARE DISTR. 371 34 SOFTWARE HOWS 271

• SOLID STATE SALES 439

356 SORRENTO VALLEY ASSOC 439

■ SOURCE EDP 346 ' SOURCE EDP 347

■ SOURCE TELECOMM.CORP. 375 441 SOUTHERN COMP.SYS 405

357 SSM MICRO COMP PROD 11

358 STANDARD MICROSYS.INC. 390

359 STANDARD SFTW.CORP. 394

360 STATCOM CORP. 33

Inquiry No. Page No.

426 STATIC MEMORY 379

361 STRAWBERRY TREE COMP. 110

362 STREET ELECTR CORP 373

• SUBARU OF AMERICA 291

363 SUBLOGIC 306

364 SUNNY INT'L. 488

365 SUPERSOFT99

366 SUPERSOFT 203

367 SUPERSOFT 314

368 SYBEX 263

369 SYSTEM 300 500

370 SYSTEMED 500

371 SYSTEMS GROUP, THE 29

372 SYSTEMS GROUP, THE 29

373 SYSTEMS PLUS INC. 403

374 TAB BOOKS 385

375 TALL TREE SYSTEMS 504

376 TARBELL ELECTR. 377

• TECHNICAL SYS CONS 129

377 TECMAR INC 83

378 TECMAR INC 275

• TEKTRONIC 364

379 TELECON SYSTEMS 500

380 TELEVIDEO INC 65

381 TELEVIDEO INC 152. 153

382 TERMINALS TERRIFIC 164

Inquiry No.

Page No.

• TENLEY DESIGN 498

383 TERRAPIN INC. 283

384 TEXAS COMP.SYS. 293

■ TINNEY.RBT.GRAPHICS455

385 TNW CORP. 425

3B6 TRANSNET CORP. 434

387 TRAXX COMP.CORP. 215

' TRISTAR DATA SYS. 122

389 U.S. MICRO SALES 518, 519

390 U.S. ROBOTICS 360

392 UNISOURCE ELECTR.INC 274 439 UNITED CONTROLS 405

• UNITED SFTW.OF AMER. 109

393 VECTOR ELECTR. 410

394 VECTOR ELECTR. 410

395 VECTOR ELECTR. 410

396 VECTOR ELECTR. 410

397 VECTOR ELECTR. 410

398 VECTOR ELECTR. 410

399 VECTOR ELECTR. 410

400 VECTOR GRAPHICS 175

401 VERBATIM CORP 255 432 VICTOR DATA PROD. 365

402 VIDEX 21

403 VISIBLE COMP.SUPPLY 354

404 VISTA COMPUTER CO 177

Inquiry No.

Page No.

• VOTRAX 330 ' VR DATA 345

440 VYNET CORP. 405

405 WALKER, WILLIAM 494

406 WARN ELECTRONICS 352

407 WASHINGTON COMP.SERV. 505

408 WESPER MICRO SYSTEMS 168

409 WESPER MICRO SYSTEMS 169

• WESTICO INC. 165

410 WESTICO INC. 496

411 WESTWARE 145

• WHITESMITHS LTD 141

• WICAT SYSTEMS 71

412 WIGGLESWORTH.C.J. 408

413 WILD FIRE PUBLISHING 260

414 WILD HARE COMP.SYS. 219

415 WINCHENDON GRP.THE 496 417 WINTEK CORP. 494

340 WINTERHALTER & ASSOC. 160

419 XAVAX CORP. 196 431 YORK-10 502

420 ZETA PRODUCTS 500

421 ZILOG COMP.SYS. 402

422 ZOBEX151

*Correspond directly with company.

National Advertising Sales

Representatives:

Northwest (415) 964-0706

Northeast (617) 444-3946

Southeast (305) 628-3525

AK, HI, WA, OR, ID, MT, WY,

ME, NH, VT, MA, CT, Rl, DE, MD,

NC, SC, GA, FL, AL, MS, TN, KY

Northern California, Nevada Except

VA, WV, OK, TX, Upstate NY, Eastern Canada

Hajar Associates Dlplomate Bldg.

Las Vegas, Western Canada Hajar Associates

Hajar Associates

5400 Dlplomate Circle

1000 Elweli Ct.

280 Hillside Ave.

Suite 272

Suite 124

Needham Heights, MA 02194

Orlando, FL 32810

Palo Alto, CA 94303

Mid Atlantic (201) 741-7744

Midwest (312) 966-0160

Southwest (714) 540-3554

NY, NYC, NJ, PA

MN, Wl, Ml, IA, IL, IN, OH,

UT, CO, AZ, NM, Las Vegas,

Hajar Associates

MO, NE, KS, ND, SD, AR

Southern California

321 Broad St.

Hajar Associates

Hajar Associates

Red Bank, NJ 07701

5225 Old Orchard Rd.

3303 Harbor Blvd.

Suite 50

Suite H-4A

Skokle, IL 60076

Costa Mesa, CA 92626

European Advertising Sales Representatives:

Michael Sales

17 rue Georges Bizet

Simon Smith

Hans Csokor

F 75116 Paris, France

34 Dover St.

Publimedia

London W1X 3RA

Velthgasse 6/3

A. Fabio Guarnleri

England

A-1037 Vienna, Austria

Via Bracchini 1 20123 Milan, Italy

Andrew Karnig

Fritz Krusebecker

Andrew Karnig & Associates

Lieblgstrasse 27c

Mrs. Gurit Gepner

Kungsholmsgatan 10

D-6000 Frankfurt/Main 1

115 Yosephtal St.

112 27 Stockholm, Sweden

West Germany

Bat Yam, Israel

528 March 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Circle 212 on Inquiry card.

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Get Radio Shack's TRS-80 Model II Multi-Purpose Workstation.

Professional Applications I Management Assistant

Radio Shacks top-of-the-line TRS-80® Model II is more than a computer. It's a versatile, stand-alone system that's the heart of a multi-purpose workstation. You can use the Model II by itself, or with a printer and other peripherals to accomplish a wide variety of tasks.

Professional Business Applications. A complete Model II business system has the storage capacity and expandability to streamline your accounting, inventory control, order entry, and many other tasks. We also have ready-to-run software for legal, medical, and other specialized applications. Best of ail, every Radio Shack software program can be put to work without formal operator training, thanks to our easy-to-understand documentation.

Management Assistant. The TRS-80 Model II is also for managers. It can help with planning and modeling, word processing, electronic filing, statistical analysis, and much more. You can do jobs that are too "hot" to wait for shared computer time or too small for cost-effective handling by your company's mainframe. Putting a Model II by your desk is one of the easiest ways to boost your personal productivity.

Program Development. To meet your specific requirements, Radio Shack offers you a choice of Model II programming languages. We have BASIC interpreter and compiler, COBOL, FORTRAN and ASSEMBLER. In addition, Model IFs sophisticated Disk Operating System has many powerful features, yet it's easy to use. It gives you a full set of library commands, utility programs and useful system routines that can be called directly by user programs.

Bi-Sync Communications. The TRS-80 Model II is ideal for use in existing data processing operations because it offers the versatility that a mere terminal lacks. With our bi-sync communications packages, Model II provides low-cost access to large mainframe computers. With our exclusive TRS-80 VIDEOTEX software, you can also access data base networks and information services.

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The biggest name in little computers™

A DIVISION OF TANDY CORPORATION

Retail prices may vary at individual stores and dealers. Optional-extra equipment required for some applications.

I 1

Tell me more! Send me a free TRS-80 Computer Catalog.

Radio Shack, Dept. 82-A-128 1300 One Tandy Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76102

COMPANY . ADDRESS.

I

1

Circle 335 on inquiry card.